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ishes

Malayan Fishes

by
C. N. MAXWELL

Director of Supplies, S. S. and F. M. S.

Singapore
Printed at the Methodist Publishing House
1921.

Contents.

Page
Preface ee Ba ae Ss a 3
Introduction ee 23 se ae oh 5
Part 1. Descriptions of Species .. a os 15.
Part Il. Malay Vocabulary of Fishes es a 54
Part III. Systematic Classification of the Fishes
described .. ae os a ee 86
Authors consulted = 2 et ae 102
Index to English names .. Sa Ja a 105
List of Plates .. ee dn a .. 10%

Plates.

Preface.

Literature dealing with our local Fish and Fisheries is wanting.

The members of the Profiteering Commission (1920) who were
“impressed and much handicapped by the absence of any recorded
information relating to fish and fisheries,’ made certain recom-
mendations for the future control and organisation of the fishing
industry and these recommendations have received the approval of-
the Government.

With the best will in the world, the task of Legislators and
Fishery Officers who have no data or records to guide them, and
are therefore unable to discuss our local fish and fisheries except
in vague terms, would be as fruitless in the future as it has been
in the past.

Allowing, therefore, that recorded information in the form of
a hand-book on Malayan Fishes is wanted and wanted at once, the
difficulty arises that there is no one qualified or likely to be qualified
for some years to write such a book.

The ichthyologists are not linguists and the linguists are not
ichthyologists.

This being the position, the writer has the temerity to offer
this small work, which he hopes will be of some temporary service
until, in due course, the importance of the Malayan Fisheries has
been established and Fishery bulletins written by specialists are
produced,

The inclusion in this volume of several hundred Malay names
of fishes, many published for the first time, should lighten the
labours of scientists and help the Fishery Officers.

No fishes have been included which have not been definitely
recorded as inhabiting the seas, estuaries and fresh water of the
Malay Peninsula.

The size of the work would have heen trebled if fishes of
Borneo, Java, Sumatra and the Malay Archipelago generally, to-
gether with Siam and Burma, had been admitted. It is safe to
prophesy that most of the fishes of those countries inhabit our
waters and will be recorded later on.

This work may be taken, therefore, as dealing, very inadequate-
ly, with one-fourth of our fishes only and probably not one-half
of the local Malay names have been mentioned. The writer knows
very little about fresh water fishes.

4 PREFACE.

The material in this book has been put together hastily during
a period of five months in the intervals of considerable pressure of
other work.

The plates have been beautifully prepared by Mr. Black of the
Survey Department, Kuala Lumpur, but it is to be regretted
that many of the fishes have been badly displayed,and badly photo-
graphed.

The writer was unable to find time to be present at the Clyde
Terrace Market, Singapore, where most of the photographs were
taken, the fish being borrowed for a minute or two from the stall-
holders, and in consequence, the specific identification of every fish
from a poor photograph has been impossible, though the writer
feels confident that the families and genera have been correctly
given.

The writer’s thanks are due to Messrs, Stead and Roughley.
But for their works on Australian Fishes, from which quotations
have been freely made, this work could not have been written.

To the Directors and Staff of the F. M. S. Museums and the
Raffles Museum, Singapore, who have granted me facilities for
consulting the reference libraries and permission to examine and
photograph specimens in the Museum collections, I desire to ex-
press my indebtedness.

C. N. MAXWELL,
Director of Supplies.

Singapore, 16th June, 1921.

(GO)

Malayan Fishes

C. N. MAXWELL

INTRODUCTION.

““Fish is not a luxury, but an absolute necessary of life, with a rice
eating population,’’

““It is obvious that in order to secure an adequate and plentiful supply
of fish, especially to large cities like Calcutta...... P we must go fur-
ther out—into the deep sea—which, after all, is the largest repository of
piscine wealth........... :facts and figures relating to the sea-fisheries
of Great Britain, the United States and Canada............ ought to open

our eyes to the great possibilities which lie before us.’’

‘In Bengal, Government will have to do a great deal more; it will
have to create and build up the sea-fishing industry, with the object of
handing it, let us hope at no distant date, to private enterprise.

*<Tt will also be necessary to show the best way of working the estuarine
fisheries by improved methods of capture and of bringing the catches ex-
peditiously to market in a sound state.’’

Sir K, Gupta, K. C. S. I. Report on
Fisheries of Bengal and into Fishery
matters in Europe and America, 1908.

““I appeal-to the whole population of these Islands, a maritime people
who owe everything to the sea. I urge them to become better informed in
regard to our national sea-fisheries and take a more enlightened interest in the
basal principles that underlie a rational regulation and exploitation of these
important industries. National etliciency depends to a very great extent upon
the degree in which scientific results and methods are appreciated by the people
and scientific investigation is promoted by the Government and other adminis-
trative authorities. The principles and discoveries ofscience apply toaquiculture
no less than to agriculture. To increase the harvest of the sea the fisheries must
be continuously investigated ............................. ”

W. A, Herdman, C.B.E., D, Sce., F.R.S.,
ete. Annual address of the President of
the British Association 1920.

““In no other section of our food supply............ could the applica-
tion of capital to a comparatively small amount mean so considerable a
development............ Both as regards railway and cold storage facilities
the fish trade is in its infancy................00. sees Transportation—
cheap and rapid, must be provided by the State—fish trains should have
precedence—and rates should be very low, even to the extent of entailing
considerable loss.’’

The Earl of Dunraven. Paper read he-
fore the Royal Statistical Society, March
20, 1917.

6 MALAYAN FISHES.

Fish are curious creatures and we have still a great deal to
learn about their habits. Some like the Salmon and the Shad
(Ikan térubok) live in the sea and spawn in the rivers. Such
fish are termed anadromous and the term is also applied to fish
which make a migration from the deep sea coastwards for the pur-
pose of spawning.

Others, like some Eels, live in the rivers and spawn in the sea.
The common Eel of Europe (Anguilla vulgaris) spawns far out
in the ocean, after which both males and females die, never return-
ing to fresh-water a second time. Fishes which live in the rivers
and spawn in the sea are termed catadromous,

Some fishes do not lay eggs but bring forth their young alive.
Examples of viviparous fishes occur in the Shark and Ray families
and also in the BLENNIDA‘E, CYPRINODONTIDAE and ScoRPAENIDAE.
Instances of functional hermaphroditism occur, and some of the
SERRANIDAE (‘Sea-Perches) are invariably hermaphrodite and self-
fertilising.

A Sea-Bream, Chrysophrys auratus, is an example of successive
hermaphroditism, the male and female sex-cells ripening alter-
nately. As an occasional variation hermaphroditism has been re-
corded in such well known fishes as the Cod, the Mackerel and the
Herring.?

The eggs of fishes may be divided into two kinds; the large
(demersal ova) which are heavy and sink; and the small (pelagic
ova) which are buoyant and float at or below the surface according
to their density. The buovancy of the pelagic egg depends, how-
ever, on the density of the sea and the pelagic egg becomes demersal,
in position, in brackish water and in fresh water.

‘Demersal eggs may be either viscid and adhesive or smooth
and non-adhesive.

Pelagic eggs are distinguished by their lightness, buoyancy,
small size and remarkable transparency. They are always non-
adhesive and free and they invariably belong to Marine Fishes.
As a general rule it may be said that fresh water fish produce
demersal ova and marine fish pelagic ova.

When we realise that the eggs of most Marine fishes float, it
is obviously futile to speak of guarding the “ spawning grounds ”
on our coasts. It is necessary to mention this because at one time
it was thought that spawning took place on shallow banks or even
close in shore but this is now known to be incorrect, except in the
case of the true Herring which lays demersal eggs in comparatively
shallow water, and a few less important species.

Amongst our important Marine food fishes which are known
to produce pelagic eggs are members of the Herring, Mackerel,
Horse-Mackerel, Sea-Perch, Mullet and Flatfish families, in fact, all
our best fish,

1Camb: Nat: Hist: 1904.

MALAYAN YFISHES. T

Fishes known to produce demersal eggs on our coasts are the
Gar-Pike (Todak) and the Flying-fish (Belalang) and their eggs
have viscid threads by which they become attached or entangled
with foreign objects or eggs of the same species. The eggs of the
Todak may be seen entangled in fishing stakes (kelong) in masses,
which look rather like cobwebs.

When the breeding season arrives fishes migrate to the loca-
lities most suitable for the deposition of their eggs. At this time
our principal food fish which produce pelagic eggs proceed far out
to sea against the prevailing monsoonal current. This is known as
the contranatant spawning migration. After spawning, the eggs
are brought back by the current towards the coast. This is the
denatant drift.

Though the eggs of many species of fish hatch out fry which
are miniature representations of the adult fish, the eggs of others
hatch out larval forms, known as Leptocephali, which bear no re-
semblance to their patents. These Leptocephali are transparent,
attenuated creatures, often ribbon-like in shape, with very small
heads. They appear to be incapable of much effort and to be
specially adapted for passive drift; in fact, the Leptocephalus
stage appear to be a marvellous provision of Nature to enable
the young of certain fish which spawn far out at sea to reach
the shallows near the coasts in a state of suspended animation.
We know that the Tarpin (Megalops cyprinoides) Malay Bulan-
bulan and the Giant Herring (Hlops hawatiensis) Malay Ban-
dang, pass through a Leptocephalus stage, and as no Malay
fisherman whom I have questioned, has ever seen the Parang-
parang (Chirocentrus dorab) until it was a few inches long,
it may be because this fish passes through a larval metamor-
phosis also. It is only within recent years, that certain Lepto-

cephali, long known to naturalists, have been identified as larval
Eels.+

For example, Leptocephalus brevirostris is now known to be
the larva of the common Eel of Europe (Anguilla vulgaris) and
Leptocephalus morristi has been watched through its metamorphosis
into the Conger Eel (Conger vulgaris).

If the contranatant spawning migration is against the S. W.
monsoonal current, the ova and larvae will drift in a N. E. direction
and those that enter the Straits of Malacca, for instance, would
gradually approach the West coast of the Peninsula. Similarly,
a spawning migration in the South China Sea during the N. E.
monsoon would result in the larvae being carried along and dis-
persed along the East coast of the Peninsula,

As the larvae approach the coast they come within the influence
of the tides and while continuing their progress with the monsoon
current they are carried backwards and forwards by the daily ebb
and flow of the tides.

1 Meek, Migrations of Fish.

8 MALAYAN FISHES.

Their density causes them to sink lower in brackish water until
they eventually find bottom in the shallow bays and estuaries and in
this way are gradually dispersed all long the coast. Then a
metamorphosis takes place and the feeble Leptocephalus is trans-
formed into the active little fish which swims vigorously against
the current and feeds incessantly and voraciously all the time.

In a recent report on the Fisheries of the Straits Settlements
and Federated Malay Stabes the writer drew attention to the
Chinese fish-traps called pompang and other licensed fixed engines
known as ambat, langgai, etc., of which there are several thousand
between Penang and Port Swettenham. Though there are many
kinds of these traps they all work on the same principle. In every
case there is a wide V-shaped entrance terminating in a long
funnel-shaped bag made of sacking or plaited split bamboos. The
position of these traps is arranged with respect to the currents
and tides so as to intercept the larvae and immature fish during
their denatant drift to the shallows. Most of these traps float, and
swing round with each tide so as to take toll both with the ebb and
the flow,

An examination of the contents of these traps shews that in
addition to immature fish, which any Malay fisherman will tell you
are the try of valuable food fish, the bulk of the catches are made
up of feeble, attenuated, small-headed larval-like fishes which the
Malays call Bunga ayer and to which they attach no value.

There can be little doubt that scientific investigation will prove
that the Bunga ayer are valuable food-fish in the Leptocephalus
stage,

This subject has been treated at some length because of its
great economic importance and because the questions raised cannot
be answered except by a specialist in marine biology.

Though myriads of larval and immature fish are caught daily
for duck food, pig food and manure, and thousands of pikuls are
exported as dried fish refuse, it has been argued, while admitting
ambai catches are used mainly as pig food, that it appears a
debatable point whether the flesh value thus produced is not as
great as the extra fish value which might be caught if the fry killed
by ambat were left undisturbed!

We cannot afford to allow such points to remain debatable.

Let us go on with the life history of the tiny fish which we
left in the first stage of an active existence in the shallow waters
near the coast. These shallows are the nurseries or recruiting
grounds where the’fry keep together in schools or shoals.

“ After a period in relatively shallow water, the shoal
migrates to deeper water. At first the migration is not to a
great distance, but with growth the annual pulsation becomes
greater and greater,

MALAYAN FISHES. 9

“ The migration is not merely inshore and offshore, but is
at the same time in a definite direction with respect to the
coast.

“Thus the life of the fish is spent until in from three to
six years at the most, the call of maturity comes. In response
thereto a migration takes place which appears to be usually
beyond the limits of the seasonal migrations of the school.”*

A few moments’ consideration will enable one to realise that the
life habits of every species of fish are subject to certain fixed laws.
It is only a matter of systematic organised research to discover
those laws and to apply the knowledge to the development of
Malayan Fisheries.

We can learn what has been done in Canada, Great Britain and
the United States, but this general learning must be supplemented
by detailed local research. We must work out our own local tables.

There are, probably, no less than 2000 species of fish in
Malayan waters. There are certainly not less than 500 species of
economic importance, and if we take 250 species as being valuable
Marine food fishes, some idea may be formed of the amount of
research required before we shall be in a position to state definitely
where a certain species may be found in full roe, where its spawning
grounds are, where the recruiting grounds of its young are and
when and where it travels during its seasonal migrations.

Information of this kind will enable our fishermen to catch fish
in the best condition and in the greatest quantities and this is the
_ information which the Fishery Departments of Canada and America
give the fishermen, even to the extent of using aeroplanes, fitted
with wireless, to locate shoals and disseminate information.

There is a great deal of knowledge, of which no use is being
made, in the possession of many illiterate Malay fishermen, spread
over wide areas, all along the coasts of Malaya. This knowledge
should be collected and tabulated.

The Departments of Fisheries in Ceylon, Australia, India,
the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines have published records.
dealing with the fishes which also inhabit our seas and, in con-
sequence, the Fishery Officers and scientists have the benefit of a
vast amount of scientific research work on which to build up local
data.

Though the question of damage to our marine fisheries has
evoked some attention during the past two years, it is doubtful
whether serious thought has been given to the terrible damage done
to the fresh water fisheries by mining silt. Engineers have fought
for their roads and railways against the invading silt, but, to judge
from official reports, no one has fought for the fisheries and the
need for protection of the riverine rights of the people would appear
to have passed unnoticed.

1 Meek, Migrations of Fish.

10 MALAYAN FISHES.

Within the writer's memory the main rivers of the West coast
were fine clear streams. The waters provided irrigation for the
rice fields and contained quantities of fine edible fish. These rivers
are now thick turbid streams carrying a heavy burden of slime and
silt.

We have probably one hundred different species of Carp alone,
besides dozens of species of Catfish and many fine fish belonging to
the families OSPHROMENIDAE, NOTOPTERIDAE, etc., etc. Catfish can
exist in slime and silt though it is questionable whether they can
thrive, but Carp certainly require clear water to breed in.

One of our Carp the Kélah (Barbus sp.) has been described
by Swettenham as the finest fresh water fish he ever ate in the East,
and the Kalui (Osphromenus olfax) is so highly esteemed that
several attempts have been made to introduce it into France, and it
has been acclimatised in Mauritius, Australia and parts of India.

Tin mining is necessary and some pollution of the rivers is
unavoidable, but there have been many cases where carelessly con-
structed dams have broken and a turbid flood of slime has been
allowed to pour direct into the rivers for months while leisurely
repairs are being made. Though much of the damage done in the
past is irremediable, let us hope that a more general recognition of
the value of the fresh water fisheries will result in a fair measure
of protection in the future. There are still rivers which can be
saved,

By saving our fresh water fisheries we shall save, incidentally,
‘our rice-fields, for Rice and Fish in addition to being the two
staple foods of the country are inseparable. When you destroy one
you destroy the other.

Where you can grow rice you can catch fish and where you can
no longer catch fish you cannot grow rice.

To explain: the mining silt which pours into the rivers gradual-
ly raises the bed of the stream and so causes a rise in the water
table. A rise in the water table limits the area of drainable land,
and drainage is as necessary to a rice field as irrigation. So the
area which can be planted with rice becomes smaller and smaller
until eventually the water table is so high that the river channel
can no longer carry off storm water. The resultant floods depozit
a layer of slime and silt on the rice fields and complete the work of
destruction,

Fish cannot breed in the rivers polluted with slime and silt,
so the Fisheries and rice fields perish simultaneously. In our
policy of construction and development these facts should not be
lost sight of.

There is yet another point which has received no attention and
that concerns anadromous Marine fishes which enter rivers to
spawn. Among these fishes the principal one is the Shad (Téru-

MALAYAN FISHES. 11

bok), which ascends the rivers to a considerable distance during the
breeding season. It arrives on the coast in enormous shoals, and
twenty eight vears ago, as Skeat has recorded, they were invariably
taken in full roe, when they are in the best condition.

Recent reports show that Térubok have fallen off both in
quantity and, as the writer knows from his own experience, in
quality, those now taken being mostly spent fish in which state
they are positively unwholesome.

These fish used to be taken in such numbers that the nets con-
tained more than the boats could load. Within the past few years
the writer has, on several occasions, picked up these fish by hand in
a dying condition apparently choked by silt in their attempt to
ascend the rivers, Failing to ascend the rivers the Shad must
either spawn in the sea or in the polluted lower reaches and in either
case the eggs perish.

Unfortunately, the migrations of the Térubok do not, as far as
the writer's experience goes, take it to the East coast of the Penin-
sula, so that, the Térubok fishery of Malaya appears to be in
danger of extinction.

This introduction would not be complete without some mention
of the conditions under which the transport of fish from the source
to the consumer takes place.

There is a general agreement that transport is bad. Many
schemes have been evolved for ensuring rapid transport and reduced
prices, but none of them have been put into practice and probably
none are commercially practicable. A permanent scheme is re-
quired that can be built up by degrees; the writer has advocated
in two reports the use of cold storage. While allowing that the
expenditure will be great we should not lose sight of the fact that
it will be a permanent and sound investment.

Let us consider the existing conditions first.

In a temperate climate fish will keep fresh for days. Here,
near the Equator, fish caught in the morning are in an advanced state
of decomposition before the evening. Decay is arrested by the use
of ice. For instance, ice manufactured in Kuala Lumpur is taken
by train to Port Swettenham and sold to small middlemen who
go to sea and purchase from the fishermen. These middlemen are
bound as a rule to sell the fish to the ice dealers, who again sell to
other middlemen, who sell to the retailers in the markets. The
result is that fish costing $15 a pikul at sea cost $80 a pikul in
Kuala Lumpur, 30 miles away.

Ice melts rapidly in the trains, in the boats, and in the mar-
kets. A box of fish must therefore contain an enormous proportion
of ice to allow for wastage, and the fish instead of being fresh, cold,
and wholesome are in a swollen and sodden condition,

12 MALAYAN FISHES.

While these are the conditions under which fish are transported
a few miles in this country, we are indebted to a single Cold Storage
Company for the privilege of being able to purchase, if we can
afford it, fish, meat, game, butter and fruit, imported in re-
frigerated chambers from Great. Britain, the United States, Aus-
tralia and China.

Briefly, it amounts to this. We can eat foreign fish and
foreign fowl but not the fresh produce of Malaya. Hundreds of
tons of prime fish are caught every year on the East coast, where
the inexhaustible supplies of the China sea are available, but all
this fish is dried for export for lack of cold storage transport,
though much of it is caught within 24 hours steam of Singapore.

There can be little doubt that the whole future of the perish-
able food business in this country depends on cold storage, but
there is no decided opinion as to the part that the State should
take in the development of the trade.

It was realised many years ago, that for sanitary reasons the
ordinary shop house was not a suitable place in which fresh meat,
fish, etc., could be exposed for sale, and, in the Malay States, the
sale of such perishable produce is confined entirely to the markets
built by the State.

It would seem, therefore, to be but reasonable and logical for
the State to go a step further, and instal cold storage in the markets,
and to rent space to the retail dealers in the same way that stalls
are rented.

The State owns the railways which run from the coast to the
market towns and the installation of refrigerated vans on the
railways would appear to be a natural development of a State en-
terprise, as it is in other countries with State Railways.

This disposes of the problem as far as the Colony and the
West Coast States are concerned but the problem on the East coast
is quite different.

The development of the States on the East coast has been
retarded because they possess no natural ports and harbours which
can be entered during the North East monsoon.

Though the deep sea can be fished all through the N. E.
Monsoon and steamers run regularly up the East coast to Bangkok
and Saigon, no fishing is done because the fishermen live on the
mainland. A heavy sea breaks on the shallows and sandbanks
which extend from the coast, and dangerous rollers break on the
bars which guard the entrance to the rivers.

Further out, in twenty fathoms or so, the seas are regular, and
conditions for fishing far better in every way than they are in a
strong wind in the English Channel or in the North Sea.

MALAYAN FISHES. 13

We know that the sea off the coast of Pahang, Trengganu and
Kelantan swarms with fish all the year round, and all that 'is
necessary is a scheme for supplying the Western States and the
Colony, where fish is now very scarce,

The writer advocates State enterprise in the establishment of
cold storage depots on the islands, where there is always safe
anchorage and shelter in smooth water.

There is a chain of these islands all the way up the East coast.
An island with a cold storage depot will become a permanent
fishing settlement. Rent would be paid by the fishermen for space
in cold storage, to be collected when the fish is sold. So far State
enterprise is advocated.

It would pay steamers, running from Bangkok, Saigon and
China to Singapore, Pcrt Swettenham and Penang, to call at these
islands for fish, and those steamers not now fitted with refrigera-
ting plant would instal it.

Schemes for ameliorating the lot of the fishermen by granting
loans, etc., have not succeeded because no scheme protected the
fishermen from the middlemen, but the depots which will be the
Penny-banks of the fishermen, always ready to receive deposits, how-
ever small, until required, will render the fishermen independent
of the middlemen.

For example, there would be nothing to prevent a group of
Malay fishermen from consigning regular shipments of fish direct
to a Malay retailer in the market.

Shipments would be so frequent that loans should be unneces-
sary, but allowing that loans were asked for, to start Malays working
on a co-operative basis, as indicated above, there would be no risk in
advancing money on the security of the stock of fish.

With State organised depots and State transport there would
be a fair field for steam trawlers and steam drifters owned by’
Companies or individuals. The depots would receive the fish and
save the trawlers a journey to port with every catch, and here again
the middleman would be eliminated.

This work deals, very inadequately, with fishes only. Much
could be written and will, no doubt, be written later about our
Yrabs, Prawns, Crayfish, Pearl oysters, Edible oysters, Scallops,
Cockles, Corals and Sponges, but considerations of space prevent
more than the briefest mention,

The writer has seen Pearl shell taken close to Singapore and
has handled a pearl valued at £800 taken off the Kelantan coast.

Rock oysters grow well here, but as they take about three years
to mature, and no native can resist taking them while still small,
they are practically unknown in the markets.

Leases could be granted and oysters cultivated. Sponges too,
can be cultivated. Commercial sponges can be grown from cut-

14 MALAYAN FISHES.

tings, like flowers, and are so grown in the Philippines, and there

are yet other marine growths which can be cultivated in the gardens
of the sea.

Few countries have the potential fishery advantages that we
possess and have neglected hitherto,

Our position between the Indian Ocean and the China Sea is
unique and not only gives us access to an unlimited area for deep
sea fishing, but also accounts for the large number of species of fish.

From Kuala Perlis on the West to Kuala Tabar on the East
we have a thousand miles of coast line; more than some nations
possess,

As to the vital importance of fish in the diet of all dwellers
in this tropical country there is no question: as to the existence
of an enormous area of potential fishing grounds there can be no
dispute, and as to the large variety and good edible quality of our
fish there is ample proof. Can we doubt therefore, with the ex-
perience of other countries to guide us, and while remembering
that the economic stability of every country depends on the price
of the peoples’ food, that our fisheries are capable of enormous ex-
pansion and can we doubt that an enlightened policy of exploitation
and regulation combined with constant scientific investigation will
render the Fisheries one of the great economic assets of Malaya?

(Gy)

Malayan Fishes.
PART 1.

GIANT HERRINGS.
(ELOPSIDAE.)

This family contains but few species; the individuals however,
abound in the tropical seas and are of great importance both as food
and game fishes,

The Bandang or Ménangin (Flops hawaiiensis) is known to
Americans in the Philippines & Hawaii as the Ten-pounder. It
reaches a length of about 4 feet and is an edible fish of considerable
value.

The Bulan-bulan (Megalops cyprinoides) is the Indo-Pacific
Tarpon and is very closely related to the well known sporting fish
of America. It is known in Australia as the Ox-Eye or Big Eyed
Herring.

