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The vertebrate zoology of Sind.A systema

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t

THE

VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY OF SIND.

A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN
SPECIES OF MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND REPTILES
INHABITING THE PROVINCE;
OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR HABITS, &c. ;
TABLES OF THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION IN
PERSIA, BELOOCHISTAN, AND AFGHANISTAN;
PUNJAB, NORTH-WEST PROVINCES, AND THE
PENINSULA OF INDIA GENERALLY,

WITH

WOODCUTS, LITHOGRAPHS, AND COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS.

BY

JAMES A. MURRAY,

CURATOR, KURRACHEE MUNICIPAL MUSEUM; AUTHOR OF A ‘“ HAND-BOOK
TO THE GEOLOGY, BOTANY, AND ZOOLOGY OF SIND;” “THE PLANTS
AND DRUGS OF SIND;” “KURRACHEE TO KANDAHAR,” &c,

LONDON :—Ricuarpson & Co., 138 Patt Mat.

BOMBAY :—Ebucation Soctzuty’s Press, Bycunia.
1884.

{V)
i
ay

cm
GOS

NAS

As44 057

BOMBAY :

PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S PRESS, BYCULLA.

TO
JAMES STRACHAN, Esq, M.LC.E.,
ENGINEER AND SECRETARY, KURRACHEE MUNICIPALITY,
TO WHOSE UNVARYING INTEREST
IN THE ZOOLOGY OF THIS PROVINCE,
MANIFESTED DURING THE LAST DECADE

AS VICE-PRESIDENT AND MEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE
OF MANAGEMENT OF THE KURRACHEE MUSEUM,
IS GREATLY DUE
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLLECTION IN THAT INSTITUTION,
THIS ATTEMPT
TO MAKE THE STUDY OF THE ZOOLOGY OF SIND
MORE POPULAR AND TO HELP FURTHER DISCOVERIES,

IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED BY

THE AUTHOR.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
PRB RACH ice eaiadat sata tevanceantenad aan Al an ecaaue sees Vv
ENTPRODWCTION! > Fy. A a gan s bora isan ee Ae acre aces sane ad ea igen ney ets vill
IMAM MERE Aes See Vaasd dams ne aadunaasaua Gea laa cana adae lates 1
AN Wels seh Sahil AE eM ieA sk i en R Ga ay cd 62
VBP TITAS. jee nels guideacien oouh eceuv ened vten aie Guaeceavmett has 333
DADRA GHIA. iii2.dcci lan bisdicwinscdataniie- sides dae ein teen eden 397
DIsTRIBUTION TABLE .........c ccc ccccecceceeeeeeeeseuseecees 402

ERRATUM.

Stenodactylus Dunstervillei, p. 363, stands as S. Orientalis.
Since this has been in print the specimen representing this species
has been carefully compared with the type specimen of 8. Orientalis

in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. J. Anderson, who determines
it to be that species.

PREFACE.

In publishing this work I fulfil the promise held out in my hand-
book to the Geology, Botany, and Zoology of Sind, of issuing in due
course a series of volumes descriptive of the flora and fauna of Sind.
In 1881 the “ Plants and Drugs,” of the Province was published. This,
besides being largely patronized, has been productive of good results,
inasmuch, as affording aid to collectors, several collections have been
brought together of the Sind plants, as well as of those of Beloochistan
and the shores of the Persian Gulf, a knowledge of the flora of which
latter countries was hitherto very limited. The importance, too, of the
subject may well be estimated by the calls from America, Continental
Kurope, and Museums in India for supplies of the indigenous drugs.

The present work will, it is hoped, be found as useful a manual
of the four vertebrate classes, viz., Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and
Amphibians of Sind, as wel] as of the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Beloochistan, Persia and the Western Presidency generally, in so far
as the animals inhabiting these parts are identical with those of Sind ;
especially to those interested enquirers to whom hitherto a descriptive
manual was a desideratum, and to others who find delightful employ-
ment or enjoyment in their leisure hours in attempting to elucidate
from personal observations the various branches of natural history.
It is purely intended as a means to the acquirement of a better
knowledge of the fauna of the Province, by recording what is already
known. There is no other British possession in India which, in this
respect, is so far behind as Sind. Mr. Blanford speaks of this fact in
a pamphlet circulated in 1875, and, as he says, “it is really not
creditable to us to be obliged to confess that, after Sind has been
British territory for thirty-two years, (more now) we actually know
less of the animals inhabiting it than the Russians have already
ascertained in the case of their newly-acquired Province of Tur-
kistan.”

Vi PREFACE.

It is only very recently that any attempt has been made towards
contributing to a knowledge of the Sind fauna. Among the first of the
naturalists to whom science owes much, may be named Mr. W. T.
Blanford, whose contributions from time to time in various scientific
journals have helped to a general knowledge of the mammals and reptiles
inhabting the Province. To Mr. A. O. Hume, c.z., we are indebted
for a knowledge of the avi-fauna, his chief and largest contribution
having appeared in the first volume of the periodical entitled, “ Stray
Feathers,” launched by him in 1872. Captain Butler, Mr. Ii. E.
James, Colonel LeMesurier, Mr. S. B. Doig, Lieutenant Barnes, myself,
and others following up the interest in the subject, contributed subse-
quently to a more complete knowledge, the number of known species
being now 399, But notwithstanding these researches, Sind cannot
be said to be thoroughly explored, to do which with any degree of
success is a task of no small difficulty, and requires the co-operation of

enquirers and interested persons.

The materials for this work have been mainly derived (Ist) from
collections made by myself during a thirteen years’ residence in Sind,
and during occasional tours in the Concan, Deccan, Central and South
India, the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, and Southern Afghanistan.
Next, are the different works treating of these four vertebrate classes,
as well as the various important contributions to a knowledge of the
local fauna of many parts of India in the volumes of the London
Zoological Society’s Journal, Annals and Magazines of Natural History,
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Ibis, Stray Feathers, and

other scientific periodicals.

Descriptions are given of all the Sind vertebrates—except fish—
known to science. In every instance where a sufficiently satisfactory
series of specimens was not available to me for deseription, and whcre
the animal had already been so fully described as to leave nothing to
be desired, I have preferred to give the original descriptions. These
are chiefly from Dobson’s excellent monograph of the Chieroptera ;
Oldham Thomas’ monograph of the Indian species of Mus ; Sharpe
and Seebohm’s monographs of birds in the collection of the British
Museum (vols. 1 to 6); Gunther’s most valuable work on the

PREFACE, vil

reptiles of British India, which, it is to be hoped, will soon be re-
published with additions; Blanford’s Zoology of Eastern Persia,
which has been of special value; Theobald’s Reptiles of India ; Hume’s
Stray Feathers, and the valuable papers contributed from time to time
to the Jowrnal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal by Dr. J. Anderson,
Superintendent of the Indian Museum at Calcutta. It will, therefore,
be understood that this work is chiefly a compilation.

To facilitate the identification of animals, diagrams are given, illus-
trating the different parts of birds and reptiles, with the corresponding
terms used in their description. These, it is hoped, will be found
useful to collectors, students, and would-be enquirers.

The scientific and trivial English names of each species is given;
the different synonyms by which it is known; an account of its
habits, resorts, and distribution, and its name in the vernacular. In
the case of reptiles, besides their description, range, &c., diagrams are
given showing the dentition of venomous and non-venomous species,
and the nature of the punctures that would be made by their bites.
The symptoms of the action of their poison, and the treatment to
be followed in all cases of wounds caused by them are also detailed.

For the sportsman woodcuts of most of the game birds are added.

Tables of the distribution of the animals of Sind are also appended,
the range or geographical limits being, on one side, to Beloochistan,
Persia and Afghanistan, and on the other, throughout India, including
the Punjab, N, W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Burmah, the Western
Coast, Rajputana, Southern and Central India, the Concans and
Deccan.

INTRODUCTION.

Aw arid country like Sind, with an extra-tropical climate, a scanty
rain-fall, and temperature during the hot months ranging from 95 to
102° Fahr., allow of only acomparatively moderate flora, and necessarily
a fauna less abundant, than in more moist climates, where the mean
average rain-fall—a potential factor in the distribution of vegetable and
animal life—is above 40 inches.

In some respects the fauna of Sind differs widely from that of other
parts of India, having members of an Indo-African character, which
do not extend far to the south or east of the Province, while animals
peculiar to heavy forest lands are practically absent. On the other
hand, owing to the remarkable similarity of climate, and nearly the
same average rain-fall, the fauna is almost identical with that of the
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, the shores of the Persian Gulf,
Rajputana, and parts of the Western Presidency, south of Sind. A
glance at the distribution table (pp. 402-404) will sufficiently prove this.
Of the 73 mammals known to inhabit Sind, 20 belong to the order
Chieroptera, 4 to the Insectivora, 20 to the Carnivora, 4 Cetacea, 15
Rodentia, 9 Ungelata, and 1 to the Hdentata. Six of these occur only
to the westward ; 12 are found both west and northwards, extending
into the Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Bengal. Those extending
northwards are Vesperugo serotinus et maurus, Scotophilus pallidus
(not beyond the Punjab), Hrinaceus jerdonti (not beyond the Punjab),
Herpestes persicus, Vulpes pusillus, Nesokia Hardwichii, Mus bactrianus
et alexandrinus, Capra cegagrus and Ovis cycloceros; 19 extend to
Afghanistan ; 22 do not occur east or south of the Province; 5 are
peculiar to it, and the rest are generally distributed. The forms
characteristic of the Persian fauna are Felis chaus, Gerbillus erythrourus,*
et indicus,* Lepus craspedotis,* Mus bactrianus,* Ovis eycloceros,*
Capra wgagrus,* Herpestes persicus* and Phyllorhina tridens. These
do not occur to the south, nor to the east of Sind, but those marked with
an asterisk, witha few others, as Cynonicteris amplewicaudata, Pipistrel-
lus leucotis, Sciurus palmarum, Nesokia Hardwickii, Vesperugo abramus
et maurus and Felis caracal occur also in Beloochistan and along the
shores of the Persian Gulf. A better idea of their distribution will be
gained by reference to the table at pp. 402-404.

INTRODUCTION. 1x

It is to be regretted that the fauna of Afghanistan, and the interior
of Beloochistan, have not been as fully worked out as that of Persia;
all the available information have, however, been utilized.

The following shows the distribution of the 73 mammals of Sind.
The information has been collected with the greatest ascertainable
accuracy, from materials at hand :—~

BING ssccovas eve ieantnana cine eiaignehceswe . 2
Beloochistan........... gd sinaen nig Ney edly vlesiasts 29
PERSIA sicataiiMaradateeeiiceley Gaeteae "25
Acts Wetishall oy ceicvickn sens ese arses varsegrey Was
Punyai: ccecescute eter aiaicuoianvealnaeaenens 51
N. W. Provinces ...............ceeaes a ones 47
Oa cs eisai tadaa south Sees aoa whewteeGc dace 41*
BQN siiirs nistenxnmendwas descaredarrinsanees 40
TRS OC DOT a na's sates uncoated des axed een doeeas 35
Central India ..... Wensaencesseeee sigtdicle'ts 33
Wah oe aicaativd anise, aa selacelnede oto aiessl eens 44
(GuaZeraiti- sca: wusescoes cwese Weis Obes taaed sees 33*
WonGan ae erie oe sadeslon Wonwarieiecs coos: 35*
WW ECCBD sroreere cars Son eaenean avin eeu wees 38*
South India ....... aiarsciesse acme eeu mesa Re cdeats 36*

Although the mammalian fauna is small, owing tothe paucity of natural
forests and covert yielding vegetation, yet the marshes, the plains,
deserts, valleys, the rivers, forests and hills have each their peculiar
inhabitants. The Hog-deer and Wild Boar affect the acacia-lined banks
of the Indus and the thick tamarisk-fringed delta, the Gangetic
Porpoise and the Otter sport in the Indus, the Civet Cat roams along
the edges of the marshes, the Gazelle on the plaius adjacent to or below
the hills, while some of the most inaccessible parts of the mountainous
regions claim the Ibex (Capra egagrus), the Gud (Ovis cycloceros)
and the Bear (Ursus Thibetanus), and the domed tombs, (a peculiar
' feature in Sind) untenanted buildings, vaulted cuverns and similar
retreats afford shelter to the Chieropteru, which, in number of species ,
equals that of the carnivorous order.

Aves.—Not unlike the indigenous flora the character of the avi-fauna
of Sind shows a marked analogy to that of Persia, Arabia and N. E,
Africa. European forms also occur, and these are génerally all the
Waders, as Storks, Herons, Snipe and Curlews, as well as Geese and
Ducks, of which there are numerous species and vast number of indivi-
dual members of each, chiefly migrants which arrive and stay during

* Imperfectly known,
B

x INTRODUCTION.

winter, and leave the Province at tolerably fixed periods during the
months of March, April and May. The whole net work of channels»
mud banks and marshes at the mouth of the Indus, the lakes or
dhunds formed by the periodical inundations of the river, as well as
the sea coast, literally teem from about the middle of September
to the beginning of June, with almost every form of bird-life affecting
such situations, from the unwieldy Pelican to the little Snippets, which
run along the ripple-marked sands of the sea coast.

There is abundauce of shooting during this period in all the lakes
and their neighbourhood. Wild Fowl literally swarm, especially on the
Munchur, where they are in thousands and myriads, their compact
masses forming, as it were, living islands upon the water, and, when
disturbed, a feathered cloud in the air. Flamingoes, Geese and Ducks
too are quite as numerous.

With these come some of the rapacious order, also winter visitants,
whose movements are necessarily connected with those upon which
they prey. Again there arethe smaller birds which keep along the scrub
or tamarisk jungle fringing the banks of the Indus and the edges of lakes,
as the Sylviince and Phylloscopine families. Neither songsters nor
gallinaceous birds are numerous in regard to species, though
abundantly so as to individuals; among the latter are Grouse,
Patridges, Quails, the Houbara Bustard, Floriken, and several other
resident species. The Sylviinc and Saxicolince families too are prominent
visitors during winter, and are fairly well represented. Among the
great multitude of birds, regularly visiting us, area few stragglers
which make their way to the Province in excessively cold winters.
These are Ruticilla mesoleuca, Lanius auriculatus, Saxicola leucomela,
Emberiza miliaria, Linaria cannabina, and Cygnus olor (Murray,
Additions to the Sind Avi-Fauna, 8. F. vol. vii. pp. 108-123) which,
although not properly belonging to the fauna, the circumstance of their
having occurred during an extremely severe winter in 1878, is worthy
of record, since Sind has nearly as many Paleearctic as oriental species.
The following gives the distribution of the total number (399) of
birds found in the Province :—

257 are found in Beloochistan. 266 are found in Rajputana.
240 ” ” ” Persia, 235 ” 4 99 Central India.
210 ,, 4 4, Afghanistan. 265 4, 4, 4, Kuteh,

320 ” ” ” Punjab. 283 ee a5 Guzerat.

308 ,, 4, 5, N. W. Provinces. | 237 ,, 4, ,, Concan.

79 4 oa «6g Oud. 244 4, 5, 4, Deccan.

262 5, 5)» Bengal. 281 ,, » 9 S« India,

INTRODUCTION. Xl

A few of those characteristic of the Persian fauna or belonging to the
Palearctic region are Adon familiaris, Bucanetes githagineus, Emberiza
huttont, Melanocorypha bimaculata, Corvus umbrinus, Alcedo ispida,
Hypocolius anpelinus, Oriolus galbula, Sawicola albonigra et morio,
Hypolais obsoleta, Garrulus atricapillus, Certhilauda desertorum, Pterocles
lichtensteinii et coronata, Puffinus persicus and Larus gelastes.

There are also a few which extend their range north only into the
Punjab, and are not found either soath oreast of the Province; such are
Gypaetus barbatus, Falco babylonicus, Falco esalon, Aquila chrysaetos,
ffalicetus albicilla, Merops apiaster, Coracias garrula, Picus sindianus,
Sawicola leucomela, Luscinivla neglectus et melanopogon, Anthus black-
istont, Palumbus castotis, Pterocles alchata, Caccabis chukar, Ammoperdia
bonhamit and Vanellus vulgaris, while those peculiar to Sind are, as
far as present information extends, Pyctoris griseiqularis, Blanfordius
striatulus, Phylloscopus sindianus, Passer pyrrhonotus, Serinus pectoralis
and Podiceps nigricollis.

Reptiles are not numerous in Sind, and if the species of Hydrophidee
are excluded, there are not many which are venomous. As far as they
have been collected, species of all four orders occur, viz :—Chelonia,
Sauria, Ophidia and Amphibia, the number of genera and species be-
longing to each of these being comparatively as many as occurs in other
parts of India. Climatal conditions are rather favourable to these, and
there are many species, especially among the Lacertilia, which are not
only peculiar to Sind, but interesting, as being forms ranging into the
Palearctic region; others are of a wide range, and a few are peculiar to
the Province; in fact, the Palearctic and oriental genera are here inter-
mingled. Among lizards, the genus Psammosaurus is a North African
form ; Scincus, a North African and Arabian, also Seps and Agama ; all
these occurring in the Southern Palearctic region. Of 21 families of
the Ophidia, represented in India, 12, or more than one-half, occur in
Sind, and, except the Crotalide, all the venomous forms occur. There
are as many species of Lizards as Snakes, and nearly twice as many
Chelonians as there are Amphibians, The total number of species of all
the different orders and families is 97 ; of these—

27 are found in Beloochistan. 23 are found in Central India.
25, » » Persia. 29. oy » 9 Kutch.

15, » » Afghanistan. er yy gy), Guzerat.

46 ,, yy 9y_~ Punjab. O° us 3» 59). Concan.

43 ,, » x» N.W. Provinces. | 21 ,, 5, 5, Deccan.
49, » 9 Bengal. 37 hig ee South India.
18, » 9» Rajputana.

Xi INTRODUCTION.

The different orders, families, genera, and number of species of each
genus represented in Sind are shown in the following table :—

Order. Family. Genera. Species.
Testudinides ............ 2 2
Chelonia or Turtles and J Hmydide .............+. 3 4
Tortoises .....cseeseeees Trionycid2 ........ cee 3 3
Chelonide........:..0.: 2 2
( Crocodilidae .........008 2 2
Varanidee ........:00ecee 2 4,
Sauria or family of } Lacertida...........00: 3 5
Trizards sasverseens se 4 Scincida ose 7 9
Geckotide,...........045 a 11
| Agamidee ............-.. 6 9
( Typhlopide .......4.-. 1 2
Oligodontide ......... 6 10
Homalopside ......... 1 1
Psammophide ......... 1 2
Dipsadidae.........seeeee 1 1
COSTED Sea ccsas omni aien < Lycodontide ....... 1 2
Pythonide .......66... 1 I
Hryeidae: goseaanevager’ 2 2
Hlapides ...... ces ene mae 2 2
Hydrophidae..........+- 3 14
| Viaperidee: cc's nae nes 2 2
+ ays Ranide:....0: avsissenseasss 2 4,
Batrachia Salienta ...... Buifonidlis acct acuussane 9 3

Of these the number of species of the Bmydidew, Lacertide, Geck-
otide, and Hydrophide would on closer investigation be found at
least one-third more than the present number. The genera, most
widely distributed in India of the harmless Colubrine Snakes, are
Typblops, Oligodon, Cynophis, Zamenis, Tropidonotus, Cerberus, Dip-
sas, Lycodon, Eryx and Python. Of the last one species only, which
inhabits forest lands contiguous to the limit of inundation and stony
tracts covered with Euphorbia. From the month of May to October
these are extremely numerous in Sind with Hchis and Naja.

Of the 40 species of Lacertide in Sind, fifteen occur in Persia;
seven of these, as Mesalina pardalis, Huprepes septemtoeniatus, Gongy-
lus ocellatus, Bunopus tuberculatus, Pristurus rupestris, Trapelus
rubrigularis, and Trapelus ruderatus, are not found to the north,
south or east of the Province; five extend their range to the Punjab
and Afghanistan also, while twelve of the fifteen are also found in Beloo-
chistan.

Of species of Lacertilia peculiar to Sind there are eight—such are
Ptyodactylus homolepis, Hemidactylus Gleadowit, Hemidactylus Kara-

INTRODUCTION. Xiil

chiensis, Gymnodactylus petrensis, Stenodactylus orientalis et Dunster-
ville, Seincus arenaria and Stellio melanura. Among the Ophidia,
Zamenis gracilis, Hydrophis Stewartii, Hydrophis dayanus, robusta,
Bishopit and Guntherii, (the two last newly described species) are the
only forms peculiar to Sind. The most common forms distributed
in India are Zamenis diadema, Tropidonotus quincunciatus, Tchis
carinata, Psammophis Leithi and four species belonging to the family
Hydrophide, which are numerous on the Sind and Beloochistan coasts ;
of this latter those already known are no doubt only a few which affect
the seas. The majority of reptiles belong to the oriental or Indian
fauna, Sind Chelonians are not known in Persia; it is not unlikely,
however, that one or both marine forms will be found to occur.

In concluding this introduction it only remains for me to acknowledge
the valuable assistance received in this attempt to collate the scattered
information regarding the vertebrate fauna of Sind into a systematic
account. Though seemingly simple, it has involved considerable labour
and research, and could not be successfully accomplished without valuable
aid. Among those to whom I am under special obligation I would first
mention Dr. John Anderson, Superintendent of the Indian Museum,
and Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Calcutta, to whom I am not
only indebted for the identification of. many species of which I had the
smallest doubt, at a time when no works of reference were available to
me for my guidance, but also for copies of descriptions of many animals
from publications which were not accessible to me, and for very kindly
permitting the use of the plates of the Hrinaceide, which accompanied his
paper in the J. A. S. Bengal. To these I have added a little, and
the structure of the dentition of the species has been made slightly more .
prominent from skulls in my possession. Next I would mention Dr.
Gunther, of the British Museum, to whom I am in several ways
indebted. To Mr. W. T. Blanford, too, for very kindly looking over the
collection of reptiles in the Museum, and setting aright, when passing
through Kurrachee forthe last time, some obsolete names. Among many
friends who have kindly assisted me by collection of specimens I am
especially indebted to Mr. F, Gleadow, Deputy Conservator of Forests,
also to Mr. W. D. Cumming, of the Persian Telegraph at Bushire and
Fao, whose collections from these parts have helped most materially in
not only adding to the already known fauna of Persia and Mesopotamia,
but in confirming the occurrence of many species of which Mr.
Blanford (Hast. Persia) wasin doubt, thus making this portion of the
distribution table of considerable value as to the distribution of
the Sind species into Palearctic limits. To Mr. B. T. Ffinch, Director

XIV INTRODUCTION.

of the Persian Gulf Telegraph, I am also under obligation, especially
for information connected with the nidification of certain species,
obtained by his organizing, at various periods, expeditions in search of
breeding grounds in the Persian Gulf; for specimens of the rarer
species, especially of Chieroptera, I have totender my best thanks to Mr.
J. Strachan, due to whose interest in Zoology generally, and in the
Kurrachee Museum, this work has been dedicated to him. In birds
my sole referee was Mr. A. O. Hume, c. 8., whose valuable assistance,
also his liberal presentation of a large collection of bird skins, helped
me much with the distribution table. I have also to acknowledge
my indebtedness to Lieut. Henry HE. Barnes for a valuable collection of
Central Indian Mammals and Birds which have been of special value in
fixing their distribution in that part of India ; also to the several
members of the Managing Committee of the Kurrachee Museum for
assistance given in several ways.

Finally I have to crave the indulgence of those authors—already
referred toin the Preface—and others, for the privilege I have taken of
so largely adding from their valuable works to the existing knowledge
of the fauna of Sind. My sole object in publishing this work is, as I
have already said, to place on record what is already known of the
fauna of Sind, also to occasion a greater interest in the rich mines of
the treasures of science to be found in the Province, and thus bring to
the surface the many valuable gems it contains.

J, A, M.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
Plate I. fig. 1. Cynonicteris amplexicaudata ‘1
» %. Phyllorhina tridens |
a 8, 55 fulva Bo) coneeuau neg’ aseeedesatecen 3
» 4 + bicolor |
» ©. Megaderma lyra J
57 ALT. Erinaceus pictus (fig. a to h—Details of head, skull,
and fore and hind feet)..........c..ceccusecss-esceeevesce: 22
» LV. Hrinaceus grayi (fig. a to hR—Details of head, skull,
and fore and hind feet) ..........0..ccececescescuceecsecees 23
mo Ws Erinaceus jerdoni (fig. e to j—Details of skull and
fore and hind feet) 0.0.1... ccccccecsssssceccccseececece 24
we VE Balenoptera indica (Details of skull, ey sai ehdetcs 41
Woodcnt. Skull and molars of Gerbillus indicus ..........00.0..08 42
” ” = hurrian® ...........s00e 43
¥s Skull of iets Hardwickii ........ccceccececeeeeeenseees 4A
i 49 » Lepus joongshaiensis .............0006 51
Plate VII, Diagram showing the different parts of birds ......... 62
Woodcut. Glareola pratincola..........ceccceecceceeeccseveeesseesearecees 223,
re Vanellus cristatus 20... .cccccisseresssscersenevecrueaeie seeeee 228
fe CHidicnemus Crepitans ...ceccecceceeseecseeseeeecesrevseoeaes 232
i GUUS CIELO: scsone aetha set is bees cbigeae Meo veces seaaeeseceassaee 236
es Scolopax rusticola, ......ccssccccsoecsecsscce-cateversersccsenes 238
ei Gallinago scolopacina ..........c...ssocceceosveneeseetececes 240
‘a Gallinago gallinula ............ccsneceoececceseecsesseeserens 241
Bs Limosa lapponica ...,......006 aneeean Sa westeyeccdantsaaease 244,
PF Numenius arquata .........cecceeeeeee ees iiblineodeartstadsbises 247
5 Porphyrio poliocephalus «1.0.0.0... ..csceeceecerseeeeenees 260
Gallinula chloropus ........cccceecscseecseteeeencsersereeees 262
Ms Falcinellus igneus ..... .....sseeseesereeeers Selibeidcwets wwe wile 279
i QyENUS O1OL~ scicvasesiaed ce escbussennacaveneanseesaxe sig ieeauaits 282
. Arise albitrOns: sanvanus ax accancsaualeus'nanaun Fiamaddalseucaeetses 284
- ‘Tadorna Commute: sivvcisccsssawusuvs cecens vam anarsevnwanses es 289
ss Spatula oly POAUasiccacabensceduieaiarbapeondeansbedeceiescauag geen 290
as AMS DOSCHS) iuisk shone ctewse boar deste. aeenlyeswertecndecesvewads COL
+ Chaulelasmnus strepera .......ccceccesseseeseeeeeeseereseeneee QU
- Clangula glaucion .............666 nneseuslgsehgidsesse danas onne 296
Pr Dafila acuta ....ccccscesveneecanceeensseasesenensecnes sesgueae 200

Xvi

Woodcut,

Plate VIII.

Woodcut.

”
Plate IX.

”

Plate X.

pil

Woodcut.

Plate XI.
‘W oodcut.
Plate XIT.

3 LL

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
Mareca penelope......ceccssesseeserceereres sues Naaiea tevectes 29D
Querquedula circia.......... aveeteatald gander eebeaeeasicg eevee BOL
Querquedula formosa .......ssceereeces cee seee eased dbeten gars 302
Puligula Ghstata .. 15. cosccanescevecsvine sessedny dneaneaenas cree 304
Foligula marila ..........c.0. isla shat eae TAGE net Bog ade see. BOS
Fuligula ferima ......cccccesescecsereeereeesenens deseo secensees 306
Mergus castor ....... adits Saidang da Ue dnacaSbaotuaeteaesaaeaaaane 309
Diagrams showing tho punctures made by the teeth
of venomous and non-venomous snakes ........e0.0.05 337
Diagram illustrating the different parts of Chelonia.,. 338
Euprepes septemteeniatus (Head shields of) .......60... 352
Ablepharus Brandti sh i(‘é 355
Pristurus rupestVis..........cceceeseeeeer deatenvesiteeiss cee 365
Hemidactylus karachiensis ......... sited cavers ak atiee Sais 361
ee Gleadowi............ ee Gatoe aeeaniees saieiaece 360
Gymnodactylus petrensis .............ceseesecceseeesceneuees 362
DEWiCUS APEMATIA sy. sc0)Lsceosveues teadecaeeccnaeebicuenonscane » 303
Diagrams illustrating Head ahialtls of a snake ......... 373
Zamenis diadema (Head shields of) ..... tetecsren aseeal HBTS
HiGHis Carintditan dsc ipetie ea ineipdaada so eagsudcvievoewerseaacsnrn 388
Hydrophis spiralis (Head edad Of Nicensaic vet sas ensesaecuns 391
Hydrophis Bishopii ....... Se daReewsejvamar sana sees . 391
ie Guntherii ............, eee seiysie vaahe dapat 396

ZOOLOGY OF SIND.
CLASS, MAMMALIA,

ORDER—CHIROPTERA.

Volant mammals, with thoracic postaxillary mamme, a simple or
two-horned uterus, and smooth cerebral hemispheres not extending
backwards over the cerebellum. Forelimbs specially modified’ for
fight. The forearm consists of a rudimentary ulna, a long curved
radius and a carpus of six bones supporting a thumb and four greatly
elongated fingers, between which, the sides of the body and the hinder
extremities, a thin expansion of the integument (the wing membrane)
is spread out. The knee is directed backwards, owing to the rotation
of the hind limb outwards by the wing membrane, a peculiar elongated
cartilaginous process (the caleaneum) rarely rudimentary or absent,
arising from the inner side of the ankle joint, is directed inwards, and
supports part of the posterior margin of an accessory membrane of
flight, extending from the tail or posterior extremity of the body to the
hinder limbs (the interfemoral membrane). The dental series consists
of four kinds of teeth—incisors, canines, premolars, and molars; and
the dental formula never exceeds

—1 3-3 3—3

Inc. a c=, pm. 5-3, m.5—3 = 38 teeth. (Dobson.)

SUB-ORDER I.—MEGACHIROPTERA.

Crowns of the molar teeth smooth, marked with a longitudinal
furrow ; palate bony, continued behind the last molar, narrowing
slowly backwards. Second finger generally terminating in a claw.
Sides of the ear-conch forming a complete ring at the base. Pyloric
extremity of the stomach elongated. Frugivorous.

Family, PTEROPODIDA.

Characters same as those of the sub-order.

Pteropus, Briss. Quadrup. p. 153; Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 90;
Dobson, Monog. As. Chir. p. 15; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 15 (1878).

Muzzle long, narrow, and cylindrical ; nostrils projecting, the ex-
tremity of the muzzle deeply emarginate. Upper lip with a verti-
cal groove in front, bounded laterally by rounded, naked prominences ;
index or second finger with a distinct claw; metacarpal bone

z1

2 PTEROPODID.

of the middle finger shorter than the second finger. Wing membrane
attached to the back of the first phalanx of the second toe, and from
the sides of the hairy back. Tail none.

4 1—1 2—2 3—3

? Cc I-p pm. 33? m. 3_3.

Back of the head, neck and shoulders generally covered with fur,
distinct in colour and quality from that of the back.

This genus includes the largest known bats.

Pteropus medius, Tem. Monog. Mammal i. p. 176. P. Hd-
wardsii, eof. (in part) Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 92; Jerdon, Mammals
of India p. 18; Hutton, Peters, Pro. Zoo. Soe. 1872. P. Medius,
Dobson, Journ. As. Soc. Ben. 1873; Monog. As. Chir. p. 18; Cat.
Chir. Br. Mus. p. 51; Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind, Mus. p. 101.

Ears long, with acutely-pointed tips, upper third of the margin
concave beneath the tip, the largest diameter of the opening of the
external ear 14 inches. Except at the bases posteriorly and a narrow
triangular portion covered with short hairs terminating towards the
middle of the outer margin, the ears are naked. The anterior flattened
edge of the inside of the conch is covered from the base upwards for
about one-third the length of the ear. Face naked in front of a line
joining the inner angles of the eyes, and on either side of the naked
space a few long hairs arise from separate papillae. Fur on the back
of the head, neck and shoulders rather dense ; on the back short and
adpressed, and narrowing across the loins. Elbow naked. A few
short hairs cover the narrow portion of the wing membrane, about
an inch and a half long, posterior to the forearm. ‘The femur and inter-
femoral membrane, as far as a line corresponding to the position of
the semi-circular band on the under-surface of the membrane, are
covered. The tibize and feet naked; the former sometimes with a few
short hairs. Nape of the neck and shoulders reddish yellow, golden
yellow, or pale straw colour ; the chest and upper parts of the same colour,
or sometimes of adarkerhue. Face and throat reddish brown; crown of
the head brighter. Sides of the body beneath the wings and round the
pubis dark reddish brown. On each side of the neck, a circular tuft of
rigid unctuous hairs of a reddish and yellow colour, covering the glands.

Length (of an adult & )—Head and body 10:5", head 3”, ear 1:45” x
0:8”, ear from end of nostril 2:8", eye from end of nostril 1:2", forearm
6°3”, second finger 11:9”, ‘thumb 2°5", fourth finger 8”, tibia 2°8”, foot
and claws 2”.

Hab.—Sind (Jacobabad), Kutch, Madras, Bombay, Poona, Sholapore,
Bhosawal, Nagpore, Nepaul, Assam, Ceylon, and Kelat (Dr. Bowman
in Dobson’s Cat. Br. Mus.), also Arracan and Burmah, Punjab
(Umritsar), Delhi.

This is the only species of the genus as yet known to inhabit the
Peninsula of India. It is generally found in colonies of one or two
hundred ; and the most commonly selected tree, especially in the
‘Concan, Deccan, and Khandeish, fora diurnal retreat, is the common
fig, (Ficus religiosa,) hanging on the branches of which the greater

Dentition. Ine.

“VHUAT VINEXCVOEW S “YTTOoOd dv
“SNACIUL VNIGIHOTTAHG ¢
-dut soug useyuryy

“VAIN de
“WIVONVORXATdWVY STUS.LOINONAD 'T

“ULI PP VaOTAYL U

4
}

putg jo ABojooz ayeaqeqe,

“Ll SLVI1a

CYNONICTERIS, 3

portion of the day is passed in sleep, after, perhaps, doing incalculable
mischief the night previous. When food becomes scarce in their
usual haunts, they are said to often travel great distances to obtain it,
returning to their sleeping place about sunrise.

Medicinally the flesh of this species is recommended by native
practitioners to be eaten as a curry in diabetic cases, as also in cases
where muscular energy is deficient. The fat boiled down is a very
favourite remedy in rheumatism of the joints.

Cynonicteris, Peters, Reise nach. Mosamb. Saugeth. p. 25; Dobson,
Monog. As. Chir. p. 29; Jour. As. Soc. Ben. p. 202. Xantharpyiz et
Eleutherura, Gray, Cat. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats p. 115.

Muzzle long and conical ; nostrils projecting by their inner margins ;
upper lip grooved in front with sloping margins. Index finger with a
distinct claw. Metacarpal bone of the middle finger as long as, or
longer than, the index finger. Wings from the sides of the back and
base of the second toe. Tail short, distinct, partially included in the
narrow interfemoral membrane.

Dentition—As in Pteropus.
_ Cynonicteris amplexicaudata, Peters, M.B. Akad. Berl. p. 865;
Dobson, Pro. As. Soc, Ben. p. 154 (1870); Jour. As. Soc. Ben. 1873,
p. 202, pl. xiv., fig. 8; Monoy, As. Chir. p. 29; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 72 ;
Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus. p. 108. Pteropus Leschenaulti, Desmar.
Mamm.p.110. P. pyrivorous, Hodgs. Jour. As. Soc. Ben. 1835, p. 700.

Puiate I. Fig. 1.

Head long, triangular; edges of the groove on upper lip smooth, not
thickened as in Pteropus and Cynopterus. Ears moderate, triangular,
rounded at the tip, the upper half of the outer margin straight, the
lower half convex. Posteriorly the ears are naked, except at their
bases ; anteriorly the conch is clothed with.a few-very short fine hairs.
The fur of the body extends upon the humerus and upon the fleshy
part of the forearm; the remaining part to the carpus has only a very
few fine hairs. The portion of the back and wing membrane covered
with fur across the loins is not more than an inch in breadth. The
interfemoral membrane is densely covered with hair at the root of the
tail, and on either side as far as lines drawn from the knee-joints to the
base of the free portion of the tail; the remaining portion, the legs and
a considerable part of the wing membrane beyond, are clothed with
short thinly spread fur, which extends along the wing membrane and
legs to the back of the feet. Beneath, the ante-humeral membrane is
clothed with rather long, thinly spread fur, and the wing membrane is
similarly covered as far as a line drawn from the knee to a point
about half an inch posterior to the elbow. The interfemoral mem-
brane, the legs and the feet, are covered with a few short hairs. Fur
short, varying in colour from dark olive or smoky brown to reddish
or yellowish brown. First upper premolars minute, equally distant
from the canine and second premolar; second premolar exceeding
lower canine in vertical extent; first lower premolar small, less than
half the size of the second premolar; secund premolar nearly equal to
lower canine in vertical extent,

A, PTEROPODID AL.

Length (of an adult & ).—Head and body 4:3” to 5:0’, tail 0°7%, head
1:65”, eye from nostril 0-6”, ear 0°75", forearm 3°35”, thumb 1:0", third
finger metacarpal 2:1", first phalanx 1:4”, second phalanx 1°85”, fifth
finger metacarpal 1°9’, first phalanx 1:0’, second phalanx 1:0”, tibia
1:5", foot 0°85”,

Hab.—Occurs in Sind (Mukklee Hills), inhabiting old tombs and
the caves at Clifton; found also in the Persian Gulf inhabiting caves.
Dobson gives its habitat as from the Persian Gulf to the Philippine
Islands, Bengal, Southern India, Ceylon, Burmah, Celebes, Amboyna,
and Aru Island.

Cynopterus, F. Ouv. Dents de Mammifer, p- 389; Gray, Cat.
Fruit-eating Bats, &c. ; Dobson Monoy. As. Chir. p. 23; Cat. Chir. Br.
Mus. p. 80.

Muzzle much shorter than in Cynonicteris and comparatively thicker ;
nostrils projecting, deeply emarginate between; upper lip with a
narrow vertical groove in front, bounded laterally by naked prominences
asin Pieropus. Index finger with a distinct claw; metacarpal bone
of middle finger longer than the index finger; wings from the sides of
the hairy back, and from the first toe. Tail short, distinct.

1-1 38—3 1-1

ap 4 4
Dentition. Inc. = or gs © 74, PM. sg, ™M. a5,

General form of teeth as in Cynonicteris, but less in number ; the last
upper and last two lower molars absent.

Cynopterus marginatus, F. Cuv. Dents de Mammifer. p. 39;
_ Kelaart, Prod. Faun, Zeyl. p. 28; Jerdon, Mamm. of India p. 20 ; Gray,

Cat. Monkeys and Frwit-eating Bats p. 122; Dobson, Jour. As. Soe.
Ben. 1878, p. 200, pl. xiv., fig. 4 (ear) ; Monog. As. Chir. p. 24; Cat.
Chir. Br. Mus. p. 81; Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus. p. 104. Ptero-
pus marginatus, Geof, Ann. du Mus. xiv. p. 97; Tem. Monog. Mammal
1, p. 202; pl. xiv. P. pyrivorus, Hodgs. Pro. Zoo. Sor. p. 36, 1836.
Cynopterus horsfieldi, Gray, Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 388; Pachysoma
brevicaudatum, Is. Geoff. Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. xiv., p. 705.

Ears large, rounded at the tip, with a slight but distinct concavity
of the outer margin immediately beneath the tip ; outer and inner
margins of the ear-conch bordered with white, the border along the
Inner margin one-twelfth of an inch wide, contrasting strongly with
the dark brown colour of the ear. The outer margin terminates below
without forming a lobe at the base. Except at their bases, the ears
are naked posteriorly; anteriorly a few hairs appear upon the conch
along the outer side of the white border of the inner margin, and
similarly along the inner side of the white border of the outer margin.
The fur on the upper surface of the body extends upon the wing
membrane nearly as far as a line joining the elbow and knee-joints, also
thinly upon the humerus, the femur and proximal end of the
tibia; beneath, the wing membrane is clothed to about the same
extent as upon the upper surface, the hairs also passing’ out-
wards im a narrow band posterior to the forearm. ‘he colour of
the fur is extremely variable,—dark brown, reddish brown, snuff

RHINOLOPHIDA. 5

brown, or olive brown; sometimes with a bluish tinge throughout.
The fur of the male is distinguished from that of the female, especially
during the rutting season, by a collar of stiff radiating reddish yellow
hairs. Upper incisors close together; short, equal in length; placed
in a straight line in the space between the canines, from which a slight
interval separates them on each side. Lower incisors somewhat
smaller, forming a slightly arched row ; the outer incisors on each side
separated as above by a small space from the canine. First upper
premolar minute, in the centre of the space between the canine and
second premolar and slightly to the outer side of the tooth row;
second premolar nearly equal to the lower canine in vertical extent.

Length (of an adult &).—Head and body 4:4”, tail 0-4”, head 1°5”,
ear 1”x0-5", ear from tip of nostril 1:2”, eye from tip of nostril 0-5”,
forearm 8”, third finger 5”, fifth 3:7”, thamb 1:1’, tibia 1:1”, foot 0-7”.

Hab.—Sind (at the Mulleer and Larkhana). Occurs in India generally
from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin, Ceylon, Andamans, Burmah,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Philippine Islands. (Dobson Monog.
As. Chir. ; Cat. Br. Mus.)

This bat is a perfect pest at the Mulleer and in other places in Sind,
from the havoc it commits in the plantain, guava and mango gardens.

SUB-ORDER II.—MICROCHIROPTERA.

Crown of the molar teeth acutely tubercular, marked by transverse
furrows; bony palate narrowing abruptly, not continued behind the
last molar. Second finger not terminated by a claw ; outer and inner
sides of ear-conch commencing anteriorly from separate points of
origin; stomach simple, or with the cardiac extremity more or less
elongated. Carnivorous or insectivorous. Rarely frugivorous.

Family, RHINOLOPHIDA.

Gray (in part) Pro. Zoo. Soc. 1866, p. 81; Dobson Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1875 xvi. p. 846; Monog. As. Chir. p. 36; Cat. Chir. Br.
Mus. p. 99.

Bats with well developed foliaceous cutaneous appendages surround-
ing the nasal apertures, which are situated in a depression on the
upper surface of the muzzle; with large, generally separated ears, and
no tragus. Two phalanges in the middle finger and an imperfect index
finger without a phalanx. Premaxillary bones rudimentary, suspend-
ed from the nasal cartilages. The dental formula never exceeds

Inc 2 Cc dk m 2~2 m 3—3 =
“a @ioo PP Mao =

Upper incisors rudimentary. First upper molar minute. Molars well
developed with W-shaped cusps. Nasal appendages complicated, con-
sisting of (1) a horizontal nose-leaf, generally horseshoe-shaped; (2)
central nose-leaf or sella; (3) the terminal or posterior nose-leaf, which
arises vertically, or extends backward between the ears; skull large ;
nasal bones supporting the cutaneous appendages, expanded vertically
and laterally ; tibia long and straight; fibula rudimentary. Females

32.

6 RHINOLOPHID.

with two nipple-shaped appendages slightly in front of the pubis.
Tail distinct, produced to the posterior margin of the interfemoral
membrane.

Sub-Family I.—RHINOLOPHINA.

First toe with two, remaining toes with three, joints each ; ilio-pectinal
spine not connected by bone with the antero-inferior surface of the
ihum.

So far as is known, this sub-family is not represented in Sind ; but it
is not improbable Rhinolophis afinis, Horsf., and Rhinolophis minor,
Horsf., may occur.

Sub-Family II.—PHYLLORHININ AL.

Toes equal, with two phalanges each; ilio-pectinal spine united by
a bony isthmus, with a process derived from the antero-inferior surface
of the ilium forming a large pre-acetabular foramen.

Phyllorhina, Bonass, Dobson Jour. As, Soc. Ben. 1872, Pp: 141;
Monog. As. Chir. p. 58; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p.127; Hipposideros,
Gray Pro. Zoo. Soc. 1834, p. 63.

Nose-leaf complicated, consisting of three portions, anterior, posterior
and intermediate ; the anterior horseshoe-shaped, as in Ehinolophus, but
not similarly emarginate in front; posterior erect, with a convex,
lobed, or incised free edge, concave in front, the concavity simple or
divided by narrow vertical ridges; the intermediate, usually broadly
cordiform with the base upwards, the sides thickened, the centre with
or without a projecting point or longitudinal ridges in front..

= ~2 /1—1i —3
Dentition, Inc. 2 Oa pm.5-, = ‘aitons m, 3

First upper molar minute, blunt, in the outer angle between the
canine and second premolar ; rarely deciduous.

Phyllorhina tridens, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 314;
Dobson Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 181, pl. vii. fig. 8; Anderson, Cat. Mam.
Ind. Mus. p. 113 ; Rhinolophus tridens, Geoff. Desc. de V Egypt, pt. ii.
p. 1380. Aselia tridens Gray, Pro. Zoo. Soc. 1866, p. 82.

Puate I.

Ears nearly as long as the head, subacutely pointed, broad ; lower
two-thirds of theinner and outer margin of the ear-conch almost equally
convex, the outer margin concave immediately beneath the tip, the
remaining part convex. Upper margin of the transverse erect nose-
leaf divided into three thickened projections, the concave front surface
beneath divided by three longitudinal bands; sella cordate, prominent’;
horseshoe-shaped membrane circular and raised in front, not divided ;

two secondary leaves on the sides of the muzzle parallel to the horse-
shoe.

Wings from the lower third of the tibia; interfemoral membrane
short, square behind; the last osseous caudal vertebra and half the
antepenultimate vertebra free. Fur above pale yellowish white, with
brown extremities ; beneath, wholly yellowish white or pure white. The
first minute upper premolar deciduous.

PHYLLORHINA. y

Length.—Head and body 2”, tail 0°75", head 0°7", ear 0°65” x 0:5",
forearm 1°75", thumb 0°3", third finger metacarpal 1:15’, first phalanx
0°5”, second phalanx 0-6", fifth finger metacarpal 0-9’, first phalanx
0:4", second phalanx 0:3”, tibia 0°65”, foot 0:35”.

Haé.—Sind (Kurrachee) in swarms during April, just at dusk, and
N. E. Africa (Egypt, Zanzibar).

Var Murraiana—Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus. p. 118.

Dr. Anderson (Cat. Mamm. Indian Museum 1881) says:— This is
distinguished from typical P. tridens by its somewhat shorter, broader,
and less pointed ears, but which otherwise conform to the characters
of the ears of P. tridens, The projections from the upper noseleaf
are more marked than.in P- tridens from Egypt. The interfemoral
and wing membranes are prolonged somewhat further down the
tibia than is the case in bats of this species from Egypt, and the
former membrane reaches the proximal end of the penultimate osseous
caudal vertebra.

It attains to a larger size than any from Egypt. Measurements of
an adult & ,—total length of body 2°30” tail 1”, head 0-80”, ear 0°70",
breadth of ear 0°68", forearm 2:07", thumb 0°32”, third finger metacarpal
1-46”, first phalanx 0°64”, second phalanx 0°66"; fifth finger metacarpal
1:16’, first phalanx 0-60”, second phalanx 0°45”; tibia 0°74”, foot 0°40”.

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee) and the Persian Gulf.

Phyllorhina speoris— Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 820 ;
Dobson, Monog. As. Chir. p. 67, fig. a. 6. ; Cat. Chir, Br. Mus. p. 143 ;
Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus. p.116. Vespertilio speoris, Schn. Schreb
Saugeth, pl. 59; Hipposideros speoris, Blyth Jour. As. Soc. Ben. 1844,
p- 489. Hipposideros speoris et templetoniil, Aelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl.

Slightly larger than Phyllorhina tridens and with long and narrower
ears, owing to the less convexity of their inner margins ; upper third of
the inner margin of the ear conch slightly convex almost straight, tip
narrowly rounded off or sub-acutely pointed, not projecting outwards.
Upper third of the outer margin equally concave, lower two-thirds
convex, with a small but very distinct spine-like projection at the
commencement of the lower third. Horseshoe-shaped horizontal
nose-leaf narrow, with three parallel leaflets on the muzzle on each
side ; transverse terminal leaf'broader than the sella; upper margin
regularly convex, front concave surface with three very distinct
yertical ridges whereof the centre one is longest; a large frontal sac
in the male, with a transverse aperture and swollen margins; in
females much smaller.

Wing membrane from the tibize near the ankle, interfemoral mem-
brane short, square behind; the last osseous caudal vertebrae and
half of the antepenultimate vertebra free. Fur, above, brown ; white
at the base; beneath, similar but paler. The shade of brown varies _
considerably in different individuals.

Length.—Head and body 2°4”, tail 0°85”, tail free from membrane
0°12", head 0°85”, ear 0°7” X 0-5", forearm 2°05”, thumb 0:3”, third finger
2°75", fifth finger 2°25%, tibia 0°9", calcaneum 0°5”, foot 0°38".

8 NYCTERIDA,

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee), Deccan (Poona), Madras, the Peninsula of
India generally, Ceylon, Burmah, and Java.

Phyllorhina fulva, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 322;
Dobson Pro. As. Soc. Ben. 1872, p. 155; Monog. As. Chir. (Sub Sp.
A); Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus. p. 118. Phyllorhina bicolor, Cat.
Chir. Br. Mus. p. 149, pl. ix., fig. 10; Phyllorhina aurita, Tomes, Pro.
Zoo. Soc. 1859, pl. 76; Hipposideros cineraceus, Blyth, Jour. As. Soc.
Ben. xxii. p. 410; Jerdon, Mammals of India p. 28. H. fulvus,

murinus, atratus, Kelaart Pro. Faun. Zeyl.
Prate I,

Ears longer than the head, with a very slight flattening of the upper
third of the outer margin beneath the broadly rounded-off extremity
of the conch. Horseshoe small, square, scarcely as wide as the trans-
verse terminal leaf, the concave front surface of which is divided into
four cells, by three distinct vertical ridges. No secondary leaflets
external to the horseshoe. Frontal glandular sac well developed, rudi-
mentary in females. Wings to the ankles or tarsus, interfemoral
membrane slightly angular behind; the end of the tail projecting.
Fur, above, white for three-fourths its length, with brown or dark
reddish brown or black extremities; beneath, pure white or pale
yellowish white, or the white replaced both above and beneath by
brilliant golden yellow, in which case the extremities of the hairs on
the upper surface are a rich reddish chestnut. The brilliancy of the fur
in some specimens is, Mr. Dobson says, probably unequalled by that
of any other species of mammal, and states his opinion that it may be
analogous to the breeding plumage in birds.

It is restricted to females during the breeding season.

Length—Head and body 1°75”, tail 1:15”, head 0-75", ear 0:9",
forearm 1°55”, third finger 2°38”, fifth finger 1:9", tibia 0°65”, foot 0°32”.

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee), Kutch, Bombay, Punjab Salt Range,
Madras, Ceylon, Upper Burmah, Assam.

Family, NYCTERIDA:.

Dobson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875 ; Monog. As. Chir. p. 75; Cat. Chir.
Br. Mus. p. 154,

Bats with distinct cutaneous appendages margining the apertures
of tke nostrils, which are situated on the upper surface of the muzzle;
ears united, large; tragi well developed; mamme pectoral. Two
phalanges in the middle finger, whereof the first is extended (in repose)
in a line with the metacarpal bone, and with or without a short phalanx
in the index finger; tibize long, but the fibule rudimentary or absent.
Premaxillary bones cartilaginous or small; upper incisors absent or
very small in the centre of the space between the canines; molars
well developed with acute W-shaped cusps.

Sub-Family I—MEGADERMIN 2.
Nostrils at the bottom of a cavity, near the extremity of the muzzle,
concealed by the base of an erect cutaneous process. Tail very short

in the base of the large interfemoral membrane. Premaxillaries
cartilaginous.

MEGADERMA. 9

Megaderma, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 197; Dobson, Monog.
As. Chir. p. 75; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 154.

Muzzle cylindrical, elongated ; nostrils in a slight depression at the
extremity of the upper surface of the muzzle surrounded by a naked
cutaneous expansion. Lower lip projecting slightly beyond the upper.
Ears large, conjoined by part of their inner margins. Tragus long,
bifid. Wings ample. A single very short bony phalanx in the index
finger. Fourth and fifth metacarpal bones progressively longer than
the third. Tibia very long. Toes nearly equal in length; the outer
or first with two, the remaining with three, phalanges each. Calcaneum
distinct. Tail very short, not discernible except in skeletons. Inter-
femoral membrane large, concave behind. A pair of pubal appendages.

Dentition. Inc. 9 c. a p.m. — oe
First upper premolar small or absent, last molar less than half the
autepenultimate molar. Bony palate, not extending backwards beyond
the last molar. Zygomatic arches very wide ; frontal bones flattened and
slightly expanded laterally. The base of the post-orbital process
perforated by a small foramen. The infra-orbital foramen converted
into a long canal, opening near the second premolar.

Megaderma lyra, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 190; Blyth, Jour.
As. Soc. Ben. xi. p. 254, 1842; xx., p. 156, 1851; Dobson, Pro. As.
Soc. Ben. 1872, p. 208; Monog. As. Chir. p. 78; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus.
p- 156, pl. x., fig. 2; Anderson, Cat. Ind. Mus. p. 120.—Tue Larce-
EARED VAMPIRE Bat,

Prats II.

Ears considerably longer than the head, oval, broadly rounded off
above; outer and inner margins slightly convex, the outer termin-
ating abruptly midway between the base of the tragus and the
angle of the mouth. Nose-leaf long, narrow, truncate above, with
straight not converging sides; its horizontal base circular, with a
free margin, forming a concave disc above the extremity of the
muzzle, with the opening of the nostrils at the bottom of the con-
cavity; its anterior surface with a prominent central longitudinal
ridge, corresponding to a deep groove on the posterior surface of
the leaf, expanded below into a circular disc, the margins of which
conceal the nasal apertures. The projecting lip has a prominent
triangular naked space in front, divided by a longitudinal groove.
Wing membrane from the back of the foot, attached close to the base
of the outer toe; interfemoral membrane square behind. Calcaneum
short, feeble; tail short, concealed within the base of the inter-
femoral membrane. Fur of a slaty blue colour, extends densely upon
the humerus and muscular part of the forearm. The four lower incisors
are equal in vertical extent, bifid, and not crowded.

Length.—Head and body 3:4", ear 1-7", tragus 0°7", nose-leaf 0°55",
forearm 2°7", third finger 4°7”, fifth finger 3:1”, tibia 1:4”, foot 0°65".

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee) ; Bombay, Nassick (Khandeish), Madras,
Bengal, the Peninsula of India generally, Nepal and Ceylon. Jerdon

z2

10 VESPERTILIONID&.

(Mammals of India) says this species is very abundant in the cave
temples of Ellora and Ajunta, and adds that Blyth fully ascertained
that at times it sucks the blood from other bats, fixing on them
behind the ear.

Family, VESPERTILIONIDA.

Dobson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, p. 847; Monog. As. Chir.
p. 82; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 167.

Nostrils opening by simple crescentic or circular apertures at the
extremity of the muzzle, without foliaceous or cutaneous appendages.
Ears moderate, generally separate, inner margins arise from the sides
of the head. Tragi comparatively large. Midcle finger with two
phalanges, the first (in repose) in a line with the metacarpal bone ; legs
short; fibule rudimentary. Tail long, contained in and produced to
the hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane. Upper incisors
small, placed in pairs or singly near the canines. Molars well developed
with acute W-shaped cusps.

Vesperugo, Keys and Blas. Wieg. Archiv. 1839.

Muzzle generally very broad and obtuse, glandular prominences
between the eyes and nostrils well developed, increasing the width of the
face. Crown of head flat, or very slightly raised above the facial line.
Kars generally shorter than the head, separate, broad and triangular, the
outer margin extending forwards beyond the base of the tragus, the in-
ternal basal lobe rounded. Tragus generally short and obtuse, the outer
margin more or less convex, the inner straight or concave. ‘Tail less
than the length of head and body. The calcaneum generally supports
on its posterior margin a small rounded cutaneous lobe (the post-calca-
neum lobe). Feet short and broad; membrane thin. Upper incisors in
pairs separated by a wide interval ; first upper premolar minute or absent.
First lower premolar in the tooth row not crushed in between the
adjoining teeth ; its summit directed slightly outwards.

Vesperugo serotinus, Schreb. Saugeth 1. p. 167, pl. 538; Keys
and Blas. Wiey. Archiv. 1839 ; Dobson Monog. As. Chir. p. 108, fig. A. ;
Cat. Chir, Br, Mus. p. 191; Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus. p. 124,
Vesperus shiraziensis, Dobson. Jour. As. Soc. Ben. 1871, p. 459;
Blanf. Eastern Persia p. 21. Vesperus turcomanus, Eversm. Bullet de
Mosc, 1840. Scotophilus serotinus, Jerdon, Mammals of India, p. 34.

Muzzle thick, conical; glandular prominences less developed than
in the species of Vesperugo. Nostrils opening sub-laterally, separated
by a narrow concave space. The tips of the ears laid forward
extend more than midway between the eyes and the end of the nose.
Inner basal lobe rounded, lower-third of inner margin very convex
forwards ; upper two-thirds faintly convex, broadly rounded at the tip.
Tragus about twice as long as broad, reaching its greatest width slightly
above the base of the inner margin, then lessening in width to the tip,
which is obtusely pointed; inner margin straight or concave. Thumb
with a small callosity at the base. Wings from the metatarsus close to

VESPERUGO. 11

the base of the toes ; post-calcaneum lobe shallow. Last two caudal
vertebrae free; the projecting portion twice as long as the thumb.
Face covered with short fur. Upper lip fringed with straight hairs,
which also cover the chin, radiating outwards from a small central
wart beneath ; above, dark brown, deep bay, or smoke brown, with
pale brown tips ; beneath, yellowish brown. Upper incisors bifid,
the cusps equal in length. Outer incisors very short, scarcely more
than one-third of the length of the inner incisors. Lower incisors
trifid.

Hab.—Sind, Persia, Himalayas and Mussoorrie. Dobson gives its
habibat as the Paleartic, Aithiopian, Oriental, Neartic, and Neotropical
regions. In the first, distributed generally from England to Siberia
and from North Germany to Northern Africa, extending through
Arabia and Asia Minor to India; in the Aithiopian region as far south as
the Gaboon.

Vesperugo nasutus, Dobson, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. 1877, p. 311;
Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 200; Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus. p. 125.

Head flat, muzzle conical, the extremity projecting considerably
beyond the lower lip in front, terminated by the margins of the
nostrils, which open sublaterally. Ears shorter than the head, triangu-
lar, with rounded off tips; the inner margin commencesabove the eye, and
does not form a distinct rounded lobe at its base, but is almost straight
from the base to the tip of the ear; the outer margin also straight
aud terminates rather abruptly midway beneath the tragus and the
angle of the mouth. Tragus much longer than broad, directed
slightly inwards, reaching its greatest width below the middle of its
inner margin ; outer margin convex, with an ill-defined lobe near the
base, tip subacutely pointed. Tail almost wholly contained in the
interfemoral membrane, the last rudimentary caudal vertebrae alone
free. No post-calcaneum lobe. Wings from the base of the toes. Fur
short; above pale yellowish brown ; beneath, pale buff almost white ;
membranes light brown, traversed by numerous white reticula-
tions. Face nearly naked in front of the eyes: a few hairs fringe
the lips. Wing and interfemoral membrane almost naked ; upper
incisors long, unicuspidate; outer short. Lower incisors trifid,
placed across the direction of the jaws, The single upper premolar
close to the canine, as in Vesperugo serotinus, the first lower premolar
not half the second in vertical extent, with a prominent internal and
anterior basal cusp.

Length.—Head and body 1:8’, tail 1:7”, head 0°68”, ear 0-6”, tragus
0°25”, forearm 1°45”, thumb 0°45”, third finger (metacarpal) 13", first
phalange 0:48”, second phalange 0:7”; fourth finger (metacarpal) 1:3”,
first phalange 0:4”, second phalange 0-4”; fifth finger (metacarpal)
1:3”, first phalange 0:28”, second phalange 0°28”; tibia 0°55”, foot 0-28",

Hab.—Shikarpoor and Sukkur (Sind). Not known outside the
province,

12 VESPERTILIONID A,

Vesperugo abramus, Dobson, Monog. As. Chir. p.97; Cat. Chir.
Br. Mus. p. 226; Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus. p. 129. Vespertilio
abramus, Tem. l. c. p. 232, pl. 58. Scotophilus coromandelicus, Horsf.
Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, p. 5. Pipistrellus coromandelicus,
Dobson, Jour. As. Soc. Ben. 1871, p. 461; Murray, Hdbk. Zool, Se.
Sind, p. 68.—Tuz CoroMANDEL Bar.

Muzzle obtuse; glandular prominences on the sides large, rounded,
adding more to the width than to the depth of the muzzle and
causing a furrow between them and the crown of the head. Lars
triangular, outer margin straight or very slightly concave. Tragus
rather short, its inner margin concave. Feet small; wing membrane
attached to the base of the toes; post-calcaneum lobe distinct,
rounded ; last rudimentary caudal vertebre free. Head and face densely
furred; the space in front of the ears, about the eyes, and the extremity
of the muzzle generally, almost naked. Laterally the fur of the body
covers only the proximal third of the humerus and half the femur, and
its extent upon the wing membrane 4s limited to a narrow portion
along the sides of the body; beneath, the humerus and femur are
similarly covered, the fur extending as tar asa line drawn from the
elbow to the knee-joint. The upper surface of the interfemoral is
covered as far as the end of the third caudal vertebrze ; beneath, the fur
of the abdomen covers the root of the tail only, the remaining portion
is clothed with very short thinly spread hair.

Above, dark brown, the fur tipped with light yellowish brown ; the
head, face, and neck wholly yellowish brown: beneath, soot brown, the
extremities of the hairs much paler than upon the upper surface. Upper
incisors long and bifid; the external cusp placed slightly posteriorly.
Lower incisors not crowded. The second upper premolar separated
by a slight interval from the canine.

Length.—Head and body 1°8”, tail 1:5”, head 0°65", ear 0:5”, tragus
0-23”, forearm 1:35”, thumb 0:25”, third finger 2°45”, fifth finger 1:75”,
tibia 0°5", foot 0°38”.

Hab.—Generally distributed throughout India and through Burmah
and China to Southern Japan, the islands of the Malay Archipelago, and
North Australia. During the summer it is found throughout the middle
of Europe from the Rhine to Southern Russia and from Northern
Germany to the Mediterranean, even extending into Sweden (Dobson).

Vesperugo kuhlii, Blas. Faun. Deutsch; Dobson, Monog. As.
Chir. p. 94; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 280. Vespertilio kuhlii, Natt. in Kuhl.
Deutsch.\Fled. Wet. Ann. iv., p. 28; Temm. Monog. Mammals ii., p. 196;
Anderson, Cat. Mam. Ind. Mus. p. 181. Scotophilus lobatus, Jerdon,
Mammals of India, p. 35. Vesperugo leucotis, Dobson, Jour. As. Soc.
Ben, 1872, p. 212.—Tuz Lops-narev Bar.

Ears and tragus generally larger than those of V. abramus. ars
triangular ; base of inner margin very convex forwards, tip of the ear
obtusely rounded off, outer margin flatly emarginate above for more
than one-third its length, causing the tip to project slightly; the lower
two-thirds slightly convex, the edge reflected backwards, terminating

VESPERUGO. 13

at a short distance behind the angle of the mouth The greatest
breadth of the tragus slightly below the middle of the inner margin ;
the triangular lobule above the base of the outer margin is succeeded
by a slight concavity. Wings from the base of the toes; feet small;
calcaneum very long; post-calcaneum lobe distinct, rounded ; extreme
tip of tail free. The posterior edge of interfemoral and wing mem-
brane generally margined with white. Membranes and ears, in Sind
specimens, white, as also in specimens from Beloochistan and Northern
India, answering to Dobson’s description of V. lewcotis. Wars, sides
of face about the eyes, interfemoral, antebrachial, and the wing mem-
brane near the sides of the body white, very translucent ; remaining
part of the wing membrane traversed by distinct white reticulations.
On the upper surface the fur is black at the base for about half the
length, remaining portion light yellowish brown; beneath similar, but
the extremities of the hairs much paler, almost white. Glandular
prominences on the muzzle greatly developed in a vertical direction so
as to cause a considerable depression between them on the face. Inner
upper incisors long and acutely pointed. Outer incisors scarcely
one-fourth the length of the inner ones; first upper premolar very
small ; lower incisors trifid and slightly crowded.

Length.—(Of an adult) head and body 1:75 inches, tail 1:5”, ear
0°55", tragus 0°25”, forearm 1°35,” thumb 0°25”, third finger 2°4”, fifth
finger 1:7", tibia 0:45”, foot 0°28,”

Hab.—Southern Europe, countries south of the Pyrenees and the
Alps; Northern Africa, Southern Asia, Palestine, Sind, Persia, Beloo-
chistan, Afghanistan, Madras, Calcutta, probably generally distributed
throughout these countries and India.

Vesperugo maurus, Blasius, Wiegm. Arch. 1853, p. 85; Dobson,
Cat. Chirop. Br. Mus. 1878, p. 218; Anderson, Cat. Mammals Ind.
Mus. p. 127.

Muzzle broad and flat above, the glandular prominences on each
side well developed and increasing the width of the muzzle; nasal
orifices opening almost on a level with the front surface of the muzzle,
without intervening emargination. Ears broad, triangular, broadly
rounded off above; the outer margin straight above for nearly half its
length, then slightly convex to the base, terminating midway between
the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth in a small lobe.
Tragus broad, reaching its greatest breadth above the middle of the
inner margin; at the base of the outer margin a distinct triangular
lobule, succeeded above, immediately below the middle of the outer
margin, by a second but very small projection, indistinct in some
specimens; inner margin straight, outer margin parallel to the inner
margin, convex above.

Toes about half the length of the whole foot; last caudal vertebrae
free, especially in the smaller specimens of this species. Fur long
and dense on the body ; extends in front forward on the face as far as
a line drawn between the eyes; behind it, it projects over the base of

14 VESPERTILIONIDAR.

the interfemoral membrane, but does not extend upon it; laterally it
covers a very narrow portion of the wing membrane, above and
beneath, along the sides of the body. The interfemoral membrane is
naked above, except a few fine and invisible hairs on the first and
second vertebrae. Beneath itis covered for more than two-thirds its
extent with short greyish hairs, thickest at the root of the tail.

Above and beneath deep black or very dark brown, the extreme
tips on the posterior half of the back greyish; beneath the tips of
all the hairs are greyish; cutaneous system black; the nose, ears,
and all the naked glandular prominences on the upper lip intensely
black; upper incisors nearly equal in length; the imner one on each
side bifid, its outer and shorter cusp directed slightly backwards and
in a plane posterior to the outer incisor, which equals or somewhat
exceeds it in vertical extent; lower incisors crowded, overlapping;
first upper premolar small, quite external to the tooth row, not visible
in the small northern forms; second premolar close to the canine.

Length.—Head and body 1:9” to nearly 2 inches, tail 1:3”, free from
membrane 0°12", ear 0°62", tragus 0:23", forearm 1-35’, third finger
2-2", fifth finger 1-6”.

Hab.—Sind, the Deccan, Khasia Hills, Java, Canary Islands,
Switzerland, and China.

Scotophilus, Leach, Trans. Lin. Socy. xiii. p. 71; Nycticejus,
Temminck, Monog. Mamm. ii., p. 148.

Muzzle short, obtusely conical, smoothly rounded off, naked;
nostrils close together, opening by simple lunate apertures in front or
sublaterally, their inner margins projecting; ears longer than broad,
generally much shorter than the head with rounded tips, the outer
margin terminating behind the angle of the mouth in a distinct convex
lobe. Tragus tapering, generally subacutely pointed and curved inwards,

Tail shorter than head and body, contained, except the terminal
rudimentary vertebree, within the interfemoral membrane; calcaneum
weak; wings attached close to the base of the toes; wing and inter-
femoral membranes very thick and leathery.

1—1 1—1 1—1 3-3
6? Cc. j=p p-m. g—99 m- 3-3

Upper incisors long, unicuspidate, acute; upper premolar large, exceed-
ing the molars in vertical extent and quite close to the canine 3 last
upper molar consisting of a transverse plate only, first lower premolar
small, crushed in between the canine and second premolar which exceeds
the molars in vertical extent. All the molar teeth strong with acute
cusps.

Scotophilus Temminckii, Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii.. p. 497:
Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 370; Monog. Ae Oe, p- 120; figs. ee b.
Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. pl. xy., fig. 5. Nycticejus Temminckii, Tem. Monog.
Mammals ii., p. 149; Blyth. J. A. 8. B. 1851; Cat. Mus. A. 8. B.
p- 31, N. luteus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xx., p- 157; Jerd. Mamm. Ind.
p. 86. Scotophilus Kuhlii, Leach. Trans. Lin, Socy. xiii. p.71; Murray
Hdbk., Zool, Se, Sind, p. 69.—Tun Buncat Yettow Bar. ” ,

Dentition. Inc.

' SCOTOPHILUS. 15

Glandular prominences between the eyes and nose small, not
causing a depression on the muzzle above. LHars short, narrow and
rounded at the tips, the inner basal lobe square below, the horizontal
part of its margin straight, forming a right angle with the ascending
portion, the lower half of the inner margin straight or faintly concave,
the upper half convex, the tips not projecting outwards. Tragus
narrow, attenuated towards the tip, acutely pointed, much curved
forwards and inwards, the lowerthird of the outer margin straight, with
a distinct small horizontal lobule at the base, the upper two-thirds
convex; inner margin concave; wing membrane attached to the side of
the foot, near the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe narrow;
extremity of the tail projecting. Fur on the upper surface confined to
the body, scarcely extending upon the wing membrane; beneath the
wing membrane is covered with fine hairs as far as a line drawn from
the elbow to the knee joint. Interfemoral naked, except at the base
of the tail where there are some scattered hairs. Colour very variable.

Length.—Head and body 3°1’, tail 2-1,” head 1”, ear 0°65", tragus
0°38X0'1", forearm 2°3”, thumb 0°38", third finger 3°65”, fifth finger
2°5", tibia 0°9", foot 0°45". ;

Sind (Kurrachee), Kutch, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, and through-
out the Peninsula of India, Ceylon, Burmah, and Afghanistan.

Scotophilus Heathii, Dobson, Monog. As. Chir. p. 122; fig. Cat.
Chir. Br. Mus. p. 260; Var. A.; Murray, Hdbk., Zool, §c., Sind, p. 69.

Similar to S. Temminckti, but in all measurements longer. Muzzle
more conical; forearm, thumb, and tail relatively longer.

Lenyth.—(Of an adult) Head and body 3:2”, tail 2°5”, head 1:1’, ear
0°75 X 0-5", tragus 0°38X0-1", forearm 2°45”, thumb 0°45”, third finger
4”, fifth finger 2°75", tibia 1”, foot 0°5”.

Sind, Panjab, Bombay, Kutch, the Peninsula of India generally, and
Ceylon.

Scotophilus pallidus, Dobson, Monog. As. Chir. p. 186 ; Cat. Chir.
Br. Mus. p. 264, pl. xv., fig. 3; Murray, Hdbk., Zool, Sc., Sind, p. 68.

Head and muzzle as in S. Temminckii. The internal basal lobe
of ears convex, evenly rounded ; the ascending inner margin slightly
convex, tip rather broadly rounded off; the outer margin straight for
half its length, concave opposite the base of the tragus, and terminat-
ing in a convex lobe. Tragus moderately long and rounded at the
tip, not attenuated above, anterior surface smooth, inner margin
straight or faintly concave, outer slightly convex, a prominent trian-
gular lobule near its base. (Plate xv., fig. 3. Dobs. Cat. Br. Mus).
Wings from the base of the toes; calcaneum weak ; postcalcaneal
lobe long and very narrow; last rudimental caudal vertebra free.
Colour above light chestnut brown, beneath brownish buff, the base
of the hairs on both surfaces pale buff.

Dentition—As in S. Temminckii.
Length.—Head and body 2”, tail 1:4”, head 0°7’, ear 0°55", tragus
0:23”, forearm 1:4”, thumb 0°25”, third finger—metacarpal 1:3”, Ist ph.
0°35", 2nd 0°2", tibia 0-48”, foot 0°28", :

16 EMBALLONURIDA.

Hab.—Sind and Punjab, at Mean Meer, near Lahore.

Of the Genus Vespertilio, a single species V. desertorum (Dobson,
A. and M. N. Hist. 1875; Asiatic Chir. p. 144; Blanf. Hastn. Persia)
has been found in Beloochistan, and will probably be found in Sind also.

Family, EMBALLONURIDA.
Dobson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, p.347; Monog. As. Chir. p. 164.

Nostrils opening by simple or valvular apertures at the projecting
extremity of the muzzle, not surrounded by or margined by distinct
foliaceous appendages, except in Rhinopoma, which has a fleshy pro-
minence resembling a nose-leaf; ears generally large, often united,
arising by their inner margins from the sides of the forehead, with short,
occasionally minute tragi, usually expanded above, with two phalanges
in the middle finger, of which the first is folded (in repose) forwards
on the upper surface of the metacarpal bone, with the tail partially free,
either perforating the interfemoral membrane and appearing on its

upper surface or produced far beyond its posterior margin.
Dentition—Variable.

Upper incisors in most genera are large, separated from the canines,
and also in front and have their extremities directed slightly forwards
and inwards. Molars well developed with distinct W-shaped cusps.

Sub-Family I.—EMBALLONURINA.

Tail slender, perforating the interfemoral membrane and appearing
upon its upper surface, or terminating in it; legs long, fibule very
slender; upper incisors weak.

Taphozous, Geof. Desc. de ? Egypte ii., p. 126; Temm. Monog.
Mammals. ii., p. 277; Dobson, Monog. As. Chir. p. 166.

Muzzle very conical, broad behind, very narrow in front, terminated
by the slightly projecting inner margins of the valvular nostrils.
Crown of the head very slightly raised above the face line; a deep
frontal excavation between the eyes, Ears separate, theinner margin
of the conch arising by a short band from the side of the frontal
concavity ; outer margin from a small lobe close to the angle of the
mouth, but on a lower level. Tragus short, expanded above. Lower
lip as long or slightly longer than the upper, terminating in front in
two small triangular naked spaces separated by a more or less deep
groove. A distinct horizontal groove on the face beneath. Thumb
with a small, very acute claw; Ist phalanx of middle finger folded (in
repose) on dorsum of metacarpal bone. Foot long and slender, the
outer toe as long as the middle one, the inner toe shortest. Tail
perforating the interfemoral membrane and appearing on its upper
surface, capable of being partially withdrawn.

1—1 I—1 2—2 3—3
7 Cc. [=p pm.5—5

Premaxillaries cartilaginous, supporting a pair of small weak in-
cisors often absent in adults. Canines close together much curved
forwards, separated from the second premolar by a wide space, in

Dentition : Inc.

TAPHOZOUS. 17

which the first minute premolar scarcely appears above the level of the
gum. Last molar a narrow transverse bony lamina. Most of the
species have a peculiar glandular sac between the angles of the lower
jaw,—a sexual character; also a small band of integument which
passes from the inferior surface of the forearm to the proximal
extremity of the fifth metacarpal bone, forming with the wing membrane
a small pouch,—the radio-metacarpal pouch.

Taphozous longimanus, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiv. p. 525;
Tem. Monog. Mamm. ii. p. 289; Kelaart. Prod. Faune. Zeyl. p. 12;
Dobson, P. A. 8S. B. Aug. 1875, p. 55; id. Monog. As. Chir. p.170; Cat.
Chir. Br. Mus. p. 384.—Tun Lone-armep Bar.

Gular sac well developed; in the females represented by a rudimentary
naked fold of skin. Radio-metacarpal pouch moderately developed.
Inner margin of the ear smooth. Wings from the ankles. Muzzle and
face nude; the fur of the head extends slightly in front of the eyes.
Inner side of ear conch rather thickly covered with moderately long
fine hair; posteriorly the ear is almost naked, except a few fine hairs
along the outer margin. On the upper surface of the body the fur
extends upon the wing membrane as far as a line joining the middle
of the humerus and femur; posteriorly the interfemoral membrane is
covered as far as the point of exit of the tail, along which some long
fine hairs extend. Beneath, under the chin (excepting the nude gular
pouch) the fur is very short. Antebrachial membrane covered with
longer fur than upon the upper surface. The interfemoral membrane
posteriorly is naked, except at the root of the tail. Colour reddish or
fuscous brown to black. Upper incisors small and very slender in some
individuals ; absent in the greater number of specimens.

Length.—ead and body 3:1”, tail 1°15", head 0:95”, ear 0:8", tragus
0:25", forearm 2°45”, thumb 0°3”, 8rd finger 42”, 5th finger 2°15”, tibia
0°95", calcaneum, 0°85", foot 0°45”,

Hab.—Sind, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Travancore, the Indian
Peninsula generally, Ceylon and Burmah.

Taphozous saccolemus, Tem. Monog. Mam. ii. p. 285; Dobson,
Monog. As. Chir. p. 172; Cat. Chir, Br. Mus. p. 388; T. pulcher, J.
A. 8. B. xiii. p. 491.—Tue Wuire-srLuip Bar.

Ears shorter than the head. Tragus concave on outer surface,
upper margin convex, with a marginal fringe posteriorly, of fine hairs ;
inner margin of the ear conch smooth, not papillate. Gular sac well
developed in both sexes. Lower lip with a deep narrow groove in the
centre of its upper surface and in front. No radio-mvtacarpal pouch.
Wings from the ankles. Interfemoral membrane, legs, and fect naked.
Fur of the body on the upper surface scarcely extends on the wing
membrane. Beneath, the chin and sides of the gular sac are covered
with very short hair, the thorax and abdomen with moderately long
fur, as on the upper surface. Fur, above, white at the base, the greater
part of the hairs dark brown; the surface mottled with small irregular
white patches; beneath reddish brown.

z3

18 EMBALLONURIDZS.

Length.—Head and body 8°5", tail 1:3", ear 0°8," tragus 0-23”, thumb
0-5", 3rd finger metacarpal 2°75”, 1st ph. 1-16”, 2nd ph. 1:2”, fifth finger
2°65", tibia 1:2”, foot 0°65".

Hab.—Sind, Lower Bengal, Southern India, Sumatra, Java, Burmah,
and the Malay Peninsula, Not known from Bombay or the Deccan ;
but probably occurs there also.

Taphozous Kachensis, Dobs. J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 221; Sub. Sp.
of T. nudiventris, Dobs. Monog. As. Chir. p. 172.—Tue Kurces Bat.

Hab.—Sind and Kutch. Distinguished from 7. nudiventris by the ab-
sence of the gular sac in hoth sexes, and slightly different measurements.

Length.—Head and body 38°6", tail 1:25”, forearm 2°95", 3rd finger
metacarpal 2:7".

Rhinopoma, Geoj’. Descrip. de l' Hgypte ii. p. 123; Gray, P. Z. 8.
1866, p. 82; Dobson, Monog. Asiat. Chir. p. 174.

Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face line; muzzle
thick, obtuse; the superior extremity projecting considerably beyond the
lower lip. Nostrils valvular, in the front surface of a fleshy prominence -
at the anterior extremity of the muzzle ; ears united across the forehead,
which is deeply concave between the eyes asin Taphozous. Tragus
distinct ; index finger with two phalanges. Tail slender, produced
considerably beyond the truncated interfemoral membrane.

_ Dentition. Inc. _ c. ee pm. = m. =

Upper incisors rudimentary, suspended from the small premaxillary
bones, which are united in the centre and connected laterally by slender
processes as in Emballonura with the maxillary bones, Nasal bones
much expanded laterally and vertically, while posteriorly the frontal
bones are depressed, forming a shallow concavity in the forehead.

Rhinopoma microphyllum, Wagner. Supp. Schreb. Saugeth. 1.
p- 444; Dobson, Monog. As. Chir. p. 174; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 400.
Rhinopoma Hardwickii, Gray. Zool. Misc. p. 87; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi.
p. 492; Dubs. Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. Var. A. Sub Sp.—Tue Lone-ratiep
Lrar-Bart,

Extremity of the muzzle thick, obtuse, obliquely truncated, pro-
jecting considerably beyond the lower lip. Nose leaf very small ;
upper margin convex, with a small raphe passing downwards between the
nostrils ; forehead with a deep circular concavity between the eyes, and a
narrow groove along the centre of the muzzle to the base of the nose leaf,
Ears shorter than the head; inner and outer margins slightly convex,
the outer straight for a short distance immediately beneath the tip,
the extremity rounded off, ending between the base of the tragus and
the angle of the mouth, not forming a separate lobule near its termina-
tion; tragus longer than wide, the extremity obtuse and indistinctly
irregularly toothed. At the base a small triangular lobule. Meta-
carpal bones of the index and of the second fingers equal in length,
that of the fourth finger shorter than the second, but longer than
that of the third finger. Ist ph. of mid-finger imperfectly flexed

SORECID Zs. 19

backwards (in repose) upon the dorsal surface of the metacarpal bone.
Tibia very long and straight; fibula very slender; feet long and
slender, the first toe equal to the middle toe in length. Wing mem-
brane from the lower third of the tibia. Calcaneum feeble ; interfe-
moral membrane short, perforated close toits concave free margin by the
long slender tail, which is produced beyond it toa distance equal to the
length of the forearm. Face almost naked; margin of the upper lip
fringed with fine hairs, which are dense on the truncated extremity of
the muzzle. Fur on the back short and strictly limited to it. A consi-
derable portion of the posterior part of the back naked. The skin of
this part and of the wings near the body is covered with longitudinal
and transverse wrinkles. ‘The single upper premolar exceeds the
molars in vertical extent, with a second vertical basal cusp on its outer
and anterior side. Last molar less than half the ante-penultimate molar.

Length.—Head and body 3-0", tail 2°35”, tail free from membrane,
1:65’, forearm 2:6”.

Hab.—Sind and the Indian Peninsula generally; N. W. P., South
India, Bengal, Kashmir, also Africa and Asia Minor.

ORDER—INSECTIVORA.

Incisor teeth variable in number, and almost always different in the
two jaws. No distinct canines in most; molars with acuminated
tubercles. Feet usually pentadactylons, limbs short. Tail variously
developed. Skull feeble and elongate, the bones of the face and jaws
much produced, the latter weak. There are usually eight teeth in
’ front of each jaw. The orbit and temporal fossz confounded in one
cavity, except in Tupaia. Molar teeth studded with sharp cusps or
tubercles. Stomach simple, except in Tupaia. No cecum. Mamme
ventral, generally numerous. The testes pass periodically from the
abdomeninto a temporary scrotum. Nocturnal animals, feeding chiefly
on insects. They are divided into four familes, Talpidee or Moles,
Sorecidee or Shrews, Erinaceidee or Hedgehogs, and Tupaidee or Tree
Shrews. Sorecide and Hrinaceidee only are represented in Sind.

Family, SORECIDA,—Surews,

Body covered with soft hair. Eyes small, distinct, external ears in
most generally small. Muzzle elongated. Middle incisors of upper jaw
long and hooked, the lower ones slanting and lengthened. Three
cuspidated molars in each jaw; a tuberculous tooth in the upper jaw.
Snout lengthened, pointed and mobile. In some a gland under the
skin which secretes a fluid of a musky odour. Habits nocturnal.

Sorex, Linn. ; Pachyura, De S. Longchamps ; Crocidura, Wagner.

Upper front teeth large and strongly hooked, longer than their
posterior spur ; inferior incisors entire or rarely a trace of a serrated
upper edge. Following these in the upper jaw are four teeth anterior
to the scissor tooth, the first large, next two much smaller, the third

20 SORECID AR.

exceeding the second, and the fourth diminutive. Teeth white. Har
conch distinct. Tail thick and tapering, furnished with a few long
scattered hairs.

Dentition. Ine. > C. em. e = 30.

All the Indian species inhabit old walls, stone heaps, hay ricks,
kitchens, &c., living in holes in the ground. They are very pugnacions,
and it is said if two are confined in a box, the weaker of the two will
be found killed and partly devoured.

Lateral gland present.

Sorex czerulescens, Shaw; Var Sindensis, Blyth. Cat. 244; S,
Indicus, S. Giganteus, 8. Sonneratti, Geof’; Var Sindensis, Anderson,
J. AS. B. vol. xivii. pl. ii. 1877; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind,
p. 70.

Snout moderately long and pointed ; ears full and rounded, sparsely
clad, the margins and flaps, with longish, somewhat stiff hairs. Lower
half of limbs seminude; feet slender and toes rather long. Tail
rounded, slightly swollen at the base, and about four-fifth the length
of the trunk. Fur moderately long, soft, and glossy, neutral grey and
washed with umber, but not obscuring the grey ; underparts neutral
grey, with a silvery sheen in certain lights. Snout grey ; feet yellowish,
sparsely clad with whitish hairs. Claws rather long and hooked. Tail
ringed, sparsely clad with white hairs with a few longer interspersed,
but much shorter than in the generality of Indian shrews.

Length.—Tip of snout to vent 4°70 inches; tail 2°80’; hind foot 0°82”; -
tip of snout to eye 0°70"; eye to ear 0°39"; height of ear 0°38"; breadth
of ear 0°38". Upper incisors short and stout, curved, nearly convergent
at their tips. No eminence of the cingulum on the inside of the
posterior portion of the teeth which is rather broader than the base of
the elongated portion. Second incisor not very large, but equalling the
conjoint breadth of the third incisor and canine. Third incisor consi-
derably smaller than the canine, but the tip of the latter is somewhat
above the level of that of the former. The premolar is not very small,
and it is nearly as broad as the canine, behind which it directly lies, but
externally it is nearly wholly hidden by the first molar. The anterior
cusp on the first molar and its large cutting cusp are not strongly
developed, the point of the latter is below the level of that of the
second incisor. The anterior portion of the frontals is not much
narrower than the portion behind the orbits. Anterior margin of
foramen magnum to tip of premaxilla, 1:10 inches. Breadth across
maxilla (molars) 0:40"; behind infra-orbital foramen 0°25”, anterior to
brain case 0°26”, external to glenoid fossa 0:48"; external to tympanic
0°55”. Length of upper alveolar line 0°58”. Condyle of lower jaw to
anterior end of alveolar line 0°60" (Anderson, J.A.S.B.)

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee, Kotree, Sehwan). At Kurrachee it affects
drains and enters houses at night. Its presence is readily known by
a sharp shrill cry it makes on first moving from any place at which

ERINACEIDA, 91

it had stopped in its rambles or when disturbed. Natives will not kill
it, on account of a very popular notion that the musky odour emitted
from the lateral glands is nauseous to snakes, and in consequence a
deterrent to their entering the house. They feed on beetles, crickets, &c.

Family, ERINACEID 4,—Heperxocs.

Upper parts covered with spines, lower with stiffish hairs and
bristles intermixed. Feet pentadactylous; not fossorial. Tail very
short or none.

Erinaceus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 75; Mivart, Jour. Anat.
Phys. ii. p. 147.
4—4 3—3

z 3—3 ei 3—3 1—1
Tncisors gay PM. Fy mM. 5-3, = 36 (Owen.) Incisors 5-5, ¢. 75

pm. oe m. os (Dobson. Anatomy of the Hrinaceide P. Z. 8. 1881,
p. 402.)

Upper middle incisors distant; lower ones procumbent. No true
canines. Crown of molars square, tuberculate. Snout long. Ears
moderate. Tail short. Body above covered with spines; spines
grooved and ridged, the ridges in some species minutely tuberculate.

The number of species of this genus has been recently increased by
the investigations of Dr. J. Anderson, F. Z. 8., &c., Superintendent of
the Indian Museum and Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Calcutta
Medical College. Up to the time of the publication of a revision
of the species by Dr. Anderson in the Journ. As. Sovy., Bengal,
Vol. xlvii, Part ii., 1878, two species were only known within the limits
of India, recognized by Dr. Jerdon (Mammals of India) as Hrinaceus
collaris, Gray, and Erinaceus micropus, Blyth, and distinguished by
him as the North Indian and South Indian Hedgehogs. Dr. Anderson
also notices several other species which were described before the
publication of Dr. Jerdon’s Mammals of India as belonging to the
Indian and Himalayan fauna,—but these have necessarily, after careful
analysis of a large series of specimens from authentic localities, been
incorporated ag synonyms of the four admitted good species and
referred to two distinct groups. Of these four species H. pictus,
H. Gray and EF. Jerdonti inhabit Sind, the fourth LH. micropus, before
identified as a Sind species, is now found to be confined to Southern
India.

The three species, found in Sind, come under the following of
Dr. Anderson’s groups :—
A. SECOND UPPER PREMOLAR SIMPLE, ONE-FANGED.
a. Feet club-shaped, soles tubercular.
I. A division or bare area on the vertex.

A perfect malar bone; a brown band through the eyes and only
very rarely prolonged on to the neck, stopping at the angle of the mouth.
Spines yellowish, white at the apex, with a succeeding rather pale

29, ERINACEID A.

brown band, the rest yellowish white. Ears round, moderately large,
Limbs brown, under surface yellowish white. ........ Hi. pictus.

B. SEconD UPPER PREMOLAR COMPOUND, THREE-FANGED,
b. Feet well developed and broad.
II. No division or bare area on vertex.

No large mesial pad on the hind foot. Head elongated and
muzzle long. Ears large, high and pointed. General color dark
LOW io ae ale eo AR we Paha Sie Rew erie Je tev E. Grayi.

III. A division on the vertex, separating the spines
into two groups.

Hind foot with a large prominent mesial pad. Muzzle moderately
long. Ears large, rounded at the tip and broad at the base. Spines long,
with two white and three black bands in the adult. General color
black above and below. . 2... 6 ee ee EH. Jerdoni.

The following are Dr. Anderson’s descriptions of these species in
detail.

Erinaceus pictus, Stol. Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1872, p. 223;
Anderson, J. A. S. B. vol. xlvii. p. 195; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se.,
Sind, p. 73; Dobson, Monog, Insect. pt. i. p. 13.

Prats III.

Head (fig. d.) short and broad. Lars (fig. g.) somewhat large and
longer than the muzzle; feet (¢ to f) narrow, small. Toes short. The
tail short with a nude area above it. Spines short, about 0-8” in
length, with 20-22 finely tuberculated ridges, their tips broadly
white, and the brown bands below not very dark. The result is that
the latter are nearly obscured by the former. The remaining are pale
yellowish, nearly white and not orange. There is no continuation of
the brown band of the forehead lower than the angle of the mouth,
except as a very rare circumstance. Spines on the head divided by a
nude median area. Forehead, neck, breast and sides of the body cover-
ed with yellowish white fur, less close on the abdomen. Rump, tail,
fore and hind limbs and sides of the face brown.

Male. Female,
Length of head and body. ... In. 6°70 6:00 585 5:90 4°73
Si) / cigpe DOs nce Sebeemuiudatge » O68 0°68 0°55 0°53 0°58
Height of ear... e ee cceeee ees » 133 1:28 1:03 1:21 0°85
Breadth of ear .......scseeceeses >, 0°86 0°88 0:70 0:81 0°61
Snout to CVS ...cseccececeeseeees », 0°88 0°80 0°88 0°95 0°73
Hye tO ar wsewvigs seancion wotie cere 5 9°39 0°35 0°30 0°30 0:25
Length of hind foot without
claws ...... Hd svi cease scilesais! Sy. LALO D2 110 1:10 0°95
Breadth across 5th toe ..,...... 5 9°35 0°30 0:25 0°35 0°30

The skull (figs. a to c) is distinguished by its shortness and great
zygomatic breadth, in which respects it differs from the skulls of all
other Asiatic hedgehogs, and by its one-fanged, small, simple, second
premolar placed out of the line of the teeth and by the rather marked
post-orbital contraction.

PLATE III.

ERINACEUS PicTus, Stoliczka.

2,—Upper view of skull. b.—-Side view of skull. ¢.—Skull seen from below. d.—Side view of head.
e.—Upper and under aspects of hind foot. fi—Fore foot seen from above and from below.

g.—Side view of ear. h.—Side view of tail, All drawn natural size.

PLATE IV.

AINE

ERINACEUS GRAYI, Bennett.

a.—U pper view of skull. 6.—Side view of skull. c.—Skull seen from below. d.—Side view of head.
e.—Upper and under aspects of hind foot. f.—Fore foot seen from above and from below.

y.—Side view of ear. h.—Side view

ERINACEUS. 23

According to Dr. Anderson “this form was first described by Hutton
as a probable variety of certain hedgehogs which he doubtfully regard-
ed as fi. collaris, which two of them appear to have been, but this third
Specimen, however, was H. pictus. H. micropus has diverged from the
ordinary character of the genus more than any other Indian hedgehog,
as is evinced by the absence of the malar and in the excessively rudimen-
tary character of its second premolar, and these modifications occurring
in the most southern outlier of a Paleartic type are note-worthy.”

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee), Kutch, Rajpootana, Jeysulmeer, Agra,
Guzerat, Ulwar and Goona

Erinaceus Grayi, Bennet, P. Z. 8.1832, p.124. Hrinaceus collaris,
Gray, Ill: Ind. Zool. vol. i., 1872. (not described): id. List, Mam. B. M,
1843, p. 81. partim: Hutton, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiv. 1845,
p. 351. (first two specimens only); Blyth, op. cit. vol. xv. 1846, p.170 ;
td. op. cit. vol. xxi. 1853, p. 582, partim ; Wagner, Schreber Saugeth,
Suppl. vol. v. 1856, p. 590; Stoliezka, Journ. As. Soc., vol. xli.
1872, p. 225, Anderson, J. A. S. B. xlvil. p. 195; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §e., Sind, p. 73; Dobson, Monog. Insectivora, pt. i. p. 17.

Prats IV,

Facial portion of head pointed and rather long (fig. d.). Har,
(fig. g.) large, full, long, and somewhat pointed. Feet (fig. e. and g.)
large, forefeet rather broad and somewhat truncated, with moderately
long toes and powerful claws. The proximal palmar pads forming a
pair, and not very prominent. The hind feet with the toes turned in-
wards, the fingers moderately long and with strong claws. The
proximal pad of the sole internal to the first toe, which is strongly
developed as a mesial pad in H. Jerdont, is practically absent in this
species, so little is it developed. The tail (fig. h.) is moderately long
and shortly haired; no bare space on the vertex. The spines begin
slightly behind the anterior margin of the ear, and they are generally
about 0°75" long. The longitudinal grooves are numerous and shallow,
but broader than the ridges, which are 25 to 26 in number, and studded
with small tubercles. The spines are very narrowly tipped with black,
and below this there is a very narrow yellowish band succeeded by
a broad dark brown, almost black band, the remainder of each spine
being yellow, except at its extreme base, which is dusky. The broad
dark brown band below the yellow subapical band is so strongly de-
veloped, that when the animal is viewed from the side with the spines
directed outwards, it has a black appearance. There is however consi-
derable variation in the intensity to which the yellow subapical band
is developed, and some animals are therefore much lighter coloured
than others, as the brown band succeeding the latter is also much
paler in some individuals than in others.

This species, besides the almost entire absence of the proximal
mesial pad of the sole, is at, once distinguished by the complete absence
of the bare space that occurs in LZ. pictus and Li. micropus, among the
spines of the vertex. From the two last named species which have no
large proximal pad on the sole, it is recognized by its large feet, well
developed toes, powerful claws, and by the turning in of the hind feet,

94 ERINACEIDA.

as wellas by its different colouration. There is a considerable naked
space over the sacrum and on the dorsum of the tail as in other
species. The snout is seminude, being sparsely covered by very
minute hairs. Behind the whiskers, the hairs become much more
numerous and larger, and the area below the eye and the forehead
are well clad. The greater part of the front of the ear is nude,
but there is a sprinklmg of short white hairs internal to and
along its margins. The chin and below the lower lips are almost
naked, and, immediately behind the chin, the hairs are few. The under
parts are well clad, but not densely so, and the limbs are thinly clad,
more especially the feet, on which the hairs are very few and short.
The tail also is only sparsely clothed.

The general colour of the animal is blackish-brown or brown, the
spinous portion of the body being darkest. The front of the face, from
the nose backwards to the spines, the limbs and all the underparts,
with the exception of the chin and a line from it upwards to the ear,
which are white, are generally dark-brown or fuliginous-brown, blackish
on the face, on which there is occasionally a considerable intermixture
of white hairs. The hairs which clothe the ears, and a tuft of hairs
at the base of the anterior margin of the ears are white. The white
on the chin is more prolonged upwards to the ears in some specimens
than in others, giving rise to a kind of white collar which is much
exaggerated in the figure of H. collaris. The claws are horny yellow.

The following are the measurements of this species :—

Males. Females.

Length of body and head ...........ccccsecseeceeeeeees 6°85 6:70 6°70

ue DAML ds bedea D Ait unseat Sas ak Maem ceame ie: 0-96 1:30 1:02
Height of ear isos cxiceseus tiaeeteouess edie te oc oedccawan es 1°45 1:52 1:38
Bread thiol ear ~ «deers schtween. coax cesieteweceia aoaeseer 0-97 0-97 1:00
SHOUT TO SVG. sys ve ses cuducneanaaTeawe cenidaaneiiede eee 1:00 0-49 0°62
Hye tO ear sce oveeseue amie iearcavoneniecserereeore ce aaed 0°52 0-49 0:62
Length of hind foot without claws ...........6.0.. 1:45 1:45 1-50
Breadth OF Wind. f00t: iid vycasanesiocssavantey veeeeeies 0°40 0°45 0°38

Hab.—Sind, (Kurrachee), Rajpootana, Ajmeer and on the Sutlej.

Erinaceus Jerdoni, Anderson, J. A. S. Bengal, vol. xlvii. pt. it.
1878, pl. v.a.; Dobson, Monog. Insectivora, pt.i. p.16; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §t., Sind, p. 80.

Puate V. |

Muzzle moderately long and pointed. Ears large, rounded at the
tips and broad at the base. Feet large, more especially the forefeet,
which are broad and powerful, with strong claws. The hind feet are
well developed, but proportionately not so large as the forefeet. A
large well developed pad on the under aspect of the hind foot. Claws
strong. The tail moderately long. The spines begin on a line with
the anterior margin of the ear divided on the vertex by a large nude
area as in H. micropus and H. pictus. The spines are not very thick,
and they are marked generally with 19 grooves and 19 ridges, the latter °
exceeding the breadth of the former and being very sharp, with the

PLATE VF.

ERINACEOUS JERDONI, 2.8.

e—Upper view of skull. f.—Side view. g.—Skull seen below. Natural size.

h.—Teeth of upper and lower jaws enlarged 2 diameters.
é. 4—Undor aspect of fore and hind feet.

CARNIVORA. 25

tubercles passing down on their sides almost into the hollow of the
furrows. The animal is black when the spines lie flat, but when they
are partially erected the white bands show, and a variegated appearance
is produced. In the adult, with the spines 2°15” in length, there are two
white and three dark bands. The apical bandis broad and deep shining
black, and it is succeeded by a white band nearly of the same breadth,
which is followed by a brown band with a white band below it, and
then a dusky basal band. These are the characters of two females
from Kurrachee.

The hair generally is dusky-brown, with an intermixture of grey
hairs on the head and on the chin and throat ; the fur behind the latter
area and on the sides being paler brown than on the limbs, and on the
sides, A patch of white hairs occurs at the base of the anterior angle
of the ear; the inner surface of the ear is clad with short white hairs,
and the apical third of the back of the organ with similar hairs. The
moustaches are brown and reach behind the ear. The claws are yellow.

Female. Male.

Length of head and body ..............cseeees 745" 5°85"
Be, hppa yotadecivesn augers eounci ia anramaan 1:25” 0-91"
>> 9) hind foot without claws ........ . 1:48" 1:40"
Height of @ar cssaiy.escsegisian tami ss tons arenes 1-40” 1:35”
Breadth Of C87 iyisccceise oscccucteceneneavenaennd 0°76" 0°80”

The skull (figs. e fg Pl.) is markedly distinct from the short and
especially broad skull of H. Grayt, and it has much smaller teeth than
that species. The very prominent characters of the mesial pad on the
hind foot, its larger ears and the presence of a large nude area on the
vertex as in H. micropus and H. pictus, are characters along with those
already indicated, separating it from #, Grayi. Jt resembles H. niger,
in having a bare mesial area on the vertex, but is distinguished from
that form by its smaller ear, and by its cranial characters as well.

Hab.—* Kurrachee, and Rohri in Sind” and Rajanpore, Trans Indus.
ORDER,—FERA, Linn.
4—4

Incisors §, regular, erect; canines — conical; molars a

forming a regular continuous series, largest in the middle. Feet
clawed, thumb non-opposable ; teats abdominal, 4 or more.

SUB-ORDER,—CARNIVORA.

Grinders of three distinct forms; premolars conical, separated from
the hinder tubercular molars by a sharp-cdged flesh tooth, bearing a
tubercle on its inner side.

Family, FELIDA.

Tubercular grinders small and in the upper jaw only. Dental
formula as in the Order. Flesh tooth three-lobed. Tougue covered
with papilla directed backwards, and somewhat recurved. Claws
sheathed.

z4

26 FELID Al.

Tribe, FELINA,—Trvue Cars.

Ticris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263; Oat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 10.

Of large size, striated. Tail long. Pupils round. Whiskers
spreading; other characters same as those of the family.

Tigris regalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263; Felis tigris, Linn.
Jerdon, Mammals Ind. p. 92; Blanford, Hast. Pers. p. 34; Murray,
Hadbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 85. Wagh, Deccan; Shehr, Hind; Tagh,
Tibet; Babr, Persian; Sheenh, Sind.—Tunz Ticur.

Colour bright fawn, more or less tinged with rufous. A series of
transverse black bands or bars on the sides of the head, neck and
body, continued on the tail in the form of rings. Tip of tail black,
under parts white; hair short, except on the sides of the head, where
it is about 4 inches long. Head large and round, ears short, and at a
great distance from each other. Cheeks with spreading whiskers.
Pupils round. Skull 14—15 inches long.

Length—Variable, the average size of an adult male being from
9 to 94 feet. Jerdon says that occasionally tigers are killed 10 feet in
length, and perhaps an inch or two more—a statement borne out by
several persons in the controversy in the “ Asian’’ as to the length of
tigers. The height of the tiger is seldom above four feet; 3°9 ft. being
the most common.

Hab.—The Indian Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, and Central Asia,
In the Indian Peninsula it is found in Sind, the Concans and Deccan,
Guzerat, Rajpootana, Central and Southern India. Hxtends to Persia,
in the Caspian Provinces, Mazandaran and Ghelan lying north to the
Elburz mountains. ‘These provinces, unlike the plateau of Persia, are
covered with dense forests, and in them, Mr. Blanford says, the tiger
ranges up to an elevation of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. China, Sumatra,
Chinese Tartary and the Altaic mountains are other parts where it is
found. Ferrier (Caravan Journeys) speaks of tigers N. W. of Herat,

In Sind, the tiger happily is not common. It is found in the
Khyrpoor State, but there are not many records of its causing
destruction. In Lower Sind nothing is heard of it. From Sukkur
upwards it is said to occasionally issue from its cover, which is the
dense fringe of Tamarisk bushes and long grass along the banks of the
.Yiver, visit the cultivated parts and carry away stray cattle. In
Southern India, according to Mr. Walter Elliot, and also in Central
India and Khandeish, tigers are the dread of the inhabitants, and
almost a scourge, especially in Khandeish in the Malligaum districts,
where they are known to carry off inhabitants out of the villages
whilst sleeping in their verandahs during the night. The tiger seems
to have no other instinct but a constant thirst for blood, a blind fury,
which, as Burroughs says, knows no bounds or distinction, and often
stimulates him to devour his own young, and to tear the mother in
pieces for endeavouring to defend them. He generally lies in wait
on the banks of rivers, where animals repair for drink, and the bound
with which he throws himself on his prey is as wonderful in its extent

LEOPARDUS. 27

as it is terrible in its effects. Pennant observes that the distance
which the tiger clears in this deadly leap is scarcely credible. In
killing large animals, as a horse or buffalo, he seldom tears out the
entrails at once, but to prevent interruption drags off the whole
carcass to the forest or wood. Neither force, restraint, nor kindness
can tame the tiger. Various devices are practised for the destruction
of the animal in India, and, except of late, strychnine, which has been
used to some purpose, spring bows, box traps,and hunting excursions
have done but little towards annihilating it. When once a tiger takes
to killing man, Jerdon says, it almost always endeavours to get the
same food, being probably easier prey. The tiger is an emblem of
power in India. Hyder Ally and Tippoo Sahib had troops, called tiger-
soldiers, and the chief ornament of the throne was a tiger’s head
gorgeous with jewels.

Leopardus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 363.—Of moderate size; tail
long, body spotted simply or in the form of rosettes. Pupil round.
Orbit of the skull incomplete behind.

Leopardus pardus, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1867; Jerdon, Mam. of
India, p. 97; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind; Gray, Cat. Mam.
Br. Mus. Felis leopardus, F. varia, et F. uncia, Schreb.—Tue Parp or
PANTHER.

Colour of the fur deep yellowish fulvous or rufous fawn, with dark
spots grouped in rosettes, or several spots partially united into a
circular, quadrangular or triangular figure in some skins; the spots
from 12 to 14 lines in diameter. There are also several isolated dark
spots on the outside of the limbs. Tail as long as the head and
body, its extremity when turned back reaching to the tip of the nose,
or in some a little less. Skull 9°25” to 9°5” X 5°62” wide.

Whether the panther and pard or leopard so called are distinct species
is a point yet to be settled. The vernacular names for both animals
appear the same, “ Chita” being applied indiscriminately to both,
and is the most common name by which they are known. Mr. Sterndale,
in the ‘ Asian” (Popular Histroy of Mammalia, &c.) considers them
distinct, and proposes the name of “Felis Panthera,’”’ a name already
assigned by Schreb to the South American Jaguar, (Leopardus onca,
Linn. Gray P. Z. 8. 1867,) and by Erxl. to the Thibetan Ounce, Uncia
urbis, Gray. P. Z. 8. 1867. Cuvier separates the panther from the
leopard specifically. The panther ‘“ La Panthere” he makes the Felis
pardus of Linneeus, and the Pardalis, 7 Wapsads of the ancients. The
panther he describes as yellow above, white beneath, with 6 or 7
rows of black spots in the form of roses, t.e., an assemblage of five
or six small simple spots on each side. The tail of the length of the
body not including the head. Felis Leopardus, Cuvier says, is similar to
the, panther, but with ten rows of smaller spots. Temminck once
regarded the panther and leopard as varieties of the one species,
Felis Leopardus, butin his monograph he has separated them specifically.
Bennett and Swainson (1838) touched upon the subject without
coming to any decided conclusion. Major Hamilton Smith (in Grif.)
says that “the open spots which mark all the panthers have the inner

28 FELIDA.

surface of the annuli or rings more fulyous than the general colour of
the sides; but in the leopard no such distinction appears, nor is there
room, asthe small and more congregated dots are too closeto admit it.”
Gray (Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. 1869) also does not separate the pard and the
panther specifically, and as synonyms of Leopardus pardus gives, besides
‘those above, Felis panthera, Erxl., Felis chalybeate, Herms., Felis minor,
Ehr., Felis antiquorum, Fischer., F’. Pecilura, Valenc., Felis paleopardus,
Fitz., Var black. F. melas, Peron. If, however, it is found that the cha-
racters of the length of the tail, and number of caudal vertebrae
(22) in the panther, (instead of 28 as in the leopard) is constant, it
would certainly be entitled to specific separation.

Hab.—The Indian Peninsula, Beloochistan, Persia, N.-W. Provinces
and Bengal, and in fact throughout India, and North, South and West
Africa, In Sind it is found, but is not common, and with the hunting
leopard, affects the hills approaching the Indus, where both prey on
the gazelle or ravine deer. Of the two, this species is said to be the
dread of the cultivators, as, unlike the hunting leopard, it is often
found hiding during the day in high jowaree fields, while the
hunting leopard seldom emerges from its hilly retreat. ‘ Every
where,”’ says Mr. Blyth, ‘‘it is a fearful foe to the canine races,” and
Jerdon states it does not confine itself to the forests, but prowls
among villages carrying off sheep, goats, and dogs, and sometimes
commits great depredations. On the hills in Sind, Lus Beyla, and in
Beloochistan, the inhabitants usually go leopard hunting, not with
fowling pieces, but with large heavy clubs, twenty or thirty of them
surrounding and beating the animal to death.

Felis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867.—Of small size generally. Tail as long as
the body, sometimes shorter. Ears rounded at the tip, not pencilled
with long hairs. Pupil linear. Orbits generally large. Skull moderate,
rather ovate ; brain case oblong, moderate.

Felis viverrina, Bennet, P. Z. S. 1883, p.60 ; Jerdon, Mammals of
Ind., p. 103; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind. Felis viverriceps,
Hodgs. Viverriceps Bennetti, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 268, fig. 5; Cat.
Mam. Br. Mus. 16.—Tue Larce Tiasr Car.

Head rather elongate ; ears rounded, not pencilled; cheeks white;
a black face stripe. Colour greyish or dark grey, tinged somewhat
tawny, with large dark spots more or less numerous, oblong on the
back and neck, and in lines more or less broken or coalescing on other
parts of the body. Beneath dull white, chest with 5—6 dark bands.
Belly spotted. Tail with 6—7 dark bands anda black tip. Feet un-
spotted. yes nocturnal. Pupil erect, linear. Skull elongate; face
produced, concave on the sides in front of the orbits, which are large
and complete behind. Canines conical.

Hab.—Not uncommon along the tamarisk fringed banks of the Indus.
Found also throughout Bengal up to the foot of the Himalayas, extend-
ing into Burmah and China. Common in Travancore, Ceylon and the
Malabar Coast.

FELIS. 29

Tail shorter than the body ; ears pencilled at. the tip.

Felis ornata, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool.; P. Z. S. 1867, p. 401;
Jerdon, Mam. of Ind., p. 110; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 86.
Felis torquata, Gray, Jerd. Mam. Ind., p. 110. Chaus ornatus, Gray,
P. Z. 8.1867, p. 275; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus., p.35.—Tas Sporrep Winp Car.

Fur short, pale yellowish, more or less fulvescent, or grayish
fulvous, with numerous small black roundish spots, linear on the
middle of the back, head, nape and shoulders; and on the hinder part of
the sides small and round; on the thighs and upper part of the legs,
confluent, forming interrupted bands. One or two black streaks
within the arm. ‘Tail reaching to or below the heel, witha well-defined
series of black rings. Tip black. ars externally dull rufous, with a
very small dusky pencil tuft. Crown with lines of small spots. Cheeks
striped with two narrow dark lines. Chin, throat and spot over the
eyes whitish. Belly with or without a few spots.

Length.—Head and bedy 19 inches, tail 8 inches or more.

Common nearly throughout the Province, in gardens, grass thickets,
&c., and occasionally on the river banks, It does much mischief. in
poultry yards, and has been known to carry away rabbits insecurely
penned. Commonly its chief food consists of field rats, and such game
as it can secure among birds.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch, the Punjab Salt Range, and Hazara; has also
been found in Central India.

Felis chaus, Guldenst; Jerd. Mam. Ind., p. 111; Murray,
Habk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 86. Felis Jacquemonti, Is. Geof. Voy. Jacq.
t. 8 f. 1-2. Chaus Jacquemonti, Gray, Cat. Mam. Br. M., p. 34. Chaus
libycus, Gray, P. Z. S, 1867, p. 275. Mohta Rahn Manjur, Deccan ;
Jung-billee, Sind.—TuEe Common Junexe Car.

Colour of fur dirty palish ochre-yellow, darker on the back and
lighter on the under parts; the hairs or bristles are of the same colour
at bottom, have a dark brown ring iu the middle, and at the tip are of
a grayish yellow, whitish or saffron colour, so that the appearance
produced is a mixed colouring of grayish yellow and dirty white. Many
of the hairs have a black tip, and on the sides, where they are close-set,
they form pale black perpendicular or oblique spiral lines, and here and
there single black points. The hairs of the back are of a light ochre-
yellow, with points almost of a saffron colour, and form from the
shoulders to the tail a yellow stripe, which is darkest on the cross.
The nose is black; above the eye is a large white spot, and below it a
smaller one. A black streak from the eye to the muzzle. Edges of
the lip bordered with black, and a fine white ring encircles them ; eye-
brows and cheek, whitish. Inner surface of ear, towards its outside,
bordered by yellowish white hair; back of the ear grey brown or
rafous brown, with terminating black tufts from + to 4 inch long.
Cheeks, lower jaw, throat, neck and chest ochreous yellow; the belly
much paler, inclining to whitish yellow, Limbs with four more
or less distinct dark stripes externally, and two or three internally.

30 GUEPARDID&.

Tail short, about one-fourth the length of the body, more or less
distinctly annulated and tipped black.

Length.—Head and body 26 inches, of which the tail is from 6” to 10°;
height 14—15 inches.

Hab.—Sind, haunting the marshes. Occurs also in the Punjab
Salt Range, and commonly all over India, from the Himalayas to Cape
Comorin. Itisa native of North-Africa. Said to be numerous in
Persia and Mesopotamia.

Tribe, LYNCINA,—Trus Lywxzs.

Head short, globular ; hind legs longest, in caracal more equal ; tail
short; ears pencilled at the tip; pupils oblong, orbits incomplete,
large, the lateral processes of the intermaxille and frontal bones
elongate, nearly reaching each other, (in caracal not so much produced),
and the limbs are nearly equal. Lobe on inner side of upper flesh tooth
small,

Felis caracal, Schreb. Blainv. Osteol. Felis, t. 10; Jerd. Mam.
Ind.,p.113; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. Caracal melanotis, Gray,
P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 277; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus., p. 38. Siahgosh, Hind.
Sind, Pers. —Tue Rep Lynx.

Fur pale reddish brown with a vinous tinge, paler or nearly white
beneath. Two spots of pure white above the eyes, the uppermost on
the inner side of the eye, the lower at the external angle at the origin
of the moustaches. Edges of the upper lip, chin, breast and inside of
the legs white ; parts whence the whiskers spring, black. Ears deep
black at the base externally, and less so towards the tips, which are
pencilled with a long black tuft.

Length—30—36 inches, tail 9” or 10,” ear 3,” height 16 to 18 inches.

Hab —Sind, Punjab, Kutch, Guzerat, Travancore, Northern Circars,
Bengal, Central India, Rajpootana and Khandeish, also in Persia,
Afvabia, and Africa.

According to Temminck this species hunts in packs like the wild
dog and so runs down its prey. liynxes are often tamed and trained
in the chase of peacocks, cranes, and the lesser quadrupeds.

Family, GUEPARDIDA.

Head short, face short, neck slightly maned. Legs slender, sub-
equal. Tail long. Ears rounded. Skull short, convex. Processes of
intermaxillz and frontals also short, not separating the nasals. Flesh
tooth of upper juw compressed, not lobed internally. Front upper small
grinder distinct; small tubercular grinders one on each side of the
upper jaw,

Gueparda.—Characters those of the Family.

Gueparda guttata, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 396. Felis jubata,
Schreb. Jerd. Mam. Ind., p. 114; Murray, Hdbk., Zovl., &c., Sind, p- 86.
Felis guttata, Herm. F. venatica, A. Smith. Cynalurus Scemmeringii,
Rupp.—Tue Huntine Leoparp or Cueeta or Inia.

LUTRBA. 31

Fur bright yellowish fawn above; nearly pure white beneath;
covered above and on the sides with numerous closely approximating
black spots, $ to 1 inch in diameter, but not grouped in rosettes. A
black streak from the corner of each eye down the face; chest and
under parts of the body unspotted. The spots on the back are larger
than those on the head, sidesand limbs, where they are more closely set.
Ears short and rounded, with a broad black spot at the base externally ;
the tip and inner side of the ear whitish ; extremity of the nose black.
Tail with black spots and the tip black, (tip white, Bennett). Mane not
very cousiderable, pupil circular.

Length.—Head and body 4°5—5 feet, tail 30 inches, height nearly
three feet.

Hab.—The hunting leopard is found nearly throughout India, in Sind,
Rajpootana, the Punjab, Central, Southern and N. W. India, also
Syria, Mesopotamia, Arabia and Africa.

The employment of the cheetah in the chase of antelopes, &c., is so
well-known, that it is scarcely necessary to give a description of it.
The skin of all the leopards, and of the tiger also, is an article of some
importance in the trade.

Family, MUSTELIDA.

Sab Family, LUTRINA,—Orrsrs.

Head depressed; feet normal, subdigitigrade; toes webbed; tail
thick, tapering, depressed ; teeth normal; flesh tooth acutely tubercular;
large tubercular grinder, oblong; nose convex, hairy beneath,

Lutra, Ray.—Characters those of the Sub Family.

Dentition : Incisors a 3 canines — 3 premolars —; molars =o

Lutra nair, F. Cuv.; Jerd, Mam. Ind.p. 86 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§e., Sind, p. 85. Lutra Indica, Gray, Lond. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837,
p. 580; P. ZS. 1865, p. 128; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus., p. 104. Loodra,

Sind.—Tue Common Inpian Otter.

Muzzle bald, square. Fur above hair brown, or light chestnut
brown, in some grizzled with white hairs, in others tinged with
isabelline yellow. Beneath, the fur is short, of a yellowish white or red-
dish white colour. Upper lip, sides of head, and neck, chin, and throat
whitish. Paws albescent. In some the tip of the tail is white.

Length.—3% to 4 feet, of which the tail is 14 feet or more, the
width at the base being 3 to 33 inches.

The otter is found in great numbers along the Indus to the Punjab.
Most of the Mohanas or fishermen have always two or more of these
animals as an essential to their avocation to drive fish into their nets,
This they are trained to do. In porpoise catching this animal is also
of great service to the fishermen. When the boats, which are the
homes of the fishermen, are lying at the banks as many as 20 or 30,
otters may be seen tied round the waist, tethered to stakes by the

32 MELINID.

edge of the water, some lying half in and half out of the water, and
others rolling about in the sand: dogs and children playing with them.

Hab.—According to Jerdon it is found throughout all India, from
the extreme south of Ceylon to the Himalayas, and from the Indus
to Burmah and Malayaua, affecting both fresh and salt water inlets.

Family, MELINIDA.

Head moderate, elongate. Nose simple, flat and bald beneath,
with a central longitudinal groove. Tubercular grinders, one on each
side of the upper and lower jaws. Claws large, spread out. Ears small
or rudimentary. Most of the animals comprised in this group have the
power of diffusing a foetid stench.

Sub Family, MELLIVORINA,—Baperrs.

Tubercular grinders transverse, band-like, palate only slightly pro-
duced behind. Flesh tooth with a small internal lobe, with a single
tubercle. Fur black below, white above.

Mellivora, Bl.—Head depressed. Nose blunt. Ears distinct.
Body stout. Legs short, plantigrade. Toes 5-5. Claws long and
strong. Tail short, subcylindrical. Sole of hind foot bald.

Mellivora Indica, Bl. Osteogr. Mustela ; Gray, P. Z. 8.1865, p. 108;
Cat. Br. Mus., p- 182; Jerdon, Mam. India, p. 78; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §¢., Sind. Bijooand Gorepat of the Sindees.—Tan Inpian Bapazr.

Above tawny white or grey, black on the sides and beneath.
Tail short. Skull elongate, ovate. Nose short, concave on the sides,
flat above. Orbits incomplete. Four middle cutting teeth equal; the
side ones conical and witha recurved tip. Canines conical. Flesh tooth
of lower jaw with three conical tubercles ina single longitudinal series.

Length.—Head and body 80 inches, tail 6”.

Hab.—S8ind, the Punjab, Deccan, Kutch, Guzerat and throughout
India, everywhere having the reputation of being a grave digger.

Family, HERPESTIDA,—Moncoosts:

Body elongate. Tubercular grinders two on each side in the upper
and one in the under jaw. Nose flat and bald beneath, with a central
longitudinal groove. Hind feet slender, their under side bald or more or
less covered with scattered hairs; toes slender, legs short. Fur harsh
grizzled. Orbits of the skull complete. Toes 5-5. Claws short.

Herpestes, Illiger—Toes 5-5. Tail conical, covered with long

hairs. Pupil linear, erect, Teeth 40; false grinders — tubercular
grinders transverse.

All the species of this genus are noted for their natural antipathy to
serpents, and for committing havoc among poultry. They are however
excellent ratters. The question of the mongoose neutralizing the
poison of the bite of serpents by eating the root of some plant, still
remains unsolved.

HERPESTES. 33

Herpestes griseus, Desm. Mam. p. 212; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864,
p- 553; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 151 ; Jerd. Mam. India, p.132; Murray,
Hadbk., Zool., §e., Sind, p. 88. H. pallidus, Schinz. Syn. Mam. 1, p. 378.
Mangusta grisea, Fischer, Syn. Mum. p. 164. Newera, Nayria, Nore,
Sind.—Tuz Mapras Monaooss.

Tawny yellowish grey or pale grey, the hairs harsh, ringed with
rufous and yellowish, with a broad- white or yellowish subterminal
ring. Feet blackish. Tail bushy, concolorous with the body, not
tipped black, and nearly equal in length to the body. Cheeks and
throat more or less reddish. False grinders 3—38, the first is conical,
roundish ; the third triangular. Flesh tooth longer than broad in front.
Tubercular grinders transverse. Lower jaw shelving in front. Skuil,
length 2°75 inches, width at zygomatic arch 1-42".

Length.—Head and body 16-17 inches, tail 14”.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Kutch, Guzerat, Deccan and Concan, Bengal,
Travancore, Nepal and India generally. In Southern and Central India
very common.

Affects scrubby jungle in Sind. In villages, it is very destructive
to poultry.

Herpestes persicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 554; id. Cat. Carn.
Br. Mus. p. 151; Blanf. Eastern Persia, p. 42; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§c., Sind, p. 88.—Tuz Persian or Grey Moncooss.

Pale ashy, very closely and abundantly black and white punctulated ;
hair short and soft, ringed black and white, one dark band at the
base, one in the middle and the third at the tip, the interspaces being
white. Chin and under side uniform ashy, brownish on the chest.
Tail conical, concolorous with the back. Feet like the back with
shorter fur, chiefly tipped white. In general appearance a miniature
of HZ. griseus.

Length.—Head and body 10—12 inches; tail 103—12 inches, skull
rather elongate, 2°4 to 2°6 inches in length; teeth normal, the third false
grinder subtriangular, with a sma!l central prominent lobe. Flesh
tooth subtrigonal, the inner tubercle small on the front edge. Width
at zygomatic arch 1°3", of brain case 1:1". Forehead convex. Contrac-
tion behind orbit 62”.

Hab,—Sind and Persia. Habits same as H. griseus.

Herpestes ferrugineus, Blanford, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 661, pl.
Ixxxi; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind.—Tue Ferrvernous Mon-
GOOSE,

General colour ferruginous, minutely speckled and mixed with white.
Fur moderately fine. Hairs of the back long, dull rufescent at the
base, and the remaining portion composed of short alternating rings of
white and ferruginous, there being sometimes as many as six alter-
nations in each hair, the extreme tips being ferraginous. On the lower
parts the colour is a little paler, and the rings on the hairs are less
distinct; upper portions of the feet rather darker red; soles of feet
and lower part of tarsus bare. The hair on the tail is long and the

25

34 HERPESTIDA.

white rings on the hairs gradually disappear backward, the tip being
entirely red. Dimensions (from a dried skin and in consequence only
approximate) head and body 15 inches; tail (vertebrae not preserved)
to end of hairs the same.—(Three specimens in the Kurrachee Museum,
measured in the flesh are each half an inch longer both in the
length of the head and body, and tail). The hairs on the hinder part
of the back are fully 1? inch long. Tarsus and hind foot to end of
claw 2°8 inches,

Mr. Blanford adds that “in general form this mongoose closely resem-
bles H. griseus, Geottr., so much so, that le was at first doubtful
whether it was more than a rufous variety of it. But not only is the
colour very distinct, but the skull shows some important differences.
The orbit is incomplete behind; this is certainly the case in the
young of A. griseus, but not to the same exteut as in H. ferrugineus.
The nasal bones are longer in H. griseus, their posterior termination
being behind a line connecting the anterior edges of the orbits in the
skull; whereas in this new species the nasals terminate posteriorly in
front of the same line. The breadth across the frontal region, imme-
diately behind the post-orbital processes, isconsiderably lessin H. griseus,
aud the auditory bulle are differently shaped.”

The skull extracted from the skin of H. ferrugineus measures—

Inches.

Length from upper edge of foramen magnum to anterior

termination of intermawillary bone............c000.000000 27
Left nasal bones along the suture between them......... 0:54,
Breadth of frontal region where narrowest behind post-

orbital process ..... east aeRO A atiislbiawiersbiagleetiditas ovens 0°62
Length of lower jaw from the angles to the anterior

SLVCOLET THAT s siehicenat aeons dds unmomnnsee nerd seca ner ane 1:85

Hab.—Sind, (Larkhana, Kotree and Kurrachee).

Herpestes, Andersoni, Sp. Nov.—Chin, throat, breast and under
parts ferruginous, slightly paler on the abdomen. A dark line running
from the front of each eye towards the nose, but separated from it by
a small ferruginous interspace. Upper series of long moustaches as
well as the group of hairs above the orbits black. Forehead darker
ferruginous than the lower parts, the hairs being white basally, then
black, followed by a subapical ferruginous band and tipped with dusky.
The soft under-fur is long and woolly, basally yellowish white, and
tipped with pale ferruginous. The hairs on the back are grizzled by
tricoloured annulations of white, black and ferruginous; basally the
longer hairs are dusky, followed by 3 white and 3 black bands and a
subapical ferruginous band, the tips being black. Apical band of the
shorter hairs is ferruginous. Ears oblique, covered in front on their
inner margins with ferruginous hairs, darker and shorter behind.
Feet dark rufous brown, blackish on the toes, where the hairs are
broadly tipped with black. Claws black. Tail less grizzled, only a
few scattered hairs with black tips. Those on the base of the tail
variously coloured, some with broad white bases and a single black

CANIS. 385

ring, others basally white and broadly tipped with rufescent, the
interspace being white.

Length.—Of head and body (stuffed specimen) 194 inches ; tail 173";
ear obliquely across, 1°25; from orifice -93"; tarsus to tip of claw
"3"; length of skull 3:12", across zygomatic arches 1°69”, length
of brain case 1:69", width of ditto -93", contraction behind orbit °56”.
Lower jaw, from the angle to the anterior alveolar margin, 2°1"; orbit
complete behind ; sagittal crest linear ; skull solid, sutures not apparent.
Super-occipital crest terminates in a strong ridge 0°18" high, continued
down to the bulla auditoriz.

A single specimen of this large species was obtained at Kotree.
Tt is quite unlike any of the other species, both in colour and size, and
the marked cranial characters appear to me to be sufficient to form a
new species. I therefore provisionally name it after Dr. J. Anderson,
Superintendent of the Indian Museum, who has very materially assisted
me in this work.

Family 10, CANID4,—Tue Doe Trisz.
Tubercular grinders two on each side of the upper and lower jaws.
False grinders 2 or 3 on each side of each jaw; molars =? more rarely

—7
Hem or = Toes 5—5 straight, free, with worn-tipped claws, the
front inner toe raised. Upper flesh tooth with one inner tubercle,
lower with its posterior portion tuberculous.

Canis aureus, Linn. Syst, Nat. 1, p. 59; Jerd. Mam. Ind., p. 136;
Gray, Cat. Mam, Br. Ind., 189; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &¢., Sind. Tholuk
of the Mekranees ; Kola, Hind; Giddur, Sind.—Tue JacKAaL.

Colour of fur variable. During winter, when in good fur, the muzzle
is reddish or rufescent brown with a black patch in the centre, running
up between and on the outside of the eyes; there is also a narrow dark
streak running up from the hind edge of the eye to just below the
ears, where there is a dense patch of rufescent brown hairs, The
long moustachial hairs, the groups over the eyes, sides of face and behind
the chin are black. The ears outside are pale rufous at the base, a
little darker above near the tip and sprinkled with black hairs. There
is also a patch of long greyish white hairs in the anterior upper
corner of the ear; the inside of the ear is edged for about an inch all
round with white hairs, and the extreme margins with very pale
isabelline. The forehead is rufescent brown with some dark hairs in-
termixed. The chin is dark brown, except a very small patch, which is
white just behind its anterior edge. The upper lip greyish white or
white, continued behind and spreading behind the dark chin patch on
the throat ; sides of the neck and a collar filling up the interspace
between the white of the throat and the chest, rufescent brown, with
black hairs intermixed; neck above, back and sides of the body
grizzled with black and white or rufescent hairs, and in all good speci-
mens there is a saddle-shaped patch of black on the back. There is
also a distinct black patch on the root of the tail; rest of the tail

36 CANIDAR:

having a grizzled appearance owing to the broad rufescent bases of the
broadly black tipped hairs showing through; extreme tip of the tail
black. Length of hairs from the tip of the tail 3 to 35 inches,

The soft under-fur throughout the upper part of the body is dusky
grey, except on the forehead, where it is much darker. The anterior
two-thirds of the upper paris rufescent, the bases of the hairs being
white. Abdomen white or greyish white, as also are the inner sides of
the front and hind legs to the middle of the thighs, where, and running
up behind the haunches and extending in front and down to the feet,
it is rufescent, darker on the outside of the thighs. Front of forelimbs
rufescent, with a mesial black line, not extending on the metacarpal
portion of the limbs.

Length.—Head and body 30—82 inches, tail 10—12 inches, height at
shoulder 16—17 inches.

Found throughout India. It hunts in packs and is the pest of all
villages and cantonments, not only as a marauder, but for its unearthly
howls in company with the hyena. A cry raised by a single individual
is taken up in chorus by the pack to which it belongs, and followed up in
this way by other packs fora great distance. Jackals are however useful
scavengers in camp, cantonment and village, and never being molested
increase greatly in numbers annually; being however a prey to wolves, a
great number may thusbe exterminated. Inthe Narradistricts, and also
in Thurr and Parker there are many instances annually of deaths from
hydrophobia caused by the bites of jackals. Itis said that six hours
is the most a person survives after the bite.

Canis pallipes, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 101; Gray, List Mam.
p. 58; Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p.89; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 89.
Lupus pallipes, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 504; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus.
p. 189. Landgah, Hind; Buggyar, Sind.—Tus Inpian Wor.

Colour variable. Hoary fulvous or dirty reddish white, some of the
hairs tipped black. Face and limbs somewhat rufous. Lower parts
dingy or soiled white ; tail black tipped; ears small; coronal crest of
skull linear, high; upper sectorial teeth large, elongate; mamme 10.
The colour of the Indian wolf varies much, both according to season and
locality, more generally the fur is fulvous, or dun colour with scarcely
any reddish or rufous tinge anywhere.

Length.—Head and body 35—40 inches, tail 15—17 inches, height
24—28 inches.

Hab.—Sind, also Kutch, the Deccan and Concan, Khandeish and
throughout India nearly.

Vulpes,—Foxes.—Muzzle lengthened, acute. Temporal crests of the
skull linear; ears large, erect; tail with soft fur, long and bushy, and
reaching to the ground.

Vulpes Bengalensis, Shaw, Zool. i., p. 280; Jerd. Mam. of Ind.
p. 149; Gray, Cat. Mam. Br, Mus. p. 204; Murray, Hadbk., Zool., des,
‘Sind, p. 90. Lokree, Lookar, Loomur, Sind; Loomree, Hind.—Tux
Inpran Fox.

VULPES. 37

Fur reddish grey or rufescent above and below; colour varying
covsiderably seasonally ; ears long, dark brown externally ; tail long,
bushy, tipped black; chin and throat whitish.

Length.— Head and body 21—22 inches ; tail 12—14 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Kutch, Guzerat, Deccan, Concan, and through-
out India affecting the plains ; burrowing usually in mounds. In Sind
its chief food appears to be (from dissection of several examples) the
berries of Grewia and Zizyphus, field rats and a large rock lizard,
Uromastix Hardwickii,

Vulpes leucopus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 1854, p. 729; Jerd. Mam.
Ind. p. 151; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 516; Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus.
p. 204; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c. Sind.—Tu Desert Fox.

Fur variable, general colour fulvous white mixed with darker brown or
black. Facelighterincolour. Taillargely tipped with white. Lower parts
nigrescent. Ears black posteriorly. Females usually with whitish limbs.

During winter the muzzle is fulvous white, the long moustachial
hairs, and the groups above the eyes and behind the angle of the mouth
are black; the fur is very variable. Forehead pale rufous, in some
specimens bright rufous ; sides of the face, chin and throat and the
inner sides of the limbs fulvous white, a dark stripe running down from
the corner of each eye to about the middle of the edge of the upper
lip. _Ears edged all round with fulvous white, externally they are
blackish, with, in some specimens, a rufous tinge, the extreme margins
fulvous white. Back and upper side of the tail and the outside of the
limbs brighter rufescent than the forehead, with a large admixture of
white, which colouris chiefly that of the apical rings on the back, while
on the flanks, tail and sides of the neck there are more black than
white apical rings. Under parts fulvous white, soles of the feet dusky
brown. Tail largely tipped with white.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Rajpootana and the Punjab. Affects chiefly the
sandy dunes and lives on field rats, &c., oftentimes associated with the
next in Upper Sind.

Vulpes pusillus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1854, p. 729; Gray, P.
Z. S. 1868, p. 517; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 205; Jerd. Mam. Ind.
p. 153; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind.—Tue Suan Ponsas Fox.

Fur variable. General colour pale fulvous, darker on the sides and
lighter on the shoulders. Middle of back rufous. Tail greyish. Ears
externally velvety black. A faint eye streak. Cheeks whitish. Tail
white tipped.

Length.—24 inches ; tail 14 inches.

Family, HY #NIDA,—Hyanas.

Digitigrade carnivorous animals with their forelegs longer than
their hind legs. Tongue rough. Molars or cutting teeth of great size,
conical, yes projecting. Ears large. A deep subcaudal glandular

pouch. Tubercular grinders single, in the upper jaw only.
ij — = 5—5
Dentition. Inc. sop can, i= molar 7—4=34.

38 URSIDZS.

Hyena, Linn.—Tubercular grinders of upper jaw with three roots.
Flesh tooth with three lobes ; the front one large. ;

Hyeena striata, Zimm. Geogr. ii., p. 256; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 524; Oat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 212; Jerd. Mam. Ind. p. 118; Murray,
Habk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 87. H. vulgaris, Desm. Mam. p. 210. Canis
hyena, Linn. Syst. Nat, i, p. 58. Thurruss, Cherrag, Sind.—Tux
Hyana.

Colour variable, generally of a pale yellowish or uniform gray, rather
paler beneath. Sides, shoulders, haunches, and outside of the legs
striped irregularly blackish. Mane and tail also striped or spotted
black. Front of the neck, muzzle and outside of the ears black; the
latter broad, and nearly destitute of hairs, especially inside; mane on
the back of the neck full, and continued, though less distinctly, along
the back to the tail. On the back the stiffish hairs are 4—8 inches in
length.

Hab.—The hyzna is found throughout India, affecting the hilly
districts; also in Asia, Africa, the Caucasus, Persia, Beloochistan,
Turkey, Syria, Senegal and the Cape. In India it is with the
jackal a noisome pest.

It lives in holes in the ground, or cliffs of rocks, and preys by night,
breaking like the wolf into sheep-folds, and attacking and carrying
away dogs. It however has its place in the economy of nature, being
a useful scavenger. It is said to possess the peculiar gift of being able
in some measure to imitate the cries of other animals, by which means,
dogs, calves, and sheep are beguiled. The ancients believed that it
changed its sex, imitated the human voice also, and had the power of
charming the shepherd, and as it were rivetting him to the place
he stood on, and also dogs, so that they became dumb. The super-
stitious Arabs, according to Shaw, when they kill a hyena, carefully
bury the head, lest it should be applied to magical purposes. They
also attribute preternatural powers to its remains.

It is said to manifest great attachment to its keeper when tamed,
and to be susceptible of the same domestication as the dog.

Family, URSIDA),—Bzars.

Plantigrade mammals with normally § incisors; canines a pre-

4—4 2—2
molars ae molars =

the upper jaw, and one or two in the lower jaw. Feet broad and
short and generally callous below, Tail short. Nose rather produced.

Two tuberculated teeth on each side in

Ursus, Gray.—Teeth as in the characters of the Family. False
grinders or molars small, distant, often deciduous. Hinder tubercular
molar large, elongate, larger than the flesh tooth.

DELPHINUS. 39

Ursus tibetanus, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t; Jerdon, Mam. Ind.
p- 70; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. Ursus torquatus, Schinz.
Syn. Mam. p. 302; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 688; Cat. Mam. Br.
Mus. p. 226. Helarctos malayanas, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. 1, p. 340.
Reench or Reech, Baloo, Hind.; Mumh, Bel.; Reech, Sind.—Tuu Inpian
Brack or Turperan Bear.

Fur black ; lower lip and chin white. A broad forked white mark
on the chest, rather contracted behind ; cheeks with bushy hairs; face
brownish ; neck thick; head flattened ; ears rather large ; upper tuber-
cular molar elongate, half as long again as the flesh tooth.

Hab.—The mountains of Sylhet and Nepaul, on the Himalayas, and
the hill ranges of Assam from 5,000 to 12,000 feet, said to be rare in
Thibet. Inhabits the hill ranges in Sind and Beloochistan, where prob-
ably it feeds on roots and the fruits of Grewia, &., and honey.

It had Jong been maintained that a bear inhabited the hills of
Sind and Beloochistan, but till Major Mockler, the Political Resident
at Gwadur, obtained several skins on the hills near Mand, nothing
positive was known as to its identity.

It is said to eat flesh occasionally, and Capt. Baldwin, in his “ Large
and Small Game of Bengal,” mentions that it is not only a flesh eater,
but also a foul feeder, having himself seen one make a meal off a bullock
that had died of disease.

Fabulous stories as to the habits and propensities of this species
for carrying away women and children are repeated by Beloochees.

ORDER, CETACEA,—Tue Wuatz Tazz.

Aquatic mammals with anterior fin-like extremities, the posterior
extremities absent. Body fish-shaped. Teeth all similar, conical, or
dissimilar, ridged, sometimes not developed. Skin usually thick and
devoid of hair; ribs much curved, and a very few joined to the sternum,
which is short and wide. Two small bones suspended in the flesh near the
anus are the only vestiges of posterior extremities; spiracle or blowhole,
single or double. This order comprises the Families Delphinide (Por-
poises) and Balenide (Whales).

Family, DELPHINIDA.—Cuv.

Head beaked ; teeth numerous, conical in the whole length of the
edge of both jaws; dorsal fin falcate, rarely wanting.

Delphinus.—Dorsal distinct, medial; rostrum narrow, continued
abruptly from the forehead ; teeth 24—60 on each side, above and below.

Delphinus plumbeus, Duss; Jerdon, Ind., Mam. p. 157. Steno
malayanus, Less. Voy. Cog. t. 9 fig. 5; Gray, Zool., Hreb. and Terror, 43;
Cat. Cetac. Br. Mus. 232. D. Capensis, Rapp. Cetac, t.2f.l. (not Gray
nor Cuv.)—Tue Piumszous DoLrHin.

40 DELPHINIDA.

Of an uniform grey, ash or leaden colour. Teeth 3.

Length—6—8 feet.
Hab.—Sind, Cutch, and Malabar Coasts.

Delphinus longirostris, Gray, Spic. Zool. i; Cat. Seals and
Whales, Br, Mus, p. 241.

Colour black. Dorsal fin high. Teeth = small, slightly curved.

Rostrum three-fifths ofentire length. Palate grooved in the hinder half °
of skull.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch, and Malabar Coasts.

Platanista, Rostrum long, compressed, slightly enlarged at the
extremity. Teeth as in Delphinus, recurved in both jaws. Paddles
fan-shaped. Dorsal fin rudimentary. Eye minute.

Platanista Indi, Blyth, Rep. As. Soc. 18; J. A. 8. Bengal
xxviii, 493; Cat. Mus. As. Socy. Beng. 92; Jerdon, Mammals of Ind.
159; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind. Platanista Gangetica, var
minor, Owen. Cat. Ost. Mus. Col. Sing., 449, No. 2481. Bhoolun, Sisur,
Sind; Soosoo, Hind.; Sehoo, Assam; Hooh, Sylhet——Tuz Ganentic
anp Inpus Porroisz.

Animal 5—8 feet long, with a long compressed snout, a vaulted —
compressed forehead, longitudinal blow-hole, scarcely perceptible eye,
distinct neck, broad and abruptly truncated pectoral fins and a small
(or rudimentary) dorsal fin; snout in males shorter (Anderson, A. and
Z. Res.); ear-hole semi-lunar; teeth 27 on each side in the lower
jaw, 26 in the upper—total 106, sometimes less. A specinn from
the Indus, 44 feet long, had pectoral fins or paddles, 73 inches by 5, and
a rostrum of 103 inches. Colour reddish salmon all over the body,
except the tail, which was brownish grey. The dry skin becomes
a pearly grey throughout.

Dr. Gray, in his Cat. of Seals and Whales, Br. Mus., says :—That the
skull of the Indus porpoise presented by Sir A. Burnes is conspicuously
different from that of P. Glangeticus, that the maxillary crests are
wanting, and that the skull is more robust. He gives the length
of skull as 203 inches, and the greatest width at zygomatic arches
93", the symphysis of lower jaw 11 inches, length of the animal 7 feet.
Dr. J. Anderson, F. R. 8., Superintendent of the Indian Museum, after
working up the question of separating the Indus and Gangetic species,
concludes that the Indus porpoise does not differ in any very essential
character to justify a separation. In his Anatomical and Zoological
Researches will be found a very exhaustive description of the ana-
tomy of this species. He has also, from personally watching its habits
in a captive state, given a most interesting account of its mode of
respiration, &c.

Hab.—The larger rivers connected with the Ganges, the Brahma-
pootra and Indus Rivers,

Fig. 2

Wy

Ip) ‘Ul
yy i)

(Side view.)

Upper view, with the tip of the snout completed.

Skutn or BaLanoprera Inpica, Blyth.

Fig. 1.

2
a

Fig

‘BALAINOPTERA. Al

The low castes in Sind, along the banks of the Indus, consider por-
poise flesh a delicacy, and Dr. Anderson says that the Gurhwals, and
some castes in the Jessore, Dacca and Burdwan districts, also in the
N. W. Provinces about Allahabad, Benares, and the Punjab, also eat it.
The oil is universally regarded as a valuable embrocation in rheumatism,
for strengthening the joins, and for pains in the lumbar region generally.
The illuminating powers of this oil, Dr. Anderson says, are said to be
high. The fishermen in Sind use it on their boats for lighting, and
also as a lubricant.

Family, BALAANOPTERIDA.

Head enormous; spiracles double; belly smooth, with or without
longitudinal folds; teeth none, but baleen present in the upper jaw ;
rostrum long, narrow, rounded; frontal bone flat, expanded, broad over
the orbit.

Balenoptera, Lacep.—Characters same as those of the Family, but
with an adipose dorsal fin; head one-fourth of total length or less; skin
of the belly with longitudinal folds ; cranium slightly arched.

Balenoptera Indica, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxi, p. 358.
Pirate VI.

Length.—80—90 feet; lower jaw slender. There does not appear to
be any reliable information as to the general form of the Indian
Rorqual, although ‘the animal is fairly common along the Western
Coast as well as the Sind and Mekran Coasts. Jerdonrecordsa whale
supposed to be this species, 90 feet long and 42 feet in circumference,
thrown, ashore, on the Chittagong Coast. Another, he says, was
cast up dead on Amherst Islet, 84 feet in length, of which the rami of
the lower jaw and a few other bones are in the Indian Museum at
Calcutta; the length of each ramus is said to be 21 feet, and the radius
38°75 inches. A skull, of which a plate is given, was cast up on the
Clifton beach, in 1879, and is nowin the Kurrachee museum. It measures
17 feet 8 inches in length and 7 feet across the zygomatic arches.

Between Kurrachee and Bombay and on the Mekran Coast this
species may be said to be fairly common, One was run over by the
B. I. 8. N. Co.’s Steamer Huphrates, about 60 miles from Bombay,
nearly two years ago. The animal, it appears from the Captain’s state-
ment, seemed to amuse itself by crossing and recrossing the bow, and
then at last suddenly turned and came straight for the vessel, striking
itabout 10 feet from the bow. The Government Steamer Dalhousie also
fell foul of one in September 1880, and another was found entangled
in the Submarine Cable on the Mekran Coast. Blyth,in an article on
the Indian Rorqual (J. A. 8. B. 1859, p. 481,) mentions that whales
were known to, and recorded by, the ancients, and Nearchus, B. c. 327,
sailing to the Persian Gulf, mentions having met with them, and that
on the Mekran Coast the people built houses with the bones of
stranded whales.

26

A2 SCIURID ZS.

ORDER—RODENTIA.

Two incisors only in each jaw, large, incurved and without roots.
Canines none. Molars usually few, varying from 2 to 6 on each side,
and separated by an interval from the incisors. Feet with five toes.
This Order embraces the squirrels, rats, mice, and hares.

Family, SCIURIDA,—Sauirrgts.

: —5 4—4
Quasi-incisors smooth. Molars usually = Of i» enamelled and
furnished with roots. Tail long, bushy.

Sciurus, DLinn.—Premolars = ; molars =) 3: quasi-incisors
brown or orange coloured. Fore feet with only four toes, and a tubercle
on the site of the thumb.

Sciurus palmarum, Gmelin; Blyth, Cat. As. Soc. Mus. 339;
Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p.170; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 91.
Gilloree, Sind.—Tase Common Strirsp SQUIRREL.

Fur dusky greenish grey above, with three yellowish-white stripes
along the whole length of the back, and two fainter lines on each side;
beneath whitish. Hairs of the tail variegated with reddish and black.

Length.—12—13 inches. Tail about one-half,

The only species of the genus in Sind. Found also in the Concans,
Deccan, Kutch and Guzerat, and throughout the whole Peninsula of India.

Family, MURIDZ.

Incisors compressed or rounded. Molars 3 or 4 on each side. Fore-
feet usually with four toes; hind feet with five toes, .
Gerbillus, Cuv—Upper incisors grooved. Ears oval. Head
lengthened and somewhat pointed. Tarsus and toes elongated. Tail
long, hairy, with a tuft at the tip. Ridges of the molars variable.

Gerbillus indicus, Hardwick, Linn. Tr. viii., pl. 7; Blyth, J. A.
S. B. 1863, xxxii., p. 827; Jerdon, Mammals of
Ind. p. 184; Blanford, Eastern Persia, p. 63. Gerbil-
lus Hardwickii, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. p. 182;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind.—TuE Jersoa
Rar.

Fur above light fulvous brown, fawn colour,
or bright rufous brown, many of the hairs tipped
brownish; beneath whitish. Round the eyes
brownish. Hinder parts of the cheeks rufous,
paler in front. A white supercilium and a white
band below the eye. EHars large, almost nude
within, outside thickly covered with short brown
hair. Whiskers long, black above, white below.
Tail brown above, with a narrow band below
of the same colour, paler on the sides and tipped
with long brownish black hairs. Mammo four
pairs—two pectoral, and two inguinal.

1, Skull of Gerbillus
Indicus, nat. size.

2, Molar teeth of upper
jaw, magnified three diams.

Pet

MUS. 43

Length.—Head and body 6 to 7 inches, tail 5} to 7 inches, hairs at
tip of tail 4 inch.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Western India generally, Punjab, N. W. Pro-
vinces, Beloochistan and Afghanistan, (Chaman) affecting the unculti-
vated and sandy plains, where it burrows toa depth of from 4 to 5 feet.

Gerbillus Hurrianz, Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p. 186; Blanford,
Eastern Persia, p. 68; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 68. G.
erythrourus, Jerd. zbid. nec. Gray.

Much smaller than the last, the tail and ears also comparatively
shorter. Above, the fur is pale rufous or sandy,
with fine dusky lines, the hairs being blackish at
the ‘base, isabelline near the point with short
dusky tips. A few longer hairs on the rump and
thighs, Sides slightly paler with a few dusky
lines. Lower parts whitish, tinged more or less
with fawn colour on the belly, the line of demarca-
tion of the two colours not strongly marked. Tail
concolorous with the back, with a line of dusky
hairs along the upper surface of the terminal
portion, becoming longer near the tip, the hairs
at the tip being $ths of an inch long; ears small,
round, thinly covered with short hair on the out-
side and near the hinder margin within ; whiskers
of moderate length; black above, white below;
feet pale, hind ones thinly covered with whitish
hairs below, except on the posterior half of the
tarsus; soles of forefeet naked. Mamme eight,—
two pectoral and two inguinal pairs.

Length.—Head and body 5 to 54 inches, tail

ee Baek to 6 inches, hind foot 1 inch.
jaw, enlarged three diams. | Hab.—Abundant all over the Province to the

2 & 3, Skull of Gerbillus Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Kutch, Beloochistan and
Hurriane, nat. size. Afghanistan, living in burrows at the roots of bushes,

Mus, Lin.—Incisors usually smooth in front. Ears rather rounded,
and somewhat naked. Tail long, scaly, haired.

The synonomy of the Indian species of the genus Mus, which
hitherto was in so much confusion, has now been cleared up by the
labours of Dr. J. Anderson,* Superintendent of the Indian Museum,
and Mr. Oldfield Thomas,+ of the British Museum. Both eminent
Naturalists have had access to large collections of typical specimens,
as materials to work upon, and the result is an excellent synopsis of
the species by Mr. Oldfield Thomas; that of the sub-genus Nesokia
has been based on Dr. Anderson’s sections in the paper already quoted.

The following arethe sub-genera into which the Indian species of Mus
have been divided :—

(1) Nesokia, (2) Mus, (3) Leggada, and (4) Vandeluria, Of these
the two first only are represented in Sind.

* J, A. S. B. vol. 47, 1878, plates. + P. Z. S. 1881, plates.

44, MURID.

Nesokia.—Incisors -very broad, finely seulptured in front; molars
composed of transverse lamine; size large; form stout and heavy,
tail rather short ; fur coarse, not spiny.

The following characters of the Sind species are given by Mr. Oldfield
Thomas :—

J. Anterior palatine foramina much shorter than the upper molar

series. Mamma 8 .......ccceeceeseeeer eee M. (N.) Hardwickit.
II. Anterior palatine foramina as long as, or longer than, the
molar series. Mamma 14—18......... M. (N) Bengalensis.
Ill. Palatine foramina as in II., though rather more open behind.
MAM UMi20: 12). ss seadsnsies sbibs sd Deercnremensse . MM. (N) bandicota.

Mus (Nesokia) Hardwickii, Gray, A. and M. N. H. x., p.
265.; Anders. J. A. 8. B. xlvii., p. 221, 1878. Arvicola indica, Gray
and Hard. Ill. Ind. Zool. i, pl. xi. Mus Hardwickii, Gray, Charlesw.
Mag. N. H. i, p. 585. Thomas, P. Z. 8. p. 524, 1881. Var Huttonii;
Mus Huttoni. Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xv., p. 189. M. (N) Huttoni, Anderson,
lic. p. 223. Nesokia Huttoni, Blanf. Hast. Pers. p. 59, pl. vi. fig. 1.

Far variable in quality. Above yellowish brown, or bright rufous ,;
dirty white or dull yellow below. In the variety
Huttont the fur is long and soft, of a bright
rufous colour, and the hind feet are longer than
in Hardwickit. ead short and bluff; muzzle
broad and deep. Bye situated about half way
between the ear and the end of the muzzle.
Ears not large, rounded, semi-nude, but clad with
minute hairs. Tail variable, ringed, nearly nude,
less clad with minute hairs; upper surface of
the feet sparsely clad. Fur generally soft and
moderately long, (or silky in var Huttoni) and
somewhat harsh sometimes. Pelage, of three
kinds of hairs, short underlying fur, and ordinary
hairs, intermixed among which on the dorsal

Skull of

Nesokia Hardwickii : :
nat.siz. | | and sacral regions are numerous long black hairs

visible beyond the length of the fur. Skull stout and strong. Teeth
more rounded than in other species.

Length.—Head and body 5:9" to 7”, tail 3°8" to 4°5", hind foot 1:45”.
The specimens from Lower Sind appear from comparative measure-
ments given by Mr. Thomas to be smaller than those of Upper Sind,
and the Beloochistan specimens of Hwuttoni larger than either the
Lower Sind or Upper Sind specimens.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. P., Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan.

