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Cornell Muiversity Ribrary

BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME
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SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND

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Alg707 26 YNZ.

jonograph of the British Spongiadz.

Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
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http:/Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924003411000

THE

RAY SOCIETY.

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray Society for
the Year 1879.

LONDON:

MDCOOLXXXII.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH SPONGIADA.

BY THE LATE

J. 8. BOWERBANK, LL.D., F.R.S., &.

EDITED, WITH ADDITIONS, BY THE

REV. A. M. NORMAN, M.A., F.LS., &e.

VOL. IV

(SUPPLEMENTARY).

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.

MDCCCLEXXII.

PRINTED BY «. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

PREFACE 7 . : ‘ - . vi

Memoir oF Dr. BowERBANK, BY C. TyLER, FLS. . . xii

INTRODUCTION : , , i . . 5 1

CLASSIFIED List oF BritisH SPONGES . F : ; 5

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH SPONGES . . 15

BRITISH SPONGIADA, ORDER CALCAREA 4 ‘ . 2

re 4 es SILICEA . 3 : . 27

33 ss 5 KERATOSA . ‘ ‘ . 188

CaTALOGUE OF WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES ‘ 191
APPENDIX OF BRITISH SPONGES NOT REFERRED TO BY DE,

BOWERBANK , . . . 225

5 A.—CALCAREOUS SPONGES OF “Epyer Hancket . 225

ei B.—TuHE Genus Ciriona—Specigs or Hancock . 233

C.—VaRious BritisH SPONGES . ? . 288

INDEX . ‘ ‘ ‘ . * x é . 248

PREFACE.

Tue following pages contain an amended list of
the British Spongiads, with notes on some of the
species previously described, and descriptions of many
new forms.

The arrangement and nomenclature of Dr. Bow-
erbank has been of course strictly adhered to
throughout.

The descriptions of new species, and all such other
passages as will be found within inverted commas, are
the work of the author, and were either already
actually in type, or were found among his manuscripts
at the time of his decease.

For the rest the editor is responsible.

‘His aim has been, first, to give a complete list of
the species described in the four volumes, with com-
plete references to all that is to be found respecting
them, that it may form a key to the whole. Secondly,
to supply recent synonyms ; but hardly any references
to works published antecedently to the first volume of
this work have been recorded. Thirdly, to give
additional habitats. Fourthly, to add notes on certain

vill PREFACE.

of the species where it seemed especially desirable that
this should be done. Fifthly, to supply a table of
Geographical Distribution. Sixthly, to furnish a Cata-
logue of all works and papers published on the
Sponges, so far as known to him; and, Lastly, to
add a brief Appendix which should make known to
Spongologists those British Sponges which have been
described, but to which no reference was made in the
writings of Dr. Bowerbank.

Dr. Bowerbank marked out a certain course for
himself, namely, to work out conscientiously and fully
the organization and intimate structure of the sponges,
and upon the observations thus made to establish a
system of classification. He was a pioneer who
struck out anew line; others following in his footsteps
profited by his work; and while they agreed with him
in regarding minute microscopic structure as the basis
of classification, looked for generic characters rather
in the shapes assumed by the various spicula than,
as Bowerbank had done, in the mode of arrangement
of those spicula and manner in which they form the
skeleton. This must of course be regarded merely as
a very broad statement of the essential difference of
views. Our author, as he had begun alone, so went
on alone in his own way, not so much disregarding
as seldom or rarely noticing the views of others. It
is for this reason that hardly any synonymy will be
found in the previous volumes of this work. To such
a great extent did the author disregard references
that any reader taking up his volumes would imagine
that many of Dr. Bowerbank’s own species dated from

PREFACE. 1x

the issue of the volume in which he found them,
whereas they had really been published elsewhere many
years previously. The references now given will supply
this omission, and what has been said will enable
naturalists to understand the principles on which the
author laboured.

The editor has not given any synonymy or re-
ferences regarding the Calcareous Sponges in the body
of the work; to have done this would have necessitated
a complete revision of the species, and he refers the
student to the Appendix, where will be found a sum-
mary of the views of Haeckel.

With respect to the habitats to which the editor’s
own initial (N.) is attached, indicating thereby that the
Specimens referred to have either been collected by
himself or are in his cabinet, he has thought it
advisable only to record the localities of such speci-
mens as have actually passed through Dr. Bowerbank’s
hands and been identified by him. It must be under-
stood, however, that this remark only applies to those
habitats which have the initial N. after them; not
necessarily to such as are recorded on the authority of
other naturalists, unless either the record is in inverted
commas without any name after it, thus showing that
the note is Dr. Bowerbank’s, or it is expressly stated
that he had determined the specimens.

A large number of the localities to which the
editor’s initial is attached will be found to be situated
in the counties of Galway and Mayo, where a remark-
ably fine collection of sponges was obtained during a
scientific expedition which Mr. D. Robertson, of Glas-

x PREFAOE.

gow, and himself made to that part of Ireland in the
summer of 1874.

In concluding this brief preface, the Hditor feels it
necessary to state that, while he most gladly gave Dr.
Bowerbank all the aid in his power during the pro-
gress of his work, and placed his collection unre-
servedly in his hands for description, he found himself
frequently obliged to dissent from the conclusions
arrived at by the author. In editing this posthumous
volume of his valued friend his aim has been simply
to leave it as Dr. Bowerbank’s work. To have
attempted to indicate his own views would have been
to remodel the whole, and the species would have had
to be thrown into more numerous genera, defined on
different principles, while, on the other hand, the
number of so-called species would have been con-
siderably reduced. Great care will, however, require
to be used by the naturalist who shall hereafter attempt
to rearrange and redefine the species of British Sponges.
In every case the type specimen should be examined,
for to his certain knowledge subsequently found speci-
mens, during the latter years of Dr. Bowerbank’s
life when his powers of observation were not so keen
as they had been, were frequently erroneously referred
to already named types with which they had no con-
nection. Let the reviser therefore be cautious and bear
in mind that hastily formed conclusions and lumping
of species which are really distinct is a greater fault
than for a time, if need be, keeping two forms apart
which are in reality referable to the same type.

It may be useful to Spongologists to know that Dr.

PREFAOE. xi

Bowerbank’s collection is now preserved in the British
Museum, having been purchased by the nation; and
that the late Mr. Albany Hancock’s Clionw, described
in the Appendix, together with his mountings of the
Spicula, are in the Museum of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
while a second series of his typical mounted spicula
is in the collection of the Editor.

The members of the Ray Society will greatly appre-
ciate the brief notice of the life of Dr. Bowerbank which
follows this, and which has been kindly prepared by one
who was in close association with him for many years.
Few naturalists of the present generation will be
aware until they have read that interesting memoir
how much the progress of natural history in Great
Britain in years gone by was fostered and furthered
by the energy, zeal, and enthusiasm of our late kind
friend, the author of these volumes.

MEMOIR OF DR. BOWERBANK.

James Scorr BowrrsBank, LL.D., F.R.S., was born in
Sun Street, Bishopsgate, London, on the 14th July,
1797, and received his early education from the then
celebrated Dr. Kelly, of Finsbury Square, London.

About the age of fifteen he entered his father’s
distillery, where in subsequent years, and in conjunc-
tion with his late brother Edward, the business was
carried on under the name of Bowerbank and Sons.

His strong leaning to scientific investigation began
to exhibit itself when he was a mere boy, and at an
early age he took up the study of Astronomy,
Chemistry, Botany, Geology, Anatomy and Physio-
logy. The pursuit of science, indeed, occupied
every moment of his time not necessarily devoted
to business, and though he never neglected the latter,
he ever made business relations available whenever
possible for the furtherance of his researches.

About the year 1820 he joined The Old Mathematical
Society, which held its meetings in Crispin Street,
Spitalfields, and here he attended the well-arranged
lectures of Mr. Wilson, a gentleman of considerable
acquirements. In this Society Bowerbank was after-
wards also appreciated himself as a lecturer on various

xiv MEMOIR OF DR. BOWERBANK.

subjects; his diagrams and botanical models designed
at this period have been used for some years at one
of the Metropolitan Hospitals in the class lectures.

He threw himself, with great energy, into the work
of the London Clay Club and investigated the fossil
fruits and seeds from the Isle of Sheppey. In 1840
he began their history, but this publication was not
continued; one hundred and eighty thousand fossil
fruits and seeds are now in the British Museum as a
result of his industry in collecting. Through the
efforts of the earnest workers of the London Clay Club
arose, in 1847, the Palewontographical Society, which
has done so much to make known the richness of the
fossils of our own country, and which has produced
up to June, 1882, thirty-six quarto volumes. At the
first establishment of the Palwontographical Society
Dr. Bowerbank was its Honorary Secretary. He held
that office a considerable time, and for the last ten
years of his life was its President.

Entomology was another of his favourite studies in
early days. He wrote a valuable paper in the ‘ Entomo-
logical Magazine,’ vol. i, p. 239, 1833, on the “ Circula-
tion of the Blood in Insects ;” a second, ‘Ent. Mag.,’ vol.
iv, p. 179, 1837, on the “ Distribution of the Trachesx
in the Wing of Chrysopa Perla ;’.and a third, ‘ Ent.
Mag.,’ vol. v, p. 300, 1838, on the “ Structure of the
Scales on the Wings of Lepidopterous Insects.”

Dr. Bowerbank was one of the originators of the Royal
Microscopical Society, and filled the office of President.
He also frequently contributed to its Transactions.

In the ‘ Monthly Microscopical Journal,’ vol. iii, p.
281, 1870, will be found his account of the early im-
provements made in the microscope in 1828 by Tully,

MEMOIR OF DR. BOWERBANK. Xv

and afterwards by Ross, Powell and Leland, and Smith
and Beck.

The microscope was his especial delight and study,
and by its use his investigations into the structure
and habit of Sponges, both recent and fossil, were
greatly facilitated and brought toa state of comparative
completeness.

His microscope being of very excellent construction
sO many eminent men came to him in order to
examine their specimens by his Instrument, that he
was compelled to fix one night in the week for their
reception ; and thus originated the celebrated Monday
Evening Meetings. On those occasions both old friends
and students always received a kindly greeting and
welcome both at his house in the New North Road,
‘and at his after residence, Park Street, Islington, and
finally in his capacious Museum at Highbury Grove.

In 1832 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological
Society, and soon afterwards wrote a paper for that
Society entitled ‘‘ An Account of a Deposit containing
Land Shells at Gore Cliff, Isle of Wight” (‘ Geol. Soe.
Proc.,’ ii, p. 449, 1837); this memoir was followed by
others on the “‘ London and Plastic Clay Formations ”’
(‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. vi, p. 168, 1842); on the
‘*Siliceous Bodies of the Chalk, Greensands and
Oolites””’ (Trans. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. vi, p. 181, 1842),
and on “A New Species of Pterodactyl found in the
Upper Chalk of Kent” (‘Geol. Soc. Journ.,’ ii,
p- 7, 1845).

He gradually amassed a large collection of fossils
very many of which now enrich the national and other
collections.

Dr. Bowerbank was one of the founders of the

Xvi MEMOIR OF DR. BOWERBANK.

Zoological Society, and for many years a member of its
Council.

It was in his Museum at Highbury Grove that the first
idea of an Aquarium was started. A small glass jar
was used to keep Chara translucens for microscopical
purposes, to which was afterwards added some fish and
animalcules, until at length the idea was worked out by
Mr. N. Ward, Mr. Warrington, Mr. M. Marshall, and
others, and brought to its present state of development.

As a Fellow of the Royal Society he, in 1857,
contributed papers on the Anatomy and Physiology
of the Spongiade, but it is as a member of the Ray
Society, which with the late Dr. Johnstone he assisted
in founding, and of which he was for many years
Treasurer, he will be best known and remembered for
his ‘ Monograph of the British Spongiade.’

In the year 1841 a circumstance occurred which gave
a bias to his future studies in favour of the Sponges.

A storm at Brighton had thrown upon the beach
vast quantities of seaweed and Sponges as far as the eye
could reach. Although dead they were still filled with
the soft matter of the Sponge. He selected the most
promising specimens, placing them in glass jars filled
up with strong spirit, and had them immediately con-
veyed to London for systematic examination, and from
these he derived more information than from many
times their number of dry specimens. From this time
he devoted himself, with great zeal, to the study of
the Spongiade, and having agents on many parts of
the coast collecting fossils, he employed them in
procuring Sponges. Friends also in different parts
of the world made consignments which were of the
utmost value to him in his investigations, His

MEMOIR OF DR. BOWERBANK. xvii

general instructions were ‘“‘ Only remove as much of
the watery matter as will prevent the Sponges from
rotting on the voyage; but do not send me clean
Specimens as if intended for the bath.”

The accumulations of years of collecting, numbering
many hundreds of specimens, are now preserved in
the British Museum. Forty-five memoirs from his
pen, of which the majority refer to Sponges, are
recorded in the “Catalogue of Scientific Papers,”
compiled by the Royal Society.

Dr. Bowerbank, whilst working to complete his
fourth volume on the Sponges, was seized with a
sudden illness, which within a month terminated
fatally. He died at St. Leonards on the 8th March,
1877, in the eightieth year of his age, and lies buried
in the Churchyard of Hollington, not far from Hastings,
in Sussex.

INTRODUCTION.

«Tue third volume of this work was scarcely finished
when the Rev. A.M. Norman, who had already rendered
me such important service by placing his very fine
collection of Sponges in my hands for examination and
description, sent me a large quantity of additional
specimens which he had recently acquired during his
dredging excursions, and in other ways. It is on this
collection that the present supplemental volume is
chiefly based, but I am also indebted for other new
species to my old friend Mr. Peach, and to Mr. Hillier
of Ramsgate.

“ The greater part of the Sponges sent to me hy Mr.
Norman were from the North-West of Ireland, and
these were found to be especially rich in representatives
of the genus Isodictya. The very numerous species of
this genus already published rendered the labour and
care necessary for the examination and comparison of
the newly acquired species so great, that I soon felt
the necessity of devising a series of divisions and sub-
divisions of the known forms to facilitate the exami-
nation of those which I had now todetermine. These
divisions and subdivisions proved so very useful, and
the discrimination of the species was found to be so

VOL. IV. a® 1

2 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

greatly facilitated by their use, that I have been
naturally led to the conclusion that they would, if
published, be of similar assistance to my brother
naturalists who may take up the study of these in-
teresting animals; and as other genera, such as Hyme-
niacidon and Halichondria, also contain a very con-
siderable number of species, I have applied to them the
same system of division and subdivision.

“In the preface to Vol. II (p. viii), I had already
dilated on the necessity of the subdivision of the species
of each genus in accordance with the forms and other
peculiarities of the skeleton spicula so as to facilitate.
the recognition of the species; and as our knowledge
of the British Sponges has advanced and the number
of known species greatly increased since 1866, it has
now become necessary, as I have just stated, to still
further subdivide the species in those genera in which
they have become inconveniently numerous. I have,
therefore, in the tabulated list of Sponges which follows
these introductory remarks adopted a mode of sub-
sections in many genera by the use of the characters
afforded by the dermal membrane in conjunction with
those of the skeleton.

“The accurate discrimination of ihe numerous and
protean animals which constitute the class of the
Spongiade is still a growing science, and as we advance
in our experience of the variable characters, from
diversities of habitat and other causes, not only of
the different genera and species, but also of the in-
dividuals of the same species, we find that their correct
determination necessitates a more and more minute
investigation into the peculiarities of their anatomical
structures. The genus in some few cases may be

INTRODUCTION. 3

ascertained with tolerable certainty by a cursory
examination of the specimen, but the determination of
the species can rarely or never be depended upon
without a searching anatomical investigation of the
structures, nor can this be achieved by the use of low
powers of the microscope, because in very many cases
the most characteristic elements of discrimination are
exceedingly minute, and often also very few in number ;
and no definite conclusions can be reached until we have
made ourselves intimately acquainted with the whole of
the component parts of the subject under examination.
Tedious as this mode of thorough investigation may at
first sight appear, the admirable adaptation of each
part to its own special purpose, and the beautiful forms
and arrangement of the spicules and other component
elements in the several parts of the Sponge, amply
repay the time and care necessary for their investigation
and realisation.

*« The striking diversity of form which we observe
in a great number of the British Sponges is due both
to difference in habitat and varieties of basal attach-
ment. The young Sponge, which may have been
developed on a slender seaweed or zoophyte, becomes
coating and parasitical, but when growing on a shell or
stone it assumes either a massive or a coating form.
The occurrence of these differences in habitat and
localisation render it necessary that they should be
observed and recorded. In other branches of marine
zoology we have been so accustomed to place depen-
dence on form and colour as important characters, which
in Sponges are comparatively of very little value,
that these cautions become necessary, and more espe-
cially so as the figures in Vol. ITI are in many instances

4, BRITISH SPONGIADA.

taken from small, very rare, of unique specimens,
while others subsequently obtained have been found to
be of much larger dimensions and to vary to a great
extent from the types of the species figured. The
structural and anatomical details are in truth the only
safe guides to the correct discrimination of species.
In a branch of natural history so comparatively new,
and which has been so imperfectly studied by our
predecessors, it naturally occurs that many of the
species have been determined from very imperfect
examples, and it therefore is highly desirable to obtain
as much additional information as possible with respect
to their variations in form, colour, and other characters,
and to register as many additional habitats as are
obtainable.

“It is, moreover, strikingly apparent from the
many new species continually being found among the
Sponges dredged and otherwise collected by British
naturalists, that those already described do not by any
means comprise the whole of our British Fauna, and
it is highly probable that future labourers in this
interesting field of natural history will add very con-
siderably to their number.”

“CLASSIFIED LIST OF BRITISH SPONGES.

“OrpDER 1.—CALCAREA.

Genus I—GRANTIA.

1, Grantia compressa. 3. Grantia ensata,

2. 5 ciliata. 4, 7 tessellata.
Genus II —LevcosouEnta.

1. Leucosolenia botryoides. 3. Leucosolenia lacunosa.

2. a contorta, 4. a5 coriacea.

Genus ITI.—LEuvconta.
1. Leuconia nivea. 3. Leuconia pumila.
2. - fistulosa. 4, es Somesii.

Genus 1V.—LeEvucoaypsia.

Leucogypsia Gossei.

Orper 2.—SILICEA.

Genus V.—GEODIA.

Geodia Zetlandica.

Genus VI. PACHYMATISMA.

Pachymatisma Johnstonia.

Genus VII.—NoRMANIA

Normania crassa.

erPpr

iy

BRITISH SPONGIADA.

Genus VIII.—Ecionemia.

. Hcionemia compressa. 8. Ecionemia coactura.
5 ponderosa.
Genus TX.—POLYMASTIA.
Section *.—Skeleton spicula acuate.
. Polymastia ornata. 4, Polymastia brevis.
93 bulbosa. 5. 3 spinula.
x robusta. 6. 3 radiosa.

Section **.—Skeleton spicula spinulate.

. Polymastia mammillaris. | 8. Polymastia conigera.

Genus X.—HALYPHYSEMA.

. Halyphysema Tumanowiczii. | 2. Halyphysema ramulosa.

Genus XI.—CIOcALYPTA.

. Ciocalypta penicillus. {| 2. Ciocalypta Leei.

Genus XII.—TETHYA.

Section *—Skeleton spicula acerate.

. Tethya cranium. 3. Tethya Schmidtii.

» Collingsii.

Section **,—Skeleton spicula acuate.

. Tethya lyncurium. | 5. Tethya spinosa.

Section ***,—Skeleton spicula spinulate.

. Tethya spinularia.

Genus XIII —Hanicnemia.

Halicnemia patera.

Genus XIV.—DictryocyLinDRvs.

Section *.—Skeleton spicula acerate and acuate.

. Dictyocylindrus ventilabrum. 3. Dictyocylindrus radiosus.

4 ramosus.

CLASSIFIED LIST, 7

Section **—Skeleton spicula acuate.

4. Dictyocylindrus Howsei. 7. Dictyocylindrus fascicularis.
2 4 hispidus. 8. Pe virgultosus,
6. ss aculeatus.

Section ***,—Skeleton spicula spinulate.

9. Dictyocylindrus pumilus.

Section ****,—Skeleton spicula cylindrical.

10. Dictyocylindrus stuposus. | 11. Dictyocylindrus rugosus.

Section ***#*.—Skeleton spicula acuate, and acerate or cylindrical.

12. Dictyocylindrus rectangulus.

Genus XV.—PHAKELLIA.

1. Phakellia robusta. | 2. Phakellia ventilabrum.

Genus XVI.—MicRociona.

Section **—Skeleton spicula acerate.

1. Microciona fictitia. 3. Microciona fraudator.
2. vs Kentii. 4, x tumulosa.

Section *.—Skeleton spicula acuate.
Sub-section A.—Skeleton spicula smooth.

5. Microciona levis. | 6. Microciona simplicissima.

Sub-section B.—Skeleton spicula spinous.

7. Microciona fallax. 10. Microciona ambigua.
8. 4 spinulenta. 11. " jecusculum.
9. a5 armata. 12. is plumosa.

Section ***,—Skeleton spicula spinulate.

13. Microciona atrasanguinea.

Genus XVIJ.—HYMERAPHIA.
Section *.—Skeleton spicula acuate.

1. Hymeraphia vermiculata. | 2. Hymeraphia clavata.

om 9

12.

ot go fo

10.

11.
12.

. Hymedesmia stellata.

BRITISH SPONGIADA.

Section **,—Skeleton spicula spinulate.

. Hymeraphia verticillata. 5. Hymeraphia simplex.
53 stellifera. 6. 3 coronula.
Genus XVIIIL—HyMeEpEsM1a.
Section *.—Skeleton spicula acerate.
. Hymedesmia inflata. | 2. Hymedesmia occulta.
Section **.—Skeleton spicula acuate.
. Hymedesmia radiata. 6. Hymedesmia pilata.
ss indistincta. 7. 3 pulchella.
vi pansa. 8. as Peachii.

Section ***.—Skeleton spicula spinulate.

11. Hymedesmia tenuicula.

a simplicissima.
Section ****,—Skeleton spicula cylindrical.
Hymedesmia Zetlandica.
Genus X1X.—HYMENIACIDON.
Section *.—Skeleton spicula acerate.

Sub-section A.—Dermis aspiculous.

. Hymeniacidon albescens.

Sub-section B.—Dermal spicula dispersed.

. Hymeniacidon Thomasii. 6. Hymeniacidon membrana.
55 coccineus, 7. 5 firmus (felted).
"95 lacteus. 8. placentula.
3 perarmatus. 9. * armiger.

Sub-section OC.—Dermal spicula reticulated.

Hymeniacidon Brettii (fasci- 13. Hymeniacidon fallaciusus.
culated). 14. y; tegeticula.
ss fragilis. 15. 3 solidus.
re reticulatus.

CLASSIFIED LIST. 9

Section **,—Skeleton spicula acuate.

Sub-section A.—Spicula smooth, dermal membrane aspiculous.

16. Hymeniacidon perlevis.
17, ”

18. Hymeniacidon crustula.
pachyderma. 19, 3 Hillieri.
Sub-section B.—Spicula of dermis dispersed.

20. Hymeniacidon caruncula. 26. Hymeniacidon virgultosus.

21. Pe, sanguineus. 27 3 radiosus
22. 55 mammeatus. | (felted).
23. <6 consimilis. 28. 33 medius.
24, en macilentus. | 29 es Aldousii.
25. 53 fallax. ' 30. 55 virgulatus.

Sub-section C.—Dermal spicula reticulated or fasciculated.

31. Hymeniacidon varians. 34. Hymeniacidon armaturus.
32. 45 viridans. 35. 3 callosus.
33. 3 aureus. 36. 2 plumiger.

Section ***,—Skeleton spicula spinulate.

Sub-section A.—Dermal membrane aspiculous.

37. Hymeniacidon subereus.
38. ‘i carnosus.

39. Hymeniacidon gelatinosus.
40, % foliatus.

Sub-section B.—Spicula of dermal membrane dispersed.

41. Hymeniacidon ficus.
42. % sulphureus.

44, Hymeniacidon claviger.
45. Z tenebrosus.

43. pg celatus.

Sub-section C.—Spicula of dermal membrane reticulated or fasciculated.

46. Hymeniacidon subclavatus. | 47. Hymeniacidon paupertas.

Section ****,— Skeleton spicula cylindrical.

48, Hymeniacidon Dujardinii.

Genus XX.—BATTERSBYIA.

Battersbyia Bucklandi.

10 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

Genus XXI.—HaLicHONDRIA.

Section *.—Skeleton spicula acerate.

Sub-section A.—Dermal membrane aspiculous.

]. Halichondria MacIntoshii.

2. Halichondria regularis.

Sub-section B.—Spicula of dermal membrane dispersed.

3. Halichondria caduca.
4. 55 inconspicua.
5. i incerta.

6. Halichondria coalita.
7. is mutula.
8. . cylindracea.

Sub-section C.—Spicula of dermal membrane reticulated.

9. Halichondria panicea.

15. Halichondria Couchii (uni-

10. 4) glabra. spiculous).

11. 35 angulata. 16. Robertsoni.

12. ee distorta. (fasciculated).

13. ‘hi edusa. 17. 53 condensa(mul-

14. 9 ambigua (mul- tispiculous).
tispiculous). 18. 5% cora!loides.

Section **—Skeleton spicula acuate.

Sub-section A.—Skeleton spicula smooth. Dermal spicula dispersed.

19. Halichondria Thompsoni.
20. forceps.
21. +5 simplex.

22. Halichondria subdola.
23. 5 foliata.

Sub-section B.—Skeleton spicula smooth. Dermis reticulated.

24. Halichondria corrugata.
25. ra faleula.

26, Halichondria flabellifera.

Section *** —Skeleton spicula spinous-acuate. Dermal spicula more
or less fasciculated.

Sub-section A.—Spicula of dermal membrane fasciculated.

27. Halichondria incrustans.

34. Halichondria scandens.

28. i candida. 35. is Batei.

29. - irregularis. 36. * nigricans.
30. a3 Dickiei. » 37, ‘a albula.
31. 8 Pattersoni. | 38. Pe expansa,.
32. Fi pulchella. , 89. =e virgea.
33. i Ingalli. |

CLASSIFIED LIS'. 11
Sub-section B.—Spicula spinous acuate. Dermal spicula dispersed.

40. Halichondria granulata.

Section ****,—Skeleton spicula spinulate.

4]. Halichondria farinaria. | 42. Halichondria inornata.

Genus XXII.—Isopicrya.
Section *.—Skeleton spicula acerate.

Sub-section A.—Dermal membrane aspiculous. Primary skeleton fibres

unispiculous.
1. Isodictya cinerea. 4, Isodictya ramusculus,
2: 35 permollis, 5. » ferula.
3. ms mammeata.

Sub-section B.—Dermis aspiculous. Skeleton bi- or trispiculous.

6. Isodictya rosea. 8. Isodictya obscura.
ts 45 pygmea.

Sub-section O.—Dermal membrane aspiculous. Skeleton: primary
fibres multispiculous.

9. Isodictya indefinita. 13. Isodictya luteosa.
10. 53 indistincta. P14. = anomala (dermal
11. > simplex. membrane unknown).
12, és pocillum. P15. #5 parasitica (do.).

Sub-section D.— Dermal membrane spiculo-reticulated. Skeleton:
primary fibres unispiculous.

16. Isodictya Peachii. 18. Isodictya elegans.
17. i varians. 19. io fallax.

Sub-section E.—Dermal membrane spiculo-reticulated. Skeleton
primary lines bi- or trispiculous.

20. Isodictya MacAndrewii. 23, Isodictya perplexa.
21, fistulosa. 24, Pe densa.
92. . dichotoma. 25. % Gregorii.

j2 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

Sub-section F.—Dermal membrane spiculo-reticulated. Skeleton:
primary lines multispiculous.

26, Isodictya pallida. 29. Isodictya incerta.
27. ss simulans. 30. ss crassa.
28. af Ingalli.

Sub-section G.—Spicula of dermis dispersed. Skeleton: primary fibres
bi- or trispiculous.

31. Isodictya Bowerbanki (= 33. Isodictya paupercula.
I. simulo). 34. i clava.
32. ¥ filamenta.

Sub-section H.—Spicula of dermis dispersed. Skeleton: primary lines
multispiculous.

35. Isodictya jugosa. 37. Isodictya trunca.
36. sf palmata.

Section **.—Spicula of the skeleton acuate.

Sub-section A—Dermal membrane aspiculous. Skeleton: primary
fibres multispiculous, smooth.

38. Isodictya infundibuliformis. 40. Isodictya gracilis.
39. i dissimilis. 41. fF invalida.

Sub-section B.—Dermal membrane spicula dispersed. Primary skeleton
fibres with few smooth spicula.

42. Isodictya Normani.
43. es coriacea (some of the acuates incipiently spinous).
44., 7 hispida.

Sub-section C.—Dermal membrane spiculous, spicula dispersed.
Primary skeleton fibres multispiculous.

45. Isodictya fucorum. 58. Isodictya laciniosa.
46. a Alderi. 54, sy dubia.

47. ‘ Edwardii. 55. 3 imitata.
48, A lobata. 56. 3 nodosa.
49, ” paupera. 57. a involuta.
50. Pr uniformis. 58. i pertenuis.
51. a Clarkei. 59, ey scitula.
52. % Barleei.

OLASSIFIED LIST. 13

Sub-section D.—Dermal membrane spiculous, spicula reticulated.
Primary skeleton fibres multispiculous.

60. Isodictya collina.

Section ***,—Spicula of skeleton acuate, more or less spinous.

Sub-section A.—Primary lines of the skeleton bi- or trispiculous.

61. Isodictya Beanii. 64. Isodictya funalis.
62. »- Normani. 65. - Hyndmani.
63. es coriacea,

Sub-section B.—Primary lines of the skeleton multispiculous.

66. Isodictya lurida. 70. Isodictya implicita.
67. Fe fimbriata. 71. 5 ineequalis.
68. 5 tumulosa. 72. “ deformis.
69. 9 rugosa.

Genus XXIII.—RaPHIODESMA.

Section **,—Skeleton spicula acuate.

1. Raphiodesma floreum. 4, Raphiodesma sordidum.
2. 3 lingua. 5. i fallaciosum.
3. si simplicissimum. 6. 53 intermedium.

Genus XXIV.—SPONGILLA.

Section *:—Skeleton spicula acerate. Spicula of ovaria birotulate.

1. Spongilla fluviatilis. | 2. Spongilla Parfitti.

Section **,.—Skeleton spicula acerate. Ovaria spiculous: spicula
not birotulate.

8. Spongilla lacustris. | 4. Spongilla sceptrifera ?

Genus XXV.—DESMACIDON.
Section *.—Skeleton spicula acerate.
J. Desmacidon fruticosus. | 2. Desmacidon Jeffreysii.

Section **.—Skeleton spicula acuate.

3. Desmacidon Peachii. 5. Desmacidon incognitus.
4, 3 constrictus. 6. 3 pannosus.

14

11.

12.

fo Pe

BRITISH SPONGIADA.

Sub-section A.—Spicula acuate subclavate.

. Desmacidon copiosus. 9. Desmacidon rotalis.

is cavernula. 10. 5 similaris.
Section ***,—Skeleton spicula spinulate.
Desmacidon egagropilus.
Section ****,—Skeleton spicula cylindrical.
Desmacidon columella.
Genus XXVI.—RaPuHyRrvs.
Raphyrus Griffithsii.

Genus XXVII.—DIPLopEMIA.

Diplodemia vesicula.

ORDER 3,—KERATOSA.

Genus XXVIII.—SpPonGcionELua.
Spongionella pulchella.

Genus XXIX.—CuHatina.

Section *.—Skeleton spicula acerate.

. Chahna oculata. 5. Chalina gracilenta.
és cervicornis. 6. 5 limbata.
35 Montaguii. 7. a Grantii.
7” Flemingii.

Section **.—Skeleton spicula acuate.

. Chalina inornata.

Genus XXX.—OpuHLITASPONGIA.

. Ophlitaspongia papilla. | 2. Ophlitaspongia seriata.

Genus XXXI—VeErRonaia.

Verongia Zetlandica.

Genus XXXII.—DysipgEa.

. Dysidea fragilis, | 2. Dysidea coriacea.”

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Tue following table has been prepared in order to
show the known geographical and bathymetrical dis-
tribution of the British Sponges. With very few
exceptions, the localities inserted in the columns are
such only as have been recorded in the ‘ Monograph
of the British Spongiade.’ The columns “ Abyssal”
and “ 100—500 fathoms” have been partially filled in
from Mr. Carter’s Report of the Sponges dredged in
the *‘ Porcupine” Expeditions of 1869 and 1870 (‘ Ann.
Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 4, vol. xviii, 1876). The table makes it
clear that the Sponge Fauna of many parts of our seas
remains almost wholly unexplored; and it is hoped
that the very deficiency exhibited here will have a
tendency among many other causes to induce our
younger and rising naturalists to take up the great
field of research which here lies open to them. Speak-
ing from a very extended knowledge of the zoology of
our coasts, I unhesitatingly state that no other class
of animals offers to the student so rich a field for
exploration, or one in which he is likely to meet with

so many hitherto unknown species.
A. M.N.

16 BRITISH

SPONGIADA.

| |g §
3 iB als
eT LT | ABEL lal || [ete
ro Se i :
‘eg! | Pele) | (fee
SEs ssl lelersle! | ise
314818 |2 ass) SlSlsll_leele
SlSSlAlsiS1815|/ FSi chardidisieie
33/3 \8 elses is sae gisiselr
Fidaabeltelaisltie acide
B42 SIE IO Elka lal 0 la isle
GRANTIA.
1. compressa (O. Fab.)...)-+]...|-+|-+]4]...|L.--|+]4]4]+] +]. ]+
2. ciliata (O. Fab.) ...... AH IEIAP |e]. f |e] JE]. WEL
3. ensata, Bow. ............ sacl ail satel faio at [eens tena levied etllnact| ad afol aus anel ae
4, tessallata, Bow. ......{cc [ic feccfeeefeca[eesfeee[ecsfeeefeee foes Sl el
LEUCOSOLENIA. »
1. botryoides (HUI. & Sol.)|--)...}...]..J..f..J].| ERIE I4] AL]
2. contorta, Bow. ......... Scalbeal cvialltet lee hic él a4] asalicaclase eed = UP. feel
8. lacunosa (Johns.) ...... Sw ee bare etd Po veleeefEfe HE]
4. coriacea (Flem.) ...... +I+]...|-F].-[--|-4]... +y+}...]}4
LEUconia.
1, nivea (Flem.)........00 selva asl [ewe we JEIEIEJEI EP. E+
2. fistulosa (Johns.) ...... os ol PO
3. pumila, Bow............. iia aeal asiel[biee eta [aa tal ast teases eee of Healey aed
4, Somesii, Bow. ......... See sats A eP Newel ealiveny [OR
LEUCOGYPSIA.
1. Gossei, Bow. ............ al san'l onal has oN so OO Oe ol Pe
GEODIA,
1. Zetlandica, Johns...... Ea lh all eave somal rae atte label | See erga cata eas [aioe
{
PACHYMATISMA.
1. Johnstonia, Bow....... +/+... ne ot le ol Pd ot ot
INORMANIA.
1. crassa, Bow. ............ +)...]...)-+]... aie eli +A
ECIONEMIA. |
1. compressa, Bow. ...... SH fas Bhccctlaes fecks cal vc eal soualated tel easel ware [noe |facafoeotece ate
2. ponderosa, Bow. ...... ata] Sve fiscallacaa tal emal ona veal neal cate | Phase | ae boxe |e
3. coactura, Bow. ........./.cfeefeee exaleeslse leas w+
(POLYMASTIA,
1. ornata, Bow. ............ eialiows] Bel esa as [epalliawe

2. bulbosa, Bow. ...
3. robusta, Bow. .........
4, brevis, Bow. ............

+t

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION,

N. Scotland and Orkney.

B. Scotland.
W. Scotland and Hebrides.

Clyde District.

N. Ireland.
St. George’s Channel, &c.

Shetland.

W. Ireland.

S. Ireland.

Devon and Cornwall.
S. England.

Channel Islands.
#. England.
Abyssal.

50—100 fathoms.
100—500 fathoms.

1—50 fathoms.

Littoral.

PoLtyMastra (continued).
5. spinula, Bow............
6. radiosa, Bow............
7. mammillaris (Johns.)

8. conigera, Bow. .........

+444
++

HALIPHYSEMA.
1. Tumanowiczii, Bow...}.,....)..)..J.d [pele i+

CIOCALYPTA.
1. penicillus, Bow aca el ta enna xact Leal exe set olla
2. Leei, Bow.........c.c000 naallicas Sa rollcwal| acs lad wcail aa ards

TETHYA.
1, cranium (Lamk) ...... SF lacsiloa| dose as
2, Collingsii, Bow......... sda ainel eas [Meaalead lives | 2) aa
3. Schmidtii, Bow. 0...) ppeefecfefecdees
4, lyneurium, (Linn.) ...)-+]...)...)..)f) hehe.
5. spinosa, Bow............ sae liacel ge [einokaelsieshians ater

++

++:
pain ieee es
mans

jHALICNEMIA.

DicTyocyLINDRUs.
. ventilabrum, Bow. ...J...).. Jefe fecafecefeee{erefeee
.ramosus (Montagw)...}...|...).c foc feccdeefeefeesfeed
. radiosus, Bow. ......... acd ar heats nel ise Sane | ee fae lees

++
++:

aculeatus, Bow......... aise anal eae nec eo ose [doalasealwyelleaulleses
. fascicularis, Bow....... Leal wal hee na | uaselhiae [sacl est cans cal

CONT SU GO DO RY

eS ft
BOS

. stuposus (Montagu)...\+)+]...)+]...[...
. rugosus, Bow. ......... +)+

VOL. IV.

Fier
+

++

—

++

mot ++:

6. spinularia, Bow. ...... SPI ales tafe) saa haga saudea ies seal sodlsslicel lactone

1. patera, Bow.........00 A Thieal soed coil in| S's haga tanetse [age va [eee aa

. Howsei, Bow............ sein acl fel na idl os (AE seca] Eos cll ee “4 .
. hispidus (Montagu)...)+]...)...)...]-.cfeefee{eee fe fblbpepehedie

++

. virgultosus, Bow....... Ib» lkcatal ees hoeel| eave lens vac eae ena ee cele .
. pumilus, Bow. ......... sedle salle] oa feenl tas AE eee SESE eel este] eaelleas

hee

++

12. rectangulus, Bow...... pre eee Be alee behaleleatouadll

18 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

N. Scotland and Orkney.

E. Scotland.
St. George’s Channel, &c.

Clyde District.

N. Ireland.

W. Ireland.

S. Ireland.

Devon and Cornwall.
S. England.
Channel Islands.

E. England.
Abyssal.

Littoral.

Shetland.
W. Scotland and Hebrides.

50—100 fathoms.
100—500 fathoms.

1—50 fathoms.

PHAKELLIA.
1. robusta, Bow,......0..
2. ventilabrum (Johns.) .

++

MIcROcIONA.
1. fictitia, Bow. ........00. fee pera cee nee ees ee
2. Kentii, Bow............. aralanee coca eed ga iss
3. fraudator, Bow...
4. tumulosa, Bow....
5. levis, Bow......cc00
6. simplicissima, Bow....)+}...)..)../cholelesclecclees
7. fallax, Bow. ...... stesinn sal cae] ean caist sca gal nae eat bagel 28
8. spinulenta, Bow. ...... SF [oeel ail sace| haa) sae] eel s% [ic cllone| ee [Saw atte] oss Hae
9. armata, Bow............. Ee laa aid acs vias feaea| nea eel Fe face natal > [ocartccs [ate

10. ambigua, Bow.......... Hele csrel oa ns fase acl |sica Lee los
11. jecusculum, Bow...) 0). [tf deeleecleeddees
12. plumosa (Montagu) aise | sine [aS ac swe | nvia| gall el ara [es
13. atrasanguinea, Bow...J+}...).0)0h.fedeedeecle

++

eee
} ees

++
++i
++i:
+44:

HYMERAPHIA,
1. vermiculata, Bow...... +)...
2. clavata, Bow........... lice trl sca|sarfeoel endl sastoarbealeanhenabeny
3. verticellata, Bow....... he coal albwalasn' let F
4, stellifera, Bow. ......... Sd Ga PO ed |
5. simplex, Bow,..,........ lewalliea feacl os
6. coronula, Bow. ......... Sy wel Cee ee eed ee ee

++

es

HYMEDESMIA.
1. inflata, Bow. ............ iss leeetecalasidl ads
2. occulta, Bow..........008 of | aes (areallscanlencel eal
3, radiata, Bow............ Sl OO Cl oO
4. indistincta, Bow. ......)+]...)...1...)..
5, pansa, Bow. .........0.. ivaila.az |siba'lh sselloaal ave
6, pilata, Bow. wi fefedecteelefees
7. pulchella, Bow.......... st founs [a sa sella
8. Peachii, Bow,........... evel ics pm fe ca heal seal ea leartagoo | Sas (erp tne as Pawel
9. stellata, Bow.......... val Efeca fons fern caalonalaaelanalaae{venl be bevalonal lia

10. simplicissima, Bow....J+) fle lledleledececlclcdt.
11. tenuicula, Bow......... is sna favwa lye fuse asl epee beatae tee fons
12. Zetlandica, Bow. ....../+)..

eres
epee
+

++

++

+0

++: ++

++

GEOGRAPHIOAL

DISTRIBUTION.

1

9

Shetland.

N. Scotland and Orkney.

BE. Scotland.

W. Scotland and Hebrides.

Clyde District.
N. Ireland.

W. Ireland.
S. Ireland.

St. George’s Channel, Kc.
Devon and Cornwall.

8. England.

Channel Islands.
E. England.

Abyssal.

1—50 fathoms.
50—100 fathoms.

Littoral.

100—500 fathoms.

HYMENIACIDON.

39,

ion
1S 6 00 NI OD OUR 0 DOS

. albescens (Johns.)...... ela
Thomasii, Bow.......... otal
. coccineus, Bow... walled
. lacteus, Bow......c00.. haectiiee

perarmatus, Bow.......
membrana, Bow. ......

firmus, Bow. ......60006: seidlsice 4
. placentula, Bow. ...... siete la sala
. armiger, Bow, ......... sia ial at cle
. Brettii, Bow....
. fragilis, Bow....
. reticulatus, Bow. .
. fallaciosus, Bow. .
. tegeticula, Bow......... sien avloaclis
. Solidus, Bow.....c.cccee ote (axel sae veal laten [sak
. perleovis (Montagu) ...)...)ecfeclede fens
. pachyderma, Bow,,..... cates] ses easl vans [estlegal uvelene
. crustula, Bow. .....0 seas tea oes lieaia ode Lael meal Seat aca ora
. Hillieri, Bow......c000 soa fateh nae
. caruncula, Bow. ...... stale ote
. sanguineus (Gramt)...|...]...J..
. mammeatus, Bow...... eel wilieg
. consimilis, Bow. ,..... ss alleaial aes tencall ahtalioas allan tae
, macilentus, Bow....... Leal cate iaaleiadla 8 feselagel enslass nee eRe
fallax, Bow. vocccccceres scat ate | sine lebve fs olka] 84.3) ta ee
. Virgultosus (Jonns.)...|....cefeveerfeefeefecersfers
. radiosus, Bow. ......... cod hacea barualla a le eee
. medius, Bow... Peal ale alec [aval ae vile
. Aldousii, Bow. 0.1... ‘se sl awa endl ted [aaslfeacel se speed ee
. Virgulatus, Bow. cise feceaferfeeferferefeectee
. Varians, Bow......ccve dishes slewdl ena beast] sie
. viridans, Bow. .......+ sealed
. aureus (Montagu)...... as wedlaan
. armaturus, Bow. ...... céalhosilaae| deltas ees
. callosus, Bow. ...
. plumiger, Bow.......... ~
. subereus (Montagu)...
. carnosus (Johns.)...... onl tas
gelatinosus, Bow....... saahacaloau [ene [bee] aeal eat |ves estas feelers

Faas

+:

and

F444:

++i +i:

+:

coe

+

oA

aT

“er

++:
++ifiiiii:
+

+: +
DE +
Dit:

2 ++: ee ee
>Hi ttpiiiiiiipiiii:

cel ee:
ee ee

an
Ze

+:

P+++
F++

++:

Det: $42: +:
a

D+t+++:
+

++ ++
+

+: +: +: +44:

++

++ ++

20 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

N. Scotland and Orkney.

E. Scotland.
| W. Scotland and Hebrides.

Shetland.

Clyde District.

N. Ireland.

W. Ireland.

8S. Ireland.

St. George’s Channel, &c.
Devon and Cornwall.

S. England.

Channel Islands.
BE. England.
50—100 fathoms.
100—500 fathoms.

Abyssal.
1—50 fathoms.

Littoral

HYMENIACIDON—
(continued).
40. foliatus, Bow............ sae leveilloaea
41. ficus (Johns.)............ Sl A Oo ol
42. sulphureus, Bean...... oa | Pe oe ee

++:

48, Dujardinii Johns.) ...)...|../..|-+\..)ccdededl-F lo,

BattTERSBYIA.

HALicHONDRIA.
1, MacIntoshii, Bow, ...)...J...)+)ojc.). fed.
2. regularis, Bow.......... sual eased ce [aan [aval ewe |e elaa
"3. caduca, Bow........00... Ser Pee ee ee eee Feed El
4, inconspicua, Bow,..... sella eis Pee cel eel ga-a [Eae

+i:

mutulus, Bow. ......... bo ciel sire ae Bok Rell spall aah
cylindracea, Bow....... lca] 34d fedl at] [waa nan [ool cos
. panicea (Pallas) ...... cote al cad ell cs cl fe
. glabra, Bow. ............ ecalviashns sfacalaet leeataxs)ime| ae af
1]. angulata, Bow.......... nies lagcltvitl cial scl acs badfesctscon
12. distorta, Bow. ...,..... 3 cif easdllcnifeas [wal ee fa
13. edusa, Bow. ............ al
14, ambigua, Bow.......... is
15. Couchii, Bow... sol hea ict | [al vom heed sete (Mall eze
16. Robertsoni, Bow.......

17. condensa, Bow........., ate cara nes lasial ans self icons aga
18. coralloides, Bow. ...... alka aes

ray
SODA

22. subdola, Bow...,........ sscil obec valle [avs At andar ae ese
23. foliata, Bow... ./#f...[..

~

aioe eg
Dt:

43. celatus (Grant) ......... Bi cvcfecst=E fice] oeedeas |22-[F leeela've
44, claviger, Bow. ......... Bea aa enall oc Ee [eee PABA |e sles esac a favie| sins
45. tenebrosus, Bow. ...... aif san dal ainal| ss ewe | AR'| acid nivel goats lateall wad san
46. subclavatus, Bow...... call sdsgal Sarl ell ask teats [Daze cees| Heel ecdeine Ie eel bee
47, paupertas, Bow......... Ene ce cll eal se [asad aca hice see] marcas lal dey

+: +44:
D+ +444:

+:

+

1. Bucklandi, Bow. ..,... sedecdedefeeledbfchedaefe.

~++ +

. incerta, Bow............. aoleadlee laslaselibvaliestevlees loc aes

. coalita (Grant) ......... ba OE be A Oe ee Pe ed

roti it

Pape?
fort +4: 4

ese Te
22 eels

++

19. Thompsoni, Bow.......)...)./...)0/ (4)
20. forceps, Bow............ =H legs brs [erga hie asin cal dart [naa bel Ss Persad sect eM aca lows
21. simplex, Bow..........., A isto [sic fis [raced warns |" Hace eel owl ares lacell onelisee

=

24, corrugata, Bow......... usaf afoul snaleanl et eee fofeal loa

GEOGRAPHICAL

DISTRIBUTION.

21

| N. Scotland and Orkney.

| Shetland.

W. Scotland and Hebrides.

Clyde District.

BE. Scotland.
N. Ireland.

W. Ireland.
S. Ireland.

St. George’s Channel, &c.
Devon and Cornwall.

S. England.

Channel Islands.
EK. England.
Abyssal.

Littoral.
| 1—50 fathoms.

50—100 fathoms.

100—500 fathoms.

—_
SOON DOU OOD

HaLicHonpRia—

(continued).

. faleula, Bow............. oe
. flabellifera, Bow. ... ..|...}...
. incrustans (Hsper.) ...
. candida, Bow. ......... in| aeehaddkiasleealat
. irregularis, Bow. ...... en eee
. Dickiei, Bow.............
. Pattersoni, Bow. ......)+]...
. pulchella, Bow.......... belted
. Ingalli, Bow............. sir |psas
. scandens, Bow..........
. Batei, Bow............066.
. nigricans, Bow.......... ba
. albula, Bow. ............
. expansa, Bow.
. virgea, Bow. ...... Aisa eeatacss |
. granulata, Bow......... vas jade [isa te lessons
. farinaria, Bow. .........J..Jecfefee

. inornata, Bow. .........

IsopIcTya.

. cinerea (Grant).........
. permollis, Bow......... ea lai
. mammeata, Bow....... fst

ramusculus, Bow.

ferula, Bow. ............ sas haan cael aie fede a
. rosea, Bow. ........000 sail aval cael onal idl esis itell eae “a
»pygmea, Bow. cc. fede feecdeeefecfeerfeeefees
. obscura, Bow. ......... oes
. indefinita, Bow...
. indistincta, Bow....... sis [IT sos foal wee la
. simplex, Bow. ......... bucllnac leash weall tis ban j
. pocillum, Bow....,..... sill Roce os auealf ami Fee tw | ev
. luteosa, Bow. ......... site lodial v3 = gnalass eealeealex
. anomala, Bow. ......... staclloase] eve alleles bowls kop
. parasitica; Bow. ...... wa
. Peachii, Bow............ ie
. varians, Bow. ......... evatvierelkaut gietloat
. elegans, Bow. i.e feffeeeecfes

+
ri+

eercgi sk

St:

me

D+:

2 eee

© SEES

Di

ee

+

DE ++: +:

eee

Pete: +

ee

os

=

22 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

W. Scotland and Hebrides.

Clyde District.

N. Scotland and Orkney.
N. Ireland.

E. Scotland.
St. George’s Channel, &c.

Shetland.

W. Ireland.

S. Ireland.

Devon and Cornwall.
S. England.
Channel Islands.
E. England.
Littoral.

1—50 fathoms.
50—100 fathoms.
100—500 fathoms.