It has a very wide range extending from India to Australia
and from East Africa to the Sandwich Islands. It is known to
penetrate the rivers right up into fresh water and has been success-
fully cultivated in brackish or even fresh water.

From an edible standpoint it ranks very high. Its flesh is
firm, well flavoured and possessed of good keeping qualities. It
attains a length of 5 feet and when our fisheries are better known
it may, as Stead has remarked, “ turn out to be as great a sporting
fish as the Tarpon.”

THE FEATHER BACKS.
(NOTOPTERIDAE.)

The Bélida (Volopterus notopterus) is a fairly common fresh
wate~ fish which attains a length of well over three feet. The belly
is said to be extremely rich and well flavoured but the back contains
numerous small boues,

THE MILK FISH.

(CHANIDAE.)

The Bandang or Jangas (Chanos chanos) is the well known
Milk-fish or White Mullet and is known as the Salmon-Herring
in Australia. It is a sea and estuary fish and feeds on “ sea moss,”
an alga (Oedogonium).

16 MALAYAN FISHES.

Its cultivation is a considerable industry in the Philippines,
the Sandwich Islands and Java, and Day records that, in South
Canara, Hvder Ali introduced it from the sea into tanks of fresh
and brackish water where it still thrives.

Seale? gives a most interesting and valuable account of the
cultivation of this fish, which is known by the Filipinos as the
Bangos; I quote the following extracts:

“The Milk-fish is one of the most important commercial
fishes in the Islands. It is raised chiefly in the fish ponds at
Malabon and at other places near Manila and therefore can be
secured at any time regardless of the weather.

“This fish is particularly adapted to pond culture being a
vegetable feeder of rapid growth.

“The eggs are deposited in the sea. The young appear
during the months of April, May, June and July. They are to
be found in great numbers along the beaches and are captured
by the natives and placed in large earthen jars full of water
called palyok. They are then conveyed to the fish ponds,
frequently a hundred miles distant.

“One of the jars contains about 2,500 young Bangos.
About 60,000 are used to stock one pond of 1 hektare. As the
fish grow they are thinned out by transfer to other ponds.
Thirty-three per cent should reach marketable size and a year-
ling should measure half a metre.’

FOOD OF THE MILK FISH.

“Tf it is desired to cultivate the food alga, the water of
the pond is allowed to drain off and the clay is exposed to the
full power of the sun. The alga rapidly makes its appearance
and a little water is then permitted to cover the bottom. This
is gradually increased as the Oedogonium develops.

“ The average value of the ponds about Manila Bay is pro-
bably 40 centavos per square metre, giving a total of more than
6,000,000 pesos for the pond value alone, which I am convinced
is a conservative estimate.”

There should be uo great difficulty in establishing a similar in-
dustry in Malaya and there are many mangrove areas on the West
Coast of the Peninsula where series of ponds could be constructed.

There are many places where these fish are feeding on beds of
sea moss and I saw millions of fry not far from Butterworth
recently (March 21st) which a Javanese told me were Anak
jangas. The Milk Fish attains a length of 5 feet. It is not often
captured as it will not take a bait and will jump over a seine or
drift net.

1“ Fishery resources of the Philippines.”

MALAYAN FISHES. 17

HERRINGS.
(CLUPEIDAE.)

This is a very large and important family. The members
Tange in size from the Parang-parang (Chirocentrus dorab)
which is said to exceed a length of 12 feet to the Bilis (Stole-
phorus tri) which measures not more than 3 or 4 inches.

Although this family is of great commercial importance in
Malaya, and the Herrines, Shad, Sprat, Sardines, White-bait and
Anchovies belonging to it are highly esteemed for their flavour and
food value by the Malays and all Eastern races, they are unknown
to the great majority of European residents in this part of the
world, with the exception of the Bilis, which is occasionally seen
Served as “ White bait” or as a sambal with curries or in bottled
form as Macassar Red fish.

From an economic point of view this family is second to none
in importance and the fact that some of the most valuable kinds
associate at certain periods in immense shoals accounts for the use-
fulness of the family as a food supply.

The following are the most important members of the herring
family in our waters:

The Parang-parang ((hirocentrus dorab), the Térubok
(Clupea (Alosa) macrura), the Sélangat (Dorosoma spp.), the
Tamban (Clupea (Harengula) spp.), (Dussumieria spp.) and
(Spratelloides spp.), the Bilis (S/olephorus spp.) and the Bulu
ayam (Hngraulis spp.).

The Parang-parang is a very bony fish of excellent flavour
and its capture by hand line provides a livelihood for several
hundred Malays in Singapore alone.

Passengers by steamers proceeding through the Eastern en-
trance to Singapore roads will see a large number of small canoes
in the deep water channel and will hear the noise of the rattles,
which each Malay fisherman wields unceasingly. These rattles do
not attract the fish, but keep the hand occupied and the fisherman
on the “ qui vive.” The Parang-parang is not a greedy biter and
does not stay in one place. He is a rapid swimming predacious fish
who has no time for more than a snap as he darts through the water.
Bites are usually few and far between and an inexpert or somnolent
fisherman would catch nothing. With an ever moving hand en-
gaged with a rattle the fish is struck and hooked almost at the in-
stant he bites.

The Térubok is a Shad and is considerably larger than the
ordinary herring. It is known to Europeans in India as the
“ Hilsa ” or “Sable fish.” Day says:

“They are excellent as food until they have deposited
their ova, when they become thin and positively unwholesome.
Their flavour has been compared to a combination of that of
the salmon and herring: they are rather heavy of digestion.”

18 MALAYAN FISHES.

The roe of the Térubok (Telor terubok) is a highly valued
delicacy and the fish are still caught in large quantities near Béng-
kalis (Siak) and the roes dried and salted for export. Cantor
writing in 1850, states that 40 years ago the Raja of Siak is said
to have obtained an annual revenue of 72,000 guilders from the
Térubok roe industry alone. li

The Sélangat of the southern part of the Peninsula is known
as Nandong in Penang and Kedah, and as Kébasi on the East
coast. It is also known to the Filipinos as Kabasi. The English
or American name for it is the Basling Shad and in Australia a
member of the same sub-family is known as the Bony Bream or
“ Hair-back.”

It is a bony little fish but very plentiful and cheap; it is dried
and salted in enormous quantities both for local consumption and
export.

The Tamban is one of our commonest fish and will eventually
be one of our most important and valuable food fishes.

Dr. Cantor who wrote a catalogue of Malayan Fishes in 1850,
says of the Tamban bulat: “It is highly v valued for its delicate
flavour and passes commonly as a ‘ sardine’: and of the Tamban
nipis he writes, “ They pass in the Settlements of the Straits under
the denomination of ‘Sardines’ in imitation of which they are
sometimes preserved in oil.”

The Moros in the Philippines have the same name Tamban
for this fish and Seale writes “ Any of these sardines would compare
favourably with the species put up in oil on the Pacific Coast.”

We continue to import thousands of cases of sardines annually
into the Straits and F. M. S., while our seas swarm with sardines.

It is popularly supposed that sardines are preserved in olive
oil but I have more than a suspicion that refined coconut oil, sesame
or gingelly oil, and other vegetable oils, which are largely exported
from the East, return to us with the imported tinned herrings and
sardines.

The Bulu ayam and Bilis (Moro: Dilis) are anchovies and
sprats.

Stead writing of the Hngraulis antipodum of Australia, says,
“ For all practical and economic purposes there is no difference be-
tween our Anchovies and the famous fishes of that name in the
Mediterranean Sea.”

A glance at the systematic list of members of, the herring family
will show that we have at least 8 species of Hngraulis and 3 3 species
of Stolephorus.

MALAYAN FISHES. 19

QUEENSLAND-SMELT, ETC.
(SCOPELIDAB.)

One of the best known members of this family is the Lumi
or Luli (Harpodon nehereus) which, when newly taken, is bril-
liantly phosphorescent all over the body: in a salted and dry con-
dition it is the “ Bombay-duck” so highly esteemed by Anglo-
Indians.

It is quite common in our waters. I have seen many immature
specimens in purse-nets, but full grown specimens are often taken
in sunken basket-traps off Singapore in the neighbourhood of the
Karimon Islands.

Day says “ this fish is highly esteemed as food whether fresh or
salted.” It is curious that this fish which is a delicacy in India
should be disregarded in Malaya. Malays do not care much for
it, as the flesh is soft and flabby and they prefer firm and flaky
meat.

The Bélungkor (Saurida tumbil) is known to Australians as
the Queensland Smelt and is a fair edible fish, though somewhat
dry.

The Mudin (Saurus myops) is a useful food fish.

“ MILLIONS.”
(CY PRINODONTIDAE.)

I have called these fishes “ Millions” in the absence of any
English name, because they belong to the same family as the fish
known as “Millions” in Barbados. To this latter fish, which
eats mosquito larvae, as our fish does, the immunity from fever,
which the inhabitants of Barbados enjoy, is attributed. It is a
tiny fish, very common in swamps and drains in Singapore and
elsewhere.

CAT FISHES.
(SILURIDAE.)

This family which contains one fourth of the known fresh
water fishes of the world is not represented in the British Isles, but
in this region they are to be found wherever there is water and a
muddy bottom, whether it be fresh, brackish or salt water.

Members of the family may be found in swamps, pools and
roadside drains and many of the fresh water varieties will make
considerable journeys overland to find new pools or streams. They
are found in all our rivers and some species may be caught miles
out in the sea. Some of the largest exceed 6 feet in length.

With the exception of the Lele and Lembat (CLARIIDAE spp.)
which have no spines, all the members of this family are armed
with spines,

20 MALAYAN FISHES.

The Tapah has a pair of pectoral spines only, but the Sém-
bilang, Patin, Lawang, Pédukang and Baung have both pec-
toral spines and a dorsal spine.

A wound from these spines is extremely painful and the angler
who captures one of these fish for the first time is advised to take a
lesson from a Malay in the proper method of grasping them, which
is very simple but worth knowing.

. They are valuable food fishes and are in great demand among
all Malays, Chinese and natives of India. Some species are con-
sidered to possess exceptionally nourishing qualities and are pres-
cribed for patients recovering from illness.

They will live for hours out of water and can be transported
for long distances,

The popularity of the Krian district of Perak among natives
of India is due primarily to the rice fields and secondly to the fact
that cat-fishes, as well as other fish, swarm in the rice fields and
irrigation ditches,

A volume might be written on the Cat-fishes alone. One in-
teresting characteristic is the great care they take of their eggs and
young. The Pédukang, for instance, lays very few but very
large eggs which look like gelatine capsules and these they carry
about in their mouths. As the Pédukang are among the com-
monest estuarine fishes, any observer can obtain them during the
breeding season and see for himself the egg in every stage of
development, and in the final stage, immediately before hatching,
the tiny fish is distinctly visible through the. translucent envelope
of the egg.

LOACHES AND CARP.
(COBITIDAE & CYPRINIDAE.)

Only two Loaches, the Ikan pasir and the Lali, are mentioned
in this work, but judging from records of species in Java, Sumatra
and Borneo, there should be at least 20 species.

The Ikan pasir (Acanthopsis choirorhynchus) is quite com-
mon in the Pahang river and is good eating.

The Carp family of fresh water fishes to which our Roach,
Tench and Gudgeon belong is represented in our Malayan rivers
by certainly not less than 100 species.

The very incomplete list in this book gives some 28 Malay
synonyms only. There is an interesting hobby and good sport
with a fly and spinner awaiting any planter or prospector who lives
near the upper reaches of any of the rivers in the Peninsula. An
oil drum can easily be converted into a specimen tank in which
rare fish may be preserved in spirit. The Directors of the F. M. 8.
and S, 8. Museums would be only too glad, I feel sure, to mount
and display specimens, and as the field is practically untouched the
collector has more than a sporting chance of discovering and per-
haps giving his name to a new species.

MALAYAN FISHES, 21

During the breeding season, the males of many species assume
-a more brilliant livery, or develop excrescences and tubercles on
various parts of the head, especially on the snout, or also on the

body and fins.

The common Carp of Europe is said to have been introduced
from China early in the seventeenth century. The Chinese con-
tinue to import Carp into Malaya and to grow them in stock-ponds.
The imported Carp are the Tiam (C hinese) (Labeo moli-
torella), the Ling (Chinese) (Cyprinus carpio), and the Hwan
(Chinese) (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).

The ova are shipped from China in large jars full of fresh
water and the contents of the jars are regularly and vigorously
stirred with a stick or paddle during the voyage, to oxygenize the
eggs, and by the time the jars arrive in this country they contain
thousands of fry.

These fish are very popular among the Chinese and fetch high
prices in the markets. They attain a length of three feet or more
and a weight of perhaps 20 to 25 pounds. The utilitarian owners
feed them on food of such a disgusting nature, principally excreta,
‘that I can say nothing as to their edible qualities, as I have never
felt any wish to taste ‘them.

I imported some many years ago and intended to stock a pond
in Kuala Pilah but unfortunately the ship was placed in quarantine
and as their period of confinement in jars is limited, all the fry
perished. These imported Carp have not, so far as I know, been
bred in this country and it is more than likely that they require
fresh running streams for the natural development of their ova.

The question of stocking some of our streams may be worth
consideration, but I doubt it, as we have so many indigenous Carp.
In this connection it is well to remember that these Carp which
have been artificially bred for centuries, have yielded numerous
examples of hybridism. I have read in an American magazine of
a sportsman who for lack of other bait used aquarium gold fish
(Carp) very successfully as live bait. He kept a stock of them in
a fountain where they interbred with small species of American
Carp with the most extraordinary results.

. Professors Max Weber and de Beaufort write of the Cyprinus,
“Distribution: Fresh water of temperate parts of Asia and
Europe, from where introduced in many parts of the world and
changed into many varieties.”

We have many species of Barbus including the famous sport-
ing fish the Mahseer of India, our Témoleh (Barbus mosal). The
Kerai (Barbus neilli) is said by Day to attain a weight of 50 or 60
pounds.

22 MALAYAN FISHES.

The Catla (Catla buchanani) of India, Burma and Siam has
not yet been identified in our rivers and as it attains a length of
at least 6 feet and a corresponding weight, I suggest the quest of
the Catla, as a sound sporting proposition, to the anglers of Kuala
Lipis, and other up country stations, with a good chance of success,

EELS.

ANGUILLIDAE, MURAENIDAE, CONGRIDAE, ETC.

The Eels are placed on the Order Apoprs which has several
families and not less than 30 species, represented in Malayan
waters. Eels are more popular perhap3 with the Chinese: than
with any other race in Malaya. The Congers (Malong) are quite
common and find a ready sale in the markets.

One eel (Thyrsoidea macrura) known as the Pampan or
Pompa by the Javanese is probably the largest eel in the world
and exceeds 10 feet in length. It has been found in the shallow
seas and estuaries, and even rivers, of Sumatra, New Guinea, Natal,
India, Ceylon and Queensland, but has not yet been recorded by
local scientists,

SWAMP.-EELS.

SY MBRANCHIDAE.

The Bélut (Monopterus albus) is confined to the fresh or
brackish waters of Burma, the Malay Archipelago and China.

“This eel is numerous at Chusan, in streamlets, canals,
and estuaries. As it is a favourite article of food it is kept by
the inhabitants of Chusan in large jars, with fresh water. But
it is capable of living a considerable time out of water. It is
of voracious habits, feeding on smaller fishes, and it takes
hooks baited with earthworms.” (Cantor).

SEA-HORSES AND SKELETON-FISHES.

(SYNGNATHIDAEH & AMPHISILIDAE.)

The little Sea-Horse, Kuda-kuda laut (Hippocampus spp.),
which is so like the conventional knight of the chess-board, is a
familiar object in most Museums. It has. of course, no economic
value.

A peculiarity of this curious family is that “the males are
provided with a pouch (in some species there is only a broad groove)
in which the eggs are hatched after being deposited by the female.

“The males take full charge of them, and the young remain in
the pouch usually for a short time, after being hatched.” (Stead).

The Skeleton-Fish, as I have called it, Amphisile scutata, is
known to Malays as Ikan kering. It is only a few inches long
and, as it has practically no flesh on its bony carcase, it has no
edible value.

MALAYAN FISHES. 23

GAR-FISH, GAR-PIKE AND FLYING-FISH.

(SCOMBRESOCIDAE.)

Most of the members of this family, of which about 200 species
are known, are marine: some are carnivorous, and others mainly
herbivorous, feeding on green algae. Nearly all are in the habit of
making great leaps out of the water, this tendency culminating in
the Flying-fish (Hxocoetus), and there is every passage between
the small pectoral fin of a Gar-fish and the swallow-like “ wings ” oi
the most developed Flying-fish.

They are excellent edible fish and the Todak (Belone spp.)
which have green bones are nevertheless very palatable and useful
food fish. There is a more or less prevalent idea that fishes with
green bones are poisonous; this is one of the popular fallacies
which no facts or arguments will ever overcome.

The Puput or Jénjulong (Hemirhamphus spp.) or Halt-
beak can be easily identified by the fact that the lower jaw only is
prolonged. Both jaws of the Todak are prolonged into a long
slender beak.

The Todak though common is a very shy and wily fish. It
gives a boat a wide berth and though a rapid swimming and pre-
dacious fish it disdains ordinary lures and baits. The Malay fisher-
men, however, circumvent them by fishing with a kite from which
dangles a length of fine line terminating in a noose. The bait is at-
tached to the noose. Given a breeze sufficient to keep the kite flying,
quite good sport is obtained, perhaps a dozen fish or more in an
hour. The Todak makes a fierce dash at the bait, the noose tight-
ens round the upper jaw, and the recurved teeth prevent the noose
from slipping.

The Puput is also a shy biter when it sees its would-be cap-
tor at the other end of a rod or line, and the Malays consequently
use short baited lines attached to floats (Pélontang puput) which
they send adrift and pick wp when the movements of the float shew
that a fish is firmly hooked.

Flying-fishes are very good eating but not often obtained. I
have picked them up on the deck after a squally night at sea,

SAND-SMELTS.
(ATHERINIDAE.)

These pretty little fishes, called Rennyau or Paku in Malay,
are common all along our coasts and also frequent estuaries and
tidal river:. Seale’ writes:

“Tt is almost impossible to land at any wharf or to go
ashore on any beach without seeing these little fish in count-
less numbers. They usually grow to a length of from 10 to
12 centimeters. They have a greenish tint on the back and a
bright silvery band on the sides.

1 Fishery resources of the Philippines.

24 MALAYAN FISHES.

“ There are five or six different species.

“The most common species is possibly Atherina tem-
mincki (Bleeker). |

“They are known as “ pescados del rey’ or fishes of the
king, among the Spaniards.

“ They are greatly valued as food. The young are termed
white bait. The method of catching is usually by seine or
corral. <A profitable industry could be built up by preparing
these fish in a good sauce, by pickling them with spices, or by
drying. They abound at all seasons.”

GREY MULLETS.

(MUGILIDAE.)

The Grey Mullet are a widely distributed and very important
family. They inhabit shallow water in the seas, estuaries and
rivers and none are known to occur in very deep water.

Their habit of keeping to the shallows, in large shoals, renders
their capture, in enclosures, which dry out at low tide, and in
mullet nets, an easy matter. As there are no restrictions as to size
and no close season, mullet are getting scarcer every year in
Malayan waters.

Grey Mullet feed, more or less, on the organic matter found in
mud and they are pecuhar among fi-h in that they have a true
gizzard, lined with a thick horny epithelium.

Mullet are very common and highly appreciated in Australia.
Stead? writes:

“ During a recent year in New South Wales alone 45,000
baskets of Mullet—principally Sea Mullet—were received for
disposal at the various fish markets. The average basket of
Mullet contains about 75 pounds weight: and, if we calculate
the fish at an average of one pound weight each, we find that
we have the imposing total of 3,375,000 individuals.”

In New South Wales Mullet may only be netted at certain
times and at certain places, and there is a legal limit as to size as
with all valuable edible fish in that Colony.

The breeding season with most of our Mullet appears to be
between November and February during the N. E. monsoon.

At this time I have seen the Anding in myriads in the surf,
near the mouth of the Trengganu river and other rivers on the
Kast coast. A quantity of yellowish foam and scum i; brought
down by the rivers which are usually in full spate in November and
December, and this foam either contains food or provides a suitable
shade and shelter for the ova of the Mullet which are, I believe,
pelagic or floating eggs. A day of steady incessant tropical rain
during the N. E. monsoon is the day above all others to which all

1 Fishes of Australia.

MALAYAN FISHES. 25

Trengganu Malays, male and female, look forward. When the
rivers are in full flood, the sun obscured, the N. E, monsoon blow-
ing half a gale, the surf thundering on the beach and full of yellow
yeasty foam, then you will see all the Malay ladies trooping out in
their best silk coats and sarong:, and all the old blades and young
bloods are in attendance.

They are all out for the day to enjoy themselves and to catch
mullet and the more it rains and blows the better they like it, the
ladies; perhap:, because their vivid silken raiment looks best when
it is wet, or may be it fits their figures better so, and the men,
perhap:, because they will catch more mullet!

These ladies have designed and made their own costumes.
Raw Chinese silk has been teased, wound and spun; fast dies of
vivid colour:, orange, pink, vermilion, green ; every colour and every
shade have been prepared from roots, bark and leaves, and the
garments have been woven in intricate designs, tartans, checks,
watered silks and shot silks; a creative art which bas been lost on
the West, and will soon be lost on the East Coast, in these days of
cheap imitation silks and aniline dyes. But let us get back to the
mullet and the rain.

And the more it rains the fresher keep the flowers in the
ladies’ hair. These ladies wear no hats and there are no collars,
draggled skirts or squelchy boots in this picnic party.

Let us again to the mullet. Now this catching of mullet is
an affair of casting-nets and he who catches the most mullet is
some ace. It is not a simple poaching trick of slinging a net over:
a,sleepy fish in a pool, but quite a different business, I assure you.

The nets are made of the finest and strongest cotton, water-
proofed in white of egg which renders them to the touch, for a
season, as though they were made of the finest gut or sinews. The
small net or jala anding when thrown covers perhaps 100 square
feet of surface and it is weighted with little chains of pure tin.
The light cord attached to the thrower’s wrist is usually 30 feet
long and the net is often thrown so as to drop fully expanded at
the full extent of the cord, and that throw is in the teeth of a
North-east gale.

Each fisherman has perhaps two or three such nets and, in
reserve, a much larger and stronger casting net for the Pélong
which is the giant of all our mullet.

Keeping far back on the sandy beach, the men follow the
shore line until mullet (Anding) are seen, and, to the novice, it is
a difficult matter to see them. But there they are, and when you
know what to look for, in the smother and foam, you will notice
little black heads, in hundreds, between the breakers. Now these
Anding are the shyest fish that swim. A wave of the hand and
they have disappeared to pop up again at a distance further sea-
ward, where no man can hope to reach them.

26 MALAYAN FISHES.

This, then, is the manner of their capture. There will come a
moment when a great wave, like a wall, hurls itself on the beac'i.
In fact these waves do it all the time! However, there is mea. ure
of two or three moments and no more when that wave stands like
a wall between you and the fish, and the fish forget your existence.
In that brief time your caster of the mullet net sprints down to th.
very verge of the breaking wave and up to or over his knees in the
water; the net truly held and truly swung, with a long pendulum
swing, clears the crest of the approaching wave and falls fairly on
the group of mullet concealed in the hollow beyond, and in this way
perhaps he may be fortunate enough to take one or two hundred
fish in one cast. But you will serve a long apprenticeship, and will,
when learning, throw half a hundred times and have no mullet

When the sport is in full swing perhaps 10 or 20 men dart
simultaneously down the beach and as many nets shoot out and
over the waves. Suddenly there comes a wild yell of excitement.
Pélong which have been disturbed or enclosed in the Anding nets
leap several feet in the air and break their way through the
nets. Silvery six-pounders and even larger fish instinctively jump
when their brothers jump. There is a rush up the beach and a
race back to the breakers with the Pélong nets. The nets are
thrown at random (tebar rambang) in every direction. There
may be a shoal of Pélong and, if so, some excitement I promise
you.

Once a Pélong sees the net over him, he makes one upward
dash to the apex of the net. The fisherman hurls himself at the
fish and must grasp him then or not at all, for the next powerful
dash for liberty takes the fish down to the bottom and he is under
the chains and out of the net before you can wink. Out of your
dlepth in a strong surf with a couple of lusty Pelong in your arms
and a smother of net, chain and cord about you, you come to the
conclusion that life was never more worth living and that if you
are off to kingdom come you will take the Pélong with you.

As I write, at Tanjong Katong, Singapore, I can see some
Boyanese, syces probably, with baby casting nets catching shrimps,
sprats and baby fish in a sea like glass; a miserable messy busi-
ness. The real gladiators of the casting net are to be found only
on the East coast.

Our Mullet (Bélanak) include the Jempul (Mugil planiceps)
which attains at least a foot and a half in length.