Mus (Nesokia) Bengalensis; Arvicola Bengalensis, Gray and
Hard. Lil. Ind., Zool, ii., p. 21. Nesokia Indica, Blyth, J. A. 8. B.
xxxil, p. 328; , Jerd. Mam. Ind. pl. 187, Mus (N) Blythianus,
Anderson, J. A. S. B. 47, p. 227, pl. xiii. Mus (N) Barclayanus,
Anderson 1. a, p. 229, pl. xi, fig. i, to L.

MUS. 45

Form stout and heavy, muzzle blunt. Fur rather short and harsh,
grizzled, brown above, rather paler below, and of three kinds as in the
preceding, but the piles are net numerous. Ears short and rounded,
and laid forward, they do not reach to the eyes. Tail shorter than
head and body, ringed and sparsely covered with hairs, uniform brown
above and below. Feet of medium size, nearly always brown above.
Foot-pads small and rounded, five on the fore and six on the hind feet
as in the other species. Mamme 1418,—often different on the two
sides of the body.

Length.—Head and body 7 to 8 inches ; tail 5 to 7.

The common Nesokia of all India. In Sind it has only been found
in the Thurr districts and a little below. The Southern Indian
race of this species is Mus Kok, Gray=M. providens, Ell. Madras
Journal.

Mus (Nesokia) bandicota, Bechst. Mus giganteus, Hardw. Tr.
Lin, Soc. vii-, p. 806; Anderson J. A. 8, B. 47, p. 282.

Size very large, one to 1} feet or more im length. Tail about the
length of head and body or less. Fur coarse, grizzled, blackish grey and
white above, grey beneath ; long piles on the dorsal and lumbar regions,
abundant. ‘Tail broadly ringed, sparsely clad with short hairs. Feet
well developed, sparsely clad above with short hairs. Moustache
long.

Mamme 12—three pectoral and three inguinal pairs.

Hab.—Sind (at Kurrachee only), affecting cotton godowns, and
throughout the Peninsula of India.

Mus (as _ restricted).—Incisors narrow, smooth in front. Molars
tubercular, not divided into transverse laminz. Pollex only witha
nail, the other digits with sharp compressed claws. Other characters
variable.

The following is a synopsis of the species which occur in Sind :—
I. Hind feet with 6 well-defined foot-pads.

A Large, 43 to 9 inches in length. Last hind foot-pad elongated=
fats.

a. Whole of tail covered with short hairs ;

upperside of tail dark coloured; 8—12

mamme.
a’. Tail dark above and below, shorter than

head and body; 10—12 mamma; hind

foot 15 HH anaes te eneengetaacserer ae cateas M. decumanus.
b. Tail longer than head and body, anterior edge

of zygoma root with a strongly marked

rounded angle above ; 10—12 mammez ;

hind foot 1°2"—1°45" wo... sersessrell, alewandrinus.

46 MURIDA.

If. Small, 2-4 inches in length. Hind foot-pad
circular=Mice.
Anterior edge of zygoma root per-
pendicular; 10 mammee; tail as long as,
or longer than, the head and body.

1. Colour rufous brown, belly scarcely lighter ;

hind foot *62°—"7" «oo .ecececec eens ees eres M. urbanus.
2. Colour pale fulvous, belly white ; hind foot
ODIO” eis ielesiidd canon aemanteatnaxac ses Ad, bactrianus.

III. Hind feet with only 4 or 5 well developed
foot-pads; mamme 8; tail about the
length of head and body; hind foot about
TO" oe scscass din bicitReaisie Stel o Told CanMR TN DANE M., mettada.

Mus decumanus, Pall. Nov. Glires, p.91. M. branneus,. Hodgs.
Ann. and Mag. N. H. xv., p. 266. M. decumanoides, Hodgs. J. A.S.B.x.,
p. 915; Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p. 195, Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind,
p. 92. Chooah, Oondir, Sind, Hind.—Tus Brown Rar.

Above dusky cinereous brown, with a tinge of yellow; the hairs slaty
at base with a yellowish tip, and the longer ones dusky blackish,
beneath dirty pale ashy. Lars as broad as long. Har conch 0:7",
rounded. Tail 7-1”. Head and body 8:3".

Hab.—Sind and throughout India. Found also in Persia. Spreads
into Europe.

Mus alexandrinus, Geoff. Desc. de l' Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii., p. 733.
M. asiaticus, Gray, Charles. Mag. N. H.i.,p. 585. M.arboreus, B. H.
Horsf. Cat. Mus. E. I. 0. M. crassipes, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 28, p. 295,
Ind.—Var nitidus, Hodgson, Ann. and Mag. N. H. xv., p. 267. M.
pyctoris, Hodgs. l.c. Var rufescens Gray, Charles. Mag. N. Hi,
p: 585. M. indicus Geof. Desm. Mam. ii., p. 299. M. flavescens,
Hil. Mad, Journ. Int, Sci. x., p. 214. M. brunneisculus, Hodgs. Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. xv., p. 267.

Far harsh, sometimes mixed with fine spines. Colour variable, above
dark rufous grey to reddish fulvous, below white. Feet nearly always
white. Tail longer than the head and body. Lars large, laid forward
they reach quite to or even beyond the eye. Foot-pads 5—6. Mammz
10, 11 or 12, normally three pectoral and three inguinal pairs, but one
or both of the posterior pair often absent.

Length. Head and body 6 to 6°8 inches; tail 7 to 9”; hind foot
1:2" to 1°45”.

Hab.—Sind, Persian Gulf, Madras, Darjeeling and Ceylon. Occurs
also in Gilgit and Egypt.

Mus urbanus, Hodgs. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xv., p. 269;
Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p. 203; Murray, Hdbk., Zool, &c., Sind, p. 93.
Mus musculus, Ell. Madras Journ. x., p. 214. M. nepalensis, Hodgs.
J. A. 8. B. x., p. 915. M. manii, Gray, Cat. Mam. Br. Mus, M. davji-
lingensis, Hodgs. op. cit. iii, p. 203. M. tytleri, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 28,
p- 96. M. rama, Cant. Blyth, J. A. S. B. 34, p. 194.

MUS. AZ

Above dusky reddish or rufous brown, below rather paler. Fur short,
crisp, quite spineless, slate-coloured for three-fourths the length at
base and tipped yellowish or orange with a few black-tipped hairs inter-
mixed in less bright-coloured specimens. Tail longer than head and
body or equal, more or less pale beneath. Mammee 10, three pectoral and
two inguinal pairs.

Length.—Head and body 2°6” to 3”; tail 3:20” to 3:54”; hind foot
0°65"—0°68.”

The common house mouse of the whole of India.

Mus bactrianus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xv., p. 140; Blanf. Eastern
Persia, p. 56. pl.v. fig. 2; Dantield and Alston, P. Z. 8. 1880; Jerdon,
Mam, Ind. p. 205. Murray, Hdbk., Zool. &c., Sind, p. 93. M.
gerbillinus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii, p. 410. M. Theobaldi, Blyth,
JA. S. B. 22, p. 583.

Fur as in M. urbanus, colour light isabelline or sandy fawn. The
bases of the hairs with a slaty tinge. Ears shorter than in M. urbanus,
covered inside and out with short hairs of a sandy colour, under parts
and feet white. Tail the length of the body, or a very little longer ;
brown above, white beneath, and clad with minute hairs) Mammez as
in M. urbanus.

Length.—Head and body 2” to 3°4.”; tail 2°45” to 3°55”; hind foot
0°65" to 0°75".

Hab.—Sind, N. W. Provinces, Cashmere, and westwards to the
Euphrates ; Muscat, Beloochistan, 8. Persia and Afghanistan.

Mus mettada, Gray, Charlesworth Mag. N. H. i, p. 586. Mus
lanuginosus, Hil. Madras Journ. Lit. Soc. x., p. 212. Mus mettada,
Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlvi., p. 290., pl. 1, skull, foot, &c., Jerdon,
Mammals of Ind. p. 213.—Tue Sort-rurreD Frenp Rat.

Fur long, soft or spineless. General colour above grey, below white.
Hairs above dark slave colour for seven-eighths of their length, then
yellowish white, the extreme tips black or dark brown; some have all
the distal quarter of the hair black ; these darker hairs as usual are more
numerous along the centre of the back. Belly hairs slate colour for,
their basal three-fourths, the tips white, hiding the slate colour. The line
of separation of the upper and lower colours as a rule is not well marked.
Mammeze 8—two pectoral and two inguinal pairs. Tail about the
length of the head and body. Hairs on the tail numerous, rather longer
than most species, but not forming a pencil at the tip. Colour brown
above, white below. The aboveis Mr. Thomas’ description of Southern
Indian and Ahmednuggur specimens. :

In Sind specimens the general colour of the face is rufescent sandy,
the basal half of the hairs being pale French grey, and the rest rufescent
with some longer, black, and black-tipped hairs intermixed. The lower
series of whiskers are white, and the upper dark brown. There is a
patch of pure white on the snout all round and including the lower lip.
The ears are round and -covered inside and out with whitish hairs, the
extreme outer margin intermixed with hairs which have dark brown

48 HYSTRICID A.

bases. A well-defined rufescent circle round the eyes. General colour
of the back greyish, below whitish. The feet are white, the tail ig
covered with short hairs, and is sharply bicolor, the upper surface being
dark brown and the lower white. Soles of feet naked. Pads on forefeet
five. On the hind feet the sixth is always, and the fifth frequently,
suppressed.

Hab.—Sind, Deccan, and Southern India in cultivated fields, living in
holes at the roots of bushes or among stone heaps.

- Family, HYSTRICIDA.

Molars Hee lower angle of lower jaw acute, terminal portion of
muzzle clothed with small hairs, the skull with a large ante-orbital
opening.

Sub-family, HYSTRICINA,—Porcourines,
Incisors #, lower truncated ; molars = rooted, compound ; tongue

and body covered with spines; clavicles none ; forefeet tetradactylous
with a minute wart for a thumb.

Hystrix, Linn.—Temporal and orbital fossee very small, parietal
bones depressed, occipital and sagittal crests projecting much, tail short,

feet plantigrade, the anterior tetradactyle, the posterior pentadactyle,
armed with large nails.

Hystrix leucura, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1830, Blyth, Cat. p. 128; Jerd.
Mam. Ind. p. 219. Serr, Syal, Sinkore, Sind, Hind.—Tue Inpian
PorcopPine.

Muzzle clad with stiff bristly hairs and a few white spines on the
face; spines on the throat short-grooved, some with white points form-
ing a demi-collar, spines and open tubes on the tail entirely white.
Crest full, long, chiefly of black bristles, a few reaching to the inser-
tion of the tail, and with long white points; the largest quills on the
back black, many annulated with white at base and middle, and some

with white points; long thin quills, mostly white at tip; whiskers, long
and black, a few tipped white.

Length—Head and body 32%, tail 7”, skull 5°25’, molars 3
in four Sind specimens.

Hab.—Sind, the greater part of India, except Bengal, where it is re-
placed by H. Bengalensis; also Burmah and Ceylon, Beloochistan,
Persia and Afghanistan.

H. Oristata, Linn, has been found by Mr. Blanford (Hastera Persia,
p- 80) at Jalk (Beloochistan), and not unlikely it will be found in Sind,
also on the hills north of Mugger Peer and those separating Sind from
Beloochistan. H. cristatus differs from leucura in its general colour,
being grizzled dusky black, resulting from a mixture of various shades of
white, brown and black. Upper partofthe neck and head furnished with
a crest of long lighter colouredhairs. The muzzle and limbs are clothed
with very short almost black hair. The whitish band on the fore-part

LEPUS. 49

and sides of the neck is less distinctly marked than in WH. leucura.
The upper back, sides, ramp, and upper parts of the hinder legs are
spiny, and the spines longest in the middle of the back, about the size
of a goose quill, striated longitudinally, and ringed an inch or so
broad alternately with black and white, and the open tail quills are
dusky. The animal measures from 20 to 22 inches, ora third less
than léucura.

The Sind speciesis specially destructive to the potato crops. Jt lives in
holes on the hill sides, and banks of the Indus, in the vicinity of cultiva-
tion. General MacMaster, in hisnotes on Jerdon’s Mammalia, mentions
an instance of his having dug out a porcupine of this species, and
says that ‘the entrance of the animal’s abode was a hole in a bank at
which the dogs were yelping and barking; but the bipeds had gone
more scientifically to work, by countermining from above, sinking
shafts downwards, till at last they reached his inner chamber, when
he scuttled out, and charging (as they always do, and not throwing
their quills) backwards at the dogs with all its spines erccted, he soon
sent them flying, howling most piteously.’’ The flesh of porcupines
is much esteemed in some parts of India, and is in Europe also, when
game is scarce, considered a great delicacy. They are very dainty
feeders, and General MacMaster says, “ this the gardeners know to
their cost. A pineapple”, he says, “‘is left by them (the porcupines)
till the night before it is cut.” Peas, potatoes, onions, &c., are not
touched till the owner has made up his mind that they are just ready
for the table.

Family, LEPORID,—Harss.

Fur soft. Upper incisors 4, lower ones subulate. Molars 5—6
above, and 6 beneath on each side; all rootless. Ears generally large.
Eyes large. Forefeet short, with 5 toes. Hind feet long, with 4 toes.
Tail none, or very short. Soles of the feet hairy.

Hares are diffused almost over every climate, and, notwithstanding
they are hunted and shot everywhere, their numbers never diminish.
They propagate the first year of their lives and bring forth four to six
young at a time.

Lepus, Linn.—Incisors 4. Upper in pairs (two in front, large and
grooved, and two smaller behind). Lower teeth square. Molars 3,

composed of two soldered vertical plates; the last very small in the
upper jaw. Soles of the feet hairy. Tail short, turned upwards.

Lepus craspedotis, Blanford, Eastern Persia, p. 80; Murray,
Habk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 93. Sissa, Soho, Scher, Hind, Sind.

Colour brown above, white below. Fur of the back pale French
grey at the base, then black, and the tip pale brown, almost isabel-
line. The black rings are wanting on the fur of the nape, hind
neck and breast, which, like the fore legs and hinder part of the tarsi,
are pale rufous brown, ears externally mouse brown, blackish brown
on the posterior portion near the tip, the anterior edges white with

TZ

50 LEPORIDAL,

rather longer hairs, except near the tip, where the hairs are short and
black. The posterior margins inside pale isabelline, the pale edge
becoming broader near the tip. Tail black above, white on the sides
and below, whiskers black near their base, white, except on the shorter
ones, throughout the greater part of their length; a pale line from the
nose including the eye continued back nearly to the ear, Mr. Blanford
gives the following dimenions of a @ in the flesh,

Length.—Head and body 15,” tail 3:5”, hairs at end of tail 1’, = 19:5",
ear outside 6”, breadth of ear laid flat 3:25"; tarsus aud hind foot
4:25", carpus and fore foot 2°5."—(Blanf. East. Pers.)

Hab.—Sind and Beloocchistan.

Lepus dayanus, Bif. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 663; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§¢., Sind., p. 93. Sissa, Soho, Seher, Hind., Sind.—Tus Sinp Harz.

“ Back light brown, much mixed with black ; hairs at the base nearly
white, then black, towards the end pale brown, the tips being black ;
on the sides of the body the black gradually disappears; belly, as
usual, white ; inner surface of the thighs, sides, and lower part of tail
the same. Upper part of tail brown, the hairs being dusky and almost
black at the base, with brown tips; sides and lower part of neck as far
back as the fore legsand the limbs pale rufous; soles of feet a little
darker ; back of neck behind the ears the same. Hars broad and
rather long, apparently slightly exceeding those of L. ruficaudatus, both
in length and breath; they are nearly naked on the greater part of
their surface, both inside and out. The anterior portion of the outer
surface is covered with short brown hairs mixed with black, the
margin itself having a fringe of longer hairs, and the extreme hinder
margin is covered with very short whitish hairs. The tips, tov, are
covered outside with dark brown hair, nearly black inside; near the
edge only with yellowish buff. The hair on the posterior portion of
the outer surface, near the base of the ears, is whitish,

“Distinguished from L. ruficaudatus by being rather smaller, by the
hair being longer and very much finer, with, so far as can be judged
by the specimen examined, much longer black tips to the hairs on the
back. The tail in ruficaudatus is rufous brown above, whereas in the
present species it is dusky brown above, and the hairs are blackish at
the base. In ruficaudatus the nasal bones are longer and much more
convex anteriorly, and the posterior prolongation of the post-orbital
process is not in contact with the skull behind, whereas in
LL. dayanus this prolongation joins the skull so as to leave a foramen
behind the post-orbital process, as in L. mediterrancus, which has, on
this ground alone, been considered generically distinct from other
hares by Dr. Gray. (Ann. Mag. and Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 222). In
the skull of L. dayanus, which I have examined, the post-orbital
process is not anchylosed with the frontals behind the foramen, but it
may very probably be so in older animals.

_ “All the teeth are smaller than in L. ruficaudatus, but the upper in-
cisors appear very indistinctly grooved, and so far as I can judge never

LEPUS. 51

have the raised ridge along the front part of their inner edge so
conspicuous in old skulls of L. ruficaudatus.

Length.—From nose to rump about 18 inches. The ears are 44
inches long from the orifice to tip, and nearly 2°56” broad; in fresh
specimens they would be 5 inches long at least. The tarsus and
hind foot to the end of the claws measure just 4 inches ; this measure-
ment of course would be the same in the living animal. The skull
extracted is imperfect behind; the breadth across the hinder and
broadest part of the zygomatic arches is 1°55 inch, across the frontal
bones, where narrowest, and between the foramina, behind the post-
orbital processes, 0°47", Length of suture between the nasal bones
11.""—Blanfd. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 663.

Lepus joongshaiensis, sp. nov—Tut Jooncsuar Hare.

Upper and lower lip and chin white. Upper series of - whiskers
entirely black ;
median series
white with black
bases ; the lower
series and those
fringing the up-
per lip entirely
white.

A pale fulvous,
or fulvous white
hne from the
nostrils on each
side, including
the eye, and for
about half an
inch behind it.
Hairs on the
snout rufescent,
mixed with
blackish on the
forehead, black
at the base and
tip, with a broad
fulvescent band
in the middle.
Ears externally
covered with
short fulvescent
and black hairs,
internally with
whitish hairs,
except for about
0°25 inch along
the outer an-

Side view.
Skull of Lepus joongshuicnsts.

52 LEPORIDE.

terior cdge for the length of its basal
half where it is mixed with black; the
inner margin of the conch is clothed
with long white hairs, which project
from its outer edge, and become
shorter, closer, and buffish round the
margin of the tip, where it is backed by black hairs on the outer
margin, Fur behind the ears at the base, and on the sides of
the nape, greyish white. A distinct broad, unmixed rufescent
earthy streak from between the ears, behind, to between the
shoulders. Ruff below the neck and the sides of the body,
above the white of the belly, pale earthy fulvescent, largely mixed
with long black spiny hairs, some with black bases and tips
and a broad fulvescent mesial band. The upper breast is not white
as shown in the plate, of L. craspedotis (Blanf. Hast. Pers.). The
under-fur of the upper parts is pale French grey, or light ashy. On
the back the fur is soft and long, with broad white bases followed
by a dark band, and a subapical fulvous one; the apices narrowly
black. Tail black above, white below, with an intervening line of
longish, earthy fulvescent hairs.

Inner surface of the thighs, the belly, and under side of the tail,
white, externally the limbs are rufous; the tarsi and soles of the feet
are dark earthy rufescent brown.

Length.—Head and body 18 inches; tail 3’ 21. Ears from base
of skull 5 inches, greatest breadth 2:6”. Tarsus to tip of nail 4°12".

The length of the skull is 8:25 inches; the width across zygomatic
arches where broadest behind, 1°5”; width across frontal bone, where
narrowest, behind the post-orbital process, 0:5". Suture of nasal bones
1:12”, suture of frontal plate 1:37”. Width of brain case 1:06". The
hind superciliary or post-orbital process is serrated.; its hind process is
free and not anchylosed to the frontal bone behind, and the greatest
width across is 0:98’. The nodosity on the anterior angle of the
zygoma, above the molars, is large, nearly flat below; its hind margin
grooved with a deep hollow to receive a tendon. The greatest width
across theseis 1-44inches, Upper incisors distinctly grooved. The molars
are larger than those of craspedotis and dayanus, the third and largest
being 0:18” across; the four middle ones with a prominent ridge in the
centre, their outer edges grooved ; the first molar is accumbent on the
second, with three grooves and three ridges anteriorly. The palatal
foramen is 0°25 inches wide anteriorly, while in dayanus it is just 0°12".
In dayanus there is a smal] projection or point behind as well as in

front of the bone separating the palatal foramina, but in this species
or form it is wanting behind,

I provisionally name it I. joongshaiensis. Iam indebted to Mr. Gopal
Jairam, the Station Master, at Joongshai, and to Mr. F. Gleadow of
the Forest Department, for specimens of this form,

Molars enlarged.

ASINUS. 53

ORDER—BELLUA.
Pachydermata, Cuv. Regne. Anim. Ungulata, Owen.

Teeth of two forms. Upper incisors 6 or none, molars all similar.
Canines often wanting or rudimentary. Toes hoofed. Skin thick, with
scattered hairs. Mammz pectoral or inguinal.

SUB-ORDER II.—SOLIDUNGULA.

Nose round, soft, simple. Neck elongate. Upper lip prehensile.
Incisors in each jaw, normal, erect. Canines normal or wanting. Toes
single (two united together) and covered with a single hoof.

Family, EQUIDA,—Horsszs.

Toes covered with a single hoof; lateral rudimentary toes subequal.
Teeth 40,

Incisors §. Canines = Molars = or =, Molars complex, with
square crowns marked by laminz of enamel. Crown of incisors
furrowed by a groove. Mamme inguinal.

Equus, Linn.—Tail covered with long hair to the root. Fore and
hind legs with a wart (sellander) on the inner side.

Equus caballus, var domestica.—The Sind horse is an interbreed
from the Persian and Kattiawaree chiefly, generally with a longish
head and narrow chest, but with fairly well formed croup. Usually
very quick; the body is somewhat heavy, but the animal is capable of
enduring much fatigue. The smaller breeds known as tattoos are very
sure-footed animals, with hardy constitutions, good and firm hoofs.
They are used both for riding and carrying burdens, and chiefly
the latter.

Asinus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i, p. 261; Cat. Belluce and Brute Br. M.
p. 267,

Upper part of tail covered with short hair ; lower part covered with
long hair forming a tuft; forelegs only furnished with warts. A dorsal
and more or less distinct humeral stripe.

Asinus vulgaris, Gray, Zool. Journ. i, p. 244; Cat. Mam. Br,
Mus. p. 268; Cat. Bellue and Brute, p. 268. Guddha of the
Hindoos ; Garrow, Mahr; Khur, Pathan; Guddha, Sind; Djarh, Arab.
—Tue Domestic Ass.

General colour uniform grey with a longitudinal dorsal streak, and a
dark streak across the shoulders. ars elongate. Facial line arched.
Skull with sub-orbital foramen, as in HZ. hemionus, rarely of a darker
colour than grey, or skewbald.

The ass varies in size and appearance in different climates, usually
small and shaggy in cold climates; whether it is found in a truly wild
state, is doubtful. In Sind the Banians (Hindoos} or grocer section of
‘the community utilize this animal for ridimg purposes, and in fact
prefer a good ass to a horse, as it would carry both its owner and about

54 SUIDAL.

two maunds of goods for miles without being fatigued. When used for
riding only, the Sind animal is very fleet. In general it does not exhibit
the proverbial stupidity and obstinacy it is credited with.

Asinus onager, Gray, Cat. Ungulata, Br. Mus.; Cat. Belluw, Br.
Mus. p. 269. Asinus indicus, Sclater—Tue Goorkuur or SIND AND
BeELoocuIstTan.

Of a pale reddish or isabelline colour. Muzzle, breast, lower parts
and inside of limbs and buttocks white, dorsal streak black, rather
wider over the small of the back. Tail tuft and mane blackish brown,
frequently a dark cross stripe on the shoulder. Limbs sometimes
faintly barred. Ears sandy externally, white internally with a black
tip. Skull with the infra-orbital foramen high up. Height 11—12 hands.

Hab.—Sind, in the Thurr districts, and west of the Indus River ;
Beloochistan, extending into Persia and Turkistan as far north as N.
lat. 48°. Dr. Gray says they are abundant in Mesopotamia. In Persia
they inhabit the deserts in troops. In Beloochistan, Blanford (Hast.
Persia) says, they are abundant near Bampur. In the great deserts of
Tartary they inhabit the dry and mountainous parts, arriving in vast
troops to feed during the summer in the tracts east and north of Lake
Aral. About autumn, Burroughs says, they collect in herds of hundreds
and even thousands, towards Persia, which is their usual place of
retirement, about the mountains of Casbin. The Arabs and Tartars
take them in snares for the sake of their flesh, which is said to be un-
savoury fresh killed, but excellent meat after keeping. The Persians
are said to catch them and break them in for draught, and on account
of their untameable nature, those successfully broken in are sold at
high prices, especially those fit as stallions for crossing with the
domestic ass. Their food in the wild state is the salt plants, such as
Kali, Atriplex, Chenopodium, and some species of Huphorbia. Its
bile is a specific among the Persians for dimness of sight. Shagreen
is made from the skin of these animals, also of horses and asses, and
forms an important article of commerce in Persia and Astrakhan.

Family, SUIDA,—Pias.

Head pointed. Snout blunt. Ears large. Body compressed. Skin
covered with bristles. Molars tubercular, with a few separate roots.
Canines in the males large in both jaws, the lower pair prismatic,

triangular; the upper, round, recurved. Teeth 40-44. Incisors various 3
4—4 3-8 = j
Premolars;—, or 33. Molars = Teats 10, rarely 8.
Sus, Linn.—Face conical, simple, or with 2—8 warts on each cheek.
Ears ovate, hairy. Tail moderate, tufted. Incisors # or %.

Sus cristatus, Wayn. Sus aper, Hogs. J. A. 8S. B. x., p. 91. Sus
scrofa var indicus, Horsf. Cat. H. H.I. C. Mus. Sus Indicus, Gray,
List Mam. Br. Mus. p. 185; Horsf. P. Z. 8. 1852; Murray, Habk.,
Zovl., Sc, Sind. Sus aper, Hodgs. J. A. 8S. B. x., p. 911.—Boora
Junwar, Hind; Dookur, Mahr ; Iatpunny, Madras; Sooar, Dhovkar,«
Sind.—T'ue Inpran Witp Boar,

TETRACERUS. 55

Bristles of forehead, occiput, and back, elongate and forming a
recumbent mane. Cheeks with a beard. A bundlo of long black
bristles on the throat. Body scantily covered with brownish black, and
yellowish brown hairs. Tail covered with short hairs, with long lateral
bristles. Nose and extremity brownish. Ears moderate, covered with
scattered bristles. Head without any warts. Hoofs black. The young
is of a fulvous colour, and striped with dark brown.

Length.—Head and hody 5 feet or more. Tail 1 foot. Height 30
to 31 inches. Skull, length 13 to 154 inches, height 8} to 9 inches.
Concavity on cheek, in front of urbit, deep and wide behind (variable
in depth), and separated from the orbit by a well-marked ridge.

Hab.—Whole of India to the foot of the Himalayas and Arrakan,
from the level of the sea to 12,000 feet elevation.

RUMINANTIA.—(Pscora, Linn.)
ORDER—PECORA.

Teeth of two or three kinds. Incisors 8 below. Molars 6 on each side

im each jaw. Canines more or less developed. S. O. cavicornia. Front of

“upper jaw toothless. Horn-like prominences of the frontal bone covered
with a permanent horny sheath.

- Family, BOVIDA.

Nostrils open, bald within ; nose bovine; muffle large, moist. Horns
smooth, spreading laterally, cylindrical or depressed, situated on the
frontal edge. Skull without sub-orbital pit. Of this Family we have—

Bos taurus, Gray.—Tur Burt.—Domesticated throughout India.
The Zebu (Bos indicus) is not found domesticated in Sind. The Buffalo
(Bubalus buffelus, Gray) is extensively reared, in Lower Sind especially,
and used as milch cattle.

Family, HELEOTRAGIDA,—Truz Anrexorss.

Nostrils bald within, open. Nose bovine. Mufile large, naked,
moist. Crumen distinct or rudimentary. Horns conical, annulated,
rarely present in females.

Tetracerus.—Horns, in the males only, four. Front pairvery short.
Sub-orbital fossa large, shallow. Feet pits in the hind feet only.
Mamme four.

Tetracerus quadricornis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. Br. Mus. p. 68;
Cat. Rum. Mam. p. 18; Jerd. Mam, Ind. p. 274; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§c, Sind. Chowsinghee, Sind, Hind.—Tue Four-nornup ANTELOPE,

Uniform brownish bay above, lighter beneath. Middle of belly and
inside of limbs white. Forelegs dark. Muzzle and edge of the ears
with long hairs. Upper pair of horns about 3 inches long, smooth,
black, pointed, erect and bending slightly forward. The additional
pair in front are between the orbits from 3 to ¢ of an inch in length,
blunt, and erect.

56 ANTILOPID AL,

Length.—Head and body 38 to 42 inches, tail 5 to 6 inches, height
at shoulder two feet or more.

Hab.—Sind and the Punjab, but is rare and seldom seen in open
plains, except in places where the herbage is not stunted, Jerdon says
it is found throughout India. It abounds in the hills of the Kastern
Ghats, from near Madras northwards. Not known in the Gangetic
Valley, nor in the countries to the east of Bengal.

Family, ANTILOPIDM,—AnrteELorgs.

Nostrils open, bald within. Nose bovine, narrow, simple. Crumen
distinct. Horns in males and females. False hoofs well developed.
Skull—nose aperture moderate, intermaxillaries generally reaching to
the nasals.

Gazella.—Fur short, close-pressed, no dorsal streak. Knees tufted.
Horns lyrate, elongate, closely ringed. Hye pits small, groin pits
distinct, feet pits in all feet.

Gazella bennetti, Sykes ; Jerd. Mam. Ind. p. 280; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 97.—Tur Cuincara or Ravine Darr.

Colour above deep fawn brown, darker where it joins the white of
the sides and buttocks. Chin, breast, lower parts, and buttock behind,
white. Tail, knee tufts, and fetlocks, black,a dark brown spot or patch
on the nose, and a dark line from the eyes to the mouth, bordered by a
light one above. ;

Length.—Head and body of adult male 42—44 inches. Tail 8~—9
inches. Height 26—28 inches. Horns 12—J3 inches. Largest pair in
Kurrachee Museum 143 inches. As a rule the Sind form has the tips
of the horns curved forward. Horns of females 4—6 inches long.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Kattiawar, Guzerat, Central
India and the Berars, Kutch, Rajputana, and Hurriane. It is numerous
everywhere in Sind on the low undulating hills. On the Pabb range it
is met with usually in company with the Gud, Ovis cycloceros. Dr.
Jerdon mentions Gazella christii, Gray, from Sind and Kutch, and says
it is paler in colour, with the horns smaller and more slender, and with
the tips abruptly bent inwards. This is joined by Blyth to Bennetti.
4 is possible that G@. subgutturosa, Gray, of North Persia, occurs in

ind.

Family, CAPRIDA,—True Goats,

Horns, usually in both sexes, situate behind the orbits, erect, com-
pressed, curved backwards, with a longitudinal keel in front. Chin of
males bearded ; bony cores of the horns, thick, porous and cellular.

Capra, Linn.—Horns in both sexes long, angular and recurved.
No muffle, nor eye or inguinal pits. Feet pits in the forefeet only,
or in none. Females with two mamme.

Capra egagrus, Pall. Zool. Rosso. As. De F. Viag in Pers ; Hutton.
Cale. Journ. Nat, Hist. pl. xix., p. 521; Blanford’s Rastern Persia,
p. 89; Murray, Hdbk., Zool, Sc., Sind. Hireus gazella, Gray. Cat.

CAPRA. 57

Rum. Mam, Capra caucasica, H. Smith. Capra gazella, Linn. The
Pasang (male) and Boz (female) of the Persians and Afghans; Surrah
of the Sind Hill Tribes and Beloochis.—Tuz Witp Goat or Asta Minor,
or the Srnp Ibex.

Colour variable seasonally ; generally light or fulvous brown, lighter
in summer; a conspicuous dorsal streak present. Horns recurved,
triangular, 40—58 inches along the curve. Upper scimitar-like edge
much worn, rugose or broken into irregular knots.

Length.—6 to 64 feet including the tail, which is small.

Captain Hutton (Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.) in describing this species
says :— The colour of the animal varies with age and season, but it may
be said generally to beof a brownish grey, more or lessintense. During
the winter it is paler, and in old specimens altogether pale grey. The
face in the mature male is of a deep sooty brown approaching to black,
interspersed with grey at the base of the horns and on the cheeks; the
forepart of the throat and chest are also of the same colour, which
rises obliquely from the latter round the shoulders and unites at the
withers, so as to form a dark and distinctly formed collar, while the
same colour again extends itself in a stripe along the back from the
base of the horns to the extremity of the tail, which is wholly dark
brown or blackish. ‘Tail short, naked beneath, and carried, when the
animal is alarmed and on the alert, turned up and firmly pressed
against the back, as in the domestic goat. In general, at other times,
it is pendant. Beard moderately long; deep brown or black, some-
times interspersed with a few white hairs, and springs from the chin.
Shoulders deep brownish grey, which colour continues down to the
knees, from thence to the fetlocks, and forms two bands round the leg,
the one at the knee and hock, the other at the pastern joints.
Belly and under parts whitish, with a deep brown median line on the
sides, which passes along the anterior edge of the hind legs.

In summer the colour of the fur changes much. The whole of the
upper parts being of a yellowish or fawn coloured brown; the mane on
the neck and withers nearly or altogether wanting, and the face has
a brown front or streak down its centre, with a stripe of the same
colour from the inner canthus of each eye to the nostril. The throat
and chest are less dark, andthe collar round the shoulders often wanting.
In immature specimens the colours are much the same as the summer
dress, but the dark lines are always less intense and often wanting.

The adult female has the colours of the upper parts grey, with a
shade of pale brown over all, and a broad dark brown stripe down the
centre of the face, with another from the inner canthus of the oye to
the nostril. Dorsal stripe present or absent. Beard none.

Theo horns of the male differ in length according to the age of the
individual. They are (in adults) very large, semi-elliptical, curved
strongly backwards, and gradually outwards towards the apex, approxi-
mated at the base, divergent at the summits, and transversely
wrinkled. Tho annual markings of increase are very strong and re-
markable, standing forward on the anterior edge or angle, in prominent,

z8

58 ANTILOPIDAL,

somewhat irregular rounded knobs. This peculiarity, Captain Hutton
adds, is caused by the acute edge of the horn being chipped and worn
away by friction and combat, but the general opinion of the natives in
Sind is that these rugose prominences are caused by the animal letting
itself down on its horns in descending crags when pressed or when
it has missed its footing. At the base the horns are destitute of these
prominences. The following are measurements of horns of females
given by Captain Hutton:—
1. Length along curve, from base to apex, 13 inches, distance
apart at apex 54 inches, apart at base 14”, basal circumference 4”.

Horns much wrinkled with transverse rugosities.

2. Length along curve 12,” between the apices 4,” distance
apart at base 1,” circumference at base 34 inches. The horns much
wrinkled with transverse ruge.

Hab.—Sind ; the Pubb range of hills, also the mountainous regions
of Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Sooliman and Hazara ranges, Persia and
Asia Minor. It inhabits a great range of climate from 1,000 feet
above the sea, close to the coast of Beloochistan, and Mr. Blanford
(Eastern Persia) adds on the peaks of the Elburz, ten degrees further
north at a great elevation.

Captain Hutton, who has paid much attention to the habits of this
species, and also of the wild sheep (Ovis Cyloceros), says: “ The attitude
of the animal, when on the alert, and springing fearlessly from crag to
crag in the rocky fastnesses, is bold and haughty, giving an idea of
great muscular strength and agility, which the animal possesses in no
ordinary degree. Butits speed is not sufficient when it descends to
the plains to preserve it from the greyhound. It is, however, only
when driven from its haunts by the intensity of the winter that he
condescends to visit the lowlands, and that but rarely. Its usual
quick pace is a kind of canter, which, among hills, enables it rapidly
to evade pursuit, but is not nimble enough, nor is the stride sufficiently
long to suit it to the plain lands, though for scaling mountainous
heights it is admirably adapted. The leaps these animals take are
tremendous and almost pass credibility, and the faculty or power of
stopping dead-short must be of much service in leaping down crags to
avoid falling into the yawning chasms and precipices of the mountains.”

It is a very shy and wary animal, and, like the Himalayan species,
hard to circumvent under any circumstances, and “Spindrift,” in an
article on ibex shooting (“ Asian,” July 1880), whichis equally applicable
to Sind, says: “ But whatever chances of success a man by himself may
have in pursuit of the animal, the chance is just halved if hoe be accom-
panied by a friend, for there are two men, instead of one, who may
slip, sneeze, stumble, show themselves, or do the hundred and one
things that may spoil a stalk.” Tle adds—* If, however, quite by
yourself, wary as the animal is, you can generally get near enough for
a shot by exercising a little patience and paying attention to a few woll-
known rules. For instance,” he says, “‘ you must make an carly start
and climb at once to the top of the ridge on the slopes of which you

OVIS, 59

hope to find your game. It is all important to get above the animals,
whose chief vigilance is directed down hill. During the day-time
ibex remain high up lying down and sleeping, generally in some com-
manding position, where to approach them may be impossible. But in
the evening they come down to the grassy slopes to feed, and remain-
ing there all night, wend their way up again in the early morning.
This is the time to look for them. If you have got on to your ground
early, you may be fortunate enough to waylay a herd as they leisurely
browse their upward way to their retreat for theday. If not, you must
mark them down, and when they are comfortably settled, try and stalk
them. This of course,” he says, “is the ‘real Jam.’ It may take you
hours of hard work and break-neck climbing to get near them, but you
are repaid at last.”

The flesh of the ibex is excellent venison. The skins are converted
into water and flour bags by the hill tribes, and the horns carried by
certain sects of mendicants as an insignia of their calling and as
“trumpeting horns.” The true bezoar, (pa-zahr) a calcareous con-
cretion is said to be obtained from the stomach of this animal. It is
to the present day highly prized as a sovereign antidote to snake and
other poisons, and as an universal remedy for all diseases. There is a
very large specimen in the possession of one Chuttunmull, a native
druggist at Hyderabad. It measures 2} inches in diameter. The
surface is polished and is of a greenish olive colour. The price paid for
the specimen, he said, was Rs. 175. Smaller specimens are obtainable
for from Rs. 50 to 75.

Family, OVID4,—Suuzzp.

Horns behind the orbit, more or less spiral, wider than deep, angular,
much wrinkled, turned downwards, often almost into a circle. No
mufle, no beard. Throat with long shaggy hair. Mamme 2.

Ovis cycloceros, Hutton, Calc. Journ. Nat. Histy. vol. 11., 1842,
p- 514; Jerdon, Mammals of Ind. p. 295; Gray, Cat. Rum. p. 55;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind.

Horns subiriangular, much compressed laterally and posteriorly,
transversely sulcated, curving outwards and returning inwardly
towards the face. General colour rufous brown, or uniform yellowish or
fawn-coloured brown. Face livid or bluish grey. Sides of mouth and
chin white. Belly and legs below the knee whitish. A profuse beard
from the throat to the breast intermixed with some white hairs reach-
ing to the level of the knees. Tail short, white. Hye pits large. Horns
23 to 22 feet round the curve. Diameter at base 4 to 43 inches.

Female, with short straight horns, slightly bent behind, No beard.

Hab.—The warmer mountainous regions of Sind, Punjab, Be-
loochistan, Persia and Afghanistan, at less elevations than the
ibex, and during winter frequently on the plains and valleys. In
the Himalayas it is said to be rare, being confined to the belt of
country between Cashmere and the Indus Valley, but in the Sooliman,
Hazara and Salt Range of the Punjab, numerous, in fairly large flocks.

60 CERVIDA.

In general it is extremely shy and wary, and said to bo difficult to
approach, taking alarm at the least noise, even of the making of one
of their own party while browsing. Like most wild ruminants this
sheep also has a sentinel posted when the herd is feeding. In somo
districts, however, where they have not been hunted, they are said to
feed with domestic cattle, &c. When taken young they are easily
domesticated ; but the rams are treacherous, making sudden and fierce
attacks upon unarmed persons.

Family, CERVIDA.

Nose tapering. Muzzle moist. Muffle naked. Crumen distinct.
Antlers well developed. Sub-orbital pit distinct. Canines small,
rudimentary. Fur of young spotted.

Hyelaphus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M.—Upper part of antlers simply
forked. Tail rather elongate, acute attheend. Antlers on an elongate
hairy pedestal. Upper tine oninner hinder edge of the beam. Face
short, broad and arched.

Hyelaphus porcinus, Gray. Axis porcinus, Zim. Jerd. Mam.
Ind. p. 263; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. p. 96.—Tuu Parag or
Hoa-Dzsr.

General colour light chestnut or fulvous. An eye-pit—Margin of
lips, tail beneath, limbs within, and belly, white. In summer a few
white spots are present. The young are spotted asin Asis maculatus.

Length.—Head and body 44 inches. Tail about 8 inches. Height
28 inches. Horns 15 to 22 inches, generally short with short snags.

It is easily distinguished from Axis maculatus (the spotted deer
or chittul) by the absence of a distinct black dorsal stripe and white
on its haunches,

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, the Gangetic Valley, Assam,
Sylhet, and Burmah; also in Central India and Ceylon. In Bengal,
Jerdon says, it is abundant in many parts near the foot of the Hima-
layas, in Deyra Dhoon and near the Ganges, Sutle] and Jumna. In
Sind, as elsewhere, it prefers the vicinity of water, affects chiefly open
forests, especially among the high grass along the banks of the Indus.

ORDER,—BRUTA.

Teeth of one or two kinds; all very similar, often entirely wanting.
Molars rootless, Toes united in the skin to the claws, which are coni-
cal. and rather compressed. Tongue elongate. Mamma pectoral or
abdominal.

Pholidotus, Gray.—Fore and hind feet entirely covered with
scales, continued to the base of the claws. Mamme pectoral,

Pholidotus indicus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865; Cat. Bruta, Br.
Mus. ; Manis pentadactyla, Lin. Syst. Nat. i, p. 51; Jerdon, Mam.

Ind. p. 315; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Ind. p. 98. (Ohulla-Mirroon
Sind; Kowlee Manjur, Hind, Dec.—Tux Inpian Scany Ant-Eater.

PHOLIDOTUS. 61

“ Head small in proportion. Muzzle conical, and elongated. Scales
on the head small, increasing in size on the back of the neck and on
the back; largest in the lumbar region and base of tail with coarse
fulvous bristly hairs issuing from under each. Sides of the face,
chin, throat, and under surface of the body sparsely covered with
fulvous, stiff bristly hairs. Ears with a slightly raised edge; no
distinct conch. Tail as long as the body. The fully developed fcetus,
covered with scales like the parent. Middle claw of forefeet about
four times the length of the outer. Hyes black. Soles of forefeet smooth
and flabby; of hind feet black, tough and spongy.

Length.—Head and body 26 to 30 inches.

Hab.—Sind, especially the Southern Districts, Central and South
India, Orissa and Bengal; extends to Nepal and Ceylon. Found also
in the Deccan.

This armour-clad creature appears to be very tenacious of life. A
live specimen in my possession, which refused food and drink of every
kind, lived for nearly three weeks. Whiteand black ants are its favorite
food in Sind, for which it burrows from 6 to J0 feet in the ground. It
walks with its claws turned inward on the sole of the feet, and when
disturbed, rolls itself into a ball. The entire body of this animal
especially beneath every scale, is always covered with a small bluish
tick. Its flesh is considered aphrodisiac by the natives of Sind, and
also of the Deccan.

CLASS JI. AVES.

Vertebrated, oviparous, red and warm-blooded feathered bipeds with
their pectoral or anterior limbs organised for flight. Lungs fixed and
perforated. Respiration and circulation double.

ORDER, RAPTORES,—BIRDS OF PREY.

Accipitres, Linn.

Bill short, strong, stout, covered at the base with a cere or naked skin,
and strongly curved, the tip perpendicular ; nostrils open. Legs and
feet muscular, armed with curved, sharp, elongated talons capable of
being bent under the feet. -Toes four, three in front and one behind;
upper mandible longer than the lower one; the edges with one, and
sometimes two, sharp or blunt festoons.

Family, VULTURIDAL,—Votrvrzs.

Upper mandible not toothed, sometimes sinuate; head and neck
more or less bare, or clothed only with short down. No true feathers
on crown of head.

Sub-Family, VULTURINA),—Vutrvurzs Prorzr.

Nostrils not perforated. First quill short; third and fourth sub-
equal, fourth longest. Tarsus reticulated.

Gen. Vultur.—Linn.

Bill higher than broad; cere large; nostrils rounded, naked.

Vultur monachus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 122; Jerd. B. of Ind. vol. i,
p. 6; Hume, Str. F., vol. vil. p. 321; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &e.,
Sind.—Tuz Crestep or Great Brown Vutturg.

Adult.—Colour rich dark chocolate-brown throughout, including the
crop patch, darker on the wings, tail and under parts. Feathers of the
nape lengthened, lanceolate, and forming a ruff. Lores, cheeks, and
throat downy, also a patch on the occiput; rest of head and neck both
behind and laterally is bare, of a livid flesh colour in life. Bill black ;
feet yellowish ; iris dark brown. ,

Length.—42 to 45 inches, expanse 96 to 118, wing 29°5 to 32,
culmen 38, tarsus 4°25.

Hab.—A native of Europe. Found on the lofty mountains of Italy,
the Tyrol, and also in Africa. In India it affects the hilly ranges of
Central India, Guzerat, and Sind; occurring in the latter only in the
winter months.

Gen. Otogyps.—Gray.

Tarsus longer than middle toe ; head and neck bare, with fleshy folds

and a neck-lappet or wattle of skin.

Otogyps calvus, G@. R. Gray, Gen. B.i, p. 4; Jerd. B. of Ind.
vol.i, p. 7; Hume, Str. F., vol. viii., p. 370; Shurpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus.,
p14; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind. Vultur calvus, Scop. Del. Faun. et
Flor, Insubr., vol. ii., p.85. V. pondicerianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 7;
HRan-Gidh, Bhaonra, Hind. ; Wudda Gidh, Sind.—Taz Buack Votrurs.

non,

s ZA
LPAGC
LAH

a Upper mandible.

b Lower mandible.

¢ Nostrils,

d Culmen or keel.

e Gonys.

f Margins of mandibles

or commissure.

f2 Ophthalmic region, or
orbit.
Forehead.

Crown.

>

2 Sinciput or hind head.
k Nape.
1 Ear-coverts.
m Chin or mentum.
n Throat.
o Breast.
p The body
q Belly or abdomen.
y Vent.
s Under-tail coverts.

ws i

zh,

t Interscapularies
back.

or

v Lower back.
w Rump.
w2 Upper-tail coverts.
x Tail feathers.
2 Central or median tail
feathers.
aa Lateral tail feathers.
bb Shoulder of wing.
cc Shoulder joint, (lesser
wing coverts.)

dd Axilla, or edge of wing.
ee Spurious wing, or
primary coverts.

& Scapulars.
gg Thigh or tibia.
hh Tarsus.

% Toes.

eS WwW We

5
6
7
8

Lesser coverts.

Median coverts.
Greater coverts.
Primaries.
Secondaries.
Tertiaries.
Festoon.

Cere.

PSEUDOGYPS. 63

Adult.—Glossy black, inclining to brown on lower back and rump,
some of the scapulars also washed with brown. Quills black, the shafts
white, becoming brownish towards the tips. Secondaries whity-
brown, blackish towards their tips. Tail black, shaded with brown,
the shafts brownish. Crop patch black. <A circlet of white down
across the breast, and a patch of white above the thigh joiut. Under
parts of body deep black. Inner face of thighs bare. A small black
ruff round the neck, the feathers impending and partially concealing
the bare patches on each side of the breast. Bill black; legs dull red;
iris reddish brown.

Length.—31 to 33 inches, culmen 2°5, wing 245, tail 10 to 11,
tarsus 4:1.

Hab.—This is spread nearly all over the continent of India and not
unlike V. monachus affects the hilly districts in Sind. It is a permanent
resident in the province, and is said to breed on inaccessible cliffs from
January to April.

Gen. Gyps.—Savigny.

Tarsus shorter than middle toe; 14 tail feathers; nostrils perpen-
dicular, rather oval.

Gyps fulvescens, Hume, Rough Notes, p. 19; Sir. F., vol. vii,
p. 322; 1, p.149; Ibis, 1869; Sharpe, Cat. Ace. Br. Mus. (Sub-
Sp.B.), p. 7; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 102.—Tue Bay Votrors.

Adult.—Top of head, cheeks, chin and throat covered with dingy,
yellowish-white hair-like feathers. Nape and whole of neck (except
the back and basal one-fifth or less) also covered, but with dense,
fur-like yellowish-white down. Crop patch pale wood brown, or dark
brown ; rest of under surface rufous or fulvous brown, with conspicuous
whitish central stripes, the under wing coverts darker. Upper back,
whole of upper wing coverts, and all but the longest scapulars,
rufous ashy, or brownish rufous fawn. Secondaries, tertials, and longer
scapulars umber brown. Lower back and rump brown, with distinct
central streaks of fulvous white, the upper tail coverts more rufescent.
Quills brownish black, the primaries shaded with ashy grey, the seconda-
ries externally washed and tipped with rufous ashy. Tail black, the
feathers somewhat shaded with brown on their margins. Feathers of
the ruff lanceolate, brown or rufous fawn, mesially streaked with whitish.

Length.—41 to 47 inches, expanse 94 to 106, wing 27 to 30, tail
12-5 to 13°5, culmen 3°7, tarsus 3°88 to 4.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and the Himalayas. Recorded
in Stray Feathers from Kutch, Kattiawar, Guzerat, and Rajputana.
Breeds during February and March on lofty trees, laying a single white,
unglossed and unspotted egg.

Gen. Pseudogyps.—Sharpe.

Tarsus shorter than middle toe. ‘Tail of 12 feathers.

Pseudogyps bengalensis, Sharpe, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) xi, p.
133; Cut. Acc. Br, Mus., p. 11. Gyps bengalensis, G. Lt. Gray,

64 VULTURIDA.

Gen. of B. i, p. 6; Jord. B. of Ind., vol. i; p. 90; Hume, Str. F.,
vol. v., p. 245; Murray, Hdbk., Zool, §c., Sind, p.104; Gidh., Hind
and Sind.—Tue Benaat or Common Brown Vutrurs.
Adult.—Cinereous black above, beneath dark brown, the shafts
narrowly streaked with fulvous. Jiower back and rump white. Ruff
scanty, whitish. Head and neck bare with a few dull brown bristles on
the crown and nape. Quills, tail, and crop patch black. Under wing-
coverts white. Cere horny black; legs dusky black ; iris red brown.

Length.—30 to 35 inches, wing 28 to 28°5, tail 10 to 11, tarsus 4:2,
culmen 3:1.

Hab.—Throughout India. It is a permanent resident in Sind, and
breeds from November to February or later, laying ordinarily one or two
glossless white eggs, at times with rusty markings at the larger end.

Sub-Family, NEOPHRONIN A,—Scavenaers.

Bill lengthened, slender; nostrils longitudinal, nearly in the middle
of the bill, perforated, and without bony septum.

Gen. Neophron.—Savigny.

Characters, same as those of the family.

Neophron ginginianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 7; Blyth, Ibis,
1866; Jerd. B.of Ind. i, p. 12; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus., p. 18;
Hume, Sir. F. vol.i., p. 150; Rough Notes i, p. 39; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 105.—Tue Waits Scavencger Vuurure or Pua-
rAog’s Hen of Brucz.

Adult.—Yellowish or creamy white. Quills black, neck hackles long,
lanceolate, tinged somewhat rusty; secondaries dark brown and,
like the quills, internally ashy white at base. Head bare, throat with a
little scanty down; a few white feathers in front of the eye. Irides
reddish brown ; cere and face turmeric yellow ; bill pale horny-brown ;
feet and legs yellowish-white.

Length.—21 to 22 inches, wing 15°5 (not reaching tho tip of tho
tail), tail 9°5, tarsus 3°4.

Hab.—Throughout India and a permanent resident. Breeds from
February to April on cliffs, old mosques, &c., seldom on trees, making
a rude nest of twigs lined with rags, &c. Eggs variously coloured, tho
ground colour usually a dirty white, blotched and smeared with reddish
brown, or marked all over with deep red with blotches at the larger end.

Sub-Family, GYPATINA.—Bon. and Gray.—Brarpep
VULTURES.

Bill strong, lengthened, compressed, straight. Tip of upper man-
diblo much hooked ; nostrils oval, hidden by stiff bristles. Chin with a
tuft of black rigid hairs, tarsus feathered to the toes,

Gen. Gypeetus.—Storr.

Characters same as those of the Sub-family.
Gypetus barbatus, Storr, Alpenreisse p. 69; Jord. B. of Ind.,

FALCO. 65

p-. 13; Hume, Rough Notes, vol.i, p. 85; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 3c.,Sind,
p. 105. Falco barbatus, Gm. 8. N., vol. i. p. 252. Gypeetus hemala-
chanus, Hutton, Jour. As. Soc. Ben., vol. vii. p. 22. Gypetus orientalis,
Blyth, Ibis, 1863.—Tae Bearpep Vutture or LamMErceyer.

Adult.—Above black, a few brown feathers on the rump; quills
brown, externally washed with ashy, the secondaries with ochreous
brown, the shafts of all the feathers white, feathers of the back also
white shafted, tinged with buffy, especially on the wing-coverts. Head
white, with dark streaks; nape feathers lanceolate elongate, tinged
with bright tawny ; cheek stripe and supercilium black; bristles over
the nostrils and tuft of hairs under the chin black. Entire lower parts
rich tawny, dull orange, or ferruginous ; a dark pectoral collar (not
always present) more or less distinct. Under wing-coverts dark
brown with pale shaft-streaks. Bill bluish born, the tip darker;
feet plumbeous ; iris pale orange, sclerotic membrane blood-red.

Length.—45 to 46 inches, expanse 108 to 112, wing 29°5, tail 20,
tarsus 4, culmen 3°7,

Hab.—The highest mountains of Europe, Asia, and Africa, princi-
pally the most inaccessible parts ; also the Himalayas from Nepaul to
Cashmere, and the Salt and Sooliman Ranges; not uncommon in
the Bolan (Beloochistan) and South Afghanistan.

The Lammergeyer is not common in any part of Sind, except the
northern country, at and beyond Jacobabad, affecting the hilly dis-
tricts, Whether it is a permanent resident of those parts or only a
winter visitant, is not known. Mr. Hume, in his contributions to the
Ornithology of India, &c., in Stray Feathers, states that he observed
it on two occasions in the hills dividing Sind from Khelat. Dr. Day
observed it in Durryah, and it is said to be well known to sportsmen
who have shot ibex in those ranges.

It does not possess the carrion-eating propensities of the other
vultures, but kills its own game, comprising ibex, hares, &c.

Family, FALCONIDA),—Fatcons.

Bill usually short and compressed ; tip elongated, curved and sharp.
Commissure of upper mandible distinctly toothed or festooned. Head
always covered with true feathers.

Sub-Family FALCONINAD,—T ros Fatcons.

Wings long, second quill usually longest, legs reticulated.

Gen. Faleo.—Linn.

Nostrils round with a central tubercle. First one or two quills
notched internally, second quill longest; tarsus feathered at the knee;
toes long, scutellated.

Falco peregrinus, Gmel. 8. N., vol.i. p. 272; Jerdon, Birds of
India, vol. i. p. 21; Ibis, 1871; Gray, Cat. Br. Mus., p. 11; Hine,
Rough Notes, vol. i. p. 49; Sharpe, Cat. Ace. Br. M., p. 376; Murray,
Hilbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 106. Bhyri (the female), Bhyrt Bach (the
male), Hind.—Tuz Perserine Faucon,

22

66 FALCONID Ai.

Adult Male-—Above bluish grey, paler on the rump and upper tail-
coverts, and barred with blackish. Head, neck, upper part of mantle
and wing-coverts blackish, with grey barring more or less indistinct
on the latter. Cheeks, ear-coverts, and a short moustachial band
blackish. Forehead, sides of neck, chin, throat, under surface of body
and breast white, the latter with a tinge of pale fawn, as also the
lower abdomen; the chest with a few narrow black shaft-stripes
almost disappearing in old individuals ; abdomen with some small heart-
shaped spots, some similar marks on the under-tail coverts also.
Thighs transversely barred with narrow black lines. Quills brownish
black, primaries slightly shaded with greyish, the secondaries clearer
grey, crossed by dull blackish bars, the smaller median quills tipped
white. Tail feathers greyish, broadly barred with black and tipped
with white. Bill bluish, black at the tip; cere, legs and feet yellow;
claws black ; iris hazel-brown.

Length.—15 to 16 inches, culmen 1:2, wing 12°2 to 12°7, tail 6.5
(Adult female similar to the adult male, but larger; length, 17 to 19,
culmen 1°35, wing 14:5, tail 7:5, tarsus 2°3.)

The young bird is brown, all the feathers edged with pale buff
shading into whitish; under surface of the body whitish, the throat
unspotted, all the rest of the feathers dark brown in the centre, lower
flanks barred; head more edged with whitish; cheek stripe brown.
Wings darker than the back; the inner webs spotted or barred with
rufous. Tail feathers brown, broadly tipped with white; the outer
web spotted and the inner one barred with pale rufous more or less
distinct.

Hab.—Nearly throughout India, Europe, Nepaul and Persia. A
winter visitant to the Province, arriving about the middle of November
and leaving at the latter end of January.

Falco saker, Gm. Syst. N. i, p. 273; Tristram, Ibis, 1859,
p. 284; Jerd. B. of India, vol.i, p. 29; Hume, Str. F., vol. i. p. 152;
Rough Notes, i, p. 62. Hierofalco saker, Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br.
Mus.i, p. 417; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind. F. lanarius, Pall. Zoog.
Ltosso-As., vol. 1, p. 330 ; J. H. Gray, Cat. Mam. and Birds, Nepaul, p. 43.
Cherrug Hind. (female), Charyela (male), Hind.—T az Currrue Fatcon,

Adult Male.—Above pale earthy or slaty brown ; all the feathers mar-
gined with rufous. Head pale rufous, reddish ash or bleached nearly
white ; the feathers with narrow mesial streaks. Chin, throat, abdo-
men, and ander tail-coverts white ; cheek stripe indistinct; breast and
lower parts white, with oblong slaty spots, more thickly on the breast
and flanks; quills brown, deeply indented with white or rufous-white
notches or bars, less in number on the secondaries ; tail pale brown,
barred with whitish on the inner web, and ovally spotted on the outer.
Thighs streaked with brown. Under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
streaked with brown; cere greenish white ; orbits and feet yellow.

Length.—18 to 18°5 inches, wing 12:5 to 13°2, tail 7:3 to 7°5, culmen

1:2, tarsus 2; Female, 20 to 24 inches, wing 14 to 15°8, culmen 1°38,
wing 15°8, tail 9°8, tarsus 2-1,

FALCO. 67

Hab.—The whole continent of India from Cape Comorin to the
Himalayas, (Bengal, Sind, Panjab, N. W. Provinces and Kutch,)
affecting open plains. Outside of India it is found in Asia Minor,
Egypt, Nepaul and Yarkand.

It is not common in Sind, and occurs during winter only, arriving
at the same time as I’. peregrinus, but of its departure nothing is on
record, All specimens obtained in Sind are in the young or imma-
ture phase, with the upper parts brown, the head a yellowish white
colour, and the body beneath brown.

Falco juggur, J. HE. Gray, Ill. Ind. Orn. ii. pl. xx.; Cat. Mam-
mals, and Birds Nepaul; Hume, Rough Notes, vol. i, p. 70; Str.
F., vol. i. p. 152; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus., p. 393; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. Falco luggur, Jerd. Madras Journ. x. p. 80;
ad, Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. xliv. 1847. Tugger (female), Juggur (male),
Hind—Tus Luecur Fatcon.

Adult Male.—Above dusky ashy or slate colour ; crown of head dull
rufous with central ashy black striations. Lores, forehead, chin, throat
and eyebrow white, moustachial stripe black ; wing-coverts concolorous
with the back, the carpal margin white. The breast white with a few
brown spots. Lower abdomen, flanks, and thighs ashy brown. Tail
clear ashy grey with pale rufous bars on the inner webs and a
white tip.

Length.—15°5 to 17 inches, wing 11:8, tail 7, tarsus 1°95, culmen
1. Female 17 to 19 inches, wing 13°6 to 15:5, tail 8 to 85, tarsus
1:95 to 2.

Young, of a chocolate brown above and below ; wing-coverts with
rufous margins. Head yellowish-fawn or pale rufous. Forehead and
eyebrow whitish. Chin and throat white. Under tail-coverts dirty
white with faint brown markings.

Hab.—Throughout India and Nepaul. Breeds in Sind from February
to April on mosques, church steeples, trees, or cliffs of rocks, laying 2 to
4 white eggs thickly spotted and speckled all over with a brick-red or
reddish brown colour.

Falco babylonicus, Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 218, pl. vii; Jerd.
B. of Ind., vol. i, p. 32; Ibis, 1866, p. 221; Hume, Rough Notes,
i, p. 79; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870; Cat. Acc. Br. Mus., p. 388; Str.
F., vii. p. 329; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 5c., Sind.—Tue Rep-nEapep
Lanner.

Young Male.—Dark earthy brown, some of the feathers of the crown
obscurely margined, the nape and hind neck mottled, the lower back
and rump edged, and the upper tail-coverts also barred with rufous.
Tail dark brown, spotted on the outer web and banded on the inner
one with rufous, the two centre feathers nearly obsoletely barred. Quills
dark brown, barred with pale buff on the inner web; the secondaries
paler brown, edged and spotted on the outer web with rufous. Feathers
under the eye and cheek stripe blackish brown. Sides of the face

68 FALCONID.Al.

and ear-coverts strongly tinged with rufous; throat whitish ; rest of
under surface earthy buff, with central dark brown streaks to the feathers
inclining to bars on the vent and under tail-coverts. Under wing-
coverts brown, spotted and barred with clear buff. Cere pale sea
green; bill pale bluish-green, blackish on the culmen and tip; feet
bright yellow ; iris dark brown.

Length.—15°5 to 16 inches, wing 11°87 to 12, tail 6 to 6°6, -tarsus
19.

Adult Male.—Above bluish grey, the feathers with pale fulvescent mar-
gins, and having indistinct bars of darker grey; the lower back, rump
and upper tail-coverts paler and clearer blue grey, transversely barred
with dark grey, the bars somewhat irregular and arrow-shaped on the
upper tail-coverts. Wing-coverts concolorous with the back, the greater
series rather lighter grey. Quills brown, externally shaded with grey ; the
secondaries margined and broadly tipped with buffy white, and barred
across with darker grey, the bars very distinct on the lower surface of
the wing and especially numerous on the primaries. Tail grey, tipped
with fulvous and crossed with nine or ten bars of darker grey, the light
grey interspaces sometimes tinged with rufous, the lower surface
of the tail whitish, the bars very distinct. Head and hind neck clear
rufous, the crown more or less inclined to greyish black, of which colour
many of the feathers are composed, having only a slight margin of
rufous. A rufous half collar round the back of the neck, mottled
somewhat with slaty. Sides of the face buffy white, tinged with
rufous; the ear-coverts streaked with brown, collecting on the
cheeks and forming a distinct moustache. Throat pure white; chest also
white, with a few narrow central streaks of brown; remainder of under
surface whitish, slightly tinged with buff and numerously marked with
arrowhead spots of brown in the centre of the body, and barred on the
sides of the breast, flanks, and under wing-coverts with the same colour.
The bars on the thighs and under tail-coverts narrower than on the
greater series of the under wing-coverts. Cere, gape, orbits and
feet bright yellow ; bill bluish, blackish at the tip; iris deep brown.

Length.—17°25 inches, wing 18, tail 7:25, tarsus 1:75.

Hab.—The Punjab, Beloochistan and Persia, N. W. Provinces,
Nepaul, N. B. Africa, Mesopotamia, Central Asia. It is said to breed in
Cashmere. A winter visitant. Not uncommon from November to
February in Sind.

Falco barbarus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p.125; Salvin, Ibis, 1859;
Heugl. Orn. Afrik, i, p. 21; Hume, Str. F., i. p. 19; Saunders, P.
Zool, Soc., 1872, p. 356 ; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus., p- 886; Murray,
Zool., Se., Sind, p. 107; Falco pelegrinoides, Tem. pl. col. 479; Gray,
Gen. B. i, page 19—Tuz Barpary Fatcon.

The forehead presents a mixture of rufous and dull white. This
part of the head is encircled by a black (or dark slaty) horse-shoe
shaped band, of which the lateral branches pass over the eyes, their

FALCO. 69

extreme points joining in front of the eyes, the moustachial stripes,
which extend along the sides of the neck, The occiput and nape are
covered by arufous half collar marked with three black spots, of
which the centre one forms a band on the nape. The back and wings
are a light bluish grey, with large spots and irregular bars of bluish black.

The tail which is a lighter grey than the back, is barred transversely
with black bands, very narrow towards the bases of the feathers, but
widening gradually towards their ends, the tips of which are white.
The chest is pure isabelline. The flanks, vent and abdomen of the
same colour, but the feathers bear very narrow longitudinal strize and
little triangular black spots: The base of the beak is yellow, but the
point blue. The cere and feet beautiful yellow, and the orbital skin
orange. (Tem. Ee. 8. F. 1:19).

Length.—Female 15:5 inches, expanse 36°4, wing 11:4, tail 6-4, tarsus
1°8. Male 14 inches, wing 10:8, tail 5, tarsus 1:6.

Hab.—Sind (winter visitant), Persia, Kutch, and the Central Pro-
vinces. Sharpe (Cat. Acc). gives its range as N. and N.E. Africa as
well as Senegambia on the West Coast, ranging into N.W. India and
the Himalayas.

Falco subbuteo, Linn. Syst. Nat. i,p. 127; Gould, B. Hur. i,
pl. 22; Blyth, [bis, 1863, p. 9.; Hypotriorchis subbuteo, Bote, Isis,
1826, p. 976; Gray, Gen. B.i, p. 20; Jerd. B. Ind. i, p. 33, No. 18;
Hume, Rough Notes, i, p. 85, Stray F. ix. 282.—Tas Hossy.

Adult Male.—Top of head, back, scapulars and wing-coverts bluish
black, the latter sometimes tinged with rusty ; lower back and rump clear
slaty grey. Forehead and eyebrow, whitish ; nape tinged with rufous,
forming two indistinct rufous spots. Lores, cheek stripe, feathers below
the eye and ear-coverts black. Throat and sides of the neck, creamy
white, tinged with rufous, the breast and abdomen the same, streaked
mesially with dark brown, narrow on the centre of the abdomen, and
wider on the flanks; vent, under tail-coverts and thigh-coverts rich
ferruginous. Under wing-coverts buffy white with sometransverse dark
bars. Quills blackish, barred internally with rufous. Tail dark slaty or slaty
grey, barred on their inner webs with rufous, and tipped with whitish.

Length.—11 to 11:5 inches, wing 9°5 to 9-6, tail 55, tarsus
1:25. Females are larger; length 18°5, wing 10°6, tail 6-5, tarsus 1-4.

The young bird is dark or grey brown above, the feathers edged
with fulvous. Cheek stripedarker. Forehead and superciliary fulvous
white; sides of the neck, nape, throat, and under surface creamy buff ;
lower abdomen and thigh-coverts with a rufous tinge, and streaked
mesially with brown. These streaks are rather broad and distinct on
the breast, and long and narrow on the under tail-coverts. Wings and
tail as in the adult; black, and banded with rufous.

Hab,—The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending to India
and’ North China, and migrating in winter to South Africa (Sharpe).
In India it has been found in Nepaul and Darjeeling, and Jerdon killed
one at Jaulnah. In Sind it was obtained by Mr. 8. Doig at Hydrabad
in the month of June.

70 FALCONIDA.

Falco esalon, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 284; Heugl. Orn. N. O.
Afric.; Hypotriorchis wsalon, Gray. Gen. B. i. p. 20.; Jerd. B. of
Ind. vol. i. p. 85. Lithofalco esalon, Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 89;
Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 242; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 108. Falco
regulus, Pall Reis. Russ. Reichs II. Anhang, p. 707; Gmel. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 285; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus., p. 406.—Tae Mezruin.

Adult.—Above clear slaty blue, paler on the rump and upper
tail-coverts, the black shafts on all the feathers distinctly indicated.
Head dark slaty, with broad shaft-stripes; forehead, lores and sides
of the face whitish, the feathers with dark mesial streaks. Eyebrow
and nape strongly mixed with rufous. Har-coverts tinged with grey
on the hinder part; chin and throat pure white. Sides of the neck
and entire under parts white, washed with rufous, the feathers dark
shafted ; under wing-coverts white, spotted and barred with black.
Quills black, the inner web barred with greyish white and the outer
washed with bluish grey near the base. Inner secondaries concolorous
with the back, dark shafted. Tail slaty blue, tipped with white, with
a broad subterminal black band. Cere yellow; bill bluish horn colour,
darker at the tip; feet yellow ; iris dark brown.

Length.—Male, head and body 10 to 11°25 inches, wings 7:75 to 8,
tail 4°5 to 5, tarsus 1:45. Female browner in colour, under surface
less rufous ; length 12 to 18 inches.

The young bird is like the adult female in colour, but tinged grey,
with dark shafts and rufousedges to the feathers ; the head rufous, with
dark streaks, the tail ashy brown, barred with rufous and with a white tip.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Punjab, Beloochistan, and Afghanistan. The
whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending into India and China.

Falco chiquera, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 121; Blyth, Cat. Mus. As.
Socy. Beng. p. 14; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus. p. 403. Hypotriorchis
chiquera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20; Jerdon, B. Ind. i. p. 86, No. 16;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 108. Chiquera typus, Bp. Kev. et
Mag. de. Zool. p. 586, 1854; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 157. Lithofaleo
chiquera, Hume, Hough Notes, i. p. 91; Anderson. P. Z. S. 1871,
p- 681. The Turrumti, Hind.—Tuu Rep-aeapep Meruin.

Adult Male.—- Crown, nape and neck, and sides of the neck chestnut 5
forehead white; sides of the face, chin, throat and neck white, except
a faint, short, moustachial stripe. Eyebrow and a narrow streak
below the eye, black; back, scapulars, tertiaries, wing and primary
coverts and secondaries slaty blue, the feathers with dark shafts and
barred with dark brown. Primaries dark or blackish brown, their
inner webs barred with white. Under wing-coverts white, barred with
blackish brown ; breast white, some of the feathers with dark shaft-
streaks ; rest of under surface white, barred transversely with black.
Tail like the back, the feathers barred with black, tipped white and with
a broad subterminal black band. Cere, orbits and feet yellow. Claws
black; bill greenish yellow at base, black at the tip ; irides light brown.

Length.—11'5 to 12 inches, wing 8°25, tail 4°75 to 6, tarsus 1°5,
culmen 0°85.

CERCHNEIS. val

_ The adult female is similar to the male, but larger; length 13
inches, wing 9, tail 6°5, tarsus 1°5 to 1°55.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Nepaul, Kutch,
Kattiawar, Jodhpore, N. Guzerat, and throughout the Indian Penin-
sula; also Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan.

Affects open country in the vicinity of cultivation. It is said to
be easily reclaimed and flown at partridges and quails, which it pursues
very perseveringly. Like the European sparrow-hawk, it is a very
courageous bird, and the propensity of attacking larger birds of prey
than itself seems to be more developed. Jerdon says it even drives
eae’ the Wokhab (Aquila fulvescens) from the vicinity of its nest or
perch.

Cerchneis tinnuncula, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 814; Sharpe, Cat. Acc.
B. M. p. 425. Tinnunculus alaudarius, Gray, Gen. Bird, i. p. 21; Jerd.
B. Ind. i. p. 38, No. 17; Blyth, Ibis, 1863 ; Hume, Rough Notes, p. 96 ;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 108. (Narzi, the female; Narzanak,
the male, Hind.)—Tar Kusrret.

Adult Male.—Forehead buffy white; crown of the head, nape, neck
behind and on the sides, blue grey, the feathers with narrow dark
shaft-stripes. Eyebrow buffy white; sides of the face, except a dark
moustachial stripe, silvery white; chin and throat, also the under tail-
coverts, unspotted buff. Upper back, scapulars, tertiaries and
wing-coverts, brick-red or vinaceous, the feathers with a subterminal
heart-shaped black spot, larger on the tertiaries. Primaries and their
coverts, and secondaries dark brown, the primary coverts margined
with rufous, outer secondaries narrowly edged and tipped with fulvous
or buffy white, and the primaries barred on their inner webs with white ;
the inner primaries with bars of arufescent hue. Lower back, rump,
upper tail-coverts and tail blue grey, the tail with a broad subterminal
black band and tipped with white; breast, abdomen, and flanks,
rufous fawn, the feathers on the breast and flanks with mesial dark
streaks, which take an oval shape lower down. Thigh-coverts unspotted
rufous fawn. Under wing-coverts white, with a buffy tinge, and spotted
black. Biull bluish-horn, black at the tip and yellowish at the base,
Cere, orbits and legs yellow. Irides brown.

Length.—12°5 to 13 inches, wing 9°5 to 10, tail 6°5 to 6°7, culmen
1:75, tarsus 1°6.

The adult female is less rufous in colour above, and with the subter-
minal spots wider and forming bands. Head rufous with longitudinal
streaks. Tail rufous, banded with dark brown, tipped with white and
with a subterminal black band as in the male.

Hab.—The whole of Europe and North Asia; the Indian Peninsula
as a winter visitant; N. E. and South Africa, Sind, Punjab, N. W.
Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch, Kattiawar, and along the Western
Coast; Central and Southern India to Nepaul; also Beloochistan,
Persia, Afghanistan, and Eastern Turkistan.

A very useful bird to cultivators, preying only, as it does, chiefly on
field-mice, which are its favourite diet.

72 FALCONIDA.

Gen, Astur.—Gm.

Bill broad at base, compressed to tip, festooned in the middle.
Nostrils oval, situated anteriorly in the cere. Wings long; 8rd, 4th,
and 5th quills longest. Tarsi long, scutate.

Astur badius, Kaup. Isis, 1847; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus,
p. 109, (Sub-Sp. A.). Micronisus badius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 33; Jerd.
B. Ind. i. p. 48, No 28; Blyth, [bis, 1863; Hume, Hough Notes,
p- 117; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc. Sind, p. 108. Accipiter badius,
Strickl. Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 33.—Tue Suixra or Brown Haws.

Young.—Head, nape, neck behind, back, scapulars, wing and upper
tail-coverts ashy, dusky, or pale earthy brown, the feathers on the
head slightly darker, and all edged with pale rufous, the feathers of
the neck with their white bases showing through. Lores and eyebrow
white; sides of the face and ear-coverts pale brown, tinged with ru-
fescent and mesially streaked with darker; chin and throat white, with
a mesial dark brown throat stripe; breast and abdomen whitish with
large longitudinal drops—oval on the upper breast,—of a pale rufous
colour. Vent and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts buff,
streaked and barred with dark brown; thigh-coverts also barred.
Primaries brown, their inner webs buffy, and barred with dark brown;
secondaries brown, barred darker on both webs and margined and
tipped with buffy. Tail ashy brown with 5—6 broad dark brown
bands ; narrower and about nine on the outermost feathers, the inter-
spaces and tips of all buffy white. Cere yellow; bill dusky witha
bluish tinge. Iris pale yellow; feet yellow.

In the adult plumage the upper parts are bluish grey; the nape
is mottled with white, and the white bases of the scapular feathers
show through in some specimens; the primaries are dusky black, with
their inner webs of a buff colour and barred darker brown, nearly
black ; the secondaries are bluish grey and also barred. The tail is
ashy grey, and tipped with white, the bars on the lateral tail feathers
9—1] in number, and of a dark brown colour. The throat stripe is less
distinct than in the young, and the entire lower surface is barred with
white and rufescent brown. The abdomen, thighs and under tail-
coverts, unspotted white; rest as in the young. The adult female is
like the male but larger.

Length.—Adult Male 18:5 inches, wing 7:9, tail 6°3, tarsus 2.

Adult Female.—Length 14°5, wing 8°38, tail 6°4, tarsus 2°15.

Hab.—The Indian Peninsula generally, and Ceylon, extending to
Assam and Burmah, and also to Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan,

Breeds in Sind during April. It is commonly trained by natives,
being easily reclaimed and expert in striking a quarry. ,

Gen. Accipiter.—Briss.
Bill short, much compressed, festooned. Nostrils oval, rather oblique,

situated on the forepart of the cere, and partly hidden. by setze.

Wings moderate, rounded, and with the 4th and 5th quills longest.
Tarsi long.

AQUILIN AB. #3

Accipiter nisus, Lin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 180; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso. As.
i. p. 870; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 51, No. 24;
Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 124; Sharpe, Cat. Ace. Br. Mus. p- 182;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind., p. 110. (Basha, the female; Bashin,
the male, Hind.) —Tne Evrovean Sparrow-Haws.

Young.—Head, nape, neck behind, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
dusky brown, darker on the upper back, the feathers margined with
rufous, the occiput and nape with white mottlings, caused by the
broad white bases of the feathers showing through. Lores and eye-
brow white; chin and throat and sides of the neck white, the feathers
with mesial dark streaks. War-coverts the same. Rump and upper
tail-coverts like the back, the feathers with dark shafts and tipped
rufous, Primaries and secondaries dusky brown, basally rufescent
white on their inner webs and barred with dark brown. The tips
of the secondaries rufous or rufescent white; inner web subterminally
of the tertiaries white, margined at the tips with pale rufous. Tail
ashy brown, above greyish white, on the under surface tipped whitish
and with fine dark brown bands; breast, abdomen, flanks, and
thigh-coverts barred with rufous brown and white. Under tail-
coverts white. Under wing-lining buff, with spots and transverse
dark brown bars,

Adult Male-—Head, nape, hind neck, wing-coverts, back, and
scapulars, slaty, with a bluish tinge, the nape mottled white, and some
of the tertials basally white, Upper tail-coverts and scapulars with
indistinct dark shafts. Tail, like the back, tipped white, and with four
dark brown bands. Primaries dark brown, their inner webs rufescent
white, and crossed with darker brown, nearly black bars; secondaries
slaty, also rufescent white on their inner webs and barred across with
dark brown. Chin and throat white, witha rufous tinge; breast, flanks,
and abdomen barred with bright rufous and white. Thigh-coverts the
same. Under tail-coverts white. Under wing-coverts barred with
rufous and dark brown. Bill horny or dark horn-blue; cere, base of
lower mandible and legs, yellow ; iris orange.

Lengith.—13 inches, wing 8°15, tail 6:3, tarsus 2°3. Females larger
and of a duller tint; length, 15°5, wing 9°3 to 9°5, tail 7, tarsus 2:5.

Hab.—The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending in winter
into Algeria, N. E. Africa, the Indian Peninsula, and China (Sharpe).
Occurs throughout Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Bengal; also
throughout the Western Presidency and in Beloochistan, Persia and
Afghanistan. Affects gardens and cultivation. It is much used in
Sind for hawking, and is said to be easily tamed, and owing to its
courage, a better bird than the Shikra for the quarry.

Sub-Family, AQUILIN&,—-Eactzs.

Bill strong, more or less lengthened, festooned, but not toothed.
Tarsi long, reticulate behind. Wings moderate, 4th quill usually the
longest.

102

74 FALCONID AB.

Gen. Aquila.— Briss.

Bill straight at the base, very much curved at the tip. Sides com-
pressed. Wings, 4th and 5th quills longest andequal. ‘Tarsi feathered
to base of toes.

Aquila chryseetos, Lin.; Dumont, Dict. Sct. Nat. i. p. 839;
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 55, No. 26; Stray Feathers, i. p. 157; Sharpe, Cat.
Acc. p. 236. Aquila fulva, Sav. Deser. Ois. De Lgypt; Shelley, B.
Egypt.—Tur Goitpren Haas.

Adult Male-—Crown of the head brown; nape and hind neck pale
orange brown, the feathers lanceolate, with brown bases; sides of the
face paler, Lores greyish white. Cheeks blackish. Back, scapulars
and wing-coverts dark brown, the latter and scapulars margined slightly
paler. Greater wing-coverts with brownish motthngs. Primaries
dark brown, blackish towards their tips, basally white on their inner
webs and clonded or mottled with brown. ‘l'ail nearly square, the
middle feathers slightly elongated. At the tip itis dark brown or
nearly black, greyish basally ; the intervening space brown and much
mottled. Under surface of body dark brown; the thigh, leg and under
wing-coverts pale brown, tinged or washed with tawny. Cere yellow.
Bill bluish-horn colour, darker at the tip. Legs yellow. Irides hazel.

Length.—35°5 to 40 inches, wing 24°5 to 28, tail 14 to 17, tarsus
3°8 to 45. The young has the plumage of a lighter shade. The
feathers of the back, scapulars and tertials brown, basally broadly
white and showing through. The tail broadly black terminally, white
or ashy at the base, and mottled with brown. Under suface of body
light brown, the feathers basally white. The thigh and under tail-
coverts tawny rufous. Adult female is larger than the male.

Hab.—The whole of Europe and N. Asia, extending into India and
N. China. Has been found in the Punjab, and in the Himalayas.
In Sind it occurs on the hills dividing Sind from Khelat; also in the
Bolan, Beloochistan, and probably extends into Persia and Afghanistan.

Aquila heliaca, Savign. Desc. Egyp. p. 459; Gould. B. Eur.
pl.5; Gray, Gen. B.1. p. 18, Sharpe, Cat. Ace. p. 288. Aquila im-
perialis, Cuv. Regne. Anim. i. p. 325; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii, p. 28;
Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 57, No. 27; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 142;
Stray Feathers, i. p. 157; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 8c., Sind. p. 109.
Aquila mogilnik, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 57 (S. G. Gmel.). Aquila
bifasciata, Saund. P. Z. S. 1871.—Tue Imperia, Bacue.

Young.—Above rather light brown, the back feathers mostly shaded
down the middle with ashy and on the margins with purplish ; all
the feathers of the upper surface pointed with buffy fawn colour
giving a spotted character to the plumage ; head and neck tawny buff,
the feathers with clear brown bases, which show through more or less
and impart a streaked appearance; the plumes of the hind neck long
and lanceolate, brown like the back, with tawny streaks down the
centre ; wing-coverts brown, pointed with fulvous like the back; the
greater and median coverts with broad buffy-white terminal spots,

AQUILA. 75

widening up the shafts of the feathers ; quills blackish; the secondaries
rather browner, and broadly tipped with buffy-white; feathers
of hinder back and rump tawny fulvous, with dark brown lateral
margins, spreading more over the plumes of the latter part; upper
tail-coverts buffy-white, in strong contrast to the tail, which is uni-
form brown, tipped with buffy-white ; under surface of tail light tawny
fulvous, nearly uniform on the throat, abdomen, thighs, tarsus and
under tail-coverts; the whole of the breast feathers laterally margined
with brown, producing a distinctly streaked appearance ; under wing-
coverts rufous fawn colour, streaked with brown; the lower series ashy
brown, like the inner lining of the wing,

Adult Male.—Blackish brown above, much lighter brown on the
under part of the back and on the upper tail-coverts, which are mot-
tled with white near the base, and broadly tipped with the same ; many
of the scapulars pure white, forming a conspicuous patch, which, how-
ever, is confined to the scapulars themselves; the last wing-coverts
slightly mottled with brown, but not with white near the carpal bend ;
restof wing-coverts blackish brown, uniform with interscapulary region;
quills blackish ; the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey; the
secondaries browner; the innermost slightly tipped with buffy white ;
the lower surface of wing ashy brown; the primaries mottled with
whitish at base of inner web. Tail ashy grey for a little more than the
basal two-thirds, shaded with silvery grey, and mottled with blackish
brown, forming indistinct and broken bars on some of the feathers ; the
terminal third blackish brown with a narrow tip of fulvous; head and
neck light fulvous with fawn coloured bases to some of the feathers of the
nape. Hind neck dark fawn brown with light buff tips and dark brown
centres ; forehead and anterior part of crown blackish, as well as the
feathers over the eye; sides of face and of neck light fulvous like the
crown, the feathers under the eyes inclining to brown. Cheeks and
entire under parts blackish; the under tail-coverts tawny buff with
dark brown shaft-lines and whitish tips to the feathers; under wing-
coverts and axillaries blackish, like the breast. Cere pale yellow.
Bill bluish, darker at tip. Feet pale yellow. Iris brownish yellow.

Length, Male.—31 inches, culmen 2°6, wing 22°6, tail 11°3, tarsus
3°9.—( Sharpe, Cut. Acc.)

Adult Female—Larger ; length, 32°34 inches, wing 23'75—24 inches,
tail 11:5, tarsus 3°85.—(Sharpe, Cat. Acc.)

Hab.—South, Eastern and Central Europe, and throughout India
nearly. Occurs in Sind, the Punjab, Beloochistan, Afghanistan,
Persia, Concan and Deccan ; Nepaul, Behar, Central and Southern India,
and the Himalayas.

Aquila clanga, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso. Asiat. i. p. 3851; Gray,
Hand List, i. p. 28; Sharpe, Cat. Ace. p. 248; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§c., Sind. Aquila vittata, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Miscellany, 1844.
Aquila neevia, Schrenck. Reis. Amurl. Vog. p. 220; Jerd. B. of Ind,
i. p. 29, No. 28; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 162; Stray Feathers,
i, p. 158; Andis. P. Z. 8. 1871.

76 FALCONID A}.

Young Male.—Above brilliant purplish brown; head and neck rather
duller, with lanceolate apical streaks of dingy buff on the nape and
hind neck ; wing-coverts purplish brown like back, with a few dull white
longitudinal streaks on the median coverts, much larger and forming
distinct oval spots on the primary and greater coverts, and tips of the
scapulars. Quills blackish ; secondaries browner with obsolete blackish
bars, and oval markings as the scapulars ; lower back and rump with
distinct triangular spots of ochraceous buff; the upper tail-coverts almost
uniform buffy-white; tail feathers blackish, shading into brown towards
the end, and tipped with whity brown with 3—4 black bars near the tips ;
under surface of body blackish; the chin browner; breast feathers with
pale brown mesial streaks, more ochraceous on the abdomen and leg
feathers. Under tail-coverts ochraceous buff; under wing-coverts
uniform blackish ; axillaries browner.

Length.—26—28 inches, wing 20—21, tail 10—10°5, tarsus 3°9.

Adult Male.—Smaller than female ; length 26—27, wings 20—20°5,
tail 10, tarsus 3°6. The female is a powerful bird, and is 29 inches
in length, the wing being 21°4, tail 11:8, tarsus 4°2.—(Sharpe, Cat.
Ace.)

Hab.—Sind, Persia, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Kutch, and
Guzerat; also the Concan and Deccan, Malabar, and Southern India.
Breeds in Sind during April and May.

Aguila vindhiana, Frankl, P. Z. 8S. 1831, p. 114; Strickl. Orn.
Syn. p. 54; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. p, 244. Aquila punctata, Gray, in Gr.
§ Hard. Il, Ind. Zool. i. pl. 16. Aquila fusea, id. op. cit. ii. pl. 26.
Aquila fulvescens, id. op. cit. ii. pl. 29; Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 60,
No. 29; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 173; Stray Feathers, i. p. 158;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 109. Wokhab, Hind. ; Ukab, Sind.—
Tue Tawny Hacus.

Young.—Above glossy purplish brown with distinct fulyous tips to
the feathers, broader on lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts; head
and neck all round and entire under parts greyish mouse colour, with
distinct points to all the feathers of the head and neck, absent on the
under surface, excepting a few remains on the tips of the abdominal and
lower throat feathers ; lores and chin whitish, with narrow black shaft-
lines, the latter also apparent on the cheeks and ear-coverts, which are
mouse grey, like the breast; tarsal feathers and under tail-coverts
more fulvescent; under wing-coverts mouse grey with pale fulvous
tips ; upper wing-coverts ashy brown, with a very slight purplish gloss,
but not so dark as the back, nor so grey as the head, though tipped
like the latter with fulvous; greater and primary coverts, as well as the
secondaries, deep brown, with whitish ends; primaries black, slightly
shaded with brown near the base; lower surface of wing ashy brown,
blackish towards tips of primaries; the inner webs of all slightly
mottled with greyish. Tail purplish brown, tipped with buffy white ;
all the feathers shaded with ashy grey, forming indistinct bars on the
centre feathers, on which remains of eleven or twelve can be counted.

Length.--28 inches, wing 20°75, tail 11, tarsus 3-2,

NIS.ETUS. 7

Adult Female.—General colour fulvous or tawny brown, most of the
feathers with lighter margins, especially on the least wing-coverts ;
the median coverts darker brown, but not so glossy as the back, with
fulvous margins; greater and primary coverts, as well as secondaries,
tipped with fulvous; primaries blackish, externally shaded with ashy
grey, forming distinct bands on both webs, these bands more vermicu-
lated on the lower surface, the inner webs of the quills being ashy
brown, shading into deep brown towards the tips of the primaries ;
tail dark brown, tipped with fulvous, the feathers shaded with ashy
grey, forming 8—9 distinct bars on centre feathers; head and neck
rather paler than the back, the feathers of the latter part margined
with fulvous, giving a very mealy appearance ; sides of face also light
fulvous; under surface of body pale fulvous brown, lighter on the
throat, thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts with many
of the feathers whity brown on their margins, and near the base,
the lower series ashy brown like the inner lining of the wing. Cere and
gape deep yellow ; feet yellow. Iris hazel brown.—(Sharpe, Cat. Acc.)

Length.—27—28 inches, expanse 67—69 inches, wing 19-75—21°75,
4th and 5th primaries longest, tail 11°25—11°6, tarsus 3°3.

Adult Mule.—28 inches, wing 20°65, tail 11, tarsus 3°4.—(Sharpe, Cat.
Acc.)

Hab.—Sind, Puvjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Rajputana,
Kattiawar, the Deccan, Concan, Behar, the Carnatic, Central and
Southern India, Nepaul and Darjeeling.

A permanent resident in Sind and most parts of India. In Sind
it breeds in January, making a large nest of sticks lined with straw,
leaves, &c., on high trees, laying normally 2 broad oval or spherical
eggs; the ground colour is greyish white, either unspotted or with
blotches and patches of yellowish brown.

In size the eggs vary from 2°35 to 3°25 X 1°8 to 2°25,

Gen. Niseetus.— Hodgs.

Bill much hooked at tip; cere large ; nostrils large, elliptic; upper
mandible festooned; tarsus feathered to the toes. No elongated occipital
crest,

Nisetus fasciatus, Vieill (Aquila apud Vieill) Mem. Lin. Soe.
Paris, p. 152; Sharpe, Cat. Ace. p. 250; Strickl. Orn. Syn.p. 61. Falco
Bonelli, Tem. pl. col. i. pl. 288. Aquilla Bonelli, Less. Man. Orn. i. p.
88; Gould. B. Hur. i.p.7; Shelley, Birds of Kgypt, p.206. Eutolmetus
Bonelli, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xix. p. 174; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 189;
Pseudeetus Bonelli, Bp. Cat. Ois. Hur. Paraud. p. 1; Hume, Stray
Feathers, i. p. 158. Niseetus Bonelli, Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 67, No. 83;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind., p. 110.—Tu Cresriess Hawk Haas.

Adult Female.—Above deep brown, the feathers white at base, some
of them paler margined ; eyebrow and sides of neck streaked with white.
Sides of the face white; cheeks streaked with brown, ear-coverts
inclining to rufous, Under surface white with dark shaft-stripes ;
flanks irregularly barred and marked with dark brown arrow head

78 FALCONID A.

markings. Feathers of the tarsus more or less pale brown, varied with
dark brown and irregularly spotted with white; under wing-coverts
white, streaked with black, the lower ones entirely black with white tips ;
axillaries white, barred and streaked with blackish. Quills deep brown,
mottled on the inner web with white. Tail ashy brown, inclining to”
grey, with 5—6 indistinct bars of brown near the base, and a. broad
subterminal band of dark brown; the tips of the feathers fulvous;
cere and gape dingy yellow, bluish about the nostrils. Bill horn
black. Feet whitish brown, tinged with yellow. Iris yellow.

Length.—-26 inches, culmen 2°5, wing 21, tail 11°5, tarsus 4.

Adult Male.—Length, 27—29 inches, wing 18—19°6, tail 11, tarsus
3°5.—(Shurpe, Cat. Acc.)

Hab.—Found in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean. Breeds
in Sind during December ; also in the Punjab, where, as well as in
the N. W. Provinces, Persia, Beloochistan, and Southern Afghanistan,
it is not uncommon. It is also recorded from Kutch, Guzerat, the
Deccan, Concans, Central and Southern India, the Carnatic, and in
fact the entire Indian Peninsula.

Nisztus pennatus, (Falco apud Gm.) Sys. Nat. i. p. 272; Tem.
pl. col. i. pl. 83; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. p. 253. Aquila pennata, Vig. Zool.
Journ. ; Gray, Gen. B.i.p.14; Jerdon, B. of Ind. p. 63, No. 81; Layard.
B. S. Afr. p. 10; Murray, Hdbk., Zovl., Se, Sind. Hieratus
‘pennatus, Kaup. Mus. Senck. i. p. 260; Blyth, J. A. S. B.xv. p. 7;
Hume, Rough Notes i. p. 182; S. F. vol. vii. pp. 74, 198; viii. 162
1 x :3807.—Tue Dwarr or Boorep Hacie.

Headand neck, behind, and on the sides, rufous or pale orange brown,
the feathers lanceolate and streaked mesially with dark brown; some
of the lengthened feathers entirely dark brown and forming a not
very apparent crest. A narrow superciliary stripe; a band from the
angle of the mouth below the ear-coverts, and a central chin stripe
dark brown. Har-coverts rufescent brown; back, scapulars and wing-
coverts, sepia brown; the median wing-coverts, and some of the
scapulars broadly edged with fulvous white, forming a conspicuous
wing band ; rump and upper tail-coverts like the back, the latter shading
from dull fawn brown to buffy white on their margins and tips. Tail
dull sepia brown, shaded with ashy, tipped with fulvons white, and
with 4—5 indistinct bars of darker brown, more distinct on the under
surface. Primaries dark brown, inclining to ashy white basally on
their inner webs; secondaries indistinctly barred with dull brownish
white. Under surface of body rufous, buffy, or fulvous white, deeper
on the breast, and streaked with dark brown, the streaks disappearing on
the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, which are white. Under
wing-coverts white with a few narrow shaft-streaks, Cere and gape

bright wax yellow; bill bluish black, pale blue at the base; feet pale
wax yellow ; iris pale brown.

Length, Female.—19—24 inches, wing 15°5 to 16, tail 9 to 9:25, tarsus
28. The young bird is paler beneath, the breast rufous or fulvous with

CIRCAETUS. 79

a white shoulder spot, and white lores and forehead. The upper tail-
coverts are whitish, and the tail distinctly barred on both webs.

Adult Male.—Smaller than the female ; length 19 inches, wings 13°7,
tarsus 2:4,

Hab.—Sind, the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Beloochistan
(Quetta), Persia and Afghanistan; also the Concans, Deccan and
throughout the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. Hume says it breeds
in Spain in April and May, and that Mr. Theobald found a nest in the
Salem District at Huroor. The eggs were two in number; one which
reached him, he says, was avery broad oval. Ground colour dead white,
devoid of gloss, and thickly blotched and streaked throughout with
reddish brown. Size 2°13 X 1-78 inches.

Gen. Circaetus.—Vieill.

Bill short, gradually curving from the base, much hooked at tip.
Nostrils oval, oblique. Wing long, more than once and a half the
length of the tail. 3rd quill longest. First three quills emarginate.
Tarsi plumed below the heel. Toes scutellate at base of the claws.

Circaetus gallicus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 295; Vieill. Nat. Hist.
Dict. vii. p. 137; Gray, Gen. Birds, i. pl. 16; Jerdon, B. Ind. i. p. 76,
No. 38; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 217; Shelley, Birds of Egypt, p. 202;
Sharpe, Cat. Acc. p. 280; Hume, Str. Feathers, vii. 74, 199, 5038;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &§c., Sind, p. 110.—Tue Common Srrpent-
Eacue.

Adult Male.—Above dark brown with a purplish gloss; the wing-
coverts rather paler, especially on their margins ; head rather more ashy
brown; the forehead, lores, sides of face, and chin whitish with narrow
hair-like lines of black, a streak of which overhangs the eyebrow. Cheeks,
hinder ear-coverts and sides of the neck, brown. Under surface
of body white ; the throat narrowly streaked with brown, and witha
distinct central dark shaft-stripe; chest white, streaked with brown;
flanks barred brown, at wide intervals, the bars disappearing on the
thighs and under tail-coverts, which are almost entirely white; under
tail-coverts and axillariesy white with irregular spots or bars of brown.
Quills black ; secondaries browner, the outer ones glossed with pur-
plish and narrowly tipped with white. Inner lining of quills white, except-
ing the tips and inner margins of primaries, which are deep brown;
secondaries barred with dark brown, the subterminal band broad. Some
of the upper tail-coverts notched externally and tipped with white.
Tail brown, tipped with white and crossed with three dark or blackish
brown bars. Cere whitish, tinged bluish grey. Bill pale bluish grey
at base, blackish horny at tip. Iris bright or orange yellow.

Length 26 inches, culmen 2'15, wing 19°65, tail 11°5, tarsus 3-7,
Adult Female.—Larger ; length 31 inches, wing 21°3, tail 12°5, tarsus 4,

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, the Concans, Deccan,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Behar, Nepaul, and Rajputana. Said to be found
throughout the Indian Peninsula and all the countries bordering the

80 FALCONIDA.

Mediterranean, extending into South Eastern Europe. Breeds in Upper
India (Gurhwal, Etawah, Hume); also in Palestine, T'ristram—during
January, February, March, Apriland May on hightrees. Hume (2ouga
Notes) says, that from between forty and fifty nests, taken by himself
and friends, never more than a single egg was obtained from any one,
The eggs are typically broad ovals, with a slightly pyriform tendency, of
a bluish white colour and invariably spotless. Mr. Tristram, in his
Ornithology of Palestine (Ibis, 1865), remarks that of the eggs he took
at Carmel and Heshbon, east of the Dead Sea, one was prettily spotted
and the others were white.

Gen. Spilornis, Gray. Heematornis, Vigors.

Billstraightened at the base; wings short; head crested, crest
feathers rounded. Other characters as in Circaetus.

Spilornis cheela, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 14; (Falco apud Lath.) Bp.
Consp.i. p.17; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p.17; Jerd. Birds of Ind. i. p. 77,
No. 39; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 222; Hume, 8. F. i. p. 306; Sharpe,
Cat. Acc. p. 287; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 110. Circaetus
cheela, Gray, Cat. Acc. p. 18.—Tuz Crestep Szrpent-Hacie.

Young.—Above brown, with large spots of dark brown near the end
of each feather, which is slightly tipped with fulvous; the bases of the
feathers white; the upper tail-coverts tipped and barred on the outer
web with the same; wing-coverts blackish brown, the least ones
apically margined with white; the greater series whity brown, more or
less entirely white on inner web, mesially streaked with dark brown,
widening into a spatulate apical spot. Quills dark brown, tipped with
white, the secondaries more broadly barred across with blackish
brown, very distinct underneath, where the inner webs are for the most
part white. Tail ashy brown, tipped with white, and crossed with
three broad bands of darker brown. Head and neck all round white,
with a narrow shaft-stripe and a diamond shaped apical spot of dark
brown. Har-coverts and cheeks nearly uniform brown. Under surface
of body white, with broad streaks of brown on the breast, becoming
very narrow and linear on the flanks; thighs narrowly barred with
brown. Under wing-coverts white, with large oval spots of rufous-
brown on the innermost, and having bars of brown on the lower series.

Adult Female.—Head much crested, jet black, with conspicuous white
bases to the feathers; those of the nape tipped with dull ochraceous ;
rest of upper surface of body purplish brown, paler -on the inter-
scapulary region ; the wing-coverts blacker, with remains of white tips,
which are less distinct on the scapulars, but very broad on the upper
tail-coverts. Quills brown, tipped with white and mottled slightly
on the outer web, but more on the inner with the same; all the quills
dark brown at base and having a broad subterminal band of blackish
brown, the primaries showing a second dark brown band near the base ;
the inner web of the quills below whitish, showing the bands very
distinctly. Tail black, narrowly tipped with whitish and crossed with a
very broad median band of pale whity brown; sides of face and chin

PANDION. 81

blackish with a distinct greyish band, the latter showing slight tips of
fulvous to the feathers; rest of under surface pale ochraceous brown,
with distinct but irregular transverse lines of dark brown; the rest of
the under surface with large white spots rather oblong in shape, mostly
margined above and below with black, changing to bars on the thighs
and under tail-coverts. Under wing-coverts and axillaries light rufous
with very distinct oval spots of white.

Length.—30 inches, culmen 2:25, wing 20-5, tail 18, tarsus 4:5.

Adult Male.—Smaller ; length 28 inches, wing 18°5, tail 12, tarsus
4-15. Chest perfectly uniform brown with no traces of cross barrings
on the under surface; breast and lower parts very largely and distinctly
spotted with white ; cere, loral skin and gape bright yellow ; bill slaty,
plumbeous at base, bluish black at tip and on culmen; feet pale dingy
yellow ; iris intense yellow. (Sharpe).

Hab.—Sind, in the Narra Districts, and in well-wooded situations ;
also the Concan, Himalayas, Nepaul, Assam and Burmah ; not uncommon
in the Punjab (Shaharunpur District). Breeds in Northern India.
Eggs usually one in number, mottled and streaked with dingy brick-red
and blood-red; ground colour white. Size 2°8xX2°25 inches. Mr.
Hume, in his Rough Notes, gives a good compiled account of the
nidification of this species.

Pandion halieztus, Lin. Syst. Nat.i. p.129; Sharpe, Cat. Ace.
B. M. i. p. 450; Less. Man. d’Ornithology, i. p. 86; Sw. and Rick.
Faun. Bor. Am. Birds, p. 20, Gould. Birds of Hur.pl. 12; Bp. Consp.
1.16; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 80, No. 40; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 234;
id. Stray Feathers, i. p. 159; Blanford, Eastn. Persia, p.114; Murray,
Hadbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 110; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 208. Pandion
indicus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Mise. p. 81. Muchee-Mar, Sind ;
Muck Murrung, Hind.—Tur Osprzy.

Head and nape white; the feathers of the forehead and crown with
dark brown gtripes; a dark brown streak from the eyes over the ears;
upper plumage rich hair brown; quills blackish; tail pale brown with
dark bars, whitish on the inner web, beneath pure white with some
brown spots on the breast, longitudinal in youth, broader in advancing
age, and tending to coalesce in the fully adult; irides bright yellow ;
legs and feet plumbeous yellow.

Length.—Of a female 26 inches, wing 26, tail 9, tarsus 2:4; bill black.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, and Persia; also the Punjab, N. W.
Provinces, Bengal, Kutch, Kattiawar, Concan and Deccan, and nearly
throughout the Indian Peninsula in suitable localities. Occurs also all
over Europe and Africa, N. and 8. America, China and Japan. Very
widely distributed. Most abundant along the coasts, large rivers and
lakes. In Sind it is a winter visitant.

Mr. Sharpe (Cat. Acc. p. 450) remarks that “Ospreys seem to get
whiter on the head with age. The mottling on the breast is strongly
marked in all old birds, aud that the tail becomes more uniform brown
with age, so that a strongly barred tail is a sure sign of immaturity.”

z1l

82 FALCONIDZE.

Halistus, Savigny.—Bill straight at the base, longish, compressed,
curved towards the tip, which is much hooked; margin of upper
mandible sinuate; wings long; 4th and 5th quills sub-equal, longest ;
tarsus plumed for nearly halfits length ; lower half of tarsus scutellate,

Haliztus leucoryphus, Pallas. Reis. Russ. Reichs. 1. p. 454;
Keys. and Blas. Wirb. Bur, p. xxx.; Strich. Orn. Syn. p. 52; Hume,
Rough Notes, ii. p. 242; Stray Feathers, i. pp. 102-159 ; Hume anil
Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 178; Blanford, Bastern Persia,
p- 112; Sharpe, Cat. dee, B. M. p. 809; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se,
Sind, p- 111. H. fulviventer, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 82, No. 42. Ichthyzetus
leucoryphus, Blyth. Ann. and M. N. H. xv. p. 87. Cuncuma macei,
Gray, Cat. Ace. p. 28.— Tue Rine-rartep Sea Hace.

Adult Male:—Above dark brown, with a slight purplish gloss; some
of the greater coverts slightly margined with paler brown; quills
blackish ; the secondaries rather browner like the seapulars ; the lower
surface of the quills brown, inclining to bluish ash colour on the inner web
of the primaries ; some of the secondaries mottled with white near the
base of the inner web ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts purplish
brown, some of the outermost of the latter whitish at base; tail white,
blackish at base, with a broad black terminal band. Head, hind neck
and interscapvlary region sandy-brown; the feathers of the head and
hind neck streaked with fulvous. Sides of face and throat buffy white,
the latter with narrow whitish streaks down the centre of the feathers ;
rest of under surface of body dall fulvoas brown, lighter on the
chest, where the feathers are paler centred, and deeper brown on the
flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts. Under wing-coverts and axillarics
blackish brown, slightly mottled with white. Cere pale bluish green.
Nostrils, gape, and base of lower mandible bluish. Upper mandible
greenish horn colour, dusky at tip; feet greyish white; iris pale
brownish yellow.

Length.—80 inches, culmen 2°6, wing 22:2, tail 12:2, tarsus 3:6,
Adult Female.—Length, 33 inches, wing 24°4, tail 11-7tarsus 4:8.

Young.—Above dark brown, the feathers of the back deeper towards
their bases ; the wing-coverts lighter than the back, and the upper tail-
coverts plainly margined with whity-brown; greater coverts dark
brown with whity-brown tips; quills blackish, externally shaded with
ashy ; the innermost secondaries dark brown like the back ; lower sur-
face of quills ashy brown, some of the innermost primaries inclining
to whitish on inner web; tail dark brown, shaded with ashy above
and below; head, neck, and under parts fulvous brown, deeper on the
head and varied with white bases to the abdominal plumes and under
tail-coverts ; the head and neck rather darker than the under parts and
streaked with sandy brown; the chest and breast feathers with broad
whity-brown margins and tips; under wing-coverts dull brown,
margined with paler brown; the median series streaked with whity-

brown, the greater ones ashy white at the base and mottled along the

shaft towards the tip, which is also white; feet clear lemon yellow.
(Sharpe).

. HALLETUS. 83

Mr. Hume (R, N. p. 245) describes a nestling female nearly able to
fly as a nearly uniform dark brown above and lighter below ; the legs
and feet a clear pale lemon yellow.

fiab.—Sind, Panjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh and Bengal; Kutch,
Rajputana, the Western Coast and the Concan; also Beloochistan,
Persia and Afghanistan. Ascends the Ganges and other large rivers ;
found also in Nepaul end Cashmere. In the Concan and along the
Sind, Kutch and Kattiawar Coasts, it is known as the Mutchee Mar or
Mutchlee Mung.

The Ring-tailed Sea Eagle is found throughout the year in Sind,
along the Indus, and on the larger lakes. It breeds in the winter
months, (November, December and January), building a nest of twigs,
&c., from 4 to 5 feet in diameter, inclusive of the outer thin layer,
usually on high trees in the vicinity of water. Eggs usually 2, but
I have found a third and a fourth laid by the same bird a fortnight after
taking the two first ones. In colour they are white or greyish white
and unspotted, and measure 23—3 inches X 24 to 24.

Haliztus albicillus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 123; Sharpe, Cat. Ace.
p. 802. H. albicilla, Deach. Syst. Cat. Mam. 5c. B. M. p. 9; Gould.
Birds Hur. p.-10; McGillivray, Brit. B. iii. p, 221; Shelley, Birds
of Egypt, p. 204; Hume, S. Feuthers, i. p. 159; id. RoughNotes, p. 257;
S. Heathers, vii. 341, 467; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 111.
Falco albicilla, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 253. Aquila albicilla, Pall. Zoogr.
Rosso. As. i. p. 345. Halizatus pelagicns, Hume, Rough Notes, ii.
p. 252. Halietus Brooksi, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 438.—Tue Evropran
Wuirt-TalteD Sea Hacus.

Malz.—The legs and feet bright orange yellow. Gape and portion
of cere yellow, upper portion being yellowish brown. Bill blackish
horny; head, nape, cheeks, ear-coverts and sides of the neck, hair
brown ; all the feathers white at their bases, in some for the basal half,
in others for fully the basal two-thirds, but very little of the white
showing through, the feathers being densely set; all the feathers of
these parts long and linear, those of the occiput especially ; the back
of the neck, the whole of the back and rump, scapulars and wing-
coverts, except the greater primary coverts, as well as the feathers of
the breast and abdomen a warm buffy fawn colour, changing to white
at their bases, and more or less broadly tipped with hair brown; the
longer scapulars and the upper tail-coverts, which latter are very broad
and come down to within some four inches of the tip of the tail, a
mixture of yellowish and hair brown, mottled and freckled with white
and yellowish white; tail, which is very wedge-shaped, dark brown,
- mottled all over with dingy yellowish white, which colour predominates
on the inner webs; the quills, winglet, and greater primary coverts
chocolate brown; the second to the 5th primaries conspicuously emar-
ginate on the outer web, and with a grey silvery tinge above the
emarginations ; the 1st to the 5th primaries conspicuously notched on
the inner webs; the chin.and throat pale buffy brown, the feathers
whitish at the base and darker at the tips; the flanks and thigh-

84 FALCONID Al.

coverts pale yellowish brown, the feathers tipped darker; the lower
tail-coverts dingy white, broadly tipped with brown, which in the longer
ones is a dark hair-brown; in the shorter a dull yellowish brown ;
wing lining a sort of umber brown, the bases of all the feathers paler,
some of them fawn coloured and some white.

Female.—The legs, feet, eere and gape a sort of brownish yellow;
the upper mandible and claws blackish horny.; the tip of the lower
mandible yellowish horny ; the whole of the head, nape, sides of the
neck, eheeks, chin and throat pale yellowish brown; the feathers
white, tipped with yellowish brown, which, owing to the feathers being
closely set, is the predominant colour, especially on the top of the head ;
the ear-coverts a darker brown; the whole of the back of the neck,
back, rump and upper tail-coverts, breast, sides, abdomen, vent, and
lower tail-coverts white, comparatively narrowly tipped with yellowish
brown, and many of the feathers, with a narrow, lnear, ovate, hair-
brown shaft-spot near the tip. As in the male, the upper tail-coverts
are ovate-lanceolate, very broad and long, ard reach to within less

‘than six inches of the end of the long wedge-shaped tail ; most of the
scapulars and the tail feathers are a mixture of dull dark and pale
dingy yellowish brown, everywhere mottled and freckled with dirty white,
which oceupies almost the whole of the inner webs of the lateral tail
feathers ; the wing-coverts, except the greater primary coverts, are wood
brown, showing little or nothing of the white bases; most of the
tertiaries are mottled white and dingy yellowish brown, like the tail ;
the secondaries are a dull, slightly rufous brown, much mottled on the
interior webs with white, and the primaries are dark chocolate brown,
greyish above the emarginations ; some of the primary greater coverts
are dark chocolate brown and others are a pale rufous brown. (Str. F.
vii. 341).

The followmg is McGilivray’s deseription, quoted in Stray Feathers :—

Muole.—The cere and bill are pale yellow; the iris bright yellow ;
the tarsi and toes gamboge ; the claws black with a tinge of greyish blue ;
the plumage of the head, neck, forepart of the back and breast with
the upper wing-coyerts, greyish yellow ; the feathers all greyish brown
at the base ; of the other parts greyish brown, edged with yellowish
grey ; scapulars and feathers of the rump glossed with purple; those of
the abdomen, tibia and subcaudal region inclining to chocolate brown ;
the quills and alular feathers brownish black, with a tinge of grey;
the inner secondaries inclining to chocolate brown; the shafts of all
white towards the base ; the lower surface of the quills, and the large
coverts tinged with greyish blue ; the upper tail-coverts and the tail are
white (generally freckled with dusky grey at the base); the down on
the breast pale grey, that on the sides darker. :

Length, to end of tail 86 inches, extent of wing 72 inches, bill along
the ridge 3:41, along the edge of lower mandible 3, its height 1-41,
wing from flexure 24 inches, tail 114, tarsus 4.

The female does not differ from the male in colour, and her su-
periority in size is often not very remarkable. Length, to end of tail 40

BUTEO, 85

inches, extent of wing 80, bill along the ridge 3:91, along the edge
of lower mandible 3°33, its height 1°66, wing from flexure 27°5, tail
12 inches, tarsus 4°5 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Beloochistan Coast,
and Persia. On the Indus and the larger lakes or dhunds throughout
Sind, especially on the Munchur Lake, it is very common, also on the
Jhelum, Chenab and Sutlej rivers. Sharpe gives its habitat as
Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, the whole of Europe and Northern
Asia, Kamschatka and Japan, extending into China as far as Amoy.

Sub-Family, BUTEONINA.

Bill small, moderate, tip hooked. Wings moderate; tail generally
short; tarsi with scutee in front and behind; tibia longer than tarsus.
Outer toe connected to middle toe by interdigital membrane.

Gen. Buteo.—Cuv.

Bill short with hooked tip; margin of upper mandible slightly
festooned; nostrils oval. Lores clothed with bristle-like feathers.
Wings long; 3rd, 4th and dth quills subequal, and longest; inner webs
of 1st four quills strongly notched. ‘Tarsus bare or feathered on the
upper third only.

Buteo ferox, S. G. Gmelin, N. Comm. Ac. Petrop. xv. p. 442;
Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 274; Stray Feathers, iv. p. 362 (1873) ; Sharpe,
Cat. Ace, p. 176. Buteo canescens, Hodgs. Beng. Sport. Mag. 1836, p.
180; Jerd. B. of Ind. p. 88, No. 45. Buteo longipes, Jerd. Madr.
Journ. x. p. 75. B, aquilinus, Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 90.—Tus Lone-
LEGGED Buzzarp.

The plumage of this large and handsome Buzzard varies considerably
in all its different stages. This circumstance has led to its being
described as canescens, Hodgs.; longipes, Jerdon; rufinus, Rupp. ;
leucurus, Naum.; fuliginosus, Hume. Mr. Hume in his scrap book goes
very minutely into the differences observed in the plumage of its
various stages, and states at page 281, that “the great difficulty we
meet with in assigning any chronological value to these changes is that
the changes on the upper surface do not correspond with those on the
lower. It is easy enough, he says, to arrange any number of speci-
mens, in what, looking at the upper or under surface only, appears a
very perfect series in which no links are wanting, but directly we turn
‘the specimens over, all traces of any arrangement seem to vanish.”
The question as to which is the adult plumage seems yet a vexed one,
the Buzzard being known to breed in plumage which has been describ-
ed as immature, but it is probable that the fuliginous plumage (B.
fuliginosus) of Hume is that of very old birds, in which the whole
head, neck, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat and breast is a deep umber
brown, indistinctly margined with rufous.

Male.—Feathers of the forehead and crown of the head rufescent brown
with stiff dark shafts. .A narrow dark line in front of the supercihary

86 FALCONIDA.

edge of the eye. Lores whitish, with numerous elongated stiff bristle-
like feathers, which extend to the base of the cere, partially cover
the nostrils and turn up on to the front of the forehead above
the base of the cere. Cheeks rufegscent brown, the feathers dark
shafted. Ear-coverts yellowish or a soiled white, the feathers dark
shafted. Chin and throat white, some of the feathers with dark
shafts. All round the edges of the lower mandible there are stiff
bristle-like hairs, which are $ an inch or more long. A rufous brown
line behind the cye, and another from the gape forming a fairly distinct
moustachial stripe. Sides of the neck rufous, the feathers dark shafted
and edged lighter. Breast rufescent, the feathers dark shafted and
edged buffy. Nape and back of the neck rufous brown, mottled with
white, the basal portion of the feathers showing through. Abdo-
men deep chestnut brown, the feathers edged fulvous and with dark
shafts. Thigh-coverts deep brown, the feathers edged reddish fulvous;
upper back, scapulars and lesser wing-coverts brown, edged with
rufous. Lower back and rump uniform brown, the lateral feathers of
the upper tail-coverts bright rufous and irregularly barred with brown.
Lower tail-coverts white. Tail (except the two lateral feathers, which are
shaded with ashy grey), pale rufous, with a broad terminal band of
slightly deeper rufous; the shafts and inner webs white, with traces of
brown cross bars. Outer webs of quills ashy grey, the inner webs
blackish from the tip to the emargination or sinuosity, and white beyond,
forming on the under surface of the wing a large white patch. Except
the first three, all the other primaries are barred on both webs; the
ord, 4th, and 5th quills emarginate on the outer webs, and all five
primaries emarginate on their inner webs.

Legs and: feet pale lemon yellow. Irides brownish yellow; orbital
ridge dusky greenish. Bull brownish plumbeous, gape yellow, tip
black. Cere yellowish green.

Length.—24 inches, wing 16°75, tail from vent 9°75, tarsus 3°20.

Female obtained at Sehwan, 5th February, similar to the male; length
25 inches, wing 19°75, tail from vent 10°75, tarsus 3°75,

Hab.—Winter visitant in Sind. Found throughout India. It is
recorded from Northern, Southern and Central India, N. W. Pro-
vinces, the Punjab, the Gangetic Valley, N. W. Himalayas, Kashtnir,
Nepaul, Oudh and Behar; also from Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan,
Eastern Turkistan and Palestine. In Palestine Mr. Tristram (Ibis,
1865) took its eggs from a rocky ledge on Mount Carmel. The
plumage of his Palestine specimen, he says, is very rufous, and he shot
breeding birds with and without the bar on the tail.

Gen. Butastur, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 811.

Billshort. Edge of mandible scarcely festooned ; nostrils small, oval,
with a superior membrane. Wings reaching nearly to end of tail; 3rd
and 4th quills subequal and longest; the first four emarginate.

Butastur teesa, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 311 (1843); Sharpe,
Cat. Ace. p. 295, Poliornis teesa, Kaup. Classif. Saug. u. vog. p. 122 ;

BUTASTUR. 87

Gray, Gen, Bird, i. p. 30; Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 92; Hume, Rough
Notes, ii. p. 286 ; id. Stray Feathers, p.159; Murray, Hdbh., Zool., 8 ,
Sind, p. 115 (1873).—Tue Zuceun Fatcon or Warrs-tyvEp Buzzarp.

Adult Male-—Above umber or pale rufous brown, the feathers
margined paler, and with dark shaft-stripes. Forehead and a nuchal mark
white. Har-coverts light brown, the feathers very lax. Lores white,
with elongate stiff hair-like feathers, the edges of the under man-
dible also with stiff bristles. Rump and upper tail-coverts rufous
brown, the rump with dark shaft-stripes, and the upper tail-coverts with
dark cross bars. ‘Tail pale rufous, tipped with buffy white and crossed
with 6—7 indistinct bars, the subterminal one black and broadest;
wing-coverts like the back, the median series mottled light brown
and whitish. Primary coverts dark brown, externally shaded greyish.
Outer webs of primaries dark brown, frosted over with ashy grey,
and broadly tipped. with darker brown. Inner web pale brown
between the black tip and emargination of the first four quills, and
white beyond, with a few faint dark incomplete bars. The secondaries
pale brown, half the inner webs, with 4—5 bars of dark brown and tipped
darker; outer web of the secondaries pale brown with a rufous tinge,
tipped blackish, and with faint traces of transverse bars.

Chin and throat white or yellowish white, bordered on each side with
a black moustachial stripe from the base of the lower mandible, and
one of the same colour down the centre of the chin and throat. Breast
pale rufous brown, with yellowish white or fulvous spots, the feathers
dark shafted. Rest of under surface buffy white, barred with rufescent
brown. Under wing-coverts white, some of the feathers streaked and
spotted with rufous brown. Thigh-coverts pale fulvous or buffy white,
most of the feathers with a subterminal triangular patch of rufous
brown. Vent and lower tail-coverts white, some of the feathers with
a subterminal band or triangular patch of rufous brown; under surface
of tail feathers greyish white, the transverse band showing through in
all but the exterior feather.

Legs and feet dingy orange yellow. Iris pale yellowish white.
Eyelid orange yellow.

Length.—16°75 to 18°5 inches, culmen 1°4, wing 11 to 12:5, tail
6°65 to 7:8, tarsus 2 to 2°15.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia; Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, Nepaul; Behar, Kattiawar, Deccan, Concans, Cutch, Rajputana,
and N. Guzerat.

Gen. Circus.—Lacep.

Upper mandible slightly festooned; lower emarginate. Nostrils
round, with no bony excrescence. ‘Tarsi long and slender, naked ;
wings long; the first quill not so long as the fifth, the third or fourth
longest ; cere large, surrounded with a ruff of setaccous curved
plumes.

Circus macrurus,. 8S. G. Gmel. N. Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 439.
Circus Swainsonii, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 384; Gray, Gen. B.

88 FALCONID®.

i. p. 82; Jerd. Birds of Ind. p. 96, No. 41; Hume, Rough Notes, ii.
p- 298; Sharpe, Cat. Ace. B, M.p.67; Murray, Hdbk., Zuol., §e., Sind,
p. 115; Circus pallidus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 80; Shelley, B. Egypt,
p. 183; Hume, 8. I’. i. p. 160.—Tuz Pate Harrier.

Adult Male.—Above pale bluish grey, scapulars slightly darker ;
eyebrow and sides of face white ; under surface of body greyish white.
Quills blackish brown; the secondaries ashy grey, tipped with white,
and the primaries washed with ashy grey and white at base of inner
web; other quills white underneath. Upper tail-coverts white, banded
with ashy grey. Tail feathers—except the two middle ones, which are
uniform ashy grey—banded grey and white ; the tips and under surface
of all the feathers white. Bull black ; feet and irides yellow.

Length.—17°5 to 185 inches, culmen 1:15, wing 13-5 to 14, tail 8:8
to 9°5, tarsus 2°75,

Adult Female.—Above brown, the feathers of the head and hind neck
streaked, and of the upper surface and lesser wing-coverts margined
and tipped with rufous. Forehead, supercilium, anda spot below the
eye white. Cheeks and ear-coverts dark brown, slightly streaked
with tawny. Quills dusky brown, the primaries externally shaded
with ashy grey, and like the secondaries obsoletely barred darker and
tipped with buffy white; upper tail-coyerts white, banded or spotted
with dark brown. Tail with the two centre feathers ashy brown and
with six blackish brown bands, the rest with four bands, those on the
outer feathers being pale rufous. Under tail-coverts rufescent. Under
wing-coverts buffy white, spotted and streaked with brown. Cere
greenish yellow; feet yellow ; irides brownish.

Length.—20°5 to 21 inches, wing 14 to 14°5, tail 10 to 10°5, tarsus
2°8 to 3.

Hab.—Europe, Africa, and throughout India, Ceylon, China, and
Burmah. Has been noted from the N. W. and Central Provinces,
Punjab, Sind, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Persia, S. India, Kutch, the
Concans and Deccan, Kattiawar, Behar, Nepaul. In India it isa winter

visitant, arriving about the middle of September and leaving again in
March.

Circus cineraceus, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. p. 188; Gould. B.
Hur. i. pl. 35; Jerd. Birds Ind. i. p. 97, No. 52; Hume, Rough Notes,
h. p. 808; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 184; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind,
p. 115. Circus pygargus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 148; Sharpe, Cat. Acc, B.
M. p. 64.—Montagun’s Harrigr.

Adult Male.—Above blue grey ; throat, breast and wing-coverts darker,
the latter slightly mottled, and with a terminal spot of a dark ash colour.
Primary coverts and secondaries silvery grey, tipped with white, and
with two bands of black, one of which is hidden by the greater wing-
coverts. Primaries black, the inner ones greyish at the tips and on
the inner web. Secondaries grey with a black band. ‘Tail grey
or greyish white, the two outer feathers banded on their inner webs
with rufous, the others dusky, with fine ashy black bands, Upper

circus, 89

tail-coverts white, shading into ashy grey. Lores whitish. Abdomen,
flanks, thighs and under wing-coverts white, streaked with fawn; the

axillaries also with spots of the same colour. Cere greenish yellow. Feet
and irides yellow.

Length.—18 inches, wing 14 to 15, tail 9°5, tarsus 2'3.

The adult female differs from the male in being nearly uniform brown
with scarcely any fulvous margins to the feathers. The hind head and
neck are streaked with fulvous, as also the sides of the neck and facial
ruff. Feathers under theeye whitish. Upper tail-coverts white ; tail brown
tipped with paler brown and banded with five bars of darker brown.

Under surface of body buffy white, the feathers with rufous centres ;
legs yellow ; irides hazel.

Length.—19 to 19°5 inches, wing 15°3, tail 8°7, tarsus 1:4.

Hab.—tThe same as the last. In India it has been found in Madras,
Central and N. W. Provinces, the Punjab, Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar,
Concans and Deccan, Behar and Nepaul; also in Ceylon and Burmah.

It is like the last a winter visitant to India generally.

Circus eruginosus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 130; Savigny, Syst.
Ois. Egypt, p. 90; Hume, Rough Notes, p. 814; Shelley, Birds Egypt,
p- 181; Jerd. Birds. of Ind. p. 99, No. 54; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M.
p- 69; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 116; Hume, 8S. F. i.
p. 100.—Tsn Marsx Harrizr.

Adult Male.—Above dark brown, the feathers of the upper surface
edged with rufous; the smaller wing-coverts buffy and centred brown;
primaries, coverts and secondaries bluish ashy, tipped very slightly
with pale white. Primaries blackish brown, paler at the tips, whitish
at base of inner web. Upper tail-coverts greyish white and tinged
with rufous. Tail bluish ash, slightly fulvescent beneath. Head,
neck and breast pale rufous or creamy buff, with dark brown streaks ;
under parts reddish brown, or pale rufous, as also are the thigh-coverts ;
under wing-coverts buffy white, the axillaries with brown shaft-stripes.
Cere greenish yellow; legs and irides yellow; claws black.

Length.—19 to 21°5 inches, wing 16, tail 9 to 10, tarsus 3:25.
Adult Female.—Larger ; length 28 inches, wing 17, tail 10, tarsus 3°4.

The young bird is uniform reddish brown, the head, neck and
cheeks in some stages being yellowish, rufous white, or white with
brown stripes on the crown ; upper tail-coverts rufous brown,

Hab.—Europe generally, China, Japan, N. EB. and S. Africa, and
throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon. In Sind and the Punjab it
occurs in great numbers, frequenting the maritime districts, rivers,
marshes, lakes and inundated fields, feeding on rats, mice, frogs, fish,
&c. It occurs also in Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, North Guzerat,
Central and Southern India, the Deccan and Concans, Beloochistan,
Afghanistan, Eastern Turkistan, Gilgit, Nepaul, Malacca, and Upper
Pegu.

122

90 FALCONID AB.

Sub-Family, MILVINA,—Kirss.

Nostrils oblique, oval; tarsi short. Bill small and slender, occa-
sionally stout, curved from the base and much hooked at the tip;
wings long; tail short, even, or long and forked.

Gen. Haliastur.—Selby.

Bill stout, eurved and hooked. Nostrils circular with bony margin
allround. Wings very long, the 4th quill longest ; tail shghtly rounded ;
tarsi plumed at the knee, and covered with scutee.

Haliastur Indus, Bodd. Tabl. pl. Enl. 25; Gray, Gen. Birds, i.
p. 18; Jerdon, B. of Ind. i. p.101, No. 55; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p.
316; S. PF. vi. 251, i. p. 160; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e., Sind p. 116;
Gray, Cat. Ace. B. M. p. 3818. Halietus Indus, Sch. Mus. P.B.
p. 19.—Tue Maroon-packep Kir.

Adult.—Head, neck, throat, entire breast, and as far as the middle
of the abdomen white, with dark brown shaft-stripes; rest of the
plumage maroon, or rufous chestnut, paler on the secondaries, the tail
paling into a fulvous white at the tip, Quills black, rufescent at base
of inner web ; under wing-coverts deep maroon, with dark shaft-stripes ;
cere brownish ; feet greenish yellow ; rides brown.

Length.—20 to 21 inches, wing 14°75 to 16, tail 7 to 8.

The young bird is a rather deep brown above, the feathers tipped
with rufous. Head, neck, and lower parts pale rafons, streaked paler.

Hab.—India and Ceylon. Resident in Sind, breeding in March and
April. Occurs also in the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Kutch, Kattiawar,
Ajmere, Concan, Deccan, Travancore, Upper Pegu, Nepaul.

Gen. Milvus.—Cuv.

Bill short, straight at the base, well curved and hooked at tip.
Upper mandible with a rounded festoon. Nostrils oval, oblique.
Wings long. Tail forked or emarginate. Tarsi short, plumed at the
knees, and with scutze in front below.

Milvus govinda, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 81; Jerd. B. of Ind.
p. 104, No 56; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 320; Sharpe, Cat. Acc. B. M.
p- a Stray Feathers, i. p. 160; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., S:c.5 Sind,
p. ,

Adult Male.—Above brown or rufous brown, the head and neck rufes-
cent with dark central stripes. Scapulars and wing-coverts edged with
buff, the wing-coverts with dark central stripes. Quills and greater
coverts dark brown, the quills albeseent near the base and mottled with
brown. Tail ashy brown, tipped with buffy white and barred with .
brown ; the under surface pale brown or whitish, and also mottled and
barred. Throat albeseent with brown shaft-stripes. Under parts dull
rufous brown, buffy on the vent and under tail-coverts, and with brown
shaft-stripes. The feathers of the breast somewhat fulvescent. Under
wing-coverts rufous brown, with dark brown centres to the feathers. Cere
and gape yellow. Bill horny black. Feet yellowish. Ivides yellowish.

MILVUS. 91

Lengih.—20 to 23 inches, wing 18°5 to 19, tail 18, tarsus 2°25.

Hab.—Throughout India. A resident scavenger. Breeds in Sind
on house tops, old mosques, and flat-roofed buildings,—seldom on
trees,—during January, February, and March. It occurs also in
Beloochistan, Afghanistan, and Nepaul.

Milvus melanotis, Tem. et Schleg. Faun. Jap.; Blanford, J. A.
S. B. 1872, p. 158; Gray, Gen. Birds, i.p.24; S.F.i. p. 160, iii. 229;
Sharpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus. p. 824; Murray, Zool., §c., Sind, p. 116.
Milvus major, Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 826.—-Tur Lara Parra Kire.

Adult Male.—Above dark chocolate brown, all the feathers distinct-
ly streaked down the centre with black; the wing-coverts a little paler
brown ; the lesser series washed with rufous, all with distinct black
shaft-stripes. Greater coverts and quills dark brown, the secondaries
_ paler brown, the primaries blackish, all the quills distinctly white at
the base of the inner web, and sometimes mottled with brown. Tail
rather pale brown, the centre feathers with a slight rufous tinge and
distinctly barred with darker brown; these bars are distinct on the
inner web only of the other feathers. Under surface of tail brown-
ish ashy, the bars more or less distinct. Lores, forehead, cheeks
and throat white, with distinct shaft-lines of dark brown; ear-coverts
dark brown; throat white tinged with rufous on the lower part. Breast
deep rufous brown, shading into clear rufous on the abdomen and
under tail-coverts ; the feathers on the breast margined lighter with
broad central dark streaks. Under wing-coverts dark brown, dashed
with rufous; the lower ones ashy brown, notched or barred with. white
on their inner webs. Cere pale greenish yellow.. Bill horn black.
Feet dull yellow. Irides reddish brown.

Length.—25'5 inches, wing 21, tail 13:2, tarsus 2°5.

There is yet a set controversy in regard to the distinctness of this
species from M. govinda. Mr. Edwin Brooks, in vol. iv. 8. F., says that
from an examination of the type of M. govinda, in the South Kensington
Museum, he concludes that M. melanotis (T. and 8.) and M. major
(Hume) must be considered as synonyms of M. govinda (Sykes).
Schlegel again unites melanotis and govinda, but Mr. Hume holds that
the pure white wing patch of major distinguishes it equally from
melanotis, govinda and afinis, a third species found in India, also by
its larger size.

The following comparative measurements are given by Mr. Hume :—

Wing, Male. Wing, Female.
M, govinda. 125 to 18 ssiwesse 18 to 195
M. major wieeeee 19 to 20°5......... 19°45 to 21
M. affinis ws 16 to 175. 17 to 17°75

Hab.—Throughout India, Japan, and China; also Nepaul and Hastern
Turkistan.

Gen. Elanus.—Savigny.

Bill small, ridge (without cere) greater than half of middle toe,
without claw; tip much hooked and lengthened; edge of upper

92 BUBONIDA.

mandible slightly simuate. Cere small; nostrils oval. Loreal space
feathered. Wings reaching to end of tail, pointed ; 2nd quill longest ;
the Ist emarginate near the tip. Tail short. ‘Tarsi short, plumed above,
covered with small round scales. Middle claw keeled.

Elanus ceruleus, Desf. Mem. Acad. R. des Science, p. 508, pl. 15.
Falco melanopterus, Daud. Traite, ii. i. p. 152; Bree, Birds Eur. i. p.
108. Elanus melanopterus, Leach, Zool. Misc. p. 5; Jerd. Birds of Ind.
i. p. 112, No. 59; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p.570; Hume, Rough Notes,
ii. p. 21; Str. F. i. pp. 21, 168; Murray, Zool., §c.,Sind. p. 117.—
Tau Briacg-wixerp Kirz.

Adult,—Entire upper parts ashy grey, lighter on the head; fore-
head, eyebrow, lores and sides of face white; ear-coverts ashy grey ;
supercilium dark brown or black; lesser and median wing-coverts and
winglet glossy black ; greater coverts concolourous with the back.
Axillaries and under wing-coverts white; mner lining of wing dark
grey; primary coverts and quills ashy grey, the latter white at the
base and black-shafted. Tail ashy, the two centre feathers greyish;

entire under parts white. Cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill black;
irides crimson.

Lenyth.—18 inches, wing 10°6 to 11, tail 5°6, tarsus 1:4.

Hab.—South Hastern Europe, Africa, India and Ceylon. Very
widely distributed, Recorded frem Egypt, Gambia, Transvaal, South
Africa, and the Mediterranean ; also from Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore,
Sambhur, North Guzerat, the Concan and Deccan, Pegu, Burmah and
Nepaul.

It is a resident in Sind, and affects chiefly the acacia forests lining

the banks of the Indus. Breeds in the Narra districts from June to
August.

SUB-ORDER,—STRIGES.

Outer toes reversible; eyes encircled by a facial disk; nostrils
generally covered wholly or in part, by stiff bristles.

Family, BUBONIDA.

Forehead furnished with two long tufts; ear orifice small. Tarsi
stout, generally plumed. Middle toe longer than the inner one.

Sub-Family, BUBONIN Al,—Eactz anp Scors Owns.
Ear conch without an operculum.

Gen. Ketupa.—Lesson.

Bill large, strong, straight at base, moderately compressed and hooked.

Wings not reaching to end of tail; 4th quill longest ; tarsi naked,
reticulate.

Ketupa ceylonensis, Gmel. Sys. Nat. i. p- 287; Gray, Gen.
Birds, i. p. 88; Jerd. Birds of Ind. i. p. 188, No. 72; Hume,
Rough Notes, ii. p. 879; Str. F. i. p. 481, ii. p. 469; Sharpe, Cat.
See p. 4; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 119.—Tuz Brown

ISH-OWL,

BUBO. 93

Adult.—Above fawn-brown, the feathers broadly centred black and
mottled brown and fulvous on both webs. Feathers of the hind neck
thinly barred with brown; the ear tufts with dark central streaks
longitudinally. Quills dark brown, the primaries tipped and spotted
on the outer web with creamy buff; the same spots on the inner webs,
being dull fawn-brown; secondaries dark brown, with less distinct
spots and bars, and more mottled with brown. Tail brown with a
fulvous tip, and 8 or 4 pale fulvous bands. Chin and throat white
streaked with dark brown. Loreal plumes whitish; under surface of
body fulvous-fawn or vinaceous-rusty, all the feathers mesially streaked
with broad black centres and with wavy bars. Disk rusty with dark
brown stripes. Cere greenish grey. Bill pale horny yellow. Legs and
feet dusky yellow. Irides bright yellow.

Length.—21 to 24 inches, wing 16°25, tail 8, tarsus 2°65.

Hab.—Inaia, Ceylon, Assam and Tenasserim. I have had it at Khan-
dalla and Poona in the Deccan. At Madras itis not uncommon, asalso
in Nepauland Behar. In Sind it affects the forests, and breeds there in
holes of decayed trees during December.

Gen. Bubo.—Auct.

Nostrils oval, situated in the anterior margin of the cere; ear tufts
large; 8rd quill longest; tarsi never naked; toes feathered.

Bubo bengalensis, Frankl, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 115; Gray, Gen.
Birds, i, p. 87; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 168, Sharpe, Cat. Striges, p.
25. Urrua bengalensis, Jerd. B. of Ind. i. p. 128, No. 69; Murray,
Hdbk., Zvuol., §¢., Sind, p. 118. Ascalaphia bengalensis, Blyth, Ibis.
1866, p. 252; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 866.—Tus Rocx-Hornep Ow1.

Adult.—Forehead and crown dark brown, nearly black, the feathers
narrowly margined with light fulvous; back of neck, light yellowish buff,
the feathers mesially streaked with dark brown. TEar-tufts black,
narrowly edged with fulvous; back and scapulars deep brown, mottled
and barred with light yellowish buff; the outer scapulars whitish on
their external web, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch. Primaries
rich tawny buff, barred across and tipped with brown; their coverts
dark brown at tip, and with slightly vermiculated fulvous bars; seconda-
ries dull tawny buff, also barred across and tipped with dark brown, the
tawny interspaces on the external web vermiculated with brown, the
internal ones clear rufous and margined with white; tertiaries mottled
with falvous and brown. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts clear
fulvous or tawny buff, vermiculated at the tips, and with irregular
narrow bars of brown. ‘Tail tawny with seven brown bars, the
central feathers brown with much mottledfulvous bars. Loreal plumes
white, with black shafts at the tip. A smal] black patch above the
eye. Cheeks whitish; ear-coverts dirty fulvous, the feathers tipped
black and with dark shafts. Ruff blackish, the feathers edged with
fulvous. Chin white. Throat with a band of stiff fulvous feathers,
mesially streaked with brown; below this a patch of white, some of
the feathers of which with mesial brown streaks. Breast and sides of
the neck light yellowish buff, the feathers mesially streaked and finely

94 BUBONIDAK.

spotted with dark brown; abdomen, flanks and thigh-coverts buffy
white, with narrow transverse wavy bars of brown, the feathers of the
lower breast with distinct mesial streaks; under tail-coverts fulvous,
with narrow wavy brown bars. ‘Tarsal plume buffy white, fulvous on
the sides and behind, and with a few indistinct brown markings.
Under wing-coverts tawny buff, with narrow brown markings, Bill
horny black ; irides yellow.

Length.—20 to 22 inches, wing 16, tail 8°8 to 9, tarsus 2°95 to 3.

Hab.—The Peninsula of India and Ceylon; also Beloochistan,
Afghanistan, and Nepaul. In India ithas been recorded from Behar,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, North Guzerat, the Neilgherries, Mhow,
Malabar Coast, the Concan and Deccan. In Sind it is a permanent
resident, breeding in March and April, laying from 2 to 4 eggs of a
creamy white colour.

Bubo coromandus, Lath. Ind. Orv. i. p. 58; Sharpe, Cat.
Striges. B, M. p. 35. Bubo coromanda, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37;
Hume, Str. F. p. 164. Urrua coromanda, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 373;
Jerd. B. af Ind. i. p. 180, No 70; Hume, Nest and Eggs. Ind. B. p. 63;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 5¢., Sind., p. 118. Ascalaphia coromanda, Blyth,
This. 1866, p. 253; Hume, Rough Notes, it. p. 871.—Tas Dusxy-Hornep
OwL.

Adult.—Head, neck, ear-tufts, back, rump, scapulars and upper tail-
coverts greyish brown, the feathers thickly vermiculated, crossed with
numerous narrow fulvous bars, and with dark mesial streaks. Loreal
plumes greyish white with dark shafts to the tips. Har-coverts dark
grey with black shafts, a black patch on the hinder edge of the
ear-coverts. Chin whitish, quills ashy brown, the primaries. tinged
with folvous and crossed with broad bands of dark brown. Outer
scapulars with yellowish-white spots forming a shoulder patch. Tail
dark brown, with 4 broad fulvous bands and a buffy white tip. Entire
under surface pale earthy brown with a fulvous tinge, the feathers mesially
streaked with dark brown and faintly barred with zigzag lines. Thigh-
coverts and tarsal plume fulvescent, with narrow bars of zigzag lines.
Feet sparsely feathered. Claws horny brown. Bill greyish at the base,
horny yellow at tip.

Length.—21 to 23 inches, wing 16, tail 9, tarsus 2 to 2°65.

Hab.—Sind, N. W. Provinces (Futtehgur, Delhi), Oudh, Nepaul,
Lower Bengal, Lower Himalayas, the Carnatic, Malabar Coast,
Rajputana and North Guzerat. Like the last it is a resident in Sind.
Breeds in December.

Gen. Scops.—Sav.

Ear-tufts large. Har orifice moderate. Lateral margin of bill some-
what curved. Cere not inflated; nostrils oval, situated in the anterior
margin of the cere. Wings long, reaching nearly or quite to the tip
of the tail; 3rd and 4th quills longest; tail short; toes generally
feathered ; tarsi-never naked,

SCOPS. 95

Scops pennatus, Hodgs. J. A. 8. B. vi. p. 369 (pt.); Blyth, J. A.
S. B. xiv. p. 183; Str. Feathers, iii. 38; vi. 34; vii. 180. Ephialtes
pennatus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 186, No. 74; Murray, Hilbk., Zool., §c.,
Sind, p. 119; Sharpe, Cat. Striges, p. 58 (Sub-Sp. B.)—Tusz Invran
Scors Ow.

This little ow] is very similar to S. giv, but of a greyer colour ordi-
narily. Specimens from Sind are usually of the rufous phase. Jerdon
describes both phases, which I extract.

Adult,—Above ashy grey, more or less tinged with rufous or rufous-
grey, the feathers dark-shafted, finely mottled with brown and with a
white subterminal spot; wings more rufescent and without the white
spots, except on the outer scapulars as usual, and some of the greater
coverts; quills rufescent, with darkish double bars, the interval between
the bars dusky or mottled, and the light spaces or ground colour, on
some of the outer primaries, rusty white in some specimens, or it may
be said that the quills are dusky rufescent, mottled with pale bands;
the tail rufescent with double bars, in some mottled almost throughout ;
beneath, the feathers are streaked dark brown, banded with white,
and mottled rufous-grey and brown, mostly grey on the upper part
and white on the lower part of the abdomen; tarsal feathers barred
and mottled ; disk ashy white, with a few darker specks, and the shafts
of the frontal bristles white ; ruff marked with dark brown and rufous.

-In the rufous phase, the upper parts are uniform bright golden
chestnut red, with black shafts, inconspicuous on the back, more dis-
tinct on the forehead, ear plumes and shoulders of the wings; outer
edge of scapulars whitish; disk rufous with some of the feathers
white-shafted ; ruff deep brown with the outer feathers black tipped
or black; beneath deeply tinged with the hue of the back, but with
more or less white on the belly and under tail-coverts ; the breast and
sides of the belly with brownish central black streaks, the latter with
transverse pencillings; four faint bars on the inner webs of the tail
feathers, and the primaries also distinctly barred with dusky or mottled.
The young bird has all the feathers duller red, more black-shafted, and
there is much white on the lower surface; the disk too has a good
deal of white; scapulars white externally, with black tips, and the
bars on the quills and tail feathers are more distinct, brown and
mottled. Bill dusky greenish; iris pale golden yellow; feet fleshy
grey.

Length.—74 to 8 inches, wing 5 to 6, tail 23 to 3.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Rajputana, Concan, Deccan, South and Central
India, Bengal, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Oudh ; Nepaul, Beloochistan
and Afghanistan. Recorded also from Upper Pegu, Malacca and
Tennaserim.

In Sind it appears to be a winter visitant.

Scops brucei, Hume, Str. Feathers, i. p.8; td. v. 245; Murray,
_Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p. 119; Sharpe, Cat. Striges, p. 63,.—Tax
Srriatep Scors Owl,

96 BU BONID2,

Cheeks and feathers under the eye greyish white excessively finely
and indistinctly barred with brown. ‘The lores and stripe running up
from them to the top of the eye creamy white. The longer feathers that
meet over the base of the upper mandible tinged brownish, a few tiny
dark brown feathers on the eyelids. Chin and throat creamy white, with
very narrow central shaft-stripes towards the tips and excessively
finely vermicillated with brown. Feathers of the ruff, which is incon-
spicuous, very pale buff, narrowly edged with dark brown. The
whole of the forehead, crown, back of head, back and sides of neck,
back scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts, very pale
buff or creamy white, so minutely and closely powdered with pale
brown, that looked at from a little distance, the feathers appear to be
a uniform pale earthy brown. Every feather has a narrow central
dark-brown stripe, some of the outer scapulars have inconspicuous
patches of buff on their outer webs, and the ground colour of the feathers
on.each side of the crown immediately above the eye is slightly paler ;
but beyond this the whole of the upper plumage above described is
singularly uniform in tint and appearance, and is absolutely devoid of
those white spots and blackish brown or buff dashes and streaks so
characteristic of the other Indian species. The primaries are pale
dingy buff, with broad transverse brown bars, which towards the. tips
are with the ground colour mottled and freckled over, the ground colour
with brown, and the bars with dingy fulvous. Nearer the base of the
feathers, the light bars are on the exterior webs pure- pale buff, while
the dark bars continue freckled as already described. On the inner
webs, the dark bars are nearly uniform and unmottled, while the light
bars are pure and unmottled towards the edge of the webs, and suffused
with brown towards the shafts. The tertiaries and the tips of the
secondaries approximate closely to the plumage of the back and
coverts. Of the breast and abdomen, the ground colour is similar to
that of the upper parts, but the brown powdering is coarser, so that
more of the ground colour is seen, and the dark brown central shaft-
stripes are somewhat broader; towards the vent, on the flanks and
lower tail-coverts, the ground colour becomes almost pure white and the
brown powdering very sparse, while the shaft-stripes are reduced as
on the back and wing-coverts to well-marked dark lines. The short
dense tibial and tarsal plumes are brownish white, each little feather
with its dark central shaft-stripe. The axillaries and wing lining are
cream-coloured or yellowish white, entirely unstreaked and unmottled.

The legs and feet, including the base of the toes, densely feathered,
terminal portions of toes with small transverse scute, slate coloured ;
claws black, well curved, slender, and very sharp; toes very slender,
but pads largely developed, so as to make a broad sole; exterior toe
more or less versatile ; irides bright yellow ; bill dusky.

Male, Length.—9 inches, expanse 22 inches, wing 6:4 inches, tail
8°25 inches, tarsus 1°45 inches, foot greatest length 1°87 inches,
greatest width 1:75 inches, mid-toe to root of claw 0°8 inch, its claw
straight, (39 inch, hind toe 0°35 inch, its claw straight, 0°28 inch,
inner toe 0°67 inch, its claw straight, 0-4 inch. Bill straight from

SCOPS, 97

forehead to point including cere, which is ill-defined, 0°7 inch, from
gape 0°73 inch, height at front at margin of cere 0-29 inch, wings
when closed are even with the end of tail. Lower tail-coverts reach
to within 0°9 inch of end of tail, The third and fourth primaries are
the longest; the first is 0°75 inch, and the second is 0:08 shorter. ‘The
exterior tail feathers are 0°3 inch shorter than the central ones.
Weight 4 0z. (Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. i. p. 8.)

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Afghanistan and Gilgit ; also Ahmednug-
gur (Deccan) and Western Khandeish. Less common than J. penna-
fus, and occurs in Sind only during the winter months,

Scops malabaricus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p, 89; Sharpe, Cat.
Striges, p. 94. Sub-Sp. B.” Scops griseus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2,
p- 119. Scops lettoides, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. pli. p. 182. (ex.
Jerd. Ms.) Ephialtes malabaricus, Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 402; Jerd.
Ibis. 1871, p. 848. Scops indicus, Gmel. Stray Feathers, v. 185; vii.
pp- 859, 506. Scops bakkameena, Forst.; Hume, Nest and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 69, Hphialtes griseus, Hume, Rough Notes, p. 398; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 121.—Tan Matasar Scors Owt.

A prominent tuft of disunited-webbed, bristly white feathers (with
dark naked tips to the shafts, and traces on those nearest the eye of
dark cross. bars,) on each side of the upper mandible at its base; a
faint tinge of buffy at the anterior angle of the eye; rest of the lores,
feathers below and behind the eye, including ear-coverts, loose-webbed,
silky, and greyish white, with traces of faint minute transverse brown
bars ; chin white; the feathers of the extreme tip somewhat bristly
aud curviog upwards round the lower mandible; across the throat
and upwards, immediately behind the ear orifice, as far as the base of
the aigrettes, a band of creamy or pale buff feathers, with numerous
minute, transverse, wavy brown pencillings and bars; those from the
aigrettes to the sides of the throat with conspicuous dark brown tip-
pings, which form the defining line of the disc, and a few of those in
the centre of the throat with similarly coloured spots at the tips ; fore-
head and a broad supercilium running up the inside webs of the
aigrette feathers, and a curved band at the back of the head, extending
from the point of one aigrette to the point of the other, a silvery grey
or greyish white, the feathers with dark brown shafts and numerous
minute transverse pencillings of that colour, and some of them with
terminal spots ; ceutre of forehead and top of head, a triangular space
surrounded by this grey band, a rich dark brown, purest on the centre
of the forehead, with small twin spots or imperfect transverse bars
and mottlings, to a greater or less extent, of pale buff; the outside
webs of the aigrettes are similar, as are the feathers of the band
outside and contiguous to the curved grey band, which latter seems
continuous with the dark line of the outer webs of the aigrette, while
the former seems to start immediately above the centre of the eye ;
below the dark band, at the base of the neck, is another band of very
similarly marked feathers, but whereas the dark brown predominates in
the former, the buff mach predominates in the latter. ‘The. back, rump,

13 2

98 BUBONIDA.

upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-coverts, except the greater ones of
the primaries, a mixture of pale brownish grey and pale buffv, with
dark brown central streaks, and numerous transverse wavy brown
pencillings and mottlings. In the outside line of the scapulars the buff
18 very pure, and in some positions conspicuous, and while the rump,
ipper tail and lesser wing-coverts are dingier and greyer, the centre
of the upper back and the median and secondary wing-coverts show
more of a pale buff; the primary greater coverts are very dark brown
with broad transverse~buffy mottled bars; the quills are darkish
brown, with numerous broad transverse greyish more or less dingy
white bars, much more conspicuous on the outer webs; with the
exception of a few bars on the upper portion of the outer web of the
earlier primaries, which are nnmottled and slightly tinged with creamy,
all the rest of these bars are closely mottled and pencilled with brown;
the second, third and fourth primaries are just perceptibly emarginate
on the outer webs, and the first to the fourth are conspicuously notched
onthe inner webs ; the sides of the neck behind the dark line, the
breast, sides, abdomen, thigh-coverts, a sort of creamy grey, very soft
and silky, the feathers with narrow rich brown central streaks and
numerous winute irregular, wavy, transverse pencillings; greater portion
of wing lining, vent feathers and lower tail-coverts, silky greyish white,
the latter, some of them, with dark central streaks towards the tips ;
tarsal feathers silky greyish white, with a faint buffy tinge towards
the joint, and with several narrow, somewhat irregular transverse
brown bars; tail feathers greyish brown with imperfect transverse
mottled bars of very pale dingy buff, and with the interspaces, too,
more or less mottled with the same colour. Toes and claws pale greyish
brown. Soles creamy white; pads and papillae much developed and
soft; irides brownish yellow or dark brown; bill dark brown; cere
dusky grey.