IsopicTya (continued). |
19. fallax, Bow. .....cs000 seal lecasul ead] sal ecl| sad sex ooea| wee eaaleasd late eae ezelley
20. MacAndrewi, Bow ...|...] PJ. |...befeee Pe el eee) eee ee
21, fistulosa, Bow. ......... be sas bas aie Paes |aatel fe bees lee | cae] sa of He deeos hewll Se
22. dichotoma, Bow. ...... Led bctalscsat eluate lca bonall cea san Shas ase bealfncy
23. perplexa, Bow. ......... Fer Pee ey Pe Pere dems] oxallzaiel ens laviel coil ls
24, densa, Bow. .... ;

25. Gregorii, Bow
26. pallida, Bow...
27. simulans (Johns
28, Ingalli, Bow..
29. incerta, Bow,. sia dens (ak Al zeeats
30. crassa, Bow............. vealiea |naatoaalE fe
31. Bowerbanki, Normami...|...|...|...)...[...
32. filamenta, Bow. ...... ELL asl el ceal eee
33. paupercula, Bow....... iatsleas fusibeasel| extol tat
84. clava, Bow. w...cccecee austesa |e leah
35. jugosa, Bow. .........00 Ga Cee ce Peel ee be
36. palmata (Johns.) ...... So eal ee heel ee
37. trunca, Bow. ............ Fee Ren neo ee eck:
38. infundibuliformis
(Johns.)|+}...).. JIA] jeecfedenfedee.
39. dissimilis, Bow.......... sees | et fowl] at andl ce lose ota 8 wacche'ot [Fe heaellead lle
40, gracilis, Bow. ......... wir] onesie oan] a] Fel gala | san| patel tre] eae eee [lve
41, invalida, Bow. ......... siva sins foal neal saa] evel Phe valece| Pl eaaleoddeddaaddh
42, Normani, Bow.......... a3 ie | P| ecitl cna] aah | cadens] ieslasaftanl se lee long
43. coriacea, Bow. ......... visall aes fase eee aaaa se emel ace PR seed eae oe ol
44, hispida, Bow. ......... eats Lato [al vroe] ae] saa fepetee | oe [caalfpand coe
45, fucorum (Johns.)...... Soe Ps
46, Alderi, Bow. .......0.... scoala ed ag bea steel awe ees |e leche
47, Hdwardii, Bow.......... us| ons [leas eeafiasfonabiwslone
48. lobata (Montagu) ...... ial 060 [ales ete onal ate [ogialews tes
49. paupera, Bow. ......... vatican | loeeteans| eateleaalhie cFnc
50. uniformis, Bow. ...... nicalf vex [aoa call eaallose lessee se
51, Clarkei, Bow............ tialuoal A [selves exe | elewa| acl sodtees| este laaalfaas
52, Barleei, Bow.,........... +I... . saal Seale ui iasl| ome axeleas| as u ‘
53. laciniosa, Bow. ......... Hep hefefeeefeas
54, dubia, Bow. ...ccccseses S cal earlante leak

55. imitata, Bow... dal estoealoselee

56, nodosa, Bow... asain nait| cal ais lainal ine

++
+

fi: +

Pete ee eee

fie fi ++:

eA) al cable tha

Goes

D++4: :
++

:E:

+i:
DFE +4444 44:

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

W. Scotland and Hebrides.

Clyde District.

N. Ireland.
St. George’s Channel, &c.

Devon and Cornwall.

N. Scotland and Orkney.
E. Scotland.

S. England.

Channel Islands.

E. England.
Abyssal.

Shetland.
W. Ireland.
| Littoral.

8. Ireland.

50—100 fathoms.
100—500 fathoms.

1—50 fathoms.

Isopictya (continued).
57. involuta, Bow. ......... ata aate| vale] sie | ta
58. pertenuis, Bow......... siva [uaid| ent ste aa FOG
59. scitula, Bow. ...
60. collina, Bow. lawl leeradaeeelReal aa lar ialandllied
61. Beanii, Bow. ............ sdidlecee| avi ent top| oc da | ail Sayed ba
62. funalis, Bow.......... 4. ndultatel sive easel eed oe (aialnclal aed
63. Hyndmani, Bow....... swilece| elias fowdbaeat ef eaad Elis wfece{F HL.
64. lurida, Bow. ......60. atv [sna sired cselaatl| sae Srved esial eat teewatsing [ese lsc |

+: +:

++i

+++

+

+
ease
++

66. tumulosa, Bow.......... sas sicalfessn{ oe 9|leaielle’es [siei|liauilevate
67. rugosa, Bow..........65 seve (tae heer ara estal ese [alec neciel paiel Ra all Ae [ses laced one |e
68. implicita, Bow. ......... ssc t asa ecia] S:6 am opel | HPHiloen) wael uel oa ead foree'f nate le

69. inzequalis, Bow..........
70. deformis, Bow. ......... ciod| oa castle va heal aos] vol ease vee gaa feel as

=

RAPHIODESMA.
1. floreum, Bow. ......... Se ee
2. lingua, Bow. .......00.. Eo she hcallaesall oe

8. simplicissimum, Bow,|...|...|.../+]...].
4, sordidum, Bow.......... a feat |e wats al
5. fallaciosum, Bow....... wileas (oaalbatlaaa}tngs
6. intermedium, Bow. ...)...)...J..Jcdee

$+: fot
$+ bot

SPONGILLA.
1, fluviatilis (Pallas) ...Jo) dele fecfer
2. Parfitti, Carter......... ss lbesal asi soll na’ eos lane Lo eteag
8. lacustris (Don.)......... doitlesalaas fade veal coal th [ess fel esa AR
4, sceptrifera, Bow. ......cefecfeefeccfecfeerferfee fee

++

DESMACIDON.

2. Jeffreysii, Bow.......... eee eee ete peel ee ce
8. Peachti, Bow.........0. AE cdl lege gall aapl ed hace ante) aatetieas beer basil ts
4, constrictus, Bow....... se claws heweloga vba Easel icaaifss'sestlaas leat lear [ie
5. incognitus, Bow. ...... se s|heae| een hae] sae basal es [Sas eae et alco aies fae ce
6. pannosus, Bow.......... felis clisafiee|eeu|saslune level eve] vaeleasl Flees ivallaas

++

+f

65. fimbriata, Bow.......... Fe bel eses| ha a aera eit furgalllndsn| ena cual ede ater sas) dail ees si

+

1. fruticosus (Montagu).|+|...J..feefedefecfeefee] Fl] b] led.

24 BRITISH

SPONGIADAL,

n elf oe

a E

£| |8 Zi

BH} 1a Ala

Oo; ja E|E .

| jo 3 :
q Ais ols Z a
S halaie 2 (> ble eg g
JERS Sle s/Ssleic/g| | [a
SSISSIS (S/S (8/2 Slo ls) ts a
a/S/S/S lA) slolals 0] & |"anl e|5
S/8/8|8le/s HIS Blais aleislo
aa el Gel Mele eb

eRe IK ele | .l43 rl . emt
ale aE IS lei es ONS] 4

DESMACIDON (continued),

1. pulchella (Sowerby)...

CHALINA.

. limbata (Montagu)
. Grantii, Bow......

BONITO OUR 09 DOR

OPHLITASPONGIA,

VERONGIA.
1, Zetlandica, Bow. ......

|DysIpHa,.
1, fragilis (Montagu)

. oculata (Pallas) ......|...)...
. cervicornis (Pallas)...}...]...J+!...[...)...
» Montagui (Flem.)......|...)...J.f..). pt.
. Flemingii, Bow......... azaleton| alae etl coal tl og
. gracilenta, Bow. ..... alt essa| ganeleetlhets

. inornata, Bow.......... eee

1. papilla, Bow............, avel ene

2. coriacea, Bow. ......... nos (26 [izwall octal gatel eee

7. copiosus, Bow. ......... eal is ee
8. cavernula, Bow. ....0.)+] fff Ep ee
9. rotalis, Bow. ............ seve cae aioe oa etc Latte eal aon (ae | EE
10. similaris, Bow. ......... shall 2a] ce Peat ce stan] Pe ee feat local tone
ll. egagrophilus(Scowler)|...|...)...)...)d.(4)./ PIE +
12. columella, Bow......... BPs Be Br be ee oe Be
RAPHYRUS,
1. Griffithsii, Bow......... +h... ae ot eel ed a
DIPLODEMIA.
1. vesicula, Bow. ......... fl:
SPONGIONELLA.

ene e:

7

Di +44: +

=:

Ee:

ae

+++: ++

+i: 2 3

++
++

+

+

+++ +

| 50—100 fathoms. .
| 100—500 fathoms.

96

15

27

33/13)

10/97

2 |45,72/60

91/47

{80

1

59

33)

BRITISH SPONGIAD ZL.

Class—PORIFERA.

OrpErr I.—CALCARBEA, 1, 160.

Genus 1.—Grantia, Fleming, 1, 162; 1, 1.
. Grantia compressa (O. Fab.), u, 17; 1, Pl. XXI,
figs. 312—314.; 111, Pl. I, figs. 1—12.

. Grantia ormmata (O. Fab. ?), 1, 19; 1, Pl. XXVI,
figs. 345, 346a; 1, Pl. II, figs. 1—15.

. Grantia ENsATA, Bow., u, 25; ur, Pl. II, figs.
16—20.

. Grantia tesseLATA, Bow., u, 26; 1, Pl. XVII, fig.
286; 1, Pl. I, figs. 21—27.

Genus 2.—Lxucosotenta, Bow., 1, 164; m1, 2.

_ LEUCOSOLENIA BOTRYOIDES, Hllis and Sol., u, 28; 1,
Pl. XXVI, figs. 347, 348; 1, Pl. III, figs. 1—4.

_ Levcosonenta contorta, Bow., 11, 29; 11, Pl. TI,
figs. 5—10.

26 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

3. Levcosotenta Lacunosa (Johnston), u, 32; m1, Pl.
IV, figs. 1—8.

4 LEUOOSOLENIA coRrIacEA (Fleming), 11, 84; 1, Pl. ITI,
figs. 11—14.

Genus 3,—Lxvoonra, Grant, 1, 164; u, 2.

1. Levoonta nivua (Fleming), 1, 86; 1, Pl. V, figs.
1—8.

2. Lzvconia FistuLosa (Johnston), 11, 89; m1, Pl. V,
figs. 9—16.

3. Levoonia PumiLa, Bow., 11, 41; m1, Pl. VI, figs. 1—5.
4, Levconta Somest!, Bow., 111, 334; Pl. XCI, figs.6—17.

Genus 4.—Luucoeyrrsta, Bow., 1, 165; m1, 2.

Levoocypsta Gosstt, Bow., 1, 42; Pl. XXVI, figs. 349,
350; 11, Pl. VI, figs. 6—8.

GEODIA. 27

Orver II.—SILICEA, 1, 166; II, 3.
Susorper I.—1, 166; 1, 3.

Genus 5.—Grop1a, Lamarck, 1, 167 ; 1, 3.

Gropia ZeTLaNDIoA, Johnston, u, 45; wt, Pl. VII,
figs. 1—10.
1867 Cydoniwm Miilleri, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 548,

1870 Geodia Zetlandica, Schmidt. Grunziige einer Spongien
des Atlantischen Gebietes, p. 76.

Carter has described three forms of Geodia from the
“Porcupine” dredgings, but does not record G. Zet-
landica as having been met with in that expedition.
His Geodia megastrella, however, appears to come very
near to Johnston’s species. May it not be the same?
The chief difference appears to be that G. Zetlandica is
described by Bowerbank as having not only fusiformi-
acerate skeleton spicula, but also “ fusiformi-acuates,”
while the latter do not occur in G. megastrella. It is,
however, worthy of notice, that although these spicula
are described in Vol. IT, no figure is given of them in
Vol. ILI; did our author find that he had made a
mistake with respect to these spicules? But granted
the presence of fusiformi-acuates along with the fusi-
formi-acerates of G. Zetlandica, and their absence in
G. megastrella, would this character be necessarily of
specific importance in this: group of sponge? If the
reader will turn a few pages on to the description of

28 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

+

the forms of Tethya cranium, he will find a so-called
variety of that species named acufera, which differs
from the typical cranium in exactly the same manner as
Geodia Zetlandica is distinguishable from G. megastrella,
namely, by an intermixture of fusiformi-acuate with
the usual fusiformi-acerate skeleton spicula.

Genus 6.—Pacuymatisma, Bow., 1,171; u, 38.

PaouymMatismMA JoHNSTONIA, Bow., u, 51; 1, Pl. I, figs.
15,17, 20,21; PL IL, figs. 45,46; PL. IV, fig. 93;
PL. VI, figs. 158, 159; Pl. XXIV, figs. 330—332 ;
Pl. XXVII, fig. 353; 1, Pl. VIII, figs. 1—7.
1869 Pachymatisma Johnstonia, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. iv, p. 8, pl. ii, figs, 7—18.

1873 Caminus osculatus, Grube. Mittheil. i. St. Malo u.
Roscoff, &., p. 132, Taf. ii, figs. 3, 3 a—e.

Procured by me in 1867 in “ Will Hellyer,” a cave
* at the most northern point in the British Islands, the
headland on the east side of Burrafirth in the island
of Unst, Shetland. This cave, which is always filled
by the sea, cannot possibly be entered except in the
calmest weather ; and the Sponge having been caught
sight of at its furthest extremity, was at length
procured, though not without incurring some danger.
This is the only instance of its occurrence in Shetland
(N.). Budleigh-Salterton (Carter).

Genus 7.—Normanta, Bow., 111, 258.

1868 Normania, Bowerbank. In Last Report of Dredging
among the Shetland Isles; Norman on the Porifera
(Brit. Assoc. Rep.), 1868, p. 328,

NORMANIA. 29

Normanta crassa, Bow., 1, 258; Pl. LXXXI, figs. 1—
Le. is
1868 Normania crassa, Bowerbank. Last Report of Dredging

among the Shetland Isles; Norman on the Porifera
(Brit. Assoc. Rep.), 1868, p. 328.

The type-specimens were dredged in 110 fathoms
20—25 miles N.N.H. of Burrafirth Lighthouse, Shet-
land; but the small specimens mentioned (III, 262)
are erroneously recorded by the author as from
Shetland. They were dredged by me in company with
Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys in the Minch in 1866.

Mr. Carter (‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 5, vol. ii, 1878,
p. 176) has stated that “the type-specimen of Dr.
Bowerbank’s Normania crassa is only a sessile form of
Tethya muricata, in every respect similar to one which
was dredged up on board H.M.S8. ‘Porcupine.’ Tethya
muricata is better known as Wyvillethomsonia Wallichii,
a sponge which will, after bearing many synonyms,
probably have to settle down as Thenea mwuricata
(Bow). Mr. Carter speaks very confidently respecting
the type of Normania crassa, a sponge which is in my
cabinet, and which he has never seen, but he has fallen
into an extraordinary error. I know not well how two
sponges belonging to the same group could well be
more distinct than the two, which he would thus syno-
nymise. They not only differ altogether in all external
characters, but their spicula are wholly different.
Without going into further detail it will suffice to
state that the most characteristic ‘‘ attenuato-expando-
ternate”’ bifurcating connecting and defensive spicules
of Thenea, figured by Bowerbank (‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’
1872, pl. v, fig. 4) and by Kent (‘ Month. Micros. Jour.,’
vol. iv, 1870, pl. lxvi, figs. 6, 7) the “ simple attenuato-

30 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

expando-ternates,” Bow., fig. 3, Kent., fig. 7a, and the
“recurvo-ternates,” Kent, figs. 8, 9, are altogether
absent in Normania, where their place is taken by
the “large subfusiformi-acerates” and the “small
subfusiformi-acerates,” Bow., ‘Brit. Spong.,’ 11, Pl.
LXXXI, figs. 4 and 9, and the peculiar “ abnormal
forms of connecting spicula,” figs. 6, 7,8. Indeed the
only point in which the two sponges agree is that both
are furnished with “ stellates.”

Genus 8.—Hotonemia, Bow., 1, 173; 1, 4.

Ecronemtia, Bow., June, 1862 — StecLeTta, Schmidt, 1862.

1. Eoronemia compressa, Bow., u, 55; 111, 19; Pl. IX,
figs. 1—12.

2. EctonEMIA PONDEROSA, Bow., 11, 56; mI, 352; and
Pl. VITI, figs. 8—15.

1871 Stelletia aspera, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vii,
p. 7, pl. iv, figs. 7—14.

There can, I think, be no doubt that the sponge
found by Mr. Carter at Straight Point, Budleigh-
Salterton, and described by him in the ‘Annals’ under
the name Stelletta aspera, is Bowerbank’s Hcionemia
ponderosa. Mr. Carter’s figures of the spicula very
closely resemble those of the last-named species, and
the fact that he did not find the small doliolate spicula
is of little moment, as they might have easily escaped
him. In Heionemia compressa the doliolate spicula
were not recorded in the description in Vol. II, and

ECIONEMIA, 31

were only discovered after a “searching examination ”
(IIT, p. 19).

3. Ectonzmia coacrura, Bow., m1, 269; Pl. LXXXII,
figs. 13—19.

Genus 9.—Potymastia, Bow., 1,177; u, 5.

1. Potymastia ornata, Bow., 11, 58; 1, 20, Pl. IX,
figs. 13—16.

2. PoLymastia BULBOSA, Bow., 11, 61; 101, Pl. X, figs.
1—4,

3. PotymasTia RoBusTA, Bow., 11, 62; 1, Pl. X, figs.
58.

1861 Huplectella robusta, Bow. List British Marine Invert.
Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.

Habitat.—Dredged in Birterbuy Bay, Connemara,
by Mr. D. Robertson and myself in 1874 (N.).

4, PotyMAstTIA BREVIS, Bow., u, 64; 1, Pl. XXIX,
fig. 8358; 11, 25; Pl. XI, figs. 1—9.
1861 uplectella brevis, Bow. List Brit. Marine Invert.
Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.

1868 Quasillina brevis, Norman. Last Report Dred. Shetland
Isles (Brit. Assoc, Rep.), p. 329.

In the British Association’s ‘Report’ of 1868 will
be found the grounds on which I established the genus
Quasillina to receive this species, and in Vol. ITI, p. 26,

32 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

Dr. Bowerbank gave his reasons for not recognising
that genus. Let others decide the matter. This is
not the occasion to defend my. own views, but I may
be allowed to observe that my description was not
based on a single specimen, as my old friend seems to
imply. I certainly have seen a far larger number of
specimens, and those, too, fresh from the sea, than
ever passed in a dried condition through his hands.

5. PoLyMastia SPINULA, Bow., 11, 66; 1, 27; Pl. XI,
figs. 10—13.

Habitat.—Dredged in Birterbuy Bay, Connemara,
1874 (N.).

6. Potymastia RADIOSA, Bow., 1, 68; 11, 28; Pl. XI,
figs. 14—18.

7. PonyMastiA MAMMILLARIS (Muller).

1861 Euplectella mammilaris, Bow. List Brit. Marine Invert.
(Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.
1867 Pencillaria mammillaris, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 527.

Habitat.—Polperro, Cornwall; three miles off Dun-
stanborough, Northumberland; the Minch; Birterbuy
Bay, Connemara (N.).

Among the specimens from the last-named locality
is one of an oval form, and a little more than an
inch in length, embedded in a mass of Raphyrus
Grifithsic, which completely covers, inside and out,
the gibbous valve of a Pecten maximus. Another fine
large example from the same dredgings is about three

POLYMASTIA. 33

and a half inches in diameter, almost entirely covering
the external surface of the flat valve of a Pecten mazi-
mus. This sponge has about one hundred and fifty
fistula; and on the inside of the valve of the Pecten
are three or four very thin circular or oval spots of
the same sponge in a very young state, before any
fistular appendages are developed.

8. Potymastia contcERA, Bow., 1, 192; Pl. LXXTI,
figs. 13—16.

Genus 10.—Hatypuysema, Bow., 1,179; u, 5.

(= Squamvtina, Carter, but not of Schultze.)

1. Hatypoysema Tumanowiczi, Bow., 0, 76; 1, Pl.
XXX, fig. 359.

1866

1868

1870

1877

1877
1877

1877
1878

1878

VOL IV.

Haliphysema Tumanowiczii, O. Schmidt. Zweite Sup-
plement d. Spong. d. Adriatischen Meeres, p. 13, pl. i,
fig. 13 (copy from Bowerbank).

Halyphysema Tumanowiczii, Parfitt. Trans. Devon.
Assoc. Sci. Lit. and Art., p. 14 (separate copy) ; and
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. v, vol. i (1878), p. 88.

Squamulina scopula, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. v, p. 310, pl. iv, figs. 1—11; and vol. xx (1877),
p. 337; ser. 5, vol. i (1878), p. 172; vol. iii (1879),
p. 407.

Haliphysema primordiale, Haeckel. Biologische Stu-
dien, p. 180, pl. ix.

Haliphysema Tumanowicati, Haeckel. 1. ¢., p. 192.

Gastrophysema dithalamium, Haeckel. 1. ¢., p. 196,
pls. xii—xiv.

Gastrophysema scopula, Haeckel. 1. c., p. 206.

Squamulina scopula, Kent. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. i, p. 1.

Haliphysema Tumanowiczii, Norman. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 5, vol. i, p. 274.

3

34 BRITISH SPONGIADA,

1878 Haliphysema Twmanowiczii, Kent. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 68, pls. iv and v.

1879 Haliphysema Tumanowicaii, H. B. Brady. Quart. Journ.
Mice. Sci., N. &., vol. xix, p. 50.

1880 Haliphysema Tumanowiczii, Lankester. Quart. Journ.
Mic. Sci., N.S., vol. xix, p. 475, p. xxii.

Habitat.— Attached to fronds of Rhodymenia, Torbay
(Parfitt) ; Budleigh-Salterton (Carter); Jersey (Kent);
Bergen, Norway (Haeckel) ; ‘‘ H. primordiale,” Medi-
terrannean, Corsica (Haeckel); “G. dithalamium,”
Mediterranean, Smyrna (Haeckel).

The genus Haliphysema has been the subject of
much controversy of recent years, for the full under--
standing of which the reader is referred to the several
papers which are enumerated in the syonymy. It will
suffice here briefly to allude to the views entertained
by the respective authors.

Dr. Bowerbank described Haliphysema at first not
only as a sponge, but as presumably a sponge which
secreted its own siliceous spicula. In the second
volume of this work, however, after he had received
from me the type-specimens of H. ramulosa, he dis-
tinctly stated that the skeleton consists of “an incor-
poration of fragments of spicula of various shapes and
sizes and of minute grains of sand.’”’ This fact I had
pointed out to him in my letters.

Mr. Carter was the first to maintain that Haliphy-
sema had been wrongly placed among the sponges, and
that it should be located among the Rhizopoda. He
found grounds for this opinion in the pseudo-septate
character of the attached base of the organism, which,
he argued, showed its alliance with the Foraminifera,
and from the fact that on cutting an individual in two
sarcode escaped which exhibited amoeboid motions.

HALIPHYSEMA. 35

Professor Haeckel next entered in the field, and
published an elaborate essay illustrated with a number
of plates. He apparently proved to demonstration
that Haliphysema could be nothing else than a sponge,
and he assigned it to that position, and as one of the
simplest forms of the Coelenterata. He described and
figured Haliphysema as having a hollow interior every-
where lined with the “ flagellated cells” or “ collar-
bearing monads”’ characteristic of sponges; furnished,
moreover, with a curious single spiral line of such
flagellated cells of much greater size than the rest,
while at the bottom of the cavity he described and
figured ovate objects which were regarded as eggs.
No one at this time could have reasonably supposed
anything else than that Haeckel had clearly proved
Haliphysema to be a low type of sponge.

Meanwhile I had myself procured certain organisms
from my own dredgings off Valentia and from material
brought up the “ Porcupine” from considerable depths
in the Atlantic. These appeared to me, on the one
hand, so nearly to resemble Haliphysema that they
could scarcely belong to a different class, and, on the
other, so closely approaching many of the Lituolidan
Foraminifera that no line of demarcation seemed pos-
sible. In a paper in the ‘Annals’ I summarised what
was known and had been written respecting Haliphy-
sema retaining its place, in consequence of Haeckel’s
apparently conclusive proofs among the sponges, but
criticising the genera and species which he had insti-
tuted. In this paper I described the allied organisms
under the names Technitella and Marsipella as “genera
incerte sedis.’ I did not dare to separate them from
the Foraminifera to which they appeared to me to be

36 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

united by a series of uninterrupted links, while on the
other hand Technitella appeared more closely allied to
Haliphysema than to any other animal known to me.

Shortly after this Mr. Kent, who felt most anxious
to see with his own eyes what Haeckel had described
and figured of the animal of Haliphysema, sought dili-
gently for and succeeded in finding it at Jersey.
After most careful examination of living examples, he
astonished zoologists by a paper, in which he stated
that a “‘ rigid examination with the aid of a magnifying
power of from 800 to as muchas 2000 diameters, failed
to reveal the existence of any structure corresponding
with the collar-bearing flagellate zooids of ordinary
sponges”? such as had been figured by Haeckel. On
the other hand, he witnessed such extended, delicate,
and anastomosing pseudopodial action of the sarcode in
the living animal, and altogether such a structure of
the granular mass which occupied the whole of the
interior, as to convince him that Haliphysema must be
and could be nothing else than a Foraminifer. .

Mr. Ray Lankester commenced his observations
under the impression that it was impossible that the
Professor of Jena could have so accurately figured and
described what had in reality no existence; and he
presumed, therefore, that what Haeckel had witnessed
had escaped the observation of Mr. Kent. After close
and most careful investigation of numerous living and
preserved examples sent to him from Jersey, he found
Mr. Kent’s observations to be confirmed in every par-
ticular, and that the “ core”’ or central portion of Hali-
physema within the crust of spicula and sand grains
‘is a continuous mass of protoplasm, exhibiting no
central cavity and devoid of ‘ cell-structure.’” Scat-

HALIPHYSEMA. a7

tered in the protoplasm are an immense number of
vesicular bodies averaging 755th inch in diameter, the
walls of which are thick and their contents granular or
else hyaline. Mr. Lankester suggests that these may
be called “ vesicular nuclei.” At the basal portion of
the core were egg-like bodies of protoplasm of much
larger size than the vesicular nuclei, varying from the
ziropth to the =jpth of an inch in diameter. In no
part of the body-substance could he find ‘‘ evidence of
any axial cavity comparable to the enteron of higher
animals, nor the slightest trace of a breaking up of the
protoplasm into areas or units corresponding to cells,
with the exception of the egg-like bodies of the ante-
terior region ;” and the whole organisation points to
its relationship to the Foraminifera.

Dr. K. Mébius is athird witness. He has confirmed
the observations of Kent and Lankester from the
examination of living specimens procured at the
Mauritius, and placed the genus among the Forami-
nifera.

Mr. H. B. Brady, in his recent observations of classi-
fication of the Foraminifera in “ Notes on some of the
Reticularian Rhizopoda of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedi-
tion” (‘ Quart. Jour. Mic. Sci.,’ N. 8., vol. xxi, 1880,
p. 13), has placed Haliphysema together with my genera
Technitella and Marsipella in the Family Astrorhizide ;
and here it appears to me, according to our present
knowledge, is its most proper position.

Although, however, Haliphysema would seem to have
with our present knowledge no proper locus standi in
the present volume, it is right that it should be left
here in deference to what were Dr. Bowerbank’s views
to the time of his death.

38 BRITISH SPONGIAD.

2. Hatypuysema RaMuLosA, Bow., 1, 79; 1, Pl. XIII,
fig. 1.
1870 Halyphysema ramulosa, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. v, p. 389.
1870 Squamulina scopula (“ branched variety”), Carter. Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi, p. 345.

1877 Haliphysema ramulosa, Haeckel. Biologische Studien,
p. 193,

1878 Haliphysemaramulosa, Norman. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. v,
vol. i, p. 276.

1880 Haliphysema Tumanowiczii, Mobius. Beitrage zur
Meeres Fauna der Insel Mauritius und den Seychel-
len, p. 72, pls. i and ii, fig. 1.

Habitat.— Among: sponges and on rocks, between
tidemarks, Budleigh-Salterton, Devon, Mr. Carter. Off
coast of Florida, U.S., dredged by Pourtales (fide
Schmidt). Roundstone Bay, Ireland (Norman).

The finest specimen I have seen of H. ramulosa
is one for which I am indebted to the kindness of Mr.
Carter, and which, from a pedicel of almost a quarter
of an inch high, becomes suddenly multiramose, and
terminates in seventeen heads,*

Genus 11.—Ctocatyrta, Bow., 1,179; 11, 5.
1. CriocaLypTa PENICILLUS, Bow., u, 81; 1, Pl. XXX,
fig. 360; PI. XITI, figs. 2—4.

1870 Awinella penicillus, Schmidt. Spongien Fauna des Atlant.
Gebietes, p. 76.

2. Crocatypta Ler, Bow., 11, 296; Pl. LXXXVI,
figs. 1—4,

* This specimen will be figured in Mr. H. B. Brady’s forthcoming
volume on the “ Challenger ” Foraminifera.

TETHYA,. 39

Genus 12.—Trtuya, Lamarck, 1,181; u, 6.

1, Teraya oranium, Lamarck, 11, 83; 1, Pl. IV, figs. 77
—82; Pl. XXV, fig. 843; Pl. XXXI, fig. 362;
mu, Pl. XIV, figs. 1—6; Pl. LXXXIX, figs. 5—8.

1870 Tetilla cranium, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant., Geb., p. 76.
1872 Tethya Zetlandica, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,

vol. ix, p. 417, pl. xxii, figs. 1—6, 13—17.
Tethya cranium, Carter. Loc. cit., pl. xxii, figs. 9—12.
,1875 Tethya cranium, vars. abyssorum and infrequens, Carter,

Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 405, pl. xvi, fig. 49
(abyssorum), and fig. 48 (infrequens).

Habitat.—Dredged in deep water in the Minch in
company with Phakellia ventilabrum, Isodictya infun-
dibuliformis and laciniosa, and Normania crassa, which
are also its companions in the deep waters of the
Shetland Seas (N.).

Either there must be an extraordinary amount of
variation in the character of the spicula of this sponge,
or there are in the seas around the British Islands very
closely allied species which, while agreeing in general
character, may be distinguished by certain variations in
their spicula. It is not without much hesitation that I
here regard these forms as variations of a single species.
So regarded, I cannot but feel that they give a very
serious warning against basing specific character on
minute spicular differentiation ; and in these volumes a
large number of species are established on the ground
of minute spicular variation. At the same time it must
be carefully borne in mind that in all other classes of
animals the amount of plasticity of form and structure
varies immensely, even in kindred species ; and the fact
that one animal or plant varies almost endlessly does

40 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

not enable us to predicate that a closely allied form
will prove similarly unstable in its characters ; on the
contrary, it may prove exceptionally constant to its
type.

~ A very important question still remains unanswered
among the sponges, viz. What amount of variation in
the form and proportionate size of spicula may be re-
garded as consistent with specific character? No doubt
the amount of such variation will, as I have suggested,
be found to differ greatly in different genera and
species. Future observations must determine whether
the divergencies here considered as varietal in Tethya
craniwm should or should not be rather reckoned as
specific. It will be easy in such latter case to employ
the names here used to designate the several varieties
as indicative instead of species.

Dr. Bowerbank first pointed out that the numerous
specimens of Tethya cranitwm which he had examined
contained two sorts of gemmules, “ which are always
grouped together” (11, p. 86). These two gemmules
differ in their spicules, the first having only curved
fusiformi-acerates; the second having, 1, curved
fusiformi-acerates ; 2, attenuato-porrecto-ternates ; 3,
attenuato-bihamates or unihamates. And he considered
it ‘‘ highly probable” that this difference in the struc-
ture of the gemmules is sexual.

In 1872 Mr. Carter, having examined a bottle-full of
Tethya cranium which Dr. Bowerbank had presented
to the British Museum, believed that they were
divisible into two species, which he designated
“cranium” and “ Zetlandica ;” Dr. Bowerbank declined
(‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 4, vol. x, p. 58) to acknowledge
-the validity of the grounds on which Carter established

TETHYA. Al

his T. Zetlandica ; and Mr. Carter himself now doubts
whether that form is entitled to specific rank (‘ Ann.
Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 471). I have spe-
cimens in my collection which closely agree with the
characters of Zetlandica, but I am inclined to regard
them as craniwm in which the dermal membrane and
subdermal sarcode with their bihamates have been
washed away; while the consequently outstanding
fasciculi of radiating porrecto- and recurvo-ternate
spicula, of which the apices are broken off, give the
sponge the ‘“thick-set papille’” which render it so
different in appearance to the naked eye from the
silky investiture of the same sponge when in fine
condition. The differences in the gemmules appear
to be those which had previously been noticed by
Bowerbank.

I now proceed to notice the forms which have been
met with.

TETHYA CRANIUM, var. 1, TYPICA.

The externally protruded spicula, arranged in whorls
like the hair of the human head, and presenting a
hoary, shining, asbestine appearance. The sarcode,
abundantly supplied with excessively minute sigmoid-
bihamate spicula (magnified 1166 diameters, 11, Pl.
XIV, fig. 5), measuring about g7's3 ich long. “ The
spiral twist of the spicules and presence of bihamates
are as characteristic of the young while still within
the body of the mother as they are of the adult”
(Carter).

42 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

TETHYA CRANIUM, var. 2, ZeTuanpica, Carter, |. c.

Surface smooth, interrupted by thick-set papille
irregularly disposed. Sarcode entirely without biha-
‘mates. The young within the body showing the
same absence of bihamates, and having the spicules
radiatingly arranged, but not spirally twisted
(Carter).

TETHYA CRANIUM, var. 8, acureRA, Norman.

In most respects like the type, bihamates abundant ;
along with the fusiformi-acerate spicula of the skeleton
large numbers of fusiformi-acuates occur, consti-
tuting perhaps one third of the number of skeleton
spicula.

A single specimen in my collection.

TETHYA ORANIUM, var. 4, ABYssoRUM, Carter, Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. xviii, 1876, p. 405, pl. xvi,
fig, 49.

Bihamates (zz'5oth inch long) twice as large as usual,
and under % inch object glass seen to be covered with
minute vertical spines.

Abundant among the ‘Porcupine’ dredgings in
the deep sea between the North of Scotland and the
Farée Islands.

TBTHY A. 43

TETHYA ORANIUM, var. 5, INFREQUENS, Carter, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xviii, 1876, p. 405;
pl. xvi, figs. 48 a—c.

Porrecto-ternate spicula, of remarkable form, the
prongs being distally truncated and slightly expanded,
so as to form a cup-shaped excavation bordered by a
serrated margin, while the central canal of the spi-
culum on reaching the bottom of the cup-shaped
cavity divides into a number of minute branches, one
of which passes to each of the tooth-like processes on
the margin of the cup. The recurvo-ternate spicules
have the arms much more divergent, and not so re-
curved as in the normal TJ. craniwm; and the usual
bihamate flesh-spicules are altogether absent. This is
certainly a most remarkable form.

One specimen, “ Porcupine”? Expedition, 1869, No.
57, Lat. 60° 14’ N., Long. 6° 17 W., 632 fathoms, in
the deep mid-channel between Scotland and Farée.

Tethya cranium, Phakellia.ventilabrum, and Isodictya
infundibuliformis, are all brought up in great abundance
by the hooks of the Shetland long-line men, when
fishing for torsk and cod on the Haaf Banks.

When Dr. Bowerbank first commenced the study of
British Sponges, the Tethya, &c., were considered
extremely rare. Desirous of possessing these fine
species, he wrote to the fishermen’s agent at the Out
Skerries, and said he would give sixpence each for all
that he could procure. No doubt our old friend
thought the offer an uncommonly safe one; but in a
short time a huge keg of Sponges came (300 Tethya,
see 11, p. 84, among them !), and a nice little bill of

. 44, BRITISH SPONGIADA.

fifteen pounds. As he distributed his duplicates
among his friends, he used to laugh over the story,
which he told as a warning never to give an unlimited
order. Of late years the same sort of lesson has been
taught with respect to two other Sponges, Huplectella
aspergillum, and Hyalonema mirabile.

2. Teraya Coninesi, Bow., 1, 87; 1, Pl. II, fig. 48;
1, Pl. XV, figs. 1—9.
1867 Collingsia Sarniensis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 541.

1870 Stelletia Collingsii, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

Habitat.—On the under side of large stones at ex-

treme low water, spring tides, at entrance of West-
port Bay, Co. Mayo (N).

3. Treruya Scumipt, Bow., 1, 89; 11, Pl. XV, figs.
10—16.

1867 Collingsia Schmidtii, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 541.
1870 Stelletia Schmidtii, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 67.

4. Trraya Lynourtum (Linn.), 1, 92; 1, Pl. XXV, fig.
342 ; 111, Pl. XV, figs. 17—22.

1862 Tethya morwm and Lyncurium, Schmidt. Spong. Adri-
atic Meeres, p. 44,

1867 Donatia aurantiwm, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 541.

1869 Tethya (Donatia, Gray) Lyncurium, Carter. Ann, Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. iv, p. 7, pl. ii, figs, 1—6,

TETHYA, 45

1870 Tethya Lyncurium, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 67.

Habitat—Tidemarks, Westport Bay, Co. Mayo;
and Roundstone, Connemara (N.), Budleigh-Salterton
(Carter).

5. Trtuya spinosa, Bow., 11, 279; Pl. LXXXIII,
figs. 17—22.

6. Turnya spinvLaRIa, Bow., 1,94; 1, Pl. XV, figs.
23—30.

1867 Spinularia tetheoides, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 524.
1870 Radiella spinularia, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

Genus 18.—Hationemia, Bow., 1, 184; 1, 6.

FTAA PATERA, Bow., 11, 96; 1, Pl. X, figs. 228—
233; Pl. XXXII, figs. 363, 364; m1, Pl. XV,
figs. 31, 32.

Genus 14.—DuicryocyLinprvus, Bow., 1, 185; 11, 6.

1. DicryocyninpRus VENTILABRUM, Bow., u, 100; 11,
Pl. XVI, figs. 1—5.

1870 Dictyocylindrus ventilabrum, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant.
Geb., p. 76.

2. DioryocytinpRus RaMosus (Mont.), u, 103; 1, Pl.
XVI, figs. 6 -12.
1870 Raspailia ramosa, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

46 BRITISH SPONGIAD.

3. Dictyocyzinprus Rapiosus, Bow., u, 105; m1, Pl.
XX, figs. 5—9.

1870 Raspailia radiosa, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant, Geb., p. 76.

4. Dictrocytinprus Howser, Bow., m, 106; 1, PI.
XIX, figs. 8—13.

Habitat.—A specimen an inch and a quarter high,
consisting of a short, bent pedicil, and three branched
terminations, dredged in 10 fathoms, Birterbuy Bay
(N.).

5. DicryocyLinprus uispipus (Mont.), 1, 108; 11, PI.
XVII, figs. 1—5.

1870 Raspailia (viminalis ?), Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p.76. -

Habitat——In 50 fathoms off Shetland, in company
with D. stuposus (N.).

6. DioryocyLinpRus AcULEATUS, Bow., 11, 109; 11, 53;
PL. XXI, figs. 5—12.

1867 Vibulinus aculeatus, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 545,

7. DIoTYooYLINDRUS FASCICULARIS, Bow., 1, 110; 111,
Pl. XVIII, figs. 1—4.

1867 Adreus fascicularis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Suc., p. 545.

1870 Raspailia (stelligera P), Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

DICTYOCYLINDRUS. AC

8. DioryooyLinprus vireuLrosus, Bow., u, 1183; 11,
Pl. XTX, figs. 14—18.

1870 Raspailia virgultosa, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

1876 Dictyocylindrus virgultosus, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser, 4, vol. xviii, p. 234, pl. xii, fig. 5, and pl. xv,

fig. 27.

In the specimens procured in the ‘‘ Porcupine”
Expedition to the Hast of Shetland in 64 and 75
fathoms, Mr. Carter has described and figured the
large skeleton spicules as “large, acuate, smooth,
sharp-pointed, curved suddenly or bent towards the large
extremity.” In this last point these spicules differ
from those described in this work from my type-
specimens, but in all other respects the “ Porcupine”
examples agree closely with those previously obtained.
Similar variations, from straight-headed acuates to
those which have the thick end much bent, occasionally
occur in other species; for example, the club-headed
spicula of Grantia compressa, which usually have the
head much bent on one side, are occasionally found
straight.

9. Dictyooyninprus pumitus, Bow., n, 114; m, Pl.
XIX, fig. 19; Pl. XXI, figs. 1—4,

1870 Avinella pumila, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 70.

Habitat. An example in fine condition was found
growing on the arched under surface of a large stone
at extreme low water, Westport Bay, Co. Mayo (N.).

48 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

10. DicryvocyLinpevs stuposus (Mont.), 1, 116; m1, Pl.
XIX, figs. 1—7.
1867 Vibulinus stwposus, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 545.
1870 Raspailia stuposa, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.
Habitat.—In 50 fathoms, five miles East of Balta
Island, Shetland, 1867; three miles off Dunstan-
borough, Northumberland, 1864; the Minch, 1866;
Birterbuy Bay, Connemara, 1874 (N.).

11. Diotyocytinprus RuGosus, Bow., 11, 119; m1, Pl.
XX, figs. 1—4.

1870 Awinella rugosa, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

12. DictyocyiinpRus REOTANGULUS, Bow., 11, 281; Pl.
LXXXIV, figs. 1—7.

Genus 15.—PHAKELLIA, Bow., 1, 186; m1, 7.

1, PaaKeLua RoBusTA, Bow., u, 120; m1, 54; PI.
XXI, figs. 13—17.

2, PHAKELLIA VENTILABRUM (Johnston), 11, 122; 11, PI.
XXII, figs. 1—7.

1866 Phakellia ventilabrum, Schmidt. Spong. Adriat. Meeres,
zweites Supplement, p. 15, pl. i, fig. 16.

1870 Phakellia ventilabriwm, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 61.

1876 Phakellia ventilabrum, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. iv,
vol, xviii, p. 239.

Habitat.—Fine in deep water in the Minch (N.). It

PHAKELLIA. 49

has been found by Schmidt among the Sponges
dredged by Pourtales off Florida in 324 fathoms
(‘Spong. Atlant.,’ p. 62); and in the “ Porcupine”
dredgings in the North Atlantic it was procured from
the still greater depth of 640 fathoms (Carter, 1. c.).

Among the editor’s specimens from Shetland is one
which is ten inches high, and a foot in diameter across
the edge of the cup. Another very beautiful example
is only three inches high, but expands very widely,
and has a greatest diameter of thirteen inches, while
its surface is proliferous with seven or eight young
specimens springing from it.

Genus 16.—Microctona, Bow., 1, 188; 1, 7.

1. Microctona FiotiTIA, Bow., u, 124; 1, 352; Pl.
XXIII, figs. 1—6, and LXXXII, fig. 20.

Habitat.— Westport Bay, Co. Mayo; colour when
living yellow, very glairy with abundant sarcode (N.).

One of the specimens from Westport Bay is a large
mass, which measures in the dried state three and a
half inches long, two and a half wide, and one and a
half thick. It has numerous pieces of Corallina and
Nullipora, as well as several small pebbles, em-
bedded in its substance. It was dredged in about five
fathoms.

2. Microciona Kenti, Bow., 1, 317; Pl. LXXXIX,
figs. 9—13.

In Vol. ITI, p. 311, fig. 9, for “represents the type
VOL. IV. 4,

50 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

specimen of the species in the cabinet of Mr. W.
Saville Kent,’’ read— represents the largest of the
specimens dredged by the Rev. A. M. Norman at
Jersey.” On comparing the figure with the de-
scription of the specimens, the student would be at a
loss to reconcile the illustration with the account of
Mr. Kent’s specimen; he will, however, find the
description of the specimen from which the drawing
was made on page 319. Dr. Bowerbank apparently
chose this specimen for illustration as being the largest
he had seen, and “in a much finer condition than the
type one found by Mr. Kent.”

3. MicrocionA FRAUDATOR, Bow., wi, 275; Pl
LXXXIITI, figs. 7—11.

4, Microctona tumutosa, Bow., nu. sp., Iv, Pl. XI, figs.
1—4.

‘Sponge massive, tumulous, tumuli conical, large,
parietes thick; surface minutely rugose. Oscula
within the cloacal tumuli. Pores inconspicuous.
Dermal membrane abundantly spiculous; spicula ace-
rate, same size and form as those of the skeleton, dis-
persed. Skeleton-columns numerous, compact, long
and slender, diffused ; spicula acerate, rather slender.
Interstitial spicula few in number, same as those of
the skeleton.

“ Colowr.—In the dried state, externally dull grey,
internally blood red.

* Habitat.—Westport Bay, County Mayo, at extreme
low-water spring tides; Rev. A. M. Norman.

MIOROCIONA. 51

** Hxamined.—In the dried state.

“T received this sponge with many “others from my
friend the Rev. A. M. Norman for examination. It
consists of two little specimens, which have evidently
been united by small adhesive points near their basal
portions. When thus united the two would not have
exceeded an inch in diameter, and the greatest height
is about half an inch. One of these small masses is
composed of four comparatively large conical tumuli,
each terminating in a cloacal orifice, the margin of
which is slightly thickened, and is quite smooth. The
other specimen, rather the largest of the two, has
one large tumulus and an immature one; the large one
has three terminal orifices, and appears to have been
two or more tumuli fused together by close contact.
The largest of the tumuli rather exceeds half an inch
in height.

“The dermal membrane abounds with spicula, which
are closely felted together without any approach to.
definite arrangement. They vary to a small extent in
size, but they are in every respect the same as those of
which the skeleton-columns are composed.

“‘ The skeleton exhibits the most strikingly distinctive
characters of the species. The columns are long and
slender; the spicula of which they are composed are
compactly cemented together, and in the specimen in
course of description they are of a deep blood-red
colour. The columns are completely destitute of
internal defensive spicula. When the columns, pass-
ing from the basal portion of the sponge, reach the
dermal membrane, they do not terminate there, but
bending at an angle they continue their course in con-
tact with the inner surface of the membrane for con-

52 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

siderable distances in various directions; and this
peculiarity, combined with the slender, smooth, and
blood-red colour, forms an important discriminative
character of the species. The interstitial spicula are
few in number and very irregularly dispersed, and
they are of the same form and size as those of the
other parts of the sponge.

“Tt is remarkable that in this species of the genus
there is only one form and size of spiculum which is
common to all parts of the sponge.”

5. Microoiona tavis, Bow., u, 127; mi, Pl. XXIII,
fig. 7—11.
1867 <Abila levis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 539.

6. Microctona .stmpricisstma, Bow., 1, 204; Pl.
LXXIII, figs. 16—19.

1868 Microciona simplicissima, Bowerbank. In last Report
of Dredging among the Shetland Isles; Norman on
Porifera, Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1868 (1869), p. 330.

7. MIOROCIONA FALLAX, Bow., 11, 128.

1869 Sophaz fallax, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 521.
1870 Scopatina fallax, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

8. Microctona sPINvLENTA, Bow., 0, 132; m1, Pl. XXIV,
figs. 1—6.
1870 Esperia spinulenta, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

Habitat.—Shetland, 1864, Messrs. Peach and
Jeffreys (fide Bowerbank in litt. ad A. M. N.).

MICROCIONA. 53

9. Miorociona armaTa, Bow., ur, 129; m1, Pl. XXITI,
figs. 17—24,

Habitat.—Shetland, 1864, Messrs. Peach and
Jeffreys (fide Bowerbank in litt. ad A.M.N.).

10. Microctona ampicua, Bow., 11, 186; 11, Pl. XXV,
figs. 1—9.

11. Microctona secuscuLum, Bow.

1866 Hymeniacidon jecusculum, Bow. 11, 198.

1874 Microciona jecusculum, Bow. 111, 274, Pl. LXXXIII,
figs. 1-6.

1870 Desmacidon jecusculum, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.
p. 76.

1876 Microciona jecusculum, Carter. Ann. Nat, Hist., ser. 4,
vol, xviii, p. 237.

Habitat.—Carter (l.c.) records this sponge as
dredged by the ‘‘ Porcupine” in 374 fathoms near

Cape St. Vincent (station 25), 1870, and near the
Faroe Islands (station 61), 1869, in 114 fathoms.

12. Microciona pLumosa (Montagu).

1866 Microciona carnosa, Bow. 11, 133.

1866 Hymeniacidon plumosus, Bow. 11, 195.

1874 Microcionaplumosa, Bow. 11,61, Pl. XXIV, figs. 7—13.

1867 Pronax piwmosa, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 536.

1870 Desmacidon plumosus, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

Habitat.— Westport Bay, Co. Mayo, N.

54, BRITISH SPONGIADA.

13. MicRocIoNA ATRASANGUINEA, Bow., 11, 188; 1, PI.
XXXII, fig. 368; Pl. XXXIV, fig. 369; 1, PI.
XXIV, figs. 14—19.

Habitat-—Shetland, 1864, Messrs. Peach and
Jeffreys (fide Bowerbank in litt. ad A.M.N.); Bud-
leigh-Salterton (Carter) .*

Genus 17.—HymeEraPnia, Bow.

1, HyMERAPHIA VERMIOULATA, Bow., m1, 141; 1, Pl. 1,
fig. 5; 1, Pl. XXVI, figs. 1—3.
1867 Bubaris vermiculata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 522.
1876 Hymeraphia vermiculata, vay. erecta, Carter. Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 307, pl. xii, fig. 4, and pl. xv,
fig. 26 a, b.

Habitat— All the Shetland specimens are in the
form of a very thin crust, coating stones. Among the
* Porcupine” dredgings, however, were found “ short,
cylindrical, angular, club-shaped sponges, becoming
massive, lobed, and lobulated, or compressed and
expanding flabellately.” These sponges were about
three inches high. In anatomical and _ structural
characters they are stated by Carter to closely re-
semble the encrusting forms of H. vermiculata, which
was found with it. The localities of the specimens
lie “‘ between the North of Scotland, the Shetland and
the Farée Island, in depths varying from 114 to 640
fathoms.”

* «Ann, Nat. Hist.,’ ser, 4, vol. vii, 1871, p. 274.

HYMERAPHIA. 55

2. HyMpraPHIA CLAVATA, Bow., u, 148; m1, Pl. XXVI,
figs. 4—9.

1867 Huryphon clavatum, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 521.

3. HYMERAPHIA VERTICILLATA, Bow., 1, 145; 1, Pl. X,
figs. 238, 239; 111, 69, Pl. XXVII, figs. 1—3.
1867 Nenia verticillata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 516.
1867 Laothoe verticillata, Gray. Ibid., p. 543.

1875 Hymeraphia verticillata, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. xviii, p. 321, pl. xiv, figs. 21 a—p, and pl. xv,

figs. 39 a, 6.

Habitat.— Hymeraphia verticillata has been recorded
by Schmidt from Florida (‘Spong. Atlant. Geb.,’
p- 80), and from 345 fathoms forty miles north-north-
west of Shetland (station 65), 1869, by Carter in his
notes on the ‘‘ Porcupine” sponges.

4, HyYMERAPHIA STELLIFERA, Bow., u, 146; 1, Pl. I, fig.
34; Pl. XXXIV, fig. 370; mr, Pl. XXVII, figs.
4—6,

1867 Mesapos stellifera, Gray. Proc, Zool. Soc., p, 543,-

5. HYMERAPHIA SIMPLEX, Bow., ml, 255, Pl. LXXX,
figs. 2, 3.

6. Hymerapuia ooronuna, Bow., m1, 246; Pl. LXXIX,
figs. 1—4.
1868 Hymeraphia coronula, Bowerbank. In last Report of

Dredging among the Shetland Isles; Norman on
Porifera, Brit, Assoc. Rep., 1868 (1869), p. 330.

56 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

Genus 18.—Hymepesmia, Bow., 1,190; u, 8.

1. Hymepzsmia inFiata, Bow., m1, 248; Pl. “LXXIX,
figs. 5—8.

2. Hymeprsm1a ocounta, Bow., ui, 250; Pl. LXXIX,
figs. 9—11.
1868 Hymedesmia occulta, Bowerbank. Last Report of

Dredging among the Shetland Isles; Norman on
Porifera, Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1868 (1869), p. 331.

3. Hymepesmia RADIATA, Bow., 1, 149; 11, Pl. XXVIII,
figs. 1—4; Pl. XXIX, fig. 8.

1867 Epicles radiosus, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 521.

Habitat.—On a fossil valve of Pecten Islandicus,
dredged by Dr. Jeffreys and myself in the Minch in
1866 (N.).

4, HYMEDESMIA INDISTINOTA, Bow., 1, 304; Pl.
LXXXVII, figs. 1—10.

5. Hymepusmia pansa, Bow., n. sp., tv, Pl. I, figs. 1—4.

*‘ Sponge coating, thin. Surface uneven. Oscula
simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal
membrane pellucid, aspiculous. Skeleton composed
of numerous, wide, flat patches of parallel, long,
slender, acuate spicula, intermixed with numerous

HYMEDESMIA. 57

prostrate, attenuato-acuate, entirely spined defensive
spicula. Internal defensive spicula stout and variable
in length, numerous; retentive spicula arcuate, bi-
dentate, equi-anchorate, slender, very numerous, and
minute.

‘* Colowr.—Dried state, amber yellow.

“ Habitat.—Birterbuy Bay* and Roundstone Bay,
County Galway, Ireland; Rev. A. M. Norman.

“ Heamined.—In the dried state.