The Tamok (Jf. waigiensis), according to Day, attains at
least 3 feet in length. The Anding and Kédéra, which grow to
about a foot and a half, are excellent eating.

The Bélanak tamok (M. waigiensis) is known in Australia
as the Diamond Scaled Mullet. It attains a weight of several
pounds and is of a pretty silvery colour, each scale being prettily
margined with black.

MALAYAN FISHES. 27
THREAD FINS.
(POLY NEMIDAE.)

These fish are all excellent as food and from some rough ising-
lass or fish sounds are obtained.

One of our Kurau (Polynemus paradiseus) is the Tupsi fish
of India and the Mango fish of Burma. This small fish which
attains a length of about 9 inches only, is considered a great luxury
both in India and Burma. It has very long filaments, longer than
itself, proceeding from each side, just below the pectoral fins.

The common Kurau (P. indicus) attains a length of 4 feet
and about 20 lbs. in weight.

The Kurau janggut (P. fetradactylus), which is also known
on the Queensland coast by the very unsuitable name “ Cooktown
Salmon,” grows to a very large size.

Day quotes Hamilton Buchanan as observing “I have been
assured by a creditable native that he saw one which was a load for
six men and which certainly therefore exceeded in weight 320
pounds avoirdupois.”

BARRACUDAS.
(SPHVRAENIDAE.)

The Alu-Alu are carnivorous and highly voracious fishes
which give good sport with a trolling bait or spimner.

Cantor mentions two species only, S. jello and S. obtusata, as
inhabiting the seas off Penang and Singapore but I have a snap-
shot of one taken by me off Pahang which does not agree with Day’s
plates of either of these fish and is I think S. novae-hollandiae.
It is more than probable that other species will be discovered in
these waters.

A well known American game fisherman from Honolulu who
visited Singapore recently recognised the fish both in the Singapore
market and from the photograph as the Alu-alu of Hawaii.

Roughley* writes of Sphyraena novae-hollandiae,

“The Short-finned Pike is an edible fish of very consider-
able value and is deservedly popular, though it has probably
never been tasted by a very great portion of the community.

“Tt forms one of a too numerous collection of very
valuable table fishes which are scarvely utilised, owing to the
unenterprising methods adopted in their capture.”

1 Fishes of Australia.

MALAYAN FISHES.

bo
(SS

POMFRETS.

(STROMATEIDAE.)

The Bawal is one of our well known and most popular edible
fish and takes a high place among our very best food fishes.

Of the three species known, the Bawal chermin (Stromateus
atous) is most esteemed, though all are good.

The Bawal puteh and Bawal itam (S. cinereus) are iden-
tical, the fish getting darker as it reaches maturity. A shoal of
immature fishes of this species seen on a calm, clear night is a
most beautiful sight. In the reflected light of the moon, they look
like tiny silvery stars. The Malays call them Bawal bintang.
When mature they are a darker gray colour.

The mature Bawal, itam are very much better eating than the
immature Bawal puteh.

The Bawal tambak (8. niger) is the largest of the family.
It grows to a length of two feet and is excellent eating.

These fishes are considered by fishermen the stupidest fish that
swim. They have a curious sheep-like habit of huddling together
and are also afflicted with a kind of ovine curiosity. They will
follow anything that excites their curiosity such as a boat and this
habit leads to their capture.

When a shoal is observed the fishermen manoeuvre their boat
so as to attract the interest of the fish until they are all following
in a compact flock. At the same time the boat is taking a circular
course and the net is being shot very quietly. At the right moment
all the fishermen raise a tremendous din with clappers and at the
same time splash the water with their paddles. The shoal does a
perfect right-about turn and each fish dashes headlong into the net.

MURREL.
(OPHIOCEPHALIDAE.)

These fresh-water fishes are provided with a respiratory organ
on each side, above and communicating with the gills, which
enables them to breath atmospheric air.

They can live for long periods out of water and travel over the
land from one piece of water to another. They are useful food fish
and well adapted for pond culture provided that the pond is well
stocked with the small fish and frogs on which they feed, but if the
food runs short, they will go elsewhere.

Day writes, “ Jugglers both in India and China exhibit these
fishes walking on the land, and children amuse themselves by
making them crawl along.”

The young as a rule are of a more or less orange or scarlet
colour.

MALAYAN FISHES. 29

These fishes appear to be monogamous, some breeding in
grassy swamps or the edges of tanks and others in holes in the
river banks.

They construct nests amongst the water-weeds where the
ova are deposited. When very young the fry of all species, Aruan,
Toman, Bujok, etc., keep with, and are defended by, their parents,
but as soon as they are sufficiently strong to capture prey for them-
selves, they are driven away to seek their own subsistance: those
which are too obstinate to leave being eaten by their progenitors.

The Malays have a saving Bagai toman makan anak, “ Like
the Toman fish which eats its own young,” which is applied to
persons in high places who misuse their powers, oppressing those
whom they should protect.

The Aruan and Toman will readily take a bait, especially a
frog, and are said to rise to the salmon fiy. The largest run well
over 3 feet in length.

They are caught in great quantities in the Krian irrigation
reservoir at Bukit Merah and sent alive in tubs all over the F. M. S.

NANNYGAI.

(BERYCIDAE.)

The Sébékah karang (IMyripristis murdjan) is a small fish
of no particular economic importance.

The Ber ycidak, of which there are about 70 species, live, most-
ly at great depths, in the seas all over the world.

The “ Nannygai” of Australia, which belongs to this family,
is highly esteemed on account of its delicate flavour and firm white
flesh. Roughley writes,

“Until recently the supply of ‘ Nannygai’ to the market
has been an intermittent one, occasional specimens only being
found there.

“The trawlers have now quite altered this and large
quantities are being received from them daily, with the result
that it is one of the commonest fish seen in the market.

“ Hundreds of people visiting there in search of trawled
fish are now seeing the ‘ Nannygai’ for the first time.”

I suggest that the capture of the “Nannygai” and other,
hitherto unrecorded, species of good edible deep water fish, by
means of a commercial steam trawler, is well within the region of
possibility. We have, as a perusal of this book will shew, many fish
in our waters which range as far as Australia but no engines or
methods of capture are utilized in our waters which take bottom
feeding fishes in depths of 50 fathoms.

30 MALAYAN FISHES.

Roughley writes, “ The most prolific grounds are found to be
between 50 and 60 fathoms in depth,” and again, “ Many species,
which before the advent of trawling were very rarely seen in the
markets and which were in fact considered by many to occur only
in small numbers on our coast, could now be counted in thou-
sands.”

KNIGHT-FISHES.
(MONOCENTRIDAE.)

The Sétonggang (Monocentris japonicus) is a curious little
fish with enormous bony scales and two long ventral spines. It
has no edible value.

“ BULL’S-EYES.”
(PEMPHERIDAE.)

I have no perzonal knowledge of these fishes and, as they are
never captured in numbers, they are unimportant from an economic
standpoint,

“DRUMMERS.”
(KYPHOSIDAE.)

The Telan rumput (Kyphosus cinerascens) as its name ex-
plains is a herbivorous fish, subsisting chiefly on “ sea-grass” and
“sea-moss.” It is a congener of the Drummer of New South
Wales (Kyphosus sydneyanus) and belongs to the same family as
that excellent food and sporting fish known in New South Wales
as the Blackfish.

DUSKY-PERCH.

(LOBOTIDAE.)

The Péchah périok (Lobotes surinamensis) is a large perch-
like estuary fish which reaches a length of 3 or 4 feet and a
weight of 25 to 30 pounds. It is known in Australia as the Dusky
Perch.

According to Boulenger’s classification, the. family contains
two genera, Lobotes and Datnioides, each with two species, and
though the two species of Datnioides are known to occur in the
estuaries and rivers of the Malay Peninsula, they have not yet, as
far as I am aware, been identified under a Malay name.

The Péchah périok is an excellent food fish and it readily
takes a fish bait.

It has a very wide range, being found in Queensland, the West

Indies, on the east coast of the United States of America, as far
North as Cape Cod, in the Mediterranean Sea, India and China.

MALAYAN FISHES. 31
BLOW-PIPE FISHES.
(TOXOTIDAE.)

The Ikan sumpit or Sumpit-sumpit (Sumpitan, a blow-
pipe) is so named from its method, unique among fishes, of shoot-
ing water from its mouth at in-ects which it perceives close to the
surface,

They are very common estuary fishes congregating under
piers, fallen trees and branches, where they may be both seen and
heard =pitting at flies and similar small game, which they knock
down with surprising accuracy.

In the second edition of Day’s Fishes, this shooting habit is
erroneously attributed to another fish, Chelmo rostratus, which is
also known to the Malays as Ikan sumpit, and a note under Tovo-
tes reads, “It is stated in some works that these wide mouthed
fishes shoot insects with a drop of water........ The action is one
which the mouths of these fishes appear incapable of effecting.”

There is ample evidence, however, to prove that Tovrotes do
shoot, and though their mouths are large it will be noticed that they
have the projecting lower jaw of the true cuspidore artist.

Chelmo rostratus, on the other hand, though’ it has pipe-like
projecting jaws, is a fish which is found at sea in the neighbourhood
of coral reefs where flies and insects must be rare.

It owes its name “ Sumpit-sumpit” to the fact that, after
capture, it spurts water through its mouth.

Tovotes chatareus grows to a length of about one foot and I
have taken several with a rod when fishing with prawn bait for
Siakap, between half and three quarters of a pound. They are
‘quite good eating.

FRESH-WATER PERCHES.
(NANDIDAE.)

I have no information regarding the Képau or Patong (Cuto-
pra fasciata) which is the sole member of this family recorded in
sour waters under a Malay name.

SEA-PERCHES.
(SERRANIDAEL.)

The very incomplete list in this book gives some 45 species of
Sea-perches. The family is a very large and most important one,
containing as it does, not only some of our largest fish but also
many of our best edible fish including the Ikan merah. Nearly
all the members of this family are carnivorous fishes which take a
bait readily.

I propose to mention only a few of the most important ones.

32 MALAYAN FISHES.

The Siakap or Kakap (Lates calcarifer) is also found in the
seas and estuaries of India where it is known to Europeans as the
“ Cock-up ” and its range extends to Queensland and Western Aus-
tralia, where it is generally known as the “ Barramundi.”

It is a fine sporting fish and runs to a considerable size. The
largest that I have heard of was taken in the Bay of Bengal by the
Government trawler “Golden Crown” and weighed 580 pounds.
Before I read of this fish I used to be satisfied with 40 or 50
pounders.

The Kerapu (Lpinephelus spp.) are very well represented in
our waters and are fine edible fish. ‘Some species lose their bright
colouring soon after they are caught and have a dull mottled ap-
pearance when exhibited in the fish market which would not attract
a purchaser unacquainted with the fish. From an edible point of
view the Kérapu differs little from the Ikan merah, the latter
fish owing most of its popularity to its colour,

Kérapu from 50 to 70 pounds in weight are occasionally seen
in the markets and the Kérétang (HE. pantherinus) is commonly
seen up to two or three hundred pounds in weight. Any Malay
fisherman will tell you of a Kérétang of fabulous size which he
hooked and fought for hours, being worsted in the end because his:
boat and gear were too light to make any impression on the fish.

Very large ones are occasionally taken in fishing stakes:
(Kelong) and I have heard that the captors, on these occasions,
tickle the monster until thev get it quiet and then pass a strong
rotan through its gills by which it is finally secured and hauled up.

The largest Kérétang I ever saw was taken by a Malay and
mvself. We had to sink our boat after we had fought the fish to a
finish in order to load it; the weight, for there were no means
of weighing it, was estimated at 6 piculs, i.e. round about 800
pounds,

This fish appears to me to be identical with the Queensland
Groper illustrated in Stead’s “ Edible Fishes of New South Wales”
under the name Promicrops itaiara,

I have read that this fish derives its name Groper from its
habit of groping about the rocks but I suggest that the name origin-
ated in Malaya or India. The Tamil name is Kurrapu. The
Malay name is Kérapu. The Brunei Malays know it as Kurapa.
In the Philippines it is known to the Filipinos as Garropa from
which the transition to Groper or Grouper is a slight one.

One of our Kerapu (EH. tauvina) is known in Australia under
the names Brown-spotted Hind and Black-spotted Rock-cod, and of
this fish Roughley writes, “It is of fine edible quality and grows to
a leneth of at least four feet.”

In America members of this family are known as Sea-Bass.

MALAYAN FISHES, 33
The “ Snappers ” include our Ikan merah which is known as
Jénéhak in Penang (Lutianus spp.). There are perhaps more
than 20 species in local waters of which the list in this book gives
13 only.

Two or three Snappers are of a brownish colour, but the
colouring of the rest of this brilliant family ranges between crimson,
scarlet and golden, while some have violet, purple and blue bands.

They are all good edible fish and no swagger dinner in Singa-
pore is supposed to be complete unless Ikan merah appears on
the menu. Their popularity makes them expensive.

“ WHITINGS.”
(SILLAGINIDAE.)

The Bulus-bulus (Sillago spp.) is one of our common market
fish and can be obtained all the year round, though never in large
quantities.

The Sillago sihama is known in Madras as “ Whiting” and
Sillago maculata is called the Trumpeter Whiting in Queensland
and New South Wales where it is greatly valued for its excellence
as a food fish.

They frequent shallow water and sandy bottoms where they
feed on small crustaceans, worms, sand hoppers, etc. There is
probably no cleaner feeding fish than the Whiting, a fact which
perhaps accounts in some measure for its delicate flavour and
wholesomeness.

Both our varieties, whether adult or young, are very shy and
instantly bury themselves in the sand on the appearance of any
danger. Even a passing dark cloud leads to their immediate dis-
appearance into the sand whence they emerge a few moments later.

Roughley writing of another species, which has the same habit
says:

“In the capture of this fish the hauling net is principally
used. It displays considerable resource in evading the net,
giving at times much trouble to the fisherman. As it is hauled
near the shore, many fish, perceiving that they have been
trapped, quickly burrow into the sand. Were not the fisher-
man alert to this cunning method of evasion, a large number
of fish would be lost, but when it is known that the haul con-
sists, in the main, of Whiting, they carefully tramp over the
sand enclosed by the net and upon feeling any movement
beneath their feet, quickly grab the concealed fish.”

Whiting fishing is perhaps the nearest thing to trout fishing
that the sea-angler can obtain. A light rod, fine tackle and small
hooks are required and the sand flats should be fished on the flood
tide. The bait should be cast as far as postible. The fish will he
taken in water only ankle deep and the best bait are prawns, small
bivalves, Remis, Képah, etc., which are found on sandy beaches,
and beach worms, Pumpun sarong and Pumpun darat.

34 MALAYAN FISHES.

JEW FISHES.
(SCIAENIDAE.)

About 150 species of this family are found in various parts
of the world. Nearly all are of economic value, some heing highly
so, and many of them reach a very large size,

The Témbéreh (Sciaena diacanthus) is one of the commonest
coast and estuary fishes and perhaps the largest member of this
family in our waters. It attains a length of at least 5 feet.

The Gélama (Otolithus spp.) are among our commonest
fishes. They travel in shoals numbering many thousands and are
taken in deep water hauling nets (Pukat pétaram) by Trengganu
and Kelantan fishermen. These fish are dried and salted on the
East coast and thousands of pikuls are exported annually.

The Gélama will take a bait but are hardly worth fishing for
as they give no sport and are insipid table fish even when quite
fresh. As “ikan kering” with curry they are quite good.

“ SILVER-BREAM.”
(GERRIDAE.)

These are small fish inhabiting all tropical seas and entering
estuaries,

According to Day these fishes are eaten by the indigent classes
in India being little esteemed when fresh, but as they salt and dry
well, large numbers are prepared in this manner for use.

The family contains about sixty species of which only six are
mentioned in this work. Some 15 species are found in Australia
and 23 in Indian waters. They rarely exceed a length of ten
inches: nearly all have a plain silvery coloration.

In America, the fishes of this family are known as “ Mojarras.”

The Kapas-kapas (Gerres sp.) will take a bait, preferably
prawns or beach worms, and may be caught in the vacinity of fish-
ing stakes (Kelong) as in and also near reefs. When freshly
caught it will be found quite a pleasant table fish with compara-
tively few bones.

SELEMAH.

(LACTARIIDAE.)

The Sélémah is the sole member of this family and is not a
fish of much economic importance. It grows to a length of about
10 inches, and is eaten by the natives either fresh or salted but is
said to be insipid.

It appears in Malabar in shoals during the months of February
and March.

They enter the Straits during the N. E. monsoon but not in
large numbers and I am informed by Malay fishermen that they
rarely take more than half a dozen on any one’ day.

They do not take a bait but a few find their way into nets and
traps.

MALAYAN FISHES. 35

GRUNTERS.
(PRISTIPOMATIDAE.)

This family contains about 130 species belonging to four
genera, of which three genera inhabit our waters, viz. Pristipoma
(Gérut-gérut), Diagramma (Tébal bibir) and Pentapus (Sélin-
ching).

The Gérut-gérut are good food fishes and take a bait readily.
They are fond of back waters and one species (P. guoraca) is said
to have been captured in fresh water.

I have taken several in brackish water and found them, when
freshly cooked, excellent eating.

Our largest species (P. hasta) attains a length of about 18
inches and is known in Australian waters as the Queensland Trum-
peter. Of this fish Stead writes, “ The Amstralian home of this
magnificent food-fish is principally along the coast of Queensland
where it is well and favourably known.”

The names Gérut-gérut and Trumpeter are descriptive
of the grunting noise the fish makes after capture.

The Tébal bibir are also good edible fish and attain a length
of two feet or more.

I have no personal knowledge of the Sélinching (Pentapus)
and place it here from a description supplied to me, together with
a pocket-kodak snap-shot which does not display the fish very well.

SEA-BREAMS.
(SPARIDAB.)

This, again, is an important family which includes many
varieties of valuable food fishes. Some are carnivorous.

Following Dr. G, A. Boulenger’s classification, the principal
genera found in Malayan waters are Scolopsis, Synagris, Caesvw,
Cremdens, Lethrinus and Sparus.

Of the Gérétak lantei (Scolopsis spp.) of Singapore, so
called from the parallel bands which distinguish most species, I
can say little. The only species of Scolopsis with which I am
familiar are the Anjang-anjang and Kérisi bali, which are occa-
sionally taken when fishing for Kérisi.

The Kérisi (Synagris spp.) are beautiful little fish of a
roseate hue with vellow and silvery bands. They are very common
all up the east coast where they can be taken with a line, practically
anywhere, in fairly deep water on a sandy bottom.

They average perhaps five or six to the pound but I have
taken them up to a pound or more in 30 fathoms near Tioman
Island. Kérisi fishing is, or used to be, the favourite out-door
sport of the Malay Princesses of Pahang, and during the S. W.
Monsoon regular expeditions were made to the Kérisi grounds and

36 MALAYAN FISHES.

the little fish would be hauled in until the boats were deep in the
water and the Royal ladies exhausted. At the right season, there
are few more delicate flavoured fish than the Kérisi and they re-
mind one of really good Whiting.

But they must be absolutely fresh and caught on the right
ground; if out of season or stale, Kérisi have an unpleasant
tang about them.

The Délah (Caesio spp.) are small but good eating, the best
being, perhaps, C. pinjalu which is also known as Ikan merah
china and is in no way inferior to the Ikan merah as a table
delicacy.

Of the genus Sparus, three species are mentioned in this book,
one of ‘which, the Béras-béras (8S. sarba), is the Tarwhine of
Queensland and New South Wales, where it is considered a good
edible fish.

It is not to be compared however, either from a sporting or
an edible point of view, with its congener the Black Bream (S.
australis), which has not been recorded as inhabiting Malayan
waters.

The Asoh-asoh (Lethrinus nebulosus) is another useful fish
in this family. The inside of its mouth is orange coloured as is
that of its relative the Yellow-mouthed Snapper (L. chrysostomus)
of Australia.

RED MULLETS.

(MULLIDAE.)

Members of this family are known as Red Mullets in Great
Britain and as “ Goat-fishes” or “ Surmullets” in America.

The British species are Mullus barbatus and M. surmuletus,
remarkable for their beautiful pink or red colour, and much valued
on the market, although no longer held in the high estimation for
which they were noted by the Romans.

Biji nangka or Lebai are the Malayan generic names of our
local members of this family and are descriptive. The Bijf
nangka (Jack-fruit seed) is yellow and has a filamentous process
similar to.the barbel of the Red Mullet; a Lebai is a Malay of
exceptional pious habit, and it will be noticed that he almost in-
variably sports a beard consisting, as a rule, of about two or three
long hairs, and his fellow countrymen have hit off the resemblance
to the fich, which has two long barbels dependent from the lower
jaw.

The Ikan lebai are remarkably beautiful fishes and their
brilliant colouring contrasts somewhat with the solemn aspect of
the head, which is, perhaps, an additional reason for the Malay
nickname.

One of our local species (Upeneus tragula) is known in Aus-
tralia as the Bar-tailed Goat-fish.

MALAYAN FISHES. 37

All these fishes are small, rarely exceeding 10 inches in length.
Very little is known regarding their habits or distribution and they
are not at present of much economic importance,

I have taken a few in a trawl near Penang and there is a pos-
sibility that with new methods of fishing they may become useful
market fish.

Red Mullet are known to visit the British coasts, in vast shoals,
at rare intervals.

BAT-FISHES.

(SCORPIDIDAE.)

As far as I know, these fish are represented in our waters by
the genus Psettus only.

The Gédabang or Nyior-nyior (P. argenteus) is known in
Australia as the Silvery Bat-fish. It attains a length of about
eight or nine inches only and its breadth is about equal to its length,
It is common and of fairly good edible quality but is not, at present,
of importance,

The Nyior-nyior (P. falciformis) is also a small fish attain-
ing a length of perhaps 9 or 10 inches. :

CORAL FISHES.
(CHAETODONTIDAE.)

A large group of about 200 species of marine carnivorous
fishes, confined to the Tropics, mostly of small size and remarkable
for their singular forms and markings and brilliant colours,

They are particularly abundant about volcanic rocks and coral
reefs ; but some ascend estuaries and tidal rivers, though not to any
great distance.

The Ketang (Ephippus argus) ranges from the Indian Ocean
to China and Australia, attaining a foot in length. If taken in the
sea or in clean back-waters it is an excellent edible fish, but those
captured in the vicinity of polluted rivers should be avoided, as
there is evidence that they are foul feeders.

Hamilton Buchanan remarks of it, “ When newly caught it is
a fi-h of great beauty, easy digestion, and excellent flavour: but
after death it soon becomes soft and strong tasting.” In Ceylon
“Tt is generally esteemed, its flesh partaking the flavour of trout ”
(Bennett).

This fish and its congener (E. multifuscialus) are favourably
known in Australia as Butter-fish and are a common table fish in
hotels and restaurants,

Ikan inggu or Ikan babi are Malay equivalents for the genus
Holacanthus. The former term applying to the colouration and
the latter to the rather pig-like profile and the presence, in all
these fishes, of a pair of pre-opercular spines directed backwards,
which are considered to resemble boar’s tusks.

88 MALAYAN FISHES.

The Bonang (Plataw teira) is a deep-bodied fish which at-
tains a length of at least 20 inches. Russell says their Aavour is
excellent and Cantor makes the same remark.

It is known in Australia as the Dark Bat-fish.

MOON-FISH.
(DREPANIDAE.)

The Daun béharu (Drepane punctat«) is a very common fish
of fair edible value.

Considerable quantities of this fish have been taken in trawls
both in India and Ceylon. Sir K. Gupta says they are very much
sought after and always command a good price in Bengal. They
are rather too bony to be popular with Europeans in the East.

“BLACK TREVALLY.”

(TEUTHIDIDAE.)

According to Dr. Boulenger’s classification (1902), this family
comprises a single recent genus, Teuthis, with about 30 species,
herbivorous fishes from the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans.
According to Bottard (“ Poissons venimeux,” Paris 1889) the sting
from the spines of these fishes is much dreaded, and this I can
vouch for, though personally I have suffered very little inconvenience
from the pricks of these spines.

It will be noticed that Duncker gives the generic synonym
Ketang to members of this family and this is the name given by
Malays to the genus Hphippus (CHAETODONTIDAE) which also has
venomous spines,

In all species of Teuthis there are 13 dorsal spines and 7
anal spines, whereas Ephippus has 9 dorsal and 3 anal spines, which
shews that the Malay system of clas:ification does not agree with
that adopted by scientists.

The Dengkis (7. nebulosa) is known on the East coast of
Australia as the “ Black Trevally” and the Debam (T. java) is
also found on the Australian coast.

They are small fish, fairly common in the markets where they
find a ready sale.

GOURAMI, ETC.
(OSPHROMENIDALE.)