Length.—7'88 to 9 inches, wing 5°6 to 6°75, tail 2°5 to 3°37,
tarsus 1:06 to 1:19.

The above is Mr. Hume’s description of Scops indicus, Gm.,
which, he says (on page 506, vol. vii. Str. F.) is identical with Scops
griseus (malabaricus of Sharpe, Cat. Striges, B. M.) and Scops bakka-
mena of Forster. Sharpe, however, does not in his references to the
eo of this species allude to the names given by Gmelin and

orster.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Oudh, Madras, Malabar Coast, Travancore,
Ceylon, Eastern and Western Ghauts, and North Guzerat. Like the
preceding species, it is uncommon in Sind and affects wooded districts
only.

Gen. Carine.—Kaup.

Cere swollen; Ist primary much Jengthened ; 5th escolloped on the
outer web like the fourth; hind tarsus plumed ; nostril pierced near
the anterior margin of the cere; bill short, curved from the base,
hooked; lower mandible notched.

ASIO, 99

Sarine brama, Tem. Pl. Col. ii, pl. 68. Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p.
258; Cut. Striges, p, 139. Noctua indica, Frankl. P. Z. 8. 1831, p.
115. Athene brama, Blyth, Ann. N. H, xii. p. 93; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 34; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 141, No. 76; Murray, Hdbh., Zool., Se,
Sind ; Hwme, Rouyh Notes, ii. p. 404.—Tue Spotrep Ow er.

Adult.—Above greyish brown, each feather with two white spots;
the scapulars barred with white, more broadly on the outer webs;
wing-coverts concolorous with the back, and spotted with white; pri-
mavries and their coverts brown, externally notched with white, and
barred on the inner web; upper tail-coverts and tail brown, also barred
with white; head and hind neck closely spotted with white; lores, eye-
brow, chin, a demicollar and patch on the breast pure white; ear-
coverts brown, the feathers tipped with greyish; foreneck white, the
tips of the feathers brown, forming a brown band between the white
patch of the breast and foreneck; rest of under surface white, barred
transversely with brown ; under tail-coverts, tarsal plumes, and under
wing-coverts pure white, the latter streaked with brown; cere dusky;
bill greenish horny ; toes sparsely covered with stiff bristles; irides
bright yellow.

Length.—@ inches, wing 6, tail 3 to 3-5, tarsus 1:4.

Hab.—India generally to the foot of the Himalayas. Extends into
Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Burmah and Ceylon. Ixtremely
common in Sind, the Punjab, Deccan and Concans, North Guzerat
Kutch, Kuttiawar, and Jodhpore, and is a resident wherever found.
Breeds in Sind in February and March. LIggs 4, pure white, oval.

Sub-Family, SYRNIINAi,—Hoorine Owns.

Asionine, (pt.) Viyors.—Head large, with ear tufts ; ear-conch with
large operculum, facial disk distinct ; wings long, 2nd and 38rd quills
longest; bill short, curved from the base ; toes feathered.

Gen. Asio.—Briss.
Characters, same as those of the Sub-Family.

Asio otus, Lin. S. N.i. p. 132; Sharpe, Cat. Striges, p. 227° Otus
vulgaris, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 56; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 40; Gould. b.
Eur. pl. 39; Jerd. Birds Ind. p. 125, No. 67; Loche Kap. Sci. Alger.
Ois. p. 96; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 363; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c.,
Sind, p.121. Otus communis, Less. T'raité. p. 110.—Tuz Lone-Earsp
Own.

Head, neck, and breast yellowish brown, or tawny yellow, with mesial
dark brown longitudinal streaks to the feathers, many of which are
margined whitish and pencilled with dusky brown; ear-tufts 1-14
inch, brownish black in the middle, edged tawny, the upper edge of the
inner web whitish; forehead finely mottled, whitish, dusky and ferru-
ginous; face dusky white with hair-like hnes of black; feathers round
the eye blackish ; ear-coverts yellowish, tipped with dusky brown ; facial
raff white, the feathers tipped with black; chin white; throat with stiff

100 BUBONLDAL,

feather in continuation of the ruff, spotted and centred with dark brown ;
rest of under surface orange-buff, sometimes whitish, with a broad
mesial streak of dark brown, the feathers of the abdomen having also
dusky frecklings. Under wing-coverts buffy or light tawny, a few of
the feathers narrowly lined with brown. Back dusky brown, much
mottled with orange-buff and whitish ; wing-coverts and scapulars with
a large oval spot on theouter web. Edge of wing white; wing under-
neath yellowish white, the dark bars on the inner webs distinct.
Primaries dusky brown, with bars of tawny or reddish yellow, the
tawny interspaces towards the tips .of the feathers narrow, and
vermiculated with brown ; the tips entirely brown. Secondaries greyish
white, barred with dusky; the margins of the inner webs buffy;
upper tail-coverts yellowish brown, edged and vermiculated with dusky
brown. Under tail-coverts white, the shafts towards the tips of some
of the feathers with a broad dusky spot. ‘ail tawny buff or yellowish
brown, crossed by seven bands of dark brown and vermiculated near
the tip, the outer feathers with ten narrow dark brown bands. Tarsal
plumes tawny or yellowish buff and unspotted. Bill cf a dusky horny
colour. Irides orange yellow.

Length.—13'5 to 14 inches, wing 11-75, tail 6, tarsus 1:6.

Hab.—Throughout Europe, across Siberia to Japan and China
(Sharpe) ; the Himalayas from Nepaul to Cashmere, N. W. Provinces,
the Punjab and Afghanistan. It is also recorded from Hastern Turkis-
tan, N. Africa and Egypt. In Sind it is a winter visitant.

Asio accipitrinus, Pull. Reis. Russ. Reichs. 1. p. 405; Sharpe,
Cat. Striges, p. 225. Strix brachyotus, Jorst. Phil. Trans. |xii. p.
884; Gm. 8S. Nv i. p. 289. Otus brachyotus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pl.
2, p. 57; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 127, No. 68; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p.
150; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 864; Murray, Zool., §e., Sind, p. 118.
Asio brachyotus, McGill. Br. B. iii. p. 461. Asio accipitrinus, Newt.
Ed. Yarr. Brit, B. Shelley, B. Eqypt.--TuHe Suorr-Earep Ow1,

Adult.—Above head, neck and back dark brown, the feathers broadly
margined with ochraceous buff; the scapulars much paler on their
outer margins, and with brown irregular markings, which form ovate
spots of whitish buff. Secondaries brown, mottled with ochraceous
buff and tipped and margined on the inner web with whitish buff;
primary coverts dark brown with a few ochraceous spots. Quills
ochraceous buff, tipped whitish and with dark brown bands, which are
distinct on both webs. Upper tail-coverts ochraceous, faintly edged
with a darker shade; under tail-coverts pale fulvous, with a mesial
dark streak on some of the feathers; tarsal plumes unspotted ochraceous.
Kiav-tufts 0°5 inch long; chin whitish, in some specimevs buffy. Ruff
whitish, or whitish buff, and speckled with spots of brown; plumes
above the eye whitish buff, with mesial dark brown streaks; facial
aspect dull white, the lores brownish; feathers round the eye black;
ear-coverts ochraceous, with narrow black shaft-lines. Breast and entire
under parts ochraceous buff, streaked with dark brown mesially, these
streaks narrowing into linear shaft-lines on the lower breast and

STRIX. 101

abdomen. Under wing-coverts buffy white, with a few dark streaks.
Tail dark brown, whitish at tip, and with 6 bars of ochraceous buff
mottled with brown. Cere and bill brownish black.

Length.—14 to 15 inches, wing 13, tail 5 to 6, tarsus 1:75. Female,
length 15°5 inches, wing 12:5, tail 6° 7, tarsus 1°85,

fianb.—Throughout Europe, and nearly all India; it occurs in
Beloochistan, Persia, Egypt, Hast Turkistan, Gilgit, (Cashmere) and
Nepaul ; also in the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central
and Southern India, Kutch, Guzerat, Rajputana, the Concanand Deccan.
In Sind it is a winter visitant, and is not uncommon, especially in the
Northern and Central parts, keeping to low jungle and long grass.

Family, STRIGIDA.

Head large, densely feathered. Eyes surrounded with a circle of
radiating feathers ; between the anterior portion of the facial area a frontal
patch of small stiff feathers always present and broad. Bull short,
covered by stiff bristles. Feet feathered to the toes.

Sub-Family, STRIGINA.
Disc complete ; ears operculated.
Gen, Strix.—Linn. (in yt.)

Nasal fossz large; nostrils lunated. Wings reaching far beyond
the tail; tail short, slightly rounded; 2nd quill longest; tarsi scantily
feathered.

Strix flammea, Lin S. N. i. p. 183; Tem. Man. d’Orn. i. 91;
Gould. B. Eur. i. pl. 36. Strix Javanica, Gm. S, N. i. p. 295; Jerd.
Mad. Journ x. p. 85; id. Birds of Ind. i. p. 117, No. 60 ; Hume,
Nest and Eggs, Indian Birds; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind., p. 119.
Strix indica, Blyth, Ibis, 1860, p. 25; Hume, Rough Notes, u. p. 342;
id. Str. FP. 1873, p. 163 et 1875, p. 87.—Tue Inpian Screzcn Own.

Head pale buff, mottled with light grey, each feather tipped with
a white spot and edged darker. Neck silky white, sometimes tinged
yellowish and with small brown spots; the ruff the same, with darker
tips; chin, throat, and breast, and under parts white, the feathers of
the breast and abdomen with small black specks. Scapulars and back
pale buff, mottled with grey, each feather with aterminal dark-edged white
spot. Primaries buff on the outer web and paler on the inner, edged
with white and barred with brown, the outer web finely speckled. Tail
pale buff with 45 dark bars, the tip whitish, and the inner web of the
lateral feathers pure white. Under tail-coverts and tarsal plumes white ;
under wing and thigh-coverts white with small dark spots ; facial disc
pure white with a rufous spot in the corner of each eye. Bill yellowish
white; irides black ; cere flesh coloured.

Length.—13 to 14 inches, wing 11, tail 2°5, tarsus 2°5 to 2°75.

Hab.—Throughout Europe, India and Ceylon, extending through
Burmah to Malayana. In Sind it is perhaps a resident, specimens
having been obtained in April, July and November.

102 STRIGIDA.

ORDER, INSESSORES, Vigors.—Passeres or
Percuine Birps.

Toes usually three in front, one behind, or with two before and two
behind by the outer being carried behind.

Tribe, FISSIROSTRES.

Bill very wide, the gape beneath the eyes. Keel curved to tip.

Prey on the wing.
Family, HIRUNDINIDA.

Bill short and weak, very broad at base, suddenly compressed to tip;
wings long, sharp and narrow; tail forked; tarsi weak.

Sub-Family, HIRUNDININA,-—Swattows.

Bill short, sides gradually compressed to tip; nostrils at base of bill
rounded, 1st quill longest ; tail forked ; toes mostly long and slender.

Gen. Hirundo.—Lin.

Nostrils partly covered by membrane ; exterior feathers of tail some-
times much lengthened.

Hirundo rustica, Lin. 8S. N. i. p. 174. Naum. vogt. t. 383-2;
Gould. B, Hur, pl. 54; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 157, No 82; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind —Tsa Common Swatiow.

Male.—Forehead light chestnut ; body and wings glossy steel blue ;
primaries and secondaries black; tail feathers black, with a large white
spot on the inner webs of all except the mesial ones; throat chestnut;
a dark blue band across the upper part of the chest; rest of under parts
white or rufescent white. Bill, legs, and feet black.

Length.—To end of outer tail feathers 7.5 inches, of which the tail
is 4:5; middle tail feathers 2 inches, wing 48. The female is dis-
tinguished by the smaller chestnut patch on the forehead, less intense
tints, whiter under parts, and the narrowness of the band across
the chest.

Hab.—Europe, Palestine, Africa, Natal, Malacca, Penang, Tenna-
serim, Burmah, Sumatra, Borneo, China, and Celebes; also Persia,
Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Hastern Turkistan, Nepaul, and the whole
Continent of India and Ceylon. In Sind, as in other parts of India, it
is a winter visitant. Said to breed in Persia at heights from about
4,000 to 8,000 ft. in the months of April and May.

Hirundo filifera, Stephens ; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 159; Str. F. i. 164;
Murray, Hdbk., Zvol., Sc., Sind., p. 122. Hirundo filicaudata,
Franklin.—Tue Wiri-talLep Swatow.

Head deep ferruginous; wings glossy steel blue; lores black; under
parts white, a black patch upon the back of the thigh; outermost tail
feathers filiform aud elongated 5-6 inches beyond tho rest; all the
tail feathers, except the four central ones, are spotted with white.

Length.—To end of middle tail feathers 4:75, wing 4:5.

COTYLE. 103

Hab.—Throughout India and Cashmere ; also Beloochistan (Quetta),
aud Afghanistan. In Sind itarrives about the latter end of July, and
breeds in the Province. All the nests, taken by myself and Lieut.
Henry Barnes, were in July and August, and a few in September? It
builds a shallow cup or saucer-shaped nest of clay, lined with feathers,
generally under bridges and culverts, and on the Indus, under the
stern of the flat-buttomed barges lying unused. Eggs 2—4, white,
speckled all over with rusty or brick-red.

Hirundo daurica, Linn. S. N.i. p. 702, Naum. vogt. t. 388, p. 4;
Gould. B. As. pl. 61; Mivay, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 122; Jerd. B.
Ind. p. 160. Hirundo rufula, Tem. Man. @’Orn. ed. ii. pt. ii. p. 298.
Hirundo erythropygia, Sykes ; Str. F. vy. 255. Hirundo alpestris,
Pallas. Zoogr. i. pl. 80.—Tur Rep-RuMPED SwaLLow.

Above blue-black ; sides of the head, supercilium, behind the ear-
coverts, and rump chestnut; under parts rufescent white, with dusky
streaks ; under tail-coverts tipped broadly on the terminal half with
black.

Length.—7'5 inches, wing 4:5, tail 4.

Hab.—All over India to Nepaul, Himalayas, Siberia, N. E. Asia,
Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan. In Ceylon rarely. Occurs in
the Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana and N. Guzerat; also the
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central and*Southern India.
In Sind it visits us during winter.

Gen. Cotyle.— Bore.

Bill flat; nostrils prominent ; tail moderate, slightly forked; tarsi
scaled and slender.

Cotyle riparia, Linn.; P. C. 523; Naum. vogt.t. 146, 3, 4; Gould,
B. Eur. pl.51; Audubon Birds Amer, pl. 50 ; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 163, No. 87;
Str. F. 1. 164; iii. 452; iv.507; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e.. Sind,
p. 123.—Tue European Sand Martin.

Head and body brown or dusky greyish brown; wings and tail
sooty black ; under surface white, except a brown band across the
upper part of the chest ; bill black; legs and feet horny ; irides hazel.

Length.—To end of outer tail feathers 4°75, wing 4, tail 2, tarsus
at back feathered to the hind toe.

Hab.—Central India, Kutch, the Punjab, Beloochistan (Quetta),
Persia and Afghanistan. It is widely spread throughout Europe, Asia,
and Africa. In Europe and Northern Asia it breeds in holes, in river
banks. In Sind it is a winter visitant.

Cotyle sinensis, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. 85, £. 3; Jerd. B. Ind.
i. 164, No. 89; Str. Fil, 425 id. vi. 45; Murray, Hddk., Zool., Ses Sind,
p. 123. Hirundo brevicaudata, McClell—Tue Invian Bank Martin.

Adult.—Above dusky greyish brown, darker on the crown; throat
and breast pale grey; wings and tail dusky brown ; belly and lower
tail-coverts white; upper tail-coverts albescent ; tarsus with a small tuft,

104 HIRUNDINIDA.

Length.—-4 25 inches, wing 3°5, tail 1°75.

Hab.—India_ generally; rare in the south, numerous in Sind,
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, and Nepaul; also in Kutch, Kattia-
war, Jodhpore, North Guzerat, the Deccan and Concan. It is recorded
from N. Pegu and the Indo-Burmese countries to China. In Sind it is
a resident, and breeds at Buggatora and upwards, towards, and beyond
Sehwazn, in holes in the river banks, about January.

Cotyle obsoleta, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 50; Sharpe, P. Z. 8.
1870, p. 301; Blanf. Lbis. 1873, p. 214. Ptyonoprogne pallida, Hume,
Str. F. vol.i. p. 1.417; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e., Sind, p. 124.—Tue
Pate Crac-Martin.

The whole upper surface a very pale greyish earthy brown, very
much paler than the same parts in either P. rupestris or Cotyle sinensis,
the quills only slightly darker, yet sufficiently so to contrast pretty
markedly with the scapulars, back, ramp, and upper tail-coverts ; the
lateral tail feathers and all but the external feather on each side, with a
large oval white spot on the inner web, as in rupestris, and with dark
shafts, and a darker tint on the web, near the shaft, as in that latter
species. Lower surface as in rupestris, but much paler, the whole of
the chin, throat, breast, and abdomen being white with only a faint
fulvous or rufous tinge; wing lining and lower tail-coverts, the same
pale earthy grey*brown as the upper surface. Bill black ; legs and feet
horny brown; irides dark brown. (Hume, 8. I. vol. 1, p. 417.)

Male, length.—5 85 to 6 inches, expanse 12:25 to 18, wing 4°4 to
4-7, Female, length 5°25 to 5°5, expanse 12:3, wing 45 to 4°75, tail from
vent 1°8 to 2, tarsus 0-4.

Hab.—N. Ei. Africa; found also in Beloochistan, Kutch and N.
Guzerat. In Sind it is less common than the preceding species, and
generally affects hilly situations; arrives during winter.

Sub-Family, CYPSELIN Aj.

Wings very long and curved, scimitar like; toes short, hinder ones
generally directed forwards ; claws curved and sharp,

Gen. Cypselus.— Iiliger.

Bill with the sides gradually compressed to the tip; nostrils partially
feathered; second quill longest; tail generally forked; tarsi short,
plumed to the toes; toes all directed forward.

Cypselus melba, Linn.; Edw.; B. pl. 27; Naum. vogt. 147, i;
Gould. B. Kur. pl. 535 2; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 175, No, 98; Murray, Hdbdk.,
Zovul., Jc Sind, p. 124.—Tue Auemne Swirr,

Above wood-brown, glossy purple on the back; wings darker brown;
under surface white, except a broad dusky bar across the breast;
rump, on the sides, under tail-coverts and tarsal plumes brown; bill
black; irides deep brown; toes brown with an orange tinge.

Length.—8 to 9 inches, wing 8'5 to 8°75, 2°5 inches beyond the tip
of the tail, which is forked, and 3 inches in length; outer feathers 3°75.

- CAPRIMULGUS. 105

Hab.—S. W. Europe, Palestine, W. Asia, Africa, Greece, Beloochis-
tan, Afghanistan, Persia. In India it occurs as a migrant, passing
through the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar, Guzerat,
and the Deccan during winter.

Cypselus apus, Lin.; P. BH. 542,1; Naum. vogt. t. 147, 2; Gould.
B. Bur. pl. 58,1; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 177, No. 99; Hume, Str. Fi. 65 ;
Murray, Hdbk,, Zool., §c., Sind, p. 125.—Tuat Evrorpan Swirt.

The whole of the plumage is dark sooty-black, except a greyish
white patch on the chin and throat; bill, legs, toes and claws black ;
irides brown ; second primary longest in the wing, which reaches more
than an inch beyond the tip of the tail ; tail more forked than in the last.

Length.—?7 inches, wing 6°25, tail 2°75.

Hab.—Europe, N. and E. Africa, W. Asia. Occurs in Persia,
Beloochistan and Afghanistan; also in Sind, the Punjab, N. W. Pro-
vinces, Kutch, Kattiawar, and Jodhpore as a migrant.

Cypselus affinis, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 85, 2; Jerd. B. Ind.
i. p: 177, No, 100 5 St. Fi. 166: Murray, Zool., §c., Sind, p. 125,—
Tue Common Inpran Swit,

Upper surface brown-black, darker, and glossed greenish on the back ;
head brownish, forehead paler; under surface brownish black ; chin,
throat and rump white; bill black ; feet brownish ; irides deep brown.

Length.—5% to 6 inches, wing 5, extends 1:5 beyond tip of tail,
which is 1°75.

Hab.—Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Nepauland Abyssinia. In
India very generally distributed. Occurs in Sind, the Punjab, Deccan,
Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, and N. Guzerat. It is a
resident in Sind, and breeds in large colonies under the eaves of roofs
and untenanted buildings. Eggs 2—4 in number, pure white.

Family, CAPRIMULGIDAI.—Goatsucxers,
Bill short, flat, and broad ; tarsi short; toes long, hind toe joined to
inner at base.
Sub-Family, CAPRIMULGINA.

Bill with bristles at the base; wings long; tail rather long; tarsi
short, scaled or plumed; middle toe longest, its claw long and serrated.

Gen. Caprimulgus.—Lin.
Nostrilsat side and tubular; 2nd quill longest; tail rounded or forked;
tarsi plumed ; hind toe very short. -
Caprimulgus unwinii, Hume, Sir. P. iii. p. 407; iv. p. 501; vil.
175; vii. 180, 189, 236, 372; ix. 818, 215; Ibis. 1871, i. p. 406; 7d.
1877, pp. 249, 250; Murray, Zool., 5¢., Sind, p. 125.—Unwin’s Nigut-Jar.
This species is a visitant to the province, and has hitherto been
found at Hydrabad and in its neighbourhood, also in Beloochistan
and Afghanistan, Nepaul, Gilgit, and Persia, Breeds in Afghanistan
at Chaman, where Lt. H. 4. Barnes obtained unfledged young birds. 1
arrives in September and remains till about the end of October, some .

142

106 CAPRIMULGIDAT.

few being seen as late as the first week in November. Mr. Hume, in
describing this species, says, ‘It has the upper three-fourths of the
tarsus feathered in front. In both sexes the two outer tail feathers
on each side are tipped with white; but the tippings are about
1:55 and 1:0 broad in the male on the outer and penultimate feathers,
respectively, and only about 0°75 and 0-44 in the female, and
in the latter sex, the white is less pure. Both sexes have a white
spot on the inner webs of the first three, and a corresponding one
on the outer webs of the second and third primaries; but here again,
while the white spots on the inner webs of the male are about one
inch broad, those of the female are about half that size.” He adds
‘“‘ the best description I can give of its plumage is, that it is an exces-
sively pale version of C. Indicus, and that while (with the exception
of the difference in the size of the white markings on tail and wings) the
sexes closely resemble each other, the under tail-coverts of the male
are a uniform rufous buff, while those of the female are somewhat
paler and are very distinctly barred with narrow bars more than a
quarter of an inch apart”; but Mr. W. T. Blanford, in a letter to the
“ Ibis,” vol. 1, 1877, pp. 249-250, states “ that after examining all Mr.
Hume’s specimens of this species with specimens of C. Huropeus,
(a large English female and a male specimen from Hurope,) the sex
of one of the types of C. Unwinii, was probably wrongly determined,
and that instead of beiug male and female, both skins are those of |
males, and that they are quite distinct from C. Mahrattensis, and
belong to the pale grey race of OC. Huropwus, of which he obtained
specimens in 8. Hi. Persia.” He adds ‘ whilst the name of C. Unwinii

must become a synonym, C. Huropwus must be added to the Indian
fauna.”

The following is a description of Caprimulqus Europeus, Linn. :—

Plumage above and that of the throat ashy grey, thickly streaked
and spotted with brown, mostly of a yellowish tinge; head and neck
with longitudinal blackish streaks; a white stripe beneath the base
of the lower mandible extends along each side of the lower part of
the head, and there is a central patch of white upon the throat. Pri-
maries, secondaries, and tertiaries dark brown; the outer webs blotched
with reddish brown, and the three exterior feathers with a large white
patch near the tips of the inner webs. Tail irregularly marked and
indistinctly barred with blackish grey and yellowish brown; the two
external feathers on each side white at their termination ; plumage of
under parts yellowish brown ; tarsi paler. Female like the male, the
white spots on quills and tail feathers absent.

ee to 10°6 inches, expanse 21 inches, wing 6 to 6:2, tail
4°5 to 5.

Caprimulgus asiaticus, Lath; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. 34 f.
2; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 169; a. viii. pp. 236, 417; id. ix. pp. 48,
150, 380; Jerd. i.p. 197, No. 112; Murray, Hdbk., Zool,, §e., Sind,
p. 126.—Tur Common Inpiaw Nigur-Jar.

Plumage remarkably soft and lax, pale rufescent ashy; the feathers
finely pencilled and mottled with dusky; top of head with narrow

MEROPS. 107

longitudinal blackish streaks ; neck with a white spot; collar rufescent.
Wing-coverts and scapulars edged with buffy or tawny; quills with a
white spot on each of the first four feathers, and mottled at the tip;
the exterior feathers with a large white patch near the tips of the inner
webs ; a central patch of white on the throat. Lower parts and tail
irregularly barred and mottled lightly; the tail, in the male, with white
spots on the outer tail feathers ; tarsi bare.

Length.—9 inches, extent 18 to 18°5, wing 5°5 to 6, tail 4°5.

Hab,—Very widely spread in India and Ceylon. Occurs in Sind,
the Concan and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, and North Guzerat;
recorded also from Upper Pegu and Amherst.

Caprimulgus mahrattensis, Sykes; Jerd. Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 24;
Gould. B. Asia; Jerd.i. p. 197, No. 113; Hume, Str. F. i. 167 5 ili.
206, 331, 455; iv, 254, 501; vii. 181; vill. 872; ix. 381; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 127.—Syxes’ Nigut-Jar.

The general colour is a pale sandy-grey, variegated with pencillings
of dusky and ferruginous ; head very sparingly streaked and spotted ;
breast with a white spot ; wing-coverts, scapulars, and tertiaries, with
buffy spots; primaries with a white spot on the outer webs of the three
exterior feathers, mottled grey at the tip and with fulvous bands; tail
pale grey; the central teathers finely vermiculated; the rest with zigzag
pencillings or bands of black, tipped fulvous and spotted on the two
jateral feathers with white; under tail-coverts fulvous.

Length.—8°75 to 9°5 inches, wing 6°75 to 7, tail 4°5 to 5.

Hab.—India generally and Ceylon. A permanent resident in Sind,
breeding on the plains in February and March. Probably a resident
also of Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, and Jodhpore. Occurs in the
Punjab (Dera Ghazi Khan) Beloochistan and the Deccan, also in Upper
Pegu, where itis recorded to have been found.

Family, MEROPIDH,—Bes-Haters.

Bill long ; both mandibles curved and sharp; nostrils partly hidden
by short bristles; wings long and pointed; tail long and broad; central
feathers generally elongated; tarsi short; toes long, two exterior
united to middle; hind toe with a pad beneath.

Gen. Merops.—Linn.

Second quill longest; tail with two middle feathers elongated ; tarsi
scaled; outer toe longer than inner; wings reaching two-thirds the
length of tail.

Merops viridis, Linn.; Edw. B. pl. 83; Lev. Guep.t. 10, 11; Jerd.
B. FInd. i. p. 205, No. 117; Hume, Str. F. i. 167; iti. 49; iv. 304;
vi. 67; vii. 35, 54, 77, 208, 258, 365, 370; ix. 48, 152, 38].

Above bright grass green; below bright green, mixed with ver-
digris; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts slightly paler and with a
bluish tinge; head, nape, and hind neck burnished with golden ;
eye streak from base of bill through the eye to ear-coverts, and a

108 MEROPID,

collar on top of the breast, black; quills reddish, tipped dusky; tail
very dull green, the edges of their inner webs dusky ; elongated portion
of the two central feathers dark brown ; bill black; irides blood red.

Length.—9°75 inches to tip of central tail feathers, wing 3°5 to 3°75,.
bill at front 11.

Hab.—The whole of India, extending to Ceylon and Indo-China.
Occurs also at Quetta in Beloochistan, Persia and Egypt; also in
Southern India (‘Travancore) Nepaul and Cashmere.

Merops phillipinus, Zinn.; P. EH. 57. Jerd. B. Ind. p. 207,
No. 118; Hume, Str. F.ii. 162; ix. 152,381; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc.,
Sind, p. 127.—Tue Buve-tatLep Bes-Hatsr.

Distinguished from the last, Mf. viridis, by the upper parts being dull
green; the rump and upper tail-coverts azure blue; the chin yellowish
white ; tail dall blue; throat and sides of the face ferruginous; under
tail-coverts pale blue ; irides crimson.

Length.—12 to 12°5 inches, wing 5:25,

Hub.—Throughout India and Ceylon.

Merops persicus, Pall. Heis. App. p. 708; Zoogr. Ros. p. As. ix
p. 440; De F. Viag. in Pers. p. 346. M. Aigyptius, Porskahl, Dese. de’l
Ligypt, p.1; Jerd, B. Ind. p. 210.

Distinguished from M. viridis and M. phillipinus by a narrow
yellowish white line on the forchead, edged by another pale blue one,
which continues over the eye as asupercilium ; a white line edged with
blue from the gape running below the streak through the eye; chin
yellow; throat deep chestnut.

Length.—12 inches, wing 6, tail 3:25.

Hab.—Throughout Asia Minor, Beloochistan, Persia, Arabia, Egypt,
Africa, E. and South Europe, and India, In Sindand the Punjab common,

Merops apiaster, Linn.; P. H. 938; Naum, vogt. t. 143; Lev.
Guep. t. 1,2; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 210, No. 121; Hume, Str. F. vol. vi.
p. 43; Blanford, astern Persia, ii. p.122; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se,
Sind.—Tus Kvropsan Brr-Earer,

Top of head rich chestnut brown, also the neck, upper back,
wing-coverts and secondaries; forehead dull white, passing into
pale verdigris green; chin and throat bright yellow; a bluish black
streak from the base of the bill through the eye descending to a
narrow black ring, which encircles the neck. Primaries narrow and
pointed, dusky on the inner webs, fine greenish blue on the outer,
the tips and shafts black; secondaries also tipped black ; tertiaries blue
green; larger and lesser under wing-coverts fawn colour; lower
back yellow tinged with chestnut and green; tail greenish blue or
dull green; the two middle feathers darker, tipped blackish, and
elongated beyond the rest; upper tail-coverts bluish green, with a
yellowish tinge; breast and lower parts greenish blue; under tail-
coverts pale blue; bill black, long and curved, and with a.strong blunt
ridge; legs reddish brown; claws reddish black. The plumage of the
female is less bright; the central tail feathers shorter than in the male.

CORACIAS. 109

Length.—10 to 11 inches, wing 5°75, tail 3°75.

Hab.—Hurope, N. and W. Africa, Palestine, Arabia, Egypt, Cashmere,
Persia, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, and Asia Minor. In India it occurs
as a bird of passage in the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Sind, Kutch,
Kattiawar, Rajputana, and the Deccan. Colonel st. John (Zoology
of Eastern Persia) remarks, that it is common throughout the summer
in Persia at 2,500 to 6,000 feet elevation, breeding in company with
sparrows, pigeons and rollers.

Family, CORACIADA,—Rottzrs.

Bill long and broad at the base, tip hooked; nostrils at the base,
oblique, linear, apert; gape with strong rictal bristles; wings and
tail moderately long; 2nd quill longest; tarsi short.

Gen. Coracias.—Lin.

Characters same as those of the Family.

Coracias indica, Lin. ; Hdw. B. pl. 326; P. H. 285; Jerd. B. Ind.
p. 214, No. 128; Hume, Str. F. vii, 259; Murray, Hudbk., Zool., SC.
Sind, p. 128.—Tue Invian Rowrer.

Forehead rufescent brown; head and nape greenish blue; super-
cium light blue ; hind neck, scapulars, upper back and tertiaries
ashy or earthy brown, tinged on the hind neck with vinous; lower back
greenish blue; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser coverts, and shoulders
cobalt blue, some of the feathers of the upper tail-coverts tipped. green-
ish. Winglet and primaries pale blue, the latter with a broad band of
violet blue in the middle and tipped dark blue ; secondaries violet blue,
the margius of their inner webs dusky, and the basal half of their outer
ones dark green, shading into light blue on their outer margins. Tail
with the middle feathers dull green, the rest violet blue with a pale sky
blue band. Chin light fulvous; throat and breast of a vinous colour,
with light fulvous shaft-stripes, passing into isabelline on the upper
abdomen, where the fulvous streaks are indistinct. Lower abdomen,
vent, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts pale blue. Bull dusky
brown; legs orange; irides red brown; eyelids yellow.

Length. —13'5 inches, wing 7°25, tail 5, bill at front 1°12, tarsus 1.

Hab.—The whole of India and Ceylon; the Himalayas, Nepaul,
N. W. Provinces, the Punjab, Sind, S. Persia (Bushire), Beloochistan,
Katch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, North Guzerat, the Concans and
the Deccan.

In Sind it is a resident and breeds in holes of decayed trees, and
sometimes in the deep forks of acacia trees in April.and May. Eggs
two in number, round, pure white.

Coracias garrula, Lin.; P. H. 486; Nawm. vogt. t. 60; Gould.
B. Eur. pl. 60; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 218, No, 125; Str. F’. vol. i. 168; iv.
188; v. 502; Murray, Habk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 128,—Tus Hurorgan
Router.

110 ALCEDINID AS.

Forehead whitish; head, neck and nape pale iridescent bluish
green; chin greyish white; throat bright bluish green with pale blue
shaft-streaks; breast, abdomen, vent and lower tail-coverts pale bluish
green. Upper back, scapulars and tertiaries chestnut bay. Shoulders
and lesser coverts violet blue, as also are the lower back aud rump.
Upper tail-coverts light blue. Primaries bluish black, the outer web
of the first two tinged with green, the next four light blue at the
base on their outer webs. Secondaries bluish black, the basal half of the
feathers light blue; greater coverts pale blue. Tail, with the two
centre feathers, deep greyish green or ashy blue, the others dark
greenish blue for two-thirds their length on their outer webs, dusky
on their inner webs, and broadly tipped with light blue, the two
outermost feathers, with a spot of blackish blue at their tips; all the
feathers black shafted. Bill yellowish brown, darker at the tip; irides.
red brown ; feet yellow brown.

Length.—13 inches, wing 7°75, tail 5, bill at front 1:37.

Hab.—Central and South Europe, Madagascar, Egypt, Arabia, Persia,
N. EH. Africa, Western and Central Asia. In Persia, Afghanistan, and
Turkistan itis said to breed. In Beloochistan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces
and Sind it occurs as a migrant.

Family, ALCEDINID2,—Kinxarisuers.
Bill long, straight and sharp; wings long and rounded; tarsi short.
Sub-Family, HALCYONINA.
Bill broad at base, compressed towards tip; tip and edges straight.
Gen. Haleyon.—-Swainson.

Bill long ; keel of upper mandible nearly straight ; of lower, angular.
Nostrils hidden by plumes; third quill longest. ‘T'arsi short, scaled
transversely.

Halcyon smyrnensis, Lin. Halcyon fuscus, Bod. Pl. Enl. 894;
Gould. B. Asia ; Jerdon, i. p. 224, No 129; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e.,
Sind, p. 128.—Tas Wurrs-peeasrev. Kinorisuer.

Whole head, neck, abdumen, under tail and lesser wing-coverts rich
chestnut ; scapulars, tertiaries, back, rump and upper tail-coverts,
also the greater coverts and winglet blue; the scapulars arid tertiaries
more dull; median wing-coverts black; quills blue, broadly tipped
with black, with a broad oblique bar of white on the inner webs of the
primaries ; chin, throat, neck in front and breast white. Tail blue,
the margins of their inner webs dusky brown, except the centre feathers,
which are wholly greenish blue. Billcoral red; feet vermillion red ;
eyes brown,

Length.—10'5 inches, wing 4:5 to 4°75, tail 8, bill at front 2°25.

Hab.—The Peninsula of India and Ceylon to the base of the
Himalayas, extending to Singapoor and China. Recorded from the
Concans and.Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, J odhbpore, Sambur, N. Guzerat,

pereniors and Nepaul. In Sind it is a resident, breeding from April
o July,

ALOHDO, tii

Sub-Family, ALCEDININAI,
Bill long and slender; keel of both mandibles sloping to the tip.

Gen. Alcedo.—Linn.

Nostrils oblique; 2nd and 8rd quills longest; outer toe united to
middle nearly to the tip; hind toe short and broad.

Alcedo bengalensis, Gmel. S. N.i. p. 206; Edw. B. pl. ti.; Gould.
B, Asia; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 230, No. 184; Hume, Str. P. i. pp. 168-169 ;
Murray, Hdbk., Zvol., §e., Sind, p..128. Alcedo ispidioides, Less.
Compl. Buff. ix. p. 345.—Tue Common Inpian Kiverisuer.

Above, the head and hind neck are dusky, each feather tipped with

ale blue. A rufous band from the nostrils to the ear-coverts. A dark
patch at the gape on both upper and lower mandibles. Sides of the
neck, chin and throat white; a streak of dusky feathers edged with blue
from each corner ot the lower mandible dividing the white of the chin
and throat and sides of the neck. Quills dusky on their inner webs;
the outer webs dull green blue. Scapulars dall bluish green; back,
rump and upper tail-coverts pale blue; tail blue, tinged with greenish.
Breast and entire under surface orange brown or ferruginous. Bill
blackish above, horny brown below; irides dark brown; legs orange
red,

Length.—6°5 to 7 inches, wing 2°75, tail 1°], bill at front 1 4.

Hab.—Throughout India; also Ceylon and China. Occurs also in
Beloochistan and 8, Afghanistan, but is rare. In Kutch, Kattiawar,
N. Guzerat, Concan and Deccan it is the common form where A. ispida
does not occur. In Sind it appears to be a seasonal visitant.

Alcedo ispida, Lin. S. N. i. p. 207; P. B. 77; Naum. vogt. t.
144; Gould. B. Eur. ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 168; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., &c., Sind, p. 129.—Tue Huropzan Kinerisuer.

A broad bright orange stripe from the bill to the ear-coverts
margined on the side of the gape and crossed below the eye by a
narrow black streak. Sides of neck with a white patch commencing
from behind the ear-coverts; chin and throat white. Head, nape,
neck behind, a broad streak from the base of the lower mandible and
lesser wing-coverts greenish blue, the feathers edged with bright hght
blue, and forming narrow bars or spots of that colour; scapulars and
exterior webs of the primaries greenish blue, the inner webs of the
latter dusky brown. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rich azure
blue. Tail deep blue; breast and entire under surface of the body
bright orange. Upper mandible dusky brown or blackish brown,
reddish at base; lower mandible reddish orange ; irides hazel.

Length.—6-8 to 7:5 inches, expanse 10:5 to 11, wing 2°95 to 3, bill
16 to 1:7.

Hab.—Europe generally; found also in 8. Afghanistan, Beloo-
chistan and Persia. In Sind it is a resident and breeds from March to

May.

112 PSITTACID A

‘Gen. Ceryle.—Boie,

Bill long and strong; keel encroaching on forehead; edges wider at
base ; tarsi short.

Ceryle rudis, Linn.; P. H. 62,716 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 232; Hume,
Str. F. i, p.170; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.s $e.) Sind, p. 129, Ispida
bitorquata, Sw. Class B. i. p. 836. Ispida bicincta, Sw. B. W. Africa,
ii. p. 95.—Tae Prep KinorisHer.

Head, hind neck, and a broad streak behind the eye extending dowa
the sides of neck, black, finely streaked with white; supercilium white ;
chin, throat, sides of the neck, and upper breast white; the latter with
a few ofthe feathers tipped black in some specimens; lower parts
white, with a broad band of black, and a narrower one alsc, in males,
across the lower breast, and in some specimens a few dark spots on
the abdomen and flanks ; primaries black; edge of the outer web of the
first primary and the bases of the others white, forming a conspicuous
white band; primary coverts black; back, rump, upper tail-coverts
and scapulars black, tipped broadly with white; tail black, the
feathers basally and at the tips white ; bill black; legs dusky brown;
irides dark brown.

Length.—10°5 to 11 inches, wing 5'5, tail 8, bill at front 2:3.

Hab.—-S. Ki. Europe, N. HE. Africa, Western Asia, Burmahand Malay-
ana. Found all over India to Nepaul. In Sind it is aresident and breeds
in holes along the banks of the Indus and canals from March to May.
Eggs 2—4 in number, oval, white,

ORDER, SCANSORES.

Toes arranged two in front, and two behind.
Family, PSITTACIDA.

Bill large and powerful, much arched, with the tip elongated, and
the base with a cere, in which are the nostrils ; wings and tail usually
long.

Gen. Paleeornis.

Bill large; under mandible small; cere narrow ; 2nd quill of wing
longest ; two middle feathers of tail very long and slender; culmen
rounded, toothed.

Paleornis torquatus, Bodd. P. H. 551; Hahn. Atl. t. 6; Jerd.
B. Indi. p. 287; Hume, Str. F. ii. p.18; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &e ,
Sind, p. 180.; Var. flava, Lear. Parr. pl. 33; Bourj. Per. t. 2. Totha,
Poput, Hiad., Sind.—Tae Rose-rinarp Parroguet.

Adult Male.—Head and face emerald green; a dark line from
the nostrils to the front of the eye, indistinct round the base of the
narrow cere; hind neck and nape glaucous or light ashy, succeeded
on the sides of the neck by a black demicollar meeting under the chin
and followed by another of a peach-rose colour; back, scapulars, and
tertiaries dull green ; upper tail-coverts emerald green; entire under
surtace pale green, yellowish towards the vent; primaries, their coverts,
and secondaries, dark green, their inner webs aud under surface dusky ;

PICUS. 113

tail feathers dark green, their inner webs and under surface yellowish ;
the two centre feathers dark green at their base, bluish for the
remaining two-thirds, and tipped yellowish; .all black shafted; under
wing-coverts greenish yellow. The female is entirely green, and wants
the rose collar; bill coral red; irides pale yellow; feet cinereous.

Length.—15'5 to 16°5 inches, wing 6°5 to 7, tail 9:5, bill at gape 1.

Hab.—Throughout India, psrt of Burmah, Ceylon, Punjab and Sind ;
extends to the lower Himalayas, Upper Pegu, and Nepaul. Occurs
abundantly in the Concan and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore,
and N. Guzerat. Breeds throughout India in colonies. Eggs pure
white, 4 in number.

Family, PICIDA),—Woopprcrnrs.
Bill long, straight, sharp and compressed at the tip.

Sub-Family, PICINA,—G. R. Gr.
Bill truncated at tip; sides of upper mandible with a distinct ridge.

Gen. Picus.—JL. et Brehm.

Height and breadth of bill equal; nostrils hidden by bristles ; fourth
quill of wing longest ; tail long, rounded.

Picus scindianus, Gould.; Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Mus. E. I. C.ii.
p- 671; Jerd. B. of India, i. p. 278, No. 158; Hume, Ibis. 1870, p- 529;
Jerd. Ibis. 1872, p. 7; Hume, Str. F.i.p.170; Lahore to Yarkand,
pl. u.; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p. 180.—Tuz Sinp Prep Woop-
PECKER.

Adult Male.—Forehead, lores, sides of the head, ear-coverts, super-
cilia and breast white, tinged buffy on the forehead, or a soiled white;
a very narrow dark line above the supercilia; a dark stripe from the
lower mandible extending down each side of the throat, projecting
to the lower side of the breast, and joining the back at the shoulder;
crown of the head mixed crimson and black; back, rump, upper tail-
coverts and centre tail feathers glossy black, with a dusky tinge;
scapulars and the adjacent wing-coverts white, the remainder of the
wing-coverts black with a few white spots; quills brownish black,
spotted with white on both webs forming white wing bars, of which
there are four on the primaries and three on the secondaries ; lateral
tail feathers black, barred-and tipped with white; lower parts white,
with a few dusky streaks on the flanks and abdomen; middle of abdo-
men and lower tail-coverts crimson; bill blackish above, bluish grey
below, 1:25 inch long ; legs dusky ; irides dull crimson.

Length.—8'5 to 8:75 inches, wing 4°9 to 5, tail 3. The Adulé Female
has the crown black and is smaller than the male.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, South Afghanistan, Punjab, in the Salt
Range, at Attock, Rawulpindee, Peshawur, and Cashmere, In Sind it
is a resident and breeds in April.

Zz 15

114 PICIDA.

Picus mahrattensis, Lath.; Malh. t. 28.1.2; Gould. C. B. pl.
51; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. t. 82.2; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 274, No. 160;
Hume, Str. F. iti. 58; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., $e., Sind, p. 180. Picus
Blanfordi, Blyth, J. A. S. B, 1868, p. 75.—Tue Ye iow-rronrep
WooDPECKER.

Forehead and crown of head pale yellow; occiput crimson in the
male, yellow in the female; lores, ear-coverts, round the eyes, sides
of neck, chin, throat and upper breast white; a dusky line from
the nape extending to the sides of the breast; back, wings, and tail
black, banded with white; lower breast and abdomen brown, with
pale edges to the feathers; centre of abdomen and vent crimson ;
under tail- coverts whitish, marginally streaked dusky brown ; bill bluish
plumbeous, dark on the culmen and tip of both mandibles; eyelids
dark brown ; irides deep red; legs and feet plumbeous.

Length.—75 to 7°75, wing 4 to 4°5, tail 2°5, bill at front 11.

Hab.—Throughout India and Ceylon. Occurs in Sind, Punjab, N.
W. Provinces, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, (Jodhpore and Sambhur
Lake), North Guzerat and the Deccan. Has also been recorded from
North Pegu. Although nothing is on record of its nidification in Sind,
it is not improbable that it breeds in June and July, as young birds
not fully fledged have been collected in September.

Gen. Brachypternus.—Strickl.

Bill distinctly curved; lateral ridge absent; nostrils apert; tail
cuneate.

Brachypternus aurantias, Linn.; Malherbe pic. t. 69. 5.6;
Blyth, Cat. 252. Brachylophus bengalensis, ZL. apud Jerd. Cat. 212
(in part). Brachypternus dilutus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. 550; Jerd.
B. Ind. p. 295, Nos. 180 and 182; Str. F. i, 171; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., 5c. Sind.—Tus GoLpEN-BacKED WoobDPECKER.

Adult Male—Head and crest bright crimson; hind neck, lower
back, upper tail-coverts and tail black ; middle of the back black, mix-
ed with greenish yellow; upper back and scapulars rich golden
yellow ; wing-coverts black, changing to greenish yellow, the feathers
white spotted ; primaries dusky brown, spotted white on their outer
and inner webs; the secondaries and tertiaries greenish yellow on
their outer webs, dasky on their inner webs, and also spotted white.
Cheeks, sides of the neck, and a stripe from the nostrils to the eyes,
white ;a dusky stripe through the eyes, to, and including, the ear-
coverts ; chin, throat, sides of the face below the white cheek patch,
neck and entire under parts striated black and white, the striations
less distinct on the lower abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts. Flanks
and tibial plumes white, the feathers with black bars. The female
has the head black with small white spots on the crown, and a small
tuft of crimson behind; bill black; irides reddish brown ; feet dusky
green,

Length.—10°5 to 12 inches, wing 5:5 to 5°75, tail 4, bill at front 1°25.

YUNX. 115

Hab.—Throughout the greater part of India to the foot of the
Himalayas, Cashmere, Nepaul and Ceylon. Occurs.also in the Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Kelat and Afghanistan. Breeds in Sind during
Apriland May. I agree with Mr. Hume, who very properly points out,
(Str. F: vol..1. p. 171) that the Sind species, B. dilutus, is not speci-
fically separable.

Sub-Family, YUNCINA,—Weynackrs.

Bill short, straight and pointed ; nostrils partly hidden by membrane,
apert ; wings pointed ; 3rd quill longest ; tarsi short, scaled, and partially
feathered ; two front toes united at base. ‘

Gen. Yunx.—Linon..
Characters, those of the Sub-Family..

Yunx torquilla, Linn. P. H. 698; Naum. vogt. t. 138; Gould.
B. Hur. pl, 233; Malh. pic. t. 121-2; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 808, No. 188;
Hume, Str. FP. i. 178; Blyth, Oat. 311; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., S¢.,
Sind, p..131.—Tuz Common Wrynecx.

Top of the head greyish brown, finely barred with dark brown
and white; neck, back, rump and upper tail-coverts grey, speckled
with brown;. from the hind head (occiput). down the middle of the
back of the neck, back, and between the scapulars, is a streak of dark
brown mixed with black; the wings brown, speckled with light
yellow brown and a few fulvous spots ;. the primaries barred with pale
yellow and deep. brown; the tertials with mesial dark streaks and
fulvous barrings; rump and tail speckled grey, the former with dark
longitudinal streaks, and the latter with four irregular transverse bars
of black; chin, throat, ear-coverts and neck in front, pale yellow-
brown with narrow transverse black lines; breast, belly, flanks and
under tail-coverts dull white, or fulvous white, barred with black ;
under surface of tail feathers pale greyish brown, mottled and barred
with dark brown; bill horny brown;, irides crimson; legs greenish,
horny.

Length.—7 to 7°5 inches, wing 3°5, tail 2°5, bill at front 0°5.

Hab.—Throughout India. Occurs also in Hurope and Greece; found
in Beloochistan, 8. Persia and 8. Afghanistan, as well as in Sind, the
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Central and Southern India, and
in the Western Presidency. It is recorded from the Concan, Deccan,
Kutch, Kattiawar and Jodhpore. Jerdon states he has never heard of
its occurrence on the Malabar Coast, and records it from the sub-
Himalayan region and Assam. In Sind it is a winter visitant.

Family, MEGALAIMIDA),—Barpers.

Bill stout, inflated at the sides, wide at the base, rather compressed
towards the tip ; base of upper mandible with stiff bristles ; toes two
in front and two behind.

116 MEGALAIMID Al,

Gen, Xantholeema.—Bonap.
Bill short and wide; 2nd quill longest.

Xantholema hemacephala, Mull. 2. HV. 331 et 7462 ; Levail
Barb. t. 85; Marshall, Capit. pl. Hume, Str. F.i. p. 458; ii p. 77,
Xantholeema indicus, Lath. Jerd. B. Ind.i. p. 815, No. 197; Murray,
Habk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 181.—Taz Crimson-BreasTED Barper.

Forehead and forecrown bright crimson; throat and round the eyes
pale sulphur yellow ; pectoral gorget glistening crimson, edged below
with an arrow of rich golden yellow; moustachial streak continued
round the throat above the crimson pectoral gorget, and on the crown
of the head, black; back and wing-coverts green, more or less
margined yellowish; primaries and secondaries greenish; the inner
webs dusky brown and margined with dull white ; tail greenish, tinged
with blue; beneath, the abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts fulvous
or greenish white, streaked with green; bill black; irides hazel ;
orbitar skin dull crimson ; legs coral red,

Hab.—India generally ; Burmah, Malayana, Ceylon, Nepaul, Tenas-
serim and Upper Pegu; Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Oudh. Oecurs
in Kutch, Kattiawar and Jodhpore, and probably in North Guzerat also.
In Sind it is rare, and occurs as a visitor in September and October,
affecting the acacia forests,

Family, CUCULIDA, Leach—Cuckoos.

Bill rather slender and compressed, curved above, tip scooped;
nostrils in a membranous groove ; wings long ; tail rounded.

Sub-Family, CUCULINA.
Tarsi short, feathered and scaled ; bill broad, flattened at base.

Gen. Cuculus.—Lin.

3rd quill longest ; two outer feathers of tail shortest; tarsi feathered
below the knee; outer front toe longest, united at base to the inner toe.

Cuculus canorus, Linn. P. H.811; Naum. vogt. t. 127-129; Gould.
B. Hu. pl. 240; Jerd. i. p. 322, No. 199; Hume, Str. F. iv. 288;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 181.—Tuz Evrorgzan Cuckoo.

Head and upper parts dark ashy, ashy, or pale blue; breast and
belly white, elegantly crossed with wavy bars of black; the quills
are dusky, their inner webs marked with large oval white spots; tail
long, the two middle feathers black with white tips, the others dusky,
with alternate spots of white on each side of the shaft; legs short,
yellow ; biil black, yellowish at base beneath; orbits and irides deep
yellow.

Length.—14 inches, wing 8-75 to 9, tail 7, bill at front 0°75.

Hab.—Kurope, N. Africa, China, Formosa, Belooehistan, Persia,
8. Afghanistan, Eastern Turkistan, and India generally ; Nepaul,
Burmah, Ceylon, Upper Pegu, and throughout Western, Central,

EUDYNAMYS. 117

and Southern India as a migrant, It arrivesin Sind during August
and September.

Gen. Coccystes.— Goger.

Head crested ; nostrils basal, ovate; 4th quill longest; 3rd and 4th
sub-equal ; tail long, graduated ; tarsi not plumed.

Coccystes jacobinus, Bodd. Pl. Enl. 872; Levail O. A. t. 208.
Coccystes melanoleucos, Gmel. S. N., Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B. ii. p.
694; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 339, No. 210; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 181. Leptosomus afer, Frankl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 121.
Oxylophus serratus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 464.—Tuz Pinp-cREsTED
Cuckoo.

Entire upper surface black with a greenish gloss ; chin, throat, belly,
vent and under tail-coverts white or fulvescent white; bases of the
primaries white, forming a conspicuous wing patch; tail feathers
broadly tipped white; the two middle narrowly; shoulders white ;
under wing-coverts fulvescent white; bill black; legs bluish; irides
red brown.

Length.—13 inches, wing 5:5 to 5°75, tail 6°75 to 7, bill at front 0°75.

Hab.—Throughout India to Nepaul. Common in Central and South-
ern India, Bengal, Upper Pegu and Ceylon, rare on the Malabar
Coast. In Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana and North Guzerat it
is a summer visitant (June, July); leaving its eggs to the care of
Chatarheea caudata in Sind, and in other places usually to Malacocircus
griseus or malcolmi.

Gen. Eudynamys.—Vig. and Horsf.

Bill strong, thick, vertically deep, and hooked at tip; 4th quill longest;
tarsi not plumed below the joint, flattened in front.

Eudynamys honorata, Linn. Pl. Eni. 294, 586; Lev. 0. A. t.
214. Eudynamys orientalis, Linn. Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 342, No. 214; Cat.
Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p.119; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 182.—
Tue Inpran Kost.

Male.—Entirely black with a greenish gloss; bill pale greenish ;
irides fine crimson ; legs slaty blue.

Length.—15°5, wing 7°5, bill at front 1.
Female.—Dusky brown with a greenish tinge, spotted with white

on the head, scapulars, and wing-coverts ; quills, tail, and entire under
parts, including the under wing and thigh-coverts, barred with white.

Length.—17 to 17°5 inches, wing 7°75 to 8, tail 8.

Hab.—Throughout India, extending to Nepaul, Ceylon, Burmah,
Malayana and the Phillipines; common in the Deccan and Concan,
Kutch, Guzerat and Kattiawar. In Sind it is rare, and occurs only
during the rains, laying its eggs in the nest of the common crows
Corvus splendens.

118 CUCULID.

Sub-Family, CENTROPODINA, Bp.—Covcats or Crow
PHEASANTS.

Bill strong, deep, compressed; wings rounded ; tail long, graduated ;
tarsi long ; hallux lengthened in some ; tarsi scaled.

Gen. Centropus.—Illiger.

Bill well curved, high at base; claw of the hallux lengthened,
nearly straight.

Centropus maximus, Hume, Str. F. vol. i. 454; vi. 169.—Tus
Crow PHeasant.

Head, neck, lower back, upper tail-coverts and entire under parts
richly empurpled black, duller towards the vent; feathers of the
forehead bristly, and those on the neck and breast’ with spiny shafts;
tail dusky black with a greenish gloss ; wings deep rufous bay or dark
red ; bill black ; irides crimson; legs black.

Length.—19 to 20 inches, wing 9 to 10, tail 10 to 10°5, bill at front
1-25,

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Burmah. Hume (8. F.
vol. vi. page 170) says it is not yet possible to define accurately the
limits of rufipennis, maximus and intermedius. Rufipeninis, he says,
appears to be a South and Central Indian species; maximus, Western
and N.-Western continental India; and intermedius, Eastern continent-
al India and the whole of Burmah,

Gen. Taccocua,—Lesson.

Bill short, of moderate length; culmen arched; commissure and
gonys straight or concave; nostrils basal, longitudinal; 4th and 5th
quills nearly equal and longest.

Taccocua sirkee, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 28; Jerd. B. Ind. i.
853, No. 220; Sir. F. v. 219; Murray, Hdbk., Zool. &c., Sind,
p. 182.—Tue Brneat Sirxgur.

Head, neck, sides of the face, entire upper parts, including upper
tail-coverts and tail sandy brown with a slight satiny sheen ; barbs of the
feathers of the forehead, crown, lores and sides of the face very lax and
with stiff bristly black shafts. Hye-lashes also with black bristles, which
are basally white. Chin yellowish brown, the feathers black shafted ;
throat, sides of the neck and breast concolorous with the back, the
feathers lax and black shafted; scapulars the same. Primaries and
secondaries plain sandy brown on their outer webs, their inner. webs
slightly darker, their shafts dark brown. Secondaries and tail feathers
with obsolete bars. Lower breast, abdomen, flanks, tibial plumes, under
wing-coverts and vent ferruginous ; under tail-coverts brown, tinged
with ferruginous. Billcherry red, the tip yellowish. Orbits purplish.
Legs dusky greenish.

Length.—17 inches, wing 5:6 to 6°2, tail 9°2 to 9°5, bill from gape 1°5.

Hab.—Sind, (Jacobabad) Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Kutch,
Concan, Deccan and Central India.

ARACHNETHRA. 119

Family, NECTARINIDA, Vigors. ; Promeropide, Gray,--Honsy-
Suckers or Sun-Birps.

Bill long, slender ; nostrils at base, and covered with a scale; wings
moderate ; tarsi moderate ; claw of hind toe long and nearly straight.

Sub-Family, NECTARININ (Promeropine).

Bill curved, base broad ; nostrils small ; tail long ; outer toe longer
than inner.

Gen. .Arachnethra.—Cab.

Bill well curved and long. Plumage dark, glossy above, and with
a tuft of yellow feathers in the axilla.

innyris asiatica, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 288; Jerd. B. Ind. i.
p. 870, No. 2384; Hume, Str. F. vi. 190; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se.
Sind, p. 132. Certhia currucaria, Linn. S. N.i. p. 185. Arachnethra
currucaria, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 105. Cinnyris mahrattensis, Sykes,
P. Z. S. 1832, p. 90. Nectarinia asiatica, Bly. Oat. B. p, 224.
Cinnyris brevirostris, Bf. Hustern Persia, p. 220, pl. xiv.—Tuu
Purvis Honsy-Sucrer.

Summer Plumage.—Head, neck, throat, breast, and back glossy
greenish purple; abdomen purplish black; tail dull black, faintly
white-tipped; wings dull black; a tuft of crimson and yellow feathers
on the flanks behind the axil. In the winter garb, or non-breeding
plumage, the upper parts are dull olive green, beneath yellow; shoulder
and stripe from chin to vent brilliant glossy violet; wings and tail
dusky. The female is olive grey above, and olive yellow beneath; the
breast and throat deep yellow; wings dusky ; tail black; bill and legs
black; irides reddish brown.

Length.—4:5 inches, wings 2°25, tail 1°5, bill at front 0°75.

Hab.—Throughout India to Ceylon, and Burmah ; also Nepaul and
Upper Pegu. Occurs in Beloochistan, 5. Persia, ‘T'ravancore, the
Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, and N. Guzerat. In Sind it is
extremely common, and breeds during June and July, laying two eggs,
which are greenish white, speckled and marked with a deep grey.
The nest is pendulous ; usually suspended from the end of the branch
of a tree and composed of weol, fibres, leaves, grasses, &c., with a hole
at nearly the bottom for an entrance.

Family, UPUPIDX, Bp.—Hoorozs.
Bill long, sides compressed to tip; nostrils small and at base ;
wings long and rounded ; tail long ; outer toe united to middle; hind

toe long.
Sub-Family, UPUPINA.—Bp.
Bill with prominent keel, tip sharp; claw long, curved, sharp and
strong.
Gen. Upupa.
Bill slender and curved throughout; nostrils covered with mem-
branous scale; tarsi broadly scaled; head crested,

120 UPUPID A.

Upupa epops, Jinn. P. HE. 52; Lev. Prom. t. 22; Naum. vogt. t.
142; Gould. B. Tur. pl. 238; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 390, No. 254; Sir.
Fi.174; ii.90; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §:c., Sind, p. 138:—Tuz Hooros.

Feathers of the crest reddish buff, each feather tipped with black,
some of the median ones with a narrow whitish band, below the black
tip; hind neck, sides of neck, throat and breast pale rufous fawn ; chin
whitish ; upper back dark ashy brown; lower back and scapulars barred
buffy and dark brown ; wing-coverts black with two white bands; under
wing-coverts buffy white; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dark
brown; the Ist primary with a white spot onthe inner web, and the others
barred on both webs ; secondaries and tertiaries with 83—4 white bands ;
lower abdomen buffy, with a few dark streaks ; under tail-coverts white ;
upper tail-coverts white, terminated with black; tail black, with a
white band about the middle; bill black, reddish at the base; irides
red brown ; legs brownish black.

Length.—12 to 12°5 inches, wing 5:5, tail 4, bill at front 1°75 ora
little more,

Hab.— Europe, India, Assam, Himalayas, Cashmere, Palestine, Persia,
Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Eastern Turkistan, Sind, Punjab, N. W.
Provinces, Bengal, Southern, Northern, Central, Eastern and West-
ern India generally. Breeds in the Punjab and N, W. Provinces.

Tribe, DENTIROSTRES.
Upper mandible of bill toothed or notched near the tip.

Family, LANIADA,—Surixzs.

Bill long, strong, straight, mostly hooked; keel curved, sides com-
pressed to tip; wings moderate ; tail long; tarsi strong; hind toe long;
claws long, curved and sharp,

Sub-Family, LANIINA.

Bill moderate; nostrils lateral and rounded ; wings rather long; outer
toe longer than inner, and united to middle at base; hind toe long,
broadly padded.

Gen. Lanius,—Jin. ; Collurio, Gray.

Bill broad, a few short bristles at base by which the nostrils are
partially covered, tip hooked ; 4th quill longest ; tail graduated.

Lanius lahtora, Sykes ; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool., pl. 82,2 and 33,3;
Jerd. B. Ind.i. 400, No. 256; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. p. 183.

Lanius burra, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 32, fig. 8—Tus Inpian Grey
SHRIKE.

A narrow frontal streak (not always distinct) continued through
the eyes, including the ear-coverts to the nape, black; head, back
and upper tail-coverts blue grey; primaries dusky, the feathers with
a broad band of white at their bases on both webs; secondaries
dusky, their inner webs broadly margined, and the tips edged with
white ; tertiaries and wing-coverts black ; the tertiaries broadly tipped

LANIUS. 121

with white, some of tho feathers also margined broadly on their inner
webs with the same colour ; scapulars white ; entire under surface white ;
middle feathers of the tail black, tipped white, the external feathers
wholly white, black shafted, the two next following margined on their
outer web and also tipped white ; under wing-coverts white; bill black;
legs brown black ; irides hazel brown.

Length.—9°5 to 10 inches, wing 4°25, tail 4°5 to 5, bill at front 0°62.

Hab.—India generally, Sind, Beloochistan, Southern Persia, Afghan-
istan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Deccan, Concan, Kutch,
Kattiawar, Jodhpore (Rajputana generally), North Guzerat and
Khandeish. Breeds in Sind in June and July. Eggs 2—4, white,
with specklings of brick red or reddish brown.

Lanius erythronotous, Vigors. P. Z. S. 1831; Gould. Birds
Cent. Him. pl. 12,2; Jerd. B. Ind. i. 402, No. 257; Str. F. i. 174; vii.
874, Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind p. 134. Lanius superciliosus,
Sw, O. of B. f. 200.—Tum Rorovs-BackeD SHRIKE.

A black frontal band continued through the eyes to the back of the
ear-coverts ; head, neck and upper back pale ashy grey; lower back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, lower scapulars, flanks, lower abdomen and
vent rufous, lighter on the vent; chin, throat and upper breast white,
in some a buffy tinge; primaries dusky, a small white spot at the base,
and the edge of the wing white; secondaries dusky, faintly margined
whitish on the external webs in some specimens, in others absent;
tertiaries and wing-coverts dark brown or blackish, edged and margin-
ed on the external web with whitish; tail, the central feathers black
or dark brown, lateral feathers greyish brown, edged and tipped
whitish ; bill and legs dark brown; irides dark brown.

Length.—9-75 to 10 inches, wing 3°5 to 3°75, tail 4°5 to 5.
Hab.—India generally and Ceylon. Beloochistan (Quetta), S.

Afghanistan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, N. Guzerat. In Sind it is a
permanent resident, and breeds during March.

Lanius vittatus, Valenc. Dict. Sc. Nat. 1826, xl. p. 227; Walden,
Ibis. 1867, p. 220. Collurio Hardwickii, Vig. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 42.
Lanius Hardwickii, Jerd. B. Ind,i. p. 405, No. 260; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 184.—Tue Bay-ackeD SuriKe.

A broad black frontal band continued through the eyes to tho nape;
top of head whitish; back of head, hind neck, lower back and upper
tail-coverts greyish white, paler on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
middle of back and scapulars chestnut bay; primaries, secondaries,
tertiaries, wing-coverts, and four central tail feathers black, the primaries
with a broad white patch on both webs; outermost tail feathers on
each side, and the bases and tips of the three next following white;
entire under surface white or buffy white, tinged with ferruginous on
the flanks, breast and abdomen; bill and legs black ; irides hazel.

Length.—7'5 to 8 inches, wing 3°25, tail 4, bill at front nearly
0°75, tarsus 0°75.

16z

122 LANIADZ.

Hab.—India generally ; not on the Malabar Coast and Bengal (Jerd.)
Occurs in Beloochistan, South Afghanistan, Mooltan, in the Punjab,
throughout the Concan and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and
North Guzerat. A permanent resident in Sind. Breeds from April
to August, and like those of the preceding species of the genus, the
eggs are white, speckled all over, or near the larger end with rusty,

Lanius cristatus, Linn.; Udw. B. pl. 54; Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B,
M. p. 100; Jerd. B. Ind. i. 406, No. 261, Str. F. vii. pp. 269-270 ;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool. Sc. Sind, p. 1384, Lanius pheenicurus, Pall.
Walden, Ibis. 1867, pl. 5, fig. 2. Enneoctonus cristatus, Pr. B. Consp.
Av. p. 362.—Tue Brown Supixe,

A broad band from the lores through the eyes to the ear-coverts,
dusky brown; head, tail, and upper tail-coverts, rufous; back rufous
brown ; streak over the eye white; throat white; rest of under surface
fulvous; wings dusky; the tertiaries margined rufous brown; tail
rufous brown. The young birds and females have the feathers of the
head, wings, and lower parts edged with brown and whitish ; bill horny
above, below pinkish white ; irides brown.

Length.—8-10 inches, wing 3°50, tail 3:92, bill at front 0°50.

Hab.—India and Ceylon, Upper Pegu, Malacca, Penang, Bengal, and
the Malay Peninsula generally; found in Sind, Kntch, Kattiawar and
Jodhpore, as a visitant in the course of its migration during September
and October.

Lanius isabellinus, Hemp. and Hhr. Symb. Phys. 1828, Aves. fol.
e; Strickland, P, Z. 8. 1850, p. 217; Walden, Ibis. 1867, p. 224, pl. v.
fig. i. Lanius arenarius, Bly. J. A. S. B. 1846, xv. p. 3804; Jerd. B. Ind.
i. p. 407, No. 262; Ibis. 1872, p. 115; Walden, Ibis. 1867, p. 228;
Henderson and Hwine, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 183, pl. ii.; Hume, Str.
F.i174; ii. 381, vii. 210—270; Murray, Hdbk., Zool. &e., Sind,
p. 186.—Tue Duszrr Sarise.

Head and back of the neck bright rufous, seasonally duller; eye-
streak black or brownish ; a narrow white superciliary stripe; lores
whitish ; wings pale brown; the primaries narrowly edged, and the
coverts and secondaries broadly with rufescent; beneath white, in
some specimens, the young birds especially, rufous white with cres-
centic marks ; upper-tail coverts and tail brown with a rufous tinge
in some, the central tail feathers marked with irregular dusky bands;
un¢er tail-coverts white ; bill dark brown; legs dusky.

Length.—7°75 inches, wing 3°75, tail 3°5.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Beloochistan, 8. Persia, Afghanistan, Arabia,
Khordafan, Turkistan, Abyssinia. In Sind itis common as a winter
visitant only.

Sub-Family, MALACONOTINA, Cab.—Woop-Surixes.

Bill more lengthened and less compressed than in Lanius; wings,
tail and tarsus shorter,

HYPOCOLIUS. 123

Gen, Tephrodornis.—Sw.

Bill moderately hooked at tip and notched ; nostrils at base hidden
by bristles.

Tephrodornis pondiceriana, Ginel. S. N. i. p. 939; Bly. J.
A. 8S. B. 1846, p. 805; Jurd. B. Ind. p. 410, No. 265; Hume,
Str. F. i. 485; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 184. Teph-
rodornis indica, Oat. Hodgs. Coll. B. MW. p. 90. Tentheca leucura,
Hodgs. Ind. Rev. i. p. 447.—Tue Common Woop-Surike.

Head, hind neck, scapulars, back and rump ashy brown ; the feathers
of the rump edged white; superciliary streak fulvous white; a dark
brown streak from the nostrils to the ear-coverts ; upper tail-coverts
dark brown; wings dusky brown; tail dark brown, with the two
outer feathers white, and margined dusky on the outer web at the tip,
basally dark brown ; chin and throat white; breast and upper abdomen
greyish brown; lower abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts white ;
bill dusky horny ; legs plumbeous ; irides greenish yellow.

Length.—6°5 to 7 inches, wing 3°5, tail 2°75, bill at front 0°62.

Hab.—India generally, Burmah, Assam, Bengal, extending to the foot
of the Himalayas. Occurs in the Deccan, North Guzerat, Kutch and
Kattiawar. In Sind it is a seasonal visitant, arriving in April,
breeding and leaving the Province early in September. I obtained
nestlings in May and June, and during July and August, of the eight
specimens collected five were young birds. None were seen in
September. Its presence is easily known by a very pretty, unmistakable
little sony, quite unlike that of any of the Laniine,

Sub-Family, CAMPEPHAGINA,.

Bill short, a few bristles at base ; nostrils rounded; wings moderate ;
3rd to 5th quill longest ; tarsi transversely scaled.

Gen. Hypocolius.—Bp.

Bill hooked at tip, and notched; 8rd quill longest; feet scutellated ;
tail long, subcuneate.

Hypocolius ampelinus, Bonap. Consp. i. p. 336 (1850); Hume,
Str. F. iii, 858; v. 849; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 135.
Ceblypyris isabellina, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. Vog. N.O. Africa ; Sitzungs-
ber. K. Akad. Wien. xix. p. 284, No. 308; Ibis. 1868, pp. 181, 182,
pl. v.

Upper parts generally ashy grey, with a slight rufous tinge on the
head, which is more marked on the frontal portion where the feathers
are rather lighter and more isabelline in tint; feathers above the
nostrils, lower parts of the lores, all round the eye, and a band round
the nape black, so that there is a black ring all round the head, except
in the centre of the forehead; ear-coverts dark silver groy, looking
black in some lights in the preserved skin; primary quills black, with
rather long white tips, the tip on the first long primary being wholly,
and on the second partially, dusky; outer secondaries black with grey

124 LANIADZG,

edges, the black diminishing in amount, until it disappears completely
on the feathers near the body ; tail feathers all the same colour as the
back with black tips about three quarters of an inch long; chin and
throat isabelline ; breast grey, like the back ; abdomen and lower tail
coverts pinkish isabelline; under wing-coverts light grey; legs flesh
coloured; bill horn coloured, dusky towards the tip.

Length.—Before skinning 10°25 inches, wing 4:2, tail (from inser-
tion of central feathers) 4°75, tarsus 1, midtoe and claw 0-95, wing
short of end of tail 3°6, culmen (point of bill from rise of skull) 0°85,
bill from front 0°58, from gape 0°9.

The female is described by Heuglin as slightly smaller, isabelline
grey in colour, with an olivaceous tinge, darker above than below, want-
ing altogether the black marking on the head, and‘having much less
distinct black tips to the tail feathers. The ends of the primary quill
feathers, the two first excepted, blackish with white margins.—Blf.
Sir, F. iii. p. 858.

Hab.—Abyssinia, Bushire (Persian Gulf) and Nalin Khelat. Rare
in Sind. A single specimen was obtained by Mr. Blanford on the
lower hills, on the eastern flank of the great Kirthur Range, which
forms the boundary between Sind and Khelat.

Gen. Graucalus.—Cuv.

Bill strong, deep, wide at base ; culmen curved and hooked ; a few
rictal bristles; wings long and pointed; tarsus moderate; claws well
curved,

Graucalus macii, Lesson, Traité, p. 849 ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. A. 8.
B. p. 190; Bp. Oonsp. i. p. 354; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 417, No. 270; Ball,
Str. F. 1873, p. 65; Hume, op. cit. 1874, p. 204; Murray, Hdbi.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 136; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 29. Ceblypyris
papuensis, Jerd, Madr. Journ. x. p. 242. Grauealus Layardi, Blyth,
Ibis. 1866, p. 868; Jerd. Ibis. 1872, p. 117.—Tun Larce Cuckoo-
SHRIKE. ;

Head, neck, back, rump, upper tail-eoverts and seapulars french-
grey; primaries and their coverts black, externally edged with
whitish ; secondaries french-grey on the outer webs, and margined and
tipped whitish ; the inner webs dusky ; tail with the two centre feathers
grey, tipped with white; the rest black, broadly tipped with white.
A narrow frontal line, lores, below the eye, and at the gape black.
Sides of face, and ear-coverts darkish grey beneath ; the neck and breast
french-grey ; upper abdomen lighter, with numerous dull white
transverse lines; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white with a few cross lines of grey
at the edge of the wings; bill blackish; irides rich lake; legs
plumbeous.

Length.—11°8 to 12 inches, wings 6°5 to 7, tail 5 to 6, tarsus 1 to
1-05, bill at front 1.

Hab.—India generally and Ceylon, extending to Nepaul and the
Burmese countries. Abundantin Southern India, and occurs in Upper

PERICROCOTUS. 125

Pegu, Assam, Port Blair; also the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, North Guzerat, and
Tranvancore. In Sind it is uncommon.

Gen. Pericrocotus.—Boie.

Bill short, rather broad at base and high; culmen slightly curved ;
wings long, 4th and 5th quills longest ; tail long, lateral feathers gradu-
ated; tarsi and feet short and feeble.

Pericrocotus peregrinus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 842; Gray, Gen.
Birds, i. p. 282; Bp. Consp. B. i. p. 356; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 428,
No. 276; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 177; 1874, p. 209; 1875, p. 96;
Sharpe, Str. F. 1876, p. 209.—Taz Smart Miniver.

__ Upper surface of body ashy grey; a narrow frontal band, lores,
chin, throat and ear-coverts blackish; wing-coverts black, the lesser
series edged with dull grey, and the greater with a narrow orange tip ;
quills dusky black, duller toward the tips; the bases of the primaries,
except the first three, orange red, forming a conspicuous wing patch;
rump and upper tail-coverts bright vermillion; tail black, the outer four
feathers on each side widely tipped with orange ; the breast vermillion,
also the upper abdomen, and flanks, fading ou the lower abdomen, vent
and under tail-coverts to yellowish; under wing-coverts and edge of
the wing yellow; thigh-coverts dusky black; bill and legs black ;
irides brown. ;

Length.—6 inches, wing 2°55, tail 3, bill at front 0°45.

The female is light grey above, the throat white, also the eye streak ;
sides of forehead and lower parts whitish, tinged with yellow on the
breast, abdomen, and undertail-coverts; the flanksand under wing-coverts
brighter yellow ; quills light brown; the primaries with narrow white
edgings ; the wing spot yellow; rump vermillion; colour of bill and
legs as in the male; length, 6° 25, wing 2°75, bill 0°45, tail 3-1.

Hab.—India, Ceylon, Burmese countries, Andamans and Java.
Occurs in the N. W. Himalayas, South and Central India, Nepaul, the
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Deccan, Kutch,
Kattiawar, Jodhpore, and N. Guzerat. In Sind it is a winter visitant,
arriving in August and remaining till about the end of December.

Pericrocotus brevirostris, Vigors. P, Z. S. 1831, p. 43; Gray,
Gen. B 1, p. 282; Bp. Consp. i. 857 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 421, No. 278;
Henders. and Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 184; Sharpe, Str. F. 1876, p.
209; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 187; Sharpe, Cat. Passerif. B. M. p. 79;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool. Sc., Sind, p. 137. Phoenicornis brevirostris,
Gould. Cent. Him. B. pl. 8.—Tuz SHokt-pittep Miniver.

Head, nape, upper back, wings and middle tail feathers glossy blue-
black; the lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts deep crimson;
lateral tail feathers crimson, the bases black ; wing-coverts glossy black ;
the greater coverts crimson, their bases black; wing spot crimson ; chin,
throat, and sides of face blue-black, rest of under surface crimson; wing-
coverts crimson, the greater series ashy black. The female has the head
and back grey, the forehead tinged with yellow, the lower back, rump

126 DICRURID A.

and upper tail-coverts yellow; the tail yellow, the basal half of the
feathers black; wing's dusky, or black, the greater coverts tipped with
yellow; wing spot yellow; forehead and lores yellowish white ;
chin, cheeks and feathers below the eye whitish; under surface of
body yellow washed with orange on the breast; bill and legs
black ; irides dark brown. ;

Length.—7°5 to 8 inches, wing 3°45, tail 4, tarsus 0°55.

fab,—The Himalayas, Cashmere, Bhootan, Shillong, Cachar, Assam,
Chittagong, Arracan, Upper Burmah, Punjab, Bengal, Oudh, Rajputana
and Central India, N. W. Provinces, visiting the Deccan, Concan,
Kutch, Kattiawar and Sind during the summer months.

Family, DICRURIDZ,—Droneo-Sunrixzs.

Bill stout, large, wide at base, more or less curved, and keeled at
the culmen, tip notched ; nostrils more or less covered with bristles,
generally completely so; tail forked, of ten feathers.

Gen. Buchanga.

A crest of frontal plumes, not elongated into an erect tuft; tarsus
scaled in front.

Buchanga atra, Herm. Obs. Zool. p. 208. Dicrurus macrocercus,
Viell, N. Dict. ix. p.588 ; Jerd. Mad. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 121; id. B.
of Ind. i. p. 427, No. 278; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 286; Str. F.
iv. 278; vi. 213; vii. 272; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 187.
Buchanga albirictus, Hodgs. Ind. Rev. p. 326; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p.
178; Ball. Str. F, 1874, p. 402. Dicrurus balicassius, Sykes, P. Z. 8.
1832, p. 86 (nec. 1.) Sharpe, Cat. Passerif. B. Br. Mus. p. 246.—Tue
Common Dronao-Surixks or Kina Crow.

Head, hind neck, back, upper tail-coverts, lesser and median wing-
coverts glossy blue-black, a white spot at the gape; chin, throat,
lores, sides of the face, and under surface of the body black, less
glossy than the upper surface, and with a greenish cast; greater and
primary coverts black, glossed greenish, also the secondaries and
tertiaries; primaries and tail duller black; the inner webs of the
primaries and under surface of the tail dusky. Young with whitish
lunules on the under surface of the body. Bill and legs black;
irides red.

Length.—12 inches, wing 5°75, tail 6-25 to tip of outer feather,
tarsus 0°9.

Hab.—The whole of India and Ceylon to Nepaul. Occurs also in
Upper Pegu, Chaman (South Afghanistan) and at Quetta in Beloo-
chistan. Except at Quetta and Chaman, the King Crow is a resident
wherever it occurs, breeding during the rains. The nest is made of
twigs, cotton, rags, &c., loosely put together, with a shallow saucer-
hike recess for the eggs, which are of a white and sometimes a
pinkish colour, spotted all over with brick red. Often nests have
been found to contain besides a few typical coloured oggs, one or two
pure white oncs, The usual number found in cach nest is four.

MUSCICAPA., 127

Family, MUSCICAPIDA,— Fiy-Catcuers.,

Form very varied ; bill various, curved above and notched at the tip ;
sides compressed to tip; tail long or moderate; tarsi short; rictal
bristles numerous.

Sub-Family, MYIAGRINAL.—Bonap,

Bill broad at base, hooked at tip ; wings rather long; tail moderate,
in Tehitrea (Terpsiphone) long, with the central feathers elongated in
the male.

Gen. Terpsiphone, Gloger. in Froriep’s Notiz. xvi. p. 278; (Sharpe,
Cat. B. M, 345, Passerif.) Muscivora, Cuv. Tchitrea, Less.

Bill moderately hooked and notched, very large and broad, longer
than the tarsus ; tail with elongated centre tail feathers.

Terpsiphone paradisi, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 324; Sharpe, Cat.
Passerif. p. 847; Cat. Mus. Heine, Th. i, p. 58. Muscicapa paradisi,
Cuv. Regne. Anim. 1817, i. p. 844; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 84; Serd.
Ill, Ind. Orn. pl. 7. Techitrea paradisi, Less. Traité, p. 386; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 259; Hume, Ibis. 1869, p. 9; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 444,
No. 288; Str. F. 1873, pp. 408, 474; 1875, p. 102; Murray, I[dbk.,
Zool., §c., p. 188.—Tur Panavise Fry-Carcuer.

Adult Male.—Head, with a long occipital crest, sides of face, neck,
and entire throat glossy steel green; above and below pure white, some
of the feathers more or less black shafted; quills black, externally
white, the edge of the innermost quills white, with a longitudinal dark
mark down the centre; tail white, with black shafts and narrow blackish
edgings to the feathers; middle tail feathers elongated, 12-13 inches in
length.

Adult Female.—Crown of head and crest glossy greenish black ;
lores, sides of face, sides of neck, and throat greyish; rest of under
surface of body white; the flanks greyish, and tinged with rufous;
back, wing-coverts and inner secondaries bay ; tail light chestnut; bill
bluish; legs and feet pale blue ; irides dark brown.

Length of Mulc.—Including elongated tail feathers 17 inches, bill
0°85, wing 3°65, tail 5°5, middle-feathers 13. Iemale, length 7-5, wing
3-45, tail 4.

'Hab.—India and Ceylon to Nepaul and Cashmere. Abundant on tho
Malabar Coast and in Southern India. Occurs in the Punjab, N. W.
Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Central India, Kutch, Kattiawar,
Jodhpore and N. Guzerat. In Sind it is a winter visitant arriving in
September.

Gen. Muscicapa, Linn.; Butalis Boie.; Erythrosterna, Bp.

Wings pointed and long; bill rather long, depressed, wide through-
out, except at tip; second primary longer than the secondaries, and
nearly the length of the third ; nasal bristles scanty.

Muscicapa grisola, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 328; Tem. Man. i.
p. 152; Naum. vogt. Deutch. ii. p. 216; MacGill, Br. B. im. p.
518; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 262; Gould. B. Bur.ii. pl. 65; Sharpe, P. 2.8.

128 MUSCICA PID.

1873, p. 7) ; id. Oat. Passerif. B. Br. M. p. 151; BIf. Hast Pers. p. 148;
Stir. F. 18138, p. 377. Butalis grisola, Boie. Isis. 1826, p. 973; Cat. Mus,
Heine. Th.i. p. 52; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 42, No. 391; id. Ibis. 1872,
p. 70; Hume, Str. F.1875, p. 467 ; 1877, p.495. Butalis africana, Bp,
O. R. xxxviil. p. 652.—Tux Srorrup Gray Fry-Catcuzr.

Lores and feathers immediately above the nostrils dingy fulvous
white ; head, nape, cheeks, ear-coverts, back and scapulars, pale earthy
or greyish brown; the feathers of the head with darker brown central
streaks not extendiug to the tips, and those of the forehead tinged with
the fulvous colour of the lores ; the rump, in some, uniform with the back,
in others slightly darker ; wings and tail brown, paler and greyer on
the tertiaries and laterals, all the feathers margined with brownish
white; the greater secondary coverts and tertials most broadly so; the
tail feathers, except the exterior lateral ones, inconspicuously so; lower
parts white, tinged with fawn colour towards the vent, and with narrow
inconspicuous grey brown streaks on the breast; axillaries and wing
lining very pale rufous fawn ; sides and flanks tinged faintly with the
same colour and dull fulvous.

“* Bill black, dark fleshy at base of lower mandible; legs and feet
blackish brown ; iris deep brown; interior of mouth orange.”—(Hume,
Str. F., vol. 8, p. 467.)

Length.—5'4 inches, bill at front 0°55, wing 3°4, tail 2°45, tarsus 0°6,

Hab.—The whole of Europe, extending in the winter into South
Africa and N. W. India, Sind, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Persia
(Northern and Southern) Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Sambhur. Visits
Sindin the course of its migrationin August and September, and at about
the same time of the year in other parts of the Western Presidency.

Muscicapa parva, Bechst. Nat. Deutsch. iv. p. 505; Tem. Man.
i. p. 158; Werner Atlas Insectivores, pl. 10; Gray, Gen. Birds,i. p. 262;
Gould. B Hur. ii. pl. 64; Dresser, Ibis. 1876, p. 188. Erythrosterna
parva, Bp. Consp. Inst. B. Eur. and N. Amer. p. 25; id. Oonsp. i.

. 318; Bif. Hast. Pers. p. 144; Hume, Str. F. 1878, pp. 179,
377,405; 1875, p. 469; 1876, p. 273; 1877, p. 484.; vol. v. 471;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 139, Muscicapa rufogularis, Brehm.
Vog. Deutsch. p. 288.—Tum Rup-sreastep Fiy-Carcunr,

Forehead, sides of face and ear-coverts grey; a circle of whitish
feathers round the eye ; crown of head, back, wing-coverts and the quills
externally ashy brown ; inner web of primaries dusky ; upper tail-coverts
and tail dark brown, all, except the centre tail-feathers, white at their
bases ; the external web of the lateral ones on each side dusky ; chin,
cheeks, and foreneck orange, rest of under surface fulvous white or
buffy white; thigh-coverts ashy brown; under wing-coverts fulvescent,
as are also the margins of the inner webs of the under surface of the
quills; bill brownish ; legs dark brown.

Length.—6 inches, bill at front 0°4, wing 2:6, tail 2.

The female has the quills and wing-coverts, especially the greater
series, edged with light brown; the under parts of chin, throat and
breast deep buffy, and the abdomen and vent white,

MONTICOLA. 129

Hab.—Europe, extending into N. W. India, the Himalayas and
Nepaul. Extremely common in Beloochistan, Persia and South Afghan-
istan ; alsoin Sind, the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Rajputana,
Central India, the Deccan, Concan, Kutch, and North Guzerat. A
winter visitant in Sind, and other parts of the Western Presidency.

Gen. Rhipidura, Vig.; Leucocirca, Sw.

Bill with long bristles at base; nostrils partly hidden by them; 4th
and 5th quills longest; tail broad and graduated.

Rhipidura albifrontata, Frankl. P. Z. 8S. 1831, p. 116; Blyth,
J. A. 8. B. xii. p. 935; Gray, Gen, B.i. 258 ; Sharpe, Cat. Passeriformis
B. M. p. 338. Leucocirca albofrontata, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 12; id.
Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 2; Jerd, B. Ind. p. 452, No. 292; Sir. F. i. p. 104;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 188.—Tue Wuirs-srowep Fantatn.

Head, neck, lores, and sides of the face slaty black ; a broad frontal
band, extending over the eyes to the nape, white; throat white, the
feathers black at their bases; lower throat black, slightly edged with
white; back and wing-coverts ashy brown, the latter, including the
primary coverts, tipped with triangular spots of white; axillaries dark
brown, edged with whitish; breast, abdomen, under tail and thigh-coverts
white, the feathers of the latter with black bases; tail dark brown, all,
except the centre ones, broadly tipped white; bill and legs black ;
irides deep brown.

Length.—6 to 6°7 inches, bill at front 0°5, wing 3°3 to 3°15, tail
3°6, tarsus 0°75.

Hab.—India generally and Ceylon, to Burmah and Pegu and N. W.
Himalayas. Common in the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Central
India, Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar and Jodhpore; also in Southern
India, the Concan and Deccan, especially in gardens. Breeds in Sind
from March to August. The nest is a very neat cup, made of tine fibres,
&c., covered on the outside and inside with cobweb, and usually attach-
ed towards the end of a low branch. Eggs two in number.

Family, TURDIDA.

Bill rather strong, sides slightly compressed; wings long; tail
moderate; tarsi and toes various.

Sub-Family, TURDINA,—Truz Turusues.

Bill of moderate length, as long as head; nostrils in a groove,
apert ; wings long and broad, somewhat pointed ; Ist quill very short,
8rd and 4th longest, sub-equal ; tail moderate ; outer toe longer than
inner, and united to middle at base.

Gen. Monticola.
Bill moderate or long, moderately hooked at tip; nostrils apert ;
rictal bristles numerous ; wing's long; 3rd quill longest; tarsus scutellate,
Monticola cyanus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 296; Gmel. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 834; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 345, Monticola cyana (Linn,) Beie.
7 z

130 TURDIDA,

Tsis. 1822, p. 552; Shelley, Birds Egypt, p. 70; BUf. Lastern Persia,
ii. p. 155, Petrocossyphus cyaneus (Linn.) Bove. Isis. 1828; Jerd. B.
Ind. i. p. 511, No. 851; Ill. Ind. Orn. p. 20; Hume and Henders,
Lahore to Yarkand, p. 190; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 29; Sharpe and
Dresser, B. Eur.; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. Cyanocincla cyanus,
(Linn.) Str. F. 1874, p. 407; vol. vi. p. 247; dd. iii. p. 112.—Tue
Buive Rock Truss.

Male.—Head, neck, and back indigo blue, with a faint metallic lustre
on the head; lores dusky greyish; wings, their coverts and tail dark
brown; the outer webs of the feathers indigo blue; under surface of
body cobalt blue; the abdomen and the under tail-coverts with faint
streaks and spots of whitish.

Female.—Of a dingy brown, scarcely tinged above with indigo or
cobalt blue; some of the feathers edged whitish ; under parts fulvous,
with dusky transverse bars, including the under tail-coverts ; bill black ;
legs black ; irides brown.

Length.—8°5 to 9 inches, wing 4°5 to 5, tail 3°75 to 4, bill at front
nearly one inch.

Hab.—Southern Europe, N. Africa, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan ;
wintering throughout the Peninsula of India. Recorded from all
India, Tennaserim, Cashmere, Nepaul and N. W. Himalayas. Extremely
common in the Concan and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore,
Sambhur and North Guzerat, also in South India.

Monticola cinclorhynchus, Vig. P. Z.S.1831, p. 172. Petrophila
cinclorhyncha (Vig.) Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 252; Hume, Nest and
Eygs, Ind. B. p. 227, Orocetes cinclorhynchus (Vig.) Bp. Consp. i.
p. 297; Jerd. B. Ind.i. p. 515; Sharpe, vol. v. Cat. Passerif. B.
Museum, p. 820; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind., p. 140; Str. F’. vol.
iv. 898.—Tu Bius-peapep Cuar Turusu.

Male.— Head, nape, chin, upper throat, and cheeks indigo or cobalt
blue, also the lesser wing-coverts; lores, ear-coverts, sides of neck, back,
and scapulars black, tinged with dusky blue on the back; primaries,
their coverts, and greater and median coverts edged with bluish on
their external webs; a white bar on the outer webs of the secon-
daries; ramp, upper tail-coverts, entire under surface, axillaries and
under wing-coverts, ferruginous or chestnut; tail black, the external
webs of the feathers margined with blue. Inthe female the colours are
less pronounced ; bill blackish ; legs brown; irides dark brown.

Length.—7 to 7°5 inches, wing 4, tail 2°75 to 8, bill at front 1.

Hab.—The Indian Peninsula, ranging to Nepaul and Cashmere.
Occurs sparingly in Sind, Punjab, and N. W. Provinces, and moro
abundantly in the Concan, Deccan, Travancore, North Guzerat and
Rajputana, in the course of its migration. Breeds in the Himalayas.

Gen. Merula, Leach.—Grounp Turusuzs.

Bill moderate, stout, compressed, straight and notched; rictal
plumes short; wings long; 3rd and 4th quill longest.

PYCTORHIS. 131

Merula unicolor, Tick. J. A. S. B. ii. p. 577; Gould. P. Z. 8.
1837, p. 186 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220. Geocichla unicolor (Tick.) Blyth,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 168; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 519, No. 856;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 140.

Above uniform dusky, slaty, or ashy grey; wings and tail dusky
brown, their external webs margined with ashy grey; breast, throat
and flanks pale slate grey; chin pale grey, nearly white; abdomen,
vent and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts buff; legs and
io pale brown; bill dusky yellow; eyelids and gape yellow; irides

rown.

Length.—9 inches, wings 4°5 to 4°75, tail 3°45, bill 0°95,

Female.—Upper parts olive brown; ashy grey on the rump and
upper tail-coverts; throat and breast paler than in the male, nearly
white; the feathers of the throat with some spots.

Hab.—Central, Southern and Western India. Common in the Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Central India, Deccan, Rajputana and Nepaul.
Breeds in the Himalayas, and migrates to the plains in winter. In
Sind it is rare and is found in the northern portions only.

Merula atrigularis, Tem. Man. d’ Orn. i. p. 169; Gould. B. Eur. .
li. p. 75; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 161; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M.
vol. v. p. 268. Turdus atrigularis (Tem.) Bf. Hast. Pers. ii. p. 158;
Seebohm, Ibis. 1879, p. 6. Planesticus atrigularis (Tem.) Bp. Cat.
Parzud ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 529, No. 865; Hume and Henders, Lahore to
Yarkand, p.192; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 140. Turdus
mystacinus, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 64, 115, 119.—Tus Bracx-
THROATED THRUSH.

Above pale cinereous brown; the feathers of the head, wings and tail
darker brown; a black streak from the base of bill to the eyes not
very distinct; ear-coverts dark brown, tipped paler; chin, throat, breast
and lores black; abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts white, the latter
with a few brown dashes ; axillaries darkish grey ; under wing-coverts
buffy.

The female wants the pectoral gorget; the chin and throat is
white ; the sides and breast grey brown, with conspicuous dark centres;
bill yellow, the tip dusky ; orbits yellow; legs horny brown; irides
dark brown.

Length.—10°5 inches, wing 5°75, tail 4°75, bill at front 0-91.

Hab.—Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Western Turkistan, the
Himalayas, Nepaul, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Sind during winter.
Breeds in Siberia and Turkistan.

Sub-Family, TIMALINA,—Baszsune Tarvusnes,

Legs and feet stout and large ; bill moderate, keel curved; nostrils
exposed ; wings short and rounded ; tail graduated ; tarsilong, scutate.

Gen. Pyctorhis.—Hodgs.

Bill rather short, strong and deep; rictus bristled; orbits nude;
4th and 5th quills longest.

182 TURDIDZ.

Pyctorhis sinensis, Gmel.; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 15, No. 883;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 8c. Sind, p. 140. Timah horsfieldii, Jerd. and
Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. iii. Timalia bicolor, Lafresn, Mag. Zool. pl. 39—
Tus YELLOW-EYED BABBLER.

Above reddish brown, darker on the head, and rafous on the wings ;
inner webs of primaries and secondaries dusky; tail dull brown, with
very indistinct dusky bands, a stripe from the nostrils through the
eyes; chin, throat, and entire under surface white ; bill black, the base
at the nostrils yellow; legs yellow; irides yellow brown; orbits
orange.

Length.—6'25 to 6°5 inches, wing 2°75, tail 3:5, bill at front 0:5,

Hab.—India generally, extending to Nepaul and Burmah. Common
in Bengal, N. W. Provinces, Punjab, and Sind; also in Kutch, Kat-
tiawar, N. Guzerat, Jodbpore and the Deccan. Occurs also in Upper
Pegu, Ceylon and Southern India. In Sind it is as in other parts of
India a resident, and breeds in July and August. Hggs usually two,
and sometimes three in number, prettily marked on a dusky or pinkish
ground with streaks, spots and blotches of a brick red and brown
colour. Affects chiefly the low tamarisk jungle, in which it also builds
its nest.

Pyctorhis griseigularis, Hume, Str. F. vol. iv. p. 504; v, pp.
116, 250.—TuHeE Grey-THROATED BaBBLER.

“Forehead, upper part of lores and streak over the eyes deep
reddish brown, each feather streaked with ashy grey ; crown and occiput
deep ferruginous ; cheeks and ear-coverts paler ferruginous ; sides of
neck yellowish rusty; nape, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts, bright rusty ferruginous, in some lights slightly brownish and
most rusty on upper tail-coverts, almost entire visible portion of closed
wing bright ferruginous chestnut, rest of feathers hair brown; tail
(imperfect) moderately dark brown, feathers margined strongly on outer
webs with ferruginous and most broadly so towards their bases; chin,
throat and upper breast pale brownish grey or ashy; rest of lower
parts dull rusty, browner and lighter on lower breast, brighter and
more ferruginous on flanks and lower tail-coverts.”

Length.—5'5 inches, wing 2°65, tail (imperfect) 3:4, bill from nostril
straight to point 0°32, tarsus 1.

Female.—“ Bill pale horny or fleshy brown, nearly white towards base

of lower mandible ; legs pale fleshy or orange brown, the feet darker.”
—Hume, Str. Ff. vol. v. p. 116.

Hab.—Sukkur, and Sehwan (Sind).

Gen. Malacocircus.— Sws.

Bill moderate, rather deep, barely hooked at tip ; commissure slightly
curved ; nostrils lateral, apert; rictal bristles few; wings short, much

rounded; 4th, 5th, and 6th quills nearly equal and longest ; tail long;
tarsus scutellate.

CHATARRHEA: 133

Malacocircus terricolor, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 1836,771; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 59, No. 432 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 8c., Sind, p. 142. Mala-
cocircus bengalensis, Blyth, Cat. of B.p. 140. Turdus canorus, Linn.
Syst. Nat, up. 293; Pr. Bp. Consp. Av. p. 373.—Tue Benoa
BapBuer.

Head and hind neck pale ashy ; upper back ashy or grey brown, the
feathers pale shafted; feathers of the lower back and rump greyish
brown, and very lax; outer webs of primaries pale grey; inner webs
dusky; tertiaries dusky, the feathers with indistinct darker cross bars +
tail reddish ash or brown, the lateral feathers dusky brown, with faint
bars, and the external ones tipped with whitish; chin and throat ashy,
the feathers edged and shafted lighter; breast fulvous brown, also with
lighter edges and shafts; abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts
buffy white, paler and almost white on the under tail-coverts ; bill
yellowish brown ; irides pale yellow; legs pale yellow.

Length.—9 to 10 inches, wing 4°25, tail 4°5, bill at front 0°75,

Hab.—India generally, extending to Nepaul. Common in the Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Central India, Bengal, Sind, and on the Western

Coast, in Kutch and Kattiawar. Recorded from Aboo, North Guzerat
and Jodhpore. In Sind it isa resident, and breeds from April to July.

Malacocircus malcolmi, Sykes; Fraser, Zool. typ. pl. Garrulus
albifrons, Gray, Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zool. 2. f. 1—Tuu Laraz Grey
Basser.

Forehead pale bluish, the feathers white shafted; a dusky streak
from the nostrils to the eye; ear-coverts brownish grey, the feathers
white shafted and lax; crown of head, hind neck and back brownish
grey, with dark mesial streaks to the feathers; rump lighter;
primaries edged pale grey on the outer web; the inner webs dusky
brown ; secondaries dusky brown; tertiaries and wing-coverts conco-
lorous with the back, or greyer in some specimens ; tail, with the central
feathers, dusky brown, with numerous faint cross bars, the next two
on each side lighter, and the rest fulvescent white; under surface of
body fulvescent white, darker or rufescent on the chin, throat and
breast; under wing-coverts silky buff; bill horny brown; legs yellow-
ish ; irides light yellow.

Length.—11 inches, wing 4°5 to 4°75, bill at front 0°75 to nearly one.

Hab.—India, Western and Southern Presidencies ; does not extend
beyond Sind. Usually found associated with M. terricolor at Larkhana
and Sehwan. Rare in Lower Sind. Rather numerous in the Concan
and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and North Guzerat.

Gen. Chatarrhea.— Blyth,

Bill rather longer, slender and more curved than in Malacocircus.

Chatarrhea caudata, Dum.; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 67, No. 488;
Hume, Str. F. vol. i. p. 180; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 142.
Chatarrhea huttoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1847, xvi. p. 476.—Tur
Srriavep Buso Basser,

134 TURDID AL.

Above pale greyish brown; crown of head and hind neck dark brown,
with pale edgings; back pale greyish brown, the feathers with dark
mesial streaks; rump and upper tail-coverts like the back, the ramp
unstriped; the upper tail-coverts mesially streaked dark brown;
outer webs of primaries concolorous with the back; inner webs dusky ,
tail feathers pale greyish brown, with dark shafts and obsolete transverse
barring ; ear-coverts silky, fulvous brown ; under surface pale isabelline
or rufescent white; chin and throat white; sides of the breast and
flanks with narrow mesial streaks; irides reddish; bill horny brown,
yellowish near the base; legs pale or yellowish brown.

Length.—9 to 10 inches, wing 8 to 3°5, tail 4°5 to 5, bill 0°88 to 1.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, S. E. Persia,and Afghanistan ; also Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Kutch, Rajputana, Guzerat and Central
India.

I have compared my series of skins of this species (37 in number)
from Beloochistan (Quetta 11), Chaman (S. Afghanistan 6), Gwadur 4,
and all parts of Sind 16, and cannot find that there is any special
distinctive character which necessitates the making of a second species.
C. huttoni, Blyth, and CO. caudata, are virtually one and the same
species. I have specimens from Sind (Sehwan) 10:5 inches in length,
with a tail of 5 inches and a wing of 3-5.

Chatarrhea earlei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. 869; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.
p- 68; Str. F. vol. i. 180, 420; iii. 124; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c.
Sind, p. 140.—Tux Sreiarep Reep Bazsier.

Above pale greyish brown ; head and back with dark brown streaks ;
tail like the back, with faint traces of transverse striz; chin, throat
and breast fulvescent or reddish brown, with faint mesial streaks;
abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts fulvescent white; bill dusky
yellow ; legs dusky brown ; irides bright yellow.

Length.—9°'5 to 10, wing 3°5, tail 5°5, bill at front 0-75.
Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, throughout Bengal and
Nepaul, extending along the valley of Assam, and southwards to

Burmah. With C. caudata, this species is numerous everywhere in
Sind, to Afghanistan.

Laticilla, Bly.; Eurycercus, Bly.

Bill of moderate length, compressed and slender, the culmen slightly
curved ; wings short, rounded; 5th and 6th quills longest; tail long,
graduated.

Laticilla burnesii, ‘Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiii. p. 874; id. Cat. 786;
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 180; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 143.—Tus
Lone-TatLeD Rezp Brrp.

Above olive brown, paler on the head, rufescent on the back and
sides of the neck; the feathers including the scapulars mesially streaked
with dark brown; rump and upper tail-coverts unstriped ; lores and
round the eye white; ear-coverts greyish white; tail olive brown,

PYCNONOTUS. 135

with faint transverse strize, the lateral feathers narrowly margined at
the tips with whitish ; a double line of dark spots from the base of
the lower mandible on either side of the throat; under surface
white ; the flanks and sides brownish, the feathers with fulvous mesial
streaks; under tail-coverts ferruginous; bill horny brown, paler on
lower mandible; irides brown ; legs pale horny.

Length.—?7 to 7°7 inches, wing 2 to 2°3, tail 4, bill at front 0:4.

Hab.—Sind, the Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Bengal; breeds in
Sind from July to September.

Family, BRACHYPODID4,—Suort-teacep TurusHEs.

Legs and feet short ; wings moderate or rather long; bill various.

Sub-Family, PYCNONOTINA,—Truz Botszuts.

Bill generally short, straight and depressed; rictal bristles well
developed; nostrils exposed.

Gen. Pycnonotus.—Bove, Isis, 1826,

Bill rather long and thin; gongs up-curved; rictal bristles strong;
legs and feet stout; tarsi with a single scute at insertion of feet;
toes scutellate ; head more or less crested, but not conspicuously.

Pycnonotus hemorrhous, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv. p. 566; id.
xv. p. 50; Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 237; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 94, No. 462;
Str. F. 1875, p. 292; Sharpe, Cat. B. B. Mus. vol. vi.; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §¢., Sind. Hzematornis hemorrhous, Swains, Faun. Bor. Amer,
B. p. 485. Pycnonotus pusillus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Str. F. 1878,
p. 258 ; Hume, 1. c. p. 456; Str. F. 1877, p. 246 ; Molpastes hemorrhous,
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 98.—Tus Common Mapras Boxstt.

Head crested, black ; chin and throat black; neck, back and wing-
coverts brown, more or less pale edged; upper tail-coverts white ; tail
brownish black, tipped with white; breast brown, all the feathers edged
with white or ashy; lower abdomen and vent white; flanks and thigh-
coverts light brown; under tail-coverts crimson ; under wing-coverts
whitish ; bill black ; legs greenish or slaty green ; irides deep brown.

Length.—7-75 to 8 inches, wing 3°4, tail 3°4, tarsus 0°8, bill at front
0°9.

Hab.—Ceylon, Southern and Central India (Mhow, Travancore),
Deccan, Concan, Malabar, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and North
Guzerat; also the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal and Oudh.
In Sind it appears to be a permanent resident, breeding from June
to August. Eggs 2—4, white, speckled with lake red or deep claret.

Pycnonotus leucotis, Ivos. apud. Gould. P, Z. 8.1836, p. 6;
Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 265; De F. Viag. Pers. p. 847. Pycnonotus
leucotis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 567; Blf. Hast. Pers. in. p. 218.
Otocompsa lencotis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 91, No. 459; Hume, Str. F.
1873, p. 181; id. 1875, p. 206; 1. c. p. 473; 1879, p. 98; Murray,
Habk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 143,—Tue Wuirz-zangp Crestep Buxzon.

136 BRACHYPODID.A.

Head, hind neck, round the eye, forecheek, chin, throat and upper
breast black; back, wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts
earthy brown; quills dusky brown; the outer webs like the back ; ear-
coverts and hinder part of cheeks white; tail dark brown, lighter at
their bases, all the feathers tipped with white; lower breast and
abdomen ashy brown; thigh-coverts dusky brown; under tail-coverts
rich golden or saffron yellow; bill horny brown; irides dark brown;
legs and feet dark brown.

Length.—7 inches, wing 3°5, tail 3°25, tarsus 0°9.

Hab.—Western and Northern India, Beloochistan (Khelat, Bolan,
Mekran Coast and Quetta), S. Afghanistan (Chaman), Persia. Common
in the Punjab and N. W. Provinces. Resident in Sind. Breeds from
April to July.

Sub-Family, ORIOLINA,—Orioxzs.

Nostrils in front of the base of the bill, bare; bill, with a notch in
the upper mandible, slightly curving; wings long, 3rd and 4th quills
longest; tail rather short, nearly even; outer toe syndactyle.

Gen. Oriolus, Linn. S. N.i. p. 160,

Lores feathered, but generally with a little bare space behind the
eye; 3rd quill longest.

Oriolus galbula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 160; Naum. vogt. Deutsch. ii.
tab. 61; McGill. Br. B. ii. p. 69. Gould. B. Eur. ii. pl. 71; Gray,
Gen. B.i. p. 282; Layard, B. South Afr. p. 1385; Shelley, B. Egypt,
p- 186; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 215; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 58; Hume,
Str. F. 1873, p. 182; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 143.—Tus
GotpEw ORIOLE.

Adult Male.—Golden yellow, a blackish brown spot between the
eyeand the bill; wings and tail black ; a yellow spot on the quills not
far from the middle of the wing when closed; tail feathers terminated
with yellow; bill reddish maroon; iris red; feet bluish grey.

Length.—Rather more than 10 inches, bill at front 1, wing 5:9, tail
3'l, tarsus 8.

Adult Female.—Greenish olive above, greyish white witha yellowish
tinge below, where the plumage is marked by some white distant greyish
brown stripes or dashes disposed longitudinally ; wings brown, border-
ed with olivaceous grey ; tail olivaceous, tinged with black; beneath
yellowish with a brownish black mark somewhat in the form of an
irregular Y ; no dark streak behind the bill and the eye.

The young of the year resemble the female, but the longitudinal
‘stripes of the lower parts are more numerous and deeper in colour;
bill blackish grey ; iris brown.

It is said to breed in parts of Europe, laying generally four or five
eggs, white or purplish white, speckled with lake red and dusky.

Hab.—The whole of Europe, 8S. W. Asia, South Africa and Persia.
A visitant in Sind during October and November.

OOPSYCHUS, 187

Oriolus kundoo, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 87; Gray, Gen. B.i. p.
232; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 49; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 107, No. 470;
Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 167; Murray, Hbdk., Zool., §c., Sind,
p. 143.—Tue Inpran Orionz.

Adult Male.—Bright golden yellow above and below; lores, feathers
round the eye and a streak through the eye black; scapulars exter-
nally black; the edge of the wing and a bar formed by the primary
coverts yellow; the bases of the primary coverts black ; quills black ;
the primaries edged with yellow; secondaries with yellow tips; tail
with the central feathers black and narrowly yellow tipped, the next
pair black, with a broad yellow tip, the others black at the base and
yellow for the greater part of their terminal length; under wing and
tail-coverts golden yellow; bill deep lake red; legs plumbeous ; irides
blood-red.

Length.—9 to 9°5 inches, wing 5°5, tail 3:5, tarsus 0°95. The female
is like the male, but with a slightly greenish tint.

Hab.—India generally to Nepaul, Cashmere and Eastern Turkistan.
Probably a resident in Sind, but nothing is known of its nidification
in the Province. Specimens have been obtained in April, June, Sep-
tember and December. The September birds were the young of the
year. Occurs also in the Deccan and North Guzerat.

Family, SYLVIADA,—Wazsters.

Bill slender; wing usually somewhat lengthened ; tail moderate or
short; tarsus long.—(Jerd.)

Sub-Family, SAXICOLINA,—Srone Cuars and Warsters.
Gen. Copsychus.— Wagler.

Bill moderately long and strong, tip slightly bent; rictal bristles
few; nostrils basal, exposed; 4th and 5th quills longest ; tail rather
long ; tarsus moderately long.

Copsychus saularis, Linn. ; Edw, B, pl. 181; Jerd. B. Ind. ii,
p. 114, No. 475; Hume, Str. F. ii. 230; id. vi. 332; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 145. Kittacincla melanoleuca, Less. Rev. Zool.
1840, p. 354. Gryllivora intermedia, Swains. and Jerd. Cat, 101.—
Tue Magri Rosin.

Head, neck all round, back, wings, chin, throat, breast, central tail
feathers and upper abdomen black, glossed blue; four lateral tail
feathers on each side white; lower abdomen, vent and under tail-
ccverts, also the shoulder of the wing and some of the outer webs of
the secondaries white. The female is duller black; the breast ashy ;
bill black ; legs black ; irides brown.

Length.—8 to 8:5 inches, wing 4, tail 3°25, bill at front 0°8,

Hab.—India generally, from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin
and Ceylon, eastwards to Arrakan and Tenasserim. Occurs in the
Deccan rather abundantly, and sparingly in Sind, Punjab, N. W.
Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Central India, Kutch, Kattiawar,
Guzerat and Jodhpore. -

+ 18 z

138 SYLVIADA,

Gen. Thamnobia,—Sws.

Bill slender, slightly widened at the base, sides compressed ; 4th
and S5th quills longest; secondaries and tertiaries broad, nearly the
length of the primaries ; tail moderate.

Thamnobia cambaiensis, Lath. ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 122, No. 480;
Hume, Str. F. i. 182; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se, Sind, p. 146.
(Foosree, Sind).—Tus Brown-Backep Inpran Rosin.

Male.—Head dusky olive brown ; lores, ear-coverts, lower plumage,
wings and tail black ; back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts dusky
olive brown; under tail-coverts and centre of lower abdomen deep
chestnut; a white wing spot. The female is sooty brown throughout ;
vent and under tail-coverts chestnut; bill and legs black ; irides brown.

Length.—6 inches, wing 2°8 to 38, tail 2°75, tarsus 1, bill at front 0:5,

Hab.—Central and Northern India to the Himalayas. Found com-
monly in the Panjab, N. W. Provinces, Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar, N.
Guzerat, Jodhpore, the Concan and Deccan, also in Khandeish, and, as
in Sind, is probably a resident of these places. In Sind it breeds from
March to July. Eges white or pale greenish white, speckled with pale
red.

Gen. Pratincola, Koch. Syst. d. Baier, Zool. p. 199.

Bill short, straight, wider at the nostrils than high ; nostrils hidden ;
second primary longer than the secondaries, the first not half the
length of the second.

Pratincola macrorhyncha, Stolichza, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 238;
Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 40; 1877, pp. 131, 241, 244; 1879, p. 53.
Pratincola rubetraoides, Jen. RB. Ind. ui. App. p. 872 (ex. Jameson
MS. Desc. Nulta) Dresser, B. Eur. parts 28, 24; Hume, Str. FP. 1877,
p- 239. Pratincola rubetra, Hume, Ibis. 1869, p. 354. Pratincola Jame-
soni, Hume, Str. EF, 1877, p. 239 (nom emende) Sharpe, Cat. Birds, B.
Museum. vol. iv. p. 182.

Adult Male—A broad stripe over the eyes and over the greater
portion of the ear-coverts white, with a slight buffy tinge ; lower parts
of the lores dusky ; chin, throat and entire lower parts, including lower
tail-coverts and tibial plumes, white with a yellowish tinge and a very
feeble rufescent tinge on breast and flanks; wing lining and axillaries
pure white, the former slightly mottled with dusky; forehead, crown,
occiput, nape, back and scapulars light sandy buff, striated longitudinally
with hair brown; rump and upper tail-coverts white, most of the
feathers tinged towards their tips with pale rusty buff; primaries and
secondaries hair brown, margined on the outer webs with light buff.
and tipped with yellowish white, the primaries more narrowly, the
secondaries more broadly ; tertiary, greater coverts, or perhaps, Ishould
call them lower scapulars, white; tertiaries and greater and median
secondary .coverts deep brown, broadly margined with pale, more or
less rufescent buff; entire visible portion of lesser coverts pale sandy
bnff; edge of wing and outer webs of carlier greater primary coverts
pure white; tail hair brown, all the feathers margined on the outer

PRATINCOLA. 139

webs with sandy buff or light yellowish brown; the outer web of the
outermost feather almost entirely of this colour ; all the feathers, except
the central pair, with almost the entire inner webs, white, the outer-
most pair have an irregular subterminal brown band from 0:2 to 0:3
inch wide on this web, but the rest have only a small patch of brown
near the shaft close to the tip, the pair next the centre have the patch
rather larger ; there are traces of a dark streak from the base of the
lower mandible down either side of the throat, expanding on the sides
of the breast ; doubtless in breeding plumage this streak and patch are
black or blackish; bill and feet black ; iris brown.

Length.—6 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 3, tail 2°12, tarsus 0:97.—(Hume).

Breeding Plumage.—Two or three of both my males and females
have the lower parts of the lores, cheeks, ear-coverts and entire sides
of the throat (leaving only a narrow pure white stripe down the
centre of the throat) black ; the feathers only a little tipped with pale
sandy, which doubtless in the breeding season entirely disappears ;
also the lesser and median, and secondary greater wing-coverts and
the winglet have become nearly black, only very narrowly edged with
sandy buff, which colour also seems in the course of disappearing.—
(Hume).

Adult Female in winter plumage similar to the male, but smaller and
showing the dark streak and patch much less.

Length.—5°5 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 2°9, tail 2, tarsus 0:93.—
(Hume). Lx Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. iv. p. 188.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, and N. W. Provinces. Mr. Hume gives the
following distribution of this species in vol. vii. of Stray Feathers, p.
55 :-— Punjab (Goorgaon, Umballa, Sirsa, Hansi, Shahpoor and prob-
ably all western districts); Rajputana (Jodhpore, Biccaneer, Jeysulmere) ;
North Guzerat, Kutch, Sind (Thurr and Parkur districts) and probably
elsewhere.” I got it at Chaman (Afghanistan), and in the Bolan Pass,
Beloochistan.

Pratincola indica, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 129; id. Cat. Mus.
A. 8. B. p.170; Bp. Consp.i. p. 305; Str. F. 18738, p, 355; 1875,
p. 138; l. c. p. 475; 1876, pp. 142, 259, 275, 327; 1877, p. 36; Jerd.
B. Ind. ii. p. 124, No. 483 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 145.
Pratincola maura, Pall. Reis. ii. Anhang. p. 708; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p- 975; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Br. Mus. vol. iv. p. 188. Pratincola
robusta, Tristr. Ibis. 1870, p. 497; Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 274;
Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 181; 1878, p. 335; vil. p. 55. Pratincola
rubicola, Pt., Severtz. Turkst. Jevoin. p. 65; Dresser, B. Hur. pt. 23, 24,—
Tue Inpian Buse Cuar.

Adult Male.— Head, neck, chin, throat, sides of face, back, tail
and wings black; the feathers of the back and scapulars, (some of which
are white tipped) edged with pale rufous, and the tail basally white ; the
quills dusky brown, margined with sandy brown, as are also the wing-
coverts and secondaries; a large wing patch, rump, upper tail-coverts,
and sides of neck forming a demicollar, white ; foreneck and breast bright
ferruginous; abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts white, slightly

140 SYLVIADAR.

tinged with fulvous; axillaries black. In winter plumage, the general
colour above is brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts rusty, also the
entire under surface, but duller. The adult female is brown above
with pale rufous edges to the feathers, and the edgings to the wing-
coverts and scapulars much lighter; the wing patch is much smaller
and less distinct; the rump and upper tail-coverts a rufescent buff;
cheeks and throat fulvous ashy, and the entire under surface a sullied
white or pale buff; the axillaries also buffy ; tho bases of the feathers
brownish ; bill and legs black ; irides brown.

Length.—4°5 to 55 inches, wings 2°75, tail 1°75, tarsus 0°85.

Hab.—India generally during the winter, also China, Japan, Cashmere,
Nepaul, N. W. Himalayas, Upper Burmah, Eastern Turkistan, Abyssinia,
Beloochistan (Bolan and Quetta), Afghanistan (Chaman and Gulistan).
Occurs in Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, North Guzerat,
the Deccan, Kamptee, in Central India and Darjeeling.

Pratincola leucura, Blytt, J. A. 8S. B. xiv. p. 474; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 805; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 126, No. 484; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p.
183; 1874, p. 478; 1875, p. 135; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &§c., Sind.,
p. 145.—Tue Wairs-tarnep Bus Cuar.

Adult Male in Summer Plumage.—Above black ; rump duller; upper
tail-coverts white ; central tail feathers blackish brown, basally white,
the others dark brown on the outer web and white on the inner;
wings black; quills duller, margined pale brown; a white wing spot;
breast bright rufous; sides of head and throat black ; on the sides of
the neck a white patch, broader at the lower throat; rest of under
surface pare white, tinged with rufescent on the sides; under wing-
coverts black, edged with white. ‘‘In the winter plumage the male is
nearly a sandy brown above, almost uniform, the black centres to the
feathers being effectually concealed ; upper tail-coverts white, sandy rufous
at their ends ; tail feathers dark brown, edged with sandy colour; the
inner webs white, slightly shaded with sandy buff at the tips ; wings
black, with broad sandy brown edges to the feathers ; the inner secon-
daries margined with rufous, some of the feathers forming the white
wing patch, edged with brown; a loral line of ashy white ; feathers in
front of and round the eye black, with sandy brown edgings; throat
black, obscured by ashy white margins to the feathers; on each side of
the lower throat a white patch half concealed by rufous tips to the
feathers ; breast and sides of body orange rufous, the feathers edged
with sandy buff; plumes on the sides of the upper breast white, tipped
rufous; under wing-coverts and axillaries white with dusky bases.”’—
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. M.

“The adult female is earthy brown, with more or less distinct
remains of sandy brown edges; upper tail-coverts sandy buff; tail
feathers brown, dull white along the basal portion of the inner
web ; wings brown, with buffy white tips to the greater coverts;
wing patch smaller than in the males; lores fulvous, extending over
the forepart of the eye; round the latter a ring of sandy buff; ear-
coverts brown with fulvous shaft-lines; cheeks and throat white ,

SAXICOLA. 141

breast and sides of body paler orange buff; the centre of the abdomen
buffy white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale sandy buff with
dusky bases ; quills brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner
web ; bill and feet brownish black; irides brown.”—Sharpe, Cat. B. M.

Length.—5 inches, wing 2:5, tail 2, bill at front 0°5.

Hab.—India and Burmah; N. W. Himalayas, Sind, Punjab, at
Mooltan, and the Gangetic Valley, where Jerdon states he “found it most
abundant from Rajmahal to Monghyr, frequenting fields and long
grasses. It winters in Sind and Punjab,

Pratincola caprata, Linn. S. Nat. 1, p. 325, Ginanthe caprata,
Viell. N. Dict. xxi, p. 433. Saxicola bicolor, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1882,
P- 92. Pratincola caprata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 129; Bp. ies

p- 805; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 123, No. 481; Hume, Str. PF. 1878,
182, 379 ; 1874, pp. 413, 477; 1875, p-. 184; 1877, p. 229; 1876, p. obo,
Str. F. 1875, p- pace Blanfd. Bastern Porsia, p- 144; Murray, Habk.,
' Zool., &c., Sind, p. 145, Pratincola atrata, Blyth, J. 4.8. B, xx. -p. 177;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 124, No, 482. Pratincola bicolor, Hume, Nest and
Eggs, Ind. B. p. 314.—Tue Warre-winerp Brace Rosin.

Adult Male—Head, neck all round, throat, breast, sides of the
face, back, wings, tail and entire under surface black; under wing-
coverts black; vent, under tail-coverts, ramp, upper tail-coverts and
wing patch white; some of the feathers of the lower abdomen very
slightly edged with white. The young male is dark brown, the feathers
of the upper and lower surface with brownish edgings; the quills dark
brown with whitish tips, and the lower abdomen, vent and upper tail-
coverts, as well as the wing patch, white. The female is dusky brown,
the feathers edged pale, and with dark centres to the feathers of the
head, scapulars and back; rump and upper tail-coverts rufescent ; tail
dark brown, as also are the wing-coverts and quills, but margined with
lighter brown; beneath pale reddish or ochraceous brown, whitish on
the throat; vent and under tail-coverts white, with a slight rufous
tinge; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown.

Length.—5 to 5°4 inches, wing 2°75, tail 2°1, tarsus 0°8, bill at
front 0°45.

Hab.—India generally, Ceylon, Southern India, Burmah, Java, and
Phillipines. In the Indian region it extends to the Himalayas, and
is extremely common throughout Sind, the Punjab, Beloochistan,
S. E. Persia and S. Afghanistan, at Chaman, Gulistan, Dubrai and
Kandahar; also occurs all along the Western Coast, Kutch, Kattiawar,
Jodhpore, North Guzerat, the Deccan and Concan. Breeds in Sind
during March and April. Eggs usually three, pale greenish white,
speckled finely with brown.

Gen. Saxicola.—Bechst.

Bill rather flat at base; nostrils in a membranous groove, opening
rounded ; wings long; 8rd and 4th quills longest ; tail even; outer too
longer than inner,

42 SYLVIADA.

Saxicola albonigra, Hume, Blanf. and Dresser, P. Z. 8. 1874, p.
226; Bif. East. Persia, ii. p. 158, pl. xi. Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. p.
866, Saxicola alboniger, Hume, Sir. F. i, p. 2 (1873). Dromolea
alboniger, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 185; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind,
p. 146.—Hvme’s Przp Stone Caar.

Adult Male.—Head, neck, upper back and throat black; quills dark
brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries black; tail white, with a
broad terminal band of dark brown, broader on the two central feathers ;
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, belly and under tail.
coverts white; bill and legs black; irides dark brown.

Length.—7‘5 inches, wing 4°25, bill at front 0°65.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan (Kundilanee, Abigoom, Bolan Pass and
Bampusht, Kalagan, Bif.), South H. Persia, S. Afghanistan (Gulistan,
Chaman, Dubrai, and Kandahar), Winters in Sind, and probably also
in S. EH. Persia.

Saxicola picata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 131; Bp. Consp. i. p.
804; Jerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 181, No. 489; BLf. and Dresser, P. Z. 8. 1874,
p- 227; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 367; BIf. Hastern Persia, ii. p.
153; Hume, Str. F.i. pp. 3, 184. Dromolea picata, (Blyth); Gould. B,
Asia, pt. xvii—Tue Prep Sronz Car.

Head, neck, back, throat and upper breast black; quills dark
brown, much paler on the under surface; under wing-coverts and
axillaries black; rump, upper tail-coverts, lower breast, under
tail-coverts and vent white; the under tail-coverts in some specimens
with a very faint tinge of buffy; tail white, the two central feathers
black for their terminal half, and the others for about one-fourth termi-
nated with blackish brown; bill and legs black; irides dark brown.

Length.—6'25 to 6'5 inches, wing 3°7, tail 2°75, bill at front 0°5,

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, 8. H. Persia, 8. Afghanistan, the Punjab.
N. W. Provinces, Oudh, and Guzerat. Breeds in Persia and South
Afghanistan.

Saxicola capistrata, Gould. B. Asia, pt. xvii. 1865; Seebohm, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. vol. v. p.368; Gray, Handlist B, i. p. 224. Saxicola leuco-
mela, (Pall) apud. Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 131; apud. Jerd. B. Ind.
ii. p. 181, No. 490. Saxicola morio, Hemp. et Hhr. apud. Blanf. and
Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 225 (partim) ; apud. Severtz. Str. F. iii. p.
429.—Tur Inpian Srone Cuar.

Adult Male in Breeding Plumage.—Head and nape greyish white,
shading into white on the hind neck and eye stripes; lores, chin,
throat, ear-coverts, sides of neck, scapulars, back, wing-coverts, axil-
laries and under wing-coverts black; quills dark brown, slightly paler
on the under surface; rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, flanks, belly.
and under tail-coverts white, the latter occasionally suffused with buff;
tail white, the two central feathers nearly black for the terminal half,
and the remainder tipped with nearly black from a quarter to half an
inch; bill and legs black; wings, 3rd, 4th and 5th primaries nearly
equal and longest ; second, intermediate in length between the 6th and
7th; bastard primary 0°9 to 0°7.

SAXICOLA. 143

Length.—Wing 8°7 to 8:5, tail 2°7 to 2:4, culmen 0-7 to 0-62, tarsus
11 to 0:9. Female unknown.—(Seebohm).

Hab.—North, Western and Central India, and Sind during winter.
Breeds in Turkistan and probably Afghanistan also.—(Seebohm, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. p. 868).

Saxicola monacha, Rupp. fide Tem. Pl. Col. No. 359, fig. 1; cd.
Syst. Uebers. p. 58; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 226; Shelley, B. Eyypt,
p. 78, Sharpe and Dresser, B. Hur. pt. xvi. BIf. and Dresser, P, Z. 8.
1874, p. 227; BIf. Hast. Pers. ii. p. 150; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol.
v. p. 369. Saxicola pallida, Rupp. fide Cretzschm, Rupp. Atl. xxxiv. ;
Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 224, No. 8213. Dromolea monacha, (Rupp.), Bp.
Consp. i. 302; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 186. Saxicola gracilis, Licht.
Nom, Av. p. 85.—TuEe Hooprep Strong Cuar.

Adult Male.—General colour black; quills dark brown, paler on under
surface; head, nape, upper and lower tail-coverts, belly, and flanks
white; tail white, except the terminal half of the two central feathers,
and the tips of others, which are very dark brown; bill and legs black;
irides brown.

Length.—? to 7:25, wing 4 to 4°42, tail from vent 2°75, tarsus 0°9,
bill at front 0°62.

Adult Female.—General colour very similar to the male, but browner,
and the white parts suffused or tinged with buffy.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Egypt, Nubia and Palestine; winter-
ing in Sind. Said to be resident in Persia and Egypt.

Saxicola morio, Hemp. et Ehr.Symb. Phys. fol. a. a.; Dresser, B.
Eur. pt. xxvii. (1874 partim). Dresser and BIf. Ibis. 1874, p. 338 ; Bif.
East. Pers, ii. p. 152; Wardl. Ramsay, Ibis. 1880, p.55; Seebohm, Cat.
Birds Br. Mus. p. 872. Saxicola leucomela, (Pall), Tem. Man. d’Orn. i.
p- 243; Gould. B. Bur. ii. pl. 89 ; Gray, Gen. Birds, i. p. 178, Bp. Consp.
i, 808; Severtz. Str. F. 1875, p.429. Saxicola Hendersoni, Hume, Ibis.
1871, p. 408; Hume and Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 206,
pl. xiiii—Tue Wuire-neapep Stone Cuar.

Adult Male.—General colour black ; quills dark brown, paler on the
under side; head, nape, hind neck, rump, upper and lower tail-coverts,
breast, flanks, and belly, white; the head and nape tinged greyish; tail
white, the two centre feathers black for the terminal half, and the
others tipped black from a quarter to half an inch bill and legs black ;
irides brown.

“ Tength.—Wing 8°9 to 3°6 inches (Female 3°6 to 3°45), tail 2°66 to
2°25, culmen 0°7 to 0:6, tarsus 1-0 to 0°85.”—(Seebohm). Female, like
the male, but the upper parts earthy brown.

Hab.—-Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Cashmere, Palestine,
and Egypt. Winters in Sind, Arabia, Abyssinia, and breeds (according
to Seebohm) in Cyprus, Crimea, Caucasus, Persia, Afghanistan and
Turkistan; also in Western Thibet, Mongolia, Siberia, and N. W.
China.

144 SYLVIADA.

Saxicola opistholeuca, Strickl.; Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 60;
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus, A. 8. p. 167; Gray, Handlist B. i.p. 226 ; Blanf.
and Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 229; Seebohm. Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v..

. 876. Saxicola leucura, Gmel. apud. Blyth, J. A. 8, B. xvi. p. 181.
Eexieoin leucoroides, Guer. apud. Jerd. B. Ind. p. 180. Saxicola
syenitica, Heugl. apud. Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 65. Saxicola
leucopyga (Brehm?) Dresser, Ibis. 1875, p. 337; Str. F, vol. viii. p.
473; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 146.—Tue Inpian Wairz-
TAILED Stone Cuat.

Entire head, neck, back, throat, breast, belly, wings, and under wing-
coverts black; quills dark brown; rump, upper and under tail-
coverts, vent and tail, white; the terminal half or a little more of the
two central feathers of the tail, and the tips of others from a quarter
to half an inch deep, dark brown; bill and legs black ; irides dark
brown.

Length.—65 inches, wing 3°75, tail 2°75, bill at front 0°68. Female,
length 6°5, wing 3°52, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°95 to 0°99.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, (at Mooltan and Cheechawutnee), N. W.
Provinces, Beloochistan, (Quetta, May 21st), Afghanistan (Chaman),
and §. W. Turkistan. Occurs also in Jodhpore, and probably in:
Kutch and Kattiawar.

Saxicola deserti, Tem. Pl. Col. pl. 359, fig. 2; Rupp. Syst. Uebers.
p- 58; Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 179; Bp. Consp. i. p. 803; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.
p. 182, No. 492; BIf. Geol. and Zool. Abyssinia, p. 362; Shelley, Birds
Lgypt, p. 74; BI. East. Pers. ii. p. 148; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v.
p. 883. Saxicola atrigularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 181; Gould. B,
of Asia, pt. xvii. Saxicola homochroa, Tristram, Ibis. 1859, p. 59;
Heugl. N. 0. Afr. B. i. p. 343; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 75.—Tue Buack-
THROATED WHEATEAR.

Top of head, neck, back, scapulars, breast and belly buff; upper and
under tail-coverts very pale buff; chin, throat, lores, behind the
eye, and terminal half of the tail black; the two central feathers of the
tail with the black for nearly a quarter of an inch higher from the base
than the others; basal half of tail feathers and a supercilium from the
base of the bill to the nape, white; wings and wing-coverts dark
brown, the secondaries margined on the outer webs with buff; tertiaries
lighter, broadly margined and narrowly tipped with buffy, the basal
half of inner webs of all margined with white; axillaries and under
wing-coverts black, some of the feathers white tipped; bill and legs
black; irides hazel.

Length.—6°75 to 7 inches, wing 3°9 to 4, tail 2°75, tarsus 1 to 1:1,
bill at front 0:5.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, S. E. Persia,
Afghanistan, E, Turkistan, Arabia, Egypt, Palestine, Nubia. Occurs
also in Centra? India, Deccan, Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and
North Guzerat, .

SAXICOLA. 145

Seebohm, in his Cat. B. Br, Mus. p. 385, describes—Saxicola
montana, Gould. B. As. pt. xvii. from Gwadur, Yarkand and
Cashmere. I have a long series of the Desert Chat from Beloochistan,
S. Afghanistan, Sind, and Sibi in Afghanistan, and all have the basal
half of the inner webs of quills margined white. S. deserti and S.
montana I believe to be the same species, the differences, if any, are due
to seasonal changes. In one stage of plumage (autumn and beginning
of winter) the edge of the wing isa mixture of buffy white and black,
the axillaries whitish, and the black feathers of the throat tipped with
buffy white.

Saxicola chrysopygia, De. Fillippi, Arch. Zool: Genova, ii.
p. 381; id. Viag. Pers. p. 347; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 226; BUf. Hast.
Pers. ii. p. 151; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br M.p. 889; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§c., Sind, p. 148. Saxicola kingi, Hume, Ibis. 1871, p. 29; id. Str.
F. i, p. 187; vii. p. 57.—Tum Rep-taitep Wuearrar.

A dark grey line from the gape to and under the eye; a broad
slightly greyish white line from the nostrils over the eye, much more
conspicuous in some specimens than in others; ear-coverts silky rufes-
cent brown; forehead greyish brown; crown, occiput, nape, back and
scapulars, nearly uniform grey-earthy brown, as a rule only very slight-
ly tinged with rufescent towards the rump; but in some specimens
more strongly so; rump and upper tail-coverts bright rufous fawn,
in some specimens pale rufous buff; tail feathers bright, in some pale,
ferruginous, with a sub-terminal blackish brown band extending over
both webs, and a narrow tipping of rufous white jets in at the shafts
for about the tenth of an inch; occasionally on the lateral feathers,
the black bar is more or less imperfect, the dark band is from 1:1 to
1:4 broad on the central tail feathers, about 0°6 to 0°8 on the feathers
next the centre, and 0°4 to 0°6 on the external ones. The tertiaries
and most of the coverts are hair brown broadly margined with pale
rufescent; the winglet, primaries, and secondaries, and primary
greater coverts are slightly darker hair brown, very narrowly tipped
with white, and some of them, the secondaries especially, very narrowly
margined with pale rufescent; the chin and upper throat white with
a faint creamy tinge; the sides of the neck, behind and below the
ear-coverts, grey, greyish white and greyish brown, blending on
the one side into the colour of the throat, and on the other into that of
the back of the neck. The breast and upper abdomen are a very pale
rufescent brown, all the tips of the feathers being paler. The
centre of the abdomen and vent slightly rufescent white; flanks
rufescent fawn; lower tail-coverts a somewhat pale buff; wing lining
and axillaries pure white; legs and feet black ; bill black ; irides dark
brown.

Length.—6'2 to 6°5 inches, expanse 10 to 11:3, tail from vent 2°2 to
2°4, wings when closed reach to within 0:7 to 1°5 of end of tail, wing
3°7 to 4'4, the 8rd primary is the longest, the second 0:25, and the Ist
2-0 shorter than the third, the tail is perfectly square; bill, length at
front 0°55 to 0°6, tarsus 1 to 1:01; foot, greatest length 115 to 18;

19 «

146 SYLVIAD AS.

mid-toe to root of claw, 0°55 to 0°65, its claw straight, 0°2 to 0-24,—
(Hume, Str. F. vol. i. p. 187.)

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, 8. E. Persia,
Afghanistan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and North Guzerat. In one
specimen I possess a female collected at Kurrachee in January, the
feathers on the crown of the head-are dark shafted, the tertiaries are
tipped greyish white, and the edge of wing is also greyish white, with
a few dusky spots; the basal third or a little more of the inner webs
of the primarics, secondaries, and tertiaries narrowly margined with
white.

Saxicola isabellina, Cretszchm. Rupp. Atl. p. 52; id. Syst. Uebers. |
p. 58; Bonap. Consp. i. p. 804; Gray, Handlist B.i. p. 225; Bif. and
Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 229; Dresser, B. Eur. pl. xxviii. 1874; Bly.
East. Pers. ii. p.147; Seebohm, Cut. B. Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 400. Motacilla
stapazina, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso. As. i, p. 474; ex. Walloughby nec.
Motacilla stapazina, Lin. Saxicola saltator, Menet. Cat. Rais. Caue.
p. 380. Severtz. Jevotn. Turkest. p. 65, Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.) apud.
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 1382 ; Hume, Str. F. i. pp. 45, 48,187; vii. pp. 57,
95,112; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 148.—Tus Waueatrear.

Adult Male—Wead, neck, back, and scapulars sandy brown. A
stripe from the nostrils, above the eye asa supercilium; the nape white,
or buffy white, a narrow black stripe below this from the gape to the
eye; chin buffy white; throat, breast, and belly, pale buff, darker on
the breast ; rump and upper tail-coverts white ; under tail-coverts also
white, tinged with buffy; primaries, their coverts, secondaries and
tertiaries brown, margined on their outer webs with whitish or buffy
white; the secondaries (in all Sind specimens) tipped with whitish ;
wing-coverts brown, margined with pale rufescent brown ; ear-coverts
rufescent brown; tail white, the terminal half of the central feathers
and about one-third of the others dark brown; axillaries and under
wing-coverts white; bill and legs black ; irides light brown.

Length.—6°5 to 6°75 inches, wing 3°75 to 4, tail 2°75.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanis-
tan, Eastern Turkistan, Cashmere, Palestine, Abyssinia, Thibet and
North China. Breeds in Asia Minor, winters in Sind, N. W. Provinces,

Punjab, Egypt, Nubia and Abyssinia. Occurs also in Kutch, Jodhpore,
Deccan, Kattiawar and North Guzerat.

Sub-Family, RUTICILLINA,—Repstarrts.

Bill slender with tip entire, rictal bristles fairly developed; wings
and tail various; tarsi long, slender.
Gen. Ruticilla—Brehm.

Bill rather short, broad at base; nostrils in a membranous groove ;
wings long and rounded; oth and 6th quills longest.

Ruticilla rufiventris, Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 187, No. 497; Gray,
Handlist B. i. p. 221; Blanf, Bast. Persia, ii. p. 168; Murray, Hdbk., -

CYANECULA. 147

Zvol., §c., Sind, p. 152; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 842;
Ruticilla phoenicuroides, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1854, p- 25, pl. lvii.; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 136; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 221. Ruticilla erythroprocta,
Gould. apud. Hume and Hender. Lahore to Yarkand, p. 208; apud.
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn—Tuz Inptan Rupsvart.

Adult Male.—Crown of head ashy grey; throat, neck, lores, ear-
coverts, breast, back and wing-coverts dark brown or black, the
feathers edged greyish; wings dusky brown; the primaries and secon-
daries margined rufescent on their outer webs ; breast, flanks, under
wing-coverts, belly, ramp, upper and lower tail-coverts and tail (except
the inner, and part of the outer webs of the two central feathers, which
are dark brown) uniform chestnut. The female is brownish above ; the
edge of the wings, belly, and inner tail-coverts pale rufous; bill and legs
dark brown; irides brown.

Length.—6 inches, wing 3°8, tail 2°5, bill at front 0°55.

Hab.—India generally. Breeds in North China, Mongoliaand Eastern
Turkistan. Occurs in Sind, Beloochistan, South Hast Persia and
Afghanistan during winter; also in Nepaul, Kashgar, Behar, N. W.
Himalayas, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, North Guzerat, the Concan
and Deccan to South India,

Gen. Cyanecula.—Brehm. ; Hrithacus, Cuv.

Bill short, slender; rictal bristles small or obsolete; tarsi not scutel-
late ; nostrils at base in a groove ; wings moderate ; 3rd and 4th quills
longest.

Cyanecula suecica, Lin. Sys. Nat.i. p. 336 (partim) Brehm. Vogt.
Deutschl. p. 350; Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 182; Heugl. Orn. N. O.Afr. i. p.
836; Shelley, B. Egypt; BLf. Hast. Persia, ii. p.169; Hume and Davison,
Str. F. vi. p. 387; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 433; Murray, 8. F. vii.
p- 112; id. Hdbk., Zool., §ec., Sind, p. 152; Shelley, Ibis, 1881, Str.
Fix. p. 330; viii. 304. Hrithacus ceruleculus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso.
Asiat.i. p. 480; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 308. Cyanecula
ceruleculus, (Pall.) Bp. Consp. i. p. 296; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 228;
Jerd. Birds Ind. ii. p. 152. No. 514.—Tue Inpian Brus-Taroar.

Head, neck, back, wings and wing-coverts pale brown; the feathers
of the head slightly centred darker, and the wing-coverts and quills
edged paler; lores dark brown; supercilium buffy white; chin, cheek,
throat and breast, cobalt blue, with a large ferruginous or chestnut
spot in the centre of the throat and breast; below the blue of the breast,
a black band, followed by a chestnut one; rest of under surface buffy
white; tail rufous or pale ferruginous, the two centre feathers and the
terminal third of the others dark brown, lighter on the outermost ; ear-
coverts silky rufescent brown; bill dusky; gape yellow; legs dusky
brown ; irides dark brown.

Lenyth.—5°5 to 6°5 inches, wing 3, tail 2 to 2:25. The female is
like the male, but without the pectoral gorget; the throat, chin and
neck buffy white, with a line of dusky brown from the base of the side

148 SYLVIADAl.

of the lower mandible, continued to, and across the breast; rest of
under surface buffy white.

Hab.— Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Winters in the plains of
India. Common in Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, and the
whole of India, to Nepaul, and Cashmere; also in Beloochistan, 8. E.
Persia, Afghanistan, and H. Turkistan.

Sub-Family, CALAMOHERPIN ,—Grass and Rusp-Warsiers,

Bill rather large, depressed and broad at the base; rictal bristles
moderately developed; tail rounded; bastard primary very minute.

Gen. Acrocephalus, Naum. Calamoherpe, Boie.

Wings moderately long; 8rd and 4th quills longest; rictal bristles
short, a few only; claws long; hind claw curved.

Acrocephalus stentoreus, Hemp. et Ehr. Symb. Phys. Aves. fol.
b.b; Heugl. Orn. N. O. Afr. i. p. 287; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 95; Bif.
East. Persia, ii. p. 194. Agrobates brunnescens, Jerd. Madr. Journ,
x. p. 269. Acrocephalus brunnescens, (Jerd.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus.
As. Soc. p. 181; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 154, No. 515; Hume and Hender-
son, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 214, pl. xvi.; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 152; Sin F. vol. 1. 330; ii. 369.—Tue Inpian Great
REED- WARBLER.

Above light olive brown, with a very slight ferruginous tinge, paler
on the rump; wings and tail dark brown; the quills and lateral tail
feathers pale edged; supercilium buffy white; chin white; throat
greyish white, as also is the breast, but with a fulvous tinge; rest of
under surface yellowish or fulvous white; bill dark brown, fleshy at
base of lower mandible ; irides yellowish ; legs slaty brown.

Length.—7‘5 to 8°65 inches, wing 3 to 3°35, tail 3, tarsus 1 to 1:1.

Hab.—India generally, extending to Nepaul. Appears to bea resident
in Egypt; breeds in Turkistan and the highlands of Persia, also in
Cashmere and Nepaul (Seebohm). In Sind it breeds in August. Pro-
bably also a resident of Beloochistan and Afghanistan, where it occurs.
insome numbers. Recorded from Rajputana, North Guzerat and Kutch.

Acrocephalus dumetorum, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 815;
Jerd. B. Ind.ti.p. 155, No.516; Dresser, B. Eur. part liii. ; Seebohm, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. v. p. 96. Calamodyta dumetorum (Blyth), Gray, Handlist,
B. p. 207. Salicaria eurhyncha, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 128;
id. Str. F. 1875, p. 425.—Btyra’s Reep-WarBieEr.

Upper parts olive brown; supercilium very pale, nearly obsolete;
wings and tail slightly darker brown, narrowly edged paler on the outer
webs ; beneath brownish buff, paler on the chin and throat; under

wing-coverts buffy white; bill dusky, fleshy at base of lower mandible ;
legs pale horn brown ; irides yellowish.

Length.—6 inches, wing 2°5, tail 2°83, bill 0°7.

Hab.—Europe, breeds in the Himalyas, and winters in Sind, Punjab,

N. W. Provinces, Deccan, Travancore, Ceylon, Neilgherries, the
Carnatic, Central India, Bengal to Assam and Nepaul.

LUSCINIOLA. 149

Acrocephalus agricola, Jerd. Madras Journ. xiii. pt. ii. p. 131;
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 182; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 156, No. 517;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, 153; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br.Mus. vol. v.
p. 105; Dresser, B. Eur. pt.liii. Salicaria capistrata, modesta et gracilis,
Severtz. Str. F. 1875, pp. 425,426.—Tuu Pappy-Fie.p Warsier,

Above from pale rufous brown to earthy brown; supercilium faint,
nearly obsolete; wings, wing-coverts and tail feathers slightly darker,
the feathers edged rufescent or earthy brown; beneath whitish with a
fulvous tinge; bill brown, fleshy at the base of the lower mandible ;
legs horn brown; irides yellowish.

Length.—5-25 to 55 inches, wings 2°26, tail 2°25, bill at front 0°55.

Hab.—According to Seebohm, this little warbler breeds in the valley
of the Lower Volga, extending its range eastward in the Palearctic
region, at least as far as Turkistan, and probably to China. It also
breeds in the Himalayas from Cashmere to Nepaul, and winters in the
plains of India. Occurs as a migrant in Southern India, Sind,
Deccan, Punjab, Beloochistan and Afghanistan.

Gen. Lusciniola, Gray; Phragamaticola, Jerd.

Lusciniola melanopogon, Tem. Pl. Col. pl. 2.45, fig. 2; id.
Man. @ Orn. ii. p. 121; Gray, List Gen. p. 28; Hume, Str. F. 1873,
p- 190; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 158; Seebohm, Cat. B.
Br, Mus. p. 182; Dresser, Birds Bur. pt. lvi. Calamodyta melanopogon,
Tem. Gray, Handlist, B. i. p. 210; Shelley, B. Eqypt, p. 98. Calamodus
melanopogon (Tem.) Bif. Hast. Pers. ii. p. 198.—Tne Movustacuep
Grass WARBLER.

A broad conspicuous white stripe from the nostrils over the eyes
and ear coverts; a dark brown stripe from in front of, under, and
through the eyes, enveloping the upper portion of the ear-coverts,
darker in the males than in the females; the chin, throat and lower
parts, including the lower tail-coverts white, faintly tinged rufescent on
the breast, more strongly so on the Hanks, about the vent, and in some
specimens the lower tail-coverts also ; the sides both of the neck and of
the body tinged with greyish or in some olivaceous brown; fore-
head, crown, occiput, and nape very dark brown, the feathers tipped
and margined a paler yellowish olive brown; in some specimens these
tippings entirely obscure the base, except on a narrow line immediately
above the white eye-streak ; in others these parts appear to be very
dark brown regularly striated with a pale olive brown, while in some
the tippings are almost wanting; the back, scapulars, ramp and upper
tail-coverts, the same yellowish olive brown, becoming more rufescent
on the lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts ; the feathers of the
centre of back with more or less conspicuous dark central shaft-streaks ;
in some birds the whole back seems regularly streaked with dark lines,
in others only a few faint darker streaks are visible in the very centre
of the back; in some again the lower back is much more decidedly
rufous; the wings are hair brown; the primaries very narrowly margined
and tipped on the outer web paler; the secondaries and tertiaries and
most of the coverts more distinctly margined with a sort of rufescent

150 SYLVIADAL,

olive, the wing lining and axillaries pure or nearly pure white; tail
feathers somewhat pale hair brown, obscurely margined with rufescent
olive; the shafts dull white below. ‘The plumage,” Mr. Hume says,
‘is rather variable, and in some specimens the flanks and _tail-coverts
are much browner than above described ; the upper surface too varies
a good deal in its general appearance * * * all the quills are
margined ou their inner webs albescent.”

Dimensions from the fresh bird—sexes not differing appreciably
in size.

Length.—5:7 to 5 8 inches, expanse 7°3 to 7°5, tail from vent 2 to 2:2,
wing 2°4 to 2°5, wing when closed reach to within 1:25 to 1:4 ofend of
tail, bill at front 0°42 to 0°47, tarsus 0°82 to 0°87, hind toe and claw
0°55, claw only from root to point 0°3, weight 0°35 to 0:4 oz., irides
brown to pale brown, feet dark horny grey, in some dusky brown,
legs dusky brown, soles pale yellowish, bill very dark brown, almost
black, paler on lower mandible.—Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. i. p.191.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia and
Afghanistan. A winter visitant.

Lusciniola neglectus, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 143; BIf. East. Pers.
ii. p. 182; Seebohm, Ibis. 1877, p. 99; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind.
Phyllopneuste neglectus, p. 619, (Hume) Hume, Str. F. i. p. 195.
Lusciniola neglecta, Seebohm, Ibis. 1880, p. 277; id. Cat. B. Br. Mus.
p. 1381.—Hume’s Grass WARBLER.

The following is Mr. Hume’s description of the species :—

“The lores are brownish white; a comparatively pure and very narrow
white streak runs from the nostrils over the lores and eyes, but not
beyond. The whole upper surface is dull earthy brown, with, in some,
a faintly olivaceous rufescent tinge on the back, most conspicuous on
the rump; the quills and tail are a moderately dark hair brown,
narrowly margined on the outer webs with pale olivaceous brown, much
the same colour as the upper parts; the secondaries are very narrowly
margined at the tips with alhescent. The whole lower surface is
albescent, tinged with very pale fulvous fawn, or earthy brown, more
strongly so in some specimens than in others; the sides and flanks are
pale earthy brown; the wing lining and axillaries are white, with at
times the faintest possible fulvous or brownish tinge.

« Length.—4 to 4:2 inches, expanse 6°25 to 64, tail from vent 1°4 to 1°6,
wing barely 2 to 2°15, bill at front 0°27 to U'3, tarsus 0°68 to 0-71.
The 4th primary, the longest, the 3rd and 5th a hair’s breadth
shorter, the 2nd 0:26 to 0°38, and the lst 1 to 1:1 shorter than the
4th, the irides are brown, the legs and feet black, the bill black,
paler or horny greenish in some at the base of the lower mandible.”—
Sir. F. i. p. 196.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan and Persia.
A winter visitant; chiefly affecting acacia groves.

Gen. Cettia, Bp.; Horeites, Hodgs.

Tail rounded, lateral tail feathers short; tarsi robust, scutellated
in front,

ORTHOTOMUS. 161

Cettia cetti, Marm. Mem. Acc. Tor. xxx. p. 254; Tem. Man.
d’ Orn. i. p. 194; Degl. Orn. Hur. i. p. 578; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 185. Bradypterus cetti, (Marm.) Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 89;
Dresser, Ibis. 1876, p. 89. Cottia cetioides, Hume, Sir. F.i. p. 194.
Cettia stolickzee. Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 520. Cettia sericea, Nati. fide
Tem. Man. @ Orn. i. p. 197; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 155.—
Crrtis’ Bush WaRBLER.

« A spot in front of the eyes dusky; a streak from the nostrils over
the eye and a circle round the eye-fulvous white; the forehead, crown,
and whole upper surface a warm rufous or ferruginous brown, more
rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts; the quills and tail hair
brown, magined with rufescent olive; ear-coverts, sides of the ueck,
body, flanks and vent feathers a pale dull greyish or earthy brown ;
chin, throat, breast, and abdomen white, lower tail-coverts slightly
rufous brown (webs very lax and much disunited) narrowly tipped with
white; axillaries and wing lining slightly greyish white; the edge of
the wing just above the base of the primaries is white; in some few
specimens, the eye streak extends beyond the eye, above more than
half of the ear-coverts, but in most it ceases just beyond the posterior
angle of the eye; irides brown; legs and feet pale brown or fleshy
brown, darker on toes and claw; bill dark horny brown, but paler on
lower mandible.