“ This sponge coats very thinly a portion of the inner
surface of a fragment of a valve of a Pecten, upon
which numerous cells of a Lepralia have been built,
and covering a portion of these, and upon parts of the
smooth surface of the shell the sponge has been
produced. The surface is more or less uneven, but
this character of the sponge is probably in a great
degree dependent on the extraneous materials based
on the shell beneath it. A portion of the sponge
covers the dead cells of the Lepralia, while another
portion is based on the smooth surface of the shell,
and this assumes the form of a thin equable stratum of
sponge. The portion covering the Lepralia had
evidently been built over it while it was in a living
state; as upon reversing the mounted specimen nume-
rous defensive spicula were seen projected through
the basal membrane towards the cells of the Lepralia,
evidently as a protection against any assaults on its
basal substances; but where the sponge was based on
the smooth surface of the shell no defensive spicula
were projected through the basal membrane, but on

* This and Roundstone Bay are two branches of the same inlet on
the north side of Galway Bay. I take the spelling “ Birterbuy ” from
the Admiralty chart, but it is also sometimes spelt Birterbie, Birterby,
Birterbey, and Bertraghboy.—N.

58 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

the contrary, they were directed inward at various
angles towards the dermal membrane, or were pros-
trate amidst the skeleton fasciculi. This especial
application by the sponge of organs of defence against
an unusual danger is a very remarkable fact, but it is
not a solitary case, as I have met with several other
similar instances of provident defences during the
course of my investigations of the nature of sponge
structures. Independent of those portions of sponge
built over the Lepralia cells, there are parts of the
sponge deposited upon the smooth surface of the shell
that are considerably thicker and more elevated, in the
form of minute hummocks, above the surrounding por-
tions of the sponge, and such elevations are more or
less opaque; but it must be observed that these
characters require a power of about 100 linear, applied
to a portion of the sponge in Canada balsam, to render
them distinct to the eye. 4

** A few simple oscula were observed in the dermis of
the part of the sponge examined. The pores were not
detected.

“The dermal membrane is closely attached to the
mass of the skeleton beneath it, and no distinctive
spicula were apparent on it.

“The skeleton is remarkable in its mode of structure.
It consists of numerous thin patches of spicula, dis-
posed at various angles to each other, and in some
parts they are so intermixed as to render their dis-
tinctive fascicular characters very doubtful; and the
abundant intermixture of prostrate internal defensive
spicula beneath and among them adds greatly to this
confusion. The skeleton spicula are long and very
slender, and the number, fasciculated together, vary

HYMEDESMIA. 59

from three or four to so many as to render it quite
impossible to count them.

“The defensive spicula are very much stouter than
those of the skeleton. They are very numerous; a
portion of them are based on the inner surface of the
basal membrane, and are projected into the mass of
the sponge at various angles, while others are pros-
trate on the membrane, or intermixed with the skeleton
tissues.

“The arcuate, bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive
spicula, are exceedingly numerous. They are very
slender, and are abundantly but irregularly disposed
in every part of the structures.

“The only species of Hymedesmia with which H.
pansa might possibly be confounded is H. indistincta,
which has acuate, skeleton spicula, and bidentate, equi-
anchorate, retentive ones, but it has no such internal
defensive spicula as those which abound in H. pansa.”

6. Hymuprsmta Pinata, Bow., n. sp., IV, Pl. II, figs. 1—4.

“ Sponge coating very thinly. Surface smooth or
minutely hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores in-
conspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, rather abun-
dantly supplied with very minute, simple or contort,
bihamate, retentive spicula. Skeleton having the fasci-
culi rarely containing more than two or three spicula,
more frequently singly dispersed; spicula attenuato-
acuate, basally spinous, long and rather slender. In-
ternal defensive spicula attenuato-acuate, entirely spi-
nous, comparatively short and stout, very numerously
projected at right angles to the membranes.

60 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

‘*¢ Colour.—In the dried state, dark amber-brown.

“ Habitat.—Birterbuy Bay, Ireland; Rev. A. M.
Norman.

*“* Heamined.—In the dried state.

“This sponge is spread very thinly on the inner sur-
face of a fragment of a shell of Pecten maximus. It
is one inch in length, and its greatest width does not
exceed half aninch. When a portion of it mounted
in Canada balsam is examined with a power of 300
linear it presents a very singular appearance. When
the thickness of the sponge does not exceed about half
the length of the internal defensive spicula, projected
at right angles from the basal membrane through the
dermal one, the surface appears minutely hispid, and
the dermal membrane in a very pellucid state is dis-
tinctly to be seen with numerous minute and slender
bihamate, retentive spicula dispersed on its inner sur-
face. When the thickness of the sponge exceeds the
length of the internal defensive spicula the dermal
surface then appears smooth, and the membrane, abun-
dantly furnished with dark, amber-coloured sarcode,
becomes very nearly opaque, and the structures be-
neath are entirely obscured. In this condition its
greatest thickness appears to be about twice the
length of the internal defensive spicula, which mea-
sured g4g inch in length; so that its greatest thick-
ness does not appear to exceed about 74; inch. The
bihamate spicula of the dermal membrane are rather
abundant, but very minute and slender, and they
require a power of not less than 400 linear to show
them distinctly as they lie in sit#. The skeleton also
presents very anomalous characters. The spicula of
which it is composed are like those of the system of

HYMEDESMIA. 61

internal defence, attenuato-acuate in form, but very
much longer; a fully developed one measured 7+; inch,
and in place of being entirely spined they are only
spinous basally for about one third of their length, and
their mode of disposition is parallel to the plane of the
basal membrane, instead of at right angles to it.
Their mode of disposition is also very irregular.
There are rarely more than two or three fasciculated
together, and by far the greater number are singly
scattered amidst the interstitial tissues.

“The three forms of spicula described are the only
ones that I could detect in this sponge. The nearest
ally to this species in general form and habitat ap-
pears to be Hymedesmia pulchella, from which it is
readily distinguished by the difference in- the form of
its skeleton and retentive spicula, and especially by
the latter; but the discrimination of the two species
requires close examination, as the retentive spicula
of the species in course of description do not exceed
zso0 inch in length, and they are also exceedingly
slender in their proportions.”

7. HyYMEpESMIA PULCHELLA, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. II, figs.
5—8.

* Sponge coating very thin and delicate. Surface
minutely hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid; tension
spicula long and very slender, acuate; retentive spicula
angulated, bidentate, equi-anchorate, minute, propor-
tionally rather stout, very numerous. Skeleton—
fasciculi loosely and irregularly formed; spicula long

62 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

and very slender, acuate; and also long and slender,
attenuato-acuate, basally spinous, irregularly dispersed.
Internal defensive spicula, attenuato-acuate, entirely
and strongly spinous, short and stout, very numerous.

** Colowr.—In the dried state, dark amber-brown.

“ Habitat.—Birterbuy Bay, Ireland; Rev. A. M.
Norman.

* Heamined.—In the dried state.

“This beautiful and interesting little sponge forms an
exceedingly thin patch eight lines in length and four
in breadth on the inner surface of a fragment of the
shell of a Pecten maximus. A small portion of the
sponge mounted in Canada balsam exhibited the surface
as abundantly and powerfully hispid. Some portions
of the sponge were nearly opaque in consequence of
the presence of dark amber-coloured sarcode beneath
the dermis, while other parts were in a beautifully trans-
parent state and exhibited the structural characters of
the sponge in a very satisfactory manner, with the
strong hispidation of the surface produced by the
projection of numerous, internal, defensive spicula,
through the dermal membrane for more than half their
entire length. As these spicula do not exceed 3415
inch in length, it would appear that the thickness of
the sponge in those parts would not exceed about
so inch.

“The dermal membrane appears to be abundantly
supplied with the long and very slender tension spicula,
but from the thinness of the sponge and the trans-
parency of the dermal membrane it is not easily deter-
mined to which part of the sponge the numerous,
single, long, and very slender spicula belong; but
this uncertainty does not obtain to so great an extent

HYMEDESMIA. 63

with the equi-anchorate retentive spicula, which are
abundantly distributed on the imner surface of the
dermal membrane.

“The skeleton fasciculi are very irregularly con-
structed, and they rarely contain more than four or five
irregularly placed spicula; but in addition to the fasci-
culi there are numerous single spicula dispersed among
the fasciculi, and also a considerable number of the
long, slender, basally spined, attenuato-acuate spicula,
which are mostly prostrate amidst the other portions of
the skeleton, though occasionally a few of them have
their apical extremities slightly elevated above the sur-
face on which their bases repose. These spicula are
strikingly distinct from the purely defensive ones of the
sponge, from which they may be at once distinguished
by their being only basally spinous, and by being
about three times the length of the purely defensive
ones; an average-sized one measured yoo inch in
length ; they are basally spinous for about one fourth
of their length; the spines are acutely conical, but
neither strongly nor numerously produced, while the
internal defensive ones have their spines abundantly
and very strongly produced, and especially so at their
bases. The latter forms, besides those projected at
rather regular intervals at right angles to the basal
membrane, are frequently found prostrate on the mem-
brane, either singly or in clusters, and occasionally
assume a somewhat fan-shaped mode of disposition.

“The angulated bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive
spicula are very numerous ; they vary very slightly in
size—a fully developed one measured y,'55 inch in
length—and are rather stoutly proportioned; they
require a power of about 500 linear to render them

64 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

distinctly to the eye. Delicately thin as this species
is, it is profusely abundant in spicula.

“ At the first sight this sponge is liable to be mis-
taken for Hymedesmia indistincta, but on a more care-
ful microscopical examination the difference in form of
the dermal tension spicula from those of H. indistincta,
and the total absence of the entirely spined cylindrical
spicula of the last-named species, at once separates
them.”

8. Hymepssmia Pracut, Bow., n. sp.,iv, Pl. XIII, figs.
5—12.

‘Sponge coating exceedingly thin. Surface
smooth, or very minutely hispid. Oscula and pores
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, aspicu-
lous. Skeleton composed of numerous very slender,
acuate spicula in flat fasciculi, irregularly dispersed ;
auxiliary skeleton spicula large and long, attenuato-
acuate, basally spinous, irregularly dispersed, pros-
trate. Internal defensive spicula attenuato-acuate,
entirely spined, projected from the basal membrane at
right angles to its plane, comparatively small and
numerous. Retentive spicula large and very stout,
bidentate, equi-anchorate, moderately numerous; and
rarely others of the same form exceedingly minute.

** Oolour.—In the dried state, cream-white.

“ Habitat— Wick, North Britain, in deep water ;
C. W. Peach.

“ Heamined.—In the dried state.

“ T received in 1866, from my old and indefatigable
friend Mr. C. W. Peach, too late for description and

HYMEDESMIA. 65

publication in vol. ii of this work, a small angular stone
nearly covered by a thin cream-white incrustation, and
the remains of one of the valves of a bivalve shell,
the inner surface of which was nearly entirely coated
with the same sort of incrustation. He stated on labels
attached to them that they were from deep water at
Wick, North Britain. The crust was spread over three
sides of the angular pebble so thinly that it was with
some difficulty that I could detach portions of it for
microscopical examination after having immersed it in
water ; its thickness not exceeding 34; inch. When
a portion of it is mounted in Canada balsam and
examined with a power of about 200 linear it becomes
a remarkably interesting object, abounding in strikingly
characteristic organs. The dermal membrane is so
thin and pellucid that it can only be recognised by the
small specks of extraneous matters adherent to its
surface, and neither oscula nor pores can be detected.
The minute hispidation of the surface can only be
perceived in portions of the sponge when mounted in
Canada balsam ; it is produced by the passage of small
portions of the distal extremities of the internal
defensive spicula through the dermal membrane.
«The skeleton fasciculi are clearly unequally distri-
buted through its substance; in some cases they are
grouped together rather numerously, while in others
they occur singly, or two or three of them are closely
adjoining each other; and occasionally single spicula
are irregularly dispersed. The fasciculi are composed of
very slender acuate spicula, each fasciculus containing
a considerable number of them closely disposed in
parallel lines; but although thus slender they are
undoubtedly the legitimate representatives of the
VOL. IV. 5

66 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

fasciculated skeleton of a true Hymedesmia; while the
dispersed, large, basally spined, attenuated acuate ones,
from their prostrate mode of disposition, form a strong
auxiliary skeleton destined to compensate the slender
and fragile structures of the true skeleton fasciculi,
and as well to aid and assist in the preservation of the
sponge, as defensive organs, in addition to the true
internal defensive spicules of the sponge.

“From the extreme tenuity of the true skeleton
spicula they might readily, and especially the dispersed
ones, be mistaken for tension spicula, and especially so
when compared with the numerous and comparatively
gigantic auxiliary basally spined, attenuato-acuate ones,
which are distributed rather numerously amongst
them.

“ The disparity existing between the two portions of
the skeleton structures is very remarkable. One of
the normal skeleton spicula of the fasciculi was z+,
inch in length, and its greatest diameter measured only
rso00 Of an inch; while the length of one of the large
attenuato-acuate, basally spined spicula was @; inch,
and at its greatest diameter near the base it was gy57
inch.

“The attenuate, entirely spined, acuate, internal
defensive spicula are all projected from the basal
membrane at about right angles to its plane, and their
apices frequently pass through the dermal membrane,
thus performing the double office of internal, and to a
certain extent external defences. We may, therefore,
estimate the thickness of the sponge as about equivalent
to the average length of these organs, one of the largest
of which measured 337 inch in length.

“The retentive spicula are also very characteristic of

HYMEDESMIA. 67

the species. The large bidentate equi-anchorate ones
are larger and stouter in their proportions than is usual
with this form of spiculum. A fully developed one
measured g$p inch in length, and its shaft was sooo
inch in diameter. They are rather sparingly dispersed
on the surface of the basal membrane, to which they
are usually attached by the middle of the curved shaft.
Occasionally but rarely a tridentate one occurs, but
this form is the exception and not therule. They vary
to a considerable degree in size, form, and in the
completeness of the development of their anchorate
terminations.

«The minute, bidentate, anchorate spicula are very
few in number and extremely minute; one of them
measured only goo inch in length. They are usually
completely immersed in the sarcode and are very indis-
tinctly seen.

“This species is readily separable from Hymedesmia
pansa or pulchella, its nearest known allies, by the
striking differences in the forms of the bidentate, equi-
anchorate spicula ; which in this species greatly exceed
in size and stoutness, as well as differ in form from,
those of either of the above-named species, and also
by the possession of the exceedingly minute equi-
anchorate spicula intermixed sparingly with the larger
ones. In other respects also it differs in its structures,
but in a less striking manner from those of H. pansa
and pulchella.”

9. Hymepesmia sTevnatTa, Bow., u, 150; Ww, Pl.
XXVIII, figs. 5—8.

1867 Timea stellata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 544,

68 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

10. Hymeprsmia simpLicissimA, Bow., m1, 253; PI.
LXXX, fig. 1.

11. Hymepesmia TENUICULA, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. I, fig. 5.

‘Sponge coating, very thin. Surface even, smooth.
Oscula simple, minute, dispersed. Pores inconspi-
cuous. Skeleton fasciculi variable, flat; spicula few
or very numerous in each, bases and apices coinci-
dent, attenuato-spinulate, long, slender, minute,
variable in size.

** Colour.—Alive, deep blue; in spirit, light blue.

‘* Habitat.—Roundstone Bay, Connemara, Ireland ;
Rey. A. M. Norman.

“ Hxamined.—From spirit.

* Among the specimens of Irish sponges that I re-
ceived for examination from the Rev. A. M. Norman
there were two small fragments of granite, the largest
being seven lines in length by four lines in breadth,
and the smaller one being not half the size of the
largest. On each of these there were minute patches
of a dull, pale blue colour as taken from the spirit, but
which, from the label on the bottle, were of a deep
blue colour when alive. The thickness of the sponge
does not exceed that of a sheet of writing paper.
When a portion of the sponge was mounted for
microscopical examination with a power of 100 linear,
scarcely any of the spicula were visible amidst the
sarcode, which presented a strongly gelatinous appear-
ance in the water; but when mounted in Canada
balsam they became completely visible. The struc-
tures of the sponge are very simple; one form of

HYMEDESMIA. 69

spiculum only being present, the long, slender,
attenuato-spinulate. They are very minute, requiring
a power of about 200 linear to render their propor-
tions distinctly to the eye. They vary to a very
considerable extent in their length and diameter.
Two fully developed ones measured as follows :—The
longest was #9 inch in length and its greatest
diameter was g'rg inch; the shortest 4 inch in length,
but its greatest diameter exceeded that of the longest
one, being =3'55 inch. Both these spicula were more
than twice the diameter of many of the other spicula
around them.

“The disposition of the skeleton fasciculi is very
irregular, and the number of spicula contained in each
exceedingly variable. In some portions of the sponge
they consist of large flat bundles loosely congregated,
while in others they are much more compact, and in
many cases they are formed of but two or three
spicula; the bases and apices of the spicula forming
each fasciculus are almost always coincident.

“There is no other known species of the genus
Hymedesmia with which this one is liable to be
confounded.

‘*Mr. Norman states or ‘this species occurs in
Roundstone Bay, Galway, in small patches on the
under side of stones at extreme low water. Its colour
is a brilliant deep blue. It has long been known to
me by sight on other parts of the coast, and I have
often preserved it by drying the specimens, which
shrivelled up to nothing.’

“‘On examining some old stores of specimens sent to
me in May, 1866, by my highly esteemed friend Mr.
C. W. Peach too late for publication in vol. ii, I found

70 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

a small slab of dark-coloured slate, two inches long
by one and a half inch wide, with twenty-two small,
very thin patches of a light grey-coloured sponge
scattered over the surface. The greater portion of
them were of a nearly circular form, varying in size
from one or two lines in diameter to the largest four
lines in diameter. On mounting portions of some of
the largest of them in Canada balsam they all proved
to be specimens of Hymedesmia tenuicula, agreeing in
all their structural characters with those of the type-
specimen. My friend Mr. Peach states the locality of
the specimens sent to me to be Wick, Scotland.”

12, Hymepusmia Zerianpioa, Bow., u, 152; 1, Pl.
Xxix, figs. 1—7,

1867 Hymedesmia Zetlandica, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 587.

Genus 19.—Hymentactpon, Bow., 1,191; u, 154.

1, HYMENIACIDON ALBEScENS (Johnston), 1, 161; 31
Pl. XXXI, figs. 6—10,
1867 Reniera albescens, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518,
1870 oe albescens, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

“On the 21st of September, 1874, I received from
my friend Mr. Higgin a specimen of Hymeniacidon
albescens from the shore near Holyhead for examina-
tion. It was found pendent on the under sides of
stones on the beach near low-water mark. It was, as
nearly as possible, of the same size as the one repre-
sented by fig. 9, Plate XXXT, from Torbay, andit agreed

2

HYMENIACIDON. 71

with it in its structural peculiarities in every part of
the sponge.”

2. Hymeniacipon Tuomasit, Bow., m, 155; ‘1, Pl.
XXX, figs. 1—3
1867 Reniera Thomasii, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

1870 <Amorphina Thomasii, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

**T received a small specimen of Nullipora poly-
morpha from the Rey. A. M. Norman, about one inch
in length, amid the short branches of which a small
mass, rather exceeding half an inch in diameter, of a
sponge of a dull ochreous yellow colour, was immersed.
On a microscopical examination, this proved to be
Hymeniacidon Thomastt, but bearing not the slightest
resemblance in form or external characters to the
type specimen described in volii, p. 155, and figured in
Vol. III, Plate XXX, fig. 1, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’
Although so small a specimen, the anatomical cha-
racters were as fully developed as in the type specimen.
It would appear that this species is of rare occurrence,
ag this is the only other specimen I have seen, except-
ing the type. The small specimen described above
was dredged in Westport Bay, Ireland, in five fathoms,
by the Rey. A. M. Norman.”

72 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

3. Hywentactpon cocornzus, Bow., ur, 156; 1, 353,
Pl. XXX, figs. 4—6.

1861 Halichondria coccinea, Bowerbank. List Brit. Marine
Invert. Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 69.

1867 Reniera coccinea, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

1870 Amorphina coccinea, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76,

Habitat.—A small, massive specimen, rather more
than half an inch measured every way, was dredged off
the Durham Coast in 20—35 fathoms (N).

4, HYMENIACIDON LAcTEUS, Bow., 11, 163; m1, 82, Pl.
XXXII, figs. 9, 10.

1867 Reniera lactea, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.
1870 Amorphina lactea, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

Habitat. —“ Guliot caves, Sark. Mr. Hughes”
(J. S. B.).

5. HyMENIACIDON PERARMATUS, Bow., 11, 164; 11, Pl.
XXXI, figs. 11—16.

1867 Anchinoe perarmata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 535.
1870 Desmacidon perarmatus, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

6. HYMENIACIDON MEMBRANA, Bow., 1, 165; ut, Pl
XXXII, figs. 11, 12.

1867 Reniera membrana, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.
1870 Amorphina membrana, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

HY MENIACIDON. 73

7. HyMENIACIDON FIRMUS, Bow., 11, 186; Pl. LXXII,
figs. 1, 2.

Habitat.—Among Dr. Bowerbank’s notes is—‘“I
received avery few small fragments of this sponge
for examination from the Rev. A. M. Norman, labelled
‘Yellow, Westport Bay.’ The microscopical sections
were in all respects identical with those of the type
specimen.”

8. HYMENIACIDON PLACENTULA, Bow., mu, 189, 353; PI.
LXXII, figs. 5—9.

9. HYMENIACIDON ARMIGER, ae n. sp.,1v, Pl. IV, figs.
10—17.

“Sponge coating, thin. Surface smooth and even.
Oscula simple, minute. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal
membrane pellucid, abundantly spiculous; tension
and defensive spicula attenuato-acuate, entirely spin-
ous, irregularly dispersed, variable in size; retentive
spicula bidentate or tridentate, equi-anchorate, very
minute, rather numerous. Skeleton—spicula fusi-
formi-acerate, numerous, small, and rather short;
internal defensive spicula same as those of the dermis,
few in number ; retentive spicula same as those of the
dermis, not numerous.

*¢ Colowr.—In the dried state, cream-white.

“‘ Habitat.—Roundstone Bay, Ireland; Rev. A. M.
Norman.

* Hramined.—In the dried state.

74 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

*‘ This sponge is entangled amid the branches of a
small specimen of Nullipora polymorpha, coating them
rather thinly. Its organic structures are very remark-
able, and afford very distinct and striking specific
characters, especially those of the dermis. The
dermal membrane is very pellucid, and is crowded
with the stout, entirely spined tension and defensive
spicula; they are all prostrate, thus assuming the
character of tension spicula, but their forms and
abundant spination render them equally available as
defensive organs; the mode of their disposition has no
approximation to order, and I could not detect any
of them projected at an angle from the membrane on
which they are disposed. The retentive spicula are
very minute, but rather numerous, especially in those
spaces least furnished with the defensive spicula. The
armature of this sponge against either its large or its
minute foes is very complete. The largest of two of
the bidentate equi-anchorate, retentive spicula mea-
sured zs'99 inch long, the smallest was zg inch, the
average length of three was y¢zq inch, and they
require a power of about 500 linear to render them
distinctly to the eye. The skeleton structure is rather
open and cavernous, and the membranes are abun-
dantly furnished with their fusiformi-acerate spicula
amid which the attenuato-acuate, entirely spined
defensive spicula are present in some parts rather
sparingly, while in other parts they are more abundant.
The minute anchorate, retentive spicula are also rather
sparingly disposed on the surfaces of the skeleton
membranes.

“ Insignificant as this sponge appears to the unas-
sisted eye, it is, by the striking peculiarities of its

HYMENIACIDON, 75

structure, a remarkably well-characterised species, and
cannot well be mistaken for any other nearly allied
British sponge with which we are at present ac-
quainted.”

10. Hymentacipon Brerru, Bow., u, 158; ui, Pl.
XXX, figs. 7—9.

1867 Reniera Brettii, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.
1870 Amorphina Brettii, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

Habitat.— Dredged in Saints Bay, Guernsey, 1865
(N.).

11, Hymerniacipon rracinis, Bow., u, 159; mw, Pl.
XXX, figs. 1O—12.

1867 Reniera fragilis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.
1870 Amorphina fragilis, Schmidt, Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

12. HyMENIACIDON RETICULATUS, Bow., 11,159; 11, 77,
Pl. XXXI, figs. 1—3.
1867 Reniera reticulata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

1870 Amorphina reticulata, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

Habitat.—Strangford Lough (N.).

13. Hymentactpon FraLLactosus, Bow., 11, 160; 11, 78,
Pl. XXX, figs. 4, 5.'
1867 Reniera fallaciosa, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

1870 <Amorphina fallaciosa, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76,

76 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

Habitat.—A curiously formed specimen has been
found by me in Westport Bay. It is located on an
old valve of Pecten varius, and has apparently thrown
a coating over a fair-sized piece. of Nullipora polymor-
pha, filling up the interstices of and covering over the
Nullipore, and attaching it by its own structures to the
shell on which it rests. The entire size of the sponge
is one and a half inch long, one and a quarter broad,
and not quite an inch high (N.).

14, Hymentacipon tecEticuta, Bow., 11, 216, Pl.
LXXIV, figs. 16, 17.

15. Hymentacipon souipus, Bow., n.sp., tv, Pl. ITI, figs.
AF, .

“ Sponge basally massive, developing upward into a
thick stout virgultose branch; surface even, smooth.
Oscula simple, depressed. Pores inconspicuous.
Dermis abundantly spiculous, reticulated irregularly,
and bi- or trispiculous; spicula subfusiformi-acerate,
long, and stout. Skeleton open and diffuse, abun-
dantly spiculous; spicula acerate or subfusiformi-ace-
rate, a few large and stout like those of the dermis, the
greater portion long and slender.

“ Colowr.—Dried state, dark brown.

“ Habitat.— Westport Bay, Ireland, 5 fathoms; Rev.
A. M. Norman.

‘‘ Heamined.—In the dried state.

“ The irregularly-shaped basal mass of this sponge is

HYMENIACIDON. ida

two inches in length, one in breadth, and one in height,
and incorporated in it are several small pebbles,
and a small branching specimen of Nullipora poly-
morpha. From about the middle of the mass there
rises an irregular stick-like branch three inches in
height, rather exceeding half an inch in diameter. The
surface is slightly corrugated in its present condition,
but this is evidently the result of drying. The oscula
are small and not very readily detected, excepting a
few rather larger than the rest, upon the basal por-
tion of the sponge. The most striking distinctive
characters are those of the dermis, the form and
mode of the reticulation of which differs essentially
from that of its nearest allies. The rete is very
irregular, and the areas very angular in consequence
of its being constructed of numerous fasciculi of rather
large and long spicula, which vary in number from two
to four or five in each fasciculus; and also from the
fasciculi being disposed on the membrane in a very
irregular manner, crossing each other at a variety of
angles; the spicula, unlike those of the skeleton, are
all large and uniform in size, while those of the skeleton-
tissues are very variable in their diameters, and very
few of them equal in size and robustness to those of
the dermis.

‘* The only two known British species with which this
sponge might possibly be confounded are Hymenia-
cidon reticulatus and H. tegeticula. The dermal mem-
brane of H. reticulatus differs considerably from that
of H. solidus, inasmuch as it is more regularly reticu-
lated ; the rete is stronger and multispiculous, and the
areas more regularly produced; and the spicula,
although of the same form as those of H. solidus, are

78 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

very little more than half their size. The colours and
mode of growth of the two sponges also differ to a
very considerable extent.

“There are similar differences existing between the
sponge in course of description and H. tegeticula, in
which the skeleton spicula are much shorter than those
of H. solidus, and exhibit none of the marked inequali-
ties of size and diameter that are so characteristic of
that species, but, on the contrary, are very equable in
size and proportions. In the dermal membrane the two
species differ also to a very considerable extent. In
Hi, tegeticula the dermal spicula are more or less felted
together, instead of presenting a well-defined but irre-
gular reticulation. The colour and mode of growth
are also strikingly different from those of H. solidus.
If any doubts remain regarding the discrimination of
the three species, the comparative measurements of
their spicula will readily determine the question.
Thus the large spicula of H. solidus measure 35 inch
in length, and have their greatest diameter gg5q inch.
H. reticulatus has its largest spicula 9; inch in length,
and the greatest diameter gg'g95 inch. H. tegeticula has
its largest spicula 3; inch in length, and their greatest
diameter sgog inch.

“‘T have since the above description was written re-
ceived another specimen of this from Mr. Norman,
which differs in its external characters from the type.
It is a small, irregularly shaped mass an inch and
a half in length, embracing a small fragment of
stone, from which it does not project itself as the type-
specimen does. It also differs in colour, being nearly
cream-white. Anatomically it agrees perfectly with
the type-specimen.”

HYMENIACIDON. 79

16. Hymentactpon prrtavis (Montagu), u, 179; im,
Pl. XXXIV, figs. 1, 2.

1867 Reniera perlevis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.
Habitat.—Bantry Bay (N.).

17. HyMENIACIDON PACHYDERMA, Bow., u, 184; m1,
Pl. XXXIV, figs. 10, 11.

1867 Reniera pachyderma, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

18. Hymentacipon orvustuta, Bow., mu, 185; m1, Pl.
XXXIV, figs. 3—6.

1867 Reniera crustula, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

19. Hymeniacipon Hiturert, Bow.,n. sp.,1v, Pl. III, figs.
1—8.

« Sponge massive, sessile. Surface smooth and even.
Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Der-
mal membrane aspiculous. Skeleton dense, abun-
dantly spiculous. Spicula acuate, rarely subspinulate ;
closely felted together in all parts of the sponge.
Sarcode at the surface nearly black, opaque; inter-
nally light coloured and semi-transparent.

* Colour.—In the living state, dark brown, nearly
black. In the dried state, dark nut brown.

“ Habitat.—On oyster shells from the Ridge off
Dover; James F, Hillier, Esq., of Ramsgate.

80 BRITISH SPONGIADAI.

“ Heamined.—Fresh from the sea.

“The external aspect of this sponge is so like that of
Battersbyia Bucklandi, being of the same dark colour,
and of a similar degree of solidity, that it may readily be
mistaken for that sponge by a superficial observer, but
the slightest attempt at a microscopical examination of
its structural characters will at once distinguish it from
that species. The oscula were all closed, but the
position of several of them, by the aid of a lens of two
inches’ focus, was apparent from the small depressed
areas on the dermal surface. The characters of the
dermal membrane are not readily to be determined, as it
is closely adherent to the dense complicated mass of the
spicula of the skeleton beneath it, but in the few spots
where its structure was apparent I could not detect
the slightest traces of characteristic dermal spicula or
of any especial arrangement of the forms common to
the whole mass of the sponge.

“The skeleton spicula are closely felted together
without the slightest approximation to arrangement at
any part of the sponge, and it is only at a few internal
cavities that the interstitial membranes are visible, and
they, like the dermal one, are aspiculous. The colour
of the sarcode is very nearly black at both its upper
and basal surfaces when the sponge is fresh and in a wet
condition. When a section at right angles to the sur-
face is mounted in Canada balsam and viewed by trans-
mitted light with a power of about 100 linear, the
colour and opacity is seen to gradually decrease until
the internal portions of the structures are pale in colour
and transparent. The greater portion of the skeleton
spicula are purely acuate in form, but a few of them
exhibit more or less of a tendency to spinulation.

HYMENTIACIDON. 81

They vary to some extent in diameter and length.
One of the largest measured 75 inch in length, and one
of the smallest yig inch in length, but by far the
greater portion of them are of intermediate lengths.

“T have named this interesting species after my friend
Mr. Hillier, of Ramsgate, an ardent and successful
student of the British sponges and other branches of
marine natural history, to whom I am indebted for
my knowledge of the species and for other similar
interesting specimens.”

20. HyMENIACIDON CARUNCULA, Bow., 1, 166; 111, Pl.
XXXII, figs. 1—4.

1867 Reniera caruncula, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 518.
1870 <Amorphina caruncula, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

Habitat—On rocks between tide-marks, Westport
Bay, 1874. This is one of the regular tide-mark
sponges of our southern and western coasts (N.).

21. HyMEnIAcIDON SANGUINEUS (Grant), u, 168; In,
81, Pl. XXXII, figs. 5—8.
1867 Reniera sanguinea, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

1867 <Amorphina sanguinea, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

Habitat.—On rocks, low water, Westport Bay. This
is another littoral species, very generally diffused,
though apparently more common in the south (N.).

** Among some specimens of sponges collected in
the Guliot Caves at Sark by Mr. Hughes, of Birming-

VOL. IV. 6

82 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

ham, and sent to me for examination I found a
Specimen of H. sanguineus partially covering a small
mass of Halichondria panicea. The combined mass
was about two inches in length and rather exceeding
half an inch in thickness. This sponge occurs in many
localities on the coasts of Scotland and Ireland, but this
is the first time I believe that it has been taken so far
southward as the Channel Islands.”

22, HyMENIACIDON maMMEATUS, Bow., 11, 170; 1, 83,
Pl. XXXIII, figs. 1—4.

1867 Reniera mammeata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

Habitat.—Shetland, 1858; Westport and Round-
stone Bay, Ireland, 1874 (N.).

*“T received from the Rev. Mr. Norman two speci-
mens of this species. One from Roundstone Bay, three
inches in length, one and a half in breadth, and about
half an inch in thickness. This specimen agrees in
all its characters with the type. The second speci-
men was from Westport Bay. It was an irregularly
oval mass, the greatest length not exceeding eight
lines. Anatomically it was identical with the type
Specimen and the larger one described above, but in
form and surface it differed widely from both of them,
there being scarcely an indication of the remark-
able mammiform organs that are so characteristic
of the mature specimens, and the colour instead of
being nut-brown was nearly cream-white.”

HYMENIACIDON. 83

23. HYMENIACIDON constMILis, Bow., u, 172; m1, Pl.
XXXIITI, figs. 5, 6.
1867 Reniera consimilis, Gray. Proce. Zool. Soc., p. 518.
1870 Amorphina consimilis, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

Habitat.—I have found this species in a second
locality, Westport Bay, Co. Mayo; the specimen is
very like in its general characters to the types from
the Channel Islands (N.).

24. HYMENIACIDON MACILENTUS, Bow., 11, 176; 11, Pl.
XXXII, figs. 7—18.
1867 Carmia macilenta, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 537.
1870 Desmacidon macilentus, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.
p. 76.
1871 Carmia macilenta, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. vii, p. 276, pl. xxii, fig. 8 a—d.
Habitat.—Carter finds this species on the South-
Devon Coast, and has also met with a small fragment,.
not larger than a pin’s head, from the West Indies,
and of which he figures the spicules (l.c.).

25. HYMENIACIDON FALLAx, Sow., u, 177; 1, Pl.
XXXII, figs. 15—18.

1861 Halichondria fallax, Bowerbank. List. Brit. Mar.
Invert. Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 69.
1867 Reniera fallax, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

26. HyMENIACIDON viRGULTOSUS (Johnston), tu, 193;
1, Pl. XXXV, figs. 1—65.

1867 Reniera virgultosa, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 18

84 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

27. HyYMENIACIDON RADIOSUS, Bow., 1,187; Pl. LXXIFE,
figs. 3, 4.

28. HYMENIACIDON MEDIUS, Bow., 11, 291; Pl. LXXXV,
figs. 11—13.

“ Among the specimens of sponges received for
examination from the Rey. A. M. Norman, were two
specimens of this species. One from Westport Bay was
about two inches in diameter and five lines at greatest
thickness. The colour of this specimen was darker
than that of the type. The second specimen was from
Roundstone Bay, Galway. Its form was eccentric, a
small mass from which two small lobes, each about
three lines in diameter, were projected in opposite
directions for nearly an inch in length. The colour of
this specimen was like that of the type. Both speci-
mens agreed in every respect with the structural pecu-
liarities of the type.”

29. Hymentactpon Atpousti, Bow., 11, 347; Pl. XCII,
figs. 9—11.

30. HYMENIACIDON VIRGULATUS, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. IV,
figs. 4, 5.

1875 Hymeniacidon virgulatus, Bowerbank. Brit. Assoc.
Report, 1875 (1876), p. 199.

“Sponge virgultose, slender. Surface smooth. Os-
cula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermis

HYMENIACIDON. 85

abundantly spiculous; spicula acuate, slender, same
size as those of the skeleton, dispersed.. Skeleton
rather open and cavernous, abundantly spiculous;
spicula acuate, long, and slender.

** Colour.—In the dried state, cream-white.

“ Habitat.—Coast of Durham, in 20 to 35 fathoms ;
Rey. A. M. Norman.

** Hramined.—In the dried state.

**T received a single specimen of this sponge from
my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman. It slightly exceeds
one inch in height, and its diameter averages about
two lines; there is no natural base to it, so that its
height may have been greater than it is at present.
The structure of the sponge is very simple; there is
but one form of spiculum, a slender and rather long
acuate, which is of the same size and proportions
in both dermis and skeleton membranes, and in both
they appear to be about equally numerous. In the
form and size of the spicula and in their mode of
disposition in the sponge this species closely ap-
proaches Hymeniacidon medius, but the skeleton
spicula do not appear to be at all subfusiform as in the
last-named species. It differs also in its colour, and
especially so in its external form.”

31. Hymenracipon varians, Bow., u, 174; 10, Pl.
XXXIII, fig. 14. Pl. XLV, figs. 32—34.

1861 Halichondria variantia, Bowerbank. List Brit. Marine
Invert. Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 69.

1867 Asychus variantia, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 539.

1870 Desmacidon varians, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76,

86 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

32, Hymentactpon viripans, Bow., u, 178; m1, 85;
Pl. XXXII, figs. 19—22.

1867 Reniera viridans, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

Habitat.—Found by Mr. Peach in Shetland in 1864
(fide Bowerbank in litt. ad A. M. N).

38, Hymenracipon aureus (Montagu), 1, 181; 111, 88.
Pl, XXXIV, figs. 7—9.

1867 Reniera awrea, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.
1870 Amorphina aurea, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

' Habitat.—Between tide marks Tobermory, Isle of
Mull (N.).

34, HyMENIACIDON aRMatuRUS, Bow., 1, 183; «1, Pl.
XXXIV, figs. 12—15.

1867 Reniera armatura. Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 518.

35. Hymmntacipon caLLosus, Bow. n. sp., Iv, Pl. IV,
figs. 6—9.

** Sponge massive, unattached. Surface coriaceous,
minutely hispid and slightly rugose. Oscula and pores
inconspicuous. Dermis slightly coriaceous; abun-
dantly spiculous, spicula acuate, arranged in a dense
closely constructed network; rete rough, stout, and
bristling with defensive spicula; areas small and
irregular. Skeleton spicula acuate, numerous, rather
larger than those of the dermis.

* Colowr.—In the dried state, light fawn-yellow.

HYMENIACIDON. 87

Habitat.— Westport Bay, Co. Mayo, Ireland, at low
tides; Rey. A. M. Norman.

“ Haamined.—lIn the dried state.

“T received two small specimens of this sponge for
examination from my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman.
The largest of the two did not exceed an inch in length
by half an inch in breadth, and the smallest one was half
an inch in diameter. On neither of them was there
any mark of having been attached to any base; the
appearance of the surface in both was that of dirty,

. slightly corrugated kid-glove leather of a fawn-yellow
colour, and to the unassisted eye the surface appeared
smooth, but minutely wrinkled. When a section of
the sponge at right angles to its surface mounted in
Canada balsam is viewed beneath the microscope, the
aspect is very different; the surface is then seen
bristling with a dense stratum of acuate spicula
disposed at about right angles to the surface. When
a small portion of the dermis is submitted to examina-
tion in Canada balsam with a power of 100 linear, it is
seen to be furnished with a coarsely formed dermal
network, the rete of which has almost as great a
diameter as that of the areas of the network, and from
the outer surface of this reticulate structure the
abundant crop of external defensive spicula are pro-
jected ; these spicula and those of the network are all of
the same form and size, as nearly as possible, and purely
acuate.

“‘ The skeleton does not present any especial specific
characters; it is abundantly supplied with acuate
spicula, very similar in size and form to those of the
dermis, and no other form of spiculum is found in the
structures of this sponge; but itis satisfactory that

88 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

the striking peculiarities of the dermal system renders
it readily distinguishable from any other known
British species of Hymeniacidon.”

36. HymeniacIpon pLuMmIcER, Bow, ut, 191; PI.
LXXII, figs. 10—12.

37. HyMENIACIDON suBEREUS (Montagu), u, 200; 11,

Pl. XXXVI, figs. 1—4.

1861 Halina suberea, Bowerbank. List Brit. Marine Invert.
Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 70.

1862 Suberites domuncula, Schmidt. Spong. Adriat. Meeres,
p. 67.

1867 Suberites suberea, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 523.

1870 Suberites domuncula, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

38. HYMENIACIDON caRNosUS (Johnston), 11, 208; 11,
Pl. XXXVI, figs. 5—9.

1861 Halina carnosa, Bowerbank. List Brit. Marine Invert.
Fauna (Brit Assoc.), p. 70.

1867 Suberites carnosa, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 523.

1870 Suberites carnosa, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

Habitat.—Birterbuy Bay, abundant on shells of
Pecten maximus, Turritella terebra, Lutraria oblonga,
and other species (N.).

39. HYMENIACIDON GELATINOSUS, Bow., U, 222; m1, Pl.
XXXVIII, figs. 7, 8.

1867 Suberites gelatinosa, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 528.
Habitat.—The locality of the type-specimen is

HYMENIACIDON. 89

wrongly given (11, 222) as “ Dourie Voe, Shetland ;” I
found it between tide-marks at Cullercoats, Northum-
berland. The mistake probably arose from the cir-
cumstances that at the time this species was sent to
Dr. Bowerbank to examine, there were also sent speci-
mens of Hymeniacidon carnosus which were from

Dourie Voe (N.).

40. Hymeniacipon Fouatus, Bow., ut, 182; PI.
LXXI, figs. 1, 2.

41, Hymentacipon Ficus (Johnston), u, 206; 11, Pl.
XXXVI, figs. 10—17.
1861 Halina ficus, Bowerbank. List Brit. Marine Invert.
Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 70.
1867 Ficulina ficus, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 23.
1870 Suberites ficus, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.
Habitat.—Coralline Zone, Durham coast, abundant ;
Shetland abundant; on a pebble between tide-marks,
Oban ; Westport, Co. Mayo (N.).

42, HyMENIACIDON sULPHUREUS (Bean), m1, 208; 111,
Pl. XXXVII, figs. 1—3.

1867 Suberites sulphurea, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 523.
1870 Suberites sulphurea, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.
Habitat.—A small specimen encrusting the shell of
Turritella terebra, dredged at Roundstone Bay, Galway.
This sponge retains its sulphur-yellow colour a long
time after preservation, though it, like almost all

90 BRITISH SPONGIADS.

colours in sponge, gradually fades out and leaves the
sponge white (N.).

* On the 29th June, 1875, Mr. Hillier, of Ramsgate,
sent me a specimen of Filustra chartacea from Pegwell
Bay, the lower part of the stems of which were thinly
coated by H. sulphureus for rather more than half an
inch in height” (J. S. B.).

43, HyYMENIACIDON cELATUS (Grant), 11, 212; 11, Pl.
XXXVIII, figs. 5, 6.

1867 Cliona celata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 525,
1870 Vioa celata, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

44, HyYMENIACIDON OLAVIGER, Bow., u, 211; i, Pl
XXXVII, figs. 20—22.

1867 Suberites clavigera, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 523.

45, HymmniacIpon TENEBROSUS, Bow., un. sp., Iv, Plate
XV, figs. 1—5.

“Sponge coating, thin. Surface even, smooth.
Oscula and pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane
abundantly spiculous; spicula dispersed, ovo-spinu-
late, long, but rather shorter than those of the skeleton.
Skeleton abundantly spiculous; spicula ovo-spinulate,
long, and rather slender. Sarcode abundant, dense,
dark amber-coloured.

** Colour.—In the dried state, nut-brown.

** Habitat.—Birterbuy Bay, Galway, Ireland ; West-
port Bay tide marks; Rev. A. M. Norman.

HYMENIACIDON. ol

** Hxamined.—In the dried state.

‘**T received from my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman
five specimens of this insignificant-looking sponge;
two of them from Westport Bay were so embedded in
the cavities of small rough and rugged fragments of
portions of a basaltic rock as to be quite unfit for
delineation ; another broken specimen was embedded
amid small fragments of Nullipora polymorpha from
Birterbuy Bay. Some of these specimens exhibited the
oscula well; they were small and simple and irregularly
dispersed ; none of them exceeded a line in diameter.
The remaining two specimens are those represented
in Plate XV, figs. 1 and 2. The one represented by
Fig. 1 was dredged by Mr. Norman in Birterbuy Bay.
The sponge is on the margin of a fragment of an
old bivalve shell which on its other side has several
small specimens of Isodictya MacAndrewii. The speci-
men represented by Fig. 2 was presented by Mr.
Robertson to Mr. Norman, to whom he stated that
it was collected by the late Dr. Scouler, but from what.
locality was unknown. This specimen also is on a
fragment of an old shell. It is exceedingly like the
type represented by Fig. 1 both in its external and
anatomical structures; several oscula in a closed con-
dition are apparent on this specimen by the aid of a
lens of two inches’ focus.

“Hach of the figured specimens consists of a small
dull-brown patch of an irregular form about three-
fourths of an inch in diameter, and not exceeding an
eighth of an inch in thickness. Its anatomical struc-
ture is exceedingly simple. Its spiculaare all of nearly
the same size and form, but varying to a slight extent
in their diameter; and if it were not for their unusual

‘92 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

ovo-spinulate form its discrimination would have been
somewhat difficult. The basal terminations of all the
fully developed spicula are all purely ovoid, the smallest
end being the distal portion ; and this unusual form of
the basal mass prevails equally in the spicula of the
dermal membrane and in those of the skeleton tissues.
The shafts of the spicula are rather long, and rarely
exhibit even the slightest tendency to fusiformity.

*‘There is no known British sponge with which this
species is likely to be confounded.”

46. HymeEnracipon suscLavatus, Bow., 11, 209; 11, Pl.
XXXVII, figs. 9—13.

1870 Esperia subclavata, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

47, HYMENIACIDON PAUPERTAS, Bow., I, 223; 11, Pl.
XXXVII, figs 4—8.

1870 Desmacidon paupertas, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76. :

48. Hymentacipon Dusarpini (Johnston), 11, 224; 11,
Pl. XXXVIII, figs. 1—4.

1867 Halisarea Dujardinii, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 520.

Habitat.—On Pecten opercularis and Anomia ephip-
pium in the Minch, 1866 (N.).

BATTERSBYIA. 93

Genus 20.—Barrerspyia, Bow., 11, 347.

BatTERsBYIA BuCKLANDI, Bow.

1861 Halina Bucklandi, Bow. List Brit. Marine Invert.
Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 70.

1866 Hymeniacidon Bucklandi, Bow. 11, 226; 111, pl. xxviii,
figs. 9—12.

1867 Dercitus Bucklandi, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 542.

1870 Pachastrella Bucklandi, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 76.

1871 Dercitus niger, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vii,
p. 13, pl. iv, igs. 1—6.

1874 Battersbyia Bucklandi, Bow. 111, 346, pl. xcii, fig. 8.

Habitat.—‘ I have received specimens from the Rev.
A. M. Norman found between tide-marks, Westport
Bay. They were small and comparatively thin, neither
so large nor so massive as the type, but anatomically
quite in accordance with it.”—Budleigh-Salterton,
Devon, H. J. Carter, 1. c.

I much regret that the name of the genus instituted
by Dr. Bowerbank to receive this species and at the
same time to commemorate my friend Dr. Battersby’s
zeal in natural history cannot be retained. Undoubt-
edly Schmidt’s genus Pachastrella, established in 1868,*
is the same; but Schmidt’s name will also have to
give place to that of Dr. Gray, which is a year earlier,
and the sponge must be known as Dercitws Bucklandi.

The genus is altogether in a wrong place as here
arranged. It has truer affinity with Tethya, Hcion-
emia, &c.

The following are the other known species, which

* Schmidt, ‘Die Spongien der Kiiste von Algier,’ 1868, p. 15.

94 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

will have to fall into this genus. They have all been
described as Pachastrelle.

Dercitus monilifer (Schmidt), Coast of Algiers.*
— exostoticus (Schmidt), Red Sea.*-
— abyssi (Schmidt), Florida, 228 fath.t
— connectens (Schmidt), Florida, 73 fath.t
— amygdaloides (Carter).t{
— geodioides (Carter).
—. intextus (Carter).
— parasiticus (Carter).

Dercitus niger was described by Carter before the
third volume was published, and having nothing to
guide him but Bowerbank’s description it appeared to
him to differ from Dercitus Bucklandi, with which,
however, it now seems to me quite clear that it is
identical. J am at a loss to understand how it is that
Carter, having clearly shown in 1871 that Gray’s
genus Dercitus had priority over Pachastrella of
Schmidt, with which he synonymised it, and then
adopted that name, should in his most recent paper
have rejected Dercitus, and adopted Pachastrella.
While we fully allow that it is to be regretted that the
name given by Schmidt, who had honestly and labor-
iously worked out a classification of the Spongizoa
should have to yield to one of those genera to which
Dr. Gray gave names without having done anything,
more than spending a few hours of closet work in the

* Schmidt, ‘Die Spongien der Kiiste von Algier,’ 1868, p. 15.

+ Schmidt, ‘Grunziige einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen
Gebietes,’ 1870, p. 64, 65.

{ This and the three following species, described by Carter as
Pachastrelle, from the “ Porcupine” Dredgings, will be found, ' Ann.
Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 4, vol. xviii (1876), pp. 406—10.

HALICHONDRIA. - 95

dissection of Dr. Bowerbank’s second volume, yet the
laws of nomenclature necessitate that Dercitus must
stand. At the same time, in his paper on the arrange-
ment of Sponges, as in so many other kindred publica-
tions, Dr. Gray has shown that grasp of scientific
arrangement and classification which enabled him to
detect and lay hold of generic characters; and I have
little doubt that before very long almost all the genera
of Sponges which he instituted will be recognised
and his names of necessity employed.

Sus-Orper ITI, 1, 193; 0, 8.

Genus 21.—Hattcnonpria, Fleming, 1, 195; u, 9.

1. Hauiononpr1a Maolnrosuu, Bow., 111, 340, Pl. XCI,
figs. 18, 19.

1874 Halichondria MacIntoshit, Bowerbank. In M’Intosh on

the Invertebrate Marine Fauna and: Fishes of St.

Andrews, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xiii, 1874, p. 144;

and also the Marine Invertebrates and Fishes of
St. Andrews, 1875, p. 15.

2. HALICHONDRIA REGULARIS, Bow., 111, 202, Pl. LX XIII,
figs. 10, 11.

3. HaticHonpria caDucA, Bow., 11, 234; 1, 10], Pl.
XLI, figs. 9—11.

1870 Amorphina caduca, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 77.

96 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

4. HaticHonpria Inconspioua, Bow., 11, 286; m1, Pl.
XLI, figs. 12—14.

1870 Amorphina inconspicua, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 77.

5. HaticHonpria INCERTA, Bow., 11, 237; 1, Pl. XLI,
figs. 15—17.

6. Haticnonpria coauita (Grant), 11, 238; 11, Pl. XLI,
figs. 18—20.

1870 Amorphina coalita, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p.77.

Habitat.—A specimen in my cabinet was given me by
Dr. Jeffreys, who dredged it in the Roach River (N).

7. HaticHonpria mutuLus, Bow., 11, 209, Pl. LXXIV,
figs. 4—8.
1868 Halichondria mutulus, Bowerbank. Last Report,

Dredging Shetland Isles; Norman on Porifera, Brit.
Assoc. Rep., p. 332.

8. HALICHONDRIA CYLINDRACEA, Bow., nu. sp. Pl. VI,
figs. 4—8.

“ Sponge massive, sessile, or coating thickly. Sur-
face smooth, uneven. Oscula simple, minute. Pores
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, abun-
dantly spiculous; spicula subcylindrical acerate,
equable in length, but variable in diameter, dispersed ;
retentive spicula bidentate, equi-anchorate, rather large,
few in number; and rarely bihamate, small and very

HALICHONDRIA. 97

slender. Skeleton diffuse and cavernous; rete irre-
gular, rarely more than bispiculous ; spicula subcylin-
drical, acerate, shorter, and comparatively stouter than
those of the dermis.