This family of fresh water fishes is remarkable for several
reasons:

From an edible point of view, because it includes the Kalui
(Osphromenus olfav), known in India as the Gourami, which has a
world wide reputation as one of the finest flavoured fresh water
fish known, as well as the Pépuyu, a favourite food fish in Negri
Sembilan.

MALAYAN FISHES. 39

From an athletic and sporting point of view, because it in-
cludes the Pépuyu (Anabas Lana the famous climbing Perch,
mentioned tin all natural history books, as well as the Ikan bélaga
the equally famous fighting fish, on which Pahang rajas have won
and lost fabulous sums; and from a scientific point of view, because
all members of this family are provided with super-branchial res-
piratory organs, situated in a cavity above the gills which enables
them to live, happily, out of water for long periods.

The Kalui grows to a length of about two feet and is regarded
as one of the best flavoured fishes in the East. It has been ac-
climatised in India, the Guianas, Mauritius and ‘Australia.

Day writes, :

“Commerson who observed it in the Mauritius in 1770,
states tha he never ate any fish more exquisite in flavour,
whether from the sea or fresh water: he also added that in
Batavia the Dutch reared them in large earthen pots, changing
the water daily and feeding them on nothing but fre-h water
plants, especially the Pistia natans.”

General Hardwicke? gives an account of the breeding of this:
fish, apparently monogamous: he observe:

“ They commence at six months of age, whilst their fecun-
dity is astonishing. During the breeding season, they frequent
the sides of tanks, where shelter is afforded them by the grasses
and weeds growing in the water. For several days they are
very active, passing in and out of their grassy cover, and in
some places thickening it, by entangling all trailing shoots,
and forming what is generally considered “the spot under which
the ova are “deposited. They continue to watch this place with
the greatest vigilance, driving away any interloping fish, and,
at the end of a month numerous fry appear, over which the old
gouramies keep watch many days.”

I kept these fish in a large pond at Kuala Pilah, having first
caught them with a casting net in the Mvar river. Their natural
food consists of aquatic plants and I used to collect the leaves they
like and send a leaf at a time down the stream until a Kalui rose
to the bait. It was then a simple matter to lure the fish nearer and
nearer, with carefully flicked leaves until it was close enough to my
place of concealment to enable me to throw the net over the floating
leaf under which the fish was rising.

There are probably many old friends who will remember the
little dinners in Kuala Pilah. when the fish, fowl, mutton and
vegetables were all locally raised,

The Kalui in my pond were fed daily on leaves, principally
wild caladium and tapioca shoots, not thrown broad-cast but in-
serted in split bamboo poles which were pushed into the bottom of
the pond. They ate a tremendous lot and grew very rapidly:

1 Zool. Journ, IV, p. 309.

40 MALAYAN FISHES.

the caladium leaves imparting a very fine flavour to the fish.

They will rise to a fly or beetle, and some flowers, particularly
a large Hibiscus. Anyone intending to keep these fish in stock
ponds is advised to keep the pond free from pollution and to feed
the fish regularly. It is only in this way that rapid growth and
good flavour can be obtained.

They attain a length of two feet, a weight of at least 20 pounds
and in shape resemble the turbot.

The Pépuyu or Bétok (Anabas scandens) has a world wide
reputation as the Climbing Perch. Gunther? tells us that in 1797
Daldorf in a memoir communicated to the Linnean Society of
London mentions that he had himself taken, in 1791, an Anabas
in the act of ascending a palm tree (Palmyra) which grew near a
pond. The fish had reached the height of 5 feet and was going
still higher. He jgoes on to say that the fish is named in the
Malayan language the “ Tree Climber,” which is a mistake. He
should, I think, have said the Malayalam language. See Day
(Fishes of India) Undi colli.

‘Meek? writes,

“ Anabas has heen frequently obtained on the ground and

a specimen now in the collection of Armstrong College, ob-

tained from near Bangkok was found crossing the road 50

yards from the nearest water. It is named the climbing perch

from the habit it has of climbing up the rough bark of trees by
movements of the spine-clad opercula.

“The method of progression out of the water and the
climbing of palms and palmyra trees, especially after heavy
rains, have been repeatedly observed.”

The Negri Sembilan Malays bave a saying, often quoted, which
hits off the high estimation in which this little fish is held by inland
dwellers: Jikalau sudah minum ayer gopong bertali ijok, sudah
makan pepuyu, payah nak tinggalkan negri int: which may be
roughly translated: When a visitor has drunk the water and eaten
the fish of this country, he i: loath to leave it.

The Ikan Pélaga or Bélaga (Betta spp.) probably derives its
name from Siam where it is known as Pla Kat (Pla, fish; Kat, a
fighter).

It is common throughout the Peninsula and may be caught in
most of the ponds and ditches in Singapore.

Cantor relates that the Siamese are infatuated with the com-
bats of these fish, staking on the issue considerable sums, and some-
times their own persons and families,

The licence to fight these fish used to be farmed in Siam and
brought in a considerable revenue to the King.

1 Study of Fishes, p. 516.
2 Migrations of Fish, 1916.

MALAYAN FISHES. 41

The male fish are kept in bottles separately, and when in a state
.of quiet they are dull looking little fish, but if two bottles be
brought together, the little creatures become greatly excited and
the raised fins and whole body shine with bright metallic colours of
dazzling beauty,

If two male fish are then placed together they fight like terriers.
When fighting they utter a curious ringing note pikes sounds like
ig Kring Kring” and probably this accounts for another name
by which thev are known viz. Ikan karing.

The Képar (Polyacanthus hasseltii) is another beautiful little
fish and quite common in brackish swamps and ponds.

This fish has been bred in confinement by Chinese, probably for
centuries, and is known as the Paradise fish to aquarium owners
in Europe. In its native element, in dark or muddy water, it is
of rather a drab brown colour but if kept in a bowl in clear water,
it ha: a beautiful golden colour with red transverse bands.

CORAL FISHES.

(POMACENTRIDAL.)

This family resembles the CHAETODONTIDAE (Coral Fishes) im
form and mode of life, likewise in the brilliant colouration. For
this reason I have applied the same English name in the absence
of any other for this particular family.

Over 150 species are known. Some 30 species are described in
Day’s Fishes of India and probably the family is better represented
in Malayan than in Indian waters.

As the names Inggu and Gombing shew, the Malays include
CHAETODONTIDAE and PomaceNTRIDAE in one family and curiously
enough, the scalv-finned fishes (CHAETODONTIDAE) resemble the
POMACENTRIDAB so closely that in some instances actually the same
colouration and markings are common to members of the two
families. This, as remarked by Dr. Giinther, is one of many in-
stances shewing that the colouration of animals depends to a great
extent on their mode of life and natural surroundings.

From an edible point of view they are not of much economic
importance but all specimens brought to the markets seem to find
ready purchasers.

“ WRASSES” OR PARROT FISHES.

(LABRIDAB.)

The “Wrasses” form a large family of most brilliantly
coloured marine fishes, inhabiting all the tropical and temperate
coasts.

Their regime is partially herbivorous, partially carnivorous.
About 400 species are known,

Some of the members of this family have been observed to:
build nests for the protection of their eggs and young.

42 MALAYAN FISHES.

These ne:ts in the European Labrus are made of sea-weeds,
zoophytes, corals, broken shells, etc.. and are the work of both the
male and female. It is also in this family that sleep was: first
observed in fishes, and this has been fully verified by Mobius, on
Labrus ruprestis in an aquarium, the fish seeking a sleeping place
at night and laying itself down to rest on one side.?

Tokak is the generic name applied by Malays to those mem-
bers of this family which are provided with strong canine-like teeth,
(See Wilkinson’s Dictionary, p. 201. Tokak. Biting, used of
dogs, sharks, tigers, and other animals which use their teeth as a
weapon of offence.)

The teeth of these fishes are used however for cru:hing shells,
coral, etc.

A Tokak (Chaerops omnopterus) is known in New South
Wales and Queensland as the Blue-spotted Groper.

Little use is made of this large family of fine edible fishes from
a commercial point of view,

Their capture is contined to the hand line and to basket traps.
Their habitat, deep water in the vicinity of coral reefs, renders the
use of ordinary nets impossible but the trammel net which is un-
known in this region should prove effective.

Many members of this family attain a weight of 50 pounds.

PARROT-WRASSES.
(SCARIDAE.)

This family is closely allied to the preceding, with which they
have been usually united, but differing in the more or less coalescent
teeth, forming, often, a parrot-like beak.

I have placed the Béchok in this family and also among the
LaABRIDAE as there are several species.

Mr. A. W. H. Hamilton, who is an authority on Malayan sea-
fishes, tells me that the Malays of the Western part of Singapore
confine the synonym Béchok to a fish with green teeth, which
seems to identify his fish as Pseudodav moluccunus (Day, 2nd
edition Vol. II, p. 421).

HORSE MACKERELS.
(CARANGIDAE.)

A large and important family of carnivorous fishes, all of
which are edible and many of large size.

Members of this family compose the bulk of the fish taken in
nets on the East coast, which are dried and salted for export.

Some of our principal local varieties are the Chéncharu
(Caranx rottlert), the Selar (Carana, not less than 12 species),
the Chermin (C. gallus), the Nyior nyior (Trachynotus spp.)
and the Talang (Chorinemus spp.).

1 The Cambridge Natural History, 1904,

MALAYAN FISHES, 43

When freshly caught and cooked they are all pace eating,
but they do not keep well,

The Chéncharu is quite common and is found in large shoals.
When in season, large numbers will be found in the markets and if
quite fresh they are good edible fish. They are said to attain a
length of 5 feet.

All the Sélar are good eating, but the fresher they are the
better. They give good sport with a light rod and small hook, to
which a few small white feathers have been “ whipped.”

They like shade and will be found in the neighbourhood of
piers and under vessels. When cruising, I have often noticed
Sélar taking shelter under my yacht, when we were becalmed, and
if the period coincided with a meal time, we used to catch as many
as we wanted in a few minutes.

There are, at times, large numbers of Sélar in shallow water
off Singapore as, probably, many sea-side residents know.

The Chermin (C. gallus) is a deep-bodied fish somewhat re-
sembling the Dory in shape and is one of the best, if not the best,
food fish in this family. It is found generally on reefs; takes a
prawn or fish bait, and gives splendid sport as it fights very hard
and takes a bit of playing.

Specimens 2 feet in length are nbt uncommon and it is said
to grow to five feet in length. It is known in Australia as the
Silvery Moon-fish.

The Nyior nyior (Trachynotus ovatus and T. baillont) are
known in Australia as the Dart. These fish must be fresh to be
appreciated.

The Talang (Chorinemus spp.) is a common fish in the
markets and fairly popular with most Asiatics, but some Malays
have a prejudice against it and will tell you that it gives them an
irritating and disfiguring affection of the skin.

It may be that the general appearance of these fish, all of which
have a row of dark blotches along the side, may suggest the un-
sightly blotches seen on the faces, bodies and limbs of natives who
are afflicted with certain kinds of skin disease, kédal, sopak, etc.
or that the consumption of this fish when not perfectly fresh causes
urticaria, but the subject should be worth investigation.

One local species of Talang (S. sancti-petri) is known also in
Australia as the Queen-fish, and another (8. tooloo-parah) is known
also in Philippine waters as the Talang-talang.

There are many other excellent food fish in this family in-
cluding the Lémbudok or Démudok, Gérépoh and Berkas, not
specifically identified.

The generic term by which the Caranx branch of this family is
known to the Moros, in the Philippines, is Daing puti. The name
Daing belang occurs locally and is applied to Carana speciosus
and C. compressus,

44 MALAYAN FISHES. -

MACKERELS, TUNNIES, ETC.

(SCOMBRIDAE.)

The fishes of the “ Mackerel ” family are pelagic forms, abun-
dant in all the seas of the tropical and temperate zones. They
travel about in shoals, spawn in the open sea, but periodically ap-
proach the shore in pursuit of other fishes on which they feed.

Our most important local members of this family are the
Pélata (Siamese pla thu) (Scomber microlepidotus), the Tong-
kol (Thynnus thunnana) and the Ténggiri (Cybium spp.).

The Pélata is a fish of great commercial importance in Siam
and on the East Coast, where it is extensively salted and dried ‘for
export.

The Tongkol is the Malay generic term for the Tunny and,
I believe, for the Bonito also. These fish gives excellent sport when
they are on the feed but often one sees a school of these fish jump-
ing and disporting themselves, and on such occasions they seem to
disdain the bait which is “ trolléd” past them.

The Ténggiri is, in my opinion, the best fish in our waters.
The best ‘both from a sporting and from an edible point of view, but
I may be prejudiced in its favour because I have had more sport
with this fish than with any other. Seale? gives corroborative
evidence as to its edible qualities as follows, “In this family is
the tanguingue, which is a true Spanish Mackerel. By many
people this is regarded as the finest food fish in the Philippine
waters.”

A recent visitor to Singapore from Queensland told me that
he had had great sport with these fish on the Barrier Reef and that
they altained a weight of 100 pounds.

The big fish stay out in deep water and the bet time to take
them is during the N. E. monsoon. The best bait is a whole fish
about 8 or 9 inches long, and at least 100 or 150 yards of line should
be run off the reel, so as to keep the bait a long way astern as you
sail along in a good breeze.

When making a passage in a heavy sea with no time for rod
fishing we used to boom out as many as five brass wire lines and
perhaps have two or three fish on at once averaging 20 pounds or
so.

When our fisheries are better understood and depots with re-
frigerating plant are established on the islands off the East coast,
more attention will certainly be paid to our oceanic fishes. Sea
going fishing smacks should do a good trade with catches of Bonito,
Tunny and Spanish mackerel.

One of the Spanish mackerels in America is one of the most
highly esteemed of all American fishes and always commands a high
price. Stead mentions that the catch in 1897 amounted to
1,183,456 pounds, worth nearly £14,000.

1 Fishery resources of the Philippines.

MALAYAN FISHES. 45

HAIRTAILS.

(TRICHIURIDAE.)
The Timah-timah (Trichiurus spp.) are some of our com-
monest fishes and are generally on sale in the markets.

I have never eaten them but the Chinese and Indians purchase
them readily.

These fish have no caudal fin, the body being ribbon like and
tapering to a fine point.

Miniature specimens an inch or two in length form a con-
siderable proportion of the catches of illegal purse nets. The or-
dinary size of marketable specimens is about three to four feet.

Day quotes Russell as observing that in his time they were

esteemed by the European soldiers in India, and Jerdon states that
they afford very delicate eating.

SAIL-FISHES.
(HISTIOPHORIDAE.)

A family of large oceanic fishes, occurring in tropical or sub-
tropical seas. On account of their formidable sword, large speci-
mens are held in dread by fishermen and are rarely taken and still
more rarely preserved.

The Japanese in Hawaii have a regular fishery for Sail-Fish
and Tuna. The Japanese fishermen in Singapore, who are the
only deep water fishermen in our waters and whose methods are
much more enterprising and thorough than those of the Malays and
Chinese, are taking these fish occasionally.

I am informed that a Sail-Fish, three fathoms long was sold in
the Clyde Terrace market within the past two weeks, but the in-
formation arrived too late to enable me to get a photograph.

This fish is known to Malays as Sélayer or Layeran (Layer,
a sail), and is by no means rare.

FLAT-FISHES.

(PLEURONECTIDAE.)

Flat fishes are a large group of some 500 species, mostly
marine.

The very young are transparent and symmetrical with an eye
on each side, and swim in a vertical position like other fishes.

As they grow, the eye of one side moves by degrees to the other
side, where it becomes the upper eye.

If, at that age, the dorsal fin does not extend to the frontal
region, the migrating eye simply moves over the line of the profile ;
in other genera, the dorsal fin has already extended to the snout
before the migration takes place, and the eye, passing between the

46 MALAYAN FISHES.

frontal bone and the tissues supporting the fin, appears to pass from
side to side through the head, as was believed by some of the earlier
-observers.?

As a food supply the flat-fishes are of great importance, the
flesh of the majority being of excellent quality and flavour, and
they are deservedly popular with Europeans in Malaya.

The family is represented in our waters by, certainly, not less
than 19 species, of which 12 are included in the systematic list in
this work.

The Malay generic terms are Ikan sabélah and Ikan lidah
for all members of this family, but in some districts the name
Sabélah is applied to those genera which have a distinct caudal
fin (Psettodes, Pseudorhombhus) and the name Lidah to the tongue-
Shaped genera (Synaptura, Plagusia, Cynoglossus).

In the Straits of Malacca these fish are very common in shallow
water on sand and mud where they keep close to the bottom. This
habit of keeping close to the bottom renders them particularly.
lable to capture by the beam or “ Otter” trawl. I have taken
these fish in a beam trawl in fair numbers both off Singapore and
off the Krian coast.

On the great Kra flats off Krian which are formed of very soft
mud I found it necessary to fit “ski” or wooden skates to the irons
of the trawl to enable the trawl to slide on the surface of the mud,
and took considerable numbers of these fish as well as some large
Rays.

I should expect a trawler to be successful on the long banks
and in the deep water gullies.which, as a glance at the chart will
shew, run in the direction of the prevailing currents, in many parts
of the steamer route between Penang and Singapore.

An enormous amount of destruction of immature flat fish
takes place daily in shallow water, specimens an inch or two in
length being taken in seine nets and purse-nets from one end of
the Straits to the other. A special effort should be made to stop
this murder of miniature fish which has diminished our food supply
to a very considerable extent,

Two species of our Ikan sabélah are found on the Queens-
land coast. One, Psettodes crumet, is known as the Queensland
Halibut, and the “other, Pseudorhombus rusellit, is generally called
the “ Flounder.”

GOBIES.

(GOBIIDAE.)
A large family of some 600 species, the great majority marine,
mostly carnivorous and of small size,
The largest form (Hleotris marmorata) from the rivers of Siam,

Borneo, Sumatra and the Malav Peninsula grows to nearly three
feet. whilst the smallest (Mystichthys luzonensis) from the Philip-

1 Cambridge Nat. History.

MALAYAN FISHES. 47

pines, attains a length of about half an inch and is believed to be
the smallest known fish.

The family is not of much economic importance at present
and I have no personal knowledge of their edible qualities.

Our most noteworthy species are the Bélontok (Lleotris mar-
morata) the Bélodok ((obius spp.), the Témbakul and Bélachak
(Periophthalmus spp.).

The Bélontok has already been alluded to as attaining a large
size and not less than seven species are known to inhabit our
waters,

One of our Bélodok (G. butis) is said by Day to be much
esteemed by the natives of India, as being very light and whole-
some, but unless elaborately cooked is not relished by Europeans,
because of its deficiency in, or earthy, taste.

It attains a length of a foot and a half, takes a bait freely and
is largely bred in tanks in India.

The Témbakul and Bélachak will be familiar to most resi-
dents in Malaya as the Mud-Skippers which may be seen disporting
themselves on the mud and among the maneroves, along all our
coasts and estuaries.

‘Malays have told me that these fish are good eating and possess
great medicinal virtues.

They have very conspicuous prominent eyes, which are capable
of protrusion and retraction, and extraordinary muscular pectoral
fins which they use like arms for progression on mud and for
‘climbing.

Day writes, “ They climb on to trees, holding on by their
pectoral fins exactly as if they were arms. Now and then they
plant these firmly as organs of support, the same as one places
one’s elbows on a table, then they raise their heads and take a
deliberate survey of surrounding objects.”

Saville-Kent is quoted by Stead as follows:

“ A remarkable circumstance associated with the life
economy of Periophthalmus is the fact that it cannot sustain
life if continually water-submerged like ordinary fish. The
exposure of its tissues to the action of atmospheric air with
every fall of the tide appears to be essential to its well-being,
and examples experimentally kept under water for prolonged
intervals were literally drowned.

“ As a provision for its abnormal life-habits, it has been
ascertained that Periophthalmus possesses a supplementary
respiratory organ which, singular to relate, is represented, in
this instance, in the creature’s tail.

“The fish while reposing on the surface of the mud com-
monly leaves its tail more or less immersed in the water. The
blood circulates with abnormal energy through this thin mem-
branous appendage, which accordingly fulfils the function of a
supplementary gill.”

48 MALAYAN FISHES.

SUCKING FISHES.
(ECHINEIDIDAE.)

These fishes, generally known as Remora, attach themselves
by means of a remarkable adhesive disc on the upper surface of the
head to boats and ships, or to whales, sharks and turtles and in
this way manage to do a good deal of travelling with the minimum
amount of effort. As they are not strong swimmers they obtain a
much larger supply of food by riding about in this way than other-
wise would be possible. |

The natives of Cuba, Zanzibar and the Torres Straits use these
fish for catching turtles; the fish being held by a metal ring round
the base of the tail to which a line’is attached. “When one of
these fish, a foot in length, has its wet sucker applied to a table,
and is allowed time to lay hold, it adheres so tightly that it is im-
possible to pull it off by a fair vertical strain ” (Lydekker)?.

The Gémi (Hchineis naucrates) is very common in these seas.
It takes a bait readily, is edible, and may, occasionally, be seen in
the markets.

GOBLIN-FISHES.

(SCORPAENIDAB.)

Some members of this family are Perch-shaped and edible,
growing to a large size (Sebastes, Scorpaena, etc.).

Nearly all are distinguished by a powerful armature, either of
the head, or fin spines, or both, and in some the spines are provided
with poison glands (Scorpaena, Pterois, Pelor and Synancia) and
a sting from these spines is extremely paintul.

Lépu is the Malay synonym for all members of this family.

FLAT-HEADS.

(PLATYCEPHALIDAE.)

This family with a single genus, Platycephalus, and some 40
species, inhabits the coasts of the Indian Ocean and the Western
Pacific.

The Malay generic term is Baji-baji, so called from the wedge
shaped head, and so far some four species have been identified in
Malayan seas.

They live on the bottom, hidden in the sand as a rule, and as
they depend on their protective colouring and spines to save them
from possible enemies, they do not swim to any distance when dis-
turbed but dart away for an instant and then lie motionless half
buried in the sand,

This peculiarity renders them particularly liable to be taken by
trawls and a large proportion of the catches made by the New
South Wales trawlers is composed of these fish,

They are good edible fish and common in the markets.

1 Royal Nat. History,

MALAYAN FISHES. 49

“ STAR-GAZERS.”
(LEPTOSCOPIDAE.)

Information is wanting, but, I think the Pukul gendang
(Percis pulchella) is rare and economically unimportant.

SPINY-EELS.
(MASTACEMBELIDAE.)

These are eel-shaped carnivorous fishes, very common through-
out Malaya where they are known by the generic term Tilan.
The largest species reach a length of three feet and the flesh of all
species is of excellent quality. “They are found far inland and often
at considerable elevations.

Day states, “ Excellent as food, although owing to their resem-
blance to eels (in fact they are eels with spines) or snakes, some
people object to them.” Buchanan obzerves, “ sought after by the
natives, the highest of whom in Bengal make no scruple of eating
them ; and by Europeans they are esteemed the best of the eel-kind,”

FROG-FISHES.
(BATRACHIDAE.)

These carnivorous fishes apparently delight in mud and dirty
water; they frequent the shores, ascending tidal rivers and estuaries.
At Penang “ the natives attribute poisonous qualities to these fishes,
and reject them even as manure” (Cantor).

ANGLER-FISHES AND “ CROAKERS.”
(ANTENNARIIDAE & MALTHIDAE.)
These fishes have no economic value.

LEATHER-JACKETS.
(TRIACANTHIDAE AND BALISTIDAE.)

These two families may be conveniently taken together in this
small work as there is a strong affinity between them.

Though containing many species of no economic value one
species, the Jébong (Balistes stellatus), is preferred to all other
fish by many Malays, including fishermen, whom I have questioned.
I think that the main reason for this preference is that the flesh
of this fish more nearly resembles that of a chicken than any other
fish, and consequently the change to what approximates to a meat
diet is welcomed.

The Jébong has a tough leathery skin which has to be re-
moved before it is cooked. The cook should not be allowed to re-
move the head which is the best part of this fish, and of many
others, especially perhaps the Tenggiri.

Leather-jackets are held in considerable esteem in Australia as
food fish and are commonly served in hotels and restaurants.

50 MALAYAN FISHES.

BOX-FISHES.

(OSTRACIONTIDAE.)
This family is of no edible importance.

GLOBE-FISHES AND PORCUPINE FISHES.
(TETRODONTIDAE & DIODONTIDAE.)

These fish possess poisonous properties and instances have been
recorded of persons dying shortly after eating them. Malay fisher-
men, however, commonly eat the Buntal pisang (Tetrodon
lunaris) and some other species, being careful to remove all the
poisonous organs,

SHARKS AND DOG-FISHES.
(CARCHARIIDAE, SCYLLIDAE, SPHYRNIDAE.)

Sharks are active predacious fishes living at different depths
in the sea from the surface to nearly a thousand fathoms and rang-
ing from mid-ocean to the shallower waters round the coasts in every
part of the world. They are most abundant in the Tropics where
they attain their greatest size, and some of the Sharks are the
largest of living fishes.