Tength.—5‘8 to 6°5 inches, expanse 7°5 to 8:4, tail from vent 2°4 to
8, wing 2'5 to 2°8, wings, when closed, reach to within from 1:2 to 2 of
end of tail; bill at front 0°4 to 0-5, tarsus 0°8 to nearly 0-9, weight 0°4
oz.”—Stray Feathers, vol. i. p. 191.

Mr. Hume gives an interesting account of its skulking habits among
the almost impenetrable rushes.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, and Afghanistan. Found in
France, Spain, Algeria, Greece, Asia Minor, Palestine and Turkistan.

Sub-Family, DRYMOICINA,—Wren Warsiers.

Bill moderately long, compressed; wings short, rounded ; tail long.

Gen. Orthotomus.-—Horsf.

Bill slender, basally wide ; rictal bristles few ; 5th and 6th quills of
wing longest and equal ; tail narrow, short and rounded.

Orthotomus longicauda, Gmel., Mag. de Zool. 1886, t. 52:58;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §ce., Sind, p. 163; Jerd. B. of Ind. ii. p. 165,
No. 530. Orthotomus sphenurus, Sws. C. of B. f. 185; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p- 161, pl. 48, f. 1.

Forehead and crown rufous ; back of head and neck ashy with avery
faint rufous tinge; sides of nape with two dark brown sete on each
side ; back, scapulars, ramp and upper tail-coverts yellowish green ;
edge of wing white; primaries and secondaries brown, edged with olive
green, more distinct on the secondaries ; all, for two-thirds their length,
narrowly margined basally on the inner webs with whitish; under

152 SYLVIAD A.

wing-coverts buffy white; tail light brown, the central feathers green.
ish, and the lateral ones edged on the outer web with the same and
tipped with white; chin, throat, breast, belly and under tail-coverts
white; the flanks cinereous; a dark spot on each side of the throat;
bill horny brown, paler on the under mandible; legs brown ; irides
reddish yellow.

Length.—6 to 6°5 inches, wing 1:9 to 2, tail 3:5, bill at front 0-5.

Hab.—Throughout India to Nepauland Cashmere, Ceylon and British
Burmah. Common in the Deccan, Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar and North
Guzerat, also the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, and Central
India. In Sind it is common in all the open country studded with trees,
and affects the acacias chiefly. Breeds in July and August. Hggs 2
to 4, white, spotted with reddish.brown, thicker and closer at the larger
end. Nest made of leaves, stitched with cotton or fibre, and lined
with wool and cotton.

Gen. Prinia.—Horsf.

Characters same as those of Orthotomus, but with the rictal bristles.
distinct; tail more lengthened and graduated ; and the toes and claws
longer.

Prinia flaviventris, Deless. ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 162, pl. 48; id.
Handlist, B. Br. Mus. p. 196, Jerd. B. India, ii. p. 169; Str. F.
1880, p. 886.--Tue YELLOW-BELLIED Wren WarBLER.

Forehead, crown, nape, lores and ear-coverts dark ashy; back and
upper tail-coverts olive green; quills dusky brown, margined on their
outer webs with olive green; chin, throat and breast white; belly
vent and under tail-coverts bright yellow; bill dark brown, the under
mandible paler; legs yellowish; irides reddish yellow.

Length.— to 5:25 inches, wing 1°75 to 2, tail 3, bill at front 0°5.

Hab.—India generally, to Assam, Sylhet, Burmah and Nepaul. Not
found in Southern India. Breeds in Sind from June to September.

Gen. Cisticola.—Kaup.

Bill short, slender; wings short; 3rd, 4th and 5th quills equal and
longest; tail of 12 feathers, rather short.

Cisticola schoenicola, Bp.; P. (. 6:3; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 118;
Jerd. B. Ind, ii. p. 174, No. 589 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., $:c., Sind, p.
156. Cisticola cursitans, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1881; Jerd. Ill. Ind. Orn.
pl. 6; Str. F. i. p. 439; i. pp. 137, 397; v. p. 90; vi. p. 349.—THE
Rurovs Grass WaRBLER.

Forehead rufescent; crown, hind neck and back dark brown, all the
feathers margined and edged with rufous ; rump and upper tail-coverts
rufous ; primaries and secondaries dusky brown, edged on their outer
webs with pale rufous ; tertiaries dark brown, edged and tipped with
pale rufous; edging near the tips and the tips-whitish; tail dusky
brown above, pale brown below, the feathers with a broad subterminal
band of black, tipped with white; the dark spots and white tips more

BLANFORDIUS. 153

distinct on the under surface; chin and throat whitish or rufescent
white; breast and belly rufescent ; vent and under tail-coverts paler ;
bill dusky brown ; the under mandible paler; irides brownish.

Length.—4°5 to 4°75 inches, wing's 2 to 2°24, tail 1°75 to 2, billat front
0:25.

Hab.—India generally to Nepaul; British Burmah, 8. W. Europe,
Africa, Egypt, Arabia, Deccan, Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore,
and N. Guzerat, also Bengal and Central India.

In Sind it affects the tamarisk jungles along the banks of the Indus,
and breeds in July and August.

Gen. Drymoipus.—Bp.

Bill slender, shorter thanin Prinia ; vibrissea more developed; wings
short, rounded; 4th and 5th quills longest; tarsi long.

Drymoipus inornata, Sykes; Fras. Zool. typ. pl.; Jerd. B. Ind.
ii. p. 178, No. 643; Str. HF. vol, iti, 295, 483; iv. 229, 407; vil. 468;
Murray, Zool., §c.. Sind, p. 157. Drymoipus longicaudatus, Lick.—
Tue Common Wren WarBLER,

Forehead, crown, and hind neck grey brown with a faint olivaceous
tinge ; lores and supercilium whitish; back grey brown, as are also the
scapulars, rump and upper tail-coverts ; quills brown, edged with pale
rufous on the outer web, and whitish on the margin of the inner web
for the basal two-thirds; wing-coverts brown; tail rufescent brown,
the centre feathers obsoletely barred, and the lateral ones, with a
terminal dark spot; chin and throat whitish, rest of under surface
whitish, with a buffy or fulvescent tinge, deeper on the flanks; thigh-
coverts pale ferruginous or rufescent brown; bill and legs horny
brown, the lower mandible paler ; irides yellowish.

Length.—5 to 5°5 inches, wing 1°75 to 2, tail 2°75, bill at front 0°5.

Hab.—India to Nepaul. Occurs in the Deccan, Jeypore, Jodhpore,
Sambhur, Kutch, Kattiawar and N. Guzerat. Resident in Sind;
breeds in July and August. Nest globular, made of fibrous materials,
lined with wool or cotton ; eggs 2 to 4, of a beautiful blue colour, with
large spots of reddish, purplish, or dark red brown.

Gen. Blanfordius.—Hume.

Allied to Suya. Tail of 12 feathers; wings, with the 5th, 6th and
7th quills equal and longest; 4th equal to 8th; 3rd nearly equal to
9th. ;

Blanfordius striatulus, Hume, Str. F.i.p 300; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., S&c., Sind, p. 157.

An obscure rufous white streak from the nostrils to the upper part
of the eye. The whole upper parts dull greyish olive brown (the grey
preponderating ou the head) all the feathers except those of the upper
tail-coverts conspicuously centred with dark brown; wings pale hair brown,
all the feathers margined with pale rufescent olive; tail feathers a sort
of olive brown, the feathers conspicuously darker, very stiff looking,
and with glistening shafts, all the feathers obsoletely transversely

20 z

154 SYLVIADAI.

rayed, the central ones most strongly so. All but the central ones
narrowly tipped fulvous white, and with an obscure subterminal dark
band; on the under surface, the shafts are white ; the ear-coverts min-
gled fulvous and pale rnfous brown; the sides of the neck streaked hke
the back ; on either side of the throat descends from the gape, for about
half an inch, a band of tiny white feathers, with minute dark centres,
so as to produce the appearance of two or three regular rows of little
spots on each side of the throat ; the chin and the centre of the throat,
breast and abdomen white, tinged buffy on the two latter, and with all
the feathers of the throat and breast very faintly and narrowly tipped
with brown, so as to produce the appearance of a number of narrow,
faint, transverse bars. The flanks, sides, vent and lower tail-coverts
are tinged with dull olive brown mingled with fulvons buff; the wing
lining is buffy white, and so are the inner margins of the inner webs of
the quills as seen from below.

Length.—(Of the dry skin; female) about six inches, wing 1:9, tail
from vent 2°75, billat front about 0°45, tarsus 0°7, tail from vent 2°75,
legs and feet fleshy, bill brown, pale fleshy on lower mandible.—(Hume,
S. Fi. p. 300.)

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee).

Gen. Burnesia.—Blyth.

Bill very slender ; vibrissze minute; tail as in the last; tarsi long;
other characters as in Drymoipus.

Burnesia gracilis, Rupp. Atl. t. 2.6; P. C. 466, 1.; Str. F. vol.
v. p. 496. Burnesia lepida, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. 876; xvi. 460;
Gould. B, Asia. pl. Jerd. B. Ind, ti. p. 185, No. 550; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., Fe, Sind, p.158.—Tue Srepaxep Wren Warsrer.

Head, back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts light olive grey, each
feather mesially streaked with dusky brown; quills dusky brown, the
feathers margined on their outer webs with the colour of the back;
lores and supercilium whitish; tail olive grey, the feathers with
distinct, but obsolete transverse dusky bars, a subterminal dark spot
on the inner web of each feather and tipped white; chin, throat,
breast, belly and vent greyish white; bill dusky brown; the lower
mandible pale fleshy; irides yellowish brown,

Length.—5-25 to 55 inches, wing 1°75, tail 2°5, bill at front nearly 0°5.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan and Persia; also
Bengal, Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jeypore, Jodhpore and North Guzerat.
As in most parts of Western India, it is a resident in Sind, breeding
from May to July.

Gen. Scotocerca.

Scotocerca inquieta, Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 56; Heugl. Ibis,
1869, p. 129; td. Orn. N. O. Afr. i. pr 244; Sund. Meth. Nat. Av.
Tent. p. 7; BIf. Ibis, 1874; id. Bast. Persia ii, p: 207, pl. xiii. f. 25
Str, Fi. 200; ii. 829; Murray, Hdbh., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 159. Malurus
inquietus, upp. Atl. Reise, N. Afr. Aves. p. 55, Curruca famula, Hemp.

PHYLLOSCOPIN A. 155

et Ehr. Symb. Phys. Aves. fol. b. b. Melizophilus striatus, Brooks, Proc.
A. S. B. 1872, p. 66; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 180; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 200.—
Ropret’s Wren WarsiEr.

Above light brownish grey, with narrow dark brown streaks on the
head as far as the shoulders; a broad pale rufous-brown supercilium ;
the cheeks and ear-coverts are also of this colour, which extends down
the sides of the neck and breast, becoming very pale and diluted
under the wings, and on the flanks; wings light brown, the edges
of quills and coverts greyish; tail a very much darker or rather
blackish brown, the outer feather on each side is rather lighter, and
is tipped with white; the tail feathers are cross rayed, particularly
the outer ones,

Lower surface of body, except sides of neck, breast, and flanks,
white, with narrow brown streaks from chin to upper breast. These
streaks are well detined in one specimen, and faint in another. Jining
of wing and edge of the same, reddish white. Bill dark brown,
except basal half of lower mandible, which is dull brownish orange;
legs and feet yellowish brown; claws brown.

Length—4°55 to 4°8 inches, wing 1:93 to 1:95, tail 2°14 to 2°33,
tarsus 77 to °82, bill at front °35, from gape ‘46. The bill is exces-
sively like that of Melizophilus provincialis, the wing also resembles
that bird, except that the first primary is larger in proportion. Tail
of similar form, but proportionately shorter ; the outer feathers are
*35 shorter than the central ones; length 4:7, expanse 6°2, tail from
vent 2, wing 1:9, wings, when closed, reach to within 1:6 of end of
tail, bill at front 0°35, tarsus 0°8, weight 0:3 of an oz. (Brooks) Ex
Str. F. i. p. 200.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, S. EH. Persia,
8. Afghanistan.

Gen. Franklinia.— Blyth.

Bill stout, compressed; wings short; tail broad, lengthened and
graduated.
| Franklinia buchanani, Blyth, J A. S. B. xiii. p. 376 ; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 186, No. 551; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., S¢., Sind, p. 159.—
Tue Rurous-rronteD Wren WARBLER.

Forehead and crown pale rufous; back, scapulars, wings, rump and
upper tail-coverts greenish ashy ; tail brown, all the feathers except
the two central ones broadly tipped with white; chin, throat, breast,
belly, vent and under tail-coverts white; bill brown; lower mandible
yellowish ; legs dusky ; irides orange.

Lenyth,—b5 to 5:25 inches, wing 2 to 2:25, tail 2 to 2°25.

Hab.—Western India; Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Central
and South India, Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jeypore, Jodhpore, and
North Guzerat. Breeds from May to August.

Sub-Family, PHYLLOSCOPIN.Z,—Trez Warsiers.

Bill depressed at base ; rictal bristles well developed ; wing long,
flat, pointed; bastard primary small; tail even or forked, or rounded.

156 PHY LLOSCOPIN.Al,

Gen. Hypolais, Brehm. ; Iduna, Bp.; Jordonia, Hume.

Bill slender, wide basally ; rictal bristles few. Wings moderate,
Bastard primary extending beyond or shorter than the primary coverts ;
8rd and 4th quills longest. Tail even or rounded.

Hypolais pallicz, Hemp. et Ehr. Symb. Phys. Aves. fol. b. b.
Hypolais pallida (Bhr.) Dubois, Os, Hur, pl. 71.; Dresser, B. Eur.
pt.xxsi.; BIf. Hast. Pers. ii. p. 187; Hume, Str. F. vol. vii. pp. 398, 504;
Murray, Habk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 160; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vol. y. p. 82. Hypolais eleeica, (Lindern) Gerbe, Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 440;
Heugl. Orn. N. O. Ajr. i. p. 297; Blanf. Geol. and Zool. Abyssinia,
p- 380; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 33; Shelley, B. Hyypt, p. 100.—Tus
Ouivaczous Tres WaRrBLer.

Adult Male.—Upper parts pale dull olive brown, clearer on the back
in colour, and rather lighter on the rump ; from the base of the bill over
the eye a rather indistinct yellowish stripe ; wings dark brown; the
inner secondaries lighter in colour, all the feathers having lighter
margins ; tail dark brown, very narrowly edged with lighter brown;
under parts buffy white; the throat and the centre of the abdomen
almost pure white; flanks washed with pale brownish; bill horn
brown, duli yellowish at the base of the lower mandible; legs pale
horn brown:; iris dark brown.

Length.—-About 5 inches, culmen 0°62, wing 2°63, the first primary
extending 0:27 beyond the wing-coverts and 1:15 shorter than the
2nd, 2nd 0-2 shorter than the 8rd, 8rd and 4th equal, tail 2°2, tarsus
0°83.—( Dresser, Birds Hurope) ex 8. I’. vol. vii. p. 398.

Hab.—Burope, Africa, Greece, Constantinople, Palestine, Egypt;
Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, S. Afghanistan, Turkistan. This species
and the next two (caligata and rama) are winter visitants in Sind, and
affect the same situations. Al] appear to be varieties of Hypolais lan-
guida, a species found in 8. H, Persia, at Quetta in Beloochistan,
(Chaman) 8. Afghanistan, and probably also in Sind. Mr. Seebohn,
grouping LH. opaca, pallida, rama, culigata and obsoleta, says, that
an unbroken series may be found from the largest opaca from Spain,
through the smaller, H. pallida from Greece and Asia Minor, and
the still smaller H. pallida and H. rama from Persia down to the small
skins of H. rama from India, and the still smaller H. caligata from
Turkistan and India. Skins from Sind of these three last do not appear
to have been in the British Museum collection. Inreference to H. pallida,
comparing Indian skins, Mr. Hume observes (Str. £’. vol. vii. pp.896, 398)
that it is very close to rama, but is somewhat larger, with a longer and
decidedly larger bill ; and that the two forms, rama and pallida, quite
run into each other, many of the Sind and Beloochistan specimens
being quite intermediate. There does not appear to be any very
appreciable difference in colour in the scries I possess of these species
from Sind, Beloochistan, Afghanistan and the Deccan, except the sea-
sonal abrasion of feathers; this is also remarked by Mr. Seebohm.
H. languida, he says, has apparently only just succeeded in isolating
itself, and adds that he is not sure whether in a large series of the

HYPOLAIS. 157

species intermediate forms might not occur between it and H. pallida,
I extract the following key to the species from Mr. Seebohm’s Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 76.

A. General colour of the upper parts brown or grey; under parts
white or pale brown; outside tail feathers 0°15 to 0°2 inch
shorter than the longest.

(a) 2nd primary intermediate between the 5th and 6th,
bastard primary following short of the primary coverts
by 0:1 inch, or extending 0°05 beyond them, Length
of wing 3:05 to 2°8 inches .............., AL. languida.

B. Bastard primary exceeding the primary coverts by at least
0-1 inch.
(a) General colour of the upper parts pale sandy brown
or isabelline brown .......0...cseeeceeeese ees HT, obsoleta.

C. General colour of the upper parts darkish rufous brown or
grey.

(a) 2nd primary generally intermediate between the
5th and 6th; bastard primary exceeding the primary
coverts from 0-1 to 0°3 inches. Length of wing 2°75
to 2°5 inches; culmen 0°7 to 0°6............ HI, pallida.

(b) 2nd primary generally intermediate between the 7th
and 8th, or 8th and 9th; bastard primary exceeding the
primary coverts from 0°2 to 0'4 inch. Length of wing
2-53 to 2°3 inches; culmen 0°6 to 0'58...... A rama.

(c) 2nd primary generally intermediate between 6th
and 7th; bastard primary exceeding the primary coverts
0-15 to 0:26. Length of wing 2°38 to 2°28 inches ;
culmen 0°51 10 0° cc cicasesin aon saves tenses H. caligata.

Hypolais rama, Syles, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89; Bif. East. Pers. it.
p. 187; Hume, Str. F. vol. vii. 183, 396; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 160; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 84. Phyllopneuste
rama, (Sykes) Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 189, No. 553.—Syxes’ Tez Wansier.

Seebohm (Cat. B. Br. Mus.) describes thisas ‘a shade darker in colour
both above and below, than typical, H. pallida. It is on an average a
somewhat smaller bird, with a shorter second primary and a longer
bastard primary. The 3rd, 4th and 5th primaries are nearly equal and
longest ; the second is usually intermediate in length between the 7th
and 8th, and not unfrequently between the 8th and 9th, and in rare
‘instances between the 6th and 7th. The bastard primary exceeds the
primary coverts by 0:2 to 0°4 inch.”

Length.—Of wing 2°53 to 2°3 inches, tail 2°25 to 1-9, culmen 0°6 to
0°53, tarsus 0°85 to 0°8, outside tail feathers 0°25 to 0-15 inch shorter than
longest. After the autumn month the under parts are somewhat more
suffused with pale buffish brown than appears to be the case after the
spring month ; otherwise, I can discover no differences attributable to
age, sex or season, beyond the usual wear and tear of abrasion,

158 PHYLLOSCOPIN J.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, 8. E. Persia, Afghanistan, Hast Turkistan,
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Cashmere, Kutch, Kattiawar, N.
Guzerat, Jodhpore, Concan, Deccan and South India.

Hypolais caligata, Licht. Hversm. Reis. Buchara, p. 128; Degle
et Gerbe. Orn, Eur. i. p. 510; Dresser, B. Hur. pt. xxxviil. 1875;
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 88; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §2., Sind, p. 160;
Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 86. Phyllopneuste rama, (Sykes)
apud. Jerd. B. Ind. vol. ii. p. 189 (partim). Jerdonia agricolensis,
Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 182. Calamodyta agricolensis (Hume) Tristrain,
Ibis, 1870, p. 494. Salicaria microptera, Severtz. Str. F. iii. p. 425;
ad. vii. p. 897.—TuHE Bootrep Tres WanrBLer.

Male.—Head, hind reck, back, scapulars, ear-coverts and sides of the
neck a greyish brown. Supercilium, extending from the base of the bill
tothe ear-coverts, whitish buff; rump and upper tail coverts brownish, the
feathers of the rump tinged very slightly with a shade of rufescent. Wings
concolorous with the tail; their coverts as well as the primaries, secondaries
and tertiaries margined with rufescent brown, in some specimens
greyish white, more broadly on the tertiaries and wing-coverts. Hdge
of wing and under wing and thigh-coverts pale buffish white; tail
brown, the feathers narrowly margined with greyish white, fulvescent in
some specimens ; the outer web of the outermost feather on each side
greyish or fulvous white, the others, except the centre feathers, tipped
greyish white or fulvous, Under surface pale buffy white, albescent on
the chin, belly and lower tail-coverts, and tinged brownish on the
flanks. Bill dark brown; the lower mandible pale fleshy, dusky
near the tip; legs and feet fleshy or pale brownish yellow; irides
brown.

Length.—4'5 to 5 inches, wing 2°2 to 2 38, tail from vent 1:95 to 2,
bill at front °35, tarsus °8.

Hab.—India to Nepaul and Cashmere; Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces,
Deccan, Concan, Khandeish, Behar and Madras ; wintering in the
plains of India and breeding in Cashmere, Turkistan and Southern
Siberia.

Hypolais obsoleta, (Severtz.) Seebohm. Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v.
p- 86. Salicaria obsoleta, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 129;
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 87.—Tun Daeserr Tren Warpier.

The following is Mr. Seebohm’s description of this species :—‘ The
general colour of the upper parts is a sandy brown or pale isabelline
brown. In other respects the colouration is the same as that of the
two .or three preceding sub-species; 3rd and 4th primaries nearly
equal and longest; 2nd primary, in a skin from ‘Turkistan inter-
mediate in length between the 6th and 7th, and in one from Sind
between the 7th and 8th; the bastard primary exceeds the primary
coverts by 0°35 inch in both skins.

Length.—Of wing 2:4 inches, tail 2°0, culmen in the Turkistan skin
0:51, in the Sind skin 0°8, darkish brown.” The colour of the soft parts
are not given. This has been included on Mr. Seebohm’s authority,
who says he has a skin from Sind, as well as from Turkistan.

PHYLLOSCOPUS. 159

Comparing my small series, 1 cannot find any to agree with the
colouration as above.

Hab.—Turkistan ; wintering in Sind.

Gen. Phylloscopus, Bote, Syn. Ficedula, Koch. Phyllopneuste,
Meyer. Trochilus, Forst.

Bill slender, small, straight; rictal bristles few, short, distinct; wings
with the bastard primary small.

Phylloscopus tristis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 966; xiv. p. 59;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 190, No. 554; Dresser, B. Hur. pt. lxvi. 1875 ;
Bif. Hast. Pers. ii. p. 180; Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 148; Seebohin, Ibis,
1877, p. 97; 1879, p. 10; id. Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v. 638; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool. Sc., Sind, p. 161. Phyllopneuste tristis, (Blyth) Gould.
B. Asia, pt. xvii. Phylloscopus brehmi, Hom. apud. Bif. East. Persia,
ii. p. 182. ,

Above dull earthy brown, with an olive green tinge on the lower
back and rump; lores and behind the eye and ear-coverts like the
back; supercilium pale buffy white; wings brown, their coverts with
pale margins, and the primaries and secondaries edged on their outer
webs with greenish ; elge of wing and under wing-coverts yellow ;
tail brown, the feathers edged on their outer webs with yellowish
green; the inner web faintly and narrowly margined with whitish ;
under surface albescent; bill dark brown; legs blackish; irides brown,

Length.—5 inches, wing 2°5, tail 2 to 2°38.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal ; Beloochistan,
S. E. Persia, Afghanistan and East Turkistan; Deccan, Kutch,
Kattiawar, Jeypore, Jodhpore, and North Guzerat. In Sind, as in other
parts of India, it is a winter visitant,

Phylloscopus nitidus, Blyth, J. 4. S. B. xii. p. 965; xiv. p.
591; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 198, No. 559; Hume, Str, F. 1873, p. 197;
Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 22; Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 72; id. Cat. B. Br.
Mus vol. v. p. 48; Murray, Hidbk., Zool., S., Sind, p. 162. Phyllop-
neuste nitida, (Blyth) Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 382.—Tur Green WILLow
WARBLER.

Head, nape, back, scapulars, ramp and upper tail-coverts yellowish
green; supercilium extending to the nape yellow; lesser wing-coverts
and tipsand edges of the median ones likethe back ; greater wing-coverts
brown, edged with yellowish green, and tipped yellow, forming a con-
spicuous wing band; primaries, their coverts and secondaries brown,
edged on their outer webs with yellowish green; edge of the wing,
under wing-coverts and entire under surface yellow, in some specimens
albescent on the chin; bill dusky brown; the lower mandible pale;
legs light brown ; irides dark brown.

Length.—45 to 4°75 inches, wing 2°5, bill at front 0°5.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Concan,
Deccan, Southern India, Ceylon, and Nepaul; breeding in the Himalayas
and wintering in the plains.

160 PHYLLOSCOPINA.

Phylloscopus sindianus, Brooks, Str. F. vol. vii. p. 476.

‘Above uniform dull brown, rather lighter than in P. tristis,and much
the colour of the upper surface of Hypolais rama; below albescent,
with a ruddy tinge on the pale supercilia, sides of face, neck, breast,
and flanks; axillaries and edge of wing yellowish white, sometimes
almost quite white, and not pure sulphur yellow as in P. tristis; no
greenish on bend or shoulder of wing, nor any green edging to the
primaries, secondaries and tail feathers generally observable in P. tristis ;
no greenish tinge on rump; like P. neglectus and H. rama, the uniform
light greyish brown upper surface is characteristic ; bill Phylloscopine,
like tristas, dark brown; the base of lower mandible yellowish.”

Male. Female.
Length.— 4°40 to 4°70 4°20 to 4°45,
Wing. 2:22 to 2 4 2:05 to 2°15.
Tail. 1:85 to 2:05 1:75 to 1 9.
Bill at front 3 to ‘35.

Hab.—Sukkur, Sind.

Gen. Reguloides.— Blyth.

Characters same as those of Phylloscopus ; wings moderately long and
pointed ; 2nd primary shorter than 4th.

Reguloides occipitalis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p.196, No, 563; Brooks,
Ibis, 1869, p. 457; 1872, p. 29; Hume, Nest and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 862;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 162, Phylloscopus occipitalis,
(Blyth) fide, Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 50.—Jerpon’s Laras-
CROWNED WiLLow WARBLER.

Male,—Forehead, interspace between the supercilium and mesial
yellow streak on the crown, brown, with a dull greenish tinge; rest of
the upper parts dull olive green, brighter on the rump and upper tail-
coverts ; supercilium buffy or yellowish white, extending to the naje;
a yellowish mesial line from the forehead to the nape; wing-coverts
olive green, the median and greater coverts with greyish or yellowish
white tips, forming two conspicuous bars ; primaries and secondaries
brown, margined on their outer webs with the colour of the back, and
tipped with greyish white; edge of the wing and under wing and thigh-
coverts pale yellow ; tail brown, the feathers margined yellowish green
on their outer webs, and all, except the two median ones, margined
narrowly with greyish white on their inner webs; chin, throat, breast,
abdomen and under tail-coverts greyish white with a very slight tinge
of yellowish on the breast and under tail-coverts; in some pure greyish
white, (probably the summer plumage) with the wing bands nearly
absent, or indistinct ; bill dusky brown; the base of the lower mandible
yellowish ; legs pale brown ; irides hazel.

Length.—475 to 5, wing 2°5 to 2°75, tail 2°0 to 2°15, bill at front 0°5.

Hab.—Sind, the Punjab (at Montgomery), N. W. Provinces, Oudh,

Bengal, Central India, Raipur, N, W. Himalayas, Nepaul, Cashmere,
and Southern India.

SYLVIADA. 161

Sub-Family, SYLVIINAl,—Grey Wareters.

Bill moderately slender, with few rictal bristles at base; nostrils in a
groove; wings—first quill short, 2nd shorter than 8rd and 4th, which
are equal or sub-equal ; tarsi moderate, scutellate.

- Gen. Sylvia, Lath.; Curruca, Koch.

Characters same as those of the Sub-Family. Outermost tail feathers
generally white.

__ Sylvia jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvi. p. 439; Blf. Hast. Persia,
i. p. 172; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 197, ii. 330; Seebohm, Monog. B. Br.
Mus. p. 16.—Tue Hasrurn Orpoean WARBLER.

Adult Male.—General colour slaty grey; head, lores, and feathers
behind the eye, ear-coverts and nape sooty black; primaries and
secondaries brown, their outer margins whitish ; the secondaries edged
at the tips with greyish white, as also some of the tertiaries; tail
darker brown than the wings, the outermost feathers white on the
outer web, and nearly one-half of the inner, the next two tipped
white; in some specimens the centre feathers are margined very
narrowly and tipped with fulvescent white; chin and throat white;
belly, flanks, vent and under tail-coverts greyish white, darker on the
under tail-coverts; bill dark brown; the base of the lower mandible
pale yellowish; legs and feet dusky brown ; irides hazel.

Length.—6'75 to 7 inches, wing 3 to 3°25, tail 2°75. The Female
differs from the male in having the brown of the headless darker than the
back.

Hab.—Northern and Western India, Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces,
Beloochistan, 8. EH. Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, Kutch, Kattiawar ;
Jodhpore, Jeypore, North Guzerat, Mount Aboo and Deccan. Breeds
in Persia and Turkistan; winters in Arabia and the plains of India.

Sylvia affinis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 187; Hume, Sir.
F. vii. p. 60; 1. 197; ii. 8325 iii, 272; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 209, No. 582;
Murray, Hdbk., Zoul., §c. Sind, p. 168. Sylvia curruca, apud. Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 209 ; apud. Bf. East. Persia, ii. p. 175.—Tae Auiirp Grey
WarBLER

General colour pale slaty or brownish grey; supercilium indistinct ;
wings and tail brownish ; outermost tail feather on each side white on
their outer webs; chin, throat, belly, and under tail-coverts, also
axillaries and under wing-coverts white, tinged greyish brown on the
breast and flanks; bill and legs brown; irides light brown.

Length.—6 inches, wing 2°5, tail 2°25, bill at front 0°51.

Hab.—Nearly all India and Ceylon, Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces,
Behar, Deccan, Kutch, Guzerat, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and Sambhur ; also
Beloochistan, Persia, 8S. Afghanistan and Turkistan.

Sylvia minuscula, Hume, Sir. F. i. 198; vii. 58 et seq.; viii.
103, 388, 498; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 20, pl. 1.—Humn’s
Lesser Warrte-T roar.

z 21

162 SYLVIA,

Forehead and crown pale bluish grey; back, rump and upper tail-
coverts isabelline fawn, or pale sandy brown; chin, throat and under
surface white ; 2nd primary equal to the seventh, in some intermediate
between 7th and 8th; wing 2°35 to 2:45.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces,
Rajputana, Kutch and Guzerat. :

Sylvia althea, Hume, Str. F. vit. p. 60; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vol. v. p. 20; Sylvia affinis, apud. Jerd. B. Ind. vol. ii. p. 209;
apud. Legge. B. Ceylon, p. 538.—Tue Himarayan Lesser Warre-Troar.

Upper surface darkish grey, slightly tinged with brown on the back.
Under surface white ; 2nd primary intermediate in length between, or
equal to 6th and 7th, or 7th and 8th; wing 2°7 to 2°8; culmen 0°56
to 0°51; tarsus 0°8 to 0:75,

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Deesa, Concan and
Deccan. A winter visitant.

Sylvia cinerea, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 170; Tem. Man.
@ Orn. p.112; Gray, Gen. B.i. p.174; Heugl. Orn. N.O. Afr. i. p. 807;
Blf. Geol. and Zool. Abyss. p. 379; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 111. Curruca
cinerea (Bechst.) Gould. B. Bur. ii. pl. 125, Sylvia rufa,(Bodd.) Pl. H
p. 35; apud. Newt. ed. Yarr. B. Hur. pt. 1; Hume, Str. F. ii. 488;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., S¢., Sind, p. 163.—Tun Evropzan Wairz-THroat.

“* Male.— Over the eye is a streak of yellowish white. Head on the
crown slate grey with a tinge of brown; neck on the sides pale brown-
ish grey; on the back and nape, lighter greyish brown than the head ;
chin and throat silvery white, the latter has the feathers somewhat
puffed out as when it is inflated in singing; breast above pale dull
white, tinged with rose colour, and on the sides shaded off to yellowish
white, and into greyish white below ; back reddish brown, but tinged
with olive on its lower part. The wings extend to within an inch and
a half of the end of the tail. Expanse 8} inches. The first primary
extremely short; the 2nd and 8rd of equal length and the longest ;
edge of outer quill white; underneath grey; greater and lesser wing-
coverts reddish brown; primaries pale brown, narrowly edged with
chestnut; the secondaries and tertiaries also pale brown, broadly edged
with brighter chestnut than the former; tail somewhat rounded and
graduated and brown; middle feathers margined lighter; outer feather
on each side dull white over the greater portion or the whole of outer
web, and often a portion of the inner; next two feathers tipped with
the same. Tail underneath grey ; upper tail-coverts inclining to olive
brown ; under tail-coverts pale brownish white, with a tinge of faint
rose red; leg pale rusty brown; toes darker with more of an olive
tinge ; claws dusky brown.

“ Length.—5% to 6 inches, bill bluish brown, base of under mandible
yellowish brown, and the corners of the mouth yellowish green. Iris
brownish yellow. A winter visitant.””—Morris, Br. Bird, vol. iii. p. 227.

Hab.—Europe, extending to Persia, Siberia and Turkistan; Sind,

Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Guzerat, Western, Central and
Southern Africa,

SYLVIADA. 163

Sylvia nana, Hempr. et Ehr, Symb. Phys. Aves, fol. c. c.; Gray,
Handlist B. p. 212; Heugl. Orn. N. O. Afr. i. p. 306; Dresser, Ibis,
1876, p. 80; Blf. Hast. Pers. ii. p. 187; Str. F. i. 199; ii. 8830; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 164; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v.
p.26. Sylvia delicatula, Hartluub, Ibis, 1859, p. 340, pl. x. fig. i.; Blyth,
Ibis, 1867, p. 28; Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 355; Sir. F. i. p. 199.—THe
Deszrt Warsier.

“The lores are greyish white; from the nostrils to the upper margin
of the eye runs a very narrow yellowish streak, whiter and less grey
than the lores; this line ceases to be visible in nine out of ten skins,
but is sufficiently apparent in the freshly killed bird. A circle of
yellowish white feathers surrounds the eye; forehead, crown, occiput,
nape, back and scapulars pale fawn brown; rump and upper tail-
coverts pale rufous; central tail feathers pale rufous, with dark shafts ;
external lateral feathers wholly white ; next pair white on the outer
webs, and with a moderately broad white tip to both webs, the rest
of the inner webs dark hair brown; the rest of the feathers dark hair
brown, margined on the outer webs with pale rufous. The whole of
the lower parts white, with, in the freshly-killed birds, a just perceptible
rufescent tinge; wing lining and ayillaries pure white; wing pale
brown, narrowly margined and tipped with rufescent white; the ter-
tiaries pale dingy rufescent with brown shafts.

“* Length.—48 to 4:9 inches, expanse 7 to 7°2, tail from vent 1°8 to 2,
wing 2 to 2:2, wing when closed reach to within 1 to 1:2 of end of
tail, bill at front 0°3 to 0°33, tarsus 0:8, irides yellow to orange
yellow, legs and feet pale yellow, in some very pale lemon yellow,
claws dusky, bill pale yellow, dusky, or horny grey on culmen and
at tip.’ —Hume, Str. F. i. p. 199.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Kokand, Southern Persia and Algiers ;
also Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Rajputana. Breeds in Turkistan.
In Sind it is a winter visitant, affecting arid plains, and sides of hills
wherever there is an abundance of scrubby vegetation.

Sylvia familiaris, Menetries, Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 382; Seebohm.
Monog. B. Br. Mus. p. 86. Aedon familiaris (Menetr.) Gray, Gen.
B. i. p.178; id. Handlist B.i. p. 211; Dresser, B. Hur. pt. xxxii.;
Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 476; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 151.—
Tue Grey-BackeD WARBLER.

The following is Mr. Hume’s description of Indian specimens, ex
“ Stray Feathers,” vol. iil, p. 477.

“A broad superciliary stripe from the nostrils over and for some
little distance behind the eyes dull white or yellowish white; a brown
stripe from the nostrils to the anterior angle of the eye, continued
backwards, though not conspicuous, for some distance from the posterior
angle; forehead, crown, occiput, sides of the neck, entire back and
wing dull earthy brown, paler and more drabby in some; quills and
coverts margined and narrowly tipped with dull yellowish or brownish
white, with usually a slight rufescent tinge on the margins of the
primaries. Rump brownish chestnut; upper tail-coverts and tail

164 MOTACILLA.

chestnut; central tail feathers more or less brown on one or both webs;
all the other tail feathers with a conspicuous subterminal dark brown
band (which in the outer feathers runs some distance down the outer
web) and tipped, the two pairs next the centre narrowly with rufescent,
and the other three successively more or more broadly with pure white,
Chin and throat sordid white, with an indication of a darker line at the
angle of the gape; ear-coverts and the rest of the lower parts similar,
but tinged with a faint brownish shade usually. Wing lining and
axillaries with a very faint yellowish salmon tint; muer margins of inner
webs of quills, on the lower surface, with a decided buffy salmon tinge.

“ Length.—Male, 6°5 inches, expanse 9°75, tail from vent 2°62, wing
3°3, tarsus 0°97, bill at front 0°77, bill at gape 0°87.

“ Length.— Female, 7:5 inches, expanse 10°62, tail 2°62, wing 3°5, tarsus
1-03, bill at front 0-08, bill from gape 0:93, mid-toe and claw 0°87, hind
toe and claw 0°56.

“The first quill is about 0°75 long ; the third quill is longest; the
second and fourth which are nearly equal about 0°06 shorter, the fifth
about 0°25 shorter, tail somewhat rounded ; outer tail feathers about
0°35 shorter than those next the central pair, which latter are shorter
than those next them by about 0°15, the frontal feathers are prolonged
ever the base of the bill, extending laterally quite to the nostrils.
Legs and feet dusky or livid fleshy ; irides dark brown ; bill dusky
brown ; lower mandible yellowish fleshy at the base.”

Hab.—Afghanistan, Beloochistan, Persia, Sind, Kutch, Jodhpore
and North Guzerat, visiting Sind in the course of its migration about
the middle of September. ’

Sub-Family, MOTACILLINA),—Waserairs and Prrrrs.

Bill of moderate length, straight; keel rather curved at end; sides
compressed. Nostrils in a small groove; rictal bristles very minute
or absent. Wings long and pointed; taillong. ‘Tarsi slender and long,
with transverse scales; toes and claws long,

Gen. Motacilla.— Zin.

Bill moderate; nostrils oval, partially hidden bya membrane. Wings
long and pointed; 2nd and 3rd quillslongest. ‘T'ail long, even or forked.
Hind toe long.

Motacilla madraspatana, Brisson; Gould. B. of Asia.pl.; Jerd.ii.
217, No. 589; Hume, Str. F. i. 26; Murray, Str. F. ii. 113; id. Hdbk.,
Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 165.—Tue Pisp Waerain.

Head, lores, sides of the face, nape, ear-coverts, chin, throat, breast,
back, rump and upper tail-coverts black ; a broad white stripe from the
nostrils over the eye as a supercilium and extending to the nape; pri-
maries and their coverts, secondaries, tertiaries, and inner webs of great-
er coverts dark brown; the primaries and their coverts narrowly, the
secondaries, tertiaries, median and greater coverts tipped, and broadly
margined on their outer webs with white, forming a conspicuous wing
patch; the basal half of all the primaries and secondaries white on the

MOTACILLINZ. 165

inner webs, and tipped with white ; the inner webs of the innermost
narrowly margined with white ; tail black, the two outermost feathers
on each side white, except a margin of dark brown on their inner webs,
which is broader on the next outermost; breast, belly, vent, under
tail and wing-coverts white; edge of the wing and thigh-coverts
white, with a few dark spots; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown.

Length.—8’25 to 9 inches, wing 3°75 to 4, tail 4, bill at front 0-5,
tarsi 1:0.

Hab.— Nearly throughout India. Occurs in Sind, Kutch, Rajputana,
Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, Khandeish, Berars, Central and Southern
India, Ceylon and Sikkim.

Motacilla personata, Gould. B. of Asia, pl.; Hume, Str. F.-vol. i.
26 to 30; ii. 250; Murray, Hdbk., Zoul., 5c. Sind, p. 166 ; Gray, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. p. 246. Motacilla dukhenensis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii, p. 218,
‘ No. 591.

Adult Male.—A broad frontal band extending to the front of the
eye and forming a narrow supercilium, white; sides of the face, ear-
coverts, chin, throat, lower parts from below the breast, and under
wing-coverts white ; crown and nape black; breast black ; back, rump
and upper tail-coverts grey, the upper tail-coverts darker; primaries
dusky brown, the outer webs darker ; secondaries and tertiaries darker
brown, margined on their outer webs and tipped with white; the
secondaries margined for the basal half on their inner webs with
white ; tail black, the two outermost feathers on each side white, except
a dark brown margin on their inner webs; bill and legs black ; irides
brown.

Length.— 7:5 to 8 inches, wing 3°6 to 3°7 inches, tail 4°5 to 4°75,
bill at front 0°75.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Central Provinces,
Beloochistan, Persia, South Afghanistan, East Turkistan ; also in Raj-
putana. A winter visitant throughout India; breeds in Persia.

The Wagtails of India have been fully treated of by Mr. Hume, in
vols. I. and II. of Stray Feathers, in respect to the distinctness of the
several species occuring in India, and the outcome of his investigations
has placed the present species under the name it bears here, and 591
M. dukhenensis, of Sykes, the next species, is made a distinct species ;
both are winter visitants to the province. ‘‘ In winter” Mr. Hume says,
“both M. personata and dukhenensis eutirely lose in both sexes the
black of the head, which is replaced in the male by a dark, in the
female by a light, grey. The black of the chin, throat, and breast is
reduced in dukhenensis to a moderately broad more or less crescentic
pectoral band with two ill-defined broken blackish stripes running up
the side of the neck, as it were from the points of the crescent, which
stripes never, J think, entirely disappear, though in some specimens they
become entirely obsolete ; the broad white frontal band remains un-
changed in width or nearly so in the adult male, though its colour is less
pure; but in the female it is greatly diminished in width so as in some

166 CALOBATES,

specimens to become almost obsolete; while in all specimens it is more
or less overlaid with sordid grey. In personata, on the other hand,
the whole breast always remains black, and though the chin and upper
part of the throat are white, the lower part of the throat is still more
or less speckled with black. In the perfect winter plumage of both
species, the amount of the black on the breast, sides of the neck and
throat at once serve to distinguish the two species, but specimens of
dukhenensis changing into winter plumage often (so far as the amount
of black on the throat is concerned) exactly resemble the perfect winter
plumage of personata, and the onlv ready and unfailing diagnosis of the
two species is that in both sexes, and at all seasons, the ear-coverts
and aural region are in personata, black, blackish, or dark grey; in
dukhenensis, pure white or greyish or sordid white.”

Motacilla alba, Lin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 33; P. H. 652, i; 674, i;
Naum. vogt. t. 86; Gould. B. Hur, i. pl. 143; Bf. Hast. Persia, ii. p.
232. Motacilla dukhenensis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 91; Hume, Str.
F, vol. i. 26 to 80; vii. 186.—Tar Wuuite-racep Waaralt.

Adult.— Front of the head, lores, all round the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks
and a broad stripe down the sides of the neck, white, as also the belly,
vent and under tail-coverts ; back of the head and nape, chin, throat and
breast black ; back and scapulars darker grey than in personata ; upper
tail-coverts dark brown, a few feathers margined white; primaries
dusky brown, the out webs darker, with a very faint whitish edge;
secondaries, tertiaries and inner webs of the median greater coverts
dark brown, nearly black; all broadly edged white on their outer webs,
and, except the primaries, tipped with white; the inner webs of the
primaries avd secondaries margined for their basal half with white;
lesser wing-coverts concolorous with the back ; tail black, the two outer-
most feathers white, except a dark brown margin for nearly three-
fourths their length on their inner webs, and, in some specimens, on
the outer near the shaft; under wing and thigh-coverts white, the
latter with some dark streaks ; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown.

Length.—75 to 8 inches, wing 3°75, tail 4°75.

Hab.—Kast Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, Palestine; Sind, Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Central Provinces to Cashmere; Beloochistan,
Persia, Afghanistan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, North
Guzerat, Deccan, Concan, Khandeish, Central India. Throughout India,
the white-faced Wagtail is a winter visitant. Breeds in Persia.

Gen. Calobates.—Kaup.

Bill more slender and the wing shorter than in Motacilla; tarsi
shorter ; legs and feet pale.

Calobates boarula, Penn; P. H. 28, i.; Edw. B. pl, 259; Nawm.
vogt. t. 87; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 147. Calobates sulphurea (Bechst.) De.
F. Viag. in Pers. p. 348 ; Bif. Hast. Persia, ii, p. 233; Jerd. B. Ind. vol.
ii. p. 220; Hume, Str. F. vol. ii. p. 2837; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., S.,
Sind., p. 167.—Tue Gruy and Yertow Wacrait.

MOTACILLIN A. 167

Head, nape, sides of the face and back pale grey, with an olive tinge ;
rump and upper tail-coverts pale greenish yellow; chin, supercilium
and throat white, rest of under surface yellow, purest on the middle
of the abdomen, under tail-coverts and flanks ; primaries dusky brown,
lighter on the margin of their inner webs, and darker on the outer ;
secondaries dusky brown, white on both webs at their bases, forming a
conspicuous wing band ; tertiaries dark brown, also white at their bases,
and edged on both webs with yellowish, narrow on the outer, aud broad
on the inner webs, being a continuation of the basal white patch; tail
dark brown, nearly black, the feathers with greenish yellow edging, the
outermost feathers white, and dark shafted; the next also white, both
the shaft and outer web for three-fourths their length dark brown; bill
black ; legs pale brown; irides brown,

Length.—7-25 to 7°5 inches, wing 2:25 to 2°5, longest tertiaries the
length of the first three primaries, tail 3°8, bill at front uearly 0°5. In
summer plumage the chin and throat are black, and the under parts
dark yellow. :

Hab.—Central and Southern Europe, N. E. Africa, Australia and
Asia Minor. Occurs throughout India to Nepaul and Ceylon as a winter
visitant ; also in Sind, Punjab, and N. W. Provinces ; Beloochistan,
Persia and Afghanistan; Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, North
Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, and Central and Southern India.

Gen. Budytes.—Cuv.

Characters same as those of Motacilla. Tarsilonger ; longest tertiary
equal to the fifth primary, or intermediate in length between the fourth
and fifth ; hind toe and claw longer.

The following is a key to the species of this genus in summer plum-
age, given by G. F. L. M. in Stray Feathers, vol ix. :—
A. With the entire head yellow.
Entire back black.—1 B. calcaratus.
Back grey.—2 B. cttreola.
B. Top of head pure black, supercilinm narrow or wanting. —
3 B. melanocephala.
C. Crown yellowish green, supercilium broad and yellow.—
4 B. rayt.
D. With the crown grey.

Crown pure light grey; supercilium white, broad; cheeks
pale grey or pale white.— ;

B. dubius = B. beema, Sykes.

Crown deeper grey, supercilium white, broad ; cheeks dark
grey, with a few white streaks.—

B. flavus.

Crown dark grey; supercilium white, narrow or wanting ;
cheeks dark slaty, almost black.—

B. cinereocapillus,

168 BUDYTES,

Budytes melanocephala, Licht.; Rupp. Atl. F. Ab. pl. 33. f.
6; Naum. vogt. t. 374; Hume, Str. F. vol. vi. 663; Bf. Hast. Persia,
ii. 235; Murray, Hidbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 167. Budytes viridis, Jerd.
ii, p. 222, No. 593. Budytes flava et melanocephalus, Sykes.—Tue
Inpran Frecvp Waeralt. i

Adult Male in Breeding Plumage—Head, nape, lores, sides of the
face and ear-coverts black; back, scapulars, ramp and upper tail-
coverts yellowish green, the latter lighter, and the feathers edged with
yellowish ; chin white or buffy white ; rest of under surface pure yellow;
primaries and secondaries dull brown, lighter and whitish on the
margins at the base of their inner webs; tertiaries dark brown, edged
on their outer webs with yellow ; lesser wing-coverts yellowish olive,
subterminally dark brown, and tipped yellowish ; median and greater
coverts dark brown, tipped yellowish, forming two conspicuous wing
bands ; tail black, margined with greenish, the two outermost feathers
on each side white, except a broad dark brown margin on their inner
webs ;_ bill and legs dark brown; irides brownish.

Length.—6'25 to 6°5 inches, wing 3'1 to 3°25, tail 2°75, bill at front
0°43.

The adult in winter garb is olive green above, with a yellowish
white supercilium; thé chin and throat white, and the rest of the
under surface yellow; the wing bands formed by the median and
greater coverts are paler, the yellow edgings of the tertiaries broader
and purer yellow. ‘lhe female is like the male, but in some specimens
(in December) there is a brown band across the breast.

Hub.-—S. HE. Europe, N. E. Africa, and Moluccas; Sind, Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Southern and Central India, Deccan, Concan,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Beloochistan and Afghanistan With the
last species it is very abundant in the large marshes, and especially on
the Munchur Lake in Sind.

Budytes flava, Lin.; P. H 674.2; Edw. B. pl. 258; Naum. vogt.
t. 88; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 146; BUf. East. Persia, ii. p. 233 ; Hume, Str.
F. ii. p. 225; vi. 863; vii. 130. Parus luteus, S. G. Gmel. Reise. iti.
p- 104, pl. xx. Motacilla flaveola, Pall. Zooyr. Ros, As. i. p. 501.—TaE
Lone-ctawep Yettow Wacataln.

Male in Breeding Plumage.—Forehead, crown, nape, and sides of the
face, bluish grey, a dark streak from the base of the bill through the
eye, a white supercilium, and another short white stripe below, from
under the eye; below the bluish grey of the face an albescent streak
to the chin, which is white; throat, breast, and rest of under surface
bright yellow ; neck behind, and back yellowish green, tinged brownish ;
greater and lesser wing-coverts dusky brown, margined with yellowish
white ; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dusky brown, margined with
yellowish white; tail dark brown, edged with greenish yellow; the
two outermost feathers white, with a dark brown margin on their inner
webs, broader on the second, and extending over part of the outer web ;
the next narrowly edged with white; upper tail-coverts like the back.
The female has a white supercilium; the head and crown duller, mixed

BUDYTES. 169

somewhat with greenish later in the year; the chin is whitc, and the
throat a yellowish or buffy white; breast and under parts pale yellow;
back greyish brown ; bill and legs dark brown; irides dusky brown.

Length.—6 to 6°5 inches, wing 3°25, tail nearly 3, bill at front
0-6.

Hab.—Central Europe, Asia, nearly throughout India to the Hima-
layas, also in Japan and Africa. A winter visitant in India; Sind.

Budytes citreola, Pall. ; Reise. iii. 5696; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 144;
Naum. vogt. t. 377, 2,3, 4; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 168 ;
Hume, Sir. FP. vii. 401. Motacilla citrinella, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso. As. i.
p.502. Budytes aureicapilla, Less —Taz Grey-Backep Y ELLow WaaralL,

Adult.—Forehead, crown of head, sides of the face, ear-coverts, chin,
throat, breast, and entire under surface bright yellow, paler on the vent,
and nearly white on the under tail-coverts ; nape and upper back black ;
lower back and scapulars dark grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts pale
or dark brown or yellowish green, the -feathers edged with greenish ;
primaries and secondaries dusky ; tertiaries dark brown; the primaries
and secondaries faintly edged and tipped with white, and the tertiaries
broadly so, all basally white on their inner webs; lesser wing-coverts like
the back and tipped brown; median and greater coverts brown, edged
with white and forming two conspicuous white or yellowish white bands ;
the second band oblique in the closed wing, being formed by the white
of the greater coverts, and thatof the innermost tertiaries, the longest of
which is nearly equal in length with the 4th primary; under wing-
coverts white; tail black; the feathers with a faint tinge of whitish on
their outer webs ; the two outermost tail feathers on each side white,
with a brown margin on their inner webs, to about half an inch from
the tip; the next black, with the edge of the outer web and tip white;
bill and legs pale brown ; irides brown.

Length.—7'1 inches, wing 3:18, tail 2°75, bill at front 0°4,

Hab.—E. Europe, Africa; Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal; Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Deccan ; Beloochistan, Persia,
Afghanistan, and H, Turkistan.

Budytes calcaratus, Hodgs. Jed. B. Ind. ii. p. 225; Hume,
Str. F. vii. 401; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e., Sind, p. 168. Budytes
citreoloides, Hodgs.—Tur YELLOW-HEADED WacTAIL,

Adult Male in Breeding Plumage.—Kntire head, chin, throat, breast,
and under surface bright yellow; back, ramp and upper tail-coverts
dark brown, nearly black ; lesser wing-coverts dark grey; median and
greater wing-coverts dark brown, margined and tipped with white ; the
tertiaries broadly margined with white; primaries and secondaries dark
brown on their outer webs, dusky on their inner,and with whitish margins;
tail dark brown or black, the feathers very narrowly edged with
greenish ; the four outermost white, except a dusky brown margin on the
inner web for three-fourths their length. In winter the adult is light ashy
grey above, the nape and sides of the breast darker ; head and under sur-
face yellow, olivaceous on the flanks; primaries dusky, edged with greyish
white on their outer webs; secondaries dusky; tertiaries darker, broadly

22 %

170 SYLVIADAI.

margined with white; wing-coverts brown, broadly tipped with white,
forming two conspicuous wing-bands; lower tail-coverts albescent or
very pale yellow; tail as in the breeding plumage; bill and legs
black; irides brown.

Length.—6°5 to 7 inches, wing 3°5, tail 3°5, bill at front 0°5.

Hab.—India generally to Nepaul. Affects, during winter, the paddy
fields, the banks of the River Indus, marshes and canals. Numerous
in Sind, on the Munchur; also in Rajputana and the Deccan, Beloo-
chistan, Afghanistan, and HE. Turkistan.

Gen. Anthus.—Bechst.

Bill straight, short, and stouter than in Budytes ; wings, Ist to 3rd
quills longest; plumage spotted ; hind claw short and curved.

Anthus arboreus, Bechst. Pipastesplumatus, Mull. ; P. H. 660,1 ;
Naum. vogt. v. 84, 2; Gould. B. Bur. pl. 189, Anthus trivialis, Linn.
Sys. Nat. Pipastes arboreus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 229, No. 597; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., Sc. Sind, p. 168.—Tue Evrorean Tree Prerr,

Head, nape, back and scapulars dusky olive green, the feathers
centred dark brown; rump and upper tail-coverts duller olive green,
with no dusky striz; chin and throat fulvescent or fulvous white, with
dark brown spots on the throat; rest of under surface fulvescent, olive
on the flanks, and the under tail-coverts albescent; the breast streaked*
with dark brown; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dark brown,
the primaries narrowly edged on their external webs with pale white; the
secondaries and tips of the primaries white, the tertiaries broadly
margined with dusky olive; the wing-coverts brown, with yellowish
white tips; tail brown, the feathers with pale edgings; the outermost
feather white, except the basal fourth and margin of the inner web to
within one-fifth of the tip ; the next all brown, edged and tipped with
white; bill dusky, yellowish at base of lower mandible; legs pale
brown ; irides dark brown.

Length.—6-5 inches, wing 3°5, tail 2°5, bill at front 0-43, tarsus 0°8.

Hab.—Europe, and India generally to Nepaul; Sind, Punjab, N. W.
Provinces, Oudh, Central India, Beloochistan, S. and N. Persia,.
Afghanistan ; Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, Jodhpore, and the Deccan.

Anthus spinoletta, Linn. ; P.H. 661, 2; Naw. vogt. t. 85, 2,3,4;
Hume, Str. F.i. 204; v. 345; vii. 521; Blanford, Hast. Persia, ii. p. 286;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &¢., Sind, p. 169.—Tue Water Prrrr.

‘In the winter plumage the upper surface is a sort of olive brown,
with more or less of a faintly rufous tinge; the rump unstriated; the
head and back with dark hair brown centres to the feathers; there is
a well-marked dull white stripe from the nostrils over the eye; the
coverts and the quills are mostly hair brown, the former broadly
margined with brownish or olivaceous white, purer just at the tips of
the coverts, and the latter narrowly margined, the first few primaries
with greyish white, the rest with a sort of greenish or olivaceous white ;
the tippings of the coverts form two tolerably well-marked wing bars;
the tertiaries, which are somewhat paler than the rest of the quills, are

&

ANTHUS. 171

broadly margined with brownish white. The central tail feathers,
which are the shortest, are a comparatively pale brown, margined all
round with brownish white; the next pair on either side are very dark
brown, very narrowly margined with pale olivaceous, and the fourth
with a tiny whitish spot at the extreme tip; the exterior tail feathers
of all has the whole outer web white, shghtly brownish towards the
tip, the whole inner web white for nearly half an inch from the tip,
beyond which for another three quarters of an inch the white occupies
(next the shaft) a gradually diminishing portion of the inner web, the
rest of the feather being brown. The lower surface is a dull white, in
many specimens with a faint vinaceous tinge, in parts with a row of
small brown spots down the sides of the neck, with similar spots on
the breast and longer strie along the sides and flanks.

“In the summer plumage the whole upper surface becomes greatly
overlaid with an earthy or greyish brown shade, the striations of the
back and head almost disappear, though the edges of the feathers are-
still somewhat paler than the centres, and the whole lower parts
become a nearly uniform pale vinaceous colour, without, in what I take
to be the perfect plumage, a single spot or streak ; in some specimens,
which is somewhat less advanced, a few spots still remain on the breast,
and one or two streaks on the flanks. In all stages of plumage the
axillaries are white, and greater portion of the wing lining and the
lower surface of the quills pale satin grey.

«€ Male, length.—6°75 to 7-25 inches, expanse 1] to 11:25, wing 3°46
to 8'6, bill at front 0°45 to 0°53, hind toe and claw 0°7 to nearly 0°8,
weight nearly one oz.

“ Female, length.—6-37 to 6°62 inches, wing 3°15 to 3°3, expanse 9°5
to 10°5, bill at front 0:45 to 0°5, hind toe and claw 0°7 to 0°75, legs
aud feet brown, or dark brown, bill dark horny brown.”—Str, F. i.
p. 204.

Hab.—Central and Southern Europe and N, E, Africa ; Sind, Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, and’H. Turkistan.
In India during winter only.

Antius piackistonii, Swink. P. Z. S. 1863, p.90; Hume, Str. F.
v. 845 ; sfurray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. Anthus. neglectus, Brooks,
‘Ibis, 1876, 501; 1877, 206.--Buacxisron’s Prrrr.

Upper parts light yellowish brown, grey on the nape; crown and
back with the centres of the feathers deep brown; lores,.eyebrow and
chin cream white ;. under parts cream white, spotted on the breast and
streaked on the flanks with brown; axillaries pure white; wings brown,
feathers edged paler; coverts and tertiaries broadly edged and tipped
with cream white, forming a double bar across the wing; tail brown,
the central feathers yellowish brown, edged paler ;. the outer lateral tail.
feathers white on the entire outer web and great part of inner near the
apex; second lateral feather edged exteriorly, aud largely tipped with
white. Bill blackish brown on culmen and tip, light brown on remain-
der ; legs blackish brown (brown, Brooks) paler on tarsi.

172 SYLVIADAL,

Length.—5 inches, wing 3°7, tail 2°7, tarsi 8°5. Mr. Brooks in the
“This” for 1877, page 206, states that he finds on comparison hig
Anthus neglectus identical with Swinhoe’s Blackistonii, but in regard to
the dimensions he observes :—“ The total length given by Mr. Swinhoe
is clearly wrong; so also with regard to length of wing. I have shot
about forty examples, and the greatest total length observed was 6:3,
the longest wing 3:4, longest tail 2°65.”

The following are dimensions of some of his examples :—

Wing. Tail. Bill at front. Tarsus.

RAL oa ao rN a a
1 Male. 3°22 2° 6 45 *88
2 45 314 2°63 “45 "88
3 Female. 315 2°57 °45 ‘87
4 53 3°33 2° 6 46 83
5 7, 3°25 2°55 “46 88
6 iy 3° 2 2°65 "45 *88
7 3 3° 2 2°55 43 87
8 45 3°28 2° 5 “45 *85
9 53 3°23 2°65 45 86
10 i 3°12 2°45 43, 87
ll 35 3° 3 2°52 45 +88
12 ay 31 2° 5 ‘45 83

Hab.—China; in India, Sind, Punjab and N. W. Provinces and
Afghanistan ; frequenting extensive swamps. A winter visitant.

Gen. Corydalla.—Vigors.

Bill stout; tarsi moderately long; tertiaries generally intermediate
in length between the 4th and 5th primaries ; hind claw elongated.

Corydalla rufulus, Viell. Gal. des. Ois. t. 161; Jerd. B. Ind. ti.
p. 2382, No. 600; Hume, Sir. F. vol. 1.858; vi. 366; vii. p. 386;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool. §¢., Sind, p. 168. Cichlops ubiquitarius,
Hodgson.—Tus Inptan Trr-Larx.

Head, nape, back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts olive brown, the
feathers with dark mesial streaks ; rump unstreaked pale olive ; super-
cilium fulvous white; chin white; throat, breast, and rest of under
surface, including the under wing-coverts, fulvous white, deeper on the
breast and sides of the throat, the feathers of which are centred darker ;
primaries, secondaries, tertiaries and wing-coverts brown; the primaries
slightly paler brown and edged externally with fulvous white; the
secondaries edged with light olive brown and tipped whitish; the
tertiaries broadly edged externally with pale olive or fawn brown, all,
except the innermost tertiaries, fulvous and basally whitish on their inner
webs; tail dark brown, the two centre feathers shorter than the
others, pale brown and margined narrowly with pale olive; the outer-
most feathers on each side white, except a narrow margin on the inner
web, which is brown; the next feather also white, with a dark shaft,
and a wider brown margin on the inner web; bill dusky, yellowish at
base of lower mandible ; irides brown; legs pale yellowish brown.

AGRODROMA. 173

Length.—6'5 to 7 inches, wing 8 to 3°25, tail 2-5, tarsi 1, bill at
front 0°4.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Assam, British
Burmah, and Nepaul; also Beloochistan, Afghanistan and Hastern
Turkistan. Common in the Concan and Deccan ; breeds in Sind during
April and May. Eggs 3—4, of a greenish colour, with numerous brown
mottlings all over, chiefly at the larger end,

Gen. Agrodroma.— Sws.

Characters same as those of Corydalla, but with the hind claw
shorter.

Agrodroma campestris, Bechst.; P. FE. 661,2; Nawm. vogt. t.
84,1; Gould. Birds Eur. pl. 137; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 234; Hume, Str.
F. i. 202; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 168.—Tue Srone Piri.

Head, nape, back, scapulars, ramp and upper tail-coverts olive
brown, with a faint rufescent tinge, the feathers of the head with mesial
dark streaks, those of the back very faintly streaked or absent ; rump
unstreaked, upper tail-coverts with dusky shafts; chin whitish ; rest of
under surface and supercilium pale or rufescent fawn, albescent on the
vent and under tail-coverts; a brown stripe from the base of the lower
mandible down the sides of the throat, another from the gape;
primaries and secondaries very pale brown, edged externally with pale
or rufescent fawn; the secondaries tipped whitish ; tertiaries brown,
with broad fulyous or pale fawn margins ; wing-coverts brown, broadly
tipped and edged with the same colour; tail dark brown, the feathers
edged fulvous, the centre feathers broadly edged with fawn, the outer-
most feather on each side white, basally dark shafted, and margined on
ihe inner web with brown, the next, edged on the outer web, tipped,
and for about an inch running up the inner web, whitish; the shaft
and rest of the feathers brown; bill horny ; lower mandible yellowish ;
legs yellowish.

Length.—7 to 7:25 inches, wing 3°6, tail 2°75 to 3, tarsi nearly 1, bill
at front 0-5.

Hab.—Central and Southern Europe, N. and W. Africa, Central and
Southern India, Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Bengal, Beloo-
chistan, Persia and Afghanistan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore
and N. Guzerat, Concan and Deccan. Arrives in Sind about Septem-
ber ; less common in the Southern districts.

Agrodroma sordidus, Rupp. Neu. Wirb. p. 103, pl. xxxix. fig.
1; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 236; Layard, Ibis, 1871, p. 228; Tristram,
Ibis, 1869, p. 487; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 169; Bif. Hast,
Persia, p. 2387. Corydalla griseo-rufescens, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 286.
Anthus jerdoni, Finsch. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 241.—Tue Brown
Rock Prrrr.

Head, nape, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail-coverts dull earthy
brown, the feathers edged paler; wings and tail darker brown than
the upper parts ; supercilium fulvous or fawn coloured ; a faint brown
stripe from the base of the lower mandible down the sides of the

174 AMPELIDZ.

throat; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries as in the last, but edged
with rufescent; first primary short, dark brown, outermost feathers
rafescent on their outer webs, and for about an inch and a quarter
obliquely on their inner webs at the tip, rest of the feather dark brown,
the next dark brown, except at the tip and for a short distance (7 of an
inch) along the shaft; chin and throat whitish, rest of under surface
bright rufescent fawn; the breast with a few indistinct streaks; bill
dusky ; lower mandible yellowish, except at tip; legs yellowish.

Length.—7-75 to 8 inches, wing 4, tail 3°5, bill at front 0°5.

Hab.—India generally to the Himalayas, Sind, Punjab, N. W.
Provinces, N. Guzerat, Deccan, Beloochistan and Persia,

Family, AMPELIDA.

Bill moderate, broad at base, sides gradually compressed to tip ;
wings long or moderate; tail short or moderate ; toes moderate, outer
united to inner at base.

Sub-Family, LEIOTRICHINA.—Sws.

Bill short, wide at the base, somewhat conic, acute at tip, entire or
notched ; tail even or slightly rounded ; tarsi short.

Gen. Zosterops.

Bill slightly notched, curved; eyes with a circle of white feathers ;
nostrils exposed; 8rd and 4th primaries longest.

Zosterops palpebrosus, Jem. Pl. Col. 293, f. 3; Jerd. B. Ind. ii,
p. 265; Hume, Str. F. vol. ii, 242; vol. iv.291; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§c., Sind, p. 169—Tue Wurre-nyep Tir. :

Head, nape, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts siskin
green, yellowish on the upper tail-coverts ; chin, throat,and upper breast
canary yellow; eyes with a circle of white feathers; lower breast,
abdomen and flanks white with a bluish tinge; vent, under tail and
thigh-coverts yellow; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries brown,
edged externally with the colour of the back, all margined white on
their inner webs, except the innermost tertiaries; edge of wing and
under wing-coverts yellowish ; tail brown, the feathers margined on
their outer webs with greenish, and on their inner webs with whitish ;
bill blackish brown; legs horny brown.

Length.—4'5 inches, wing 2°38, tail 1-7, bill at front 0°33 to 0-4,
tarsus 0°75.

Hab.—India generally to Assam, Arracan, Nepaul and Ceylon; also
Sind, (probably Kutch) Rajputana, Deccan, Concan, Central and
Southern India.

Tribe, CONIROSTRES.

Bill strong, conical, entire at the tip; wings lengthened or moderate,
mostly pointed; tail usually moderate, or short, rounded, even or
emarginate ; tarsi strongly scaled; toes moderate.

Family, CORVIDA,

Bill strong, more or Jess compressed; keel arched; nostrils at base
concealed by stiff bristles; tarsi stout; toes moderate,

CORVUS. 175

Sub-Family, CORVIN A.
Bill stout, long, straight ; keel arched ; tarsi stout, scutate.

Gen. Corvus.—Linn.

Bill stout, strong and long; nostrils covered by bristly plumes;
wings long and pointed; Ist quill short, 3rd and 4th longest.

Corvus lawrencei, Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 235; id. Str, F.
vol. i. p. 205 ; Adam, t.c. p. 885; Hume, Nest and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 408;
Stol. S. F. 1864, p. 474; Ball. S. F. 1875, p. 207; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 172; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. iii. p. 15.—
Tue Inpran Raven,

Uniform blue-black throughout, with a purplish tinge on the throat
and upper breast ; feathers of the chin and throat lanceolate ; bill black ;
incumbent bristles in front extend to beyond more than half of the
length of the bill, which is much arched; irides dark brown or grey
brown; legs black.

Length.—23'75 to 24°75, wings 16:3 to 17:4, when closed reach
to about from 0°83 to 0:5 of the end of the tail, bill at front 2:8.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana,
Beloochistan and Afghanistan; found in some numbers in Upper
Sind in flocks of from 30 to 50 at the beginning of winter, whena
great number are to be seen dead under the trees about Jacobabad
and Shikarpour.

Corvus umbrinus, (Hedenb.) Sundev. Gifu. K. vet. Akad. Forh.
Stockh. 1838, p. 199; (ew Hedenb. Ms.) ; Heugl. Orn. N. O. Afr. pp. 505,
125; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 158; Dresser, B. Hur, pl. xxxiv., xxxvili. ;
Blf. East. Pers.; Murray, Str. F. vol. vii. p. 118; Hume, Str. £. vii.
p. 120; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc. Sind, p.173. Corvus infumatus,
Wagn. Munch. gel. Anz. 1839. Corvus corax, Horsf, and Moore, Cat.
B. Mus. H I. Co. ii. p. 552.—Tuz Arcuan Brown-neckep Raven.

Head and neck glossy umber brown, also the ear-coverts, sides of
the face and sides of the neck, the latter scarcely glossed ; lores, in-
cumbent nasal bristles, feathers round the eye, and at base of bill at
the gape, black; back, scapulars, wings, wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts
~ and tail glossy black with a violet blue gloss; chin, throat and breast
dark glossy umber brown; rest of under surface brown, glossed with
purple on the breast, flanks, abdomen and vent; under tail-coverts
glossy purplish black; axillaries and under wing-coverts purplish
black; bill and legs black; irides dark brown.

Length.—21°5 to 23 inches, wing 15 to 16:4, tail 8°6 to 9, tarsus 2°9,
bill at front 2°9 to 3.

Hab.—This fine Raven occurs during winter in the northern parts
of Sind, where it is not uncommon at Larkhana and Jacobabad from
December to March. It has hitherto been known from N. H. Africa,
Palestine, and Beloochistan, about as far east as 62° east long. Its
occurrence at Jacobabad extends its range to nearly 69° east long.
Occurs also in Beloochistan, 8. Afghanistan, 8. Punjab (lFerozepore)
Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Cashmere (Gilgit).

176 : CORVIDA.

Corvus splendens, Vicll. N. Dict. d’ Mist. Nat, viii. p, 44; Tem.
Pl. Col. ii. pl. 425; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 315 ; Jerd. B. Ind. 1. p. 298;
Hume, Sir. F. vol. viii.; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §., Sind, p.173. Corvus
impudicus, Gray, Handlist B. ii. p. 14; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 206; Str. F.
ji. pp. 418, 493.—Tuz Common Inpian Crow.

Nasal bristles, crown of head, lores, sides of face, chin, throat, back,
wings and tail glossy black with purplish or steel blue reflections ; lower
abdomen, flanks, vent, under tail and thigh-coverts dull black ; nape,
hind neck, sides of the neck, and part of the upper back a greyish
drab ; breast and upper part of the abdomen dark ashy; under wing-
coverts and axillaries dull black; bill and legs black; irides deep
brown.

Length.—16 to 17 inches, wing 11 to 11:25, tail 7, bill at front 1:12.

Hab.—Throughout India to the foot of the Himalayas and Ceylon.

Sub-Family, GARRULIN Ai,—Javs.

Bill short and conic, about as high as broad at nostrils; nares
usually tufted; wings moderate or loug; 5th quill longest.

Garrulus.—Briss.

Bill short, thick, compressed, conic, slightly deflected, and bent at
tip; nostrils covered with incumbent bristles.

Garrulus atricapillus, eofr. St. Hilaire, Htud, Zool. fase. 1. ;
Dresser, B. Eur. part xx. Garrulus melanocephalus, Gene. Mem, Acad.
Torino, xxxvii. p. 298; Bree. B. Europe; Blf. Eastern Persia, vol. ii.
p. 265; Hume, Str. I’. i. p. 206; Murray, Zool., §c., Sind, p. 178;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 97.—Tae Buack-Hrapep Jay.

Adult Female.—General colour above clear vinaceous, washed with
grey; the rump and upper tail-coverts white (wings and tail much as
in G. cervicalis) ; wing-coverts grey, the least coverts barred with
chestnut, the median series broadly chestnut at tip; the greater series
velvety black, the outermost barred with blue and black ; the bastard
wing and primary coverts cobalt blue, narrowly barred with black ;
quills brownish black, externally greyish white; the secondaries white
for two-thirds of the outer web, with slight indications of blue bars, the
innermost black, inclining to chestnut on all but the tip of the last
secondary ; tail brownish black, bluish grey at base, and barred with the
same colour for more than half the length of the centre feathers ; nasal
bristles white, washed with vinaceous at the tip ; forehead, feathers round
the eye, a broad eyebrow and the sides of the face and neck, as well as
the throat, white; a broad malar bar of black; rest of under surface
pale vinaceous, deeper on the sides of the body and under wing-
coverts, and inclining to buffy white on the centre of the abdomen,
thighs and under tail-coverts.

Length.—12'7 inches, culmen 1:2, wing 6:7, tail 6.

Adult Male.—Similar to the female; showing less grey on the back
and rather more on the chest ; the face and throat sometimes washed
with a vinous tinge.

STURNUS, 177

Length.—14:5 inches, wing 7-6, tail 7, culmen 1-4.—(Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vol. iii. pp. 97, 98.)

Hab.—Sind, on the hills dividing Sind from Khelat (Hume). Syria
and Palestine eastwards into Persia (Sharpe). Mr. Hume, in vol. i.
p. 206 of Stray Feathers, states that he satisfied himself from the de-
scription given him of this bird, that it occurs on the hills dividing Sind
from Khelat. I have no specimen from Sind, nor has Mr. Hume; but
I give the above description of the bird to help its identification if
met with.

Sub-Family, DENDROCITTIN A,~—Macpras.

Bill short; culmen elevated and curved; nares with velvety plumes ;
wings short, rounded; tail long, graduated ; tarsi short.

Gen. Dendrocitta.—Gould.

Base of the culmen unfeathered ; middle tail feathers broad at the
ends; nostrils concealed by incumbent feathers; 5th and 6th quills
longest ; secondaries nearly as long as the primaries.

Dendrocitta rufa, Scop. Del. Fauna et Flor, Insubr. ii. p. 86;
Hartl. Syst. Verz. p. 63; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 814, No. 674; Gray, Hand-
ist, B. B. Mus, i. p. 8; Hume, Str. F. i. pp. 206, 386 ; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §e., Sind, p. 174. Crypsirrhina pallida, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xv.
p- 20. Dendrocitta pallida, Blyth, Cat. Mus. A. S. B. p. 3386; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 815, No. 675.—Tua Common Inpian Macrtis.

Adult.—Head, neck all round, part of upper back, chin, throat,
breast and ear-coverts dark sooty brown, paler on the upper back ;
lores blackish brown; back and scapulars orange brown; rump and
upper tail-coverts bright orange or yellowish buff; abdomen and
under tail and thigh-coverts, like the rump, orange, yellowish buff or
dark ferruginous ; primaries and secondaries black; tertiaries black,
greyish white on their outer webs; wing-coverts white; edge of the
wing and under wing-coverts greyish white ; tail greyish white, or
grey, the centre feathers elongated much beyond the rest, and all
broadly tipped with black; bill black; legs slaty ; irides blood-red.

Length.—16—17 inches, wing 5:9, tail 10, tarsus 1°45, bill at front 1 to
1:25. The young is much paler throughout, and has the tail feathers
tipped whitish buff.

Hab.—The whole of India, through Assam and Burmah to Tenna-
serim and Cashmere ; Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Southern
India, Travancore, Central India, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Concan,

and Deccan.
Sub-Family, STURNIN 2.

Bill with the sides compressed, tip rather blunt and flattened ; wings

long and pointed ; tail rather short; tarsi strong, scutate in front ;

toes long and strong.
Gen. Sturnus.

Bill sharp, straight, and with a conical groove ; nostrils feathered ;
2nd quill longest.
23 2

178 STURNIN AL.

Sturnus vulgaris, Lin.; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 210; P. #. 75; Naum,
vogt. t- 62,—Tue Common Sraruina.

Head, neck, nape, chin, throat, breast and back black, glossed with
purple, bronze, and green in different lights, the latter predomi-
nating on the head and neck, each feather tipped with a small brown-
ish white triangular or round spot, which, in very old birds, wear ont
on the head and neck chiefly. Greater and lesser wing-coverts dusky,
edged with pale reddish brown ; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries
also dusky, their outer webs glossed with green, and margined with
light reddish brown; tail short, dusky, their outer webs more or
less glossed with green and edged. with pale reddish brown or
buffish ; under tail-coverts black, edged with white; bill black; legs
dark brownish red.

Length.—9 inches, wing 5, tail 3, bill at front 1:25.

Hab.—Europe, Asia, and India generally during winter, to the
Himalayas.

Sturnus minor, Hume, Str. F. i. 207; v. 328; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 175.--Tuz Lusser Sraruine.

«The general character of the plumage is like that of the ordinary
Starling, but in the first place, whereas in the common Starling the
reflections of the head are purple and of the back green; in these birds,
the head is green and the back purple; secondly, whercas in the
common Starling the wing varies from 5 to 5'35 and the tarsus from
1:1 to 1:2; in these birds the wing is only 4°3 and the tarsus barely 1;
the bills are about the same length as the common Starling, measuring
exactly an inch in front, but they are more pointed, have a more
decided culmen ridge, and are less broad at the base,”—(Hume)..

Hab.—Sind ; breeding from March to Jane.

Eggs not unlike in shape those of the common Starling, but
decidedly smaller, a light pale bluish green, the shell finely pitted.

Gen. Acridotheris,—Viell.; Gracula, Owv.

Bill stovter and shorter than in Sturnus. Culmen deflected at tip; *
nostrils concealed by the frontal plumes ; tail rounded ; tarsi stout; a

naked space usually behind the eye; head crested or sub-crested; Ist
quill rudimentary.

Acridotheris tristis, Lin. ; P. B. 219; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 825,
No. 684; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 175.—Tue Common
Myna.

Head sub-crested ; nape, neck behind, chin, throat and breast glossy
black; back, scapulars, ramp and upper tail-coverts brown; wing-
coverts, primaries and secondaries black ; edge of the wing and the
base of the primaries white, forming a conspicuous wing patch; tail
black, the feathers tipped white; lower abdomen, vent and under tail-

coverts white; bill and orbits deep yellow; legs dull yellow; irides
reddish.

Lenyth.—9°5 to 10 inches, wing 5°25, tail 3-5, bill at front 0°8 to 0°9.

PASTOR, 179

Hab.—Throughout India to Assam, Burmah and Ceylon, and 4 re-
sident everywhere; breeding in holes of trees, roofs of houses and
almost anywhere, except on the ground, from June to August. Eggs
4, of a glossy pale green, greenish or deep bluish green colour.

Acridotheris ginginianus, Lath.; Lev. O. A. t. 95:2; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 826, No. 685; Murray, Hubk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 175.—Tuu
Bang Myna. ;

Head, nape, sides of the face, lores and ear-coverts black; chin,
throat, breast, flanks and outer thigh-coverts cinereous or dark ashy ;
neck, the back, rump and upper tail-coverts dark ashy; wings black,
edge of wing and wing spot orange buff or ferruginous; tail black,
the feathers tipped with dull ferruginous ; middle of abdomen, vent,
under tail, and inner thigh-coverts pale ferruginous; bill yellow, red
at the tip ; orbits and nude spot behind the eye red; feet dull yellow.

Lenyth.—8°5 to 9 inches, wing 5, tail 3-25, bill at front 1-25.

Hab.—India generally to Assam and Barmah; common in Sind,
Panjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central India, Deccan,
Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar and Jodhpore.

Gen. Temenuchus.—Cab.

Characters same as those of Acridotheris. Bill less stout, barely de-~
flected at the tip; 1st and 2nd primaries sub-equal; head usually
crested.

Temenuchus pagodarum, Gmel.; Lev. 0. A.t. 95; Gal. des Ois.
t. 148; Jerdon, B. Ind. 1. p. 3829, No. 687; Murray, Str. F. vol. vii.
pp. 112,118; id, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 176.—Taz Biack-HEapEp.
Myna.

Head, with the long crest, nape and lores black ; ear-coverts, sides of
the neck and behind, breast and abdomen, ful¥ous or pale orange buff,
the feathers with mesial whitish streaks ; back, scapulars, outer webs of
secondaries and tertiaries grey, the innermost tertiaries entirely grey;
primaries dark brown, edged black on their outer webs; edge of wing,
under wing, and under tail-coverts and the vent white; tail dark
brown, the feathers broadly tipped white; the centre feathers grey like
the back; bill bluish at base, rest yellow; irides whitish; legs bright
yellow.

Length.—8'5 to 9 inches, wing 4:2, tail 3, bill at front 0°37.

Hab.—India, Ceylon, Cashmere, Assam, Burmah; common in
Southern India and in the Carnatic, Travancore and the Northern
Circars. Occurs also in Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Deccan and
Concan, but not in any numbers; usually in company with Acridotheris
tristis.

Gen. Pastor.—Tem.

Bill short, compressed, curving from the base, slightly deflected at
the tip; groove of nostrils clothed with short plumes ; 2nd quill longest,
lst spurious; tarsi scutate ; tail even; head with an occipital crest.

180 FRINGILLID AS.

Pastor roseus, Lin. ; Gould. Birds of Hur pl. 212; Naum. vogt.
t. 63; Jerd. B, Ind. ii. p. 833, No. 690; Bif. East. Persia, ii. p. 267;
Str. F. i. 208; 1, 208, 495; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e., Sind, p. 176.
Pastor peguanus, Less. Pastor suratensis et seleucus, Gm. Syst. Nat. ;
Gray, Cat. B. Br. Mus.--Tae Ross-cotoursep Pastor.
. Head, crest, crown, neck on the back and nape black,, glossed with
bluish purple ; chin and throat black ; entire back, breast, rump and
upper tail-coverts pale salmon or delicate rose colour; wing-coverts
black, the lesser series margined with grey; and the greater series
glossy black with purple reflections ; primaries dark brown, tinged with
greenish ; some of the secondaries glossy black, also with green reflec-
tions, and others only so on the outer web ; tail greenish black; under
tail-coverts black ; bill yellowish rose; legs yellowish brown; irides
deep brown.

Length.—9 to 9°5 inches, wing 5°25, tail 8, bill at front 0:8.

Hab.—8. E. Europe, Asia Minor, India, Ceylon, Assam, Burmah
and Pegu-.- A winter visitant in most parts of India; arrives in Sind
about the beginning of April in large flocks; in the Punjab and N. W.
Provinces in August. Occurs also as a migrant in Beloochistan, Persia,
Afghanistan and Eastern Turkistan.

Family, FRINGILLIDA.

Small birds with short, thick, conic bills, mostly angular at base;
wings usually long ; tarsi moderate.

Sub-Family, PLOCEINA,—Weaver Birps.

Bill thick at base, with the keel projecting on the forehead and-
arched to the tip; wings rounded; Ist quill very short; tarsi and toes
strong, scutate; hind toe long and strong.

Gen. Ploceus.—Cwv.

Characters same as those of Sub-Family ; 8rd to 5th quills longest,
first very short; tertials nearly as long as the quills.

Ploceus phillipinus, Lin. Syst. Nat. i. 305; D’ Aub. P. E. 135,
2; Reich. Sing. t. 36, 283. Ploceus phillipensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 282,
pl. xi. fi. Ploceus maculata, P. L. 8S. Mull. Suppl. 150; ew P. E.;
Hume, Str. FP. vi. 399. Ploceus baya (Blyth) apud, Jerd. B. Ind. ii
348, No. 694; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 176.—Tue Common
Weaver Brrp.

Adult Male in Breeding Plumage.—Forehead, crown, sides of the
neck and breast bright yellow; lores, sides of the face, ear-coverts,
chin and throat dull brown, paler on the chin; back brown, the feathers
with yellow edgings; rump paler brown, edged lighter ; upper tail-coverts
a dirty buff colour or rufous white; wing-coverts dull brown, the
greater series and the primary coverts narrowly edged with greyish
white; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dull brown, the primaries
with a narrow edging of pale yellow on their outer webs, also the
secondaries ; tertiaries broadly edged yellowish white; tail dull brown,
the feathers faintly and narrowly edged with yellowish green; abdomen,

PLOCEUS. 181

vent and under tail-coverts dull white, also the thigh-coverts; the
middle of the abdomen and thigh-coverts tinged yellowish; edge of
the wing fulvous white ; bill black ; irides brown ; legs yellowish brown.

Length.—5‘5 inches, extent 8°5, wing 2°75, tail 1°75, bill at front 0-6.
The Female is like the male, but wants the yellow crown and breast,
and the chin and throat are whitish or rufous white. .

Hab.—Throughout India to Ceylon, Assam, Burmah and Nepaul-
Common everywhere in Sind with the two next species, as well as in
the Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Bengal, also Central and Southern
India, the Concan and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and N.
Guzerat. Breeds freely in company with manyar and bengalensis.
Nest non-pensile, being attached to the upper stalks of reeds, with the
leaves interwoven, smaller than that of bengalensis or manyar, less large
in the body, and generally with a long and narrow tubular entrance,
The unfinished-like nests are inhabited by the males. Breeds in Sind
from April to June. Eggs white, 3, 4 or 5in number. All the species
of this genus are taken young by natives, and taught to perch on the
hands and to perform various feats.

Ploceus manyar, Horsfield, Trans. Lin. Socy. xiii. 160; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. 348, No. 695; Str. F. i. 208; vi. 899; Murray, Zool., Se.,
Sind, p. 176.—Tus Srriarep Weaver Birp.-

Adult Male in Breeding Plumage.—Forehead and crown bright golden
yellow; lores, cheeks, chin and throat and sides of the neck blackish
or sooty brown; back, rump and upper tail-coverts brown, the feathers
edged with fulvous white; wing-coverts, primaries, secondaries and
tertiaries concolorous with the back, the primaries edged yellowish, and
the secondaries, wing-coverts and tertiaries whitish or fulvous white ;
tail brown, the feathers edged greenish; breast and flanks fulvous
white, with mesial dark streaks; abdomen and under tail-coverts white,
tinged fulvous; bill black ; irides brown; legs pale brown.

Length.—5’8 inches, wing 2°75, extent 9, tail 1-75, bill at front 0°56.
Female and male in non-breeding plumage want the yellow head, and
have a pale supercilium, and the chin and throat are whitish.

Hab.—Northern and Central India to Assam and Burmah. Occurs
in Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Deccan, Concan,
Travancore, Kutch, Kattiawar and N. Guzerat.

Ploceus bengalensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 307; D’ Aub. P. B. 3898,
2; Reich. Sing. t. 33, 262; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 349; Str. FP. vi, 399; Gray,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 44; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 177.—Tue
BuacK-THROATED Weaver Birp.

Adult Male in Breeding Plumage.—Forehead and crown bright golden
yellow; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck and throat white, more or less
suffused with dusky, a dark brown pectoral band ; back dusky brown ;
rump and upper tail-coverts greyer; wings and tail dark brown, the
coverts and secondaries with pale margins ; body below fulvous white ;
flanks brownish. The female has the head dusky brown and unstreaked,
the feathers of the back edged with pale rufous or fulvyous; a pale

182 FRINGILLIDA.

yellow supercilium and a spot of the same colour behind the ear-coverts ;
a small dark stripe at the base of the bill on each side, the throat
yellowish, with a few dark spots; bill white; irides light brown; legs
fleshy brown.

Length.—5‘5 to 6 inches, wing 2°75, tail 1:75.

Hab.—Lower Bengal, extending into Assam and parts of Burmah.,
Occurs also in Sind; not known from the Punjab and N, W. Provinces.,

Sub-Family, ESTRELDINZ.

Bill large, conic, more or less bulged or slender; wings short,
rounded ; the Ist primary minute as in Ploceus.

Gen. Munia.

Bill thick, as long as deep; culmen arched, prolonged behind on the
forehead ; tarsi stout, moderate.

Munia malabarica, Lin. Jard.; and Selby, Ill. Orn. 2nd Ser. pl.
84; Reich. Sing. t. 150; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 357, No. 703; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 177.—Tur Prain Brown Monia.

Head, back and scapulars pale earthy brown, the feathers of the
head centred darker, giving it a rufescent brown appearance; rump pale
earthy brown; upper tail-ccverts white, barred with dusky ; primaries,
secondaries and tertiaries dusky brown; the secondaries and tertiaries
rufescent brown on their outer webs and tipped very slightly with
whitish ; wing-coverts like the back, the first three or four from the
edge of the wing dark brown ; edge of the wing whitish ; chin, throat,
breast, belly,.and under tail-coverts greyish white, the flanks and sides
of the breast in some specimens with transverse bars of rufescent;
under tail-coverts white; tail dark brown, edged with dark reddish
brown, the central feathers broadly so, and prolonged 0°75 beyond the
others ; bill plumbeous ; legs pale brown; irides deep brown.

Length.—5 inches, tail 2, wing 2:1, bill at front 0-4.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Southern and Central India,
Malabar, Deccan, Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar, J odhpore, Jeypore, and
N. Guzerat.

Gen. Estrelda.—Sus.
Bill not so broad, nor as high as in munia, and more compressed.

Esirelda amandava, Linn.; P. B. 115-3; Reich. Sing. t. 4, 25,
33; Jerd. Birds Ind. ii. p. 859, No. 704; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c.,
Sind, p. 177; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 60.—Tue Rep Wax-Bitt.

Summer Plumage.—Feathers of the forehead and crown brown,
tipped with crimson; a spot in front of the eye black; a bright
crimson supercilium, and a row of white feathers under the eye ; sides of
the face, chin, throat, breast, flanks and upper tail-coverts crimson,
the feathers basally dark brown, and those of the breast and upper tail-
coverts and flanks with a terminal white spot; back, rump, wing-
coverts, primaries, secondaries and tertiaries olive brown, the tips of

PASSER. 183

the coverts, tertiaries and some of the scapulars with a white spot;
tail black, the outer feathers tipped with white; lower tail-coverts
black ; lower abdomen sooty or blackish brown. The female is lke
the male, with the lower back and rump tinged crimson and a few
white spots; the abdomen and vent whitish, as also the lower tail-
coverts ; bill reddish, the upper mandible blackish on the edge ; irides
crimson ; feet fleshy.
_ Length.—4 to 4°5 inches, wing 1:9, tail 1-4

Hab.—Throughout India to Assam and Burmah ; common in Sind»
affecting the woody districts, especially in the vicinity of the Indus.
Breeds from May to September, making a rather loose purse-shaped
structure of grass, and lined with the fine glossy filaments of Calotropis
procera. Eggs, like those of the Munia, white, but smaller, and more
elongate. It is also common in Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana generally ;
N. Guzerat, Deccan, Concan, Southern and Central India, Oudh and
Lower Bengal, extending to the Himalayas.

Sub-Family, PASSERINA.

Bill short, sloping to tip; wings long and pointed; tarsi and tail
moderate, slender and transversely scaled.

Gen. Passer.—Briss.

Bill broad at base, slightly scooped at tip ; 2nd and 38rd quills long-
est; nostrils partly covered by plumes.

Passer indicus, Jard. and Selby, Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 118. Passer
domesticus, Blyth, Cat. 642 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p.362, No. 706; Murray,
Habk., Zool., Se, Sind. p. 178.—Tueg Inpian House Sparrow.

Male.-—Head and nape dark grey; lores, feathers below the eye,
sides of the lower mandible, chin, throat and breast black ; mantle and
scapulars chestnut with dark mesial streaks; rump and upper tail-
coverts ashy brown; lesser wing-coverts chestnut, the last row or
series of feathers.dark brown at the base and tipped with white ; the
greater series dark brown, edged with rufescent and tipped with fulvous
white; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dusky brown, edged with
rufous, paler and narrow on the primaries, which are darkish brown on
the middle of their outer webs; tertiaries tipped with fulvous white.
Sides of the face, and neck, and entire under surface white, the flanks
cinereous; tail dusky or pale brown, the feathers edged with fulvous
brown.

The Female is pale earthy or light brown, with a fulvous supercilium
extending to the nape and the lower parts less pure white; bill horny
brown ; legs dusky ; irides light brown.

Length.—5'25 to 6 inches, wing 3, tail 2°25,

Hab.—Throughout India to the Himalayas, Ceylon, Assam and
Upper Pegu; also Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan.

Passer salicicola, Viell. ; Rous. Orn. Prov.t. 84; Gould, B. Hur. pl.
185,1; Sir. F. i. p. 209; Murray, Hdbk., Zovl., §c., Sind. p. 178; Jerd.
B. Ind. ii. p. 864, No, 707. Passer hispaniolensis, Tem.—Tus WILLow
Srarrow. ;

184 FRINGILLIDA,

Male.—-Head and back of neck dark chestnut, the feathers edged
paler; back sooty brown with whitish edgings; rump and upper tail-
coverts pale brown; shoulder of wing chestnut with white borders to
the lesser coverts, rest of the wing dusky with broad pale rufous brown
edgings and a whitish bar formed by the tips of the greater coverts ;
secondaries edged and tipped whitish ; tail dusky with pale edgings ;’
lores, cheeks, and a narrow supercilium white, passing into ashy brown
ou the ear-coverts ; beneath, the chin, throat and breast black, some of
the feathers edged whitish ; rest of the lower parts sullied white or whit-
ish ; the flanks and under tail-coverts with dusky longitudinal streaks,

Length.—5:75 inches, wing 3, tail 2.

The Female resembles that of the common House Sparrow, but the
striation of the dorsal feathers is less strongly marked.—(Jerdon.)

Hab—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghan-
istan, Rajputana (Koochamun) and H. Turkistan.

Passer pyrrhonotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. 946; Jerd. B, Ind. ii.
p- 365, No. 709; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 8c, Sind, p. 178; Hume and
Doig, Str. F. vol. ix. pp. 282, 280, 442.

Male.—Head and ear-coverts grey; back, rump, and patch behind
the eye chestnut; throat stripe black ; throat, back, lesser and median
coverts chestnut; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dull brown,
narrowly margined with whitish or fulvous white; the primaries with
a white spot at their base on the outer web forming a conspicuous wing
spot; tail dusky, the feathers pale edged; beneath brownish white.
The Female is not unlike that of the common House Sparrow. Bill
dusky brown, legs pale fleshy brown.

Length.—5 to 5:25 inches, wing 2°75, tail 2°12, bill at front ‘37.

Hab.—Sind. Breeds in the Narra districts.

Passer flavicollis, Frankl. ; Jerd. B. Ind. it. p. 868, No. 711;
Murray, Hdtk., Gool., Sc. Sind, p. 178.—Tue YxELLow-THROATED
Sparrow.

Male.—Head, neck, back, rump, scapulars and under tail-coverts pale
earthy brown; a pale or fulvous supercilium, more distinct in females;
chin white; throat-spot yellow; the rest of the under surface whitey
brown, albescent on the vent and under tail-coverts; primaries and
secondaries dull brown, the primaries edged paler and tipped whitish,
as are also the secondaries ; tertiaries broadly edged and tipped with
fulvous ; lesser wing-coverts chestnut ; median and greater coverts dull
brown, tipped fulvous white, forming two conspicuous wing bars; edge
of the wing white ; tail dull brown, the outermost feathers on each side
paler. The Female wants the chestnut on the wing, and is more brown
in colour beneath; the throat-spot too is less bright ; upper mandible
black, lower yellowish at the base ; irides brown ; legs pale brown.

Lenyth.—5'5 inches, wing 3°4, tail 2, tarsus ‘7.
Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia, Raj-

putana, Kutch (Kattiawar, Jodhpore) N. Guzerat, Deccan and Concan.
Breeds in Sind during September and October,

EMBERIZA. 185

Sub-Family, EMBERIZINA,

Bill flattened on the sides, smaller and more compressed than in
Passer, the edges indented or waved—a palatal knob on upper mandible;
wings pointed; tarsi moderate, scutate; hind toe longer than inner ;
tail moderate, even or emarginate,

Gen. Emberiza.

Bill small; second to 4th quills longest; tail rather forked ;
outermost feather white or whitish.

Emberiza huttoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. 1849, p. 811; BIf.
East, Pers. ii. 258; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 873; Hume, Str. F. ii. 497;
vii. 150; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 5c., Sind, p. 179. Emberiza cerrutti,
De F. Arch. p. 7; Zool. Genova, ii. p. 883 ; Viag. in Pers. pp. 118, 349.
Glycispiza huttoni, Gould, Birds of Asia, pt. xxii—Tue GREY-NECKED
Bontine.

Head, neck, nape, and sides of the neck grey; from the lower corner
of the under mandible on each side a short streak of buffy, between which
and the chin, which is also buff, is a streak of greyish, meeting the grey
of the sides of the neck; orbital feathers whitish ; back grey, with a
slight rufescent tinge, the feathers faintly striated; rump and upper
tail-coverts greyish brown, unstriated ; breast and rest of lower surface
reddish brown or ferruginous, paler on the abdomen and vent, and
nearly buff on the under tail-coverts; lesser coverts ferruginous ;
‘median and greater coverts brown, edged with ferruginous ; primaries
dull brown, margined narrowly on their outer, and broadly on their
inner web with pale white or rufescent white; secondaries the same,
but the feathers also tipped with pale rufous; edge of the wing fulvous ;
tail blackish brown, the outer web of the outermost feather, except
at the extreme base, and half of the inner web, white; the next
outermost blackish brown on the outer web, and for nearly two-thirds
its length on the inner web, blackish brown, the rest white on their
inner web only; centre tail feathers edged with pale rufous; bill
reddish ; legs pale brown.

Length.—5°75 to 6 inches, wing 3, tail 3, tarsi °75.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Central India, Beloochistan,
Persia and Afghanistan. Occurs also in Kutch, Rajputana, Guzerat,
Concan and the Deccan.

Specimens from Jeempeer and Jacobabad (Sind), and Quetta and
Dozan (Beloochistan) have the chin and the streak above the greyish
moustachial one unspotted buff, except in asingle specimen from Dozan.

Emberiza stewarti, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii. 215; Gould. B. As.
pl. Emberiza caniceps, Gould. B. As. pt. vi. pl. 16; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p.
375, No. 718; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p. 182.—Tus Wuirs-
capeeD Bunrina.

Male.—Forehead and crown greyish white; lores and a broad
supercilium extending to the nape, black; chin and throat black ; back,
scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, flanks, and a broad band across the
chest reddish chestnut; the feathers of the back in some specimens with

24 2

186 PRINGILLIDA,

a mesial dark streak; cheeks and ear-coverts white ; breast, belly and
under tail-coverts greyish white or rufescent white; the under tail-
coverts with dark mesial streaks; wing-coverts dark brown, edged
with fulvous, or buffy brown; primaries and secondaries pale brown,
‘the primaries edged whitish, and the secondaries fulyous brown; tail
dark brown, the outermost feather on each side white on the outer
web; the shaft dark brown, the white of the inner web running ob-
liquely from about one-fourth its length at the base; the next like the
outermost, but with the outer web dark brown, and narrowly edged
with white. The Female is olive brown above, the feathers with dark
mesial streaks; upper tail-coverts tinged rufescent; under surface
fulvous or buffy brown, the feathers mesially streaked with dark brown ;
bill and legs pale brown.

Length.—6 inches, wings 3 to 3°1, tail 2°75, tarsus 0-7.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, N. W. Himalayas, Beloochistan
and Southern Afghanistan. Uncommon in Sind, and occurs less abund-
antly in the Southern Districts during winter.

Emberiza striolata, Licht.; Hume, Ibis. 1869; 1870, p. 399;
id. Str. F. vol. iti. 497; vii. 410; Blanford, Hast. Pers. ii. p. 258;
Murray, Hdbk., Gool., §e., Sind, p. 179.—Tau Srriorarep Bontine.

“ Nale.— Forehead, top ofthe head and nape greyish white, grey or white
in different specimens, each feather with a conspicuous linear, median black
streak; a narrow, pure white superciliary stripe starting from the- base’
of the bill and extending behind the eye over the ear-coverts, the lores
and a moderately broad stripe directly behind the eye (and immediately
under the white stripe), involving the upper portions of the ear-coverts
black; below this another greyish white stripe, involving the rest of
the ear-coverts ; below this, starting from the base of the lower man-
dible, a greyish white stripe, which again is divided from the greyish
white of the chin by a narrow inconspicuous dark streak. In the fresh
birds in breeding plumage, all these streaks and stripes are as clearly
and sharply defined as if painted; but at other seasons and in stuffed
specimens, they are not so clear; the whole of the back, scapulars,
and tertials are hair brown, the former two very broadly, the latter
more narrowly margined with pale, more or less sandy, or even
rufcus brown ; in many specimens the darker median streaks of the
back feathers are reduced to mere lines, and in some, the rufous tinge
on the upper back is well marked; the primaries and secondaries and
their coverts are a mixture of hair brown, and rich rufous (recalling
in colour the wings of Mirafra erythroptera) the extent of each vary-
ing in different specimens, but the brown predominating in the earlier
primaries, and every where at the tips, and decreasing in extent in the
hinder part of the wing and towards the bases of the feathers ; the
second primary for instance will be all brown, except a narrow rufous
edging for the basal two-thirds of the outer web, and a broad rufous
stripe on the margin of the inner web for the same distance, while one
of the later secondaries will be all rufous, except a narrow brown stripe
ruuning down the shaft, till within one-third of the end of the feather,

EUSPIZA. 187

whence it gradually widens so as to occupy the tip, and the whole of
both webs; the rump and upper tail-coverts are much the sate as the
back, but in some specimens slightly more rufous than the lower back,
and the longest of the coverts are in some specimens very narrowly
tipped with very pale fulvous white ; the tail is hair brown, darker than
the brown portion of the quills; all the feathers externally very
narrowly margined with pale rufous, except the external feather on
each side, which has the whole outer web of that colour; the throat
and upper breast are greyish white or. grey, with more or less numerous
and conspicuous black median stripes on the feathers. Specimens differ
widely in this respect ; in some the greyish white is a mere edging to
dusky black feathers; in others only a few black spots, and streaks
peep out of an almost unbroken grey, and this among specimens killed
at the same time, and of apparently the same age; the lower breast
and the whole lower parts of the body are pale greyish rufous, all the
bases of the feathers (only seen if the tips are lifted) being a sort of
bluish dusky ; the axillaries, wing lining, and in fact the whole lower
surface of the wings, except the points of the quills, a pale delicate
salmon rufous.”

“The Lemale only differs in being generally somewhat smaller, in
having the white, grey, and black of the head, neck, throat and breast
much duller (and in many specimens overcast with a sandy or pale
rufous shade), the various stripes being less well marked and in having
the dark spots and streaks of the throat and breast almost obsolete.”

Male. Female.

SS ey eS =

Length secre saan sensi occas vn’ ere ceilings des 5:75 to 597 5'5 to 59

TIX PANSE~ .2 ri) eesewsduatec stan ria anendns sexes 9:37 ,, 9°75. 9 4, 95

Pail $rOTA VEN bss cvs ve aie Addekig sas Vaseyaie cons 2°45 ,, 2°75 22 4, 2:72
Wing from carpal joint to tip of longest

PLUMaLY Cossids mceteee eA ss 2°96 ,, 31 2°87 ,, 2°96

When closed reaching within 1:1 to1°3 1:1 ,, 1:7 of the end of tail.

HOO bs.23 vaie sewn eter Math aeeieewieweee rn cieset ae J yi ed Ie 1, E37

WHR, .cdusiec eet ccaceteaas ian as teas hed 63 ,, °8 "72 43 78

Biba eHron ee seicve'es Gud usicods skh mah ialacind 36 ,, °39 35 4, °38

Legs and feet were in some pale waxy yellow, in some dingy, in
some fleshy yellow, or yellowish fleshy. The feet especially at the
joints more or less tinged with brownish ; the claws rather pale brown ;
the bill had the upper mandible brown, in some blackish brown ; the
lower in some waxy, in some fleshy, and in some dingy yellow; irides
brown.—(‘ Hume, Ibis, 1869.”)

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, and Beloochistan, affecting
_ sandy plains; also Rajputana, Kutch and Guzerat. In Sind, chiefly the
barren hills, during winter.

Euspiza.— Bp.
Bill longer and stronger than in Emberiza, nearly conic and very

slightly scooped at the tip ; nostrils partly hidden by plumes ; 2nd to 4th
quills longest; tail slightly forked ; tarsi and toes scutate.

188 FRINGILLID AS,

Euspiza melanocephala, Scop. ; Veil. O. C. t. 27; Naum. vogt.
Deutsch: 101, 2; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 172. Sykes, Cat. 101; BIf. East.
Pers. ii. p. 260; Hume, Str. F. iii. 497; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind,
p. 182. Huspiza granativora, Menet. Cat. Rais. p.40. Huspizasimillima,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. 811.—Tue Buacsk-aeapep Corn Buntine.

Male.—Whole head, feathers under the eye and ear-coverts black, in
winter edged with yellowish or greyish brown; chin, throat, sides of
the neck, and entire under surface bright yellow; sides of the breast
chestnut; back and scapulars rich chestnut; rump and upper tail-coverts
yellowish with a faint tinge of chestnut on some of the feathers ; wing-
coverts dark brown, the feathers edged and tipped with fulvous;
primaries, secondaries and tertiaries brown, the primaries and second-
aries narrowly, and the tertiaries broadly margined with fulvous; edge
of the wing bright yellow ; tail brown, the feathers edged paler. The
Female is yellowish brown above, the feathers of the head and back
with mesial dark streaks ; the chin whitish, and the rest of the under
surface very pale yellow; bill and legs yellowish brown; irides light
brown.

Length.—7°5 to 8 inches, wing 3:8 to 4, tail 3, bill at front -8,
tarsus 1-0.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab (at Mooltan and Montgomery) Beloochistan,
Persia, Afghanistan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, N. Guzerat, Concan
and Deccan. Found outside of India, in Turkey, Asia Minorand 8. H.,
Europe. Arrives in Sindin the middle of August and leaves in October.

Euspiza luteola, Lath; G. R. Gr. §& M. Gen. B. pl. 91; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 879, No 722; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 498; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind. Huspiza icterica, Eversm. Gen. B. pl. 9.—Tus Rep-
HEADED Bunrtina.

Head, neck, chin, throat and breast rich chestnut ; sides of the breast
greenish yellow ; back and scapulars greenish yellow, the feathers
mesially streaked with dark brown; the whole under surface including
the under tail-coverts bright yellow; wing-coverts dark brown, broadly
edged and tipped with fulvous; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries
brown with fulvous edgings, broader on the tertiaries; tail brown,
the outermost feather on each side much paler, and the rest edged
with greenish ; edge of the wing yellow. The females want the chest-
nut of the head, chin, throat and breast; the upper surface is olive
oe and the under surface very pale fulvous ; bill and legs yellowish

rown,

Length.—6°75 to 7, wing 3°5, tail 3, bill at front 0-5.

Hab.-—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, EH. Turkistan, Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, N.

Guzerat, Concan, Deccan and Southern India, also Khandeish and
Central India.

Melophus.—Sws.

Head crested ; upper mandible ridged, and slightly notched at the
tip, otherwise as in Huspiza,

CARPODACUS. 189

Melophus melanicterus, Lath.; Gould. C. B. pl.; Jerd. 2nd
Suppl. Cat. 182; id. B. Ind. ii. p. 380, No. 724; Hume, Str. F. iu.
498; vi. 409; vii. 517; Murray, Str. F. vii. 118. Emberiza cristata,
Vig. P. Z. S. 1881; (the female) Emberiza erythroptera, Jard. and
Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 182.—Tue Crestep Biack Bontine.

Entire head, neck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, chin,
throat, breast, and under surface, including the under tail-coverts,
glossy black, unglossed on the latter ; lesser wing-coverts black; median
and greater series, primaries, secondaries and tail dark cinnamon; the
primaries, secondaries and tail feathers tipped dusky brown; bill pale
brown, darkish on the upper mandible; legs reddish brown; irides
dark brown.

Length.—6°5 inches, wing 3°25, tail 2°75, bill at front 0°5. The
Female is dusky brown, the feathers edged paler; under surface ruf-
escent white; wings duller or pale cinnamon.

Hab.—Sind, Rajputana, N. Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, Nepaul and
Tenasserim ; also Central and Southern India.

Sub-Family, FRINGILLINA; PYRRHULINA.—Gray.

Bill variable in form and size, thick, sloping to the sides, conical ;
tarsi moderate.

Gen. Carpodacus.—Kaup.

Bill tumid, rather longer than in Pyrrhula, and compressed at the
tip, notched near its base; tail forked.

Carpodacus erythrinus, Pail. Zoogr. t. 36,1; Viell. O. C. t. 65 ;
Naum vogt. t. 118, 1,2; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 206; Bp. Low. t. 14;
Gray, Handlist B. 7507, p. 101; BIf. Hast. Pers. ii. 2, 250; Jerd. B. Ind.
ii. p. 898, No. 738; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 3c., Sind, p. 185.—Tux
Common Ross-Fincu.

Male, Winter Plumage.—Head, throat, breast, moustachial stripe,
rump and flanks rose colour, brighter and deeper on the throat, head
and breast ; back and scapulars ruddy brown, roseate on the rump and
upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts tipped with ruddy brown, forming two

ale bars on the wings; tertiaries margined with pale brown; the quills
and tail feathers with ruddy edgings. In summer the crown, throat,
breast and rump become brilliant crimson. The Female is olive brown
with dark streaks; the tips of the greater and lesser wing-coverts
whitish, forming two conspicuous bands on the wings; below paler
brown, albescent on the throat, the middle of the belly and under tail-
coverts darker and somewhat streaked on the breast and flanks,—
Jerdon, B. Ind. p. 398.

Bill yellowish brown ; feet horny brown ; irides light brown. .

Length.—5‘5 inches, wing 3°25, tail 2°25.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W.
Provinces, Uudh, Central India, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan,
Deccan, and S. India,

190 FRINGILLID Ai.

Gen. Bucanetes.—Cab.

Bucanetes githagineus, Licht. P. C. 400; Gould. B. Eur. pl.
208; By. Low. t. 33; Deser.de’l Egypte, t. 58; Gray, Hundlist B. No.
7523, p. 102; Bf. Hust. Pers. ii. p. 250; Hume, Str. F. i, p. 210; vii.
64, 454; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 183. Carpodacus crassiros-
tris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. 1847, p. 476.—Tae Desert Bunrincz.

“In the Male the head is pale bluish grey, the feathers tipped
brown; the chin, throat, breast, cheeks, and ear-coverts a sort of blue
grey, the feathers faintly tinged, most conspicuously so round the base
of the lower mandible, with pale rosy; the abdomen, vent, and lower
tail-coverts very pale rosy white, the longest of the latter with dark
shafts; the back and scapulars dull earthy brown, with, when fresh, a
faint rosy tinge, which disappears in the dried skin, and somewhat
greyer towards the nape ; rump pale brown, more decidedly tinged with
rosy; the visible portion of upper tail-coverts rosy white, more
strongly tinged with rosy at the margins, the centres and bases of the
longest being pale brown ; these however are not seen till the feathers
are lifted; tail feathers dark brown, conspicuously, though narrowly,
margined with rosy white, most rosy towards the bases of the
lateral feathers; the wings hair-brown, conspicuously margined and
tipped with pale rose colour, or rosy white; the coverts, secondaries,
and tertiaries most broadly so. There is a very narrow, inconspicuous,
pale rosy frontal band. ‘The wing lining and axillaries are pure white ;
the winglet alone is dark brown, unmargined with rosy.

«The Female has the whole upper surface and the sides of the head
and body a dull pale earthy brown, with only a faint rosy tinge upon
the rump and upper tail-coverts; the lower parts a still paler earthy
brown with the faintest possible roseate tinge on the breast and becom-
ing albescent on the vent, lower tail-coverts and tibial plumes; the
wings and tail are as in the male; but the margins are narrower and
less conspicuous, and are pale brownish instead of rosy white.

** Both Sexes.—Bill at front 0°35 to 0°41; tarsus 0°67 to 0°77. The
irides are brown; the legs and feet fleshy brown; claws dusky ; soles
whitish ; the bill orange yellow, in some probably less mature, pale
yellow, brownish on upper mandible. '

“ Male, Length.—5’7 to 6 inches, expanse 10 to 10:7, tail from vent 2°1
to 3, wing 3°3 to3:6, wings, when closed, reach to within 0°7 of end of tail.

“ Female, Length.—5°7 to 5°8 inches, expanse 10°5 to 11°1, tail from
vent 1°8 to 2, wings 3°2 to 3-4, wings, when closed, reach to within
0°6 to 0°8 of end of tail.”—(Hume, Str. F. vi. 210, 211.)

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Kutch, and Jodhpore, (Quetta) Beloochistan,
Persia and Afghanistan. Winters in India; breeds in Persia and
Afghanistan.

Serinus pectoralis.—Sp. Nov.

Male.—A dark brown nearly black streak at the base of the upper
mandible, followed by a bright yellow frontal band, extending as a
broad supercilium to behind the ear-coverts; a slaty grey streak

MIRAFRA. 191

through the eye; crown of the head slaty grey, each feather with a
dark central streak; nape greenish olive; back, scapulars and lesser
wing-coverts yellowish green, the feathers with a dark mesial streak ;
median coverts dark brown, edged with yellow; greater coverts also
dark brown, margined on their outer webs, and tipped with yellow ;
primaries and secondaries dusky brown, margined whitish on their
inner webs, and edged on the outer very narrowly with greenish ; ramp
olivaceous ; upper tail-coverts yellowish, some of the lateral feathers
with a dark mesial streak; chin, throat, breast and sides of the face
bright golden yellow; a dark brown nearly black streak from each side
of the base of the lower mandible extending to the sides of the neck,
which is slaty grey; sides of the breast slaty grey with a narrow band
issuing from each side, nearly meeting on the lower breast and forming
a nearly complete pectoral band ; rest of under surface yellow; tail
dusky brown, the feathers slightly darker on their outer webs, and all
tipped yellowish white on their inner webs; bill horny; legs dark
fleshy ; irides light brown.

Length.—4°93 inches, wing 2°62, tail 15, bill at front 0°31.

This pretty little species was got at Kurrachee, and is now alive in the
possession of Mr. J. Strip, Assistant Collector of Customs, to whom Iam
indebted for having very kindly permitted me to describe it. It was
captured in May 1881, having been struck by a catapult, and the wing
so hurt, as to disable it from flying. It has been a captive since, and
appears quite happy. A second one was seen by Mr. Strip shortly
after on a mound near an abandoned well in one of the Kurrachee
gardens. He says, that the bird in his possession is hardy and lively,
and has an extremely pleasant song. It has outlived three canaries,
and never yet appeared dull or ill, even when moulting.

It differs from hortulana, canaria and aurifrons, first in size, being
smaller than the first two, and quite unlike in colour; and from
Tristram’s aurifrons, pl. 7, Ibis. 1868 in having no striations on the
flanks, and from all the species I know, in having a nearly complete
pectoral band, which is its chief characteristic. Tristram refers (1.¢.) to
Bonaparte’s S. syriacus, which he says has a bright yellow forehead,
light coloured back, and uniform yellow under surface without striations.
It may possibly be this species, but there is no mention of the pectoral
band, the slaty grey sides of the breast, and the dark streak at the
base of the upper mandible. I therefore provisionally name it pectoralis.

Sub-Family, ALAUDINA,—Larxs.

Bill more lengthened than in any of the Fringillide, the tip entire
or obsoletely notched ; tertiaries as long or nearly as long as the
primaries ; hind claw lengthened, straight or slightly curved.

Gen. Mirafra.— Horsf.

Bill thick, much compressed, the culmen curved and convex, the tip ofthe
upper mandible wide above and inflexed ; -wings short, rounded; primar-
jes scarcely longer than the secondaries and tertials; 1st quill short, half
the length of the second, which is shorter than the third; tail short, even.

192 ALAUDINAB.

Mirafra erythroptera, Jerd. Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 88; id. Birds Ind,
ii. p. 418, No. 756; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se, Sind, p. 185.—Tus
Rep-winGeD Busa-Lark. :

Head, back, scapulars, ramp and upper tail-coverts fulvous brown;
feathers of the head (coronal) lengthened, tinged rufescent and, like
those of the upper parts, mesially streaked with dark brown; eye-
streak and supercilium fulvous white; ear-coverts fulvous brown, very
slightly tinged with rufescent; wing-coverts.dusky brown, edged with
fulvous or rufescent brown; primaries rufous on their outer webs, and
dark shafted; the inner web of the second primary rufous for about
one-half its length at the base, the other half dusky, the dusky tips
growing less in extent on the others, and in some specimens reduced
to a minute shaft-streak on the secondaries; tertials dusky brown,
broadly edged with rufous ; tail dark brown, the centre feathers palo
sandy brown, with slightly rufous edgings, and the outer web of the
outermost feather white; chin and throat white; sides of the throat
fulvous white, the feathers edged brown, forming two bands from the
base of the lower mandible to the sides of the neck; breastand under
parts white or fulvous white, spotted with dark brown; bill horny;
legs pale brown ; irides light brown.

Length.—5°25 to 5°5 inches, wing 3:2, tail 2, bill at front 0°4.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central India,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Guzerat, Concan and the Deccan; affecting
low jungle, bare plains, or the vicinity of cultivation.

Gen. AmMmomanes.—Cab.

Bill as in the last, but longer and more compressed; Ist quill minute;
2nd shorter than the third, which, and the fourth, are equal and longest ;
tertiaries shorter than the secondaries; tail long; hind claw long and
curved.

Ammomanes lusitania, Gm. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 798; Hume, Sir. F.
i. p. 211; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e., Sind, p. 185; Gray, Handlist
Birds, No. 7808. Ammomanes lusitanica, (Gim.} Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 422,
No. 759; Tem. P. C. 244, 2. Ammomanes deserti, Licht.; Blf. Hast.
Pers. p. 245. Ammomanes isabellina, Tem. Col. Pl. 244, f. 2; Gould.
Birds Hur. pl. 163.—Tue Pare Rurous Finca-Larg.

Top of head, nape, back, scapulars, ramp and upper tail-coverts
‘earthy greyish brown, slightly tinged with rufescent on the rump;
feathers round the eye, as well as a line from the nostrils to the eye, and
at the gape, fulvous white; a faint streak in front of the eye in the
middle of the white line; cheeks and ear-coverts like the back; chin,
throat and breast fulvous or greyish white, with a few dusky streaks
on the breast; rest of lower surface rufescent brown; wing-coverts
like the back, with paler edges and dark shaft-streaks; primaries and
secondaries dusky, margined on the outer and inner webs with pale
rufous, the tips fulvous white ; tail brown; the outer web of the outer-
most, and its basal half, pale rufous, the others narrowly margined and
tipped paler; bill dusky; base of lower mandible yellowish; legs

‘pale brown. ‘

PYRRBHULAUDA. 193

Length.—6 to 6°25 inches, wing 4, tail 2°75, bill at front 0:56.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Arabia, Southern
Persia, Afghanistan, Cashmere, Southern and Eastern Europe and
of E. Africa. Extremely common in Sind on the bare stony hills and
plains.

Gen. Pyrrhulauda.—Smith.

Bill short, very stout, sides compressed; culmen arched; commis-
sure straight; wings long; tertiaries lengthened; Ist primary small ;
tail moderate; toes small.

Pyrrhulauda grisea, Scop.; Son. Voy. t. 118, 2; Jerd. B. Ind.
ii. p. 424, No. 760; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 212; id. vol. vii. p. 66; Gray,
Handlist B. No. 7834; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 186.
Pyrrhulauda crucigera, Tem. Pl. Col. 269, 1—Tue Buack-BeLiiep
Finca-Larx.

Male.—Forehead and cheeks white, or fulvous white; crown of the
head, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail-coverts grey brown, with
a slight tinge of rufescent on the back, the feathers centred dusky ;
cheeks whitish; primaries, secondaries and wing-coverts brown, the
feathers edged paler; chin, throat, breast, sides of the neck and
entire lower surface black, the flanks and sides of breast and abdomen
greyish white; bill pale brown; legs fleshy ; irides dark brown.

Length.—4'75 to 5 inches, wing 3, tail 2, bill at front 0°37. The
Female is readily distinguishable by the absence of the black under
surface and a more rufescent tinge on the upper

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch, Kattia-
war, Rajputana (Jeypore and Jodhpore) N. Guzerat, Concan, Deccan,
Central and South India. Affects open plains and ploughed lands.

Pyrrhulauda melanauchen, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 124; Finsch.
Trans. Zool. Socy. vii. p. 275, pl. xxvi.; Gray, Handlist Birds. No.
7837; BIf. Hast. Pers. ii. p. 246. Pyrrhulauda affinis, Blyth, Ibis. 1867,
p. 185; Hume, Str. F.i. p. 212; id. vii. p. 66; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
Sc., Sind, p. 186.

“The male has a broad frontal band, cheeks, ear-coverts and a band
from these round the base of the occiput and a large patch on either
side of the breast, white; in the case of the two latter often tinged
brownish.

“The base of the lower mandible, chin, throat, central portion of breast,
abdomen, vent, and lower tail-coverts, axillaries and wing lining (except
lower primary greater coverts, which are pale grey brown like the
lower surface of the quills) intensely deep, at times somewhat sooty, at
times almost chucolate-brown; the crown and upper part of occiput
are deep brown, never quite so intense as the lower parts, often
considerably lighter, and more purely brown; the anterior portion
of the side of the neck behind the lower half of the ear-coverts is
always like the breast, sometimes the deep colour of these parts extends
behind the whole of the ear-coverts, and right round the back of the
neck, forming a collar immediately behind the white basal occipital

25 z

194 FRINGILLID A.

band already noticed, sometimes there is not the faintest trace of this,
and sometimesagain the collar is only represented by a larger or smaller
nuchal patch. This is perhaps the most common form, and hence the
name melanauchen.

“The interscapulary region is a pale earthy brown, sometimes with a
sandy tinge; the wings rather darker, but all the feathers margined
with a pale whitey brown; inner webs of quills darker, a sort of
pale hair-brown; central tail feathers slightly paler than tertiaries ;
rest of tail feathers deep brown, but the outer web of the exterior
feather white or nearly so, and the inner half or more of the inner web
pale whitey brown; rump and upper tail-coverts pale earthy or sandy
brown, noticeably paler than the interscapulary region; flanks much
the same colour as the rump.

““The female has the chin, throat, abdomen, vent, and lower tail-
coverts white, with more or less traces of a very faint fawny tinge; a
broad ill-defined pale fawny band, which is sometimes feebly striated
darker, covers the breast. The axillaries and lesser lower coverts
about the ulna are deep brown, sometimes almost as deep as the breast
of the male.

“The female also wants the white frontal band and patch on the sides
of the head, the white occipital band, the dark crown, and dark sides of
the neck, and of course the dark collar or dark nuchal patch so com-
mon in the males; the whole top of the head is unicolorous or nearly
so with the interscapulary region, though the feathers are generally
feebly darker centred. The rest of the upper surface is much as in the
male, but as a rule sandier and less earthy m tinge. The males are
distinguished at once from those of grisea by their dark crowns. Both
sexes are distinguished by their somewhat larger size. (Wings in
grisea taken at random measure—Males, 3:08; 3:07; 3:0; 301;
31. Females, 2°99; 30; 2°9; 2:99; 3:06; 2°9; 2°87; 2°95,) and
their somewhat larger bills. Females are further distinguishable by
their whiter under surface, paler upper surface, and especially crowns,
and by their deep coloured axillaries, which in grisea are little darker
than the breast. In this latter species the lesser lower coverts about
the ulna are dark brown in the female, but not nearly so deep as in
melanauchen. Dimensions, as under :—

Length. Expanse. Tail. Wing. Tarsus. Billat Gape. Culmen.

Sy Aas “sa os “a “ns om)

Male. 5°61 10-1 2°2 3° 2 0° 6 oO: 5 0°55
» Bé 100 22 $317 O-7 O47 0°36
Female 5° 4 10-0 2°0 311 0°69 0°48 0°52
53 o° 6 9 6 2°1 3°02 0-7 0°49 0°52

“‘The irides were brown; the bill varied from pale whitey brown,
bluish on lower mandible to pearly white with a bluish tinge; the legs
and feet were pale whitey brown, pale hoary fleshy or pale brownish
fleshy.” —(Hume, Str. I’. vii. p. 64.)

Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Jodhpore, Rajputana generally, and in Jeysul-
mere; also in Beloochistan and Southern Persia, affecting ploughed
lands and cultivation.

MELANOCORYPHA. 195

Gen. Calendrella.—Kaup.

Bill short, sub-conic ; wings long; Ist primary minute; 2nd, 3rd and
4th equal and longest; tertiaries elongated, nearly as long as the prima-
ries; feet small; toes and claws short ; hind claw straight.

Calendrella brachydactyla, Leisl.; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 426, No. 761;
Blf. East. Pers. ii. p. 242; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 187.
Alauda calendrella, Bonelli. Naum. vogt. t. 98, 2; Gould. B. Eur. pl.
163.—Tuz SHort-toxp or Sociat Lark.

Head, nape, back, scapulars and rump pale rufous brown, the
feathers with dark centres; upper tail-coverts paler, with fulvous edgings
and dark shaft-streaks ; supercilium fulvous white; chin and throat
whitish ; breast and rest of under surface fulvous white, with a brown-
ish tinge on the breast, which in some is spotless, in others with a
few faint brown spots; under tail-coverts white ; wing-coverts, primaries,
secondaries and tertiaries dusky brown, the outer margin of the first
(2nd) long primary pale fulvous, and the secondaries and tertials with
pale rufous edgings, broader on the tertials; edge of the wing pale
white; tail dusky, with the outermost feather fulvous white, except an
oblique dusky streak on the inner margin of the inner web; the next
feather white on the outer web only, all the others, in some specimens
tipped whitish, in others not tipped; central tail feathers with broad
rufescent edgings; bill horny, dusky on the ridge of upper mandible to
the tip; legs brown; irides dark brown.

Length.—6 to 6°25 inches, wing 4, tail 2°25, tarsus 0°8.

Hab.—Europe, Asia and Africa. Found throughout India to the foot
of the Himalayas. Common in Sind, the Punjab, N. W. Provinces and
Bengal; Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana generally, and North Guzerat ;
Khandeish and Central India, less numerous in parts of Southern
India. In the Concans and Deccan it is extremely common, as also in
Beloochistan, Persia, S. Afghanistan, and H. Turkistan. Breeds in
Sind during April and May,

Gen. Melanocorypha.— Bote.
Bill thick and convex; tertiaries not elongated ; hind claw moderate,
straight.

Melanocorypha bimaculata, Menet. Cat. Rais. p. 37; Sharpe,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. p. 180, Series 4, 1871; BI. E.
Pers.ii p. 244; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 421; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c.,
Sind, p- 189. Melanocorypha calandra, Rupp. Syst. Ueburs. p. 78. M.
torquata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 476; M. rufescens, Brehm. Nawm.
1856, p. 376.

“Adult Male in Summer Plumage.—Above fulvous brown, the
centres of the plumes much darker brown, giving a somewhat mottled
appearance, all the feathers being edged with fulvous, especially on
the hinder part of the neck and centre of the back ; wing-coverts
coloured like the back, but a little more rufous, plainly edged with
fulvous, less distinct on the greater coverts ; quills brown with a slight
shade of ashy grey on the outer webs; all the feathers more or less nar-

196 FRINGILLIDZ.

rowly edged with fulvous, but none of the feathers tipped with white;
tail dark brown, with conspicuous white tips to all the feathers except
the two central ones; all the rectrices edged more or less broadly with
fulvous; lores and a distinct eye-brow whitish; cheeks fulvous white
with a slight mottling of rufous; ear-coverts entirely rufous; throat
white; rest of the under surface dull white, the upper part of the
breast and flanks rufous; a black pectoral gorget extending right
across the lower part of the throat; on the upper part of the breast
are a few indistinct mottled lines below the black gorget; under tail-
coverts whitish ; under wing-coverts entirely greyish brown; bill horn-
brown, the under mandible yellowish; feet fleshy yellow; iris dark
brown.

“© Obs.—Some specimens are much greyer than others; others again
are more rufous ; some are more white on the belly and have the breast
much obscured, so that the pectoral gorget is scarcely discernible.
This last dress seems to be the winter plumage.

“ Young.—Similar to the adult, but more rufous in the centre of the
back ; gorget more obscure, and the stripes on the upper breast more
indistinct ; the bill likewise seems to be more yellow.’’—Sharp and
Dresser, Birds of Europe. (The males are larger than the female.)

Length.—7-06 to 8 inches, expanse 18°13 to 15°25, wing 4:2 to 4:8,
2nd primary is the longest, the 1st is subequal to 0-2 shorter, the 3rd is
from 0°13 to 0°83 shorter, and the 4th 0°5 to 0°7 shorter, tail from
vent from 2°12 to 2°4, tarsus 1 to 1:1. Bill from forehead to point
0°6 to 0°7, from gape 0'7 to 0°9, height at front 0°2 to 0°25, the
closed wing fall short of end of tail by from 0°38 to 0°87,

“Legs and feet fleshy or yellowish fleshy, more or less dusky at joints ;
claws dusky ; irides brown, in some light brown; hill horny brown or
blackish horny on upper mandible; lower mandible greenish horny,
changing to yellow at base and gape.”—Hume, Lahore to Yarkand.

Hab.—Upper Sind, and the Desert East of Omercote, (BIf.) in the

Thurr and Parkur Districts, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, and
Eastern Turkistan.

Gen. Alaudula.—Blyth.

Bill less thick than in Calendrella, and more slender, very slightly
curved; first three quills longest ; tail even ; hind claw swall, straight.
Alaudula adamsi, Hume, Ibis. 1871, p. 405; td. Str. F. i, 213;
v.3827; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 190.—Tue Lrrrus Sanp-Lark.

The following is a description of the species by Mr. Hume:—

In the winter the whole upper surface is very pale grey or whitey
brown, all the feathers narrowly centred with grey brown, so as to
produce a striated appearance. There is in many specimens a more or
less perceptible, but still very faint rufous tinge on the back. The
wings are pale brown, the outer webs of the first primaries nearly
entirely cream colour, the other primaries narrowly tipped and margined
white; secondaries more broadly; tertiaries and coverts still more
broadly margined with fulyous or slightly greyish white; the

ALAUDA. 197

central tail feathers brown, somewhat conspicuously margined with
brownish or fulvous white; the exterior tail feather on either side
wholly white, except a dark brown stripe down the inner margin of
the inner web; the next feather with the whole exterior web pure
white ; interior web dark brown; other tail feathers dark brown, very
narrowly margined with dull white; the lores and a stripe over and
under the eye white or rufescent white; a very narrow grey line
through the centre of the lores only noticeable in very good specimens
or in the fresh bird; ear-coverts mingled grey brown and fulvous
white, and usually exhibiting a somewhat darker spot just behind and
below the posterior angle of the eye; the whole lower parts white,
with, in some, a very faint rufescent tinge on breast, sides, and flanks,
and with numerous narrow or linear darkish brown spots on the breast,
very strongly marked, conspicuous in some specimens, reduced almost
to speckles in other birds; the flanks and sides are faintly tinged with
brown, or in some pale rufescent; the irides are pale brown; the bill
pale greyish or slaty grey, brownish on culmen and the tip, slightly
yellowish white at base of lower mandible; legs and feet fleshy brown,
or in some brownish yellow, dusky on joints.

Male, Length.—5‘9 to 6:0 inches, expanse 10:4 to 11:0, tail from vent
2:1 to 2:2, wing 3°3 to 3:5, bill at front 0°35 to 0°38, tarsus 0°75 to 0°8,
wings, when closed, reach to within 0:7 to 0°8 of end of tail, weight
0°75 oz.

“Female, Length.—5‘6 to 5°7 inches, expanse 10 to 10:5, tail from vent
2, wing 3°05 to 3:2, bill at front 0°32 to 0°38, tarsus 0°75 to 0°78,
wings, when closed, reach to within 0°6 to 0°7 of end of tail, weight
0°6 to 0°7 oz.” ;

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Oudh, extending to the
Himalayas. Resident in Sind, but nothing is known of its nidification.

Gen. Alauda.—Linn.

Bill cylindrical, conical or subulate ; nostrils concealed; wings very
long, no spurious quill; 1st, 2nd and 8rd primaries longest, tips of the
lesser quill; marginate; tail forked, short or moderate ; head crested.

Alauda gulgula, Frankl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.
p. 434, No. 767; Hume, Str. F. pp. 1, 40, 420, 485; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., &c., Sind, p. 192. Alauda leiopus, Hodgs.—Tus Inpian Sxy Lark.

Head, nape, back, scapulars, and rump dark brown, margined
with fulvous; crest moderately long; eye-streak pale fulvous; ear-
coverts dusky with a few brown spots; upper tail-coverts like the
back, tinged slightly with rufous; wing-coverts brown, edged with
greyish; primaries and secondaries brown, with rufous or fulvous
margins on their outer webs; tail dark brown, outermost feather on
each side fulvescent white, except a faint dusky margin on the inner
margin of the inner web, the next with the outer web only fulvescent;
chin, throat, breast and rest of under surface fulvescent white, deeper
on the breast and streaked with dusky ; bill horny brown, pale beneath;
legs fleshy brown ; irides dark brown.

198 FRINGILLIDA.

Length.—6 to 6°5 inches, wing 3:25 to 3°75, tail 2°25, bill at front
0°37 to 0°5.

Hab.—Throughout India to Cashmere and Nepaul; Sind, Kutch, Raj-
putana, N. Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Cashmere.

Gen. Galerida.—Boie.

Bill lengthened, curved slightly; wings with the first primaries
partially developed, next four sub-equal; head crested.

Galerida cristata, Linn.; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 165; P. E. 503, 1.
Naum. vogt. t. 99, i., Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 437, No. 769; BUf. Hast. Pers,
ii. p. 240; Hume, Str. F. i. 214; vii. 185; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc.,
Sind, p. 191.—Tsn Larae Crestep Lark.

Head, nape, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail-coverts pale
sandy or pale rufous brown; the feathers of the crest, and in some
specimens, of the forehead also, with a mesial dark brown streak ;
the back and scapulars with dark shaft-stripes ; a pale fulvous streak
from the nostrils to.above the eye as a supercilium; lores pale fulvous
or fulvous white, with, in some specimens, a faint dusky streak in
the centre, in front of the eye; feathers below the eye whitish, followed
by curved dusky line, then white, and followed by a dusky streak at
the base of the lower mandible on each side; chin, throat, sides of
the neck and breast white; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts
sullied white; breast with longitudinal streaks or oval spots ; ear-coverts
pale brown; wings pale brown; the wing-coverts edged and tipped pale
rufous, also the primaries, secondaries and tertiaries, andall with a broad
rufous or pale salmon margin on their inner web, the under wing-coverts
and wing lining being of this hue; tail dusky or dark brown, the
centre feathers broadly margined with rufescent, or mixed rufescent
and dusky, the outermost feather on each side rufescent, or rufescent
white, except a dusky wash on the inner web; the next margined with
rufescent white on the outer web, forming a tip of the same colour, and
running up and forming a very narrow edge on the inner web for one-
half the length of the feathers (this is not constant), rest of the tail
feathers very narrowly tipped with rufescent white; bill yellowish
dusky on the ridge of the upper mandible; legs pale brown; irides
dark brown.

Length.—7 to 7°5 inches, wing 3°75 to 4°25, tail 2°25 to 2°75, bill at
front 0°75.

Hab.—Universally distributed from sea level to nearly 8,000 feet
above the sea; S. HE. Hurope, Asia, Africa, throughout India, Persia,
Beloochistan, and Afghanistan. Like A. gu/gula it rises in the air to
a great height, soaring up to the sun, often so high, that the eye cannot
follow it, all the while singing, as it advances higher and higher, as if
springing up into the higher regions. This is chiefly noticed during
the breeding season (April and May). It however descends rapidly,
but continues its song till within a few feet of the ground. As re-
marked by Mr. Hume, this species is variable in size and colouration, so
much 0, that at least half a dozen species have been made by Franklin,

CERTHILAUDA. 199
Sykes, Jerdon and Blyth. ‘“ The examination of a large series,”
Mr. Hume says, “ proves that it is impossible to draw a line anywhere
between the largest and the smallest examples. A perfect series of
the wings occurs, and as for the difference in tone of plumage, big and
little examples are alike met with amongst the brown, rufous, sandy,
grey or desert colour types.”

Gen. Certhilauda.—Sws.

Bill slender, lengthened, longer than in Galerida, more or less curved ;
nostrils naked; wings long, first quill spurious, next three sub-equal ;
tail moderate or long, even; hind claw variable.

Certhilauda desertorum, Stanley ; Gould. Hur. pl. 168 ; Tem. Pl.
Col, 898; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 439, No. 770 ; Hume, Str. F. i. 216; BIf.
Hast. Per. ii. p. 240; Murray, Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 192; Gray, Handlist,
No. 7794; Rupp. Abyss. pl. 5. Certhilauda doris, Salv. Atti. BR. Acad.
Sci. Tor. iti, 1868, p. 292.—Tue Desert Larx.

Head, nape, back, scapulars and rump isabelline or pale earthy
grey, slightly tinged with fulvescent on the back and scapulars ; upper
tail-coverts pale brown, edged with whitish; supercilium, a small patch
under the eye, chin and throat white; ear-coverts fulvous white; a
spot in front of the eye, another behind the eye just above the ear-
coverts, and a streak from the gape, dark brown; feathers of the
breast dusky or dark brown, edged and tipped with white ; the lower
breast with a few dark brown oval spots; sides of the breast isabelline
or pale earthy grey, tinged with fulvescent ; rest of under surface, includ-
ing the vent and under tail-coverts, white; primaries and their
coverts dark brown, nearly black ; the primaries basally white, and their
coverts margined and tipped with white; first primary pale brown,
very short; second twice its length, and a third shorter than the
third ; secondaries white, dark brown on the middle of each feather,
the dark brown broadest on the first secondary of the sixth quill,
and decreasing obliquely in extent on the next and following, towards
their bases, till on the last it forms a small spot; tertiaries fulvescent,
broadly shaded in the middle along the shaft with dusky, and all with
obsolete dusky transverse barrings; wing-coverts pale brown, edged
with fulvescent; edge of the wing and uuder wing-coverts white;
tail dark brown, graduated ; the centre feathers fulvescent, shaded with
dusky or pale earthy brown, the outermost on each side margined on
the outer web and tipped white, the next very narrowly margined and
tipped whitish, and the rest with very faint margins of fulvescent, and
all with obsolete dusky transverse barrings; bill horny, darker on the
ridge and yellowish white at the base of the lower mandible; irides
brown ; legs China white.

Length.—9 to 11 inches, wing 5 to 5°45, tail 3°75 to 4-2, bill at front
1:1 to 1'2.

Hab.—S. E. Europe, N. Africa, Arabia, Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provin-
ces, Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan. Inhabits desert places
and sandy tracts.

200 TRERONID Al.

Tristram has an interesting account of this species in vol. i. of the
‘Ibis,’ p. 427. It runs with great rapidity and is never found congre-
gatedin flocks. Mr. Hume (8. F’. i. 216) says ‘ they never apparently
fly if left undisturbed, but run about with their little porcelain white legs
twinkling in thesunlight, hither and thither, for all the world like minia-
ture coursers.” Tristram however says “ he has watched it in the early
morning, rise perpendicularly to some elevation, and then suddenly drop,
repeating these gambols uninterruptedly over exactly the same spot for
nearly an hour. Except in this there is nothing of the lark in its
flight.”

ORDER, GEMITORES,—Pictons.

Bill short, straight, compressed, front half of mandible vaulted and
curved at the tip, the base with a soft fleshy membrane, in which are
the nostrils; wings moderate or long; tail variable, of 12,14,16 fea-
thers, even or rounded ; tarsi strong.

Family, TRERONIDA,—Fruir Piazons.

Bill variable, short, thick, or slender; tip vaulted ; tail of 14 feathers ;
tarsi more or less feathered, the bare portion reticulated.

Sub-Family, TRERONINA),—Green Pictons.

Bill strong and thick ; tail short ; tarsi stout; feet broadly padded ;
colour leaf green, generally varied with maroon and ashy.

Gen. Crocopus.—Bonap.

Characters those of the Sub-Family; basal portion of bill with
the fleshy protuberance occupying one-halfits length or nearly as much ;
third primary sinuated on its inner web.

Crocopus chlorigaster, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 1€7; Jerd. iii.
p. 448, No. 773; Str. F’. ii. 423; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind,

p- 198; Tem. Pig. t. 2. C. jerdoni, Strickl—Tuu Sovurnern Green
Piaron.

Forehead, crown and nape ashy grey, as also are the lores, sides of
the face and ear-coverts ; neck behind yellowish green, followed on,the
upper back by a narrow band of ashy grey; back, scapulars, rump and
upper tail-coverts green, slightly tinged with yellowish on thescapulars ;
primaries dusky brown, margined on their outer web with pale yel-
low; the wing-coverts broadly margined with the same colour, forming an
oblique wing bar; shoulder of wing lilac; tail above greenish at base
and ashy grey for the terminal half nearly; the under surface black at
the base and albescent for less than the terminal half; under tail-coverts
dull maroon, the feathers broadly tipped with white; chin and throat
greenish yellow; neck in front, breast and abdomen bright yellow,
tinged greenish on the flanks ; vent mixed green and white; bill whit-
ish ; legs and feet yellow; irides carmine.

Length,.—11:75 to 12°5 inches, wing 7, tail 5, bill at front 0°75.

PALUMBAINA, 201

Hab.—Nearly throughout the Peninsula of India and Ceylon (Jerd.)
Malabar Coast, Madras and Southern India generally ; Khandeish, the
Deccan, Sind, Rajputana and North Guzerat. Rare in Sind, and has
only been found on the frontier, at Jacobabad.

Sub-Family, PALUMBINA!,—Woop Piczons.

Characters same as those of the last (‘Treronine:) ; tail feathers 12
only ; tarsi short ; tail longer and more rounded.

Gen. Palumbus.

Characters those of the Sub-Family; the distinguishing feature is
the patch on each side of the neck.

Palumbus casiotis, Bonap. Ic. Pig. t. 58; Jerdon, Birds of Ind.
ii. p. 464; Murray, Hdbk,, Zool., §c., Sind, p. 193.—Tau Himatayan
CusHat.

Head, lores, sides of the face, chin and throat bluish ashy; nape,
bind neck, and sides of the neck glossed green and purple, the latter
predominating on the upper back and sides of the breast; neck
patch on each side pure fulvous or yellowish clay; scapulars and
tertials dusky or hair brown, lighter on the latter; breast dull lilac or
ruddy vinaceous, paling on the upper abdomen to a vinous ash; lower
abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts ashy white; rump bluish ash ;
primaries and their coverts dusky, nearly dark brown; the primaries
and some of their hindmost coverts margined with white on their ex-
terior web; secondaries bluish ash, the tips dusky ; wing-coverts
dark ashy; the lower series white on their outer web, and forming a
longitudinal patch; winglet dark brown; tail dark ashy grey at the
base, followed by a broad light ashy grey band, and a broad black tip ;
the under surface much darker, and the central band nearly white;
bill orange at the tip, whitish at the base; legs red.

Length.—17 inches, wing 10°25 to 10°5, tail 7.

Hab.—Nepaul, N. W. Himalayas, Sind, Punjab, Persia, Beloochistan,
and S. Afghanistan. Found in Sind on the frontier only, at Jacobabad.

Gen. Palumbsena.— Bonap.

Palumbena eversmanni, Bp.; P. C. Pig.; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p. 467, No. 787; Hume, Str. F. i. 217; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c.,
Sind, p. 193.—Tue Invian Stock Piczon.

Dark ashy, with a whitish grey rump; crown and breast tinged with
vinaceous, two or three black spots on the wings, forming the rudi-
ments of bands, and the end of the tail black; its outermost feather
white for the basal two-third of its exterior web, or showing a black,
and then a narrow grey band towards its tip; beneath the wings
whitish, where it is dark ashy in the European bird; bill yellowish
translucent; legs with a yellowish tinge; skin round the eye yellow ;
irides buff.

Length.—113 inches, expanse 24, wing 8, tail 4.—“Jerdon.” I have
only a single specimen of this species from Shikarpoor, and in a very

26%

202 TRERONIDZ.

unsatisfactory state for describing. Jerdon says this species is found
in Western and Central India, and is probably migratory.

Columba intermedia, Strickl.; Jerd. B. Ind. iit. p. 469, No. 788;
Hume, Str. F.i. 217; vi. 419; BUf. Hast. Pers. p. 268; Murray, Habi.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 193.—Tue Buus Rock Piczo.

Head, nape, chin, abdomen, vent and upper and under tail-
coverts dark slaty grey ; back, scapulars, secondaries, tertials, inner webs
of primaries and rump pale ashy, paler on the rump ; the outer web of
the primaries dusky grey, as are also their tips; secondaries broadly
tipped dusky, the innermost tertials and greater wing-coverts with a
subterminal black patch on the outer web only, forming two black
wing bands; neck all round and breast glossy, changeable green and
amethystine, in varying lights; throat also slightly tinged with glossy
green; under wing-coverts white ; tail like the upper tail-coveris, or a
little paler for two-thirds its length, then broadly black, with a very
narrow terminal ashy tip; the basal two-thirds or more of the outer web
of the outermost feather white; bill black; cere whitish ; irides dull
orange; legs pinkish red.

Length.—12 to 13 inches, wing 8? to 9, tail 5, bill at front 0°75.

Hab.—Throughout India to Ceylon, the Himalayas, Assam, Burmah,
Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan in great abundance, congregating
in large flocks,

Columba livia, Bp. Pig.; Pl. En. 510. Nawm. vogt. t. 150; Tem,
Pig. t. 12; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 245; Gray, Handlist Birds, No. 9281;
BIf. Hast. Pers. p. 268; Hume, Stir. P. i. 218; vii. 296; Murray,
Habk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 193.—Tuan Rock Doves.

Differs from C. intermedia in having a pure white instead of an ash
coloured rump.

Hab.—S8. H, Europe, Sind, Beloochistar, 8. Persia and S. Afghanis-
tan.

The following is a description of a specimen obtained 17 miles
south of Sukkur, which provisionally I would call Columba intermedia,
var. atra :—

In every character like Intermedia, except that the primaries are a
dark grey externally, tipped dusky andirrorated with white on their inner
webs near the shafts, and pale whitish grey for their basal two-thirds ;
the primary coverts dark brown, nearly black on their outer webs, dark
ashy grey on their inner; shoulder and edge of wing pale grey ;
lesser, median and greater coverts dark brown, nearly black, the fea-
thers tipped narrowly with ashy white; outer webs of secondaries dark
brown, nearly black, broady tipped on their inner webs, also of the same
colour; the rest of inner web irrorated greyish white, and all, very
narrowly edged round the tip of the feathers with pale white; scapulars
like the secondaries, with pale white shaft-stripes broadening at the tip;
rump mixed pale grey and white; upper tail-covorts slightly darker
than in intermedia or livia; middle of abdomen greyish white, mixed
with slaty; under surface of wing bluish ashy ; axillaries white.

TURTUR, 203

Length.—15 inches, wing 9 inches, tail from vent 7:2, tarsus ‘87, bill
at front 0-75. :

This was got from among a large flock of Columba livia and inter-
media, feeding on a barren plain.

Sub-Family, TURTURINA.— Bonap.

Bill lengthened, slender, the base soft and tumid ; wings long; feet
short; feathers of the rump rather rigid.

Gen. Turtur.—Selby.

Bill slender ; wings long, 2nd and 8rd quills longest ; tail moderate,
rounded or graduated; tarsi scutellated in front, naked; outer toe
shorter than the inner.

Turtur senegalensis, Linn.; Lev. O. A. t. 270; Tem. Pig. t.
45 ; id. Descer. Lgypt, t. 9,3; Gray, Handlist Birds, No. 9317; Bif.
East. Pers. p. 270; Hume, Str. F. vii. 4638. Turtur cambayensis,
Gm. ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 478, No. 794; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c.,
Sind, p. 193. Columba maculicollis, Wagler, Columba Aigyptiaca,
Lath.—Tue Lirtts Brown Dove.

Head, nape, lores and sides of the face pinkish vinaceous; as are also
the sides of the neck, throat and breast gradually shading to paler on
the upper abdomen, and white or fulvous white on the lower abdomen,
vent and under tail-coverts; chin white; sides with a patch of black
and dark rufous feathers ; back and scapulars brown, the latter with a
slight rufous tinge; primaries and their coverts dusky brown, first
three quills edged with fulvous white ; secondaries darker brown than
the primaries, slightly edged and tipped with pale grey; wing-coverts
pale grey, the edges of the feathers lighter; rump, upper tail-coverts
and central tail feathers like the back, the others black at the base and
white for nearly their terminal half ; edge of the wing and under wing-
coverts dark ashy; bill black; irides dark brown with a white inner
circle ; legs lake red.

Length.—10°5, wing 5, tail 4°5,

Hab.—Nearly throughout India, Sind, Kutch, Rajputana, Deccan,
Concan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Southern India generally, Beloo-
chistan, Persia and Afghanistan. In Central and Western India
specially abundant.

Turtur suratensis, Gm.; Tem. Pig. t. 48; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
479, No. 795; Str. F. v. 231, 409; Gray, Handlist No. 9315;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 5, Sind, p 194. Turtur tigrina, Tem.—Tue
Sporrep Dove.

Forehead greyish white; crown, nape, breast and upper abdomen
pale vinaceous, darker on the breast, paling on the lower abdomen and
flanks, and albescent on the under tail-coverts ; chin and throat white ;
patch on the neck black with narrow rufous tips; back and scapulars
isabelline brown, or rufous brown, the feathers with dark shaft-stripes
broadening into a nearly triangular spot at the tip, on each side of
which, especially on the scapulars and wing-coverts, is a pale rufous or

204 {TRERONID A,

vinaceous spot; in some specimens scarcely a spot, but with this colour
edging the feathers ; edge of the wing, and the lower series of wing-
coverts near it, greyish white, with faint dark shaft-stripes; primaries
and secondaries dusky brown, the first three quills, and some of the
secondaries, edged with pale or greyish white; primary coverts dark
brown; tail with the central feathers brown, the outermost black at
the base, and tipped white for the termival half, and the others with
the white tips decreasing in extent; bill blackish ; irides hazel, sur-
rounded by a reddish sclerotic membrane ; legs reddish.

Length.—12 inches, wing 5°5 to 5°75, tail 5°5, graduated.

Hab.—Throughout India nearly, to Ceylon and the Himalayas.
Replaces the last on the Malabar Coast and in Lower Bengal. Jerdon
says it is rare in the bare Carnatic land, the Deecan and N. W.
Provinces. Uncommon in Upper Sind, bat less so in Lower Sind,
Breeds in April and May. It occurs, but less abundantly, in Rajputana
and N. Guzerat.

Turtur risoria, Linn. ; Pl. Hn. 244; Tem. Pig. t. 44; Gray,
Handlist, No. 9328; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 481; Str. F. i. 218; vin. 297;
BIf. Hast. Persia, p. 270; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §'e., Sind, p. 194,—
Tae Common Rine Dove.

Head pale greyish brown, with a vinous tinge; the forehead albescent;
nape and neck pale vinaceous; collar black, a narrow hne of white
before and behind it; back, scapulars and innermost tertiaries grey
brown, as also are the rump and upper tail-coverts ; primaries and their
coverts dusky brown; the primaries margined narrowly with whitish,
and their coverts tinged with greyish; edge of the wing, lower series
of the median coverts and greater series also pale grey ; under wing-
voverts greyish white; chin and throat albescent; breast and upper
abdomen, also the sides of the neck and breast pale vmaceous ; flanks,
lower abdomen, vent, thigh and under tail-coverts ashy grey, the latter
with whitish tips; tail with the central feathers like the back; onter-
most feather on each side narrowly margined with greyish white on
their outer web, with a broad black band about the middle, greyish at
base, and broadly terminated with white, whichon the others imecrease in
extent ; bill black; irides crimson; orbital skin whitish ; legs pinkish. ©

Length.—12 to 13 inches, wing 6°5, tail 5, bill at front 0°81.