** Colour.—In the dried state, dull brown.

** Habitat.—Durham coast, 20 to 35 fathoms; Rev.
A. M. Norman.

** Hxamined.—In the dried state.

“This sponge occurs on the carapace of an aged spe-
cimen of a female Inachus Dorsetensis, on which, inter-
mixed with the sponge, there are small specimens of a
Balanus ; the surface, therefore, although smooth, is
very uneven. The oscula are minute and few in,
number, and it required a lens of two inches’ focus to
perceive them. The dermal membrane is abundantly
spiculous, and the spicula are dispersed without the
slightest approximation to order. They require the
application of a power of about 300 to render their
peculiarities of form distinct to the eye. They vary
to a considerable extent in diameter, although in
length they are nearly equal. The bidentate, equi-
anchorate, retentive spicula are very few in number,
but when present they are readily seen with a power
of about 100 linear; the largest I measured was gé¢e
inch in length, and the smallest g7p inch. The biha-
mate spicula are of rather rare occurrence; they are
smaller than the anchorate ones, and very slender, so
that it is difficult to detect them in sitd amid the sar-
code with a less power than about 400 linear. Their
average length is zo'yq inch. The structure of the
skeleton is diffuse and cavernous, and the rete is irre-
gular and rarely more than bispiculous. The termi-
nations of the fully developed skeleton spicula are a

fond

VOL. IV. (

98 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

mean between those of a purely acerate and a purely
cylindrical type of spiculum ; they terminate abruptly
in a blunt point, but are never truly hemispherical,
as in a typical form of a cylindrical spiculum. This
intermediate form of the terminations of the spicula
obtains in those of the dermis as well as of the
skeleton, but it is not so striking in the former as in
the latter, in consequence of their greater comparative
tenuity. There is no other nearly allied British
sponge that can be mistaken for this species.”

9. HaticHonpriaA PaNicEA (Pallas), 11, 229; m1, 97,
Plates XX XIX and XL.
1870 Amorphina panicea, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p- 77.

The largest example I have seen of this sponge is
one which was in the collection of the late Mr. Barlee
which he bequeathed to me. It is wrapped round the
stem of a Laminaria to a length of fourteen inches,
and the rounded mass has a diameter of three inches.
In the comparatively thin encrusting state in which it
commonly spreads itself over rocks I have sometimes
seen patches extending over two or three square feet.

A “histodermal form of Halichondria panicea” is
stated by Carter to have been dredged by the “ Porcu-
pine” Expedition (1870, station 20), in 292 fathoms
(‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 407), which is
a depth at which we should certainly not have expected
to meet with this littoral species.

Among Dr. Bowerbank’s notes is the following,
which refers to examples of the species taken at as

HALICHONDRIA. 99

great a depth as I remember myself to have found it.
“ Halichondria panicea from the Rev. A. M. Nor-
man, parasitical on small branching zoophytes from
the Durham coast in 20—35 fathoms; remarkable for
being of a milk-white colour; the organic structures
all as usual.”

10. Hanichonpria GLasra, Bow., 1, 232; m1, 101, 353,
Pl. XLI, figs. 1—3.

1870 Amorphina glabra, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 77.

11. Haticnonpria ancutata, Bow., u, 233; 11, Pl.
XII, figs. 48.
1867 Orina angulata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 540.

12. Haticnonpria pistorta, Bow., 11, 240; 11, Pl. XLII.

1870 Amorphina distorta, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 77.

18. HanicHonpr1a EDusA, Bow., u1, 201; Pl. LXXITTI,
figs. 6—9.

14. HaticHonpria AmBicua, Bow., 111,213 ; Pl. LXXIV,
figs. 14, 15.

15. HattcHonpria Coucair, Bow., 11,203; Pl. LX XIII,
figs. 12—15.

100 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

16. Hattcaonprta Ropertsoni, Bow., n. sp., tv, Plate V,
figs. 8—14.

*“‘ Sponge massive, sessile. Surface smooth and even.
Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal
membrane profusely spiculous; spicula fasciculated ;
fasciculi broad and flat, irregularly disposed. Spicula
cylindrical, smooth, more or less hastate, or terminat-
ing acutely. Retentive spicula tridentate, equi-ancho-
rate, small, but stoutly proportioned, dentes expanded ;
and also bihamate, minute, and slender; both forms
few in number. Skeleton symmetrical, rete bi- or tri-
spiculous ; spicula acuate, short and stout; basally
and apically spinous, spines few in number. Inter-
stitial membranes spiculous, tension spicula long and
very slender, cylindrical, few in number; retentive
spicula same as those of the dermal membrane, few.

‘** Colour.—In the dried state, nut brown.

* Habitat—Unknown.

“* Hxamined.—In the dried state.

“The specimen in course of description was given by
the late Dr. Scouler to Mr. D. Robertson, and by him
to my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman, by whom it was
sent to me for examination and description. The late
Dr. Scouler, I am aware, was a collector of the sponges
of the Irish seas, and therefore I have no doubt of its
being a British species, although its locality is un-
known.

“ The sponge has apparently been seated on a solid
mass of rock, from which it has been removed by a
sharp instrument, and no portion of the basal mem-
brane remains on it. In its present condition its form

HALICHONDRIA. 101

is that of half of a short, stout, pear-shaped mass.
The surface is even and smooth, and the oscula are
small and rather few in number. The dermal struc-
tures afford the most efficient specific characters for
the discrimination of the species. The fasciculi of the
tension spicula are extremely abundant ; they are com-
posed of numerous spicula closely packed in parallel
hnes, forming wide, flat groups, crossing each other in
every possible direction. The spicula of which they
are composed are equable in size, but variable to some
extent in form; those in the fullest state of develop-
ment have decidedly hastate terminations, while others
present no terminal dilatation, but terminate suddenly
and acutely instead of hemispherically. The tridentate,
equi-anchorate, retentive spicula, although few in
number, are very characteristic; they are small, not
exceeding $y inch in length, and require a power of
about 400 linear to render them distinct to the eye;
the teeth of the spiculum are comparatively large and
long, each pair nearly the length of half that of the
shaft, so that their apices nearly meet each other, and
they are so widely expanded that each end nearly
represents a semicircle. This description more espe-
cially applies to the greatest number of these spicula,
the shortest of them. The longest have a greater
space intervening between the teeth of the two ends
of the spiculum. One of the longest measured 73>
inch in length, and one of the shortest sort measured
sty inchin length. The bihamate, retentive spicula are
not so numerous as the bidentate, equi-anchorate ones ;
they are small and of very slender structure, and are
not especially characteristic. One of the largest
measured 9 inch in length, and one of the smaller,

102 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

which are the most numerous, measured yg/g5 inch in
length.

“The rete of the skeleton structure is tolerably
symmetrical, and is generally composed of three or
four spicula fasciculated together ; the spicula are short
and stout; their spination is not very strongly pro-
duced, and it is usually confined to the base and apex
of the spiculum, but occasionally a few spines are
developed between the two terminations. The inter-
stitial membranes are very sparingly supplied with
tension spicula, which are so slender as to readily
escape observation, and a few retentive spicula, the
same as those of the dermal membrane, are occasionally
observed.

“The great abundance of the hastate dermal spicula
and their peculiar mode of disposition, combined with
the singular forms of the tridentate, equi-anchorate,
retentive ones, readily distinguish this species from
several other closely allied British species.”

17. Haticuonpria conpEnsa, Bow., n. sp., 1v, Plate VI,
figs. 1—8.

“Sponge sessile, rising, and branching irregularly,
compressed. Surface smoothand even. Oscula simple,
marginal, tuberculate. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal
membrane reticulated, rete monospiculous. Areas
mostly triangular, rarely quadrangular, one spiculum
in width; spicula acerate, short and stout, same as
those of the skeleton. Skeleton very much condensed
and complicated; rete multispiculous, loosely fascicu-

HALICHONDRIA. 103

lated; spicula acerate, short and stout. Interstitial
membranes aspiculous.

“ Colour.—In the dried state, dull ochreous yellow.

** Habitat.—Isle of Man; Mr. D. Robertson.

* Hxamined.—In the dried state.

** This sponge was presented to my friend the Rev. A.
M. Norman by Mr. D. Robertson, and was sent to me
for examination. It is an irregularly branching, com-
pressed mass, four inches in height and about half an
inch in width, the oscula on low tubercles being
disposed on the margins of the mass. The dermal
membrane, mounted in Canada balsam, and viewed
with a power of 100 linear, is a very characteristic
object ; the rete is monospiculous, and never appears
to exceed the length of one spiculum wide, and the
areas very rarely assume any other form than that of
a triangle; occasionally a quadrangular one may be
observed, but this is the exception and not the rule.
The mode of the disposition of the triangular areas is
very irregular, but very characteristic of the species.
The peculiar structure of the skeleton is very remark-
able. The rete is very close and complicated ; it is
composed of numerous multispiculous fasciculi of short
acerate spicula, so closely and densely packed together
as to render the regular reticulated structure of the
skeleton in some parts very indistinctly, and amid this
mass interstitial cavities are irregularly distributed.

‘‘ The intermarginal cavities in this sponge are very
distinctly and beautifully developed, and are very
interesting objects in a slice of the sponge at right
angles to the dermal surface when mounted in Canada
balsam, with their beautiful canopy of reticulated
dermal tissue.

104 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

‘The singularity of the skeleton-structures and the
beautiful dermal rete of this species renders its dis-
crimination by no means a difficult task.”

18. HaticHonpRIA CORALLOIDES, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Plate
VII, figs. 1—3.

“Sponge ramous dichotomously, surface slightly
rugose. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspi-
cuous. Dermal membrane abundantly spiculous, reti-
culated ; rete more or less fasciculated, fasciculi irre-
gularly disposed ; areas small, very irregular in form ;
spicula acerate, long, more or less variable in dia-
meter, same form and size as those of the skeleton.
Skeleton—rete irregular, diffused; interstitial and
intermarginal cavities very large ; spicula acerate, long
and rather stout.

“* Colour.—In the dried state, light fawn-yellow.

** Habitat.—Frith of Forth; Mr. D. Robertson.

“« Haamined.—In the dried state.

““T received this sponge from my friend the Rev. A.
M. Norman, to whom it was presented by Mr. D.
Robertson. Its external appearance in the dried state
is very like that of a small branching coral or a Gor-
gona. 'The surfaces of the branches are all more or
less rugose or papulous ; they are all cylindrical, gradu-
ally attenuating to their distal terminations. There
are a few comparatively large oscula rather exceeding a
line in diameter, but by far the greater number of
them are minute ; they are irregularly dispersed on all
parts of the branches, and are rather numerous. The

HALICHONDRIA. 105

dermal membrane is very characteristic of the species.
It is thin and pellucid, and is furnished profusely with
long, stout, acerate spicula, which are mostly collected
into fasciculi containing from two or three to occa-
sionally four or five spicula. These fasciculi are
irregularly distributed, crossing each other in every
direction, and thus producing numerous small irregu-
larly shaped areas, none of which exceed the width of
about one-third or one-fourth of the length of a spi-
culum. This mode of dermal reticulation is very
remarkable, and it is of rare occurrence among the
Spongiade. The skeleton structure is very irregular,
and without the slightest approach to definite arrange-
ment, and the interstitial cavities usually exceed
the length of a spiculum in diameter. The intermar-
ginal cavities are also numerous and very large.

“A fully developed skeleton-spiculum measured ¢g
inch in length.”

19. Haticnoxpria THompsoni, -Bow., 11, 243; m1, Pl.
XLIV, figs. 1—5.

1867 Dendoryx Thompsoni, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 535.

20 Hazicnonpria ForcEers, Bow., mu, 244; m1, Pl.
XLILI, figs. 7—13.

1874 Halichondria forcipis, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. xiv, p. 17, pl. xiv, figs. 29—82, and pl. xv, figs.
37 a, b.

1876 Halichondria forcipis, var. bulbosa, Carter. Ann. Nat.
Hist, ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 312, pl. xiii, fig. 19, and
pl. xv, figs. 37 a, b.

Habitat.—Dredged in the *‘ Porcupine’ Expedition.

106 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

(1869, station 54) between the North of Scotland and
the Farée Islands, in 363 fathoms (fide Carter). Car-
ter’s variety bulbosa was dredged (‘ Porcupine,” 1870,
stations 24, 25) near Cape St. Vincent, on the Spanish
Coast, in 292—874 fathoms. The form seems almost
intermediate between H. forceps and Desmacidon anceps,
Schmidt.* It agrees with the latter in having the legs
of the forcepiform spicules short, strongly divergent
and bulbous at their terminations, but in Desmacidon
anceps only one of the ends is thus bulbous, while the
anchorates are quite different, being equi- and not
inequi-anchorates, and the other spicula also differ. I
am inclined to think that the Spanish sponge differs
specifically from H. forceps. Should this hereafter
prove to be the case Mr. Carter’s varietal name can be
most appropriately retained as the specific.

21. HaticHonpRIA siIMPLex, Bow., u, 246; 11, PI.
XLVI, figs. 5—7.

22. HaticHonpria suBpoLA, Bow., u, 247; wi, PI.
XLII, figs. 14—16.

23. HaticHonpRia FoLiata, Bow., 11,198; Pl. LX XIII,
firs. 1—5.

1876 Halichondria foliata, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,

vol. xviii, p. 310, pl. xiii, fig. 10, and pl. xv, figs. 29 a, b.

The ‘‘ Porcupine” specimen (1869, station 65) de-

* ‘Die Zweite Deutsche Nordpolarfahrt,’ 1874, p. 480; ‘ Kiesel-
spongien,’ Taf 1, figs. 1—9 (the species is called Desmacidon anceps in
the text, but Hsperia anceps on the plate).

HALICHONDRIA. 107

scribed and figured by Carter, is from a little north-
west of Shetland, in 345 fathoms, and thus in deeper
water though in the same region from which the type
specimens were sent to Dr. Bowerbank.

24, HaticHonpria corrucata, Bow., u, 242; m1, Pl.
XLITI, figs. 1—6.

1867 Biemma corrugata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 539.
Habitat.—Westport Bay, Mayo (N.).

25. HaticHonpria FALCULA, Bow., 11, 208, Pl. LXXIV,
figs. 1—3.
1868 Halichondria falcula, Bowerbank. Last Report of
Dredging among the Shetland Isles; Norman on
Porifera, Brit. Assoc. Rep., p. 332.

I have found a second and much finer specimen of
this species in my collection. It is from the same
locality as the type, which it closely resembles in
every particular, but is of larger size, measuring two
and a half inches long, one and three quarters wide,
and nearly an inch and a half thick.

26. HALICHONDRIA FLABELLIFERA, Bow., un. sp.,1v, Pl. VII,
figs. 4—10.

*‘ Sponge massive, parasitical. Surface smooth, but
minutely hispid externally. Defensive spicula very
numerous, scarcely projecting through the dermis,
fusiformi-acuate, basally and occasionally apically
spinous; spines few in number, acutely conical.
Dermal membrane pellucid, abundantly spiculous;

108 BRITISH SPONGIADA,

tension spicula subfusiformi-cylindrical, long and
slender, numerous, more or less fasciculated or dis-
persed ; retentive spicula bihamate, simple and con-
tort, numerous, variable in size; and bidentate equi-
anchorate, and. rarely palmato-inequi-anchorate. Os-
cula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Skele-
ton rete irregular; spicula fusiformi-acuate, stout
and moderately long. Interstitial membranes spiculous,
tension spicula rarely present; retentive spicula same
as those of the dermal membrane, numerous.

** Colour.—In the dried state, dark brown.

“* Habitat.—Westport Bay, Ireland, 5 fathoms; Rev.
A. M. Norman.

“ Heamined.—In the dried state.

“I received a single specimen of this species from my
friend the Rev. A. M. Norman for examination. It
completely fills the interstices of a mass nearly two
inches long by one in breadth of a specimen of Nulli-
pora polymorpha, and in some parts growing over the
apices of the branches and presenting a smooth sponge
surface to the eye. The surface is very minutely
hispid in the dried state, though both to the eye and to
the touch it appears to be smooth, and it is only when
a section of the sponge is made at right angles to the
surface and mounted in Canada balsam that the nume-
rous external defensive spicula become visible, and
even in this state very few comparatively pass through
the dermal membrane. ‘These spicula rarely exceed
half the length of the skeleton ones, and they are much
more slender; they are usually only basally spinous,
but occasionally a few spines appear on various parts
of the shaft or near the apex, but these are rarely so
well developed as those of the base of the spiculum.

HALICHONDRIA. 109

The dermal membrane is especially characteristic of
the species. It is abundantly supplied with spicula ;
the tension ones are subfusiformi-cylindrical, rather
long and slender; on some parts of the membrane
they are dispersed indiscriminately, but most frequently
they are more or less gathered into broad, flat fasciculi,
many of which radiate at one extremity in a fan-
shaped manner. The retentive spicula are also very
numerous. The simple and contort bihamates are
small, and some of them very minute; they vary in
length from 73g inch to g¢yo inch, while the length
of the fully developed bidentate, anchorate spicula,
average ggqy inch in length. This near approxima-
tion of the fully developed anchorate and bihamate
spicula in their length is very unusual, as it is most
frequently the case that the latter form is at least
twice as long as the former. The bidentate equian-
chorate spicula are also numerous; comparatively
speaking they are stout and well developed in their
mature state, but in this specimen they may be seen
in various early and progressive stages of development
in the form of minute simple bihamate spicula, very
different in their shapes from the real bihamate ones.
The skeleton is very irregular in its structure, but
decidedly reticulate. The rete is also more or less
irregular ; in some parts it is multispiculous, while in
others it is constructed of only two or three spicula.
The spicula of which it is formed are very much larger
than those of any other part of the sponge; they are
decidedly fusiform, and occasionally subclavate at the
base. The interstitial membranes are abundantly
supplied with both forms of the retentive spicula, but
the tension forms; so abundant on thedermal membrane,

110 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

are of very rare occurrence. A very few inequi-pal-
mato-anchorate spicula were detected among the
spicula separated by boiling in nitric acid, but I could
not detect them in sitd ; they are remarkable in their
form, though very minute, the palmate portion being
quite half the length of the spiculum.”

27. HaLIcHONDRIA INCRUSTANS, Hsper, 11, 249; 111, 108,
Pl. XLIV, figs. 7—12.

1867 Dendoryx incrustans, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 535.
1874 Halichondria incrustans, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. xiv, pp. 2—4.

Habitat.—Budleigh-Salterton, Carter. Birterbuy
Bay, Galway; Jersey; Guernsey; Polperro, Corn-
wall (N.). It is essentially a low-water-mark species,
generally distributed round our coast.

28. HaLICHONDRIA OANDIDA, Bow., 1, 251; 1, Pl.
XLIV, figs. 13—16.

1867 Biemma candida, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 539.

29, HALICHONDRIA IRREGULARIS, Bow., 11, 252; 11, Pl.
XLIV, figs. 17—21.

1867 Dendoryx irregularis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 536.

30. Haticnonpria Dickiz1, Bow., 1, 253; 11, Pl. XLV
figs. 1—6.

1867 Dendoryx Dickiei, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 536.

Habitat.—On Cellepora cervicornis, deep water,
Shetland Seas, 1863; Polperro (N.).

HALICHONDRIA. lil

31. Hattcnuonppia Parrersont, Bow., 1, 2553; m1, 115,
354, Pl. XLVI, figs. 1—6.

1867 Dendoryx Pattersoni, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 536.

Habitat.—A single specimen dredged off Shetland.
With reference to my Minch specimens which are
figured in vol. iii, p. 115, it would be interesting to add
that they were dredged by Dr. Jeffreys and myself at
a spot off the mouth of Loch Ewe, in Ross-shire,
where this sponge was living in company with some of
the rarest animals in the British seas, including
Poromya granulata, Holothuria intestinalis, and Ante-
don celticus (N.).

32. HaLicHONDRIA PULCHELLA, Bow., m1, 256; wt, Pl.
XLVI, figs. 16—19.

1867 Biemma pulchella, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 539.

32. Haticnonpr1a Incatu, Bow., u, 258; 1, Pl,
XLVI, figs. 20—24.

1867 Menyllus Ingalli, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 533.

33. HALICHONDRIA SCANDENS, Bow., 11, 259; 11, Pl.
XLV, figs. 14—20.

1867 Iophon scandens, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 534.

34, Haticnonpria Barter, Bow., 11, 261; m1, Pl. XLVI,
figs. 25—29.

1867 Dendoryx Batei, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 536.

112 BRITISH SPONGIAD.

835. Hazicnonpria nicricans, Bow., u, 266; m1, Pl.
XLV, figs. 25—81.

1867 Iophon nigricans, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 534.

36. HaLtcHonprIA ALBULA, Bow., 11, 268; 111, Pl. XLV,
figs. 21—24.
1867 Dendoryx ulbula, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 536.

37. HaLIcHONDRIA EXPANSA, Bow., 111, 212, Pl. LX XIV,
figs. 7—12.
1869 Halichondria eapansa, Bowerbank. Norman, Notes on

a few Hebridean Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. iii, p. 298.

38. HaLicHonpRIA VIRGEA, Bow., n. sp., iv, Pl. V,
figs. 1—7.
1875 Halichondria virgea, Bowerbank. Report Dredging off
the Durham and N. Yorkshire Coasts, Brit. Assoc.
Rep., 1875 (1876), p. 198.

“Sponge massive, sessile, more or less nodulous.
Surface smooth. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores in-
conspicuous. Dermal membrane abundantly spiculous,
tension spicula acuate, very long and slender, nume-
rous, fasciculated; retentive spicula bidentate, equi-
anchorate, large, few in number, and the same form,
small and numerous. Skeleton—rete more or less
regular, fibres rarely multispiculous, seldom more than
trispiculous; areas large; spicula subfusiformi acuate,
basally spinous. Interstitial membranes spiculous;
spicula same as those of the dermis; tension spicula
of rare occurrence; retentive spicula rather numerous.

HALICHONDRIA. 113

** Colour.—In the dried state, dark purple.

“* Habitat.—Coast of Durham, 20 to 35 fathoms;
Rev. A. M. Norman.

** Hxamined.—In the dried state.

“‘T received four small specimens of this sponge from
the Rey. A. M. Norman for examination. The largest
was two inches in length, one inch broad, and not quite
half an inch in thickness. The largest specimen was
composed of four unequal-sized nodulous elevations,
and there were indications of a similar character on the
smaller ones. The dermal membrane affords the most
efficient characters for the discrimination of the species,
the tension spicula and their mode of distribution
more especially so. In some few parts the slender,
acuate spicula are somewhat irregularly dispersed, but
by far the greater number of them are arranged in
elongated fasciculi, which most frequently run parallel
to each other, and from each of which the component
spicula are frequently projected at slight angles from
the central axis in an ascending direction. These
bundles are in many parts so numerous and so close
together as to almost appear as if the spicula were
felted together. The retentive spicula are also very
numerous, especially the smaller of the two descrip-
tions of them. The larger forms are comparatively
few in number, and are readily distinguished from the
smaller series; they are all of the same size as nearly
as possible. Several of them measured g}> inch in
length, while the average size of the smaller ones was
7 Inch in length, and no gradational intermediate
forms could be seen connecting the two groups. Both
forms when in sit were attached to the surface of the
membrane by the middle of their curved shafts, so that

VOL. IV. 8

114 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

the anchorate terminations were both projected from
the surface of the membrane.

‘‘ The skeleton rete is rather unequal in its structure ;
it usually consists of two or three spicula in substance,
but sometimes the number of spicula is more than can
be distinctly determined; they are somewhat unequal
in length, but in the adult forms they all agree in the
slightly spinous character of their bases; occasionally,
but rarely, a few spines may be detected near their
apices, but this is rather the exception than the rule.
The spination of these spicula requires a power of not
less than 300 linear to render it distinct to the eye.
The tension spicula are rarely to be seen on the inter-
stitial membranes, but on many parts of them the
anchorate retentive spicula are abundantly distributed.

“The nearest ally among our British species of
sponges to the one in course of description is Hali-
chondria Dickiei, but they are readily discriminated by
the difference in the forms of their retentive spicula,
and also in their mode of distribution on the dermal
membrane.”

39. HALICHONDRIA GRANULATA, Bow., 11, 262; 11, Pl.
XLV, figs. 7—18.

1867 Dendoryx granulata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 536.

40. HALICHONDRIA FARINARIA, Bow., 1, 269; 111, Pl.
LXX, figs. 5—8.

41, Hationonpria InornatTa, Bow., u, 271; i, Pl.
XLVII, figs. 1—4.

1867 Biemma inornata, Gray. Proc. Zool, Soc. p. 539.

ISODIOTYA. 115.

Genus 22.—Isopiotya, Bow., 1, 197; u, 9.

1. Isoprorya omREA (Grant), u, 274; m1, 121; Pl.
XLVIII, figs. 1—5.

Habitat.— Apparently universally distributed round
our coasts. In addition to the many localities recorded
in Volumes 1 and m1, I have found it at Guernsey ;
Seaham Harbour, in the County of Durham; on Nulli-
pora, Roundstone and Birterbuy Bays, Co. Galway ;
and Westport Bay, Co. Mayo (N.).

For “Chudleigh Salterton,” vol. ii, p. 275, line 4,
read ‘‘ Budleigh-Salterton,” and p. 276, line 27, for
** Seahouse”’ read ‘‘ Seaham.”

2. IsopictyA PERMOLLIS, Bow., u, 278; i, 128; PI.
XLVIII, figs. 9, 10.

3. Isoprorya MamMEatTA, Bow., 1, 306; 11, Pl. Ll, figs.
7—9.

4, Isopictya RamuscuLus, Bow., 1, 314; 11, Pl, LITI,
figs. 1—3.

Habitat.—Several small pieces, of which the largest
is three quarters of an inch long, half an inch wide,
and as much thick, and has five oscula surmounting
nipple-like swellings, found between tide marks, Innis-
gowla, Westport Bay, Co. Mayo. Colour when alive,
pale violet. It is an erect growing species (N.).

116 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

5. IsopIcTyA FERULA, Bow.,n. sp.,1v, Pl. VIII, figs. 1—3.

“Sponge battledore-shaped, coating, adhering
throughout its whole length. Surface smooth. Oscula
dispersed, simple, minute. Poresinconspicuous. Der-
mal membrane pellucid, aspiculous. Skeleton having
primary and secondary lines unispiculous; spicula
acerate. Interstitial spaces one spiculum wide, very’
regular. Interstitial membrane aspiculous.

** Colowr.—In the dried state, dull ochreous yellow.

* Habitat.—Birterbuy Bay, Ireland, 10 or 11 fathoms ;
Rev. A. M. Norman.

* Heamined.—In the dried state.

** Among the specimens of sponges dredged by the
Rey. A. M. Norman off the western coast of Ireland,
there was the gibbous half of a shell of Pecten maximus,
thinly coated both within and without with Raphyrus
Grifithsii, and on the surface of this species, on the
inner surface of the shell, were several parasitical
sponges, and among them two specimens of the species
in course of description within an inch of each other,
closely adhering for the whole of their length. They
were partially embedded in a thin broad specimen of
Isodictya Bowerbankt.

** The oval body of the largest specimen is six lines in
length and three in breadth, and its greatest thickness
does not exceed one line. The caudal appendage is
seven lines in length and one in breadth, so that the
total length slightly exceeds one inch. The smallest
of the two specimens has the body rather more ob-
tusely oval than the larger one, the length being four
lines and the greatest breadth three lines. A portion of
the caudal appendage has been lost, and half only of

ISODICTYA. 117

its length remaining attached to the body of the
sponge. In both specimens the caudal portion of the
sponge maintains the same diameter for the whole of
its length, so that the specimens closely resemble each
other, each having the form of a rudely-shaped child’s
battledore. :

** This remarkable form is not without a precedent, as
it occurs in Polymastia radiosa represented in Plate
XI, figs. 14 and 15, vol. ili, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiada ;’
and, what is very remarkable, there is about the same
amount of individual variation in the two specimens of
each species of sponge, so that if the figures represent-
ing P. radiosa were enlarged to the size of the two
specimens of Isodictya ferula, they would form very
good representations of the shapes of those of I. ferula,
so as to be very apt to produce a belief in the mind of
a hasty observer that the latter-named sponges were
enlarged specimens of P. radiosa, or vice versd; but
accurate examinations of the structural characters of
the two species at once distinguishes them as not only
separate species, but also as belonging to different
genera; and in addition to the generic differences, the
spicula of the skeleton of P. radiosa are acuate, while
those of I. ferula are acerate.

“The anatomical structures of I. ferula are exceed-
ingly simple, but beautifully regular. The scalariform
skeleton tissues are composed throughout the whole
structure of a unispiculous network of acerate spicula,
and it is only very rarely that two spicula occur toge-
ther in any part of the primary lines of the skeleton.
The secondary lines of the skeleton are each composed
of a single spiculum, and they are disposed at such
regular distances from each other as to cause the

118 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

skeleton tissues in a section of the sponge taken cor-
rectly at right angles to its surface and mounted in
Canada balsam to present the appearance of a beauti-
fully regular unispiculous quadrangular network.

**The dermal membrane is translucent, and in the
areas of the terminations of the skeleton structures
there were a few pores in an open condition. One
form and size only of spicula occurs in this sponge, the
purely acerate one.”

6. Isopiotya nosza, Bow., 1, 282; 1, Pl. XLIX, figs.
12—14.

7. Isoprorya prema, Bow., u, 313; 11, Pl. LVI, figs.
6—10.

1861 Haliclona pygmea, Bowerbank. List Brit. Marine

Invert. Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.

Habitat.—Sides of rock-pools between tide-marks to

the south of Seaham Harbour, Co. Durham. The

specimens in all respects closely agreeing with those

which vccur at Scarborough. The species, as far as is

yet known, is confined to the East Coast of England
(N,).

8. Isoprorya ossourna, Bow., m1, 224 and 303, Pl.
LXXVI, figs. 1, 2; Pl. LXXXVII, fig. 11.

9. Isopiorya InpEFINITA, Bow., 11, 286; m1, Pl. XLIX,
figs. 15—17,

ISODIOTYA. 119

10. Isopiotya inpistincTa, Bow., 11, 290; 11, 181 and
356, Pl. LI, figs 1—4,

Habitat.—Dredged in about five fathoms near the
mouth of Westport Bay. Among Dr. Bowerbank’s
notes are the following on two of the examples pro-
cured by me from this locality (N.).

“ A fine mass of this sponge, about the size of half
a large-sized orange, based on a rolled stone. In form
and general surface characters it differs very consider-
ably from either of the types figured in Plate LI, vol.
ill, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ The mass was soft and
flesh-like and the oscula were large simple orifices. In
the peculiarities of its dermal structures, and in all of
its anatomical details, it is quite in accordance with
those of the type-specimens, and, like them, it strongly
illustrates the inutility of external characters as specific
distinctions. Numerous specimens of Porcellana longi-
corms were nestling within its large internal cavities.
Another specimen in Mr. Norman’s collection from the
same locality is an irregular mass of a very dark dull
purple or brown colour, it was two and a half inches in
length, one and three quarters inch in breadth and
thickness. It is noteworthy as being the largest
specimen of the species that I have yet seen.”

11. Isopictya stmptEx, Bow., 11, 294; m1, 107, 128,
Pl. XLIV, fig 6, and Pl. L, fig. 18.

12. Isopicrya PociLtuM, Bow., 1, 805; 11, Pl. LIII,
figs. 4—6,.

120 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

18. Isopictya LuTEosa, Bow., tr, 288; Pl. LXXXYV.
figs. 5—7.

14. Isopictya anomaLa, Bow., 11, 293; 11, Pl. L, figs.
1—4.

1868 Ficulina anomala, Parfitt. Trans. Devon. Assoc. Sci.
Liter. and Art, p. 13 (in separate copy).

15. Isoprorya PARASITICA, Bow., 11, 287; 11, Pl. XLIX,
figs. 6—8.

16. Isoprctya Peacai, Bow., 1, 276; 11, Pl. XLVIII,
figs. 6—8.

Habitat.—Magnificently large examples dredged in
company with the large specimens of Jsodictya in-
distincta just described, Raphiodesma floreum, Ophli-
taspongia seriata (unusually fine), Dysidea coriacea,
and many other sponges a little inside the Lighthouse
of Westport Bay, Co. Mayo. Among Dr. Bower-
bank’s notes are the following on these specimens,
which were submitted by the editor to him:

“This sponge is very different in size and form
from the type-specimen of the species, but it agrees so
perfectly with it in its organic structures that it
cannot possibly be referred to any other species of
Isodictya, nor established as a distinct species. The
Specimen sent to me for examination by the Rev.
A. M. Norman was dredged at Westport Bay, Co.
Mayo, Ireland, in from five to six fathoms. It was
four and a quarter inches in length, two and a half

ISODICTYA. 121

inches broad, and one and a half inch thick, with ten
large, elevated, oscular orifices, the largest nearly a
quarter of an inch in diameter. On the paper accom-
panying the specimen the colour is stated to be
‘lilac,’ and Mr. Norman adds, ‘I have a specimen,
not so fine as regards oscula, &c., but twice the size
of this.” I am not surprised in so large a specimen at
the congregation of the oscula in large cloacal organs.
This frequently occurs in other largely-developed
species of sponge, which in a younger state have the
oscula simple and dispersed on the dermal surface.
In Aalichondria panicea these differences are of fre-
quent occurrence.”

17. Isopiotya vaARIANS, Bow., u, 281; 11, 807, Pl.
XLVIII, figs. 14—16, Pl. LXXXVIIL.

1867 Philotia varians, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 522.

18. Isopictya ELEGANS, Bow., 1, 283; m1, Pl. XLIX,
figs. 1—5.

Habitat.—Under stones between tide-marks, West-
port, Roundstone, and Birterbuy Bays; also dredged
in these same bays growing on shells and Nullipora
(N.).

19. Isopiotya FALLAX, Bow., 1, 302; 11, Pl. LI, figs.
10—18.

122 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

20. Isopictya MacAnprewi, Bow., 1, 284; mi, Pl.
XLIX, figs. 9—11.

Habitat.—Abundant on Pecten maximus, Lutraria,
and other dead shells dredged in Birterbuy Bay; also
in Roundstone Bay, and Westport, Co. Mayo (N.).

« Among the numerous specimens of British sponges
sent to me for examination by the Rey. A. M. Norman
I found among those dredged in Westport and Round-
stone Bays more than a dozen specimens of I. MacAn-
drewt. The largest of them rather exceeded the
size of the type-specimen described in vol. ii, p. 284,
‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ Their external characters
were also in accordance with those of the type-
specimen. I did not detect gemmules in any of them,
but their anatomical characters were identical with
those of the described specimen. Along with them I
also found a specimen of Isodictya fistulosa, which
in some cases might be readily confounded with
I. MacAndrewi. The size of the spicula and their
mode of arrangement in the skeleton and dermal mem-
brane very closely resembles those of I. MacAndrewi,
but they are readily to be distinguished, by close
observation, when sections of the two species are
mounted in Canada balsam, by the aid of a power of
about 200 linear, by the numerous external spicula
projected from the dermal membrane of J. MacAndrewi,
and the total absence of those organs on the dermis of

I, fistulosa.”

ISODIOTYA. 123

21. Isoprotya ristuLosa, Bow., u, 299; 1, 186, Pl.
LIT], figs. 15—17.

Habitat—A small sponge named by Bowerbank as
belonging to this species is referred to in his note on
Lsodictya MacAndrewi. It was procured by me in 1875
in Birterbuy Bay (N.).

22. Isopicrya DicHoToMA, Bow., u, 309; 11, Pl. LIII,
fies. 12—14.

23. IsopioTya PERPLEXA, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. IX, figs.
4—6.

“Sponge massive, parasitical. Surface smooth and
even. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores incon-
spicuous. Dermal membrane reticulate; rete irregular,
rarely exceeding trispiculous, spicula variable in size,
fusiformi-acerate, mostly large, same size as those of
the skeleton; tension spicula acerate, long and slender,
numerous, dispersed. Skeleton with primary lines bi-
or trispiculous, irregularly disposed; secondary lines
mostly unispiculous, abundant and very irregularly
disposed; spicula fusiformi-acerate, large and long.
Interstitial membranes abundantly spiculous; tension
spicula acerate, long and slender, same as those of the
dermis.

“¢ Oolour.—In the dried state, dark brown with a tint
of purple.

* Habitat.—Westport Bay, Ireland, in 5—6 fathoms ;
Rev. A. M. Norman.

** Hxeamined.—In the dried state.

124 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

** The colour and external appearance of this sponge,
and the similarity of its location among the branches
of Nullipora polymorpha, would readily lead a hasty
observer to the conclusion that the type-specimen of
Halichondria flabellifera and this one in course of
description were the same species ; but a very slight
microscopical examination quickly dissipates the
illusion. But there is yet another difficulty to be
surmounted before we arrive ata correct determination
of the genus and species. The structural peculiarities
of this sponge are so wide and diffuse, and the abund-
ance throughout the whole of its structure of the long
and slender tension spicula, as to very readily lead to
the belief that the skeleton structure is that of a
Hymeniacidon, and it is only by the careful examination
of a correctly cut section at right angles to the dermal
surface, and with a power of about 200 linear, that we
become satisfied of its isodictyal structure. The
specimens under consideration are immersed among
the branches of Nullipora polymorpha, the largest
being one and a quarter inch in length by three
quarters of an inch in diameter, and in some parts it
completely covers the distal terminations of the
branches of the Nullipora.

“The dermal characters in this species are remark-
able, there not only being a well-developed rete, but in
addition to that in many parts an abundant supply of
long, slender, acerate tension spicula; so numerous in
some cases as to nearly obscure the reticulate structure
beneath them.

‘The dermal rete is very distinctly produced, but its
mode of arrangement is very irregular, and the areas
assume a great variety of forms, which are frequently

* TSODICTYA. 125

still further complicated by the intermixture of the
long and slender tension spicula. The same compli-
cation of characters exists in the skeleton structures
by the abundant presence of the long slender tension
spicula on the interstitial membranes ; so that although
but one form of spiculum, that of the fusiformi-acerate,
stout and slender, prevails in this sponge, the pecu-
larities of their intermixture render this species a
specially perplexing one for specific determination.”

24. IsopiotyaA pENsA, Bow., 11, 292; ut, 355, Pl. L,
figs. 5—7.

25. IsopictyA Grecori, Bow., mu, 301; m1, Pl. L,
figs. 15—17.

26. IsopictyA PALLIDA, Bow., 11, 297; 11, Pl. L, figs.
8—10.

Habitat.—Jersey. Tide-marks, Westport Bay (N.).

27. Isopictya simuLaNs (Johnston), 11, 808; 111, Pl. LI,

figs. 5, 6.

1861 Haliclona simulans, Bow. List Brit. Marine Invert.

Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.
1867 <Adocia simulans, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 522.
Habitat.—“ Aberystwith, Mr. Bolton,” purchased

by me from Mr. Ingall’s collection; Guernsey ;
Strangford Lough, 1869; Birterbuy Bay, Connemara,
1875 (N.).

126 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

28. Isopiotya Incaut, Bow., 11, 241, Pl. LXXXVITI,
figs. 1—5.

29. Isoprorva IncERTA, Bow., 11, 314, Pl. LXXXIX,
figs. 3, 4.

30. Isopicrya crassa, Bow., n. sp., iv, Pl. VIII, figs.
4—6,

“Sponge massive, sessile; furnished with large
tumulous cloace. Surface smooth. Oscula simple,
within the cloace. Pores inconspicuous, dispersed
within the dermal rete. Dermal membrane pellucid,
furnished with a stout irregular reticulation; spicula
subfusiformi-acerate, same size as those of the skeleton.
Skeleton very open and diffuse, irregular; primary
lines multispiculous; secondary lines varying from
multispiculous to unispiculous; very irregularly dis-
posed. Spicula subfusiformi-acerate.

** Colour.—In the dried state, milk-white.

** Habitat.— Westport Bay, Island of Innisgowla,
under stones; Rev. A. M. Norman.

* Heamined.—In the dried state.

“‘T received three specimens of this species of sponge
for examination. The largest is three inches in length,
one and a quarter in breadth, and about one inch in
thickness; the other two were much smaller, but all
possessed the strongly developed tumulous character
of their surfaces, and all three had been located on
small branching fuci. The tumulous cloace on the
largest specimen were short and stout, not exceeding
about half an inch in height, and the excurrent orifices
were about two lines in diameter. When a thin slice

ISODICTYA. 127

from the dermal surface mounted in Canada balsam
was submitted to microscopical examination with a
power of 100 linear, the dermal reticulation presented
a very beautiful appearance; although very irregular in
its structure it forms a strikingly distinct specific
character.

‘* The areas of the network are not more than about
half the length of a spiculum wide, and by far the
greater number of them are triangular; and the rete
bounding the areas varies considerably in its structure,
from being multispiculous to a single spiculum. The
pores were in an open condition ; they were dispersed
among the areas, there being rarely more than one in
each of them.

‘The skeleton is very diffusely constructed and
exceedingly irregular, and it is only near the dermal
surface that the true Isodictyal character can be
recognised with certainty. The interstitial cavities
are large and numerous, thus producing a great compli-
cation of its structures. The primary lines of the
skeleton vary considerably in their structure, the
spicula being very numerous in some, while they are
very few in others. The same structural irregularity
_ obtains in the secondary lines of the skeleton, and the
irregularity of their disposition adds to the confusion.
Amidst all this structural complication the skeleton is.
unmistakably that of an Isodictya.

“There is but one form and size of the spicula in this
sponge, the subfusiformi-acerate. A fully developed
skeleton one measured zgp inch in length and 394;
inch in diameter. These dimensions are greatly in
excess of those of the spicula of the greater number
of species of Isodictya in this division of the genus.

128 BRITISH SPONGIADS.

“Tn the dried state this sponge very closely resembles
some of the varieties of Halichondria panicea in form,
in colour, in the shape of the spicula, and in the
possession of a reticulated dermal membrane, but the
examination of a thin slice of the sponge at right
angles to its surface immediately destroys the illusion ;
as the strongly produced scalariform structure of the
genus Isodictya in this species is totally unlike the skele-
ton structure of a specimen of Halichondria panicea.

** My friend the Rev. Mr. Norman states that this
species ‘was found at Westport Bay under stones at
low-water spring tides August, 1875. This sponge is
very easily recognised when living. It is of a lemon-
yellow colour, and runs irregularly over the stones in
the form of large attached cloacal tubes, which here
and there expand into outspread patches of the
sponge from which arise several large upright cloacal
openings. The sponge is very soft to the touch, the
dermal membrane often much expanded with water,
having a remarkable membranous appearance to the
naked eye.’”’

31. Isopictya Bowrrpanx1, Norman.

Isopiotya simuLo, Bow., 11, 279; m1, Pl. XLVIII,
figs. 11—18.

Habitat.—Filling the interstices of Nullipora poly-
morpha, and sometimes growing long enough to com-
pletely cover the Nullipore; dredged in Roundstone
Bay, and under similar circumstances in Westport
Bay (N.).

‘“‘ Among the sponges I received from the Rey. A.
M. Norman, dredged on the western coast of Ireland,

ISODICTYA. 129

was a large gibbous valve of Pecten maximus, covered
within and without with a thin coat of Raphyrus
(rrifithsii, upon which on the inner surface of the
shell were several parasitical marine animals, and
among them two specimens of Jsodictya ferula, par-
tially immersed in a thin spreading specimen of
Isodictya simulo, agreeing both in external form and
in anatomical structure with the type-specimen of that
species. This is the second specimen of that sponge
that I have seen.”

Dr. Bowerbank having named one species of this
genus I. simulans, and another I. simulo, it became
necessary to rename the latter.

32. Isopictya FrinamENTA, Bow., 11, 286, Pl. LXXXV,
figs. 1—4,

33. Isopictya PAUPERCULA, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. X,
figs. 6—8.

“Sponge coating, thin. Surface minutely rugose.
Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous.
Dermal membrane pellucid, sparingly spiculous ;
spicula acerate, very slender, dispersed, few in number.
Skeleton—rete slender and fragile; primary lines
mostly unispiculous, occasionally bi- or rarely trispicu-
lous; secondary lines unispiculous; spicula acerate,
rather stout and long.

“‘ Colour.—In the dried state, dull dark green.

‘* Habitat.—Birterbuy Bay, Ireland, in 10 fathoms;
Rev. A. M. Norman.

** Heamined.—In the dried state.

“This sponge covers nearly the whole of the inner

VOL. IV. 9

130° BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

surface of a fragment of the under valve of a Pecten
varius about two inches in diameter, and in no part
does it assume a greater thickness than about a line.
Its anatomical structure is exceedingly simple and
in its present state very fragile. The specimen was
probably dead when taken, as both the dermal mem-
brane and the sarcodous matter are in a somewhat
delapidated condition. What remains of the dermal
membrane is very thin and pellucid ; itis very sparingly
furnished with very slender acerate spicula, which are
nearly equal to those of the skeleton in length, but are
rarely more than about one-fourth of their diameter.
The skeleton rete is somewhat irregular but decidedly
Isodictyal in character: the primary lines are rarely
more than unispiculous, but occasionally for short
distances they contain two or even three spicula. The
secondary lines appear never to be more than uni-
spiculous. The spicula are comparatively rather stout
and long. :

** The nearest ally to this species is Isodictya Bower-
banki. Although in their mode of structure.they are
very similar, the proportions of their skeleton spicula
vary to so great an extent as to at once separate them
as species.

“The spicula of the species under consideration
measure 74g inch in length, while those of I. Bowerbanki
are ygz inch in length, and although so much shorter
their diameter is greater than those of J. paupercula.”

34. Isopictya oLava, Bow., 1, 816; m1, Pl. LITT, figs.
7—I11.

Habitat.—Dredged off Saints Bay, Guernsey (N.).

ISODICTYA. 131

**T received from my friend Mr. Higgin, on the 21st
of September, 1874, three specims of Isodictya clava
from extreme low-water mark in Caernarvon Bay.
They were found pendent from the under sides of
large stones. These specimens differed essentially in
size and form from the type ones represented. One
of them was of the same form as the specimen repre-
sented by fig. 7, Plate LIII, vol. iii, but rather larger
in its proportions. It was evidently the base of the
sponge, there being about the eighth of an inch in
length projected from its distal extremity of the same
diameter as the fragment represented by fig. 9.
Another specimen without the base was of the same
diameter as fig. 9, but it was an inch and three
quarters in length, and terminated dichotomously at
its distal extremity in two short prongs. These
specimens afford us a much better idea of the normal
form of the species than those represented as the
types of the species. Their anatomical structures
were in perfect accordance with those of the type-
specimens. These interesting specimens belong to
the Liverpool Museum.”

35. Isoptctya sucosa, Bow., u, 296; i, Pl. L, figs.
11—14.

1867 Gellius jugosus, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 538.

Habitat.—Nullipore dredged near the entrance of
Westport Bay, Co. Mayo, is remarkable on account of
the large number of rare sponges which grow upon it,
nestling among the branches, and filling up the spaces
between them. One of these sponges was returned

182 BRITISH SPONGIADS.

to me by Dr. Bowerbank labelled “ Isodictya jugosa ?”
(N.).

36. Isoptctya PALMATA (Johnston), 11, 811; 111, Pl. LIT.

1861 Haliclona palmata, Bow. List Brit. Marine Invert.
Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.

Habitat—This is one of the finest of British
sponges, and very large specimens are occasionally
brought up attached to the hooks of the “ Jong lines ”’
set by the fishermen of Holy Island, Northumberland
(N.).

37. Isopiorya TRuNCA, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Plate XI, figs.
5—10.

“Sponge massive, sessile. Surface even, smooth.
Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous, appa-
rently congregated in aspiculous areas. Dermal
membrane abundantly spiculous; spicula irregularly
dispersed, acerate, slender. Skeleton symmetrical ;
primary lines multispiculous, irregular in number of
spicula, rarely more than one spiculum wide ; second-
ary lines unispiculous, occasionally bi- or trispiculous;
spicula subfusiformi-acerate, short, and rather stout.
Interstitial membranes furnished abundantly but irre-
gularly with slender, acerate, tension spicula, same as
those of the dermal membrane. Internal defensive
spicula attenuato-acuate, very minute, with more or
less truncated bases, which are incipiently spinous.

** Qolowr.—In the dried state, externally, dark purple ;
internally, nut-brown.

1SODICTYA. 133

*“* Habitat.—Westport Bay, Ireland, 5 fathoms ; Rev.
A. M. Norman.

“* Heamined.—In the dried state.

**T received a considerable number of specimens of
this sponge for examination from my friend the Rev.
A. M. Norman, who informed me that they were
dredged in about 5 fathoms just inside of the Light-
house at Westport Bay, Ireland. They were of
various sizes, but all of them irregularly massive in
form. The largest is two and a half inches in length,
one and ahalf inch in breadth, and three quarters of an
inch in thickness; the smallest one does not exceed
half an inch in diameter. They all agree very closely
in the dark purple surface colour, and their surfaces
are mostly smooth; but in the two largest the sur-
faces are slightly granulated. The dermal mem-
brane is furnished with numerous, slender, acerate,
tension spicula, which are rather irregularly dis-
tributed, being numerously dispersed in some parts
and sparingly so in others; and there are also irregu-
larly shaped areas in which there are few or none of
them, and in these areas a few open pores were
observed. ‘These areas are very characteristic of the
species. They are just such as those observable in
Isodictya indistincta. The primary lines of the skele-
ton vary to some extent in the number of the spicula
composing them, but in all they are-more or less
multispiculous. The secondary lines of the skeleton
are numerous and are rather regularly disposed, so
that the general form of the skeleton-rete is, to a very
considerable extent, symmetrical.

“The tension spicula of the interstitial membranes
are not so numerous as they are on the dermal one.

1384 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

The internal defensive spicula are especially charac-
teristic of the species, but they are by no means easy
of detection, as they are rather few in number and
very small, requiring a power of not less than about
1000 linear to exhibit their forms and proportions
distinctly, and when in sitd, immersed in the sarcode,
it is very rarely that they can be detected. When
portions of the sponge have been boiled in nitric acid
and the spicula mounted in Canada balsam, they may
by careful observation be detected sparingly dispersed
among the other spicula, but even then they may
readily escape observation from their minuteness and
from the strong resemblance they have to fragments
of broken spicula. Their form is regularly attenuated
from base to apex, and there are no spines upon any
other part than just at the basal extremity, and there
the spines are few in number. and very inefficiently
produced, and the square truncated form of the base
gives them very much the appearance of a broken.
basal termination, but when examined with a suffi-
ciently high power they are especially characteristic of
the species. Their average length is zd; inch, and
their greatest diameter gogo inch. The degree of
their basal spination also varies to some extent. The
one represented by Fig. 9 is the most profusely spined
one that Ihave seen. Fig. 10 exhibits about the average
amount of spination, and occasionally one may be seen
upon the base of which no spines can be detected.
“The only species that is at all liable to be con-
founded with I. trunca is I. jugosa, but it is readily
distinguished by the total absence of retentive spicula,
which are sufficiently abundant in the last-named
species to at once distinguish it from the one under

ISODICTYA,. 135

description, and in I. jugosa there are no internal
defensive spicula.

«This species appears to be rather abundant at the
locality from which Mr. Norman obtained it, but I
have not received specimens of it from any other place.”

38. IsoDICTYA INFUNDIBULIFORMIS (Johnston), 11,317 ; II,

Pl. LIV.
1867 Tragosia infundibuliformis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc.,
p. 513.

1876 Phakellia infundibuliformis, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 240.

Habitat.—Deep water in the Minch (N.). Mr.
Carter (l.c.) records this sponge as having been pro-
cured in the “Porcupine” Expedition of 1869 down
to a depth of 345 fathoms.