Among the ScyLLipAE (Dog-fishes) we have in these waters the
Tiger or Zebra Shark (Yu chechak or Yu to’kek) with dark
bands on a tawny ground which attains a length of at least 10 feet.

Among our species of the true Sharks (CARCHARIIDAE) we have
Yu tenggiri (Galeocerdo raynert) which attains a length of over
12 feet and is very ferocious, but fortunately rather rare, and the
Yu jerong or Yu sambaran (Carcharias sp.) which has also a
bad reputation.

The Hammer-head Sharks (SPHYRNIDAE) Yu bengkong, Yu
sanggul or Yu palang are voracious, usually live in deep water
and grow to a length of 15 feet.

There is no scientific record of the appearance of RHINODON-
TIDAE in these waters. Sharkswof this family are probably the largest
known and are said to exceed 50 feet in length (some writers men-
tion 70 feet), but to be quite harmless. Specimens have been seen
or captured in the neighbourhood of Ceylon, and on one occasion
I watched a very large shark, in clear water, near Nipah Bay,
Tioman Island, for more than half an hour, which appeared to:
equal the length of my yacht (35 feet).

The economic value of sharks has not yet heen fully realised.
Fishermen regard them as a nuisance as they tear nets and take
fish off their hooks, and they are avoided as much as possible.
Incidentally sharks are a nuisance to trawl-fishermen in Australia,
and if there is any delay in getting the “cod-end ” containing the
fish on board, the sharks will bite pieces out of it. There is how-
ever every indication that shark-leather will soon be an ordinary
trade commodity. The skin of sharks is composed of two layers:

MALAYAN FISHES, 51

the outermost integument, “ shagreen,” is covered with denticles,
and hitherto, owing to the difficulty of treatment, has had a very
limited use, but within the last few years a method has been dis-
covered of separating the outer and inner skins and the latter can
be tanned and used in every way like ordinary leather. It is there-
fore likely that the high price and scarcity of ordinary leather will
eventually lead to the universal exploitation of the shark, ray and
porpoise fisheries with special nets and appliances. I see in the
Australian Magazine “Sea, Land and Air” (September 1920)
that a Marine-Leather Company is operating successfully off the
coast of Florida and North Carolina.

Other commercial products are the blood, fins, hver and meat.
The blood is said to furnish one of the finest waterproof glues yet
known for aeroplane propellers, etc.; the fins are a well known
Chinese delicacy, and the American Bureau of Ffsheries has
published some thirty recipes for cooking shark-meat.

Small sharks are esteemed as food by the Malays, Indians and
Chinese and are excellent eating.

The liver of the shark is rich in oil and is said to equal that of
the Cod in its medicinal properties. It is also used in the prepar-
ation of soap, paint, etc., including the treatment of leather.

SAW FISHES.
(PRISTIDAE.)

The family contains one genus (Pristis) with about four or
five species.

These fish are termed Béroi by Malays in some districts but
the descriptive names Yu gergaji, Yu parang and Yu todak are
more commonly heard, Malays placing these and the RHINOBATIDAE
among the Sharks (SELACHOIDEI) and not among the Rays (Ba-
THOIDEL), with good reason.

Boulenger states that an arbitrary distinction has been made
which has little to recommend it except custom and some measure
of convenience.

These fish are readily eaten by Malavs, Chinese and Tamils
and are very common. They enter rivers right up into fresh water
and small specimens two or three feet long are often taken acci-
dentally in casting nets.

They have always appeared to me to be very lethargic and slug-
gish and as the small ones in a net give less trouble than any other
fish of the same size, I have always considered them to be more for-
midable in appearance than in reality. However, Day writes
“Great injuries are inflicted by these fishes, which strike side-
ways with their formidable snouts; and although not personally a
witness to the fact, I have been informed on native authority, that
large ones have been known to cut a bather entirely in two.”

‘It would be interesting to know whether there is any record of
patients having been admitted to hospital in India or Malaya, suffer-
ing from injuries inflicted by these fish.

E2 MALAYAN FISHES.

A saw-fish measuring 23 feet 6 inches exclusive of the saw was
taken in the Bay of Bengal by the Government trawler “ Golden
Crown ” and I believe that this is the largest recorded fish. No
mention is made of the length of the saw of this specimen but it is
not likely to have been less than 7 feet. The largest saw in the
Raffles Museum, Singapore, measures 5 ft. 10} in.

BEAKED-RAYS.
(RHINOBATIDAE.)

These are harmless, sedentary, bottom-feeding fishes which
subsist chiefly on shell-fish, crabs, etc. They are considered good
eating and are sold regularly in the markets.

They are known to Malays as Yu kéméjan.

ELECTRIC-RAYS.
(TORPEDINIDAE.)

These Rays to which the Malays have given the descriptive
names Pari kébas or Pari sébar have the power of inflicting
electric shocks. “The fish” writes Dr. Giinther, “gives the elec-
tric shock voluntarily, when it is excited to do so in self defence,
or intends to stun or kill its prey. The electric currents created
in these fishes exercise all the other known properties of electricity ;
they render the needle magnetic, decompose chemical compounds,
and emit the spark.”

Our Malayan species are very small. I have a specimen of
the Pari kebas (Astrape dipterygia) about six inches long and
* there is no record yet of specimens over 18 inches.

When trawling on the Australian coast we took many speci-
mens which appeared to be between two and three feet in length
and one or two new deck hands experienced shocks which appeared
to cause only momentary inconvenience,

Cantor says that out of the water they may be handled with
impunity,

STING RAYS.
(TRYGONIDAE.)

Nearly all the members of this family are provided with long
whip-like tails, which are generally armed with spines. In the
larger kinds these formidable spines may be as much as 8 or 9
inches in length; and, as they wear out they are, from time to
time, shed and replaced by new ones growing from behind.

These spines inflict very severe wounds, the pain of which is
greatly increased by the apparently poisonous cutaneous mucus
introduced into the wound.

The Pari béting (Trygon uarnak) attains a large size, 5 feet
or more across the disk, and a weight of well over 200 pounds. In
one haul of the trawl in the Bay of Bengal the “ Golden Crown”
took four of these fish which weighed respectively 180, 170, 160
and 122 pounds,

MALAYAN FISHES. 53

The Pari dédap (Urogymnus asperrimus) is the sole repre-
sentative of a genus and remarkable from the fact that its back is
covered with osseous tubercles, among which are studded, at inter-
vals, a number of conical denticles or spines rather like limpets in
appearance, F

This fish ranges between the Red Sea, East Coast of Africa,
seas of India and the Malay Archipelago.

I recently overheard a Malay in the Rattles Museum apply the
name Dérédap to this fish and perhaps a note on the word Dédap
and its derivatives may be of interest.

Dédap—a tree (Hrythrinus sp.) with scarlet flowers, the bark
of which is studded with spines of the same limpet-like shape as
thoze of the Pari dédap.

Dédap—a shield or buckler.

Rédap—a small drum, (probably so called from the kind of
skin used).

M érédap—( Riau, Johor) springing up plentifully, of prickly
heat and other skin eruptions, the feature of which is a large num-
ber of pustules,

The word dédap as meaning a shield is obsolete both in collo-
quial Malay and in literature and it is interesting to note that its
place has been taken by the Indian word Perisai.

EAGLE-RAYS.

(UYLIOBATIDAE.)

This family contains five genera and about 27 species. All
five genera are represented in Malavan seas.

These fish feed principally on Molluscs, the shells of which
they grind with their large grinding-teeth. Some of them attain
an enormous size, over 20 feet in width, a thickness of 3 to 4 feet
and a weight, probably, of over a ton.

They are variously known as Devil-fishes, Sea-devils, Bat-
fishes, Eagle-rays, etc., and it is interesting to note that the terms
Bat and Eagle are taken from the Malay, viz. Pari kélawar and
Pari lang.

| The largest of this family are the Pari paus (Dicerobatis spp.
and Ceratoptera spp.).

I have seen these fish leap out of the sea to a height of perhaps
7 or 8 feet, time after time, coming down each time with a tre-
mendous splash, and Malays have told me that the fish does this to
shake off the remora which hang on to them in large numbers.

In conclusion I may add, that all the Rays and Skates are eaten
by natives of the East, while the “wings” or fins are highly esteemed
by the Chinese. Fishes of this order would form a considerable
proportion of the catches of a trawler and would provide a cheap
and valuable food, for which there is a constant demand, either
fresh or salted.

Malayan Fishes.
PART II.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MALAYAN FISHES.

Note :—The letters and abbreviations inserted in brackets after
the Malay name of each fish, refer to authorities for both the Malay
and scientific synonyms.

Where no authority is given the writer accepts responsibility
for the identity of those species.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

C. = Cantor. D. = Dennys. R. = Rowell. R. M. = Raffles
Museum. Dun. = Duncker.' Blkr. = Bleeker. M. W. and de
B. = Max Weber and de Beaufort. S. = Sauvage. Wilk. = Wil-
kinson. C. and 8. = Clifford and Swettenham. S. M. = Selangor
Museum. Blgr. = Boulenger,

Alu-alu. Sphyraena novae-hollandiae.
3 obtusata.
3 jello,
Barracudas. Fam, SPHYRAENIDAE.

Members of the genus Sphyraena are called “ Barra-
cudas ” in America and elsewhere, and Pikes in Australia.

See also Kachang-kachang and Ténok.
Ambu-ambu (Wilk.). “The name of a large deep-sea fish.

When preserved this fish is known as Ikan kem-
bal mas.”

Probably Tongkol or Ikan ayer.
Thynnus thunnina or the Bonito Thynnus pelamys.
Mackerel. Fam, ScoMBRIDAE.
See Kembal mas.
Ampas tébu (R. M.). Pristipoma operculare.
“Grunters.” Fam, PRISTIPOMATIDAE,

Ampit. Anak ampit (Wilk.): (Kedah) a fish; better known as
Ikan pélaga. This is probably the well known
fighting fish Ikan bélaga: Betta pugnaz.

» bellica.

MALAYAN FISHES. 55:

‘Fam. OSPHROMENIDSE.

See also Pala and Bélaga. :
Anding. See Bélanak. Grey Mullets. Fam. Mucitragr.
Anjang-anjang (Blkr. Andjong-andjong).

Pentapus caninus.

(R. M.) Scolopsis ghanam.

Grunters. Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE.
Aruan (Dun.). Gahiocepludun quchua

A ue lucius.
(Dun. C. D.). ,, striatus.

The Murrel of Northern India.

The “ Murrel.” Fam, OPpHIOCEPHALIDAE.
Aruan tasek (Dun. D. R.). Elacate nigra.

Mackerel. Fam. ScoMBRIDAE.

Asoh-asoh (R.). Lethrinus nebulosus,
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
Ayam (Blkr. Hajam). Monacanthus choerocephalus,

35 3 hajam.
Balistes stellatus.
Leather-jackets. Fam, BALISTIDAE.

Ayer. Ayer-ayer (Cliff.). “The name of a sea-fish ” Thynnus
thunnina C. V. The Tunny or Tuna.

The name “ Ayer” is used on the East coast of the
Malay Peninsula, and Tongkol elsewhere.

Mackerel. Fam. ScoMBRIDAE,
Babi. Holacanthus spp.

So called from the shape of the head and the presence of
a spine considered to resemble a pig’s tusk.

Coral-Fishes. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.
Bagat. Caranz sp.

Horse-Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.
Bagok. Arius sp. Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE,
Baji-baji |D. R.). Platycephalus tuberculatus.

= macracanthus.
5 (R.M.). +5 punctatus.

Flat-heads. Fam. PLATYCEPHALIDAE.
Bakap (Unid.). Cat-fish family. SILURIDAE.
Bakok or Bangkok. q.v.

56 MALAYAN FISHES.

Balut (M. W. & de B. III 515). Macrotema caligans.
An eel belonging to the order SYNBRANCHOIDEA.
Bambangan. Also Bambang and Mambang. Lutianus sp.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.
Banang. Large of its kind : viz, Puput banang. Jolong-jolong
banang.
Bandan (D. R.). Sparus hasta.
Sea-Bream. Fam, SPARIDAE.
Bandang (M. W. & de B. II 15). Chanos-chanos.
The Salmon-Herring of Australia.
The Milk-fish of India.
The Milk-fish. Fam. CHANIDAE.
(M. W. & B. IL 3). Elops hawaiensis.
The Bony-fish: A small relative of the Tarpon.
Giant-herring. Fam. ELopsipar.
Bangkok. Also Bakok on East Coast.
es (M. W. & de B. II 40). Engraulis setirostris.
5 » grayi.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.

Barat-barat (Blkr.). Triacanthus strigilifer.

blochii.
35 nieuhofi.
Monacanthus chinensis.
penicilligerus.

Leather-jackets. Fam, TRIACANTHIDAE,

Barau-barau. Also Bébarau and Sébarau.
Hampala macrolepidota.
(Dun. Barbus hampal).
Carp. Fam. CYpRINIDAE.
This fish gives good sport with live bait or spinner.

Barau-barau laut (R, M.). Priacanthus hamrur.
Sea Perch. Swh-fam, PRIACANTHINAL.

Batu (R. M.) (D.R.). Proteracanthus sarissophorus.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
Baung. The following varieties are recognised: Baung akar,
B. kunyet, B. gantang, B. pisang, B. puntong.
, (Dun.). Macrones nigriceps.
» (M. W. & de B. IT 341). 5 nemurus.
kuning (M. W. & de B. II 348). ,, planiceps.
Cat fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

2?

MALAYAN FISHES.

Bawal (Tamil Voval).
B. chermin (C.).
B. itam (D.).

The following varieties are distinguished.
Stromateus atous.

os cinereus,
B. puteh. ae 53
B. tambak (C.). 5 mger.
B. kédewas. mn cinereus.

Pomfret. Fam. SrroMATEIDAE.

Bayan. Bayan-bayan.
(Boyan R. M.).
Chilinus fasciatus,

a chlorurus.
Parrot-fish. Fam, LABRIDAE.

Bébéras (M. W. & de B. III 1g6).
Carp.

Cyclocheilichthys apogon.

Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Béchok (Wilk. 93).
Parrot-fish. Fam. LABRIDAE.
Pseudoscarus spp.

Julis lunaris.

Pseudodax moluccenus, y

“ Parrot-wrasses.”” Fam. SCARIDAE,

Bégahak (J.S. A. S. VIII 120). Belodontichthys dinema.
Cat-fish. Fam, SILURIDAE.

Békil. Also Berkil, q.v.

Bélachak. Periophthalmus koelreutert.
Goby. Fam. GoBIIDAEK.
Bélaga. Or Berlaga. Ikan berlaga (literally) fighting fish.
Betta pugnax.
» bellica.
Three varieties of fighting fish are recognised, viz.,
Anak karing, A. sempila, Karing gajah and they fight
only with members of the same species.

See also Bleeker’s Atlas Vol, IX, Betta picta.
Osphromenus striatus.
Fam, OSPHROMENIDARF,

Belalang. Ezxocoetus oligolepis.

a neglectus.
5 nigripinnis.
Si speculiger.

Flying-fish. Fam, SCOMBRESOCIDAE.

58 MALAYAN FISHES.

Belanak (Dun, D. R.). Mugil cunnesius,

(Dun.). » planiceps.
” = speigleri.
” » watgiensis.
B. jémpul (C.). » planiceps.
B. rapang (R.M.). 3) bleekeri.
B. anding. D borneensis.
B. tamok. waigiensis.

Other Malay varieties are Bélanak angin, B. pakau,
B kédéra, B. puteh, Puntong damar or Puting damar,
and Pélong.

Grey Mullet. Fam. Mveruipar.
Bélau. See Sélangat bélau.
Bélibas. See Gélibas.
Bélida (R. M.). Notopterus notopterus,
(Dun,). “3 chitala.
Feather-backs. Fam. NOTOPTERIDAE.

Bélidang or Béledang. (C. & S. Dict. 259) a salt water fish
shaped like an eel (unid).
Bélin (R, M.). Muraena (Gymnothorax) undulata.
Pisoodonophis cancrivorus.
Eels. Fam. OPHICHTHYIDAE, ,
Béliak mata (M. W. & de B. II 68 Mata belo).
Clupea (Alosa) kanagurta.
Béliak mata jantan. Clupea (Harengula) moluccensis.
Béliak mata kapak. Pellona dussumieri.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Bélodok (Dun.). Apocryptes lanceolatus.
Periophthalmus schlosseri.
Gobius giuris,
“3 Boleophthalmus boddaertt.
Bélodok kerapu (Dun.). Gobius sadanundio.
lobang - Gobius sp. aff. caninus.
Goby. Fam. GoBlIDAE.

39

2)

D

‘Bélodok karang (D. R.). Platyglossus dussumteri.
Parrot-fish. Fam. LABRIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES. 59

Bélontok (Dun.). Eleotris butis.
(Wilk.). Gobius viridipunctatus,
Goby. Fam. GosridaAr.
Bélungkor. Saurida tumbil.
Cf. M. W. & de B. IT 142 Belanka (Bintang).
The Queensland Smelt.
Fam. ScoPpELiDag,
Bélukang. Arius leioltetocephalus.
(Dun. Arius liocephalus).
Cat-fish. Fam. SILuRIDAE,
See Pédukang.
Belut. Monopterus albus.

(M. W. & de B. III 414). An eel belonging to the
order SYNBRANCHOIDEA,

Béngkalis. Also Méngkalis.
Ikan béngkalis is another name for the Ikan téru-
bok. '
Béngkongkong. Also Békukong, Békuku and Kuku.
(Blkr. Békukung VIII 108). Sparus hasta.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
Béntulu (M. W. & de B. III 209). Barbichthys laevis,
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Béras-béras. Ayphosus spp.
Drummers. Fam. KYPHOSIDAE.
Bérchat (S. bertchat). Ophiocephalus gachua.
“Murrel.” Fam. OPHIOCEPHALIDAE.
See Aruan.

Berkas. Caranz sp.
Horse-mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.

Bérkil. A dark red fish of the Ikan merah family, which fre-

quents timber rather than reefs, i.e. near piles,
piers, sunken barges, etc.

Lutianus sp.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.

Béroi. Also Yu gergaji.
Pristis spp.
Saw-fish. Fam. PRISTIDAE.

60 MALAYAN FISHES.

Bésikor. Also Mésikor. Diagramma spp.
Grunters. Fam, PRISTIPOMATIDAK.

Bétok (Dun.). Anabas scandens.
The well known climbing perch of natural history books.
Fam. OSPHROMENIDAE.

Bétulu. See Béntulu.
Biang-biang also Mémbiang (M. W. & de B. II 29). Setipinna
breviceps.
Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAE.

Biji durian (Dun.). Osphromenus malayanus.
Fam. OsPHROMENIDAE,

Biji nangka (D. R.).. Upeneus tragula.
Red Mullet. Fam. MULLIDar.
Bilis (M. W. & de B. II 16). Stolephorus commersonu.
oh tri,
(“ White-bait”) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Bonang. Platazx teira,
Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE,

Bongkar karang. Literally the reef lifter. A name applied to
large members of the Ray family.

Boyan. See Bayan.

Bujok. Ophiocephalus sp.
“ Murrel.” Fam. OPHIOCEPHALIDAL.

Bulan or Bulan bulan (M. W. & de B. II 6). Megalops cypri-
noides, ,
Giant-Herring. Fam. ELOPSIDAE.

Bulu ayam. Coilia dussumteri.
, quadrifilis.
(Anchovy) Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAE.

Bulus bulus or Bébulus (D. R. Bolas-bolas). Sillago sihama
» maculata,
The Whiting of Australia. Fam. SILLAGINIDAE.

Bunga ayer (C.). Stolephorus indicus.
Engraulis Russellii.
See Bilis.
(“ White-bait ”) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Note: Bunga ayer, are probably the larvae or young
of valuable food-fishes in the Leptocephalus stage.

MALAYAN FISHES. 61

Buntal. A name applied to a large number of fishes belonging to
the families OSTRACIONTIDAE (Box-fishes) ; TETRO-
DONTIDAE (Globe-fishes) ; and DioponTIDaE (Sea-
porcupines ) .

Buntal batu (R. M.). Ostracion cubticus.

» kotak or peti. 5 NasUs.
35 35 oi cornutus.
Buntal pisang. Tetrodon lunaris.
, duri (Dun.). 55 reticularis,
landak. Diodon novemmaculatus.

”

(R.M.). » hysirir.

ao a2.
Chabok. See Parang-parang.
Chandong. Opisthopterus tartoor.
Raconda russelliana,
Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAE,
Chélek mata (D. R, Chileh mata). Pristupoma maculatum.
“ Grunters.” Fam, PRISTIPOMATIDAE.

Chémpéras also Témpéras (R. M. Temporas).
Cyclocheilichthys apogon.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Chéncharu also Jaru-jaru (Dun.). Caranx rottleri.
Horse-mackerel. Fam, CARANGIDAE.

Chénchodak. See Todak.
Chérechek (Cliff. 351). A fresh water fish with bright scales and
red fins.
(Cf. M. W. & de B. III 62 Tjettjereh).
Rasbora argyrotaenia.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.

Chérmin. Caranz gallus.
The Silvery Moon fish of Australia.
Horse Mackerel. Fam, CARANGIDAE.
Chérmin. See Bawal chermin.
Daing bélang. Caranx compressus.
» speciosus,
Horse Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.

Darok-darok. (See C. & S. dict. 395).
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

62 MALAYAN FISHES.

Daun (S. M.). Barbus oatesii.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Daun (Dun.). Platax teira.
Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.

Daun baharu (D. R.). Drepane punctata.

The Moon-fish of Queensland.
Ephippus orbis.

'Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.

D 39

Debam. Teuthis java.
“Black Trevally.”. Fam. TEUTHIDIDAE.

Délah. Caesio lunaris,
» (RM). , kuning.
” ” ” pinjalu.

Délah karang (D.). Cuaesio chrysozona,
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPaRIDAE,

Démbudok. Caranz sp.
Horse Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE,

Dengkis. Teuthis nebulosa.
(R. Dukas). Teuthis virgata.
“Black Trevally.”. Fam. TEUTHIDIDAE.

2

Duri (Dun.). Macrones nemurus.
(D. R.). Arius sagor.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

”

Engor-engor. Jlacrones nemurus,
Cat-fish. Fam. SILuripDar.
Gabus (Wilk. 557). Ophiocephalus sp.
“ Murrel.” Fam, OPHIOCEPHALIDAE.

Garing (M. W. & de B. III 152). Labeobarbus tambra.
Carp. Fam. CyYPRINIDAE.

Gédabang (D. R.). Psettus argenteus.
The Silvery Bat-fish of Australia,
Bat-fish. Fam. SCORPIDIDAE.,

Gelam (D.). Psammoperca vaigiensis.
Sea-Perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES. 63

Gélama (C.). Umbrina russellit,
panjang (D.). Otolithus argenteus.
Sciaena spp.
The following varieties are distinguished: viz.:
G. panjang.
' , papan.
,, China.
» sékang.
. Tapang.
. batu.
.. itam.
> perak.
batu kéling.
. lanjut.
.» kuning dada.
. dahi tinggi.
chérua,
>» pisang.
Jew-fish. Fam, ScIAENIDAE,
‘Gélibas also Bélibas & Libas (R. M. Bélibas). Teuthis oramin.
“Black Trevallv.” Fam, TrEurHIpDIDAE.
‘Gemang. The synonym for large Ikan sembilang.
Plotosus spp.
Cat-fish. Fam, SILURIDAE,
‘Gémang darat (Dun.). Silurichthys phaiosoma.
Cat-fish. Fam, STLURIDAE.
‘Gémi also Gédemi and Kémi (C.). Echineis naucrates.
Sucking-fish. Fam, ECHINEIDIDAE.
‘Gérépoh. Like the Sagai but with thicker lips.
Carane sp.
Horse Mackerel. Fam, CARANGIDAE.
-Gérétak lantei (R. M. Kertah lantei). Synagris japonicus.
Scolopsis personatus,
(D. R.). Lethrinus nebulosus,
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE,

” 29

‘Gergaji. Yu gergaji.
(Dun. C.). Pristis cuspidatus.
Saw-fish. Fam. PRISTIDAE.

64

Gérut-gérut (Dun.).

”

Gombing (Cf. R. Rombin karang).

2

Haruan.

MALAYAN FISHES.

Mesoprion sp.
Snapper. Fam. LUTIANIDAE.
(D. Blkr.). Pristipoma hasta.
(Blkr. Krot-krot) ,,
Krot)
“ Grunter:.”

D
55 maculatune,

gworaca,
Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE.

D”

Coral-fish. Fam, CHAETODONTIDAE.
Glyphidodon coelestinus.
Coral-fish. Fam. PoMACENTRIDAE.

See Aruan.

Hayam. See Ayam.

Inggu.