Hab.—India generally, except the more moist regions, as the Malabar
Coast ; abundant in Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, Central and South India,
also Beloochistan and Southern Afghanistan.

Turtur humilis, Tem. Pl. Col. 258, 259; Knip. Pig. t. 7; Str.
Fi. 218; iv. 292; Jerd. B. Ind. iii, p. 482; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§¢., Sind, p. 194. Turtur tranquebaricus, Herm. Obs. Zool. p. 200;
(ex tranquebaria, 1804).—Tuz Rep Turrte Dove.

Male.— Head and nape ashy grey, also the lores and sides of the
face slightly paler on the forehead; collar black, set off by whitish
before and behind it; back, scapulars and wing-coverts brick red,

PTEROCLES. 205

slightly paler behind the black collar; chin whitish ; throat, breast and
entire lower surface pale vinous red, white on the vent and lower tail-
coverts ; rump and upper tail-coverts deep slaty; primaries, their
coverts and secondaries dusky brown; the margin of the primaries, as
also the margins and tips of the secondaries, whitish ; primary coverts
slightly tinged with vinous red on their outer webs; edge of the wing
greyish, some of the dark bases of the median coverts showing
through ; tail with middle feathers ashy brown, the others greyish black
at the base, and broadly tipped with white ; the under surface black and
pure white, outermost feathers on each side white on the exterior web ;
bill black ; irides dark brown ; legs purplish red.

Tength.—9 inches, wing 5°5 to 5°75, tail 3 to 3:25. The Female is
duller in colour on the back, being more of an earthy brown and much
paler below ; length 8-5 to 9 inches, wing 5 to 5°25,

Hab,—The dryer regions in India, to Ceylon and the foot of the
Himalayas. Common in the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, but less so in Sind.
Occurs also in Assam and Northern Burmah. In Sind it effects the
northern districts chiefly, seldom seen below Sukkur. It is not known
from 8. Afghanistan, where J. senegalensis no doubt replaces it.

ORDER, RASORES,—Gatumaceous or Game Birps.

Bill usually short, vaulted, more or less arched and bent down at the
tip ; nostrils situated-in a membrane at the base of the bill ; wingsusual-
ly short; tail variable in length and form; tarsi long and strong, often
spurred ; hinder toe short and elevated from the ground.

Family, PTEROCLID4,—Sawp or Rocx-Grovss.

Bill short, curved to the tip and compressed at the sides; wings long
and pointed ; tail long and pointed ; tarsi feathered; hind toe small.

Gen. Pterocles.—Tem.

Bill small, rather stout; culmen curved, sides compressed; nostrils
at base partly covered by membrane; wings long, Ist and 2nd primaries
longest; tail with the median rectrices sometimes lengthened beyond
the rest ; tarsi short, feathered in front and on the inner side.

Mr. D. G. Elliott has a very clear and exhaustive paper on
the Pteroclide Family in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London, 1878, pp. 283, 264, giving the literature of the Family, its
classification and a review of the geographical distribution, as well as
a key and descriptions, with the synonomy of each species. The
following key is extracted from the paper referred to, and refers only
to those species found in Sind :—

A. “ Without pectoral band.

(a) Stripe on each side of forehead from nostril to above
the eye; chin and centre of throat black...P. coronatus,

206 PTEROCLIDA.

(b) lores and band encircling back of head pearly
grey; cheeks, ear-coverts and throat orange yellow;
centre of abdomen black....... saison Ceavonnt P. senegallus.

B. With pectoral band.
(a) Without black bar on forehead.

(a’) Median rectrices not lengthened beyond rest; upper
part of throat and sides of neck rufous ; lower portion
of throat black ; band on lower part of breast, abdomen
and flanks black .......0.06 sugeascdeoetuetes P. arenarius.

(b/) Median rectrices greatly lengthened beyond the rest.
(a)” Throat yellow ; black band across breast ; abdomen
and flanks chestnut ......... scticha ne doneieenie oP, ewustus.

(6) Throat and stripe behind the eye black; sides of
throat rufous; centre of breast chestnut, bordered
above and below with black; rest of under parts
WHITO scsacenevedbuas aacca me cconieneay san tededercdaing P. alchata.

(Lb) With black bar on forehead.
(a') Breast uniform greenish buff.

(a”} Throat pale buff; upper part of breast buff, crossed
with numerous narrow black bars; middle of breast
uniform buff, crossed in the centre by a narrow black
bar and another of the same hue on its lower edge;
rest of under parts yellowish white, barred narrowly with
lack 4% pussnony sc Gideden dee temeaans tray sauce P. lichtensteini.”

Pterocles coronatus, Licht. Verz. d’ Doubl. p. 65; Tem, Pl.
Col. No. 839,340 ; Heugl. Syst. Ueber. N. O. Afr. p. 804; Ibis. 1864, pp.
27, 240; id. 1870, pp. 9,16; 1871, p. 144; Str. F. i. p. 224; id. (1876);
iv. p. 280; BIf. Hast. Pers. ii. p.272; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind,
p: 200; Elliott, P. Z. S. 1878, 282.—Tux Coronarep Sanp GROUSE,

Male.—A line on each side of the forehead from the nostrils to above
the eye black, and a pale fulvous one between these from the point of the
forehead. Crown of the head pale chestnut, vinous or rufescent fawn.
A pearly grey band from the anterior augle of the eye, continued as a
superciliam and extending round to the uape;* lores and a narrow
band edging the black chin and throat stripe white; sides of the face,
ear-coverts and the neck all round orange buff; base of the neck and
upper back isabelline, the feathers edged dusky grey; interscapulars
the same, with median buffy spots at the tips; rump and upper tail-
coverts a dark or dirty grey, mixed with the fulvous of the base of the
feathers ; tail with the median rectrices of a pale vinous colour, dark
shafted, with a subterminal dark spot, and very narrowly tipped with
white; lateral feathers deeper vinous with also a subterminal dark bar,
and broadly tipped with white; all the feathers with a few dusky sprinkles
behind the dark band ; primaries and their coverts dull grey or dusky

* In two specimens I possess there is a distinct pearly grey band across the
forehead immediately behind the termination of the black forehead stripes.

PTEROCLES, 207

brown; all the primaries, except the first three, broadly margined
with fulvous white obliquely towards the tips on their inner webs, and
also slightly tipped the same; secondaries hair brown ; tertiaries vinous
on their inner webs and edged on the outer with buffish; scapulars vinous
at the base, dark shafted, with a subterminal dark band, and mesially
tipped with a nearly oval buff spot; median wing-coverts the same;
the greater series greyish buff or buffy isabelline; abdomen, flanks,
under wing-coverts, vent and lower tail-coverts white, slightly soiled
on the middle of the abdomen, and in some specimens a pale isa-
belline ; tarsal plumes white.

The Female has the throat and sides of the neck orange buff; the
chin paler and nearly albescent; the crown very pale cinnamon ; entire
upper surface buff, with, in some specimens, a vinous tinge and
barred with numerous crescentic and broken bands of dark brown;
breast and under parts paler buff, also with crescentic bands; the
flanks albescent; scapulars largely blotched with dusky, and with
buff tips; primaries and secondaries as in the male, but very pale or
hair brown.

Length.—11'75 to 12 inches, wing 7 to 7°76, tail 3-75, bill at front
0°45.

Hab.—Sind, Persia, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, N, W. Arabia,
Egypt and Nubia. Breeds in the Southern portions of the Sahara,
where it is said to replace P. arenarius.

Pterocles senegallus, Lin. Mantissa. 1771, p. 526; Lath. Ind.
Orn. vol. ii. p. 642; Gray, Gen. B. vol. iii. p. 519; Tristram, Ibis.
1860; Str. FL i. p. 221; iii. pp. 418, 4; v. 231; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p- 197. Pterocles guttatus, Licht, Verz. d? Doubl.
Pterocles senegalensis, Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. iv. pl. 9338, Shelley,
Ibis. 1871, p. 144.--Tue Sporrep Sanp Groussg.

“‘The male has the whole chin and throat with a patch extending
upwards from the throat, towards, but not quite meeting on, the back
of the neck, bright buffy yellow or orange buff ; lores, forehead, a broad
stripe over the eye continued round the nape and the back of the neck,
pale blue grey, dull and tinged fawny in some specimens; crown,
occiput, and nape, a sort of dove colour or pale, slightly rufous fawn ;
back and rump a somewhat similar, but more sandy colour, in many
specimens more tinged with fawn ; the upper tail-coverts buffy yellow,
all, but the longest, obscurely tipped with a somewhat pinkish mouse
colour, They are more or less pale dove colour at their bases, which
colour however is not seen till the feathers are lifted. The central tail
feathers have the pointed tips black, in many specimens more or less
tinged hoary buffy, and the rest of the visible portion yellowish buff,
but the bases, as may be seen on lifting the feathers, are greyish; the
lateral tail feathers are a greyish brown at base, dark shafted, with
conspicuous white tips, and broad blackish brown subterminal bands ;
the primaries are pale isabelline, the shafts conspicuous aud black ; they
have broad ill-defined subterminal brown bands, beyond which there
ig a narrow paler tipping, and they are pretty conspicuously margined

208 PTEROCLIDAS.

on their inner webs towards the tips with still paler isabelline. The
first primary has the outer web browner, the others have the outer
webs, especially toward the bases, a brighter isabelline. The whole
visible portions of the lesser coverts and of the primary greater coverts
are yellowish fawn, or isabelline, varying much in shade in different
specimens ; these greater coverts are dark shafted, and with a brownish
tinge next the shafts on the inner webs ; the scapulars bluish grey at
the bases, tipped broadly, but chiefly on the outer webs, with buffy
yellow, and the lesser ones tinged immediately above the yellow with a
somewhat brownish purple, or dull greyish vinaceous. The secondary,
median, and greater coverts like the lesser scapulars, but showing
more of the vinaceous hue. The secondaries are brown, lighter towards
their bases. The lower part of the neck in front and upper breast
are nearly the same blue grey or greyish fawn as the back of the
neck; the lower breast, abdomen, sides, flanks, axillaries, and wing
lining isabelline or desert colour ; the upper abdomen often with a faint
orange buffy tinge. A broad irregular deep brown patch runs down
the centre of the abdomen to the vent; the lower tail-coverts are
greyish brown at their bases, but are broadly tipped with white (often
tinged buffy or isabelline) which is the only colour visible until the
feathers are lifted. The lower surfaces of the quill shafts are white.

“ The female has the yellow chiu and throat patch like the male, but
paler; the lores and feathers immediately encircling the eye pale
isabelline white ; the whole upper parts and the neck all round pure
isabelline, tinged slightly rufous on the occiput, nape, and back, and
conspicuously spotted with dull, somewhat greyish, black ; tbe spots on
the forehead and front part of the head are small and irregular ; on the
nape and occiput they are more or less arranged in rows (so as to pro-
duce more of a striated appearance) and in a band running from behind
the eye round the nape, they are very much more densely set; on the
upper tail-coverts they are larger ; while on the scapulars they take the
form of double spots or irregular bars. The primaries and their greater
coverts are much as in the male, but paler ; the central tail feathers are
isabelline, dark shafted, the points greyish black, and the rest of the
feather with narrow, transverse, irregular bars of the same colour on
both webs ; the lateral tail feathers are much as in the male, but have
the basal portions more tinged with isabelline, and more or less imper-
fectly barred. The breast, abdomen, and wing lining are as in the
male, bub somewhat purer and paler ; the abdominal patch is narrower
and.perhaps also somewhat paler.

“Trides brown, bare; orbital skin yellowish; bill pale plumbeous,
bluish grey, or bluish white, always somewhat more dusky towards the
tip ; feet pale plumbeous or bluish white, paler towards the tips of the
toes ; weight 8 to 12 ounces, but averaging about 10 ounces.

“ Male, length.—13°4 to 14:7 inches, expanse 23 to 28:7, tail from
vent 5°3 to 6, wing 7°5 to 7:9, the wings when closed reach to within
from 2°3 to 2°8 of the end of the longest tail feathers, viz., the central

ones which exceed the others by from 1°75 to Q, bill at front 0°44 to
0-47, tarsus 1 to 1:05.

PTEROCLES. 209

“ Female, length.—12-4 to 131 inches, expanse 22 to 22:6, tail from
vent 4 to 4°6, the central tail feathers only extending from 0°75 to 1:2
beyond the rest, wing 73 to 7:5, bill at front 0:4 to 0°44.”—Hume,
Sir, Fi. 319,

Common throughout Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar, Guzerat and the
Punjab. Breeds in the Province. Like the preceding species it is found
in N, Africa, also in N. W. Arabia, and in Beloochistan.

Pterocles arenarius, Pall. Nov. Comm. Petrop. vol. xix. p. 418;
id. Rosso. As. ii. p. 73; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 642. Pterocles arenarius,
Tem. Pig. et Gallin. vol. iii. p. 240 ; id. Pl. Col. No. 52, 53; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 518; P. ZS. 1858, p. 501; Ibis. 1859, p. 352; 1860, p. 69;
Jerd. B. Ind. iti. p. 496 ; Str. F. i. 219; ii, 418; iv. 179; BIf. Bast.
Pers. ii. 271; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 194,—Tue Larce
Sanp GRovsE.

“* Forehead and crown greyish brown, with a faint pearly tinge, in
some specimes with a buffy tinge; lores, behind the eye and ear-coverts
light grey, in some specimens, especially old males, the dark shafts of
the feathers of the lores, uuder the eye, and of the car-coverts are dis-
tinctly visible and end in bristles ; nape and base of the neck, like the
crown ; back, scapulars, upper tail and wing-coverts rich buff or orange
buff with a subterminal dark bar, the bases of the feathers paler buff,
with waved barrings and vermiculations; primaries greyish and black
shafted, the outer web of the outermost quill dark brown, and with the
two following tipped blackish, tke rest the same, but edged on the tip
and the outer edge of the inner web near the tip, with whitish, the under
surface black; the secondaries basally white or fulvous white, with
faint vermiculations on their exterior webs, all broadly tipped dusky,
and the margin of the exterior web blackish; tertiaries dusky grey, or
buffish, with vermiculations basally, and margined at the tips on the
exterior web with rich buff or orange buff; the visible portion of the
lower series of the median and greater coverts rich buff or orange,
forming in the closed wing, with the outer edges of the tertiaries, an
oblique bar of rich buff; edge of the wing fulvous white; under wing-
eoverts pure white ; chin, upper throat, sides of the neck to behind the
ear-coverts and nape deep chestnut ; middle of the throat with a large
triangular patch of black; breast dull ashy or pearly grey, crossed on
the lower part by a broad black band, suceeeded by a broad buffy
one, about four times the width of the black band; abdomen, vent
and thigh-coverts deep black ; under tail-coverts black, tipped with
white ; tail with the central tail feathers like the back, or orange buff,
with numerous dark bands, and slightly elongated beyond the others;
lateral feathers dusky rufescent, with darker narrow bars, tipped white,
and with a subterminal black band, tarsal feathers fulvous white ; bill
bluish ; feet dull yellowish brown; irides dark brown,

“ Length.—11°75 to 12°5, wings 9:25, tail 4 to 4-25, tarsus 1°1.

* The female differs in having the whole head and upper parts, and
also the breast, narrowly barred with brown. The pectoral band is
narrower and the chin fulvous with a narrow black edge.”

27 7

210 PTEROCLID.X.

Hab.—Tho desert regions of Asia, Southern Europe and North
Africa; Asia Minor and Palestine. Every where common in Sind,
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh and Bengal; Kutch, throughout
Rajputana, Kattiawar and North Guzerat; Beloochistan, Persia, Afgha-
nistan and Hastern Turkistan.

Pterocles exustus, Tem. Pl. Col. Nos, 354, 860; Rupp. Les.
Trait. Orn. p. 517; Sykes, P. Z S. 18382, p, 154; Gray, Gen. B. iti.
p. 519; Jerd. Madras Journ, xii. p. 38; Handlist, Syst. Orn. W. Afr. p.
205; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 502; Hume, Str. F. vii. 160; Elhott, P. Z. 8,
1878, p. 248; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 202.—Tue Common
Sanp GROUSE.

Head and nape, sides of the neck and breast isabelline with a faint
fulvous tinge ; lores, sides of the face, chin and throat yellowish or light
orange buff; back and rump like the breast, the feathers with darker
tips ; scapulars tipped greyish fulvous ; upper tail-coverts with a greenish
cast ; primaries dusky brown, all, except the four outermost, broadly white
on their inner margins near the tip, the innermost also tipped white;
secondaries hair brown, their terminal third with buffy edges on their
exterior webs; tertiaries the same, but with narrower buff edgings ;
wing-coverts buff, the feathers tipped narrowly with blackish
chestnut; tail with the central feathers much elongated beyond, the
rest slightly darker buff than the wing-coverts, black-shafted, the
lengthened narrow portion black; lateral feathers dusky rufescent,
with pale rufous bars on their exterior webs, tipped white and with a
subterminal dark band; a narrow black pectoral band, occasionally
edged on its upper side with fulvous white followed by a broad band of
isabelline; rest of the under parts chocolate brown, paler on the vent;
the flanks and thigh-coverts chestnut ; lower tail-coverts creamy or
fulvous white; tarsal plumes fulvous or yellowish white.

The female has the entire upper plumage, as also the space between
the pectoral band and abdomen, fulvous, closely barred with deep
brown; breast unspotted isabelline, like the male.

Length.—10 to 11:5 inches, wings 7, tail 3:5. The males average
from 95 to 10 in length, bill leaden brown, legs brown, irides dark
brown.

Hab.—N. B. Africa, Arabia, Nubia, Egypt, Abyssinia and Palestine ;
Sind, Kutch, Rajputana, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat and Deccan; Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Sylhet, Burmah, Beloochistan, Quetta and
Afghanistan.

Pterocles alchata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 276; Gmel. Syst. Nat. i.
754; Lath, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 641; Licht. Verz. Double. p. 64; Jerd. B. Ind.
iii. p. 500, No. 801; Hume, Str. I’. i. p. 221; BUf. Hast. Persia, ii. p. 271;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 197 ; Hlliott, P. ZS. 1878, 251.
Pterocles setarius, Tem. Pig. ct Galline, i. pp. 256, 714.—Taz Pin-
TAILED SAND Grouse,

Male.—-Forehead and crown, also the nape and sides of the face
yellowish buff with a ferruginons tinge; the crown with some nearly.
obsolete dark bars; chin, throat and a streak behind each eye black ;

PTEROCLES. © 211

neck in front and upper breast greenish buff, the feathers above
pale chestnut, of the breast with a dark brown transverse band forming
a bar across; lower breast pale chestnut, the feathers ashy white at
base, with a subterminal dark or dusky bar, and broadly terminated with
chestnut ; a black band separates the chestnut breast from the white
of the abdomen; hind neck olive brown; upper back the same, each:
feather tipped with yellow; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts
pale buff, with, in some, a rufescent tinge, barred transversely with black.
Scapulars rufescent or orange buff, the feathers barred with black and
tipped with yellow. On some feathers this yellow tip is subterminal,
with a very narrow black margin at the extreme tip; shoulder of wing
olive brown; lesser, median and greater coverts broadly maroon,
bounded above and below witha narrow white line, and tipped narrowly.
with black, the bases of the feathers being brownish ash. The upper
series of the median and greater coverts olive brown at base, then
broadly greenish yellow and margined with black at the tips. Primary
coverts brownish ash, black-shafted. Primaries black-shafted, all
(except the outer web of the first which is black) with their outer webs
ashy grey, their inner webs rufescent grey near the shaft (not extending
to the tip) then broadly dusky brown, and narrowly margined to the tip
with white; secondaries with their outer webs and tips of the inner
webs dusky brown, rest of the inner web and edging to the outer web
white. Tertiaries greenish olive on their outer web and rufescent grey
on their inner, the uppermost with a yellow spot terminally ; abdomen,
flanks and axillaries white, the shafts of the feathers, except those of
the axillaries, black basally ; a large white patch on the under surface
of the wing, formed by the white bases of the inner webs of the second-
aries and their coverts; the edge of the wing inside dusky brown;
tarsal plumes whitish; tail with the lateral feathers white on their
outer webs, their inner webs grey brown, wargined with narrow, nearly
obsolete dusky and buff bars, the tips of the feathers broadly white ; rest
of the tail feathers barred buff and dark brown, plain grey brown near
the shaft, and all (except the longest rectrices, which are black) tipped
with white; bill horny; orbits dark plumbeous ; irides dark brown.

Length.—To end of longest rectrices 13 inches, wing 8, tail 6 to
end of longest rectrices.

Female.—Top of head and back deep buff, barred with black ; sides
of face and neck orange yellow; throat and chin white. One dark
band on the lower neck, another on the upper breast, and a third on
the lower breast separating the white of theabdomen. Upper plumage
barred black and buff; secondaries the same, with a subterminal
-grey bar.

Length.—18 inches, wing 7°75, tail 5:37, irides and orbits as in the
male.

Hab.—Sind, Panjab, N. W. Provinces and Rajputana; Beloochistan
(in the Bolan, Quetta and at Khelat) Persia, at Bushire, Southern and
Eastern Afghanistan and Eastern Turkistan. It also inhabits N. Africa,
Palestine, Spain and Portugal, and is said to breed in parts of Western

212 PHASIANID AQ.

Asia. In Sind, in especially the Northern districts, the Pintail is found
im flocks, and sometimes in countless numbers ; in the Southern parts
it is also found, but evidently only as stragglers.

Pterocles lichtensteinii, Tem. Planch. Col, 355-361; Heuglin,
Syst. Uebers. Vog. N. Afr. p. 804; Speke, Ibis. p. 247; Hume, Str. F.
i. p. 219; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 195. Butbur, Sind.—
Tue CLOSE-BARRED SanD GROUSE.

Male.—Froutal zone white, or buffy white; a broad black semicir-
cular band behind it extending from the anterior angle of the eye on
each side; behind this another white or buffy white band, interrupted
on the crown, the feathers of which are buffy white and mesially dark
brown; a buff spot above the hinder angle of each eye; chin and
throat pale buff, their sides the same, with minute black spots; upper
breast, hind neck and back pale or fulvous white, with regular and close
barrings of black; scapulars, wing-eoverts and tertiarics the same, the
black transverse bars rather broader and deeper in colour, the tips of
the feathers broadly yellowish buff; upper tail-coverts fulvous white, the
black bars more distant and as wide as the fulvous interspaces; pri-
maries and their coverts hair brown, the outer web of the first margined
with dull white, more conspicuous basally, and some of the inner ones
with white margins to the tips; secondaries dark brown; lower
breast yellowish buff with a narrow black band crossing it in the middle
and another on the lower part of the breast, formed by the dark
termination of the lowest breast feathers; below this the abdomen,
flanks, vent and under tail-coverts are white, with transverse brown
bars; tarsal plumes buffy white; tail barred buff and black, the
terminal black bar broadest, with a streak running up-the shaft of the
feathers and partially dividmg the broad buffy tips.

The Female wants the frontal pateh and the semiecirenlar band
behind it, also the buff breast and band crossing it in the middle ; the
chin and throat are pale buffy, minutely spotted with dark brown ; the
upper surface of the body finely, closely and narrowly barred with pale
_ fulyous and dark brown; the lower surface the same, but the fulvous
interspaces are broader and the dark bars narrower; bill horny; feet
yellow ; irides brown ; orbits lemon yellow.

Length.— 10 inches, wing 7°25, tail 3°25, bill 0°62.

Hub.—Sind, Punjab, Arabia, N. E. Afriea.

Family, PHASIANIDA.
Sub-Family, PAVONIN4,—Pra-Fowt.
Pavo cristatus, Linn.—Tse Common Pracoox.
This bird is too well-known to need a description. Introduced in Sind.

Family, TETRAONIDA,,—Parrripazs.

Bill generally short and thick; wings short and rounded in most;
tail short ; tarsus short and strong; face feathered usually with a small
bare patch over or round the eye.

Sub-Family, PERDICINA,

Tarsus bare ; orbits not naked; tarsus generally spurred.

CACCABIS. 213

Francolinus, Steph.—Bill very slightly curved at tip; tail of four-
teen feathers, even or rounded ; tarsi of male with blunt spurs.

Francolinus vulgaris, Steph. Jerd. B. Ind. p. 558; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 202; Gould. B. Dur. pl. 259. Tetrao
francolinus, Linn.—Tue Buack PARTRIDGE.

Male.—Top of head black, the feathers behind edged with rufescent
brown; lores, chin, throat and neck in front black; nape and hind
neck black, each feather with four white spots, two on each side of the
shaft, the lower of which near the tip showing through ; a streak under
the eye to the ear-coverts white; a chestnut red collar round the neck;
upper part of the back black, also the scapulars, the smaller feathers
with four roundish spots, two on each side of the shaft, and the longer
ones with six rufescent marks, two tranverse and a longitudinal streaks
on each side of the shaft, the longitudinal ones only showing from
under the feathers; middle and lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts
barred with black and white; wing-coverts black, edged with rufescent;
quills barred with rufous and black; tail black, the middle feathers
barred like the back with black and white, the rest barred at their
bases only; breast, abdomen and flanks deep black, the feathers of
the flanks with 8—4 white spots, the hinder ones near the vent with
broad white tips; thigh and under tail-coverts and feathers round the
vent chestnut; bill black; irides brown; legs reddish.

Length.—18 to 14 inches, wing 53 to 53, tail 34.

The Female wants the black head and neck cf the male and the
rufous collar. It is generally much browner in colour.

Caccabis, Kaup.—Bill red, slightly longer than in Francolinus;
tarsi of male with a blunt spur; a small bare patch behind the eye.

Caccabis chukor, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 54; Gould. C. B. pl.
71; Jerdon, B. Ind. p. 564, No. 820; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind.
p. 203.—Tuz Cuuxore Partripes.

Above pale bluish or olive ashy, with a rufescent tinge on the back;
sides of the face, chin and throat fulvous, pale chestnut or rufescent,
encircled by a broad black band from the forehead, through the eye
along the side of the neck on to the breast, meeting its fellow from
the other side and forming a large pale chestnut or rufous pectoral
gorget; a pale white line behind the eye; ear-coverts chestnut; sides
of the lower mandible and chin with a black spot ; breast bluish ashy,
slightly tinged with rufescent; abdomen and under tail-coverts buff,
the flanks from the axi] deeper buff, each feather ashy at the base with
two dark bands, the interspace of which is buff and terminated broadly
with chestnut; wings concolorous with the back, the ends of all the pri-
maries, except the first, margined to nearly the tip on their outer webs
with buff, some of the secondaries also; axillaries buff. Tail rufous,
except the central feathers, which are concolorous with the back.

Length.—14—15°75 inches, expanse 21 to 23:25, wing 6:25 to 6:8,
tail 4 to 4:8. The female is slightly smaller; length 13 to 14-25,
resembles the male, and wants the spur.

214 TETRAONID A.

Hab.—Throughout the Himalayas to Afghanistan. Common also in
Beloochistan, Sind, Puujab Salt Range, Persia and along the Arabian
Coast. Breeds from May to July in Chaman (8. Afghanistan) making
a nest composed of a little grass under the shelter of grass tufts or
bushes. The normal number of eggs is 12, but as many as 14 and 16
have been taken from a single nest, all varying in size and shape, from
peg-tops to elongated ovals. The colour is also variable, but typically
is a pale café aw lait ground colour, with brick red specklings.

Gen. AmMmoperdix.— Gray.
Bill reddish; wings long; tarsi not spurred.

Ammoperdix bonhami, Gray, Des. Murs. I. 0. t. 293; Gould.
B. As. pt. ii. pl. 4; Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 567 ; Str. F. i. 226; Murray,
Hadbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 203.—Tuxz Szzszr Parrripce.

Male.—Head.and cheeks dull grey; forehead, a streak through
the eyeanda border to the ear-coverts black ; lores and ear-coverts silky
white, rufous behind; throat greyish white; breast vinaceous or vinous
fawn ; sides of the neck spotted with white; upper parts isabelline or pale
brownish, freckled with dusky; rump and upper tail-coverts like the
back, with darker markings; primaries isabelline on their outer webs,
finely pencilled with dusky, and all, except the first, with broad whitish
bands or bars; tail brownish, tinged with chestnut, the tips of the
feathers freckled with dark brown; legs and feet dingy yellow; irides
bright or orange yellow; bill orange; cere orange red.

Length.—9 to 11 inches, wing 4°75 to 5°75; tail 2:5. Female
slightly smaller, has not the dull grey crown of the male, and in general
is more brownish throughout; the black markings on the head are
replaced by freckles of dusky or black and white, and the entire upper
and lower surface of the body is mottled.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan and Afghanis-
tan, also Persia. Numerous throughout Upper Sind, also in Beloo-
chistan, where in the early morning, especially on broken ground and
on the road in the Bolan, as many as two or three hundred may be met
with, feeding on the droppings of cattle, or, in its absence, on grass
seeds along the hill sides. Breeds in the Punjab, Beloochistan and
Afghanistan in April and May.

Gen. Ortygornis.— Reich.

Bill long, and much curved at the tip; legs red; tarsi spurred, 1—2,

Ortygornis ponticeriana, Gm.; P. O. 218; Gr Ind. Zool.
pl. 56; Jerd, B. Ind. iii. p. 569; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind.
p. 203.—TuEe Common Grey Parrripen.

Forehead, over the eyes, lores, nape and face rufous, the face with
dusky freckles; top of the head olive brown; ear-coverts rufescent
brown ; back, scapulars and wing-coverts dark chestnut, each feather with
two or three transverse buffy bars, bordered with black on both sides;
feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts similar, but olive brown
instead of chestnut; tail feathers rich chestnut or deep ferruginous

COTURNIX, 215

with a broad subterminal dark brown, nearly black band,tipped with
pale or yellowish white ; central tail feathers like the back beneath,
the chin and throat are white or creamy, encircled from the base of the
lower mandible with dark spots, forming a gular patch; breast and
entire lower parts creamy white, or very pale buff, the feathers with
transverse dark bars ; lower tail-coverts ferruginous. The female is
like the male, but paler in colour, and wants the spur,

Length.—11°5 to 18°5 inches, wing 5:5 to 6, tail 3:35 to 4, legs
bright red, irides brown, the orbital ring with a row of minute white
feathers, bill dusky brown.

Hab.—Throughout India and Beloochistan. Breeds in April and May,

Gen. Coturnix.— Briss.
Bill short, straight, very slightly curved at the tip; tarsi not
spurred ; tail short ; wings long and pointed ; 1st and 2nd quills longest.
Primaries with pale rufous bars on their outer webs.
CO. communis.

Primaries without pale rufous bars on their outer webs.
C. coromandelica.

Coturnix communis, Bonn.; P. £.170; Gould. B. H. pl. 268;
Jerd. Birds, Ind. iii. p. 586. No. 829; Str. F. vol. iv. p. 447; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 208.—Tue Larcu Grey Quart.

Top of head brown, the feathers edged paler; a mesial buffy line on the
crown ; supercilinm pale yellowish white, reaching above the ear-coverts,
which are partially brown; lores and a line below the eye white; sides
of the neck white; two narrow blackish lines from the sides of the
neck to below the throat, the interspace being white; the upper black
band not always perfect ; chin and throat patch dark brown; breast pale
buff, buffy white or rufous, with pale shafts to the feathers; sides of the
breast and flanks similar or deeper in colour, with pale shafts ; abdomen
white, pale rufous, or buff; back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts from
brown to arich dark brown, each feather shafted a rich rufous, or buff,
with three transverse bars or bands of the same colour on each side, the
tips being pale buff; primaries dusky brown with pale rufous bars on
their outer webs ; the secondaries with pale tips, and the tertials barred
buffy on both webs, the borders of the buffy bars darker than the ground
colour of the feathers. The female is like the male, but wants the central
throat patch, and the breast is spotted with brown or dark brown. She
is also much larger.

Length.—7 to 8 inches, wing 4 to 4°5, tail 1:6 to 2°25, irides brown
or hazel, legs pale fleshy, bill blackish with a brownish horny tinge
above and at the tip.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, the Deccan, N.
Guzerat, Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar and India generally to Nepaul.
In Sind it is a visitant in July, remaining till November, specially com-
mon in August and September.

Coturnix coromandelica, Gm.; P. H. 35; Gould. B. As. pl. 7;
Jerdon, Birds Ind. iti, p. 588. No. 880; Murray, Hdbk., Zool, Sc.,

216 TIN AMID.

Sind, p. 203. Coturnix textilis, Tem. Pl. Col. 35. (Chola Buétayr,
Sind.)—Tae Biack-Breastep Rain Quai.

Male.—Top of head brown, with a longitudinal pale stripe on the
crown; supercilium white, extending above and beyond the ear-coverts;
a white streak under the eye, followed by a dark brown one, which meets
the first dark brown stripe ruuning below the throat, and formin
with its fellow on the other side a triangle, from the middle of which to
the chin runs a broad throat stripe; a triangular patch of white on each °
side of the throat; there is also on the throat a second dark stripe
behind the first, ranning down to the breast, the interspace between
both being white; breast with a large jet black patch, some of the
feathers of the lower part of which are edged with pale buff or white;
sides of the breast dark rufous, the feathers pale shafted, and a few
with dark spots on the both webs; flanks and abdomen pale buff and
white intermixed, the feathers black shafted; lower tail-coverts and
vent rufous; back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts same as in the-
large grey quail, from which it may be readily distinguished by the
absence of rufous bars on the first two primaries, the first primary
having a pale outer edge and by the well-defined lines on the chin and
throat, and the patch on the breast, also by its much smaller size.

Length.—6°25 to 7 inches, wing 3°43 to 3°7, tail 1 to 1°5, irides dark
brown, legs and feet pale fleshy, bill dusky black.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Beloochistan,
Persian Gulf, Rajputana, N. Guzerat, Kutch, Kattiawar, the Deccan
and South India. Rain Quail visit the Province during the monsoon
months, about the end of July, and remain to breed. They leave about
the endof October.

Family, TINAMIDA.

Bill short, rather slender, and very slightly curved at the tip; tail
short or none; tarsi not spurred; hind toe small or wanting.

Gen. Turnix.

Characters the same as those of the Family; nostrils linear; Ist quill
longest; no hind toe.

Turnix joudera, Hodgs. Beng. Sport Mag. 1838, pl. 1, 2; Jerd. B.
Ind. iii. 599, No. 834; Sir. F. vi. p. 453; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 203.—Tuxz Inpian Burron Quat.

Male.—Top of head light brown with a faint longitudinal streak
on the crown ; back of neck, back and scapulars ferruginous brown, the
feathers behind the head with dark spots, and those of the back, scapu-
lars and under tail-coverts with narrow transverse stris, distinct on the
lower part of the back ; scapulars with a few white spots or edgings to
the feathers ; wing-coverts pale earthy brown, the tips broadly white,
each with a dark ocelli in the centre; primaries pale earthy brown,
narrowly edged with pale white ; chin and upper throat white; middle
of breast ferruginous, the sides of the breast like the scapulars, with
white tipped feathers, in the middle of which is a dark spot ; under parts
ferruginous ; vent whitish.

EUPODOTIS, 217

Length.—5'd to 6 inches, wing 2°75, bill at front 0°43.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana,
Kutch, Guzerat, Deccan, South India; Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat,
Rajputana and Punjab during the rains; rare in the Deccan and
sparingly distributed in Bengal ; affects chiefly large open grassy plains ;
occurs also in South Travancore, and probably in Ceylon.

Turnix dussumieri, Tem. P. 0. 454, 2; Gould. B. As. pl. ; Jerd.
B. Ind. iii. p. 600, No. 835; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 204,
Turnix variabilis, Hodgs. Beng. Sport. Mag. 1837, p. 847. (Chota
Butiayr, Sind.)—Tue Lirrte Burron Quain.

Mule.—Head brown, barred with black, and with a central longi-
tudinal yellowish stripe; supercilium pale white or yellowish white ;
back and scapulars chestnut brown, the feathers with fine dark transverse
strie, and edged with yellowish white; rump and upper tail-coverts
dark brown, closely barred with black, the feathers with whitish edges ;
throat white, with a few dark spots on the sides; breast pale ferru-
ginous, the feathers on the sides with dark spots or lunules ; abdomen
whitish.

Length.—5 to 5:5 inches, wing 2°75, irides light yellow, legs and feet
pale fleshy.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana,
Kutch, Guzerat, and the Concan during the monsoon, in grassy plains
or cultivated fields. In the Deccan it is very numerous and difficult
to flush from the fields of pulse which it affects. Said to breed in
the Himalayas and N. W. India.

ORDER, GRALLA,—Waorrs or SHore Birps.

Tarsi long, rounded ; tibia bare to a greater or less extent; hind toe
imperfect in most; wings long.

Trib e, PRESSIROSTRES.— Cuvier.

Hind toe small or moderate; bill depressed at base, and rather
compressed on the sides.

Family, OTITIDA.

Bill compressed,. the tip scooped, and slightly curved ; nostrils in a
membranous groove, partially closed ; wing, 2nd to 4th quills longest;
tertials nearly as long as the primaries.

Gen. Eupodotis.—Less.

Bill long, pointed, straight, the tip curved; legs long and strong;
male with a pouch ; wings ample.

Eupodotis edwardsi, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 59; Gould. C. B.
pl. 72; Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 607; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind,
p. 204. (Tokdar, Sind.)\—Tux Inpian Bustarp.

28 z

218 OTITIDA,

Mule.—Top of head and crest black ; sides of the face, neck all
round, breast and entire lower parts white ; the feathers of the breast
and lower part of the neck long and hackled, those of the breast
covered with minute dusky mottlings; a dark band across the breast;
back, scapulars, wing and upper tail-coverts brown, pale buff,
or grey brown, beautifully mottled and vermiculated with minute
black strive; primaries snuff brown, darker on their inner webs, and
tipped with white; some of the inner ones with 3—4 white patches
on their inner webs; secondaries slaty, much irrorated basally, and
broadly tipped with white; tertials as long as the primaries, con-
colorous with the back, also the lesser wing-coverts; median coverts
black, tipped with white; greater wing-coverts slaty grey, also tipped
with white. ‘Tail like the back with a subterminal dark band and
tipped with white; flanks and sides dark brown, mixed with whitish
or dark olive brown; vent and lower tail-coverts thé same as the
back, with white tipping to the feathers,

Male.—Length 45 to 50 inches, expanse of 85—95 inches, wing 24:5
to 29.

Pemale.—Length 386 to 388 inches, wings 20 to 22, legs and feet
creamy yellow, irides yellow, bill yellowish at tip, dusky at the base.

Hab.—Sind (Thurr and Parkur), Punjab. N. W. Provinces, Kutch,
Rajputana, N. Guzerat, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Hydrabad Deccan, Poona,
Sattara, Berars, and the Central Provinces. According to Mr. Doig,
(ume, Game Birds) it is a permanent resident and breeds in the Thurr
and Parkur districts. It is said to wander occasionally in the cold
weather to the plains along the edge of the desert, sometimes going even
as far as the Indus. It feeds on grain and insects, and frequents the
cultivated districts at other than in the breeding season. Jerdon has
an excellent description of its habits, &c. Breeds from July to Septem-
ber, laying from one to two eggs ina depression in the ground
behind tufts of grass or small bushes, lined very sparingly with thin
grass,

Gen. Houbara.—Bonap.

Legs shorter than Yupodotis; bill rather lengthened and depressed
at the base; males ruffed; no hind toe.

Houbara macqueenii, Gray, 121. Ind. Zool. pl. 47; Gould. B. As.
pl. 8; Jerdon, B. Ind, it. p. 612; Murray, Hdbk., Zvol., &c., Sind, p.
204, (Tilloor, Sind.)—Tse Houpara Busrarp.

Male.—Head crested; forehead minutely speckled with greyish
brown and white; crown with a crest of elongate feathers, which are
white at the base and tipped black; the feathers behind the crest resting
immediately on the crown entirely white; head behind, ear-coverts
and neck pencilled with pale brown and white; a patch of downy
feathers at the base of the neck in mounted specimens, not seen
in those freshly killed. The ruff begins immediately behind the ear-
coverts with elongated feathers, one-half of which are white at the base
for more than one-half their length, and the rest shining black; the

HOUBARA., 219

lower half of the ruff entircly white, the upper half edged behind
and in front with black, rather lax feathers ; back and scapulars buff or
rufous buff, delicately pencilled with dark brown, each feather with two
dark bands, the hinder band only being visible externally ; upper tail-
coverts with 3—4 marrow dark bands, which are distant from each other
about an inch; tail brighter rufous or buff, with the same pencil-
lings, the feathers with three bluish ashy bands, and the tips white;
under tail-coverts white, some of the feathers with transverse bands
and brownish mottlings; chin, throat and cheeks white, the feathers of
the latter with dark tips; feathers of the lower neck and breast
grizzled with pencillings, the elongated feathers on the breast pale
bluish white, with dark shafts; rest of the lower surface white, also
the axillaries and wing lining; primaries white at their base, and
black for the terminal half, except the 1st primary, which in some
specimens: are dark brown on the outer web; lesser wing-coverts
whitish with very fine vermiculations; winglet black ; bill horny brown ;
irides bright yellow; legs greenish yellow.

Length.—25—32 inches, wing 14—15, tail 8°5.to 10. In non-breed-
ing plumage the male has no crest nor the elongated black and white
feathers, but the dark lax feathers are well developed in their place.

Hab.—Sind, Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W.
and Central Provinces, Rajputana, Kutch and Guzerat, also Kattiawar.

In Sind, this fine bird is extremely common during winter, affecting
chiefly the large plains and hill sides covered with grewia bushes, on the
fruits of which they principally live. It is usually found in parties of 2,
4, or 6 and, as game, is much sought for by all sportsmen. It is also
largely hawked by the Sindees, Falco sacer, Juggur and Pere-
grinus being used for the purpose. Itis found all over the plains of
the Punjab, also in Beloochistan, Southern Persia and Afghanistan ;
breeding in Persia and Afghanistan, where it occurs in the summer.
In Rajputana too it has been found, also in Kutch, Northern Guzerat
and Kattiawar. The following, extracted from the “ Field” entitled
“ Oobara shooting in Lower Sind” I think by “an old Sindee,” gives
a fair account of the mode of shooting this Bustard ; he says—“ So far
as my experience goes, the Oobara, which may be briefly described as
a bird of the Bustard tribe, is chiefly to be found im Sind. Ihave
occasionally come across a solitary one or two in Rajputana and
Guzerat, and I also presume they are to be met with in many parts of
the Punjab, and, in fact, perhaps anywhere where large sandy plains
exist. They are, I believe, seldom, if ever, to be found in black
soil.

“ The Oobara is a migratory bird, coming in with the cold weather,
and disappearing at the first approach of the hot season. ‘hey are
usually to be found in pairs, and feed early in the mornings and lato
in the evenings. At these times they are so wary, as seldom to be got
at, even by careful stalking. They appear, however, to be peculiarly
susceptible to heat, ag the moment the sun attains any power they
retire into the shade of a bush and, if undisturbed, lie quiet throughout
the heat of the day, or if flushed, only take short flights. This is the

220 OTITIDA.

time to get them, and the usual method is by stalking them on a well-
trained camel, driven by an experienced shikaree. The camel is made
to circle round and round the bird, and the moment the bird perceives
this it crouches down, trusting to its colour, which is exactly that of
the ground, and to being so exactly similar-when in this position to
the several stones lying around it, to escape observation. The circle
gradually becomes smaller and smaller, until the bird is brought
within range. Most men shoot it on the ground, but as arule I have
found it better sport and easier to let the bird rise before firing, and
then dropping it on the wing. The bird, fancying that (like an ostrich)
when its head is hidden its whole body is out of sight, seldom, if ever,
moves unless the camel stops in its circling, and even then its flight
is so slow, as to make it almost impossible even for an ordinary shot to
miss.

“ Asa game bird, the Oobara is perhaps one of the greatest delicacies
that can be put upon the table, while its feathers are invaluable to the
fisherman for salmon flies ; and there is a little tuft of feathers just
under the point of the shoulder which is greatly prized by the fair sex
as an ornament for hats.

“ All about Kurrachee is a very favourite country for Oobara, but,
as may be imagined, anywhere within a radius of eight or ten miles
they do not get much rest, and, in order to make a really good bag, it
is now necessary to go beyond that distance. The nearest good spot I
know of, where a day’s sport can be had without finding another man
stalking over the same plain, is about twenty-five miles by rail.” At
Mayting and Jempeer stations, on the 8. P. and D. line, this Bustard is
numerous, and it is not uncommon to see a bag from these places of
from 10 to 12 a day.

Gen. Sypheotides.

Bill broad at base and ridged above; nostrils elongate; more than
half of tibia bare.

Sy pheotides auritus, Lath.; Jard. and Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 49, 925
P. C. 533; Jerd. B, Ind. tii. p. 619, No. 889; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se.,
Sind, p. 207; Str, F. vol. iv. p. 10. (Likh, Sind.) —Tas Lusser,
Frorixin.

Male.—Head, neck, breast, ear tufts and entire lower parts, black,
paler on the vent and under tail-coverts; chin white, a few of the
elongated feathers under the chin white mesially ; lower part of hind
neck and large wing patch white; back, scapulars and upper tail-
coverts fulvous, mottled with buff and dark brown; tail brighter
buff, with mottlings and three distinct bands, the last, subterminal; first
three or four primaries dark or dusky brown, the rest broadly barred
with rufous or bright buff, the long narrow tips mottled; ear tufts
three on each side, the shafts of the feathers bare for nearly three-fourths
their length from their base.

The Female is pure buff throughout, clouded and barred with deep

CURSORIUS. 291

brown; lower part of the body almost white, chin and throat white ;
bill pale yellow, the ridge and tip dusky brown; irides yellow.

Length.—17 to 19 inches, wing 7 to 7°8, tail 4 to 4°5. Demale slightly
larger.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central India,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Concan and the Deccan. In Sind
it occurs only in the vicinity of Kurrachee during August and
September, chiefly at Mulleer, affecting the high grass. It breeds in the
Decean. In Sind a single egg was found on the Hubb plains by Mr.
F. C. Constable.

Family, CURSORID,—Courizr Piovers.

Tarsi long, slender; bill slender, arched beyond the nostrils, which
are in a short triangular groove; wings long and pointed; toes three ;
no hind toe.

Cursorius coromandelicus, Gmel.; P. FH. 892; Gould. B. As.
pl. 87; Jerdon, B. Ind. iii. p. 626; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind,
p- 207.—Tue Inpian Courier Prover.

Forehead and top of head bright chestnut, a small patch of black on
the nape ; superciliumwhite, extending and meeting behind the nape; a
black streak from the base of the nostril and through the eye, also
extending and meeting behind; chin and throat white or pale buffy
white; neck allround pale ferruginous, darkening into deep ferruginous
on the breast and upper abdomen; a dark patch in the middle of the
abdomen; primaries and their coverts black; under tail-coverts white;
back, scapulars and wing-coverts earthy brown; upper tail-coverts
the same; tail with the outer feathers on each side white, with a black
edge subterminally on the inner web; rest, except the middle tail
feathers, ashy brown at base, with a subterminal dark band and a white
tip; bill black; irides brown; legs creamy white.

Length.—9—10 inches, wings 6, tail 2°37, tarsus 2°25.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Beloochistan,
N. Guzerat, Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar, Concan and Deccan,
affecting open grassy plains. Breeds in Sind from April to July.

Cursorius gallicus, Gm. ; Naum. vogt. t. 171; Gould. B. Eur. pl.
266; Jerd. B. Ind. App. vol. iii. p. 874; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c.
Sind, p. 207.—-Tue Cream-corourep Courser.

Forehead and crown rufescent or pale orange buff, shading on to the
‘back of head into grey or ashy grey, below which, on the nape, is asmall
black patch ; supercilium extending to and meeting behind the nape, also
a black streak from behind the eye; lores pale white ; chin and throat
pale white ; breast isabelline brown, fading on the abdomen to albescent,
and white on the under tail-coverts; back, scapulars, tertials and wing-
coverts warm rufous buff, brighter on the tail, the outer feathers of
which on each side have a subterminal black band on the inner web
only ; the others on both webs, and all, except the central tail feathers,
broadly tipped white; primaries black ; secondaries with their outer

223, GLAREOLID EB.

webs concolorous with the back, the inner web, and subterminally
on both webs also black, the edges of the tips white.

Length.—10°5 to 11 inches, wing 6°5 to 7, bill black, 1:06 in length
in front, irides brown.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Beloochistan, Persia,
Afghanistan, Kutch, Guzerat and Rajputama. Breeds in Sind from
May to July. Extremely common on bare or open grassy plains.

Family, GLAREOLIDA,—Swatiow Ptovers.

Bill short, convex, broad at the base, compressed to tip; wings
long, first quill longest; tail even or forked; tarsi short, reticulated;
three toes in front, one behind very small; gape large.

Gen. Glareola.

Tail short and even, or long and forked; other characters as in the
Family.

Glareola orientalis, Leach. Lin. Tr. xii. 182; Gould. B. Aust.
vi. pl. 23; Schicl. Handlist Dierk. t. 7,79; Jerdon, B. Ind. iti, p. 631;
Str. F. ii. p. 284, 465; viii. p. 871; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind,
p. 208.—Tae Larae Swattow PLover.

Forehead, crown, back of head, sides of neck, ear-coverts, back,
scapulars and wing-coverts hair brown; upper tail-coverts white ;
tail forked, basally white, the feathers broadly tipped with dark brown;
chin and throat rufescent, a few of the feathers in some specimens
tipped dark brown; a dark line from each side of the mandible to
below the neck, enclosing the rufous chin, throat and breast ; upper
abdomen and flanks earthy brown, with a tinge of rufescent; lower
abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts white; axillaries and under
wing-coverts behind, chestnut ; primaries dark brown, almost black ;
the shaft of the first primary white;a few of the upper secondaries
tipped white; irides dark brown; bill black ; gape reddish ; legs and
feet dusky brown.

Length.—10 to 10°5 inches, wing 7°5, tail 4-25 to 45.

Hab.—Sind, Bengal and the Deccan; affects fields, and open or
cultivated land in small flocks. It has, like others of the genus, a very
rapid and swallow-like flight. Breedsin Sind. Mr.S. Doig in an article
in Stray Feathers, vol. vii, p. 375, gives an account of its nidification
incompany with Glareola pratincola. ‘The breeding ground,” he says,
“was about 15 acres in extont, and was a salt plain with patches of
coarse sedge here and there on it, the whole being surrounded by dense
tamarisk and rush jungle, and was situated about half a mile from the
bank of the ‘Narra.’ The nests were slight hollows scraped in the
ground, and the greatest number of eggs in any nest was three, which
seemed to be the normal number, but some contained only two eggs,
of a light dirty green or drah colour, covered all over with dark purple
blotches, dense at the broader end, and forming a zone. Jn shape they
are from broad ovals to nearly spherical, and vary in size from 1:1 to
1:35 in length, and from ‘80 to 1:05 in width.”

The distribution of the Glarcolide in India is not perfectly known.

GLAREOLA, 2283

Glareola Pratincola.

Glareola pratincola, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 845, P. H. 882; Naim.
vogt. t. 234; Gould. B. Hf. pl. 265; Leach. ; Linn. Trans. xiii. pl. 12,
1,2; Str. F. vol. viii. p. 871; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e., Sind, p. 207.
Glareola torquata, Meyer, ii. 404.—Tux Contarep Pratincora.

Head, nape, back, scapulars and wing-coverts greyish brown ;
throat and front of the neck white, slightly tinged ferruginous, encircled
by a narrow black band from the base of the bill; lores black; breast
whitish brown; under wing-coverts chestnut; lower surface of the
body white, tinged with reddish; upper and under tail-coverts white ;
tail forked, basally white, tipped with dark brown; bill black, red
at the pape; irides red brown.

Length.—9 inches, wing 6°75 to 7.

Hal.—Sind, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan and the Deccan. Breeds
in Sind ; eggs similar to those of G. orientalis.

Glareola lactea, Tem. P. C. 399; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 632; Str. F.
iil. p. 179; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 208.—Tur Smarr
SwatLow PLover.

Forehead, crown, back, scapulars and wing-coverts pale earthy or
grey brown, orbital feathers white ; chin, throat and breast much paler
than the back; lower abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts white ; tail
basally white, the central feathers broadly dark brown sabterminally and
tipped with white; the lateral or outer ones on eachside narrowly tipped
with dark brown, and edged with white; upper tail-coverts white;
primaries dark brown, the first 8—4 distinctly white shafted and
basally whitish on their inner webs; secondaries white, broadly
edged on their outer webs and at the tip with brown; primary coverts
dark brown, also the under wing-coverts; bill black; gape reddish;
irides deep brown.

Length.—6'5 to 6°75 inches, wing 5°5 to 5°75, tail 2 to 2:06, bill at
front 0°37, at gape 0°56.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and the Deccan, affecting the
same situations as the last.

224, CHARADRIN J.

Sub-Family, CHARADRINAU.—Ptovers.

Bill slender, straight, flattened at the base, compressed and grooved ;
wings long and pointed; tarsi moderate, 1st quill usually longest; hind
toe small or wanting.

Squatarola.—Cuv.

Nasal groove short; bill bulged at the tip; a very minute clawed
hind toe present.

Squatarola helvetica, Ginel. ; P. W.853, 854; Gould. B. Hur. pl.
384; Jerd. B: Ind. iii. p. 685; Str. £1. 388; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
Sec., Sind, p. 208. (Burra or Wuddha Buttahn, Sind.) —Tuz Grey
PLover.

Winter Pliimage.—Forehead, lores, supercilia, chin, abdomen and
entire lower surface, including the under tail-coverts, white; foreneck,
sides of the breast and flanks white, the feathers with sub-triangular
er sub-quadrate brownish markings; feathers below the wing from the
axilla long and black; head dusky brown, the feathers with narrow
tips; rest of the upper plumage dusky brown, the feathers edged and
tipped with white or greyish white; tail basally white, with a slightly
rufescent tinge terminally, and with 6—7 transverse brown bands or
bars. In summer the entire lower surface from the chin, except the
vent and under tail-coverts, is black, also the lores and sides of the
neck ; forehead, supercilia and sides of the breast white; back and
rump, scapulars and wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with brown’and
white; top of head and nape grey brown, the feathers tipped with
white; tail white, banded dark brown; primaries dark brown, their
inner webs white.

Length.—11 to 12 inches, wing 8, tail 3°25, bill at front 1:25, bill
black, irides dusky, feet dark brown, or dusky brown, weight 7°5 oz.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan coast, Kutch, Kattiawar, and nearly all over
the Indian coast. Occurs in flocks along the Sind sea coast during
winter, especially on the mud flats. In the Kurrachee harbour it is
numerous on the large island-like flats, especially about Baba Island,
associated with the larger and smaller Kentish Plovers.

Gen. Charadrius.

Bill short and strong; first quill longest; hind toe wanting.

Charadrius longipes, Tem. Fauna. Jap. t. 62; Gould. B. As.
vi. pl. 13; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 636. Charadrius fulvus, Gm. ; Str. I’.
i. 228; ii, 287; vii. 482.—Tum Inpran Gonpren Prover.

Winter Plumage.—Head dark brown, the tips of the feathers yellow;
forehead white or yellowish white, as are also the lores, supercilia,
chin, foreneck and the under tail-coverts; back, scapulars, ramp,
upper tail-coverts and wing-coverts dusky brown, the edges of the
feathers with triangular or sub-triangular yellow spots; tail lighter in
colour, the feathers also similarly edged with yellow spots; the neck
behind, on the sides, and in front buffy, with a dusky tinge and yellow
edgings and spots to the feathers; flanks pale brown, spotted with

ARGIALITIS, 295

soiled white. In the summer plumage, the upper plumage is much
darker, nearly black, the yellow spots less numerous and smaller, the
forehead is white, and the cheeks, throat, neck, and entire undcr
parts are black; primaries black, the shafts of the first three white ;
secondaries tipped with white, also the median wing-coverts; tail
brownish with transverse band of black.

Length.—10 to 10°5 inches, wing 6°75, tail 2°75, bill at front 0°87,
tarsus 1°75, bill dusky at base, black at the tip, irides deep brown.
. Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Kutch, Kattiawar, Deccan, and India generally,
in open plains or in the vicinity of rivers and ploughed fields.

Charadrius pluvialis, Linn.—Tuz Evrorzan Gotpen PLover.

Winter Plumage.—Forehead yellowish white, streaked and spotted
with pale brown and grey; head on the sides greyish brown; the crown,
back of neck and nape greyish brown with purple reflections and
yellow angular spots on the edges and tips of the feathers; chin and
throat whitish ; breast dusky greyish white, tinged yellow, and spotted
with darker grey; axillary plumes white; greater and lesser wing-coverts
greyish black, the spots paler and the feathers of the greater coverts
tipped with white; the tail is deep brown, and barred obliquely with
yellowish or yellowish white ; upper tail-coverts like the back. Ju
summer it undergoes the same change as longipes, but the yellow
becomes brighter, and the lower parts intense black, except the sides
of the neck, breast and body, whichare yellowish white, with dark and
dusky patches or marblings; primaries and secondaries dusky brown,
the shafts of the first five white anteriorly.

Length.—10°5 to 11°5 inches, wing 7:5, bill black, irides deep brown.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, and Beloochistan.

This species was first entered in the Sind hst by Mr. Hume with a
query. Since then all the specimens obtained by myself and others
were longipes. Inmy Hand Book mention was made that pluvialis
would be found to occur, Mr. Blanford having recorded it from
only 200 miles further west at Gwadur. Mr. Brooks, Stray Feathers,
viii. 489, records it now from near Sehwan. Mr. Hume, in vol. i. p. 229 of
Stray Feathers, points out the difference between j/ulvus or longipes
and virginicus from America. He says, “ pluwvialis is at once distin-
guished by its pure white axillary plumes, which in fulvus are
brownish or smoke grey. Fulvus and virginicus differ chiefly in their
relative proportions, the former being always smaller.” The following
are the dimensions of the three given by Harting :—

Bill. Wing. Tarsus.
C” Virginicus ae a 7 to 74 1°6
C. Fulvus 0'8 to 0'9 6°4 to 66 15
C. Pluvialis 0-9 75. 1-4

Gen. Atgialitis.—Boie.

Bill slender, grooved on upper mandible for two-thirds its length ;
front of bill raised; upper mandible slightly the longer; Ist quill
longest.

29 %

996 CHARADRIN.AL.

Aigialitis geoffroyi, Wag. Ivis. 1870, pl. 11; Jerd. B. Ind.
ii, 638; Str. #. i, 229; ii. 288; Murray, Hdbé&., Zool. §¢.. Sind,
p- 209.—Tu Larce Sanp Prover.

In winter plumage, head, neck, nape, back, sides of the breast,
scapulars and wing-coverts greyish brown; a streak from the base of the
mandible under the eye to the ear-coverts slightly darker; forehead,
a streak above the eye, chin, throat, sides of the neck and rest of the
lower parts white; upper tail-coverts dull white or pale grey brown;
primaries and their coverts dark brown; onter web near the tips and
the tips of the secondaries white; longest tertial reach to between
the 8rd and 4th primaries. In summer plumage, the forehead, lores,
ear-coverts and beneath the eye are black; on each side of the forehead
is a white spot; the neck and breast rufous; the throat and chin
white; head tinged with rufescent, and the upper parts margined with
the same; the shafts of the feathers of the back, scapnlars and wing-
coverts in both stages are dark; primaries dark brown ; the outer weos
of the inner ones white, also the tips of the secondaries.

Length.—8 to 9°25 inches, expanse 17 to 19 inches, wing 5°4 to
5°93, tail 2, bill at front 1, tarsus 1:5, legs greenish, bill black, irides
brown,

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan Coast, Persian Gulf, Bengal, Rajputana,
Kutch, Kattiawar and India generally during winter. Uxtremely com-
mon along the sea coast and atthe months of the Indus in large
flocks,

Afgialitis pyrrhothorax, Tem.; Gould. B. HE. pl. 299; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 639, No. 847; Str. I. i, 230; 11, 289; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
Se., Sind, p. 209. Al. mongola, Pall—Tnu Lesser Sanp Prover.

In both winter and summer plumage similar to Z. geoffroyi, but
smaller in all measurements,

Length.—7 to 725 inches, expanse 15 inches, wing 5 inches, tail 1-87,
bill at front 0°75, tarsus 1:25. The tertials reach to between the
first and second primaries; bill black, irides brown, legs dusky plum-
beous.,

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan Coast, Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and
India generally, along the sea shore and banks of rivers, not far
joland.

fégialitis cantiana, Lath. ; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 298; Jerd. B. Tid.
in. p. 640, No. 848; Str. Fi. 220; Murruy, Hdbk., Zoul., Se., Sind,
p. 210.—Te Kentish Dorrmret.

Male in Winter Plimage.—Forehead, streak over the eye, extending
to the ear-coverts, chin, throat, ring round the neck, breast,
abdomen and under tail-coverts white; outer tail feathers on each
side also white, with a subterminal dusky spot on the inner web:
crown, nape, neck behind, a streak from the base of the bill under
the eye, cheeks, back, scapulars, sides of breast and tertials earthy or
greyish brown, the feathers with darker shafts; in some (February
specimens) the fvathers are tinged with rufous, and those on the fore-

VANELLUS. 290%9

part of the crown, very slightly (absent in most) white tipped; tail
earthy or grey brown, darker subterminally, and all, except the centrat
feathers, tipped pale fulvous or white; primaries dusky brown, 4th, 5th
and 6th with a patch of white on their outer webs ; secondarics edged

and tipped terminally with white; edge of the wing and under wing-
coverts white.

Tn nuptial plumage, the white of the forehead extends broadly over
the eye and beyond it, behind which on the forecrown is a patch of
black followed by a reddish or reddish brown patch, tinged with grey.
The streak from the base of the bill through the eye to the ear-coverts
is black, and there is a large patch of black on each side of the breast ;
back, scapulars and tertials greyish brown; the Ist primary is the
longest; primaries dusky brown; wing-coverts grey brown, the greater
series tipped with white; secondaries white at their base and tips ;
under wing-coverts, chin, throat and under parts white; the tail is like
the back, the middle feathers longest and dusky brown near the tip,
the outer ones on each side white.

Length.—6°75 inches, wing 4°3, tail 2, bill at front 75; bill black,
irides brown, feet dusky greenish.

Hab.—Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces,
Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat and South India,

Aigialitis phillipinus, Lath.; Sonn. Voy. t. 46; Jerdon, B. Ind.
ii. p. 640, No. 849; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 209.—Tug
Inpian Kincep Prover.

A narrow streak above the base of the bill continued behind, under,
and through the eye to the ear-coverts, black ; crown of head and ring
round the neck black; a patch of white on the forehead above the black
frontal streak ; chin, throat, and under parts from below the black
collar, including the under tail-coverts, white; nape and upper plumage
cinereous or greyish brown; primaries dusky brown; tail with the
middle feathers paler than the lateral ones, except the outermost on
each side, which are white, with a dusky spot on the inner web; under
wing-coverts white.

Length.—?7 to 7:25 inches, wing 4°5, tail 2°5, bill at front 0°56; bill.
black, irides brown, legs yellowish.

Hub.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, E. Turkistan, Nepaul,
Cashmere and throughout India, Extremely common in rice fields
and along the banks of the Indus.

Sub-Family, .VANELLINAl.—Lapwinas.

Bill rather compressed, straight, convex at the tip; nostril in a long
lateral groove; wings pointed and long; tail broad; hind toe short.

Gen. Vanellus.—Linn.

Bill straight ; 2nd and 3rd quills longest ; shoulder of wing with a
small (not prominent) tubercle.

228 VANELLINAS.

Vanellus cristatus, Meyer; P. H. 242; Gould. B. Eu, pl. 291;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 643, No. 851; Str. 7.1. 2381; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§e., Sind., p. 210.—Tue Crusrep Lapwine or Prswir,

Entire head, erest, chin, a line below the eye, breast and foreneck
black, glossed with greenish ; lores, supercilia and behind the eye, also
sides and back of the neck, and from the termination of the black breast
to the belly, white ; the sides of the head in some immature specimens
speckled with brown or dusky ; upper tail-coverts pale reddish chestnut ;
under tail-coverts slghtly paler; back and scapulars olive green, glossed
with coppery and purple ; golden green on the lower back and rump;
primaries black, the first three broadly terminated with greyish white;
Ist quill shortest, third longer than the second or nearly equal; greater
and lesser wing-coverts like the back ; tail white basally, and broadly
black terminally, with narrow white tips to all the feathers ; the outer-
most feather entirely white, except a dusky spot subterminally on the
ipner web.

Length.—12 inches, wing 9, tail 4, tarsus 2; bill black, irides hazel
brown, legs orange brown. In winter plamage the chin and throat are
white, and there is much brown specklings on the sides of the face and
nape. The female is like the male in winter plumage, and throughout

of a duller tint.

ITab.—Sind, Panjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghan-
istan and HE. Turkistan, also Nepaul and Cashmere. It is said to breed
in the Punjab. In Sind it is a winter visitant, and is found in open
places, marshy ground, and the banks of canals.

LOBIVANELLUS, 229

Gen, Chettusia.—Bp.
Head not crested; plumage ashy ; otherwise as in Vanellus.

Chettusia gregaria, Pallas, Zoogr. ii. t. 56; Gould. B. Eur. pl.
292; Jerd. Birds Ind. tii. p. 644, No. 852; Str. Fi, 281; iv. 18;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p.210.—Tue Brackx-stpep Laprwina.

Forehead, superciliary extending to the occiput, lower belly, vent
and under tail-coverts white; top of head, a narrow band from the base
of the bill through the eye, and the middle of the abdomen black ;
back of neck, back, and scapulars olivaceous brown, tinged greyish;
sides of head and neck pale rufous, passing to greyish or brownish
on the breast; primaries black; secondaries white; tail and upper
tail-coverts white, with a broad subterminal black band, tipped with
white ; outermost feathers white.

Length.—12°5 to 13 inches, wing 8°5, tail 3°5, tarsus 2°38, bill at
front 1:2. In the young the black abdominal patch is wanting. The
females are much duller than the males in colour.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, Kutch,
Kattiawar, Rajputana and Central India.

Chettusia leucura, Licht. ; Eversm. Reise. p. 187; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p. 646, No. 858. Chettusia flavipes, Savigny, desc. de’l Egypt. Zool.
p. 6, f. 2.—Taz Waire-rartep Larwine.

Head and neck brown, very pale, almost fulvouson the forehead; a
small whitish patch behind the eye; chin and throat white; back and
scapulars brown, glossed with reddish purple; upper tail-coverts and tail
white; breast pale greyish brown, bluish ashy on the lower part; lower
abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the former tinged of a roseate
hue; primaries black ; secondaries white, broadly tipped on their outer
webs with black ; median and greater wing-coverts basally ashy, broadly
edged subterminally on the outer web with black and tipped with
white.

Length.—11 to 11°5 inches, wing 7, tail 2°75, bill at front 1; bill
black, irides brown red, legs bright yellow.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Beloochistan, Afghan-
istan, Persia, Kutch, Kattiawar, and North Guzerat, also in Central
India, and probably the Deccan ; common in the vicinity of jheels,
tanks, &c.

Gen. Lobivanellus.—Stricki,

A lappet of skin in front of the eye extending to the base of the
bill; hind toe very small. ;

Lobivanellus indicus, Bodd. ; P. H. 807; Gould. C. B. E. pl. 78;
' Str, F. iii, 648; vil. 67. Lobivanellus goensis, Jerd. iii. p. 648,
No. 855; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 211.—Tuz Rup-warrizp
Lapwine or “ Dip gE bo IT.”

Head, nape, back of neck, chin, throat, neck in front and breast
black ; a broad streak from behind the eye along the sides of the neck,
abdomen and upper and lower tail-coverts white ; tail white with a sub-

230 VANELLIN.E.

terminal dark band, and broadly tipped white ; back, scapulars and ter-
tials pale brown; primaries and their coverts black; greater wing-
coverts like the back basally, and broadly edged and tipped with
white, forming a conspicuous wing band.

Length.—12°5 to 13 inches, wing $°5, tail 4°75, bill at front 1:27,
wattles red.

Hab.—Throughout India, Beloochistan, Persia, and Afghanistan. In
Sind it is every where common, during both winter and summer, and
breeds in the Province from April to July. It is an extremely noisy
bird, and especially so during the breeding season. Its vulgar name
“Did he do it” is very appropriately given, being its continuous cry,
with ‘ Pity to do it,” the place resounding with its almost endless
echoes, till the intruder is out of reach of its nest. The nest is usually
a small depression in the earth, with or without lining of any kind, and
made in the vicinity of a marsh. The eggs are generally of a deep green
colour, irregularly marked with blotches and streaks of a brownish
black.

Gen. Sarciophorus.—Strickl.

Wattles yellow; bill rather slender ; hind toe absent.

Sarciophorus bilobus, (mel. ; P. £. 880; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p.
649, No. 856. Lobipluvia malabaricus, Bodd.; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§¢., p. 211.—Tuz Yertow-warrLep Lapwine.

Breeding Plumage.—Head and nape black ; ear-coverts white, ex-
tending behind the nape; chin and throat black; neck in front and
behind, also the back, scapulars and tertiaries pale brown; breast slight-
ly darker, edged with dark brown; rest of the under surface including
the upper and lower tail-coverts white; tail white, with a black band
sabterminally and a white tip, except three of the lateral tail feathers,
which are white, with a subterminal dusky spot on the outer web of
the third feather; primaries and their coverts black ; the inner webs of
the primaries white, decreasing in extent to the inner ones ; secondaries
basally white, and terminated with black ; greater wing-coverts like the
back, but broadly tipped and edged with white, forming a conspicuous
white wing band.

Length.—11 to 11°75 inches, wing 8°25, tail 3°25, bill at front 1;
irides brown, bill yellow at the base, the rest black ; wattles yellow.

Hab.—Nearly throughout India and Ceylon. In Sind it isa resident,
frequenting dry stony or grassy plains usually in company with Cursorius
isabellinus or gallicus. Breeds in August on the edges of cultivated
land. The eggs are not unlike those of ZL. indicus, but are smaller,
and have astone colour ground, with deep brown and nearly black blot-
ches. In the winter plumage, the chin and throat and the black
edges to the feathers of the breast below are wanting, and the upper
plumage is duller or paler brown.

Hoplopterus.— Bp.

Shoulder of wing with a stout spur. No hind toe in the Indian
species.

ANSACUS. 931

Hoplopterus ventralis, Cuv.; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 68 ; Jerd.
B. Ind. iti. p. 650, No. 857; Str. F. vol. iii. 181; vi. 457; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., $c. Sind, p. 211.—Tuu Srur-winerp Larwina.

Head, crest, lores, sides of the face, as far as the middle of the eye,
chin, throat, and foreneck black ; a white streak from behind the eye on
each side meeting on the nape, bordering the black feathers of the
hind crown and nape; cheeks white, the white extending on to the
upper breast all rouud, enclosing the black of the foreneck and form-
ing a pectoral patch; breast below, back, scapulars and tertials pale
brown; shoulder of the wing black; primaries black; secondaries
basally white, tipped and edged with black, the black decreasing in
extent on the hinder feathers; greater wing-coverts white, forming
a conspicuous wing band; upper and under tail-coverts and entire
under surface white, except a patch on the middle of the abdomen; tail
white, broadly terminated with black.

Length.—12 inches, wing 7°75 to 8, tail 4 to 4°2, bill at front 1:11;
bill black, irides deep brown, Jegs blackish, tinged with reddish,

Hab.—Northern India generally, Panjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, and Central India, along the sandy banks of rivers; also in Pegu
and Nepaul. Itis rare in Sind. A single specimen was got by Mr. W.
Wallinger on the banks of the Indus near Baggatora, who also mentions
having seen it on the Aral near Sehwan.

Sub-Family, ESACINA,—Sronz Puovers.

Bill strong and thick; no hind toe; nostrils linear, in a groove near
the base of the bill; gonys strongly angulated.

Gen. Ausacus.

Bill long, sub-curved, the lower edge of the under mandible wide
in the middle, then curving to a point.

Afsacus recurvirostris, Cuv.; G. R. Gray, M. G. B. pl. 142;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 652, No. 858; Sir. F. vol. v. p. 121; Murray,
Hilbk., Zool., &e., Sind, p. 211. (Karwanak, Chota Taloor, Sind).—
THe Larcz Stone PLover.

Forehead and a broad line down the sides of the face white; a
broad dark streak on each side from the base of the lower mandible ;
feathers round and behind the eye white, broadly bordered with dark
brown; chin, throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; top of
head, neck behind, back, scapulars and tertials pale brown, the feathers
distinctly dark-shafted; neck in front white, in some specimens
obtained in April greyish brown; the breast ashy, contrasting with the
pure white of the rest of the under surface; primaries black, the first °
three quills with a patch of white on their terminal third, and the last
three basally and at tip white, with a subterminal black band; lesser
wing-coverts dark brown; median and greater coverts pale greyish
brown, the latter white tipped; secondaries dark brown, their inner webs
white ; tail pale brown at base, with a subterminal white band and a

go
232 ESACINUE.

broad black tip, except the outermost feather, which is white at the
base and more broadly tipped with black ; bill black, greenish at the
base ; irides yellow; legs yellow.

Length.—20 inches, wing 10°5, tail 4°37, tarsus 8°5, bill at front
3, at gape 3°75.

Hab.—Nearly throughout India, along the sea coast and banks of
large rivers. From the stomach of a specimen got in the Kurrachee
harbour ten calling crabs (Gelasimus annudipes) were extracted,

Gen. @dicnemus.—Cuv.

Bill longer than the head, straight and slightly depressed at the base ;
culmen raised near the point; mandible angulated beneath; nostrils
in the middle of the bill in a longitudinal slit; toes three; tail
graduated.

C&dicnemus crepitans, Tem.; P. H. 919; Gould, B. H. pl. 288 ;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 654, No. 859; Sir. F. i. 282; Murray, Hdbdk., Zool.,
§c., Sind, p. 212, Gidicnemus scolopax, S. G. Guel.—Tuz Stone PLover
or Bastarp FLoriKen,

Lores white, with a few brown spots; chin and throat white; a
distinct narrow moustachial stripe from the base of the lower mandible ;
head, neck, back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts reddish ashy, each
feather with a mesial dusky streak; breast the same as the back ; belly
white ; under tail-coverts reddish ashy ; tail white basally, all the feathers
except the middle ones tipped with black; thigh-coverts white ; pri-
maries black, the first three quills with a patch of white at their
terninal third, and the last three white basally and at tip with a sub-
terminal dark band ; edges of the greater wing-coverts white, forming
a wing band.

STREPSILAS. 233

Length.—16 inches, wing 9, tail 4°5, billatfront 1:5, irides and orbits
yellow, also the legs and feet.

Hab.—Throughout India, also Persia, Affects stony places and the
sides of sloping banks; runs very swiftly, especially when first surprised,
stops short now and again after the manner of Cursorius isabellinus, and
squats close to the ground, depending for safety on the colour of its
plumage, which is like that of the ground. Its flight is strong and
steady, but it seldom uses its wings, except when hard pressed; usually
turns out in the evening in quest of food, which consists chiefly of
worms. The young are said to run from the nest within three hours
of their birth. It is not uncommon to meet with parties of this bird
in looking for Oobara (H. Macqueenit) among Grewia bushes, and
perhaps from this circumstance and its lineated plumage it is called
the “chota or small Taloor.’ Breeds in the Province from April to
June. It makes no nest, the eggs being laid in a small depression in
the ground, usually sheltered by a stone.

Family, HAMATOPODIDA, By.—Sua Provers.

Feet with three toes, and a very small hind toe; bill long, strong,
front half compressed, tip blunt; wings long and pointed.

Sub-Family, STREPSILINA.—Bp.

Characters those of the Family ; bill slightly curved upwards.

Strepsilas interpres, Linn.; P. H. 856; Nawm. vogt. t. 180;
Gould. B. Eur. pl. 818; Jerd. B. Ind. iti. p. 656, No. 860 ; Str. F’. i, 238;
iv. 464; Murray, Hdbk., Zool,, &c., Sind, p. 212.—Tus Turnsrons.

In winter the Turnstone is clad in very sober plumage; the crown
and hinder part of the head are dusky, edged very narrowly with
greyish brown; the lores pale brown, or in some specimens greyish
brown ; the chin and throat are white, also a patch on each side of the
neck, bordered in front along the sides of the white throat patch with
dusky or dark brown; upper back, scapulars, ramp, breast and sides
of the breast dusky or dark brown, according to season, edged with
rusty or brownish red; some of the scapulars partly edged with white ;
tertials long, reaching beyond the fifth quill, edged and tipped with
rufous or red brown; lesser wing-coverts, hke the upper back, white
at the shoulder; the secondary or greater coverts tipped with white,
forming a conspicuous wing bar ; primaries and secondaries black, the
inner webs of the former and tips of the latter white; back, lower
surface of the body from below the breast, also the thigh and upper
and lower tail-coverts white ; a patch of black on the rump ; tail fea-
thers white, with a subterminal black band, except the central ones,
which are entirely black. In the summer or breeding plumage, tho
forehead, a band over the eye, lores and a patch behind the eye are
white ; the crown of the head is also white, broadly streaked with black.
There is also a black streak behind the white frontal patch, continued
to the front and below the eye on each side joining the black streak

80 z

934 HASMATOPODIDAR.

from the lower mandible, and getting lost on the neck, whence spring
a black demicollar not extending on the upper surface of the neck,
which, like the head, is white with dark streaks; back of neck white,
extending down the sides between the black demicollar and sides of
the breast; chin white ; throat and breast deep black; upper back and
scapulars black, the feathers broadly edged and tipped with red rust
colour; some wholly so, especially the scapulars; lesser and median
wing-coverts black, broadly edged and tipped with bright rust colour ;
the tips of the greater or secondary coverts white, forming a wing
band; quills black; the inner webs, and part of the outer webs
of the last two or three, basally white ; secondaries like the quills; but
broadly white on their inner webs, and also narrowly tipped white;
tertials dark brown, edged and tipped with rusty; back, entire lower
surface below the breast, and upper tail-coverts white; rump with a
patch of black ; tailas in the winter plumage; bill black ; irides deep
brown ; legs orange yellow.

Length.—8 to 8'5 inches, wing 6, tail 2:5.

Hab.—India generally, along the sea shores, and sometimes inland
along the banks of large rivers. Its geographical range is very wide,
being found in Europe, America, and Africa, and throughout Asia, in
suitable localities. In Sind it is extremely common in the Kurrachee
harbour and at the mouths of the Indus. It occurs also on the Sambhur
lake, and on the banks of the river at Poona, in the Deccan; also on
the Beloochistan Coast and in the Persian Gulf.’

Dromas, Payk.—Bill long, lower mandible strongly angulated ;
tarsus long ; wings reach beyond the tip of the tail; feet webbed; hind
toe long aud slender.

Dromas ardeola, Poyktl. Handlist, Ac. Vet. Stockhlm. t. 8; Jard.
and Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 157; Jerd. B. Ind. iit. p. 658. Str. F. ii. 298 ;
vii. 186; vill. 883; Murray, Hibk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 212.—Tue
Crap PLovER.

Whole head, neck all round, chin, throat, breast, entire lowcr parts,
back, upper and lower tail-coverts and upper tertials white; generally
a dark loreal spot; mantle and interscapulars black; primaries and
secondaries black, their inner webs white ; greater wing-coverts black ;
tail reddish ashy, as also are some of the tertials near their tips; bill
black, 2°5 inches in length ; irides brown.

Length.—15 to 15°5 inches, wing 8°75 to 9, tail 24.

Hab.—Indian coasts, Africa, Red Seca, Seychelles, Madagascar,
Beloochistan Coast and the Persian Gulf. Common in Sind in the
Kurrachee harbour. Breeds in the Persian Gulf near Bushire. Mr. Hume
has given an account of its nidification in vols. vil, and vii. of
Str. Peathers. There is no nest, and the eggs are laid in a burrow about
4 fect deep in the loose sand; but whether this is dug by the bird, or

is that of a crab, is still a question, the holes being, it is said, too
narrow to admit the bird,

GRUB. 235

Gen Hematopus.—Linn.

Bill straight, long, very slightly bent upwards; nostrils linear in a
long cleft; toes three, all placed forward, no hind toe.

Hematopus ostralegus, Lin.; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 800; Jerd. B.
Ind. iii. pp. 660, 661; Str. F. i. p. 234; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 212.—Tue Ovsrer-Carcner..

Entire head, neck, breast, upper back, scapulars and tail black ;
lower orbital feathers white ; lower back, and eutire lower parts white,
also a ring round the throat; primaries black, the inner webs and
part of the outer webs of all, except the first two quills, white; the
white on the outer webs of the innermost primaries spreading to the
edges; secondaries basally and narrowly at tip white, with a subter-
minal black band; greater coverts and some of the secondaries and
lower tertiaries white, forming a large wing patch; lesser and primary
coverts black ; bill orange yellow, or bright scarlet, 3:5 to 3°75 inches
long ; irides lake red ; orbits orange.

Length.—16 to 17 inches, wing 10°5, tail 4, tarsus 2:25.

Hab.—Europe, Siberia, India, Ceylon, Afghanistan, Beloochistan,
Persian Gulf, Sind, the Eastern and Western Coasts of India; in fact has
avery wide distribution. Inhabitants of the sea shores, being seldom
found inland. It lives chiefly on molluscs, worms, &c., and is said to
easily disengage limpets from the rocks, and to pluck ont the oysters
from their half-opened shells, with its admirably adapted wedge-shaped
bill. Oyster-Catchers feed in the mornings and evenings, and also at
night, and are at all times watchful and shy in their habits.

Family, GRUIDA.

Bill long; mandibles equal ; nostrils in a deep groove; wings long ;
tertials long ; tail short, even ; tarsi long, scutelated.

Grus.—Bill moderately long, straight, somewhat thick, slightly
flattened at the base and curved tothe tip; 8rd and 4th quills of wing
longest ;. tail short ; tarsi with transverse scales ;.hind toe very short.

Grus antigone, Linn.; Edw. B. pl. 45;. Jerd, B. Ind. iii. p. 662;
Str. F. vi. 458; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind., p. 212.—Taz Sarvs
CRANE.

Head and neck naked, covered behind with numerous crimson papille,
and clad with afew black hairs, which accumulate below on the neck, and
form a sort of mane down the nape of the neck; ear-coverts white;
below this the neck is whitish grey, which gradually passes into a blue
or French grey, which is the colour of the whole plumage; the quillsand
inner webs of the tail feathers being dusky slaty ; seasonally it assumes
a pure white collar immediately below the crimson papillose ; skin of the
neck, and some of the tertiaries and scapulars become white, lengthened,
hang over gracefully and exceed the tail in length; bill pale sea green,
brownish at the tip; irides orange red ; legs and feet pale rosy red.

Length.— 52 inches, wing 26, tail 9°25, bill at front 6:25, tarsi 12:5
to 13.—(Jerdon).

936 GRUIDAS,

I have not a satisfactory specimen.

Hab.—Throughout the greater part of India. ItisrareinSind. Inthe
Punjab itis found in the Delhiand other districts, also in Rajputana, Kutch,
Concan and Deccan. Breeds over the whole of the N. W. Provinces,
Upper Bengal, Oudh and Guzerat, also Central India and Khandeish.

Grus leucogeranus, Pail. Jt. t.i; P. C. 467; Jerd. B. Ind. iii, p-
663; Str. F. i. 235; vii. 437; Murray, Hdbh.; Zool., §¢., Sind, p-
2138.—Tge Lares Wuirn, Snow-wrReEatH, or SipeRiaAN CRANE.

Plumage wholly white; primaries black ; tertiaries white, much
lengthened and reaching to or beyond the end of the tail; nude parts
of the face and legs red; hind head subcrested. In the young Mr.
Hume (Game Birds of India) says “‘There is no bare space about the
face, the whole head and upper half of the neck are of a somewhat
rusty buff, which is deepest on the head and cheeks, and pale on the
chin and throat.”

Length, Male.—58 to 56 inches, wing 28 to 26, expanse 90 to 99:5,
tarsi 11 to 12, bill from gape 7:75 to 8. Females are smaller, irides
pale yellow, bill brown, nasal membrane red.

Hab.—A winter migrant to India; occurs in the N. W. Provinces,
Punjab, and the Himalayas; also in Afghanistan, Hastern Turkistan
and Siberia. Uncommon in Sind. I havenever met with it. Mr, Hume
has however seen and recorded it.

Grus cinerea,

ANTHROPOIDES. 237

Grus cinerea, Bechst.; P. H. 769; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 270; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii, 865; Str. F. i. 285; iv. 15; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &e., Sind,
p- 218 (Koonj, Sind).—Tuz Common Crang.

Forehead to the middle of the crown covered with black hairy down,
through which the red skin shows; behind this nearly bare and entirely
so for about two inches on the nape, which is ash grey; chin, throat
and foreneck black ; a broad white streak from behind the eye, extend~
ing along the back of the neck from below the nape and partly on the
sides; lores and cheeks black; upper and lower surface of the body
dark bluish ashy; greater wing-coverts dull black; secondaries and
tertiaries grey and tipped with black, the latter in texture resembling
the plumes of the ostrich, narrowing to a point, forming an elegant
tuft of loose feathers, curled at the ends and falling gracefully over the
tail; legs and bare part of the thighs black; bill greenish brown at
the base, tinged blackish in the middle, with the tip dark horny ;
irides yellowish, orange red or reddish brown in some.

Length —43 to 46 inches, wing about 24, tail 7, tarsus 8°75 to 9,
bill 4°3 to 4°8.

Hab.—Europe, India, N. Africa. In India it is a winter visitant
everywhere. Besides occurring in Sind, it is recorded from Rajputana,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Deccan, N. Guzerat, Rajputana, Central India,
Khandeish, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh and Bengal. It has also
been found in Afghanistan, Beloochistan and Persia.

When feeding the Common Crane has always a sentinel posted to
give the alarm of danger, and hence it is extremely difficult to get within
guo-shot of the flock. The ordinary procedure is to walk alongside.
a bullock or horse, as if passing by them, and to fire immediately they.
rise; a duck gun with large shot usually brings down 2 or 4 out of a
flock. In Sind and probably in other parts of India too, the food of this
Crane consists of grain of all kinds; when in large parties they commit
great havoc in wheat fields.

Gen, Anthropoides.—Viell.

Bill shorter than in Grus ; head and neck feathered; breast feathers
lanceolate and hackled; tarsi long.

Anthropoides virgo, Linn.; P. E. 241; Hdw. B. pl. 184; Jerd.
B. Ind. iii, p. 666; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind.—Tus Demotseuie
CRANE. :

Forehead, lores, sides of the face, chin, throat, neck in front, and
breast plumes deep black; ear tufts white, issuing from behind the
eye; primaries black ; secondaries grey, black tipped ; back, scapulars,
tertials, upper tail-coverts and entire lower surface pale blue grey;
tertials elongated and drooping over the primaries and tail feathers,
most of them with a broad black tip.

Length.—31 to 85 inches, wing 19 to 20 or more, tail 6 to 7-5,
tarsus 7, bill from gape 2°7 to 3°05, tertiaries project about 6 inches
beyond the primaries.

238 SCOLOPACIDZE.

Hab.—Throughout the greater part of India; rare in Sind. Occurs
in Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, Deccan, the Nizam’s
dominions, where it is rare; also in Assam, N. W. and Central
Provinces, Central India, Khandeish and Oudh. Occurs also in
Afghanistan and Beloochistan, and probably also in Persia. In the
Deccan, about the Sattara and Belgaum districts, as well as in the
Concan and South India, it is said to be fairly common, arriving about
December.

Tribe, LONGIROSTRES.—Cwv.

A family of wading birds, in which Cuvier includes the snipe,
godwits, ibises, curlews, phalaropes, &c., at the end of which come the
avocets. These are nearly all migratory birds, and associate in flocks
during winter. Thecharacters by which this tribe is chiefly distinguished
are the long slender bill, and long and pointed wings ; the hind toe is
usually present, but wanting in some.

Family, SCOLOPACIDA.

Bill long, straight, compressed, soft, the point enlarged; the mandibles
furrowed for half their length ; upper mandible slightly longer than the
lower; nostrils lateral, situated basally in a groove and covered by
membrane ; feet moderate, slender, three toed, not webbed; hind toe
present; plumage varied and rich.

Gen. Scolopax.—Linn.

Characters same as those of the Family; lower mandible channelled
only to the middle; wings long, Ist quill longest; tibia feathered to the
knee,

Scolopax rusticola, Linn.; P. H. 885; Gould. B. Bur. pl. 319;
Jerd, iii. 672; Str, I. vi. 459; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind
p. 213.—Tur Woop-Cocx,

The peculiar shape of the head of this esteemed bird is almost a suffi-
cient character to identify it among others. The head is more obtusely
triangular than round ; the eyes are placed above its middle, near the
top, and the ears are nearly on a level with the corner of the mouth.

a

GALLINAGO, 239

Crown of the head ashy, or ashy grey; the nape and back part of the
head with four transverse alternate bands of black and rusty red or
chestnut brown; a dark streak from the gape to the eye; the orbital
feathers pale buff; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and upper tail-
coverts, marbled, spotted, barred, streaked and variegated with black,
white, grey, red, brown, rufous and yellow, that it is not possible to des-
cribe them with accuracy; chin pale yellowish brown, or nearly white ;
throat and breast pale brown, barred transversely with dark brown;
primaries blackish, with triangular spots of pale reddish brown on both
webs; secondaries and tertiaries blackish, but with the markings more
elongated and reaching to the shaft. The whole under parts are
yellowish white, numerously, barred with transverse dark undulating
lines; tail black, with spots and bars on both webs, the tips ashy
grey above and silvery white below; tibia feathered to the knee. Tho
female is larger, and only differs from the male in this respect and its
duller tints.

Length.—14 to 16 inches, wing 8 to 8°25, tail 38°25, bill at front
8 to 82 (upper mandible), tarsi 1°5 to 1:8, irides dark brown, legs
livid fleshy, as also is the bill with a tinge of grey.

Hab.—Europe, Egypt, India, Java. In India it is a summer resident
on the wooded ranges of the Himalayas, and a winter visitant to
the Neilgherries and the higher ranges of Southern India, parts of the
Punjab, Nepaul, Sylhet and Bengal, frequenting damp situations, and
feeding on worms, snails, slugs, &c. In Sind it is extremely rare, and
is known only by a single specimen obtained at Kurrachee. It is also
said to occur in North Canara and the Concan, also in Persia, Beloochis-
tan and Afghanistan.

Gen. Gallinago,—Steph.

Characters the same as in Scolopaz. Tibia not feathered to the knee ;
tail of 16—18 feathers.

. Gallinago sthenura, Aunhl.; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 674; Str. F.
vol. 1. 423, 496; ii. 294, 3385; v. 212; Murray, Hilbk., Zool., &c., Sind,
p. 214. G. Horsfieldi, Gr, Id/. Ind. Z. pl. 54.—Tue Pin-tait SNipz,
Crown dark brown or black, with a mesial longitudinal pale line ;
face white, divided by a dark line from the nostrils to the eye and
extending to the ear-coverts; there is also in some specimens a faint
line from the ear-coverts to in front of the neck on each side, but not
meeting; chin and throat white ; neck in front and behind pale fawn
brown, barred, streaked or spotted with brown'or dark brown; sides of
the abdomen like the breast, and transversely barred; middle of abdomen
white, barred in sorae specimens ; upper back, scapulars and wing-
coverts brown, darker on the mantle and scapulars, the feathers of which
are broadly edged with yellow and spotted and streaked with rusty ;
the scapulars, tertials and wing-coverts barred with the same; lower
back, ramp and upper tail-coverts rufescent brown, barred with
dusky ; under wing lining and axillaries white, distinctly and richly
barred with blackish brown; ‘tail basally dark brown followed by a

24.0 SODLOPACID AR.

large oval rufous or rufous buff patch, and a harrow subterminal dark
baud, tipped pale rufous or the colour of the oval patch; primaries and
their coverts, also the secondaries, pale brown or dusky, narrowly
margined at the tip with white, both webs unicolorous.

Length.—9°75 to 10 inches, wing 4-8 to 5:4, tail 2 to 2°5, tarsus 1:12
to 1:25. Females are larger. Legs and feet plumbeous with a greenish
tinge, irides deep brown, bill 2°2 to 2°6, gape and base of bill greenish,
rest of bill pale horny with a dusky tip for about one-third its terminal
length. In the females the bills average from 2°45 to 2°7.

Hab.—Nearly throughout India, rare in the Punjab, N. W. Pro-
vinces and Sind, also in Rajputana, Kutch and Kattiawar; fairly
common in N. Guzerat, Central India and Khandeish. In Bombay,
Concan generally, and the Deccan, as well in the Nizam’s Provinces, it
is plentiful, also in Lower Bengal, east and west of the Brahmapootra.
It is recorded from Araccan, Pegu, Tennaserim, the Andamans and
Nicobars, where it is most commonly met with. This snipe is a mi-
grant; arrives in Sind about the middle of August, and leaves about
the end of March or middle of April. Rice fields, mud swamps, and
the vicinity of large rivers, jheels and tanks, where there are sedges and
rushes, are the selected spots of the Pin-tail, at least in Sind.

Gallinago scolopacina, Bp.; P. B. 883; Gould. B. Bur. pl. 321,2;
Jerd. B. Ind. iit. p. 674, No. 871; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p.
214, Gallinago gallinaria, Gmel.; Str. F. vol. ii, 294, 835. (Soorkhab,
Sind.)—Tse Common Swipr.

Crown of the head black, with a mesial longitudinal white, yellowish,
or rusty white line; a superciliary on each side from the base of the
upper mandible of the same colour, and a dark streak below it to the
eye ; sides of the head spotted with dusky grey, tinged with ferruginous
brown; chin and throat white, or nearly white; neck on the sides
and in front yellowish white, spotted with brown; breast white,
brown, pale yellowish or ferruginous on the upper part, and spotted
with dusky; the sides greyish white, barred with dark brown: back
and scapulars velvetty black, the feathers broadly edged with yellow, and
barred and spotted with chestnut brown; the yellow edges to the

GALLINAGO. 241

feathers forming four conspicuous lines on the back; upper tail-
coverts, barred with alternate bars of dusky black and pale yellowish
brown, somewhat rufescent ; the under tail-coverts pale yellowish fawn,
also barred with dusky or dark brown; the middle of the abdomen is
white, in some specimens tinged with pale buffy fawn; axillaries and
flanks white, barred with dusky or dark brown, but not so broadly,
close and numerous as in Stenura; under wing lining white, a few
bars only on the edge of the wing; a white patch always conspicuous
in the centre of the wing; greater and lesser wing-coverts dusky or
dark brown, barred with rufescent, and edged and tipped with pale
white or cream colour; primaries dusky or dark brown, the first with
its outer web white; secondaries dusky or dark brown, broadly tipped
with white; the outer edges of their inner webs white, and striated with
dusky ; the inner webs of the primaries also whitish basally and mottled
minutely with dusky; tertiaries rufescent, barred with dark brown;
tail black at the base, with an oval patch of rusty orange or ferruginous,
then a subterminal narrow band, and tipped with buffy or pale reddish
yellow, in some specimens white; legs pale green; bill terminally for one-
third or more of its length deep brown, the rest basally horny brown with
a green and yellowish tinge ; its length from gape, of males 2°39 to 2°7, at
front 2°43 to 2°75; of females 2°62 to 3:0 at front, rather flat at the tip.

Length, Male. — 9 to 11 inches, wing 4°9 to 5:5, tail 2:5 to 2°8.
Tremales larger.

Hab.—Throughout India as a winter visitant, also Persia, Beloochis-
tan and Afghanistan. Arrives in Sind about the beginning of Septem-
ber and leaves in April, and with the Jack Snipe is tolerably abundant
every where. It is a very vigilant bird, and in consequence difficult to
shoot, especially in bogs and moist localities where rushes are present.
In such retreats, three, four or half a dozen may be seen ata time, walk-
ing leisurely, with head erect, and constantly on the alert; and at the
first note of alarm, they rise, and soon get out of gun-shot. This species,
it need hardly be mentioned, is held in much esteem for the table.

= SEN
Gallinago gallinula. ‘I'he Jud-Cock.

Gallinago gallinula, Lin. ; P. L. 884; Gould, B. Hur. pl. 3223
Jerd. B. Ind. iit. p. 676, No. 872; Str. I. vi. 459; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 214,—Tun Jack Syirz or Jop-Cock,

31 7

24.2 SCOLOPACIDA.

Crown of the head with a mesial longitudinal black streak from the
top of the upper mandible ;. on each side of this a yellowish or cream
coloured streak extending above the eye as a superciliary, and in some
specimens separated from the orbital region by a dark streak; a
dusky line from the gape to the eye, and another from below it curving
downwards to the ear-coverts ; the space between the two streaks white
or cream colour; chin and throat white, greyish, or pale brown ; sides
of the head greyish, greyish white, or brownish white, spotted with
brown and pale red; neck behind and nape ferruginous or greyish brown,
streaked or spotted with dusky; breast pale yellowish brown or dusky,
spotted or dashed with darker brown; abdomen white; flanks dashed
with brown and pale ferrugimous; axillaries pure white, with faint,
almost obsolete dusky markings; back and scapulars rich black, with
bronze green and purple reflections, the feathers of the upper back
and scapulars edged on their outer webs broadly with rich cream yellow,
forming two conspicuous longitudinal bands along each side; lower
back and rump glossy blue black, (specimens in August very narrowly
margined with albescent) ; primaries dusky, the basal half of the first
paler, not white ; inner primaries narrowly margined at the tip with
albescent, secondaries dusky, broadly tipped with white; tertiaries
dusky ontheir inner webs, spotted and streaked with reddish or yellowish
brown on their outer webs; tail dusky or dark brown, edged near the tips
with pale ferruginous; under tail-coverts white ; legs and feet pale green-
ish; irides deep brown; bill dark brown at the tip, 1°6 to 1:8 inches in
length at front, wing 4 to 4°6 inches, tail 1°8 to 2°2.

Hal.—Kvery where in India, and more plentiful than the common
snipe, with which it is generally associated. In Sind small parties begin
to arrive about the 26th of August, or a few days earlier than the commoa
snipe. It is a difficult bird to flush, seldom rising until nearly trampled
upon. It prefers deep cover at all times, but I have often seen them
on the oozy, semi-fluid mud of back waters, where there was not even a
stubble for cover.

Gen. Rhynchea.—Cuv.

Bill shorter than in Gallinago, curved downwards at the tip; wings
rounded ; tarsi long; tibia nearly entirely bare.

Rhynchea bengalensis, Lin.; P. E. 881; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p.
677; Str. Piv. 15; v. 228; vi. 459; Murray, Zool., Sc., Sind, p.
214.—Tue Painrup Syiez.

Crown of the head with a broad mesial longitudinal line, bordered
by dark brown, nearly black feathers, which form a line from the sides
of the upper mandible to the nape, where it is broader than in front;
a yellowish buff circle round the eye, and a line behind it ; chin and
throat whitish, the feathers with some faint dusky spots; neck in front
and breast olive brown, the feathers with white spots and bars; the
feathers on the lower part of the sides and middle of the breast
nearly dark brown, forming a dark pectoral band, another similar band
below this with a white interspace, but not meeting on the breast ;.
hind neck olivaceous, finely marked with dark transverse stria; mantle

LIMOSA. 243

and scapulars dark brown, with dark margined buffy yellow and
white bars; wing-coverts and tertiaries pale olive, with black
margined transverse bands or bars of rufous buft, broader and more
conspicuous on the tertiaries ; outer web of the first primary grey
brown, the rest paler, and all with 5—6 buff or rufous buff ocelli; the
interspaces between the basal three ocelli deep black, and between the
terminal ones greyish brown; inner webs of primaries with white bars and
dark wavy lines and marblings ; secondaries ashy grey, ocellated with
buff on their outer webs, the interspaces basally black, and terminally
with dark brown wavy lines ; their inner webs, like the primaries, with
white bars and wavy lines, and the tips margined with white, the
patterns showing through paler on the under side of the wing; tail
ashy grey, with buff ocelli on both webs, and tipped with buff;
abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts white. The female has the lores,
sides of the face, upper breast and back of neck chestnut, the
feathers edged whitish on the upper breast; back, scapulars and wing-
coverts, also the tertiaries dark olive with narrow, close, black striz,
the outermost tertials white, otherwise as in the male. Bill reddish
- brown; irides deep brown; legs and feet greenish.
Length.—9 to 10 inches, wing 4°9 to 5-2, tail 1°5 to 1-8, bill at front
1:8 to 2 inches.
Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Central India, Punjab,
N. W. Provinces and Ceylon. Breeds in Sind during May and June,
and in nearly all localities where it occurs.

Sub-Family, LIMOSIN®,—Goowirs.

Bill much lengthened, curved or straight from the base, or turned
upwards ; tail short and even; toes long, united at the base.

Gen. Limosa.—Briss.

Bill sub-curved at the tip, inclined upwards; Ist quill longest; outer
toe united to the middle as far as the first joint; tibia far more than
two-thirds its length; tarsi long, hind toe half the length of the
outermost,

Limosa egocephala, Lin.; P. H. 874, 916; Gould. B. Eur. pl.
305; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 681; Str. F. i. 235; iv. 16; vi, 460;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 215.—Tue Brack-raitzp Gopwir.

In winter plumage, the entire head, back of the neck, back, scapulars
and breast pale earthy grey, darker on the scapulars and back, where
each feather is dark shafted ; superciliary stripe, chin, throat, also the
abdomen and under tail-coverts white; rump white, the feathers of the
upper tail-coverts black for their terminal half; tail white at the base,
the terminal two-thirds tipped black, the outer feathers for their termi-
nal third only, and all more or less narrowly tipped white; primaries
and their coverts dusky brown, the inner primaries basally white, and
all white on their inner webs; secondaries dusky terminally, white
basally, and some of the tertials with their outer webs white ; greater

24:4 LIMOSIN Al

wing-coverts broadly edged with white, also some of the hinder primary
coverts ; shoulder of wing dusky brown, also the lower back ; neck in
front and flanks greyish white.

Length.—16 to 18 inches, wing 7°75 to 8°75, tail 3:12 to 3:5, bill at
front 3°7 to 4°5, of a dull reddish colour at base and dusky at the tip,
legs dusky greenish, irides dark brown.

Hab.—Nearly throughout India during winter. Rare in Southern
India, the Concan and the Deccan. Common in Kutch, Kattiawar
and Rajputava, also in Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan. In
Sind this species is numerous every where behind the tall grass, along
the edges of the Munchur Lake, in the shallow pools, wading up to
their body, and often swimming across deeper spots if beyond its
standing depth. It is held in much esteem for the table, being equal
to jack and the common snipe, especially those that have been feeding
in rice fields.

Limosa lapponica. The Bar-tailed Godwit.

Limosa lapponica, Lin.; P. FE. 900; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 806;

Hume, Str. F. i. p. 2386; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 216.—
Tue Bar-rainep Gopwir.

“Tn the winter plumage there is a broad indistinct white superciliary
band, and the feathers immediately below the eye are also white; the
chin and throat are pure white ; the forehead, the whole top, back and
sides of the head, and the neck all round brownish white, closely
streaked with darker brown, the streaks very minute on the sides of
the head, somewhat larger on the front of the neck, and darker and
stronger on the head and back of the neck, where but little of the
white remains visible. The upper back pale earthy brown, each
feather with a narrow dark brown central shaft-stripe and mostly
margined somewhat paler. The breast pale greyish brown, more or
less obscured by the albescent tippings to the feathers, and some of the
feathers with inconspicuous darker shafts; the feathers of the central

LIMOSA. 245

portion of the breast, if raised, will be found to be not merely tipped
whitish, but to be also obscurely barred with white; the abdomen,
vent, and lower tail-coverts are pure white, as are also the axillaries
and wing lining; the rump is white with a few cuneiform or heart-
shaped blackish brown spots; upper tail-coverts white, with narrow
irregular arrow-head bars; tail feathers grey brown with dark shafts
tipped white, and mottled with white on the inner webs of the exterior
ones, in some with traces of darker transverse bars; the primaries
and their greater coverts black; the shafts of the first two or three
white, subsequent ones brownish white; scapulars and tertiaries pale
brown, darker shafted, margined paler, and many of them more or less
tinged with ashy ; the lesser and median coverts like the scapulars, but
margined whitish ; secondaries brown, paler on their inner webs, and
margined on both webs and on the tips with white, as indeed are also,
so far as the tips are concerned, the later primaries, though Jess con-
spicuously so; the greater secondary coverts are more ashy brown,
narrowly margined with white. In one specimen, which appears to
be further advanced, the lateral tail feathers are distinctly barred
blackish brown and white; the cuneiform barrings on the rump and
upper tail-coverts are more marked; the axillaries are all strongly
barred ; the feathers of the sides and flanks, and also the lower tail-
coverts, exhibit numerous arrow-head bars; and one or two rufous or
chestnut feathers with black bars have begun to show themselves on
the breast.”

The summer plumage is thus described by Temminck :—

“ Male.—Upper part of the head and occiput blackish brown, mixed
with streaks of reddish yellow; a band of the latter colour over the
eyes; lores blackish brown; cheeks and throat of a yellowish red ;
all the lower parts of the body including the under tail-coverts pale
yellowish red; upper part of the back and scapulars blackish brown,
marbled with reddish yellow and whitish grey; lower part of the back
and rump white, marked with longitudinal yellowish red spots; the
tail marked with brown and white bars, those of the latter tint irre-
gularly distributed, and disposed more or. less longitudinally ; quills
black from their tip, the remaining part towards the bases blackish
brown, with their inner webs whitish grey, marbled with pale brown ;
the secondaries grey, with the shafts and margins white.

« Female.—The head and lores as in the male; the throat white,
marked with reddish grey; cheeks and neck very light reddish, with
numerous brown streaks, which become broader, and form small trans-
verse brown and white bars on the sides of the breast; the latter and
the belly marbled with white and very pale reddish; the abdominal
part white; the lower tail-coverts reddish white, with light brown
bars.

“ Length of Male.—14:5 to 14°8 inches, expanse 27 to 27°75, tail from
vent 2'7 to 3°3, wing 7:8 to 84, tarsus 2, bill at front 2°8 to 3-1,
weight 8°1 oz.

246 NUMENIN Al.

“Length of Female-—15°75 inches, expanse 28, tarsus 2, tail 3,
wing 84, bill at front 3°65, weight 9 oz.

“The legs and feet are black, in some dusky plumbeous ; irides
brown; bill pinkish for about the basal half, black or dusky on the
terminal half.’—“ Hume, 8. I’. vol. i. p. 236.”

Gen. Terekia.—Bp.

Bill recurved, long, slender; tarsi short; toes narrowly webbed;
hind toe less than half the size of the outer one. :

Terekia cinerea, Guldst.; N. Comm. Petrop. xix. t.19; Gould.
B. Bur. pl. 807, id. B. Asia, vi. pl. 84; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 682; Str.
Fi, 287; ii. 296; vi 460; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 217.—
Tue Avocet Sanp-Prrmr. ‘

Forehead, chin, throat, sides of the head and neck in front greyish
white, with ashy striz ; back, scapulars, tertials, rump and upper tail-
coverts ashy brown, the feathers with dark shafts; feathers of the
median wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; primaries dark
brown, the 1st quill with a white shaft ; secondaries dusky, broadly ter-
minated with white; shoulder and edge of the wing dark brown ; tail
concolorous with the back, the tips bordered witb white; sides of the
breast ashy grey, the feathers mesially darker; lower breast, abdo-
men, vent and under tail-coverts white. In an advanced stage of
plumage-—March—the entire upper parts are darker, the scapulars are
terminated with black, the chin and throat become pale ashy grey, and
there is a distinct fulvous orbital ring, the forehead and face become
fulvescent, and the inner primaries tipped with white.

Length.—10 inches, wing 5 to 5:2, bill at front 1-9 to 2, orange at
the base, the rest dusky or dark brown, tail 2 to 2°5, legs and feet
pale orange, irides brown.

Hab.—Sind, the Mekran Coast, Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerats
Northern and Southern India, affecting the sea coast, creeks and
channels during winter, found also in N. E. Europe and New South
Wales. According to Jerdon it breeds in Northern Asia, and is exten-
sively distributed over Hurope, Asia and Australia.

Sub-Family, NUMENINA.

Bill very long, slender, arcuate and compressed, with the tip hard
and rather obtuse.

Gen. Numenius.—Zinn.

Characters same as those of the Sub-Family ; bill curved from the
base; upper mandible slightly the longer; tarsi narrowly scutate
_ transversely; hind toe slender with a rudimentary nail.

247

lll bie

Numenius arquata. The Curlew.

Numenius arquata, Lin. ; P. #.818, Gould. B. Eur. pl. 302 ; Jerd,
B. Ind. vii. 683; Str. F. i, 237; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind,
p. 217.—Tuz Curtew.

Head, neck behind and in front, also the breast rufescent ashy, or
rufescent grey brown, the feathers with dark mesial longitudinal
shaft-streaks; upper back and scapulars varying from dusky to dark
brown, the feathers broadly edged fulvous or pale rufous; upper
abdomen white, the feathers with dusky shaft-streaks; lower abdomen,
vent and under tail-coverts pure white; lower back white; rump and
upper tail-coverts also white, with dark shafts; tail fulvous white with
transverse brown bars; chin and throat white, also a small space
above the eye in some specimens; first five primaries and edge of
wing dark brown, their inner webs mottled with white; secondaries
dusky brown with transverse white bars on both webs half across only,
the dark markings forming a rude saw, the edges and tips of the
feathers white.

Length.—21 to 26 inches, wing 12 to 12°5, tail 4°5, bill at front
5 to 7°25, irides dark brown, legs and feet bluish grey.

Hab.—Throughout most parts of Europe, India, N. Africa, Egypt,
Abyssinia and Palestine. Common along the sea coast and back
waters in great numbers during winter, also along the banks of the
Indus and Punjab rivers, and on all large inland sheets of water.

Numenius pheopus, Zin.; P. 842; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 303;
Jerd. B. Ind. iti. 684; Str. FB. ii. 297; Murray, ITdbk., Zool., §e.,
Sind, p. 217.—Tus Wuinmesc..

Forehead and crown dusky brown with a mesial longitudinal streak ;
lores dark brown; superciliary stripe white, extending from the upper

248 TRINGIN A.

side of the upper mandible; orbital feathers white ; chin and throat
white; neck in frant and behind, and breast ochreous white, the
feathers with a dark central longitudinal streak ; flanks, axillaries ‘and
uuder wing-coverts white, barred with pale brown, asalsoare the rump
and’ upper tail-coverts; tail brown, brownish white or grey brown,
with 6—7 bars of dark brown; lower back white ; upper back, scapulars
and wing-coverts dusky or deep brown, the feathers edged pale white
or dirty fulvous; primaries dusky or dark brown, their inner webs
as well as both webs of the secondaries with white bars, not reaching
the shaft.

Affects the same situations as the curlew, in small flocks. In the
Kurrachee harbour it is oftener seen than the curlew, and is more shy and
difficult to approach, but unlike the curlew it is often seen on open
barren tracts, or sandy flats, far inland, in flocks of 3, 4 or half a dozen.
It is common all along the sea coast, mud banks and sandy islands of
estuaries of rivers, or of the sea, and like the curlew is a fine bird for
the table; Jerdon says it is perhaps better than the curlew, and has
been called the “‘ Woodcock” of Bengal.

Sub-Family, TRINGINAZ,—Srints, &c.

Bill rather long, flat and wide, keeled near the tip, somewhat
flexible ; nostrils in a groove extending two-thirds the length of the
bill ; wings long; toes divided or narrowly webbed.

Gen. Philomachus—WMoehr.

Bill straight; first and second quills of wing longest; outer toe
united as far as the first joint ; hind toe short and elevated.

Philomachus pugnax, Lin.; P. #. 300, 395, 806; Gould. B. Hur.
pl. 328; Jerd. B. Ind. iii, p. 687; Str. F. i, 239; iv. 17; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., Se. Sind, p. 219.—Tur Rurr—Female, Runve.

In winter the plumage of these birds is very variable, the upper
parts are from pale earthy to rich brown, the feathers with black or dark
brown central spots and fulvous edges; the head, nape and neck be-
hind paler; chin and throat white; neck in front and breast pale earthy
or grey brown, the feathers margined at the tip with white; abdomen,
vent and under tail-coverts white; primaries dark brown; secondaries
paler, edged and margined at the tip with white; greater coverts
tipped white, forming a wing band; the lesser and median ones black,
edged with rufous or reddish brown, also the greater coverts in
some stages. The plumage is so variable, that out of 50 skins or more,
no two birds would be found alike. During summer or in their breeding
plnuinage the males acquire a raff, which is very variously coloured
and stands erect behind the head, the face is covered with reddish tuber-
eles and the upper parts and breast marked with transverse bars.

Length.—12 to 12°5 inches, wing 7°25, tail 2°5, bill at front 1-3,
farsus 2,

Bill dusky ; irides brown; legs fleshy yellow.

TRINGA, 249

Hab.—Throughout India and in great numbers during winter. Occurs
also in Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan. Breeds in Europe. During
spring on their return to the breeding grounds, generally the fens,
they become very pugnacious, the females being “causa terrima belli.”
Being polygamous, the Ruffs, on hearing the cry of a female, or
seeing one, immediately rouses itself, and begins a fight with
others ; their combats are described as being both desperate and long ; at
the end of the fight the female, it is said, becomes the mate or prize of
the victor. Buffon says—“they not only contend with each other
in a single rencounter, but they advance to combat in marshalled
ranks.” “Their actions in fighting,” according to Selby, “ are very
similar to those of a game cock, with the head lowered, and the beak
held in a horizontal position ; the ruff and every feather distended, the
former sweeping the ground as a shield” ; and he adds ‘“‘that in such
feuds their contests are often attended by fatal consequences.”

Gen. Tringa.—L.

Toes edged by membrane; wings with the Ist quill longest; tarsi
rather short ; bill straight or slightly bent, obtuse at the extremity.

Tringa crassirostris, Tem. et Schleg. Faun. Jap. p. 107, pl. xiv. ;
Str. F. vol. i. p. 240; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 218. Tringa
tenuirostres, Horsf. ; Gould. B. A. vi. pl. 38.

The following is Mr. Hume’s description of the species.

‘In the winter plumage the upper surface reminds one not a little of
that of Totanus stagnatilis, The whole lower parts are white, but the
base of the neck im front and the sides are marked with numerous
swall brown striz, and the upper breast, besides having more or less of
these striations, is mottled with larger pale brown spots, here and
there interspersed with conspicuous heart-shaped blackish brown spots,
which are the first traces of the coming summer plumage. Lores, top,
back and sides of the head and neck very pale greyish brown, all the
feathers narrowly streaked along the shaft with dark brown; the upper
back and whole mantle is a mixture of pale brown and ashy, most of
the feathers with blackish shafts, more or less darkly centred, and all
conspicuously, though narrowly, margined and tipped with white.
Lower back and rump brown, the feathers narrowly and regularly
margined with white ; upper tail-coverts similar, but the white margins
much broader, and the brown more or less obsolete on mauy of them.
Tail feathers greyish brown, greyer and somewhat darker on the
central ones, and paler and browner on the external ones; all are ex-
cessively, narrowly, in fact almost obsoletely, bordered with white.
The primaries and their greater coverts are hair brown, most of the
latter tipped white; the secondaries and their greater coverts are a pale
somewhat greyish brown, all of them narrowly, but the coverts less
narrowly of the two, margined with white, The wing lining, except
just at the margin of the wing, which is mottled with brown, pure white ;
the axillaries white with traces of irregular, wavy pale brown bars.
There are a few elongated triangular pale brown dashes on the flanks,
and in some specimens one or two larger blackish brown spots pertain-
ing to the summer plumage.”

32 z

250 TRINGIN Al,

According to Schlegel the summer plumage is as follows:—

“Feathers of the head and neck each with a large dark brown
longitudinal streak or spot on an albescent ground, which is tinged
with brownish rufous on the nape. Feathers of the breast and nape
brownish black, each with a whitish transverse band about the middle,
often tinged with brownish red towards the middle. The rest of the
lower parts and the rump pure white, spotted, except towards the
middle of the abdomen, with broader or narrower dark spots. Back
and wings brownish black, lighter on the wing-coverts; all the feathers
spotted and bordered with a bright brownish rufous, gradually disap-
pearing towards the edge of the wing. Lower wing-coverts white,
becoming black at the base.

“Bill black, sometimes paler at the base of lower mandible; legs
and feet dusky, greenish dusky, yellowish plumbeous or pale plumbe-
ous, according, I suppose, to age or seasonal progress.

“ Tength.—11°35 to 12 inches, expanse 23°5 to 24, tail from vent 2:7
to 28, wing 7-1 to 7°38, bill at front 1:6 to 1:83, tarsus 1‘4 to 1°58,
wings when closed reach from 0°83 to 0:4 beyond erid of tail.”

Hab.—Kurrachee (Sind) and the Beloochistan Coast. Common
during winter in the Kurrachee harbour and along the Mekran Coast.
Recorded also from Australia and Java.

Tringa subarquata, Gould.; P. E. 851; Pl. Col. 510; Gould. B.
Eur. pl. 328; id. B. As. pl. 32; Jerdon, Birds Ind, iii. p. 689; Str. F.
1. 242; vii. 487; Murray, Hadbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 2i9—Tue Cur-
Lew Stinr or Sanp-Piprer.

Winter Plumage.—Bill curved downwards. Head, on the crown and
sides, back of the neck and nape light greyish brown, streaked with
darker brown and dusky black, with an olivaceous gloss; face and
supercilia white, anda dark streak from the gape to the eye; sides of
the neck and in front greyish, streaked with brown ; breast the same ;
abdomen and upper and lower tail-coverts white; back, scapulars aud
wing-coverts ashy brown, the shafts darker; tail ashy grey, edged with
white; primaries dusky brown, also the secondaries, which are tipped
with white; axillaries white; lesser coverts grey, the shafts darker.

Length.—8—10 inches, wing 5, tail 1°75, bill at front 1:6. Bill black;
irides brown; legs dusky grey. In summer plumage the forehead is
whitish, mixed with pale reddish brown; supercilia pale yellowish white;
chin white; head, neck and nape ferruginous with dark markings ;
throat, breast and upper abdomen chestnut; in a specimen obtained on
20th May the feathers are all narrowly edged with white; lmck,
scapulars and tertiaries black; also the lesser covcrts, the feathers
edged with chestnut.

Hab.—India generally, also Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan.
Recorded from Cashmere and Egypt, also from Australia and Java.
Found commonly along the Sind and Mekran Coasts and on the large
dhunds, not far inland. It occurs in Kutch and Kattiawar and the
Bombay Coast in some numbers, also in the Kurrachee harbour.

PRINGA. 251

Tringa cinclus, Lin. ; P. H. 852; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 329; Jerd. B.
Ind. iii. 699; Str. F. i. p. 2423; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 220.
Tringa alpina, L.—Tae Donuin.

Crown of the head, lores and cheeks ashy brown; a pale white
supercilium from the base of the bill over each eye; back and
scaj.tars pale ashy brown, the feathers dark shafted and edged paler;
lesser and median coverts brown, edged paler, almost ashy; greater
coverts brown, tipped with whitish; throat, breast, belly, vent and
under tail-coverts pure white, the breast with afew brown streaks ;
tail with the two central feathers dusky or deep brown, the rest ashy
and edged whitish.

Length.—6'5 to 7:5 inches, wing 4°5, tail 1°87, bill at front 1:25,
black ; legs greenish dusky, irides brown.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Guzerat,
Kutch and Kattiawar Coast. A winter visitant, arriving about the
middie of September. In the Kurrachee harbour the Dunlin is simply
numerous, also on the Mekran Coast, where they may be seen running
nimbly near the edges of the sea or skimming along near the surface
in fairly large flocks.

Tringa minuta, Leisl.; Naum. vogt. t. 184; Gould. B. Hur. pl.
852; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 690; Str. F. i. 242; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§c., Sind, p. 220.—Tue Lirriz Srint.

In winter the upper parts are ashy or pale earthy brown, the
feathers of the back, scapulars, tertials and lesser and median wing-
coverts mesially dusky or dark brown, and in some very narrowly
edged with whitish. ‘There is a dark spot in front of the eye, and a
pale white supercilium ; the chin, throat, centre of the breast and rest
of the under surface, including the vent, axillaries and under tail-coverts,
are white; sides of the breast ashy brown; primaries mostly white
shafted, dusky brown, slightly paler on their inner webs; secondaries
white, basally and also narrowly tipped with white; greater wing-
coverts tipped with white, forming a conspicuous wing band; rump,
upper tail-coverts and two central tailfeathers dusky or dark brown;
lateral tail feathers pale ashy.

Length.—6°6 inches, expanse 13:1, tail 2°3, tarsus 0°9, wing 3°8, bill
at front 0°6; irides deep brown, legs black.

Hab.—Nearly throughout Europe and India, also Java, Formosa,
Australia and China. In Sind, along the coast ; also in the Kurrachee
harbour; inland on the large pieces of water and on the Munchur Lake,
this Little Stint is extremely common, also cn the Mekran Coast, the
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, and Ceylon. Occurs
in Persia, Beloochistan (Quetta), and Afghanistan, and in fact has a
very wide distribution. In the Concan, Deccan and Southern India
generally it is equally abundant.

Tringa Tommincki, Leisl.; Pl. Col. 41, 1; Gould. B. Hur,
pl. 83; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 691; Str. FP. vol. i. 242, 248, 244; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 220—Tan Warra-tamep or Trmaincx’s
Stint.

252 TRINGIN AL. .

Upper parts as in minuta ; chin, throat and supercilia white ; a dark
spot in front of the eye; breast and lower neck ashy brown ; belly, vent
and under tail-coverts white; four central tail feathers dusky brown,
the rest white ; legs pale horny green, or greenish olive.

Lenyth.—6 to 6°25 inches, wing 3°8, bill at front 0°7, irides deep
brown.

Hab.—As the last, and associated with it everywhere.

Limicola platyrhyncha, Tem. ; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 331 3 G. RP.
Gr. and M. G. B. pl. 156, 2; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 692; Str. F. i, 246;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 220.—Tue Broap-Bitiep Stine.

Tn winter, the crown of the head, back, scapularsand wing-coverts are
ashy brown, tinged with rufous ; neck and cheeks white, spotted with
brown; primaries and tail brown, the latter edged with pale reddish ashy ;
lower parts white; the flanks, breast and under tail-coverts tinged with
rufous. In summer dress the Broad-billed Stint has the crown of the
head brownish black, varied with greyish ; the neck on the sides and in
front greyish white, with black spots, and tinged with buffy ; chin white,
with a few dark spots; lower back black with fulvous white or rufous
margins to the feathers.

Length.—6'5 to 6°75 inches, wing 3°9 to 4°82, bill at front 1:27 to
1:87, tarsi 0°94; irides deep brown, legs and feet dusky black.

Hab.—The Indian Coast generally. Occurs commonly at Kurrachee
and along the Mekran Coast, also at Kutch, and in Bengal.

Gen. Calidris.—Cwv.

Hind toe wanting, otherwise as in Tringa.

Calidris arenaria, Lin. ; Wils. Amer, Orn. pl. 59, 4, 68,3; Gould.
B. Eur. pl. 335; Jerd. B. Ind, ii. p. 694; Str. FP. vol, i, 244; iv. 348,
465; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p. 221.—Tuz SanpdERLING.

In winter the forehead, lores, cheeks, chin, throat, breast, neck in
front, belly, thighs, ventand under tail-coverts white; crown of the
head, sides of the neck and breast, back and scapulars cinereous or
ashy brown, the feathers with dark shafts; shoulders and edge of
the wing dark brown; median and greater coverts like the back,
dark shafted and tipped white; primaries dark brown, all white
shafted ; their inner webs ashy, and the four middle ones white on their *
outer webs, forming in the closed wing a wedge-shaped spot; secondaries
brown or dusky, tipped with white ; ramp and upper tail-coverts brown,
edged with white ; tail brownish ash, edged with white, the two
central feathers darker than the rest; bill black, 0°93 to] inch in
length.

Length.—7'5, wing 4°75, tail 2, tarsus 0:92 ; irides deep brown, legs
black.

Hab.—Kurrachee (Siud) Beloochistan Coast, Persia; Kutch, Guzerat,
Concan and South India, also the Laccadives, the West Coast and
the Irrawady Delta. In the Kurrachee harbour extremely abundant,
associated with the Stints on the sea shore.

ACTITIS. 258

Sub-Family, PHALAROPODINA.

Bill straight, curved at the tip; tarsi short; toes lobed on the sides,
united at the base; hind toe edged with narrow membrane.

Gen. Phalaropus.—Briss.

Bill long; 1st and 2nd quills of wing longest.

Phalaropus hyperboreus, Lin.; Hdw. B. pl. 148; P. HE. 766;
Gould. B. Eur. pl. 3386; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 696; Str. F. i. 246; ii, 838;
v. 290; vii. 487; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 221.—Tux
Lesser Coot-rootep STINT or THE RED-NECKED PHALAROPE.

Crown, back of neck and nape dark lead or slaty ; in winter the fore-
head is white, tinged with grey ; the streak over the eye, and the crown
and nape are blackish grey; the neck on the sides is fine yellowish
red, which in winter wears away into white, with sometimes a tinge
of purple ; in front dark grey with a white edging ; chin white; throat
fine yellowish red; in winter white, with a slight tinge of pink;
breast white with some streaks below on the sides of a pale ash colour,
and in winter with a faint blush of purple red; back dark or blackish
lead colour, the feathers with a margin of ash grey and brownish yellow ;
greater wing-coverts dark lead colour, tipped with white, forming a
distinct bar across the wing in winter; lesser wing-coverts dark lead
colour; primaries very dark brown, black in winter ; secondaries mar-
gined with reddish yellow on the outer web, which in the winter
plumage is white; tail brownish grey, margined with white; the two
middle feathers darkest, nearly black ; under tail-coverts white ; legs
and toes dusky greenish grey; claws black; lores dusky greenish.

Length.—7-25, wing 4°25, expanse 14:0, tail 2°19, bill at front 0°81.

Hab,—Kurrachee, Mekran Coast and Persian Gulf, also Afghanistan.
On the Continent of Europe it occurs in France, Holland, Germany,
Italy and Sweden.

Sub-Family, TOTANIN 41,—Sanp-Pirzrs.

Bill grooved as far as, or beyond, the middle, moderately long, the tip
hard and pointed; nostrils narrow ; hind toe long and slender, barely
reaching the ground.

Gen. Actitis.—Iil.

Groove of the bill extending quite to the tip; Ist quill of wing
longest.

Actitis glareola, Lin.; Gould. B. Hur. p. 315, 2; Jerd. B. Ind.
iii, p. 697; Str. F.vii. 488; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 221.—
‘Tue Sporrep Sanp-Piper.

Winter Plumage.—Crown of the head, forehead, nape and back of the
neck dusky brown, the feathers with narrow white or greyish edgings;
a dark streak from the base of the bill to the eye, and a white one
above it; chin and throat white, rather sullied; fore neck and breast the
same, but suffused with ashy brown, darker on the sides, where the
feathers are indistinctly dark shafted; back, scapulars and tertials

254 TOTANINAR,

dusky, the feathers edged with white or greyish white spots ; axillaries
white with transverse oblique dusky brown spots; primaries, secondaries
and their coverts dusky brown, the shaft of the first quill and the tips of
the later inner ones white ; the greater wing-coverts margined and tipped
with white ; rump, upper and lower tail-coverts and abdomen white;
tail, with the central feathers longest and barred with black and white
alternately, the barrings oblique, the rest less broadly barred and
decreasing on the outer ones to dusky markings on the outer webs
only ; legs pale olive green; irides deep brown.

Length.—8°'5 to 9 inches, wing 5, tail 2, bill at front 1:2, tarsus 1°5.

Hab.—Common nearly throughout India, also in Beloochistan,
Persian Gulf, and Afghanistan during winter.

Actitis ochropus, Linn.; P. H. 843; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 815, 1;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 698; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 221.—Tus
Green Sanp-Pirer. ,

In winter plumage the forehead, crown, nape and back of the neck
are deep or dusky brown, the feathers streaked with white; a dark
streak from the base of the bill to the eye, and a white one above it;
chin and throat white; back and scapulars olive brown or brown
glossed with greenish, each feather edged with small roundish spots,
the spots on the scapulars distinctly margined behind with deep brown;
primaries and their coverts and secondaries deep brown, none of them
white shafted; wing-coverts dusky brown; azvillaries dusky or dark
brown, with narrow oblique white bars ; abdomen, vent and upper and
under tail-coverts white; tail white, broadly barred with deep brown, the
middle feathers having four bars, and those next to them decreasing in
number, the outer feathers on each side being pure white with some-
times a dusky subterminal spot on the onter web; legs and feet green-
ish grey; bill black; irides brown,

Length.—9°5 to 10 inches, wing 5°5 to 6, tail 8, bill 1-87, tarsus
nearly 1°5.

Hab.—Throughout India, Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan, fre-
quenting the banks of rivers, edges of lakes and large sheets of water ;
a winter visitant, seldom seen along the sea coast.

Actitis hypoleucus, Lin.; P. H. 850; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 818;
Jerd. iii. p. 699; Str. F. ii. p. 299; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind,
p. 220.—Tuz Common Sanp-Pirgr.

Forehead, crown, nape and back of the head ashy brown, streaked
with dark narrow lines; supercilium white, also the orbital rivg, clin
and throat; sides of the face pale ashy with brown streaks; middle
of the breast white, the sides mottled or streaked with brown, ov
entirely brown; back, scapulars, tertiaries and lesser wing-coverts ashy
brown, glossed with green, and with fine transverse dark lines; greater
wing-coverts ashy brown, tipped with white, which with the white
bases of the secondaries form a conspicuous wing band; primaries and
their coverts dark brown, the latter tipped with white, and all, except
the first primary, and sometimes the second also, with a large white
spot on their inner webs; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts

TOTANUS, 255

ashy brown, with dark transverse bars; four central feathers of the
tail like the back, the rest tipped with white and with dark spots along
their edges; beneath white. Hill dusky ; irides brown; legs pale green.
Length.—7 to 8 inches, wing 4°5, tail 2°4, tarsus 0°97 to 1, bill 0°97.
Hub.— Less common than the two preceding, affects the sea coast
as well as lakes, &c., inland. Throughout India, Burmah, Malacca, &c. ;
also Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan.

Gen. Totanus.—Bech.

Bill slightly curved at tip, groove half the length of the bill; tarsi
with narrow scales in front, otherwise as in Actitis.

Totanus glottis, Lin.; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 812; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p- 700; Str. I’. i. 247; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 221.—Tue
GREEN SHANKs.

In winter the forehead, except a few brown streaks in the middle,
sides of the face, chin, throat, neck in front, and entire lower parts,
including the under tail-coverts, are white, also the lower back, rump
and upper tail-coverts; adark streak from the base of the bill to the
eye; crown of the head, sides of the neck and nape dusky, the feathers
streaked whitish or greyish white; sides of the breast white, mottled
with ashy brown; upper back and scapulars brown, the feathers
edged whitish ; the scapulars distinctly dark shafted, also the tertiaries ;
primaries dark brown, the shaft of the first quill white, and the edges
and tips of the inner ones also white; secondaries ashy brown, tipped
white; tail white, with narrow transverse dark bars, the outer ones
nearly pure white; bill slightly curved upwards, dusky greenish, 2:2
in length ; irides brown.

Length.—14 to 145 inches, wing 2:2, tail 3°75, tarsus 2°75.

Hab.—India generally during winter, along the sea coast, lakes,
rivers, &c. Widely distributed. Recorded from N. H. Europe, Red
Sea, Africa and Australia. Like all the Totanine it is excellent
eating,

Totanus stagnatilis, Bechst. ; P. EH. 876, Gould. B, Hur. pl. 814 ;
id. B. As. vi. pl. 37; Jerd. B. Ind. iti. p. 701; Murray, Hadbk., Zool.,
§c., Sind, p. 221.—Tue Lirrne Green SHanKs.

In winter the plumage of the upper parts are the same as Totanus
glottis; shoulder of the wing black ; entire under parts white; sides of
the breast not so much spotted or streaked with dark brown; bill not
curved upwards as in glottis; tail banded white and dusky.

Length.—10°5 inches, wing 5:25, tail 2, bill 1°62, tarsus 2°25; legs
pale green, irides brown.

Hab.—The same as glottis and usually associated with it.

tanus fuscus, Lin.; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 309; Jerd. B. Ind.
re 702, Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 222.—Tus Sporrep Rep
SHANES.

256 TOTANIN AS.

In winter the forehead, crown, nape, back of neck and upper back
ashy grey, finely streaked with dusky ; supercilium white, and a dusky
streak fromr the base of the bill to the eye; chin and throat white, sides of
face white with some fine dusky streaks; breast and under parts mottled
and barred with dingy ash brown and dull fulvous, or greyish white;
upper back, scapulars, shoulder of wing and lesser coverts a glossy
olive brown, darker on the upper back and tertiaries, all the feathers
spotted on the edges with white; the wing-coverts also tipped with
white ; lower back white; rump barred with undulating lines of ashy
brown and white; tail also barred the same; primaries dark brown, the
inner ones pale brown, tipped and mottled with white; secondaries
barred white and pale brown; legs deep orange red; _ bill blackish,
orange at the base beneath.

Length.—18 inches, wing 6°75, tail 2°5, tarsus 2°8, bill 2°4.

Hab.—Throughout India during winter; usually solitary or in very
small parties. It is a sea shore bird, but is also found on the edges of

rivers, lakes, mud banks, &. It is said to swim well, and also to dive
when in danger.

Totanus calidris, Lin.; P. EB. 845; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 310 ; Jerd.
B. Ind. iii, 702; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 221.—Tuz Rep
SHANK.

Winter Plumage.—Forehead,crown, nape, back of the neck, upper back
and scapulars cinereous or glossy olive brown, the feathers on the back
and scapulars dark shafted ; supercilium and orbital ring white; chin
and throat white ; sides of the face greyish white, with narrow brown
streaks ; neck in front and breast greyish white, with dusky or greyish
brown linear markings ; primaries dusky, their inner webs white ; the first
quill white shafted, and some of the inner ones white tipped ; secondaries
white ; tertials like the back; wing-coverts olive brown, the greater
ones tipped with white; axillaries, under wing-coverts, abdomen, vent
and under tail-coverts white; lower back white; upper tail-coverts and
tail white, barred with dusky.

Length.—11°5 inches, tail 2°7, wing 6:45, bill at front 1:7 to 1:9,
reddish at the base, its terminal half dark brown, tarsus 2; irides brown,
legs red.

Hab.—India generally during winter. Sind, Persia, Beloochistan
and Afghanistan, Southern and Western India, N. W. Provinces and
Oudh. Breeds in the North of Europe.

Totanus.—Sp.

Female.—Frontal zone greyish white, the feathers with mesial narrow
brown streaks ; crown of the head cinereous, the feathers edged with
greyish white ; an indistinct dusky spot between the base of the bill
and the eye, and a white supercilium ; chin and throat white; neck in
front and on the sides greyish white, the feathers with narrow mesial
dusky streaks ; back of the neck ashy grey, also with mesial narrow
dusky streaks; breast greyish white with dusky spots, which become

RECURVIROSTRIN A. 257

linear lower down and on the sides and flanks, forming interrupted
lines ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; upper back, scapulars
and tertials ashy brown, the feathers dark shafted ; the tertials reach
beyond the fourth quill, and are edged and tipped with fulvous white;
primaries dark brown, nearly black, paler on their inner webs, and all
white shafted, except at their tips ; secondaries ashy grey, white-shafted
and margined and tipped with white; greater, median and lesser coverts
ashy grey, the feathers dark-shafted and edged and tipped with white,
more broadly on the median and lesser wing-coverts; first two rows of
feathers on the shoulder earthy brown, edged rufescent; axillaries and
thigh-coverts white; lower back and rump dusky brown, the feathers
edged and tipped with white ; upper tail-coverts the same, but the brown
very much paler; tail pale earthy brown, the feathers with distinct pale
margins and tips, the central feathers very slightly darker, tarsi short,
1°37 inches ; toes slender, fringed on the sides and webbed about }
inch; mid-toe and claw 1:12; tail from vent 2°62; bill at front 1:62;
upper mandible slightly the longer and bent over at the tip; wing
7°12, Ist quill longest; irides dark brown.

Length.—About 11°5 inches (mounted specimen); legs and feet
greenish yellow. This is either a new species or an aberrant from of
Totanus. It is quite unlike any of the other species, except Totanus
Haughtont with the figure of which in the April number of the Ibis,
1883, pl. iv, it agrees in a few characters. The markings of the breast
and upper parts agree very well, but the lower back, rump and upper
tail-coverts are not white as in that species or form. These are dusky
with whitish edges and tips. Again in the webbing of the toes, this
Kurrachee specimen differs from 7. Haughtoni in having only one-eighth
inch of a web, the fringe however is quite apparent. The palatal
recurved horny papille referred to by Mr. Hume are also present.

In measurements however there is a wide difference. Mr. Hume
gives :—
Length. Expanse. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill at Gape. Bill at front.

Male .....0.. 138° 2 22:25 7 3 3:0 1:85 25 21
Females ...12° 9 2223 70 30 1:65 2 2 1:92

The Kurrachee specimen is a female and measures—
TEE 8 eases 712 2:62 1:37 1°75 1°62

These measurements it will be seen will not fit any of the other
species of the genus.

Hab.—Kurrachee (Sind) in the harbour during winter. This single
specimen was obtained in November 1882.

Sub-Family RECURVIROSTRINAL.—Bp.

Nostrils narrow, membranous ; tail short and rounded ; tarsi long,
covered with reticulated scales ; bill long and slender, recurved in one

genus,
33 2

258 RECURVIROSTRIN Zi.

Gen. Recurvirostra.—Linn.

Bill long, thin, the keel flattened, the tips turned upwards ; toes
united by webs; hind toe short.

Recurvirostra avocetta, Linn; P. H. 353; Gould. B. Eur. pl.
289; Jerd. B. Ind. iti. 1, 248; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e., Sind,
p- 222.—Tuz Avoset, Scooper or CROOKED-BILL.

Forehead in some specimens faintly white, otherwise black ; crown,
lores, nape and back of the neck black; scapulars, lesser wing-coverts
and upper tertials black ; primaries black, some of the inner ones with
their inner webs white ; secondaries and some of the tertials white ;
chin, throat, neck in front, lower neck behind, lower back, rump,
upper tail-coverts and entire under surface white.

Length.—17 to 18 inches, bill 3°5 inches, curved upwards, black ;
wing 8°5, tail 3, tarsus 3°62; irides red brown, legs pale bluish grey.

Hab.—Throughout India during winter; 5. E. Europe, Lower Egypt,
Senegal and Persia. Common in Sind, in large flocks inland, on almost
every large sheet of water, especially on the Munchur Lake and along
the edges of tanks, &c. Occasionally affects the sea coast and Kurrachee
harbour, but by preference the inland waters. Breeds probably in
Persia. In Upper India the Avocet is less common, and rather rare
in Kutch, Jodhpore and N. Guzerat.

Gen. Himantopus.—Briss.

Bill long and straight; toes webbed only at the base ; nostrils linear ;
hind toe wanting.

Himantopus intermedius, Blyth, Cat. 1573; Gould. B. Eur.
pl. 289. Himantopus candidus, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 704; Murray,
fdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 222.—T ue Srirt.

In winter plumage, the forehead, lores, chin, throat, entire lower parts,
lower back and rump white; crown of the head dusky or dark ash;
neck behind ashy grey, the feathers tipped with white; upper back and
scapulars brown, the feathers with pale tippings ; primaries dark brown,
the inner ones tipped white; secondaries also with white tips; central
tail feathers very pale grey, the rest white. In the breeding plumage
the primaries, secondaries, scapulars, tertiaries and upper back are rich
glossy black, with greenish reflections ; the crown of the head dusky or
dark brown, spreading over and below the eyes.

Length.—15 to 16 inches, wing 8°5 to 9, tail 3, bill black, reddish at
the base, 2°75 inches in length, tarsi 4'5 to 5°5; irides blood red, legs
and feet lake red.

Hab.—India generally, in large flocks during winter, frequenting
margins of lakes and ponds, also banks of rivers. Breeds in Sind
during June in the Narra Districts. Eggs 2—4 in number, of a pale blue
colour, spotted and speckled with dark brown and olive green. Incuba-
tion 18 to 20 days. The young are said to leave the nest immediately

HYDROPHASIANUS. 959

they are hatched and hide themselves among very scanty cover. Found
alsoin Beloochistan, Afghanistan and Persia, and probably Mesopotamia.

Family, PARRIDA.

Bill long, one and a half or twice the length of the head ; nostrils
lateral; wings spurred or with a tubercle; tarsi long ; toes long with
long claws.

Sub-Family, PARRINA.
Gen. Hydrophasianus.— Wadi.

Ast and 2nd quill of wing equal and longest; primaries with lan-
ceolate appendage to the tips.

Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Scop.; Lath. Syn. Suppl. pl.177;
Gould. Cat. H. B. pl. 77; id. B. As. pl. 8; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 709; Hume,
Str. F. i. p. 249; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 222. (Peehoo,
Sind.) —Tuz PHEasANtT-TAILED JACANA,

In winter plumage, the forehead, crown, a streak from the base of the
bill through the eye, extending down each side of the neck on to the
breast and forming a pectoral gorget, also the back of the neck, dusky
or pale hair brown, the feathers on the forehead and crown tipped with
white ; supercilium white, and a pale golden yellow line from behind the
eye; back, scapulars, tertials and lesser wing-coverts glossy olive,
or pale hair brown; the lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts and
central tail feathers slightly darker, and the lesser wing-coverts
mottled and barred transversely with white. Shoulder of wing spurred.
First primary with an appendage, the shaft of 2nd, 8rd and 4th in
some specimens hair like at the tip, all dark brown, and, except the first
and second, broadly white on their inner and outer webs; greater
coverts and secondaries, chin, throat, neck in front, abdomen, vent and
under tail-coverts white; tail 3°5 to 4 inches. In breeding plumage
the forehead, crown, entire face, chin, throat and neck in front white.
There is a black patch on the nape; and the neck behind is shining
golden yellow, edged on the sides with black; back, scapulars and
tertiaries dark olive brown, with purplish reflections ; ramp and upper
tail-coverts bronzed dark brown ; tail black; breast and entire lower
parts dark or deep dusky brown; shoulder of wing spurred; wing-
coverts white ; primaries as in the winter plumage.

Length.—18 to 20 inches, irides dark brown, bill plumbeous at the
base and tipped greenish, 1:25 in length, tail 10 to 11 inches, wing 8
to 8'5, tarsus 2°12, middle toe and claw 3 inches, hind toe and claw
2 inches.

Hab.—Throughout India and Ceylon. Common in Sind on the
Munchur and other Lakes, also in the Punjab and N. W. Provinces.
Breeds in the Province from May to September, making a large float-
ing nest. Eggs pear-shaped, of a beautiful bronze colour.

260 RALLIDE.

Family, RALLIDA.

Bill compressed, short, pointed, thick, wedge-shaped; nostrils in
a short groove; legs stout; toes long; tarsi moderate ; tail short.

Sub-Family, GALLINULINA),—Warer-Hens.

Bill with the keel advancing on the forehead, where there is usually a
casque ; toes long and slender or bordered by a scolloped web; wings
short and rounded; hind toe long.

Gen. Porphyrio.— Briss.

Bill very thick ; casque large; mid-toe as long as tarsi, slender, not
fringed with web.

Porphyrio poliocephalus. The Purple Coot.

Porphyrio poliocephalus, Viell. N. Dict. Hist. t. xxviii. p. 89;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 718; Str. F. ii, 482; iv. 20; vii. 18; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p, 222. Porphyrio neglectus, Schleg. Mus.
Pars. B. p. 53. (Kaim, Sind.)—Tun Pourruz Coor.

Occiput and nape, lores, and round the eyes greyish clouded with
purple; cheeks, chinand throat the same, but with more of a purple
tinge ; neck in front and breast pale bluish; lower breast, abdomen,
flanks, vent and thigh-coverts dark purplish blue; under tail-coverts
white; back of neck, back, ramp and upper tail-coverts purplish blue ;
scapulars, wing-coverts and outer webs of primaries pale greenish
blue, the inner webs of primaries, secondaries and tertials dark brown
or black ; tail black, the feathers on the outer web edged with bluish.

GALLICREX. 261

Length.—18 inches, wing 10 to 10-2, tail 4°5, bill at gape 1°62, tarsi
3°62, mid-toe 3°62; casque and spot at base of bill cherry red, bill red,
irides red, legs crimson.

Hab.—Throughout India and Ceylon, also in Persia, Beloochistan
and Afghanistan. Common in Sind in suitable localities, but Ido not
believe they are anywhere as numerous as on the Munchur Lake, where,
among the rushes, they are with the bald coot, simply innumerable.

Breeds in the Province from May to September, making a nest of
rushes, &c., in the reedy grass. Eggs prettily marked on a greenish
ground with spots, blotches and streaks of a reddish colour, lake red
or rich red.

Gen. Fulica.

Bill moderate ; nostrils lateral ; casque small ; wing with a tubercle at
the shoulder; tail short; toes with lobate membrane.

Fulica atra, Zinn.; P. #. 197; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 338; Jerd. B.
Ind. iti. p. 715; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 223—Tur Bap
Coot.

Upper plumage black; hoary, dark ash, lead colour or dusky brown
below; a spot below the eye, and the outer edge of the wings white;
frontal disc or casque white; also the bill, which, in the breeding
season, is tinged pale red; irides blood red; legs dull green, with a
yellow, green and red garter in the breeding season.

Length.—15 to 16 inches, wing 7'5 to 7:75, tail 2, bill at gape 1°41.

Hab.—Throughout India and Ceylon, also Europe (Central and South)
Egypt, Assam, Nepaul, Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan. In
Sind it is numerous in suitable localities, but on the Munchur Lake,
as Mr. Hume says (Str. I’. vol. i. 249) “ they would have to be counted
not by thousands, but by hundreds of thousands * * * * * You can
shoot nothing without knocking over some of these wretched coots.”
He also adds “that in no part of the world has he even seen such incre-
dible multitudes of coot as are met with in Sind; in the Munchur
Lake par excellence.”

Gen. Gallicrex.—Blyth.

Bill as in Gallinula, with the base of the bill extending on to the
forehead and forming a fleshy protuberance ; toes long; hind toe and
claw about half the length of the mid-toe, claws curved.

Gallicrex cinereus, Gm.; Blyth, Cat. 1660; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p. 716; Str. F. 1. 300; ii, 187; vi. 466; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se,
Sind, p. 223.(Korah, Sind).—Tasz Warzr Cock.

Male in Breeding Plumage.—Dull black, the feathers of the back,
wing-coverts, rump and upper tail-coverts more or less edged with
light brown ; tertials dark brown, edged with pale whitey brown ; edge
of the wing white; quills dusky, the shaft of the 1st quill white ;
tail blackish brown, the outer feathers edged with pale brown; lower

262 GALLINULINA,

wing-coverts dusky with whitish edges; bill greenish yellow, fine red
at the base ; the crest above one inch long, fleshy red ; irides red ; legs
dull red.

Length.—16—17 inches, extent 23, wing 84, tail 3°5, tarsus 3.—(Jerd.)

Female.—Top of head dull black or dusky brown ; back of neck, back,
scapulars, wing-coverts and tertiaries the same, the feathers edged
with fulvous, more broadly on the back and wings; tail the same ; sides
of the face including a broad supercilium fulvous, in some with a
rufescent tinge; chin and throat fulvous white; neck in front, breast
and entire under parts brownish fulvous, the feathers with narrow
transverse bars; thigh-coverts the same; primaries and secondaries
dusky brown ; outer web of first quill fulvous.

Length.—18—14 inches, wing 7, tail 2°5, bill at gape 1:25, tarsus 2°5.

Hab.—Sind, Lower Bengal, Tennaserim, South and Central India,
Burmah and Malayana. Affects large swamps and marshes, also the
vicinity of rivers. On the Aaral, at Sehwan, several may be seen in
the early morning, issuing from the thick cover of tamarisk, fringing
the banks, and running along the edge of the water.

Gen. Gallinula.—Briss.

Bill moderate, curved slightly at the tip; nostrils in a groove, placed
about the middle of the upper mandible; bill extending on to the fore-
head and forming a small shield; shoulder of wing with a tubercle or
Spur ; toes very narrowly edged by membrane.

Gallinula chloropus. The Water or Moor Hen.

Gallinula chloropus, Linn.; P. E.. 877; Gould. B. Bur. pl.
342; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 718; Str. F. i, 250; vi. 466; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., §c.» Sind, p. 228. Gallinula burnesi, Blyth, J. A. S. B.
xi. p. 736. (Gajra, Jal Moorgh, Sind.)—Tuz Watur or Moor Hen,

GALLINULA, 263

Top of head, nape and back of neck dusky olive brown; back,
scapalars, tertiaries, wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts shining olive
brown; primaries, secondaries and tail dusky brown, the outer web
of the 1st quill white; a pale fulvous brown streak from behind the
nostril on each side to the eye, and a patch of the same colour on the
side of the head including the ear-coverts; under each eye a white
spot; chin and throat white; breast dark bluish ashy, the feathers
tipped with pale or dirty fulvous ; lower abdomen white; vent feathers
black ; under tail-coverts white; feathers on the flanks long and lax,
those falling on the thighs pale brown with a mesial white streak ; bill
reddish at base, greenish yellow at tip; irides red, an orange garter
above the knee.

Length.—12—13 inches, wing 6°75, tail 3, bill at gape 1:1. In
mature plumage the entire head and neck are dark brown, almost black,
and the upper plumage darker olive brown.

Hab.—Diffused throughout India, Central and South Europe, Africa
and Java. Occurs also in Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Eastern
Turkistan, Nepaul and Cashmere, affecting small rivers and marshes.
In the dhunds and jheels in Sind, also in the Deccan, Guzerat, and
Rajputana it is extremely common, swimming about freely. During
the day, on retreating to the edges of the tanks or dhunds, it lives
concealed among the reeds and rushes. It is less shy towards evening,
when it creeps along the margins of the waters among the long reeds
in quest of aquatic insects, worms and seeds; breeds in Sind from
June to August. The nest is a large structure of withered reeds and
rushes, placed near the brink of the water; the female lays from 4 to 6
eggs ; in shape they are long, oval or ovate pyriform, of a stone
colour, with a pinkish tinge, speckled, spotted and blotched with reddish
brown orred. It is said that the female never quits its nest without
covering her eggs with the leaves of the surrounding herbage. The
young are able to swim immediately they are hatched.

Gallinula phoeenicura, Penn.; P. E. 896; Horsf. Zool. Res.
Java, pl.; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 720; Str. F. ii. 8300; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
&c., Sind, p. 223. (Kurrahee, Sind).—Tusr Wairn-preasteD WaArTER-
Hen.

Forehead, lores, entire face, chin, cheeks, throat, neck, breast and
abdomen white ; crown of the head, nape, neck behind, back, scapulars,
wings, flanks and tail black, with greenish reflections ; outer web of
first quill white; lower abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts deep
chestnut; bill yellow with a tinge of green ; irides blood red.

Length.—12—13 inches, wing 6:5, tail 2:5, bill at front 1:5.

Hab.—Sind and throughout the Indian Peninsula, Ceylon and
Burmah. In Sind not uncommon along the canals and the Indus.
Breeds from May to August. Eggs greyish, with a light reddish tinge,
spotted and blotched with various shades of red and bluish grey, affects
generally the heavy undergrowths along the edges of canals.

264: RALLIN AI:

Sub-Family, RALLINA,—Rarts.

Forehead with a nude shield; bill compressed, slender ; toes shorter
than in the Gallinules; shoulder of wing with a tubercle or short
spur.

Gen. Porzana,.— Viell.

Wings moderate, rounded ; tail short; toes long, about the length of
the tarsus.