The ordinary size of this sponge when fairly grown
is about four inches high, and five or six inches in the
diameter of the cup. My largest example, however, is
nine inches across the lips of the cup and four and a
half inches high. This has a simple crateriform
shape, but another, which is seven and a half in dia-
meter, divides a little above the base into seven fan-
shaped lobes, which expanding overlap each other in
regular order, so that the whole make a shallow but
well-formed cup.

39. Isopiorya DISsIMILIs, Bow., 1, 818; m1, 139, Pl.
LV, figs. 1—2.
1867 Tragosia dissimilis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soe., p. 513.
This is one of the only British sponges which

x

136 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

Schmidt has identified with those found by himself in
the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. He synony-
mises it with his Azinella polypoides (‘Spongien-
Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes,’ 1870, p. 77).

AO. Isopictya GRacILis, Bow., 1, 331% m1, Pl. LVIII,
figs. 23—26.

41, Isopictya invaLipa, Bow., rt, 289, Pl. LXXXV,
figs. 8—10.

Habitat.—I procured a massive specimen an inch
and a half long, rather more than an inch broad, and
three quarters of an inch high, having five or six
conspicuous oscular openings, between tidemarks at
Westport Bay, Co. Mayo, this being a second locality
for the species (N.).

42. Isoptctya Normant, Bow., 11, 320; 11, Pl. LVI,
figs. 1—5; 1, Pl. XXXVI, fig. 376.

43, IsopicTYA CORIACEA, Bow., 1, 228, Pl. LXXVI,
figs. 7—12.

1881 Dirrhopalum coriacewm, Ridley. Lin. Soc. Jour. Zoology,
xv, p. 481, Pl. xxix; figs, 3—7.

44, IsopIoTyA HISPIDA, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. XII,
figs. 1—5.

“ Sponge massive, sessile; surface even, minutely his-
pid. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous.
Dermal membrane abundantly spiculous; tension
spicula acuate, nearly equal in length, but variable in

ISODIOTYA. 137

diameter, rather evenly dispersed; retentive spicula
bidentate, equi-anchorate, minute, few in number.
Skeleton rather irregular in structure; primary
lines of rete uni- or bispiculous, rarely trispiculous ;
spicula acuate, comparatively large, uniform in size ;
secondary lines uni- or rarely bispiculous; tension
spicula acuate, slender, few in number; retentive
spicula bidentate, equi-anchorate, frequently rather
more numerously dispersed in the interstitial mem-
branes than in the dermal one. Sarcode rather abun-
dant.

** Colowr.—In the dried state, dark grey.

** Habitat—Roundstone Bay, Ireland; Rev. A. M.
Norman.

** Haamined.—In the dried state.

“T received two small specimens of this sponge, deeply
embedded amid the short branches of two specimens
of Nullipora polymorpha. To the unassisted eye their
surfaces appeared smooth and even, but when sections
at right angles to the surface were examined in Canada
balsam it was seen that they were abundantly hispid,
the hispidation being produced by the prolongation and
projection of the distal terminations of the primary
fibres of the skeleton. These defensive organs most
frequently consist of two or three spicula, which diverge
slightly from each other, and are frequently projected
more than the length of a single spiculum beyond the
surface of the dermal membrane. This mode of arma-
ture is very characteristic of the species. The dermal
membrane is abundantly supplied with tension spicula,
which are irregularly but rather evenly dispersed, so
that they sometimes appear to simulate a widely-con-
structed reticulation. They are about the same length

188 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

as those of the skeleton, but while those of the skeleton
are nearly uniform in length and diameter, those of
the dermis, although tolerably uniform in length, vary
toa great extent in their diameter, many of them not.
being half the diameter of a completely developed
skeleton one, many of which are intermixed with those
of the dermis. An average-sized skeleton-spiculum
measured 73 inch in length, and its greatest diameter
was g¢@rz inch.

“The bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive spicula are
very sparingly dispersed in the dermal and interstitial
membranes; they are best seen in the latter in sitd, as
in the former they are to a great extent obscured by
the abundance of the sarcode in which they are im-
mersed. They are very slender and delicate in their
structure, requiring a power of about 400 linear to
render them distinctly to the eye. They are uniform
in size. One of the largest measured z459 inch in
length.”

45, Isopictya FucoRuM (Johnston), 11,322; 1, Pl. LVI,
figs. 16—19.

Habitat.—Dredged off the Durham Coast and off
Saints Bay, Guernsey (N.).

46. Isopictya AtpERI, Bow., ul, 323; 11, Pl. LVI,
figs. 20-—26.

47, Isopictya Epwarpu, Bow., 1, 325; 11, Pl. LVIII,
figs. 15—18.

fabitat.—Three fragments of massive form, and

ISODICTYA. 139

showing a tendency to branch, measuring from half to
three quarters of an inch long, have been thus deter-

mined by Dr. Bowerbank. I procured them among
the Hebrides, I think in the Minch (N.).

48. Isopiotya Lopata (Montagu), 11,326; 111, Pl. LVIII,
figs. 19—22.

1867 Corybas lobata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 537.

49. IsoptctyA PAUPERA, Bow., 11, 328; i, Pl. LV,
figs. 4—7.
1861 Halichondria paupera, Bowerbank. List British Marine
Invert. Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 69.
Habitat.—Growing intermixed with Microciona plu-
mosa, between tide-marks at Herm (N.).

50. IsopicryaA uNIFoRMIS, Bow., 11, 329; m1, Pl. LV,
figs. 8—10.

51. Isoprotya CuLaRKEI, Bow., 11, 380; 11, Pl. XLIX,

fig. 6; Pl. LVI, figs. 11—16.
1861 Halichondria Clarkei, Bowerbank. List Brit, Marine

Invert. Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 69.

Habitat.—Three fragments of this rare sponge, each
about three quarters of an inch long, are in my cabinet,
which probably when found formed one continuous
branch, and then would have been an inch and three
quarters long, and a sixth of an inch in greatest

140 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

diameter. These fragments were dredged in West-
port Bay (N.).

52. IsopictyaA BaR.eri, Bow., 11, 333; 11, Pl. LVII.

58. IsopictyA LACINIOSA, Bow., 111, 219, Pl. LXXV,
figs. 1—5.
1868 Isodictya laciniosa, Bowerbank. Last Report of Dred-
ging among the Shetland Isles; Norman on Porifera,
Brit. Assoc. Report, 1868 (1869), p. 333.
Habitat.—A small specimen dredged by Dr. Gwyn
Jeffreys and myself in deep water in the Minch, and
now in my cabinet, was considered by Dr. Bower-
bank to be referable to this species (N.).

54. Isoptcrya pusia, Bow., 11, 325, Pl. XC, figs. 4—7.

‘* Habitat.—‘ Westport bay, 4 fathoms. Orange
coloured when alive.’

“T received two specimens of this species from the
Rey. A. M. Norman thus labelled. They are both
upon matted masses of slender fuci, one five inches in
length, and the other four inches, and in the lobu-
lated form and mode of disposition on the fuci they
very closely resemble the type-specimen represented
in Pl. XC, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ The lobulous
form appears in most cases to be derived from the
sponge encasing short branches of the stems of the
fuci. On making transverse sections of some of the
lobes which had never undergone compression I found

ISODIOTYA. 141

the arrangement of the skeleton tissues much more
regular than in those of the type-specimen, while in
others the same confusion of the structures prevailed.
In all the anatomical characters these specimens were
in perfect accordance with those of the type-sponge,
excepting that there was a slight difference in the size
of the spicula. The spicula of the younger parts of
Mr. Norman’s specimens were of the same size as
those of the type-specimen, but in the old and more
mature parts they were rather longer and stouter than
those of the type-sponge in the Liverpool Museum.”

55. Isopicrya imitata, Bow., m1, 226, Pl. LXXVI,
figs. 3—6,

56. IsoprctyA Noposa, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. XII,
figs. 6—7.

*‘ Sponge massive, sessile, more or less nodose, para-
sitical. Surface minutely rugose. Oscula simple,
large, frequently terminating in nodous elevations.
Pores conspicuous, dispersed. Dermal membrane
pellucid, sparingly spiculous ; tension spicula sub-,
fusiformi-acuate, same as those of the skeleton.
Skeleton multispiculous, rather irregular, secondary
lines irregular, varying from unispiculous to bi- or tri-
spiculous; spicula subfusiformi-acuate, minute, vari-
able in diameter. Interstitial membranes aspiculous.

** Colour.—In the dried state, light brown.

“* Habitat.—Birterbuy Bay, Ireland. Rev. A. M.
Norman. .

* Hramined.—In the dried state.

142 BRITISH SPONGIADM.

“T received a single specimen of this species, three
inches in length and one and a half inch in width,
embracing numerous slender stems of a zoophyte, so
that the specimen assumed the form of irregularly
inosculating branches, occasionally having upon them
nodous elevations with a single large simple osculum
at the apex; other large simple oscula were dispersed
on the sponge, the margins of which were scarcely, if
at all, elevated above the dermal surface ; some of the
oscula were two lines in diameter. The minute
rugosity of the surface is produced by the projection
of the distal terminations of the primary lines of the
skeleton beyond the dermal surface. The porous
areas were visible in many parts by the aid of a lens of
two inches focus. The dermal membrane has no
special spicula appropriated to it. The dermal areas
are most frequently aspiculous, but occasionally a few
stray skeleton spicula are dispersed on their surfaces.
The skeleton-rete is rather irregular, and the number
of spicula in the primary lines vary to a considerable
extent, and they are rarely so few as to allow of their
being counted. The secondary lines are also irregular.
A single spiculum frequently suffices to connect two of
the primary lines, but they vary from one or two to
four or five loosely clustered together. The whole of
the spicula, whether stout or slender, are of the same
form—fusiformi-acuate—the proximal end always
being of less diameter than the middle of the shaft,
but whether adult or immature they vary to some
extent in their length.

‘“‘ This sponge is very simple in its structural charac-
ters, but it is well distinguished from other nearly
allied species by the forms of its spicula, and by the

ISODICTYA. 143

total absence of retentive spicula in any part of the
sponge.”

57. Isopiorya InvotuTa, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. X, figs.
1—4.

‘Sponge massive, coating parasitically ; surface
smooth and even. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane abundantly spicu-
lous; spicula acuate, slender, dispersed. Skeleton-
rete regular; areas one spiculum wide; primary line
mostly multispiculous; secondary lines regularly dis-
posed, uni- or bispiculous; spicula acuate, stout. In-
terstitial membranes spiculous ; tension spicula slender,
acuate, same as those of the dermis, rather numerous.

** Colour.—In the dried state, dark brown.

** Habitat.—Dredged in Westport Bay, Ireland ; Rev.
A. M. Norman.

** Heamined.—In the dried state.

**T received a single specimen of this species for exa-
mination from the Rev. A. M. Norman. It entirely
fills up the interstices of a small specimen of Nullipora
polymorpha an inch and a half in length by an inch
in breadth, leaving only the extremities of the small
branches visible.

** The anatomical structures are simple, but very cha-
racteristic. The dermal membrane is abundantly sup-
plied with tension spicula of a very slender acuate
form, their diameter being not more than about one
third of that of the skeleton-spicula, while the lengths
of the two are very nearly equal ; their mode of disposi-
tion is quite irregular, crossing each other in every pos-

144 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

sible direction. The skeleton-rete is very regularly con-
structed, the primary lines consisting of from two or
three spicula in thickness to a greater number than can
be counted. The secondary lines rarely contain more
than two spicula at nearly equal distances, so that the
areas of the rete are nearly equal-sized oblongs. The
spicula are of a stout acuate form and are of nearly equal
size. The tension-spicula of the interstitial membranes
are like those of the dermis, and in some parts are
rather numerously dispersed.”

58. IsopIctYA PERTENUIS, Bow., n. sp., IV, Pl. XIII, figs.
1—4.

“Sponge massive, sessile. Surface even, slightly
hirsute. Oscula simple, dispersed, few in number.
Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous ;
spicula dispersed, not very abundant, minutely acuate,
long and very slender. Skeleton-rete open and
very diffuse, rather irregular. Primary lines multi-
spiculous ; secondary lines bi- or trispiculous ; spicula
minute, acuate, long and slender, very little larger
than that of the dermis. Interstitial membranes
sparingly spiculous; spicula same as those of the
dermal membrane.

“ Qolowr.—In the dried state, nut-brown.

“ Habitat—_Tidemarks, Westport Bay, Co. Mayo,
1874; Rev. A. M. Norman.

** Haamined.—In the dried state.

‘“‘ There is nothing remarkable or especially charac-
teristic in the external appearance of this sponge, of
which there were three specimens. The largest example

~

ISODICTYA. 145

envelopes irregularly the stem of a slender fucus for
about three inches in length, and a projecting portion
of it, about the size of a small hazel-nut, has a central
canal about the eighth of an inch in diameter running
through it and terminating at its summit as if it were
the termination of a cloacal cavity, but I could not,
without destroying the root of the sponge, determine
whether this character prevailed throughout the whole
of the sponge. The general mass is rather irregular
in its anatomical structure, and consists of but one
form of spiculum, very minute, slender, and purely
acuate, those of the skeleton varying from the
dermal ones only in being slightly the stouter of the
two. The extreme tenuity of these organs is, in
truth, the most striking specific character of the
sponge, and it readily separates it from other nearly
allied species, as it requires a power of not less than
about 400 linear to define either those of the skeleton
or the dermal membrane with certainty. An average-
sized spiculum of the dermal membrane measured
$$o inch in length, and its greatest diameter z357
inch. Two of skeleton-spicula measured z}, inch in
length and yo$o9 inch in diameter, and y}¢ inch in
length and g7'sq inch in diameter. The dark amber-
coloured sarcode is sufficiently abundant in all parts of
the sponge to render it rather difficult to see the
spicula distinctly in sitéd ; and their separation from the
sponge by boiling a portion of it in nitric acid, and
mounting the spicula in Canada balsam, is quite neces-
sary to obtain a clear idea of their forms and propor-
tions. I examined the membranous structures and
the spicula thus prepared and mounted with great
care, but I could not detect any other forms of
VOL. IY. 10

146 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

spicula belonging to the sponge. .A few adventitious
spicula of much greater size from other sponges were
embedded on its surface and amid its structures.”

59. Isopiorya scrruLa, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. IV, figs.
1—3, and Pl. IX, figs. 1—3.

“‘ Sponge massive, sessile. Surface even, minutely
but strongly hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed, minute.
Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous,
spicula dispersed ; tension-spicula acuate, few in num-
ber, same size as those of the skeleton; retentive
spicula bidentate equi-anchorate, very minute and
slender, rather sparingly dispersed. Skeleton—pri-
mary lines multispiculous; secondary lines, mostly uni-
spiculous; rather irregularly disposed; spicula acuate,
small. Interstitial membranes pellucid, aspiculous.

* Colour.—In the dried state, light ochreous yellow.

‘“* Habitat.—Roundstone Bay, Ireland; Rev. A. M.
Norman.

** Heamined.—In the dried state.

“TI received several specimens of this pretty little
sponge from my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman for
examination; they were seated amid the branches of
small specimens of Nullipora polymorpha, and none of
them exceeded the size of a large pea. To the un-
assisted eye the surface appears even and smooth, and
it is only when a portion of the surface is mounted in
Canada balsam and viewed with a power of about 100
linear, that it is seen to be abundantly and strongly
hispid, the hispidation being produced by the projec-
tion of the distal terminations of the primary fibres of

ISODICTYA. 147

‘the skeleton. The spicula, slightly diverging from each
other, form a very striking and effective defence to the
structures beneath them.

“The oscula require the aid of a lens of an inch
focus to render them distinct to the eye.

**The dermal membrane is rather sparingly fur-
nished with tension-spicula ; but the minute bidentate
equi-anchorate retentive spicula are much more numer-
ously embedded in the sarcode of the membrane, but
from their minuteness they may very readily escape
observation. Two of the largest measured y#oz inch
and ;¢g¢ inch in length, and the shafts of the dentes
are extremely slender, requiring a power of about 400
linear to render them distinct to the eye, in siti,
when mounted in Canada balsam. They are not
evenly dispersed; in some parts they are rather few
in number while in other parts they occur in much
greater numbers. The primary lines of the skeleton
consist of from three to five or six spicula in the fas-
ciculus, very rarely more. The interstitial membranes
are very pellucid; and, although I searched diligently
for them, I could not find the slightest indication of
either tension or retentive spicula.”’

60. Isopiorya conLIna, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. XIV, figs.
6—13.

“Sponge sessile, massive, tumulous. Surface mi-
nutely hispid. Oscula slightly elevated and marginated,
terminating each tumulus. Pores inconspicuous. Der-
mal membrane reticulated; rete unispiculous, spicula
acuate or subfusiformi-acuate, stout, as long as those

148 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

of the skeleton; tension spicula acuate, long and
slender, very few in number; retentive spicula biha-
mate, simple and contort, large but slender, very few
in number ; also bidentate equi-anchorate minute and
rather numerous; and dentate palmato-equi-anchorate,
few in number. Skeleton—primary lines multispicu-
lous, spicula rather numerous, acuate, short and stout ;
secondary lines rarely more than bispiculous. Inter-
stitial membranes spiculous ; spicula same as those of
the dermal membrane, but fewer in number.

** Colowr.—Alive, orange ; dried, ochreous yellow.

‘* Habitat.—Roundstone Bay, Ireland; Rev. A. M.
Norman.

** Heamined.—F rom spirit.

“TI received this sponge in a small bottle of spirit
from the Rev. A. M. Norman. It consists of five
small tumulous masses irregularly disposed on a
portion of the roots of Fucus. The largest does not
exceed half an inch in height, and very little more in
its greatest basal diameter. There is no appearance of
hispidation of the surface of the sponge to the unas-
sisted eye, but when a section at right angles to the
surface is mounted in Canada balsam it becomes strik-
ingly apparent. It is produced by the projection of
the distal termination of the primary lines of the
skeleton for about the length of a single spiculum, and
when thus projected they separate at small angles to
the axis of the skeleton-fibre, thus forming slight
groups of very effective external defensive spicula. The
oscula are situated one on each tumuloid mass of the
sponge; they are slightly elevated and when fully
developed have a thin margin, and have every appear-
ance of being cloacal orifices rather than oscula.

ISODICTYA. 149

“The dermal membrane is thin and pellucid and the
rete with which it is furnished is regular, but the areas
differ somewhat in form, but rarely vary from that
of a triangle. The tension-spicula are very slender
and much longer than those of the rete, and they
require a power of about 400 linear to render their
forms distinct to the eye. The bihamate retentive
spicula are very few in number, and from their slender
proportions are not readily to be detected in sitd; an
average-sized one measured 45 inch in length. The
bidentate equi-anchorate spicula are by far the most
numerous of all the retentive forms; they are rather
irregularly distributed on the dermal membrane, some-
times they occur in considerable numbers, while on
other parts they are few in number; they are very
minute and slender, not exceeding yy'go inch in length
and require a power of about 500 linear to render
their forms distinctly to the eye. The dentate-
palmato-equi-anchorates are very few in number,
their palms are short but well produced, and they
are of the same length as the bidentate-equi-ancho-
rates.

“‘The skeleton is very regular and compact in its
structure, and in conjunction with the other parts of
its organisation renders this species readily distin-
guishable from any other nearly allied species. The
retentive spicula are very sparingly dispersed on the
interstitial membranes, and they are not readily
distinguished im sitdé amid the sarcode in which they
are immersed.

“Tn a small portion of the basal membrane of the
sponge the long slender acuate tension-spicula were
much more numerous than on the dermal membrane,

150- BRITISH SPONGIADA.

and on some portions of it they exhibited an inclination
to fasciculation.”

61. Isoprorya Brant, Bow., u, 384; m1, Pl. LVIU,
figs. 1—6.

1881 Clathria, Beanii, Ridley. Jour. Lin. Soc. Zoology, xix,
p. 485.

62.. IsoploTya FUNALIS,.Bow., n. sp.,1v, Pl XV, figs. 6—
10.
1875 Isodictya funalis, Bowerbank. Jeffreys and Norman,
Submarine Cable Fauna, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser 4,
vo]. xv, p. 176.

** Sponge. massive, sessile.. Surface smooth, but un-
even. OQOscula simple, dispersed, minute. Pores in-
conspicuous.. Dermal membrane pellucid, spiculous ;
tension-spicula acuate, short and stout, subfasciculate,
rather numerous, basally incipiently spinous; retentive
spicula bi- and tridentate equi-anchorate, rather nu-
merous, and rarely palmato-tridentate equi-anchorate ;
also simple and contort, bihamate, minute and very
slender, rather few in number. Skeleton—spicula
acuate,, stout, rather short, basally incipiently spinous ;
primary lines tri- or quadrispiculous, rarely more;
secondary lines mostly unispiculous, rarely more than
bispiculous. Interstitial membranes. sparingly spicu-
lous ; spicula same as those of the dermal membrane.

* Colowr.—In the dried. state, milk-white.

** Habitat.—On one of the Atlantic cables 150 miles
from the Lands End in 200 fathoms; Sir James
Anderson.

“* Heamined.-—In the dried state.

1SODICTYA. 151

“On October 8th, 1874, I received five specimens
of this species from my friend the Rev.. A. M. Norman
for examination. They were brought up attached to
one of the Atlantic cables by stems of a Hydrozoon
which they surrounded in small masses not exceeding
half an inch in length and three or four lines in
greatest diameter. They were in a good state of
preservation, but were very friable. A few minute
simple oscula were detected by the aid of alens of two
inches’ focus. The dermal membrane affords good
specific characters. The disposition of the tension
spicula is irregular toa very considerable extent ; their
fasciculi sometimes contain eight or ten spicula
loosely compacted, at other times they consist of only
two or three with single spicula dispersed in various
directions around them. They are very equable in
size, and are purely acuate in form. The retentive
spicula are not very numerous, and are very irregu-
larly distributed ; the bidentate equi-anchorate pre-
dominate in number; the tridentate ones are less
numerous, and the palmato-tridentate equi-anchorate
ones of very rare occurrence. The bihamate retentive
spicula are few in number; they are very minute, and
require a power of about 300 linear to render them
distinct to the eye. The skeleton is somewhat
irregular in its mode of disposition, but small portions
of it in parts that have not suffered from compression
presented a tolerably regular mode of structure. A
very few retentive spicula were observed on some
parts of the interstitial membranes, but I did not
detect any of the tension spicula on those organs.

‘“‘ This species is not referable to any known British
one; but: it is: very probable that we shall hereafter

152 BRITISH SPONGIADR.

find it in deep water in the neighbourhood of our own
coasts, as we frequently meet with the deep-water
species near the Orkneys and Shetland.

63. Isopicrya Hynpmant, Bow.

1866 Halichondria Hyndmani. 11, 264; 111, 115, pl. xlvi,
figs. 7—~15.

1867 Alebion Hyndmani, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 534.

1874 Isodictya Hyndmani, 111, 358.

** Among the specimens of British sponges in spirit
received from the Rev. A. M. Norman there were
some portions of the roots of fuci with thin incrus-
ting sponges upon them. On one of these was a thin
layer of I. Hyndmani labelled ‘Yellow, Roundstone
Bay.’ The usual locality of this species is on Pecten
opercularis, and this is the second case of my having
found it incrusting either fuci or zoophytes. Although
but in a very young condition its structural characters
were very strongly produced, and the bipocellated and
unipocellated retentive spicula were more numerous
than is usually the case.”

64. Isopictya Luripa, Bow., 11, 3386; m1, Pl. LVIII,
figs. 27—32; Pl. LXXXII, fig. 1.

** Among the sponges received from the Rev. A. M.
Norman was a small, massive specimen of this species,
an inch and a quarter in length; it was dredged in
thirty-five fathoms off the Durham coast. The sponge
was in the dried state, and in excellent condition for
microscopical examination, and in some thin slices at
right angles to the dermal surface I found in some

ISODICTYA. 153

portions of the interstitial membranes several very
minute bihamate spicula dispersed on the dermal
membrane. They are very minute, slender, and
require a power of at least 300 linear to render them
distinctly to the eye. I did not detect this form of
retentive spiculum in either of the specimens of the
species previously examined.”

65. Isopictya FimBRiATA, Bow., u, 337; ut, Pl. LVIII,
figs. 7—14.
1861 Halichondria fimbriata, Bowerbank. List Brit. Marine
Invert. Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), p. 69.
1861 Tereus fimbriatus, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 537.
This interesting sponge has been recorded by
Schmidt as having been found in the seas near
Denmark and Greenland.*

66. Isopictya TumULOSA, Bow., 111, 344, Pl. XCII, figs.
1—7,

67, Isopictya RuGosa, Bow., mi, 332, Pl. XCI, figs.
1—5.

“On the 28rd June, 1875, I received a specimen of
this sponge in a bottle of. sea-water in a living con-
dition from Mr. Hillier, of Ramsgate. In the living
condition the surface is not nearly so rugose as in the
drier state, and the sponge abounds in gelatinous
sarcode, which it sheds in considerable quantities on

* ‘Grundziige einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes,’
1870, p. 80.

154 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

being plunged in fresh water. In its natural state it
feels soft and pulpy. On being dried it assumed
precisely the same appearances as. those presented by
the types figured in Plate XCI, vol. iii, ‘Mon. Brit.
Spongiade.’ The size of the specimen was two inches
and a half long, greatest breadth one inch and a
quarter, and thickness about half an inch.”

68. Isopictya impiicita, Bow., n. sp., tv, Plate XVI, figs.
7—14.

** Sponge massive, parasitical amidst Nullipora poly-
morpha. Surface smooth. Oscula simple, minute,
dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane
spiculous ; tension spicula dispersed or subfasciculate,
slender attenuato-acuate, same size and form as those
of the skeleton; and stout attenuato-acuate, both
forms basally spinous ; retentive spicula minute, bipo-
cellate-anchorate, few in number, and rarely minute
inequi-anchorate. Skeleton irregular and much
complicated ; primary lines multispiculous; spicula
slender, attenuato-acuate, basally incipiently spinous,
with an intermixture of stout attenuato-acuate ones,
basally strongly spinous. Secondary lines irregular,
varying from unispiculous to multispiculous ; spicula
same as in the primary lines. Interstitial membranes
sparingly spiculous; spicula same as in the dermal
membrane. Sarcode, dark purple.

** Colour.—In the dried state, dark purple.

“ Habitat.—Westport. Bay, Ireland, in 5 fathoms ;.
Rey. A. M. Norman.

** Heamined.—In the dried state.

ISODICTYA. 155.

“*T received these specimens of this species from my
friend the Rev. A. M. Norman for examination; the
largest, slightly exceeding an inch in length, was
rather less than an inch in diameter; the other two
were each slightly less than half the size of the largest
specimen ; they were all embedded amidst the short
branches of Nullipora polymorpha., They were dredged
in five fathoms,in Westport Bay, Ireland. The oscula
are minute,.and scarcely visible without the aid of a
lens of two inches’ focus.. The dermal membrane was
thickly coated with dark purple sarcode amidst which
the tension spicula were embedded rather abundantly ;
they were mostly irregularly dispersed, but occasion-
ally they were collected in loose flat fasciculi. The
spicula are very slender, and their spination requires a.
power of about 500 linear to render it distinctly to the
eye. The retentive spicula are very few in number,
and very difficult to detect in sit. The minute bipo-
cellate ones are more numerous than the minute
inequi-anchorates; both forms require a power of
about 500 linear to render their proportions distinctly
visible, and it is only when prepared by boiling in
nitric acid and mounting in Canada balsam that they
can be distinctly seen.

‘« The generic characters of this sponge are very diffi-
cult of discrimination ; situated amidst the short stout
branches of Nullipora, and penetrated by them in
every direction. The normal courses of the primary
and secondary lines of the skeleton are very much
interfered with by these peculiarities of situation, and
to; such an extent as. in many parts to give the
skeleton structures the more irregular reticulated.
form, of a Halichondria ; but notwithstanding these

156 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

complications the regularly compacted primary lines
of the skeleton, however devious their courses may
be, unmistakably characterise the normal structure of
an Isodictya ; when a careful scrutiny of its structural
peculiarities is effected. The complication of the ske-
leton structures is also much increased by the irre-
gular mode of disposition of the large attenuato-acuate
spicula, the office of which appears to be really subsi-
diary to the true skeleton spicula amidst which they
are irregularly disposed, among both those of the
primary and secondary series. These spicula have all
the structural appearances of large internal defensive
organs; they vary to a considerable extent in size,
some of the largest being twice as long as the smallest
ones, but the basal portions appear to be all of nearly
_ the same size; but notwithstanding these deceptive
appearances, none of them were found erect and pro-
jected into the interstitial cavities of the sponge after
the mode of the usual disposition of defensive spicula,
but on the contrary, they all appeared to be prostrate
among the spicula of either the primary or the secon-
dary series of the skeleton lines; and not unfrequently
a single one might be observed fulfilling the office of a
secondary or connecting spiculum between two of the
lines of the primary skeleton structure. They are
very much stouter than those of the true skeleton
spicula, and are very numerous. The basal ends of
these spicula are abundantly spinous, and the spines
are strongly produced, terminating hemispherically,
while the spines of the shaft for about half the length
of the spiculum become gradually less in size until
they are at last in quite an incipient state.

*‘ This remarkable sponge cannot readily be mistaken

ISODICTYA. 157

for either of the very few British species to which it
is anatomically allied, but from the peculiarities of its
structural characters it requires more than the usual
amount of circumspection in its examination to deter-
mine its species with certainty.”

69. Isopictya InmQuaLis, Bow., n. sp., 1v, Pl. XVI, figs.
1—6.

“Sponge massive, sessile, cavernous. Surface very
rugged and full of elevated ridges and deep depressions.
Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous.
Dermal membrane abundantly spiculous; tension
spicula dispersed, subfusiformi-acerate, with obtuse
terminations, or cylindrical, long and slender, not very
numerous, and attenuato-acerate small and short, very
numerous. Retentive spicula, bidentate equi-ancho-
rate, few in number; and bihamate simple and con-
tort, small and slender, rather numerous. Skeleton
diffusive, irregular; primary lines multispiculous ;
secondary lines irregularly disposed, variable in number
of their spicula; spicula subfusiformi-acuate, basally
and apically spinous, rarely entirely spinous; spines
few in number. Interstitial membranes—tension
spicula attenuato-acerate, small and short, numerous ;
retentive spicula same as those of the dermis.

* Colowr.—Dark brown in the dried state.

* Habitat.—

** Hxamined.—In the dried state.

**T received a small specimen of this species from my
friend the Rev. A. M. Norman, who obtained it among
others from Mr. D. Robertson. It is a small mass,

158 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

irregular in form, not exceeding an inch in diameter
and a quarter of an inch in thickness. Its surface is
very uneven and irregular, and its substance open and
more or less cavernous. From the state of its under
surface it has evidently been removed from a rock or
stone by a sharp knife, and a few slender fucoid stems
are incorporated in its substance and are adherent to its
surface. The oscula are simple, none of them were
more than about #5 inch in diameter; some of them
were on the elevated ridges and others in the developed
portions of the surface. The dermal membrane is
abundantly furnished with spicula. The tension spicula
are of two sorts, subfusiformi-acerate or cylindrical
and numerous small attenuato-acerate ones inter-
mixed with them; the former are the true dermal ten-
sion spicula, while the latter properly appertain to the
interstitial membranes, but both descriptions are
numerously distributed on the membrane. The former
are very irregularly disposed; on some parts they are
numerously dispersed without the slightest approach to
order, while in other parts they are more or less fasci-
culated and occasionally approach to an irregular reti-
culation ; the small attenuato-acerate ones appear
always to be irregularly dispersed. The bidentate,
equi-anchorate retentive ones are small, but rather
stout in their proportions; a full-sized one measured
giz inch in length; they require a power of about
300 linear to render them distinctly to the eye when
in sité. The bihamate retentive spicula are more
numerous than the anchorates. They are rather
slender in their proportions ; a full-sized one measured
te inch in length.

* The structure of the skeleton appears to be in every

ISODICTYA. 159

-- way very irregular. The primary lines are rarely
symmetrically disposed and the number of the spicula
of which they are constructed varies considerably, and
this, combined with the irregularity of the structure
“and mode of disposition of the secondary portions of
the skeleton lines, presents the whole in so confused a
condition as to render the isodictyal characters in
many parts very difficult of detection, and the abundant
presence of numerous small, acerate, interstitial tension
spicula greatly increases the confusion of the structures;
* but a careful observation of the structual peculiarities of
the primary lines of the skeleton decidedly determines
their isodictyal character. The skeleton-spicula are
- constant in their structural characters, but they vary to
-a large extent in their diameters and in their mode of
- spination, some of them being sparingly but entirely
spinous, while others were furnished with a few minute
spines at the base and apex only.

‘“* The tension spicula of the interstitial membranes
- are not equally abundant in all parts of the structures ;
in some parts they abound, while in others they are
_ very few in number.

“‘ The only two species of British sponges with which
this species might possibly be confounded are Isodictya
lurida and I. rugosa. In the first of these two species
both the skeleton and the dermal tension spicula are
nearly twice as long as those of I. incequalis, the length
of a fully developed spiculum being +3% inch, while
that of I. lwrida is #g inch, and the latter is also
much less spinous than the former, and about the
same inequality in size exists in the tension spicula
of the dermal membrane. The skeleton-spicula of
I. rugosa very closely resemble those of I. inaequalis

160 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

both in size and form, but the skeleton structure of J.
rugosa ig very much more regular in its arrangement,
and the strikingly fasciculated arrangement of the
spicula of its dermal membrane combined with absence
of the small attenuato-acerate spicula that are so
abundant in I. inequalis readily distinguishes the two
species.”

70. Isopictya DEFORMIS, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. XIV, figs,
1—5.

“‘Sponge massive, sessile. Surface irregular, very
rugged. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores incon-
spicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous; spicula dis-
persed, sparingly and rather equably acuate or sub-
cylindrical, basally incipiently spinous, about the same’
length, but rather less in diameter than those of the
skeleton; retentive spicula bihamate, small and slender,
few in number, and very rarely bidentate-equi-ancho-
rate. Skeleton—primary lines multispiculous; se-
condary lines variable in the number of their spicula,
irregularly disposed acuate, basally spinous, rather
short and stout.

** Colour.—In the dried state light brown.

* Habitat.—Wick, North Britain, in deep water ; Mr,
C. W. Peach.

“* Hxamined.—In the dried state.

*“ T received a single specimen of this sponge from my
friend Mr. C. W. Peach in 1866 too late for publi-
cation in vol. ii of this work. It fills nearly the whole
of the inner surface of a valve of a common Mussel
shell and is neither attractive nor interesting, but on

ISODICTYA. 161

submitting a portion of it to microscopical examina-
tion I found that its structural characters could not
be assimilated with those of any other known species
of Isodictya.

“The oscula dispersed on its rugged and uneven
surface are scarcely perceptible with the aid of a lens
of about two inches’ focus, and no indications of the
pores could be detected even in portions of the dermal
membrane immersed in Canada balsam. The best
specific characters are those obtained from the dermal
membrane, the tension spicula of which are so equably
arranged on some parts as to closely resemble a
reticulation, while in other parts they are unmis-
takably dispersed. Their form is the same as those
of the skeleton, regularly acuate, and they are basally
spinous. Their length is 3$q inch and their diameter
sisz inch, while those of the skeleton are y4¢ inch in
length and g/s7 inch in diameter. The retentive
bihamate and bidentate spicula are few in number,
especially the latter form, and they are so minute as
to require a power of about 400 linear to render them
distinct to the eye while im siti; and it is a remark-
able character that the two forms are as nearly as
possible of the same length, each of them varying
from 74> to zelop inch. The bidentate equi-anchorates
are comparatively stout in their proportions, while
the bihamates are remarkably slender. This equality
in the length of the two forms is very unusual, the
bihamate forms being most frequently twice the length
of the anchorate ones. Both forms are sparingly dis-
persed on the interstitial membranes, and the bidentate
equi-anchorates especially so.”

VOL. IV. 1]

162 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

Genus 23.—Rapruiopesua, Bow., 11, 235.
= Raphioderma, Bowerbank. Last Rep. Dredg. Shetland, Norman
on Porifera, Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1868 (1869), p. 333.
J. RaprniopEsma FLorEUM, Bow., 11, 190; in, 94, Pl.
XXXVII, figs. 14—19.

1866 Hymeniacidon florewm, Bowerbank. 11, 190.

1867 Carmia florcum, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 537.

1870 Esperia florea, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 76.

1874 Raphiodesma floreum, Bowerbank. 111, 94, pl. xxxvii,
figs. 14—19.

Habitat.—On living shells of Pecten varius, covering
thickly the valves, Laminarian zone, Westport Bay,
Co. Mayo. The living sponge is of a purplish hue
(N.).

2. RapHionrsma Lincua, Bow., 1, 187; 11, 237, 354,

Pl XLVII, fig. 8, and LXVH, figs. 1—6.

1861 Halichondria lingua, Bowerbank. List Brit. Marine
Invert. Fauna (Brit. Assoc.), 1861, p. 69.

1866 Hymeniacidon lingua, 11, 187.

1867 Myeale lingua, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 533.

1868 Raphioderma coacervata, Bowerbank. Last Report
Dredging Shetland Isles, Norman on Porifera, Brit.
Assoc. Report, p. 333.

1870 Esperia lingua, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant., p. 76.

1874 Raphiodesma lingua. 111, 237, 354, pl. xlvii, fig. 8, and
Ixvii, figs. 1—6,

This is the most massive and largest of British
sponges. The specimen in my collection, described in
vol. iii, p. 354, as eleven inches high, six inches and
three quarters in breadth near the base, four inches
near the middle, and one inch and a quarter in thick-
ness, of tongue-like form, is evidently after all, large
though it is, only a portion of the entire sponge. The

RAPHIODESMA. 163

texture of this sponge is totally different from that of
any other species with which I am acquainted. It
has very much the appearance as though a mass of
short pieces of tow had been subjected to great
pressure so as to unite them together. It is only
found in very deep water. In 1867 I dredged it in
company with the type specimen of Isodictya laciniosa
in 170 fathoms, twenty to twenty-five miles north by
west of Burrafirth Lighthouse, Shetland.

3. RAPHIODESMA SIMPLICISsIMuM, Bow., 111, 824, Pl. XC,
figs. 1—3.

Habitat.—Filling up the interstices between the
branches of Nullipora polymorpha dredged in shallow
water, Westport Bay, Co. Mayo (N.).

4, RAPHIODESMA sORDIDUM, Bow., 111, 230, 3854, Pl.
LXXVI, figs. 183—19.

5, RapHIoDESMA FALLACIOSUM, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. XVII,
figs. 7—12.

‘Sponge, coating irregularly. Surface rough and
ragged. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores incon-
spicuous. Dermis abundantly spiculous; spicula
acuate, rather long and slender, fasciculated ; fasciculi
broad and flat, irregularly dispersed; bases and apices
of the component spicula coincident. Retentive spicula
dentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate, congregated in
rosette-shaped groups, and bidentate inequi-anchorate,

164 BRITISH SPONGIADR.

dispersed, also bihamate, simple or contort, large, few
in number. Skeleton—fasciculi numerous, irregu-
larly disposed ; spicula subfusiformi-acuate, short and
stout.

** Colour.—Nut-brown in the dried state.

“* Habitat.—Westport Bay, 6—7 fathoms, Ireland ;
Rey. A. M. Norman.

** Heamined.—In the dried state.

** Among the specimens of British sponges dredged
in Westport Bay by the Rev. A. M. Norman and sent
to me for examination, there was a valve of Pecten
varius, on which there were two patches of sponges ;
one about an inch in length of Leuconia nivea, and
on the opposite side of the valve an incrustation
of a rough and rugged dark brown sponge an inch
and a half in length and not quite a quarter of an
inch in thickness, and this, on a careful microscopical
examination, proved to be a new species of Raphio-
desma, in many respects closely resembling in struc-
ture R. lingua. The surface does not resemble that of
R. lingua, and it has nothing of the tow-like appear-
ance of that sponge; on the contrary, it is very rough
and rugged in appearance and of a dark brown colour.
In the forms of spicula of the dermis and the skeleton
the two species correspond to a very considerable
extent, and they also agree in their respective modes of
disposition in all parts of the sponges, but they differ
greatly in their proportions. Thus, although of nearly
the same form, those of the skeleton of 2. lingua are
#; inch in length and 7}; inch in diameter, while
those of R. fallacioswm are only 9; inch in length and
zsop inch in diameter; and the same inequality of
size obtains in the retentive spicula of the rosette-like

RAPHIODESMA. 165

groups of the dermis. Those of &. lingua measuring
333 inch in length, while those of the similar groups
in R. fallacioswum were only stg inch in length. A
striking differential character also exists in the biha-
mate, retentive spicula of the two species. In R. lingua
these organs are exceedingly numerous but very minute
in the dermal membrane, while the same forms and
size are entirely absent in the dermis of RB. fallacioswm,
and in the latter species, in lieu of these minute biha-
mate organs, there are a few comparatively large and
strong bihamate spicula sparsely distributed on the
membrane. The modes of structure and distribution
of the dermal fasciculi are the same in both species,
and the same observation holds good regarding the
structure and congregation of the inequi-anchorate
spicula of the rosette-like groups of the dermis; they
are not composed exclusively of dentato-inequi-ancho-
rate forms; a few of the bidentates are intermixed
with them. The number of spicula in one of these
groups is too numerous to be counted, and they are
so small as to require a power of about 300 linear to
render them distinct to the eye. With these closely
resembling points of structure in the two species a
close and critical examination and comparison of the
two species is essentially necessary for a correct discri-
mination of the two species, but the presence or absence
of the numerous minute bihamate spicula of the dermis
of R. lingua represented in Plate LXXVII, fig. 6,
vol. iii of this work, will, when a portion of the dermal
membrane of the specimen in course of examination
is mounted in Canada balsam, usually lead the observer
to acorrect conclusion. The differences n the general
aspect of the two species may also assist in their dis-

166 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

crimination, but these are characters upon which very
little dependence can be placed.”

6. RAPHIODESMA INTERMEDIUM, Bow., n. sp., Iv, Pl. XVII,
figs. 1—6.

‘Sponge incrusting roots of fuci, &c.; surface un-
even but smooth. Osculasimple, minute. Pores incon-
spicuous. Dermal membrane spiculo-reticulated, rete
irregular, variable in the number of its spicula ; spicula
acuate, rather long and stout, same as those of the
skeleton ; retentive spicula bihamate, simple and
contort, large and numerous, and bidentate inequi-
anchorate, minute, and few in number. Skeleton
—fasciculi numerous, irregularly disposed, variable in
the number of their component spicula, bases and
apices of their spicula coincident; spicula acuate,
rather long and stout; tension spicula acuate, long,
and slender; retentive spicula same as those of the
dermis, but less numerous.

*“ Colour.—Alive, scarlet; dried, light ochreous
yellow.

“* Habitat.—Roundstone Bay, Ireland, on roots of
Laminaria ; Rev. A. M. Norman.

“* Heamined.—From spirit.

‘“*T received from my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman
two small portions of the root-like base of a Laminaria
covered by a thin incrustation of sponge, the colour of
which when alive is stated to have been ‘ scarlet,’
but when dried was of a light ochreous colour. I
could not detect the oscula by the aid of a lens of two
inches’ focus, though they became visible as small simple

RAPALODESMA. 167

orifices in the portions of the sponge mounted in
Canada balsam; nor could I under any circumstances
detect the pores. When thus mounted for examina-
tion the dermal membrane exhibited excellent specific
characters. Its reticulated structure was exceedingly
well developed. The rete is variable in the number of
its component spicula and the areas very variable in
form, no two of them appearing tobe of the same
shape. There were no slender acuate tension spicula
in the areas, but the bihamate, retentive spicula were
rather abundantly but unequally dispersed, and occa-
sionally, but rather rarely, the bidentate, inequi-
anchorate, retentive spicula were apparent, but I did
not observe in any case two of them together indi-
cating a disposition to congregation into rosette-
shaped groups. The component spicula of the rete
are purely acuate, and are of the same size and form
as those of the skeleton fasciculi. The arrangement
of the skeleton fasciculi has rather a confused aspect,
the bundles varying to a very considerable extent in
the number of their component spicula, and crossing
each other in every possible direction, and they also
vary to some slight extent in length, but in all of them
the bases and apices of their spicula are coincident.
The confused appearance of the skeleton structure
is increased to a considerable extent by the abundance
of the long slender tension spicula which are dispersed
in all parts of it. The retentive spicula are rather
sparingly distributed amid the skeleton structures.

«‘ There are only two species of British Raphiodesma
that might possibly be confounded. with the one in
course of description—JZ. simplicissimun and R. sor-
didum. In the former species the spicula very closely

168 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

resemble both in size and form those of BR. intermedium,
but R. simplicissimum is entirely destitute of bihamate,
retentive spicula, and in the dermis. the spicula are
very numerous and are irregularly dispersed, and in
no degree approaching reticulation. The loosely
fasciculated dermal spicula and numerous rosette-
shaped groups of retentive, mequi-anchorate spicula in
the dermis of FR. sordidum readily separate it from
R. intermedium. In truth the sponge in course of
description is really an intermediate species between
LR. simplicissimum and R. sordidum.

“It is quite possible, though not very probable, from
the rarity of the inequi-anchorate spicula in FR. inter-
medium that hereafter a few rosette-shaped groups may
be found in well-developed specimens of the species ;
as we find in &. sordidwm they do not occur equally in
all parts of the dermal membrane, and in some por-
tions of it they are entirely absent.”

Genus 24.—Sponertia, Linn., 1, 199; 1, 10.

I. Sponaitra Fuuviatitis (Pallas), 11, 339; 1, Pl. IX,
figs. 217, 218; Pl. XXII, figs. 517—519; mm,
Pl. LIX.

1867 Ephydatia fluviatilis, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 550.

2. Sroncitta Parrirti, Carter, 11, 298, Pl. LXXXVI,
figs. 5—12.
1868 Spongilla Mayeni, var. Pavfitti, Parfitt. Sponges of

Devonshire, Trans, Devon. Assoc. Liter. Sci. and Art,
p. 17 (separate copy).

SPONGILLA. 169

On the 7th of February, 1874, I received by post
from Dr. Battersby five small sponges which he had
procured from the Lake of Killarney. Of these three
were young Spongilla lacustris, and two were very
small and young specimens of Spongilla Parfitti. The
largest was a thin, nearly circular patch, not quite
five lines in diameter. The smallest was a similar
patch, but not more than two lines in diameter. In
both the incipiently spinous skeleton spicula were
abundantly present. This is the second habitat:
known of this sponge, and from two out of the five
specimens sent being of that species we may expect
hereafter to find it not uncommon in the Lake of
Killarney.

“On the 30th of April, 1875, I received some frag-
ments of Spongilla Parfitti from Dr. Battersby from
Caragh Lake,* Ireland. Gemmules, or rather ovaria,
in different states of development, were numerous in
them.”

3. SPONGILLA SCEPTRIFERA, Bow. sll, 300, Pl. LXXXVI,,
figs. 15—17.

4, SPONGILLA LacustTRIs (Don.), 1, 842; 1, Pl. IV, fig.
90; Pl. IX, fig..203; Pl. XXII, fig. 320; 11,
Pl. LX.

Habitat.—I found this sponge in 1875 in the neigh-

* Lough Caragh, Co. Kerry, is famous in the eyes of naturalists as.
the habitat of the remarkable slug Geomalacus maculatus, Allman,
which lives rather high up upon the rocks of the mountain over-
hanging the lake. Ihad the pleasure of procuring it there in 1870.
It is not rare in this its only known locality (N.).

170 BRITISH SPONGIADE.

bourhood of Roundstone, Connemara, in a small pool
not far from Lough Cregduff, the locality of that highly
interesting plant Naias flewilis (Rostk.) (N.).

“In August, 1876, I received from my friend Dr.
Battersby some specimens of Spongilla lacustris from
Caragh Lake, which are remarkable on account of
the extreme variety of form that they exhibit. One
specimen was three inches in height, composed of
seven slender branches of various length, none of them
exceeding two lines in diameter. There were no indi-
cations of ovaria, but in all anatomical details they
perfectly accorded with the structures of more fully
developed specimens. The difference in their general
aspect is so great as compared with specimens from
the Thames and other well-known localities that a
hasty observer might readily be led to believe them
to be a new species.”

Suporper [V, 1, 200; 1, 10.
Genus 25.—Desmacipon, Bow., 1, 200; 11, 10.

1. Drsmacipon rFruticosus (Montagu), u, 8345; 11,
Pl. LXI.

Habitat.—Fine masses dredged in Fermain Bay,
Guernsey, in 1865 (N.).

2. Desmacipon Jurrreysil, Bow., u, 304, 347; m1, 157,
Pl, LXII.

1866 Isodictya robusta, 11, 304.
1866 Desmacidon Jeffreysii, 11, 347 ; 111, 157, pl, lxii,

DESMACIDON. L171

1867 Gellius robusta, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 538,

1867 Biemma Jeffreysii, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 539.

1868 Oceanapia Jefreysii, Norman. Last Report of Dredging
among the Shetland Isles, Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1868
(1869), p. 334.

It is beyond my comprehension how any one could
place this species and D. fruticosus in the same genus ;
now that the structure of Oceanapia Jeffreysii is known.
Dr. Bowerbank, in referring to my description of
Oceanapia, the genus I established, to receive this
species, quotes a single sentence only of the generic
character, and subsequently states (III, 161), that I
“proposed to make it the type of a new genus under
the designation of Oceanapia from the similarity in
form of the bulbous mass of the sponge to a swede
turnip,” and then goes on to argue against establishing
genera on external form! In justice to myself, and
for the information of the student, I think it well to
quote here the following account of the sponge which
I gave in the ‘ Brit. Assoc. Report,’ 1868; but leave
it to others to adopt or reject my genus as seems best
to them:

* Genus.—Oceranapia,* Norman, n. g.

“Sponge consisting of a hollow sphere filled with
sarcode, surrounded by a hard spongeous crust of a
very close and compact nature. From the opposite
poles of the axis of the spherical or ovate body of the
sponge there spring more or less numerous, simple, or
branched fistule of great size and length; these
fistule are also furnished at their base with prolon-
gations which, passing inwards into the central cavity

* Oceanus, and napus, a turnip.

172 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

of the sponge in the form of cylindrical branching
tubes, are bathed in the great sarcodous mass.
Skeleton spiculo-fibrous, irregularly reticulated ; fibres
polyspiculous, the primary lines (especially of the
fistulz) of great size. Spicula acerate, stout (Bower-
bank, Vol. I, Pl. I, fig. 2), and very minute, in the
form of half a ring, ‘simple bihamate’ (Bowerbank,
Vol. I, Pl. V, fig. 109). Dermal membrane reticulate,
rete for the most part unispiculous, spicula of the
same two kinds as those of the skeleton.

** Oceanapia Jeffreysti (Bow.)==Desmacidon Jeffreysii,
Bow., ‘Brit. Spongiadez,’ Vol. II, p. 347=Isodictya
robusta, id., ib., p. 804.

‘In 1861 I dredged a portion of the spherical
crust of the sponge, from which the fistulae had been
abraded. This having been placed in Dr. Bower-
bank’s hands, was considered by him to belong to the
genus Isodictya, and is described in his work under
the name J. robusta. In subsequent expeditions to
Shetland I obtained many detached fistule, and also
portions of the crust, which convinced me that the
entire sponge, when found, would prove to be some-
thing very different from what had been imagined by
Dr. Bowerbank from the type specimen. In 1864
some of the fistule were forwarded by Mr. Peach to
Dr. Bowerbank, who regarded them as a new species
of Desmacidon (D. Jeffreysit). At length during the
past summer several perfect specimens of the sponge
have been dredged, and it is thus proved to be a
remarkable species, perhaps the most interesting, as
it is also one of the largest of British Porifera.

