‘ornell Universit: ribution ‘iT Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http :/Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924014529634 A Contribution to the Bibliography of the Use of Sulphate of Iron in Agriculture By HORACE E. HORTON CHICAGO . ILLINOIS 1906 FOREWORD “In some experiments on the action of green vitriol, or sulphate of iron, dissolved in water and used as manure, the results appear to vary exceedingly; some persons have not been able to discover that it produced the slightest effect, others have found it injurious, while a third class have declared they have derived a considerable benefit from the use of it.” —Thaer. HIS is the first of a series of publications on the use of Sulphate of Iron in Agriculture ; beginning with the work of Thaer in Germany who first called attention in 1809 to the use- fulness of Sulphate of Iron in Agriculture, and continuing to 1905. The material is not colored in any way, it is an accurate record of work done. It will be pub- lished from time to time in the form of an author’s index and subject index. H. CHICAGO, February 20, 1906 Weed Eradication by Spraying with Solutions of Sulphate of Iron. HE IDEA of eradicating weeds by spraying fields with solutions of chemicals originated in France and was the result of observing that when grape vines were sprayed with solution of sulphate of copper and the spray accidently fell upon the common field mustard this plant was killed. This observation was made by Bonnet.t M. Brandin demonstrated in field experiments the correct- ness of Bonnet’s observation. M. Mantin in Pas de Calais made the claim that Sulphate of Iron gave better results than the sulphate of copper. M. Duclos, Director of the Agricultural Station in Meaux, investigated the subject and compared the action of copper “ salts with Sulphate of Iron on field mustard, and found that a 1% percent nitrate of copper worked the best, the mustard being destroyed while the grain remained unaffected. He showed that a 20 per cent solution of Sulphate of Iron com- pletely eradicated wild mustard without injury to the grain, and that with a 40 per cent solution the grain was but slightly injured. Experimenting with sulphate of copper and sulphuric acid in equal parts (2% per cent solution), he found the mix- ture destroyed wild mustard and affected grain but slightly, That a 5 per cent solution of sulphate of copper alone destroyed wild mustard completely without injury to the grain; that a Io per cent solution destroyed wild mustard completely and injured grain but slightly; that a 20 per cent solution while destroying the mustard injured the grain badly. Finally M. Duclos recommends the following solutions, namely: 1% kgo. nitrate of copper to I hectolitre water (23% Ibs. to 22 galls.); or, 30 kgo. of Sulphate of Iron to 1 hecto- litre water (66 Ibs. to 22 galls.); or, 2% kgo. sulphate of copper, { BONNET, L.—Le cuivre contre les ravenelles et les senes. Comice agricole de Reims, seance 12 Dec. 1896. Journal de Brabant-Hainaut,1897, p. 521. 2% kgo. sulphuric acid (5% lbs. each to 22 galls.); or, 5 to 10 kgo. sulphate of copper to 1 hectolitre water (11-22 lbs. to 22 galls. In 18 37, in Germany, Schultz in Soest, began experiment- ing with Sulphate of Iron and recommended the practice to German farmers. He proposed using 600 litres of 15 per cent solution per hectare (64.2 galls. 15 per cent solution per acre.) The following references show the development of the process : ADERHOLD, R.—Ein paar Versuche zur Vertilgung des Un- krautes im Gartenrasen. Centbl. Bakt. I] Abt., Bd. VII (1901), S. 662. ANDERSON, J. R.—Wild Mustard, Dept. Agr. Brit. Columbia Bul. 11, p. 12. E.S. R. 15, p. 265. yeas of Brassica sinapistrum by spraying with S. of I. and S. of C. BEHRENS, (_ ).—(Experiments on Killing Weeds.) Wochenblatt des Landw. Ver. im Grossherzogtum Baden (1902) No. 33. Centbl. Agr. Chem., Bd. 33, S. 69. Sulphate of Iron Successfully used on calcareous soils. BENARD, J.—(Eradication of Weeds.) Bul. du Comice agricole de Reims, Vol. 34 (1898). For the eradication of weeds, used 5, 10 and 15 per cent solutions of S. of I. and found them inefficient. Twenty per cent solution efficient but less so than 2 per cent S. of C. solution. BIEDENKOPF, H.—Zur Frage zur Bekampfung des Heder- ichs, speziell durch metallsalzlosungen. Deut. Landw. Presse, No. 46 (1901), S. 406. Has made no study of what he writes, but thinks that no quantitative work has been offered on yield from sprayed vs. unsprayed plots. Thinks soil injured and plants poisoned. VON BLUCHER, (_).