Porzana maruetta, Briss.; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 722, No. 909;
Str. F. iv. 21; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.. Sind, p. 224. Rallus
porzana, Lin.; P. B.750; Gould. B. Hur, pl. 343.—Taz Sporrep Ram,

Forehead ashy browu; crown and nape dusky, streaked with
ferruginous ; superciliary streak extending behind the eye ashy grey,
spotted with white ; hind neck dusky, minutely freckled with black and
white. Upper back and scapulars dark brown, almost black, the
feathers broadly margined and tipped with ochreous olive and usually
the margin of one or both webs with linear spots and streaks of
white; lower back and rump dusky brown, the feathers narrowly
barred with white; wing-coverts like the back, the outer mar-
gin of both webs with two pairs of white, black-edged spots; tertia-
ries dark brown on their outer webs, and with 6—7 narrow, oblique
white bars ; their inner webs rufescent brown; primaries and secon-
daries pale hair brown, the outer web of the first quill and bastard
primary, also the edge of the wing white; the margins of the outer
webs of the other primaries tinged with pale rufescent; axillaries
dark brown with transverse white bars ; chin and throat greyish white ;
breast. olive brown; the feathers barred with white; abdomen ashy
white ; flanks olive brown, barred transversely with black and white ;
tail rufescent brown, mesially dark brown; vent and under tail-coverts
rufescent white ; bill greenish yellow, orange at the base ; irides reddish
brown ; legs bright yellowish green.

Length.—8'8 to 9 inches, wing 4°5 to 4°8, tail 1:82 to 2, bill at front
0-75 to 0°9, tarsus 1:4, mid-toe and claw 1:6.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Oudh, the Himalayas,
Bengal, Rajputana, Guzerat, Kutch, Concan, Deccan and Mysore; also
in Arabia, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and Eastern Turkistan.
Occurs all over Hurope and North Africa. Affects the reedy swamps
and feeds on aquatic insects, larves, snails and grass seeds.

Porzana pygmea, Naum. Vog. t. 239; Gould. B, Hur. pl. 344;
Jord. B. Ind, iii. p. 722, No. 910; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p.
224, Porzana Bailloni, Viell—Tuer Piamy Rai or Battion’s Crake.

Head and hind neck wood brown ; back, scapulars and wing-coverts
yellowish brown with an olive tinge, the feathers with numerous irre-
gular, white, black-edged spots; supercilium, cheeks, chin and throat
grey ; breast and upper abdomen bluish grey ; the sides, vent and under
tail-coverts black, with transverse white bars; primaries dusky brown;

CULTIROSTRES. 265

outer web of Ist quill yellowish white; secondaries with zigzag white
lines bordered with black ; tertiaries yellowish brown, witha tin geof olive,
spotted or streaked irregularly with white, which have edgings of black;
tail dusky brown; bill dark green ; irides reddish; legs fleshy brown.

Length.—7 to 7°75 inches, wing 3°67, tail 1°75 to 2, bill at front
0°62, tarsus 1:0, mid-toe and claw 1:5.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Oudh, also Bengal, Nepaul,
Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concanand Deccan, and generally throughout
India. It is also an inhabitant of Beloochistan and Afghanistan, and
probably Persia also. In Central and Southern India it is said to be
not uncommon.

The habits of this species is not unlike the other Rails, but as a rule
it is more shy and retiring, and when disturbed, runs with great speed
on the lotus leaves or other aquatic herbage, and conceals itself among
the thickest of the coverts it frequents.

Porzana minuta, Pall.; Naum, Vog. t. 239; Gould. B. Eur. pl.
845 ; Hume, Str. Fi. 251; Murray, Hdbk., Zool. $c., Sind, p. 224.
Porzana parvus, Scop.—Tue Lirrie Crake.

Crown of the head deep brown; sides of the head, both above and
below the eye, ash or slate colour; chin and throat dull or greyish
white, the forepart of the neck pale ash ; under parts ashy or grey blue
in the males, light rufous buff in females ; lower abdomen and vent dee
or olive brown, spotted with white; neck behind and shoulder of the
wing olive brown; back deep olive brown, the feathers with broad
mesial dark stripes, their inner margins pale with some white linear
spots and streaks; primaries and secondaries deep brown with paler
edges ; lesser wing-coverts plain dull olive brown; tail dusky olive
brown ; under tail-coverts slaty grey with spots and bars of white.

Length.—7 to 8 inches, bill 0-7, wing 3°8, tail 1:5 to 1°75, irides red,
bill and legs yellowish green.

Mr. Hume in Str, F. i. p. 251, says :—“ Bailloni (pygmeea) always may
be distinguished at a glance from minuta by its smaller size, shorter, and
in proportion deeper bill, and by having the back, scapulars and greater
wing-coverts all more or less profusely variegated with bluish white,
whereas in minuta, the white markings, which are somewhat broader
and purer white, are confined as a rule to the centre of the back, though
occasionally some of the longer scapulars are also faintly edged with
bluish white. In minuta the wing varies from 3°75 to 41, the bill at
front 0°7 to 0°76; in Baillont (pygmea) the wing varies from about
3°45 to 3°62, and the bill 0°6 to 0°62.

Hab.—Sind, Eastern Turkistan and Cashmere. Not known to occur
anywhere else in India. It is abundant in all the large inland pieces
of water or dhunds.

Tribe CULTIROSTRES.—Cuv.

Bill large, long, stout and strong, pointed, and in some slightly
curved ; tarsi generally long and scutellate ; tail short; tibia bare for
a considerable space.

34 2

266 CICONID A.

Family, CICONIDA!,—Srorxs.

Bill long and stout, compressed to the tip ; nostrils narrow, pierced
through the bill and situated near the base of the culmen; tail
moderate ; front toes united at the base.

Gen. Leptoptilos.—Less.

Bill very large, high at base, much thickened; keel straight ; head
and neck more or less naked. Under tail-coverts composed of long,
lax, decomposed feathers, known as marabou.

Leptoptilos argala, Lin.; Jerd. B. Ind. iti. p. 730, No, 915;
Str. Fi. p. 252; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p. 225. Leptoptilos
dubius, Gin. Pl. Col. 800. Leptoptilos marabou, Tem. P. H. 300.—
Tue Apsurant or GIGANTIC STORK.

In Breeding Plumage.—Head, neck and gular pouch bare, except a
few short scattered hair-like feathers varying in colour from yellowish
red to fleshy red; ruff white; back, lesser and median wing-coverts,
primaries and secondaries black with a greenish gloss; the greater
coverts and tertiaries silvery grey, forming a wing band; under parts
white. In non-breeding plumage the white wing band is absent and
the black plumage much duller.

Bill pale dirty greenish; irides greyish white.
Length.—60 inches, wing 30, tail 11, bill at front 12 inches, tarsus
11, pouch 16 to 18 inches in length.

Hab.—Sind and throughout the greater part of India; rare in the
South, absent in Malabar, where it is replaced by L. javanicus ; spread
throughout North and N. E. India to Burmah and the Malayan
Peninsula. In the Deccan, also in Guzerat and Bengal, it is of much
service as ascavenger. Its food is very various. Lizards and frogs,
and insects too; refuse from dung heaps also does not come auniss to it.
From the craw of three specimens collected about 80 miles east of
Kurrachee, lizards, (Uromastix« hardwickii) were extracted. In each
an entire animal in four pieces was found which had evidently not been
long swallowed. The pieces were very neatly cut; the head making
one, the body in two longitudinal halves, and the tail entire, the fourth
piece.

Gen. Kenorhynchus.—Bp.

Bill very large, stout and solid, the tip turned up ; 2nd and 38rd quills
longest.

Xenorhynchus asiaticus, Lath.; Gr. lll. Ind. Zool. pl. Mycteria

australis, Shaw.; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 734; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &e.,
Sind, p. 225.—Tue Burack-neckep Stork.

Head and neck rich dark glossy green, glossed on the hind head with
purple ; lesser, median and greater coverts and scapulars, also the inter-
scapulars and tail dark brown, wixed with rich bluish green with a
golden tinge, rest of plumage white ; bill black ; legs reddish.

CICONIA. 267

Length.—52 to 56 inches, wing 24, tail 9, bill at front 12°5 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana,
Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan and the greater part of India, extend-
ing to Malayana. In Central and North India it is, as in Sind, ex-
tremely common along the banks of rivers and on the edges of
tanks and marshes.

Gen. Ciconia.—Lin,

Keel of bill straight ; 3rd and 4th quills longest ; hind toe elevated.

Ciconia nigra, Lin. ; P. £. 399; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 284; Jerd. B.
Ind. iii. p. 735; Str. F. iv. p. 22; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p.
225.—Tue Brack Srorx.

Head, neck, nape, chin, throat, breast, back and greater and lesser
wing-coverts glossy black with blue, green and coppery reflections ;
primaries black ; tail black ; under tail-coverts and under parts from
below the breast white; legs orange red; nude orbitar area reddish
brown; bill blood red; irides dark brown.

Length.—44 inches, wing 24, tail 10, bill at front 8 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. and Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Kutch, Concan, the Deccan, Guzerat and Rajputana, also Afghanistan.
A winter visitant to India.

Ciconia alba, Belon.; P. #. 866; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 283; Jerd.
B, Ind. iii. p. 736, No. 919; Str. F. iv. 22; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §ec.,
Sind, 225.—Tur Wuire Srork.

Head, crown, nape, chin, throat, breast and back pure white; greater
wing-coverts glossy black, shaded with grey towards the shafts; pri-
maries, secondaries and tertiaries black ; nude orbitar area black, legs
red ; irides brown.

Length.—44 inches, wing 23 to 25, tail 10, bill at front 7°5 to 7°75.

Hab.—Sind, the Deccan, Concan, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat and
Central India; also the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh and Bengal.
Along the banks of the Indus and the edges of lakes and swamps, in
Sind it is not uncommon during winter. Feeds on lizards, molluscs,

&e.

Ciconia leucocephala, Gim.; Pl. Enl. 906; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p.
737, No. 920; Murray, Hubk., Zool., &¢., Sind, p. 226. Dissura epis-
copus, Bodd.; Str. F. vi. 469.—Tue Wuits-neckep Stork.

Head black ; back of neck glossed with purple, also the upper back,
breast and upper abdomen; neck white; primaries and upper tail-
coverts glossed with green, also the lower back ; tail white ; irides
crimson ; eyelids and nude orbitar area plumbeous; throat purplish;
bill black, reddish on the anterior half; feet red.

Length.—86 to 87 inches, extent 70, wing 20, tail 7, bill at front 6.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch?
Rajputana? Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, South and Central India.

268 ARDEIDAS.

Family, ARDEIDA:,—Herons.

All the members of the Ardeide family swarm in the Province in
suitable localities. All are permanent residents and breed from May
to September. Their nests are generally loose structures, some more
or less compact, and built of twigs, &c. on trees, standing in the vicinity
of water, and particularly on those in the middle of large sheets of
water. Eggs, 8 to 4, glossless, and in colour from pale sea green to
bluish green, but it is not uncommon to find single nests containing
from 8 to 10 eggs, differing in shape, size and colour.

The following, from Hume’s Nest and Eggs, gives the average size
of the eggs of the different species :—

APde@ CUNETED ... 6c ceive ees seee een nes 2:27 X 1:66
Ardea PUurpuUred ....eccccccercerecees 2:17 X 1:56
Herodias alba .......cccevevseeescee ee 211 xX 1:55
Herodias garzetta .......4. genase. 1:73 X 1:22
Demiegretta gularis..............00- 17x 1:3
Bubulcus coromanda .........0000.- 171 x 1:32
Ardeola grayt ...ccccicceeeecceveenees 1:48 X 1:17
Butorides javanica .....66. 0 cence 1:64 X 1:28

An account by Layard of the breeding of Herodias garzetta and
kindred species in Ceylon, conveys exactly what is observable in the
breeding season of the Ardeide, along the canals, &c. in the Narra
Districts, and other large sheets of water in Sind.

During this season almost all the large pieces of water in Sind,
unfrequented and distant from human habitation, in which trees are
standing out of reach, except by boats, large colonies of ibises,
spoonbills, cormorants, snake-birds, night-herons, &c., may be seen.
During the day, except by the droppings of the birds, which coat the
branches so thickly with lime, little suspicion would be excited of the
spot being a heronry, as most of the birds, except a few sitting close,
are away feeding, but towards eve, hundreds would be seen coming to
roost, amid a continuous cackling. The report of a gun amongst
them would present a scene scarcely describable. If disturbed before
they have begun to lay, they entirely desert the spot, and carry away

almost every stick they have used ‘in building and begin operations
afresh in a distant locality. :

Gen. Ardea.—Linn.

Bill slender, the tip scooped; upper mandible with a groove from
the nostril, but not extending to the tip; nostril covered partially by

membrane; 2nd and 3rd quills longest; tarsi long and scutellate in
front.

HERODIAS, 269

Ardea cinerea, Linn.; P. E. 755, 787; Naum. Vog. t. 220;
Gould. B. Eur. pl. 274; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 741; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
Sc., Sind, p. 226 (Saah. Sind).—Taz Brur Heron.

Forehead, sides of the head and crown white ; a narrow streak from the
base of the upper mandible over each eye, and another above it merg-
ing into the long occipital feathers, black ; neck behind bluish ashy ;
in front white, with two rows of black elongate spots; breast and
under surface white; back and wing-coverts bluish ashy grey; pri-
maries black; scapulars silvery grey; tail bluish ashy; bill dark
yellow, brown on the upper mandible; irides yellow; nude orbitar area
greenish.

Length.—39 inches, wing 18, tail 8, bill at front 5.

Hab.—Throughout India and Europe. In Sind the Mohannas or
fishermen use this species as a decoy in the capture of wildfowl. Each
boat has usually from 5 to 10 birds. Their eyelids are sewn up, and
they stand motionless on the cross bar of the rudder gear or perched
along the edges of the boat. They are fed daily, and during summer,
when the occupation of wild fowl catching has ceased, serve the
fishermen as food in the absence of any thing better.

Ardea purpurea, Linn. ; P. H. 788; Nawm. Vogt. t. 221; Gould.
B. Eur, pl. 274, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 748; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 226—Tue Purere Heron.

Head glossy black, with a lengthened black crest, the two
middle feathers of which extend 3—4 inches beyond the rest; sides
of the head rusty yellow, with three longitudinal narrow black lines,
one extends behind the head, and is continued down the neck, and
two lateral ones from the eyes to the breast; chin and throat white;
neck in front variegated with rufous black and purple, the feathers on
the top of the breast long and acuminated, purplish white; back,
wings, and tail reddish ash ; scapulars purple, long, forming a brilliant
plume on each side ; breast and flanks deep brownish red, rest of under
parts a little paler; bill deep yellow: orbitar skin greenish yellow;
tarsus reddish brown.

Length.—86 to 42 inches, wing 15°5, tail 5°75, bill at front 5°37,
tarsus 5°25.

Hab.—Throughout India and Ceylon, extending into Burmah.

Gen. Herodias.— Boie.

Bill moderately long, slender, straight and compressed to the tip ;
plumage white. In breeding plumage with a long dorsal train composed
of lax decomposed feathers, and pectoral plumes in some, The
following is a key given by Mr. Hume of the Indian species of the
genus :—

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pue natn _ a “‘SNSIVY, “BULAA eae eennee UIBIg [BSIOG. “48019 TEE “Ta
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BUBULCUS. 271
Hab.—Throughout India.
Gen. Demi-egretta.— Blyth.

Bill long and more slender than in Herodias; adult plumage dark,
otherwise as in Herodias.

Demi-egretta gularis, Bosc. Act. Soc. H. N.i. t. 2; Meyer, Zool.
Ann. i. t. 1.; Hume, Str. F. i. 254. Demi-egretta schistacea, Licht. ;
Hemp. and Ehr. Sym. Phys. t. 6. Demi-egretta asha, Sykes, Cat. 171;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 747, No. 928; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind,
p. 227.—Tue Asuy Here.

Adult.—In breeding season, deep slaty blue; chin, throat, sides of
the head, nearly to the gape and the bases of the ear-coverts white;
an occipital crest and dorsal train of decomposed feathers, concolorous
with the upper parts, and not reaching quite to the end of the tail ;
pectoral plumes narrow and pointed ; bill reddish yellow, dusky above ;
nude orbitar skin yellowish green ; legs blackish ; feet and lower part of
tarsus yellowish.

Length.——24 to 27 inches, wing 10 to 11-4, tail 3 to 3°8; irides yellow ;
bare portion of tibia 2°2 to 2°9, bill 385 to 4], tarsus 3:9 to 4-4,
mid-toe and claw 2:3 to 2°6. Affects the mud flats in the Kurrachee
harbour.

The young or intermediate stage of plumage is white throughout,
some of the wing-coverts being greyish.

Hab.—Sind, Mekran, Arabian and Western Coasts,

Bubulcus.—Pucher.

Bill shorter than in the Egrets; legs longer; plumes during the
breeding season yellow.

Bubulcus coromanda; Bodd.; P. H. 910; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 749;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 229. Ardea russata, Tem. Ardea
affinis, Horsfield.—Tue Burr-sackepD Heron or Carrie Harer.

In breeding plumage, the head, sides of the face, neck in front (except
a narrow mesial line, which is white) nape and part of the hind neck,
and the decomposed elongate feathers brilliant orange, the filamentose
feathers of the back reach to the end of the closea wings, rest of the
plumage pure white ; legs yellowish green, the joints tinged plumbeous ;
bill deep orange yellow; orbitar skin yellowish, with a pinkish tinge ;
irides pale yellow ; mid-claw serrated.

Length.—21 inches, wing 10°25, tail 4, bill at front 2°5, tarsus 3:5,
In winter the plumage is entirely white.

Hab.—Sind and throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon. It has
gained the name of the Cattle Egret from its always being found
amongst cattle when grazing, usually perched on their heads or backs,
It is seldom like the other species, seen wading in water. Feeds
chiefly on insects, small frogs or tadpoles.

272 ARDEIDAL.

Gen. Ardeola.—Bore.

Tibia feathered nearly to the knee; tarsus shorter than in Bubulcus ;
toes also shorter.

Ardeola grayii, Sykes; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 48. Ardeola
leucoptera, Bodd.; P. H. 911; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 751; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 226.—Tuz Ponp Heron or Pappy Birp.

In summer dress the head is greyish or buffy yellow with an elongate
white crest ; neck in front, except a fulvous mesial line, back of the
neck, and also breast, with the elongated feathers alittle paler than the
head; scapular pale greyish brown, elongated dorsal feathers dark
maroon, rest of the plumage white; tarsal plumes fulvous or pale buff;
bill yellowish, bluish at the base and tipped black; orbitar skin
greenish yellow; irides bright yellow; legs and feet dull greenish.

In winter the crown of the head and nape are dark brown, the
feathers with narrow mesial shaft-streaks ; neck behind, on the sides
and breast fulvous or pale buff, the feathers edged with dusky brown;
back and scapulars grey brown or pale ashy brown ; lower back, rump,
upper and under tail-coverts, also the tail and abdomen pure white ;
thigh-coverts fulvous ; primaries white, dark shafted, the outer webs of
the first three quills and also their tips greyish brown; secondaries
pure white ; wing-coverts white, tinged very slightly in some specimens
with greyish.

Length.—18 to 19 inches, wing 8 to 8°5, tail 3, bill at front 2°5.

Hab.—Sind and throughout India. Abundant in all moist localities,
at the edges of ponds, ditches, marshes and lakes, and especially in rice
fields.

Gen. Butorides.— Blyth.

Bill moderately long and stout; tibia feathered nearly to the knee;
inner toe short; head crested.

Butorides javanica, Horsf. ; Jerd. B. Ind. iti. p. 752; Str. F. 1.
256; 11.310; 11.191; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 226.—Tuu
Littte Green Heron.

Forehead and crown glossy black, also the long occiptal crest; a
streak from behind the eye including the ear-coverts white, in some
with a fulvescent tinge ; another streak, which is black, below the eye ;
back and sides of the neck, also the breast and abdomen greyish
brown, ashy brown in some; chin and a streak down the front of the
neck white ; back and scapulars green, the feathers lengthened, lanceo-
late and white shafted ; the tertials white edged; wing-coverts glossy
green, edged with pale buff or fulvous; secondaries margined round
their tips with yellowish white; tail dark slaty ; under tail-coverts
greyish ; quills dark slaty, narrowly tipped with white ; bill black above,
pale yellow beneath; legs yellowish green.

ARDETTA, 273

Length.—16 to 16°75 inches, wing 6°75, tail 2°5, bare part of tibia
0°5 ; irides bright yellow ; nude orbitar skin dull green.

The young bird—or bird of the year—is very differently marked.
The head is black, with the feathers narrowly striated mesially with
rufescent; sides of the neck and breast and lower parts fulvescent white,
the feathers edged with dark brown ; chin, throat and a line down the
neck white; back and scapulars brown with a greenish tinge; the
scapulars with a minute triangular white spot at the tip. Primaries
and secondaries dusky brown, each with a triangular white, or fulvous
white spot at the tip ; primary coverts the same ; wing-coverts brown,
broadly edged with rufescent, each feather with a rufescent or white
triangular spot at the tip ; edge of the wing fulvescent white.

Hab.—Sind and throughout the greater part of India, extending
to Ceylon and Burmah,

Gen. Ardetta—Gray.

Bill rather slender and straight ; toes and claws long; tarsus short,
otherwise as in Butorides. Habit nocturnal.

Ardetta flavicollis, Lath. ; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 66,2; Jerd. B.
Ind. iii. p. 753 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 228. Ardea nigra,
Viell. ; Jerd. Ill. Ind. Orn. p. 16.—Tae Brack Brrrern.

“In the breeding season the plumage is dull cinereous black; chin
and throat with the feathers tipped white, or with red brown; the
larger feathers of the neck are mixed with white, red brown and dusky
black, each feather having some black at the base and tip, and more or
less red brown on one web only; a stripe of golden yellow down the
side of the neck, widening inferiorly ; feathers of the back forming the
dorsal plume, lengthened, but not decomposed ; the feathers of the breast
dark ashy, slightly lengthened ; abdomen dusky, mixed with whitish ;
inner wing-coverts dusky reddish. The young bird has the feathers
slightly edged with rufous, and the throat and neck less richly coloured
than in the adult; bill livid red, dusky on the culmeén ; cere livid
purple; irides yellow, in some with an outer circle of red; legs pale
brown with a tinge of green in some, reddish brown in others.”

Length.—23 to 24 inches, wing 8°5, tail 3, bill at front 3:5, tarsus
2°5.—Jerdon.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Deccan, Concan, and
nearly throughout India, extending to Ceylon and Burmah. Affecting
swamps, rice fields and beds of rushesandreeds. Breeds in Sind. Mr.
Doig obtained the eggs of a colony of these birds in the month of
May on the Narra Canal. He says—‘ Once the sun is well up, they are
seldom seen, unless actually beaten out of the dense tamarisk and reed
jungle in which they lie hid.” They are nocturnal feeders ; the nests are
formed of tamarisk twigs, with sometimes afew aquatic weeds on which
the eggs are laid; always four in number, broad ovals, sharp at both
ends, and nearly white in colour; size from 1°46 to 1°85 X 1:15 to 1:30
inches.

85 x

274 ARDEIDA.

Ardetta cinnamomea, Gim.; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 66. i.;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 755; Str. F. ii. 811; vi. 483; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., &c., Sind, p. 228.—Tur Cuustuur Brrrern.

‘Top of head, back and scapulars chestnut, the feathers centred
slightly darker ; chin and throat white, with a median chestnut line;
foreneck and breast chestnut, the feathers slightly darker mesially, and
the edges of those on the breast fulvous ; a median fulvous line on the
foreneck ; thigh-coverts also chestnut ; primaries, secondaries and tail
dark brown ; wing-coverts like the back, but more fulvous ; flanks buffy,
the feathers mesially streaked with dusky ; abdomen, vent and under
tail-coverts white with a fulvous tinge in some; bill yellow, dusky
superiorly ; orbitar skin yellow; irides yellow ; legs yellowish with a
greenish tinge.

Length.—15 to 16 inches, wing 6, tail 1°75, bill at front 1:8 to 2,
tarsus 1'9 to 2.

In immature plumage the upper parts, wing-coverts, scapulars, neck
in front and breast, also the thigh-coverts are reddish brown, or slightly
darker, the feathers of the back and breast margined from ferrugin-
ous buff to fulvous.

Hab.—Sind, and nearly throughout India.

Ardetta sinensis, Gmelin; Hardwick, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. ; Jerd.
B. Ind, iii. p. 755, No. 9384; Str. Fi. 808; ii, 811; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., Se, Sind, p. 229,—Tuz Yettow Brrrern.

Top of head cinnamon rufous, the feathers centred broadly with
black, giving it quite a black appearance; neck behind, back, scapulars,
tertiaries and wing-coverts deep cinnamon-rufous, the feathers margined
with fulvous or bright buff; primaries and secondaries, greater wing-
coverts and tail black; edge of wing and under wing-coverts fulvous
white ; chin and throat white, with a median buff line; sides of the
breast deep brown, margined with buff; breast bright buff, margined
paler ; abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts buffy white ; legs yellowish
green ; bill pale yellow, brownish superiorly.

Lenyth.—13 inches, wing 5°25, tail 1:75, bill at front 2, tarsus 1°7 to
1:8, mid-toe 1 inch.

Hab—Sind, Bengal, Kutch, Deccan and nearly throughout India,
though less common than the last, and frequenting similar situations,

w.e., high reed and thickets. All the species are nocturnal feeders, and
remain hid during the day in dense cover.

Ardetta minuta, Linn.; Pl. H. 323; Nawm. Vogt. t. 227; Gould.
B. Bur, pl. 282; Jerd. B. Ind. iti. p. 756, No. 935; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §e., Sind, p. 228.—Tar Lirr.e Brrrern.

Top of the head, back, scapulars and tail black, with greenish
reflections ; hind-neck nearly bare of feathers, those of the foreneck
falling back and covering it; cheeks, chin, neck and all the lower
parts of the body reddish buff or inclining to chestnut; the feathers
on the sides of the breast are black, edged with buff; those of
the flanks long, and narrowly striped mesially with pale brown;

BOTAURUS. 275

primaries and secondaries black or greyish black; greater and lesser
wing-coverts dull yellowish buff; bill bright yellow, dusky above ; or-
bitar skin and irides yellow ; feet greenish with a yellow tinge.

Length.—15 inches, wing 5°75, tail 2, bill at front 1°75.

Hab.—Sind, Bengal, Punjab, Beloochistan, Persia and the Himalayas
are the only known localities where this species has been found outside
of Europe, Persia, Syria and Arabia. It breeds in the Narra Districts
in Sind, where Mr. 8. Doig took its eggs.—(Str. F. viii. 872, 379.)
Hach nest contained 4—6 eggs, elongate ovals, and pure white, with a
very slight tinge of sea green not perceptible in the blown egg.

Gen. Botaurus.—Briss.

Bill rather short, stout and rounded ; tip scooped; the upper mandi-
ble curved to the tip, and longer than the lower; tarsi short; nostrils
narrow, situated near the base of the bill; 1st to 3rd quills of wing
longest.

Botaurus stellaris, Linn. ; Pl. H. 789, Nawm. Vogt. t. 226; Gould.
B. Hur, pl. 280; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 757, No. 986; Sir. F. i. 256; iv.
24; vii. 26; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 228.—Tne Brrreen.

Forehead, crown and nape glossy black, also a moustachial stripe ;
sides of the face and ear-coverts buff, with narrow dusky streaks ;.
feathers of the sides: of the neck long and lax, bright buff, and with irre-
gular black transverse bars; hind neck bare, covered by the feathers of the
foreneck ; chin and throat fulvous, with a median rufescent line ; fore-
neck and breast the same, each feather with irregular dark brown,
nearly black bars and spots; lower breast with long, lax feathers,
which are buff, with broad longitudinal black stripes ; flanks the same ;
abdomen rufous buff, with narrow dark mesial streaks; back and
scapulars black, the feathers edged, barred and mottled with buff ;.
tail buff, thickly mottled and with zigzag markings of dusky ; primaries
and secondaries dark brown, barred with rufous; wing-coverts buff,
barred and mottled with dusky brown; bill pale yellow, dusky above;,
orbits yellow ; irides gamboge yellow ; legs greenish yellow.

Length.—30 inches, wing 13°5, tail 4°5, tarsus 3°75 to 3-9.

Hab.—Sind, the Deccan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,.
and nearly all India; Central and Southern. Europe, Persia, Nubia,
Beloochistan and S. Afghanistan.

The Bittern is a shy solitary bird; it is never seen on the wing
during the day, but sits hid among the reeds, rushes and other rank
vegetation that prevail in the marsh, &c., where it has taken up its
abode:. Itis said to defend itself fiercely against a dog or falcon, with
both its: bill and claws, the bill with its extremely sharp point being
however chiefly made use of. It is said to have been esteemed in
falconry, owing to its habit, when flown at, to rise high up im the
air, ascending’ in spiral. circles, to keep: above its enemy. Selby
adds—‘ Should this manceuvre: fail, it then prepares for the descent of
the hawk,.by setting its sharp bill perpendicularly upwards, upon which
its antagonist frequently transfixes itself.” Its boom or note is said te

276 TANTALID A.

resemble the bellowing of a bull, It is heard while the bird is
soaring in the air, but the sound is feeble, compared with the hollow
booming noise which it makes at night during the breeding season.

Gen. Nycticorax.—Steph.

Bill long, sharp, the gape extending below the eyes; nostrils ina
lateral groove covered by membranous scale; wings with the 2nd and
drd quills longest; claw of mid-toe serrated ; tarsi irregularly scaled.

Nycticorax griseus, Linn. ; P. H. 758,759; Naum. Vogt.t. 225;
Gould, B. Hur. pl. 279; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. 758, No. 937 ; Str. F. iv. 415 ;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 228. (Gadri, Sind).—Tur Nicut
Heron.

Forehead and supercilium, also the chin, throat and a narrow mesial
line on the foreneck white; under tail-coverts, breast and abdomen
white, with a creamy tinge; top of head and nape, also the back and
scapulars black, glossed with green; lengthened crest feathers 6—7
inches long, narrow and white, tipped with brown; hind-neck, wing-
coverts, tailand sides of the body ash grey; first three quills emarginate
near the tip; bill black, yellow at base of lower mandible; orbitar
skin yellowish green ; irides blood red.

Length.—22—23 inches, wing 12'5, tail 3°75, bill at front 2°8, tarsus 3.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and throughout India.
It is a permanent resident in the Province, and breeds from May to
September in societies. The nest is a loose structure of twigs. Eggs
3—4, glossless pale sea-green ; 1°92 X 1:35.

Family, TANTALIDA.

Bill long, stout, rounded, curving downwards in many, flat in
others ; wings long ; tail rather short ; toes webbed at the base.

Sub-Family, TANTALINA.

Bill long, slender and curved, sides compressed to the tip, or thick
and rounded ; tail even ; inner toe shorter than outer; hind toe long.

Gen. Tantalus.—Linn.

Bill rounded, long and curved downwards ; nostrils at the base of
the bill; head and cheeks bare ; tibia naked for half its length.

Tantalus leucocephala, Gm. ; Forst. Ind. Zool. pl.20; Gould. B.
Asia. pl. 5; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 761, No. 938; Str F. vii. 309, 507.
Tantalus gangeticus, Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 223; Penn. Ind. Zool. pl. 11.
(Lungduk, Sind.)—-Tuz Peuican Isis.

Plumage white ; quills and tail richly glossed greenish black ; tertiaries
white, tinged with rosy, with a dark band near the end and a white tip,
the feathers lax and decomposed; lesser and median-coverts glossy
green, edged with white; greater coverts white; bill yellow, the tip
greenish, as are the naked orbits, head and gular skin; irides pale
yellow brown, grey in some ; legs fleshy red,

ANASTOMOUS. 277

Length. —40—42 inches, expanse 71, wing 20, tail 6-25, tarsus 8°10.

Hab.—Sind and throughout India, frequenting rivers, tanks, marshes,
&c. Breeds in the Province from May to August. Hggs 3—4,
glossless, dull white, with a thick compact shell.

Sub-Family PLATALEIN A),—Spoonsiiis.
Bill flat, spathulate, long and rounded at the tip.

Gen. Platalea.—Lin.

Bill thin, flat, dilated and rounded at the tip (spathulate) other-
wise as in Tantalus ; toes connected by a small membrane extending
as far as the second joint of the outer and the first joint of the inner
one.

Platalea leucorodia, Lin.; P. H. 405; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 286;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 763; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc. Sind. p. 229.—
THE SPOONBILL.

Plumage pure white, except a buffy yellow patch on the upper
breast, extending sometimes on to the back; orbitar skin orange
yellow, also the skin of the gullet; head crested; bill black, spotted
or barred with yellowish; the tip yellowish during winter; irides
blood red; legs black,

Length.—81 to 36 inches, wing 14 to 16, tail 6°25 to 6°5, bill at
front 7 to 85.

Young.—With the shafts and tips of primaries black.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and throughout
India, frequenting rivers, lakes, &c.

Sub-Family ANASTOMINA.
Bill thick, stout, gaping in the middle.

Gen. Anastomous.—Illiger.

Bill long, curved, thick, solid, gaping in the middle, compressed at
the sides; tail nearly even; nostrils basal, at the edge of the upper
mandible ; tarsi reticulated ; tibia naked for half its length; toes webbed
at the base.

Anastomous oscitans, Bodd.; P. EH. 982; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 765,
No. 940; Str. F. iv. 212; Murray, Hdbh., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 229.—
Tue Sueut Isis.

Young.—Plumage light grey, darker on the head and neck, the fea-
thers on the latter hair-like; upper back, scapulars, primaries and
secondaries, also the winglet and tail black, with purple reflections ;
nude skin of the chin and front of the eyes greenish black ; in a later
stage of plumage the head, sides of the face, nape and neck behind
are dusky brown, the feathers short; neck in front, breast, lower parts,
back, wing-coverts and tail pure white, the primaries and secondaries,
also; their shafts black, also the shafts of the winglet ; the first three
primaries broadly margined with black on their outer and inner webs,
their tips black; the inner webs of the primaries margined only to

278 IBIDIN &.

the notch ; tertials white, also black-shafted ; the upper series slaty grey,
with their webs lax and disunited. In the breeding plumage the bird
is entirely white; bill greenish black; nude orbitar and gular skin
blackish ; irides grey or pale brown; legs blackish.

Length,—29—80 inches, extent 50, wings 15—16 inches, tail 7, bill
at front 6°5 to 8, tarsus 5°25 to 5:5.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, Guzerat and the Deccan; abundant in Bengal and Central
India, chiefly found in the vicinity of rivers, lakes and marshes ; resident
in Sind. Breeds from July to September in company with Threskiornis
melanocephalus.

Sub-Family, IBIDINA.
Bill more slender, long and curved, as in Anastomatine.

Threskiornis, Gray.—Bill nearly square at base, curved; upper
mandible with a lateral groove extending to the tip; nostrils situated
at its base; tail short; hind toe half as long as the mid-toe; head
and neck nude; scapulars and tertials lengthened and decomposed;
feathers of the breast elongated ; plumage white.

Threskiornis melanocephalus, Lath. ; Jard. and Selby, Ind.
Orn. pl.; Tem. Pl. Col. 481; Jerd. B. Ind. iii, p. 769; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 229.—Tur Wuarrs Isis.

Head and neck nude; lower neck, back, wings and their coverts,
primaries, secondaries, entire under surface from the breast and also the
tail, white; scapulars and tertials lengthened, their outer webs dis-
united, and of a greyish colour. In another stage of plumage the quills
are black with green reflections; bill and legs black ; irides blood red.

Length.—29—80 inches, wing 14, tail 5:75, bill at front 6, tarsus 4-

Hab.—Sind, Mekran Coast, Persia, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat,
Concan, Deccan, and nearly throughout India. A resident in Sind;
breeds from July to September. Eggs 4—6, white or dingy white, with
a slight bluish tinge when fresh, size 2°5 X 1:75.

Gen, Geronticus.
Bill more slender and longer than in Ibidine ; plumage black.

Geronticus papillosus, Tem. Pl. Col, 304; Jerd. B. Ind. itt.

p- 769; Murray, Hdbk., Gool., §c.. Sind, p. 229.—Tuz Warry-
HEADED Isis.

Head, nape, chin and throat nude, black; crown with a triangular
patch of bright red papille, extending in front in line with the
eyes, and behind to the back of the head; neck and entire under-
surface fuscous brown, unglossed; back, scapulars and tertials the
same, but glossed with purplish; upper tail-coverts dark brown, slightly
glossed with steel blue ; under tail-coverts glossed with bluish ; wings
glossy steel blue, mixed with purple; a large patch of white on the

FALCINELLUS. 279

wing above the shoulder, formed by the white of the innermost lesser
wing-coverts ; bill plumbeous with a greenish tinge, irides orange red ;
legs and feet brick red.

Length.—380 inches, wing 15, tail 7°5, bill 6 to 7, tarsus 3.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Central India, Khandeish, Guzerat, Concan
and Deccan. Occurs on the Western Coast generally. A resident in
Sind; breeds from July to September.

Gen, Falcinellus.—Bech.

Bill long and slender, more so than in Threskiornis ; tarsus longer ;
2nd and 3rd quills longest.

Falcinellus igneus. The Glossy Ibis.

Falcinellus igneus, Linn. ; P. H. 819; Desc. del’Egypte, t. 7, 23
Gould. B. Hur. pl. 311; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 771, No. 948; Str. F.
i. 257; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 280.—Tar Guossy Ists.

Head, on the crown and sides deep greenish dark brown, glossed
with metallic purple, the feathers lanceolate ; neck, nape, chin and
throat, also the back and breast deep rich reddish brown or chestnut
red ; lower back, ramp, wing-coverts and tail dark green, with bronze
aud purple reflections; primaries dark brownish black, tinged with
green ; tertiaries dark red brown; legs blackish green, with a blue
garter above the knee ; claw of mid-toe scooped or hollow below, and
forming a sharp edge on one side; irides brown; lores nude.

Length.—22—23 inches, wing 10°5 to 11, bill at front 6 to 6:5, tarsus
45, Birds of the year are dark brown, the feathers of the head, chin

280 PHC:NICOPTERIDA.

and throat margined with white or lineated; back greenish brown,
very little glossed ; under parts dusky.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. Pro-
vinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Central India, Guzerat and the
Deccan. It is not known from the Concan, but possibly occurs there,
being a bird essentially affecting paddy fields, marshes and jheels.
Breeds in Sind.

ORDER,—NATATORES.

Feet more or less fully webbed; tarsi compressed, generally short,
except in the Phenicopteride ; bill various; wings also variously
developed. The first tribe of the order is Lamellirostres, or birds
with thick depressed bills, usually covered with soft skin, the tip com-
monly called the “nail,” above being horny ; the edges of the bill are
serrated, forming lamellar teeth, which serve as a sieve.

Family, PH@:NICOPTERIDA.

Bill thick, rounded, rather compressed on the sides, suddenly bent
downwards in the middle; tarsi and thighs long, the latter naked ; tarsi
scutellate.

Gen. Pheenicopterus,—Linn.

Margin of bill lamellate and dentate; nostrils in a groove covered by
membrane ; neck very long; 1st and 2nd quills of wing longest; other
characters as in the Family.

Phenicopterus antiquorum, Tem.; P. EH. 63; Nawm. Vogt. t.
238; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 287. Phcenicopterus roseus, Pall. ; Jerd. B. Ind.
iii. p. 775, No. 944; Hume, Str, F.i. 257; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc.
Sind, p. 230.—Tus Framinao.

Plumage throughout of a rosy white in the adult bird; primaries
and secondaries black; primary and greater wing-coverts white, dark
shafted and broadly tipped with black, rest of the wing-coverts and
tertiaries rosy red ; axillaries and under wing-coverts rosy red; bill
rosy, broadly black at the tip; legs and feet rosy red.

Length.—48 to 54 inches, wing 16 to 16:5, tail 6, bill 4 to 412.
Birds of the year have scarcely any rosy tinge, and the plumage,
especially of the upper parts, is mixed with dusky.

Hab.—Peloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces,
Oudh, Bengal, Central India, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan,
Deccan, South India and Ceylon. Every where in flocks of thous-
ands on all the lakes, rivers, &c., especially in Sind. Mr. Hume (Sir.
Fi. p. 257) truly describes them “as occuring in countless myriads, seen
either massed upon the water, as hage rosy islands, or floating above
it like a sunset cloud in all the larger lakes of Sind. On taking
flight, the exposure of the rosy upper and under wing-coverts turns the
mass into a gigantic brilliant rosy scarf, waving to and fro in mighty

PHENICOPTERUS. 281

folds as it floats away.” They are also common about the Kurrachee
harbour, chiefly on the mud flats and in Clifton Bay; usually they are
in large parties drawn up in line. When feeding they have their necks
and heads bent down in such a position, that the upper mandible rests
on the ground ; with it they stir up the limpid ooze in search of animal-
cule, minute crustacea, fish, &c-, on which they live. Like the Cranes
the Flamingoes also have sentinels posted to give warning of danger;
their flesh is not considered good, but the Mohannas or fishermen
caste on the Indus consider it palatable, the fishy taste being lost on
their palates, owing to their principal diet being fish. The ancients
considered it choice food, and the Egyptians, at the present day, are
partial to the flesh. From the tongue they are said to extract an oil
which they use for flavouring certain viands.

They have been found breeding at Fao in Mesopotamia ; the nest is as
curious asthe structure of the bird, being a truncated cone, built entire-
ly of stiff clayey mud, on which the parent bird sits either astride or
with its long legs folded under it ; eggs 2 in number, white, and very
chalky.

Pheenicopterus minor, Geof. St. Hil. ; P. C0. 419; Schleg. De.
Dier. fig. 279; Ibis. 1869, pl. 15,8; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 31; ii. 339 ;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 2830.—Tue Lesszr Fiamineo.

“In winter plumage the head, neck and the whole body above and
below is a delicate pale rose colour; on the back little more than white,
tinged with rosy; the scapulars are almost white, with a pale rosy streak
down the centre; the quills are black, except the tertials, which are
like the scapulars, but slightly pinker; the wing-coverts are pale rosy
white, the lesser and median broadly centred at the tip with a bright
rather pale cerise, and the legs and feet are a bright rose pink. In
the breeding season the rosy tint is very much brighter, the throat is
bright rose colour, each of the feathers of the breast is broadly centred
towards the tip with bright cerise; the feathers of the upper portion
of the back are many of them similarly centred, and over the broad
rosy white scapulars a number of comparatively narrow, elongated,
intensely cherry-coloured plumes (which reach as far down as the end
of the closed wing) have been thrown out; the whole visible portion
of the secondary, lesser and median-coverts have become the most
brilliant cherry colour with only narrow white tips; and the lower tail-
coverts, flanks and vent feathers are bright rosy, tinged with cherry
colour, with only narrow white tips ; the legs and feet too have becomea
deep but brilliant red ; as for the bill, the basal portion is a deep vinous
red, the tip black, and the intermediate portion bright crimson lake.”

Length.—33 to 35 inches, wing 12°5 to 13°75, bill from gape 3°5 to
3°6, tail 4°5 to 4°75, tarsus 7°5 to 8'5.—( Hume, Str. F. 1. 33-34).

Hab.—Sind, Persia, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Rajputana, Guzerat
and the Deccan.

Gray, in his Handlist of Birds in the Br. Mus., gives W. Africa,
Cape of Good Hope and the Coast of the Red Sea as its other habitats.
Occurs associated with P. antiquorum.

36 z

282 CYGNID At.

Family, CYGNIDAL.—Sp.

Neck very long; legs moderate; front toes broadly webbed ; hind
toe not lobed ; keellong; bill high at the base, with a fleshy or callous
tubercle; cere extending to the eye; 2nd and 38rd quills of wing
longest ; tail short, rounded,

Cygnus olor. The Mute Swan.

Cygnus olor, Gm.; P. H. 918; Naum. Vogt. t. 29; Gould. B.
Hur. pl. 354; Str. F. vii. pp. 99,101,106 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sey
Sind, p. 231.—Tuz Murr Swan.

Entire plumage white ; callous tubercle at base of upper mandible ;

legs, feet and cere black ; bill reddish orange, the edges and tip black ;
irides dark brown.

Length.—48 to 52 inches. The following are the measurements of the
three specimens obtained by Mr. H. BE. Watson given in Mr. Blanford’s
paper on Wild Swans in Sind.—(Str. F’. vii. 101.)

No.1. No. 2. No. 3.
Length from tip of bill to end of tail... 58° 5” 62” 60°

IRPANSeiy wishav denen oechawerwanseeeaeine en 78° 84: 82°

Closed Win ssicssees ssa dinssissccsmerees ce 22° Ub eer cere
Paik tPOMCVel by -2i34ccsessneaas scar savas eoans 9°75 10°25 = 9°75
Bill from, CBPE= subs cece cevstrendepideesseee 3°75 O48 eh biecacs
Tarsus measured on inner side............ 3° As eDet Lik.

Tho female resembles the male in every particular, except that the
callous tubercle is sinaller.

ANSER. 283

This species was obtained on the Munchur Lake during an unusually
severe winter in Sind by Mr. H. EH. Watson, Depvty Collector of
Sehwan, shortly after I left the Lake in the same year (1878). In every
instance, where the species has occurred, it was during an unusually
severe winter. Mr. Hume, in his Game Birds, says—“ It may be considered
a pretty regular, though somewhat rare, cold weather visitant to the
Peshawar and Hazara Districts, and an occasional straggler to the Kohat
and Rawul Pindee Districts, and to the Trans Indus portions of Sind.”

It bas occurred near Peshawar in 1857. In 1871, Captain Unwin
obtained a specimen in the Rawul Pindee District. Dr. Stolickza in
J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 229, says—“ While crossing the Runn of Cutch
he noticed several swans, but at too great a distance for it to be possible
to form an idea as to the species the birds belonged to,” “ and from its
occurrence in Sind,” Mr. Hume says “ renders it not improbable that
Dr. Stolickza was right.”

Outside our limits this species has been seen in the Kabul river,
near Jellalabad, and is known to visit Northern Afghanistan pretty
regularly. Breeds in Western Turkistan.

Family, ANSERIDA.

Bill moderate, narrower in front than behind; keel elevated at the
base, sloping to the tip; nail at point of bill horny and hard; Jegs
moderate ; knee bare; hind toe partially lobed; laminar teeth present.

Sub-Family, ANSERINA.

Characters same as those of the Family.

Gen. Anser.—Briss.

Bill high at the base, rather long; lamina at edge wide and visible
externally ; nostrils in the nude cere, longitudinal.

Anser cinereus, Meyer; Naum. Vogt. t. 285; Gould. B. Hur. pl.
347; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 779 ; Str. F. i. 258; iv. 26,197; vii. 4945 viii.
421; Hume and Marsh. Game B. of Ind. ii. p. 55; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 233. Hans, Sind.—Tun Grey Lae Gooss.

Head, hind neck and nape greyish brown, the feathers of the latter
slightly darker and forming a conspicuous line on the neck behind,
in some uniform grey brown; chin, throat and breast on the upper
part pale greyish brown; the breast below whitish, and barred on
the sides with greyish; back and scapulars brown, the feathers
margined at the tips with fulvous white, forming regular bars; greater
wing-coverts greyish brown, lesser slightly paler, both bordered with
whitish ; primaries white shafted, the first three pale grey, the rest
nearly dark brown; tail greyish, tipped with white. The plumage of
this Goose is very variable. Of specimens I have, no two are alike.
Mr. Hume also notices this fact and says—‘“‘In some the head and
neck vary from pale ashy or earthy brown to dark clove brown; in
most there is a mingled white and orange patch on the forehead ; in

284 ANSERID AR.

some there is a similar spot at the base of the upper mandible on each
side, the feathers of the head and cheeks are tinged with orange or
rusty, and in most there is a small spot of white on the chin. In some
specimens the breast and abdomen are closely blotched and mottled
with black or blackish brown and pale rusty buff; in others the cap and
back of the upper neck are conspicuously darker, as in the specimen
before me, which has the entire breast a fulvous or soiled white, also
the middle of the belly, while the flanks are brown and barred with
fulvous.”

Bill pinkish flesh colour, sometimés with an orange tinge; nail
greyish white ; irides greyish brown ; legs livid fleshy.

Length.—30 to 32 inches, wing 17 to 18°5, tail 6, bill at front 2°4 to
2°8, tarsus 3 to 3°12.

Hab.—Sind, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Rajputana, Kutch and Guzerat. Occurs throughout Europe. About
the Munchur Lake in Sind they are met with in large parties, also
along the canals, and especially the river.

Anser albifrons. The White-fronted Goose.

Anser albifrons, Gm. ; Naum. Vogt. t. 289 ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 780 ;
Sir. Pi. 259; vii. 421; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind ; Hume and
Marsh, Game B. Ind. p. 73.—Tun Wuuirn-rronrep or Lavanine
Goose.

Forehead white or yellowish white, followed by a narrow dark band;
chin the same; head, hind neck and nape brownish grey,
shaded in some specimens with reddish; throat pale greyish white,
darker in some ; breast and flanks pale brownish, with cross bars of
black ; paler and whitish on the lower breast, with broader black bars;
back dark greyish brown, the feathers with pale reddish brown edges ;
upper and under tail-coverts white ; tail with the middle feathers dark
grey, tipped with white; the lateral ones entirely white ; primaries ashy
grey, dark at the tip; secondaries bluish black ; tertiaries margined
with dull white; greaterand lesser wing-coverts grey, edged with rufous ;

ANSER. 285

abdomen white; bill livid fleshy or purplish red, the middle of the
upper mandible with an orange tinge; nail at tip white or yellowish
white ; legs and feet orange.

Length.—27 to 28 inches, wing 16 to 17, bill at front 1:7 to 1:9,
tarsus 3.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan (Quetta) Persian Gulf (Bussorah) Af-
ghanistan (Arghandab) Punjab, N. W, Provinces and Oudh.

In Sind the white-fronted Goose is much more rare than the Grey
Lag. Mr. Hume says “‘ that about one bird of this species visits this
empire, for every thousand of Grey Lags, or every five thousand of
the Barred-headed Geese.” In Egypt it is most abundant, also at Fao
in Mesopotamia, and on the Caspian.

Anser indicus, Lath.; Gould. 0. B. pl. 80; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p. 782; Str. F. iv. 499 ; vii. 491; vin. 421; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §&c.,
Sind, p. 284; Hume and Marsh. Game B. Ind..p. 81. Raj-hans, Hind,
Sind.—THe Barrep-HEADED Goose.

Head and a broad line continued down the sides of the neck white,
with a broad black band from behind the eye across the occiput, and a
second one on the nape; chin and throat white; back of neck dark
hair brown ; front of neck the same, but rather paler and gradually
passing into the ashy grey of the breast ; upper back, scapulars, breast,
upper abdomen and flanks in front ashy grey, the feathers margined
with white and forming lunules of that colour; lower back, rump and
wing-coverts pale ashy grey; upper tail-coverts, tip of tail feathers,
lower abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts white; axillaries pure
ashy grey, feathers of the flanks behind the legs dark rufescent or
snuff brown, margined at the tip with white; primaries white shafted,
the first four and all the primary coverts greyish, the rest and the tips
of the first four as well as all the secondaries dark brown; wing-coverts
like the lower back and rump; bill orange, with a greenish tinge at
the base; nail at the tip black; legs bright orange; bill at front 1:8
to 2.

Length.—27—28 inches, wing 16°5 to 18:5, tarsus 2:8.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Central Provinces
and Bengal. A winter visitant,

This is certainly the most abundant Goose in Sind, and during the
winter may be met in flocks of thousands on the large lakes, and on
the Indus. On the Munchur it simply swarms, and not unlike the
two other species, albifrons and cinereus, feeds during the night and
in the early morning till about 9 or 10 o’clock. They feed exclusively
on tender shoots of grass, and do much damage to the sprouting corn
crops, especially in the neighbourhood of the Munchur, also in lower
Sind. Taking Upper India (including Sind) Hume says—“ This species
enormously outnumbers all the other species of Geese put together.’
I think at least five of the Barred-heads visit India to every one of
the Grey Lags, and as for all the rest of the Geese, they are apparently
so rare, that when one comes to consider numbers, they are not worth
speaking about * * *, Their habits are similar to those of the Grey

286 ANATIDA.

Lags. Where frequently disturbed they feed inland only at night;
where rarely molested they will be found feeding up to eight or nine
in the morning, and again long before sunset. Preferentially they
feed in fields in the neighbourhood of the larger rivers, browsing on the
young wheat, vetches, lentils, &c. They are not difficult to bag, especially
in localities where they are not disturbed by shooting. Walking beside a
pony, or bullock, one can always get within 35 or 40 yards of a flock,
and bag at least a dozen birds with a couple of effective shots. In
localities which have been frequently shot over the birds are very
wary, and unless there is plenty of cover a buffaloe or pony becomes a
necessity. ‘‘Insuch cases,” as Mr. Hume says, “it is best to make sure
of your one or two birds on the ground with the first shot, as you will
seldom have time for more than one shot after they rise.” Mr. Hume, in
his Game Birds of India, gives many hints as to shooting geese and
wild fowl generally. The habits of the Duck tribe and the various
methods adopted for netting them are very interesting, and of much
value to sportsmen generally.

Family, ANATIDA.—Vigors.
Bill flat, broad, laminated at the sides.

Sub-Family, PLECTROPTERIN®.—G. RB. Gray.

Bill long and broad, tip horny ; knee and above bare; tarsi with
squarish scales; hind toe long; wing with one or more spurs on the
shoulder; a fleshy carbuncle at base of upper mandible; plumage
glossy black.

Gen. Sarkidiornis.— Eyton.

Characters those of the Sub-Family; lst and 2nd primaries sub-
equal and longest.

Sarkidiornis melanonotus, Penn. Ind. Zool. pl. 11; Jerd. B.
Ind. iti. 785; Str. F. iv. 27; vi. 4865 viii, 387; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§c., Sind, p. 234; Hume and Marsh. Game B. Ind. iu. p. 91.—THE
Comp Ducx.

Top of the bead and back of neck black, spotted with white, more
so on the back of the neck; cheeks, sides and front of the neck white,
with a few black spots; breast and entire under parts white; chin and
throat white; back, scapulars, tertiaries and wing-coverts glossy
black, glossed with purple ; upper tail-coverts glossed greenish ; pri-
maries and secondaries black ; the lesser wing-coverts glossed with
purplish green; tail black; bill of male with a fleshy protuberance ;
irides dark brown ; bill black.

Length.—28 to 30 inches, wing 18 to 15, tail 6. Female is smaller,
and less brightly coloured.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, South India and
Ceylon.

DENDROCYGNA. 287

A straggler in Sind. Breeds in the N. W. Provinces during July
and August. In Ceylon it is said to breed from January to March,
usually on trees, in the proximity of a large sheet of water.

Sub-Family, TADORNINA, (Anatinz, Sw.)

Plumage rufous; bill flattened towards the tip, with a horny ter-
mination ; hind toe long and slightly lobed.

Dendrocygna, Sw.—Wauistiune Ducks.

Bill rather large, of uniform width ; secondaries long, also the tarsi ;
2nd, 3rd and 4th primaries sub-equal and longest.

Dendrocygna javanica, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 199.
Dendrocygna awsuree, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 168; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p: 789. Dendrocygna arcuata, Cuv. apud. Horsf., apud. auct., nec.
Horsf.—Tuz Wuistiine Txt.

Top of head and occiput dull wood brown, and a narrow streak of the
same continued down the middle of the back of the neck from behind
the nape; sides of the face and neck fulvous brown; chin and
throat albescent ; lower neck and breast yellowish chestnut, gradually
passing into the light chestnut of the under surface of the body;
vent and under tail-coverts albescent; back and scapulars dusky
brown, the feathers edged with dingy fulvous chestnut, forming lunules ;
upper tail-coverts chestnut; tail brown, tipped slightly paler; pri-
maries and secondaries black; greater coverts and tertiaries dusky
brown; lesser and median coverts deep maroon; axillaries black;
bill dusky brown, darker at the tip ; irides deep brown ; eyelids bright
yellow to pale golden; legs plumbeous.

Length.—17'5 to 18 inches, wing 8 to 8'5, tail 2 to 2°12, bill at front
1:5, tarsus 1°75.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and the Indian Peninsula
generally, but not in the more arid tracts, where water is not abundant
as in the interior of Rajputana. According to Hume, there is scarcely
any suitable localitv within the limits of the Indian empire, including
Burmah, Ceylon, the Andamans and Nicobars, in which this species does
not occur either as a permanent resident ora seasonal visitant. It is
essentially a tree duck, and in the breeding season especially affects
the larger pieces of water, in the vicinity of trees. At other times it
‘is found in nearly every suitable piece of water. It nidificates on trees,
making a nest of twigs, &c., or occupying old nests of Herons, &c. In
Sind it has been found breeding in great numbers on the Hastern Narra,
and I have taken a nest of 11 eggs at the One Tree Tank, 6 miles from
Kurrachee. Mr. Doig, who took its eggs in the Narra, found 10 as the
greatest number fromany one nest. ‘‘ The nests,” he says, ‘‘ were com-
posed of green twigs, and in some instances of leaves of the large bulrush
trodden down to make a platform.” Mr. Hume (Game Birds) records
instances of the curious fact of this species carrying its young in its feet
from the nest to the water. Mr. Kemp in the Futtehpore District adds his
testimony to the fact, having obtained an egg from off a narrow ridge
where the bird was seen to carry it, just before he shot it. Mr. Hume

288 TADORNIN A.

says— He heard of their being seen flying down to the water with
ducklings on their backs, and that twice he saw them carrying these in
their claws. On one of these occasions between 8 and 9 a. u. he sawa
duck carry down her whole brood of seven, one at a time, from a hole
in a huge mango tree to the water, she passing each time within three
yards of his face.”

Dendrocygna fulva, Ginel. Syst. Nat. i. 530, 1788; Baird, Birds
N. Amer. pl. 63, 1, Dendrocygna major, Jerd. Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 28;
id. Birds Ind. iii. 790; Str. #. vii, 468; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 234.—Tue Larczr Waistline Tra.

Top of head and sides of the face rufescent brown, slightly paler on
the cheeks; chin and throat albescent, a broad ring or patch of white in
the middle of the neck; a broad black line down the back of the neck
from below the nape; back, scapulars, primaries, secondaries, tertials
and greater wing-coverts dark brown, the feathers of the back with
rufescent or chestnut edgings, forming lunules; lesser wing-coverts dark
maroon; breast yellowish chestnut, gradually passing into the light
chestnut of the under parts of the body; vent, under and upper tail-
coverts white or fulyvous white;.tail dark brown; bill plumbeous;
irides brown; legs and feet plumbeous.

Length.—20°5 to 21 inches, wing 9-25, tail 2°5 to 2°8, bill from gape
2 to 2°4, tarsus 2°25.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. and Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, also 8. India and
Ceylon in suitable localities.

Casarca, Bp.— Bill moderate ; culmen with a knob at the base ; nail
at tip large ; hind toe lobed; wing spurred; plumage from buffy orange
to bright orange.

Casarca rutila, Pall. Hist. d’ Egypt. t.x.1; Gould. B. Hur. pl.
858; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 791; Str. F. i. 260; iv. 198; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind ; Hume, Game B. Ind. p. 128. (Vern. Mungh, Sind).—
Tar Rouppy Suertpraks or Branminy Duck.

Male.—Head, on the crown and sides buff, darkening on the nape
and hind neck, and gradually passing into deep orange or orange
fulvous on the upper back and breast; a seasonal glossy black band
round the middle of the neck in males (not present in all specimens) ;
chin buff; upper back, scapulars and breast in front deep orange
brown, orange fulvous, or rufescent, the colour being variable ; in some
specimens the feathers are edged paler; lower back ochreous, the
feathers finely vermiculated with black ; rump black, also the upper tail-
coverts: and tail, which have a greenish gloss; lower abdomen and
under tail-coverts deep chestnut; in females and in males out of season,
and without the black neck collar, the entire under surface from the
breast is pale chestnut or fulvous chestnut, sometimes with the feathers
round the vent darkening into deeper chestnut, wing spurred at the bend ;
primaries dark brown; greater coverts and outer webs of secondaries
glossy purplish green, forming a broad speculum; lesser and median

TADORNA., 289

coverts white, sometimes with a buffish tinge ; tertials like the back,
some of the feathers finely vermiculated with brown at the tips; under
wing-coverts and axillaries white, also the edge of the wing.

The Female wants the black collar at all scasons, and is gencrally
duller in colour, the head being very pale buffy white ; the crown and
neck in some mouse grey; bill black ; irides dark brown; legs black.

Length.—Males, 24°5 to 27 inches, wing 14°5 to 15:5, tail 5-3, to 6,
tarsus 2 to 2'4, bill at gape 2.

Hab.—Sind, Persia, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, HE. Turkistan, Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nepaul, Bengal, Rajputana, Central India,
Kutch, Guzerat, the Concans, Deccan and Southern India.

The Ruddy Shelldrake is a winter visitant to India. In Sind it is
found on all the large lakes and- brooks and along the Indus river in
great numbers ; and on the Munchur especially ; like geese large parties
resort to the fields of sprouting wheat in the early morning and at
night-fall, and do much damage.

They are extremely shy and wary birds, and as Mr. Reid, in Game
Birds, remarks—“It will not only keep a skarp look out on its own
account, but will fly along the Jheel side before the gunner, uttering its
warning note, and put every bird on the quz vive.”

Tadorna, Leach.—Bill short, high at the base, and with a knob;
wing tuberculated ; nail at tip of bill rather hooked.

Tadorna cornuta, Gm. The Skelldrake.

87 «

290 ANATIN AB.

Tadorna cornuta, Gm. Syst. Nat. P. H.53; Naum. Vogt. t. 298;
Gould. B. Eur. pl. 857; Hume, Game Birds, p. 1386. Tadorna
vulpanser, Fleming; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 794; Murray, Hdbk., Zovl.,
Sc., Sind, p. 235,—Tue Suertpraxe or Burrow Duck.

Head, sides of the face, chin, throat, and about one-half of the
neck all round deep black, with glossy green reflections; below this the
neck all round is white, as are also the back, wing-coverts, rump,
upper tail-coverts aud tail, the latter tipped with black ; a broad band
of ferruginous or orange chestnut across the breast, meeting above on
the foreback ; under surface white, except a mesial band in the middle
of the abdomen; primaries black; greater coverts forming the specu-
lum, and outer webs of the secondaries glossy golden green; upper
secondaries chestnut on their outer webs ; tertiaries and scapulars black ;
bill blood-red, with a knob at the base of the upper mandible ; nail
black; bill deep red ; irides brown ; legs fleshy red.

Length, —28-25 inches, wing 12 to 13:5, tail 4°75 to 5°5, tarsus 2 to
2:3. Females average 20 to 22 inches in length, and are much duller
in colour.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, EH. Turkistan,
Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch and Kattiawar Coast.
Except in large lakes the Shelldrake is only found on the sea coast, the
neighbourhood of the sea being its proper home.

Sub-Family, ANATINA.
Hind toe small, not bordered by a membrane; bill even in width
throughout, or wider at the tip ; lamellze numerous, fine and bristly.

Spatula, Bote.—Bill longer than the head, narrow at the base, broad
at the tip, shovel-hke ; nail small ; lamellee fine and bristly.

Spatula clypeata. The Shoveller.

Spatula clypeata, Lin.; P. H. 971, 972; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 800;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 796; Str. F. iv. 199; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 235; Hume and Marsh. Game Birds Ind. p. 141. Vern,
Alipat, Sind.—Tue SHovELLER,

ANAS, : 294

Male.—Head and neck all round deep or dark brown with glossy
green reflections ; back brown; scapulars and breast white; rump and
upper tail-coverts glossy brown black ; sides of the ramp white ; tail
brown, the outer feathers white, the rest edged with white; primaries
dusky brown, white shafted; secondaries the same, their outer webs
rich bright green and forming the speculum ; lesser wing-coverts pale
blue; greater wing-coverts dusky brown, tipped with white, forming
a bar across the wing; tertials long and pointed, pale blue on their
outer webs, purplish black on the inner ones, the tips of some of the
elongated ones white ; abdomen rich chestnut brown or brownish red ;
lower tail-coverts black, glossed greenish ; flanks chestnut brown, the
feathers finely vermiculated with dark brown; bill black ; legs orange;
irides yellow.

Length.—19 to 20 inches, wing 9 to 10, tail 3°5 to 4, tarsus 1:2 to
1-4, bill from gape 2°9 to 3.

The Female is slightly smaller, averaging 19 inches in length at the
outside; wing 8 to 9. The head is pale reddish brown, with dusky
shaft-streaks ; breast pale brownish rufous, with dusky brown spots ;
back dusky brown, the edges and tips of the feathers paler and rufous
white ; lesser wing-coverts tinged with pale blue; speculum green,
and a white bar across the wing as in the male.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Nepaul, Kashmir,
Eastern Turkistan, Punjab, N- W. Provinces and Oudh, Bengal, Central
India, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, South India and
Ceylon.

Winter visitors to India, affecting all the lakes, marshes, ponds, &c.,
feeding on worms, larve, tadpoles, seeds and young shoots of aquatic
plants. They are not naturally shy, as in village ponds they are
frequently seen dabbling about, or standing in the shallow edge of
ponds, while the inhabitants are drawing water or bathing.

Anas, Linn.—Bill slightly longer than the head, of nearly uniform
width throughout; tertials long and pointed; tail wedge-shaped ;
nostrils near the base of the bill; middle tail feather curled.

Anas boscas. The Mallard.

292 ANATINAS.

Anas bosceas, Zinn.; P. H. 776, 777; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 361;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 798; Str. F.i.261, iv. 199; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
§¢e., Sind, p. 235; Hume and Marsh. Game Birds Ind. p. 151.. Vern,
Niroji, Sind.—Tus Matiarp.

Male.—Head and upper half of neck rich dark metallic glossy green,
succeeded by a white ring; lower down on the back of the neck grey-
ish chestnut brown, with fine transverse greyish waved lines; back
above or mantle chestnut brown, the feathers margined slightly paler ;
scapulars greyish white, the feathers finely marked with transverse
wavy brown lines, the outermost ones chestnut; ramp and upper tail-
coverts blackish green, the sides of the former greyish white, finely
vermiculated with brownish; primaries greyish brown, also the secon-
daries, the outer webs of which are rich shining purple, margined
by a velvetty black band and tipped with white ; the speculum formed
by the shiniag metallic purple patch is bounded on each side with a bar
of black and white ; tail with the four middle feathers velvetty black,
glossed with greenish, and curled upwards, the rest greyish brown,
bordered with white; lower neck and breast deep chestnut; rest of
lower parts greyish white, tinged in some specimens with dull yellowish,
and marked with close-set transverse undulating brown lines, indistinct
in many, and in others strongly marked ; under tail-coverts velvetty
black, bill dingy olive, greenish at the tip ; nailat the tip black ; irides
brown; legs and feet reddish orange to vermilion.

Length.—22°5 to 24°5 inches, wing 10-75 to 11, tail 4:2 to 4°8, tarsus
1:6 to 1:9. The Female is smaller, averaging 21 inches in length.

fTab.~-Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. and
Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, the
Concans, and a straggler in the Deccan.

Anas peekilorhyncha, Gm. ; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool., pi. 67; Jerdon,
B. Ind. iii. p. 799, No. 959. (Hunj, Sind.) —Tuz Srorrep Brttep Dvcx. ,

Top of head to the nape behind dark sepia brown, also a line from
the base of the upper mandible through the eye, ending in a point
behind; supercilium, sides of the face and neck dingy fulvous, minutely
speckled with brown; lower neck, breast and abdomen the same, the
brown spots Jarger than on the upper neck, and increasing in size on
the breast, abdomen and flanks; chin and throat unspotted fulvous ;
upper back, scapulars and lesser and median wing-coverts hair brown ;
lower back and rump black ; primaries deep brown ; secondaries brown
on their inner webs ; speculum on their outer webs, rich emerald glossy
green, tipped with black, the black tips of the innermost narrow-
ly edged with white ; greater wing-coverts sepia brown at base, with a
subterminal white band and tipped with black; tertiaries white on
their outer webs and hair brown on their inner; tail deep brown, the
central feathers darker; vent and under tail-coverts nearly black ;
under wing-coverts white; bill black, with a spot of red at the base,
and yellow at the tip; legs and feet vermilion red ; irides deep brown.

Length.—23°5 to 25°9, wing 10°5 to 11, tail 4°75 to 5°75, tarsus 1°85
to 1:93, bill from gape 2°5 to 2°75. Females are slightly smaller.

CHAULELASMUTS. 293

Hab.—A permanent resident in India. Breeds in Sind and the
Punjab. Found in large numbers in Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, the drier
parts of the Punjab and Rajputana, also in the N. W. and. Central
Provinces, Oudh, Kutch, Guzerat and the Deccan.

Affects large lakes, ponds, brushy or weedy tanks, and often the
banks of rivers, feeding on worms, molluscs, insects, larve, young
shoots of grass, &c. Mr. Hume says, (Game B. iii. p. 168) “that the
breeding season of this duck varies a great deal with locality”; in the
N. W. Provinces and Oudh, also the eastern portiuns of Rajputana
and the Punjab, July, August and September are the months; in
Guzerat, October. In Sind Mr. Doig obtained eggs at the latter end of
April and May on a small island covered with long grass in the middle
of the Narra.

Chaulelasmus, G. R. Gray, Syn. Chauliodus, Sw. Cl. of Birds.
f. 330, b.

Bill as long as the head, of uniform width, except towards the tip,
where it is slightly narrowed; nail small; lamellae projecting and
delicate ; wings and tail long; the central tail feathers rather clongate.

Pm,

e
=]

Chaulelasmus strepera. The Gadwall.

Chaulelasmus strepera, Linn.; Pl. Hn. 958; Gould. B. E. pl.
366; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 802, No. 961; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c.,
Sind, p. 235; Hume, Game B. Ind. p. 181. (Burd, Sind; Beykur,
Punjab.)—Tar GapwaLt.

Male.—Head and neck falvous or greyish white, freckled with
brown ; crown of the head witha slight yellowish tinge; chin and
throat greyish white, finely speckled with brown ; breast brown, with
white crescent-shaped lines on each feather ; abdomen white, minutely
speckled with greyish brown; the flanks variegated with undulations
of brown and white; back above clove brown, with narrow crescentic
undulations; scapulars with narrow undulations of brown and white ;
rump and upper tail-coverts bluish black, with a purplish gloss; lower
tail-coverts glossy black, tinged with green; tail brownish grey,
the edges of the feathers paler or fulvous, the two central feathers
pointed ; primaries dark brown; secondaries nearly black; the speculum

294 ANATINAN.

a tri-coloured bar of purple red, black and white, except the four first
feathers, which are grey at base and black at the tip; tertials brownish
grey; greater wing-coverts glossy black; lesser wing-coverts grey,
marbled with yellowish or fulvous white; median coverts rich chestnut
brown, varied in some with orange brown, the tips of the feathers
nearest to the speculum broadly bordered with black; bill brownish
black or dusky leaden, tinged with reddish beneath ; irides dark
brown; legs pale orange.

Length.—19°5 to 21°5, wing 10°75 to 11°5, tail 3°9 to 4°2.

The Female is smaller, has a light superciliary streak; the head on
the crown is black mixed with greyish white; sides of the face fulvous
white with brownish streaks; neck in front spotted with dark brown,
and marked on the breast with crescentic bands of dark and pale
brown; chin and throat white; abdomen white; back deep dusky
brown, the feathers edged with buff; lesser wing-coverts greyish
brown, edged paler; speculum dull white; tail dark brown, marbled
with pale buff, brown and white.

Hab.—Central and South Europe, and nearly throughout India; found
in Sind, Beloochistan, Afghanistan and Persia, also in the Punjab, N. W.
and Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central India, Kutch, Guzerat,
the Concans and Deccan; recorded also from Nepaul, Gilgit, and H.
Turkistan ; it is also met with on the Continent of Europe, in Spain
and Italy, also in Iceland and Siberia, as well as in the northern parts
of Africa and India generally. In Sind it is numerous on the lakes,
dhunds, &c., during winter, and especially on the Munchur, arriving
about the middle of November.

Gadwall are considered excellent for the table, especially during the
first two months of their arrival, when they usually feed on rice and
young shoots of the sprouting wheat crops. Later on they affect the
jheels and feed on crustaceans and fry of fish, and though then rather
fishy in taste, the flesh is not despised when better game is not to be had.
The localities preferred by the Gadwall after dusk are generally lakes,
jheels and ponds covered with long herbage, but during the day it ~
frequents open waters, as the broads of the Indus.

Chaulelasmus angustirostris, Menetries; Bp. F. Ital. t. 47.
1,2; Gould. B. Hur, pl. 873; Str. F. i. 262; ii, 278; vii. 498, 523;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 2385; Hume, Game B. Ind. p. 237.—
Tan Marsiep Tmt,

‘The male has the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape brownish
white, with numerous narrow, close-set, wavy, irregular, dark brown
bars, which become more speckly on the occiput, where also the
ground colour is a more rufescent brown; feathers immediately
round the eye very dark brown; a broad irregular stripe over the
eye, and a large patch on the side of the head behind the eyes, moder-
ately dark brown, shading into the very dark brown immediately
surrounding the eyes; the whole space between the sides of the upper
mandible and the dark feathers surrounding the eye, the whole sides
of the head below the dark eye and ear patch, the whole chin, throat

CHAULELASMUS. 295

and front of the neck, slight greyish or brownish white, very narrowly,
regalarly and closely streaked with brown; the lower parts a slightly
brownish white ; the breast feathers with greyish brown subterminal
transverse bars, mostly more or less concealed by the pale tippings of
the superincumbent feathers, and only clearly seen when the feathers
are lifted; the sides and flanks similar, but the subterminal bars much
broader, and some of the flank feathers with several bars 3 the vent
feathers and lower tail-coverts, generally, with a slightly more rufescent
tinge, and with two or more narrow, widely, separated, transverse
brown bars; the tibial plumes browner, and with numerous narrow
closely-set, but ill-marked, transverse brown bars; the abdomen more
or less obsoletely mottled with very pale grey brown, which, on lifting
the feathers, is found to arise from more or less faint, irregular, trans-
verse, subterminal, brownish bars.

‘‘ The barrings above described are very much more marked in some
specimens than in others, in some in fact they are almost entirely
obsolete on the abdomen, and can hardly be traced.

“The upper back greyish brown, the feathers with a subterminal richer
brown bar ; scapulars brown, each feather with a yellowish white termi-
nal spot, and of a much richer brown, the longer ones especially, just
above the spot; the tertiaries and secondary greater-coverts are greyish
brown, the former obsoletely barred paler; the secondaries are pale
grey; the primaries, their greater-coverts, and the winglet pale slaty,
the primaries with a silver grey tinge on the outer webs towards the
tips; the inner webs pale grey brown, except towards the tips, where
they are much darker, and where the shafts also are conspicuously
darker; the middle back, rump, and upper tail-coverts the same
grey brown as the upper part of the back; the feathers of the middle
back narrowly and obscurely tipped with yellowish white, those of
the rump and upper tail-coverts more broadly and conspicuously so,
and with a subterminal dark brown spot; the longest of the upper
tail-coverts are very broadly and conspicuously so tipped, and have
a subterminal dark band; the tail feathers pale grey brown, broadly
tipped, and narrowly margined with yellowish white ; the two central
tail feathers darker on the inner webs and dark shafted, and the lateral
tail feathers paling as they recede from the centre.

“ The female is similar, but smaller, with the eye patch and generally
all the marking and tints duller and less conspicuous.

“The legs and feet are dusky olive or dark horny brown ; bill bluish
grey, black on culmen and tip, or dusky, bounded at the margins of
the feathers of the forehead and cheeks with a pale, leaden blue line
continued along the margin of both mandibles to near the tip, and a
spot of the same colour just above the nail; the irides are brown.

“The dimensions of this species are as follows :—

“ Male.—Length 18°3 to 19, expanse 28°5 to 29:5, tail from vent 3°6 to
4,wing 8'1 to 8°5, wings when closed reach to within 0°7 to 1°5 of end
of tail, bill at front, including nail, 1°77 to 1°85, tarsus 1°44 to 1°52,
weight 1°3 oz. to 1° oz.

296 ANATIN Ad.

« Female.—Length, 169 to 17:5, expanse 27 to 28, tail from vent 2°8
to 8°7, wing 7-9 to 8:1, wings when closed reach to within from 0:5 to
1 of end of tail, bill at front 0°6 to 0°75, tarsus 1:4 to 1°5, weight 1
ib. to 1 lb. 3 02.” —(Str. F. i. p. 562).

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, S. Afghanistan, Lower Punjab, N.
W. Provinces, Oudh and Bengal; extremely abundant after October ;
much sought for the table. Feeds chiefly on leaves, roots, fresh water
molluscs, de.

Clangula glaucion. The Golden Eye.

Clangula glaucion, Lin.; P. EH. 802; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 379;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 238; Hume, Game Birds, iii. p.
285,—Tue Goupen Eye or Garror.

“ Male.—The bill is black; the iris yellow; the feet orange yellow
with the webs dusky; the claws brownish black ; the head and upper
part of the neck are glossy deep green when seen in a light reflected
at a small angle, but otherwise purple; the throat brownish black;
between the lateral basal sinus of the upper mandible and the cheek is
an ovate patch of white, ten-twelfths across in its greatest diameter ;
the lower neck all round, the breast, fore part of the abdomen,
sides, and lower tail-coverts white ; but the axillary feathers and lower
wing-coverts are blackish brown, and the edges of the posterior elong-
ated feathers on the sides black; the back and the inner and posterior
scapulars are black ; the outer scapulars white with the margins black ;
the tail is deep brown, tinged with grey; the sides of the rump and
tibiee duskygrey, and the feathers on the hind part of the abdomen dusky
at the base ; the wing may be described as brownish black, with a large
patch of white, which includes many of the small coverts, several of the
secondary coverts, and eight of the secondary quills; these white
secondary coverts have their basal half black, but that colour is not
apparent when the feathers are laid.

“ Length.—To end of tail 19 inches, extent of wings 32, wing from
flexure 9, tail 4, bill along the edge 1°42, tarsus 1°42.

“ Hemale.—The female is much smaller, and has the bill less stout; the
feathers of the head less elongated, and less glossy, as are the scapulars
and the feathers of the sides; the bill is light brown, yellowish on the
ridge towards the end, with the upper unguis dusky ; the lower yellowish

DAFILA. 297

brown ; the tarsi and tocs are of a dingy yellowish brown; the inter-
digital membranes dusky ; the claws brown ; the head and upper neck
are umber brown; the lower neck all round dull ash grey, the feathers
terminally edged with paler; the lower parts are white, but the sides
of the body and rump, with part of the abdomen, are grey ; the axillars
and lower wing-coverts brownish grey; the back and scapulars are
deep ash grey, but on the hind part of back that colour shades into black ;
the tail dark brown, tinged with grey; the smaller wing-coverts are
deep grey, many of them tipped with pale prey; the primaries, their
coverts, four outer secondaries, and fiveinner, with their coverts brown-

ish black; the seven other secondaries pure white, as are their coverts,
unless at the base.

“ Tength.—To end of tail 16 inches, expanse 28, wing 8:25, tail 3°25;

bill along the ridge 1:25, tarsus 1:25.”—Mace Gullivray, Br. B. ex Str-
F, vii. 441.

Hab.—Sind, Lucknow (Bonavia) North Afghanistan.

This species has not to my knowledge been obtained in Sind during
the last thirteen years. ‘Sir A. Burnes obtained a specimen on the
Indus, which is figured among his drawings in the possession of the
Asiatic Society.”

Dafila, Leach. ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iti. p. 615.

Tail with the central feathers narrow and much Jengthened beyond

the rest ; neck long; bill elevated at the base, of nearly uniform width ;
lst primary of wing longest.

SY

SSS a \
ee NNN

=a

Dafila acuta. ‘The Pintail.

Dafila acuta, Lin. ; P. B. 954; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 365 ; Jerd. B. Ind.
iii. p. 803; Str. F. i. 201; iv. 29, 200; Murray, Hdbk., Zvol., S¢.; Sind,
p. 235; Hume, Game Birds Ind. p- 190. (Sink-par, N, W. Provinces ;
Kokarallec, Dreegush, Sind.) —Tue Pin tal.

88 z

298 ANATINAL, .
Male.—Entire head, face, chin and throat umber brown, the feathers
on the crown slightly darker and with a ferruginous tinge; back of the
neck dark brown, nearly black; lower neck, breast and abdomen
white; a white line running up on each side of the neck to the occiput ;
back, sides of the breast and flanks marked with transverse undula-
tions of black and white ; upper tail-coverts cinereous or pale fulvous
brown; under tail-coverts deep velvet black; tail with the central
feathers black, much elongated, black and glossed with greenish, the
others dusky brown and margined with white ; primaries dusky greyish
brown, the shafts much paler; secondaries dusky brown on their inner
webs, their outer webs forming the speculum, dark greenish bronze,
edged with black and tipped broadly white ; upper part of the speculum
edged with the pale ferruginous tips of the greater coverts, which, like
the lesser and median coverts, are dusky brown; scapulars black, edged
with yellowish ; tertiaries long and pointed, deep black and edged with
whitish; bill black, with a bluish tinge on the sides of the upper
mandible ; legs and feet slaty or blackish grey ; irides dark brown.

Length.—22 to 29 inches, wing 10:3 to 11°75, tail 7:5 to 8, bill 2 to
2°45, ;

Females.—Smaller. Length.—20 to 2255, wing 9°3 to 10.

Female.—Forehead and crown, also back of the head, nape and
neck dark brown, the feathers with fulvous edgings ; sides of the face,
chin, throat and foreneck fulvous with brown spots and streaks, which
become longer and darker on the jower neck; breast and the lower
parts fulvous with obscure crescentic brownish markings on the breast,
flanks and sides of the rump and large spots on the lower abdomen ;
back and scapulars dark brown, with lunate or crescentic markings of
white and pale buff about the middle of each feather, and edged with
whitish; greater and lesser wing-coverts dusky brown, with margins
and tips of white; primaries a shade lighter; speculum brownish
bronze, unglossed, the tips of the feathers white; tertiaries dusky
brown, margined with white; tail long, pointed, dark brown, with
imperfect bars and streaks of white or yellowish white ; under tail-
coverts fulvous white, with brown spots.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. and
Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch, Concan, Deccan, Guzcrat,
Central and Southern India and Ceylon. Hume says—“ There is uo
district in the Empire, from Ceylon to Kashmir, from Kashmir to Sadya,
Munipoor aud Moulmein, where the Pintail does not occur in greater
or less abundance except in South Tenasserim.

The Pintail affects the large broads or dhunds and lakes, and is
seldom seen except in large parties. It is held in much estimation
for the table, and for this purpose is netted in great numbers with the
Gadwall and other water birds. On the Munchur Lake the fowlers net
from 100 to 200 daily, and a sportsman in suitable localities could
obtain two or three dozen at least as a good day’s sport, besides
other game. Hume, like myself, thinks that on the whole, next to the

MARECA. 299

Mallard, the Pintail is the best duck for the table in India, the Gadwall
ranking next.

Mareca, Steph. ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 614.

Bill uniform in width; laminz prominent ; first and second quills of
wing longest ; tail short, cuneate ; hind toe small.

:

Ee

Mareca penelope. The Wigeon.

Mareca penelope, Lin. ; P. E. 825; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 359 ; Jerd.
B. Ind. iii. p. 804, Sir, F. i. 261; iv. 80; vii. 494; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., Se, Sind, p. 235; Hume, Game Birds Ind. p, 198. Mareca
kagolea, Gm. N. Comm. Petrop. xv. t. 21. (Patarce, Punjab; Parrow,
Sind.)—Tue Wicson.

Male.—Forehead and crown creamy yellow, remainder of head and
neck rich chestnut; cheeks speckled with black, also a speckled band
down the middle of the throat in some; nape narrowly barred with
black and pale reddish white; chin and throat black ; lower neck and
breast vinaceous red, lightest in front, darkest on the sides; abdomen
white, the flanks with transverse undulating lines of black and white ;
under tail-coverts black, with a greenish gloss; tail blackish grey; back
minutely barred with transverse undulating lines of black and white ;
scapulars black, edged with white; wing-coverts white, the greater
ones with velvet black tips; speculum glossy green, bounded above
and below with black; bill plumbeous, the base black ; legs and feet
plumbeous or brown ; irides red brown.

Length.—19 to 19:5, wing 10 to 10°5, tail 4 to 4°5, bill 1°7 to 1°82.
The Females are smaller; length 17:5 to 19, wing 9°3 to 10 inches, tail
8:5 to 5. In colouring the female has the head and neck fulyous brown,
speckled with dusky ; upper parts dusky or deep brown, the feathers
with reddish edges; speculum without the green gloss; feathers of the
flanks rufous brown, tipped with ashy.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. and
Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal and throughout Western and Central
India, rare in Southern India, and not yet recorded from Ceylon. Iu
Kattiawar, Rajputana, the Deccan and Concan it is not uncommon

300 ANATIN AE.

during the winter months. It is considered excellent eating for the first
two months after arrival, but after this the flesh is said to become of a
muddy flavour and anpalatable.

Querquedula, Steph. ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 616.

Bill of uniform width, as long as the head, and slightly raised at the
base; nail horny, hooked and narrow; lamella not apparent; wing
long, second quill longest; secondaries long and pointed; tail wedge-
shaped.

Querquedula crecca, Lin.; P. FE. 946; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 364;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. 806; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 5-c., Sind, p- 235; Hume,
Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 206. (Kardo, Sind; Moorghali, Hind.) —Tur
Common TEAL.

Forehead, crown, face, cheeks, throat and upper neck in front rich
chestnut brown ; chin black; a narrow dark line round the base of the
bill, followed by a white or buffy one on the side, which meets a similar
coloured superciliary stripe, and another under the eye; behind the eye,
between the hind superciliary and lower eye-streak is a broad glossy
green, or dark green patch, which meets on the back of the neck;
breast rufescent or white, tinged with reddish and spotted with black ;
upper abdomen white; lower abdomen in some minutely barred
with brownish; flanks barred with brown or blackish brown;
upper back and scapulars marked with undulating white and black
transverse bars; lower back dark brown, with faint traces only of
paler transverse bars; tail hair brown or dusky brown, the feathers
edged with white ; under tail-coverts black, the feathers on the sides
creamy yellow; primaries dusky brown, edged on their outer-webs and
tipped darker ; first six secondaries velvet, black on their outer webs;
next four or five forming the speculum glossy green, and followed by the
black outer web of the first tertial; lesser and median coverts dusky
or greyish brown ; greater coverts the same and tipped with white or
yellowish white, forming a border to the speculum above; bill
black, or brownish black; irides brown; legs and feet’ greyish or
plumbeous.

Length.—145 to 15°75 inches, wing 7 to 8, tail 2:9 to 3°5

The female has the head, neck and upper parts dusky brown; the
feathers edged with white or fulvous white on the head and neck and
lunated on the back; speculum as in the male, but slightly duller; chin
and throat white, with black spots; breast and flanks white and spotted
with ‘cae brown; abdomen white; under tail-coverts with brown
streaks,

Length.—13°5 to 14°7 inches, with a wing of 6:5 to 7°5.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. and
Central Provinces, Rajputana, Kutch and throughout India.

_ Abundant wherever it occurs, frequenting tanks, rivers, ponds and
jheels, &c.

QUERQUEDULA 301

Querquedula circia. The Garganey or Blue-winged Teal.

Querquedula circia, Lin.; P. EH. 946; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 364 ;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 807; Str. F. iv. 201; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc.
Sind, p. 285; Hume, Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 215,—Tur Garcangy or
BLUE-wINGED TEAL.

Male.—Forehead purplish brown, finely streaked with white ; crown
of the head, occiput, nape, and a line half way down the back of the neck
dark umber or blackish brown, bounded on each side by the white
superciliary streak, which extends to the sides of the neck ; face, sides
of the neck, cheeks, throat and neck chestnut brown, the feathers with
white mesial streaks ; chin black ; breast and upper abdomen yellowish
brown, tinged in some specimens with ferruginous, and with broad
crescentic dark brown markings; lower abdomen white or yellowish white,
with, in some specimens, transverse, dusky striz behind; flanks with
transverse undulations of black and white; axillaries white with black
bases ; back brownish black, the feathers edged with yellowish brown ;
primaries dark brown on their outer webs and tips, pale wood brown on
their inner webs, in some specimens narrowly edged with whitish ; wing
spot on outer web of secondaries dull green, slightly glossed and tipped
with white, the white tipsforming the second bar across the wing;
greater coverts ashy grey or bluish ashy, broadly tipped with white;
lesser and median coverts ashy grey, or bluish ashy ; scapulars long and
lanceolate, black, with a mesial white shaft, and narrowly edged greyish
white, or white; tertiaries dusky brown, edged with white on their
outer webs; rump and upper tail-coverts dark brown, with bars of
yellowish white ; tail dark brown, the feathers edged with yellowish or
fulvous white ; under tail-coverts yellowish white with black spots ;
bill black above, brownish on the lower mandible; irides brown; legs
and feet greenish grey or plumbeous.

Length.—15:5 to 16-5 inches, wing 7:2 to 8, tail 3:2 to 3°65, bill 1:75
to 1°85.

The Female has the chin and throat white; head on the crown
brown with spots and streaks of a darker shade; back of neck brown,
the feathers edged with white ; cye-streak faint; speculum dull and

802 ANATIN A.

indistinct, bordered above and below. with white ; breasts and abdomen
greyish white, spotted with brown.

Length.—14'5 to 15 inches, with a wing of from 7 to 7°5.
Hab.—The same as Q. crecca.

Not found in as great numbers as Q. crecca, affects the same situations,
and is considered excellent for the table. It is chiefly a nocturnal
feeder, concealing itself in the jheels and dhunds, among the high grass
during the day; when disturbed it usually returns to the same spot.
Hume says “that at nights they come in seme parts of the country in
such crowds into paddy fields as to destroy acres of crop at one visit;
their food, like Q. crecca, is chiefly vegetable, as tender shoots
and leaves of water plants, seeds, bulbs, &c., but on the sea coasts,
especially the Sind and Mekran Coast, where they aro frequently
found in some numbers, crustacea, slugs, fry of fish and alge form
their diet.”

BA
Coen
"Ly,

Fi
ZZ
‘\

ue

Ni M
S NU Mf

SN | ———
Querquedula formosa. The Clucking Teal.

Querquedula formosa, Georgi. Act. Stockl. 1779, t. 1.3 Schl. F.
J. t. 82, B. Querquedula glocitans, Pall, ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 808;
Hume, Game Birds Ind. iti. p. 225.—Tur Ciucxine Tran.

“ Male.—Forehead, top of head and occiput rich purple brown,
bounded by a narrow white line from the eye; face, cheeks and sides of
neck fawn colour; a black streak from below the eye meeting a black
patch on the throat; nape and hind neck glossy green, ending in a
black stripe down the back of the neck, separated from the fawn
colour of the sides of the neck by a narrow white line; upper plumage
finely marbled grey, edged with rufous on the back; upper wing-
coverts hair brown, the median coverts the same, with an edging of
rufous, forming the anterior margin of the speculum, which is glossy
green, ending in velvet black and bordered posteriorly with silvery
white ; primaries brown ; scapulars lengthened, deep black in the centre,
white on their upper side, and rufous externally; upper tail-coverts
brown, white on either side; tail of 16 feathers dark brown; beneath
the throat black; neck and breast vinaceous purple, paling below

FULIGULA. 303

with black spots, abdomen white; flanks mottled grey; under tail-
coverts black ; bill dusky ; legs dusky.

“ Length.—165:5 inches, wing 8°5, tail 8, bill at front 1:5.”—(Jerd.
B. Ind.)

The Female (of which the Kurrachee Museum has a specimen)
wants the rich markings on the head and face, which are mottled grey ;
there is a distinct white superciliary streak and a brown streak behind
the eye, also a patch of white above the angle of the upper mandible ;
chin and throat white; cheeks and sides of the neck white, the feathers
with mesial linear streaks ; breast rufescent, spotted with dark brown ;
belly white; lower ahdomen and under tail-coverts white, with linear
brown spots; back dark brown, the feathers edged with rufous brown ;
flanks dusky rufescent brown, some of the feathers with whitish edg-
ings; bill 1:62 x 0°62 at its widest part; tarsus 1:6.

Hab.—Sind, N. W. Provinces at Delhi, (Hume) Oudh and Bengal.

According to Mr. Hume, this is a rare straggler within the limits of
India. Blyth obtained a single specimen (a male) in the Calcutta
Bazaar in 1844. Mr. James,C. 8., who was for some time in Sind, had a
water colouring drawing of the head of a Teal, which Mr. Hume regards
as the male of this species, and, besides a female in the Kurrachee
Museum, a male was obtained by Mr. Chill at Dehli in 1879.

Sub-Family, FULIGULINA, Sw.—Drivine Ducks.

Bill elevated at base, flat and broad towards the tip; nail strong,
broad and horny ; tarsi short, rather compressed; toes long, webbed
to the end; hind toe short; tail short and rounded.

Fuligula, Steph.; Branta, Boie.; Gray, Gen. B. iti. p. 620.
Bill nearly as long as the head, moderately wide, tip depressed ; nail
large ; lamelle distant ; wings moderate, 1st quill longest.

Fuligula rufina, Pall. Zoogr. t. 79; P. H. 928; Gould. B. Eur.
pl. 369; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 811; Str. F.iv. 201; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
Sc., Sind, p. 288; Hume, Game B. Ind. iii. p. 258. (Lattoba, Sind; Lull-
seeree, Punjab.) —Tur Rep-crestep Pocuarp.

Male.—Crown of the head, with an elongated crest of a silky texture
and dull yellow colour ; head on the sides, cheeks, chin and throat rich
chestnut, with a tinge of rose red or reddish bay ; nape and a line con-
tinued down the back of the neck black; lower neck, breast, sides of
the breast and abdomen black, in some specimens the abdomen isa
chocolate brown ; flanks white; back pale brown, or yellowish brown ;
the scapulars with a fulvous tinge; bend of the wing and a large spot
on the sides of the back white; primaries brown on their outer webs
and at their tips, white on their inner webs; secondaries white, with sub-
terminal dark tips; tertiaries pale brown; rump and upper tail-coverts
nearly black ; tail dark brown; bill bright vermilion; legs and feet
vermilion or reddish orange ; irides reddish brown.

Length.—20°5 to 22 inches, wing 10 to 10°75, tail 3°0 to 40, bill 2:3
to 2:5.

304 FULIGULINE.

Females arc not much smaller, and average from 20 to 21 inches.
Forehead and crown dark brown; the neck on the back and nape slight-
ly paler; crest much lcss developed ; sides of the face and neck brown-
ish white; speculum greyish white; breast and flanks yellowish brown,
some of the feathers edged paler; shoulder of wing greyish white ;
tail yellowish brown; legs and feet reddish brown; back rufous or
yellowish brown, some of the feathers edged paler.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. Pro-
vinces, Bengal, Guzerat, Kutch, Rajputana, the Deccan and throughout
India generally, except in Southern India and Ceylon.

It is said to breed in parts of Persia. Occurs everywhere in large
numbers during winter from the latter end of October to about the
middle of April, a few however remain beyond the 10th of April.
‘They are not very shy in their wild state, except in well-shot districts,
and usually large bags may be made of this duck in a single day ; they
swim well and dive equally well, remaining a long while under water.
Large lakes and rivers, and situations where there is much deep water,
are the natural resorts of this duck.

Fuligula cristata. The Tufted Pochard.

Fuligula cristata, Lin. ; P. H.1001; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 870; Serd.
B. Ind. iti. p. 815, No. 971; Murray, Hilbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 238 ;
Hume, Game B. Ind. iii. p. 277. (L'urando, Sind; Abluk, Punjab.)—
Tue Turtep Pocuarp,

Head, neck, long pendent erest and nape glossy black, with purple
and green reflections; on the chin a white triangular spot; throat
aud breast black ; back dusky olive brown, or black-brown, tinged
with violet; under parts white; vent and under tail-coverts black ;
greater wing-coverts white, the tips broadly black ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back; tertials glossy green; bill plumbeous ; irides golden
yellow; legs and feet dusky.

Length.—16 to 17 inches, wing 7°5 to 8:5, tail 25 to 3-0, bill 18
to 2°0.

Female.—Length 15 to 16 inches, with a wing of 7:5 to 8.

FULIGULA, 305

The female is dull rufous brown above, with paler edges to the
feathers; the crest is less developed and deep rufous brown in colour;
feathers about the bill pale yellowish white ; breast on the centre yellow-
ish or fulvous white, tinged with greenish ; under parts white, with faint
dusky bars of brown; speculum white; the under tail-coverts white,
with a few spots of pale brown.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. and
Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan,
Deccan, Central and Southern India.

This duck frequents chiefly open tanks, jheels and small dhunds over-
grown with weeds. It feeds chiefly on small molluscs and insects.
In the stomachs of a few obtained by me at Sehwan were species of
Nepile, a species of Ranatra being the most common. They dive
and swim well, and remain for some time under water in search of
minute molluscs, roots and seeds. They are said to be good cating,
but after January the flesh has a peculiar flavour, which renders it
unpalatable.

Fuligula marila. The Scaup Pochara.

Fuligula marila, Lin.; P. £.1002; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 371; Jerd.
B, Ind. iii. p. 814, No. 970; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &e., Sind, p. 239,
Hume, Game B. Ind. iii. p. 271.—T ae Scaur Pocuarp.

“ Male.—Head and neck black, glossed with green ; top of the back and
scapulars whitish, with zigzag black lines; lower back and upper tail-
coverts black; tail brown; wing-coverts black, marbled with ashy ;
speculum white; quills brown; lower neck and breast deep black ;
abdomen and sides pure white, with brown zigzag markings on the
lower portion; under tail-coverts black ; bill clear bluish above, dusky
below, the tip black; irides brilliant yellow; legs bluish ashy; webs
blackish.” —(Jerdon).

Length.—19 to 20 inches, wing 9 inches, tail 2°5, bill at front nearly
2, tarsus 1°5. The measurements of a female given by Mr. Hume
are —Length 18 inches, expanse 28, wing 8°75, tail 2°5, tarsus 1°33, bill
along ridge 1°83, A specimen of a female in the Kurrachee Museum

39 z

306 FULIGULINA,

measures-—Length 17-75 inches, wing 7°5, tail 2°8, billat front 1-62, great-.
est width 0°81. The forehead, crown and nape are chocolate brown, with
a faint gloss; a band of white (loreal) at the base of the bill 0°43 wide,
tinged with rufous ; chin rufescent white; throat slightly paler than the
head ; lower neck and breast pale brown, the feathers edged with
pale rufescent or earthy brown; abdomen satin white; sides of the
vent brownish, with a few white spots; back, scapulars, tertials, wing-
coverts and rump and upper tail-coverts dark brown, with a slight gloss;
the feathers of the upper back very narrowly edged paler ; primaries
dark brown on their outer webs, and tips earthy brown on their inner
webs; secondaries white, broadly tipped with dark brown and narrowly
edged the same on their outer webs ; tail dark brown; irides yellow.
Hab.—Sind, Cashmere and Nepaul.

Tt was not till I took up the Scaups for examination in connection
with this work, that I detected this species; like Mr. Hume I had it
ticketed as nyroca. Mr. Hume’s plate of the female of this species,
and his deseription of the specimens in hig museum puts its oceurence
in Sind beyond doubt. The female specimen described was obtained
in 1879 at the “One Tree Tank,” about six miles north of Kurrachee,
on the road to Muggur Peer. I believe now that I had the male also,
but just at present it is nowhere to be found.

Puligula ferina. The Pochard.

Fuligula ferina, Lin.; P. B. 803; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 867.
Athya ferina, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 812; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., c.; Sind,
p. 239; Hume, Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 249.—THe Pocuarp, Don-
Brrp or GREAT-HEADED WIGEON.

Head and neck rich or very deep chestnut, glossed with purple in
some lights ; breast black ; back, scapulars and wing-coverts marked
with undulating transverse strie of black and white; rump, upper tail-
coverts and vent black; rest of under parts from below the
breast. covered with delicate zigzag transverse striz as on the back;
primaries dusky brown, with dusky tips; secondaries lead or bluish
grey, tinged with brown, and slightly tipped with dull white; tail dark
brownish ash.

FULIGULA. 307

The female has the head, neck and nape chestnut or reddish brown;
the breast of deeper chestnut; the wing-coverts ashy ; upper parts as
in the male, but the lines less distinct ; throat and forepart of the neck
reddish white ; abdomen ashy or greyish white ; bill dark plumbeous ;
irides orange yellow ; legs and feet slaty grey or plumbeous.

Length.—18°0 to 18°5 inches, wing 8:0 to 8°5, tail 2°35 to 8-0, bill
2°15 to 2°25.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W. and
Central Provinces, Oudh, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Kattiawar, Central
India, Northern parts of Southern India, and the Deccan. In the
Concan it occurs but only asa straggler; it is not recorded from Ceylon,
nor from Nepaul.

The Pochard makes it appearance in Sind about the end of October,
and in the Punjab during November. It is usually found in large
flocks, affecting the sea as well as inland creeks and fresh waters ; its
chief food is molluscs; seeds, flower buds of aquatic plants and algz
also when on the sea, probably such alge as are detached and found
drifting in fresh waters. The Pochards affect deep weedy jheels, keeping
well under cover during the day, and feeding chiefly by night; they
fly with greater rapidity than the Mallards, and unless their haunts
have not been shot over, they are very wary and difficult to approach.

Fuligula nyroca, Guld.; P. BH. 1000; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 367;
Naum. Vogt. t. 309; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 813; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
3c., Sind, p. 239; Hume, Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 263. (Burnoo, Sind;
a Pun jab.)—Tue Wuire-zyep Pocnarp or Ferrucinous

UCK.

Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the face, throat and upper neck all
round deep ferruginous ; breast and sides of the breast the same; chin
with a triangular patch of white; a black collar on the lower part of
the neck, which behind runs into the purplish glossed dark brown of
the back ; scapulars and tertials dark brown, also the ramp and upper
tail-coverts ; abdomen pure white; flanks ferruginous; lower abdo-
men and vent ferruginous brown, with white specklings ; lower tail-
coverts white; tail dusky brown; lesser, median and greater wing-coverts
dusky brown; secondaries white, broadly tipped with dark brown ;
end of the wing white, also the bases of the inner primaries, and their
inner webs; outer webs dusky blackish brown; axillaries white; bill
bluish ; irides white.

Length.—15°5 to 16-0 inches, wing 75 to 7°75, tail 2:0, bill at front
1-9 to 2:0.

The female has the head and neck brown, the feathers edged with
ferruginous ; chin white, but less extended ; breast brown, the feathers
margined with pale chestnut brown ; abdomen dull white; edge of the
wing white; secondaries white, tipped with black.

Length.—14 to 15 inches, wing 7°72.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and throughout India,
except South India and Ceylon. Occurs in Nepaul, Gilgit and
Eastern and Western Turkistan, in which latter it breeds. “In the

308 MERGID AB.

lakes of Cashmere,” Hume says, “they breed most abundantly, and
that boat-loads of their eggs are brought to market at Srinuggar,”
The White Hye affects chiefly jheels with thick cover, where they sport
about in the early morning, afternoon and at night, retiring during
the middle of the day. It is not sought for by sportsmen, being very
indifferent eating at the best of times.

Family, MERGIDA.

Bill straight, much compressed, narrow, convex towards the tip;
edges of the mandibles strongly toothed ; nostrils median, longitudinal ;
front toes well webbed, hind toe lobed; tarsus short; wings pointed ;
tail short, wedge-shaped ; head subcrested.

Mergus, Lin.—Bill slender, tip hooked; first and second quills
longest.

Mergus serrator, Lin.; P. H. 207; Nawm. Vogt. t. 325; Gould.
B. Bur. pl. 885; Str. F. ix. 268; Hume, Game Dirds ii. p. 3805.—
Tut RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

Adult Male—The whole head, chin, throat and the neck all round,
for about one inch, black, glossed with metallic green on the sides
of the head and a bluer sheen elsewhere; along the middle of the
crown and occiput runs a comparatively narrow line of excessively
narrow, more or less disintegrated-webbed, elongate feathers, of which
the longest are over three inches in length, forming a conspicuous
crest; the rest of the neck all round, to just the base, pure white,
with a conspicuous varrow black line down the centre of its hinder
aspect; at the base of the neck a light brownish rufous, or pale
brownish chestnut band, extends all round, narrower behind and broad-
ening into a crop patch. This band is streaked longitudinally with
blackish brown. The interscapulary region and upper back, the extreme
sides of the breast and scapulars velvet black ; outside the scapulars and
between these and the wing there is a conspicuous patch of long white
feathers ; the primaries and their coverts (which latter are darkest) the
shoulder of the wing and lesser coverts just above the carpus blackish
brown, the rest of the lesser and median coverts pure white ; the secon-
dary greater coverts black, all, except the first three, very broadly tipped
with white, but leaving a portion of their black bases visible below the
white median coverts, thus forming the first black bar across the white
of the wing ; the secondaries are black, all, except the first three, very
broadly tipped with white ; tertiaries white, conspicuously margined with
black, except the last three, which are black ; axillaries pure white ; rest
of the lower parts white, with, in life, a beautiful salmon or buffy tinge
which disappears in the skin; flanks white, vermiculated with
greyish black; middle and lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts
white, with very delicate and close vermiculations of dull black, produc-
ing a grey effect ; tail dull brown; lower wing-coverts white.

The Female has the entire crown, occiput and crest brown with
more or less of a dull rufous or chestnut tinge, and rather ashy
towards the forehead; sides of the head and neck all round pale dull

MERGUS. 309

brownish chestnut; chin white; throat albescent; breast and entire
lower parts white or pinkish white in life, only at the base of the
throat and crop the grey brown bases of the feathers show through
to a certain extent like hidden bars; interscapulary region, mantle,
lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts brown, most of the feathers
with paler margins ; quills dusky black; secondaries and their greater
coverts black, all, but the first three, broadly tipped with white; ter-
tiaries blackish dusky, paling anteriorly, whitish towards the tip, the
innermost mostly white, with a black outer margin; tail like the back.

Both sexes from the above description resemble the Goosander, but
may be distinguished by their small size, and in proportion to their
length much thinner bills.—(iwme, Str. L. ix. p. 268).

In the male the bill varies from orange red to deep vermilion, is more
or less dusky on the edge, and has the nail varying from pale yellowish
grey to almost black. In young females there is more dusky on the
upper mandible, where the red is often only a lateral band.

Length.—Males, 24°0 to 26:0 inches, expanse 29-0 to 32°5, wing 9:0
to 10-0, tail from insertion of feathers 3:1 to 4°2, tarsus 1°8 to 2°05,
bill at front along culmen 2°4 to 2°65.

Length.—Females, 22:0 to 23°5, expanse 28°0 to 31:0, wing 8°5 to 9°3,.
tail 2°7 to 3:6, tarsus 1°66 to 1:83, bill at front 2+] to 2°3.—Str. PF. ix.
268.

In a second specimen (the first obtained by Capt. Bishop at Manora,
and sent by me to Mr. Hume) now in the Kurrachee Museum—male, the
bill at front is exactly 2-0 inches, tarsus 1:6, wing 8°87, tail 3-7, length
23°2, agreeing exactly with Mr. Hume’s description as given above.

Hab.—Sind. Mr. Hume says there is no other instances of its occur-
ence in India. China, Mongolia, 8. and S. E. Siberia, Palestine and
throughout Europe; Scotland, Shetland, Sweden and Norway are
given as localities outside of India.

Mergus castor. The Goosander.

Mergus castor.—Tus Goosanpver.
This species, although not yet reported from Sind, will no doubt be
found to occur, It is said to occur in the Punjab, N. W. Provinces and

310 PODICIPID A.

Bengal, and also in Ajmere, and to breed in the higher valleys of the
Himalayas, in Beloochistan and Persia, A wood cut of the species is
given to aid identification.

Mergellus.—Selby.

Bill shorter and wider than in Mergus ; tip broad and much less
hooked ; mandible toothed.

Mergellus albellus, Lin.; P. EB. 449; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 887;
Jerd. Birds Ind. iii. p. 818; Str. F.i. 265; iv. 31, 202; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 240; Hume, Game B. Ind. iii. p. 293.—Tue
Suew.

Male.—A black patch with green reflections from the base of the
bill extending round the eye; head white, occiput with a longitudinal
black patch descending down the back of the neck ; chin, throat, neck,
breast (except two crescentic black bands) and lower parts white;
flanks and thigh-coverts white, with dark zigzag transverse striz;
back black; greater wing-coverts glossy black, tipped with white;
lesser wing-coverts partly white; primaries dusky black ; secondaries
glossy black, edged narrowly and tipped with white, forming two narrow
bands across the wing; tertiaries leaden grey ; upper tail-coverts and
tail greyish ash ; under tail-coverts white; bill light plumbeous with
a bluish tinge; irides reddish brown ; legs and feet plumbeous.

Length.—17 to 18 inches, wing 7°55 to 8°5, tail 3°37 to 3-9, bill 15
to 1°6.

The Female has the head, crown, nape and hind neck reddish chestnut
brown ; sides of the neck white; crest short ; back, upper tail-coverts
and tail deep ashy grey ; chin and throat white; breast greyish white ;
abdomen white ; flanks grey ; wings as in the male, but the dark parts
grey instead of black.

Length.—16 to 17 inches, wing 7°5 to 7°75, tail 3 to 3°2, bill at front
1:2 to 14.

Hab.—Sind, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, Oudh, N. W. Provinces,
and North Guzerat. A winter visitant to India, arriving in Sind and
the Punjab about the last week in October. The Smew is a shy and
wary bird, taking to flight with great readiness. Smews are gregarious
and are always to be found in flocks of from 10 to 20 or 30, usually in
deep water on the Indus and other large rivers. Hume says—“ They
are difficult toapproach. They keep in deep water, far away from any
cover, and you can only shoot them from a boat, they can swim faster
than any ordinary native boat can be propelled, and are always on the
alert.” They feed on fish and crustacea chiefly.

Family, PODICIPIDA.

Tarsus compressed ; primaries short; feet lobed; tail very short,
almost wanting ; bill slightly curved above at the tip.

PODICEPS. 311

Podiceps.— Latham.

Bill straight, moderately stout; nostrils oblong, lateral, in a short
groove ; wings short ; tarsus scutellate ; hallux bordered by a web.

Podiceps cristatus, Lin.; P. E. 400, 944; Gould. B. Eur. pl.
388; And. B. Amer. vii. pl. 479; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 821; Str. F.
i. 142, 265; iv. 31, 203; Murray, Hdbh., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 240.—Tus
Crustep Grease.

Head with a long, dark brown or black, silky, erectile crest, stand-
ing out behind, divided in two; forehead slightly paler; nape and neck
behind brownish black or black seasonally, continued on to the back,
and coalescing with the dusky brown of the back ; in some specimens
the entire head, back of the neck, back, scapulars and wing-coverts are
dusky brown, with a greenish lustre; lesser wing-coverts white ; pri-
maries dusky brown ; secondaries white ; tertials ike the back ; lores,
sides of the face and cheeks fulvous white ; neck in front, breast, and
entire lower parts satin white; sides of the breast and flanks with a
rufescent tinge; nude space between bill and eye red or dusky
seasonally ; collar chestnut above, edged below with black ; bill brown
above, reddish on the sides and below, the tip white ; irides crimson red.

Length.—22 to 22°5 inches, wing 7°25 to 75, bill at front 2°37,
tarsus 2.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, Guzerat, Kutch and Kattiawar. Affects the sea coast, also inland
lakes, rivers, creeks and ponds, which are covered with reeds and rushes ;
although their wings are short they fly well, but resort exclusively to
diving, in which they are adepts. They feed on fry of fish, crustacea,
tadpoles and seeds of aquatic plants. The skin of the breast is an
article of commerce as a substitute for fur.

Podiceps nigricollis, Sund.; Edw. B. pl. 96, 2; Naum. Vogt. t.
246; Gould. B. Hurope, pl. 391; Str. F. i. 142, 266; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 241.—Tue Biack-NECKED GREBE.

“ Male.—Whole of the top of the head, together with the rest of the
upper part, the chin, throat, and neck all round, blackish brown, very
glossy on the head; back and wings duller and browner on the neck
all round; the chin and throat almost quite black, but a good deal
speckled with white ; this white speckling extending as a stripe at the
sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts ; two short thick tufts on either
side of the occiput, which, though scarcely noticeable in the dried skin,
are erected at pleasure in the live bird; behind the eye for about 1-4
inches, a broad streak of orange and reddish yellow, silky ghstening
feathers. The inner web of the sixth primary, and almost the whole
of the subsequent primaries and secondaries, pure white ; tertiaries and
wing-coverts unicolorous with the back. The whole breast, abdomen
and vent satin white, a little tinged with greyish brown about the vent ;
tail unicolorous with the back, and on either side of it, and of the tail-
coverts a good deal of white appears; sides and flanks mottled with
blackish brown, with traces of a rafous or orange striation.

312 PROCELLARIDAN.

“Tn full breeding plumage the sides and flanks are very strongly
streaked with orange red, and the parts indicated as speckled with
white are entirely black ; in the winter plumage the colours are duller ;
the front of the neck is an earthy brown; and the whole of those por-
tions, indicated as speckled with white, are pure white; the orange
red tuft behind the eye is entirely wanting.—(Hume. Sir. I’. i. 267.)

“In all the bills were black; the irides vermilion, and the legs
and feet greenish plumbeous interiorly, and blackish exteriorly.

“ Length.—12 to 13 inches, expanse 22°5 to 24°5, wing 5:2 to 5:6,
tarsus 2°9 to 3:2, bill at gape 3°6 to 4.”

Hab.—Sind and the Mekran Coasts ; common about ‘the mouths of
the Indus, Whether this species is distinct from wuritus or not has to
be finally settled. In vol, i. Sé. #. Mr. Hume gives some charac-
ters which distinguish awritus from this species, and thinks that “it
differs in certain details of colouration and in shape of bill sufficient
to justify separation.”

Podiceps minor, Linn.; P. H. 905; Gould, B. Hur. pl. 892.
Podiceps phillipensis, Gm. ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 822; Str. I. i. 268;
iv. 203; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p. 242.—Tue Lirrie Gress
or Das-Cuick,

Crown of the head and nape dark blackish brown, or sepia brown,
glossed with greenish ; sides of the face, neck on the sides and in
front, chestnut red ; chin dull black; breast sepia brown, mixed with
white ; flanks pale ferruginous; rest of under parts silky white; under
wing-coverts buff; primaries pale brown, buffy white basally ; second-
aries white, margined with brown ; back, scapulars and tertials glossy
brownish black, with a greenish tinge ; bill blackish, paler at the base ;
irides red brown; legs greenish black or dusky green.

Length.—8 to 9 inches, wing 4, bill at front 0°75, tarsus 1:25.
Hab.—Throughout India, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Eastern

Turkistan and Nepaul.
Family, PROCELLARIDA,—Perruts, &c.

Bill long, straight, compressed, very deeply grooved, tip strong,
arched and hooked; nostrils tubular, situated at the base of the bill,
and exposed.

Sub-Family, PROCELLARINAI,—Srormy Perrets.

Nostrils at base of keel, divided by a septum; hind toe generally
present; bill slender, compressed ; tarsus moderate.

Oceanites.—Keys and Blas.

Bill short and slender, curved at the tip; tail forked; wings long,
second quill longest; tibia partially naked.

PUFFINUS. 313

Oceanites oceanica, Kuhl. Brit. Zool. Proc. 136 t. 10,1; Yarr.
B. B. 2 Ed. iii. fig. p. 689; Gould. B. Liur. pl. 65 ; Banks and Forst.
Draw. No. 12, Oceanites pelagica, Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 60, 6. Oceanites
Wilsoni, Bp. Journ. Phil. ix. t. 8, 3. Thalassidroma, Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
827; Str. Pili. 375; v. 291; vi. 490; vii. 178; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
&e., Sind, p. 242..-Witsow’s Perret.

General plumage deep sooty brown, or brownish black, blackish on
the primaries, tertiaries, occiput, nape and tail; secondary greater-
coverts and latest secondaries wood brown or pale hair brown, narrowly
margined towards the tips with yellowish white; upper tail-coverts,
flanks and bases of some of the external under tail-coverts pure white ;
a few of the feathers of the lower abdomen narrowly fringed with
white; bill dull black; legs and feet polished black, with a conspicuous
pale yellow patch in the centre of each web; irides blackish.

Length.—7-12 inches, wing 6°25, tarsus 1:4, bill at front 0°5, from
gape 0-7, hind toe obsolete, hind claw just visible as a tiny spur at
the base of the tarsus. —(Hume, Str. Ff’. v. 291).

Hab.—Sind and Mekran Coasts; also the Ganges and the Bay of
Bengal.

Stormy Petrels, vulgarly known to sailors as Mother Carey’s chickens,
and disliked by them as being foretellers of an approaching storm, have
long been celebrated for the wonderful manner by which they traverse
the ocean, flying close above the water, or passing over the wavy billows
pattering the surface with their webbed feet. Petrels are usually seen
in windy or stormy weather, chiefly because “ the marine creatures are
flung to the surface by the chopping waves, and can be easily picked
up as the bird pursues its course.” Crustaceans, fish, molluscs and
floating algz are the chief food of Petrels, and it is said they will follow
in small flocks under the wake of a ship for the sake of picking up
refuse food thrown overboard. On the Mekran and Sind Coasts they
are usually met with singly or in pairs flying backwards and forwards
just above the surface of the water, as Jerdon justly remarks “much
resembling swifts, both in general appearance, colours and flight.”
They are numerous between Charbar and Pusnee, and beyond the mouths
of the Indus on the XKurrachee Coast; Jerdon records this species
from the mouth of the Ganges and throughout the Bay of Bengal.

Puffinus, Briss. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 647.

Bill longer than the head, slender, compressed at the point; lower
mandible reflected at the tip; nostrils in a double tube, extending along
the upper surface of the bill; tarsus moderate, compressed ; toes three
in front, rather long; hind toe rudimentary; Ist quill longest.

Puffinus persicus, Hume, Str. F.i.5; v. 292; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., &c., Sind, p. 243.—Tue Prrstan SHEaR-wArTEr.

Female.—The head and nape deep sooty brown, the whole of the
rest of the upper parts blackish brown; almost, if not quite, black on
the primaries, rump, upper tail-coverts and tail; upper portion of the
lores mingled dusky brown and whitish; lower portion of the lores

40 z

314 LARIDAL.

and the whole of the clin and throat, as far as the eyes on either side,
breast, abdomen, vent and shorter central lower tail-coverts, pure
white, A white line about 0°06 wide encircles the eye and extends
backwards from the posterior angle as a narrow white streak for a
distance of 0°35 to 0°4 inch; below this the ear-coverts are dusky
brown, slightly mingled with whitish ; the white line below the eye is
only separated from the white of the throat by a hair line of greyish
brown. The sides of the neck and the breast, where the brown of the
upper meets the white of the lower parts, are somewhat paler brown,
slightly intermingled with white. The sides, axillaries, flanks, and the
lesser under wing-coverts next the body, and the whole of the exterior
and longer tail-coverts are deep brown; the rest of the lower wing-
coverts, except just at the edge of the wing, are white, here and there
slightly mottled, especially at the edge of the wing with dusky brown;
the longer axillaries are mottled with white along their bases.

Bill dusky brown, bluish at base and basal three-fourths of lower
mandible ; irides brown ; legs and feet white, tinged with pink and
lavender, with claws, margin of web, exterior of foot, and outer toe,
and part of ridge of mid-toe black.

Length.—13 inches, wing 7, tarsus 1:5, bill from forehead to tip
1:38, from anterior margin of nostril 1:06 inch.—(Hume, Str. F.
i, p. 5.)-

Hab.—Sind Coast and the mouths of the Indus, also on the
Mekran Coast. Like the Petrel, the Puffin or Shear-water also lives
entirely on the sea, except during the breeding season, when holes in

rocks are their haunts; hke the Petrels, feeds on floating garbage,
fish, crustacea, &c.

Family, LARIDA, Vig. Lestride, Kaup.

Bill straight, compressed ; wings long and pointed ; tail long ; tarsi
with transverse scutes in front; hind toe usually short.

Sub-Family, STERCORARIINA.—G. R. Gray.

Base of bill covercd with a cere, tip hooked ; Ist quill longest ; nos-
trils median.

Stercorarius, Briss.—Keel of bill covered with a bony or mem-
branous cere ; 1st quill longest.

Stercorarius asiaticus, Hume, Str. F'.i. 268; v. 294. Lestris
parasiticus, Lin.; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 441; Aud, Birds Amer. vii. pl.
452; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 244.—Tuz Sxua.

This is not uncommon off the Manora headland, and along the Sind
and Mekran Coasts. here is some difference of opinion in regard to
the identity of this bird, under the synonyms given of it above. Mr.
Hume, in vol. i. p. 268, refers it to D. parasiticus, butin his observations
on the species states it may not improbably hereafter turn out that both
his specimens and those of Major Tickell’s belong to a distinct species
intermediate between pomarinus and parasiticus, in which case he says

LARUS. 315

it may stand as Stercorarius asiaticus, nobis. In vol. v. of the same
journal he points out the differences between L. parasiticus and his
Stercorarius asiaticus.

The following is the description of the species from specimens obtain-
ed by him at Pusnee on the Mekran Coast :—

“ The central tail feathers are manifestly imperfectly developed, one
projects 0°75 and the other 0°25 beyond the rest of the tail; the bird
is obviously in a state of change of plumage, as the two first primaries
in each wing are old, and comparatively pale brown, with conspicuous
white shafts only tinged brownish for about 0°5 immediately above the
tips, while all the other primuries are new and very. dark brown,
almost black, with only the basal half of the shafts white, and even that
slightly tinged with brown ; some of the secondaries, scapulars, coverts
and feathers of the back are brown; the same dull pale umber as the
first two primaries, and so are two of the tail feathers, while the whole
of the rest of the wings and tail are of the same deep blackish brown
as the third to the tenth primaries. What is noticeable is, that on the
back and scapulars the paler brown feathers have no white tippings,
which most probably have worn off, these feathers being the old ones,
but all the dark feathers of these parts have narrow brownish white
margins. The upper tail-coverts are conspicuously tipped with white,
and the longer ones have two very broad slightly rufous or fulvous
white bars. The forehead, crown and occiput are dall, pale, wood
brown, here and there faintly tinged rufescent, the feathers with
pretty broad blackish brown central streaks; the lores are greyish
white, the feathers narrowly dark centred ; the cheeks, ear-coverts and
nape are white, more or less tinged with fulvous or buffy, with very
narrow dark brown shaft-stripes; the chin and throat white; the
feathers of the base of the neck all round and the breast white, tinged
in places falvous, in places slightly rufescent, with a broad dark brown
subterminal transverse bard ; the sides, flanks and lower tail-coverts are
white, with broad brown transverse bars, which in some of the lower
tail-coverts have a slight rufescent aureola; the abdomen and vent are
white, but on the sides of the abdomen there are faint traces of
barrings similar to those of the breast and flanks ; the axillaries are
broadly barred, with a somewhat greyish brown and greyish white ;
the tibial feathers pure brown.”

Length.—19 inches, expanse 45, tail from vent 6:4, wing 13, bill from
front (including cere, which is 0°7) 1:2, bill from gape 2°02, tarsus
1°8, legs and feet dull black, bill brown, cere pale greenish brown,
irides brown.

Sub-Family, LARINA.—B yp.
Bill long, straight above, and slightly curved at the tip.
Gen. Larus.— Lin.

Bill moderate, strong, compressed, cultrated, bent down at the tip;
lower mandible angled beneath ; nostrils linear, lateral, longitudinal,
pervious ; tibia naked; tarsi moderate ; toes palmated ; hind toe free,
short and high on the tarsus ; wings long.

316 LABINA.

Larus cacchinnans, Pall. Zooyr. Rosso. As. ii. p. 818. Larus
argentatus, Bp. Icon. F’. Ital. Uccel.; Hume, Yarkand Eup. Zool. p. 299 ;
id. Str. F. i. 270; vii. 463 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., $c., Sind, p. 245.
Larus leucophzus, Licht. Nom. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 99; Dresser, B. Eur.
pt. xxii.—Tus YELLow-Leacsp Herrine Gut.

Summer Plumage.—Entire head, neck all round, entire lower parts,
upper tail-coverts and tail pure white ; round the eye an orange red
ring ; entire mantle and back, tertiaries and secondaries a delicate pale
bluish grey ; the tertiaries and secondaries and longer scapulars broadly
tipped with white; the earlier secondaries, especially with the major
portion of the imner webs, also white; edge of the wing about the
carpal joint white ; primaries, the first with the whole outer web black,
tipped with white and with a broad white band across both webs near
the tip; above this band a considerable portion of the inner web is
black, and the rest pale grey ; second primary similar, but the white
band often entirely wanting or reduced to a spot on the inner web only,
the black on the inner web of less extent than in the first, aod the
basal portion of the outer web the same pale blue grey as the coverts
and the rest of the wing; the third and following primaries have only
the white tips and no white band, the outer webs become more grey
as they recede from the second, and the black diminishes on the inner
webs proportionally, so that on the seventh or eighth it is generally
reduced to a narrow black band across both webs, or in some cases on
the outer web only, and in others entirely wanting on the last three
quills.

In the winter plumage the nape and back of the neck are striated
with pale brown, in some specimens, thinly on the crown also; legs
and feet lemon yellow.

Length.—23 to 25°75 inches, expanse 58 to 60, wing 16°75 to 18, tarsus
2°5 to 2°78, bill at front 1:9 to 2°35, mid-toe and claw 2°25 to 2°6,
bill yellow, red near the tip of the lower mandible in summer. In
winter it is dull yellow, whitish at the tip, with a dark spot on both
mandibles near the tip, and an orange spot at the tip of the lower one.
(Hume, Sir. F. i. 270. L. argentatus.)

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan (Mekran Coast), Persian Gulf, large rivers
of the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, the Delhi District and Rajputana.

Numerous during winter in the Kurrachee harbour. It has not yet
been finally settled whether this species is L. argentatus or cacchin-
nans. Mr, Howard Saunders (P. Z. 8. 1878) identifies it with cacchin-
nans; the characters of both species are so similar, that it becomes
a vexed question. Mr. Hume maintains it is open to argument. All
my specimens agree with Mr. Hume’s description; but the length of
the mid-toe and claw in 5 out of 6 specimens is 2°25, and of those in
the striated plumage the mantle is rather darker.

Larus affinis, Reinhardt. Vidensk. Meddel. 1853, p- 783; et Ibis
1861, p.17; Seebohm and Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 452. Larus fuscus, Jerd.
B, Ind. p. 830, No. 978; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 431. Larus occidentalis,

LARUS. 317

Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 273; (nec Aud) ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 246.—Tue Lesser Hereina Guu.

Head, crown, neck and nape white in summer, in winter streaked
with dusky brown, and with a dusky eye spot; chin, throat and breast
white ; back dark slaty grey, also the greater and lesser wing-coverts ;
primaries dark slaty grey, the first six tipped with white, the first
with a broad bar and the extreme tip white, the rest only tipped white;
secondaries like the back, and tipped with white ; some of the tertials
also tipped with white ; under wing-coverts white ; upper and under
tail-coverts and tail white.

Length.—Male 24°2 inches, wing 17-2, tarsus 2°6, mid-toe and claw
2:3, bill at front 2°25.

Length.— Female, 22°3 inches, wing 16°8, tarsus 2°6, mid-toe and
claw 2:2, bill at front 2-1; bill yellow, the angle on the lower
mandible red, irides pale yellow, eyelids yellowish red.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan (Mekran Coast) the Coromandel Coast,
Kutch, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan.

In immense numbers on the Sind and Mekran Coasts. In the
Kurrachee harbour in large flocks, feeding among fishermen when
landing their nets and about their huts,

Larus gelastes, Licht. in Thienem. Fort p. flanz. Vog. Eur. pt. v.
p. 22; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 818; Bree, B. Eur. 2nd Ed. v. p. 72;
Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 291. Larus lambruschini, By. Schl. Mus. P.
Bas. p. 28; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 274.

Summer Plumage.—Entire head, neck, upper back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, entire lower parts and tail white, tinged with rosy, except on
the head, where the rosy tinge is scarcely perceptible ; mantle, second-
aries, tertiaries, lesser and median wing-coverts, and the upper greater
coverts, also the wing lining pale bluish French grey, rather pearly
grey on the back and tertiaries; four or five of the primary coverts
and edge of the wing white; primaries, the first white, except the
outer web, tip and margin of the inner web ; second to fourth primaries
white, the margin of their outer webs narrower and decreasing in
extent terminally, and broadening and running up basally on their
inner webs, with the black tips broader successively ; fifth and sixth
primaries tipped white; the outer web of the fifth greyish, and that of
the sixth slightly darker, with a subterminal dark band; bill, legs
and feet deep red; the bill in some with a blackish tinge ; eyelids bright
red; irides pale yellow.

Tength.—17 to 18°5 inches, wing 11°5 to 12:0, bill at front 1°6 to
1°82, tarsus 2 to 2°12,

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee harbour) Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, the
Mediterranean and Black Sea, also the Red Sea.

Numerous everywhere in the Kurrachee harbour during winter.
Distinguished from all other species by its never having a hood and
the dark spot in front and behind the eye, characteristic of the winter
plumage of ridibundus.

318 LARINAL,

Larus hemprichi, Bp. ; Heugl. fbis,1859, p. 350 ; Blanford, Abys-
sinia, p. 441 ; id. East. Pers. ti. p. 292; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 279; 1.
444; v. 296; Murray, Hdbk., Zovl., §¢. Sind, p. 248.

Summer.—Forehead, crown, nape, chin and throat chocolate brown ;
neck in front darker, nearly blackish brown, forming a sort of a “ bib”;
on the upper breast, the edges of the brown of the back of the neck
margining the broad white demicollar of the same colour ; upper back,
scapulars, lesser, median and greater-coverts, also the secondaries and
tertials, deep chocolate brown, all the secondaries broadly tipped with
white ; primaries dark brown, nearly black, all, except the first three,
tipped with white; edge of the wing white ;breast and sides of the
breast paler brown than the back ; abdomen, vent, under tail-coverts,
flanks, upper-tail and thigh-coverts white ; legs and feet yellowish, or
greyish yellow ; bill greenish drab, tipped red, with a subterminal black
bar ; irides dark brown.

In winter the forehead and lores are a pale brown, also the crown of
the head and cheeks, the feathers here and there margined with greyish
white; breast pale brown, the feathers margined greyish white; chin
and throat white, the feathers of the latter tipped with brown, otherwise
as in the summer plumage, the colour of the mantle and wings being
slightly paler.

Length.—17°5 to 185 inches, wing 13°25 to 13-7, tarsus 2 to 2:1,
bill at front 1:8 to 2:0.

Hab.—Sind, Mekran Coast, Persian Gulf, from the Red Sea to Aden,
Kutch, Guzerat, Concan (at Bombay).

Larus brunneicephalus, Jerdon, Madras Journ. xii. p. 225; id.
Birds Ind. iti. p. 832; Holdsworth, P. Z. 8, 1872, p. 480; Str. I. i.
278; iv. 203; vi. 291; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p. 247.--
Tue Brown-HEADED GULL.

Summer Plumage.—Entire head and neck sooty brown, darker where
it terminates ; orbital feathers white posteriorly ; back and wings light
grey; nape, hind neck, upper tail-coverts and tail, also the under parts
white ; first primary black ; inner web white at the base and with a white
subterminal band, the second has both webs white at the base and a
smaller terminal spot, the third is grey, with still less black and no
white, and so on, lessening to the seventh; the other quills are grey ;
bill and feet red, the bill darkish at the tip ; irides white.—(Jerd.)

Length.—15°8 to 16°5 inches, wing 11°5 to 13:0, tail 4°5 to 5:5.

In winter, the head, neck all round, entire lower parts and upper tail-
coverts, also the edge of the wing are white; tail white with a black
band, narrowly edged with white terminally ; a dark spot before and
behind the eye; quills black, white at their bases, and except the first
two, all tipped with white ; secondaries dark brown, tipped with white ;
tertials and upper plumage as in the summer.

Hab.—Sind, along the coast and inland, Mekran Coast, Persian
Gulf, Bengal, Kutch, Guzerat and the Deccan. Oecurs also in Burma
and Ceylon.

LARUS. 3819

Larus ichthyetus, Pall. It. ii. App. No. 27; (Caspian,) id. Zoogr.
Rosso. As. i. p. 822; Tristram, Ibis, 1868, p. 30; (Palestine) Shelley,
B. of Egypt, p. 307; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xviii. ; Str. F. i. 276; Murray
Hdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p. 247. Kroikocephalus ichthysetus, Pall. ;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 831.—Tue Great Buack-azapep Gut.

Summer Plumage.—Entire head and upper half of neck black; or-
bital feathers white ; mantle, back, scapulars and wings bluish grey ;
entire lower parts, tail, and upper tail-coverts white; in immature
plumage the tail has a black band; primaries with a black band, in-
creasing in width to the outermost one, which has the whole of the
outer web and half of theinner web black ; rest of the first primaries
grey, tipped with white ; bill wax yellow, vermilion red at the tip, with
a black bar across both mandibles; the extreme tip orange yellow.

Length.—28'5 to 29 inches, wing 19:0 to 20-0, bill at front 2°6 to
2-7, tail 7°5 to 7°7,

Hal.—Sind and Mekran Coasts, also the larger inland lakes of
Sind, Persian Gulf, the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, the Concan,
Bombay, and South India (Madras).

Larus ridibundus, Lin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225; Gould. B. Bur.
pl. 425 ; Jerd. B. Ind. iti. p. 8382; Str. FP’. i. 278; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 278.—Tus Lavauine Gut.

Head and upper part of the neck all round deep reddish or blackish
brown ; lower neck, breast, abdomen, vent, under and upper tail-coverts
and tail white; mantle, tertials aud secondaries pale ashy ; four or five
lower primary coverts white, the rest pale ashy; primaries white,
outer web, except for about an inch of the tip, and edge of the inner
web of first primary black; second primary broadly edged on the
inner web, and tipped with black on the outer web; at about the
terminal third of the quill a narrow black margin about an inch in
length ; third primary white on the outer web, greyish on the inner,
broadly margiued and tipped with black, and for about two inches
from the tip a margin on the outer web; 4th primary the same; rest
pale grey; the fifth, sixth and seventh narrowly tipped with black; the
inner primaries and some of the secondaries dark shafted ; bill and legs
deep red; irides dark brown.

Length.—15°5 to 17 inches, wing 13:0 to 18°5, tail 4°75 to 5:5, bill
at front 1°87 to 1:75.

Tn winter plumage, the head and neck are white, and there is a dark
spot in front of the eye and another near the ear-coverts ; the primaries
too differ in their markings; the first is white, with the outer web
black, also the margin of the inner one and the tip, the second is similar,
but the black outer web begins from the tip of its covert, and the inner
web and tip is margined more broadly with black ; the black of the
outer web of the third is still less, and it decreases also in the fourth,
‘he inner web of which is greyish instead of white and broadly margined
and tipped with black, the rest are greyish with black tips, except
the two last, which has besides a small white spot terminally ; the first

320 STERNIN AN.

three primary quills agree well with the plate in P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 201.
Saunders on the Larine.

Hab.— Sind, in the Kurrachee harbour, and on the inland lakes ; the
Mekran Coast, Persian Gulf, rivers of the Punjab and Bengal, at Bom-
bay, also the Mediterranean Coast to Egypt, Asia Minor, the Red Sea
and Arabian Coast.

Sub-Family, STERNINA.—Bp.

Bill long or moderate, entire, straight, compressed and pointed; the
lower mandible angled; nostrils longitudinal; wing long and pointed ;
tail short and even, or long and forked; tarsus short and slender;
toes short, webbed.

The common residence of this Family is the sca shore, mouths or
banks of large rivers and lakes. They are always in large flocks, and
especially so in the breeding season.

They continue long on the wing, and are quick in al] their evolu-
tions, darting upon their finny prey, rising in the air, or gliding along
near the surface of the water. They are commonly divided as Marsh,
River, Sea, and Oceanic Terns, according to their habits and struc-
ture.

Gen. Gelochelidon.— Zin.

Nostrils with plumes reaching the opening; first quill of wing
longest; tail forked; tarsus rather long; bill moderate; culmen slightly
curved and with a projecting gony or angle.

Gelochelidon nilotica, Hasselg.; Nawm. Vog. t. 249; Yarr. Br.
B. 2 Ed. ni. fig. 5, 515; Gould. B. Eur. pl. 416. Gelochelidon
anglicus, Mont. Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 886, No. 983; Str. F. i, 281;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 248.—Tae Guii-BiLuep Tren.

In summer, forehead, lores, head on the crown, nape and back of
the neck silky or deep black; sides of the face, chin, throat, breast
and under parts white; mantle, wings and tail light grey, wings
reach about two inches beyond the tail; the first primary is rather
a hoary grey, the rest light grey, their tips and inner webs next the
shaft dusky brown, the margins for their basal two-thirds greyish
white ; shafts white; secondaries and tertiaries light grey; under
wing-coverts white ; tail light grey, the feathers white shafted ; bill,
legs and feet black, the latter with sometimes a reddish tinge; irides
dark brown,

Length.—14°5 to 16°2 inches, wing 18 to 14°5 inches, reaching
the tail by from 2-0 to 2°7 inches, bill at front 1:5 to 1:7, tarsus 1:5.

In winter, the black head is replaced by a white grey streaked head,
and a few dusky spots behind and round the eye.

Hab.--Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, the
Concans and Deccan. Affects the large inland pieces of water ; especial-
ly numerous on the Munchur Lake in Sind, and the salt water creeks
in the deltaic districts. Arrives about the middle of September and
leaves about the third week in May.

STEBNA. 821

Gen. Sterna.—-Lin.

Characters the same as Gelochelidon. Front toes united by indented
web; hind toe short.

Sterna cantiaca, Gin. ; Yarr. Br. B. 2nd Ed. iii. fig. p. 497;
es B, Eur. pl. 415 ; Str, Fi. 285 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §:c., Sind,
p. 248c.

Summer Plumage.—Forehead, crown, back of the neck and nape,
occipital crest and ear-coverts glossy black; sides of the face,
chin, throat, neck in front and behind, breast and entire lower
parts white, tinged with rosy; mantle and wings pale silvery grey ;
the first primary is slightly darker than the rest, with more than
half of the inner webs near the shaft white; the next two or three
paler, also the succeeding ones, till they shade away into the colour of
the wing-coverts; their inner webs greyish white or white; under
wing-coverts white; tail forked, white, the external feathers on each
side slightly greyish on their outer webs ; upper tail-coverts white.

In winter plumage the whole of the head is white or mottled with
white and black, and there is a crescentic narrow black spot in front of
the eye; mantle and wings as in the summer plumage. Legs and feet
black, also the bill, which is tipped on both mandibles with horny
yellow, or yellowish white ; irides brown.

Length.—17-5 to 18-0 inches, wing 11°5 to 12°5, tail 6 to 6:2, bill
at front 2:0 to 2°4, wing reaches about one inch beyond the tip of the
tail. The females are smaller, with a much shorter tail and no rosy
tinge.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan (Mekran Coast) Persia and Egypt. Its other
habitats are in various parts of Europe. Affects the sea coast of Sind
and Beloochistan, congregating in large flocks on sand banks or rocks
in the Kurrachee harbour.

Sterna media, Horsf. ; Gould. B. Asia, pl. 25. Sterna bengalensis,
Lesson; Jerd. B. Ind. iin. p. 842, No. 990; Sir. F. i. 284; ii. 318; iv.
474; v. 301; Murray, Hdbk., Zvol., &c., Sind, p. 248c.—THE SMALLER
Sea Tern.

Summer Plumage.—Forehead, crown, nape and back of the neck and
occipital crest glossy black ; lores, face, sides of the neck, breast and
entire lower parts white; mantle and wings light silvery or satin grey,
paler on the tail; the outer web of the external feathers greyish white ;
primaries dusky grey, the inner webs margined with white, and the
portion next the shaft dusky; wings extend two inches beyond the
end of the tail; inver webs of secondaries white ; bill yellow ; irides
deep brown ; legs and feet black.

Length.—15'5 to 16°5 inches, wing 12'2 to 12:25, tail 6 to 6-7,
bill at front 2°5, tarsus 1:0 to 1:2.

In winter plumage the entire forehead and lores are pure white,
the crown white, the feathers centred dusky ; occiput dusky, the feathers
slightly margined with white; a spot in front of the eye and a line
behind it black.

41 z

322, STERNIN AB.

Hab.—The sea coasts of Sind, Beloochistan, Bengal, Bombay,
Madras and Malabar Coast. A maritime species abundant in the Kur-
rachee harbour, mouths of the Indus, and the tidal creeks.

Sterna caspia, Pall.; Nawm. Vog. t. 248; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 414;
Yarr. Br. B. 2nd Hd. fig. p. 493; Str. F. i, 280, iii. 347, ix. 439, 487;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 5c., Sind, p. 248. Sylochelidon caspius, Lath. ;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 835, No. 982-—Tuz Lararst Trrn.

Summer Plumage.—Crown of the head, nape and back of the neck
and ear-coverts velvet black; chin, throat, face, breast, the neck in
front and behind and entire under parts white; mantle, wings and
tail pale blue grey or pearl grey; the first five or six primaries
slaty grey, their shafts white; under wing-coverts white. In winter
the head is white with a few dark feathers on the nape; bill ver-
milion red, paler towards the tip ; irides brown; legs and feet black.

Length.—18°0 to 20:0 inches, wing 16:0 to 17, tail 4°5 to 5°74,
bill at front 2°6 to 2°75, tarsus 1°5 to 1°75.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan Coast, Persian Gulf, the Punjab, N. W.
Provinces and Oudh. Affects the sea coasts, larger rivers, jheels,
lakes and other inland pieces of water. Breeds in N. W. Ceylon,
where Mr. Parker (Sir. F. ix. 487) found a colony breeding.

Sterna bergii, Licht.; Rupp. Atl. t. 18; Jerd. Sir. F.i. 284; ii
818; iv. 474; v. 301; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 249.
Thalasseus cristatus, Stephens; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 842, No. 989.
Sterna velox. Rupp. Adil. t. 23.-—-Tun Lara Sua Turn.

Forehead, lores, sides of the face, neck in front and behind,
chin, throat, breast, and all the lower parts white; crown of the head,
including the eye, crest and nape glossy black; back, wings and tail
dusky grey; inner webs of primaries next the shaft dark brown, the
margins white; inner primaries unicolorous silvery or hoary grey,
margined with white ; secondaries white on their inner webs and tips;
bill pale yellow; irides dark brown ; legs and feet black.

Length.—17-0 to 18°5 inches, wing 14°0 to 14°6, bill at front 2°6
to 2°8.

Hab.—Coasts of India generally to the Persian Gulf. Occurs
commonly in the Kvrrachee harbour, along the Mekran Coast and
the Persian Gulf. Breeds in the Gulf of Oman, on the Island of
Astola, nearly opposite Jask, whence thousands of eggs have been
collected during May and June. The eggs are typically broad ovals,
strongly peinted towards the small end, but considerably elongated.
Varieties are not uncommon. The ground colour varies from white,
greenish and pinkish white to pale buff, pale yellowish, and again
pale pinkish stone colour to the richest and warmest salmon pink;
the markings are of two colours, an intensely deep burnt sienna
brown, often quite black in its intensity, and a pale inky purple,
which has an appearance of lying beneath the surface of the shell. In
some eggs the inky purple markings are almost entirely wanting, in

STERNA. 323

others more numerous and extensive than the dark ones. In others
these dark markings are comparatively thinly sprinkled or dense ;
again there are some with huge blotches and spots about the larger
end. The eggs vary from 2°3 inches to 2°71 in length, and 1:68 to
1:78 in breadth ; the average of 2 dozen was 2°45 X1-71.

Sterna seena, Sykes.; Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 69, 2. Sterna
aurantia, Gray; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 838, No. 985; Str. F.i.281;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 248a.—Tun Lara River Tzen.

Forehead, crown, nape and back of the neck and circle enclosing the
eye glossy black; sides of the face, chin and throat white ; breast and
abdomen pearly greyish white ; under tail-coverts white ;. tail pale grey,
the external feathers white; back, secondaries, tertiaties and wing-
coverts pale or ashy grey; primaries hoary or silvery grey, the inner
webs of the first three light brown, edged with dusky; under wing-
coverts white; upper tail-coverts like the back. In winter plumage
the head is white, except a circle of black or dusky round the eye and
on the ear-coverts; bill bright yellow, tipped dusky ; irides brown ,
legs and feet red.

Length.—150 to 16°83. inches, wing 11:0 to 11:5, bill at front 1:5,
tarsus 0°56 to 1:0, tail 7:0 to 7'5.

Hab.—Throughout India, also in Beloochistan and Persia. A per-
manent resident in Sind, affects’ the rivers and lakes, also jheels.
Breeds in June and July.

Sterna hybrida, Paill.; Nawm. Vog. t. 255; Yarr. Br. B. 2nd
Ei., iii. fig. p. 512; Gould. Br. Bur, pl. 424; Jerd. ii. p. 837, No. 984;
Str. F. in. 848. iv. 224; vii. 445; Murray, Hdik., Zool., &e., Sind,
p. 248a. Sterna lencopareia, Natterer. Hydrochelidon indica, Steph. ;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 837.—Taz Smact Marsa Tern.

Forehead, crown, nape and back of neck glossy black; lores and
chin white; throat and breast pale bluish ash ; abdomen dusky ; under
tail-coverts white, also the edge of the wing; mantle, wings, upper
tail-coverts and tail bluish ash; external tail feathers white; under
wing-coverts white; bill lake red; irides brown; legs and feet dull
red.

Length.—11 to 18 inches, wing 8°5 to 9°75, tail 3°75 to 4°5, bill
at front 1:5.

Hab.—Throughout India, affecting lakes and the sea coast.

Sterna javanica, Horsf. P. C. 434; Gould. B. of Asia, pl; Jerd.
B. Ind. iii. p. 840, No. 987; Str. F. i. 282; iii. 848; vi. 492; Murray,
Hadbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 248a. Sterna acuticauda, Gray, Ill. Ind.
Zool. pl. 70, 8.—Tun Brack-BELiieD Turn.

Head and nape black; neck behind black ; scapulars, tertials and
wing-coverts light grey; lores, sides of the face, ear-coverts, chin and
throat white; neck in front and breast pearly grey ; abdomen, vent and
under tail-coverts brownish black.

Bill orange yellow ; irides brown ; legs vermilion red.

ood STERNINAS.

Length.—12 inches, wing 9'3, tail 6, bill at front 1:48, tarsus 1. In
winter the head is white with dusky streaks, the abdomen is lke
the back and not black, and the bill tipped with dusky.

Hab.—Throughout India, except Southern India and Ceylon.

Sterna albigena, Licht.; Nom. Mus. Berol. p-98; Str. F. iv. 467;
v. 298; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 248a.—Turn Wuirz-
CHEEKED TERN.

The lores and point of the forehead white; the latter with a few
black speckles; a patch in front of the eye black speckled with white ;
the anterior half of the crown white, tinged earthy or brownish grey,
and with spots and blotches of brownish black. Feathers immediately
above the eye, all the feathers behind it, the sides of the head, occiput
and nape, black; the posterior half of the crown blackish brown,
a little mingled with greyish white; an imperfect white band from
the lores beneath the eyes, with another imperfect black one below
it. The back of the neck is whitish, the feathers suffused with grey
towards the tips; the whole of the back, scapulars, wings and tail a
moderately dark French grey, darker than in S. bengalensis, but not so
dark as in some specimens of Bergw. The upper tail-coverts slightly
paler ; the wings more silvery, but the outer web of the first primary
and of the exterior elongated tail feather much darker; the inner
webs of the primaries darker; the first primary with a considerable
portion of the inner web white to the margin ; the other primaries also,
with white on their inner web, but with a grey band on their margin.
The second and third tail feathers also a rather darker grey on their
outer webs towards the points ; the rest of tail feathers, inner and outer
webs, pretty well concolorous with the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
the chin, throat and sides of the neck almost pure white, with only a
few faint dusky grey patches; the breast and abdomen a dusky bluish
grey, with many large patches of white ; the lower tail-coverts greyish
white; the wing lining white.

In breeding plumage, according to Heuglin, the upper surface is a
full bluish grey ; the front and sides of the neck, breast and abdomen,
a somewhat paler and more purplish grey ; the entire upper surface of
head and nape intensely black ; the chin and upper part of the throat,
the lores, and an oblique band below the eyes, conspicuously snowy
white; the beak coral red, blackish towards the base of the culmen
and at the tips; the feet bright coral red.

“ Length.—14:5 inches to 12°5; expanse 29°25 to 29°5 ; tail from vent
65 to 41; wing 99 to 97; tarsus 0°77 to 0°75; bill from gape
215, at front 1°55 to 1:47; irides brown; legs and feet Indian red,
tinged in front of tarsi and toes with blackish dusky ; bill blackish
with the extreme tips whitish horny.”—Sir. PF. iv. 469.

Occurs along both the Sind and Mekran Coasts, and in the Kurrachee
harbour. Mr. Hume (vol. iv. p. 468) in his excellent paper on the
birds of “the Laccadives and the West Coast’? says—‘‘ This species,
which he obtained there, had only hitherto been obtained on the coasts

STERNA. 325

of the Red Sea, northward to about 24° parallel north latitude and
southward to the Gulf of Aden there.

Sterna Saundersii, Hwme, Str. F. vol. iv. 469; v. 826; Murray,
Hadbk., Zool., §e., Sind, p. 249,—Saunvers’ Lirris Tern.

“A triangular frontal patch, the angles reaching to within 0°12 of
the eyes, white; a very broad stripe through the lores to the eye
black; a narrow white line intervenes between this stripe and the
upper mandible. Tho whole crown, occiput, short occipital crest
and sides of occiput as low as the lower margin of the eye velvet black,
the central two-thirds of the lower eyelid white, and no black below
this; all the rest of the sides of head and neck, chin, throat, entire
under parts, wing lining and exterior tail feather, pure white; the
first three primaries black with black shafts and broad white margins
on their inner webs ; their greater coverts dusky black ; the whole of
the rest of the upper surface, including wings and tail, and excepting
parts and feathers already described, a most delicate satin grey con-
trasting in the strongest manner with the early black primaries.

“ Length.—912 inches, expanse 19°25, tail 3:0, wing 6°48, bill at
front 1:12, from gape 1°5, tarsus 0°6, legs and feet dusky yellowish
olive, bill yellow, broadly tipped dusky, irides blackish brown.”—Str.
FF. v. 326.

This species is extremely common at Kurrachee and along the coast
during the latter part of April, also in May and June, in which months
it breeds at Kurrachee on the bare plains between Kurrachee and
Clifton at Ghizree and on the Moach. The eggs are usnally laid in
a small depression in the saline soil, the birds selecting wherever
possible, spots where there is a little loose shelly sand. Eggs glossless
and often chalky, two to three in number, oval and pointed at one end ;
of a drab, buff, or stone colour, streaked, blotched and spotted, of a
dark or deep brown or reddish brown colour generally at the larger end.

Sterna anastheetus, Scop.; Sonn. Voy. t. 84; Jerd. B. Ind. ini.
844, No. 992; Str. FP. ii. 820; iv. 474; v. 801; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
&c., Sind, p. 248 f. Sterna panayana, Lath.; Gould. B, As. vii. p. 33.—
Tue Brown-winceD TERN.

“ A frontal band, extending backwards over the eyes for about 0:15
behind the posterior angle of the eye, pure white; a broad black
stripe through the lores, to, and behind the eyes joining the black
of the occiput; forehead and crown inside the white band and
entire occiput and nape velvet black; chin, throat, sides of the
neck, axillaries, under wing-coverts, lower tail-coverts, edge of the
wing along carpal joint and ulna white; the breast, abdomen and
flanks white, shaded with pale French grey ; back of the neck the same ;
back, wings and tail sooty brown; upper back strongly shaded with
bluish grey, as are also some of the tail feathers ; lesser wing-coverts
behind the white edge of the wing blackish brown; the primaries a
darker brown; their shafts brown on the upper surface; outer web
of first primary almost black; the rest greyish white on their inner

326 RHYNCHOPSIN A.

webs, towards their bases ; external tail feathers white for the basal
half on both webs, greyish brown on the inner web for the terminal
half. In winter the entire under surface is pure white, and there is a
dark spot in front of the eye; head greyish white or white, the feathers
mesially spotted or striped dusky ;a black collar at the base of the
occiput, extending on each side nearly to the eye.

“Bill dusky reddish, red towards the base of the lower mandible ;
legs coral red; bill, legs and feet black.