Jahan.

Jalu jalu (R. M.).

Eh.

Jampo

Dascyllus sp.

(R.M:). Pomacentrus albofasciatus.

(D. R, Ingu).

(R. M.). Amphiprion frenatus.
Coral-fish. Fam. PoMAcENTRIDAE,

(D. R. Ingu rombin).

(D. R. Ingu rombin).
Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.

Amphiprion ephippium.

Arius thalassinus.

Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Caranx boops.
Horse-mackerel. Fam, CARANGIDAE.
Caesio pinjalu.

Also known as Ikan merah china.

Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.

ng (R. M.).

Chilinus chlorurus.

Heniochus macrolepidotus.

Holacanthus sexstriatus.
Holacanthus mesoleucus.

Parrot-fish.

Jangas = Bandang.

Fam, LABRIDAE.

Fam. CHANIDAE.

Jarang gigi (C.).

”

”

Jew-fish.

Jaru-jaru.

Otolithus maculatus.

argenteus.

2

» ruber.

Collichthys biaurita.
Fam. ScIsAENIDAE.

See Chéncharu.

MALAYAN FISHES. 65

Jéboh. See Tamban jéboh.
Jébong.(D. R.). Balistes stellatus.
“ Leather jackets.” Fam. BALIsTIDAE.
Jémbédi. Engraulis sp.
Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAF,
Jémpul. See Bélanak.

Jénéhak. Lutianus roseus.

(Blkr.). » johnir.
es 5 sebae.
35 A fulviflamma.
3 » loglosus.
is » argentimaculatus.

Nore:—The generic names Ikan merah and Ikan jénéhak are
synonymous. The latter name being used in the north,
(Penang and Kedah) and the former in the south, Singapore,
ete.

Snapper. Sub-fam, LUTIANINAE.

Jéngkua (unid.).
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.

Jénjalu see Jalu jalu.
Jérong. See Yu jérong. Shark. Fam. CARCHARIIDAE.

Jolong jolong or Julong: also Jénjulong (Dun.). Hemirham-
phus cantoris.

(Dun.). Hemirhamphus buffonis.

Be limbatus.
he a pogonognathus.
45 AE fluviatilis.
P » (Blkr.). ¥ far.

Jolong-jolong banang. Hemirhamphus far.
Gar-fish. Fam, SCOMBRESOCIDAE.

Juara (Wilk. 235). An edible fresh-water fish.
(Cf. M. W. & de B. II 258 juaro). Pangasius poly-
uranodon.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Kachang-kachang. A fish similar to, but smaller than, the Alu-
alu, q.v.
“ Barracudas.’ Fam. SPHYRAENIDAE,

66 MALAYAN FISHES.

Kachi. Diagramme spp.

9

“Grunters.” Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE,
Novacula spp,
Parrot-fishes. Fam. Lapripar,
Kakap also Siakap. The “Cock-up” of Europeans in India,
whence the name by which this fish is known in
Queensland was probably derived.

(Blkr.). Lates calcarifer.
Sea-Perch. Fam, SERRANIDAE.

Kalat (R. M.). Pseudoscarus rivulatus.
“ Parrot-Wrasses.” Fam. SCARIDAE.

Kalui (Dun, D. R.). Osphromenus olfaz.

Habitat—China and the fresh waters of the Malay
Archipelago.

Naturalised in Mauritius, Cayenne, Australia and in-
troduced into some parts of India, viz., near Cal-
cutta, Madras amd the Neilgherries. Attains 20
Ibs. or more in weight and is excellent eating when
kept in clean water. Known as Gurami in India.
Note :—-Kalui probably derived from Kallawah. (Tamil) a
perch.
Fam, OSPHROMENIDAE.
Kapas, Kapas-kapas, (Blkr.). Sparus hasta.
Sea Bream. Fam. Sparipar.
» (Blkr.). Gerres abbreviatus,
» filamentosus.
“Silver-Bream.” Fam. Gerripar.
Karang. Reef or coral.
Ikan karang. Fish frequenting rocks and coral reefs.
Kasi-kasi. Engraulis baelama,
(“Whitebait”) Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAE.
Kawan-kawan (R. M.). Dangila burmanica,
3 cuviert,
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Kebasi (Pahang) = Sélangat q.v.
Kédémut. Carne sp.
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE,
Kédéra. See Bélanak.
Grey Mullet. Fam. Mueiuipag,

MALAYAN FISHES. 67

Kédewas. See Bawal.

Pomfret. Fam, STROMATEIDAEF.
Kédondong. A large bulus-bulus.

See Bulus-bulus.

Whiting. Fam. SILLAGINIDAE.

Kekek gédabang (R. M.). Equula edentula.
“ Silver-Bream.” Fam, Grrripar.
Kékek labu. Gazza minuta.
“ Silver-Bream.” Fam. GERRIDAE.

Kékek jawa. Mene maculata.

Kékek gédabang. Mene maculata.
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.
Kelabau (Wilk. 524). A fresh water fish (Unid.).
(Cf. M. W. & de B, III 129). Osteochilus kelabau.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Kelah (R. M.). Barbus kolus.
a 3 sf stracheyt.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Kélalawer (Blkr.). Antennarius hispidus.
Angler-fish. Fam, ANTENNARIIDAE.
Kélara (‘See Wilk. 524). The young of the sémbilang.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Keli (Dun. D. R.). Clarias magur.
3 (Se » teysmanni.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILuripAr.
Kémbal mas. Thynnus thunnina,
See Tongkol.
Mackerel. Fam. ScoMBRIDAE,

Nore:—Kembal mas and Tombol mas derived from Tamil
Kombola mach.

Kembong (Dun.). Caranex calla.
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. CarANGIDAE,
(RM.). Scomber microlepidotus.
Mackerel. Fam. SCOMBRIDAE.

PPI

Kéméjan. Also Kéménnyan,
Rhynchobatus djeddensis.
Beaked-Rays. Fam. RHINOBATIDAE,

68 MALAYAN FISHES.

Kémi. See Gémi.
Kéndérap. Bagarius sp. ?
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Képar. An edible fresh water fish, common in ponds and swamps.
See Bleeker Vol. IX Polyacanthus hasselin.
(Plate only: no description).
Fam. OSPHROMENIDAE.

Képau (Dun.). Catopra fasciata.
Fresh-water Perch. Fam. NANDIDAE,
Képau laut (R. M.). Glyphidodon notatus.
Coral-fish. Fam. PoMACENTRIDAE.

Képayat. (See Wilk. 522). A large fish (unid.).
Cf. M. W. & de B. III 109 Kapyah.
Mystacoleucus marginatus.

Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.

Keping (R. M. Kepang). Glyphidodon notatus.
'Coral-fish. Fam. PoMACENTRIDAE,

Képiyat (M. W. & de B. III 179 Kepiat).
Puntius schwanefeldi,
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.

Kerai (Dun. Krai). Barbus goniosoma.
(R.M.Kereh). , neilli..
> kunyet. » Sp,
>» jelawat. es
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE,

”

Kerapu (Dun.). Epinephelus tauvina.
IA 3 Cromileptis altivelis.
3 x Plectropoma maculatum.
jg (Day I 450, Dun. D. R.). Epinephelus lanceolatus.

» « (Blkr E.). a fasciatus,

5 (Blkr.). . boelang.

» karang (Btkr.). A miniatus.

>» lumpur (Blkr.). Sd pantherinus.
,,0 bloso (Blkr.). ws corallicola.
» tutul (Blkr.). 35 merra,

,» bebeh (Blkr.). yg fuscoguttatus.
A a 5 uf sexfasciatus.
2” ” ” ” hoevenii,

, lilin (R. M.). ng salmoides.
,, sonoh. Cromileptis altivelis.

Sea-Perch. Fam, SERRANIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES. 69

Kérétang. Lpinephelus pantherinus,
Sea-Perch. Fam, SERRANIDAE,

Kéring, Ikan kéring. Lit. dried fish.

Amphisile scutata.

Sea-snipe. Fam. AMPHISILIDAE.
Kérisi (Blkr. Gurisi mejrah). Synagris taeniopterus.
japoracus,
tolu.

2 2 D 29 19

2 2) bb) a 39

Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.

Kérisi aji-aji. Synagris nematopus.
bali (R. M.). Scolopsis bilineatus,
Sea-Bream. Fam, SPARIDAE.

2

Kerong-kerong also Méngkerong.
(D. R.). Therapon puta.

2” ”
” ” ” 3” quadrilineatus.
29 ” Pa ” theraps.

” » (Blkr.). » jarbua.

Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.
x 36 (D. R.). Centrogenys vaigiensis.
Sea-perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE.
Kérosok (R. M.). Jfonacanthus cheirocephalus.
padi (R. M. Kerusu padi). Monacanthus monoceros.

“ Leather Jackets.” Fam. BALisTIDAE.

D

Kertakok (D. R.). Batrachus grunniens.
Frog-fishes. Fam, BATRACHIDAE.

Ketang also Kitang (Dun. D. R.). Hphippus argus.
(D. R.). Holacanthus annularis,

Coral fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE,

Ketang (Dun.). Teuthis virgata.

” ” 3 stellata.

33 (C.). % java,

” ” 3 concatena.
” 5; re dorsalis,

“Black Trevally.” Fam. TEUTHIDIDAg.

Kétarap (R. M.). Pseudoscarus ghobban.
“ Parrot-wrasse.” Fam. SCARIDAE.

70 MALAYAN FISHES.

Ketewas. See Bawal.
Kia-kia. See Yu kia-kia.
Kubal. Polynemus spp.

A name applied to large fish of this family.
Threadfins. Fam. PoLyNEMIDAg.

Kuda laut (Dun.). Hippocampus hystrix.

Kuda-kuda ayer (D. R.). Hippocampus guttulatus.
Sea-Horses. Fam. SYNGNATHIDAE,

Kuku. See Béngkongkong.

Kuning-kuning. Lutianus erythropterus,
Snappers. Sub-fam, LuTIANIN AE.

Kurau. Polynemus paradiseus.

3 (C.). 33 indicus.

(R.). 55 sexiarius.
Kurau pipit rs sextarius.
Kurau janggut (Dun.). 5; tetradactylus.

Threadfins. Fam. PoLYNEMIDAE.
Lais (M. W. & de B. II 204). Belodontichthys dinema.
5 Pp Cryptopterus cryptopterus.
» (Dun). bs micropus.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Lalang (Dun.). Crossochilus oblongus.
5 is Rasbora damiconius.
3 Chela spp.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.
Lali (M. W. & de B. III 24 Langli). Botia hymenophysa.
Loach. Fam. CoBITIDAL.

Lambai. Teuthis sp.
“ Black-Trevally.” Fam. TEurHipipar,
Lampam (M. W. & de B. III 178). Puntius schwanefeldt.

(R. M.). Barbus jerdoni.

Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Lampila (S.) (Lampile). Betta bellica.

Fam. OsPHROMENIDAE.

See Bélaga.

MALAYAN FISHES. 71

Landok (Pahang). Sparus datnia.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.

Langgai. Trichiurus savala,
“ Barracouta.” Fam, TRictttuRiDak.

Langi. A term applied to Ténggiri of the largest size.

Lau (East coast). Polynemus sevtarius.
Jew-fish. Fam, PoLYNEMIDAE.

Lawang (C. & 8. dict. 171).
Cf. M. W. & de B. II 259. Pangastus sp.
- i 271. Bagarius sp.
Cat-fish. Fam, SILURIDAE.
Lawi ayam. See Bulu ayam.

Layer, Layeran or Sélayer (Dun, D, laiar). Histiophorus gla-
dius,
Sail-fish. Fam. HIsTtIOPHORIDAE.

Layur (D. R.) also S&layur. Trichiurus savala.
“ Barracouta.” Fam. TRICHIURIDAE.

Lebai (R. Lebis). Mulloides flavolineatus.
Uneneus luteus,
sy tragula.

Red-Mullet. Fam. MULLIDAE.
Lebam. See Debam.

Lele (Wilk. 629) Jav. Clarias punctatus.
(M. W. & de B. II 189). » melanoderma.
ss - 191). » batrachus.
Cat-fish. Fam, SILURIDAL.

Lembat (M. W. & de B. II 190). Clarias nieuhofi.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Lembu (Dun.). Ostracion cornutus.
Box-fishes. Fam. OsTrRACIONTIDAE.
Triacanthus sp.

“ Leather-jackets.”. Fam, BALISTIDAE.

Lépu (Dun.). Antennarius hispidus.

Angler-fish. Fam. ANTENNARIIDAE,
(Dun. D. R.). Synancidium horridum,
5 (Rs): Scorpaena polyprion.

ie Pterois antennata.
panjang (R.M.). Pelor didactylum.

Goblin-fishes. Fam. ScorparNIDAE.

Malay varieties are Lépu sémaram.

» béranyut.
, landak.

72 MALAYAN FISHES.

Mata lalat (Hanitsch Jour. S. B. R. A. S. Dec., 1912).
Haplochilus panchac.
“Millions.” Fam, CyPRINODONTIDAE.

Lidah also Lidah-lidah (Dun.). Cynoglossus lida,

. ks grandisquamis.
; 35 a lingua.
(Dun. C.). Plagusia bilineata.
9 Cynoglossus elongatus.
Nm Psettodes erumei.

» baji (D. R.). Synaptura orientalis.
» lumpur (D. R.). Synaptura commersoniana,
pg a (C.). Cynoglossus cantoris.
Flat-fish. Fam. PLEURONECTIDSE.
See also Sa-bélah.

Lisah (C.). Periophthalmus schlosseri.
(Mud-Skipper). Goby. Fam, GoBIIDAE.

Logu (D. R.). Choerops oligacanthus.
“ Parrot-fishes.” Fam, LABRIDAE.
» (R.M.). Myripristis murdjan.
“Silver-Bream.” Fam, BerycIDAR.
Loma (R. M.). Thynnichthys sandkhol.
Carp. Fam, CYpRINIDAR.

Luding. A term applied to small Ténggiri.

Luli (C.). Harpodon nehereus.
See Lumi. Fam. ScopELipae.

Lumban (R.). Teuthis java.
The “ Black Trevally ” of Australia.
“ Black Trevallv.” Fam, TEUTHIDIDAE.

Lumi. Harpodon nehereus.
The “ Bombay-duck.” Fam, SCoPELIDAE.

Lundu (M. W. & de B. II 345). Macrones gulio.
‘Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Malong (Dun. D. R.). Muraenesox talabon.
talabonoides,
5 cinereus.
Conger eels. Fam. MuRrAENIDAE.

Mamong. Caranz sp,
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. C4raNnGIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES. 73

Mandi abu. Diagramma spp.
“ Grunters.” Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE.
45 Novacula spp.
“ Parrot-fishes.” Fam, LABRIDAE.
Mata béliak (M. W. & de B. II 68 Mata belo).
Clupea (Alosa) kanagurta.
See Béliak mata.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Mayong. Arius sp.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Mémpinis. LEngraulis spp.
(“ White-bait.”) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Mémpurong. Also Porong or Purong.
Lycothrissa crocodilus.
(Sprat or Anchovy.) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Ménangin. Llops hawaiensis.
Giant Herring. Fam. ELopsipar.
Méngkai or Mingkai (Wilk. 651). A species of Ray.
Méngkerong. See Kerong-kerong.
Merah (R. M.). Lutianus roseus.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.

Merah China. Caesio pinjalu.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAF,

Mérawan. Lutianus sp.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE,

Mudin or Mudim. Saurus myops.

Mésikor. Diagramma spp.

“Grunters.” Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE.
Novacula sp,

Parrot-fishes. Fam, LABRIDAE.

9

Mersuji. istiophorus sp.
Said to be smaller than Sélayer.
Sail-fish. Fam. HisTIOPHORIDAE.

Fam. SCOPELIDAE.

Nandong (Kedah) = Sélangat.
Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAE.

74 MALAYAN FISHES.

Nyior-nyior (D. R. Nior-nior). Trachynotus ovatus.
The Dart of Australia.
Horse-Mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE,

Nyua-nyua (Dun.). Barilius guttatus.
Luciosoma setigerum,
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
‘Otek (Blkr.). Arius utik,
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Pachal. See Parang-parang.
Paku. See Rénnyau.

Pala (Dun.). Betta pugnaz.
Fam. OspHROMENIDAE.
See Belaga.

Parang-parang (M. W. & de B. II 18). Chirocentrus dorab,

The terms used to describe different sizes of this fish
are:

Pachal, largest.
Tégap, large.
Chabok, medium.
Sudip, small.
Chabok sétu or sétul is the term applied to this fish

when caught, (usually in seine nets) in shallow
water: amongst the marine plant (sétul).

The Dorab. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.

Pari kebas (C.). Narcine timlet.
ee 3 Astrape dipterygia.
» linchin ,, Temera hardwickii.
; bunga (C. banga). Astrape dipterygia.
Electric-Rays. Fam, TorPEDINIDAE.

Pari dédap (Dun.). Urogymnus asperrimus.
» beting ,, Trygon uarnak.
,0 bendera ,, ay sephen.
29 daun 2 D 3
» lalat. Trygon walga.
» rénnyau ,, kuhliz,
Sting-Rays. Fam, TRyGonmpag.

MALAYAN FISHES.

Pari kelawar (C.). Myliobatis vespertilio,
5 P 3 2 nieuhofi,
» lang (C. D.). Aetobatis narinari.
» daun (C.). Rhinoptera adspersa,
» paus (D.). Dicerobatis eregoodoo,
eg » (Dun). Ceratoptera ehrenbergit,
» kola 55 55 2.
Eagle-Rays. Fam, MYLIOBATIDAE.
Pasir (Dun.). Acanthopsis choerorhynchus.
Loaches. Fam. Cop,rtrpag.
» (R.M.). Labeo boggut.
Carp, Fam, CyPRINIDAE.

Pasir-pasir also Mémpasir (Blkr.). Scolopsis personatus.

a 3 cancellatus,

ss a ciliatus,

5 Bs bilineatus,

ss 3 vosmaeri.

"3 * bimaculatus.

4 i monogramma,

Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE,

Patin (M. W. & de B. II 257). Pangasius pangasius.
Cat-fish. Fam, SILURIDAE.

Patong (S, petong). Catopra fasciata.
Fresh-water Perch. Fam. NANDIDAE.

Péchah périok (C.). Lobotes surinamensis.
The Dusky Perch. Fam, LoBoTIDAE,

Pédukang (M. W. & de B, II 327). Anak dukang.
Hemipimelodus borneensis,
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDSE,
See Bélukang.

Pélaga. Also Ampit-ampit, Pala and Bélaga.
Betta pugnac.
,, bellica.
Fam, OSPHROMENIDAE.

Pélaling. Siamese, pla = fish.
Horse mackerel, Fam. CArRANGIDAE,
Pélata (Meek. Siamese Pla-thu). Scomber microlepidotus,

Mackerel. Fam. ScOMBRIDAE.
Varieties are Pélata Bali and Pélata minyak.

76 MALAYAN FISHES.

Petek-petek (Dun.). Ambassis ranga.
Aa. 3 39 commersonat,
Sea-Perch, Fam. SrrraNipAr. Sub-fam, AMBASSINAE.
Peti, Ikan peti. A name applied to the Box fishes.
See Buntal. Fam. OsTRACIONTIDAE.
Petong (8.). Catopra fasciata.
Fresh-water Perch. Fam. NANDIDAE.
Pias. Dorosoma chacunda.
Herring. Fam, CLUPEIDAE.
Pijat-pijat. Scolopsis torquatus.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
Pinang-pinang (D. R.). Chaetodon. octofasciatus.
(R. M.). P vagabundus.
Coral fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE,
Sparus datnia.
Sea-Bream. Fam. SPARIDAE.
Pipit (D. R.). Chelmo rostratus.
Coral fish. Fam, CHAETODONTIDAR.
Ponggok. A fish inhabiting reefs. Unidentified.
Porong. See mémpurong.
Puchuk (C.). Trichiurus savala.
a haumela.
“ Barracouta.” Fam. Tr1CHIURIDAE.
Puchok pisang (Unid.). Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Pukul gendang (R. M.). Percis pulchella.
Star-gazer. Fam. LEPTOSCOPIDAE.
Puntong damar. See Bélanak.
Puput. Also Puput Malacca.
3 (M. W. & de B. 1190). Pellona amblyuropterus.
» elongata.
(M. W. & de B. II 93) ,, dussumteri.
Raconda russelliana.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE,
Puput (R.). Hemirhamphus limbatus.

Puput banang eS far.
Gar-fish. Fam. ScOMBRESOCIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES. 77

Puteh (Dun. as Barbus maculatus). Puntius binotatus.
Pe era » apogon). Cyclocheilichthys apogon.
» (5, ). Rasbora vulgaris.
» (5, as Barbus obtusirostris). Mystacoleucus marginatus,
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Puyu. Also Puyu-puyu and Pépuyu.
+5 (S. Dun). Anabas scandens.
The Climbing Perch. Fam, OspPHROMENIDAE,
Rapang. Also Répang.
See Bélanak rapang and Gélama rapang.

Rénnyau. Atherina forskali.
a temminckt.
Sand-Smelts, Fam. ATHERINIDAE.
Riu-riu. (Dun.). Lais heranema.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Rong (Dun.). Dangila cuvieri.
» beras (C. & S. dict. 271). Idem ?
» (R.M.). Labeo caeruleus.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE,

Rumbong-rumbong (R. M.). Lutianus madras.
Snapper. Sub-fam, LUTIANINAE.

Rumi-rumi (D. R.). Echinets naucrates.
Sucking-fish. Fam. ECHINEIDIDAE.

Sa-bélah (Dun.). Synaptura achira.
(C.). Psettodes erumei.
33 Pseudorhombus russellit.
Flat-fish. Fam. PLEURONECTIDAE.
See Lidah.

Sagai (R.). Caranx gallus.
(D.R.).,, armatus,
Horse-Mackerel. Fam, CARANGIDAE.
Sai (Wilk. 367). A kind of Ray.
Sébarau also Barau-barau (Dun.). Hampala macrolepidota
(Barbus hampal.)

(R.M.). ,, hewastichus.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

bp)

Sébékah. Apogon spp.
Sea-Perch. Sub-fam, CHILODIPTERINAE.

78 MALAYAN FISHES.

Sébékah karang. Myripristis murdjan.
Nannygai. Fam. BERYCIDAE.
Sédakang (R. M.). Gerres altispinnis.
“Silver-Bream. Fam, GERRIDAE.
Sékiki. See Kekek.

Sélampai (C.). Collichthys biaurita.
Jew-fish. Fam. ScIAENIDAE,

Sélangat (M. W. & de B. II 26 selangkat).
Dorosoma chacunda,
$ bélau ,, NASUS.
35 tuli , sp.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.

Sélangin (C.). Polynemus tetradactylus.
Li so sextarius.
Thread-fins. Fam. PoLYNEMIDAE.

2D

Selar (Dun). Caranx kurra.
ER Sy Trachynotus bailloni.
» batang (R.). Caranr djeddaba.
, abu-abu (R. M.). ,, ire.

» kuning re » gymnostethoides.
» letup-letup. 5 oblongus,
” » ” -, compressus.

The Malays of Singapore differentiate between three
sizes of Sélar batang, viz.,
Small, Sélar renchih.
Medium, ,, keledek.
Large, ,, batang.
Other varieties, Selar bulat and Selar lepir.
Horse Mackerel. Fam, CARANGIDAE.

Sélayer. Histiophorus gladius.
Sail-fish. Fam, HIsTIoPHORIDAE.

Sélayur. Trichiurus savala.
“ Barracouta.” Fam. TRICHIURIDAE.

Sélémah. Lactarius delicatulus.
Fam. LACTARIIDAE.

Séliap (D. R. Saliup). Chorinemus lysan.
55 Hs sg sancti-petri.
Horse-mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES. 79

Sélichin. Anampses caeruleopunctatus.
Parrot-fish. Fam. LABRIDAE.

Séligi (R.). Anacanthus barbatus,
Leather-jackets. Fam, BALISTIDAE.

Sélikor. The synonym in Singapore for a large Chéncharu.
Caranx rottlert.

Sélimang (M. W. & de B, ITI 230). Hpalzeorhynchus kallopterus.
Carp. Fam, CyprinipAe.

Sélinching. Pentapus spp.
“ Grunters.” Fam, PRISTIPOMATIDAE.

Séluang (S.). Rasbora argyrotaenia.
3 (Dun.). ,, trilineata.
$3 (R.). Barilius guttatus,
Small varieties are known as Séluwang beras C, & S.
dict. 271.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.

‘Séludu (Blkr. as Arius maculatus). Pseudarius arius,
(C, Surdudu). Arius macronotacanthus,
Cat-fish. Fam, SILURIDAE.

#9.

Semangka (D.). Apogon frenatus.
Sea-Perch. Swh-fam, CHILODIPTERINAE.