—Hederichvertilgung. Ann, Landw. der Mecklenburg Vereins (1903), No. 22. BRANDIN, (_ ).—La Destruction des Sanves. Bul. Soc. Nat. Agr. France (1900), p. 451. Experimented with 95 Hect. oats and 45 Hect wheat. Mustard apparently badly injured by 12 per cent solution but recovered to vigorous growth. Three and one-half per cent S. of C. destroyed completely. A BRULE, (_ ).—(Eradication of Weeds by Spraying with Solutions of Metallic Salts.) Comice agricole de |’ arrondissement de Reims, 1898. Claims that 5, 10, 15 per cent solutions are inefficient; that 20 per cent solutions are less efficient than a 2 per cent solution of sul- phate of copper. It is necessary to employ solutions containing more than 25 per cent of Sulphate of Iron and these solutions rapidly corrode the apparatus. CAMPBELL, J. R.—Report of the Spraying of Charlock and Runch. Yorkshire Col. Leeds and East and West Ridings Joint Agri. Council Garforth Expts. (1899). DE CERIS, A.—Le sulfate de fer pour la destruction des sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat. (1900), T. II, pp. 40, 220. Letter from M. Marguerite-Delarcholonny claiming discovery for the necessity of two sprayings. DENAIFFE ET SIRODOT-—-(Destruction of Wild Radish and Wild Mustard). L’Avoine, pp. 730-733. Ten to twelve and half per cent solution S. of I. employed when plants are small, 15 per cent solution when plants are large. Applied at the rate of 12 Hktl. per Hect. Two reasons for using S.of I.—low cost and the favorable action on the growth of Oats. DONHOFF, P.—Erfahrungen betr. Vertilgung des Hederichs und Ackersenfs durch Bespritzen mit Eisen- vitriollosung. Deut. Landw. Presse. (1902), S. 357. DUCLOS, (_ ).—Le destruction de la moutarde sauvage. Bul. Soc. Nationale d’Agr. de France, 9 Juni, (1897). Jour. Agr. Prat. T. I., (1897), p. 862. DUSSERE, M. C.—Vertilgung des Unkrautes in Getreide- ackern. Jour. d’Agr. Suisse, No. 23, June 5, (1900). The use of a 15 per cent solution of S. of I. in form of a spray did not give good results. EDLER, ( ).—Zur Vernichtung des Wilden Senfs und des Hederichs. Deut. Landw. Presse (1899), S. 267,659. Jahres. Agr. Chem., Bd. 42, S. 352. Solutions S. of I, 5-10 per cent strength, are useless. A 20 per cent solution is less efficaceous than 2 per cent solution Sulphate of Copper. EHLERT, W.—Versuche zur Vernichtung von Hederich mit Eisenvitriollésung und Eisenvitriolpulver. Korrespondenzbl. der Landw. kammer fiir die Provinz Ostpresussen, (1900). Title not exact but descriptive. FRANCK, (_ ).—Hederichvertilgungsversuche in Fruhjahr, (1903). Landw. Wchnschr. Sachsen 8, (1904), S. 62. Experiments made with “ Unkrauttod” (Sulphate of Iron). Applied in the early morning when dew is on the leaves. For uniform distrib- ution the powder is not behind the solution. Applied by hand 50 pfd. per morgen. is used ; by machine, 25 pfd. per morgen, FRANK, ( ).—Beitrage zur Bekampfung des Unkrautes durch Metallsalze. Arb. aus. d. Biol. Abt. d. Kair. Gesundamt. Bd. I, (1900), S. 127. Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank. Bd. XII, (1902), S. 188. The destructive action of S. of I. and Sulphate of Copper on certain weeds is practically equal, hence the only question is that of cost. The S. of I. is effective when used as a 15 per cent solution; the Sul- phate of Copper at highest 5 per cent solution. FREAR, WM.—Copperas or Vitrol as a Weed Killer. Press Bull, Penn. Exp. Station. FUNFSTUCK, W.—Die Hederich-Bekampfung durch Be- spritzen mit Salzlosungen resp. durch Jatemaschinen. Deut. Landw. Presse, Bd. XXIX, S. 233. Answer to Hillman. FUNFSTUCK, W.—Auf welche Weise sind Hederich und Ackersenf in den Sommerkorn Saaten (Hafer, Gerste, Weizen) nach dem jetzi- gen Stande der Erfahrung in der Praxis rationell zu Vertilgungen? Deut. Landw. Presse, Bd. XXIX, (1902), S. 165. Recommends a 20% solution Sulphate of Iron in quantities of 200 litres per morgen at most. GERLACH, M.—Lasst sich durch Eisenvitriol Hederich Vertilgung ? eee Vers. Stat. Posen, (1899-1900). ahresber. Agr. Chem., Bd. 43, S. 353. Once spraying with 15-20 per cent solution of little use. GRAFTIAU, J—Le chimie et la lutte contre les mauvaises herbes armes nouvelles 4 la disposition des cultivateurs. Ingén. Agr. Gembloux, An. 10, (1900), p. 413. GRANDEAU, L.—Destruction de la cardamine des prés par le sulfate de cuivre. Nécessité de substi- tuer le sulfate de fer au sel de cuivre. Jour. Agr. Prat. T. I., (1900), p. 742. Used a 15 per cent solution S. of I. for the destruction of Cardamine pratensis (Cuckoo Flower). GRANDEAU, L.