“ Tength.—14°75 inches, wing 9°62, tail 7, bill at front 1°6.”—(Str. F.
iv. 474.)

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan (Mekran Coast) Persian Gulf, the Concan
and the Laccadives.

Sterna fuliginosa, Gm.; Yarr. Br. B. 3rd Hd. iii. fig. p. 542 ;
Str. F.i. p. 440; iv. 477.—Tue Soory Tern.

Forehead and a streak from the base of the bill to the eye white ;
sides of the face, chin, throat, neck in front, breast and entire under
parts white; top of head, nape, neck behind, back, scapulars and wings
sooty black; under wing-coverts white; tail forked, external feathers
on each side white on their outer web, rest are white at the base;
legs and feet black ; irides brown.

Length.—16°5 to 175 inches, wing 10°5 to 11:8, tail 6:9 to 75,
tarsus 0°95 to 1, bill at gape 2°0 to 2°4, bill at front 1°6 to 1:7.

Hab.—Sind, Mekran Coast, Persian Gulf (Bushire) the Concan
(Bombay) and the Malabar Coast and Ceylon.

Gen. Anous.—Leach.

Bill long, slender, slightly curved at the tip, angle well marked ;
nostrils in a groove; wings long; tarsus short; claw of mid-toe serrated.

Anous stolidusg, Lin. ; Catesby, Car. t. 88; Yarr. Br. B. 2nd Ed.
ni. fig. p. 581; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 845, No. 993; Str. F. ii. p. 320 ;
iv. 478.—Tus Noppy.

A black line from the base of the bill to the eye; forehead white;
crown fulvous or yellowish grey; neck, nape, chin, throat, breast, greater
and lesser wing-coverts, under wing-coverts, upper and under tail-
coverts and tail dark chocolate brown; back and primaries darker,
or blackish brown; legs and feet black ; irides brown.

Length.— Male, 15 inches, wing 11°5, tail 6°5, bill at front 1°6.
Hab.—Sind and Mekran Coast, also the Bay of Bengal, Laccadives
and the West Coast.
Sub-Family, RHYNCHOPSINA.—Bp.

Upper mandible shorter than the lower, and grooved to receive the

sharp cutting edge of the lower one; claws long and curved; tail
forked.

PHAETON, 327

Rhynchops.— Linn.

Characters sameas those of the Sub-Family. Hind toe elevated, the
tip touching the ground.

Rhynchops albicollis, Sw.; G. BR. Gr. and M. G. B. pl. 181;
Schl. De. Dier, fig. p. 292 ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 847, No. 995; Str. F. i.
p- 286; vil. 99; Murray, Adbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 249.—Tas Inpian
SkimMER or Scissor Bit.

Forehead, lores, sides of the face, ear-coverts, chin, throat, neck all
round, breast and entire lower parts white ; crown of the head, nape,
back, lesser and median coverts glossy, sooty blackish brown; lower
back and rump and lateral tail feathers white ; primaries black ; secon-
daries and tertials tipped with white; bill orange, yellowish at the tip ;
irides brown; legs and feet bright vermilion.

Length.—16 to 16°5 inches, wing 16, tail 4°75 to 5, bill, upper mandi-
ble 2-9 to 3, lower mandible to gape 8°75 to 8:9.

Hab.—Throughout India nearly, on the larger rivers and lakes.

Family, PHAATONIDA.
Sub-Family, PHAATONINAL.—G. R. Gr.

Bill as long as the head, sharp, and gently curved above, margins
finely serrated; two central feathers of tail long and narrow; tarsus
short.

Gen. Pheton.—Lin.
Characters same as those of the Sub-Family.

Pheton indicus, Hume, Str. F. i. 286; iv. 481; v. 802. Phaeton
ethereus, Lin. Pl. Ful. 998.—Tue Inpran Tropic Brep.

“A broad, conspicuous black crescent in front of the eye, anda
narrow black line from the gape to nostrils, and nostrils to culmen,
dividing the feathers from the bill; the whole forehead, front part of
the crown, ear-coverts and entire lower parts, including wing lining
and axillaries, pure white ; a black line from the posterior angle of the
eye, running round the back of the nape, where it forms a more or less
conspicuous half collar; hind crown and nape inside the half collar
white, each feather with a triangular black bar near the tips; carpal
joint of wing, four or five posterior primaries, all the secondaries, the
primary coverts, except those of the first five quills, the greater and
mediau coverts pure white; winglet, greater coverts, shafts and outer
webs of the first five primaries, together with a narrow stripe along
the shaft of the inner web, black; the extreme tips and inner webs
of these feathers white; tertiaries and their greater coverts black,
narrowly margined on the exterior webs and tipped with white; the
lesser secondary coverts similar; the entire back, rump, scapulars,
and upper tail-coverts white; closely barred with black, the bars
being slightly cuspidate on the upper back, and the longest scapulars
almost devoid of barring; tail feathers white, their bases black
shafted, and the lateral feather mostly with an arrow-head bar or

328 PELECANIDA.

spot near the tip; irides deep brown; legs and hallux and its web
white, tinged bluish and creamy yellow ; rest of feet and claws black.

“ Male.— Length, excluding elongated tail feathers, 16°85 to 17*8inches,
central feathers project beyond the rest of the tail 3 to 59, expanse 37 to
39°5, tail from vent, including elongated feathers, 7°5 to 10°3, wing
10°75 to 11°8, bill at front 2°2 to 2°45, tarsus 1:0 to 1:18, mid-toe
and claw 1:55 to 1:8. The Female 18-05 long, exclusive of elongated
feathers, which projected 4 inches beyond the others, expanse 39, tail
from vent including elongated feathers 9:0, wing 11:7, bill at front
2-4, tarsus 1.”

This is Mr. Hume’s description of specimens secured by him in the
Gulf of Oman on the Mekran Coast, whether it is the immature of
P. cethereus, or a new species, is yet a moot question. Captain Butler, in
1877 (S. FF. v. 802) also secured two specimens on the Mekran Coast
between Oormara and Gwadur, and these, Mr. Hume says, are
precisely similar to the four specimens secured in the Bay of Bengal.

Family, PELECANIDA).—(Leach.) Vigors. Sulide, Bonap.

Bill stout, straight, broad at the base, compressed at the tip, edges
irregularly serrated ; feet webbed ; face nude.

Sula cyanops, Sundev.; Phys. Selsk. Tidskr. 1887, t.5; Gould.
B, As. vii. pl. 77; Str. F. v. 803, 807; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c.,
Sind, p. 248g. Sula melanops, Hartl. Ibis, 1860, pl. 2, 3.—TuE
Waitt Boosy.

Face to behind the eyes and throat nude; entire head, neck, back,
ramp, upper tail-coverts and entire lower parts white with a slight
fulvous tinge; primaries, secondaries and tertials, also the tail, black;
irides Jemon yellow; bill horny, blackish at the base; both mandibles
denticulated for one-half their length from tip.

Length.—82°5 inches, bill at front 4, gape 4°87, tail from vent 8:0,
tarsus 2°25, wing 16°5, legs and feet pale bluish grey.

Hab—Sind and Beloochistan (Mekran Coast) ? Bengal.

Sub-Family, PELECANINA.—Bp.

Bill long, flattened, compressed and hooked at tip; tail short ; lower
mandible and throat with a membranous pouch ; orbits nude.

Gen. Pelecanus.—Lin.

Characters those of the Sub-Family. Second quill of wing longest ;
secondaries nearly as long as the quills; a membranous mandibular
and gular pouch.

Pelecanus crispus, Bruch. Berl. Trans. 1838, t. 8, 4; Naum.
Vog. t- 283; Gould. B. Hur. pl. 406; Str. F. i. 288; vii. 288; Murray,
Hidbk., Zool., §c., Sind., p. 248g.

In the adult in spring plumage, excepting the quills, primary coverts
and winglet, the whole plumage is white, with more or less of a pearly
grey tinge on both the upper and under surfaces according to the light

PELECANUS. 329

in which it is looked at; there is a broad band at the base of the neck
in front, and at the sides faintly tinged with very pale straw colour ;
there is not the faintest tinge of rosy anywhere; the whole of the
feathers of the head and neck are very narrow, long, soft and silky,
much curled and twisted on the head, especially behind and just above
the eye ; and the feathers of the back of the head are much elongated,
so as to form a dense, full crest, some 4-25 inches long ; aline of feathers,
about 1:5 inches wide down the whole back of the neck, is of a more
snowy and less pearly white than the rest of the neck; the scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts and median and greater wing-coverts are
conspicuously black shafted ; and all these, except the longest of the
scapulars, are very long and lanceolate. A few of the longest scapulars
are broad and round, or mucronate at the end; back, scapulars and
tail with a beautiful satiny gloss; the two exterior tail feathers with
nearly the whole shafts black and generally with a decided grey tinge
on the outer web to near the tip; the rest of the tail feathers with
only the terminal third of the shafts black ; primaries (all of which are
white at the base) and their coverts and winglet very dark brown,
almost black; the second to the fifth primary emarginate on the outer
web and silvered with grey on the last above the emargination, which
in the second is hidden by the coverts ; there is more or less silvering
of grey on the outer webs of all the other primaries, their coverts and
winglets ; the first five primaries are faintly notched on the inner web,
and more pale or greyish white on the latter above the notches, while
the rest of the primaries have the inner portions of the inner webs
white, this is still more conspicuous in the secondaries, most of which
have their whole outer webs a silver grey; the tertials are pure white ;
the feathers of the base of the neck and breast thickly set, very narrow
and pointed, the filaments along the margin a good deal separated.

The young bird wants the linear lanceolate feathers. It has the
whole head, neck, and upper and lower surface white; the back of the
neck more or less shaded with grey ; tips of the quills and a row of
small coverts near the margin of the wing pale wood brown; the
feathers of the head shorter and more fur-like than in the male; crest
small ; scapulars and shoulder feathers broadly tipped with pale brown,
with dark shafts ; tail feathers white at the base on both webs; greater
part of the rest of the inner web white; primaries and secondaries
white at their bases; a large portion of their inner webs white; the
rest a darkish brown.

Adult.—Irides white, in the young pale yellow; legs and feet pale
plumbeous ; edges of upper and lower mandibles for the terminal two-
thirds yellowish, and in the young a horny whitey brown, or yellowish
grey; the nail orange or pale orange. In the breeding plumage the
pouch is a deep orange red, with a black patch on either side, jast at
the base of the lower mandible; in the non-breeding plumage a dirty
primrose, or pale fleshy, tinged with lemon yellow.

Length.—Male, 70 to 74°5 inches, expanse 114 to 122, tail 9°5 to 10,
wing 26°25 to 29°23; bill at front including nail 15°4 to 166. Females

42 %

330 GRACULIN A.

smaller ; length 66 to 68, wing 25 to 28.—(Str. F. vii. 448; Hume,
Monag. Pelecanus.)

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Oudh, also Beloochistan
(Mekran Coast).

Pelecanus javanicus, Horsf. Lin. Trans, xiii. 197. Pelecanus
onocrotalus, Pall. Pelecanus minor, Rupp. Mus, Senk. Faun. Abys. pl.
49; Jerd. B. Ind. p. 857, No. 1008; Str. F. vi. 494; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §e., Sind, p. 248g.—Tusz Lesser Wurre Petican.

Occipital crest small, yellowish white; head, neck, upper and lower
surface of body white, with a roseate tinge; primaries dusky ; secon-
duries grey externally ; tertiaries white, with broad black margins,
internally greyish; tail white; bill blue in the centre, red and yellow on
the sides, the tip blood red; lower mandible bluish posteriorly, yellow
in front; pouch yellow ; irides blood red ; legs fleshy pink.

Length.—a6 inches, wing 24 to 25, tail 6°5, tarsus 4, mid-toe aud
claw 4°5, bill 12 to 13 inches.

Hab.—Nearly throughout India.

Pelecanus phillipensis, Gmel.; Sonn. Vog. t. 53; P. Enl. 965;
Jerd. B. Ind. iti. p. 858, No. 1004; Str. F. vi. 495; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., &c., Sind, p. 248 g. Pelecanus rufescens, Gm.; Rupp. Atl. t. 21;
Proc. Zool. Socy. 1868, fig. 4, p. 266, et pl. 26.—Tne Grey Petican.

Head, neck and upper plumage greyish white, the feathers of the
head and neck short and fur-like; occipital crest short, the feathers
slightly recurved, of a brownish colour and tipped with white; scapu-
lars white at the base, of a grey colour and black shafted ; lesser and
median coverts like the back; greater coverts grey, black shafted ;
primaries dusky grey, white at the base; secondaries and tertiaries
dusky grey; feathers of the tail grey, black shafted ; the basal half
or more of the inner webs and shafts white; under tail-coverts
greyish white, mottled with brown ; under wing-coverts white ; bill pale
bluish, tinged with fleshy, the tip yellowish; mandibular and gular
pouch dusky; the gular pouch with reddish venations and tinged
ochreous or yellow ; irides pale or dusky brown ; legs fleshy.

Length.—60 to 62 inches, being 24 to 25:5, tail 8 to 8°7, tarsus 2°9
to 3°1, bill at front 12°5 to 14:3.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Rajputana, Guzerat, Deccan and Bengal, also
Southern India.

Sub-Family, GRACULINA.

Bill moderately long, straight and hooked at the tip; face partially
nude, also the gullet, which is capable of distention ; wings moderate ;
upper and lower tail-coverts short, tail with stiff feathers.

Gen. Graculus.—Jinn.

Characters the same as those of the Sub-Family.

Graculus carbo, Lin.; Pl. inl. 407; Str. FI. i. p. 289; Gould.
B, Eur. pl. 407; Jerd. B. Ind. p.. 861, No. 1005; Murray, Hdbk.,

GRACULUS. 331

Zool., §c., Sind. (Wudda Silli, Sind ; Pankowa, Hind.)\—Tun Large
Cormorant.

In summer or breeding plumage, the head and neck ave black with
white feathers intermixed; nape with a short black erectile crest:
lower neck, breast and entire under surface, except a white thigh
patch, glossy black; rump, upper tail-coverts and tail black; chin and
a fillet of white running up to the eye white, bounded bebind by
a black band; primaries and their coverts dull black ; scapulars
tertials, greater, median and lesser wing-coverts bronze brown, the
feathers margined with black ; legs and feet black ; bill brownish ;,
irides deep or sea-green; facial skin pale greenish ; gular pouch yellow,
spotted bluish in some.

Length—82 to 85 inches, wing 13-2 to 14:7, tail 7 to 75, bill at
front 2°3 to 2:5.

In winter the neck is black; the white feathers and white thigh:
patch disappear.

Hab.—Sind, North, N.-West, Western and Central India, also
Beloochistan and Persia, extending to Kastern Turkistan, Nepaul and
Cashmere. Distribution almost universal.

Breeds in Sind in the middle of the Samara Dhund in the Eastern
Narra Districts. Nest a platform of sticks, lined with grass and
rushes. Eggs 4 to 6 in number, white or greenish white, glossless,
and of a chalky texture.

Whether on sea or on the inland lakes, Cormorants make terrible
havoc among the fishes inhabiting the waters they affect. Sometimes,
though seldom so seen, they swoop down from mid air on the object of
their prey, and pursue it under the surface of the water with great
dexterity and unerring certainty. They, however, must necessarily rise
to the surface to swallow their prey;.and this trait no doubt has led to
their being trained by fishermen,. for the purpose of catehing fish. In
Sind as well as in China and other countries fishermen always have a
dozen or more of these birds sitting, when not employed, lazily on the
cross beam of the prow of their boats, quite sullen and stern ; the whole
deportment of the bird gives it the aspect of an-unrelenting tyrant.

In fishing a Jeathern collar is put round their necks, to prevent the
fish being swallowed, and it is said the fishermen in Sind make a
livelihood by the amount of fish caught by Cormorants when their nets
fail. They are not, however, hooded, as falcons are, when unemployed.

Graculus sinensis, Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 529; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p. 862, No. 1006; Str. F. vii. 178; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c-, Sind,
p. 249.—Tuz Lesser Cormorant.

Adult Male.—Entire head and neck glossy black ; back, scapulars,
rump and upper tail-coverts bronze, some of the feathers of the back
and wing-coverts margined with black; throat white; cheeks pale
brown ; entire lower surface black. No white thigh or cheek patch.
Bill, gular skin and orbits as in the last; irides bluish green; feet
black,

832 PLOTIN 2.

Length.—24 to 27 inches, wing 11, tail 6, bill at front 2:25. In the
breeding plumage the forehead and sides of the head are speckled with
white, there is a white tuft of feathers behind the ears, and the chin
is white.

Aab.—Sind, Kutch, Guzerat, Rajputana and the Deccan, also in
South India. Breeds in Sind during November.

Graculus javanica, Horsf.; Pl. Col. 484; Gould. B. As. pl.;
Jerd. B. Ind. 863, No. 1007. Graculus pygmeeus, Pall. Zoogr. t. 74, pl._—
Tue Lirrtn Cormorant.

In Summer Plumage.—A white triangular patch on the head ; lores
and a line through the eyes white; a few white hair-like feathers on
the nape and sides of the neck ; chin black ; whole body glossy black ;
head with a short occipital crest ; wing-coverts, scapulars, secondaries
and tertiaries glossed silvery, the feathers margined with black ; bill
brownish or purplish brown; gular and orbital skin livid fleshy ; legs
dusky.

Length.—19 to 20 inches, wing 8d, tail 5°5, bill at front 1:25,
tarsus 13.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Kutch, Guzerat, Rajputana,
Concan and the Deccan. Breeds in Sind during November and
December.

Sub-Family, PLOTINA.
Bill with edges finely notched ; neck longer than the body.

Gen. Plotus.—Inn.

Bill long, straight, slender; second and third quills longest;
nostrils basal, covered by a shield; tail long and rounded.

Plotus melanogaster, Penn. Ind. Zool. pl. 12; Jerd. B. Ind.
iii, p. 865, No. 1008; Str. F. vol. i. p. 469; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
Sc., Sind., p. 249. (Silt, Sind.)—Twe Invian Syaxz Brrp.

Head, nape and neck brown, the feathers edged with pale ferrugin-
ous; back of the neck slightly darker; chin and throat white, also a
line from below the eye to half way down the neck, and a narrow
superciliary streak from the base of the bill; back and entire under
surface glossy black ; primaries, secondaries, tertiaries, scapulars and
wing-coverts black, very slightly glossed ; some of the inner seconda-
ries, all the wing-coverts, scapulars and tertials mesially white ; upper
tail-coverts and tail black, the central feathers with barred ridges ;
under wing-coverts black ; legs and feet black; bill dusky on the
upper mandible, yellowish on the lower; irides yellow,

Length.—82 to 33 inches, wing 13:2 to 14, tail 8°3 to 9:2, bill at front
3:5.

Hab.—Sind, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan and
Deccan.

Common in Sind, breeds from June to December. Eggs white or
bluish white, with a chalky coat.

CLASS IMlL=—REPT LEA,

Reptiles in Sind are neither numerous nor formidable as far as they
have been collected and determined. Of Land Tortoises two species
occur, and of the freshwater forms (Hmydide) only a few are known.
Probably most of the Gangetic and Punjab forms will be found to
occur on closer investigation.

Of the Trionycidz or Freshwater Turtles, besides the Common Mud
Turtle, (7. Gangeticus,) three others occur ; while Chelonia virgata and
Caouana olivacea are the only marine forms known to affect the Coast.

The Saurians are represented by the common Crocodile (C. palustris)
and the Gharial (G. gangeticus), while the species representing the
Lacertiliade are numerous on the sandy ridges and plains. The
Varanidz or family of Water Lizards are nearly all represented.

Among the Lizards the most remarkable is the one known among
Europeans as the Biskobra, the Khun of the Sindees. Numerous deaths
are attributed to it, and strangely enough believed in by not a few.
Collections of this lizard have been received from various part of Sind-
and preserved in the Kurrachee Museum, and these are all Hublepharis
macularius et hardwickii. “ Give a dog a bad name and hang him,” is
an old proverb, and it well applies in the case of the Khun or Bis-
kobra, the repulsive appearance of these harmless creatures no doubt
being the cause. There is, however, some risk attending the careless
handling of these lizards, when killed or freshly preserved in spirit.
The tubercles with which their bodies are studded contain a very
irritant secretion, which, coming in contact with the naked skin of the
back of the hand or other part of the body, occasions a numbness .
followed by a painful swelling of that part, and subsequently a species of
Herpes which the natives in Sind cure by the application of a poultice
made of chalk paste. The Geckoes too have this irritant secretion
contained in the tubercles with which their bodies are studded, but in
a lesser degree.

The Ophidians are familiar to and recognizable by all. They
inhabit either arid or moist localities, trees, &c.; some are entirely
acquatic, as. the Hydrophide or Sea Snakes. All live entirely on
animal food, and many, not unlike some of the other orders of the
animal kingdom, prey on their kind, as Bungarus ceruleus and Ophio-
phagus elaps ; (this last does not inhabit Sind). They are oviparous,
ovo-viviparous, or viviparous. Many are remarkable for the beauty
of their colouring and handsome markings, and although this may be
all the eye can desire, the want of knowledge of the innocent species
and the potency of the venom of some inspire dread and a general
aversion to the whole order.

The popular mode of discriminating poisonous from non-poisonous
snakes is very erroneous, as the characters given by some writers for

334 REPTILIA.

the purpose are applicable to most of the innocuous species. The
broad, flat and lanceolate form of head is not exemplified in the Cobra,
nor in the genus Bungarus, while the Callophis genus is characterized
by a short obtuse head and a broad snout. The Crotulide and
Viperide approach the characters rather closely. Theobald says in
the Appendix to his work on the Reptiles of British India, ‘‘ practically
as regards poisonous snakes which are dangerous to man, the question
is narrowed to the consideration of a limited number of species, since
many from their small size, and others from their rarity, may be dis-
regarded, and hence perhaps the simplest way of learning what are
poisonous snakes would be to pass an hour or so in some museum
where acquaintance might be made with the commoner or more deadly
species.” He adds “ the rule is absolute and without exception that
every snake possessing a loreal shield (see Plate on p. 878) is harmless.”
There are, however, a few exceptions of snakes possessing a loreal shield
being also innocuous, but these are otherwise readily known and do
not occur in Sind.

The venomous snakes are—(1) The Hydrophide, which possess a
flattened tail, the whole of which are deadly without exception.
Their fangs are small, but their venom extremely potent; next are the
vipers possessing tubular, erectile fangs of great length, and then follow
the Cobra, the Bungarus and the giant Hamadryas. The Kuppur is the
viper of Sind, andis noted for its deadly venom as well as for the
great numbers in which it is found throughout the province, inhabit-
ing store-rooms and houses.

Although it is said that the venom of a poisonous snake has no effect
on another of the same kind, yet in the case of the bite of a Kuppur it has
been proved tothe contrary. Dr. Imlach, in his pamphlet on Snake bites
in Sind, says of it—‘‘ Fierce and aggressive, it is very much dreaded,
and numerous deaths areattributed to its bites ; even the Cobra, whose
poison is as deadly, falls a victim to it. In the society of the Kuppur
(Echis carinata) the Cobra appears as if fascinated, and even when
bitten makes no movement indicative that pain had been felt;
still in a few minutes down goes its head and crest (hood), and ere
half an hour the reptile that had been capable of dealing death and
destruction has succumbed to the poison of one of the same family.”
Dr. Fayrer says ‘that the poison of the Kuppur killed a fowl in four
minutes, another in two minutes, and a dog in about four hours,” and
Dr. Imlach “that the poison introduced into the system of.a fowl induces
death in about three quarters of a minute.” Death in a fowl occurs
much in the sume way as in the human subject ; the mucous membrane
is powerfully acted on, the head gradually droops, the legs give way,
and the creature rolls on its side in the last agony of passing life.

Of the Cobra (Naja tripudians) there are three varieties in Sind, and
the mostcommon is that known as the black Cobra or Karo Nag of
the Sindees. This attains a length of from 4 to 5 feet. Being
commonly exhibited by snake charmers, its identity is perfect, and
notwithstanding the virulence of its poison, very few fatal cases are
recorded against it. In fact the popular belief of the Sindees is, that

REPTILIA. 335

unless the Cobra is harmed it is itself harmless. Other venomous
snakes in Sind are Daboia Russelli (Russel’s Viper) and Bungarus
ceruleus (The Krait), whose bites are very justly dreaded.

The effects of the poison of the venomous species, both on man and
animals, produce morbid symptoms, differing, however, in the degree or
rapidity of action in man. [rom the numerous experiments on brute
animals by able physiologists, and the effects of the remedies employed,
which, while in the case of man have proved successful, have been of
non-effect in the cases of dogs, &c., it may be safely assumed that the
effects of serpent poison are not precisely the same in man and beast ;
but there can be little doubt that experiments judicially conducted on
brute animals would contribute in a great measure towards suggesting
hints as to the best mode of treatment and the antidote to be employed.

The degree of danger as Drs. Gunther and Shortt rightly say, and
which is confirmed by experiments, “ depends but little on the species
which has inflicted the wound, but rather on the bulk of the individual,
the quantity of poison injected and the situation of the wound, and
again upon the frequency with which it has been biting, upon which
depends the intensity of the poison.” A second consideration is the size
and vigour of the person bitten. In regard to Cobra poison, the symp-
toms it is said are uniform in effect both in man and beast, and usually,
if remedies are not applied in time, the case terminates fatally in from half
an hour to twelve hours.

The symptoms of Cobra poisoning are said to be a burning sensation
or stinging pain in the bitten part, which becomes swollen, red and
painful on pressure, a feeling of intoxication, lethargy, partial paralysis,
loss of speech and profuse salivation, and often nausea and vomiting.
The blood in human beings remains fluid after death, and does not
coagulate as in brute animals.

In cases of Daboia bite, the same burning and stinging sensation of
pain is felt as in that of Cobra poisoning, but the symptoms begin with
convulsions, and there is much dilatation of the pupil, and less saliva-
tion, while in Krait or Bungarus poisoning, there is a parallelism in the
effect to that of the Cobra.

The virulence of the poison of the Cobra is well known, and to
it, the Daboia, the Bungarus and the Kupper, are to be attributed
the numerous deaths in Sind, the Punjab and N. W. Provinces.
There is no hope of recovery from the bite of any of these, once
the poison is thoroughly innoculated into the system, and has
entered the circulation. Paralysis of the nerve centres set in and
death ensues in a very few minutes. The first consideration then
in all cases of snake bite is to prevent the absorption of the poison,
by applying effectual ligatures above the wound of any material
which would be at hand, such as narrowly twisted cloths, cords,
or where it is possible to obtain it, a tourniquet, or an India-rubber
band, which is best and less painful. This done, aid could be obtained
within the next few hours and the part excised or amputated, as the
case would deserve, and remedies applied. Suction of the wound issaid
to have been effectual in a few cases, but there is risk attending such

336 REPTILIA.

a procedure if the person has a sore lip or tongue, and is likely to
imperil two lives instead of one. Dr. Shortt in the Madras Monthly
Journal of Medical Science, March 1870, gives an instance of this in a
case in which he himself sucked the wound of a man. He says— “ The
bloodI sucked out of the wound had a very peculiar taste, I felt nothing
strange till about a couple of hours after the accident had occurred,
when I began to feel a tightness across the gums and roof of the
mouth, in the place between the two incisors. This was followed by a
sharp stinging pain of a peculiar burning character. I was somewhat
restless and uneasy, and shortly after began to feel languid and faint,
when, for the first time, it struck me that I might have imbibed some
of the poison into my system. I became alarmed and anxious about
myself, [ had some brandy and water, and felt somewhat better after
it; while the pain aud uncomfortable feeling in the roof of my mouth
continued, and my bowels were inclined to act. I did not give in to
the feeling, but resisted it altogether. At3 p.m. the uncomfortable
feeling extended not only to the roof of the mouth, but to the same
extent in front of the incisor teeth, to the gums under the upper lip.
On retiring to bed as usual I slept soundly that night; but about
4a. M. next morning I was awakened by an acute burning pain in
the roof of the mouth, which continued for a couple of hours, and then
left, leaving behind a soreness, not only at the roof of the mouth, but
extending to the tongue to the extent of an inch from the tip. This
feeling became more acute on attempting to take my usual cup of tea,
nor could I taste any curry or other dish prepared with condiments,
which did not give me instant pain.

“T believe the sucking out of the poison from the wound was the
main cause of saving the man’s life, yet, at least five minutes, if
not more, must have elapsed between the time the man was bitten and
the suction of the wound, and there must have been ample time for
some of the poison to have entered the system. The Cobra was fresh
and vigorous, and the effect produced in my mouth was the best
evidence that ample poison was injected into the wound. I believe
the subsequent potash treatment, both internally and externally, in
which I solely depended in this case, had its action expedited by the
stimulant effect of the brandy, and aided materially in perfecting the
cure.”

The excision of the part likely to contain the poison is best.
Numerous remedies have been suggested and experimented on, but in
my opinion there is nothing better than the following recipe properly
adminstered when ligatures have been applied in time,

Liquor Potass ......... m, XXX,
Brandy ............se000 02. iii.
Water .......cc..... oz. il.

One-third part to be taken every 19 or 15 minutes according to
the urgency of the symptoms. The wound too, after incision or ex-
cision, should also be washed with a solution of potass or permaganate
of potass. As recommended by Dr. Fayrer “the patient should be
allowed to rest or lie down to sleep if he can.” The common

REPTILIA, 337

practice of walking the patient about when in a lethargic state
enhances the risk of death by forced circulation should it happen
that the ligature is not properly or effectively applied, and in any
case does more harm than good. Dr. Fayrer even goes so far as
to recommend the amputation of a limb to save life. “The milk” he
says ‘of a women bitten by a poisonous snake is fatal to the child if
allowed the breast.”” The blood of an animal bitten by a poisonous
snake is also a powerful poison introduced into the system of
another animal; but apparently not so the flesh, which does not
seem affected, and is eaten. It would be well in all cases of snake
bite to examine the wound inflicted, and ascertain whether it was
from a venomous or non-venomous snake. A wound from a venomous
snake would show either one or two large punctures on each side
besides ‘smaller ones if it be from a Daboia, Cobra, or Echis, while
that of a non-venomous snake would present a series of minute
punctures only. The diagrams below, taken from Fayrer’s Thanatop-
hidia, well illustrate the direction and nature of the punctures that
would be made by wounds from venomous and non-venomous snakes.

e @
e . e
‘
. 4
S : e. .- @
: . :
be)
s
e
: cas
© e e
cosus. Cobra. Viper.
ora Naja tripudians. Daboia Russelli.

Much, however, would depend on the seat of the wound, whether
all the punctures as illustrated would be present ; but the large fang
marks of the venomous species are seldom absent.

In the case of the Hydrophide or Sea Snakes, another very veno-
mous family, the fang marks would not be very apparent, owing to their
fangs being small and differing but little from the other,teeth. Their
poison, however, is very potent, and ou it they depend chiefly for
their food, which consists of fish. These are swallowed head foremost
and entire. Russell and Cantor have ascertained by direct observation
that the Sea Snakes belong to the most poisonous of the whole order.
Tortoises, other snakes, and fish have died from their bite in less than
an hour, and a man succumbed after four hours. Dr. Fayrer makes
mention of two such cases as the last; one in which a fisherman died
in an hour and a quarter.

43 %

338

ORDER—CHELONIA.
TORTOISES.

Reptiles with the bones of the thorax united into a solid shield or
carapace, which is an osseous structure covered with an epidermoid
coat and formed by the more or less complete anchylosis of the
vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. Cervical and caudal vertebre free and
moveable. Skull articulated to the atlas by a single condyle.
Epidermoid coat soft or horny, divided into horny shields or plates.
Head, neck, limbs and tail covered with smooth or tubercular skin.
Reproductive organ of male single, lodged within the vesico-genital
cloaca, and with a seminal groove only. Oviparous. Eggs coated with
a flexible or calcareous shell hatched in the sun under mould or a
layer of sand. The order is divided into four families :—Testudinides
or Land Tortoises, Emydide or Freshwater Tortoises, Trionycide or
Freshwater Turtles, Chelonide: or Marine Turtles.

Family, TESTUDINIDA.
Lanp Tortoises; TERRESTRIAL CHELONIANS,

Herbivorous. Shell or carapace very convex, with horny shields.
Thorax and sternum united into an immovable case. Oviparous.
Eggs sub-cylindrical, hard-shelled.

Testudo, Oppel.

Thorax and sternum solid, bony; sternum concave in males, flat in
females; caudal plate single ; gular plates not united. Toes short, not
webbed; 5 before, 4 behind. Feet club-shaped.

Testudo elegans, Schepf. Testudo. t. xxv. p. 111; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 256. Testudo actinodes, Bell, Zool. Jour. 111-419;
Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind., ii., p. 419, p.4; Theob. Rep. Br. Ind., p. 2.—
Tue Starrep Torroisz.

Shell oblong-ovate, contracted towards both ends and elevated in the
middle, with the lateral margins straight and slightly curved; it is higher
than broad, and has a deep broad obtusangular notch anteriorly, and the
sternum a similar one, but of less depth, posteriorly. Plates elevated
into prominent humps from 4 tol inch high. Areole of vertebral
plates central, of the costals towards the upper margin, and of the
marginal plates in the lower posterior corner. No nuchal plate.
Areolar portion of the three hinder marginals projecting. Gular plates
elongate, triangular, longerthan broad. Post-gulars longer than broad.
Abdominal as broad as long. Anal plates nearly regularly rhomboidal.

Head covered with small polygonal horny shields, those on the upper
portion of the snout and on the crown being symmetrically arranged. An
oblong shield above the tympanum. Jaws indistinctly denticulated.

Nuchal.
Vertebrals.
Costals.
Marginals.
Caudal.

g Gular. pa Preeanal.

pg Postgular. an Anal.
p Pectoral. x Axillary.
ab Abdominal. i Inguinal.

PANGSHURA. 339

Front part of fore legs and the hinder part of the lower hind legs
covered with large, flat triangular scales. A group of large conical
turbercles on the hinder side of the thigh. Head and feet yellowish,
more or less marbled with brown. Shell black with yellow areola,
yellow streaks radiate from the areola. ‘The streaks on the sternum
are broader than those of the upper parts.

Length.—12 to 14 inches. Oviposits in October and November,
laying 4 eggs, usually beneath shrubs or tufts of grass.

Hab.—In Sind this species has been found in the vicinity of the
Hubb. It has also been found in Kutch and Central India. Dr.
Gunther gives other authenticated localities, as Madras, Coromandel,
the low jungles of the Carnatic, Pondicherry, Ceylon, and the hilly
tracts of Meywar, where Captain Hutton says they are found in the high
grassy jungles skirting the base of the hills. According to Blyth it
does not occur in Lower Bengal. Gray gives the Himalaya on the
authority of Captain Boys.

Testudo Leithi, Gunth. Pro. Zoo. Soc. 1869, p. 502, f. 1, 2, 8;
Theob. Rep. Brit. Ind., p. 8. Peltastes Leithii, Gray, Sup. Cat. Sh.
Rep. Br. Mus., p. 11; Murr. Zool., §c., Sind, p. 255.—Tus Siyp
Tortolse.

Shell broadly ovate, arched, the convexity of the upper shell stopping
at the caudal plate, which is almost flat and forms a convex curve
with the last vertebral. Posterior margin of the shell slightly serrated.
Plates smooth, but with concentric strie distinct. Abdominals as
long as the gulars, post-gulars and pectorals together. Nuchal plate
triangular, pointed in front. Colour yellow, each of the vertebral and
costal plates with a black margin im front and on the sides, but not
posteriorly. Marginal plates black-margined anteriorly. Sternum
truncated in front, with a shallow obtuse-angular incision behind ; it
is entirely yellow with a broad cuneiform longitudinal black band in
the middle of each abdominal plate with its apex behind.

Length.—475 to 5 inches.
Hab.—Sind.
Testudo horsfieldi, Gray.

The Afvhan Tortoise, whichis common throughout Beloochistan, in the
Bolan, Afghanistan, and Persia, will probably be found to occur in Sind.

Family, EMYDIDAL.
Frese Water Tortoises.

Shell convex, more or less depressed, shields horny, caudal shields
separate. Toes distinct, webbed. Feet for walking or swimming.
Sternum flat in both sexes. Claws 5 before and 4 behind.

Pangshura, Gray.

Thorax and sternum solid, bony, united into an immovable carapace.
Upper shell angularly elevated, compressed ; the fourth vertebral shield

840 EMYDIDZ.

and generally the third also pointed at their junction. Pectorals sub-
quadrangular. Caudal divided into two; claws 5 before, 4 behind ; feet
webbed.

Pangshura tentoria, Gray, Pro. Zoo. Soc. 1884, p. 54; Gunth.

Rep. Brit, Ind., p. 34; Theob. Rep. Brit. Ind., p. 14; Murr. Zool., &c.
Sind, p. 255.—Tue Dura.

Nuchal plate short, broadish, sub-quadrangular, broadest behind.
Vertebrals raised along their median line in a ridge, which is most
distinct on the middle of the back, terminating in a nodose promi-
nence on the third and sometimes on the second vertebral. The first
vertebral is sub-quadrangular; the second and third are rounded
behind and narrowed, longer by half than broad ; the fourth cuneiform,
tapering anteriorly; the fifth more than twice as broad as the
caudals. Caudals much longer than broad, separated by a groove
and a very small notch. Hind margin of the upper shell distinctly
serrated. Gulars longer than broad, the suture between them being
shorter than that between the post-gulars. Pectorals shorter than
post-gulars, abdomiuals or pree-anals. Head covered with undivided
skin. Jaws finely denticulated. Upper jaw not emarginate anteriorly.
Tail rather shorter than the head. Feet broadly webbed. Front part
of the fore leg and base of the fifth toe with large imbricate scales.
Colour above, brown with a black vertebral line. Sternal plates
blackish brown, margined with yellow. Grows to 8} inches.

Hab.—The Deccan and the River Indus in Sind; also the Ganges,
Kistna, and at Agra.

Pangshura smithii, Gunth. Cat. Rep. Br. Ind., p. 36; Murr.
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 255. Batagur smithii, Gray, M. S.; Sup. Cat. Sh.
Rep., p. 61; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind., p. 86; Theob. Rep. Br. Ind., p. 15.

Shell ovate, slightly depressed, with a distinct vertebral ridge from
the nuchal to the caudal plate, rising into an elongate prominence on
the back of the third plate. Sternum flat, its width between the
inguinal incisions being rather more than that between the axillary,and
rather less than one-half its length. Upper shell slightly serrated
posteriorly ; nuchal plate small, triangular. The first vertebral is bell-
shaped, scarcely longer than broad, and broadest behind; the second
sub-quadrangular; the third rectangular, oblong, two-thirds as broad
as long; the fourth much elongate, pear-shaped, tapering anteriorly.
Gulars considerably longer than broad. The posterior margins of the
post-gulars are strongly convex, forming a deep curve. Abdominals
nearly as large as post-gulars and pectorals together. Colour above
pale yellowish olive; vertebral keel blackish, lower parts black, each
plate with yellow margins. Fore legs covered in front with large im-
bricate scales rather obliquely arranged and with roundish smaller
ones between. Hind legs on the outer side with smaller scales, but
apparently more horny. Grows to 9 inches.

Hab.—Common in the Indus, extending to the Punjab, where it is
found in the Sutlej and Chenab Rivers. Affects the Ganges also.

BATAGUR. 341

Batagur, Gray.

Thorax and sternum united into a solid case; shell depressed ster-
num flat in both sexes; pectorals sub-quadrangular ; toes broadly
webbed, 5 before, 4 behind. Habits, aquatic. Food, vegetable.

Batagur dhongoka, B. Ham.; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. 11 tab.; id.
Shield, Rept. p. 36, tab. 18 and 86; Gunther, Rept. Br. Ind. p. 42;
Theob. Cat. Rep. Br. Ind. p. 22.—-Tus Duoneoxa.

Nuchal plate triangular, broadest behind; vertebrals keeled, the
keel terminating on the second and third in a prominent knob; first
and second vertebrals longer than broad, also the caudal plates. Gulars
as broad as long, the hind margius of the post-gulars form a straight
line. Anal quadrangular, Colour dark grey; a yellow line from the
nostril to the tympanum. A black vertebral line and two lateral ones.

Length.—18 to 20 inches.

Hab.—The Indus (Sind) the Ganges and Punjab rivers; also N. W.
Provinces at Futtehgur and Deccan in Bengal. Theobald gives Central
India, Assam and Nepaul.

Batagur baska, Gray, Sh. Rept., p. 35, tab. 16; Gunth. Rept. Br.
Ind., p. 37, pl. i., fig. B.B.; Murr. Zool., Sc. Sind, p. 255. Tetraonyx
baska, Buch. Ham. MSS. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool.; Theob. Rept. Br.
Ind., p. 25; Dum. and Bib. Erpet. gen. ii., p. 8341—Tue Batacur.

Toes four on all feet. Anterior half of shell elevated and convex,
posterior much depressed and flattened; the greatest width behind its
middle; sternum truncated in front. Carapace smooth and polished.
Nuchal plate sub-quadrangular, four anterior vertebrals sub-quadran-
gular, nearly as broad as long; the fifth hexagonal. Caudal plates
square, separated by a suture, without notch behind. Head covered
with undivided skin; snout rather pointed; nose turned upwards.
Upper jaw denticulated. Colour uniform brown. Grows from 20 to
24 inches.

Hab.—The river Indus; Ganges, Irawaddy, Hooghly, Pegu and
Tenasserim. Considered wholesome food.

Batagur thurgi, Gray, Sup. Cat. Sh. Rep. Br. Mus., p. 58;
Murr. Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 255. Cachuga oldhami, Gray, Pro. Zoo. Soc.
1869, p. 200. Hardella indi, Sup. Cat. S. R., p. 58; Theobd. Rep. Br.
Ind., p. 23.

Nuchal plate triangular, broadish posteriorly, shell depressed, with
an interrupted median ridge. No costal ridge. Head covered with
undivided skin. Upper jaw strongly denticulated with a pair of tooth-
like prominences in front. Tail shorter than head. Feet broadly
webbed. Fore arm with transverse series of broad short imbricate scales.
Toes 5 before, 4 behind. Colour of shell more or less deep brown, or
black, the plates of the lower side edged with yellow. A broad yellow
band runs from the nostrils over the eyebrows along the side of the
neck; a short yellow band anteriorly on each side of the upper jaw.
Feet olive, spotted with yellow. Attains to 22 inches.

342 TRIONYCID A.

Hab.—The river Indus, the Ganges, and, according to Cantor, Penang
also. Other authenticated localities are Calcutta, Dacca in Bengal and
Futtehgur (N. W. Provinces).

Family, TRIONYCIDA.
Fresuwater Turties.

Shell much depressed, covered with soft skin, feet strongly webbed,
claws 8 on all feet. Carnivorous.

Emyda, Gray.

Shell oval, depressed, only partly ossified, covered with soft skin, a
more or less broad margin remaining cartilaginous. Sternum united
tc thorax by cartilage. A broad flexible flap on each side of the pos-
terior sternal lobe. Feet strongly webbed. Claws 3-3.

Emyda granosa, Schepf. Test., p. 127; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind.,
p- 45. Trionyx granosa, Theob. Rept. Br. Ind., p. 32; Murray, Zool.,
§e., Sind., p. 255; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool.—Tan Boneoma.

Upper surface of shell and sternal plates granular; the odd osseous
plate on the sternum is very small; the plates of the posterior pair
rather small, far apart in young specimens, not confluent and only in
large individuals forming a suture together. Colour above, pale
greenish olive, with yellow spots on the head, neck, and shell, which
disappear with age. Hind margin of shell with 6-7, bony granular
plates. Grows to 10 inches.

Hab.—The River Indus in Sind, extending into the Punjab and
N. W. Provinces. Common in lakes and dhunds. Abundant on the
Coromandel Coast, and in lower Bengal. Found alsoin Sikkim and
at Bombay.

Trionyx, Geoff.

Shell asin Emyda. Sternum sometimes with two pairs of extern-
ally visible osseous plates, and with the hinder lobe not dilated into
lateral valves. Muzzle produced into a nasal tube. Snout conically
pointed.

Trionyx gangeticus, Cuv. Rep. Anim; Murr. Zool., Sc., Sind,
p- 256; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind., p. 47; Theob. Rep. Br. Ind., p. 28. T.
hurum, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool.—Tuz Ganezs Turis.

Carapace rather longer than broad, witha slight swelling on the
vertebral line. The anterior dorsal bone rather short, broad, rugose like
the other costal plates, and confluent with the first pair of costals.
The small tubercles of the epidermis are arranged in 12 or 18 irre-
gularly interrupted rows. In large individuals the lunate bone of the
sternum is granular. Colour variable, light to dark or olive green of
various shades, with 2 or3 pairs of brown ocell:, which disappear with age.

Hab.—The Rivers Indus, Ganges, and tributaries up to Nepaul,
also the rivers of the Punjab and the N. W. Provinces,

CHELONIA. 843

Family, CHITRID.

Freshwater Chelonians with 3 claws on all feet, and extremely weak
lower jaws. Feet webbed.

Chitra, Gray.

Shell depressed with cartilaginous margins. Sternum united to
thorax by cartilage. Sternal callosities four. Head elongate. Lower
jaw weak. yes placed very forward.

Chitra Indica, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rep., p..70; Theob. Rep. B. Ind.,
p- 26; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind., p. 50; Murr. Zool., §c., Sind, p. 256.

General aspect of Trionyz, but shell more depresed, neck elongate ;
colour above dark olive brown, lineately marbled or spotted with brown
or rust colour.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Bengal.

Family, CHELONIDA.
Marine Turties.—F'ins in place of feet.
Caouna, Gray.
Fifteen vertebral and costal shields. Fin with one nail.

Caouna olivacea, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rep., p. 73; Gunth. Rep. Br.
Ind., p. 52; Theob. Rep. B. Ind., p. 28; Murr. Zool., §c., Sind, p. 256.—
Tue Inpian LoccerHeaD.

Marginal shields 27. Vertebral and costal shields non-imbricate ;
never less than fifteen, but one or two may be subdivided so as to
raise the number to twenty. Shields of the back strongly ridged in
the young, which are blackish and paler than in the adult. In life
the shell and fins of adoloscents are edged with pale yellow, the
sternum is pale yellow, tinged with greenish and washed with chestnut.
The shell of the adult is blackish or dark greenish, the marginal scales
of the fin yellow asinthe younger stage. Sternum yellow, washed with
chestnut. Oviposits in March and April; eggs 150 to 200, spherical,
white.

Hab.—Sind, Malabar and Bombay Coasts, Bengal and South India.
Theobald (Rep. Br. Ind.) mentions having extracted 206 unshelled eggs
from a female which had then deposited 103 mature ones. The flesh
is said to be unpalatable, but the Chinese, also the Hindus in Bengal,
are said to relish it. This species with the next is common on the
Sind Coast, and has been found on the Malabar and Penang Coasts
also.

Chelonia, Fleming.
Thirteen vertebral and costal shields.
Chelonia virgata, Schw.—Tuer Inpian Tortie.

Distinguished from the last by having one pair less of costal
shields.

344 CROCODILIDA.

Hab.—The Sind Coast and the Bay of Bengal. Deposits its eggs
at Clifton and Ghizree at Kurrachee, great quantities being daily
brought in for sale during the season. The flesh is eaten by the
natives. According to Sir Emerson Tennent it is said to be occasion-
ally poisonous.

ORDER—SAURIA.
LIZARDS.

Scaled reptiles usually possessing eyelids and four external limbs.
Jaws toothed; the rami of lower jaw united in front by a bony suture.
Limbs and eyelids never both absent. Oviparous or ovoviviparous.

Emydosauria.— Water Savurians.

Body cuirassed with osseous plates. Vent longitudinal. Oviparous.
Tongue, short, flat, immovable.

Family, CROCODILIDA.
CROCODILES.

Head with the snout produced, body depressed, covered above and
below with square shields arranged in longitudinal and transverse
series ; tail compressed, elongate. Feet short, more or less webbed.
Teeth unequal, strong, conical, acute, in a single series and embedded
in sockets. Toes 5—4. Claws 3 on all feet. Hind feet with an
external ridge of scales.

Crocodiles are found between the tropics wherever the country is
watered by sufficiently large rivers or lakes.

According to Cantor, the Indian species also inhabit the sea coast,
and in calm weather may be seen floating at a distance of two or three
miles from shore. Those inhabiting inland waters which are dried up
during a drought are compelled to wander about in search of water.
They do this during the night. Some, however, bury themselves in the
mud and remain in a state of torpor, till better times come. Dr.
Gunther further adds, that aman seized by a crocodile has only one
way of saving his life, if not his limb, namely, to force his fingers into
the eyes of the beast, which immediately lets go its victim,

Crocodilus, Cuv.

The fourth tooth of the lower jaw fits into a notch in the upper jaw.
Snout moderately long.

Crocodilus palustris, Less. in Belang. Voy. Ind. Orient. Zool.
Rept., p. 805 ; Gunth. Cat. Rep. Br. Ind., p. 61; Theob. Cat. Rep. Br.
Ind., p. 36.—Tus Marsu Crocopizs.

Upper surface of snout covered with numerous small irregular pro-
minences ; inter-orbital space deeply concave. Two pairs of keeled
anterior nuchal plates; three pairs of large posterior ones, all strongly

VARANUS. 345

keeled. Sixteen transverse rows of strongly keeled dorsal plates.
Colour pale or greenish olive, conspicuously black spotted. Grows to
30 feet; individuals 15 feet in length are not uncommon.

Hab.—Found throughout India and Ceylon. This is the species
so religiously cared for at Muggur Peer. Affects marshes, lakes,
rivers, estuaries and the sea coast. Eggs white, cylindrical, hard-
shelled ; 3:25 inches X1°5 in diameter.

Gavialis, Geof.

Snout very long and slender ; teeth slender, sharp; food, fish and
turtles.

Gavialis gangeticus, Gmel. Syst. Nat.i., p. 1057; Gunth. Rep.
Br. Ind., p. 63; Theob. Rep. Br. Ind., p. 87; Murr. Zool., Sc., Sind,
p. 256.—Tue Gavia.

Dorsal shields in six rows in the middle of the back. Adult males
have a large hollow prominence at the end of the snout, in which the
nostrils are placed. Grows to 20 feet.

_Hab.—Found in the Indus, N. W. Provinces, Bengal and Ganges
river.

Family, VARANIDA.
Water Lizarps or Monrrors.

Head with the snout produced, pyramidal, covered with small scale-
like, but not imbricate, shields. Teeth acute, compressed. Tongue
elongate, slender, terminating in a long fork, retractile into a sheath
at its base. Scales small, equal on the sides and on the back and
arranged in cross bands. Toes five. Claws on all feet. Tail long,
generally compressed.

Varanus, Merrem.

Nostrils in an oblique slit, situated in, or nearly in the middle between
the eye and the extremity of the snout. Scales elliptic, small, those
on the back and on the sides not imbricate, each being surrounded by
a small circular, granular fold. Tail vertically compressed, with a crest
of keeled scales. Throat with a transverse fold. All the species of the
genus live on snakes, smaller lizards, toads, frogs, &c.

Varanus flavescens, Cantor. Mal. Rep., p. 28; Gunth. Rep. Brit.
Ind., p. 65, pl. ix., fis. A.A. Theob. Rep. Brit. Ind., p. 38; Murr. Zool.
§c., Sind, p. 256. Monitor flavescens. Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. ¢ tab.—
Tue SHort-rorp Water Lizarp or Tue Inpian HEmpacusta.

Nostrils nearer the nose than eye. Superciliary scales of unequal
size, the outer being smaller than the inner. Scales of the upper parts
distant, strongly keeled, those of the belly smooth, in 65-70 transverse
series between the gular fold and the loins. Colour greenish or brownish
olive, with irregular dark markings confluent into cross bands on back
and tail. Throat with irregular dark transverse bands. Toes com-
paratively smaller than any of its congeners.

44 2

346 VARANID Al.

Hab.—Southern and Central India, Concan, Deccan, Kutch, Sind,
Beloochistan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Burmah, Nepaul, Penang
and Ceylon. Attains 3-4 feet, the tail being longer than the body.

Varanus draceena, Linn. ; Gunth. Rep. Brit. Ind., p. 65, pl. ix. fig.
B.B.B.; Theob. Rep. Brit. Ind., p. 38; Murr. Zool., &c., Sind, p. 256.
Varanus Bengalensis, D. et B. Erpet. gen. iii., p. 480. Varanus bibroni,
Blyth, J. A. 8. B.xi., p. 869. Ghorepore of the natives of the Deccan ;
Gooare, Hind. ; Goh, Sind.—Tue Common Inpran Water Lizarp.

Toes of moderate length, armed with strong claws. Nostrils in an
oblique slit, midway between the nose and eye. Superciliary scales
small without a series of larger ones. Scales of the neck and back
without keels, only a little raised in the middle, those of the belly
smooth in 90 transverse series between the gular fold and the loin.
Colour brownish olive, black dotted, each dot occupies a scale. These
dots are more numerous on the throat. Young specimens marked with
numerous small white ocelli edged with darker. Lower parts with

irregular dark transverse bands. Nape of the neck with regular cross
bands.

Attains to 4 feet, of which the tail is three-fifths.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Central and Southern India,
Bengal, Concan, Deccan, Ceylon, Burmah and Nepau); also Beloochistan,
Afghanistan. The Iguana of the Europeans.

Dr. Kelaart (Prod. Faun. Ceyl.) says “‘ that the natives are partial to
its flesh ”; and adds:—‘ We have once tasted some excellent soup made
from a tender iguana, it tasted not unlike hare soup.” Natives of the
Deccan and Sind are also partial to its flesh, and esteem it a specific
for rheumatism. Its blood drunk fresh or applied to the loins is con-
sidered a cure for lumbago, and is also said to be a good aphrodisiac.
Of the skin native tambourines are made.

Varanus lunatus, Gray, Lizards, p. 10; Gunth. Rep. Brit. Ind.
p- 66, pl. ix. fig. 6; Theob. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 88; Murray, Zool., §c.,
Sind, p. 256.—Tus Banprp Water Lizarp.

This species is very similar to V. draccena, from which it is distin-
guished by the following characters:—A larger number of ventral
shields, which are arranged in 105 cross series from the gular fold to the
loin ; neck, tail and trunk marked with cross bands, the first formed by
a dark streak from either eye meeting on the neck, the angle being
directed backwards on neck and forwards on the body; four on neck
and eleven on the trunk ; sides and legs yellow dotted.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces (Futtehgur and Agra) Oudh,
Bengal and Kutch.

Psammosaurus, Fitz.
Tail rounded and without a keel. Other characters as in Varanus.

Psammosaurus scincus, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 892; Murray,
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 257. Varanus scincus, Merr. Tent. 59. Varanus

CABRITA, 34:7

ornatus, Carleyle, J. A. S. B- 1869, p. 192; Theob. Rep. Brit .
p: 40.—T uz Ovanan. ee pene

Nostrils ovate, oblique, nearer the eye than nose; superciliary scales
small and granular; scales of the neck and back keeled 3 of the belly
smooth, slightly raised in the centre. Tail unarmed, rounded, not
keeled; sides convex; scales in 116 transverse rows; colour olive
green or greenish ashy, passing on the neck into orange; crown of head
black, with lines of the same colour below and behind the eyes and
down the neck ; a median black line along the nape, and some other less
distinct lines and dashes on nose, neck and shoulders; below white ;
tail shghtly more than half the total length. Grows to 30 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Beloochistan, Persia
and Kutch,

Family, LACERTIDA.
Lanp Lizarps.

Head covered with symmetrically arranged shields ; tongue slender,
free, exsertile, tip forked; scales on back granular or rhombic, of the
sides granular, of the belly quadrangular, or rounded; in transverse
bands. No longitudinal fold, but generally one across the throat. Tail
fragile, long, rounded, with the scales arranged in rings ; eyes diurnal,
eyelids present ; tympanum distinct ; limbs four.

Cabrita, Gray.

Nostrils on the ridge of the snout between an upper and a lower nasal
plate, both being rather swollen; a small hinder nasal ; upper eyelid
short, lower large, with a transparent disc; collar none, but a small fold
present before each shoulder ; scales of the back rhomboidal, keeled,
imbricate ; ventral scales four-sided, smooth, longitudinally arranged;
pre-anal shield single, surrounded by smaller ones; femoral pores
distinct ; toes 5—5, keeled beneath, not toothed on the sides.

Cabrita leschenaulti, M. Hdw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi. pp. 80-86;
Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. p. 43; Gunth. Rep. Brit. India, p. 71;
Theob. Rep. Brit. Ind. p.41; Murray, Zool., &c., Sind, p.258. Calos-
aura leschenaulti, D. et B. Erpet. gen. v. p. 262. Cabrita brunnea,
Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1. p. 282.—Tux Canrite.

Shields of the head longitudinally rugose, with partially raised
margins. Rostral triangular, broader than high, separated from the
single pra-frontal by the supra-nasals, which are in contact with each
other, Pree-frontal triangular behind, separated from the vertical by the
post-frontals, which are in contact with each other. Vertical elongate,
obtusely sub-triangular in front, three-sided posteriorly. Two pairs of
occipitals ; anterior occipital sub-pentagonal ; inter-occipital triangular
in front, obtusely rounded posteriorly, with a small shield following ;
upper labials 8, the fifth very large, and under the eye. Mental large ;
5 pairs of chin shields behind it, three of which only are in contact ;
nostrils between the first upper labial, post-nasal, and two small shields ;

348 LAOERTID AL.

temples with small hexagonal, keeled scales. Superciliaries 2, with a
series of 7—8 small scales between them, and two long shields above
the orbit. Ventral shields in six longitudinal and 25—26 transverse
series. Femoral pores 7—8 on each thigh. Tail covered with keeled.
imbricate scales. Colour olive brown, with two broad white streaks
on each side, the upper from the superciliary and running along the
side of the back, the lower from below the eye and ear, along the
middle of the side to the axil of the hind limb.

Length.—5 to 6 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Afghanistan, Rajputana,
Kutch, Central India, South India, and Coromandel Coast. Common
at Dorbajee on stony ground,

Acanthodactylus, Fitzinger.

Nostrils between three shields, the lower of which is the first labial.
Eyelids present. A scaly fold across the throat. Ventral scales four-
sided. Femoral pores present; toes 5—5, keeled beneath, and toothed
on the sides.

Acanthodactylus cantoris, Gunther, Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 733
Theob. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 42; Stol. J. A. S. B. 1872, xli. pt. 2, p. 91;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind.—Cantor’s Srinep-Foor.

Rostral shield bent backwards on the upper surface of the snout,
with an obtuse angle behind. Supra-nasals contiguous; pre-frontal
nearly square; posterior frontals longer than broad, obtusely keeled ;
superciliaries three (the anterior one small) separated from the orbital
margin by small scales; two pairs of occipitals, the anterior pair small,
triangular, the posterior twice as large and sub-quadrangular ; a very
small central occipital is also present ; eight upper labials, infra-orbital
shield resting on the fifth, sixth and seventh labials; mental shield
nearly as long as broad. Chin shields five pairs, the first three only in
contact; scales on the back strongly keeled, imbricate, and in 13.
longitudinal rows, the keels forming continuous lines; scales on the
sides of the trunk keeled, much smaller than those of the back;
ventral scales smooth, square, variable in number (10 to 16 longitudinal
rows) commonly twelve; scales of the tail keeled; femoral pores 20 on
each thigh (varies from 16 or 17 to 21); the fore limb extend to the
front edge of the orbit if laid forward; the hind limb to the collar.
Hind toes serrated along their external margins; colour greenish olive
above, with reticulated blackish lines, uniform white below.

Length.—7 to 9 inches, of which the tail is about two-thirds.

Hab.—Sind, in sandy places, especially on the ridges of blown sand,
a ees N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Southern Afghanistan and
. EH. Persia.

Acanthodactylus micropholis, B/f. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
July 1874, xiv. p. 33; Hastern Persia, p. 383, pl. xxi, fig. 2.

Rostral moderate, obtusely triangular behind. Pre-frontal single,
hexagonal, separated from the rostral by the supra-nasals ; nostrils

MESALINA, 349

between the supra-nasal ; the first upper labial, and a shield in front of
the loreals. Post-frontals, each about the size of the single pre-frontal,
and broadly in contact with each other above its apex. Vertical nearly
twice the length of its greatest width, grooved mesially in front,
where it is rounded and forms a suture with the post-frontals. Post-occi-
pital twice the size of the pree-occipital ; inter-occipital very small, three-
sided in front; three shields above each side of each post-occipital, the
middle one trihedral and about six times the length of the small hind
one; temporal region covered with granular scales, the upper and
smaller series convex, the lower and larger series faintly keeled. An
elongate scale placed obliquely in front of the ear above; ear opening
with 2-4 projecting scales forming a serrated edge. Upper labials 7,
theinfra-orbital shield resting on the fourth and fifth, or falling inside the
labial margin between them ; lower labials six ; five pairs of chin shields
along the edges of the labials, the first three pairs only in contact mesi-
ally; scales of the back small, sub-imbricate, semi-oval, obtuse behind
and distinctly carinate, those between the post-occipital and fore limb
smaller, granular, and faintly keeled, as also are those between the
axils of the fore and hind limbs on the lower part of the back, they
gradually increase in size towards the tail, the keel forming continuous
lines. Scales on the tail three or four times the length of those on the
back, all strongly keeled and arranged in verticels. The number of
scales round the middle of the body; not including the ventral plates, is
50-53. Ventral plates 10-12. Femoral pores 28-27 on each thigh ;
pre-anals larger than the adjoining scales ; body and tail elongate ; taik
twice the length of the head and body; the fore leg laid forward reaches
the end of the snout generally. The hind leg laid forward reaches to
the eye, and often to just beyond the ear: Colour, a grey brown on the
head, darker on the body, five white lines down the back and an
indistinct one on the sides, between the axils of the fore and hind
limbs. ‘The three dorsal series coalesce below the hind limbs, and the
two laterals on the tail, where they become indistinct. Legs with
irregular blotches of white, the dark ground showing a reticulated
pattern.
Length 7°8 inches to 8°12, tail from 4°0 to 4°85.

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee) Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan. Found
consorting usually wtth A. cantoris. Habits similar.

Mesalina, Gray.

Nostril on the ridge between three swollen shields, the lower and
anterior moderate, hinder upper small, triangular. Collar indistinct,
sub-angular, attached in the middle, free on the side. No fold under
the ears. Toes five on all feet. Pra-anal single, with one or two series
of small scales round it. Scales of the back rhombic or circular, not
imbricate ; of the belly smooth, contracted behind, arranged in oblique
rows (longitudinal, Blanford).

alina Watsonana, Stol. P. A. S. B. 1872, p. 86; Theob. Cat.
Rot. Brit Ind. p. 43. M. brevirostris, Bif. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
July 1874, xiv. p. 82.—Warson’s Musazina.

350 LACERTIDA.

Nostrils between three swollen shields, the lower as long as the first
loreal. Prae-frontal single, hexagonal, separated from the vertical by
the post-frontals, which are in contact with each other, their hind
lateral points touching the front point of the superciliaries on each
side. Vertical elongate, broader in front than behind and obtusely
rounded. Superciliaries two, margined externally with granular
scales, the first of these large and sub-triangular; hind superciliary
separated from the post-occipital on each side by a group of
granular scales. Occipitals five, the anterior pentagonal, the posterior
triangular and separated by a small shield. ‘T'wo loreals ; the first very.
narrow, the last larger, and triangular; 9-10 upper labials, the fifth
and sixth largest and beneath the orbit. Lower labials 7-9, the fifth
and sixth largest and followed by much smaller shields. Five pair
of chin shields, the fourth largest. Ear spacious, margined above,
in front with a long narrow shield; scales on the body granular, in
about 43-45 rows in the middle of the body; on the upper side of the
limbs slightly keeled; on the tail enlarged, verticillate and sharply
keeled. Shields of the belly enlarged, trapezoid in 8 rows. Femoral
pores 12-15 on each thigh, separated in the pra-anal region;
lower eyelid with a transparent disc, granular, with some enlarged
flat shields in the centre. Shoulder fold well developed. Colour
brownish olive, with four alternating rows of white spots with some
blackish ones down the back, and one or two rows down the sides
tending to form bands. A dark stripe behind the thigh and dark
marks on the tail. . Below greenish white.

Length.—6-50 (tail 2°10).
Hab.—Sind.

Mesalina pardalis, Licht.; Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. p. 48;
Bif. Hastern Persia, p. 877; D. et B. Erp. gen. v. p. 312; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 259.—Tue Dorrep Musarina.

Resembles Watsonana. Scales of theabdomen in 28-3] transverse rows.
Femoral pores 11-15, commonly 12; 45-50 granular scales round the
middle of the back, not including the ventrals, which are in ten longi-
tudinal rows; the hind foot laid forward sometimes reaches the ear,
in some specimens barely extends to the shoulder. The fore limb
sometimes extends to the end of the muzzle, but usually falls short of
it. Rostral broader than high, obtusely triangular behind. Nostrils
between three swollen shields which separate the single pre-frontal from
the rostral. Two transparent plates on the lower eyelid; inter-
occipital plate usually well developed, and forms a suture with the
central occipital, separating the post-occipitals from each other, but
occasionally the inter-occipital is very minute and not sufficiently
produced in front to meet the central occipital, or there may be
another small plate interposed between the two. Colour dark slaty
grey above, with small black spots, often edged on one or both sides
by white. Lower parts white with a yellowish tinge.—Blanford.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia and S. Afghanistan. The more
desert tracts in the vicinity of the Hubb, in Sind. Mr. Blanford says—

BUPREPES. 351

** Tt appears to occur throughout Persia to far east in Beloochistan, and
was common near Gwadurand 8. W. Persia.” It occurs also commonly
throughout the Bolan and 8. Afghanistan, whence I collected speci-
mens.

Family, SCINCIDA.
SKINKs.

Head covered with symmetrical shields. Tongue free, exsertile,
bilobed at the tip. Scales of the back rounded, quincuncial, imbricate ;
of the belly and sides similar. No gular or lateral fold. No femoral
or inguinal pores. Tail rounded, fragile.

Euprepes, Wagler.

Each scale with several keels. Tail rounded and without spines.
Nostrils in a single small shield. Limbs four, each with 5 toes. Palatal
notch placed far behind.

Euprepes carinatus, Schn. E. rufescens, Cantor Cat. Mal. Rep. ;
Gunth. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 79; Theob. Cat. Rep, Brit. Ind. p. 49;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 257.—Tuz Common Inpian Sins.

A pair of supra-nasal shields; scales three, sometimes five, keeled in 28
to 80 longitudinal and about 30 transverse series; the pree-frontal is gene-
rally separated from the rostral and vertical by the supra-nasals and
post-frontals, but sometimes touches one of them. Fifth upper labial
below the orbit much longer than high. Colour variable, rich olive
brown or bronze, darker on the sides, and witha pale lateral stripe from
over the eye down each side of the back. This lateral stripe is often
white spotted, or of a very pronounced yellow, and seasonally the sides
are suffused with red. Back often streaked or dotted blackish.

Length.—138 to 20 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal, Central and Southern
India, the Deccan, Ceylon, Arracan, Berars, Nepaul, Penang, &c., and
Afghanistan. Very widely spread. Gunther says—‘“It occurs in
almost every part of the Continent as well as of the Archipelago, from
Afghanistan to China and to the Phillipine Islands.” It is even said
to inhabit the Sandwich Islands. Cantor says—‘‘It is exceedingly
numerous in the hills and valleys of the Malayan countries. They may
be seen basking in the sun, in bamboo hedges or on trees. The female
deposits 6 to 12 yellowish white, oval, cylindrical eggs, half an inch
in length.” :

Euprepes macularius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1853, p. 652 ; Gunther,
Reptiles Br. Ind. p. 81; Theob. Cat. Rept. Br. Ind. p. 49. B. rufescens,
Shaw apud Cantor.—Tue Sporrep Hupreres.

Rostral longer than high; @ pair of supra-nasals not contiguous ;
pre-frontal quadrangular, its anterior and posterior points touching the
rostral and vertical ; post-frontals separated from each other by the
hind angles of the pre-frontal and triangular front of the vertical ; they
are each about half the size of the pre-frontal, and form sutures with
the post-nasal, first superciliary shield and loreal. Vertical elongate,

352 SCINCIDAR.

truncated behind, its point extending as far as a line drawn
across the sutures of the 2nd and 3rd superciliary shields, and in
contact with the anterior occipitals, which form a sub-triangular hollow
to receive it. A similar hollow behind the anterior occipitals receives
the sub-triangular front of the inter-occipital. Post-occipitals form
sutures with the hind lateral angles ofthe anterior occipitals, first super-
ciliary shield, and the sides of the inter-occipital, but does not meet
at its apex. Mental longer than broad, with a large chin shield stretch-
ing across behind it, followed by two others on each side along the
edges of the lower labials; a groove between the lower labials and chin
shields, extending to thegape. Superciliaries four, bordered laterally by
a similar number of elongate plates. Upper and lower eyelids fringed
with scaly plates. Lower eyelid semi-transparent. Upper labials seven,
the fifth the length of the first three, and under the eye. Lower labials
seven. Har opening moderate, about the size of the sixth upper
labial with some small lobules in front. Scales in 30 longitudinal rows,
and 28 between the axils; those on the back and tuil 5-7 carinate ;
hind margin of the post-occipitals alsocarinate. Pree-anal and sub-caudal
plates not enlarged. The fore limb laid forward reaches the middle
of the ear. Colour olive brown with a greenish tinge, the back with
eight irregularly broken up longitudinal dark brown lines, formed by
elongate dark spots 2-3 carinations wide in the middle of each scale
behind. A black lateral streak from behind the eye, widening between
the axils and narrowing on the tail, each scale with a white spot, form-
ing four interrupted longitudinal white lines. Entire under parts
white ; sides of the neck and half way between the axils suffused with
vermilion. Limbs olive brown, with minute white and black spots.

Length.—Head and body 2°5 to 2°75 inches, tail 3°25 to 3°5 inches.

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee) Rungpore (Blyth) Punjab, N. W. Provinces,
Oudh, Bengal, Central India, Assam, Kachar, Burmah and the Malayan
Peninsula; affects hedges and gardens.

Euprepes septemteniatus, Reuss. ; De. F. Pl. xxvii. fig.3; Blfd.
Eastern Pers. p. 388. H. affinis, D. F. Viag. im Pers.—TuE SEven-
STREAKED EUPREPEs.

General form much as in FH. cartnatus, except that the tail is
much shorter. A pair of supra-nasal shields, which meet in a suture
behind the rostral. Post-frontals separate, each
about half the size of the single pre-frontal. An
elongate central occipital completely separating the
post-occipitals from each other. Fifth upper labial
largest and under the orbit, two other labials behind
it. Lower eyelid with a large transparent disc. Har
opening rather small, circular, with two or three sub-
equal lobules in front. Scales of the back with three
very faint keels. Scales of the anterior portion of the
back, sides and limbs smooth. 34-38 series of scales

Euprepes .
septemteniatus, round the body; 35-38 between the axils. Pra-anal

and sub-caudal shields not enlarged. Limbs moderate.

SCINOUS. 353

The fore limb laid forward extends to the front ofthe eye. Colour olive
brown, with more or less numerous black spots on the head, back and
sides ; these tend to form longitudinal bands on the anterior portion of
the back, and a broad band produced in front of the eye down
each side. Below this is a narrow pale line from the upper labials
to above the shoulder, with a more or less dark band beneath it.
According to Mr. Blanford this species is viviparous. A large female
he captured at Kush-kizard, on being placed in spirit, gave birth
to three perfectly formed young, each about 8 inches in length and
with an umbilical cord attached to a placenta-like mass. Two others,
he says, remained inside the body.

Length.—Of specimen 7°8 inches, of which the tail measured 3°9
inches.

Hab.—Sind and Persia.

Scincus arenaria, Sp. Nov. Plate

Rostral broader than high, depressed, spathulate, rounded in frontand
sharp edged. It is slightly concave posteriorly to receive the convex
front of the large single pre-frontal. Supra-nasals widely separated.
Nostrils lateral, im the front edge of the nasal and below the sub-quad-
rangular supra-nasals. The post-frontals are pentagonal, longer than
broad, rounded anteriorly and sub-triangular behind. They are broadly
joined together and separate the vertical from the pree-frontal, with both
of which they are in contact, and their upper outer margins form
sutures with the outer margin of the first and about one-third of the
second superciliary shield. The vertical is elongate, in length is twice its
greatest width, and extends behind to aline drawn across the hind outer
edges of the fourth superciliary shields on each side. Its apex is
nearly triangular, and behind it are two anterior occipitals, both
broadly in contact with each other, behind these the nearly triangular
front of the inter-occipital is received. Upper labials 8, one-half of the
fifth, and the sixth, and seventh under the eye. Infra-labials 7-8.
Superciliary shields 6, the hindmost smallest. Below these there is
also a row of shields, 4 in number, the anterior of which is the longest
and the length of the three others together. There is a small shield
in the corner of the eye anteriorly, immediately below the first super-
ciliary; another 8-4 times its size behind the eye, and a row of 4
shields below the eye, just above, and in suture with the upper labials.
Loreals two. Mental small with two shields stretching across the
chin behind it, and three pairs of other enlarged shields along the
edge of the lower labials, the anterior of which only is in contact with
each other. Enlarged scales on the back in 10-12 rows, and 28-30
round the middle of the body. Of all the seven specimens I possess,
each scale on the back is mesially streaked with dusky brown and
edged yellowish white ; those on the middle of the back have darker
brown tips. There are 7-10 deep reddish-brown blotches or spots
along the sides; from the middle of the neck to above the fore limb
they are rather rounded, and between the axils of fore and hind limbs,
vertically elongated. Tail conical, pointed, about a third the length of

45 2%

354 SCINCID AI.

the head and body. Body angular; pre-anals and sub-caudals enlarg-
ed. Toes 5-5, flattish, their edges toothed. The fore leg laid forward
reaches to beyond the eye, the hind leg laid forward touches the toes
of the fore leg laid back.

Length of my largest specimen 64, of which the tail is 24; another
6 inches, with a tail of 2 inches.

Hab.—Sind. Obtained on the Hubb plains.

IT have no extended description of any of the four recognized Skinks,
except what is contained in Mr. Blanford’s paper on Persian Reptiles
(P. Z. 8. 1881, pp. 677-678.) From his remarks under S. conirostris,
Iam inclined to the belief that this species is distinct from any
known, except S. Hemiprichit, which it may possibly be.

Blepharosteres, Stolickza.

Scales smooth. Head shielded much as in mocoa. Nostril in a single
shield. Eyelid none. Sub-caudals entire.

Blepharosteres grayanus, Stol. Proc. A. 8. Beng. 1872, p. 74;
Theob. Cat. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 61; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind,
p: 297.

External ear none. Body slender. Snout obtuse. Rostral broader
than high; pre-frontal single, hexagonal, in contact with the rostral,
post-frontals and vertical ; its suture with the vertical separating the
post-frontals, which are about half the size of the pre-frontal;
vertical sub-quadrangular, its anterior sub-triangular front forming
sutures with the post-frontals, and its posterior elongate sides with the
first, and part of the second superciliaries, the point touching the pre-
occipital ; prae-occipital single, concave behind to receive the convex
front of the occipital, behind which, the lateral angles of the pree-occipital
and last superciliaries, the post-occipitals form sutures. Two rows of
small shields round the anterior upper, and posterior edge of the eye.
One small post-ocular, followed by a temporal shield. Scales in 18-20
longitudinal rows, and 86-38 transverse rows between fore and hind
legs. Seven upper labials, the fifth under the eye. Colour above olive
green with a distinct metallic Jnstre, darker on the sides, where spec-
kled with black, and passing on the belly to greenish white. A silvery
black edged band from the superciliary edge to the tail, which

is paler with a pink blush. Limbs brown olive, with rows of white
spots.

Hab.—Sind. Specimens collected in the verandah of the Frere
Hall. Lives in chinks of the stone flags. Found also in N. BE. Kutch.

Ablepharus, Cocteau, Weigman.

Head sub-quadrangular; nostrils lateral; fronto-parietal plates 2..
Eyelids rudimentary, circular. Hars distinct. Legs 4. Toes 5-5,
unequal. Pree-anal plates.

Ablepharus brandti, Strauch, Bull. Acad. St. Pet. xii. p. 867 ;
Blf. Kast. Pers. p. 391, pl. xxvii. fig. 1, 10. A. pusillus, Blf, Ann. and

.
w

EUMECES. - 3855

Mag. Nat. History, July 1874, xiv. p. 33. Blepharosteres agilis, Stol.

P. A. 8. B. 72, p. 126; Theob. Rep. Br. Ind. p. 62; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., &c., Sind, p. 258.

Rostral twice as broad as high. Nasals lateral, separated by the
single hexagonal pre-frontal. Post-frontals small, separated from
each other by the front triangular point of the vertical,
the lateral angles of which form sutures with the
post-frontals, and the hind elongated angle with the
first superciliary on each side, the point extending a
little beyond the division of the first and second
superciliaries, and meeting the front median angle of
Atetepharns the occipital. Occipital heart-shaped, its lateral borders
Brandti, in contact with the second and third superciliary
shields ; the hollow in its broad posterior margin filled
by a nearly bell-shaped inter-occipital, which, in all my specimens (8
in number) has asub-central dusky spot. Post-occipitals rounded bebind,
meeting above the apex of the inter-occipital; their inner margins
form satures with the outer lateral angles of the occipital and inter-
occipital. Loreals two, orbital ring scaly; 3-4 narrow whitish shields
between the superciliaries and the orbit ; temporals large, the largest in
contact with the post-occipital. Upper labials seven, the fifth largest and
under the eye; lower labials six. Mental nearly as broad as the
rostral; a large shield behind it, also 3-4 pairs of chin shields. Back
rather flat, 20 rows of scales round the middle of the body, and 35-36
between the axils of fore and hind limbs. Toes scutate, all clawed,
palmar surface of feet granular. A row of enlarged pree-anals. Har
opening small, circular, with 2-3 minute lobules jn front. Colour
brownish olive above, a narrow whitish line from above the eye on each
side, to about the length of the hind limb on the tail; above this in
many specimens there is a very narrow dark brown line formed by the
upper edge of the scales being tipped that colour; below the white
line is another dark brown band extending from the nostrils on
each side to nearly the very tip of the tail. Under parts white,
with a few small dusky spots on the labials and on the sides of the
body. Limbs dusky brown with longitudinal whitish lines extending to
the tips of the toes.

Length.—2°75 to 3:12 of the largest specimens I have. Tail 1°87
to 2 inches,

This beautiful little lizard is evidently diurnal in its habits. All the
specimens I possess were found during the day in the verandah of
the Kurrachee Museum running about after red ants, on which they
evidently live, and in no instance were any found, except, as it were,
basking in the sun. Mr. Blanford records it from the banks of the
Shatel Arab, opposite the town of Bussora, and Dr. Stolickza found
it in Kutch.

Eumeces, Weigman.

Scales thin, polished, not keeled. Tail rounded, more or less long,
with keels or spines. Nostrils in a single shield. Lower eyelid scaly.

356 SEPSID AL.

Eumeces teeniolatus, Blyth, J..A.S. B, 1854, p. 739. Plestiodon
scutatus, Theob. Cat. Rep. As. Soc. Mus. Mabouia teeniolata, Blyth ; And.
P. As. B. September 1871.

Rostral large, subtriangular, as high as broad, behind which the
supra-nasals form a suture. Nasal between the first upper labial,
rostral and supra-nasal. Pree-frontal single. Post-frontals form sutures
with the pre-frontal and vertical, and laterally with the pree-ocular and
loreal. Vertical three times as long as its broadest part, followed by a
pair of large shields, within the hollow of the sutures of both of which
is a bell-shaped inter-occipital, with, as in Ablepharus, a small
sub-central dusky spot. Post-occipitals form sutures with the sides of
the inter-occipital and meet above it, and also with a large temporal
plate and the hindmost superciliary. Upper labials 9-10, the 6th and
?th below the eye. Lower labials 9; mental as broad as the rostral
with two shields behind stretching across the chin; three pairs of
chin shields, the first only in contact with each other. There isa
small scale between the second pair. The third pair distant. Super-
ciliary shield 6-7, the third the largest ; one post-ocular, one pre-
ocular. Two rows of small scales between the upper labials and the
disc of the lower eyelid, which is scaly, and a row of small shields
between the superciliaries and the upper eyelid, Scales round the middle
of the body in 20-21 rows, the dorsal series about three times the
width of those on the sides. Anal shields two, sub-caudals 110-120.
Toes scutate, all clawed. Har opening fringed with 3-4 scales. Colour
brownish yellow above and below with three broad dark brown lines
down the back, all three lines begin from the rostral, and are spotted
yellowish ; the spots on tho lateral line are formed by every alternate
scale being tipped yellow. In spirit the yellow changes to a whitish.
Tail of the same colour as the body with dark brown specklings in
48-50 irregular bands.

1. Length 10 inches, of which the tail is 6 inches.
2. ” 10°5 ,, ” ” 625 ,,

Hab.—Sind and the Punjab, also Cashmere, commonly seen among
hedges in and around gardens during the hottest part of the day.

Family, SEPSIDAs.
Nostrils in the front edge of a small shield contiguous to the rostral.
; Sphenocephalus, Blyth.

Limbs four, rudimentary, each with three toes, except in S. pentadacty-
lus, which has five. Anterior limbs very small, fitting into a groove.
Ears invisible. Lower eyelids semi-transparent.

Sphenocephalus tridactylus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxii. p. 654;
Gunth. Rept. Br. Ind. p. 98 ; Theo. Rept. Br. Ind.p.70; Bif. East.
Persia, p. 895 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 258.—Tae Crcrana.

Rostral_ triangular, as broad as high, and protruding beyond the
mental. Nostrils between two shields contiguous to the rostral in its

GONGYLUS. 857

lower third. Supra-nasals form sutures with the sides of the triangular
rostral and meet at its apex. Pree-frontal single, hexagonal, broader
than long, with a concave hinder margin, into which fits the obtuse front
of the vertical. Post-frontals widely separated, pentagonal, and a little
elongated posteriorly, its lowest part forming a suture with the fourth
labial. Vertical very large, broadest behind, and emarginated laterally.
Occipital inequilaterally pentangular. Post-occipitals obliquely elong-
ated, in contact with the outer margin of the occipital, but not
mecting at its apex. Upper labials six, the fifth the largest, and
under the eye. One prae-ocular, one loreal or post-nasal, separated by
the post-frontals, A small plate between the lower eyelid and the large
upper labial. Superciliaries four on each side, the second the largest,
and with the first form a suture with the lateral emarginated border
of the vertical. Mental small, with a small shield behind, followed by
a large inequilateral pentangular one, which is concave anteriorly and
receives the first small shield. These are followed by three other en-
larged shields on each side, the first of which only forms a suture with
the large chin shield.

Form slender, elongate. Body cylindrical, laterally angulated, flat
beneath. Tail not quite cylindrical. Body covered with small smooth
lustrous scales. Sub-caudals broader than the adjoining scales. Head
conical. Hars invisible. Lower eyelid well developed, semi-transparent.
Legs rudimentary ; feet covered with imbricate scales. Toes all clawed.
Scales on the back obscurely marked with 3-4 pale ridged lines. Colour
a very pale whitish brown. In two of five specimens there is a distinct
dusky streak from each nostril through the eye to the hind margin of
the temporal plate. The other three, which are much darker in colour,
have only traces of these.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and Punjab, com-
monly known as Rigmahi or Sandfish, from its inhabiting large
tracts of blown sand, and sandy soil in general. Used in Sind and the
Punjab as a specific for rheumatics and pains in the lumbar region.

Gongylus, Wagler.

Head conical. Muzzle rounded. Rostral square. Frontal large. No
fronto-nasal and fronto-parietal. Supra-nasals contiguous. Toes 5-5,
unequal. ‘Tail round, tapering.

Gongylus ocellatus, Wagler, Syst. 162; D. et B. Erp. gen. v.
616; Gunther, Liz. 128. Tiliqua ocellata, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ii. 292. Scincus tiligugu, Gmel. 8. N. 1073; Murray, Zool., §c., Sind,
p. 258.—Tue Titicuev.

Rostral large, square, with the nostril in its upper hinder edge.
Supra-nasals two, contiguous. Frontal large, septangular, widest in
its upper third, the first superciliary shield in contact with its upper
lateral margin, and a large square inter-nasal on each side in contact
with the lower lateral margin. Superciliaries five. Vertical large,
widest in its upper third across the hinder edge of the third superci-
liary shield on each side, its apex deeply hollowed to receive the small

358 GECKOTIDA.

nearly oblong inter-parietal. Post-nasal one. A small shield above the
front edge of the eye. A row of six scales between the upper eyelid
and superciliary shields, and three shields on each side of and above
the fifth upper labial, forming, as it were, a nearly complete scaly ring
round the eye. Lower eyelid with a transparent disc, its edge as well
as that of the upper eyelid margined with 7-8 scales, Ears distinct.
Upper labials 9. Lower labials 6-7 ; mental wider than the rostral with
one large shield behind it, and three others along the edges of the
labials on each side, the first of which only is in contact, the others
widely separated. The fore foot laid forward reaches the gape. Body
sub-cylindrical ; 28-30 longitudinal series of scales round its middle,
Tail round, tapering; sub-caudals slightly larger than the adjoining scales.
Toes scutate, all clawed, the palmar surface of feet covered with sub-im-
bricate flat scales. Colour, a rich bronze above, with an irregular and
broken longitudinal series of white lines down the back to nearly the
tip of the tail caused by every alternate or third scale in each series,
having a small central white streak, bordered with dark brown. There
are about 10 series of these on the back of the head, 15-16 across the
middle of the back, and 6-7 on the tail. Entire under parts white or
yellowish white.

Length.—8-9 inches, of which the tail 1s about one-third.
Hab.—Kurrachee and the Persian Gulf.

Family, GECKOTIDA.
' Q@rcKors,

Head broad, triangular, depressed. Back and sides generally covered
with tubercles or granular scales. Belly covered with rhombic imbricate
scales. Tongue thick and short, its basal portion attached to the
gullet. Eyelids generally rudimentary, not connivent. Pupil generally
erect. Toes generally with apparatus for pneumatic adhesions. Femoral
or pre-anal pores in the males only rarely absent. Eggs calcareous,
globular.

Ptyodactylus, Cuv. Wagl.

Toes slender, dilated at the end, with two diverging series of plates
beneath. Body simple. -Tail round.—(Gray, Liz. B. M. p. 143.)

Ptyodactylus homolepis, Blanford, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol.
xlv. part ii. 1876, p. 19.

“The general build and appearance of this Gecko are very similar to
those of the only other species of the genus, as restricted, P. hassel-
quistt.® General form rather elongate, body round, head broad and
high behind, wedge-shaped in front, the region in front of the eyes
slightly concave. Limbs elongate; the fore limb nearly reaches the
thigh when laid back ; laid forward it extends beyond the end of the

__* Stellio hasselquisti, Schneider; Ptyodactylus hasselquisti, Dum. et Bibr.
ui. p. 878; P. gecko, Gray, Cat. Liz B, M. p, 151.

HEMIDACTYLUS. 359

snout ; the hind limb brought forward comes in front of the shoulder.
The only perfect specimen measures rather over 74 inches, head 1
inch ; tail from anus 3°4 or rather less than the head and body. The
nostrils are entirely surrounded by swollen scales, usually 3, but some-
times 4 in number, considerably smaller than the anterior labials.
Some.of these scales separate the nostrils from the rostral and labials.
Rostral rectangular, its height rather more than half its breadth,
which is more than double that of the adjoining labials. Upper labials
_on each side about 15-16, mental pentagonal, narrower than the adjoin-
ing lower labials, and very much narrower than the rostral ; a row of
enlarged chin shields along the lower edges of the anterior lower labials.
No enlarged or pointed scales on the upper eyelid. The whole upper
surface of the head, body, limbs and tail is finely and almost uniformly
granular. Scales of the abdomen flat, not imbricate, very little larger
than those of the back; those of the chin and throat smaller, except
near the lower labials. Scales beneath the tail irregularly polygonal,
considerably larger than those of the abdomen, not arranged in longi-
tudinal rows. Tail not verticillate. Lower surface of limbs and soles of
feet covered with smooth scales ; toes with simple cross plates, except
at the extremity, where they are expanded into a double disc, marked
beneath with radiating strie; claws retractile, minute, but present on
all toes. No femoral or prae-anal pores.

“ Coloar (noted on living specimens) light brownish grey with broad
transverse wavy bands of lighter and darker shades, alternating on the
back, tail and limbs. There are about five darker bands on the back,
the cross bands are closer together on the tail; lower parts white.”
(Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xlv. pt. 11. 1876, p. 19).

Mr. Blandford adds,—“ A few specimens of this new Gecko were
brought to me near the Maki Nai in the lower portion of the Kirthur
Range, which bounds the province of Sind on the west. The locality
whence the types were obtained was in the Mehur division of the Shikar-
poor district; this is the second species of the genus as restricted, and the
first which has been found in Asia; the other species P. hasselquisti,
which is found in Egypt, is distinguished from this by having enlarged
tubercles on the back, and the nostrils in contact with the first upper
labial and rostral.”

Hab.—Sind.
Hemidactylus, Cuvier.

Fingers and toes dilated, ovate, with a double row of transverse,
pneumatically adhesive plates beneath. Sides of the trunk without
cutaneous appendage. Toes and claws 5 on each foot. Tail with the
lateral edge not serrated. :

Hemidactylus cocteaui, D. et B. iii. (1836), p. 365; Cantor
Mal. Rept. p. 23 ; Gunth. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 109; Theob. Rep. Brit.
Ind. p.77; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 259.

Rostral grooved above. Nostrils in its upper hinder edge, surround-
ed by three scales larger than those on the muzzle. Back uniformly

360 GECKOTID A.

granular, without tubercles ; two tubercles on each side of the sacral
region, Tail slightly depressed at the base, verticillate, finely granular
above, with an enlarged tubercle on each side of each segment. Sub-
caudals very wide, 6-7 times the width of the adjoining scales. Thumb
well developed, claw on it small. Upper labials 12-14, with a row of
enlarged scales along its superior edge ; lower labials 11-12. One pair
of chin shields in contact with each other behind the triangular mental
and first lower labial; there is also an enlarged scale behind it, followed
_by other smaller in size along the edges of the labials. Scales of the
belly in 36 longitudinal rows. Femoral pores 6 to 8 on each thigh,
widely separated in the pubic region. Tail often bulged at the base in
old females.

Length.—6-9 inches. Colour greenish grey or olive, witb 5 transverse
undulating dark bands from neck to loins (not always distinct), Tail
similarly banded.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, at Quetta, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, Sikkim, Khasi Hills, Burma, Kutch, Concan, Deccan, Penang
and Patna, usually frequents houses and especially old tombs and
mosques in Sind.

Hemidactylus Gleadowi, Sp. Nov. Plate

10-12 upper and8-10 lower labials; rostral grooved, broader than high ;
nostrils between the rostral, first labial and three small scales, the latter
scarcely differing in size from those covering the muzzle between the
rostral and the middle of the orbits; back of the head and between theeye
and ear opening covered with round tubercles; upper eyelids distinct,
covered with granular scales. Scales on the muzzle closely packed. Har
opening large. Pupil vertical; one pair of chin shields forming a suture
with the mental and first lower labial followed by an enlarged one, and
others along the edges of the lower labials; the first four situated im-
mediately between each pair of labials, the rest smaller and irregular,
forming at the angle of the mouth five distinct rows of enlarged scales.
Chin and throat covered with small scales, each with one or two minute
black dots. There are 38-39 scales across the middle of the abdomen.
Back covered with granular scales interspersed with keeled or sub-tri-
hedral tubercles, all smaller than the ear opening in size; the dorsal
series are distinctly keeled, those on the sides rounded, the last row
very small. There are 15-16 irregular rows of tubercles across the
middle of the back. The tail is longer than the head and body, verti-
cillate, and dorsally grooved at the base to the 4th verticel; each of
the first three or four verticels with 5-4 tubercles on each side; on the
posterior half they are two or three in number, and become indistinct
towards the tip; the spaces between the tubercles on the tail are covered
with 5-6 rows of granular scales, Sub-caudals enlarged, about 54-58 in
number. Femoral pores 13 on each thigh, interrupted by a single scale.
The fore leg laid forward reaches the anterior edge of the orbit, 7 pairs
of plates beneath the toes, the last undivided.

Colour pinkish grey, a greyish white line from the nostril to the
eye, bordered by a dark line above and below; three dark lines

Vertebrate Zoology of Smd

RMntern,del et hth Mintern Bros imp

1L.PRISTURUS RUPRESTRIS 2 HEMIDACTYLUS KARACHIENSIS
3. HEMIDACTYLUS GLEADOWI

HEMIDACTYLUS. 361

vadiating from behind the eye, the uppermost curving behind and nearly
meeting on the occiput, the next or central one extends from above the
ear opening to the shoulder, and the third or lowest to below the car
opening. Back with 5 imperfect transverse bands. ‘Tail with from 12
to 15 bands.

Length.—Head and body 1-75, tail from the anus 2°5,

Hab.—Rantah forests in Sind, (Jerruck division) lives under the
bark of Babool (Acacia) trees. Collected by Mr. F. Gleadow, Deputy
Conservator of Forests, after whom I have much pleasure in naming it.

Hemidactylus karachiensis, Sp, Nov.

Plate

Rostral grooved, slightly broader than high. Upper labials 9-10.
Lower labials 8-10. Nostrils between the rostral, first labial and three
small shields behind. One pair of chin shields in contact with the
mental and first labial, and in some specimens just touching the front
edge of the second labial. Au enlarged shield behind the chin shield
in contact with the second labial, and a row of smaller ones along the
edges of the others. A row of enlarged scales about the size of those
covering the muzzle along the superior edge of the upper labials.
Eyelids covered with granular scales. Pupil vertical. The muzzle, or
between the nostril and eye, covered with closely-packed granular
scales, larger than those on the head. Har‘opening moderate. Occipital
portion of the head, back, limbs and tail covered with granular scales
and studded with tubercles, those on the head small and round, on the
back about one-third the size of the ear opening, sub-trihedral and in
16 rows across the middle ofthe back. Tail verticillate. The tubercles
on it are 3-4 on each side of the verticels, and also slightly trihedral; on
the first four rings about as large as those on the back. Tubercles on
the hind limbs large and rounded. Sub-caudals 38-40 in specimens with
unreproduced tails. Of 30 specimens the tails of all except two are
wholly or partially reproduced. Prae-anal pores six, arranged triangu-
larly, and interrupted by a single scale. Scales on the chin granular,
on the abdomen nearly rounded, with one or two dark spots terminally,
and arranged in 38-40 longitudinal series across its middle. In most
specimens there is a longitudinal fold of skin along the middle of the
back between the fore and hind limbs; the base of the tail is dorsally
grooved ; the fore limbs laid forward reaches the hind edge of the
eye, and the hind limb to about one-third the distance from the axil of
the fore limb. Plates beneath the toes 12-14.

Colour in life pinkish grey, a dark line from the nostril through the
eye, extending above the ear opening, and to the shoulder in some well-
marked specimens ; in others slightly beyond the ear opening only, or
to above its posterior edge. A small dark patch on the muzzle; the
rest of the facial portion greyish white; back and tail with imperfect
transverse bands.

Length.—8°5 to 4 inches, of which the tail is from 1°75 to 2 inches.

Hab.—Sind. Numerous at Kurrachee ; found during the day, with
Gymnodactylus petrensis, under stones which have lain on the ground

46 z

362 GECKOTID AS.

for some time, and associated with a species of beetle which lives in the
same situation in small holes. Both this species and Gymnodactylus
petrensis frequent houses after dusk.

Gymnodactylus petrensis, Sp. Nov.

Plate

Rostral grooved, broader than high, 10-12 upper, and 8-19 lower
labials. Nostril between the rostral, first labial and three shields
slightly larger than the adjoining ones. One pair of chin ‘shield in
contact with the mental and the first and second labials. An
enlarged shield behind it in contact with and between the second and
third labials; a row of smaller ones along the edges of the others.
Upper eyelid well developed, covered with granular scales. Pupil
vertical; muzzle, or the space between the rostral and posterior edge of
the orbits, covered with coarse, rather convex scales, about half the size
of the small ear opening. Occipital portion of the head with granular
scales, interspersed with large convex tubercles. Back covered with
small granular scales, and sharply keeled trihedral tubercles equal to
the ear opening in size, and arranged in 12 longitudinal series in the
middle, besides a longitudinal series of much smaller keeled trihedral
tubercles along the vertebral area between the fore and hind limbs. The
number of tubercles between the hind limbs is six. The tail is verti-
cillate, and each ring bears on each side three sharply-pointed keeled
trihedral tubercles, larger than those on the back on 10-12 verticels.
The tubercles diminish in size after the 10th or 12th verticel to within
half an inch of the tip, where the verticels are lost and replaced by
keeled imbricate scales. No distinct sub-caudals, but there are a few
large bifid scales irregularly arranged. <A pair of tubercles on each
side of the sacral region. The fore and hind limbs are covered on the
outer side with imbricate, keeled scales, and studded with trihedral
tubercles ; their inner side with flat scales, regularly arranged in longi-
tudinal rows, and the palmar surface bears a few large round tubercles.
The fore leg laid forward reaches a little beyond the end of the snout,
and the hind leg to beyond the shoulder and nearly to the ear opening.
Scales on the chin small and granular; on the abdomen three times
the size of those on the chin, and arranged across the middle in 34-35
longitudinal series, irrespective of the 5-6 rows of granular scales
between the lowest trihedral tubercle and the distinctly larger scales of
the beginning of those on the sides of the abdomen. Pre-anal pores 4
in a straight line. In two out of seventeen specimens there is an ill-
defined fifth one.

Colour in life brown, with a pinkish tinge, which is lost in spirit.
Five imperfect dusky transverse bands on the back and 11-12 on
the tail. Looked at with the naked eye each band on the back appears
to be divided into three dusky spots in an angular series, the spot in
the centre being behind the two on the sides.

Length.—8 to 3'5 inches, of which the tail is from 1-75 to 2 inches.

Hab.—Sind.

Stenodactylus, Cuvier, D. ct B.

“ Toes all clawed, cylindrical, pointedat the end, toothed, the side with

Vertebrate Zoology of Sind

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R.Mmtern del et uth.

1. GYMNODACTYLUS PETRENSIS. 2. SCINCUS ARENARIA.

STENODACTYLUS. 363

denticular cross plates. No femoral uor pree-anal pores. Scales granular,
equal. Lower eyelid very short; pupil linear, Tail round, swollen at
the base, very slender at the end.”—(Gray, Cat. Liz. B. M. p. 177.)

Stenodactylus orientalis, W. Blanfurd, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,
vol. xlv. pt. ii. 1876, p. 21; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind., p- 259.

General form stout, somewhat depressed ; head flat, short and blunt;
tail slightly swollen at the base, thence diminishing regularly, much
stouter than in S. guttatus, about the same length as the body without
the head. Limbs stout; the fore limb laid forward does not quite reach
the end of the snout; the hind limb extends to the axil. The largest
specimen obtained measures 8°38 inches, of which the headis 0°5 and the
tail from anus 1°4. The nostril is situated at the upper outer angle
of the rostral, between that shield and three slightly enlarged scales,
one of which separates the uasal orifice from the first upper
labial. Rostral rectangular, rather higher than the adjoining labials,
and about twice as broad; it has a deep vertical groove in the middle,
which disappears on its lower portion. Upper labials about 12, lower
labials 10-13, both series becoming much smaller behind and
passing into the head scales. Mental as broad as the rostral,
rounded below. No enlarged chin shields, but the granular
scales near the lower labials are a little larger than those of
the throat. Upper eyelid well developed, covered with granular
scales ; lower eyelid wanting. Pupil vertical. Ear opening a vertical
slit, not quite equal to the diameter of the eye in length. Upper
surface of the head, body and limbs finely granular; over the back
there are scattered small convex dark-coloured tubercles; none on the
limbs. Lower parts covered with small granular scales, rather flatter
than those of the back, but scarcely larger on the abdomen and
smaller on the throat- Toes short and thick, all of them finely fringed
with short-pointed denticulations, the lower surface with cross plates,
each divided into several ribs or tubercles. All the toes furnished with
nearly straight claws. ‘ail finely granular throughout, the granules
being disposed in rings.

Colour pale sandy, the tail (and in one specimen the body) with dark
transverse bands; a darker line from the eye down each side. The
enlarged tubercles on the back are dark brown. In one specimen the
sides of the snout and labials are mottled with dusky markings.
(Blanford, J. A. 8. B. vol. xlv. pt. ii. 1876, p. 21.)

Hab.—Sind (South of Rohri, and Hills west of the Shikarpoor
district) obtained by Mr. Blanford.

Stenodactylus Dunstervillei, Sp. Nov.

Upper labials 15. Lower labials 13-14, with an increasing series of
scales, larger than those on the chin and throat, running along their
lower edge, there being one between the Ist and 2nd labials, and 7 rows
immediately below the middle of the eye. Scales on the chin and throat
smaller than those on the belly. Rostral grooved, as high as wide.
Nostril between the rostral, first labial and two post-nasals ; a scaly fringe

364 GECKOTID Al.

of skin extending from the centre of the rostral above the nostrils on
each side to the fourth labial and forming a deep groove. Head and
back covered with small sub-equal scales above and below ; mental about
the size of the rostral and rounded behind; a distinct fold under the
throat. Har opening a transverse slit. Upper eyelids distinct and well-
developed, covered with granular scales. Toes long, clawed, 5-5, fring-
ed at the sides and with transverse rows of plates below. No femoral or
pre-anal pores. Tail not complete, being reproduced. The scales of the
back and sides run so imperceptibly on to the abdomen that it is
not possible to count them with accuracy as to their number. I count
115. Pupil vertical. Colour pinkish. A dark brown band from behind
the eye extending along each side and meeting at the base of the tail,
another across the eyes; a spot in the centre of the head of the same
colour ; there isalso a narrow band across the back of the neck, a nearly
perfect triangular or Y mark following, and two oblique bars; also a
narrow line issuing from the last from the middle, on to the base of the
tail. Limbs reticulated with greyish brown, forming roundish white
spots.

Locality.—Halla (Sind) found on blown sand, at the roots of Calotro-
pis bushes.

Bunopus, W. Blanford.

Toes slender, not fringed at the sides, covered below by cross plates
which are furnished with projecting tubercles. (Eustern Persia, pl. xxii.
fig. 4a.) General form as in Gymnodactylus. Differs from Stenodac-
tylus in the absence of fringes to the toes.

Bunopus tuberculatus, Blanf. Hastern Persia, p. 348; Murray,
Hadbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 258.

General form moderately depressed ; the head higher and broader
in proportion to its length in adult specimens than in young ones.
Back granular, with numerous enlarged tubercles in about 14 longi-
tudinal rows (not very regular) larger, and as a rule trihedral on the
centre of the back and base of the tail, where they are often nearly
as large as the ear opening, smaller and convex on the back of the
neck and on the sides. The larger trihedral tubercles are nearly as
broad as long. Pupil vertical. Nostril between the rostral, first labial
and three small shields behind, the latter scarcely larger than the
granular scales covering the muzzle. Rostral about as broad as high,
grooved above. Mental rather broad. Upper labials 10-12; lower
labials 8-10. No enlarged chin shields behind the mental; but a row
of scales along the edges of the labials larger than those on the
throat. Ear opening small. Chin and throat covered with small
granular scales, Abdomen covered with flat, hexagonal sub-imbricate
scales in about 25-30 rows across the middle. A row of pra-anal
pores between the thighs in a straight line, usually seven in number,
sometimes 6 or 8. Tail when perfect longer than head and body,
verticillate, each ring being terminated by a row of large closely-set
carinate scales, wanting below and in the centre above. No enlarged

PRISTURUS. 865

sub-caudals. Limbs moderate, granular above, with scattered enlarged
tubercles, the granular scales larger and flatter below, on the thighs
especially. Toes and fingers rounded, rather short, and covered with
small imbricate scales above. Colour sandy with dark spots, taking
more or less the form of cross-bands on the back and tail. Dark
marks from the nostrils on each side through the eye, sometimes
meeting each other on the occiput. A dark interrupted line on each
side from behind the eye, along the side of the back.

Hab.—Mr. Blanford says—“It abounds in parts of Beloochistan,
being found in houses and under stones on the hill sides.” Specimens
were also collected in Sind by Mr. Blanford.

Pristurus rupestris, W. Blanford, Eastern Pers. pl. xxiii. fig,
I, la, p. 850; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. June 1874, xii. p. 454;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 258.

Plate

Scales of the back, sides and upper part of head and limbs equal,
not imbricate, round, convex. Back not crested. Tail compressed later-
ally, indistinctly verticillate, with a low crest of flat spines, their points
directed a little backward along the top; none below. Scales of the
sides of the tail equal, granular ; those below rather larger and flatter.
Scales of abdomen round, flat, a little larger than those on the back,
and passing so gradually into the convex scales of the sides, that it is
difficult to estimate the number. No femoral or pra-anal pores. Pupil
round. Upper eyelid slightly developed; no lower eyelid. Nostril
directed laterally upwards between the rostral and about three scales,
two of which on each side of the nostril are enlarged, the outer of
these separating the nostril from the first labial; the other enlarged
scale does not meet the corresponding one on the opposite side of
the rostral. Rostral large, cleft above. Mental larger and broader
than the rostral. Upper labials 6. Lower labials 3. No enlarged
chin shields behind the labials,

Limbs rather elongate, the fore limb laid forward reaches the end
of the nose, and laid back extends to the thigh; the hind limb laid
forward comes nearly or quite to the ear. Toes 5-5, slender, rounded,
with minute claws. Scales above the limbs similar to those on the back,
those on the inner anterior side of thigh and below the tarsus larger
and flat, those above the toes imbricate. Beneath the toes there are
cross plates as in Gymnodactylus, scarcely so broad as the toes, the
plates beneath the joints of the toes being longer but not broader
than the others.

Colour olive grey, a pale band down the centre of the back, the back
and sides with rufous spots, forming broken longitudinal lines, those on
the back larger than those on the sides, and witha white binder margin.
These spots disappear in spirit. A narrow dark line from nostril to
the eye, continued a short distance behind the latter. Chin covered
with dark spots.

Length.—2 to 2°5 inches, of which the tail is 1:25 to 1°5,

366 GECKOTID Al,

Hab.—Kurrachee, Jask, Muscat, Arabia, and north west of Bushire.
Eublepharis, Gray.

Eyelids well developed. Toes not dilated, all clawed. Pupil sub-
elliptical ; tympanum thin, deeply sunk.

Eublepharis hardwickii, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 223; Gun-
ther, Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 119, pl. xi. fig. B; Theob. Cat. Hep. Brit. Ind,
p. 94; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 258. Gymnodactylus
lunatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 638.

Plate

Rostral with a slit mesially in its upper half and broader than high.
Nostrils directed laterally and upwards, and placed between the rostral
and first labial. One pair of chin shields and 4-6 enlarged shields
behind it in transverse line. 9-10 upper and lower labials, Back
granular, covered with large ovate convex tubercles. Tail cylindrical,
verticillate, each verticel with 3-4 conical tubercles on each side. Scales
of the abdomen sub-imbricate, six-sided, in 30 longitudinal series; 17
pores in an angular series in the prae-anal region.

Colour—top of head (in the young) black from rostral to behind the
occiput, with a central white \¥V mark and a transverse line below it.
A white horse-shoe-shaped band on the nape, extending to the gape.
Upper and lower labials and chin white; back banded dark brown and
white, there being one white band across the fore limbs, one in the
middle of the back, the third in front of the hind limb. There are five
bands on the tail, the tip being black. In the adultthe colouring is diff-
erent; the crown is marked with dark blotches on a white ground,
the dark bands across the body and tail are also broken up, but the
banded appearance is present.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Bengal and Southern
India. In Sind it is found with the next species in the more desert
tracts, under large stones, stone heaps and old timber; rather numer-
ous from July to September. Both species are considered venomous
by the natives, among whom they are known as the “ Khun,” the
Biskobra of Europeans, &c. It is a question whether this and #. macu-
larius are distinct species, both are found associated, and I am inclined
to the belief that macularius is the very adult form of H. hardwickit.

Eublepharis macularius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1854, p. 738;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 258; Theob. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 94.
G. fasciolatus, Gunth. A. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiv. p. 429.

Sides and back covered with oval tubercles, widely separated by
closely-packed granular scales. Nostril in a single shield above the first
labial. Eleven upper and lower labials. A pair of large chin shields
behind the mental with four smaller ones in transverse series behind it.
Fingers more slender and longer than in Hardwickii. Tail verticillate,
with eight large tubercles transversely arranged along the hinder margin
of each verticel.

CALOTES. 367

Colour translucent, pink orfleshy grey in young specimens, with a
broad band across the nape, two more across the back, another in the
sacral region, and three more, besides its black tip across the tail. A
few black tubercles on the body, otherwise spotless. In adults these
bands change to ocelli. Grows to 1 foot in length.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, North-West Provinces. In Sind associated
with E.. hardwickii.

Family, AGAMIDA.
AGAMES,

Head covered with numerous small flattish or convex shields. Tongue
thick, attached to the gullet along its whole base, not, or but slightly,
notched in front. Scales of the back, sides and belly imbricate, generally
rhombic. Tail long, tapering, not fragile. Eyelids well developed. Pupil
round. Nostril in a separate plate. Teeth implanted on the edge of the
bones of the jaw, with generally a pair of canines in front of either jaw.
Limbs well developed.

Calotes, Cuvier.

Tympanum naked. Back and sides covered with scales, equal in size
and regularly arranged, the tips of those on the sides being directed
backwards and upwards. Dorsal crest present, formed by non-united
spines. Gular sac slightly developed. Sub-caudals as broad as long.
Femoral pores none.

Calotes versicolor, Daud. Rep. iii. p. 395; D. et B. iv. p. 405;
Gunth. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 140; Theob. Rep. Brit. Ind. p.109 ; Murray,
Hadbk., Zool., §¢., Sind, p. 258. (Surrud, Hind., Deccan).—TuEe Bxoop
SuckER,

Two small groups of spines perfectly separated above each tympanum.
No fold before the shoulder. Dcrsal crest moderately elevated on the
neck and anterior part of the trunk, extending on to the root of the
tail in large individuals, and gradually disappearing on the middle of
the trunk in younger ones. Scales behind the lower jaw much smaller
than the others. Gular sac not developed. From 39 to 43 series of
scales round the middle of the trunk. Colour variable, sometimes uniform
brownish or greenish olive, or yellowish. Generally broad brown bands
across the back and a pale lateral band... Two black specks on the occi-
put, and some streaks radiate from the eye. Young and half-grown
specimens have a dark black-edged band across the inter-occipital
region.

Seasonally the males assume a brilliant garb. Body bright red,
extending to the loins; tail and limbs black ; head and neck yellowish.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, and throughout India, Ceylon,
Burmah and Tenasserim.

Calotes viridis, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, vol. xvii. p.
429; Theob. Rep. Brit. India, p. 110; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Ses,
Sind, p. 258.

»

368 AGAMIDAl.

Nape with two isolated spines above the ears. Neck without any pit
in front of the shoulder, but with dark spots at the hinder part of the
lower jaw. Hyebrows not horned.

Colour green. Scales large; at base of tail larger; of limbs and
under side of the body smaller ; of crown smallest ; nape and shoulders
with a compressed crest. Hinder part of back and tail with an obscure
keel.

Hab.—- Upper Sind, Beloochistan, Punjab, 8. India and the Decks

Phrynocephalus, Kaup.

Head short, depressed, obtusely rounded in front, covered with
small shields; those on the snout and occiput largest and convex.
Nostrils in front of the snout directed upwards and forwards. Tympa-
num hidden. Body and tail depressed, covered with very small scales.
Throat with a transverse fold. No dorsal crest whatever. No pra-anal
and femoral pores. Viviparous. No canthus rostralis. A distinct groove
runs round the upper jaw above the labial shields. Hyes rather small.
Hyelid well developed.

Phrynocephalus olivieri, Dum. et Bib. Erp. Gen. p. 517;
Blanf. Hastn. Persia, p. 237; Gunth. Rep. Brit. India, p. 160.
Phrynocephalus tickelli, Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. p- 260; Gunth.
Rep. Brit. India p. 160.—Oivier’s or THE ARGHAN PHRYNOCEPHALD.

Tail depressed at the base, slender, not prehensile, with a series of
small spinous tubercles along each side of its basal portion. Scales of
the upper parts of equal size, except in the sacral region, where some
larger ones are intermixed with the others. Upper labials 31, most of
which are triangular and slightly pointed. The hind leg extends to
the eye if laidforward. Tail with broad, alternate, whitish and blackish
rings, Colour variable. Mr. Blanford notes the colours of living
specimens as olive grey, drab or dusky. Along the middle of
the back a well-defined oval patch from shoulder to loin, one-third of
which is pink or pale purplish. A dark band across the back behind
the shoulders, another in front of the thighs, often united by longitu-
dinal bands, one along each side.

Length.—From 38°5 to 4°5 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Southern Persia and the
Punjab. Inhabiting holes in gravelly situations or barren wastes.

Stellio, Daudin.

Body depressed. Scales of back and sides unequal in size and shape.
Tail round. Scales irregularly verticillate. Throat with a cross fold.
No gular sac; no femoral or pre-anal pores, but thickened spongy scales
in the pra-anal region. T'ympanum naked.

Stellio melanura, Blyth; Theobald, Rep. Brit. India, p. 117;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §e., Sind, p. 259. Laudakia melanura, Blyth, J.
A. S. B, 1854, p. 737.

Hight rows of enlarged keeled scales on the middle of the back, the
keel forming longitudinal lines. No enlarged scales on the back of

STELLIO. 369

the neck, except those forming the nuchal crest. Scales of the sides
in transverse rows granular, with a minute apical spine and without
enlarged scales among them. 17 upper and 15 lower labials.

Colour olive grey, speckled with darker, some scales paler. Throat
and below the shoulders beautifully marked with greyish black.

Length.—11—14 inches, of which the tail is 7°7.

Hab.—Sind, Western Himalayas, Simla and Cashmere. A specimen
I have from the north of Jacobabad has 10 enlarged scales in the
middle of the back, and, except on the vertebral line and on the tail,
the keel on the scales is indistinct; length head and body 5 inches,
tail 12 inches=17 inches ; the rostral is three times as wide as high.

Stellio nuptus, De. Fil. Gior, dell. I. R. 1st Limb. vi. 1848; Blanf.
East. Persia, pl. xix. fig. 1. p. 817.

General form rather stout. Head and body depressed. Tail long, 14
or twice the length of the head and body. Head rather flat, triangular,
broader in males than in females. The breadth of the ear orifices in
the former being equal to the length. ‘he fore leg laid back extends
to the thigh ; in some specimens falls somewhat short of it; hind limb
nearly reaches the ear when laid forward. Scales on upper surface
of the head mostly smooth, especially those of the supra-orbital and
occipital regions. On the snout the scales are bluntly keeled. Nostril of
moderate size, directed a little backwards, and situated on the canthus
rostralis, which is sharp just in front of the superciliary ridge, and
then appears interrupted by the nostril. Two or three scales between
the nasal shield and the rostral, and the same number between the
former and the upper labials. Rostral nearly twice as broad as it is
high, and twice the breadth of the supra-labials. Mental (lower rostral )
same breadth as the rostral, but longer and pointed behind. Labials
very little larger than the adjoining scales, about 15 or more on each
side. Scales of the side of the head keeled, those near the upper
labials longitudinally elongate ; margins of the tympanum, sides, and
back of neck ornamented with groups of flattened spines, two on
each side of the neck, the posterior pair more widely separated than
the anterior ones. Round the tympanum are five almost equi-distant
groups, the largest bearing the longest spines, being just behind the
ear opening, and there are three or four much smaller groups in an
horizontal line under the ear, the hindmost of them being at the
extremity of the anterior throat-fold. Some of the scales on the throat
in old specimens have distinct spines. Scales of the occiput keeled;
of the back imbricate, equal in size, all keeled and terminated by small
points. Fifteen or sixteen (13-19) enlarged scales across the centre of
the back, arranged in slightly oblique lines converging behind, separat-
ed at the sides from the small rhomboidal scales of the flanks.
Ventral scales also rhomboidal, larger than those of the sides, though
smaller than those of the back, and arranged in transverse and
oblique series. No enlarged or tubercular scales on the sides. Scales
above the limbs and tail sharply keeled, terminating in points.
Scales above the shoulder are almost spines in some specimens. Scales

AT 2

370 AGAMIDAR.

on the lower part of the tail not keeled near the base, and are in more
or less distinct rings. A double fold beneath the chin, a distinct one
across the back of the neck, single in the middle, more or less double
at the sides; from the side of the neck another fold begins, which
runs upwards and backwards above the shoulders, and then descends
gradually along the sides to the anterior lower portion of the thigh.
There are in the males only 3 or 4 rows of thickened scales in front of:
the arms, and a small oval patch 5-7 scales long and 5 or 6 broad, of
similar thickened scales in the centre of the abdomen.

Colour pale yellowish brown, sometimes more or less dusky. Chin
cobalt blue, mottled and veined with yellow.

Length.—16-17 inches, of which the tail is 10-11,

Hub.—Upper Sind near old mosques, &c.; also Beloochistan, Afghan-
istan, Southern and §S. HE, Persia,

Trapelus, Cuwv.

Head convex, covered with unequal scales. Paratvids unarmed.
Eyelids with a fringe of small scales. Back not crested, covered with
imbricate scales. Pores on the front edge of the vent. Hars with
small scales in front.

Trapelus megalonyx, Gunther, Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 159; Theo-
bald, Rep. B. Ind. p. 118.

Head short, triangular, covered with small convex shields. Canthus
rostralis absent. Supercilium formed of rather long narrow shields.
Nostrils in front on the snout. Rostral the size of the upper labials,
which are square and 38-39 in number all round. Upper margin of
the tympanum denticulated. Throat with a transverse fold across, and
covered with small smooth scales. No crest on the neck. Body
covered with small keeled scales, irregularly arranged; ventral scales
small, also irregularly arranged, indistinctly keeled, and in about 22
oblique series between the fore legs. No anal pores in the female.
Tail covered with imbricate keeled scales. The fore leg laid back
reaches beyond the hip joint. Hind leg laid forward extends to
the eye. Fingers with long claws, and with three series of spines
below. Colour greyish, marbled with brown, with six ocellated spots
along the vertebral line.

DLength.—8-10 inches, of which the tail is about one-half.

Hab.-—Sind and Afghanistan. Stolickza also obtained a specimen in
Sind, which is now, or was, in the Indian Museum at Calcutta in 1872.

Trapelus ruderatus, Olivier, Voy. Emp. Oth. Eg. et Pers. ii. p.
429; Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus, p, 2&8; Anderson, P. Z S. 1872, p.
384.—Tue VariasLe TRAPELUS.

Head short, triangular. Canthus rostralis very small. Rostral little
larger than the labial; 7-8 long shields behind the nostril along the
superciliary edge to the hind edge of the eye-brow, and 4-5 between
the two nostrils, which are lateral and directed upwards. Throat with
a cross fold; upper lip fringed with 18-20 scales on each side. Scales

AGAMA. 371

of the head and sides of the head tubercular; of the back imbricate,
keeled, and gradually increasing in size towards the tail, on which it
is twice the size of the largest on the back. Limbs and toes covered
with keeled imbricate scales. Ventral scales indistinctly keeled and in
24-26 series between the fore legs. Length 8 to 84 inches, of which
the tailis 5 to 63. Colour sandy, or greyish, or pale brown, witb a longi-
tudinal paler, or pale white stripe on the neck, and a series of 6 oval
patches on the vertebral line, laterally edged with black in females and
red in males, with two rows of sub-quadrate spots on the sides. Tail
with 12-14 dark brown bands, not extending on its under surface,
which, like the entire lower parts, is white, or yellowish white.
Limbs with dark patches, each with a mesial yellowish vertical streak,
which is indistinct in some specimens; there are also 2-3 dusky bands
across the forehead. Claws dark brown in most specimens.

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee) Bushire, and Shiraz in Persia.

Trapelus rubrigularis, Rupp. ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind,
p. 259.—Tue Rep-THROATED TRAPELUS.

Head short, bluff, covered with unequal sized, rather convex and
faintly keeled scales. Superciliary edge covered with smooth
imbricate plates in 3 series. Nostril in a single shield placed anteriorly
and directed upwards. Rostral nearly three times the size of the upper
labials, its upper edge separated from the nostril by two small shields.
A median series of enlarged scales on the head, the last of the series
with a sub-central depression and three or four larger shields behind.
Eyelids scaly, the edges fringed. Ear sunk, with two or three scales on
its hinder edge. Upper lipsurrounded by 30—82 scales. Back covered
with indistinctly keeled imbricate scales, with some distinctly keeled
larger ones interspersed. Ventral scales smooth in 22-24 series across
the fore legs. Legs slender, covered inside and out with imbricate
keeled scales, also the palmar surface of the feet. The fore leg laid
back reaches a little beyond the axil of the hind leg, and the hind
leg laid forward reaches the hind edge of the eye.

Colour greyish with a longitudinal interrupted dark brown band on
each side of the back from the nape, and another from the side of the
neck on each side to the shoulder. In well-marked specimens two
dark lines behind the eye, and five rather oval white spots on the
vertebralline. ‘Tail with 10-12 transverse dark bands. Throat with
a patch of red, rest of under parts China white.

Length.—8 to 84 inches, of which the tail is 14 to 1h.

Hab.—Shikarpoor, Temple Deyra (Upper Sind), Nari base, Muscat,
Beloochistan and Persia.

Agama agilis, Oliv. Voy. Ottom. ii. p. 428, pl. xxix. fig. i.; D. et
B. E.G. iv. 497; Anderson, P. Z. 8.1872, p. 384; Murray, Hadbk.,
Zool., &c., Sind, 259.—Tuz Aare AGAME.

Muzzle short, blunt. Nostrils. small, situated behind the drd scale
from the margin of the upper jaw. A fold before each shoulder. Scales
on the forehead convex, larger on the back of the head. Dorsal scales.

872 AGAMID A,

imbricate, distinctly keeled, and ending in a point. Scales of the belly
sub-imbricate, smooth. Ears with some small spines above it. A small
group of spines on the nape. Back not crested. Tail long, conical.
Colour dark sandy above, the scales tinged bluish on the back. Chin,
throat, and sometimes the entire under parts, chiefly the sides of the
body, cobalt blue. Tail banded.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Persia and Arabia.

Uromastix, Merrem.

Tympanum naked. Scales minute, granular, of equal size. Tail
depressed, surrounded by rings of spinous tubercles, not extending on
its lower side. Throat with a transverse fold. No dorsal crest. Ventral
scales smooth. Femoral and pre-anal pores present.

Uromastix hardwickii, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 219; Gunth.
Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 155; Theob. Cat. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 119; Murray,
Hadbk., Zool., &c., Sind. Uromastix reticulatus, Cuv. Regne. Anim.

Head short, obtuse; body andtaildepressed; eyerather small; eyelids
scaly; snout covered with small shields ; nostrils lateral ; rostral shield
the width of nearly 4 labials , upper labials 12 on each side, the hind
ones lobate. Tympanum deeply sunk, fringed with small tubercles in
front. A series of large scales from behind the mental towards the
temporal region, separated from the lower labials by a granular inter-
space. Skin of the throat lax, and with several folds. Back covered
with unequal-sized granular scales. Tail very broad anteriorly, taper-
ing behind, ringed with transverse series of spinous shields, with
granular interspaces. Lower part of tail smooth, covered with small
scales, but larger than those on the belly ; outer side of thigh of hind
leg covered with spinous tubercles. A series of 16-18 pores on each
thigh, interrupted in the pubic region. Toes of the anterior pair of
feet covered above with sub-imbricate scales, below there are large cross-
plates with 3-4 denticulations in front, and an indistinct keel mesially,
those on the hind feet the same, but with less broad cross-plates.

Colour yellowish grey, clouded or waved with blackish or reddish
brown transverse lines; in some specimens two to three dark lines
radiate from in front of the eye. Occasionally a black spot inside of
each femur; attains to a length of 15 inches.

Hab.—Sind, N. W. Provinces, Punjab, Beloochistan, beyond Sibi
(not met with at Quetta) and India generally.

ORDER—OPHIDIA.

SNAKES.

Body exceedingly elongate, without limbs or rudiments of limbs ;
rudimentary pelvic styles scarcely visible externally. Belly covered with
broad plates. Head covered with shields. The ribs perform the functions
of locomotion, and are articulated with the vertebral column. Sternum
none. Tail conical, tapering. Rami of mandible united in front by an

TYPHLOPIDA. 873.

elastic extensible ligament; generally both Jaws and palate provided
with teeth. Eyelids none. Integuments with numerous scale-like
folds, rarely tubercular.

v Rostral. n, v Nasals. u,u Upper labials.
fi Anterior frontal. 1 Loreal. t,t Temporals.
a Anterior ocular or m Mental

Posterior frontal.
F Posterior trontai orbital ; anteocular

** Lower labials.

v Vertical. or preorbital.
s Superciliary. p Posterior ocular c,¢ Chin-shields.
o Occipital. or orbital; post-

ocular or post-
orbital.

Ophidians are divided into three Sub-Orders :—

1. Harmless colubrine snakes, without grooved or perforated fangs
in front.

2, Venomous colubrine snakes, with a grooved fang.

3. Viperine snakes, with a permanently erect perforated fang.

SUB-ORDER I.—Harmtzss Conusrine Swnaxzs.

Snakes without grooved or perforated fang-like teeth in front. Poison
glands none.

Family, TYPHLOPIDA.
Buinp SNAKEs.

Body cylindrical. Head short, not distinct from neck. Tail short.
Body and tail covered with rounded polished imbricate scales, equal in
size and form above and below. Fore part of the head covered with
large shields. Upper labials four. Eyelids rudimentary. Cleft of the
mouth inferior, short and narrow ; a few teeth in the upper jaw only,
none in the lower or on the palate. Maxillaries short. Mandibles
feeble. Rudiments of hinder limbs hidden beneath the skin.

374 TY PHLOPID AL.

Typhlops, Dum.

Snout covered with large shields ; rostral larger, rounded in front ;
pre-ocular present ; nostril laterally in front of the snout.

Typhlops braminus, Cuv, Cat. Regn. Anim; D. et B. vi.p. 309;
Cantor. Mal. Rep. p. 62; Gunth. and Theob. Rep. Brit. India. Eryx
braminus, Daud. Rep. vii. p. 879; Ind. Serp. i. p. 48, pl. 43.

Rostral not much broader above than below. Nasal entirely separate
from the fronto-nasal, butin contact with the pree-ocular, below the fronto-
nasal. Nostril lateral. Upper part of the fronto-nasal almost as broad
as the rostral; it extends rather more backwards than the rostral, but it
does not touch its fellow from the other side. Prx-ocular as large as
the ocular. Eye distinct. Labials four, the first in contact with the
rostral and nasal; second with nasal and pre-ocular, but not with
the fronto-nasal; third slightly ascending between pre-ocular and
ocular; fourth below the ocular and extending further backward than
the latter shield. Frontal, supra-oculars and parietals equal in size.
Body rather thicker behind than in front, the circumference in the
middle is about 1-13th of its total length. Tail slightly curved, short,,
terminating in a minute spine. Scales of body in 20 longitudinal and
316 transverse series.

Colour uniform brown, paler beneath. Upper shields of the head
with a faint crenellated whitish marginal line.

Length.—8 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch,
Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, generally distributed throughont the
Indian Continent and Archipelago. Common also in Ceylon, China
and Nepaul.

Typhlops porrectus, Stol. J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 426.

Rostral narrowed behind, broader above than in front. The nasal
touches the fronto-nasal in front towards the rostral, but is disunited
below. The fronto-nasals extend behind the rostral, but without meet-
ing. The nasal is in contact with the first and second labials. The
fronto-nasal touches the second labial only. The pree-ocular isin contact
with the second and third, and the ocular with the third and fourth
labials. The eye is very indistinct, situated below the anterior part
of the suture, between the supra-ocular and the ocular. The first upper
labial is very small, and in young specimens hardly traceable; the
second distinct; the fourth considerably higher and longer than the
third. All the head shields finely punctate. Scales of the body in 18
longitudinal and 440 transverse rows in adults.

Colour above pale chocolate or leaden brown, shading into paler

below. Grows to 11 inches. Circumference of body zy of entire
length.—(Theob.)

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee) Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudbh and
Bengal.

CYCLOPHIS, 375

Family, OLIGODONTIDA.
OxicoponTEs.

Body cylindrical or slightly compressed, rather rigid. Head short,
blunt, sub-conical, not distinct from neck, ornamented with symmetrical
arrow-shaped markings, Body and tail with rounded smooth scales, in
15,17, 19, or 21 rows. Sub-caudals in two rows, Nostril lateral. Eye
of moderate size, with round pupils. Rostral more or less enlarged, flat in

front, more or less produced backwards. Maxillary teeth few, the last
longest, not grooved.

Oligodon, Boie.

Rostral more or Jess extended backwards. Loreal occasionally absent,
two pairs of frontals, one pree-ocular, one or two post-oculars. Scales
smooth in fifteen or seventeen rows. Palatine teeth usually absent.

Oligodon subgriseus, D. et B. vii. p. 59; Gunth. Rep. Brit. Ind.
p. 207; Theob. Cat. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 146.

Scales in 15 rows; loreal distinct, exceptionally united with the poste-
rior frontal. One prae-ocular, two post-oculars. Upper labials seven, the
3rd and 4th entering the orbit. Temporals 1 + 2. Ventral shields 180
(187-189)202. Sub-caudals 48-54. Head with symmetrical brown black-
edged markings. Back with numerous narrow, rather irregular, reti-
culated cross streaks, formed by the black edges of some of the scales,
and interrupted by three or more less distinct narrow whitish lines,
one of which runs along the vertebral line. Belly white, occasionally
a minute black dot on the lateral edge of every second or third abdo-
minal shields. Grows to 17 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengsl, Anumally
Mountains, and southern parts of the Indian Peninsula.

Cyclophis, (unther.

Form slender; head rather distinct from neck; shields of head
regular. Loreal presentor confluent with nasal. One nasal shield pierced
by the nostril. 1-2 pree-oculars, 2 post-oculars. Scales smooth, in fifteen
rows. Hye of moderate size; pupil round.

Cyclophis frenatus, Gunther, Cat. Colub. Snakes, B. M. p. 120;
Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 230; Theob. Cat. Rep. p. 157; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
&c., Sind, p. 261. C. monticola, Blyth (not Gunther); Blanfd. Eastern
Persia, p. 408.

Head broad, scarcely distinct from neck. Rostral small, as high as
broad. Anterior frontals much broader than long, sub-quadrangular,
not quite half as large as post-frontal; vertical broad in front, with the
lateral margins converging behind ; superciliaries broad behind. Occi-
pitals longish, rounded behind. One pre-ocular, not extending to the
upper surface of the head, two post-oculars, one loreal, which is square.
Seven upper labials, 3rd and 4th forming the lower part of the orbit.
Temporals large, 1X2. Two pairs of elongate chin shields, the anterior
in contact with four labials. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows. Ventral
165, without keel, slightly bent up the sides, Anal bifid. Sub-
caudals 95,

376 OLIGODONTID A.

Crown of the head, back and posterior part of body uniform
olive. A broad black band begins behind the eye, becomes gradually
narrower and disappears in the second fifth of the total length; a
second streak or zigzag line from the throat, along the outer edges of
the ventrals, a third intermediate between the band and zigzag line,
disappearing with the first.

A single specimen from Upper Sind in a very bad state of preser-
vation, and badly injured. ,

Hab.—Sind, Afghanistan and Fao (Mesopotamia) ; also the Khasia
hills? (Lheob). Probably occurs in Persia.

Cynophis, Gray.

Form somewhat slender and compressed. Head narrow. Tail one-
fifth of total length. Eye of moderate size. Pupil round. Nostril lateral,
between two plates. One pre-ocular. Scales slightly keeled or with a
pair of apical grooves, in 25-27 rows. Anal entire. ‘leeth numerous in
the jaws and palate.

Cynophis helena, Daud. Rep. vi. p. 277; Gunth. Rep. Brit. Ind.
p. 247; id. Colub. Snakes, p. 95; Theob. Rep. Br, Ind. p. 167. Cynophis
bistrigatus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849, iv. p. 246,

Head narrow, flat, rather distinct from neck. Snout long, obtusely
rounded. Rostral rather broader than high. Anterior frontals small,
3 or $ the size of the posterior frontals. Post-frontals large, rather longer
than broad. Vertical nearly twice as long as broad, triangular behind,
with the lateral margins convergent. Occipitals elongate, obliquely
truncated behind. Loreal longer than high. One pre-ocular, generally
in contact with the vertical. Two post-oculars. Nine upper labials,
the fifth and sixth and sometimes the hinder margin of the fourth
entering the orbit; the fourth sometimes divided. Anterior chin
shield in contact with 5 or 6 lower labials. Scales on the back slightly
keeled, in 27 rows. Ventrals 220-238. Anal entire. Sub-caudals
85-94. Hach maxillary armed with twelve teeth, the middle rather
longer than the others.

Colour reddish olive, with numerous more or less distinct, reticulat-
ed, black, transverse bands across the anterior part of the back, each
of which encloses two white ocelli on either side of the body, one above
the other; posteriorly these are replaced by a broad lateral brown band
running to the tip of the tail. Neck with a pair of parallel longitu.
dinal black bands above, and with an oblique black band on the side.
A black line along the occipital suture; another oblique one from the
eye, along the edge of the seventh labial; lower parts white. Grows to
42 inches. Tail about a fifth.

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee) Rajputana, Kutch, Southern and Central
India, and the Deccan (Poona).

Gen. Ptyas, Pitz.

Body elongate, rather compressed. Tail one-third or more the total
length. Head distinct from neck. Eye large. Nostril between two

ZAMENIS, 377

shields. Prée-oculars 2. Loreals 2-3. Scales smooth, feebly keeled, and
in 15-17 rows. Ventrals not keeled. Anal bifid.

Ptyas mucosus, L.; Gunther, Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 249; Theob-
Rep. Br. Ind. p. 168. Coryphodon blumenbachi, Merr. Tent. p. 1193
Gunther, Colubrine Snakes, Br. Mus. p. 111.—Tue Inpran Rat-Swake.

Head broad, distinct from neck. Rostral deeply indented beneath,
as broad as high. Nostrils between two shields, their upper edges in
contact with the pre-frontal and rostral, Pree-frontal not quite half
the size of the post-frontal. Post-frontal bent down on the side touch-
ing the loreals and hinder nasal shield, Vertical longer than broad,
three-sided posteriorly, nearly straight behind the post-frontal, with its
lateral margins concave ; itis longer than its greatest breadth. Oc-
cipitals truncated behind, with two elongated temporals on each side
of their outer margin, the anterior in contact with the post-oculars.
Upper labials 8, the fourth and fifth entering the orbit. Loreals
3, pre-oculars 2, the upper large, and extending on to the upper surface
of the head between the superciliary and post-frontal, but not touching
the vertical. One large projecting superciliary. Scales in 17 rows
(19 on the neck), the vertebral series keeled, larger than those on the
sides, and with two apical grooves. Ventrals large, 196-208. Anal
bifid. Sub-caudals 118-130.

Colour olive, the scales with darker margins, those on the hinder part
of the body and of tail with broad dark edges giving a reticulated
appearance. Grows to 7 feet.

A specimen from Jerruck, 56 inches long, has the scales on the
hinder portion of the body and tail, a reddish brown colour, and the
hinder margins of the labials, ventrals and sub-caudals similarly
coloured, darker on the tail, above.

Hab.—Sind, Indian Peninsula, Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago.

Zamenis, Wagler.

Body and tail elongate, rounded, sometimes very slender. Head
distinct from neck ; crown flat ; muzzle rounded. Eye of moderate size,
with round pupil. Nostril lateral, between two plates. The shields of the
head have a tendency to split in two or more pieces. Loreal entire or
divided: generally 2 anterior and 2 posterior oculars. Eye sometimes
surrounded by separate pieces of the upper labials. Scales smooth
or slightly keeled (posterior maxillary tooth longest, not grooved).
Ventrals rounded or with a very indistinct lateral keel. Anal bifid.
Sub-caudals two-rowed.

Zamenis diadema, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 148; Russell, ni.
p- 34, pl. 80; Gunth, Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 252, pl.
xxi. fig. G; Theob. Cat. Rep. Brit. Ind. Periops
parallelus, Jan. et Sor.; Murray, Zool, S's

Sind, p. 260.
i Allied to 4%. cliffordi. Head rather elon-
eae ee ver gate, broader behind. Rostral as high as

broad. Pree-frontals rather larger than post-frontals, which are separ-
ated from the vertical by a transverse series of four small shields ;

48 z

378 OLIGODONTIDA.

vertical large, five-sided ; occipitals obliquely truncated
behind. Loreals 3 or 4. One large pree-ocular extending
to, or nearly to, the vertical. A ring of small shields
surrounds the lower and hinder parts of the orbit.
Upper labials small, about 14. Temporals numerous,
scale-like, Scales ovate or oblong-ovate, keeled, in
27-29 series. Ventrals 237, Anal entire. Sub-vaudals
two-rowed ; a distinct ridge on each side of the ab-
domen. ©

Colour yellowish olive, with a dorsal series of round
brown spots, and two series of short brown longitudinal
streaks along each side. Each shield on the snout
with a brown spot; a brown band crosses the inter-
occipital space, and is continued to the angle of the mouth. A horse
shoe-like band on the occipitals.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana
and Kutch, also in Beloochistan (Quetta) Afghanistan and Mahim
(Bombay).

Zamenis ventrimaculatus, Gray, Ind. Zool., fig. C.; Lizards,
p. 106. Gonyosoma dorsale, And. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 395; Gunth. Rep.
Brit. Ind. 253; Theob. Cat. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 169; Murray, Hdbk.,
Lool., §c., Sind, p. 260,

Head of moderate length. Habit slender. Rostral as high as broad.
Pree-frontals nearly as largeas post-frontals. Vertical five-sided, with the
lateral margins very concave. Occipitals truncated behind, each with
a small semi-circular shield following. Loreal quadrangular. Two pre-
oculars, the lower smaller, upper concave and extending to the vertical
shield. Two post-oculars. Nine upper labials, the 5th and 6th entering
the orbit. Scales oblong, ovate, smooth, without apical groove, in 19
rows. Ventrals 205-220. Anal bifid. Sub-caudals 90-102.

Colour yellowish olive, with numerous very distinct narrow cross bars
on the back, each being half as wide as an interspace of the ground colour.
A series of small black spots along each side. Belly yellowish, with an
irregular row of black dots on each side. A black cross band between
the eyes; an oblique black streak below them, another on the temple.
A black spot in the loreal region, and a dark line on the median line of
the neck,

Hab.—Sind, the Deccan (Poona) Concan (Bombay) Bengal,
Beloochistan and Persia, and the whole vf South Western Asia to Egypt.

Zamenis gracilis, Gunth. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 125;
Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 254, pl. xxi. fig. H.; Theob. Cat. Rep. Brit. Ind.
p. 170; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 260.

Head narrow, distinct from neck. Body and tail slender. Rostral
as high as broad. Pree-frontals half as large as post-frontals. Vertical
five-sided. Occipitals rounded behind. Loreal] square. Two pre-oculars,
the upper in contact with the vertical; the lower small. Nine upper
labials, the 5th and 6th entering the orbit. Temporals 2+2+38+3,
the anterior in centact with the post-oculars. Scales elongate, narrow,

‘Zamenis diadema.

TROPIDONOTUS. 379

smooth, in twenty-one rows, some with a pair of very indistinct apical
grooves. Ventrals 219. Anal bifid. Sub-caudals 120. Abdomen with
a slight ridge on each side.

Colour yellowish olive, with a single series of round brown spots,
edged with black along the anterior half of the trunk; the spots
become indistinct posteriorly, and only the black edges remain,
forming cross bars on the back, but merely spots on the tail. A black-
ish streak across the snout. Crown of the head with two brown black-
edged cross bands, the anterior between and below the eyes, the
posterior across the occipitals, forming an acute angle on the vertical.
The first brown nuchal spot is produced forward within the limb of
the occipital cross band. An irregular series of black spots en each
side of the belly, which is yellow. Grows to 4 feet or more.

Hab.—Sind, Concan (Bombay) and the Deccan (Poona).
Tropidonotus, Kuhl.

Body cylindrical. Head distinct from neck, flat. Cleft of the mouth
wide. Hye of moderate size, or rather large, with round pupil. Nostril
lateral, between two plates. Shields of head regular. Loreal always
present. T'wo small anterior frontals, acute-angled in front, and forming
together an isosceles. Scales keeled. Ventrals rounded, considerably
less than 200 in number. Anal bifid. Teeth numerous in the jaws,
equal, except the posterior in the upper jaw, which is longest.

Distribution world-wide.

Tropidonotus quincunciatus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 12, f. 4,5; D. et
B. vii. p. 592. Trop. umbratus, Cantor, Mal. Rep. p. 89; Gunth. Rep.
Br. Ind. p. 260; Theob. Cat. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 174; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., §c.,Sind, p 260.

Head and tail of moderate length. Body rather stout. Bye small.
Scales keeled in 19 rows. Ventrals 129-146. Sub-caudals 64-80.
Anterior frontals pointed in front. One prae-ocular just reaching the
upper surface of the crown; three (exceptionally four) post-oculars.
Loreal large, square. Nine upper labials, the fourth and fifth entering
the orbit, the seventh and eighth largest. Temporals 2+2. Colouration
varies exceedingly. Generally two oblique black streaks behind the
eye; the upper crosses the temporal plates and the eighth labial; the
lower, the inferior post-orbital, running along the suture of the sixth
and seventh labials. Upper parts greyish, brownish or greenish olive,
with from 3 to 7 rows of black spots down the body in quincuncial
order. Sides sometimes with a series of scarlet spots, separated by
black cross bars.

Hab.—Sind, and throughout India, Ceylon, Assam, Pegu, Mesopo-
tamia to 8. China. Inhabits rivers and pools, feediug on frogs and
fishes. Attains 40 inches.

Tropidonotus stolatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fried. t. 22, fig. 1, and
Syst. Nat. 1. p. 379; Bote. Isis, 1827, 535, Amphiesma stolatum,
D. et B. vii. p. 727,

380 HOMALOPSID A,

Head rather narrow ; body and tail of moderate length. Scales in
19 rows. Ventrals 125-161. Sub-caudals 50-79. Anterior frontals
pointed in front. Occipitals rounded behind, not much larger than
vertical. One pree-ocular extending to the upper surface of the crown;
three, rarely four, post-oculars. Loreal square. Hight upper labials, the
third, fourth and fifth entering the orbit; the third and fourth are
sometimes united into one shield. Temporals large, 1+]. Colour
greenish or brownish olive, with numerous reticulated cross bars,
intersected by two yellow or white longitudinal dorsal bands. Lower
parts white. Head brown above, the shields more or less distinctly
edged with black. Pree-ocular and post-ocular white, the former with a
black anterior margin. The suture between the 5th, 6th, 7th and
8th upper labials black. Seasonally the head, neck, and sides are
yellow, diffused with vermilion.

Huab.—Sind and throughout India. Like the last inhabits pools, &c.,
and feeds on fishes. Attains to a length of 26 inches.

Tropidonotus plumbicolor, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839,
p. 54. Xenodon viridis, D. et B. vii. p. 763; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind.
p. 272; Theob. Cat. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 179.

Form stout. Scales in 25 rows, sometimes in 23 or 27. Ventrals
160-161. Sub-caudals 42. Pree-frontals more than half the size of
post-frontals. Two pre and three post-oculars ; seven upper labials, the
third and the fourth entering the orbit. Temporals 2+3. Vertical
five-sided. Occipital not twice as large as vertical. The pre-orbital
scarcely reaches the upper surface of the head.

Colour dirty greenish. In the young a broad white or yellow collar,
pointed in front and forked behind, with a similar black band in front.
An oblique black streak behind the eye. Trunk with ten or eleven
narrow cross bars. Sides of the throat black dotted. Belly more or
less blackish.

Hab.—Sind, Northern, Southern, Western and Central India; through-
out Bengal and Ceylon. Attains to a length of 25 inches. Tail
3 inches.

Family, HOMALOPSIDA.

Fresuwater SNAKEs.

Body of moderate length, cylindrical or slightly compressed. Head
rather thick and broad, not very distinct from neck. Tail strong,
tapering, more or less prehensile and compressed. Scales sub-equal, not
much imbricate. Anal bifid. Sub-caudals two-rowed. Byes small.
Nostrils situated anteriorly on the upper surface of the head, valvular.

Anterior frontals small. A grooved fang at the hinder extremity of
the maxillary bone.

_ Habits thoroughly aquatic. Several species enter the sea and have
a distinctly prehensile tail. All are viviparous. Of the five genera
composed in this family one genus only is found in Sind,

PSAMMOPHIS. 381

Cerberus, Cuvier.

Head of moderate length and width. Body cylindrical, its hinder
part and the tail rather compressed. Cleft of mputh wide, turned
upwards behind. Hye small. Pupil vertical. Snout covered with
shields. Occiput with scales. Nostrils between two nasals, the anterior
of which is larger, forming a suture with the corresponding nasal of the
other side; two small triangular anterior frontals. Hye surrounded
bya ring of small orbitals. Posterior upper labials divided transversely
into two. Scales keeled in from 21 to 25 rows. Ventrals 132-148.
Anal bifid. Sub-candals two-rowed, 54 to 57. Maxillary teeth in a
continuous series, slightly increasing in length posteriorly, the last
being grooved. Mandibular teeth longest in front. Viviparous.

Cerberus rhynchops, Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. p. 43. pl. 40 ; td. i. pl.
17; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind. p. 279; Theob. Cat. Rep. Br. Ind. p. 185.
Hydrus rhynchops, Schn. Hist. Amp. i. p. 246. Cerberus bozeformis,
Dz et B. vii. p. 978.

The two anterior frontals together are as large as one of the pos-
terior. Vertical elongate, generally broken up into smaller shields,
sometimes perfect. Loreal as large as, or larger than, the post-ocular
extending on to the upper surface of the snout. One pre-ocular
sometimes divided; two post-oculars, one infra-ocular; nine or
ten upper labials, the fifth below the infra-ocular; some (2 to 4} of the
hinder ones split transversely into two. Temporals scale-like. Three
pairs of chin shields, of which the anterior are the largest, broadest in
front and tapering behind; the second and third pairs wedged in
between the front pair and the lower labials. Upper parts blackish ash,
with irregular black cross bars; the two or three outer series of scales
yellowish. Lower parts whitish, with more or less confluent dark
blotches. Labials black-spotted.

Hab.—The Sind and Mekran Coasts and the Coasts of India and
Burmah, also the Malayan Peninsula, the Andamans and Nicobars.
Attains to a length of 48 inches.

Family, PSAMMOPHIDA.

Desert SNAKES.

Body and tail generally elongate. Head distinct from neck. Loreal
region very concave. Scales smooth, in 15-19 rows. Sub-caudals two-
rowed. Cleft of mouth wide. Nostril lateral. Eye moderate. Pupil
round or vertical. Head shields normal. Posterior frontals rounded or
angular behind. Vertical narrow. Superciliaries prominent. Loreal
present. One pre and two post-oculars. One of the maxillary teeth
longer than the others ; the last grooved.

Psammophis, Boie.

Head rather long and pointed. Vertical long and narrow. Loreal
elongate. Scales lanceolate, smooth, in 15-19 rows, Anal bifid. Pupil
round, Front teeth of lower jaw long.

382 DIPSADID.A.

Psammophis condanarus, Merr. Tent. p.108; Blyth, Journ. Ase
Soc. Beng. 1855, xxiil. p. 293 ; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind. p. 291; Theob.
Rep. Br. Ind. p. 187; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 261. Psam-
mophis indicus, Béddome, Mad. Quart. Journ. Med, Sct. vol. v.

Body and tail slender, rather compressed. Pupil round. Rostral as
high as broad. Anterior frontals small, sub-triangular, with the
front obliquely truncated, and as long as broad. Posterior frontals rather
longer than broad, rounded behind. Vertical narrow, as long as the
occipitals. Nostrils in the middle, between two shields. Loreal quad-
rangular, twice as long as high. One pre-ocular not reaching to the
vertical. Two post-oculars. Hight upper labials, the fourth and fifth
entering the orbit. Temporals 1+38+3. Scales lanceolate, in seventeen
rows. Anal bifid.

Back brown, or isabelline brown, with a dark or brownish stripe
along each side from head to tail, and a broader stripe, much darker
on either side of the belly, which is yellowish. Head uniform dark
brown above. A yellow black-edged streak from the rostral along
the canthus rostralis, above the orbit to the neck; a second along
the upper half of the labial shields.

Hab.—Sind (Jacobabad) the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Pegu, and
Nullay Mullay Hills in the Kurnool district. Grows to 40 inches;
tail 8°5 inches.

Psammophis Leithii, Gunther, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 505, pl. 39;
Stol. J. A. S. B. 1871, part ii. p. 439; Theod. Rep. Br. Ind. p. 188;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 260.

General characters of Condanarus. Pree-frontals small; post-frontals
jonger than broad. Hight upper labials, the fourth and fifth entering
the orbit. One pree-ocular reaching the vertical. Scales in 17 rows.
Anal entire. Colour light reddish olive, with four brown black-edged
longitudinal bands, the dorsal ones running to the end of the snout,
a narrow brown median one along the vertical shield and occipital
suture. Belly and lower half of the last row of scales white.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afganistan, Punjab and North
West Provinces. Attains to 48 inches.

Family, DIPSADIDA.
DipsapDEs.

Body much compressed, elongate. Head short, generally broad:
behind, sub-triangular. Eye large ; pupil vertical. Nostril lateral. Lower
jaw with a mental groove, Scales generally smooth. Maxillary bone
and teeth well developed. A grooved fang behind.

Dipsas, Auct.

Body and tail generally compressed, elongate. Head much depressed,
triangular, broad behind, very distinct from neck. Loreal present. One
pre and two post-oculars. Nostril between two shields. Head shields

LYCODON. 383

regular. Scales smooth, more or less narrow on the sides. The verte-
bral series dilated. Anal entire. Sub-caudals two-rowed. Posterior
maxillary tooth longest, grooved.

Dipsas trigonata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 267. pl. ii. figs. 6 and 7 ; Gunth. Rep. Br, Ind.p. 812. Dispadomor-
phus trigonatus, Fitz. Syst. Rep. p. 27; Gunth. Colub. Snakes, p.175 ;
Theob. Cat. Rep. p. 195; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 210.

Rostral grooved on the under side, obtusely triangular, reaching
slightly above the suture of the nasal and pre-frontals. Pree-frontals
sub-triangular; post-frontals sub-quadrangular; vertical three-sided be-
hind, pentagonal. Occipitals a little longer than its greatest width, with
usually two temporals alongside of their outer margins. Scales smooth,
in 21 rows (exceptionally in 19), the vertebral series larger. Ventrals
235-269; sub-caudals 79-87; anal entire. Nostril rather small, rounded.
Loreal one, as high as long. One pre-ocular. Two post-oculars. Hight
upper labials, the third, fourth and fifth entering the orbit, sometimes
the fourth and fifth only. Maxillary with 10 small teeth, and a pair of
grooved posterior teeth; two pair of chin shields behind the first and
second lower labials, the anterior longest, and 4 labials in contact with
it.

Colour yellowish olive with a rather irregular white or yellow zigzag
band along the back, edged with black. Crown of the head with two
dark bands, edged with black, convergent behind, and a nearly quadran-
gular dark spot behind, edged with white. Belly white, with an irre-
gular series of brown dots along each side.

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee, Kotree and Sehwan), Rajputana, Central
India, Kutch, Guzerat and Southern India, extending to Bengal and to
the foot of the Himalayas. Attains 34-36 inches.

Family, LYCODONTIDA.

LycopontTes.

Body generally of moderate length, rather slender, rounded or
slightly compressed. Head depressed ; snout flat, obtuse, Eye rather
small. Pupil generally vertical. Head shields regular. Nostril between
two shields. Posterior frontals enlarged. Maxillary with a fang in
front, but without a posterior grooved tooth. Of five genera im this
family, one only (Lycodon) is represented in Sind.

Lycodon, Bove.