*‘ In form and size the adult sponge most strikingly
reminds us of a full-grown swede turnip. Imagine

DESMACIDON. 173

such a turnip to be going to seed, and to have sent up
several shoots. Now, break these:shoots off four or
five inches from the bulb, strip off the leaves, as well
as the fibrous portions of the roots, and scoop out all
the interior of the turnip, leaving only the rind, and
you will have a very fair idea of Oceanapia, The rind
represents the spongeous crust; the hollow interior is
a cup filled with sarcode; the broken-off stems are
the cloacee, which are of about the size and shape of a
finger, the smaller specimens having sometimes only
one, but the larger as many as a dozen such cloacal
fistule of various sizes, which are generally simple,
but more rarely branched. The roots of the turnip
represent other fistular appendages of smaller size
than those which spring from the crown, and of more
solid and stringy texture. These appear literally to
take the place of roots, since in one instance they
grasp a pebble with their extremities, and in other
cases show evident signs of having been partially
embedded among sand. My largest specimen con-
tained nearly a pint of sarcode in the interior. This
sarcode is of a deeper colour than is usual among the
sponges, and when the dried Oceanapia is cut open the
sarcode will be found lying on that side which has been
downwards when drying, shrunk into a solid deep brown
or almost black mass, having somewhat the appearance
and consistency of cobbler’s wax.’’*

3. Drsmactpon Peacnu, Bow., 11, 349; 11, Pl. LXIII,
figs. 1—7.
1867 Biemma Peachii, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 538.
* Norman, ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.,’ 1868 (1869), pp. 334—335.

174 BRITISH SPONGIADR.

4, Dusmactpon consrricrus, Bow., mu, 350; m1, Pl.
LXXI, figs. 3—10.

1867 Biemma constricta,Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 538,

“* When I characterised this species it was from the
only specimen that I had then seen of the sponge, a
fragment about two inches high, based on the remains
of a coral, and so completely waterworn that very few of
its specific characters were available for description.
Since the completion of Vol. III of my ‘ Monograph of
British Sponges’ I received, August 20th, 1874, from
the Rev. Mr. Norman a massive sponge of pale brown
colour, which he had dredged in Westport Bay, County
Mayo, Ireland. This, on a microscopical examination,
proved to be Desmacidon constrictus in a fine state of
preservation. The breadth of the specimen was three
inches and a half, the thickness at the summit one inch
and a quarter, and it tapered gradually downwards to
the length of two inches and a quarter, terminating in
a thin blunt basal edge about two inches wide. The
form of this specimen is unlike that of the type, but
the perfect state of preservation of all its structures
enables me to give a more complete idea of its specific
characters than that afforded by the first description.

“The surface in the dried state is slightly rugose,
and sections in Canada balsam beneath a power of
eighty linear exhibit minute groups, each consisting
of four or five spicula, projecting through the dermal
membrane so as to cause it to appear minutely hispid.
The dermal membrane is abundantly furnished with
tension spicula, thickly felted on all parts of its
surface; they are of the same shape and length as
those of the skeleton fibres, but not above half their

DESMACIDON. 175

diameter ; and the basal constriction, so characteristic
of the skeleton spicula, is also present, but not so
strikingly marked as in the larger ones of the
skeleton fibres. The simple and contort bihamate
retentive spicula are dispersed abundantly among the
tension ones, and among them there are sparingly
dispersed very minute inequi-bidentate anchorates,
and a few inequi-dentato-palmates. The lengths of
the latter two forms average the zygth inch, while
the length of the bihamates varied from qggth inch
to ggeth inch; and a very few minute and slender
tricurvate, acerate tension spicula were dispersed among
them.

** The oscula are small, simple, round or oval orifices
dispersed on the surface of the sponge, and are not
readily detected without the aid of a lens of two inches
focus.

“In a specimen of the dermal membrane mounted
in Canada balsam a few pores in an open condition
were seen.

‘*‘ The interstitial membranes were abundantly spicu-
lous, but not to such an extent as the dermal, and
the mode of disposition of the tension spicula was
somewhat different, as in many parts they were more
or less fasciculated, the fasciculi being disposed at
about right angles to the longitudinal fibres, between
which they were situated. These membranes were
furnished with the same descriptions of retentive
spicula as those of the dermal membrane.

“‘ The additional information obtained from the ex-
amination of the structures of the specimen described
above, enables me to render the description of its
specific characters much more complete, and I pro-

176 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

pose the following series of characters to replace
those in Vol. II, p. 350, ‘Monograph of the British
Spongiade.’

** Sponge massive, sessile. Surface slightly uneven,
minutely hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores
dispersed. Dermal membrane abundantly spiculous ;
tension spicula sub-fusiformi acuate, more or less
constricted near the basal end, long and slender, very
numerous, irregular, felted together; and tricurvate
acerate, small and very slender, few in number;
retentive spicula simple and contort bihamate, rather
small, very numerous; and bidentate inequi-anchorate
and dentato-palmato inequi-anchorate, very minute
and few in number. Skeleton—rete open; fibre
stout and compact; spicula subfusiformi-acuate, more
or less constricted near the base, long and large. In-
terstitial membranes abundantly spiculous; tension
spicula same size and form as those of the dermal
membrane, dispersed or subfasciculated; retentive
spicula same as those of the dermis.

** Colowr.—In the live state pale brown.

‘* Habitat.—Shetland, Mr. C. W. Peach; Westport
Bay, Co. Mayo, Rev. A. M. Norman.

*“* Hzamined.—In the dried state.”

5. Drsmacrpon incoenitus, Bow., 111, 292, Pl. LXXXV,
figs. 14—16.

6. DESMACIDON PANNoSUS, Bow., 111, 812, Pl. LXXXIX,
figs. 1, 2.

“‘When I described and figured this sponge it was

DESMACIDON. 177

from a small specimen an inch in height and about
three-fourths of an inch in breadth. Since then I
have received a much better developed specimen for
examination from my friend Mr. T. Higgin, of Huyton,
near Liverpool, who obtained it at Guernsey. This
specimen is irregularly ramified in nearly the same
plane. It is four inches and a quarter in height from
its present base, its natural attachment not being
present. The basal portion of the stem does not
exceed in height that of the type specimen; imme-
diately above its base it divides into three branches,
each of which is about the same diameter as at the
basal portion; two of the branches are short, but
the third is two inches and a half in height, and it
terminates by dividing into several branchlets, thus
attaining a total height of four inches and a quarter.
All the larger branches are fistulous, the central
cavities being large, and the parieties comparatively
thin; and one short branch near the base has an open
termination.

“This specimen agrees very closely with the type
in all its structural characters, but the more fully
developed state of its growth requires an emendation
of the specific characters derived from its external
form, and I therefore propose the following to replace
the one in Vol. IIT, p. 312:

“Sponge. Branching irregularly; branches fistu-
lous, parieties thin. Surface rough, ragged, and
open. Oscula unknown. Pores dispersed. Dermal
membrane rather sparingly spiculous; spicula acuate,
slender, same length as those of the skeleton.
Skeleton-rete very open, fibre compact but rather
slender; spicula acuate, short and stout. Interstitial

VOL. IV. 12

178 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

membranes rather sparingly spiculous, spicula same as
those of the dermal membrane.

* Qolour.—In the dried state light brown.

“‘ Habitat.—Jersey, Rev. A. M. Norman; Guernsey,
T. Higgin, Esq.

** Hzamined.—In the dried state.

“Mr. Higgin has informed me that he has deposited
this interesting specimen in the Liverpool Museum,
where it will be accessible to every student who may be
desirous of seeing it.”

7. DESMACIDON copiosus, Bow., mI, 265, 357, PI.
LXXXII, figs. 2—8.
1869 Desmacidon copiosus, Bow. In ‘Notes on afew Hebri-
dean Sponges, &c.,’? Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, iii, p, 299.
“‘ Among some fresh specimens of British sponges
recently received from my friend, the Rev. A. M. Nor-
man, were the two valves of a Pecten varius, one of
which was entirely covered, and the other very nearly
so, by this sponge, which did not exceed half an inch
in thickness at any part of it. Under these circum-
stances the external characters were very different
from those of the two specimens previously described,
their surfaces being smooth and even, but having the
thin, white, leather-like aspect of the earlier speci-
mens. Anatomically, the structures were in perfect
accordance with the type specimen. This sponge
was dredged by Mr. Norman in Roundstone Bay,
Ireland.”

DESMACIDON. 179

8. DESMACIDON CAVERNULA, Bow., 11, 268, Pl. LX XXII,
figs. 9—12.,

9. DesMactpon RoTaLis, Bow., 111, 327, Pl. XC, figs.
8—14.

‘“‘Mr. J. G. Waller found a specimen of this rare
Species on a root of Laminaria at Anstey Cove,
Torquay.”

10. Drsmacipon srminaris, Bow., 111, 319, Pl. LXXXIX,
figs. 14—20.

“‘T received a small specimen of this sponge from
the Rey. A. M. Norman; it was not more than about
half an inch in length, but the fragment was in a good
state of preservation. It was labelled ‘ Scarlet, West-
port, tidemark.’ A second specimen, also from West-
port, but dredged in five fathoms, differs considerably
from the type represented in Vol. III, Pl. LXXXIX,
fig. 14, inasmuch as it is not parasitical. It is a
rudely cup-shaped mass, two inches in height, with a
very short pedicle, and is so unlike the forms of the
specimens previously described as to be very likely to
mislead the student who trusts in any degree to form
as a discriminating character. It has been too well
washed to retain all its specific anatomical characters
as perfectly as those of the type specimen, but
sufficient remain to place its identification beyond a
doubt.”

180 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

11. Desmactpun maacropaitus (Scouler, MS.), 11, 352,
1, Pl. XIII, fig. 264; 111, Pl. LXIII, figs. 8—14 ;
Pl. UXXXIII, fig. 23.

1867 Mgagrophila varians, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 533.
1870 Esperia egagrophila, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant., p. 77

“* Among the sponges sent to me for examination by
the Rev. A. M. Norman there was a specimen of Des-
macidon cegagropilus labelled ‘ Tidemarks, Birterbuy
Bay.’ It was of an irregular form, two and a half
inches long by two inches at the greatest width, but it
did not exceed half an inch at its greatest thickness.
It was of a dull cream-yellow colour, and its upper
surface was abundantly corrugated or minutely papil-
lated, and the general aspect was that of a very
characteristic specimen of the species. On taking
sections at right angles to the surface from the
thickest end of the sponge, and a portion from the
dermal surface, and mounting them as usual in Canada
balsam, and examining them with a power of 200
linear, they presented a most anomalous appearance.
In addition to the usual strong spiculo-fibrous skeleton
of the Desmacidon, there were several detached fasciculi
of skeleton spicula, and a considerable number of
rosette-shaped groups of inequi-palmato anchorate
retentive spicula; and I at once saw that I had before
me the elements of two very distinct genera of species,
Desmacidon cegagropilus and Raphiodesma lingua inter-
mixed and so incorporated as to completely simulate a.
single individual of a most extraordinary structure.
I carefully examined the sponge with a lens of two
inches focus, but I could not discriminate the two
discrepant tissues ; but on taking sections and a portion

DESMACIDON. 181

of the dermis from the opposite end of the sponge and
examining them, as I had the first specimens mounted,
the mystery was at once solved; the characteristic
tissues of Raphiodesma were entirely absent, and the
sections under examination exhibited all the characters
of a pure and simple specimen of Desmacidon egagro-
pilus ; and I became assured that the intermixture of
tissues was partial, and existed only at one portion of
the specimen. A thin section from the basal portion
of the sponge afforded precisely the same evidence as
the sections last described.

‘“* The occurrence of the intermixture of these two
species, from the close similarity of portions of the
component parts of their respective bodies, is exceed-
ingly interesting and instructive. The skeleton of the
two species are both fusiformi-acuate, and the bihamate
retentive spicula of each are exactly alike in form and
in their abundance on the membranous tissues of each,
so that it required no small share of experience of
sponges to detect this remarkable mixture of structure.

“The beautiful rosette-shaped groups of the charac-
teristic spicula of Raphiodesma lingua afforded an
excellent clue to the solution of the mystery, and the
contrast between the structures of the dermal membranes
was also very decisive ; while the dermal spicula of D.
egagroptlus are slender and irregularly dispersed, those
of BR. lingua are stout and fasciculated, forming an
irregular network. I ultimately succeeded in detaching
a very characteristic fragment from the surface with
a few of the fasciculi of the skeleton of R. lingua
beneath it, without any portion of the structures of
the Desmacidon. From all these appearances it is
evident that the Raphiodesma lingua was in a very

182 BRITISH SPONGIADA,

early stage of its development, in truth, a mere pellicle
of the structures.

*« The occurrence of this singular mixture of species
affords a valuable. lesson to students of the Spongiade,
as the occurrence of one species in a very young con-
dition in small patches upon, or nearly enveloping,
another is by no means an unusual occurrence among
both British and Foreign species.

** T received another specimen of Raphiodesma lingua,
dredged at Westport Bay in four fathoms by the Rev.
Mr. Norman, which varied greatly from the usual and
normal form of the sponge so as to render it very
difficult of recognition by its external characters. It
completely coated the gibbous valve of a Pecten oper-
cularis for about a quarter of.an inch in thickness, and
the surface of the sponge was very much more rugged
than is usual in this species.”

12. Dzsmacipon coLumetta, Bow., mm, 248, PI.
LXXVIII, figs. 6—8.

Genus 26.—Raruyrvs, Bow, 1, 201; u, 10.

Rapuyrus Grirrirasi, Bow., 11, 854, 1, Pl. XIII, fig.
265; 11, Pl. LXIV.

1862 Papiilina suberea, Schmidt. Spong. Adriat., p. 69.
1868 Raphyrus Grifithsii, Parfitt. Sponges of Devonshire
(Trans. Devon, Assoc. Lit, Soc. and Art), p. 9 (separate

copy).
1870 Papillina suberea, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant., p. 77.

Very fine masses of this interesting sponge are

SPONGIONELLA. 183

abundant, covering, and often entirely concealing, dead
shells of Pecten maximus in Birterbuy Bay, Ireland.
The sponge when living is of a lemon-yellow colour.

It has been recorded by Schmidt from the Mediter-
ranean and from Florida.

Susorper V, 1, 201; u, 11.

Genus 27.—Drptopemia, Bow., 1, 201; u, 11.

DIPLODEMIA VESICULA, 11, 857; 1, Pl. XIV, fig. 273; Pl.
XXIII, fig. 324; Pl. XXXVI, fig.377; 11, Pl.
LXX, figs. 12—14.

Orper III, Keratosa, 1, 205; 1, 12.

Suporper I, 1, 205; 1, 12.

Genus 28.—Sponcionenia, Bow., 1, 206; m1, 12.

SPONGIONELLA PULCHELLA (Sowerby), u, 359; 1, PI.
XXXVII, fig. 8380; m1, Pl. LXV, figs. 5—8.

1861 Spongia pulchella, Bow. List. Brit. Mar. Invert. Fauna
(Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.

1862 Cacospongia sealaris, Schmidt. Spong. Adriat. Meeres,
p. 27, pl. iii, fig. 4.

1870 Cacospongia pulchella, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.
p. 76.

* Among the sponges I received for examination
from the Rev. A. M. Norman, was a small specimen of

184 BRITISH SPONGIADS.

S. pulchella, dredged off the Durham coast in thirty-
five fathoms of water. It is nine lines in height, and
closely resembles in form the specimen of the same
species represented by figure 6, Pl. LXV, vol. III,
‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade,’ excepting only that it has
the natural base, two lines in diameter, attached to a
small fragment of a shell. This specimen is in a fine
state of preservation, and is remarkable from its having
an abundance of gemmules or ovaries attached to
the inner surface of the dermal membrane, and to the
fibres and membranes in the interior of the sponge.
A few of these bodies are somewhat oval, but by far
the greater number are spherical. As it is usually the
case under such circumstances they vary greatly in
their size. I measured several of them; the smallest
was 7$oth inch in diameter and the largest 75th inch,

and specimens of every gradation in size between the
two extremes were very numerous ; and all of them were
black and perfectly opaque; but in the remains of some
of them that had apparently discharged their contents
there were indications of their having contained numer-
ous minute spherical molecules, such as we occasionally
find in similar organs in other members of the Spon-
giade. One of these in a fine state of preservation
measured g7spth inch in diameter. These gemmules
or ovaries were attached indifferently to the membranes
or fibres of the interior of the sponge, and from the
section mounted in Canada balsam they appeared to
be very numerous, and to be distributed through all
parts of the sponge. It is the only case in which I
have observed the reproductive organs in the genus
Spongionella, but in a specimen of a keratose sponge
from Australia, described by me in the ‘ Annals and

CHALINA. 185

Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. vii, 1841, pp. 129
—132, I have described very similar reproductive
organs.”

Susorper III, 1, 208; n, 18.

Genus 29.—Cuatina, Grant, 1, 208; 1, 13.

1. Cuatina ocuzata (Pallas), 1, 861; 1, Pl. XIII, fig.
262; m1, Pl. LXVI.

1870 Chalinula oculata, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 77.

2. Canina ceRvicornis (Pallas), u, 864; wt, PI.
LXVII, figs. 1—3.

1870 Chalina cervicornis, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 77.

3. Cuatina Montacut (Fleming), 11, 366; 1, Pl. XIII,
fig. 263; 11, Pl. LXVIII, figs. 3—5.
1861 Haliclona Montagui, Bow. List. Brit. Marine Invert.
(Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.

1861 Haliclona Columba, Bow. L.c., p. 71.
1870 Chalina Montagui, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 77.

4, Cuattna Freminei, Bow., u, 870; ut, 357, Pl.
LXVIII, figs. 1 and 2.

1870 Siphonochalina (P) Flemingii, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant.
Geb., p. 77.

186 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

5. CHALINA GRacILENTA, Bow., 1, 872; m1, Pl. LXVII,
figs. 4—6.
1861 Haliclona gracilenta, Bow. List. Brit. Marine Invert.

(Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.
1870 Chalina (?) gracilenta, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,

p. 77.

“T received the largest specimen that I have seen of
this sponge, among others, from the Rev. A. M.
Norman, who stated that he received it from Mr. D.
Robertson, who found it under stones at Isle of Cum-
brae. It was an inch and three quarters long, nearly
an inch in width, and an eighth of an inch in thickness ;
it had thirteen oscula at nearly equal distances from
each other, and in its general aspect might have been
very readily mistaken for a young specimen of Ophlita-
spongia seriata when examined in the dried state.”

6, CHatina LimMBATA (Montagu), u, 373; m1, Pl.
LXVII, figs. 7—13.

1861 Spongia limbata, Bow. List. Brit. Marine Invert. (Brit.

Assoc.), p. 71.
1870 Chalinula limbata, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 77.

7. Cuatina Granti, Bow., u, 375; ui, Pl. LXVIII,
figs. 6 and 7.

1870 Chalina Grantii, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 77.

8. Onatina INoRNATA, Bow., 111, 277, 358, Pl. LX XXIII,
figs. 12—16.

OPHLITASPONGIA. 187

Genus 30.—Opuuirasponaia, Bow., 1, 14.

1. OPHLITASPONGIA PAPILLA, Bow., 11,378; m1, Pl. LXX,
figs. 1—4,
1867 Ophistospongia papilla, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867,
p. 515 (misprint).
1870 Clathria (P) papilla, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 77.
“TI received a fine specimen of this rare species of
sponge for examination from the Rev. A. M. Norman.
It was found at tidemark, Westport Bay; it was two
and a half inches long by one inch and a half wide, and
had sixteen papille. The basal mass did not exceed a
quarter of an inch in thickness, and it had evidently
been adherent to a rock or slab of stone.”

2. OPHLITASPONGIA SERIATA (Grant), 11, 3876; 1, Pl.
XVII, fig. 287 (as Chalina seriata); 111, 167,
Pl. LXV, figs. 1—4 (as Ophlitaspongia seriata).
1861 Haliclona seriata, Bow. List. Brit. Marine Invert.
(Brit. Assoc.), p. 71.
1867 Seriatula seriata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 515.

This sponge is found in abundance coating shells,
especially those of Pecten varius, while still alive in a
few fathoms of water just inside the lighthouse at the
entrance of Westport Bay, Co. Mayo. The sponge
grows much more luxuriantly in this locality than I
have met with it elsewhere, being thicker and more mas-
sive, and the oscula of much larger size than usual.
On two young sponges from this same locality, Dr.
Bowerbank has left the following note :—‘* Among the
specimens sent to me for examination by the Rev. A.

188 BRITISH SPONGIADZ.

M. Norman, were two small specimens of Pecten varius.
One valve of each being nearly covered by a layer of
sponge not exceeding half a line in thickness. On
mounting a small portion of each in Canada balsam,
I found them to be very young specimens of 0. seriata,
but in only a partially developed condition. The usual
oscula were not apparent, and the defensive spicula
based on the skeleton fibres were few in number and
slender in their proportions. All the spicula charac-
teristic of the species were present, but only sparingly
80.

** These specimens are very instructive, as without a
careful microscopical examination their species certainly
never would have been suspected.”

Suporper IV, 1, 209; 11, 15.

‘Genus 31.—VeEronciIA, Bow., 1, 209; 11, 15.
Veroneia ZETLANDICA, Bow., 1, 380; 11, 177, Pl.
LXX, figs. 9—14.

1870 Cacospongia Zetlandica, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb.,
p. 77.

Susorper VII, 1, 211; 1m, 16.

Genus, 82.—DysipEa, Johnston, 11, 16.

1. Dystpza Frraciuis (Montagu), 1, 881; 1, Pl. XIV,
figs. 270—272; 11, Pl. LXIX.
1870 Spongelia fragilis, Schmidt. Spong. Atlant. Geb., p. 77.

1876 Dysidea fragilis (in 312 fathoms), Carter. Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 232.

DYSIDEBA. . 189

“ Dysidea fragilis. I received a specimen of this
sponge from the Rev. A. M. Norman, presenting a very
unusual aspect. It was a very thin stratum of irregu-
larly reticulated tissue, which, from the small shells and
other extraneous bodies adherent to the lower surface,
had evidently occupied a recumbent surface. Its
internal structure was also very singular. A few of
the larger fibres were well filled with sand, while by
far the greater number were entirely destitute of that.
material. A similar paucity of sand may be frequently
observed in specimens from Brighton.”

Mr. Hyatt, in his ‘ Revision of the North American
Porifere,” pt. ii, 1877, has recorded what he believes
to be this Sponge from Zanzibar and also from
Biscayne Bay, Florida; but his description and
photographic figures are not sufficient to enable us to
determine with certainty whether his Dysidea fragilis
is really our species or not; fig 17 does not so much
remind us of the facies of British specimens as does
the washed example represented in his fig. 18.

Marshall* has published a valuable paper on the
Sponges belonging to this family, but the British
species had not fallen under his observation. This
paper must, however, necessarily be referred to by

any one studying this genus.

2. Dysrpra cortacea, Bow., 111, 8341, Pl. XCI, fig. 20.

‘A specimen was dredged by the Rev. A. M. Nor-
man in from five to six fathoms in Westport Bay, Co.
Mayo, Ireland. The sponge is two inches and a half

* “Untersuchungen iiber Dysideiden und Phoriospongien,” ‘ Zeit.
Wiss. Zool.,’ xxxv, 1880, p. 88.

190 BRITISH SPONGIADA.

in height, the same in breadth, and one inch and a half
in greatest thickness. It is thin at the base and in-
creases in thickness upwards. Numerous oscula occur
at and near the distal termination of the sponge, they
exceed twenty in number. The greater number were
funnel-shaped orifices, the bottom of some being open
while others were closed bya membrane. The general
surface characters of the coriaceous texture were in
perfect accordance with those of the type specimen.”

CATALOGUE

OF

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Dr. Bowersank’s volumes contain scarcely any
references to the writings of others. It has appeared
to the Editor, therefore, very desirable to furnish the
student with a list of the works and papers which
have been written on the subject. He has therefore
drawn up with great care the catalogue which follows.
It will be found, he trusts, tolerably complete. If,
however, omissions—and there must necessarily be
such—are found he would plead as extenuating cir-
cumstances: first, that it is the first catalogue of the
kind which has been attempted; secondly, that it has
been prepared in the country, where he has had to
depend almost entirely on his own private library.

No doubt there are many other papers scattered
among the very numerous natural-history periodicals
of Europe and America, and also among the Transac-
tions of their scientific societies, which have escaped his
notice. He has purposely only referred to a few out
of the many general text-books on Zoology in which
reference to the structure and organisation of the

192 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Sponges may befound. The earliest writers quoted are
those upon whose figures and description Linnean and
Lamarckian species have been founded, and whose
writings, therefore, may be considered as entering into
the scientific bibliography of the class.

Works and papers on fossil sponges are excluded,
except in a few cases where they contain references to
arrangement and recent species.

The names of authors are arranged chronologically,
but when an author’s name is once introduced all that
he is known to have subsequently written is given
after the name.

REFERENCE LIST TO AUTHORS IN THE FOLLOWING

CATALOGUE.
PAGE

Austin . 4 . . 203) Eckhel
Balfour . . - 223) Ehlers .
Balsamo- Crivelli . . 210 | Ehrenberg
Barrois . : i . 219) Eimer .
Bell F F F . 199) Ellis
Bellamy . ‘ : . 201 | Ellis and Solander
Beltremieux 2 ‘ . 211 | Esper
Beneaume 5 . . 195 | Fabricius
Bertoloni ‘ ‘ - 223 | Fischer . .
Bianconi . : Fi . 201 | Fleming (J.)
Blainville z : - 200] Fleming (W.)
Bocage . . ‘ . 212 | Forel
Bose : ey ok . 199] Fullager . :
Bowerbank , 2 . 20L) Funck . A
Brandt . 3 F . 209] Ganin
Brotherus ; é . 222 | Gervais 4
Carter. i i . 204] Gosse . .
Cavolini . 4 r . 196] Grant.
Chiaje . & ‘ . 199 | Gray (J. E.) F
Chimmo . : : . 2231 Gray (S. F.) :
Clark =. 5 ; . 211] Greene
Claus F 2 . . 212) Grimm .
Costa : . . 208 | Grube
Coues and mantow : - 221 | Gunnerus
Couch . ‘ 4 . 203 | Hadlow .
Czerniavsky . . . 221 | Hackel . Z
Dawson . “ : . 222 | Hancock . 5
Desor . : é . 208 | Hardwicke
Deszo_ : : . 222 | Harting . F
Dobie . . A . 208 | Herklots and Marshall
Donati. . : . 195 | Higgin
Duchaissaing . . 211 | Hogg
Duchaissiang and Michilotti . 211 | Huxley . .
Dujardin - . . 201 | Hyatt .
Duncan . ‘ ‘ . 222 | Imperato
Dutrochet : ‘ . 200 | Jameson ;
Duvernoy ‘ : . 201 | Johnston é
Dybowski a‘ é . 220 | Keller . -

VOL. IV.

13

PAGE

. 216
. 216
. 203
- 216
. 195
- 196
196
196
213
199

- 216
- 218
219

. 216
- 221
- 200
208
199
197
197

. 223
. 219
. 216
. 196
. 217
. 211
- 208
- 199
- 211
213
217

- 201
« 208
. 220
- 195
- 196
+ 200
. 217

194

- Kent 7
Koerte .
Kélliker .
Kruckenberg
Lamarck .
Lamouroux
Lankester
Laurent .
Lecoq .
Leidy .
Lereboullet
Lichtenstein
Lieberkiihn
Linneus .
Lorenz
Lovén .
Ludvig .
Liitken .
McIntosh
Marenzuller
Marshall .
Marsilli (de)
Martens .
Mayen
Mayer .
Metschnikoff
Mereschkowsky
Michelin .

Micklucho-Maclay

Milne Edwards
Mobius .
Montagu
Moore ,
Moulins .
Miller
Murie .
Nardo .
Norman .
Nozeman
Olivi r
Owen .
Pagenstevher
Pallas.
Parfitt .
Payer .

.

BRITISH SPONGIADA.

PAGE
- 214
+ 208
. 210
. 222
. 196
. 197
. 217
- 200
. 209
. 208
. 201
. 196
- 209
. 195
« 210
» 213
. 197
+ 218
. 217
« 222
- 218
. 195
» 218
- 201
« 208
. 217
. 221
- 208
. 213
« 228
. 216
- 196
« 214
« 216
- 196
« 220
« 200
. 214
+ 223
. 196
« 203
+ 216
- 195
. 212
. 219

Plancus . .
Pontoppidan .
Potts F "
Quoy and Gaimar
Raspail . .
Ridley . .
Risso . é
Rumph . .
Sars ‘ .
Savigny
Schuffner
Schmidt . 4
Schultze .
Schulze . e
Schuffner
Schweigger
Scréter . .
Seba . F
Selenka . Fi
Semper . .
Sloane ‘
Smith and Harger
Sollas . ,
Sorby

Sowerby . .

Steward (C.),1 .
Steward (C.),2 .

Strange . ‘
Strickland .
Stutchbury
Thomson é
Thompson .
Tilesius . A
Turgot . .
Turpin .
Turton . ‘
Vahl . a
Vaillant . 3
Valenciennes .
Verrill . :
Vosmaer . ‘
Waller. °
Wright

Zittel =. ;

CATALOGUE.

Imperato (F.). Dell’ Historia Naturale, fol., Napoli, 1599.

Rumpx (G. E.). D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, fol., Amsterdam,
1705.

Stoane (H.). Voyage and Natural History of Jamaica, 2 vols.,
fol., London, 1707.

BENEAUME (—). Spongia fluviatilis, fragilis et piscem olens, Mém.
Acad. Se. Paris, 1714, p. 231.

Manrsritt (Comte de). Histoire Physique de la Mer., fol.,
Amsterdam, 1725.

Szpa (A.). Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri accurata
descriptio, 4 vols., fol., Amsterdam, 1734-65.

Puancus (J.). Ariminensis, de Conchis minus notis liber, 4to.,
Venetiis, 1739.

Dowatr (V.). Della Storia Naturale Marina dell’ Adriatico,
Venezia, 1750.

Ponropripan (E.). Natural History of Norway, fol., London,
1755.

Exxis (John). Essay towards a Natural History of the Corallines

and other marine productions of a like kind commonly found

on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, 1755, p. 78.

On the nature and formation of Sponges, Phil. Trans.,

vol. 55, 1765, p. 280.

Toreot (HK. F.). Mémoire instructif, * * diverses curiosités
d’Histoire Naturelle, 8vo., Paris et Lyons, 1758.

Patias (P.8.). Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 375.

Reise durch verschiedene - Provinzen des Russichen Reichs,
Theil III, 1776, pp. 100, 101, and (Anhang) p. 710, No. 58
(Spongia Baicalensis).

—— Characteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 221 (Spongia fluvia-
tilis), and pp. 235, 236 (Sp. Baicalensis).

Linnzus. Systema Natura, edit. xii, 1767.

196 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Srranee (John). An Account of some very perfect and un-
common specimens of Spongie from the Coast of Italy, Philos.
Trans., vol. 1x, 1770, p. 179.

Gounvervs (J. E.). Von verschiedenen Seeschwimmen, Drontheim
Gesellsch. Sshrift, vol. 4, 1776, p. 65.

Mizzrr (0. F.). Zoologie Danice prodromus, Hafniez, 1776.

—— Zoologica Danica, 4 vols., fol., 1777—1806,

Fazricivs (0.). Fauna Greenlandie, 1780.

Cavourni (F.). Memorie per servire alla storia de Polipi Marini,
4to., Napoli, 1785.

Exzis and Sonayper. Natural History of many curious and
uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the
Globe, 4to., 1786. :

Esrrr (E. J. C.). Die Pflanzenthiere, Niirenburg, 4to., 3 vols.,
1788—18380.

Scuroérer (J. §.). Beschreibung einer neuen Spongie des siissen
Wassers, Spongia canaliwm, Der Naturforscher, St. 23, 1788,
p- 149.

Oxrvi (G.). Zoologia Adriatica, 4to., Bassano, 1792.

Vaut (Mart.). Beskrivelse af en ny Sde-svamp., Skrivten Natur-
hist. Selsk., Bd. 2, Heft 2, 1793, p. 51.

LicHTEnsTEIn. Ueber die Badeschwamme, Lichtenberg, Voigt’s
Magaz., ii, St. 2, 1796, pp. 17—19.

Turton (W.). Translation of Linneus’s General System of
Nature, amended and enlarged, 1800-6, 7 vols.

Tiztesius (W. G.). Zwei verschiedene Species (Spongia villosa and
ocellata) in einem Riihrenschwamme vereinigt, Voigt’s Magaz.,
Ba. vi, 1808, pp. 277—288.

Sowerby (J.). British Miscellany, 1804-6 (Pl. LX, Spongia
cancellata ; Pl. XLII, Spongia pulchelia).

Jameson (R.). Catalogue of Animals, of the Class Vermes, found
in the Frith of Forth (Cat. including 7 Sponges), Wernerian
Memoirs, vol. i, 1811, p. 561.

Monraavu (George). An Essay on Sponges, with descriptions of
all the species that have been discovered on the coast of
Great Britain, Wernerian Memoirs, vol. ii, p. 67, 1818 (paper
read 1812).

Lamanox (J. B. P. A.). Sur les Polypiers empatés Eponges, Ann.
du Muséum, tom. xx, 1818, pp. 294—312, 870—880, and 482
—458; Mém. du Muséum, tom. i, 1825, pp. 69, 162 and 331.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 197

Lamarox (J.B. P.A.). Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Ver-

tébres, 1816,

—— deuxitme edition, 1835.

Lamovrovux (J. V. F.). Histoire des Polypiers Coralligénes
flexibles, vulgairement nommés Zoophytes, 1816, Caen, or
(translated) Corallina, 1824, London.

—— Exposition méthodique des genres de l’ordre des Polypiers,
avec les descriptions de celles des principales espéces, 1821,
Paris. ;

Stewart (Charles). Elements of the Natural History of the
Animal Kingdom, 1817, Edinburgh.

Lupvie (C. H. P.) and Une (A. F.). Diss. pharmacol.-med. de
Spongia marina, Lipsie, 4to, 1819.

Scuwetagzr (A. F.). Beobachtungen auf Naturhistorischen
Reisen, 1819.

—— Handbuch der Naturgeschichte der Skeletoser ungegliederten
Thiere, &c., 1820.

Gray (8S. F.). Natural arrangement of British Plants, 1821.

Gray (J. E.). The situation and rank of Sponges in the scale of
Nature, and on their internal structure, Zoological Journal,
vol. i, 1825, pp. 46—52.

— On the chemical composition of Sponges, Annals of Philo-

sophy, new ser., vol. ix, 1825, p. 431, 432.

British Museum Catalogues, List of British Sponges, 1848.

—— On the Genus Hyalonema, Ann. Nat. Hist., vi, 1850, pp. 306,
307.

—— On Aphrocallistes, a new genus of Spongiade from Malacca,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. xxvi, 1858, pp. 114, 115; and
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. ii, 1858, p. 224.

— Description of Aphroceras, a new genus of Calcareous
Spongiade from Hong Kong, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, xxvi,
1858, p. 113; and Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. ii, 1858, p. 83.

—— Description of a new genus of Sponge Xenospongia, from
Torres Straits, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. xxvi, 1858,
pp. 229, 230; and Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. ii, 1858, p. 369.

—— Description of MacAndrewia and Myliusia, two new forms of
Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. v, 1860, p. 495; Zool.

Soe. Proc., vol. xxvii, 1859, pp. 357—361.

—— Notes on the ‘ Glass Rope,’ Hyalonema Sieboldiz, Aun. Nat.

Hist., vol. xviii, 1866, pp. 287 and 485; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond,

198 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

1867, p. 117; Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. i, 1868, p. 292; vol. ii,
1868, p. 264; vol. iii, 1869, p. 192. ‘

Gray (J. E.). On Venus’ Flower-Basket (Euplectella speciosa),
Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xviii, 1866, p. 487.

——-On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiade in the
British Museum, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 127.

—— Notes on the arrangement of Sponges with the description of
some new Genera, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 492.

—— Observations on Sponges and on their arrangement and
nomenclature, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1868, vol. i, p. 161.

—— Letter from, containing a reply to Dr. Bowerbank’s remarks
on his ‘Notes on Sponges,’ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,

p. 532,

Notes on Theonilla, a new genus of Coralloid Sponges from

Formosa, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 565.

—— Notes on Ceratellide, a family of Keratose Sponges, Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 575.

— Notes on Xylospongia Cookii, a new genus of Palmated
Sponges in the Collection of the British Museum, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 637.

—- On Aleyonellum, Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, 1868, p. 890.

— Note on Hyalonema boreale, Lovén, Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. i,
1868, p. 484.

—— Note on Hyalonema Schultzei, Semper, Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. ii,
1868, p. 373.

— On Tetilla euplocamus and Hyalonema boreale, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
vol. ii, 1868, p. 319.

—— Note on Janthella, a new genus of Keratose Sponges, Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 49.

—— Note ona new genus of Sponge from West Australia, Ann.

Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi, 1870, pp. 272 and 346.

Notes on Anchoring Sponges (in a letter to Mr. Moore),

Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi, 1870, p. 309.

Notes on the classification of Sponges, Ann. Nat, Hist.,

ser. 4, vol. ix, 1872, p. 442.

—— On a new netted Sponge (Meyerella) from the Philippines,
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. x, 1872, p. 76.

~—— New genus of Hexradiate and other Sponges discovered in the
Philippine Islands, by Dr. A. B. Meyer, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. x, 1872, p. 184,

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 199

Gray (J. E.). On the Animal of the Glass Rope; on the name
Tethya and its varieties of spelling; Marine Sponges in the
British Museum, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. x, 1872, p. 152.

—— Notes on the siliceous spicules of Sponges, and on their division
into types, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xii, 1878, p. 203.

-—— On two new Free Sponges from Singapore, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. xi, 1873, p. 234.

—— On the arrangement of Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. xiv, 1874, p. 284.

Harpwicxe (T.). Description of a Zoophyte, commonly found
about the coasts of Singapore (Spongia patera), Asiat.
Research, xi, 1822, pp. 180, 181.

Cutasz (S. delle). Memorie sulla storia e anatomia degli animali
senza vertebre del regno di Napoli, 1823-9, Napoli.

Bett (Thomas), Remarks on the animal nature of Sponges,
Zoological Journal, vol. i, 1824, p. 202.

Grant (R. E.). Observations and experiments on the structure
and functions of the Sponge, Edinburgh Phil. Journ., vol. xiii,
1825, pp. 94-107, 343—346; vol. xiv, 1826, pp. 118—124,
336—341.

—v-- Remarks on the structure of some Calcareous Sponges, Edinb.
New Phil. Jour., vol. i, 1826, pp. 166—171.

—— Observations on the structure of some Siliceous Sponges,

Edinb. New Phil. Jour., vol. i, 1826, pp. 341—351; and vol. ii,

pp. 121—141.

Notice of a New Zoophyte (Cliona celata) from the Firth of

Forth, Edinb. New Phil. Jour., vol. i, 1826, p. 78.

—— Structure and Nature of Spongilla friabilis, Edinb. Phil.

Jour., vol. xiv, 1826, pp. 270—284.

Notice of two new species of British Sponges (Spongia
sanguinea and S. cinerea), Edinb. New Phil. Jour., vol. ii,
1827, p. 203.

Risso (A.). Histoire Naturelle des principales productions de
lEurope Meridionale, vol. 5, 1827, Paris.

Bosc (L. A. G.). Histoire Naturelle des Vers, 2nd edit., 1827,
Paris.

Fremine (J.). History of British Animals, Edinburgh, 1828.

Raspait (Fr. V.). Anatomie Microscopique des Spongilles, Mem.
Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Paris, iv, 1828, pp. 204—237 and 246,
pl. xxi; Féruss. Bull., xiii, 1828, p. 170.

200 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Dourrocuet. Observations sur la Spongilla ramosa, Lam. (Ephi-
datia lacustris, Lamoux), Ann. Sci. Nat., tom. xv, 1828,
pp. 205—218.

Narvo (G. D.). Auszug aus einem neuen System der Spongia-
rien, Isis, 1833, p. 517.

— De Spongiis, Isis, 1831, p. 714.

—— Ueber die Spongien und nachst verwandten Thiergattungen,
Oken, Isis, 1833, col. 519—524.

—— Ueber die Spongien und Asterien Oken, Isis, 1834, 714—717.

—— Sopra un nuovo genere di Spugne, le quali perforano le pietre
ed i gusci marini, Ann. Sci. Lomb., Veneto, ix, 1839, pp. 221—
226,

——- Sopra un nuovo genere di Spongiali Silicei intitolato Vioa,
Venezia, 1840.

Quoy and GarmaRp. Voyage d’Astrolobe, Paris, 1833 [contains
description and figure of Alcyoncellum speciosum, p. 802,
pl. xxvi].

Buarnvitte (M. D. de). Manuel d’Actinologie et de Zoophyto-
logie, 1884-7, Paris.

Jounston (G.). On Spongia suberea, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist.,
vol. vii, 1834, pp. 490—492.

—— List of five sponges found on North Durham Coast, Trans.
Newe. Soe., vol. ii, 1838, p. 269.

—— History of British Sponges and Lithophytes, London, 1842.

—— Description of anew British Sponge (Halichondria macularis),
Ann. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1846, p. 475 ; Berwick Nat. Hist. Club,
Trans. ii, 1849, p. 196.

Gervais (P.). Surles Eponges d’eau douce, Compt. rend. Acad.
Sc. Paris, tom. i, 1835, pp. 260—262.

—— Neue Untersuchungen iiber die Spongillen, Fror. Not.
Bd. 47, No. 1016, 1836, pp. 55, 56.

Turpin. Rapport sur une note de M. Fél. Dujardin relative a
Vanimalité des Spongilles, Compt. rend. Acad. Sc. Paris,
tom. vii, 1888, p. 556.

Lavrent (J. L. Maur). Recherches sur la Spongille fluviatile,
Compt. rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, tom. vii, 1888, p. 617—619;
tom. xi, 1840, pp. 478, 479, 6983-—696, and 1048—1051.

—— Nature de la Spongilla fluviatilis, sur les corps reproducteurs
de la Spongille, Paris, Soc. Philom. Proc. Verb., 1840, pp. 69
—71—74.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 201

Laurent (J. L. Maur). Sur les embryons ciliis et libres des

Spongilles, Paris, Soc. Philom. Proc. Verb., 1841, pp. 73, 74.

Zoophytologie (de ‘‘ Voyage de Bonite,” en 1886-7), Nouv.

rech. sur l’Hydre et la Spongille, Paris, 1844, 8vo.

~—— Sar les corps reproducteurs des Eponges (Spongia usitalis-
sima), Soc. Philom. Extr. Proc. Verb., 1848, pp. 40, 41,
L’Institut, ix, No. 751, 1848, p. 160.

Dosazprn (F.). Observations sur les Eponges et en particulier sur
la Spongille ou Eponge d’eau douce, Ann. Scienc. Natur.,2 sér.,
Zoologie, tom. x, 1888, pp. 5—18.

—— Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes-Intusoires, 1840, pp. 805,
306.

Maven (J.). Beitrage zur naheren Kenntniss unseres Siisswasser-
Schwammes (Spongilla lacustris), Miiller’s Arch. f. Anat.,
1839, p. 83.

Hoeea (J.). On Spongilla fluvialitis, Proc. Linn. Soc., vol. i, 1839,
pp. 8 and 36; 1840, p. 226; Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol.
xviti, 1841, p. 863; Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., new ser.,
vol. iv, 1840, p. 259.

—— Remarks on the Horny Sponges with proposed divisions of
the Order Spongie, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. viii, 1842,
p. 3.

—— On Nardo’s classification of the Spongie, and further notices
of the Spongilla fluvialitis, Ann. Nat. Hist., 2 ser., vol, 7, 1851,
p. 190.

Dovennoy (G. L.). Note sur une espéce d’fiponge qui se loge
dans la coquille de l’huitre a-pied-de-cheval (Ostrea hippopus,
Lam.) en creusant des canaux des d’epaisser des valves de
cette coquille (Spongia terebrans), Comptes rendus, tom. ix,
1840, pp. 688—686, and 1840, pp. 1021—1028. :

Bettamy (J. C.). Natural History of South Devon, 1840, London.

Lerepouttet (A.). Sur une espéce d’Eponge perforante qui
occupe |’épaisseur des valves de l’Huitre comestible (Spongia
terebrans, Duv.), L’Institut, tom. ix, 1841, p. 131.

Branconi (G. G.). Sopra alcuni Zoofiti descritti sotto i nomi di
Cliona celata, Grant, Vioa Nardo, e Spongia terebrans, Du-
vernoy. Estratto et osservazioni, Nuov. Ann. delle Sc. Nat. di
Bologna, Anno iii, vol. vi, 1841, pp. 455—469.

Bowsrrsank (J. 8.). Observations on a Keratose Sponge from
Australia, Ann. Nat. Hist., vii, 1841, pp. 129—182.

202 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

BowerBank (J.8.). Onthe Keratose or Horny Sponge of Com-
merce, Micros. Journal, vol. i, 1841, pp. 8—11; Micros. Soc.
Trans., vol. i, 1844, pp. 32—39.

—— Descriptions of three species of Sponge, containing some new
forms of organisation, Micros. Journal, vol. i, 1841, pp. 161, 162.
Micros. Soc. Trans., vol. i, 1844, pp. 683—76.

—— On a new genus of Calcareous Sponges (Dunstervillin), Ann.
Nat. Hist., vol. xv, 1845, pp. 297-300.

—— Observations on the Spongiadw with descriptions of some
new genera, Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi, 1845, pp. 400—410.
— Ciliary action in Sponges, Trans. Micros. Soc., vol. iii, 1852,

pp. 187—142.

— On the vital power of the Spongiade, Rep. Brit. Assoc.,
1856, pp. 488—451.

— Further Report on the vitality of Sponges, Brit. Assoc.
Report, 1857, pp. 121—125; Micros. Soc. Quart. Jour., vol. vi,
1858, pp. 78, 79.

—— Anatomy and physiology of the Spongiade, Proc. Royal Soc.,
vol. viii, 1857, p. 573; and Ann, Nat, Hist., vol. xx (2 ser.),
1857, p. 298.

—— On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadsz, Philos.
Trans., 1858, pp. 279—332, and 1862, pp. 747—886 and 1087
—1135.

—— On the organisation of Grantia ciliata, Trans. Micros. Soc.,
new ser., vol. vii, 1859, pp. 79—84.

—~ A Monograph of the Spongillide, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863,
pp. 440—472.

—— On Hyalonema mrabilis in reply to Dr. Gray, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., vol. xviii, 1866, p. 397; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867,
pp. 18 and 350.

—— On Aleyoncellum (Huplectella) speciosum, Quoy and Gaimard,
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 851; Ann. Nat, Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii,
p. 84.

—— Observations on Dr. Gray’s “ Notes on the arrangement of.
Sponges, with the description of some new genera,” Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 118, and Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol, iii, p. 84.

—— Monograph of the Siliceo-Fibroug Sponges, Proc. Zool. Soc,
Lond., 1869, pt. 1, p. 66; pt. 2, p. 328; pt. 3, 1875, p. 272;
pt. 4, 1875, p. 508 ; pt. 5, 1875, p. 558; pt. vi, 1876, p. 535.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 203

Bowrnsanx (J. S.). Remarks on the genus Theonella, Gray, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 389.

Report on a collection of Sponges found in Ceylon by E. W.

Holdsworth, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18738, p. 25.

—— Reply to Dr. J. E. Gray’s observations on certain Sponges
described in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1878,
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xii, 1878, p. 488.

—— Observations on Mr. Carter’s paper “On two new Sponges,”

&e., Ann. Nat, Hist., ser. 4, vol. x, 1872, p. 58.

Contributions to a general history of the Spongiade, i—iii,
Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, pp. 115, 196, and 625; iv and
v, 1878, pp. 8 and 833; vi, 1874, p. 298; vii, 1875, p. 582;
viii, 1876, p. 768.

-— Further Observations on Alcyoncellum speciosum and Hyalo-

nema mirabile, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1875, p. 607.

—— Description of five new Sponges discovered by Dr. A. B.
Meyer on the Philippine Islands and New Guinea, Proce. Zool.
Soc., 1877, p. 456.

Owen (R.). On a new genus and species of Sponge Huplectella
aspergillum, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. ix, 1841, p. 3; Trans.
Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. iii, 1849, p. 203; also Ann. Nat. Hist.,
vol. viii, 1842, p. 222.

— Description of a new species of EHuplectella a cucwmer,
Owen), Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxii, 1857, p. 117.

Srurcusury (S.). Description of a new sponge from Barbadoes
(Dactylocalyx pumicea), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1841, p. 86,
Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, 1842, p. 504.

Coucn (R. Q). Observations on the Sponges of Cornwall, Report
Royal Polytechnic Soc. of Cornwall, 1842, p. 41.

Costa (O. G.). Fauna de Regno di Napoli-Polypi a polipario
flessibili, Tethya, 1843 (contains figures and descriptions of
three sponges).

Avstin (Thom.). Note on Mr. Bowerbank’s paper on the genus
Dunstervillia, with remarks on Ischadites Koningit, the Tenta-
culites, and the Cornularia, Aun, Nat. Hist., vol. xv, 1845, p. 406.

Micuenin (H.). Note sur différentes espéces du genre Vioa,
Revue Zool., 1846, pp. 56—61.

Enrenzere (C. G.). Ueber die geformten unkrystallinischen
Kieseltheile von Pflanzen, besonders tiber Spongilla erinaceus
in Schlesien, Berlin, Monatsber, 1846, p. 96.

20-4 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES,

Earensere (0.G.). Beitrige zur Beurtheilung der wander baren
Japanischen Glaspflanze, der sogenannten Corallenthier-
Gattung Hyalonema and der Familie der Hyalochetiden, Berlin,
Monatsber, 1860, pp. 173—182.

Ueber die neueren die Japanische Glaspflanze als Spongia
betreffenden Ansichten, und Erliuterungen der Synonyme zu
Hrn. Bowerbank’s Spongolithen-Tafeln, Berlin, Monatsber,
1861, pp. 448—452.

Ueber die nicht natiirliche Gestaltung der Glaspflanze Hyalo-
nema Sieboldi, Gray, Berlin, Monatsber, 1863, pp. 3800—
305.

—— Ueber Hyalonema lusitanicum, Berlin Monatsber, 1866, p.
810, and Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xix, 1867, p. 419.

—— Weitere Entwicklung des Hyalonema lusitanicum und der
Spongiaceen, Berlin Monatsber, 1867, p. 843.

Carter (H. J.). Notes on the species, structure, and animality
of the Fresh-Water Sponges in the tanks of Bombay, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. i, 1848, pp. 308—311.

~— Descriptive account of the Fresh-Water Sponges in the
Island of Bombay, with observations on their structure and
development, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. iv, 1849, pp. 81—
100.

— Zoosperms in Spongilla, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. xiv, 1854,
pp. 335, 336.

— On the ultimate structure of Spongilla, Aun. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 2, vol. xx, 1857, pp. 21—41.

—— On a variety of Spongilla Meyeni from the River Exe, Devon-

shire, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. i, 1868, p. 247.

Description of a Siliceous Sand Sponge found on the South-
East Coast of Arabia, Ann, Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii, 1869,

p. 151.

——. Descriptive account of four Subspherous Sponges, Arabian
and British, with general observations, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. iv, 1869, p. 1.

—— On Grayella cyathophora, a new genus and species of Sponge,
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iv, 1869, p. 189.

— Note on the Sponges Grayella, Osculina, and Cliona, Aun.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. v, 1870, p. 73.

-—— On two new species of Subspherous Sponges, Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi, 1870, p. 176.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 205

Carrer (H.J.). On the ultimate structure of Marine Sponges,
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi, 1870, p. 829.

—— On two undescribed Sponges and two Esperiade from the
West Indies; also on the nomenclature of the Calcisponge
Olathrina, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vii, 1871, p. 268.

—— Account of three Pachytragous Sponges of South Coast of
Devon., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vii, 1871, p. 1.

—— Deseription of two new Calcispongie, to which is added
confirmation of Professor James Clark’s discovery of the true
form of the Sponge-Cell Animal, and an account of the Polyp-
like Pore Area of Cliona corallinoides contrasted with Haekel’s
view of the relationship of the Sponges to the Corals, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. viii, 1871, p. 1.