See Sébékah.
Sémaram. Centrogenys waigiensis.
Sea-Perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE,
(R. M.). Centronogon indicus,
karang (R. M.). Synancia verrucosa.
“Goblin-fish.” Fam. ScORPAENIDAE.

9

‘Sémbak. See Tongkol.
Sembilang (D. R.). Plotosus canis.
(C. Blkr.). Paraplotosus albilabris.
karang (M. W, & de B. II 230). Plotosus anguillaris.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.
Sémpila. Also Sémpilai (Wilk.) and Lampile (S.).
See Bélaga.
Fighting-fish. Fam. OSPHROMENIDAR,

22

D

Senangin (C.). Polynemus tetradactylus.
5 4 seatarwus.
Thread-fins. Fam. PoLYNEMIDAE.

80 MALAYAN FISHES.

Séndarat. Lutianus argentimaculatus.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.

Senderong (D. senderang sendok). Plectropoma maculatum.

Epinephelus sexfasciatus.

Sea-Perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE,

Séngaring. See Wilk. 384. Also Karing.
Cf. M. W. & de B. III 152. Séngkaring.
Labeobarbus tambra,
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Sénohong. A large Sénangin.
Sényor. Psettus falciformes,
Bat-fish. Fam. ScorPIDIDAE.

Sepat. (Dun). Osphromenus trichopterus.
Fam. OspHROMENIDAE.
Sepat karang (R. M.). Lobotes surinamensis,
The Dusky Perch. Fam, Loporipae.
Sepat karang. Pempheris spp.
“ Bull’s Eyes.” Fam. PEMPHERIDAE.
Sérandong (See Wilk. 381). A fresh water fish. (Unidentified) .
“Tt is something like the Sélangat.”
Sérasah. Literally rubbish, manure.
Ikan sérasah. Small and immature fish used as
manure.
Sériding (Dun.). Hquula edentula,
“ Silver-Bream.” Fam’ GERRIDAE.
Sétoka. A small Ray.
Sétonggang. Monocentris japonicus.
Knight-fishes. Fam. MonocENTRIDAE.
Sétu or Sétul. A marine plant with edible fruit. Enhalus aco-
roide3.
See Parang-parang sétu and Tamban sétu.
Sia-sia (R. M.). Diploprion bifasciatum.
Ambassis gynocephalus.
Sea-Perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE,
Siakap (C.). Lates calcarifer.
Sea-Perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE.

Sirat-sirat. A marine eel (unid.).

MALAYAN FISHES. 81

Songsong arus. Caran sp.
Horse-mackerel. Fam. CARANGIDAE.

Sudip. Anak sudip. The young of the Ikan parang.

Sumpit. Sumpit-sumpit.
(Dun. C.D. R.). Toxrotes chatareus.
(Blkr,). » jaculator,
Blow-pipe fish. Fam. 'Toxotipar.
Chelmo rostratus.
Chaetodon vagabundus,
Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE,

Susur batang (Dun, Sulir batang, as Rasbora daniconius.)
Rasbora einthovent.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE,

Talang (Dun.). Chorinemus lysan,
55 sancti-petri.
a moadetta.
Large specimens of Chorinemus are usually called
Talang and small ones Séliap.
Horse-mackere]. Fam. CARANGIDAE,

Tali (8.) 2 Acanthopsis choerorhynchus.
Loach. Fam. Conrripas.

Tambak. See Bawal tambak.

Tamban (M. W. & de B, II 58 tembang). Clupeoides lile.
(M. W. & de B. IL 76). Clupea (Harengula) fimbriata.
betul (C. batal). Clupea perforata.
bulat (C.). Dussumieria acuta,
nipis (C.). Clupea perforata,
siantan. Clupea (Harengula) fimbriata,
i és, 5 (Amblygaster) leiogaster.
chinchang rébong. Clupeoides lile.
jéboh. Dussumieria acuta,
hasseltit.

27

Tamban. Anak tamban jéboh. Spratelloides delicatulus,
pn gracilis.
Also Tamban sétu (unid.) & Tamban béluru (unid. )
(“Sardines”) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.

Tambéra. Also Témbéra or Tébéra.
(M. W. & de B. III 152). Labeobarbus tambra.
Carp. Fam. CYPpRINIDAE,

..

82 MALAYAN FISHES.

Tampok-tampok (Wilk. 187). Gerres oblongus,
“Silver-Bream.” Fam. GERRIDAE.
Tanda-tanda (Wilk. 193). Lutianus sillaoo.
5 bohar.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE.

Tapa also Tapah (Dun.). Callichrous pabda.
Cf. M. W. & de B. II 202. Wallago spp.
Cat-fish. Fam. SILURIDAE.

Tebal bibir (R. M.). Diagramma cinctum.

, 9 9 P punctatum.
” peo at ” crassipinum.
s3 go CRE) ee pictum.

“ Grunters.”” Fam. PRISTIPOMATIDAE.
Tebal pipi = Gérut-gérut q.v.
Tékok (onom.). J/alieulaea stellata,

Croakers. Fam. MALTHIDAE.
Telan. See Tilan.

Telan rumput (R. M.). Aypleosus (Pimelepterus) cinerascens-
“Drummer.” Fam. KyPHOSIDAE.

Témbakul. Periopthalmus schlosseri.
(Mud-skipper) Goby. Fam. GoBIIDAE.

Témbélian. Barbus sp.
Carp. Fam, CYPRINIDAE.
Témbéreh (C. Tembari). Sciaena diacanthus.

(Wilk. 181). Otolithus punctatus.
Jew-fish. Fam. SCIAENIDAE.

Téméngalan (R. M.). Barbus burmanicus,

(Blkr. Teban-galang). Amblyrhynchichthys trun-
catus.

Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Temenggong (Blkr.). Priacanthus tayenus.
Sea-perch. Fam. SERRANIDAE,

Téménong = Kembong. q.v.

Témoleh (R. Tamaleh, as Barbus apogon.) Cyclocheilichthys
apogon.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Témpéras (R, M. as Barbus apogon.) Cyclocheilichthys apogon.

MALAYAN FISHES. 83

Témpuwa (Wilk. 188 as Barbus apogon.) Cyclocheilichthys
apogon.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE,

Tenggiri (Dun.). Cybium kuhlii.

2 (C.). » commersonit.

5 su i lineolatum.

» batang (D.). ,, commersonit.

» musang $5 55
» papan (C.). ,, guttatum.

The descriptive terms Ténggiri luding, T. tohok, T.
padi, T. tundan ani Langi are used with reference to the
size of these fish.

Mackerel. Fam. ScoMBRIDAE.
The Ténggiri is the well-known sporting fish, the
Spanish Mackerel of the Philippines and Australia.
Téngkerong. See Kerong-kerong.
Ténok. Sphyraena novae-hollandiae.
a obtusata.
3 jello.

Small Kachang-kachang, larger Alu-alu, largest size
Ténok.

“ Barracudas.’ Fam. SPiYRAENIDAE,

Térbul. Osteochilus hasselti.

Cf. S. “Teboye” Duncker p. 205.
Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Teri (M. W. & de B. IL 46). Stolephorus commersoni.
” ” - indicus.
” ” ” tri.
(“ Whitebait”) Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Téripang (R. M.). Saurus indicus.
Fam. SCOPELIDAE,

Térubok (M. W. & de B. II 66). Clupea (Alosa) macrura.
3 padi re x 3 toli,
és korin 3 ” » Sp.

Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE,
Tilan. Also telan (Dun.). Mastacembulus unicolor.
a 3 maculatus,
(Dun. D.). ie armatus.
Spiny-Eels. Fam. MASTACEMBELIDAE,

D

84 MALAYAN FISHES.

Tilan pasir (D. R.). Trypauchen vagina,
toby. Fam. GoBIIDAE.
Timah-timah. See also Sélayur and Langgai.
D. (Dun.). Trichiurus savala.
h haumela,
““Barracouta.” Fam, TRICHIURIDAE.
Timun-timun also Méntimun (R. M.). Lutianus lineolatus.
3 decussatus.
* vitta.
Snapper. Sub-fam. LUTIANINAE,
Tiram. Engraulis sp.
Herring. Fam. CLUPEIDAE.
Todak, also Chénchodak (Dun.). Belone cancila.
45 (Dun. C. R.).

» strongylurus.
5 (Dun. D.).

» choram.

45 (C.). ,5! annulata.
» pendek (Penang) (Blkr.). Hemirhamphus georgii.
ss $5 (Malacca) ,, a far.

Gar-fish. Fam. SCOMBRESOCIDAE,
Toka-toka also Setoka. A small Ray.
Tokak (Blkr. Toka). Cossyphus diana.

is Chaerops omnopterus,

Parrot-fish. Fam. LABRIDAE,

Toman (R.). Ophiocephalus striatus,
“Murrel.” Fam, OPHIOCEPHALIDAE.

Tombol mas (R. M.). Thynnus thunnina.
The Tunny. See Kémbal mas.
‘Mackerel. Fam. SCOMBRIDAE,

Tombong damar (Wilk. 181). A fish (unid.)
See Puntong damar.

Tongkol. Thynnus thunnina,

Small sized fish are called Choreng, medium sized
specimens Sémbak, large ones Tongkol and exceptionally
large ones Kémbal mas or Tombol mas.

The Tunny or Tuna.
Mackerel. Fam. SCOMBRIDAE.
Tudong périok also Tudong témpayan.
(Blkr. Tudjong-prio). Platax batavianus.
» vespertilio,
Coral-fish. Fam. CHAETODONTIDAE.

MALAYAN FISHES.

Tuli. Literally deaf. Sce Sélangat tuli.
Tumbok banir. LHistiophorus sp.
Sail-fish. Fam, HistropHoRIDAE.

Tumbok tebing (Dun, Tumbok ka tubing). Neg, Semb.

Luciocephalus pulcher,
Fam. OsPHROMENIDAE.

Tunjang langit. Triacanthus oxycephalus,

“ Leather-jackets.” Fam, BALIsTIDAE,
Ubi (C.). Sillago sihama.

“Whiting.” Fam, SILLAGINIDAE.
Udip. Petit ikan parang (Favre). See Sudip.
Umbut-umbut (S. Mombu). Dangila lineata,

85

as (M. W. & de B. III 116 Umbu-umbu). D. cuviert.

Barynotus microlepis.

Carp. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.
Undok-undok. Hippocampus sp.

The Sea-Horse.

Fam, SYNGNATHIDAE.

Ungar (Wilk. 57). Lutianus argentimaculatus,
5 johnit.
Snapper. Sub-fam, LUTIANINAE,
Unsat or usat. Plolosus sp,
Cat-fish. Fam. STLURIDAE,

Yu (R. M.). Carcharias dussumieri.
,, tenggiri. Galeocerdo raynert.
Sharks. Fam. CArCHARIIDAE.
Yu béngkong (D.). Sphyrna (Zygaena) malleus.
(D.). $5 - blochit.
Hammer-head Sharks. Fam, SPHYRNIDAE.

”

Yu pendek (D.). Scyllium marmoratum,
chechak (D. Chikak). Slegostoma tigrinum.

3

tokek (C. Tokay). ss 5
,, tokek (C. Tokay). Chiloscyllium indicum,
, belangkas (D.). 7 35

Dog-fishes. Fam, SCYLLIDAE.
parang (Dun.). Pristis cuspidatus.
29 gergaji 39 39 9
todak (D.). i 3
Saw-fishes. Fam. PRISTIDAE.
kia-kia (D.). Rhynchobatus djeddensis.
(D.). Rhinobatus thonini.
Beaked-Rays. Fam, RHINOBATIDAB.

2 2?

Families of Malayan Fishes.

PART 111.

ELOPSIDAE (GIANT-HERRINGS).

Elops hawaiensis Regan.
Megalops cyprinoides Brouss.

Bandang, Ménangin.

Bulan-bulan.

NOTOPTERIDAE (FEATHER-BACKS).

Notopterus notopterus Pall.
chitala H. B.

Belida.

39

CHANIDAE (THE MILN-FISIL).

Chanos chanos Forsk.

Bandang, Jangas,

CLUPEIDAE (HERRINGS, SHADS, ETC.).

Chirocentrus dorab Forsk.

Spratelloides delicatulus Benn.

a gracilis Schleg.
Dussumieria acuta ('. V.
hasseltii Blkr.

Dorosoma nasus BI.

chacunda H, B.

Setipinna breviceps Cant.

5 taty C. V
Lycothrissa crocodilus Blkr.
Engraulis baelama Forsk.

grayi Blkr.
mystax BI. Schn.

N setirostris Brouss.

” spp.

Stolephorus commersonii Lac.

indicus v. H.
oh tri Blkr.

Coilia dussumieri C. V.
» quadrifilis Giinth.

Clupeoides lile C. V.

D

Parang-parang.
Anak tamban jeboh.
” ” D
Tamban bulat, T. jeboh.
Tamban jeboh.
Sélangat belau, Nandong,
Kebasi.
Sélangat, Kebasi, Nandong,
Pras.
Biang-biang.
”
Mémpurong.
Kasi-kasi.
Bangkok.
Bulu ayam.
Bangkok.
Tiram, Mémpinis, Jembidi.
Bilis, Teri.
Bunga ayer, Teri.
Teri, Bilis.
Bulu ayam.
” a
Tamban, T. chinchang ré
bong.

MALAYAN FISHES. 87

Clupea (Amblygaster) clupeoides
Blkr.

,, (Amblygaster) leiogaster C. V
Clupea (Alosa) toli C. V.
macrura Blkr,
kanagurta Blkr,

PE) 9
” ”
j spp.

a Pe moluccensis Blkr.

Bt a perforata Cant.
Pellona amblyuropterus Blkr.

3 elongata Benn.

_ dussumieri C, V.

Opisthopterus tartoor C, V.
Raconda russelliana Gray.

» (Harengula) fimbriata C. V.

Tumban.

Tamban siantan.

Téerubok padi.

Térubok, Ikan béngkalis.

Béliak mata,

Térubok korin.

Tamban, T, siantan,

Béeliak mata jantan.

Tamban betul, T. nipis.

Puput, P. Melaka.

Beliak mata,
kapak.

PE) bb)

Chandong.
Puput, Chandong.

SCOPELIDAE (QUEENSLAND-SMELT, ETC.).

Saurida tumbil Bl.

Saurus myops BI. Schn.
x indicus Day.

Harpodon nehereus H. B.

Bélungkor.
Mudin or Mudim.
Teripang.

Lumi, Luli.

CYPRINODONTIDAE (“MILLIONS”).

Haplochilus panchax.

Mata lalat.

SILURIDAE (CAT-FISH).

Clarias melanoderma Blkr.

BA nieuhofi C. V.

5 batrachus L.

a3 teysmanni Blkr,
Silurichthys phaiosoma Blkr.
Wallago sp.
Belodontichthys dinema Blkr.
Callichrous pabda H. B.
Crytopterus cryptopterus Blkr.

a micropus Blkr.

Paraplotosus albilabris C. V
Plotosus sp.

- canius H. B.
anguillaris BI.

”

Lele.

Lembat.

Lele, Kéli.(*).
Keli.

Gemang darat.
Tapa, Tapah.
Lais, Begahak.
Tapa, Tapah.
Lais.

Sembilang.

Unsat or Usat.
Sembilang, Kelara, Gemang.
Sembilang karang.

1. Duncker and Rowell give C. magur H. B. for Keli, which is now
regarded by Max Weber and de Beaufort as a synonym of C. batrachus.

88 MALAYAN FISHES.

Lais hexanema Blkr.
Pangasius spp.

3 pangasius H. B.
polyuranodon Blkr.

Arius thalassinus Riipp.
, sagor H. B.

» leiotetocephalus Blkr.
» Macronotacanthus Blkr.

, utik Blkr,
>» maculatus Thunb.
” Sepp.

Hemipimelodus borneensis Blkr.

Macrones nigriceps C. V.

a nemurus C. VY,
2 planiceps C. V.
5 gulio H. B.

m bleekeri.

Bagarius sp. ?

Riu-riu. ?

Lawang.
Patin.
Juara.

Jahan.

Duri.

Pedukang, Belukang.
Seludu.

Otek,

Séludu,

Mayong, Bagok.
Pédukang.

Baung.

Duri, Baung, Engor-engor.
Baung kuning.
Lundu.

Engor-engor.
Kenderap.

COBITIDAE AND CYPRINIDAE (LOACHES AND CARPS).

COBITIDAE (LOACHES).

Acanthopsis choirorhynchus Blkr. Pasir.

Botia hymenophysa. Lali.

CYPRINIDAE (CARPS).

Chela oxygaster C. V. Lalang.
29 sp. Eo
Rasbora argyrotaenia Blkr. Séluang, Chéréchek,

re trilineata Steind, Séluang.
5 lateristriata var, suma-
trana Blkr. Puteh.
53 einthoveni Blkr. Susur batang, Lalang.
a. vulgaris Duncker. Puteh.

Luciosoma setigerum C. Y. Nyua-nyua.

Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus

Blkr.
Mystacoleucus marginatus C. V.

Téméngalan,
Képayat, Puteh.
Umbut-umbut,
wan-kawan,
Kawan-kawan.
Umbul-umbut.

Dangila cuvieri C. V. Rong, Ka-
5 burmanica Day.
i lincata Sauy.

Barynotus microlepis Blkr.

Thynnichthys sandkhol Sykes. Loma,

MALAYAN FISHES. 89

Osteochilus kelabau Popta. Kelabau.

Fe hasselti C. V. Térbul.
Hampala macrolepidota C. V. Sébarau,
Labeobarbus tambra C. V. Tambéra also Témbéra,

Garing, Séngaring.
Cyclocheilichthys apogon C. V. Bébéras, Témpéras, Chém-
peras, Puteh, Tempua,

Témoleh.

Puntius schwanefeldi Blkr. Lampam, Képiat.

| binotatus C. V. Puteh, Kerai.
Barbichthys laevis CVs Beéentulu.
Labeo caeruleus Day. Rong.

boggut Sykes. Pasir.

Epalzeorhynchus kallopterus |

Blkr. Sélimang.
Crossochilus oblongus C. V. Lalang.
Barbus burmanicus Day. Téméngalan.

33 jerdoni. Lampam.

_ hexastichus McLell. Sébarau,

-: neilli Day. Kerai.

nS kolus Blkr. Kelah.

35 stracheyi Day. os

a oatesii Bler. Daun.
Barilius guttatus Day, Séluang, Nyua-nyua.
(Unidentified). Darok-darok, Puchok pisang..

Kerai jelawat, K. kunyet.

ANGUILLIDAE, CONGRIDAE, OPHICHTHYIDAE, ETC.
(EELS, CONGER-EELS, ETC.).

Muraenesox cinereus Forsk. Malong.
i talabon Cant. 35
In talabonoides Blkr, ee

Pisoodonophis cancrivorus Rich. Beélin.
Muraena (gymnothorax) undu-

lata Lac. ”
(Unidentified). Laki sembilang, Sirat-sirat..
Belidang.

SYMBRANCHIDAE (SWAMP-EELS).

Monopterus albus Zuiew. Belut.
Macrotema caligans Cant. Balut.

90 MALAYAN FISHES.

SYNGNATHIDAE, AMPHISILIDAE (SHA-HORSES
AND SKELETON-FISIIES),

Hippocampus guttulatus Cuv. Kuda-kuda.
5. hystrix K. P. Kuda laut.
Amphisile scutata L. Kering.

SCOMBRESOCIDAE (GAR-PIKES, GAR-FISHES AND
FLYING-FISHES).
Belone cancila H. B. Todak.
strongylurus v. H.
choram Forsk.
annulata C. V. we
Hemirhamphus limbatus C. V. Puput.

39

i far Forsk. Todak pendek. Puput ban-
ang.
D cantoris Blkr. Jolong-jolong, Jénjolong.
$5 buffonis C. V. 5 5
pogonognathus

Blkr. » ”

% fluviatilis Blkr. 3; ”

if georgii C. V, Todak pendek.

Exocoetus oligolepis Blkr. Belalang.
3 neglectus Blkr. -

nigripinnis C. V.
speculiger Val.

39

ATHERINIDAE (SAND-SMELTS),
Atherina forskali. Rénnyau, Paku.

by temmincki. ss 9

MUGILIDAE (GREY MULLETS).

Mugil planiceps C. V. Bélanak, Jémpul.
>» speigleri Blkr. a
>» vaigiensis Q. G. > B. tamok,
,» cunnesius C. VY. fe
5 bleekeri ? Bélanak rapang.
oeur Forsk. 5, tamok,
borneensis Blkr, >» anding.
spp. » angin, B, puteh, B. ké-

déra, Puting damar,
Puntong damar, Tom-
bong damar, B. ba-
kau, Pelong.

MALAYAN FISHES. 91

POLYNEMIDAE (THREADFINS).

Polynemus indicus Shaw. Kurau, K. janggut, Kubal.
3 sextarius Bl, Schn. Kurau, K. pipit, Lau.
5 tetradactylus Shaw. Kurau janggut, Senangin,
Sénohong, Kubal.
A paradiseus Bl. Kurau.

SPHYRAENIDAE (BARRACUDAS).

Sphyraena novae-hollandiae Tenok, Alu-alu, Kachang-
Giinth. kachang.

3s obtusata C. V. ” ”

dy jello C, V. , > ”

i commersonii C, VY. , »

. STROMATEIDAE (POMFRETS).

Stromateus atous C. V Bawal chérmin.

8 cinereus BI. Bawal puteh, Bawal stam,
Bawal kedewas.
5 niger BI. Bawal tambak.
OPHIOCEPHALIDAE (MURREL).
Ophiocephalus gachua H, B. Aruan, Bérchat.
ES lucius C. V. 55 ”
‘ striatus Blkr. » . Toman.
= spp. Gabus, Bujok.

BERYCIDAE (VNANVNYGAL).
Myripristis murdjan Forsk. Sébekah karang, Logu.

MONOCENTRIDAE (ANIGHT-FISHES).
Monocentris japonicus Bl. Schn, Sétonggang.

PEMPHERIDAE (BULL’S-EYVES).

Pempheris mangula C. V. Sepat karang.
9 spp. ” 2
KYPHOSIDAE (DRUMMERS).
Kyphosus cinerascens Forsk. Telan rumput.
53 sp. Béras-béras,

LOBOTIDAE (DUSKY-PERCH).
Lobotes surinamensis BI. Péchah périok, Sepat karang.

TOXOTIDAE (BLOW-PIPE FISHES).
Toxotes jaculator Pall. Sum pit-sum pit.
os chatareus H. B.

29

92

MALAYAN FISHES.

NANDIDAE (FRESH-WATER PERCHES).

Catopra fasciata Blkr.

SERRANIDAE (SEA
Serraninae.
Centrogenys vaigiensis Q. G.

Cromileptes altivelis C. V.

Plectropoma maculatum C. V.
Epinephelus tauvina Forsk.

sh lanceolatus BI.

hg fasciatus Forsk,

8 boelang C. V.

an miniatus Forsk.

- pantherinus Blkr.

5) corallicola Blkr.

5 merra Bl.

2 fuscoguttatus Forsk.

5 hoevenii Blkr.

a salmoides Lac,
Priacanthinae.

Priacanthus tayenus Rich.

a hamrur C, V.

Centropominae.

Lates calcarifer Bl.

Psammoperca vaigiensis C. V.
Ambassinae.
Ambassis commersonii C. V.
a ranga H, B.
% gymnocephalus Lac.
Chilodipterinae.
Apogon frenatus Blkr.
” Spp.

Lutianinae (Snappers).
Lutianus roseus Day.
Ae argentimaculatus Forsk.
45 lineolatus Riipp.

johnii Bl.

D 'sebae C. V.

2 fulviflamma Forsk.
3 lioglossus Blkr.

Kepau, Petong, Patong.
PERCHES).

Kerong-kerong, also Méng-
kerong, Sémaram.

Kerapu, Kerapu sonoh.
Kerapu, Séndérong.
Kerapu, K. lilin, K. kayu.

Kerapu.
es Séndérong.
23
bs karang.

Kérétang, Kerapu lumpur.
Kerapu.

ei lilin.

Temenggong.
Berau-barau laut.

Siakap, also Kakap.
Gelam.

Petek-petek.
D
Sia-sia.

Semangka.
Sebekah.

Ikan merah, Jénéhak.

Ungar, Sendarat.

Timun-timun, also
timun.

Ungar, Jénéhak.

Jénéhak,

bb)

Men-

2.

MALAYAN FISHES. 93

Lutianus erythropterus Bl. Kuning-kuning.
madras CU. \. Rumbong-rumbong.
sillaco Russell. Tanda-tanda.
bohar Forsk. an
decussatus ('. V Timun-limun, Mentimun.
La vitta Q. G. ” 29
: spp. Bambangan, Mambang or

ambang, Mérawan, Bér-
hil, Sénggaral.