Head depressed, distinct from neck; snout flat, obtuse ; nostrils
between two shields. Loreal present. One pree and two post-oculars.
Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Sub-caudals two-rowed. Anal ertire or bifid.
Pupil elliptical, Maxillary with one of the anterior teeth enlarged ;
posterior maxillary tooth enlarged, not grooved; palatine teeth not
enlarged. om ca

Lycodon aulicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 881; Bote. Isis, 1826, p.
981 © Gunth: Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 316, D. et B. p. 369; Gunth. Colub.
Snakes, 200; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., S5c., Sind, p. 261,

384 PYTHONIDA.

Rostral just reaching the upper surface of the head. One loreal, one
anterior ocular in contact with the vertical and third labial ; two post-
oculars. Snout broad, much depressed, long, spatulate. Upper lip swol-
len, without canthus rostralis. Anterior frontals small, posterior longer
than broad. A lateral notch between the anterior and posterior frontals.
in which the inner anterior angle of the loreal is received. Nostril
small, directed upwards, and situated between two nasals. Nine upper
labials, the third, fourth, and fifth entering the orbit. Temporals many,
and scale-like. Scales 3, smooth, in 17 rows, with a minute apical groove.
Abdomen and tail with an angular ridge oneach side. Ventrals 183-209.
Anal bifid or entire; sub-caudals 57-77. Each maxillary with two fangs
in front, in a transverse line.

Colour variable, uniform brown or greyish above, with or without a
white collar, and reticulated white cross bands.

Hab.—Sind, and the whole of India and Ceylon. Specimens in the
Kurrachee Museum are from Kurrachee, Sehwan, Poona, Bombay and
Madras. Attains to a length of 26 inches.

Lycodon striatus, Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. 16; Gunth. Rep. Brit.
India, p. 318; Theob. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 199. Coluber striatus, Shaw,
Zool. iit. p. 527.

Snout much depressed, rather broad, and of moderate length. Upper
lip not swollen, and without canthus rostralis. Rostral low, not twice .
as broad as high, slightly bent on the upper surface of the snout.
Anterior frontals small, half as large as posterior ; posterior as broad
as long. Vertical not elongate. Occipitals small, scarcely longer than
the vertical. Nostril small, lateral, between two nasals. Loreal one, twice
as long as high. Pree-ocular one, in contact with the third labial, but
not with the vertical. Two post-oculars. Hight upper labials, the third,
fourth and fifth entering the orbit. Dentition same as LZ. aulicus.
Scales smooth, with a minute apical groove in seventeen rows. Abdo-
men and tail without lateral ridge. Ventrals 167-174; anal bifid ;
sub-caudals 46-48. Colour brown or black, with or without a whitish
collar; body and tail with white cross bands, or a vertebral series of
white spots.

Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee) Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Deccan
(Poona) Madras and Bombay.

Family, PYTHONIDA.

Rock SNAKzEs.

Body and tail of moderate length. Size large. Tail prehensile.
Head depressed. Snout truncated or rounded in front. Eye moderate ;
pupil vertical. Scales smooth, in numerous series. Sub-caudals two-
rowed. Some ofthe labials pitted. Teeth in the intermaxillary, maxil-
lary, palatine, pterygoid and mandibular bones of unequal size; none
grooved. A spur-like prominence on each side of vent, indicative of a
rudimentary limb.

ERYX. 385

Python, Daudin.

Only the anterior half of the head covered with shields; the hinder
with scales, :

Python molurus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225; Gray, Zool. Mi
cellany, p. 443 D. et B. vi. p. 417; : a eine
ie ee p 3 Gunth, Rep. Brit. Ind. The Ajgur

Scales in 65 rows round the middle of body. A pair of anterior
and posterior frontals. Several other small shields between the verti-
cal and the posterior frontals. ‘Two anterior upper, and four lower labials
which are pitted. Eleven upper labials, the sixth below the orbit A
brown lanceolate or sub-cordate spot on the crown and nape, its point
rests on the frontals, but frequently it is truncated anteriorly its
extremity being on, or behind, the vertical; a light median streak
divides its triangular portion. A dark brown streak from the nostril
to gape, gradually becoming broader and confluent with another band
running along the lower jaw. A vertebral series of large quadrangular
cl ie pera oar nua or straight, and an oblong spot on each side
of each of the quadrangular spots. Lower parts i i
blackish on i sides. : . leper ede

Hab.—Sind (Joongshai, Jerruck) Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh
Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat and the whole of Peninsular Ties alee
Ceylon, the Malayan Peninsula, and Southern China. Commonly kept
by snake charmers for exhibition. It is perfectly harmless as to
poison, and shows no propensity to bite, but it is said that a bite
though containing no venom, produces a gradual wasting of the fingers
and toes.

Family, ERYCIDA.

SanpD SNAKES.

Body of moderate length, cylindrical, covered with small scales.
Tail very short, with a single series of sub-caudals. Eye small. Pupil
vertical. Head of moderate length. Snout broad. None of the labials
pitted, Cleft of the mouth wide. Teeth in the maxillary, on the palate
and in the mandible. None in the intermaxillary; anterior teeth
longest. A short conical prominence in a groove on each side of the
vent, indicative of a rudimentary hind limb.

Inhabits dry, sandy and stony plains.

Eryx, Daudin.

Head not distinct from neck. Snout shielded, obtusely conical, and
with a sharp anterior edge. Nostril narrow, lateral. Scales slightly
keeled. Chin with a median groove.

Eryx johnii, Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. 16. p. 18; Dum. et Bid. vi.
p. 458; Gunth, Rep. Br. Ind. p. 334. Clothonia johnii, Gray, Zool. Mise.
p- 45; Gunth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 164, Eryx maculatus, Hallowell.
(Loondee, Sind) —Tus DovuBiE-HzaneD Snake or Huropeans.

Rostral large, wedge-shaped, triangular. Two pairs of small frontals
on the upper surface of the snout, one behind the other. Ten to
thirteen upper labials, none of which enter the orbit, which is surrounded

49 z

386 ELAPID A.

entirely by small scales. Scales in the centre of the body in from
fifty-four to sixty-five longitudinal rows, all slightly keeled. Ventrals
194-209. Sub-caudals 26-36. Upper parts reddish olive, with or
without irregular small black spots and dots. Lower parts grey, marbled
with blackish. Young specimens with three or four blackish broad
bands on the hinder part of the body.

Hab.—Sind, the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana,
Central India, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan and Southern India.

Attains to a length of 48 inches.

Cursoria elegans, Cray.

A species found in Afghanistan, probably occurs in Sind. The
type specimen in the British Museum remains unique.

Gongylophis, Wag].

Head flat, oblong. Snont long, obtusely rounded, without canthus
rostralis. Nostril directed upwards. Head covered with scales, only
the fore part of the snout and lip shielded. Scales keeled. Mental
groove none. Chin covered with small scales.

Gongylophis conicus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 192; Gunth. Proc.
Zool. Sve. 1860, p. 163; Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 388; Theob. Cat. ltep. B.
Ind. p. 207. Boa conica, Schn. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 268.

Rostral nearly twice as broad as high, with two pairs of small shields,
behind the outer of which are the anterior uasals. Twelve upper
labials, sub-equal in size, none of which enter the orbit, which is
entirely surrounded by scales. The margins of the lower jaw surround-
ed by a narrow belt of numerous labials. Scales in the centre of
the bedy in from 41-47 series, keeled. Colour brownish grey, with
a dorsal series of large quadrangular brown blotches, edged with dark
brown and whitish, often confluent and forming a zigzag band, with
small irregular spots.below. Lower parts white. An oblique streak on
the temple behind the eye.

Hab.—Sind and throughout India as the last.
SUB-ORDER II.—OPHIDII. VENENOSI.

Venomous snakes with grooved fangs in front of the maxillary.
Family, ELAPIDA.

Tail conical, tapering. Head normally shielded. Loreal invariably
absent. Nostril lateral. Eye moderate or small. Pupil round.
Venom fang grooved in front; the canal in its interior terminates in
a slit at the extremity.

Naja, Laurenti.

Neck dilatable into a hood. Head rather high and short, not
very distinct from neck. Nostrils lateral, between two shields. Hye
moderate. Pupil round. One pre, three, sometimes two or four
post-oculars. Scales smooth, much imbricate, in numerous series
round the hood, and in fifteen rows round the body. Anal entire ;

BUNGARUS. 387

sub-caudals two-rowed. One or two small ordinary teeth at a short
distance behind the fangs.

Naja tripudians, Merr. Tent. p. 147; Gray, Ind. Zool.; Gunth.
Colub. Snakes, p. 223; Rep. British Ind. p. 888; Theob. Cat. Rep.
Br, Ind. p. 208. N. atra, Cant. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842. N.
lutescens, Laur. Syn. p. 91.

Six upper labials, the third and the fourth entering the orbit; the
sixth small and forms a suture with a large temporal shield. Two
temporals in contact with the post-oculars. Seales on the fore neck in
23-25 series.

Colour variable, from brownish olive to blackish brown, with or
without spectacles on the neck, which also vary much in develop-
ment. The Sind varieties are—l. Uniform brownish olive, spectacles
conspicuous, black-edged ; belly yellowish, more’ or less marbled.
Found also in Poona, Bombay, Madras. 2. Uniform blackish,
or brown-black. No spectacles. Found also in Bombay and Poona.
3. Uniform black above and below, with a brownish oeellus on necks
(Kurrachee and Jempeer). Attains to 60 inches.

Hab.—All India and Belocchistan ; not yet recorded from Persia and
Afghanistan, but it is not unlikely it occurs in both.

Bungarus, Daud.

Body elongate. Tail comparatively short. Head scarcely distinct
from neck. Neck not dilatable. Nostril between two nasals. Loreal
none. One pree and two post-oculars. Scales smooth, in oblique rows,
forming 13-15 longitudinal series round the body, those of the verte-
bral row broad and hexagonal. Maxillary with a fang in front. A
second, small, simple tooth behind it,

Bungarus ceeruleus, Dawl. Hist. Rep. v. p. 270; Gunth. Rep.
Br. Ind. p. 343; Theob. Rep, Br. Ind. p. 215. (Avail, Hind;
Kalgundait, Punjab).—Tus Krair.

One pre-ocular, two post-oculars. Nostrils between two nasals,
First temporal shield considerably. longer than high. Ventrals
201-221; sub-caudals 38-56. Scales smooth, in fifteen rows. Lower
parts uniform white, upper parts bluish or brownish black, more or less
lustrous, or with numerous narrow white cross streaks, radiating from
a vertebral spot.

IHab.—Sind, Panjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Central Provinces,
Bengal, Rajputana, Central India, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan
and Southern India. Attains to 60 inches.

Next to the Cobra, this species is most destructive to human hfe ;
its bite is fatal usually in from 20 minutes to an hour; and in cases
where immediate medical aid has been obtained, perhaps for a quarter
ofan hour longer. Very few recoveries are reported. The effect of the
poison generally produces a greater degree of stupor than that of the
Cobra, and there is apparently less convulsive twitchings ; bleeding
from the mouth, bloody urine and sputa, and difficult and stertoreous
breathing are the fatal symptoms.

388 VIPERID&.

SUB-ORDER, III.—VIPERINE SNAKES.

Maxillary bone short, furnished with long tubular, erectile, per-
forated fangs.

Family, VIPERIDAL.

Head broad or thick, scaly or incompletely shielded. Body stout.
Tail short. No pit in the loreal region. Pupil vertical. Scales keeled.
Viviparous.

Daboia, Gray.

Head covered with scales. Nostril lateral, oblique, extremely large,
in and between three shields. A narrow superciliary shield. Sides of
the head covered with keeled scales, several series of which are between

the orbit and the low upper labials. Scales imbricate, strongly keeled,
in 29-31 rows, Sub-caudals bifid.

Daboia russelli, Gray, Viper, Snakes, p. 24; Gunth. Rep. Br.
Ind. p. 396; Theob. Rep. Br. Ind. p. 217. Vipera elegans, Daud. Rep.
vi. p. 124. Daboia elegans, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 69—Tue Tie
Potonea or Ceyton or Russew’s Virur.

Greyish brown, with three series of large, black, white-edged rings,
those of the middle series ovate, those of the outer circular ; there are
sometimes very small, black, white-edged ocelli between the rings.
A broad arrow mark on the head formed by two pale or yellowish
lines from the snout, over the eyes. Head elegantly marbled. A
brown spot below the eye. Belly uniform yellowish or marbled with
brownish, with generally numerous semi-circular brown spots on the
hinder margins of the ventrals.

Hab.—Upper Sind (Jacobabad) the Punjab, N. W. Provinces,
Oudh, Rajputana, Kutch, Central and Southern India, Concan, Bengal,
Ceylon, Arrakan and Pegu. Happily not very common in upper Sind.

Echis, Merrem.

Head covered with keeled scales. A pair of very small frontals
behind the rostral. Nostril small, round, directed upwards, situated
in a large nasal shield, divided. below. Two series of keeled scales
between the eye and the low upper labials, Scales imbricate, strongly
carinate, in from 25 to 29 series round the body, the tips of the lateral
series directed obliquely downwards. Sub-caudals entire

Echis carinata, Merr. Tent. p. 149; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind. p.397;
Theob. Cat. Rep. Br. Ind. p. 218; Murray, Hdbk., Zoot., S-c., Sind,
p. 260. Horatta pam, fussell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. 2. (The Muppur,.
Sind ; Foorsa, Deccan and Concan; Afui, N. W. Provinces.) Plate

Brown or brownish grey, with a series of sub-quadrangular or ovate
whitish spots, edged with blackish, An undulating whitish line on each
side of the dorsal spots, cach loop enclosing a round dark brown

Vertebrate Zoology of Sind

ful

Ly

R.Mintern,del.et lith. Mantern Bros .imp

ECHIS CARINATA

ECHIS. 389

lateral spot. Crown of the head with a whitish or yellowish white
lozenge, or arrow-like mark, convergent anteriorly ; a brown spot below
the eye, and an oblique streak behind, extending to the gape. Belly
whitish, with more or less numerous brown specks.

Length.—12 to 20 inches.

Hab.—Extremely common and in great numbers in Sind, the Punjab,
N. W. Provinces, Central and Southern India, the Concan, Deccan,
and all along the Western Coast to Ceylon, also Beloochistan and
Persia.

This little viper is very venomous. Although the action of its poison
is not quite so quick as that of the Cobra, it is equally as potent, and
numerous deaths annually occur from its bite. ‘The bite of the young
may not be as dangerous, but it occasions great pain and suffering;
bloody sputa, and bleeding from every pore, as well as from the eyes and
nostrils, are the chief symptoms. Dr Fayrer records several experiments
with it, and in every instance (except one, that of his own snake man,
who was only slightly punctured accidentally by one fang, and promptly
attended to) the bite proved tatal. The latent virulence of the poison
is said to be difficult to eliminate from the system. Instances have
occurred in which the symptoms have recurred, such as partial paralysis,
vertigo and distressing pain in the heart. Prurient sore and eruptions
too are known tv occur after cures have been effected.

The most popular remedy among the Sindees for the treatment of the
bite of this viper and snake bites generally is brandy, or any strong
spirituous liquor ad libitum, keeping the patient in a state of semi-in-
toxication ; scarification or burning of the wound is also resorted to,
poultice of the fresh or dried leaves of Arislolochia bracteata applied,
and the juice of the leaves administered internally with one part of
liquor and a quarter part (nowsagur) carbonate of ammonia, when
procurable.

To the efficacy of brandy I can vouch. A small dog of mine was
bitten in the leg in one of the Lawn Tennis Courts adjoining my house
at about 7 p.m. Imumediatly it was bitten it howled with pain, and was
quite paralysed within two minutes of the bite. The servants running
out to ascertain the cause of the dog having so piteously howled, saw
and killed the snake, which was an adolescent Kupper. The dog was
immediately brought in. Two distinct punctures were visible under two
small serous exudations; ligatures were applied, and the first one ounce
dose of brandy was administered through a tin funnel. The dog was
quite paralysed, could not stand, the limbs and the whole body was in a
convulsive tremor, aud a frothy foam came from its mouth, slightly
tinged with blood. Six, one ounce doses of brandy were given at intervals
of 20 minutcs. At the end of five hours the convulsions and frothing
subsided, and the dog lay in a sort of stupor. It was placed in a room
by itself, having been given up as hopeless, but to my surprise was per-
fectly well the following day, but extremely dull. ‘Two more doses of
brandy were administered, $ oz. eacb, and the dog now lives, still in
my possession.

390 HYDROPHIDZ.

Family, HYDROPHIDAL.
Sra SNAKEs,

Body sub-cylindrical anteriorly, more or less compressed posteriorly.
Tail strongly compressed, elevated, paddle-shaped. Head shields gene-
rally abnormal. Loreal none. Nostrils situated on the upper side of the
head (except in Platurus). Eye small. Pupil round. Venom fang
small, grooved in front, with a canal terminating in a short slit.

Very widely distributed.

All are venomous, and attain from 2 to 8 feet in length.

Hab.—Trophical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Hydrophis, Daud.

Posterior part of the body strongly compressed. Head short, or of
moderate length, shielded above. Only one pair of frontals. Nostril
superior, in a single nasal shield, both nasals being contiguous to each
other. Scales imbricate or not imbricate, generally with a tubercle ora
keel, Ventrals narrow, rudimentary, or absent. Lower jaw without
notch in front.

Hydrophis Stewartii, Anderson ; Fayrer, Thanatophidia, p. 28.

Neck moderately long and slender. Head rather short, not much
broader than the neck. Body much compressed. Rostral considerably
broader than high. The nasals are as broad posteriorly as they are long ;
third and fourth labials under the orbit, the former not in contact with
the nasal. Temporals three ; the anterior the largest. Two post-oculars.
Vertical pointed behind. Occipitals long and narrow. Two pairs of chin
shields, almost quadrangular, in contact witheach other. Thirty-three
rows of scales round the neck. Scales hexagonal, not imbricate, with a
feeble central tubercle. Ventrals 387, smooth, the first forty about four
times as large as the adjoining scales, becoming narrow posteriorly, to
within six inches of the tail, where they are hardly discernible. Two
pairs of small scale-like anals. Tail broad, markedly dilating from
its root. Lips yellowish. Upper surface of head, neck and trunk
greenish olive; under surface of head, sides of the neck and trunk
salmon coloured. Fifty-seven very obscure darker olive almost black
bars on the dorsal area of the neck and compressed portion, but not
extending on to the light coloured sides. Tail greenish olive, mottled
and tipped with black. Attains to 40 inches.

Occurs on the Sind Coast, and at Bombay (Bassein). Dr. Anderson’s
See tua is from a specimen obtained at Pooree on the Cuttack

oast.

Hydrophis spiralis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 564; tab. 125; Gray, Vip.
Snakes,p. 54; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind. p. 366, pl. xxv.
Fayrer, Thanatophidia, p. 29. Hydrophis mela-
nurus, Wagler, Sc. Amph. tab. 3.

Head of moderate size and width. Neck and
: body somewhat elongate. One post-ocular; the

Hydrophis spiralis. third and fourth labials enter the orbit. Three
temporals on the side of each occipital, the anterior largest. Two pairs

oy ee

Vertebrate Zoology of Sind.

Mintern Bros.Chromo imp,

R.Mintern,del et lith.

HYDROPHIS. BISHOPI .

HYDROPHIS. 391

of chin shields, in contact with one another, 29-33
rows of scales round the neck. Scales imbricate, each
with a central tubercle, those on the posterior half of
the trunk as highaslongandrounded behind. Ventrals
320, twice or thrice as large as the scales of the adjoin-
NY ingseries, nearly allundivided. Pree-anals of moderate
rw] size. Trunk surrounded by from 42-48 black rings,
scarcely broader on the back than on the sides and be-
low, about half as broad as the interspaces of the
ground colour. A series of round black spots alter-
nating with the black rings along the vertebral line, commencing either
before, on, or behind the middle of its length. Head above black, with
a horse shoe-shaped yellow mark, the convexity of which rests on the
frontal shields. Jower half of upper lip, chin and throat yellowish ; belly
black for nearly its anterior half; posterior part of the tail black.

Hab.—Sind and Kutch Coasts, also Madras. Dr. Gunther says the
“Indian Ocean,’’ and does not specify localities of the specimens in
the British Museum. Attains to 6 feet in length.

Hydrophis Bishopii, Sp. Nov.

Plate

Head scarcely distinct from neck. 81-33 scales round the neck; 35-36
round the middle of the body. Scales on the posterior half of the body
with a feeble sub-central keel. Rostral triangular, broader than long,
forming a suture with the pre-frontal, which is divided furcately to
receive it. Pree-frontal longer than broad. Frontals nearly five-sided.
Vertical triangular in front, truncated behind. Occipitals twice aslong
as its greatest breadth. Three temporals along the side of each occipital,
the anterior the largest, entering the labial margin, and forming the 6th
upper labial. Upper labials seven, 3rd and 4th entering the orbit. One
pre and two post-oculars. Two pair of chin shieldsin contact with each
other. Ventrals 372, smooth, twice the breadth of the adjoining scales.
Anal shields small, six in number. Last scale of tail four times the size of
the adjoining ones. The length of tail nearly four times its breadth.
A large patch of greenish olive on the middle of the head, rest of facial
portion salmon colour, also the lower labials. Trunk greenish yellow
dorsally, and whitish below, encircled with 41 black rings round the
body, which are broader above and below,—two rings on the tail. Each
scale in the interspaces edged with black at the base.

Hab.—Kurrachee. I am indebted to Captain Bishop, of the I. G. S.
“Patrick Stewart,” for the specimen described, after whom I have
much pleasure in naming it.

Hydrophis cyanocincta, Daud. Rep. vii. p. 3835. Gunth, Rep.
Brit. Ind. p. 367; Fayr. Thanat. p. 29. Hydrophis striatus, Schleg.
Faun. Jap. Rep. p. 89. pl. 7. H. sublevis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 62 ;
Tenn. Ceylon. p. 801.—Tue Cuirrut.

Head of moderate size and width. Body rather elongate, generally
two labials below the orbit. Two post-oculars (exceptionally conflu-
ent). Two or more temporals along each side of each occipital. Two

Hydrophis spiralis.

392 HYDROPHIDA.

pairs of chin shields in contact with each other. Scales in 29-33 rows
round the neck, slightly imbricate, rhombic, and faintly keeled, those on
the highest part of the body rather longer than high. Ventrals 320,
860, 406, 426, twice or thrice as large as the scales of the adjoining
series ; almost all are entire, not longitudinally divided or bi-tubercular.
Anals shields four, the outer large. Terminal scale of the tail small,
or of moderate size.

Back greenish olive, yellowish on the sides and belly. Trunk with
from 50 to 75 black cross bands, which are broadest on the back and
broader than the interspaces of the ground colour; on the sides they
are narrower, sometimes disappearing on the sides and belly of adult
or aged specimens, or visible only as spots on the ventral shields, In
young or half-grown specimens the bands surround the body entirely,
and are sometimes joined by a black band running along the whole
line of the ventral shields, Head greenish olive above, yellowish on the
sides; in the young black, variegated with yellow, the yellow colour
sometimes forming a frontal and temporal band.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch and Bombay Coasts, also the Coasts of Ceylon,
Madras, Bay of Bengal, Hast Indian Archipelago and the Seas of China
and Japan. Attains to a length of 7 feet.

Hydrophis chloris, Duud. Hist. Rep. vii. p. 877; Gunth. Rep.
Brit. Ind. p. 370; ayr. Thanat. p. 29. Hydrophis obscura, Gray,
Vip. Snakes, p. 49; Bussell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. 7.

Head very small, of moderate width. Neck slender, the length of the
thin part of the body being more than one-third of the total. Rostral
very small, broader than high. One post-ocular; third upper labial not
in contact with the nasal. Two pairs of chin shields, in contact with
each other. Scales on the neck in 31-33 series, those on the back with
faint keel, and with a small tubercle near the apex. Ventrals distinct,
not much larger than the adjoining series, 473-500 in number.
Pree-anal shields four, the outer are very large. Trunk greenish olive
above, yellowish on the side and below, with 59-67, black, rhombic,
blackish bands across the back, narrower and fainter on the sides, and
extending on the belly ; their angles on the vertebral line are somtimes
confluent on the anterior part of the body. Head and anterior part
of the belly entirely black.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch and Bombay Coasts, also the Coasts of Madras,
Bay of Bengal and Penang. Attains to nearly 4 feet in length.

Hydrophis Lindsayi, Gray, Vip. Snakes, p. 50; Gunth. Rep. Br.
Ind. p. 371. Aturia lindsayi, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 61.'

Very similar to H. chloris, but has.a shorter neck. Rostral shield
as long as broad. Ventral shields twice as large as the adjoining
series, 345-449 in number, a very few longitudinally divided. 48 to 58
blackish brown bands across the back, those on the neck form com-
plete rings, the middle and posterior extending only to the middle of
the side, and twice as broad as the interspaces of the ground colour.
Head and anterior part of the belly black.

HYDROPHIS. 393

Hab.—The Sind Coast. Specimens in the British Museum are from
the Coasts of China, Siam and Malabar, the largest being 39 inches.
Kurrachee specimen 41 inches.

Hydrophis tuberculata, Anderson, M. and 8. B.; Murray, Hdbk.»
Zool., §c., Sind, p. 262; Fayrer, Thanatophidia, p. 28.

Head slightly broader than the neck, and of moderate length. Neck
not very slender. Rostral broader than high. Fourth and fifth Jabials
below the eyes One pra-ocular and two post-oculars. 8—4 tem-
porals along the side of each occipital, the anterior the largest and
almost entering the labial margin. The nasals are large and quadran-
gular, and much larger than the frontals, which are rounded behind.
The vertical is emarginate and much smaller than the elongated
occipitals- All the shields of the head, including the lower labials and
scales in the immediate vicinity of the head, are thickly studded over
with minute granules. 88 rows of slightly imbricate scales round the
neck, each scale with two prominent tubercles, one before the other.
Ventrals 321, small, about twice the size of the adjoining scales,
irregular, sometimes dividing; those on the fore part of the body
largest, and each with several minute tubercles on either side. Four
anal shields, the external the largest. Terminal scale of the tail mo-
derately large, tuberculated at its base. Trunk encircled by 59
bands (58-60 in Kurrachee specimens). Hight black bars on the tail.
The bands are broadest and blackish on the back, contracting on the
sides into narrow indistinct lines, continued on to the ventral surface.
Ground colour olive yellow above, bright gamboge yellow below. A
dark olive patch on the crown of the head, with a pale yellowish band
from orbit to orbit, and passing backwards through the temporals to
the neck ; an obscure dark line through the upper labials, which are
yellowish. (Anderson.) Length of Dr. Anderson’s described species
49 inches. Kurrachee and Bushire 52 inches.

Hab.—Calcutta, Kurrachee and Bushire (Persian Gulf).

Hydrophis Dayanus, Stoliczka, Proceedings of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal, 1872, p. 89 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 262.

Head short and stumpy in the young, a little more elongate in advan-
ced age, distinct from neck, which gradually increases in thickness
towards the middle of the body. Rostral one-third broader than high ;
each nasal somewhat larger than a frontal, which equals in size a
supra-orbital ; vertical hexagonal, obtusely angular in front and much
elongated and pointed behind, smaller than either of the two occipitals;
one ante, two post-oculars ; seven upper labials, the third and fourth
enter the orbit; the fourth is sometimes split in two, the penultimate
is small, and the last one minute; temporals 2+-3+- pl., the lower of the
two anterior is only adetached portion of the labial ; lower rostral very
small, triangular; six lower labials; first three large, posterior three
much smaller ; two pairs of sub-equal chin shields, either both are in
contact, or the posterior one is separated by a small shield; all the
head shields above and at the sides are very minutely | granulated,
There’ are 33 series of somewhat elongate, sub-imbricate scales

50 z

394 HYDROPHIDA.

round the neck, but further on the scales become regularly hexagonal,
a little higher than long, and are in 40-44 series round the middle of
the body. There are 400-415 scales in a line between the angle of the
mouth and the vent, and 52-56 in a longitudinal row along the tail, the
terminal scale is moderately enlarged, but not forked. Hach scale on
the body has a minute central keel, and on the side of the tail the
keels of the succeeding scales become continuous, forming thin ridges.

Ventral scales each with two short keels; they are 328-334 in num-
ber, anteriorly twice as large as the adjoining scales, but posteriorly
their size considerably decreases, and many of them become split in
two shields. Two pairs of pra-anal scales, the outer twice as large as
the inner.

Head olive blackish, tinged with red, brightest on the lower side, an

shaped vermilion mark on the top of head, composed of more or
less isolated spots, the upper convexity rests on the frontals, the lateral
branches run along the supraciliary edge, and the ends curve outward
towards each angle of the mouth; this vermilion mark becomes rather
obsolete with age.

Of two specimens the smaller one is 23 inches, of which the tail is
a little above two; the body is moderately compressed, of almost
equal height throughout, encircled with 58 black rings, separated
above, but united by a black line along the ventrals; the rings are
only slightly contracted at the middle of the sides, being separated by
narrower yellow bands; the tail has besides eight black rings, the
terminal three or foar confluent on the lower side, and the tip is
entirely black.

Another more adult specimen is 27 inches, of which the tail is
nearly 2°5; the body is in the middle twice as high as at the back ;
there are 46 transverse blackish rings on the body, and six round
the tail; each ring is blackest along the back, contracted to nearly half
its breadth at the middle of the sides, and from there to the broader base
strongly tinged with yellow, which is the general colour of the snake.

Hab.—Kurrachee ; in tidal waters.

This species is evidently closely allied to the New Guinean H. belcheri,
differing from it by the smaller number of scales on neck, the hexagonal
ones on the body, keeled ventrals, and by its colouration. Another, as
regards colouration, almost identical species is JT. tubereulata, (Anderson,
Journ. A.S.B., xl. p. 18), but it has 38 rows of scales round
the neck, two keels in a line on each scale, and several keels on each
ventral. The scales on the side of the body are also slightly more
elongate, and there exists a noticeable difference in the arrangement
of the labials, and the form of the head shields. :

Hydrophis robusta, Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind. p- 364. H. nigrocincta,
Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 505. pl. 18. (net synon.) Fischer. Abhandl.
Natur. Hamb. iii. p. 46. tab. 1.

Head of moderate size and width. Neck and bedy not elongate.
Two or three upper labials below the orbit. One post-ocular. Anterior
temporal shield large. Two pairs of chin shields in contact with each

HYDROPHIS. 398

other. Scales slightly imbricate, each with a sub-ceutral tubercle, those
round the neck in 31 rows, those on the highest part of the body
rounded or sub-truncated behind, as high as long. Ventrals smooth,
310 in number, twice or thrice as broad as the adjoining series.
Terminal scale of the tail rather large. Trunk with 35 narrow, distinct,
black rings extending round the belly, sometimes interrupted on the
sides and dilated on the back. Head without markings in the adult.
Throat and belly whitish.

Hab.—The Sind, Kutch and Bombay Coasts.

Hydrophis curta, Gunth. Rept. Br. Ind. p. 379. Hydrus curtus,
Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 562. Hydrophis propinquus, Jan. Ivonogr. diser. in
Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859.

Head short, thick, obtuse. Anterior part of body stout, not elongate.
Occipitals always divided into two or more pieces, or broken up into
small shields. Two pairs of chin shields, separated in the middle by
small gular scales. One post-ocular. Scales round the neck in 80-84
rows. 209-252 scales mm a lateral series between the angle of the mouth
and vent. Ventrals 156-160, nearly twice as broad as the scales of the
adjoining series. Pre-anal shields four, small. Back with 50-53 black
bands, broadest in the middle, nearly touching each other, and tapering
on the sides generally, not extending to the belly. A more or less
distinct yellowish streak on the temple. ‘ail black, with only two
yellow transverse spots at its root.

Hab.—Sind Coast, and also that of Beloochistan, Persian Gulf,
Bengal and Southern India,

Hydrophis gracilis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 560; Gunth. Rep. Bx.
Ind. p. 373.

Head very small, and narrow. Neck very slender. Rostral shield
cutting in front ; one post-ocular ; the third upper labial not in contact
withthe nasal. Two large temporal shields along the side of the
occipital. Two pairs of chin shields, in contact with each other. 19 to
21 series of scales round the neck, scales provided with central
tubercles. The ventral shields are twice as large as the scales of the
adjoining series on the slender anterior part of the body ; those of the
compressed part are split into two, both halves being first opposite to
each other, and alternate posteriorly. They are 228 (247-254) 264 in
number. Six smal} anal shields. Anterior part of the body surrounded
by blackish rings, which become very indistinct posteriorly. The
hinder half of the body is greenish olive above and whitish below;
sometimes traces of darker cross bands extending downwards to the
belly are visible. Throat, anterior ventral shields, and crown of head
blackish, sides of the head and snout hghter.

A young specimen has 41 rhombic black cross bands, continued
on to the belly, but sub-interrupted on the sides ; head, ventral shields
and posterior part of the tail black.

Hub.—Sind, Beloochistan Coast, Persian Gulf, Bay of Bengal, Kutch,
Bombay and Southern India.

396 HYDROPHIDZ.

Hydrophis Guntherii, Sp, Nov.
Plate

Upper jaw projecting much beyond the lower. Ventrals 225. Scales
round neck in 19 rows, 33-34 round the body.

Head black, very small and narrow. Neck very slender. Upper
jaw projecting much beyond the lower. Rostral as broad as high.
Nasals twice as long as broad. Vertical pyriform. Occipitals narrow
and truncated, with a small shield behind, between their furcation.
Two large temporals alongside the occipitals, the anterior the largest,
and nearly entering the labial margin. Upper labials five, the first
very small, and with the second, in contact with the nasal; 8rd and
4th enter the orbit. Pree-ocular one. Post-ocular one. First pair of
lower labials long and in contact with the first pair of chin shields,
which are in contact with each other. Scales smooth on the slender
anterior part of the body, bi-tuberculate on the posterior. The
ventral shields are twice as large as the adjoining scales on the slender
anterior part, split into two on the posterior, and almost uniformly
opposite each other. General colour yellowish. The trunk ventrally
black on the anterior slender portion, the sides with large roundish
yellow spots. There are 46 dark bands on the body, which become
nearly obsolete towards the tail, which is tipped broadly with black.

Allied to H. gracilis, from which it differs in having a protruding
upper jaw, one pre-ocular, the anterior temporal nearly entering the labial
margin. Scales of the body not tuberculate, except on the posterior
portion, where they are bi-tuberculate.

I have pleasure in associating with this species the name of our
veteran herpetologist.

Length.—32 inches. Tail 23.

Enhydrina, Gray.

Differs from Hydrophis in having a deep longitudinal cleft or notch
in front of the lower jaw.

Enhydrina bengalensis, Gray, Vip. Snakes, p. 48; Gunth. Rep.
Br, Ind. p. 881. Hydrus schistosus, Cant. Mal. Rep. p. 182. H.
valakydyn, Bote. Isis, 1827. Valakadyn, Russel, Ind. Serp. 1. tab. ii.

Head rather short, of moderate width. Neck and body moderately
elongate. Rostral small, lobuliform, its projecting point fitting into a
corresponding cavity of the lower jaw. The fourth upper labial below
the eye. Mental shield narrow and long, situated ina groove. Throat
covered with scales. One post-ocular, sometimes divided into two.
Forty-eight series of scales round the neck. Scales scarcely imbricate,
hexagonal, each with a short keel. Ventrals 284-314in number. Terminal
scale of the tail rather large. Attains 4 feet in length. -The young
has black rhombic bands across the back, which disappear with age.

HHab.—Sind, Kutch and Bombay Coast, the Madras Coast, and in
the Bay of Bengal, also Beloochistan and the Persian Gulf.
Pelamis, Daud.

Head flat, very long. Snout spatulate. Neck stout. Nasal shields

Vertebrate Zoology of Smd.

Mintern Bros mp.

R Mintern del et lith

HYDROPHIS GUNTHERI.

RANA, 397

Contiguous, longer than broad. One pair of frontals. Scales not imbricate,
tubercular or concave. Ventrals none, or very narrow. Lower jaw
without notch in front.

Pelamis bicolor, Daud. Rept. vii. ip: 366; Gray, Vip. Snakes, p-
41; Gunth. Rep. Br. Ind, p. 882. H. variegata, Schleg. Fawn, Japon.
tab. 8. Pelamis ornata, Gray, Vip. Snakes, p. 43.

Two or three post-orbitals. 45-51 rows of scales round the neck. 378-
440 scales in a lateral longitudinal series from the angle of the mouth
to vent, with or without tubercles. Colour variable. Upper parts of
head and back uniform black, under parts and sides brownish olive or
yellowish.

Hab.—Sind, Kutch and Bombay Coasts, also on the Beloochistan
Coasts, the Persian Gulf, and throughout the tropical and sub-tropical
parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Second Sub-Class, BATRACHIANS.

Only one ventricle of the heart. Atrium incompletely divided into
two. Passing a metamorphosis. Breathing by gills in an early stage of
their development, the gills being permanent in some species. Two
occipital condyles.

ORDER, BATRACHIA SALIENTIA.
TAILLESS BATRACHIANS.

Body broad, short, with four legs, and without tail in the perfectly
developed state.
Section opisthoglossa. Tongue adherent in front, and more or less

free behind.
Family, RANIDA.

Ranina with webbed toes, cylindrical processes of sacral vertebrae,
and without paratoids.

Rana, Auctorum.

Habit generally moderate; fingers quite free, none of them opposed
to the others. Toes more or less webbed, generally with broad web.
Head covered with skin. Skin smooth, or with cutaneous or glan-
dular folds. Never a large paratoid gland. Vomerine teeth in two
series or groups. Tongue large, free, oblong and deeply notched
behind. Metatarsus with one or two blunt tubercles. Males with
two lateral vocal sacs, exceptionally wanting.

Rana kuhlii, Schieg. Mus. Legd. Batav.; D. et B. Erpet. gen.
p. 384; Gunth. Batrach Salientia, p. 8; Rep. Br. Ind. p. 404, pl.
26. Rana corrugata, Peters. Monatsber, Berl. Acad. 1863, p. 412.

Snout short, rounded, without canthus rostralis. Eyes. very promi-
nent, directed obliquely upwards and forwards. Lower jaw generally
with a pair of very prominent fang-like apophysis in front. Vomerine
teeth small, in two oblique series, convergent behind. Skin on the
back with short longitudinal or transverse plaits, which become indis-
tinct with age, and with small tubercles. Hind limbs thick and short,

398 RANIDZE.

the distance between vent and metatarsal tubercle being equal to, or
somewhat more than, the length of the body. Tips of toes slightly
swellen ; fingers tapering; toes completely webbed, a narrow fringe
along the inner metatarsal edge, including a single elongate tubercle.
Brown above, marbled with darker. A yellowish cross band between
the eyes. Lower parts whitish. Throat and inner side of the hind
limbs marbled with brown. Attains from 2 to 4 inches in length.

Hab.—Sind, Beloochistan, Kutch, Bombay, Bengal, Ceylon and Java.

Rana cyanophlvctis, Schn. Hist. Amph. i. p. 187, Peters, Sitz.
Berl, Acad. 1868; Gunther, Rep. Br. Ind. p. 406; Blanford, East.
Pers, ti. p. 488. Rana bengalensis, Gray, Ind. Zool. ; Kelaart, Prod.
Faun. Zeyl. i.p. 192. Rana leschenaulti, Cantor. Mal. Rep. p. 188;
Gunth. B. et Sal. p. 11. (Daydur, Sind.)

Snout moderate, without canthus rostralis; tympanum distinct, as
large as the eye; lower jaw with two distinct apophysis in front;
vomerine teeth present, small, in two oblique series converging behind.
Tongue deeply notched. Vocal sacs large, externally separated, situated
in a long shit at the lower margin of the mandibles, but communicating
with each other interiorly. No fold of skin across the occiput. Back
tubercular, warty or nearly smooth. Hind limbs moderate, the
distance between vent and knee being one half the length of the body ;
fingers pointed ; tips of the toes very slightly swollen ; webs entire,
reaching to the tips of the toes; a cutaneous fringe along the outer
margins of the first and fifth toes, andan indistinct fold along the
metatarsus. Fourth toe slightly longer than the third and fifth ; metatar-
sus with a single pointed tubercle.

Colour in life—Adults.— Upper parts greenish yellow, dirty yellowish
in some, with irregular spots of dark brown. Usually a large sub-
triangular dark spot between the eyes on the occiput; fore and hind
limbs externally barred and marbled with dark brown; a yellow band
along the under side of the thighs from one ham to the other. Under
side white, thickly spotted with dark brown. Webs of hind feet yellow-
ish, faintly marbled with brown. In adolescent specimens from 1
to 14 inches long, the markings are similar ; the vomerine teeth are
wanting, and in every respect agree with the description of Gunther’s
Dicroglosus Adolphi (Rep. Br. Ind. p. 402.) Young, and undeveloped
specimens with a smal] tail have their under surface unspotted white.
There is no trace of vomerine teeth, and the metatarsal tubercle, (the limb
laid forward) reaches a little beyond the eye, while in adults and adole-
scent specimens this tubercle reaches the end of the snout or beyond.

Hab,—Sind, Beloochistan, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Lower
Bengal, Kutch, Rajputana, and the Western Presidency generally, also
Ceylon, Southern India and Nepaul.

Rana tigrina, Daud. Rain. p. 64, pl. 20; D. et B. Erpé. gen. viii. p.
375; Kelaart, Prod. Fawn. Zeyl. i. p. 192; Gunth. Batr. Sal. p. 9;
Peters. Sitz. Berl. Acad. 1868, p. 77. Rana cancrivora, (Boic) Gravenh.
Delie. p. 41; Mruvay, Hdbk., Zool., §:c., Sind, p. 262,.—Tuu Buit Frog.

Snout moderate, without canthus rostralis. Tympanum moderate, as

TOMOPTERNA. 399

large as the eye. Two distinct but scarcely prominent apophysis in
front of the lower jaw; vomerine teeth distinct, in two oblique series,
converging behind, Skin of the back with numerous short longitud-
inal folds. Tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen; fourth toe
one-third longer than the fifth; all broadly webbed, the web not
extending quite to the tip of the fourth toe. Fifth toe with a cutaneous
fringe along the outer margin. Metatarsus with a slight fold of skin
along its inner edge and with a sub-crescentic tubercle.

Colour in Life-—Upper parts greenish brown.with ovate, sub-quad-
rangular and rounded black spots. Usually a yellowish white vertebral
line from the tip of snout tothe vent. Limbs barred with dark brown.
Under surface white.

Length.—Head and body 4 to 6°5 inches. Hind limb from vent, 7 to
8 inches. ‘

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Western Presi-
dency generally, Southern India and Ceylon.

Pyxicephalus, Tschudi.

Head large and thick; muzzle rather short ; vomerine teeth in two
oblique series. Tongue large, free and deeply notched behind. Meta-
tarsus with a flat, sharp-edged spur. Toes incompletely webbed.

Pyxicephalus breviceps, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. p. 142. Pyxice-
phalus fodiens, Jerd. J. A. S. B. 1854, p. 534, Spherotheca strigata,
Gunth. Batr., Salienta, p. 20. pl. ii. fig. A.

Body short. Head covered with moveable skin. Occiput swollen.
Tongue cordiform, free and deeply notched behind; a cleft on each side
of the tongue of males for the vocal sac ; vocal sac externally formed by
two lateral bladders communicating in the middle; tympanum round,
distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Vomerine teeth in two oblique
series, convergent behind, but with an interspace between. Limbs
short ; fingers free, each with one or two tubercles on the palmar surface,
Metatarsus with a larger, oval, outer tubercle and with a smaller
inner one. Skin smooth, with some small indistinct tubercles. Nostril
near the muzzle, and very near the canthus rostralis.

Colour above yellowish brown, generally with a yellow dorsal
band from the snout to the anus, and with dark brown, sometimes
confluent spots. Crown with two oblique brown streaks, beginning on
the upper eyelids, convergent behind and separated by the yellow
vertebral streak. A brown streak from the eye along the canthus
rostralis ; beneath nearly uniform white.

Length.—1°75 to 2°5 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab (Simla), N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Southern India (Madras), Ceylon and Southern Africa.

Tomopterna, Bibr.

Characters same as those of Pyzwicephalus. Males with an internal
sub-gular sac. Toes half-webbed.

Tomopterna Strachani, Sp. Nov.

Muzzle very little longer than broad. Snout obtuse. Tympanum

400 BUFONID.

distinct, circular, as large as the eye. Crown flattish. Lower jaw
with weak bony prominences. Skin of the back with short longitudinal
folds; a fold on each side of the abdomen, and another across the
under surface of the body, immediately behind the fore limbs. A plait
behind the tympanum coming down to the shoulder. Fingers quite
free, swollen at the tips, and with a tubercle on each articulation on
the palmar surface; there are also three well developed palmar pads.
Laid beside each other, the first, second and fourth fingers are of equal
length; the third about one-third longer than the three others. Hind
limb longer than the head and body; laid beside the body, the metatarsal
tubercle reaches the end of the snout. Metatarsus with a sharp-edged
spur on the inner side and a tubercle on the outer. Toes half-
webbed, the tips slightly swollen, and each of the joints on the under
surface with a tubercle, Third toe slightly longer than the fifth ;
fourth the longest.

Colour greyish, with a rufescent tinge. A dark brown sub-triangular
spot on the occiput, extending from across and behind the eyelids,
immediately following which is a filiform white vertebral streak,
extending to the vent ; back with six irregular shaped dark brown
spots. Plait behind the tympanum reddish brown. Fore and hind
limbs externally with transverse bars of the same colour. Upper and
lower jaws with vertical bars of reddish brown as in I. delallandi
(Bat Sal. B. M. pl. ii. fig. A). Chin, throat and rest of under surface
white.

The species of this genus belong to the South African fauna. Gun-
ther gives 7’ natalensis and adspersa from the Cape and Natal, I was
at first inclined to put this down as Pyatcephalus breviceps, but on
closer examination I found it to differ very materially in the form
of the toes and disposition of the tubercles on their hinder surface,
the short longitudinal plaits on the back and the fold across the body
behind the fore legs ; on the under surface are also two very prominent
and distinguishing characters.

Hab.—Sind (Mulleer). I am indebted to Mr. J. Strachan, of the
Kurrachee Municipality, for this single specimen, which was received
with about three dozens of Rana cyanophlyctis. I have pleasure in
associating his name with it.

Family, BUFONIDA.

Toes webbed, processes of sacral vertebra dilated. Paratoids present.

Bufo, Auct.

Snout round or truncated. Crown flatter or with ridges. No
cutaneous fold on the sides. Tongue entire, ovate, and free behind.
Paratoids distinct, swollen. Skin more or less warty. Toes entirely or
partially webbed. Males generally with a single vocal sac, not visible
externally.

Bufo melanostictus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. p. 216; Cant. Malay
Rep. p. 142; Gunth. Batr. Salienta, p. 61; id, Rep. Br. Ind. p. 422.—
Tue Common Inpran Toap,

BUFO. 401

Crown deeply concave, with a bony enlargement round the orbit
above and bent down between orbit and paratoid. Paratoids
moderate, elongate, prominent, as long as, or larger than the head.
Tympanum distinct, nearly as large as the eye. Skin of the back
and external or upper surface of the limbs covered with conical tuber-
cles, generally a double series runs down along the vertebral line.
Tubercles covered with a sooty or blackish horny substance. Legs
short, the length of the hind limb being not more than the length of
the body; metatarsus with two prominences; tarsus without longitudi-
nal fold. Toes half webbed.

Colour uniform brown, greyish olive or earthy brown above, marbled
with dark brown or pale brown. Under surface buffish white. Young
the same, the lower surface pale brown.

Length.—2 to 3 inches.

Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, South, Central
and N. W. India, Assam, Nepaul and the Andamans.

Bufo Andersonii, Sp. Nov.

Snout rounded in front. Crown of the head flat, without any elevated
bony ridges, the inter-orbital space as wide as, ora very little wider
than the upper eyelid. A narrow groove in front of the eye, and
another behind it, between the tympanum and paratoid. Tympanum
distinct, and as large as the diameter of the eye, smaller in some, and
with a distinct semi-circular ridge edging it in front. Paratoids rather
oblong, elliptic, and slightly larger than the head. A paratoid-like
gland behind the maxilla, from which it is separated by a vertical groove.
Back covered with rather flattish tubercles, which are more prominent,
in the sacral region. Limbs the same, but with faint indications of
dark brown spots in the centre of a few tubercles. Tarsus with a
longitudinal fold of skin. Toes a little more than half webbed, the tips
brownish, tuberculous below. Metatarsus with two well-developed pads
of equal size, the outer, and in some the inner, more prominent. The
first finger laid beside the second is slightly the longer, and as long as
the fourth. The hind limb is much longer than the head and body;
laid forward the metatarsal tubercles reach to the front edge of the eye.
Colour brownish or greyish olive, marbled with dark brown. Lower
surface pure white, including the labial edge of the upper jaw.

Hab.—Sind, (Tatta (ponds) and Joongshai.)

This may turn out to be an aberrant form of B. melanostictos, with
which it is associated in the lakes and ponds at Tatta and Joongshai.
It differs however from it in having a longitudinal tarsal fold, also by the
absence of prominent conical, spine-bearing tubercles, as well as by its
much longer hind limbs.

612

402

Table showing the Geographical Distribution
of the Sind Fauna.

MAMMALS.
o " oO s :
= Bl. Pane ae aa) |e
SPECIES, 3 all 4 & le 4 $ F: J 4 F d a
= |sia| #| = lS] 8 jeg S [8] 8 slgle
Ss lela] & | w lo] & leld| mw [5] Sd [Alaa
1| Pteropus medius, Tem. ...... x x | xX |X} XK [XIX] & |x] x [X|x] 2
2|Cynonicteris amplexicaudata,

Peberss. vesowmnedsesieeswatwndes x [Xh) XX | & YX} xk LxKIx] x LK] xX Lx|x] 3
3|Cynopterus marginatus, Cuvs ... x |x |X| x IXIxK] & OLX} & OLX/x] 4
4.| Phyllorhina tridens, Peters... eels oe 6
5|Phyllorhina tridens, Var

Murraiana, And. ..........6. ater | Xleree dasa | deat aivel cwiede Jasalleed tesgaat [eeellasg aia vi
6| Phyllorhina speoris, Peters...) ... |...)...) X | X |X} X |X}, x |X} x xX| 7
7|Phyllorhina fulva, Peters. ...) ... |.J..) X | X [|X] X [XLp x [xX] x xX! 8
8|Megaderma lyra, Geoff. ......) 0.0. [ij X | X PX} Xx [X}x] xX [xX] x xX! 9
9} Vesperugo serotinus, Schreb.| ... |X|...) X | X |X} X [pp ce feed oe [ee Jeon] 10

10| Vesperugo nasutus, Dobs. ...) 2. |. fief cee | cee [eee] coe feesleae] cee fees] coe [eo.[eef LL
11 | Vesperugo abramus, Dobs. .... X |X|] X | X |X] X |.) x PX] xX [xXx] 12
12| Vesperugo kuhlii, Blas. ......) X |X|X| X | X |X| X |X| x |X) Xx [xX|x/ 12
13 | Vesperugo maurus, Blas. x |X|xX! & | Xx [Xl x |...) 13
14 | Scotophilus Temminckii,

GPGAE Sawsddcnin'g oetg usennaat ae A x xt & | kK OPK) &K OLXIXx} ou. Px] x LX} 14
15 | Scotophilus Heathii, Dobs....| ... x | xk |X| & XIX] & TX) & YK)xK/}15
16 | Scotophilus pallidus, Dobs....) ... x 15
17 | Taphozous longimanus,

Hardy, cic seccaccacseccesceeeed coe descleeel XX | 2 [X] XK |X|] & PX] & [XX] 17
18] Taphozous saccolemus, Tem.| ... |...)... x |x SK a RIA
19 | Taphozous Kachensis, Dobs...| ... |..,)...| ... x seleeel LS
20|Rhinopoma microphyllam

Wagner... cccccssscevecrerevenes vee ‘beselosel 2% | BS HAST OS eacleel’ OS. feel wes [26 [28] 18

21) Sorex ceerulescens, Shaw. ves feedeeed X | XM PX] XK EXELL KX PX] & LxpxK1 20
22 | Hrinaceus pictus, Stol. ...... one) [natlee] | OE LR xX|X| Xx |X]... wo] 22
23 | Erinaceus Grayi, Bennet. wade leweclewel Se Pe: | A gee TOS A) Se cll cies | 23
24) Hrinaceus Jerdoni, Anderson.) ... |...}...) X | cc. Jeep cee [edie] cee [eee] cee facefeee] 24
25 | Tigris regalis, Gray ......... w [XIX] XK | x PK] &K OLKILX] & OTK] & Lx) xK)} 26
26 | Leopardus pardus, Gray x [X|X] X | & LX] & |Xlx| & |X) & Lx [x!27
27| Felis viverrina, Bennet ...... keh eee Waal vesten | eterleate| Se (Sarees SO Nac Sete le
28|Felis ornata, Gray ........006 wee fecclesel OX | X PX] PPX) & TX) & Tx]...) 29
29| Felis chaus, Guld. .......00... wee [XP XK | xX PK) XX LXIKT & OLX] & Lx1 x] 29
30| Felis caracal, Schreb. ....... ol X |X| XK | XxX |X| & LXIx| & LX] & 1Xx/x]380
31| Gueparda guttata, Giray......| X |X]...) X | X |x] & [X|x] xX |X} X |X|x/80
32| Lutra nair, Cuv. .......00.c000e vex. lewcloval OS | 26 1X) XT OX al Xe [KXISL
33 | Mellivora Indica, Bl. ......... vee [eweleeep | X |X) X LXLX] & LX] &K LX/x]32
34| Herpestes griseus, Desm. sesfecel X | X LX] X 1XIX] X |X] & 1X] XxX] 33
35 | Herpestes persicus, Gray xXi.. tay Fe w.[ 33
36 | Herpestes ferrugineus, Blanf. elna waaleedl. owe .. {33

MAMMALS. 403
4 ; 3 3
8 8 ~ gle :
SESvESE 3 Ma) 2 |e a islsl 4 idl als 3
gels) 3 | = ld] #/Sis| 2 8) 2 E/E §
&laja| a | 2 [S| 8 jald| a lo] S falayd
37|Herpestes Andersonii, Sp. i

NOG. eecsvnsscssuscasieavssy sr eet eae dee ih-ame «lava ape desde one) ae Ml aval eel oy laa Ok
38 | Canis aureus, Dinn...........65 x Ixlix}| &X | xX |x! x XIX] & [x] & |XIx/35
39| Canis pallipes, Sykes ......... wee deaclesel XX | X |X] & [XX] &K LX] X TXILX)36
40| Vulpes Bengalensis Shaw...) ... |...[...) X | X DX] X [X|X| X |X| X [X|X/36
41| Vulpes leucopus, Blyth. ...... wee Te heh OR POX. lied: see PRI] OS he sas |ees[oe
42| Vulpes pusillus, Blyth. ...... bee ‘Vee [eae date’ ewe] eee: Weatlbash gi yesd| lees: fee laas| BM
43 | Hyena striata, Zim. ......... x Ix|xX| x | Xx |X| & [xix] & [XK & [x x/38
44) Ursus tibetanus, Cuv. .. ...... x1 fe les cal cas Meee bed BOE
45 | Delphinus plumbeus, Duss. ..\coast*|...|-+- stint lees wes[-e.|Coast*]...|Coast*!,..}...| 39
46 | Delphinus longirostris, Gray.|ooast*|...|... sivas ‘leee|, see --ICoast*|---|Coast*}.«.]---| 40
47 | Platanista Indi, Bly............ wo |... [...{RivertRivert!...|Rivert|---Je--] .. wee[ee.| 40°
48 | Baleenoptera Indica, Blyth....\coast*|...|...| «+. | -++ [e--] ses [eee!++-|coast*|-+-[Coast#).-.|.0.] 41
49 |Sciurus palmarum, Gimel. ... K|x) X | xX XK! &K [xX x) & [x xX) X| 42
50|Gerbillus indicus, Hardw. ...) X |X|x| X | X |X| X |X|X| x |x| xX [x)x/42
51|Gerbillus Hurriane, Jerd. ...) X |...)X{ X | X |. |X] Xx X|....43
52|Mus (Nesokia) Hardwickii,

OQROY. cds nas citiea ives terse | xX 1x|xX]| x | xX re 44,
53|/Mus (Nesokia) Bengalensis,

CG csidocs eG TG . x Ix} x Ix}x] x A
54|Mnus (Nesokia) bandicota,

Bechsts. asievoeg sesess seacvass: vee lecclecsl cee [cee feel X [PX] XX PX] XxX PXTX] 45.
55|Mus decumanus, Pall. ...... we veel X | X |X] X x! xX |X| xX |X|X!146
56|Mus alexandrinus, Geoff....... x a ea P< eres Pei wee |... 1X] 46
57|Mus urbanus, Hodgs. .........} «+: vex OX | 2S JAS 28 x| x xX |X|} 46
58|Mus bactrianus, Blyth. ...... XS [Se | SG] OR ae Weal suse [aveledal owe. foee} citar [uci |bec] Aid
59|Mus mettada, Gray ..... ..... re > Oe rr ee ee ee ere rece ary,
60 | Hystrix leucura, Sykes x Lox} ox | x PX] 2. Expx} & EX? Xx Ex).../48
61|Lepus craspedotis, Blanf. ...) X |...J..) + | + ere ra eae ..|49
62| Lepus dayanus, Blanf.......... oe becalesl wer | om see. [aval o63 ...| 50
63 | Lepus Joongshaiensis, Sp. mov.] +++ |...Jec] ses [tre fers} see [eee] oes 08 ae
64] Equus caballus.........cecesee soe freefeed vee fl + 6 fee ea
65 Auten vulgaris, Gray .....-++- ses ecrsleaal 8 g Sbirolme toate yl soa. evcl eas] BS
66 | Asinus onager, Gray .......+- Pe AC lnwel ane tat level owas [erates] donee fected Gee ing ne]
67|Sus cristatus, Wagn. .......+- xX |X|x] xX | X |X] X [x Xx xX [X|X|54
68 | Tetracerus quadricornis, Gray.) .-- |...J.-- Mo eae sa ee wis wee fee] X] 55
69 | Gazella Bennetti, Sykes. ...... De Howlett x x X [X]...] 56
70|Capra egagrus, Pall. ......... dC NE AE Lae w|--| 56
71 | Ovis cycloceros, Hution ...... xX {X|X] X | X fel wefeee[ 59
72|Hyelaphus porcinus, Gray. | ++. |...|..| ~ AIR! A | ssleasl ee ses]e0s| 60%
73|Pholidotus indicus, Gray ...] «++ |---| ~ | X |X| X |X/x x X|X] 60:

* Sind, Kutch, Bombay, Malabar, Mekran Coasts.

+ Rivers Indus, ‘Ganges, Jumna, and Brahmaputra.

404:

BIRDS.
: | {8 Fa
No. in a a) | a (ro
Jerdon’s é 3 a 8 a & Al lols
a PECIES. a qa > = | SIs 5| 8} A] ais
BS] a |<lalz]S/& alSlia/5]d [lala

1 Vultur monachus, Lin. ............ x |X |X|] x]... EX] XTX] XX]... | 62
2 Otogyps calvus, Scop. .. .ssseecefece [eee fese[|X|X|X [DX] X]X]X[ XTX) X] 62
8 bis |Gyps fulvescens, Hume.......... [>< |X |X|X|X]X]... [X]X|X|X]... eo] 68
5 Pseudogyps bengalensis, Gray...) |X |X|X]X|X|X |X|X|X|X|xX]Xx]X) 63
6 Neophron ginginianus, Lath. ...J... |... |...P>|X|X|X |X[X[X|X|X[P<|X] 64
7 Gypeetus barbatus, Lin, ......... X |X [XXX | wees feefeecfeeefeceleee] [eee] 64
8 Falco peregrinus, Gm. ............ xX |X |X|X}XLX[X [X]...pX<pxXLxXiX [xX] 65
10 Falco saker, Gia. ......cscceseeeees XK |X [XTX EXP fee PX] fee feed} 66
11 Falco juggur, J. EB. Gr. ween. wee DX [X[XPX|X|X [XX] X]X]X|XPX] 67
12 Falco babylonicus, Gurn. ......... K PX [KEX|X| Xo. fealeerfeedeelecefeee|ee| 67
12 bis [Falco barbarus, Lin. .........00000)% |X LX] Ppp Xe. feefee |X ]ece[eeefeesfeo| 68
13 Falco subbuteo, Lin. ....ccce..c0-0. ee XX UK LEX EX fifeef P< PX] X]..) 69
15 Falco eesalon, Gin. .........ceeeeeees — |X [KIX |X[ Xf. fee] lewefeeefeeeeee]ee-] 70
16 Falco chiquera, Daud, ..........6 x [Xx |X|xX|xX]X]x |[X]X}Xx|X]X]X]X] 70
17 Cerchneis tinnuncula, Bote. ...... xX |X [X|X[X]X]X [X]XPX]X]XIX<]X] 71
23 Astur badius, Gin. ......cesceceeseesl |X [X]X]X]X]X |X] X]<|X]X]<|X] 72
24 Accipiter nisus, Din, ......ec.ce x |X |X|X]X|X[< [x] X]x<|X 1X] XIX] 73
26 Aquila chryseetos, Lin. ............ X |X [KKK ade. fee feefeeefeesfeccteeeee.]| 74
27 Aquila heliaca, Savigny. ....0...[< |X [X|X|]X||X [X]X]X]X|X]X[X} 74
28 Aquila clanga, Pall. .......0..0066. wee PX [PPP] [XP KX PK] |X| XT 75
29 = |Aquila vindhiana, Prankl. ...... vez [ewe foe XPX[X[X E]X]X1X|X[X]X] PY 76
33 Niseetus fasciatus, Vieill. ......... x |X XIX|X 10. XP XT KEX |X] LX] 27
81 Nissetus pennatus, Gim.........256 x |X XIX] X]... PXPX]X |x| X]XEX] 78
38 Circaetus gallicus, Gim.......00.- wee |X KIX xX] x [XPxKIX]X]X1X].) 79
39 _ |Spilornis cheela, Lath. ..ssecsseeJeee [ere [oe X[X[X]X [oe] Xfeeee | [2S]X] 80
40 Pandion halietus, Lin. .......0..8- xX |X PPXpX|X]x [XPx<px]x[x<][% 81]
42 Halisetus leucoryphus, Pall. ...)X | |X|X|X|X[X |X]...,X|X]X]--fo.) 82
42, bis |Halistus albicillus, Din. .......2. I TSS lee lossless} so steualereleesl BS
45 |Buteo ferox, 8. @. Gm. ........0 x |X [X|X]x]X px [XPXpX |< PX [PX 85
48 Butastur teesa, Frankl. ............ x WS. [XX] XEx |X]...PX[X< P<] XTX] 86
51 Circus macrurus, S. G. Gm....... «x IX |xXIxIK|xX|x [XIKTx|X]X]X|X] 87
52 Circus cineraceus, Mont. ......... X |X PpIX LX [XP PX} X|X]..) 88
54 Circus weruginosus, Lin. ......... x IX XIX bxixix [X)KIxX|xX]X[X<Px] 89
55 Haliastur Indus, Bodd, .............%*) XT)... X|X|X]< [X]X|X|X]X|X]X] 90
56 Milvus govinda, Sykes ......0.00. x |X |X|X|XIX]x |X| X]xX]X[X<]X]X] 90”
56 bes |Milvus melanotis, Tem. .........).05 JX|XTX|xK LX]X[X [XTX] XE xX] 91
59 Elanus ceruleus, Desf. .......0604- vee feo fenPX]X[X|X [XX] X[XPX]X]X] 92
60 Strix flammea, Lin. ........0..caee cae [eee Jeeel XPXEXEX |X| X|X]X]X]X]X1101
67 Asio otus, Dim. ......cccceessscanees x |X |X|X|XK]X ppp Xf fee ef 99
68 Asio accipitrinus, Pall. .........06 x |X |X[x|X|xIxX |X]X] P|x]x<|x]|x}100
72 Ketupa ceylonensis, Gm. ......... wae fees fon [X]X|X|X |X] XI fe |XpXTX] 92
69 Bubo bengalensis, Frankl. ...... X Jin. [|X] X]X]X FX |X|] XTX] XX] 93
70 Bubo coromandus, Lath. ......... ves leas leoel XLXEX]X |X KX EX LX] xX] 94

* Mekran Coast,

+ Persian Gulf.

BIRDS. 405

o a;
No. in a d| |# Ss
sie 5 2] eld] JelZF) tell ele
. 0 PECIES. 2 el ele allo] .18l a] a/s
Ble la alo] a lald|al5/d/alal &
74 Scops pennatus, Hodgs. ..........0. X Jose [XIXLX| XK] | XTKIK|X]X]X|X] 95
74 sept. \Scops brucei, Hume. ...c...csacee]X fooe [Xlic[ecfeefece leeelcacleeeloed X/X1X| 95
75 ter. |Scops malabaricus, Jerd. .........)... |... [X/X{XIXLX [Xt DPX) |X] 97
76 Carine brama, Tem. ...... ........ xX |X| X|X|XIx [X]x] xX} x] x|xX]xX]} 99
82 Hirundo rustica, Tin. .......0..8. Xx |X |X|X]X]x|Xx [XTX] x<ExX|X]X]|x<{L02
84. Hirundo filifera, Steph, .......000+. X fa. [X|X|K|X|X |X| XTX] X|X] Xx] x]102
85 Hirundo daurica, LAN asses ye adic x |X |XIX] XX} PX<TxK|x| XIX] x/x1103
87 Cotyle riparia, Lin. oo... eee. wee [X [X|X]KIX]X | PLX] PLEX! PTX]. 1108
89 Cotyle sinensis, J. BH. Gr. ......... wee foee fre] X/X] XIX [XI X]X |X] X]X|X[103
91 bis |Cotyle obsoleta, Cab. ........eeeeee|X foe | edie deecleeceee Jecdeccl XX lowe! oloe (Od
98 Cypselus melba, Lin. ........... 2. Xx |X |X|X|X]X]. [|X fee] X]X]X]104
99 ter. |Cypselus apus, Lin. .......c...0. RNS Ra lea tleealues leaslic lead eedoclasclcgs LOS:
100 Cypselus affinis, J. H. Gr,......... x |X LXIXIXIXIx [X|xLxXTx|x]X]X1105
111 bis |Caprimulgus unwinii, Hume. ...)... |X |X| fcdeeleee [occt..Jecdesdeodeeddes (LOB
112 Caprimulgus asiaticus, Lath. ...}... |... |eeclccleee[X|... [XTX {XT XIX|X1X1106
113 Caprimulgus mahrattensis, Sykes|* | |X|, |...]-.-|... [><]{<|X|<|X|...1L07
117 Merops viridis, Lin. ........0...... X |X |X|XPX|XpPx< [Xpx] x] xX] xX] X<]X [107
118 Merops phillipinus, Lin. .. ...... vee feos fon|XPXIX[X [XIX] X]X]X]X1X/108
120 Merops persicus, Pall. ............ x |X |X XIX] Xx [X|xKEX|X/X]X].../108
121 Merops apiaster, Lin. ... .......1K |X IX|xIX].L. loll. wealeeel. LOS
123 Coracias indica, Din, .........eec.0- x |X |X]X]X|X|Xx [Xx |x] x|xX]x<|xX]x|109
125 Coracias garrula, Lin. .......605. XIX [XXX] fee [ed leeeleed oe teeefee (109
129 Haleyon smyrnensis, Lin.......... x |X |PXPXpX<}X XTX LX] Xx] x] X1110
134 Alcedo bengalensis, Gm. ........)% |... [X|X|X]X]X |X] X]X|X[X]X|X|111
134 bis |Alcedo ispida, Lin...........00.c008. XS | Alscaleseletstese HP val © [OS acleoshaa LTD
186 Ceryle rudis, Lin. ...........ceece0s xX |X pX][X|X|XTX [Xx |X] x] x] xX] X]112
148 Paleornis torquatus, Bodd. .,....|... LP XPX LXE PX) XEXEX EX |X f119
158 Picus scindianus, Gould. ......... x KIX [X|cafoce bevsteeaeeclassses|veelsaelLL9
160 Picus mahrattensis, Lath. ......... aos wel XPX]X|X LX]X]X| XX] X]X|114
182 Brachypternus aurantias, Bly. .:.| X|X |X] XP |X )« |X] |X|] XI114
188 Yunx torquilla, Lin. .......c.c0000. sas X|X|X|XPK |XX) XxX] <| XL X]XIL15
197 Xantholema ee P. L.
S. Mull. a sesedeae |X |e.) [XIX] [X| XTX XTX] xX] X|116

199 Cuculus canionas i ae x fae DX[X)X] XIX [XEX|XEX| XTX! xX 1116
212 Coccystes jacobinus, Bodd. ...... vee [owe [eePX|X[X]X [XL XX] XP] XX 1LT7
214 Eudynamys honorata, Lin, ...... vee feo fou [X[X]X|X [XPX|X]X| XX] X 1117
217 quat.|\Centropus maximus, Hwme ...... cae fece [eeePX|X|X]... [XE] XxX] Xx] XK] XxX] X1118
220 Taccocua sirkee, Gray..: ......26 sex [oon [owalWlPolnlme | PPE) PORT 118
234 :|Cinnyris asiatica, Lath..........0.. vac eww feeefX|X|X[X [X|X)X] XX] X]X 1119
254 Upupa epops, Lin......cceeeeees. x |X [X]x|X|X]x | X|Xx|x<]xEx} x] x 1120
256 Lanius lahtora, Sykes. ... ....00..[ |X [X|><]<|<]X<*) X|x |X| X]X]X]...1120
257 Lanius erythronotous, Vig. ...... X oe PX]X|XEXYX [XP XIX] XE) X)., (121
260 Lanius vittatus, Valenc. ......... x X |X| X |X| X*)X) XX] XTX) XX ]121
261 Lanius cristatus, Din, ...........- wae fess leweleceleae] SPX [PX] XEX]TX]|X] XX [122
262 Lanius isabellinus, Hemp. ...... «x IX EXIXIX[X|X PXL.|XEXh dd. (122

406 BIRDS.

: | 18 d
No. in 8 q A a =:
Jerdon’s Sewers 3 . a ‘ 8 : a pay tl | 4 3
P f - |e a |Sigl. ~
Ble iselalsi a lelSialelS|Slal as

265 Tephrodornis pondiceriana, Gm]... |... |...) ||| |><|X<] |X| X|X| x [123
269 quat-/Hypocolius ampelinus, Bp. ...... sas POS leaalescleveluedbvc Iesoleadlaes| alee owe| anil 23
270 Graucalus macii, Less. ..... iene wee [eee fecel SEX] X|X EX] ] |X| KL] X (124
273 Pericrocotus brevirostris, Vig....|... wel |X |X| X [XX] XX ]..p xX]... (125
276 Pericrocotus peregrinus, Lin. ...)... |... |...) |X|] |<] X|X| Xx] xXx] X}125
278 Buchanga atra, Herm ........00.. X La. [XP] X |X] XTX [xX] x] Xx] X1126
288 Terpsiphone paradisi, Dine wecccdece bece [|X| X|[X|X |X] XX] XK EX LK] {127
292 Rhipidura albifrontata, Prank, ; we eee [ee PXPXEX I... PX PK] KIX EXE XTX (129
299 bis |Muscicapa grisola, Lin. ......... KM PX [loaevelewlese |S laval eS [Lo [repeal 22
323 bis |Muscicapa parva, Bechst.......... xX |X [X|XLX]X]... |X|) K|x IX] X (128:
351 Monticola cyanus, Lin............. xX |x IXIxKIxX|xX|& [X]X)xIxX |x} x]x/129
353 Monticola cinclorhynchus, Vig. .|... |... |....><||<|X |X]X} PL X| xX] Xx] X]130
356 Merula unicolor, Tick. ............ vee fess fesel PRX PX |X] XP X]K| XL. Bb
365 Merula atrigularis, Tem. ......... X |X [X]X|XL.pX pede peepee] (LBL
385 Pyctorhis sinensis, Gm. ......... wee doce fee XIX] EX [XP K]X |X|] xX] X<1182
386 bis |Pyctorhis griseigularis, Hume...|... |... |eceeeecsJeee{eee foe fecclews ee feectee fee e(LB2
432 Malacocircus terricolor, Hodgs. .|... |... |...)|X|*|% |X|X[X]Xj.. fe. (183:
436 (Malacocircus malcolmi, Sykes....|... |... |..|%<{<|%X |... [X|X] |X| XX] X 133
438 Chatarrhea caudata, Dum. ...... x |X IX PXTxXl|xX}x [XK] x|X XI...) X<|133-
439 Chatarrhea earlii, Bly. ...ccccesee fees fece |X| X |X fee X [ee fee feesfecsdeecfesefeee LA
443 Laticilla burnesii, Bly. ............ ae yas [nea RPS was] 2S “lees [baal etc betel easel ee ees OE
459 Pycnonotus leucotis, Gould....... xX |X [XXX]. f.. PX f.. PX] |XX] X 1185.
462 Pycnonotus hemorrhous, Gim....|.-. |... |...[X)X|X| |X] X|X|X|X PX] X]1B5:
470 Ofiolus kundoo, Sykes. ......00.-+- vee [eae [X|XPXIX]... PX XTX |XX] KI X17
470 bis |Oriolus galbula, Lin. .....ecceeee see [|X Jeasfecefeceferefeee [eeslecsfeeefeoe|eeelenefee./ 136
475 Copsychus saularis, Lin. ......... was lee fecel X|X]X|X |X] X|X[K IX |X) X 1/187
480 Thamnobia cambaiensis, Lath. ...|... wel] X|XEX PX XTX |X] ../1388
481 Pratincola caprata, Lin. ......... x |X |XLX]X|X]x& [xxi xK|xX |X] x] 1141
483 Pratincola indica, Bly. ............ x |X |X|X]xIX]x [X|X[x|xX]X]X<]X {189
484 Pratincola leucura, Bly. ......... veal |[huse fines 2S | OS eelews|peslaed |...,140
485 bis |Pratincola macrorhyncha, Stol. |X |... |<|X/X XI. X |X fee feel. (L388.
488 Saxicola opistholeuca, Strickl. ...)% |... ||| XXX |X| fee foe (Le
489 Saxicola picata, Bly. .........:.c00 x |X [X|X]x X{[X|X|X]..f..4.../142
489 bis |Saxicola albonigra, Hume. ...... SD WG lese ..[.. [142
490 Saxicola morio, Hemp. ........... vee [OR [bis cleaaleeblios. leacleccleaslacs|icvalaesttee| LAG!
490 bis |Saxicola monacha, Rupp. ......... KM |X [XI] feefeeelece feesfeeefeed ee feefeefeeflda
490 ter. |Saxicola capistrata, Gould. ...... wae [X [X[K] Xen feel Xen deo feces [142
491 Saxicola isabellina, Cretsech. ...|X |X |X|X|X|X]... [X|X|X]X]....X].../146
491 bis |Saxicola chrysopygia, De F. x |X |X|X{X]..e. PX |X PX]. fe]. 4d:
492 Saxicola deserti, Rupp..........-.. X |X |X| X|X [Xf [XP XP Xx] Xx] X]X]..1144
497 Ruticilla rufiventris ............... x |X [XLX[X]X|x |X| xIxX]X]/x]|X]|X1146
514 Cyanecula suecica, Lin............. x [Xx [X]X[x]X|x [X|X[X|x] XIX] X]147
515 Acrocephalus stentoreus, Hemp..|X |X |X|..Je.|-<|X |X| X] 2 |X| X]X}..1148
516 Acrocephalus dumetorum, Bly. .|.. wef XIXIX]X [PX] XX] X48
517 Acrocephalus agricola, Jerd. ...|X X|X |X| X]X xX]... |X]. fX (149
517 bis |Lusciniola neglectus, Hume. ...)X |X |...) X]X}...]. sesfees[eee[150
518 bis ‘Lusciniola melanopogon, Tem....)% |X |X|[X]X|[X], seefeosles LAD

BIRDS. 407
No. in 3 a} |.8 la
ae SPECIES 2 Bb 8 E s 3 3
+0 - lg oe | Sia] .13] dl gl.
India, 5/4 |g/Hela| SIE EIS|EI218/5| g
Bl& jsfalald} a alSialolSlalal &
518 ter. (Cettia cetti, Marm, 0... PS LAS WAN salhvaliaalens: love epalkiatncalin: earliest BL
530 Orthotomus sutorius, Forst. ......|... XIX|X|X [XX] xX] x] x] X]151
532 Prinia flaviventris, Deless. ews el ool asd PS |eeoladal vaalemataasl veclieoel LOS
539 Cisticola cursitans, Frankl. ....Je0. {oc |e) XIXPXIX [XIX] XIX XTX |X 1152
544, Drymoipus inornata, Sykes. ...... wee [eee [ee] X]XIX]X [XIXIX IX] X53
549quwint.|Blanfordius striatulus, Hume. ...|... |... [oct fecdeedeee [eedeedeedeede/..-[0c(153
550 Burnesia gracilis, Licht. ......... xX |X [XIX|X|X]X [X|X]X] XIX 1.54
550 bis |Scotocerca inquieta, Rupp. ...... X |X [X|X[X] fee feeele feel cdf. [154
551 Franklinia buchanani, Bly. ..... |... |... [....X)</Xl.. DX|XPXI XI. Xx |X 1155
Hypolais pallida, Hemp and Bhr|X |X |X]..)..d clo. leeelsedeedeecl-eclccclee.[LB6
553 Hypolais rama, Sykes. ....ccc000.. X |X [X|X|X|X].. XX] x] x |x| xX 1X [157
553 bis |Hypolais caligata, Licht. ......... X |X [PX PX] Xi, x}... |X| X|X|158
Hypolais obsoleta, Severtz. ... 4]... [00 [sce[eeeloacleeeloes [eeeloacleee|-eclees|.ecfee 58
554 Phylloscopus tristis, Bly. ......... Xx |X |X|X|x<|x]|x X|X/X|X |X |X ]159
554 ter. |Phylloscopus sindianus, Brooks. |... |... |.c.f..ecleecleee [eeefeeeleeeleedeecteesfee (160
559 Phylloscopus nitidus, Bly. ...... see dene LX |X[X|X]XK Joon] X]oeefe eel X [|X |X 159
563 Reguloides occipitalis, Jerd.......}... |... |...[X|X|X|X |---| X|...]...[X|X]X 1160
581 Sylvia jerdoni, Bly. ...cccccsceeee X |X |X]X]X]X]... [XXX] XP X |X |X 116L
582 bis |Sylvia minuscula, Hume. ......... Xo. [XX] X[K Py OL
582 —|Sylvia affinis, Bly. «.......+-s-scc.. pana babdbabapanpabdpabcdbababaitcal
582 ter. (Sylvia althea, Hume.........cecsefeee fore fee )X[XPXfoce feo Xe X]X EXE. 1162
582 quat./Sylvia cinerea, Bechst. ......2...0. wee [X [PX PXL EX [Xp pf) Xx (162
583 bis [Sylvia nana, Hemp. ....... Perrere PP MeO calles. Me cael cy dadlyealooslea bos
492 ter. |Sylvia familiaris, Ménétr.......... MIP el sleeadewslaae |e lese| O61 oelepaleacteng LOS
589 Motacilla madraspatana, Bris. ...}... |... |...)<|X|X|X |<|]X|X|X]x]X]X]164
591 Motacilla personata, Gould. ......)X |X )X/X)X|X|X )X]..pX |X] x ]..165
591 bis |Motacilla alba, Sykes. ........006 X |X J.PX|X] XP [|X] X |X] xX] X|X]166
592 Calobates boarula, Penn. .........)... |X |X[X]X]X|X ||| X]X]xK]x<] 1166
593 Budytes cinereocapilla, Savi. ...J... |X |X|X/X|X]X Jeo X].1...PX[X 1... J167
593 bis |Budytes melanocephala, Licht.....< | |X|X/X|....X P<PX<|X<[X]X]X[...|168
5938 ter. |Budytes flava, Lin. ....e.cecceees. PIX [X|X|X|X|X Jf LEX] 2] P1168
594 Budytes calcaratus, Hodgs. ......)... |X |X|X]..]X|... [XP<PX[X]X]X]../169
594 bis [Budytes citreola, Pall. ............ X |X [Xx] X|KPx [XPX<EX] Xx] X |x] X]169
597 Anthus arboreus, Bechst. ......... Xx |X |X[XIX]X]X [X{X]XPX|X]X]./170
600 Corydalla rufulus, Viell. ......... XW. |X| X|X|xIX [XX] x |X| xx] x1172
602 Agrodroma campestris, Lin....... x |X [XX] KIX] X [XP X) x p< x] 1173
604 Agrodroma sordidus, Rupp. .....|* |X |X|X|X[X]... |||... XT..p<t..1738
605 ter. |Anthus spinoletta, Lin.........c00. Xx |X é . 5 vesfiee foeeleee] ed X Jeecleolee. way
605 guat.|Anthus blackistonii, Swinh.......)... |... saileae- |eee[eea|ewaleasllee|aee| vets

631 : Zosterops palpebrosus, Tem......|--+ fees Joe [X|X| X10. [|X fo0 PX |X |X |X IL 74
657 bis |Corvus lawrencei, Hume ......... © Q Slices oes: | 20] eles ale te

660 bis |Corvus umbrinus, Hedend. ...... * salir [esje: [282] em elle wal aga | ie Ue
663 Corvus splendens, fas saa teeries ian X/X|X|X |X|X/x]x x us

Garrulus atricapillus, Geoff. ...... we cac|ba|saa|ams [28a|eeiliivn dl eeclose
674 Dendrocitta ia, SCOp wacdwasiccedleve, 4oee, ax XIX|XIK [X][X|x X|X|L77

* Mekran Coast.

408

BIRDS.
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681 Sturnus vulgaris, Lin. ............ x |X |X|XIX[X}... PPX] |X] f. [178
681 bis |Sturnus minor, Hume ............ ais fews lunal X| Xleecleaw Voc cleadl aealowslees|eecleantL0S
684 Acridotheris tristis, Lin. ......... xX Joo. fee XP EX|X |x|) x) XTX] xX |X [178
685 Acridotheris ginginianus, Lath. |... |... |...) <|X<|X|X |x|X|X|X]X[X]...1179
687 Temenuchus pagodarum, Gim. ...|... |... |...)X|X]X|x |x|] x] X<1X|X<|179
690 Pastor roseus, Lint.......cccccececees «x |X |XIX}X} Xj... PX LX] xX] x |X] x|x 1180
694 Ploceus phillipinus, Lin. ......... vee doce feed X|X|X|X [XEX] |X] X|X]X]189
695 Ploceus manyar, Horsf............. sew deen feel X[X|X|X [XEX]X]X|X]X]...]181
696 Ploceus bengalensis, Lin. ......... ae ca. Vachs seelesstx Teed) x clegel PS cae] seuleces| LOM
703 (Munia malabarica, Lin............- xX foe LX LK) KIX LEXIE XK XxX] X1182
704 Estrelda amandava, Lin. ......... vee fees fees] XPX] XIX [LX] LK) XX | X182
706 Passer indicus, Jard. and Selby.|X |X |X|K|X|IX|X |xk]x|X|X|X|X|X]183
707 Passer salicicola, Viell. ...........- x |X |X|X|Xh... pl oan ees ee .. {183
709 Passer pyrrhonotus, Bly. ......... de [ck [daeeletebeastieais| sides aval eal Seclee’s ..|L84
711 Passer flavicollis, Frankl. .........)% |X |...)X|X|[X]... [x|X/x|X]K]x|X 184
716 Emberiza huttoni, Bly. ..........4. x |X (XX. PK KIX KEK LX]. 85
718 Emberiza stewarti, Bly............. love | ASPEN leoulase’ [DS coc[encloon|oevlevelaee 85
720 bis |Emberiza striolata, Licht.......... DS leas. pea 2% lawal news (DS bowel SHOX [svateaiel oat LBB
721 Euspiza melanocephala, Scop. ...)X |X |X|X\X|X|x |x|xK|X)X|X[X].../188
722 Euspiza luteola, Sparrm. ......+4. XxX |X [Kix xX]... |x |XX] x LK] Kx {188
724 Melophus melanicterus, Gm. ...... |... feee|X|X|X]... [XL [XTX] KX. 89
732 bis |Bucanetes githagineus, Licht. ....X |X |X|X]..fJe.. [Xf PX leeefee fone] ef 190
738 Carpodacus erythrinus, Pall. ...)% |X |X|X|X)X|... |X |X[XIX|X[X|X|189
Serinus pectoralis, Sp. Nov..e....Jeee fice feecleeclesclec [eee lecaleas|eefeeseaefeee|ee ft 9O
756 Mirafra erythroptera, Jerd. ...... ves [ove leo s| S| X[K xX|X| XIX] X]X].../192
759 Ammomanes lusitania, Gin. ...... AK VAI sil coi: lavelleclcsilesseaelge less] bO2
760 Pyrrhulauda grisea, Scop.......... eae sane [etes PNIS |S XIX [|X| X] Xx] XX /193
760 bis |Pyrrhulauda melanauchen, Cab. |X |X |...)...]..-)e.Jeee [Xl.[ |X]. ff. [193
761 Calendrella brachydactyla, Lest.) |x x|X1X x|X|X|X)X |X] X|198
761 ter. [Melanocorypha bimaculata,
MOREE cccveciacsinsnsdmenterracses x wa iccleaslisa: 4 Pl edl sel ead|saeleee| eee L Oo!
762 ter.|Alaudula adamsi, Hume ......... sew [ewe [owe] SIA] lise [eaaleoc|owslece|conledec [£96
767 Alauda guleula, Frankl. ......... X | P |.|XPXPX|x [Xx] XpX| XIX] x |X]197
769 Galerida cristata, Lin. .........8.. x LX |X| XpXxX] i. LX}. p xX] XEX|.. (198
770 Certhilauda desertorum, Stanl. |X |X |X|]...ccfees|.c. loesleec[eeelecloee/ecefeelh OD
772 Crocopus chlorigaster, Lath....... vee fee [ov [X]XIX|X [X]PXEXIX [XX]... [200
784; Palumbus casiotis, Bp. ..........4. X LX [XXXL LL. [dee fewer fesefeed ee (QOL
787 Palumbeena eversmanni, Bp. .,.)... |... fee] X[0[ Xoo. fee cfecelies|-eefeee]eosfee [ZOD
788 Columba intermedia, Strick]. ...)< |X |X<|X|xX|x|x [X|XIX|X|X|X].../202
Columba intermedia, var atra....|... |... |-.-Jecdeefee[-.- seclees|eerleoe|eesfes [202
788 bis |Columba livia, Bp. .......2...400- MNS 1A levileatenel & lsdleimalaialecaljene| anal onl oOer
794 Turtur senegalensis, Lin. ......... xX |X [X|X[XPX<].. PX] Px) X|X PX] x [208
795 Turtur suratensis, Gm. .........08 wee fees [X[X|X]X[K [XPXIX |X| XL KEX 1208
796 Turtur risoria, Lin, ......c00-0-,0[X fon. [X|XIX|X|X |X] X] x] Xx] XxX] 1204
797 bis |Turtur humilis, Tem. ..........0. K fe. feel X|XLX|X PXEP XX] XEX]...1204
799 Pterocles arenarius, Pall. ......... «x |X |XlxLxX|x]x |X]...,x]x .|... {209
800 bzs |Pterocles lichtensteinii, Tem. ...|X x ties, leawtows[ews|oe . (212

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801 Pterocles alchata, Lin, .........08. x |X |X] xX|x X]oejecefeteedee-]-. (20
801 bis |Pterocles senegallus, Din..........|X foes foe] X joel. lee 1ST ons learlece 207
801 ter. |Pterocles coronatus, Licht. ......)% |X |X|... vesfecsfee [eaaleeefes fee | 206
802 Pterocles exustus, Tem. ......... X Jone |X|XPX LX X|X|X|K|X]X|]...;210
803 Pavo cristatus, Lin. ..........66... vex lve [ees| XX | Kvn ELSIE DX [5x 1218
818 Francolinus vulgaris, Steph.......|% |X |X|X|X|X X|X| XIX} ef. 218
820 Caccabis chukor, J. BE. Gr. ......)% |X |X/X|X]| fee feb pele. [218
821 Ammoperdix bonhami, G. BR. GrJX |X |X[XIX| fe fee feedeoed cleo) odes. 2L4
822 Ortygornis pondiceriana, Gm. ...)X |X |...||X|X|X |X|X|X|x|x]x|x214
829 Coturnix communis, Bonn. ......)% |X |X X|X|X] [X]X<|X] >) x] ]>«J215
830 Coturnix coromandelica, Gm, ...)* |X X|X|X|X |X] X|X|X]X[X] x25
834 Turnix joudera, Hodgs. .........|+++ X|X|X|X |X| X|XxEX],..) xX] x 216
835 Turnix dussumieri, Tem. ......... see jeer feee[ [XP X|X PXEX]X|X|X[ X27
836 Eupodotis edwardsi, J. H. Gr....Jec. |--- fe[X|X|X]o-. PXPX|X|X] 2 YX). [217
837 Houbara macqueenii, J. BH. Gr...)X |X [X|X]X].. J... [X|X) XIX. |X ]..|218
839 Sypheotides auritus, Lath. ...... wee [ove feel X |X| X]X |X| X|X|XK|X| Xx] 220
840 Cursorius coromandelicus, Gm. Jee. |... ee] X]X)X|X#) XXX] |X] X 227
840 bis |Cursorius gallicus, Gm. ......... xX |X [XIX TX[X]... |X]. |X| ef f221
842 Glareola orientalis, Leach. ......J+. ne wlX TX [PX] px] 1222
842 bis |Glareola pratincola, Lin. ......... wax ||S sedlecclice [ecclenclecs! [XL -.[...(223
843 Glareola lactea, Tem. a sired SUKI [lo cbevalancleastiaal > |ooxl223
844 Squatarola helvetica, Lin. ...... X Jose feoelecfeesecs[X | X]eee[X)X]X]..LX [224
845 Charadrius longipes, Tem. ...... vee lece fees Xe [PX [X[|X[ |X| |X 1224
845 bis |Charadrius pluvialis, Lin. ...... Sion. Visell, shanchiitt aac pelea dines aed ela@s|seelaeo
846 Agialitis geoffroyi, Wagl. ...... X |X Ppl pX PX]. XPXx] xX]. x 226
847 Aigialitis pyrrhothorax, Tem...) |X |X).....1..|% XI...) X| XP Xo. |X 1226
848 Aigialitis cantiana, Lath. ......... x |X TXPXIXE XIX [XX] X<] xX]. |x 1226
849 Aigialitis phillipinns, Lath. ...... x 1X LX/XEXIXK]X [X<]p<pxpx| X [x 1227
851 Vanellus cristatus, Bechst. ...... KADIR ee leesliedlesalhadisesfone|s 6/228
852 Chettusia gregaria, Pall. ......... K IX XK LAK |. Spx px S|] XY. [229
853 Chettusia leucura, Licht. ......... xX |X [Xx] XPXPX]X PXEXPX] XL fe). J229
855 Lobivanellus indicus, Bodd. ...... x |x |X|X]xX)X]X PX| XP Ex] X[X [x |229
856 Sarciophorus bilobus, Gimel. xIx|KIx |X]X |X] Xx |X] xX] x 1230
857 Hoplopterus ventralis, Cue. ASEISCISI IR Wess OO cals tle cleats ok
858 |Aisacus recurvirostris, Cwv....... vee fees [ee XPK[ XX] [X|XEX] XS] (231
859 (Edicnemus crepitans, Tem. ...... vee (LX fe X[KEX |X [X|X]X EX]. |< 12382
860 Strepsilas interpres, Lin. ......... DME NDK T cslecctouslene| OS | leiel M beeel eal eo Pe [Soe
861 Dromas ardeola, Payk. ........46... KX |X [ov feclecdees|ios feee[eee|X [1% |...) --|284
862 Hematopus ostralegus, Din.......)% |X |eefeeleeies fecfede: X|..fe-|..,285
863 Grus antigone, Lin. .........00000 vee feoe fee|XPX[X[X [X[XPXIXPX |X]. [285
864 Grus leucogeranus, Pall, .........Je0+ Joes |X|X|XIX [ooo Jefe ee ede .. [236
865 Grus cinerea, Bechst................ x |X |X]X|X|X IX |X] Xx] X[ XX] X},,.[232
866 Anthropoides virgo, Lin. ......... x |XX] X]X | XEX|X |X] X PX) X 237
867 Scolopax rusticola, Lin. ......4. x KlecclvadlsculOX [exeleaa|eecleoe] A [ssaies eee
870 Gallinago sthenura, Kuhl. a LXE EX] DXIXEX Xt X 1X] x 239

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871 Gallinago scolopacina, Bp. ...... x |X [X|X]X Lx LK [Xx] xX) x] x{xX]x|x 240
872 Gallinago gallinula, Lin. ........, x |X LXEX TX TX] LKLX/]X|XK/XI|X|X 241
873 Rhyncha bengalensis, Lin....... X fi. PX|XPX TX] XK [X|X[X] Xx] XTX] [249
875 Limosa egocephala, Lin. ......... x |X |X|X|X tx] x | X|Xx]x|x].[.../243
875 bis |Limosa lapponica, Lin. ..........6. ALM Veal eedliadivalelean: eealce sleds leeichiges| cau) ene B44
876 Terekia cinerea, Guld. ..........4. MNS AceleveloedaacIOK Mis lal OX 2S cal vel OAS
877 Numenius arquata, Lin. ......... X |X |XEX|XP<c rx |XX] XX EX] LX e47
878 Numenius pheopus, Lin. oo... XK |X feof X|XIXPX [fee f PX PX]... [247
880 Philomachus pugnax, Lin. ...... K |X [Xx] X~X]x |X| xX| XX) x)x]...1248
881 bis |Tringa crassirostris, Tem.......... PX. Whvaig? leaclswollea'e| aesletene lows awilleca baw alleac| on deel 249
882 Tringa subarquata, Guld. ......... x |X |X]XIX EX x PX] XX]? DXEX| P la50
883 Tringa cinclus, Lin. ............008 vee [ewe fee] XPSPXIK JoJo [XP (OBL
884 |Tringa minuta, Leisl. woe. X PX TXPX|X|X| XP X|XPX|XPX TX | O51
885 = |Tringa Temmincki, Leisl.......... re fuse [S|R|X/R/K |X| XPT wl B51
886 Limicola platyrhyncha, Tem. .,.|X |... |... Kaa laine| OS eg | eaaligs BOD
888 |Calidris arenaria, Lin. ........0... Be [PE | paolacel etl aale vay usa) mel S| 28) Mleyndl Om DBD
890 Phalaropus hyperboreus, Lin...) |X [X.[eedice [eefecfeesfeee|secfeesdee 253
891 Actitis glareola, Lin... ......se08. x |X UXTX|X]x|[x | x|x<]x]xIx]x x 1958
892 Actitis ochropus, Din. oo... X |X PX|X|X|XI x |x| xKLX|X| xX] X 954
893 Actitis hypoleucus, Lin. 1.0...) [X PX[X|X] xp |X| xX] Xx] X|X|X 1954
894 | Totanus glottis, Lin. occ... x |X pe [X]XPX]x [XPXIx] xp x]x X 254
895 Totanus stagnatilis, Bechst. ...... eve ose dasa eS OPIS |) 1S RA IX X'255
896 Totanus fuscus, Jerd. ......0.-4.. XX LPL XKEX [XL PX EX] B55
897 Totanus calidris, Lin. ............ X |X [KIX|X]X|X [X|PXPXpPX]PX|...J256

DGtamtts; 87). cs.ccuisiese etaveocnand ser fece fewefecsliccfeeslene feoe{ere[eoe}eeefees [ea sfoee]256
898 Himantopus intermedius, Bly....)X | |...)><|x|x|X |X]x|X<[X|X|X|...J058
899 Recurvirostra avocetta, Tin. ...)X |} [jt Lp PX PX Xft 1. fa58
901 Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Scop.|... |... |....><|X|x|X |X|X|X|X[X|X]...]259
902 Porphyrio poliocephalus, Lath,..)* | |X<|x|X|X|X |[XIX|x<]X|X]|x|X]960
903 Fulica atra, Lin. 0. scccceeesessss x |X TXIX|)X]X|x 1X] x[X<]xX]x<]x]...]961
604 Gallicrex cinereus, (it......... cee. ite fares pcealcised oigcd mse] oe ol ord [ecules eed ccs ON OGL
905 Gallinula chloropus, Lin. ......... x {X |X|K]X|X|X |X] x|xX]X<| Xx] X]962
907 Gallinula phoenicura, Penn. ...... vee [owe [eoslX |X| XIX | PLX|X|X| Kx] xX 1963
909 Porzana maruetta, Leach. ......... x |X [XIX|xXpXIx |X! x |X| xX] Xx] x] X|o64,
910 Porzana pygmea, Nawm. .....00.. X Jose [MEX] XX IXLX |XX |X 1964
910 bes |Porzana minuta, Pall. .........4.. tae foww feasleS} Phssless |i Pte, .lew lecsleanlerctes 265
915 Leptoptilus argala, Lin. .........).+. we fee] XTX | XKIX [XIX] XX EX ]...1266
917 Xenorhynchus asiaticus, Lath....}..- |... |e..|<|X|X|X |X]x| XIX] X]X]...]266
918 Ciconia nigra, Li. ......cceeeseeee vee fase [XIX] IX] PX) |X PX PXTEX]../267
919 Ciconia alba, Bechst. ..cccceccsecefers [ese feee|X|X|XIX |X| X]X] 1X] X] X 1267
920 Ciconia leucocephala, Gin. ...... we fees food] XIX KEX [PX] PX] X |X |X 1967
923 Ardea cinerea, Lin. ....ececessce X |X XTX) XIXEXK XIX] X IX] xX LX] xX i269
924, Ardea purpurea, Lin. weve] [X LPX]XPXIX [XP )XTX[X]X)x 1269
924 bis |Herodias alba, Lin. .......eececees x |X XEX|X|X EXP |X PX .}...).../270
925 Herodias torra, B. Ham. ......... XIX WX |X| X|X LX PX] X] XIX] X]..2970

* Mekran Coast.

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926 \Herodias intermedia, Hass. ...... x |X |...px |XX lx LX) xX TX] X]x!...]270
927 Herodias garzetta, Lin. ......... X |X [X|X|X| xXx [XTX | «| xX] x] x] Xx 1270
928 Demi-egretta gularis, Bosc. ...... KIX Weefeed [ovfden [Aled |S] XIX [ee 221
929 Bubuleus coromanda, Bodd....... > all> an ee ab a ap dam bab ae-dlb cb ap-ap.a yal
930 Ardeola grayii, Sykes. ..... cesa.|X |X [X|X]X]X1 |X] X]X]X |<] XX 272
931 Butorides javanica, Horsf. ...... X 1X [PX Xp PPK PK PX |x|] X27
932 Ardetta flavicollis, Lath. ....... wiles Ieee hewsleaalvcabicu| OX Weed evils aleslaneters| OBES
933 Ardetta cinnamomea, Gm. ......)... vow fewe[ X[K] [XL PXE XXL |X ]274
934 Ardetta sinensis, Gi. .........0. ples lcci. ates call Gel es] ee alee X]..|X |. (274
935 Ardetta minuth, Lin. ...cecseececee[ [|X o[Xfepe [XS [eee fe feefee dee. |224
936 Botaurus stellaris, Lin. ...ece000...[X [|X [X|X|K|X|X [<p X[K] Xx] X]X]../275
937 Nycticorax griseus, Lin. ......... x 1K | xX |x] XT |X| X] x) «TX [x |X ]276
938 Tantalus leucocephala, Gel. ...|X |... |---||X)X|% |X|X|X|X]...[X [1276
939 Platalea leucorodia, Lin. ........ x |X LX PX PX]x[xX [X[K] x] xX] X<]X]...)277
940 Anastomus oscitans, Bodd. WX [X [PX PXPXpx | 2 PK] PPX Px] x< 277
941 Threskiornis melanocephalus,
Withee! alei cian’ Sean aecems aoe te x Ix [LK )XPX EX DX PX EX] | XPX]1278
94.2 Geronticus papillosus, Tem. ....0.[% |X ]--[><|<|% x [XTX] X]|X|X}X)X]278
943 Falcinellus igneus, S. G. Gm. ....X |X |X|X]X[X|X [X]X)X]X]...1X]...279
944 Phoenicopterus antiquorum, Tem.|* |X |X|X|X]X|X |X|Xpx X|X|X| X|280
944 bis |Phcenicopterus minor, G. St. Hil)... |X j.e[%j%leefere |X Alacap [eee erie
944 ter. [Cygnus olor, Git. .....seeeeeeeeeeee sows OS LSPS Tis [eel b's [aed eate| 2% feels 282
945 Anser cinereus, Meyer ............ vee Jove PXPX[ [XIX |X]. |X] Xfaael eet en 283
947 ‘Anser albifrons, Scop. ......00. 6) [X [X[X]X]X fess [eefeesfeesfeed eed ee] [284
949 Anser indicus, Lath. ..........0606- sie XXX] K EXP ed. peel 285
950 Sarkidiornis melanonotus, Penn.}... x|x xX] XL xX] xX] XX (286
952 Dendrocygna javanica, Horsf. ...|... X[X[X|X [XX] x] X] xX] XTX 1287
953 Dendrocygna fulva, Gin. ......... vee eee feel XPXPK]X PX}EK PSP X x X [288
954 Casarca rutila, Pall. ..........0.00- x 1X [X]X]XLX]X [XK PX<] XX] Xx] xX] X 288
956 Tadorna cornuta, S. G. Gm....... «x |X |X) xx] x] x “ DS elawales cece: 290
957 Spatula clypeata, Lin. ...... sss. x |x [XP] XPX]X [X] p<] X | <p TX 1290
958 Anas boscas, Lin. ....0..+-+ ss ueaaee 1X |X [X]XP<]x]X [XPX]X]X[x | |..-/292
959 Anas pekilorhyncha, Forst. ...... x [|X |...) Xx] Xx x Xx [X]..]X X|...) xX] 1292
961 Chaulelasmus strepera, Lin. ...[ |X |x|* KIKI [XTXTXT XTX EX] X<14938-
} wW angustirostris,
ladle ee a ealtedlcctaliol ited eae oleae
962 |Dafila acuta, Lin. ..... ... Poa x |X |X|X[X]XpX [X11
963 Mareca penelope, Lin. ......0.+- x |X [X[X]X[x|X |X] X] XX) xP Xx © 299
964 Querquedula crecca, Lin. ...... PX [XX LXPK| KEXP PX] RPXPXPX] 5 300
965 Querquedula circia, Lin. ........ WX |X [K[X]X|X[X x . X{X|X]X |X BOL
Querquedula formosa, Georgi. ...J-.. |e. |e SPREE ee] Nllee| a i [302
967 Fuligula rufina, Pall. sxecszvzions xX |X [X|x|Xx x K [Ml s| 1X]... - 303-
968 Fuligula ferina, Vitis wtecwcnetaxin'es x x |X|X|X|X|xK |x . XX] X}x 306
969 Fuligula nyroca, vee Saeombite . : x |X | < X]XK [X|X]x]X] XX]. ee
970 Fuligula marila, Lin. o eee cafes Jecefeesfeesfersteeateee] ee
971 Fakeals cristata, Lin. ........006. MK |S KER PSPS PG AND hata
971 bis \Clangula glaucion, Lin... PIX LKLXIXIXIX |. ..296-

412 BIRDS.
No. in g g E : &
rl t n’ 2 @ 8 ae : *
ee SPECIES. ee ot es | 3\ 2] 8] al 4 S|
India. S| 2 alee |s| 2 |=) S/S] 8) 2] S/S] &
#2 [Sele le )4 |2|s)zlé|s|Alal é
972 Mergus merganser, Lin. .......0. KR [soe] Sl ealesate® lease cudlescles-[e+.|808
Meregus serrator, Lin. ......se0008. a fhdady lees | vais eine |Secatoae exe aaa tae ape ees |e [sav BUC:
973 Mergellus albellus, Lin. ......06-J... x |X/X|XIKIX Lop. |... bf. /810
974 Podiceps cristatus, Lin, ......... XX flX_X|XpX Pp pP<pX fete fe BIT
974 bis |Podiceps nigricollis, Sund. ...... ina: dfeaae tla ac es |2e5| deel ons ae eoat|eoaleasf SEL
975 Podiceps minor, Gin. ........e.00e8 x |X |X]xX x |X|XIX| xX] Xx] xX] «1812
976 Oceanites oceanica, Banks. ...... X¥.. |. esl wal PS. [eeales ceslvestese| oS (BIS
976 Puffinus persicus, Hume. ....c000.[% |X |odedefiee Rep re eer me ee ele
977 ter. |Stercorarius asiaticus, Hume ...|)% | |..-|cleecleccleee fol. sesleseleas|-e(OL4
978 bis [Larus cacchinnans, Pall. ......... I lew |e} OPPS estisewi lo how clave Heelan LO:
978 ter. |Larus affinis, Reinh. ...........00e x [K |X ail ball es © eee |X| X16
979 Larus ichthyetus, Pall. ......... X |X PAX XPDX Patt Xft. B19
980 Larus brunneicephalus, Jerd. ...)X |% |...[><|X|X}K [X}|X|X)X].f.../878
981 Larus ridibundus, Din. ..........-. X |X PX OLLI PPX DSty. 819
981 ter.|Larus hemprichi, Bp. ............ PE [2% leeal stlewclaadheze- baal gual desl easilanale detaaclet Es
98lquat.|Larus gelastes, Licht.............66 A We laselanealdseleelse [esol colhasaly s.beeelgalaee Lg
982 Sterna caspia, Pall. ..........c00 K |X [ol X|X|X]., LYK cleeatens|-ve[ee (B22
983 Gelochelidon nilotica, Haselg. ...|* X Joel X|XIXIX |X] DKIX IX] XI13823
984 Sterna hybrida, Pall..........2..06. X |X Jel XPXEXEX [Xx] KIX |X] x] X 3923
985 Sterna seena, Sykes. ............00e X |X fl XPXPX|X [XEX| xX) PXIX 1.1323
987 Sterna javanica, Horsf. .........00. xX IX |XIX|XEXIX [XP x}x)x |<] X1x 1324
987 bis |Sterna albigena, Licht. .......06.. Ssaiee [secon [ Ste vee nee lho tht) sel esa erates O24
988 ter. |Sterna Saundersi, Hume ......... ec fate [eile co Meoalliae selocclessleee|ee-[eee B25
939 Sterna bergii, Licht. .......cc0000 PAA. [eel calle wetaes WAX|PX< PX (822
990 Sterna media, Horsf. .......00...06 MK | deel veces codsccleed eV seeloee B21
990 bis |Sterna cantiaca, Gir. ..........0ee0 2 [Ro beealuclene| acelesar bcilacdlec vesfes (OQ.
992 Sterna anzthetus, Scop. ......... Poke female ats sedode Tdieedlucs ve Joe (B25
992 bis jSterna fuliginosa, Gm. ......-...6. Be AS leodlalaoubyaglace: asifeiel ode laieliinalcs (OB
993 Anous stolidus, Zin. ........0..0.0: Ro Seat eae lees| cee [sacl OS sisleoslsaelvesleas|eacld26
995 Rhynchops albicollis, Sws.......... K IX Jewel KX} X AK EX TX |X |X 1327
996 bis |Pheeton indicus, Hume....... ae X lowe Jove ees acl aacdhoae eel ted loeO2e.
999 bis \Sula cyanops, Swnd. ........c eee Deas [ewan SEN hotel etl oles eelloe, ee BOS
1001 Pelecanus onocrotalus, Lin. ...... XK |X [XP pales Lecleedeod Xleecf. [e330
1003 Pelecanus javanicus, Horsf. ..... X hee feed X|KXIXK [XT | KPX]X]X1.../330
1004 Pelecanus phillipensis, Gin. ...... wee feos fees] XPT X[X [XTX] XK] XX] X (B30
1004 bis |Pelecanus crispus, Bruch. ...... XX JXPX|X |X]. Lebo hob t.(328
1005 Graculus carbo, Lin. eececcccceeee) |X PS|X]XPXIX P XPD PX] f.1330
1006 Graculus sinensis, Shaw ........./... defocloodaealeas etl wel sacl el OAS
1007 Graculus javanica, Horsf.......... cee feee eee] XTX XIX [XTX] XIX] |X] 1839
1008 Plotus melanogaster, Penn. ......]... we[X]XPXIX [XIX EX TX XTX EX 1332

* Mekran Coast.

413

REPTILES.
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SpEcius. 8] fal sl€ =l8lq).|4| al ela
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ala lez] S)a]alShalo(sis|a] £
CHELONIA.
Testudo elegans, Schepf. ........ veefewefecsfeed ie XEX | LLL X| 388
Testudo Leithi, Gunth.................2.]. 41. slag eselvas levels ues|sealese| B89
Pangshura tentoria, Gray.........c00.-[0s we [eee] I XPX| XI}. J..[X]...) 840
Pangshura smithi, Gunth................|...1. wdeel [XP X]X]. J..-}.-fe0.| 3840
Batagur baska, Gray ....secceeeeeceeleeil. [Sa] =sedazs [eS cas wseeddienteee| (OL
Batagur thurgi, Gray ...-cceessssseesedlencd.. JXTXEX LXE. selees[eeeleoel S4D
Emyda granosa, Schepf. ....00...0006 2 (|X|XEX |X 1, w.|X foe] X]} 842
Trionyx gangeticus, Cv. ... .....escesd ef XEXLXIX 1. oilnca|ees| eeu 42
Chitra Indica, Gray ...0....cececcceesedeel, J AXPXEX EXE wo[ze4{éealeae] B48
Caouna olivacea, Gray ......000.. ceceeslees . X).. DX Jeo X] 843
Chelonia virgata, Schw. .......ccceesedeecleesd.. XI... w-fevsfoee 343
SAURIA,
Crocodilus palustris, Less. ........100 Ml wvslevap XK] III | Logs |snleaalireateesl | BAe
Gavialis gangeticus, Ginel. 1... cs. deedoee X1 X10 XL ioalsettzeeleen} B40
Varanus flavescens, Cant. .....-.e000----|X|..]...) XX |X/X wel X1X LX LX |X] 845
Varanus draceena, Lin. . .1s-.cssececeses XP XEXTXEXIX EX xX XTX] 346
Varanus lunatus, Gray ...........s00e06 ssfecsfee |X] XIXIXL AL KL LLL.) B46
Psammosaurus scincus, Gray ......... XIX. X]XEX PLEX ELL 346
Cabrita leschenaulti, M. Edw. ......... wee PPXEX] LPP EXEL EX| 347
Acanthodactylus cantoris, Gunth. ...)x|]X|XIX|.. |.) sccloenloceleosree ele a] O48
Acanthodactylus micropholis, BIf. ...)<|X|X}|X|...)...1...1.1\c. ot.) 348
Mesalina Watsonana, Stol. ...0. ss... ceclecefersfoa [eeefeoe]ee [eee] cc[eeleeefersfeeeeee] GAD
Mesalina pardalis, Licht. ....ccccssee00s POIS4 126 acl nu lten| dl geelevalmel gun soeleeatendl BU):
Euprepes carinatus, Schn.........sceres spale wale [PSPS lvl lane] BM [eashenslaast |e) BBL
Euprepes macularius, Blyth. ......... saufeas[ere] S| TAT ALL ecledaeslecsteed! SDL
Euprepes septemtzeniatus, Reuss....... sisal OA si a| suis] évaleucl aeleselacelceeleas| BOS
Scincus arenaria, Sp. Nov. ............ atl wallcos |e xf cts ote e oul alecalecalaaalsealeasl BOD
Blepharosteres grayanus, Stol ....0.... setfeedleesfeoefeeefeeeleefeaefendX[oedeeseee|eee] BDA
Ablepharus brandti, Strauch. ........ svat | pase lve oLamab nicl el nol 2% aad nwilegaleen| OM
Eumeces teniolatus, Blyth. ..cccccccceJee|eefeee]X [os cLelecdeslcecleedlecc!cctecleed BBG
Sphenocephalus tridactylus, Blyth ....X|X|X)X|.) oo} ldo dele deel 856
Gongylus occellatus, Wagler.......0000J.0[X|eo-e-[ecefecleesfos|soelsecleecleecfeeelee-| 37
Ptyodactylus homolepis, Bif. ......... se s[eclees|oas|eeefeee/ere/oee|eos|serleaelene[eesleae]| GOS
Hemidactylus cocteaui, D, et B. ...... Xo. fee] X[X|XIXIX | LDXTEX |X [| 359
Hemidactylus Gleadowi, Sp. Nov. ...)...)...[e.[oefeedsc[eedeefeeleedecJecdeeleee] 360
Hemidactylus karachiensis, Sp. Nov. |...|...)...J...JecJecfeefeefoc|eteceedee deel 361
Gymnodactylus petrensis, Sp, Nov. ...}...|...Jee.|.. OP ees eee ee eee roe 362
Stenodactylus orientalis, BU. ......... sata corel selecefeeefeeefeee| 363
Stenodactylus Dunstervillei, Sp. Nov.|...|...|.. sal soils 363
Bunopus tuberculatus, Bf. ... ........ X|X].. wfecee fee] 364
Pristurus rupestris, BY. ..........eecee X|X|.. Seales 365

REPTILES.

|
|

oO :
a | | 8 & :
SPECIES, | a/ 3/3|"I .|al S| 3] a) #1 8] 8/3 ;
Sim) als aq B/5]/ 29] 2} oo} 9,3 ©
31 5/2) SB) S| 8) a) 8 5/ 8/8) 8/8) &
QAlimalaelalolmlalolMlS|o/Ainm| &
SAURIA— (continued).
Eublepharis hardwickii, Gray ......... Fae pee ere a a el ree Jee feee|X] 866
Eublepharis macularius, ree a ees sallerve|bwaleaafoNe OX eccrel ive Meealcee!l aceticell oat eieallsex] 2200
Calotes versicolor, Daud. .........06....)X|X|X|X1X|X]X|X] x} x] KX] Xx 367
Phrynocephalus olivieri, Dit Bocas X/XTX]X]...).. alas | ea safeedee.| 368
Stellio melanura, Blyth. eianeh Sawesewees son |esolcanlews|OSie8 . 368
Stellio nuptus, De F...........0..065 eave X [PS] eal oowloae lees : 369
Trapelus megalonyx, Gunth ............ hig cl eces | OS fo at] ots) gaielee ss act Sa foie 370
Trapelus ruderatus, Oliv. ...........0... XG| | ssel Sesde voles | snpilieedlns oo 370
Trapelus rubrigularis, Rupp. ......... SE] Aloe: lealsenfoeeled-lese|seslacelveulecefoectees|” Oud
Agama agilis, Oliv. ......seeeeseeceees wl O6| PSI [PS vailernaleepbeaelseslonalesal ees |sasdyaa | Soe
Uromastix hardwickii, Grray............ Xe. PX] XIX] X| XTX] X |X| XEX TX] 872
OPHIDIA.
Typhlops braminus, Cuv. ......cccceeeefecsies eee] |X| XIX oo fee |X]XEXTX |...) 3874
Typhlops porrectus, Stol. .....cceceeceen[eccJeee|eeefX |X| XIX). wlecdeedee) 874
Oligodon subgriseus, D. ef B. sec... cas reall sae | AO] DSI Ge adc lave flea bac lecie | ses 375
Cyclophis freenatus, Gunth. .......066.. ial wis A | ical seal gal scaltceta biel ts lly Lote] EE
Cynophis helena, Daud ..........cs00ee0 seslesfeca{ecalec [ee feeete [X/X[ 1. |X|] 376
Ptyas mucosus, Lin. ......c00c.-ccceeeceelecefees]eael| X|X|X]X|X |X| X |X| XX] 3877
Zamenis diadema, Schleg........40.-.26-|X|X|X|X]X|X]X) XIX] hx] L | 877
Zamenis ventrimaculatus, Gray ...... KR ccdleeelbcales [A wel LX[X...) 878
Zamenis gracilis, Gunth. ...s00e.cee0 set) seal vealeted| eee | cas lavcles Jesleve cael os (OS lone ee
Tropidonotus quincunciatus, Schleg. |...|Xj...)<|X!x|x<| |X| X|xIx<|X|x] 379
Tropidonotus stolatus, Lin. .. 2.00.46. vesfeesleas| X |X| X|X |X| X| XTX |X| X[X] 379
Tropidonotus plumbicolor, Cant. serfece|ene[ S|} X |X] XK |X] X|XEX|X |X | 380
Cerberus rhynchops, Russell. ......... Bo PP PP FP EO od
Psammophis condanarus, Merr. ......|...)...)...XK|X velco [eeefeeelX] 382
Psammophis Leithi, Gunth.,.... 0.2...) |X|K|X[X |p. fee fee deeefee feefeee| 882
Dipsas trigonata, Bote. oo... cess fiefeesfeee wees fn. PX PX [XX] XI D<] 883
Lycodon aulicus, Lin. ...ccceceeeese fee fe feeel XIX] X |X] XIX] XX] X|X |X] 383
Lycodon striatus, Russell. ............ sjeeeleee|XTXEX [Jape fee fee | S| X |X] 884
Python molurus, Din. .....cceceeececeesfeeefee [se] X |XX] P EXELL X| XP |X] 885
Eryx Johni, Russell. .......... bionpteieelo's vacleccleeel X LX |X LX IX |X| XTX |X] KT Xx] 885
Gongylophis conicus, Wagl........64..- verlecslooe| |X| |X| X[X |X| XTX] XTX] 386
Naja tripudians, Merr, .......c.cceceeee X|...f0.|X |< |X |X| XX] XTX XX |X] 387
Bungarus cewruleus, Daud. .......60...Jeee{. ee.) X]X PX |X XX] X | XP XTX |X| 3887
Daboia russelli, Gray...........64 aioe ee woefecefeea| XLX|X]X| XTX |X] XL | 888
Echis carinata, Merr. .........ceceeeeee xX |X| 2 |XX Tx |XX] XX] x] X]X]X] 3888
Hydrophis Stewartii, Andr............. zh a2] orcie hie G08 talem sinie aia OX ...| 390
Hydrophis spiralis, Shaw........... site sof aate|saellasie inadl Sealaeslor XfiafX]..|X]} 390
Hydrophis Bishopu, Sp. Nov. ......... sel aera ord cn] 23% be wate saith aal sacs aieloat|: OU
Hydrophis cyanocincta, Daud.......... see fegalewd[oee|sei] bases [eaals onl PS [acd eS bacles |) SOL
Hydrophis chloris, Daud. ..........60065 zelda salsa) smis[ans [S| ins [eealO™ [eel oS eaien | Bae
Hydrophis Lindsayi, Gray ........000. isaleaa| see latf ees eas ise] eschew] ses |X} 392
Hydrophis tuberculata, Anders. ......)...)..|..|cbe fee] [af = 393
Hydrophis dayanus, Stol........0. cesecleesles piselearstated sesee[ees! BOS

REPTILES. 415

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OPHIDIA—(continued) .
Hydrophis robusta, Gunth. ....ccceees. salou le |X ]eaafere] Xoo |X] f...| B94
Hydrophis curta, Gunth. ............60.) 1X. wl Xe ale.feee| XX] 395
Hydrophis gracilis, Shaw...........6 6. X|XI.. eel lee eel X]...]X] 395
Hydrophis Guntherii, Sp. Nov. ...... stakes wefeeelone ladeefeefee| 396
Enhydrina bengalensis, Gray. ......... XIX. ap es ./[X]...)X] 396
Pelamis bicolor, Daud, ..........0000600- X/XI.. eal PST er X|X} 397
BATRACHIA. 7

Rana kublii, Schleq. 0... ..ccsaccece scene Rl lcs dl cadleal eg leant Ntoce| loc aval Oe
Rana cyanophlyctis, Schn. ......0.0. XIX |....X] xX] XX] Xo XE KP XTX] 898
Rana tigrina, Daud. .......e.cccesevesees wef Xf [XP] XXL] X| XTX PX] X] 898
Pyxicephalus breviceps, Schn.......... a sufenebeve| | 9129 [2S [tale wa] eal vee anelen JOSy BOD
Bufo melanostictus, Schn................ vealecelee.| |X|] X]X]..-PXEX |X| XEX] 400
Bufo Andersonii, Sp. Nov. ......c0.00. ceelee{eee[eesfeeefeeeteeelene|eee : felis 401

GENERAL INDEX.

Ablepharus brandti, 354; pusillus, 354.

Acanthodactylus cantoris, 348; microp-
holis, 348.

Accipiter badius, 72; nisus, 73.

ACCIPITRES, 62.

Acridotheris ginginianus, 179; tristis:
178.

Acrocephalus agricola, 149 ; brunnescens,
148 ; dumetorum, 148 ; stentoreus, 148.

Actitis glareola, 253; hypoleucus, 254;
ochropus, 254.

don familiaris, 163.

Aigialitis cantiana, 226; geoffroyi, 226;
mongola, 226; phillipinus, 227;
pyrrhothorax, 226.

ABSACINA, 231.

Asacus recurvirostris, 231.

Agama agilis, 371.

AGAMIDS, 367

Agrobates brunnescens, 148.

Agrodroma campestris, 173; sordidus,
173.

Alauda calendrella, 195; gulgula, 197;
leiopus, 197.

ALAUDINA, 191.

Alaudula adamsi, 196.

ALCEDINIDS, 110.

ALCEDININ®, 111.

Alcedo bengalensis, 111; ispida, 111;
ispidioides, 111.

Amadina malabarica, 182.

Ammomanes deserti, 192 ; isabellina, 192;
lusitanica, 192.

Ammoperdix bonhami, 214.

AMPELIDS, 174.

Anas boscas, 292; pekiloryncha, 292,

ANASTOMINA, 277.

Anastomus oscitans, 277.

Anous stolidus, 326.

Anser albifrons, 284; cimereus, 283 ;
indicus, 285.

ANTELOPIDA, 56.

Antelopes, 56.

Anthropoides virgo, 237.

Anthus arboreus, 170; blackistonii, 171;
jerdont, 173 ; neglectus, 171; spinoletta,
170; trivialis, 170.

Aquila albicilla, 83; bifasciata, 74;
bonelli, 77; chrysetos, 74; clanga, 75;
fulva, 74; fulvescens, 76; fusca, 76;
heliaca, 74; imperialis, 74; mogilnik,
74; neevia, 75; pennata, 78; punctata,
76; vindhiana, 76; vittata, 75.

AQUILINAE, 73.

Arachnethra currucaria, 119.

Ardea affinis, 271; cinerea, 269; nigra,
273; purpurea, 269; russata, 271.

ARDEIDA, 268.

Ardeola grayii, 272; leucoptera, 272.

Ardetta cinnamomea, 274; flavicollis,
273; minuta, 274; sinensis, 274.

Arvicola bengalensis, 44; indica, 44.

Ascalaphia bengalensis, 93; coromanda,
94.

Aselia tridens, 6.

Asinus indicus, 54; onager, 54; vulgaris,
53.

Asio accipitrinus, 100; brachyotus, 100;
otus, 99.

ASIONINA, 99.

Astur badius, 72.

Athene brama, 99.

AVES, 62.

Axis porcinus, 60.

Balenoptera Indica, 41.

BAL/NOPTERIDA, 41.

Batagur dhongoka, 341; smithii, 340;
thurgi, 341.

BATRACHIA SALIENTIA, 397.

BATRACHIANS, 397.

BELLUE, 53.

Blanfordius striatulus, 153.

Blepharosteres agilis, 355; grayanus, 354,

GENERAL INDEX.

Bos indicus, 55; taurus, 55.
Botaurus stellaris, 275.
Bovipa, 56.

Brachylophus bengalensis, 114,

BRACHYPODIDA, 135.

Brachypternus aurantias,
alensis, 114; dilutus, 114.

Bradypterus cetti, 151.

BRUTA, 60.

Bubalus buffelus, 55.

Bubo bengalensis, 93; coromanda, 94.

BUBONIDA, 92.

BuBoNINaA, 92.

Bubulcus coromanda, 271.

. Bucanetes githagineus, 190.

Buchanga albirictus, 126; atra, 126.

Budytes aureicapilla, 169; calcaratus,
169; cinereocapilla 167; citreola 169;
citreoloides, 169; flava, 168; melano-
cephala, 168; viridis, 168.

Bufo Andersonii, 401; melanostictus,
400.

Bungarus ceruleus, 387.

Bunopus tuberculatus, 364.

Burnesia gracilis, 154; lepida, 154.

Butalis africana, 128; grisola 128.

Butastur teesa, 86.

Buteo agquilinus, 85; canescens, 85;
ferox, 85; fuliginosus, 85; longipes,
85; rufinus, 85. :

ButEeonina#, 85.

Butorides javanica, 272.

114; beng-

Cabrita brunnea, 347 ; leschenaulti, 347.

Caccabis chukor, 213.

Calamodus melanopogon, 149.

Calamodyta agricolensis, 158; dumeto-
rum, 148; melanopogon, 149.

CALAMOHERPINA, 148.

Calandrella brachydactyla, 195.

Calidris arenaria, 252.

Calobates boarula, 166; sulphwrea, 166.

Calosaura leschenaulti, 347.

Calotes versicolor, 367; viridis, 367.

CAMPEPHAGINA, 123,

CANnIDas, 35.

Canis aureus, 35; pallipes, 36.

Caouna olivacea, 343, -

wf

417

CAPRID&, 56.

Capra exgagrus, 56;
gazella, 57.

CapRIMULGIDA, 105.

Caprimulgus asiaticus, 106; ewropeus,
106; mahrattensis, 107; unwinii, 105.

Caracal melanotis, 30.

Carine brama, 99.

CARNIVORA, 25.

Carpodacus crasstrostris, 190; erythri-
nus, 189.

Casarca rutila, 288.

Ceblypyrus isabellina, 123; papuensis,
124.

Centrococcyx maximus, 118; rufipennis,
118.

CrentTROPODINa, 118.

Centropus maximus, 118.

Cerberus bocformis, 381; rhynchops,
881.

Cerchneis tinnuncula, 71.

Certhia currucaria, 119.

Certhilauda desertorum, 199 ; dorice, 199.

CERVIDS, 60.

Ceryle rudis, 112.

CETACHA, 39,

Cettia cetti, 151; cettioides, 151; sericea,
151;. stolackee, 151. ’

Charadrius fuluus 224; longipes, 224;
pluvialis, 225.

Chatarrhea caudata, 134; earlei, 135;
huttoni, 133.

Chaulelasmus angustirostris, 294; stre-
pera, 293.

Chaus jacquemonti, 29; libycus, 29; or-
nata, 29.

CHELONIA, 338; virgata, 343.

CHELONIDA, 343.

Chettusia flavipes, 229; gregaria, 229;
leucura, 229.

Chiquera typus, 70.

CHIROPTERA, 1.

Chitra indica, 343.

Cichlops ubiquitarius, 172.

Ciconia alba, 267; leucocephala, 267;
nigra, 267.

CiconID&, 266.

Cinnyris asiatica, 119; breviroséris, 119;
mahrattensis, 119.

caucasica, 57;

418

Circaetus gallicus, 79; cheela, 80.

Cireus wruginosus, 89; cineraceus, 88:
macrurus, 87; pallidus, 88; pygargus,
88; sewainsonii, 87.

Cisticola cursitans, 152; schcenicola, 152.

Claugula glaucion, 296.

Clothonia johni, 385.

Coccystes jacobinus, 117; melanoleucos,
117.

Collurto Hardwickit, 121.

Coluber striatus, 384.

Columba cegyptiaca, 203; intermedia,
202; livia, 202; maculicollis, 203.

CONIROSTRES, 174.

Copsychus saularis, 137.

CoRActaD&, 109.

Coracias garrula, 109 ; indica, 109.

CorvipD&, 174.

Corvin#, 175.

Corvus coraxz, 175; impudicus, 176; in-
fumatus, 175; lawrencei, 175; splen-
dens, 176; umbrinus, 175.

Corydalla griseo-rufescens, 173; rufulus,
172.

Coryphodon Blumenbachi, 377.

Coturnix communis, 215 ; coromandelica,
215.

Cotyle brevicaudata, 103; obsoleta, 104;
riparia, 103; sinensis, 103.

CROCODILIDA, 344.

Crocodilus palustris, 344.

Crocopus chlorigaster, 200; jerdont, 200.

Crypsirrhina pallida, 177.

CucuLipa, 116.

CucuLina, 116.

Cuculus canorus, 116.

CULTIROSTRES, 265.

Cuncuma macet, 82.

Curruca famula, 154.

Cursoria elegans, 386.

Cursorius coromandelicus, 221; gallicus,
221.

Cyanecula ceruleculus, 147 ; suecica 147.

Cyanocincla cyanus, 130.

Cyclophis frenatus, 375.

Cygnus olor, 282.

Cynelurus Semmeringii, 30.

Cynonicteris amplexicaudata, 3.

Cynophis bistrigatus, 376; helena, 376.

GENERAL INDEX.

Cynopterus horsfieldi, 4; marginatus, 4.

CYPsELINe, 104.

Cypselus affinis, 105; apus, 105; melba,
104.

Daboia elegans, 388; russelli, 388.

Dafila acuta, 297.

DELPHINIDA, 39,

Delphinus capensis, 39; longirostris, 40;
plumbeus, 39.

Demi-egretta asha, 271; gularis, 271;
schistacea, 271.

Dendrocitta pallida, 177; rufa, 177.

DENDROCITTINA, 177.

Dendrocygna fulva, 288; javanica, 287.

DENTIROSTRES, 120.

DicRURIDA, 126.

Dicrurus balicassius, 126; macrocercus,
126.

DIPSADIDA#, 382.

Dipsas trigonata, 383.

DipsadomorphusArigonatus, 383.

Disura episcopus, 267.

Dromolea alboniger, 142; monacha, 143 ;
preata, 142.

Dromas ardeola, 234.

Drrmoicins, 151.

Drymoipus inornata, 153 ; longicaudatus,
153.

Echis carinata, 388.

Elanus ceruleus, 92; melanopterus, 92.

ELAPIDA, 388.

EMBALLONURIDA, 16.

EMBALLONURINA, 16.

Emberiza caniceps, 185; cerrutti, 185;
cristata, 189, erythroptera, 189; hut-
toni, 185; stewarti, 185; striolata,
186.

EMBERIZINA, 185.

Emyda granosa, 342.

EMYDIDA, 339.

Emydosauria, 344.

Enneoctonus cristatus, 122.

Enhydrina bengalensis, 396.

Ephialies griseus, 97; malabaricus, 97,
pennatus, 95.

Equrip2, 53.

Equus caballus, 53.

GENERAL INDEX.

ERINACEID, 21.

Erinaceus collaris, 23; Grayi, 23; Jer-
doni, 24; pictus, 22.

Erithacus ceruleculus, 147.

Erythrospiza githaginea, 190.

Erythrosterna parva, 128,

Eryx johni, 385; maculatus, 385.

Estrelda amandava, 182.

EstRELDINA, 182,

Eublepharis hardwickii, 336 ; macularius,
366.

Eudynamis honorata, 117; orientalis,
117.

Eumeces teniolatus, 356.

Eupodotis edwardsi, 217.

Euprepes afinis, 852; carimatus, 351;
macularius, 351; rufescens, 351; sep-
temtzniatus, 352.

Euspiza granativora, 188; icterica, 188; |

luteola, 188; melanocephala, 188; s7-
millima, 188.
Eutolmetus Bonelli, 77.

Falco xsalon, 70; albicilla, 83; baby-
lonicus, 67; barbarus, 68; barbatus,
65; bonelli, 77; chiquera, 70; juggur,
67; lanarius, 66; luggur, 67; mela-
nopterus, 92; pelegrinoides, 68; pere-
grinus, 65; saker, 65; subbuteo ; 69.

FALconip4, 65.

Falcinellus igneus, 279.

FEeLipa, 25.

Felis caracal, 30; chalybeate, 28; chaus,
29; guttata, 30; jacquemonti, 29; ju-
bata, 35; leopardus, 27; ornata, 29;
pdnthera, 27; tigris, 26; torquata, 29;
venatica, 30; viverrina, 28.

Francolinus vulgaris, 213.

Franklinia buchanani, 155.

FRINGILLIDA, 180.

Fuligula cristata, 304; ferina, 306; ma-
rila, 305; nyroca, 307; rufina, 303.

Galerida cristata, 198.

Gallicrex cinereus, 261.

Gallinago gallinaria, 240 ; gallinula, 241 ;
sthenura, 239.

Gallinula burnesi, 262; chloropus, 262;
phenicura, 263.

419

GALLINULIN &, 260.

GaRRULINA, 176.

Garrulus atricapillus, 176; melanoce-
phalus, 176.

Gavialis gangeticus, 345.

Gazella Dbennetti, 56;
subgutturosa, 56.

GECKOTIDA, 358.

Geocichla unicolor, 131.
Gerbillus erythrourus, 48; Hardwickii,.

42; hurriane, 43'; indicus, 42.

christii, 56;

Geronticus papillosus, 278.

GEMITORES, 200.

Glareola lactea, 223: orientalis, 222;
pratincola, 223.

GLAREOLIDA, 222.

Glycispiza huttoni, 185.

Gongylophis conicus, 386.

Gongylus ocellatus, 357.

Gonyosoma dorsale, 378.

| Graculus carbo, 330; javanica, 332;

sinensis, 331.

Graucalus layardi, 124; macei, 124.

GRUIDA, 235.

Grus antigone, 235;
leucogeranus, 236.

Gryllivora intermedia, 137.

Gueparda guttata, 30.

GUEPARDID4&, 30.

Gymnodactylus lunatus, 366; petrensis,
362.

GYPZTINA, 64.

Gypetus barbatus, 64; hemalachanus, 65.

Gyps bengalensis, 63; fulvescens, 63.

cinerea, 237 ;

HZMATOPODIDS, 233.

Hematopus ostralegus, 235.

Halcyon fuscus, 110; smyrnensis, 110.

Haucyronin#, 110.

Haliztus albicillus, 83 ; brooksi, 83; ful-
viventer, 82; indus, 90; leucoryphus,
82; pelagicus, 83.

Haliastur indus, 90.

Hardella indi, 341.

Helarctos malayana, 39.

HELEOTRAGIDA, 55.

Hemidactylus cocteaui, 359; gleadowi,
360; karachiensis, 361.

420

Herodias alba, 270; garzetta, 270; im-
termedia, 270; torra, 270.

HERPESTIDA, 32.

Herpestes Andersoni, 34; ferrugineus,
33; griseus, 33; pallidus, 33; persicus,
33.

Hieratus pennatus, 78.

Hierofalco saker, 65 ; sub-buteo, 69.

Himantopus intermedius, 258.

Hipposideros cineraceus, 8; speoris, 7;
templetoni, 7.

Hirundo alpestris, 103; daurica, 103;
erythropygia, 103; filicaudata, 102;
filifera, 102; rustica, 102.

HIRuNnvDINIDa, 102.

HoMALopsip&, 380.

Hoplopterus ventralis, 231.

Houbara macqueeni, 218.

Hyenide, 37.

Hyena striata, 37.

Hydrochelidon indica, 323.

Hydrophasianus chirurgus, 259.

HypRoPHIDS, 390.

Hydrophis bishopi, 391; chloris, 392;
curta, 395: cyanocincta, 391; dayanus,
393; gracilis, 395; guntheri, 396;
lindsayi, 392; melanwrus, 390; nigro-
cincta, 394; propinguus, 395 ; robusta,
394; spiralis, 390; stewarti, 390;
striatus, 391'; tuberculata, 393.

Hydrus valakydyn, 396; schistosus, 396.

Hypolais caligata, 157-158; elaica, 156;
obsoleta, 158; pallida, 156-157; rama,
157.

Hypotriorchis asalon, 70; chiquera, 70.

Hystricip#, 48.

Hystrix cristata, 49; bengalensis, 48;
leucura, 48.

IpipIn&, 278.

Icthycetus leucoryphus, 82.
INSECTIVORA, 19.
INSESSORES, 102.

Ispida bicincta, 111; bitorquata, 112.

Jerdonia agricolensis, 158.

Ketupa ceylonensis, 92.
Kittacincla melanoleuca, 132.

GENERAL INDEX.

LACERTIDA, 347.

Laniap@, 120.

LANIIN«, 120.

Lanius arenarius, 122; burra, 120; cris-
tatus, 122; erythronotus, 121; hard-
wickit, 121; isabellinus, 122; lahtora,
120; pheenicurus, 122; superciliosus,
121; vittatus, 121.

LARID &, 314.

Larus affinis, 316 ; argentatus, 316; brun-
neicephalus, 318; cacchinans, 316;
fuscus, 316; gelastes, 317; hemprichit,
818; ichthyetus, 319; lambruschini
317; leucopheus 316; occidentalis, 316;
ridibundus, 319.

Laticilla burnesi, 134.

LEOTRICHINA, 174.

Leopardus pardus, 27.

LEpPoRID&, 40.

Leptoptilos argala, 266; dubius, 266;
marabou, 266.

Leptosomus afer, 117.

Lepus craspedotis, 49; dayanus, 50;
joongshaiensis, 51.

Leucocirea albifrontata, 129.

Limicola platyrhyncha, 252.

Limosa egocephala, 243 ; lapponica, 244.

Linaria cannabina, x.

Lithofalco esalon, 70; chiquera, 70.

Lobipluvia malabaricus, 230.

Lobivanellus goensis, 229; indicus, 229,

Lupus pallipes, 35.

Lusciniola melanopogon, 149; neglectus,
150.

Lutra nair, 31; indica, 31.

Lurrin#, 31.

Lycodon aulicus, 383; striatus, 384.

LycopontTIDz&, 383.

Lyncin@, 30.

Mabouia teniolata, 556.

Machetes pugnax, 247.

Malacocircus bengalensis, 183; malcol-

mi, 133; terricolor, 133.

Ma.aconortina, 122.

Malurus inquietus, 154.

Manis pentadactyla, 60.

Mareca penelope, 299.
MEGACHIROPTERA, 1.

GENERAL INDEX.

Megaderma lyra, 9.

Megadermine, 8.

Megalaimide, 115.

Melanocorypha bimaculata, 195; calan-
dra, 195; rufescens, 195; torquata, 195.

MELINID&, 22.

Mellivora indica, 31.

MELLIVORINA, 31.

Melophus melanicteris, 189.

Mergellus albellus, 310.

MERGIDS, 308.

Mergus castor, 309 ; serrator, 308.

MEROPIDS#, 107.

Merops apiaster, 108; cegyptius, 108;
persicus, 108; phillipinus, 108; viridis,
107.

Merula atrigularis, 181 ; unicolor, 131.

Mesalina brevirostis, 349 ; pardalis, 350;
watsonana, 349.

MIcROCHIROPTERA, 5.

Micronisus badius, 72.

Mitvins#, 90.

Milvus affinis, 91; govinda, 90; major, 91;
melanotis, 91.

Mirafra erythroptera, 192.

Molpastes hemorrhous, 135.

Monitor flavescens, 345.

Monticola cinclorhynchus, 139; cyana,
130; cyanus, 129.

Motacilla alba, 166; boarula, 166; cine-
reocapillus, 167 ; citrinella, 169;
dukhenensis, 165-166; flaveola, 168;
madraspatana, 164; personata, 165;
stapazina, 146.

MoraciLuin&, 164.

Mouripa, 42.

Mus alexandrinus, 45; arboreus, 46;
asiaticus, 46; bactrianus, 46-47; ban-
dicota, 45; barclayanus, 44; benga-
lensis, 44; blythianus, 44; brunneus,
46 ; darjeelingensis, 46 ; decumanoides,
46; decumanus, 45-46; gigantea, 45 ;
hardwickii, 44; huttoni, 44; indicus
46; lanuginosus, 47 ; mettada, 46-47 ;
theobaldi, 47; urbanus, 45-46.

Muscicapa grisola, 127; paradisz, 127;
parva, 128; rufogularis, 127,

Muscrcapipg, 127.

Mycteria australis, 266.

421

Naja tripudians, 387.

NECTARINIDA, 119.

Neophron gingingianus, 64.

Neophronine, 64.

Nesokia huttoni, 44; indica, 44.

NATATORES, 279.

Niseetus bonelli, 77; faciatus, 77; pen-
natus, 78.

Noctua indica, 99.

Numenius arquata, 247; pheopus, 247.

Nyctrripa# 18.

Nycticejus luteus, 14; temmincki, 14.

Nycticorax griseus, 276.

Oceanites oceanica, 313.

Cédicnemus crepitans, 232; scolopas, 232.

Cnanthe caprata, 141.

Oligodon subgriseus, 375.

OLIGODONTIDA, 375.

ORIOLINA, 186.

Oriolus galbula, 186; kundoo, 187.

Orocetes cinclorhynchus, 130.

Orthotomus longicaudata, 151; sphen-
urus, 151.

Ortygornis pondiceriana, 214.

Otocompsa leucotis, 135.

Otogyps calvus, 62.

Otus brachyotus, 100; communis, 99;
vulgaris, 99.

Ovip#, 59.

Ovis cycloceros, 59.

Pachysoma brevicaudatum, 4.

Palzornis torquatus, 112.

Palumbena eversmanni, 201.

PaLuMBINA, 201.

Palumbus casiotis, 201;

Pandion halietus, 81; indicus, 81,

Pangshura smithi, 340; tentoria, 340.

PaRRIDH, 259.

Parus luteus, 168.

Passer domesticus, 183; flavicollis, 184 ;
hispaniolensis, 184; indicus, 183; pyr-
rhonotus, 184; salicicola, 188.

PassERIN#, 183.

Pastor peguanus, 180; roseus, 180.

Pavo cristatus, 212.

PECORA, 55.

Pelamis bicolor, 397; ornata, 397.

422

Pelecanus crispus, 328; javanicus, 330;
onocratalus, 330; phillipensis, 330.

Peltastes Leithi, 339.

Pericrocotus brevirostris, 125; peregri-
nus, 125.

Periops paralellus, 377.

Petrocossyphus cyaneus, 130.

Phaeton ethereus, 327; indicus, 327.

PHALAROPODINA, 253.

Phalaropus hyperboreus, 253.

Philomachus pugnax, 248.

Pholidotus indicus, 60.

PHENICOPTERIDA, 279.

Phenicopterus antiquorum, 280; minor,
280; roseus, 280.

Phenicornis brevirostris, 125.

Phrynocephalus olivieri, 368; tickelli,
368.

Phyllorhina aurita, 8; bicolor, 8; fulva,
8; murraiana, 7; speoris, 7; tridens, 6.

PHYLLORHININA, 6.

Phyllopneuste neglectus, 150; rama, 157-
158; tristis, 159.

PHYLLOSCOPINA, 159.

Phylloscopus brehmi, 159; nitidus, 159;
occipitalis, 160 ; sindianus, 160; tristis,
159.

Picipa#, 1138.

Picus blanferdi, 114; mahrattensis, 114;
sindianus, 113.

Pipastes arboreus, 170; plumatus, 170.

Pipistrellus coromandelicus, 12.

Planesticus atrogularis, 131.

Platalea leucorodia, 277.

PLATALEINA, 277.

Platanista gangetica, 40; indi, 40.

Plestiodon scutata, 556.

PLocEIn&, 180.

Ploceus baya, 180; bengalensis, 181; ma-
culata, 180; manyar, 181; phillipensis,
180; phillipinus, 180.

Plotus melanogaster, 332.

Podiceps cristatus, 311; minor, 312; ni-
gricollis, 311; phillipensis, 312.

PopicEePipa@, 310.

Poliornis teesa, 86.

Porphyrio poliocephalus, 260.

Porzana bailloni, 264; maruetta, 264;
minuta, 265 ; parvus, 265; pygma@a, 264.

GENERAL INDEX,

Pratincola atrata, 141; bicolor, 141; ca-
prata, 18; indica, 139; jamesoni, 138 ;
leucura, 140; macrorhyncha, 138;
maura, 139; robusta, 1389; rubetra,
138; rubetraoides, 1388; rubicola, 139.

Prinia flaviventris, 152.

Pristurus rupestris, 365.

Psammosaurus scincus, 346.

Psammophis condanarus, 382; indicus,

382; Leithi, 382.

Pseudetus bonelli, 77.

Pseudogyps bengalensis, 63.

Psrrracip#, 112.

Pterocles alchata, 210; arenaria, 209;
coronata, 206; exustus, 210 ; guttatus,
207; lichtenstenii, 212; senegalensis,
207 ; senegallus, 207.

PrEeROCLIDA, 205.

PreROPODIDs, l.

Pteropus edwardsi, 2; leschenaulti, 3;
marginatus, 4; medius, 2.

Ptyas mucosus, 377.

Ptyodactylus haselquisti, 358;
lepis, 858; gecko, 358.

Ptyonoprogne pallida, 104.

Puffinus persicus, 313.

Pycnonotus hemorrhous, 135; leucotis,
135.

Pyctorhis griseigularis, 132 ; sinensis,132.

Pyrrhulauda afinis, 193 ; crucigera, 193;
grisea, 193; melanauchen, 193.

Python molurus, 385.

PyTHONID#, 385.

Pyxicephalus breviceps, 399; fodiens,
399,

Querquedula circia, 301; crecca, 300;
formosa, 302; glocitans, 302.

homo-

RALLIDA, 260.

Rallus porzana, 264.

Rana bengalensis, 398; corrugata, 397;
cyanophlyctis, 398; kuhli, 397; Les-
chenaulti, 398 ; tigrina, 398.

RaniID&, 397.

RAPTORES, 62.

Rasorsgs, 205.

Recurvirostra avocetta, 258.

RECURVIROSTRIN&, 257.

Reguloides occipitalis, 160.

GENERAL INDEX.

REPTILIA, 333 ;

Rhinopoma hardwickit, 18; microphyl-
lum, 18.

Rhipidura albofrontata, 129.

Rhynchza bengalensis, 242.

Rhynchops albicollis, 327.

RHINOLOPHIDA, 5.

Rhinolophis afinis, 6; minor, 6; éri-
dens, 6.

RODENTIA, 42.

Ruticilla erythroprocta, 147; pheeni-
curoides, 147; rufiventris, 146.

Roriciituinz, 146.

Salicaria eurhyncha, 148; gracilis, 149;
microptera, 158; obsoleta, 158.

Sarcidiornis melanonotus, 286.

Sarciophorus bilobus, 280.

SAURIA, 344.

Saxicola alboniger, 142; albonigra, 142.
atrigularis, 144; capistrata, 142; chry-
sopygia, 145; deserti, 144; gracilis,
143 ; hendersont, 143 ; homochroa, 144;
isabellina, 146; kingi, 145; leucomela,
142-143; leucopygia, 144 : leucoroides,
144: leucura, 144; monacha, 143;
montana, 145; morio, 142-143; cenan-
the, 146; opistholeuca 144; pallida,
143; picata, 148; saltator, 146; syens-
tica, 141.

SCANSORES, 112.

Scincipa@, 351.

Scincus arenaria, 353; hemprichi, 354;
tiligugu, 357.

SciuRipD4&, 42.

Sciurus palmarum, 42.

ScoLoPaciDs, 238.

Scolopax rusticola, 238.

Scops bakkamena, 97; brodei, 95; gri-
seus, 97; indicus, 97; lettia, 7; lettio-
ides, 97; malabaricus, 97; pennatus, 95.

Scotocerca inquieta, 154.

SEPsIDA, 556.

Scotophilus coromandelicus, 12; heathi,
15; kuhli, 14; lobatus, 12; pallidus, 16;
temmincki 14.

Serinus pectoralis, 191.

SOLIDUNGULA, 53.

SoREcIDe, 19.

423

Sorex cerulescens, 20; gigantea, 20.

Spathula clypeata, 290.

Spherotheca strigata, 399.

Sphenocephalus tridactylus, 556.

Spilornis cheela, 80.

Squatarola helvetica, 224,

Stellio haselquisti, 358; melanura, 368 ;
nuptus, 369,

Steno malayanus, 37.

Stenodactylus dunstervillei, 363; orien-
talis, 363.

Stercorarius asiaticus, 314.

Sterna acuticauda 323; albigena, 3245
anetheta, 325; Bergii, 322; cantiaca,
321; caspia, 322; fuliginosa, 326; hy-
brida 323; javanica 323; media, 321;
saundersii, 325 ; seena, 323.

Strepsilas interpres, 233.

Strepsilinz, 233.

StrigkEs, 92.

Strix brachyotus 100; flammea, 101;
indica, 101; javanica, 101.

Sturnia pagodarum, 179.

Sturnus minor, 178; nitens, 178; vulgaris,
178,

Surp@, 54.

Sus aper, 54; cristatus, 54: scrofa, 54.

Sula cyanops, 328.

Sylvia affinis, 161; althea, 162 ; cinerea,
162; curruca, 161; delicatula, 163;
familiaris, 163 ; jerdoni, 161; minus-
cula, 161; nana, 163; rufa, 162.

Syiviin#, 161.

Sypheotides aurita, 220.

SYRNIIN A, 99.

Taccocoua sirkeer, 119.

Tadorna cornuta, 290.

TANTALIDAE, 276.

Tantalus gangeticus, 276; leucocephalus,
276.

Taphozous kachensis, 18; longimanus,
17; nudiventris, 18; pulcher, 17; sac-
colemus, 17.

Tchitrea paradisi, 127.

Temenuchus pagodarum, 179.

Tephrodornis indica, 123; pondiceriana,
123.

424

Terpsiphone paradisi, 127.

Tetracerus quadricornis, 55.

Tigris regalis, 26.

Tentheca leucura, 123.

Terekia cinerea, 246.

TESTUDININIDA, 338.

Testudo actinodes, 338; elegans, 338:
horsfieldi, 339 ; leithi, 339.

Thamnobia cambaiensis, 138.

Threskiornis melanocephalus, 278.

Timalia bicolor, 132; horsfieldi, 182.

Timaline, 131.

Tinunculus alaudarius, 71.

Tomopterna Strachani, 399.

TOTANINA, 258.

Totanus calidris, 256; fuscus, 255;
glottis, 255; sp. 256; stagnatilis, 255.

Trapelus megalonyx, 370; rubrigularis,
371; ruderatus, 370.

TRERONIDS, 200.

Tringa alpina, 251; cinclus, 251; cras-
sirostris, 249; minuta, 251; subar-
quata, 250; temmincki, 251; tenui-
rostres, 249.

TRIONYCOIDA, 342.

Trionyx gangeticus, 342 ;
hurum, 342.

Tropidonotus plumbicolor, 380; quin-
cunciatus, 379; stolatus, 379; wmbra-
tus, 379.

TuRDIDs, 129.

Turdus atrogularis, 181; canorus, 133;
mystacinus, 133.

Turnix dussumieri, 217; joudera, 216.

Turtur cambayensis, 203 ; humilis, 204;
risoria, 204; senegalensis, 203; surat-
ensis, 203 ; tigrina, 203; tranquebari-
cus, 204,

TuRTURINA, 203.

Typhlops braminus, 374 ; porrectus, 374.

granosa, 342;

GENERAL INDEX.

Upupa epops, 120.

Upurpipa, 119.

Uromastix hardwickii, 372; reticulata,
372.

Urrua bengalensis, 93; coromanda, 94.

Ursipa, 38.

Ursus tibetanus, 39; torquatus, 39.

VANELLINA, 227.

Vanellus cristatus, 228.

VARANIDA, 345.

Varanus bengalensis, 346; bibroni, 346;
dracena, 346; flavescens, 345 ; lunatus,
346; ornatus, 347 ; scincus, 346.

Vespertilio abramus, 18 ; desertorum, 16;
kuhli, 12; speoris. 7.

VESPERTILIONIDA, 10.

Vesperugo abramus, 12; kuhlit, 12;
leucotis 12; maurus, 13; nasutus, 11;
serotinus, 10; shirazienzis, 10; tur-
comanus 10.

Vipera elegans, 388.

Viverriceps bennetti, 28.

Vulpes bengalensis, 35; leucopus, 37;
pusillus, 37.

Vultur calvus, 62;
pondiceriana, 62.

VULTURIDA, 62.

monachus, 62;

Xantholema hemacephala, 115 ; indicus,
115.

Xenodon viridis, 380.

Xenorhynchus asiaticus, 266.

Yuncrn#, 115.
Yunx torquilla, 115.

Zamenis cliffordi, 377; diadema, 377;
gracilis, 378; ventrimaculatus, 378.
Zosterops palpebrosa, 174.

BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S PRESS, BYCULLA.

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