—— Parasites of the Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. viii,
1871, p. 330.

—— Description and illustrations of a new species of Tethya,
with observations on the nomenclature of the Tethyade,
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. viii, 1871, pp. 99—105.

—— On Fossil Sponge-Spicules of the Greensand compared with
those of existing species, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vii, 1871,
p. 112.

— Additional information on this structure of Tethya dacty-
loidea, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ix, 1872, p. 82.

—— On two new Antarctic Sponges and New Zethya from Shet-
land, &c., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ix, 1872, p. 409.

— Observations on the reproduction of Sponges commencing
from the Zygosis of the Sponge Animal, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, ix, 1872, pp. 419—429.

—— Proposed new name for the Sponge Animal, viz. ‘Spongo-
zoon,’ and on origin of thread-cells in the Spongiade, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. x, 1872, p. 45.

—— New Aplysina from the North-West Coast of Spain, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. x, 1872, p. 101.

—— Two new Sponges from the Philippine Islands, Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. x, 1872, p. 110.

—— Answer to Dr. Bowerbank’s observations, &c., Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. x, 1872, p. 141.

—- Description of Labaria hemispherica, Gray, a new species of
Hexactinellid Sponge, with observations on the Sarco-hexacti-
nellid Sponges generally, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xi, 1873,
pp. 275 and 421,

206 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Canter (H. J.). Points of distinction between the Spongiade and
the Foraminifera, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xi, 1878,
p. 3651.

——— On two new species of Gugminee, with special and general
observations, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xii, 1873, p. 17.
—— On the Hewactinellide and Lithistide generally, and particu-
larly on the Aphrocallistide, Anlodictye and Farree, together
with facts elicited from their deciduous structures and descrip-
tions respectively of three new species, Ann. Nat. Hist.,

ser. 4, vol. xii, 1873, pp. 349 and 487.

—— On the Spongozoa of Halisarea Dujardiniz, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. xiii, 1874, p. 815.

—— On Halisarca lobularis, Schnur, off the South Coast of Devon,
with observations on the relationship of the Sponges to the
Ascidians and hints on their microscopy, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. xiii, 1874, p. 433.

—— The nature of the seed-like body of Spongilla; on the origin
or mother-cell of the Spicule, and on the presence of sperma-
tozoa in the Spongilla, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xiv, 1874,
p. 97.

—— Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules from the Atlantic Ocean,
dredged up on board H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine’ chiefly in 1869;
with figures and descriptions of some remarkable Spicules
from the Agulpas Shoal and Colon, Panama, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. xiv, 1874, pp. 221 and 245, pls. xili—xv.

—— Development of the Marine Sponges from the earliest recognis-
able appearance of the ovum to the perfected individual, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xiv, 1874, pp. 321 and 3889.

——- Further instances of the Sponge-Spicule in the mother-cell,
Aun. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xiv, 1874, p. 456.

—— On the Genus Rosslia (a Hexactinellid Sponge) with the
descriptions of three species, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xv,
1875, p. 118.

— Notes introductory to the study and classification of the
Spongida, Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi, 1875, pp. 1, 126, 177,
pl. iii.

—— Descriptions and figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their
Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean; dredged on board H.M.S.
‘Porcupine,’ chiefly in 1862, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xviii,
1876, pp. 226, 307 and 458, pls. xii—xvi.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 207

Carter (H.J.). On two Vitreo-hexactinellid Sponges, Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. xix, 1877, p. 121, pl. ix.

Arctic and Antarctic Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xx,

p. 38, pl. i.

Description of Mauricea, a Psammonematous Sponge (men-

tioned incidentally), Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xx, 1877,

p. 174.

—— Position of the Sponge-Spicule in the Spongida, and post-
script on the identity of Sguamulina scopula with the Sponges,
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. i, 1878, p. 170.

—— On Teichonia, a new family of Calcareous Sponges, with
descriptions of two species, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. ii,
1878, p. 35, pl. ii.

—— Parasites of the Spongida, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. ii,
1878, p. 157.

—— On Holastrella, a Fossil Sponge of the Carboniferous Era, and

on Hemiastrella, a new genus of recent Sponges, Ann. Nat.

Hist., ser. 5, vol. iii, 1879, p. 141, pl. xxi.

On a new species of Excavating Sponge (Alectona millari),
and on a new species of Rhaphidotheca (R. afinis), Jour. Roy.
Micr. Soc., vol. ii, 1879, p. 498, pls. xvii and xviii a.

——- Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida, Ann. Nat.

Hist., ser. 5, vol. iii, 1879, pp. 284 and 343, pls. xxv—xxix.

—— Sponges of Kerguelen Island mentioned, Phil. Trans., clxviii,
1879, p. 286.

—— Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar,.
and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W.
H. Cawne Warren, Spongida, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. vi,
1880, pp. 35 and 129, pls. iv—viii; and Supplementary Report,
vol. vii, 1881, p. 361, pl. xviii.

— Description of two species of Suberites in D’Urban’s The
Zoology of Barent’s Sea, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. vi, 1880,
p. 256.

—— History and classification of the known species of Spongiila,
Aun. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. vii, 1881, p. 77, pls. v, vi.

—— On Spongitla cinerea, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. vii, 1881, p.
263.

Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida, Order IT,

Ceratina, Ann, Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. viii, 1881, p. 101,

pl. ix.

208 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES,

Canter (H. J.). The development of the fibre in Spongida, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. viii, 1881, p. 112, pl. ix (part).
Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida, Order I,

Carnosa, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. viii, 1881, p. 241. .

Korrte (F. F. E.). Utrum Spongie officinalis tela fibrosa Animal:
an Vegetabili sit Natura, Berolini, 1848.

Desor (E.). Two new Sponges (Spongia arceolata and sulphurea),
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, 1848, p. 67.

Hawcock (A.). On the excavating powers of certain Sponges
belonging to the genus Cliona, with descriptions of several
new species and an allied generic form, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 2, vol. iii, 1849, pp. 8321—348.

— Note on the Excavating Sponges, with description of four new
species, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. xix, 1867, p. 229; and also
Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb, and Durham, vol.i, 1867, p.
337.

Mayer (Pére). Recherches sur l’organisation des Eponges,
Compt. rend. et Mém. de la Soc. de Biologie, tom. i, 1849,
p. 153.

Houxtery (T. H.). On the anatomy of the genus Tethya, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. vii, 1851, p. 370.

—— Manual of Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals, 1877, pp. 110
—120, Porifera

Dozrz (W. M.). Ooservations on Cilia in Grantia, Goodsir’s
Ann. of Anat. and Physiol., No. 2, 1852, pp. 127 and 129.

Srrickranp (H. E.). On the mode of growth in Halichondria
suberea, Report Brit. Assoc., 1853, Trans. Soc., p. 72.

Gossz (P. H.). Naturalists Rambles on the Devonshire Coast,

1853 (Grantia botryoides and ciliata), pp. 284—289, pl. xv.

Manual British Marine Zoology, 1855, ii, pp. 1—6.

Scuarryer. Einige Bemerkungen tiber Spongilla fluviatilis, Ver-
handlung. d. Naturh. Ver. den preuss. Rhein., 12 Jahrg., 1855,
p. 29.

Lerpy (J.). On Cliona, Proc. Acad. Nat. Philad., vol. viii, 1856,
p. 162; Sillim. Amer. Journ., 2 ser., vol. xxiii, 1857, pp. 281,
282.

—— Remarks on some curious Sponges (Hyalonema, Euplectella,
Pheronema), American Naturalist, vol. iv, p. 17.

— Remarks on Sponges, Proc. Acad. Philadelphia, 1874, p.
144,

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 209

Lizzrrkiun (N.). Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Spongillen,
Miiller’s Archiv f. Anat., 1856, pp. 1—19, 399—414, and 496
—514 (translated Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. ii, vol. xvii, 1856,
pp. 403—418; and Quart. Jour. Mic. Sci., vol. v, 1857, p. 212
—219).

Beitrige zur Anatomie der Spongien, Miiller’s Archiy f. Anat.

1857, pp. 376—403.

-— Neue Beitrage zur Anatomie der Spongien, Reichert’s u. Du

Bois Raymond’s Archiv f. Anat., 1859, pp. 353—382, and 515

—530.

Ueber Bewegungserscheinungen bei den Schwammen, Reichert, -

Archiv, 1863, pp. 717—730.

——— Ueber das contractile Gewebe der Spongien, Reichert u. Du
Bois Raymond’s Archiv, 1867, p. 74 (translated Ann, Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi, 1870, p. 497.

Branvt (J. F.). Symbole ad Polypos Hyalochetides spectantes,
1859, folio, 4 plates (Hyalonema).

Vatencrznnzs (A.). Note sur les Spongiaires (Adythia) envoyés
des cétes de l’Altique, par M. Albert Gaudry, Comp. rend.,
1860, vol. li, p. 579.

Lzcog (Henri). Observations sur une grande espéce de Spongille
du lac Pavin, Compt. rend. Acad. Se. Paris, tom. 1, 1860, pp.
1116—1121.

—— Observations sur les corps reproducteurs et sur l’etat d’agre-
gation d’une grande espéce de Spongille du lac Pavin (Puy
de Dome), Paris, Comptes rendus, tom. 1, 1860, pp. 1165—.
1170.

—— Observations sur le degré d’animalité et sur les espéces de
Spongilles, et particulitrement sur la grande espéce du Jac
Payin, Paris, Comptes rendus, li, 1860, pp. 5, 9.

Scuuttze (Max S.). Ueber eine merkwiirdige Spongie Hyalonema,
Rhein]. u. Westphal. Sitzungsber., Bd. xvii, 1860, pp. 67, 69,
Paris, Comptes rendus, tom. 1, 1860, pp. 792, 793.

—— Ueber die Japanische Glasfadenspongie, Rheinl. u. Westphal.
Sitzungsber., Bd. xvii, 1860, p. 85.

—— Ueber einen Schwamm mit Nadeln aus Hornsubstanz, Vern
Nat. Ver. preuss. Rheinlande und Westph., 1865, p. 7.

— On Hyalonema, Archiv f. Mikrosk. Anatomie, Bd. iii, Heft 2,
1867, p. 206; and also Ann, Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. xix, 1867,
p. 153.

VOL, IV. 14,

210 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Scumript (Oscar). Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres, 1862.

Supplement der Spongien des adriatischen Meeres, 1864.

—— Zweites Supplement der Spongien des adriatischen Meeres,
enthaltend die Vergleichung der adriatischen und britischen
Spongiengattungen, 1866.

—— Spongiologische Mittheilungen, Schultze’s Archiv f. Microscop.
Anatomie, Bd. iii, Heft 3, 1867, p. 390.

— Vorlaiufiger Bericht tiber die Untersuchung der Bowerbank’s-
chen Spongien, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Band liii,
p. 147.

—— Die Spongien der Kiiste von Algier, mit Nachtragen zu den
Spongien des adriatischen Meeres, 1868.

—— Kieselspongien in der Zweite deutschen Nordpolarfahrt in
1869-70, Leipzig, 1874, p. 429.

— Vorliufige Mittheilungen iiber die Spongien der grénlandis-
chen Kiiste, Mitth. des Naturwis. Vereines. f. Steiermark.,
Bad. ii, Heft 1, 1869, p. 89.

—— Grundziige einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes,
1870.

—— Das Natiirliche System der Spongien, Mittheil. der Naturwiss-
schaft. Vereins f. Steiermark, 1870, Band 2, Heft 2.

—— Spongien, p. 115, Zoologische Ergebnisse der Nordseefahrt
vom 21 Juli bis 9 September, 1872, Berlin, 1874 (Seperatab-
druck aus dem H. Jahresberichte der Kommission zur Unter--
suchung der deutschen Meere in Kiel).

—— Nochmals die Gastrula der Kalkschwimme, Archiv Mikr.
Anat., Bd. xii, 1876, p. 551.

—— Das Larven-Stadium von Ascetia primordialis und Ascetta
clathrus, Arch. Mikr. Anat., Bd. xiv, 1877, p. 249, pls. xv and
xvi.

—— Spongien des Meerbusens von Mexico, Heft i, Jena, 4to., 1879.

—— Die Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico (und des Caraibis-
chen Meeres), zweites (Schluss—) Heft, 4ito., 1880.

Lorenz. Physicalische Verhiltnisse und Vertheilung der Organ-
ismen im Quarnerischen Golfe, Wien, 1863.

BatsaMo-CrivELui (G.). Memoria di alcuni Spongiarj del Golfo -
di Napoli, Atti Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat., vol. v, 1863.

Koriixer (Albert). Ueber den Bau der Spongien, Wiirz--
burg, Naturw. Zeitschr. Bd. v, 1864 (Sitz. Ber., 1868),
Pp xv.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 911

Koruxer (Albert). Icones Histiologicw. Erste Abtheilung, der
feinere Bau der Protozoen, 1864.

Beltremieux. Faune du départment de la Charente-Inferieure, 4to.,
1864,

Ducuassarne (P.) and Micurtorri (G.). Spongiares de la mer
Caraibe, Haarlem, 1864.

Ducuassarne (P.). Revue des Zoophytes et des Sponges des
Antilles, Paris, 1870.

Hartine (P.). Bijdrage tot de kennis der silvpiceoianks fauna en
flora van de Banda-Zee, Verhand. k. Akad. Wetensch., Bd. x,
1865, p. 1.

—— Memoire sur le genre Poterion, Natur. Verhand. uitgeven
dvor det provincial Utrechtsch Genootschap van kunsten en
Wetenschappen, Bd. ii, 1870, p. 2. ;

Crarx (H. J.). Conclusive proofs of the animality of the Ciliate
Sponges, and of their affinities with the Infusoria flagellata,
Amer. Jour. Sci., 2nd series, Nov., 1866, p. 320, and Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 3, vol. xix, 1867, p. 13.

~—— On the Spongie ciliate as Infusoria flagellata; or observa-
tions on the structure, animality and relationship of Leuco-
solenia botryoides, Bowerbank, Memoirs Boston Soc. of Nat.
Hist., vol. i, part 3, p. 805; and also Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. i, 1868, pp. 188, 188, and 250.

—— Note on the Infusoria flagellata and the Spongie ciliate,
Amer. Jour. Science, ser. 3, vol. i, 1871, p. 118, and vol. ii,
p. 426; also Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 1871, vol. vii, p.
247.

—— The American Spongilla a Craspedote Flagellate Infusorian,
Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 8, vol. ii, 1871, p. 427; Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. ix, 1872, p. 71; Month. Micros. Journal, vii, 1872,
p. 104, pl. xi.

Hicxen (E.). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, Bd. ii
1866, p. 29.

—— Ueber den Organismus der Schwimme und ihre Verwandt-

schaft mit den Corallen, Jenaische Zeitschrift, Bd. v, 1869,

pp. 207—254, translated Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vy, 1870,

pp. 1—18 and. 107—120.

Prodromus eines Systems der Kalkschwimme, Jenaische Zeit-

schrift, Bd. v, 1869, p. 286, translated Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,

vol. v, 1870, pp. 176—191.

212 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Hicxet (E.). Ueber die sexuelle Fortpflanzung und das natiir-
liche System der Schwimme, Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Med.
und Naturwiss., Bd. vi, 1871, pp. 641—651.

—— Die Kalkschwimme, eine Monographie, 8 vols., 4to., 1872.

—— Kalk und Gallertspongien. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt in 1869-70, Leipzig, 1874, p. 434.

—— Die Physemarien (Haliphysema und Gastrophysema), Gastra-
aden der Gegenwart, Jenaische. Zeitschr., xi, 1876, pp. 1—54,
pls. i—vi (Biologische Studien, ii, Studien zur Gastroea-
Theorie, 1877).

Semper (C.). Einige Worte iiber Huplectella aspergillum und
seine Bewohner, Archiv f. Naturg. Jahrg, xxxiii, 1867, i,
Heft i, p. 84.

SrLenKxa (Emil). Ueber einige neue Schwimme aus der Siidsee,
Zeitschr. f. Wissensch. Zoologie, Bd. xvii, 1867, p. 565.

— Ueber einen Kieselschwamm von achtstrahligem Bau, und
iiber Entwicklung der Schwamm-knospen, Zeit. Wiss. Zool.,
Bd. xxxiii, 1879, p. 467, pls. xxvii, xxviii.

Bocacse (J. V. B. du). On Hyalonema lusitanicum, Aun. Nat.
Hist., ser. 8, vol. xx, 1867, p. 123.

Notes on Hyalonema boreale and on a new genus of Sponge,

Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii, 1868, p. 36.

—— Eponges siliceuses nouvelles de Portugal et de l’ile Saint Jago
(Archipel de Cap-Vert), Journ. des Scien. Math. Phys. et
Natur. Lisbonne, 1869, No. 4, p. 159, 2 plates.

—— Sur lV’existence de la Holtenia Carpenteri, Wyville Thomson
dans les cétes du Portugal, Jornal de Scientias de Academia
Real de Lisbon, 1870, p. 79.

Craus (C.). Ueber Huplectella aspergillum, Owen, ein Beitrag
zur Naturgeschichte der Kieselschwimme Marburg, 1868, 4to.,
4 plates.

Traite de Zoologie, 1878 (troisiéme édition), tom. i, pp. 159—

169.

Parrirt (Edward). On the Marine and Fresh-Water Sponges of
Devonshire, Trans. Devonshire Assoc. Advanc. Science, Litera-
ture and Art, 1868.

THomson (Wyville). On the Vitreous Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser, 4, vol. i, 1868, p. 114.

—— On the depths of the Sea (contains illustration of Holtenia
Carpenteri), Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ivy, 1869, p. 112.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 213

THomson (Wyville). On Holtenia Carpenteri, a new genus and
species of Vitreous Sponges, Proc. Royal Soc., June 17th,
1869; Phil. Trans., 1869, p. 701, pls..lxvii—lxxi; abstract
in Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iv, 1869, p. 284.

—— The Depths of the Sea, London, 1878.

—— Voyage of the ‘ Challenger,’ The Atlantic, 1877, 2 vols.

Mazrens (E. von). Hin Siisswasserschwamm aus Borneo, Archiv.
f, Naturg., 1868, Bd. xxxiv, p. 61.

Hexxxots (J. A.) and Marsnatt (W.). Notice sur deux espéces
nouvelles d’Eponges de la Famille des Lophospongie, Archives
Néerlandaises, tom. iii, 1868, 5me Liv., p. 435.

Lovén (S.). Om en markligi Nordsjén lefvande Art af Spongia
Gifvers. af k. Vet. Akad. Forhand., 1868, p. 105; also Ann.
Nat. Hist., vol. ii, 1868, p. 81.

Waicur (EH. Percival). Notes on Irish Sponges (52 species),
Proce. Royal Irish Academy, vol. x, 1868, p. 221.

—— Note on Ayalonema, Aun. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii, 1868, p.

320.

Notes on Deep-Sea Dredging off the coast of Portugal, Ann.

Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii, 1868, p. 423.

—— Notes on Sponges. 1. Hyalonema mirabilis, Gray. 2. Apro-
callistes Bocagei, n. sp. 3. On a new genus and species of
Deep-Sea Sponge [Wyvillethomsonia Wallichii], Quart. Jour.
Mic. Sci., 1870, p. 73.

—— On a new genus and species of Sponge [Kallispongia
Archeri], Proc. Roy. Irish <Acad., ser. 2, vol. ii, p. 754,
pl. xl.

—— On a genus and species of Sponge (Alemo Seychellensis), with
supposed Heteromorphic Zoids, Trans. Royal Irish Acad., vol.
xxviii, 1881, p. 18, pl. i.

Fiscnen (P.). Recherches sur les Eponges perforantes fossiles
(Cliona), Nouvelles, Arch. du Mus., tom. iv, 1868, pp. 117—
170, pls. xxiv, xxv.

MickivcHo-Mactay (N.) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Spongien,
Jenaische Zeits. f. Med. u. Natur. Wiss., Bd. iv, 1868, pp. 221
—240, pls. iv, v. :

—— Ueber einige Schwimme des nordlichen stillen Oceans und
des Hismeeres, ‘ein Beitrag zur Morphologie und Verbreitung
der Spongien, Mém. de ]’Acad. impér. des Sci. de St. Peters-

“bourg, 1870.

214 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

MioxtvcHo-Mactay (N.). Bemerkungen zur Schwamm-Fauna
des Weissen Meeres und des arktischen Oceans, Bull de la
Classe Phys-Mathém. de l’Acad. de St. Petersbourg, 1870,
p. 208.

Norman (A. M.). Last Report on Dredging among the Shetland
Isles, Report Brit. Assoc. for 1868, p. 327.

—- Notes ona few Hebridean Sponges and on a new species of
Desmacidon from Jersey, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii, 1869,
p- 296.

— Submarine-Cable Fauna, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xv, 1875,
p. 176.

— On the genus Haliphysema, with description of several forms
apparently allied to it, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. ii, 1878, p.
264, pl. xvi.

-——— Notes on the French exploring Voyage of “ Le Travailleur” in
the Bay of Biscay (contains names only of a few Sponges),
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. vi, 1880, p. 430; and Brit. Assoc.
Report, 1880, p. 387.

Moozz (T. J.). On the habits of the Regadera (watering-pot) or
Venus’s flower-basket (Euplectella aspergillum), Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii, 1869, p. 196.

Varttant (L.). Note sur la vitalité d’une Eponge de la famille
des Corticates la Zethya lyncurium, Lamk., Compt. rend.,
tom. lxviii, 1869, p. 86; and Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii,
p. 172.

—— Note sur la disposition des pores ou orifices afférents dans la
Cliona celata, Compt. rend. de l’Acad. Sci., tom. lxx, 1870,
p- 41; translated Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. v, 1870, p.
146.

Kent (W. §8.). Notice of a new vitreous sponge, Pheronema
(Holtenia) Grayi, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi, 1870, p. 182.

— On two Siliceous Sponges taken in the late Dredging Expedi-
tion of the yacht “ Norna” off the coasts of Spain and Por-
tugal, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi, 1870, p. 217.

—— On the Hexactinellide or hexradiate spiculed Siliceous
Sponges taken in the “ Norna’’ Expedition off the coasts of
Spain and Portugal, Monthly Micros. Journal, 1870, p. 241,
pls. Ixiii—Ixy.

— Hickel on the relationship of the Sponges to the Corals, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi, 1870.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 915

Kent (W.8.). Hackel and E. R. Lankester on the affinities of
the Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vii, 1870.

—— Ona new Anchoring Sponge, Dorvillia agariciformis, Monthly
Micros, Journal, 1870, p. 293.

— Note on Dorvillia agariciformis, Aun. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. vii, 1871, p. 87.

— On a new genus of Sponges (Caulospongia) from North
Australia, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 616.

—— Note on Tethya muricata, Bow., and Dorvillia agariciformis,
Kent, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. iv, vol. x, 1872, p. 209.

— Note on Haliphysema, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xx, 1877,
p. 448.

—— A new field for the Microscope, Pop. Science Review (n. s.),
vol. ii, 1878, p. 118, pls. iii, iv.

—— Notes on the embryology of Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
vol. ii, 1878, pls. vi, vii.

—— Observations on Haeckel’s group of the Physemaria and of
their affinity with the Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. i,
1878, p. 1.

—— The Foraminiferal nature of Haliphysema Tumanowiczii,
Bow. (= Sguamulina scopula, Carter), demonstrated, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. ii, 1878, p. 68.

—— Manual of the Infusoria: including a description of all
known Flagellate, Ciliate, and Tentaculiferous Protozoa, British
and Foreign, and an account of the organisation of the Sponges,
4to., London, 1880-1.

Stewart (C.). On a new Sponge Zethyopsis columnifer, Quart.
Jour. Mier. Sci., 1870, p. 281.

Verrint (A. E.). Records three Calcareous and fourteen Sili-
ceous Sponges from shores of New England in ‘ Report on
the condition of the Sea Fisheries on the South Coast of New
England in 1871 and 1872,’ Washington, 1873.

—— Preliminary Check-List of the Marine Invertebrata of the
Atlantic Coast from Cape Cod to the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
New Haven, 1879; also id. in P. U.S., Nat. Mus., 1879,
Porifera of the north-east coast of America (includes more than
100 species of Sponges, with Cladorrhiza grandis, sp. n., from
Nova Scotia).

—— Notice of recent additions to the Marine Invertebrata of the
north-eastern coast of America, with descriptions of new

216 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

genera and species, and critical remarks on others, Proc. Unit.
Stat. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, p. 165.

Pacenstecuzr (H. A.). Zur Kenntniss der Schwamme, Verhand.
des Naturhist. Medic. Vereins in Heidelberg, 1871, vol. vi,
p. 1.

Euntrrs (E.). Die Esper’schen Spongien in den Zoologischen
Sammlung der k. Universitit, Erlangen, 1870 (University
Programme), ‘

—— On a new form of Sponge (Awlorhipis elegans), Zeits. fir
wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Bd. xxi, 1871, p. 540; and Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vii, 1871, p. 302.

Foncx (N.). Publicat. L’Institut Roy. de Luxembourg, Section
des Sci. Nat. et Mathem, tom. x, 1871, p. 266.

GruseE (E.). Jahresb. des schles. Gesells. £. vaterlandsche Cultur,

Bd. xlvii, p. 45.

Bericht Schlesischen Gesellsch., 1872, p. 62 (Spongia Bai-

calensis, Pall.).

Mittheilungen iiber St. Malo und Roscoff und der Meeres-
fauna, Breslau, 1873.

Fremurne (W.). Verhand. der physik. medic. Gesells. in Wiirz-
burg, n. s., Bd. ii, 1871, p. 1.

Motttns (C. des). Questions obscures relatives 4 /’Hydractinea
echinata, Flem., et 4 l Aleyonium domuncula, Lamk., tous deux
logeurs de Pagures. § 2. Alcyonium domuncula, Actes de la
Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, tom. xxviii, 1872, p. 842.

Sars (G. O.). On some remarkable forms of Animal Life from
the great deeps off the Norwegian coast, i, 1872, Christiania
(University Programme).

-Mozt1vs (K.). (Die wirbellosen Thiere der Ostsee.) Bericht iiber
die Expedition zur physikalischchemischen und biologischen
Untersuchung der Ostsee im Sommer, 1871, auf §. M. Aviso-
dampfer Pommerania, Kiel, 1873.

—— Beitrige zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der
Seychellen-Foraminifera, 4to., 1880 [ Halyphysema].

Eimer (T.). Nesselcellen und Saamen bei Seeschwimmen, Arch.
Mikr, Anat., Bd. viii, 1872, p. 281; also Ann, Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. x, 1872, p. 306.

Ecruen (G. v.). Der Badeschwamm in Riicksicht auf die Art
seiner Gewinnung, die geographische Verbreitung und lokale
Variation, Triest, 1873.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 217

Hicern (T.). On the structure of the skeleton of Huplectelia
aspergillum, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xiii, 1874, p. 4.

—— On two Herxactinellid Sponges (Hyalonema cebutense and
Labaria hemispherica) from the Phillipine Islands, in the Liver-
pool Free Museum, with remarks by H. J. Carter, Ann. Nat.
Hist.; ser. 4, vol. xv, 1875, p. 877.

—— On a new Sponge of the genus Luffaria, from Yucatan, in the
Liverpool Free Museum, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xvi,
1875, p. 223.

~—— Description of some Sponges obtained during a cruise of the
Steam Yacht “Argo,” &c., Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xix,
p. 291, pl. xiv. ,

—— Sponges, their anatomy, physiology and classification, Proe.
Liverpool Soc., xxix, 1875, p. 198, pls. i—iii..

Lanxester (EH. R.). The mode of occurrence of Chlorophyll in
Spongiade, Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci., vol. xiv, 1874, p.
400.

—— The structure of Haliphysema Tumanowiezii, Quart. Jour.
Mice. Sci., new series, xix, pp. 475—482, pl. xii.

Haptow (H.). The Hyalonema mirabilis, Tr. A. S. Japan for
1872-8, 1874, p. 10.

Mertscuyixorr (Ellias). On the development of the Calcispongia,
Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Band xxiv, 1874,
pp. 1—14, pl. i, translated Ann. N. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xvi,
p. 41.

-—— Beitrige zur Morphologie der Spongien, Zeits. wiss. Zool.,
xxvii, 1876, p. 275 (Archiv Z., expér. v, 1876, p. 357).

—— Researches respecting Sponges, Mém. Soc. Nouv., Russ. iv,

[in Russian].

Spongiologische Studien, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxii, 1879,

p. 849, pls. xx—xxiii.

Suita (S. J.) and Hareer (0.). Report on the Dredgings in the
region of St. George’s Banks in 1872, Trans. Connect. Acad.
Sci., iii, 1874, p. 55, pl. vii, fig. 1.

Mcinrosn (W.C.). Spongiade of St. Andrew’s, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, vol. xiii, 1874, p. 142.

—— The Marine Invertebrates and Fishes of St. Andrew’s, Edin-
burgh, 1875 [contains list of ten species].

Kettzz (C.). Remarks on three layers in Sponges, Verh. Naturf.
Gesells., Ziirich, 1875-6, p. 68.

218 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Keizer (C.). Untersuchungen iiber die Anatomie und Entwick-
lungsgeschichte einiger Spongien des Mittelmeeres, ein Beitrag
zur Lésung der Spongienfrage, Basel, 1876.

—— Ueber den Bau von Reniera semitubulosa, O. 8., ein Beitrag
zur Anatomie der Kieselschwimme, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxx,
1877, p. 563, pls. xxxvi and xxxvii. ‘

—— Ueber Spermabildung bei Spongilla, Zool. Anzeiger, 1878,
No. 14, pp. 814, 315.

—— Studien tiber Organisation und Entwicklung der Chalineen,
Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxiii, 1879, p. 317, pls. xvili—xx; also
preliminary notice, Zool. Anz., ii, p. 803.

—~ Neue Celenteraten aus dem Golf von Neapel, Arch. Mikr.
Anat., xviii, 1880, p. 271, pls. xiii, xiv.

—— On the systematic position of the Sponges, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 5, vol. v, 1880, p. 268 (a short abstract).

Lirxen (C.). Catalogue of Spongozoa, p. 190, Manual Nat. Hist.,
Geology and Physics of Greenland, edited by Prof. T. R.
Jones, 1875.

Sorpy (H. C.). On the chromatological relations of Spongilla
fluviatilis, Quart. Jour. Mic. Sci., xv, 1875, pp. 47—52.

MarsHatt (W.). Untersuchungen iiber Hexactinelliden, Zeits.
wiss. Zool., xxv, 1875, p. 142, pls. xi—xvii.

— Ideen iiber die Verwandtschaftsverhdltnisse der Hexactinel-
liden, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxvii, 1876, p. 114.

— Uniersuchungen iiber Dysideiden und Phoriospongien, Zeit.
wiss, Zool., xxxv, 1880, p. 88, pls. vi—viii.

—— and Mryze (A. B.). Ueber einige neue und wenig bekannte
Philippinische Hewxactinelliden, Mittheil. Mus. Dresden, ii,
1879, p. 261, pls. xxiv, xxv.

Forrt (F. A.). Matériaux pour servir 4 l’étude de la faune
profonde du Lac Leman, Geneva, 1876, p. 204 (Spongilla
lacustris).

Souvunze (EF. E.). Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung der
Spongien. 1. Sycandra raphanus, Haeckel, Zeits. wiss. Zool.,
xxv (Supp.), 1875, p. 247, pls. xviii—xxi.

— Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Sycandra, Zeits. wiss. Zool.,
xxvii, 1876, p. 486.

—— Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die Entwicklung der
Spongien; die Gattung Halisarca, Zeits. fiir wiss. Zool.,
xxviii, 1877, p. 1.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 219

Scuuizz (F. E.). Untersuchungen, &e., die Familie der Chondro-
side, Zeits. fiir wiss. Zool., xxix, 1877, p. 82, pls. viii and ix.

—— Untersuchungen, &., 4te Mitth., die Familie der Aply-
sinide, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxx, 1878, p. 879, pls. xxi—
xxiv.

—— Untersuchungen, &¢., 5te Mitth., die Metamorphose von
Sycandra raphanus, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxx, 1878, p. 261,
pls. xviii, xix.

—— Untersuchungen, &c., 6te Mitth., die Gattung Spongelia,
Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxii, 1878, p. 117, pls. v—viii.

—— Untersuchungen, &c., 7te Mitth., die Familie der Spongide,
Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxii, 1879, p. 598, pls, xxxiv—xxxviii.

—— Untersuchungen, &c., 8te Mitth., die Gattung Hircinia,
Nardo, und Oligoceras, u. g., Zeits. wiss. Zool. xxxiii, 1879,
p. 1, pls. i—iv.

-— On the structure and arrangement of the soft parts in
Euplectetla aspergillum, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., xxix, 1880,
p. 661, pl. xvii.

— Untersuchungen, &c., 9te Mitth., die Plakiniden, Zeits. wiss.
Zool., xxxiv, 1880, p. 707, pls. xx—xxii.

—— Untersuchungen, &c., 10te Mitth., Corticium candelabrum,
O. Schmidt, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 1881. pp. 410—480,
pl. xxii.

Bargors (C.). Mémoire sur l’embryologie de quelques Eponges de
la Manche, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6, iii, 1876, art. xi, pls. xii—
xvi (abstr. Month. Mic. Jour., xvi, 1876, p. 254).

Payer (Julius). Incidental notice of occurrence of Hyalonemata,
Austrian Arctic Voyage, London, 1876, vol. ii, p. 98, and
fig. .

Furracar. Note on the development of the Spicules of Spongilla
fluviatilis, Month. Micros. Jour., xviii, 1877, p. 45.

Grimm (E. O.). Description of new Sponges discovered during
his Aral and Caspian researches, Aralo-Caspian Researches,
vol. ii (St. Petersburg. In Russian). (a) Tetrad, i, 1876,
p- 80, pls. ii and iii. (0) Tetrad, ii, 1877, p. 29, pl. ix, figs,
1—6.

Water (J.G.). On a new British Sponge of the genus Micro-
ciona, Month. Micros. Journ., xviii, 1877, p. 261.

—— On variation in Spongilla fluviatilis, Jour. Queckett Mic. Club,
No. 87, 1878, p. 58, pl. v.

220 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Moezie (J.). On Steere’s Sponge,a new genus of the Hexacti-
nellid group of the Spongida, Trans. Lin. Soc., ser. ii, vol. i,
1877, p. 219, pls. xxxvi and xxxvii.

Scuurrner (Oscar). Beschreibung einiger neuer Kalkschwamme,
Jenaische Zeits. fiir Med. u. Naturwiss., xi, p. 403, 1877,
pls. xxiv—xxvi.

Hyatr (A.). Revision of the North American Porifere, with
remarks upon foreign species, pt. ii, Mem. Boston Soc., ii,
p. 481, pls. xvi and xvii, 1877.

—— On the Embryology of Sponges, Proc. Boston Soc., vol. xix,
1877, p. 12.

-—— Quides for Science Teaching, No. 3, Commercial and other
Sponges, 1880,

Dyzsowsxr (W. M.). Ueber die Spongilien der Ostseeprovinzen,
Sitzungsbe. der Dorpater Naturf. Gesell., 104te Sitzung, an
Nov. 17, 1877, Beitrige zur balt. Wochenschrift, 1878, No. 4,
26 Jan., pp. 10O—12.

—— Mittheilungen iiber Spongien (Spongilla, &c.), i, ii, Zoolog.
Anzeiger., i, 1878, pp. 30 and 53.

— — Studien iiber die Spongien des Russischen Reiches, mit beson-
derer Beriichsichtigung der Spongien-fauna des Baikal-Sees,
Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Petersbourg, ser. 7, xxvii, 1880,
No. 6.

—— Ueber Lubomirskia baicalensis u. ab. d. Verbreit. d. Baikal-
schwimme im Allgem., 1881.

Sortas (W. J.). On the changes produced in the Siliceous
Skeletons of certain Sponges by the action of Caustic Potash,
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xx, 1877, p. 285, pl. ix.

—— On two new and remarkable species of Cliona, Ann. Nat.
Hist., ser. 5, i, 1878, p. 54, pls. i, ii.

—— On Plectronella papillosa, a new genus and species of Echino-
nematous Sponge, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, iii, 1879, p. 17,
pls. iv—vii.

—— On Pharetronema zingeberis, a new genus and species of
Renierid Sponge, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, iii, 1879, p. 404,
pl. xxx.

—— On Plocamia plena, a new species of Echinonematous Sponge,
Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, iv, 1879, p. 44, pls. vi, vii.

—— The Sponge-Fauna of Norway, a report on the Rev. A. M.
Norman’s collection of Sponges from the Norwegian Coast,

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 22T

Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, v, 1880, pp. 180, 241, and 396, pls. vi,
vii, x—xii, xvii.

Zirren (K. A.). Studien tiber fossile Spongien, erste Abtheilung.
I. Hexactinellida, Abh. bayer Akad. d. Wiss., xili, 1878, p. 1,
translated Ann, Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xx, 1877, pp. 256, 405, and
501.

—— Studien, &e. II. Lithistide, Abh. bayer Akad. d. Wiss., ii,
cl. xiii, 1878, p. 67, pls. i—x, translated Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 5, ii, pp. 112, 285, 824, 385, 467, pl. vili (contains recent
species).

—— Studien, &c. III. Abt. Monactinellide, Tetractinellide, and
Calcispongia, Arb. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., xvii, 1879, pt. 2,
p. 1, pls. xi, xii, translated Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, iii, 1879,
pp. 304 and 364; iv, 1879, pp. 61 and 120.

—— Beitriige zur Systematik der Fossilen Spongien, Stuttgart,
1879.

Coves (E.) and Yarrow (H. C.). In notes on the Natural His-
tory History of Fort Macon, N. C., and vicinity, Proc. Acad.
Philadel., 1878, p. 297.

Czzrytavsxy (V.). Littoral Sponges of the Black and Caspian
Seas, an introductory investigation [in Russian], Bull. Soe.
Imp. des Natur. Moscou, liii, 1878, p. 375, pls. v—viii.

—— Spongie littorales Marium Pontici el Caspii [in Russian,
description of Species in Latin], Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,
liv, 1880, pt. ii, pp. 88, 228.

Merxrscurowsxy (C.). On Wagnerella, a new genus of Sponge,
nearly allied to the Physemaria of Ernst Hackel, Mém. Acad.
Imp. des Scien. Petersbourg, ser. 7, xxvi, No. 7, 1878, p. 15,
pl. ii, figs. 1—5; and Ann, Nat. Hist., ser. 5, i, 1878, p. 70,
pl. v (not a sponge); Note on Wagnerella a Protozon, Ann.
Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. viii, 1881, p. 288.

—— Etudes sur les Eponges de la Mer Blanche, Mém. Acad. Imp.
des Scienc., Petersbourg, ser. 7, xxvi, No. 7, 1878, p. 1,
pls. i—iii.

—— Reproduction des Eponges par bourgeonnement extérieur,
Arch, de Zool. expér. et génér., viii, 1880, p. 117, pl. xxxi;
reported and figures given also Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc., iii,
p. 970, pl. xxi.

Gann (M.). Zur Entwicklung der Spongilla fluviatilis, Zoolog.
Anzeiger, i, 1878, p. 195.

222 WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES.

Ganin (M.). Materialen zur Kentnniss des Baues und der Ent-
wicklung der Schwimme [in Russian], Warsaw, 1879.

Broruzrus. A paper on Spongilla, Meddelanden af Soc. pro
Fauna et Flora Fennica., iii, 1878, p. 168.

Dawson (G. M.). On some Canadian species of Spongilia,
Canadian Naturalist, n. s., viii, 1878,.p. 1.

MaRenzvu.uer (E. von). Die Coelenteraten, Echinodermen, und
Wiirmer der k. k. Ocsterreichisch-ungarischen Nordpol-
Expedition, Denk. d. k. Akad. Wissens. zu Wien, xxxv, 1878,
p- 357, pls. i—iv.

—— Die Aufzucht des Badeschwammes aus Theilstiicken, Ver-
hand. d. k. k. Zool. Bot. Gesell., Wien, 1878.

Dzszo (P.). Die Histiologie und Sprossenentwicklung der
Tethyen, besonders der Tethya lyncurium, Lieberkihn (auc-
torum), Arch. Mikr. Anat., xvi, 1879, p. 626, pls. xxx—
XXXxilL.

——A Magyar tengerpart Szivacsfaunaja. I. Kozlemeny, Ecte-
zezesck a Természettudomayok, kévebol x, kotet xiii, Szam,
1880.

Krouxersere (C. KF. W.). Verdauung der Spongien, Vergleich.
physiolog. Studien an den Kiisten der Adria, Heidelberg,
1879.

—— Tetronerythrin in Schwimmen, Centralbl. med. Wissensch.,
1879, No. 40.

Vosmarr (G. C. J.). The Sponges of the Leyden Museum.
I. The Family of the Desmacidine, Notes Leyden Mus., ii,
1880, p. 99.

Duncan (P. M.). On a Parasitic Sponge of the order Calcarea,
Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc., iii, 1880, p. 377, pl. x.

Riprzy (8. 0.). Two cases of incorporation by Sponges of spicules
foreign to them, Lin. Soc. Jour. Zoology, xv, 1880, p. 149.
—— On Plocamia (= Dirrhopalum) and other Sponges of the
Order Echinonemata, Linn, Soc. Jour. Zoology, xv, 1881,

p. 476, pls. xxviii, xxix.

—— Zoological Collections of H.M.S. “ Alert,” Straits of Magellan
and Patagonia Spongida, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, p. 107,
pls, x, xi.

—— Polyzoa, Coelenterata and Sponges of Franz-Joseph Land
(Clathrina coriacea, the only sponge mentioned), Ann. Nat,
Hist., ser. 5, vii, 1881, p. 442.

WORKS AND PAPERS ON SPONGES. 293

Ports (E.). New genera and forms of Fresh-Water Sponges,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, June 14th, 1881, and July
26th, 1881, p. 176; also Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, viii, 1881,
pp. 887, 389.

Nozeman (C.). Over de inlandische Zoetwater Spongie, Haarlem,
4to., 1788.

Saviany (J.'C.). Description de l’Egypte, Iconographie, Paris,
fol. max., 1810, Zoophytes, pls. 1—3.

Brrtrotonr (A.). Sopra aleune produx. nat. (Spongitarii) nel
golfo della Spezia, Modena, 1882, 4to. 1 plate.

Mitne-Epwarps (H.). Cuvier, Régne Animal (edit. Masson),
1850, Zoophytes, pl. 95.

Tompson (W.). Natural History of Ireland, vol. iv, 1856,
pp. 480—484 (List of Irish Sponges).

Greeve (J. R.). Manual of the Protozoa, 1859, pp. 30—43
(woodcuts).

Curumo (W.). Natural History of the Huplectella aspergillum,
1878, 6 plates.

Batrour (F.M.). On the Morphology of the Spongidw, Quart.
Journ. Micros. Science, vol. xix, 1879, p. 108.

APPENDIX.

BRITISH SPONGES NOT REFERRED TO IN THE
FOREGOING WORK BY DR. BOWERBANK.

A. Catcarnous Sponges oF Ernst HAECKEL.

Haercxet, in his Monograph, ‘ Die Kalkschwamme,’
enumerates and describes the followimg calcareous
sponges as members of the British Fauna. Of course
the generic names which he employs cannot in many
instances be retained by biologists, but must give
place to genera of earlier date. The localities appended
are those from which Haeckel has examined specimens.

1. Ascrrra cortacea (Montagu).

Ascetta coriacea, Haeckel. L.c., p. 24, pls. iii and v, figs. 2a—2ce.
Leucosolenia coriacea, Bow. et auctorum.
Clathrina sulphurea, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist, ser. 4, vol. vii

(1871), p. 278.
Habitat—Shetland (Norman), Berwick Bay (John-
ston), Great Cumbrae (Frauenfeld), Scarborough (Bean),
Peterhead (Peach), Budleigh-Salterton (Carter), Dub-
lin Bay (Hassall), Belfast (Percival Wright), Lough
VOL. IV. 15

226 APPENDIX.

Strangford (Norman), Bantry (Norman), Guernsey
(Buckland), Sark (Bowerbank).
Geographical Range.—Norway, Normandy.

2. ASCALTIS BoTRYOIDES (Hllis and Sol.).

Ascaltis botryoides, Haeckel. L. c., p. 65, pl. ix, fig. 10; pl. x,
figs. 7a—Te.
Leucosolenia botryoides, Bow.

Habitat.—Berwick Bay (Johnston,in Mus. Normani),
Tenby (Bowerbank), Portrush (Percival Wright).

Geographical Distribution. — Atlantic coasts of
Europe.

3. ASCORTIS LACUNOSA (Bean).

Ascortis lacunosa, Haeckel. L.c., p. 70, pl. xi, fig.2; pl. xii,
figs. 2a—2h.
Leucosolenia lacunosa, Bowerbank.

Habitat.—Scarborough (Bean, in Mus. Normani),
Belfast Lough (Hyndman), Shetland (Peach).

4, ASOANDRA ConToRTA (Bow.).

Ascandra contorta, Haeckel. L. ¢., p. 91, pl. xiv, figs. 6 a—6 ¢.
Leucosolenia contorta, Bowerbank.

Habitat.—Guernsey (Buckland), Sark (Bowerbank).

5. AscANDRA compLicaTa (Montagu).

Ascandra complicata, Haeckel. L.c., p. 93, pl. xv, figs. la—1k.
Grantia botryoides, Lieberkiihn, Archiv f. Anat. u. Phys.,
1859, p. 373; 1865, p. 735, pl. xix, figs, 1—5.

APPENDIX. 997

Habitat—Scarborough (Bean), Firth of Forth (All-
man).
Geographical Distribution.—Holland and Norway.

6. Ascanpra Botrys (Haeckel).
Ascandra botrys, Haeckel. L.c., p. 101, pl. xvi, figs. 1 a—l/f.

Habitat.— Budleigh-Salterton (Sonder), Portrush
(Percival Wright).

7. ASCANDRA VARIABILIS (Haeckel).

Ascandra variabilis, Haeckel. L. ¢., p. 106, pl. xvi, figs. 4 a—41;
pl. xviii.
Habitat.—Shetland and coasts of England (Norman),
Bantry and Lough Strangford, Ireland (Norman).

Geographical Distribution.—Norway, coast of France,
Morocco.

8. Leucyssa IncrustANS (Haeckel).

Leucyssa incrustans, Haeckel. L. c., p. 139, pl. xxv, figs. 1—10.
Trichogypsia villosa, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. viii
(1871), p. 1, pl. i, figs. 1—4.

Habitat.—Budleigh-Salterton (Carter).
Geographical Distribution.—Norway.

9, Leucattis pumina (Bow.).

Leucaltis pumila, Haeckel. L. c., p. 148, pl. xxvii, figs. 2a—2 g.
Leuconia pumila, Bowerbank.

* 998 APPENDIX.

Habitat—Guernsey (Norman).
Geographical Distribution.—Moroceo, Cape of Good
Hope, Bass’s Strait.

10. Levcanpra caminus (Haeckel).

Leucandra caminus, Haeckel. L. c., p. 175, pl. xxxi, figs. la—ld;
pl. xxxvii, figs. 5 a, 5 8, 6.
Habitat.—Devon (Sonder).
Geographical Distribution—Norway, Portugal, West
Indies, Labrador.

11. Levcanpra Gosszr (Bow.).

Leucandra Gossei, Haeckel. L.c., p. 177, pl. xxxii, figs. 2 a—2f;
pl. xxxvii, figs. 9a, 9B.
Leucogypsia Gossei, Bowerbank.

Habitat.— Tobermory and Cornwall (Norman),
Torquay (Gosse), Salterton (Sonder), Sark (Bower-
bank).

Geographical Distribution.—Normandy.

12. Lxevoanpra FistuLosa (Johnston).

Leucandra fistulosa, Haeckel. L. c.,p.197, pl.xxxi, figs. 4a—4/;
pl. xi, fig. 10.
Leuconia fistulosa, Bow.
Habitat——Shetland (Norman), Eddystone Light-
house (J. H. Stewart), Salterton (Sonder), Portaferry,
Ireland (W. Thompson), Guernsey (Norman).

APPENDIX. 229

18. Levcanpra aANANAS (Montagu).

Leucandra ananas, Haeckel. L. c., p. 200, pl. xxxii, figs. 5a—5/;
pl. xl, figs. 1—8.

Spongia ananas, Montagu. Wern. Mem, ii, p. 97, pl. xvi, figs.
2, 3.

Spongia pulverulenta,Grant. Edinb. New. Phil. Journ.,i, p. 170.

Scypha ovata, 8. F. Gray. British Plants, i, p. 358.

Sycinula penicillata, O. Schmidt. Atlant. Spong., p. 73, pl. ii,
fig. 25.

Habitat.—T obermory (Norman), Shetland (Fleming),
Salterton (Sonder), Devon (Montagu).

Geographical Distribution.—Greenland, Faroe Islands,
Norway, Normandy.

14. Levcanpra NIVEA (Grant).

Leucandra nivea, Haeckel. L. c., p.211, pl. xxxiv, figs.2a—2e;
pl. xxxix.

Leuconia nivea, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. viii (1871),
p. 5.

Habitat—Shetland (Peach), Tobermory (Norman),
Prestonpans (Grant), Tenby (Norman), Firth of Forth
(Grant), Northumberland (B. Embleton), Strangford
Lough (Norman).

Geographical Distribution.— Norway, Heligoland,
Normandy, Brittany.

15. Leucanpra Jounstontl (Carter).

Leucandra Johnstonii, Haeckel. L. c., p. 216, pl. xxxiv, figs.
la—lh.

Grantia nivea, var. Johnston. Brit. Spong., p. 183, pl. xx, fig. 6.

Leuconia nivea, Bowerbank. I, p. 165, pl. xxvii, figs. 351, 352, ii,
p. 36.

Leuconia Johnstonit, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. viii
(1871), p. 3, pl. i, figs. 5—12.

230 APPENDIX.

Habitat—Lough Strangford (Norman), Scarborough
(Bean), Budleigh-Salterton (Carter), Polperro (Laugh-
rin, in Mus. Normani), Guernsey (Buckland), Sark
(Bowerbank).

16. Sycortis quaDRaneuLata (Schmidt).
Sycortis quadrangulata, Haeckel. L.c., p. 280, pl. xlviii, figs.
3—8.
Syconella quadrangulata, Schmidt. Adriat.Spong.,iii, Supplem.,
p. 29, pl. v, fig. 9.
Habitat.—Guernsey (Norman).
Geographical Distribution—Brittany, Portugal, Gib-
raltar, Mediterranean.

17. Sycanpra citiata (0. Fab.).
Sycandra ciliata, Haeckel. L. c., p. 296, pl. li, figs. la—lé; pl.
Iviii, fig. 9.
Grantia ciliata, Johnston. Brit. Spong., p. 176, pl. xx, figs. 4,
5; pl. xxi, figs. 6, 7.

Habitat.—Shetland and Hebrides (Norman), Firth
of Forth (Grant), Great Cumbrae (Frauenfeld), Ipswich
(Clarke), Plymouth and Polperro (Norman), Isle of
Man (Johnston), Belfast (W. Thompson), Portrush
(Percival Wright).

Geographical Distribution.—Greenland, Spitsbergen,

Norway, Faroe Island, Newfoundland, Great Belt,
Heligoland.

18. Sycanpra coronata (Hillis and Sol.).

Sycandra coronata, Haeckel. L. c., p. 304, pl. li, figs. 2a--2#;
pl. lx, figs. 1—6.
Grantia ciliata, Bowerbank. I, pl. xxvi, figs. 345, 3464; ii, p. 19.

APPENDIX. 231

Habitat. — Torquay (Griffiths), Weymouth (Max
Schultze).

Geographical Distribution.— Brittany, Normandy,
Portugal, Mediterranean, California, Sandwich Islands,
Australia.