Therapon theraps C. V. Kérong-kérong, also Méng-
kerong and Téngkerong.
jarbua Forsk, Kérong-kerong.
puta C. V. i
quadrilineatus BI. ”

Diploprion bifasciatum Kk. V II. Sia-sia.
Mesoprion sp. (rérut-gerul,

SILLAGINIDAE (“ WHITINGS”),

Sillago sihama Forsk. Ubi, Bilus-bulus, Bébulus,
Kedondong.

maculatus Q. G. Ubi, Bulus-bulus, Béebulus,
Kedondong.

SCIAENIDAE (JEW-FISHES).

Sciaena diacanthus Lac. Timbereh.
Ucbrina russellii C. V. Gelama.
Otolithus maculatus C. V. Jarang gigi.
argenteus C. V (élama panjang, Jarang
gigi.
ruber Bl. Schn, Jarang gigi.
spp. Gelama panjang, G. papan,

G. China, G. séhang or
séngkang, G. rapang, G.
balu, G. itam, G. perak,
G. batu Keling, G. lanjut,
G. kuning dada, G. dahi
tinggi, G. cherua, G. pi-

sang.
Collichthys biaurita Cant. Sélampai, Jarang gigi.
GERRIDAE (“SIZVER-BREAM”).
Gerres filamentosus C. VY. Kapas-kapas,
a abbrevlatus Blkr. es
- altispinnis ? Sédakang.

> Oblongus C. V. Tunpok-tampok,

\

94 MALAYAN FISHES.

Equula edentula Bl. Kekek gédabeng, Sériding.

Gazza minuta Bl. : labu.

LACTARIIDAE (SELEMAH).

Lactarius delicatulus C. V Sélémah.

PRISTIPOMATIDAE (GRUNTERS).

Pristipoma maculatum Bl. Gérut-gérut, Chélek mata.

= hasta BI. 3

5 operculare Playfair. Ampas tebu.

3 guoraca C. V. Gérut-gerut,
Diagramma crassipinum Riipp. Tebal bibir.

pictum Thunb. 35 D

a cinctum Tem. Schleg. yg 55

a punctatum Blkr. +

- spp. Beésikor, Mésikor, Mandi

abu, Nacht,

Pentapus caninus Blkr. Anjang-anjang.

9 sp. Sélinching.

SPARIDAE (SH#A-BREAMS).

Scolopsis ghanam Forsk. -Lnjang-anjang.
3 cancellatus C. V Pasir-pasir.
by ciliatus Lac. 3
55 vosmeri Bl. -
es bimaculatus C. V.
monogramma Kk. \. I. M
re personatus (. V. ‘ Gerétak lantai.
; bilineatus Bl. 53 Kerisi Bali.
és torquatus C. V.(') Pijal-pijat,
Synagris notatus Day. Kerisi.
5; japonicus Giinth. . , Gérétak lanta..
taeniopterus C. V. x
= tolu C. V. 53
m nematopus Blkr. . aji-aji.
Caesio kuning BI. Delah.
» lunaris Ehr. »
» Pinjalu Blkr. Jalu-jalu, Jenjalu, Ikan
merah China, Délah.
chrysozona K. V. H. Delah karang.

1, Day gives 8. torquatus = S. vosmeri the former being the young
and the latter the adult, but Bleeker regards them as separate species, as do
the Malays.

MALAYAN FISHES. 95

Proteracanthus sarissophorus Batu.
Cant.
Lethrinus nebulosus Forsk. Asoh-asoh, Geritak lantai.
Sparus hasta Bl. Schn.(') Kapas-kapas, Bengkong-
kong, Békukong, Kuku,
Bandan.
, datnia H. B. Pinang-pinang, Lar dok.

MULLIDAE (RED MULLETS).

Upeneus tragula Richardson. Biji nangka.
luteus Blkr. Lebai.

Mulloides flavolineatus Lac.

»

SCORPIDIDAE (BAT-FISHES),

Psettus argenteus L. Gédabang.
a falciformis Lac. Senyor.
an |
CHAETODONTIDAE (CORAL-FISHES AND BUTTER
FISHES).
Ephippus orbis BI Daun baharu.
argus L. Ketang.
Chelmo rostratus L. Pipit, Sumpit-sumopit.
Heniochus macrolepidotus L. Gombing.
Holacanthus sexstriatus C. V. Inggu.
Ss mesoleucus Bl. a
2 annularis Bl. Ketang.
” spp. Babi.
Platax teira For:k, Daun, Bonang.
» batavianus C. V. Tudong periok.
vespertilio Bl. » ”
Chaetodon octofasciatus L. Pinang-pinang.
ie vagabundus L. Sumpit-sumpit, Pinang-

pinang.

DREPANIDAE (MOON-FISH).

Drepane punctata L. Daun béharu.

I. According to Day, S, kasta = S.berda.

96 MALAYAN FISHES.

TEUTHIDIDAE (“BLACK TREVALLY ”).

Teuthis nebulosa. Dengkis.
zi virgata C. V. Kelang, Déngkis.
stellata Forsk, “
java L. Lumban, Ketang, Debam,
Lebam.
concatena C. V. Gélibes, Ketang.
dorsalis C. V. Kelang.
i oramin Giinth.(’) Gélibas, Bélibas.

5 sp. Lambat.
OSPHROMENIDAE (GOURAMI. FIGHTING FISHES,
ETC.).

Osphromenus olfax L. Kahu.
malayanus Duncker. Biji durian,
trichopterus Pall. Sepat.
Anabas scandens Dald. Puyu-puyu, Pepuyu, Betok.
Luciocephalus pulcher Gray. Tumbok tebing.
Betta pugnax Cant. Ikan belaga, Sémpila, Peé-
laga, Pala.
bellica Sauv. Ikan belaga, Sémpila, Peé-
laga, Lampila.
3 SDD: Anak ampit, A. karing, Ka-
ring gajah.
Polyacanthus hasselti C. Y. Kepar.

POMACENTRIDAE (CORAL-FISHES).
Amphiprion ephippium Bl, Inggu.
55 frenatus Brey.
Dascyllus sp.

”
bar)

Pomacentrus albofasciatus Schleg. 3

Glyphidodon coelestinus C, V. Gombing.
a. notatus Day. Kepau laut, Keping.

LABRIDAE (“WRASSES” OR PARROT-FISHES).
Chaerops omnopterus Rich. Tokak.

ge oligacanthus Blkr. Logu.
Cossyphus diana Lac. Tokak.
Chilinus fasciatus Bl. Bayan, Boyan.

chlorurus Bl. Jampong, Bayan, Boyan.

Anampses coeruleopunctatus Sélichin.

Riipp.

I.

Day suggests that oramin may prove tobesynonymous with dorsalis

MALAYAN FISHES, 97

Platyglossus dussumieri C. V.

Novacula spp.
Julis lunaris.

Belodok karang.
Mandi abu, Mesikor, Nacht.

Béchok.

SCARIDAE (“PARROT-WRASSES *).

Pseudoscarus ghobbam Forsk. Ketarap.
rivulatus C. V Kalat.
Pseudodax moluccanus C. V. Beéchok.

CARANGIDAE (“ HORSE-MACKERELS ”),

Chéncharu, Seélikor, Jaru-
jaru.

Caranx rettleri Bl.

kalla C. V. Selar, Kembong.
re gallus L. Sagat, Chérnin.
armatus Forsk. Sagai.
kurra C, V. Selar, Kembong.

Selar kuning.

Selar balang.

Selar letup-letup, Daing bi-
lang,

gymnostethoides Blkr.
djeddaba Forsk.
compressus Day.

53 ire C. Y. Selay abu-abu.
boops CU. V. Jalu-jalu (?).
oblongas C. V. Selar létup-létup.
a speciosus Forsk. Daing belang.
spp. Berkas, Songsong arus, Se-

lar bulat, S. lepir, Bagat,
among, Pélaling, Wéd-
mut, Gérépoh, Démbudok.
Mene maculata BI. Schn. Kekek gédabang, K. Jawa.

Trachynotus ovatus L. Nytor-nytor,

bailloni Lac. Selar.
Chorinemus moadetta C. V. Talang, Seliap.
a lysan Forsk. 3 oa
SH Sti Petri C, Vv P ”

SCOMBRIDAE (MACNERELS, TUNNIES, ETC.).
Scomber microlepidotus Riipp. Pélata, Kembong.
Ikan ayer, Tongkol, Sémbak,

Choreng, Kembal mas,
Tombol mas,

Thynnus thunnina C. V.

98 MALAYAN FISHES.

Cybium kuhlii C, V. Tenggiri, Luding, Tohok,

Langit.
commersonii Lac, ”
lineolatum Cuvy. % ”
guttatum BI. Schon. T. papan ” a 45

TRICHIURIDAE (HAIR-TA/LS),
Trichiurus savala Cuv. Timah-timah, Sélayur,
Langgai, Puchuk.
haumela Forsk. Timah-timah, Sélayur,
Lunggai, Puchuk.
HiSTIOPHORIDAE (SA/L-FISHES).
Histiophorus gladius Brous:. Sélayer, Layer, Layeran.
i spp. Tumbok banir, Mérsuji.

PLEURONECTIDAE (FLAT FISHES).
Psettodes erumei Bl, Lidah, Sabélah.
Pseudorhombus russelli Gray.
Synaptura achira Duncker.

orientalis Bl. Schn.

commersoniana Lac,
Cynoglossus lida Blkr,

lingua H. B. 5 5

elongatus Giinth. 5 ,

hamiltonii Giinth. ‘ 5

se cantoris Blkr. : 8
Plagusia bilineata Bl. , a

GOBIIDAE (“GOBIBES”).

Eleotris butis H. B. Bélontok.
Gobius giuris H. B. Bélodok.
sadanundio H. B. 5 kerapu.
sp. aff. caninus C. V. (?). 5 lobang.
3 viridipunctatus ? Bélontok,

Periophthalmus schlosseri Pall. Témbakul, Lisah, Bélodok.
koelreuteri Pall. Bélachak.

Trypauchen vagina BI. Tilan pasir.

Apocryptes lanceolatus Bl. Schn. /élodok.

Boleophthalmus beddaerti Pall.

”

ECHENEIDIDAE (SUCKING-FISHES).

FEchineis naucrates. Gémi, Gédémi, Rumi-rumt,

MALAYAN FISHES. 99

SCORPAENIDAE (GOBLIN-KISHES).
Scorpaena polyprion Blkr. Lipu, Dépu, Gédémpu.
Pterois antennata Blkr.

Pelor didactyllum Pall. -
Centropogon indicus Day. » semaram.
Synancia verrucosa Bl. Schn, Sémaram karang.
Synancidium horridum L. Lépu,

(Unidentified), L. béranyut, L. landak.

PLATYCEPHALIDAE (F£LAT-HEADS).
Platycephalus punctatus (. V. Baji-baji.
5 tuberculatus ('. V. 5
a macracanthus Blkr.

LEPTOSCOPIDAE (SVAR-GAZERS).
Percis pulchella Tem. Schleg. Pukul gendang.

BATRACHIDAE (FROG-FISHES).

Batrachus grunniens IL. Kertakok.

MASTACEMBELIDAE (SPINY-EELS).

Mastacembelus unicolor C. V. Tilan or Telan.
maculatus C. V
: armatus Jac. 8 :

ANTENNARHDAE (ANGLER-FISH ES).

Antennarius cantori Blkr. Lepu, Dipu, Gedémpu.
caudimaculatus Giinth. 5
5 coccineus (tiinth. a ‘ se
hispidus PI. Schn.. 5 Kelalawar.

MALTHIDAE (CROAAERS).
Halieutaea stellata Wahl. Tikok.

TRIACANTHIDAE (LEATHER-JACKETS).

Triacanthus strigilifer Cant, Barat-barat.
i blochii Blkr. 5
brevirostris Schleg.

oxvcephalus Blkr.
5 nieuhofi Blkr.
P spp. 55 Lembu.

, Lunjang langit.

100 MALAYAN FISHES.

BALISTIDAE (LEATHER-JACKETS).

Balistes stellatus Lac. Jebong, Ayam,

Monacanthus hajam Blkr. Ayam.
sinensis L. Barat-barat.
choerocephalus Blkr. Nerosok, Ayam.
penicilligerus Cuy. Barat-barat.
monoceros I.. Kerosok padi.

Anacanthus barbatus (irav. Seligi.

OSTRACIONTIDAE (BONXN-FISH ES).

Ostracion nasus JBI. Buntal kotak, B. batu.
cubicus L. - 5 2
cornutus L. 25 Pa rH »

TETRODONTIDAE (GLOBE-FISH ES),
Tetrodon lunaris Bl. Schn. Buntal pisang.
re reticularis Bl]. Schn. | duri.
DIODONTIDAE (PORCUPINE-FISH ES).

Diodon novemmaculatus Blkr. Buntat landak.
hystrix L. D

2”

SCYLLHDAE (DOG FISHES),

Scyllium marmoratum Benn. Yu pendek.
Stegostoma tigrinum I.. Yu chéchak, Yu tokek.
Chiloscyllium indicum L. Vu tokek, Yu belangkas.

CARCHARIIDAE (S//ARKS).

Carcharias dussumieri Yal. Yai,
Galeocerdo rayneri McD. B. Yu lenggiri.
(Unidentified). Yu jerong, Yu sambaran,

Yu punat, Yu laras, Yu
chemangi, Yu bodoh.

SPHYRNIDAE (LAMMBER-HEAD SHARKS).
Sphyrna (Zygaena) malleus Risso, Yu bénghkong, Y palang, Y.
sanggul.
(Zygaena) blochii Cuv. Yu bénghkong, Y. palang, Y.
sanggul.

MALAYAN FISHES. 101

PRISTIDAE (TRUE SAW-FISH ES).

Pristis cuspidatus Lath. ' Béeroi, Yu parang, Yu ger-
gaji. Yu todak.

RHINOBATIDAE (BEANED RAYS).
Rhinobatus thonini Lac. Yu kia-kic, Kemejan.

Rhynchobatus djeddensis Forsk. D 55 ‘5

e

TORPEDINIDAE (ELECTRIC RAYS),

Narcine timlei Bl. Schn. Pari kebas.
Astrape dipterygia Bl. Selin. , ig Pun
Temera hardwickii Cray. . dalan.

TRYGONIDAE (STING-RAYS).

Trygon uarnak Forsk. Pari kelawar.
sephen Forsk. ... bendera. P. daun.
walga M. H. . lalat.
kuhlii M. H. PEM,
Urogymnus asperrimus Bl], Schn. ... didap.

MYLIOBATIDAE (L.AGLA-RAYVS).

Myliobatis vespertilio Blkr. Pari kelawar.

M nieuhofi Bl. Schn. i sg
Aetobatis narinari Kuphr. ... lang.
Rhinoptera adspersa M. H. .. daun.
Dicerobatis eregoodoo Cant. . paus.
Ceratoptera ehrenbergii M. H. 5, paus, P. kola.

UNIDENTIFIED (RAYS).

Sai, Mengkai, Setoka.

102 MALAYAN FISHES.

Authors Consulted.

Bireker, Dr. P. Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néér-«
landaises. 9 Vols: 1862—1878,

BouLEeNGER, Dr. G. A. Fishes (Teleo:tei).{

Brincr, Dr, T. W. Fishes. j
Cambridge Nat: Hist: Vol, VII. 1904.

Cantor, Dr. T. Catalogue of Malayan Fishes. Jour: A. 8.
Bengal. 1849.

Cuirrorp, H, aNd Swerrenuam, F. A. Dictionary of the Malay
language. Parts 1-V. 1894—1902.

Day, Dr. Francis. Fauna of British India. Fishes. 2 Vols:
1889.

Duncker, Grong. Die Fische der Malayischen Halbinsel. 1904,
GUNTHER, Dr. ALBERT. Study of Fishes, 1880.
Meek, Dr. The Migrations of Fish. 1916.

RoveuLey, T. C Fishes of Australia and their Technology.
1916,

SEALE, ALVIN. Fishery resources of the Phillipines. (Philippine
Jour: Science. 1908).

Strand. David A. Fishes of Australia. 1906,
Stead, David A. Edible Fishes of New South Wales. 1908.

Sreap, Davin A. A brief review of the Fisheries of New South
Wales. 1910,

Trenisox-Woops, Revp. J. E. Fish and Fisheries of New South
Wales. 1582,

WeBER AND DE Beaturortr, Drs. The Fishes of the Indo-Austra-
lian Archipelago. 3 Vols: 1911—1913.
Wilkinson, R. J. Malay-English Dictionary, 2 Vols: 1901,

Index

A.
Anchovy
Angler-bishes

B.
Barracouta
Barracuda
Barramundi

Bar-tailed Goat-Fish
Batfish, Dark
Batfish, Silvery
Bat-Fishes ;
Beaked-Ray
Big-eyed Herring
Black- spotted Rock- Cod
Black 't'revally 2
Blow-pipe Fishes
Blue-spotted Groper
Bombay Duck ..
Bony Bream
Box-Fishes
Bream, Sea
Bream, Silver ..
Brown-spotted Hind
Bull’s-Eyes
Butter-Fish

Carp

Catla

Cat-fish
Climbing Perch
Conger-Eels
Coral-Fishes
Croakers

D.

Dart 4

Devil-fishes ae
Diamond-scaled Mullet
Dog-Fishes a
Dorab

Drummers

Dusky-Perch

Eagle-Rays
Eels .
Eels, Conger
Eels, Spiny
Eels, Swamp
Electric Rays

..18, 60.
. 49, 99.

.. 71, 76, 84.
. 275-91.

|. 37, 62.
_. 37, 95.
. 52, 101.

"| 38, 96,
31, 91.

-. 19, 72.

.. 18.

.- 50. 100.

.. 35, 94.
. 34, 93.

- + 30, 91.
- 87, 95.

.. 10, 20, 88.
++ 22.

..19, 87.

.. 40, 60, 77.
«+ 22, 89.

-- 37,41, 95, 96
- 49, 99.

to English Names

Es
Feather-Backs
Fighting-Fishes
Flat-Fishes
Flat-heads
Flounder
Flying-Fishes
Fresh-water Perches
Frog-Fishes

G.

Garfishes
Gar-Pike
Giant-Herrings
Globe-Fishes

Goat-Fish, Bar-tailed ..

Gobies
Goblin-Fishes
Gourami
Grey-Mullets
Groper, Queensland
Grunters

Hair-back
Hair-tails
Half-beak
Halibut, Queensland

Hammer- head Sharks

Herrings
Hilsa oe
Horse-M: ickerels

J.
Jew-Fishes

K.
Knight-Fish

L.

Leather-jackets
Loaches ..

M.

Macassar Redfish
Mackerel
Mackerel, Horse.
Mackerel, Spanish
Mahseer =
Milk-Fish
Millions

Pech ks

99,
88.

97.

, OF.

, 86.

87.

100.

101

INDEX

Moon-Fish :
Moon-Fish, Silvery
Mud-skipper :
Mullet, Diamond- scaled
Mullet. Grey

Mullet, Red

Murrel

N.
Nannygai

Oo.
Ox-Eye

P.

Pariadise-Fish
Parrot-Fishes
Parrot-Wrasses
Perch, Climbing
Perches, Freshwater
Perches, Sea
Pescados del Rey
Pike, Short-finned
Pomfrets
Porcupine- Fishes

Q.
Queen-Fish
Queensland Groper
Queensland Halibut
Queensland Smelt
Queensland Trumpeter

R.
Rays, Beaked
Rays, Eagle
Rays, Electric
Rays, Sting
Red-Mullets

.. 38, 62, 95.
.. 43, 61.
.. 47, 82.
.. 26.
.. 24,90.
- + 36,95.
- 28, 91.

: 29, 91.
» 15

++ 41.
.- 41, 96.
++ 42, 97,
++ 40, 60, 77
++ 381, 92.
++ B1, 92.
++ 24.
BeAr
++ 98, 91.
* 50, 100.

++ 43,

++ BY.

.. 46,

.- 19, 87.
» Bb.

.. 52, 101.
.. 53, 101.
wi tb2) LOT.
.. 52, 101.
. 36. 95.

Sable-Fish

Sail-Fishes
Salmon-Herring
Sand-Smelts
Saw-Fishes

Sea-Horses

Seua-Perches

Selemah

Shad

Sharks N hs
Sharks, Hammer head
Silver-Bream

Silvery Moon-Fish
Skeleton-Fishes

Smelt, Queensland
Smelt, Sand

Snappers

Spanish Mac kerel, Barred
Spiny-Eels oe
Star-Gazers
Sucking-Fishes
Swamp-Eels

Tarpon
Tarwhine
Ten- pounder

Thread-fins ‘i
Trevally, Black ci
Trumpeter, Queensland
Trumpeter W baung
Tunny

W.
Whitebait
White-Mullet
Whiting ..
Wrasses ..

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

P. 7: for Tarpin read Tarpon.

P. 59: add Béras-béras.

Sparus sarba.

The Tarwhine of Australia.
Fam. SPARIDAE.

Sea-Bream.

P, 95: add Sparus sarba Forsk.

Béras-béeras.

XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXYV.
NAVI.
XXVIII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.

LIST OF PLATES.

BULAN

BELIDA
PARANG-PARANG
SELANGAT
TERUBOK KORIN
TAMBAN PANJANG
TAPAH
BEGAHAK or LAIS
JAHAN
KELAH
TEMBELIAN
UMBUT-UMBUT
HWAN or CHOW
LIAN or LIN
MALONG
TODAK
PUPUT or JOLONG-
JOLONG
BELANAK ANDING
BELANAK TAMOK
KURAU
ALU-ALU
BAWAL PUTEH
ARUAN
SEBEKAH KARANG
SUMPIT-SUMPIT
KERONG-KERONG
KERAPU
SIAKAP
IKAN MERAH
BULUS-BULUS
TEMBEREH
GELAMA TIKUS
KAPAS-KAPAS
GERUT-GERUT
PASIR-PASIR

Ox-Eye, or Big-eyed Her-
ring.

Feather-back.

The Dorab.

Hairback or Gizzard Shad.

The Hilsa.

“ Sardine.”

River Cat-fish.

River Cat-fish.

Sea Cat-fish.

Carp.

Carp.

Carp.

Chinese Carp.

Chinese Carp.

Conger-eel.

Gar-Pike.

Gar-tish.

Grey-Mullet,
Diamond-scaled MuHet.
Mango fish.
Barracuda.
Pomfret.
Murrel.

“ Nannygai.”
Blow-pipe fish.
Sea-Perch.
Sea-Perch.
Sea-Perch.
Snapper.

“ Whiting.”
Jew-fish.
Jew-fish.

“ Silver-Bream.”
Grunter.
Sea-Bream.

ii
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
NXNAVIIL.
XXNIX.

XL.

XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.

XLV.
ALVI.

XLVII.
XLYVIII.

XLIX.

L.

LI.
LIT.
LILI.
LIV.
LY.
LVI.
LVII.
LVIII.
LIX.
LX.
LXI.
LXII.
LXIII.
LXIV.

LXV.

LXVI.
LXVII.
LXYVIII.

LXIX:

LXX.
LXXI.

LXXII.

LIST OF PLATES.

DELAH
ASOH-ASOH
PINANG-PINANG
BIJI NANGKA
GEDABANG
KETANG

BABI

TUDONG PERIOK
DAUN BAHARU
DENGKIS

DEBAM

KALUI

GOMBING

TOKAK

BECHOK
CHENCHARU
DAING BELANG
CHERMIN

SAGAI
NYIOR-NYIOR
TALANG
TONGKOL
TONGKOL CHORENG
TENGGIRI PAPAN
TENGGIRI BATANG
SELAYUR
SA-BELAH

LIDAH

BAJI-BAJI
BARAT-BARAT
JEBONG

YU TOKEK

YU PALANG

YU KEMEJAN
PARI BETING

KBRAPU, KURAU,
TULANG, PARANG

Sea-Bream.

Sea-Bream.

Sea-Bream.

Red mullet.

Silver Bat-fish.

Spotted Butter-fish.
Coral-fish.

Coral-fish.

Moon-fish.

“ Black Trevally.”

“ Black Trevally.”
Gurami.

Coral-fish.

Wrasse,

Parrot-Wrasse.
Horse-Mackerel (Hard tail)
Banded Horse-Mackerel.
Silvery Moon-fish.
Trevally.

Dart.

Queen-Fish.

Tunny.

Tunny.

Spotted Spanish Mackerel.
Barred Spanish Mackerel.
Hair tail.

* Halibut.”

“ Sole.”

Flat-head.

Leather-jacket.
Leather-jacket.

Dog-fish.

Hammer-head Shark.
Beaked-Ray.

Sting-Ray.

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PLATE LXXI

KERAPU, KURAU,-MERAH, TENGGIRI,

TALANG, PARANG.

Photo taken at Clyde Terrace Market Singapore

PLATE LXXII

g YU, PARI, MALONG, DURI.

Photo taken at Clyde Terrace Market Singapore

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