19. Syoanpra vitLosa (Haeckel).

Sycandra villosa, Haeckel. L. c., pl. lii, figs. 3a—-3¢; pl. lviii,
fig. 1; pl. lx, fig. 8.
Habitat.—Moray Firth and Lough Strangford (Nor-
man), Great Cumbrae (Frauenfeld).
Geographical Distribution.—Norway, French Coasts,
Florida, West Indies, Venezuela.

20. Syoanpra ELEGANS (Bow.).
Sycandra elegans, Haeckel. L. c., p. 338, pl. liv, figs. 3a—32; pl.
viii, fig. 3.
Dunstervillia elegans, Bowerbank. Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xv
(1845), p. 297, pl. xvii.
Grantia tessellata, Bowerbank. British Spongiade.
Habitat.—Gouliot Caves, Sark (Buckland), Fermain
Bay, Guernsey (Norman).
Geographical Distribution.— Portugal, Mediterra-
nean, Canary Islands, West Indies, South Africa.

21. SycanDRA GLABRA (Schmidt).

Sycandra glabra, Haeckel. L. c., p. 349, pl. lvi, figs. la—I1#; pl.
lx, fig. 14.

Ute glabra, Schmidt. Adriat. Spong., i, Supplem., p. 23, pl. iii,
fig. 1.

232 APPENDIX.

Ute capillosa, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 554.
Grantia ensata, Bowerbank. Brit. Spongiade.
Habitat.—Guernsey (Buckland).
Geographical Distribution.—French coasts, Mediter-
ranean.

22. SYCANDRA ComMPRESSA (O. Fab.).

Sycandra compressa, Haeckel. L. c., p. 360, pl. lv, figs. 2a—2t,
1, vii.
dee Bow.

Habitat—Shetland, Tobermory, Oban, Moray Firth.
Lough Strangford, Cornwall, &c. (Norman), Portrush
Percival Wright), Firth of Forth (Grant), Berwick
(Johnston), Ipswich River (Clarke), Tynemouth
(Foster), Devon (Montagu).

Geographical Distribution.— Greenland, Iceland,
Faroe Islands, Norway.

23. SycanpRa urTRicuLus (Schmidt).

Sycandra utriculus, Haeckel. 1. ¢., p. 370, pl. lv, figs. 3a—3 t
pl. lviii, fig. 4.
Ute utriculus, Schmidt. Atlant. Spong,, p. 74, pl. ii, fig. 27.
Habitat.—Shetland (Norman).

Geographical Distribution.— Greenland, Iceland,
Faroe Islands.

APPENDIX. 933

B. Tur Grnus Cuiona.

In 1826 Robert Grant established a genus Cliona for
a sponge which he found perforating the oysters of
the Firth of Forth, and thirteen years afterwards a
genus to receive the same perforating sponges was
named by Nardo Vioa. In 1849 and 1867 my friend,
Mr. Albany Hancock, described many species referable
to this genus, and most clearly demonstrated that the
perforations occupied by the sponge were excavated by
the sponge itself. Dr. Bowerbank, however, per-
sistently refused to entertain any other opinion than
that these sponges always occupied previously-formed
excavations and had no power of penetrating shell or
stone themselves; nor would he acknowledge the species
which had been so carefully described by Mr. Hancock,
but united the whole of them under the sponge which
he called Hymeniacidon celatus. The following are the
species of Hancock :

1. Criona cEeLata (Grant).

C. celata, Hancock. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. iii (1849), p.
332 ; and ser. 3, vol. xix (1867), p. 3 (separate copy).
Hymeniacidon celatus, Bowerbank.

Sponge clear, yellow ochre colour. Spicules of one
form only, spinulate, sometimes slightly fusiform, but
generally gradually tapering, very long, zth of an
inch; head well defined, globular, approaching ovate,
with generally a terminal point.

Common in oyster shells, Firth of Forth, &c.

234 APPENDIX.

2. Ciiona GorconorpEs, Hancock.
Cliona gorgonoides, Hancock. L.c., vol. iii, p. 332, vol. xix, p. 9.

Spicula spinulate, 4th of an inch long; head oval,
frequently at some little distance from extremity.

** A critical species, and is probably a mere variety
of C. celata ”’ (Hancock).

Abundant, riddling species of limestone on the
Northumberland Coast.

3. Criona Nortaumsrica, Hancock.

Cliona Northumbrica, Hancock. L.c., vol. iii, p. 336; vol. xix,
p. 9, pl. vii, fig. 1.

Pione Northumbrica, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 525.

Cliona Northumbrica, Carter, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. v
(1870), p. 75.

Sponge pale ochreous yellow (when dry). Spicula
of three kinds, the first much the largest, measuring
77th of an inch long, spinulate, straight, sharp-pointed ;
head large, round and terminal: the second acerate,
scarcely more than one-fourth the length of the first,
rather stout, much and suddenly bent in the middle,
both ends sharply pointed, and when viewed through
a one-sixth inch object glass, is seen to be minutely
spinous: the third form is very minute, ygy oth
of an inch long, cylindrical, bent sharply in the
centre, and apparently smooth under the one-sixth
object glass, though occasionally there are slight
indications of spines; the extremities are recurved,
shghtly enlarged and rounded.

The second and third forms of spicules are more
numerous than the first, which is most abundant in
the papille.

APPENDIX. 235

In shells of oysters and Fusus antiquus or Nor-
thumberland coast (Hancock), Devon (Parfitt and
Carter).

4, Criona vastirica, Hancock.

Cliona vastifica, Hancock. L.c., vol. iii, p. 342; vol. xix, p. 9,
pl. vii, fig. 2.

Spicula of three kinds, the first spinulate, »yth of
an inch long, straight, rather slender, and diminishing
imperceptibly toa very fine point at one end, the other
terminating in a perfectly globular head: the second
acerate, one-third the length of the first, and much
more slender, stoutish in the centre, where it rather
suddenly bends a little and thence tapers gradually
towards the ends, which are sharply pointed; every-
where minutely spined, but in some instances the
spines are sufficiently strong to be observed with a
one-fourth inch object glass : the third form is gyooth
of an inch long, cylindrical, irregularly bent or
angulated once or twice, occasionally three times; it
has a central angle and is strongly spined, the
extremities are obtuse.

In oyster shells.

5. CLIONA CORALLINOIDES, Hancock.

Cliona corallinoides, Hancock. L. c., vol. ili, p. 337, pl. xv, figs.
land 2; vol. xix, p. 10, pl. vii, fig. 3.

Cliona corallinoides, Carter. Ann, Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol viii
(1871), p. 14 (separate copy), pl. ii, figs. 34—37.

Spicula of three kinds, the first spinulate, =pth of

236 APPENDIX.

an inch long, slender, generally bent in the centre,
tapering gradually to a sharp point at one end, and at
the other furnished with a well-defined elliptical head :
the second acerate, scarcely one-third the length of
the first, very delicate, and suddenly bent in the
centre, and when observed with the one-sixth inch
object glass is seen to be minutely spined; the
extremities are sharply pointed: the third is minute,
zdsoth of an inch long, spinous, with obtuse extremities
and generally zigzagged, having three angles, one iene
in the centre.
In shells of Pecten maximus, Guernsey, &c.

6. Cxiriona GRaciLis, Hancock.

Cliona gracilis, Hancock. 1. ¢., vol. iii, p. 334, pl. xiv, fig. 7;
vol. xix, p. 10, pl. vii, fig. 4.

Spicula of three kinds, the first spinulate, ;th of
an inch long, generally a little bent, stout, and inclin-
‘ing to fusiform, with the pointed end gradually taper-
ing ; head rounded, somewhat elliptical, and merging
imperceptibly into the shaft: the second acerate, one-
third the length of the first, less stout and gradually
bent in the centre; it is minutely spined, and has the
extremities sharply pointed : the third is about zs55th
of an inch long, and is usually zigzagged, so as to
form four or five angles. It is most minutely spined,
and has the extremities rounded and recurved.

‘When dry the sponge is of a yellowish-brown colour.

In a shell of Pecten maaimus probably from Orkney.

APPENDIX. 237

7. Ciiona Howsei, Hancock.

Cliona Howsei, Hancock. L. ¢., vol. iii, p. 336, pl. xiv, fig. 8;
vol, xix, p. 10, pl. vii, fig. 5.

Spicula of three kinds, the first spinulate, about
tooth of an inch long, very delicate, generally straight,
with the head broadly ovate, short, well-marked, ter-
minal, and having the narrow end at the extremity
and sometimes a little prolonged : the second abundant
and somewhat longer than the first, equally slender,
mostly slightly bent, and gradually diminishing to a fine
point at one extremity, the other extremity has usually
two heads, one terminal or nearly so, the second about
one-third down the shaft, the terminal head is frequently
wanting: the third is about g$oth of an inch long,
rather stout, cylindrical, usually irregularly bent or
angulated and strongly spined with the extremities
obtuse.

The sponge when dry is of a pale yellow ochre
colour.

In the shell of Fusus antiquus and in Nullipore from
the Northumberland coast (Mr. Howse).

8. Cuiona ALDERI, Hancock.

Cliona Alderi, Hancock. L..c., vol. iii, p. 337, pl. xv, fig. 9; vol.
xix, p. 11.
Idomon Alderi, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 526.

Spicula of two kinds, the first spinulate, ~}¢th of
an inch long, moderately thick, slightly bent, with a
small head near one end and tapering to the other
extremity : the second scarcely shorter than the first,
and has one end truncate, the other pointed, and is
decidedly bent in the centre.

238 APPENDIX.

Sponge in a dried state, of a brownish-yellow colour.
In shells of Pectunculus pilosus, Isle of Man (Mr.
Alder).

9. Criona LoBata, Hancock.

Cliona lobata, Hancock. L. c., vol. iii, p. 341, pl. xii, figs. 4and
8; vol. xix, p. 11, pl. vii, fig. 6.
Pronaz lobata, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 526.

Spicula of two kinds, the first spinulate, ~joth of
an inch long, not very slender, mostly a little bent,
and brought gradually to a sharp point at one end,
the other with an irregularly rounded head, sometimes
slightly elliptical, and generally not exactly terminal :
the second cylindrical, ¢$gth of an inch long, rather
stout, arched and zigzagged, being six or seven times
angulated ; it is strongly spined, particularly at the
angles ; the extremities are obtuse.

The dried sponge is of a dark snuff colour.

In shells of Haliotis tuberculata from Guernsey, and
in an oyster from the West of Scotland.

c. Various British SPponcss.

1. Hatisarca Dusarpini, Johnston.

Halisarca, Dujardin. Ann. des Sci. Nat., n.8., vol. x, p. 7, pl. i,
fig. 5.

Halisarca Dujardinii, Johnston, Brit. Spong., 1842, p. 192, pl.
xvi, fig. 8.

Halisarca Dujardinti, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xii
(18738), p. 25; and vol. xiii (1874), p. 315.

APPENDIX. 239

Habitat.—Berwick Bay, Holy Island (Johnston),
Budleigh-Salterton (Carter).

This is not the sponge described by Bowerbank
under this name and which is spiculiferous. The true
Halisarca forms a thin gelatinous crust, which is
entirely devoid of spicula.

2. HALisaRoA LOBULARIS, Schmidt.

Halisarca lobularis, Schmidt. Spong. des Adriat. Meeres, 1862,
p. 80.

Halisarca lobularis, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xiii
(1874), p. 433.

Sponge consisting of irregularly lobed ridges about
a line high, extending themselves in branched digita-
tions over the rock. Lobes ficoid, agglomerated,
divided into minute lobuli with angular pits or intervals
between them, when they cannot from their rounded
forms come into contact. Surface smooth, sleek, and
of a pink colour on the prominent portions, passing
into light-brown yellow below. Vents sparse, situated
here and there on the lobes, not raised above the
surface, and sufficiently large to be visible to the
naked eye. Pores minute and numerous, each con-
sisting of a round aperture situated in the centre of a
papilliform ring, which rings being in juxtaposition
thus form the dermal surface of the lobule. No
spicules of any kind. Size of specimen one and a half
inch long by one inch wide and one line high.

Habitat.—New Red Sandstone Rocks, Budleigh-
Salterton.

Geographical Distribution.—Adriatic Sea.

240 APPENDIX.

3. STELLETTA LACTEA, Carter.
Stelletta lactea, Carter. Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vii (1871),
p. 9, pl. iv, figs. 15—22.

Massive, spreading, fixed, following and filling the
cavities of deciduous small boring shells (Savicave)
and Annelids, communicating with the exterior only
through the openings of the cavities. Dermal layer
thin, white, densely charged with minute stellates.
Body-substance opalescent, soft, compact, composed
of areolar sarcode traversed in all directions by the
branches of the excretory canal systems, which, uniting,
finally terminate in their respective oscules, charged
more or less with the same kind of stellates as those
of the dermal membrane, together with minute sheaf-
like bundles of acerate spicules, which in certain
directions reflect the light like the micaceous particles
in granite.

Spicules of five kinds. 1. The largest, acerate,
smooth, fusiform, slightly curved, about 35th of an
inch long; 2, trifid, smooth, with shaft pointed at one
end and provided with three arms at the other,
spreading horizontally in the opposite direction, more
or less inclined forwards towards the long axis of the
shaft, vase-like, straight or slightly flexuous, smooth,
pointed. These spicules are ygth of an inch long; 8,
the same, with the ends of the arms more or less
bifurcated; 4, stellate spicules, with long body and
short thick rays, or with long rays and hardly any
body, about go/goth of an inch in diameter; 5, sheaf-
like bundles of minute, smooth, acerate spicules lying
parallel to each other and about yz 55th of an inch
long. The large -acerate spicules are more or less
spread throughout the sponge, the trifid ones of both

APPENDIX. QA1

kinds chiefly confined to the surface, where they are
arranged vertically with their heads toward the dermal
layers and their shafts internally; the stellates, although
most numerous and packed together crust-like in the
dermal layer, are also scattered throughout the body-
substance; while the sheaf-like bundles of minute
acerate spicules are entirely confined to the latter.

Habitat.—Budleigh-Salterton (Carter).

I am inclined to think that Stelletta lactea of
Carter may be synonymous with Tethya Collingsti,
Bowerbank; but Carter figures the two forms of
stellates as of equal total diameter, whereas in T. Col-
lingsti the long rayed form is some three times the
diameter of the short rayed, and has far fewer rays;
in YT. Collingsti, moreover, the bifurcating trifid
spicula are few and are evidently a mere variety of the
recurving trifids.

4. Renrera Parrittir, Bow.
Reniera Parfitt, Bowerbank, In Parfitt Marine and Freshwater

Sponges of Devonshire. Trans. Devon. Ass. Advance. Liter.
Science and Art, 1868, p. 10.

‘* Massive, sessile; surface smooth, somewhat undu-
lated; oscula simple and sparsely distributed, slightly
raised above the surface; pores inconspicuous to the
unassisted eye; dermal membrane abundantly spicu-
lous; spicula very irregularly disposed, imbedded in
the membrane; spicula acerate, stout, with a few more
slender ones intermixed, of two sizes; skeleton spicula
very numerous, acerate, stout, suddenly and acutely
pointed, y¢4s5th of an inch long and yogoth of an inch

VOL. IV. 16

242 APPENDIX.

in diameter; sarcode not abundant, yellow examined
dry. Dredged off Torbay, 1867.

This very distinct species was, when fresh, of a
golden yellow colour, it dries to a pale yellow. Three
small specimens are all that I have seen of this, each
about two inches in diameter and about an inch thick.
They grew attached to stones in about twenty fathoms
of water. I presented a specimen to Dr. Bowerbank,
who has paid me the compliment to name it after me.”’

Such is Mr. Parfitt’s description. I can find no
reference to this sponge, either in Dr. Bowerbank’s
publications or among his manuscripts which came
into my hands; and the foregoing description is too
loose to enable this species to be recognised.

A large number of sponges were dredged around the
Western coasts of Great Britain, in greater depths
than 100 fathoms, in 1869 by H.M.S. “ Porcupine.”
Descriptions of these sponges must be sought in Sir
Wyville Thomson’s ‘Depths of the Sea’ and in Mr.
Carter’s papers in the ‘ Annals.’

A.

Abila levis :
Anchinoe perarmata
Adocia simulans
Adreus fascicularis .
Aigagrophila varians
Alebion Hyndmani .
Amorphina albescens

2 awrea

Fr Brettii .
caruncula
coccinea
consimilis
caduca .
coalita .
distorta .
fallaciosa
is fragilis .
glabra .

lactea
membrana
panicea .
reticulata
sanguinea
Thomasit

inconspicua .

. 152
70
86
75
81
72
83
95
96
99
75
75
99
96
72
72
98
75
81
71

Appendix of additional species 225

Ascaltis botryoides
Ascetta coriacea
Ascandra botrys

33 complicata

. 226
. 225
. 227
. 226

Ascandra contorta .

ss variabilis

Ascortis lacunosa .

Asychus variantia .
Axinella pumila
rugosa

Battersbyia é
35 Bucklandi

Biemma candida

PA constricta .

” corrugata .

3% tnornata

3 Jeffreysit

3 Peachit

» pulchella
Bubaris vermiculata

C.

Cacospongia pulchella
4 scalaris
”
Calearea, . ;
Caminus osculatus .
Carmia floreum
» macilenta .

Zetlandica .

PAGE
. 226
. 227
. 226

85
- A?
. 48

93
. 93
. 110
. 174
. 107
. 114
. 171
. 173
. 111

54

- 183
. 183
. 188
25
28
. 162
83

244, INDEX.
PAGE
Chalinula limbata . . 186 | Dendoryx Pattersont

55 oculata . 185 55 Thompsoni
Chalina . ‘ . 185 | Dercitus Buckland: .

» cervicornis . . 185 » mger.

» Flemingii . . 185 | Desmacidon 3

» gracilenta . . 186 “i egagropilus

>» Grantii . 186 as eavernula

+» imornata . 186 oF columella

» limbata . 186 vs constrictus .

» Montagui . . 185 ds copiosus

» oculata ‘s . 185 sh fruticosus

» seriata, . 187 incognitus .
Ciocalypta 38 55 jecusculum .

Leei 38 55 Jeffreysii
iy penicillus . . 388 Re macilentus .
Classified List of British 35 pannosus
Sponges... . 5 ‘3 paupertas
Clathria Beaniti . . 156 a perarmatus .

» papilla . 187 i Peachii
Clathrina sulphurea . 225 % plumosus
Cliona Alderi . . 237 a rotalis .

» celata . 90, 223 i similaris

» corallinoides . 235 33 varians

» gorgonoides. . 234 | Dictyocylindrus

» gracilis . 236 9 aculeatus

» Howsei. . 237 He fascicularis .

» lobata . . 238 or hispidus

» Northumbrica . 234 $5 Howsei

» vastifica . 235 <3 pumilus
Collingsia sarniensis 44 3 radiosus

A Schmidtit . 44 - ramosus
Corybas lobata . 139 i rectangulus .
Cydonium Miilleri . 27 i rugosus.

% stuposus
3 ventilabrum .
D. es virgultosus
Diplodemia
Dendoryxalbula . . 112 + vesicula

45 Batei . 111 | Dirrhopalum coriaceum

" Dickiet . - 110 | Distribution, geographical

9 granulata . 114 tableof . . ;

3 incrustans 110 | Donatia aurantium

o irregularis . 110 | Dunstervillia elegans

PAGE
. 11
. 105

93
. 93
. 170
. 180
. 179
. 182
. 174
. 178
. 170
. 176

. 170

. 176

. 173

. 179
. 179

Dysidea .
” fragilis
5 coriacea

E.

‘Epicles radiosus
Ephydatia fluviatilis
Ecionemia :
53 coactura .
os compressa
a ponderosa
Esperia egagrophila
"4, florea
5 lingua
» spinulenta .
» subclavata .
Euplectella brevis
Sg mammillaris .
5 robusta .
Euryphon clavatum

F.
Ficulina anomala .
33 ficus .
G.

Gastrophysema dithalamium .

3 scopula
Gellius jugosus

» robusta
Geodia ‘

» megastrella .

» Zetlandica . ae
Geographical distribution
Grantia . ‘ :

» botryoides .
ciliata. a

2

INDEX.
PAGE
. 188 | Grantia compressa .
. 188 » ensata,
. 189 » Nivea .
» tessellata
H.
56
. 168 | Halichondria . F F
30 a5 albula
. 31 7 ambigua .
. 380 ny angulata .
30 55 Batei
. 180 i caduca
. 162 ss candida
. 162 . Clarket
52 is coalita
92, 3 coccinea
31 3 condensa .
82 coralloides
31 - corrugata .
55 3 Couchii
5 cylindracea
ee Dickiei
3 distorta
6 edusa
. 120 expansa
89 35 falcula
3 fallax
Pe farinaria .
5 jimbriata .
a flabellifera
33 a foliata
33 3 forceps
. 181 x Sorcipis
_ 171 a glabra
27 3 granulata .
27 8 Hyndmani
27 a incerta
15 ‘3 inconspicua
. 25 3 incrustans
. 226 9 Ingalli
25, 230 ae inornata .

. 112

. U1

. 110
. 139

. 102
. 104
. 107

. 110

. 112
. 107

. 114
. 153
. 107
. 106
. 105
. 105
. 99
. 114
. 152

96
. 96
. 110
- 111
. 114

2-46 INDEX.
PAGE
Halichondria irregularis . 110 | Hymedesmia pulchella .
5 lingua . 162 Ss radiata
a McIntoshii 95 3 simplicissima
a mutulus . 96 ss stellata
" nigricans . . 112 #3 tenuicula .
35 panicea . 98 3 Zetlandica.
3 Pattersoni . 111 | Hymeniacidon
55 pulchella . . ill 2 albescens
es paupera . 139 3 Aldousii .
% regularis . . 95 33 armaturus
35 Robertsoni . 100 PP armiger .
5 scandens . . 111 a aureus
a simplex . 106 33 Brettii
#8 subdola . 106 $5 Bucklandi
oy Thompsoni . 105 ee callosus .
a virgea . 112 Fr carnosus .
Haliclona Columbee . 185 is caruncula
‘ gracilenta . 186 ” celatus
Bs Montagui . 185 7 claviger .
» pulmata . . 182 coccineus
» pygmea . . 118 consimilis
a seriata . 187 a crustula .
v3 simulans . . 125 6 Dujardinii
Halicnemia 45 FA fallaciosus
= patera . 45 as fallax
Halina Bucklandi . 93 55 ficus
» carnosa 88 3 firmus
» _ficus 89 ay floreum
» suberea . 88 Ks foliatus .
Halisarca Dujardinii 92, 238 i fragilis
35 lobularis . . 239 3 gelatinosus
Halyphysema . : 33 3% Hillieri
ramulosa . 38 mS jecusculum
8 primordiale 33 9 lacteus
3 Tumanowiczii . 33 35 lingua
_ Tumanowiczii . 38 > macilentus
Hymedesmia . . 56 pt mammeatus
oy indistincta 56 5 medius
‘5 inflata 56 38 membrana
a occulta 56 es pachyderma
5 pansa. 56 5 paupertas
“ Peachii 64 ” perarmatus
» pilata 59 ” perlevis .

PAGE

. 162

- 162

INDEX. 94,7

PAGE PAGE

Hymeniacidon placentula . 73 | Isodictyacrassa . ‘ . 126
9 plumiger . 88 3 deformis . ‘ . 160

3 plumosus . 53 33 densa : Z . 125

es radiosus . . 84 5 dichotoma 3 . 123
reticulatus . 75 56 dissimilis . : . 135

» sanguineus . 81 9 dubia “ si . 140

és solidus . . 76 si Edwardii . A . 138

ae subclavatus . 92 a elegans. g . 121

55 subereus . . 88 5 fallax : : rae Ay

99 sulphureus . 89 % ferula : ‘ . 116

ae tegeticula . 76 3 filamenta . : . 129

* tenebrosus . 90 A fimbriata . , . 153

5 Thomasii Paral % fistulosa . ‘ . 123

5 varians . . 85 45 fucorum . : . 188

5 variantia . 85 - funalis . 4 . 150
virgultosus . 83 » gracilis . . . 186

a virgulatus . 84 ” Gregorii . . . 125

9% viridans. . 86 » hispida . . . 186
Hymeraphia . . . . 54 » Hyndmani . . 152
os clavata . 55 PA imitata . , . 141

& coronula . . 55 35 implicita . Z . 154

53 simplex . . 55 s5 ineequalis . ‘ . 157

ae stellifera . . 55 a incerta . i . 126

55 vermiculata . 54 3 indefinita , . 118

<3 verticillata . . 55 ss indistincta ‘ . 119

5s infundibuliformis . 135

33 Ingalli.. : . 126

I. - invalida . . . 186

<9 involuta . : . 143

Idomon Alderi : ‘ . 237 i jugosa. : . 131
Lophon nigricans. ‘ . 112 3 laciniosa . ‘ . 140
» scandens. : . 111 35 lobata ‘ . 189
Isodictya . : . 115 5 lurida. . . 152
5 Alderi. : . 138 F luteosa . : . 120

7 anomala . ; * 120 37 mammeata . 115

ee Barleei . ‘ . 140 i McAndrewi . . 122

5 Beanii ; . 150 52 nodosa. ; . 141

5 Bowerbanki . . 128 3 Normani . ‘ . 186

a cinerea. é . 115 8 obscura . 5 . 118

5 Clarkei . F . 139 3 pallida . : . 125

9 clava F F . 130 33 palmata . ‘ . 1832

oi collina . : . 147 a parasitica ; . 120

35 coriacea . ' . 136 5 paupera . .-7 . 189

248

Isodictya paupercula
35 Peachii
3 permollis .
3 perplexa .
5 pertenuis .
= pocillum .
” pygmea

ramusculus

5 robusta.

3 rosea,

Bs rugosa

3 scitula

oy simplex

3 simulans .

simulo

3 trunca

sa tumulosa .

3 uniformis.

33 varians

K.

Keratosa

L.

Laothoe verticillata .
Leucaltis pumila
Leucandra ananas .
caminus
fistulosa

3 Gossei .

Johnstonii

oe nivea
Leucogypsia .

Fr Gossei
T.euconia ‘ ‘
fistulosa .
Johnstonii
a nivea
‘ pumila

”

.

INDEX.
PAGE
. 129 | Leuconia Somesii .
. 120 | Leucosolenia .
. 115 a botryoides
. 123 3 contorta
. 144 coriacea
. 119 i lacunosa
. 118 | Leucyssa incrustans
. 115
. 170
. 118 M.
. 153
. 146 | Menyllus Ingalli
. 119 | Mesapos stellifera .
. 125 | Microciona
. 128 Gs ambigua
. 132 5 armata.
. 153 Ms atrasanguinea
. 139 is carnosa
. 121 m fallax .
: = fictitia .
5 fraudator
45 jecusculum .
‘i Kentii .
. 183 se levis .
5 plumosa
5 simplicissima
x spinulenta
vs tumulosa .
55 | Mycalelingua. . .
. 227
. 229
. 228 N.
. 228
. 228 | Nenia verticillata .
. 229 | Normania
229 | a crassa
. 26
26, 228
. 26 0.
26, 228
. 229 | Oceanapia Jeffreysit
26, 229 | Ophlitaspongia :
26, 227 5 papilla .

PAGE
26

- 26
25, 226
25, 226
26, 226
26, 226
. 227

. 111
55
49
53
53
54
53
52

50
53
49
52
53
52
52
50
. 162

55
28
29

. 171
. 187
. 187

Ophlitaspongia seriata .
Orina angulata

P.

Pachastrella Bucklandi .
Pachymatisma :

3 Johnstonia
Papillina suberea
Pencillaria mammillaris
Phakellia ; i

3 infundibuliformis
i robusta .
a ventilabrum
Philotia varians
Pione Northumbrica

Polymastia
2 brevis .
3 bulbosa
5 conigera
re mamuillaris
i ornata .
55 radiosa
5 robusta
Py spinula
Pronae plumosa
» lobata.

Q.

Quasillina brevis

R.

Radiella spinularia
Raphioderma . i
‘5 coacervata .
Raphiodesma . : .
fallaciosum
floreum

33
”

VOL. IV.

249

INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
. 187 | Raphiodesma intermedium . 166
99 re lingua . 162
PS simplicissimum 163
35 sordidum . . 163
Raphyrus ‘i . 182
” Griffithsii . 182
93 | Raspailia radiosa 46
28 i ramosa . 45
28 ii (?) stelligera 46
. 182 95 stuposa 48
382 si (P) viminalis 46
48 a3 virgultosa 47
. 185 | Reniera albescens 70
48 armatura . 86
48 a aurea 86
121 » Brettic 75
. 234 5 caruncula . 81
81 56 coccinea 72
31 >» consimilis . 83
31 » erustula 79
33 » fallaciosa . 75
32 » fallax. 83
31 » fragilis 75
32 » lactea 72
31 i mammeata . 82
32 z membrana . 72
. 538 » pachyderma 79
. 238 Pe perlevis 79
» reticulata . 75
» sanguinea . 81
ss Thomasii . 71
» virgultosa . 83
31 45 viridans 86

S.

. 45 | Scopalina fallax . 5
162 | Scypha ovata . . 229
. 162 | Seriatula seriata . 187
. 162 | Silicea . F : P . 27
. 163 | Siphonochalina (?) Flemingii . 185
162 | Sophax fallax . » 2

17

250 INDEX.
PAGE T,
Spinularia tetheoides . . 45
Spongelia fragilis . 188 | Tereus fimbriatus
Spongia ananas , 229 | Tethea, see Tethya.
a limbata . 186 | Tetilla cranium
» pulchella . 183 | Tethya :
» pulverulenta 229 » abyssorum .
Spongilla ; . 168 » Collingsii .
4 fluviatilis 168 » cranium
35 lacustris . . 169 » ‘mfrequens .
is Mayeni . . 168 » yncurium
» Parfitti . . 168 » morum :
» sceptrifera 169 » ‘muricata
Spongionella. . . . 183 » Schmidtii .
iy pulchella . 183 » spinosa
Squamulina scopula . 33, 38 » Sspinularia .
Stelletta aspera . . . 380 Zetlandica .
5 Collingsii : . 44 Timea stellata .
a lactea 240 | Tragosia infmadtbulaformie
% Schmidtii . ‘ . 44 ” dissimilis .
Suberites carnosa . 88 | Trichogypsia villosa
a clavigera . . . 90
4 domuncula. . 88 U.
a fe ues : - 89 Ute capillosa .
si gelatinosa . 88 » glabra
suberea . ‘ . 88 » urticulus .
sulphurea : . 89
Gycentira ciliata . 230 Vv.
i compressa, . 232 .
» coronata. 930 | Verongia as 1
» elegans . . 231 » Zetlandica
7 glabra 931 | Vibulinus aculeatus .
» utriculus 232 a OES
villosa. 981 Vioa celata
Aveta penicillata 229 Ww
Syconella quadrangulata 230 :
Sycortis quadrangulata . 230 | Wyvillethomsonia Wallichii .

PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

29

PLATE I.
‘* HyMEDESMIA PANSA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 1.—A small portion of the sponge, exhibiting
the mode of fasciculation and disposition of the skele-
ton fasciculi. XX 250 linear.

Fig. 2.—One of the long, slender, acuate spicula of
the skeleton fasciculi. Xx 420 linear.

Fig. 3.—Represents one of the attenuato-acuate,
entirely spined defensive spicula. Xx 420 linear.

Fig. 4.—One of the bidentate, equi-anchorate, re-
tentive spicula. x 420 linear.”

‘* HYMEDESMIA TENUICULA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 5.—Represents a portion of the flat fasciculi
composed of numerous attenuato-spinulate spicula,
and the irregular mode of their disposition. x 150
linear.

Both the species figured above depend for their
identification on their microscopical structures alone;
figures of their extremely thin substances would not
contribute in the slightest degree to their identifica-
tion,”

' Hymedesmia pansal 4. H. tenmeculad.
Dinked del et ith. West & Co.rmp.

PLATE II.
‘* HYMEDESMIA PILATA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 1.—Represents a small portion of the sponge
exhibiting the nodes of the disposition of the skeleton
and other spicula of which it is composed. Xx 264
linear.

Fig. 2.—One of the contort, bihamate, retentive
spicula of the dermal membrane. X 420 linear.

Fig. 3.—One of the attenuato-acuate, basally spined,
skeleton spicula. X 264 linear.

Fig. 4.—An attenuato-acuate, entirely spined, inter-
nal defensive spiculum. X 308 linear.”

‘* HYMEDESMIA PULCHELLA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 5.—A small portion of the type-specimen ex-
hibiting the loosely formed and irregularly disposed
fasciculi of the skeleton structures. X 264 linear.

Fig. 6.—One of the slender, attenuato-acuate, ske-
leton spicula. xX 420 linear.

Fig. 7.—A long and slender, attenuato-acuate, ba-
sally spinous, skeleton spiculum. X 420 linear.

Fig. 8.—One of the angulated, bidentate, equi-ancho-
rate, retentive spicula. x 420 linear.

Figures of the natural size of both the above-
described sponges are omitted, as they would not have
assisted in the slightest degree in the discrimination
of the species.”

Plate il.

Hymedesmia pilatal—-4. H.pulchella 5-8.
Dinkel dal et ith West &Co. tmp.

PLATE III.
** Hymenracipon Hinuierr, Bowerbank.

Fig. 1.—Represents the sponge in the condition in
which it came from the sea. Natural size.

Fig. 2.—A subspinulate spiculum from the skeleton.
x 158 linear.

Fig. 3.—An acuate skeleton spiculum. xX 158
linear.”

‘* HYMENIACIDON soLipus, Bowerbank.

Fig. 4.—Represents the sponge in the dry state.
Natural size.

Fig. 5.—A small portion of the reticulate, dermal
membrane. X 94 linear.

Fig. 6.—One of the fusiformi-acerate spicula of the
dermal rete and of the skeleton. 158 linear.

Fig. 7.—Two of the slender acerate spicula of the
skeleton. > 158 linear. These spicula are frequently
more or less flexuous.”

Plate Ii.

say

Hymeniacidon Hillieri 1-3 H.sohdus 4

West & Co 17g

Dinkel del et ith

PLATE IV.
Isopictya scituta, Bowerbank.

Figs. la, 1b, 1c.—Acuate spicules of the skeleton,
to show their variation in size. x 150.

Fig. 2.—One of the bidentate, equi-anchorate, reten-
tive spicula. x 800.

Figs. 3a and 8b.—Angulated bihamate spicula of the
dermal membrane, more abundant than the last but
not mentioned in the description of the species.
x 800.

For figures of the sponge itself see Plate IX, figs.
1—3.

HYMENIACIDON VIRGULATUS, Bowerbank.

Fig. 4.—The sponge. Natural size.

Fig. 5.—One of the long, slender, acuate spicula of
the skeleton. > 150.

HyMeEntactpon caLLosus, Bowerbank.

Figs. 6 and 7.—The type-specimens of the sponge.
Natural size.

Fig. 8.—One of the acuate spicula of the skeleton.
x 150.
[Fig. 9.—A hydroid zoophyte, parasitical on H. cal-

losus, and inserted in the Plate by the engraver by
mistake. |

HYMENIACIDON ARMIGER, Bowerbank.

Fig. 10.—Hymeniacidon armiger. Natural size.
Thinly coating the basal portion of a specimen of
Nullipora polymorpha.

Figs. 11, 12 and 13.—Attenuato-acuate, entirely
spined, dermal spicules, showing their variability in.
size. xX 150.

Fig. 14.—A fusiformi-acerate spicule of the skele-
ton. X 150.

Fig. 15.—A bidentate equi-anchorate spicule of the
dermal membrane. x 800.

Figs. 16 and 17. Tridentate, equi-anchorate, reten-
tive spicula. > 800.

Plate IV.

i| De Hh o | ¢ rr ak AN,
| | | ‘a
| 4 | i
| | | M \y y
\ |
be \
|
)
i
/. 9 i

&
oes

>)

(NN 16
if 15
4 V1 a. |
i u 7 |
ee |
1 | j |
| :
| Hh
hs

Isodictya scitula 1-3. Hymeniacidon virgulatus 4-5.
Hymeniacidon ecallosus 6-8 Hymeniacidon armiger 10-17.

AT Holluck del, et ith. West, Newnran & Co ump

PLATE V.
“ FALICHONDRIA VIRGEA, Bowerbank.

Figs. 1 and 2.—Represent the largest of the four
specimens of the species sent to me by Mr. Norman.
Natural size.

Fig. 8.—A small portion of the dermal membrane,
exhibiting the mode of the fasciculation of the spicula.
xX 264 linear.

Fig. 4.—One of the subfusiform, basally spinous,
acuate, skeleton spicula. XX 264 linear.

Fig. 5.—A long and slender, acuate, tension spicu-
lum from the dermal membrane. x 264 linear.

Fig. 6.—A large bidentate, equi-anchorate, reten-
tive spiculum from the dermal membrane. X 400
linear.

Fig. 7.—One of the small and numerous bidentate,
equi-anchorate, retentive spicula. > 400 linear.”

“ HALicHonpRIA Rosertsoni, Bowerbank.

Fig. 8.—Represents the sponge in the dried state.
Natural size.

Fig. 9.—A small portion of the dermal membrane,
exhibiting the broad, flat, irregularly dispersed fasciculi
of the dermis. X 94 linear.

Fig. 10.—A fully-developed, hastate, cylindrical
spiculum from the dermal membrane. X 264 linear.

Fig. 11.—One of the largest of the tridentate, equi-
anchorate, retentive spicula from the dermal mem-
brane. X 400 linear.

Fig. 12.—One of the smallest tridentate, equi-
anchorate, retentive spicula from the dermal mem-
brane. > 400 linear.

Fig. 13.—One of the minute and slender, bihamate,
retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. Xx 400
linear.

Fig. 14.—One of the short and stout, basally and
seventh spined, acuate skeleton spicula. x 3808
inear.

Plate V.

Dinkel del ot kth

West & Co. tings

Halechondria virgeal—T H.Robertsoni 8—14,

PLATE VI.
‘* FHALICHONDRIA CONDENSA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 1.—Represents the sponge based on a small
fragment of a bivalve shell. Natural size.

Fig. 2.—A small portion of the dermal membrane
exhibiting the unispiculous structure of its rete.
x 94 linear.

Fig. 3.—One of the short, stout, acerate spicula of
the skeleton. Xx 160 linear.”

** HALICHONDRIA CYLINDRACEA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 4.—Represents the sponge covering nearly the
whole of the carapace of a specimen of Inachus
Dorsetensis, and appearing in small patches on some of
its legs. Natural size.

Fig. 5.—One of the subcylindrical acerate spicula
of the dermal membrane. xX 264 linear.

Fig. 6.—A bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive spicu-
lum from the dermal membrane. X 425 linear.

Fig.7.— One of the small, slender, bihamate, retentive
spicula from the dermal membrane. X 425 linear.

Fig. 8.—One of the subcylindrical, acerate skeleton
spicula. X 264 linear.”

PlateVI.

DH

Se arpa)

Halichondria condensa 1-3. H.cylndracea4-8.

Dunkel del et itr. Wost &Co.vmp.

PLATE VII.
‘* HALICHONDRIA CORALLOIDES, Bowerbank,

Fig. 1.—Represents the sponge of the natural size.

Fig. 2.—A small portion of the dermal membrane
exhibiting the fasciculated structure of its rete. X
80 linear. ;

Fig. 3.—One of the acerate skeleton spicula. x
150 linear.”

‘* HALICHONDRIA FLABELLIFERA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 4.—Represents the sponge enveloping nearly
the whole of a specimen of Nullipora polymorpha,
natural size.

Fig. 5.—A small portion of the dermal membrane
showing the more or less fasciculation of its spicula.
x 250 linear.

Fig. 6.—One of the subfusiform cylindrical tension
spicula of the dermal membrane. X 420 linear.

Fig. 7.—One of the basally and occasionally apically
spinous fusiform, acerate external defensive spicula.
x 240 linear.

Fig. 8.—A_ bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive spi-
culum from the dermal membrane. Xx 420 linear.

Fig. 9.—One of the bidentate, retentive spicula from
the dermal membrane. X 420 linear.

Fig. 10.—A fusiformi-acuate skeleton spiculum. X
420 linear.”

Plate VII.

Halichondria coralloides 1-3. H.flabellhfera 4:—-10

Dirkeel del et: lath West & Co ump

PLATE VIII.
‘**TsopIcTYA FERULA, Bowerbank.

Figs. 1 and 2.—Represent the type-specimens of the
species. Natural size.
Fig. 3.—A skeleton spiculum. x 264 linear.”

‘6 TsopDIOTYA CRASSA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 4.—Represents the type-specimen. Natural
size.

Fig. 5.—A small portion of the dermal membrane,
exhibiting its reticulated structure.

Fig. 6.—A skeleton spiculum.”’

Plate VII

J Dunkel del et lith West: & Co. ump

Q

[eodictya terula)—3. l.erassa,4-6.

PLATE IX.

Isopictya soituta, Bowerbank.

Figs. 1, 2 and 3.—Specimens of the sponge growing
on Nullipora polymorpha. Natural size.

For figures of the spicula of this sponge see
Plate IV, figs. 1—3.

IsopICTYA PERPLEXA, Bowerbank.

Figs. 4 and 5.— Represent the type specimens of the
sponge coating Nullipora polymorpha of the natural
size.

Fig. 6.—A portion of the dermal membrane.

Fig. 7—One of the long fusiformi-acerate spicules
of the skeleton.

Plate IX

Isodictya scitula 1-3 Isodictya perplexa 4-%

Dinkel deb. el ath West Newmoiv& CY ump

PLATE X.
Tsopiotya iNvoLuTA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 1.—The type growing on Nullipora polymorpha.
From Westport Bay. In the collection of the Rev.
A. M. Norman.

Fig. 2.—A portion of the dermal membrane.

Fig. 3.—One of the slender, acuate, tension spicula.

Fig. 4.—One of the stout acuate spicula of the
skeleton.

IsopIcTYA PAUPERCULA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 5.—The type on the inside of a valve of Pecten
varius. From Birterbuy Bay. In the cabinet of
the Rey. A. M. Norman.

Fig. 6.—A portion of the sparingly spiculous dermal
membrane.

Fig. 7.—Very slender acerate spicule of the dermal
membrane.

Fig. 8.—One of the stout acerate spicula of thee
skeleton.

[Fig. 9.—This Plate was engraved before Dr. Bower-
bank’s death, but not lettered; nor was any descrip-
tion of it to be found among the author’s papers.
The bidentate equi-anchorate spicula (Fig. 9) 1s of
very unusual form, but no sych spicule is referred to
in the descriptions of the two sponges which are
illustrated in this Plate. ]

Wisse 4 ox

fpecorip err

i

ate
3s
SS

Isodictya involuta i_4. lsodiclya paupercuia 5-8.

J.Dinkel dol. eb lith. West Newmeur & O° tmp

PLATE XI.
**Microciona tumuLosa, Bowerbank,

Figs. 1, 2.—Represent the type-specimens of the
species. Natural size.

Fig. 3.—A small portion of the skeleton structure
of the sponge exhibiting the irregular mode of the
disposition of the slender, compact, skeleton columns
and the interstitial spicula dispersed amid them.
x 94 linear.

Fig. 4.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 264 linear.”

“Tsopictya TRUNCA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 5.—The type-specimen of the species. Natural
size.

Fig. 6.—A specimen of the species exhibiting a
considerable variation in form. Natural size.

Fig. 7.—One of the slender, acerate, dermal tension
spicula. X 666 linear.

Fig. 8.—A subfusiformi-acerate, skeleton spiculum.
X 666 linear.

Figs. 9, 10.—Two of the attenuato-acuate, internal,
defensive spicula, exhibiting the variations in form and
basal spination of their truncated bases. x 1166
linear.”

Plate 2X,

ent nana

Microciona tumulosal—4. Isodictya trunca 5710.
TJ. Dirt del. ct ith West & Co vrp

PLATE XII.
Isopictya HisPipa, Bowerbank.

Figs. 1 and 2.—The typical specimens on Nullipora
polymorpha. In the Rev. A. M. Norman’s collection.
Natural size.

Fig. 3.—A section of the dermis at right angles to
the surface.

Fig. 4.—A slender, acuate, tension spicule.

Fig. 5.—Two of the bidentate, equi-anchorate,
retentive spicula.

Isopictya noposa, Bowerbank.

Fig. 6.—The type from Birterbuy Bay. In the
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size.

Fig. 7.—One of the subfusiformi acuate spicula of
the skeleton.

Duricel bel et Meth Weet Newman & C

Plate XIT

Isodictya Inspida i-5. Isodiciya nodosa 6-7

odanp

PLATE XIII.
*‘ TsoDICTYA PERTENUIS. Bowerbank.

Figs. 1, 2, 3.—Represent the type-specimens of the
species. Natural size.

Fig. 4.—One of the slender, acuate spicula of the
skeleton. > 425 linear.”

** Hymepesmia Pracutt, Bowerbank.

Fig. 5.—Represents the small, angular, dark-
coloured stone, the white surfaces on which represent
the sponge. Natural size.

Fig. 6.—The fragment of a bivalve shell, the inner
surface of which is nearly covered by the sponge.
Natural size.

Fig. 7—A small portion of the sponge from off the
little angular stone, exhibiting the mode of the dis-
tribution of the skeleton fasciculi and the retentive
and large auxiliary skeleton spicula. 264 linear.

Fig. 8.—One of the slender skeleton spicula from a
fasciculus. > 264 linear.

Fig. 9.—A large attenuato-acuate, basally spinous,
auxiliary skeleton. X 264 linear.

Fig. 10.—An internal, defensive, attenuato-acuate,
entirely spined spiculum. X 264 linear.

Fig. 11.—One of the small, bidentate, equi-ancho-
rate, retentive spicula. > 425 linear.

Fig. 12.—A large, tridentate, retentive spiculum,
highly magnified to distinctly exhibit the slender
central tooth at each termination. X 666 linear.”

Plate XIII

f

IN

SD.
&

Isodictya pertenuis1—4. Hymedesmia Peachii 5—lé

TDinkel del et ith.

West & Coimp

PLATE XIV.
IsopIoTYA DEFORMIS, Bowerbank.

Fig. 1.—Mr. Peach’s type-specimen on the inside of
a valve of Mytilus edulis. From Wick.

Fig. 2.—<A portion of the dermal membrane.

Fig. 8.—An incipiently spined acuate spicule of the
skeleton.

Fig. 4.—One of the very minute, simple, bihamate,
retentive spicula.

Fig. 5.—One of the equally minute, bidentate-equi-
anchorate, retentive spicula.

Isopictya coLLina, Bowerbank.

Fig. 6.—The type-specimen attached to a root of
Laminaria. In the Rev. A. M. Norman’s cabinet.

Figs. 7 and 8.—Two other specimens from the
same locality.

Fig. 9.—The subfusiformi-acuate spicule of the
skeleton.

Fig. 10.--One of the long and slender acuate
tension spicules.

Fig. 11.—The large and slender, contort, bihamate,
retentive spicule.

Fig. 12.—A bidentate equi-anchorate spicule.

Fig. 13.—A dentate palmato-equi-anchorate spicu-
lum.

Plate XIV.

collina 6~—13,

Isodictya deformis.1— 5. Isodictya

TIDinkel del ck lith

West Newman & C2 iinp

PLATE XV.
‘* HYMENIACIDON TENEBROSUS, Bowerbank.

Fig. 1.—The type-specimen from Birterbuy Bay.
Natural size.

Fig. 2.—The specimen of the species collected by
the late Dr. Scouler.

Fig. 3.—One of the ovo-spioulate spicula of the
skeleton exhibiting its form and proportions, and of
those also of the dermal membrane. x 264 linear.

Fig. 4.—The basal end of a fully developed skeleton
spiculum. %X 425 linear.

Fig. 5.—The basal portion of a slender specimen of
a spiculum from the dermal membrane. xX 425
linear.”

*‘ TsopIcTYA FUNALIS, Bowerbank.

The specimens of this species having been mislaid
by my friend (Rey. A. M. Norman) I have been
unable to give a figure of the sponge, but this is of
little moment, as the whole of the available specific
characters are structural and microscopical.

Fig. 6.—Represents a portion of the dermal mem-
brane exhibiting its subfasciculated character and its
numerous bi- and tridentate, equi-anchorate, retentive
spicula in sit. 94 linear.

Fig. 7.—One of the palmated, bidentate, equi-
anchorate, retentive spicula. > 666 linear.

Fig. 8.—A tridentate, palmated, equi-anchorate, re-
tentive spiculum. x 666 linear.

Fig. 9.—One of the minute and slender bihamate,
retentive spicula. xX 666 linear.

Fig. 10.—A skeleton spiculum basally incipiently
_ Spinous. x 308.”

PlateXv.

hath fe >

SS \
SS 7

Hymemacidon tenebrosus. 1-5. Isodictya funalis. 6-10
STDinkel del ot bth. West Newnan & 0° vy

PLATE XVI.
© TsoDICTYA INZQUALIS, Bowerbank.

Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen. Natural
size.

Fig. 2.—One of the subfusiformi-acerate tension
spicula. xX 400 linear.

Fig. 3.—One of the short attenuato-acerate tension
spicula. xX 400 linear.

Fig. 4.—A bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive
Spiculum. X 666 linear.

Fig. 5.—One of the bihamate retentive spicula.
X 666 linear.

Fig. 6.—A subfusiformi-acuate basally and apically
spinous skeleton spiculum. x 400 linear.”

** TsopioTya IMPLICITA, Bowerbank.

Fig. 7.—Represents the type-specimen immersed
amid the branches of Nullipora polymorpha. Natural
size.

Figs. 8. and 9.—Two of the smaller specimens of the
species. Natural size.

Fig. 10.—A small portion of the subfasciculate
dermal membrane exhibiting the irregular mode of the
disposition of the tension spicula. Xx 308 linear.

Fig. 11.—One of the slender attenuato-acuate
tension spicula, basally incipiently spinous, of the
dermal membrane. X 400 linear.

Fig. 12.—One of the stout attenuato-acuate basally
spinous spicula of the dermal membrane. x 400
linear. This figure also represents the skeleton
spicula.

Fig. 13.—Represents two of the bipocillate anchorate
retentive spicula of the dermal membrane. x 1166
linear.

-Fig. 14.—One of the minute inequi-anchorate reten-

__ tive spicula. > 1166 linear.”

4 a

Isodictya
TDurkel del et ith.

Plate XVI.

Soe 77

ine guahs1l-6. Limpheita 7-14

West Newmon & Coup.

PLATE XVII.
** RAPHIODESMA INTERMEDIUM, Bowerbank.

Figs. 1 and 2.—Represent the type-specimens of
the species. Natural size.

Fig. 8.—A small portion of the dermal membrane
exhibiting the structure of the dermal rete and the
mode of the disposition of the bihamate retentive
spicula. x 160 linear.

Fig. 4.—An average-sized skeleton spiculum. x
264 linear.

Fig. 5.—One of the long and slender tension
spicula of the interstitial membranes. > 264 linear.

Fig. 6.—A contort, bihamate, retentive spiculum
from the dermal membrane. X 264 linear.”

*¢ RAPHIODESMA FALLACIOSUM, Bowerbank.

Fig. 7.—Represents the shell of Pecten varius with
the type-specimen of the sponge upon it opposite a.
Natural size.

Fig. 8.—One of the long and slender acuate spicula
of the dermal fasciculi. >< 264 linear.

Fig. 9.—A dentato-palmate inequi-anchorate reten-
tive spiculum from one of the rosette-shaped groups
of those spicula from the dermal membrane. None of
the rosette-shaped groups were in a sufficiently perfect
condition to render it desirable to figure them. xX
425 linear.

Fig. 10.—One of the dispersed bidentate, inequi-
anchorate, retentive spicula from the dermal mem-
brane. X 426 linear.

Fig. 11.—A contort, bihamate, retentive spiculum
from the dermal membrane. xX 425 linear.

Fig. 12.—One of the subfusiform acuate skeleton
. Spicula. X 264 linear.”

Plate XVII.

FR. fatlaciosum Ae

Raphiodesma intermedium |6.

SI Dinrkel del till.

West & Co amp.

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