—Expériences nouvelles sur la destruction des Sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat. (1900), T. I, p. 525. E.S. R. 12, p. 351. Used 124 per cent solution S. of I., 200 litres to acre, applied for the destruction of the weed in wheat fields. Destroyed Charlock, Mustard, Wallflower, Ground Ivy. Did not injure cereals, clover, colza and lupines GUTZEIT, E.—Bekampfung des Hederichs und der andern Unkrauter durch Eisenvitriollosung und Hed- erichtod. Correspondensbl. d. Landw’kammer d. Provinz. Ostpreussen. Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank. Bd. 12, S. 317. GUTZEIT, E.—Feldversuche zur Bekampfung von Pflanzen krankheiten and Unkrautern. Correnspondenzbl. d. Landw’kammer d. Prov. Oestpreussen. Ztschr. Pflanzkrank. B.D. XI, S. 153. A 15 per cent solution S. of L. destroys charlock and other weeds. GWALLIG—Zur Vertilgung von Hederich und Ackersenf mit Eisenvitriol. Deut. Landw. Presse No. 42 (1898) S. 463. Seven to ten per cent solution of S. of I. will eradicate charlock Stronger solutions injure barley, and in one instance barley was in-. jured by 7% per cent solution. HABERHAUFFE, M.—Uber die Hederich vertilgung mit- tels Eisenvitriol. Ztschr. Landw., Sachsen. Fiihlings Landw. Ztg., (1899), S. 238. HAGLUND, E. & H. VON FEILITZEN — (Om ograesets utrotande genom besprutning med jaernvitriol.) Svenska Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 18 (1904), No. 6, pp. 413-420. E. S. R. 16, p. 1091. Preliminary experiments on moor soils showed that the spraying method furnishes an effective means of checking, if not killing, many weeds growing on such soils. HANDTKE, (_ ).—(Hederichvertilgung). Ztschr. Landw’. Kammer. Prov. Schlesien, (1898), S. 999. Lupiness and Serradella suffered injury. HANSEN, J.— Anbauversuche mit verschiedenen Kultur- pflanzen (Vertilgung des Hederich durch Verspritzen). Deut. Landw. Presse, (1903), No. 1, S. 4. Centbl. Agr. Chem., Bd. 33, S. 69. A 15 per cent solution S. of I. gave very successful results. HEINRICH, ( ).—Neue Mittel zur Vertilgung von Hederich und Ackersenf. Deut. Landw. Presse, (1900), S. 666. Use of fertilizers to be preferred to S. of L., e. g. Chilisaltpeter, Am- monium Sulphate, Chloride Potash (40 per cent). HILLMANN, P.—Die Bekaémpfung des Hederichs durch Be- spritzung mit Salzlosungen. Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 18, (1903), S. 80. Jahresber. Agr. Chem. 46, S. 249. Centbl. Agr. Chem., Bd. 32, S. 463. A 15 per cent solution of S. of I. applied at the rate of 400-500 |, per hectare gave the best results. If dew is on the leaves the spraying will do no good. Clover is as little injured as cereals. HILLMANN, P.—Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage betr. die Un- krautvertilgung. Deut. Landw. Presse, Bd. XXIX, S. 416. Use of molasses with S. of I. for plants with smooth leaves. A pre- liminary experiment with thistles apparently successful. HILLMANN, P.—Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage Vetreffend die Unkrautvertilgung. Jahrb. Deut. Landw. Gesell., (1902), S. 184. HILLMANN, P.—Die Hederichbekampfung durch Besprit- zen mit Saltzlosungen. Deut. Landw. Presse, Bd. XXIX, S. 214. HILLMANN, P.—Die Bekampfung des Hederich durch Be- spritzen mit Salzlosungen. Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell. (1903), No. 16, S. 80, 84. HILLMANN, P.— Die Bekaémpfung des Hederichs durch Bespritzen mit Salzlasungen. Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., (1902), S. 24. Thistles injured but some recovered. Very few Clover plants killed, z.é., Trifolium species. With Medicago species (Luzerne and Yel- low Clover) more killed. Lupines blackened but not permanently injured. HITIER, H.—Nouveau procédé de destruction de la mou- tarde sauvage. Jour. Agr. T. I., (1897), p. 705. HITIER, H.-—Destruction des sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat. T. I., (1899), pp. 98-160. Duclos recommends two applications of a 15 per cent solution, or one application of a 20 per cent solution. HITIER, H.—Destruction des sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat. u. ser. 5 (1903), p. 658. E.S. R. 15, p. 266. Should be sprayed when the young plants have developed two or three leaves only, for then the plants are easily killed with the use of a minimum .amount of solution and with the least harm to the field by the horse and the spraying machine wheels. HITIER, H.—Destruction des sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat. (1899), T. II, p. 98. Gives as the best time for spraying the time when the first four or five leaves are out and well opened. HOFFMAN, M.—Vertilgungversuche von Ackerunkrdautern. Thiiringer Landw. Ztg., (1903), No. 6. Centbl. Agr. Chem., Bd. 33,9 "69 9. S. of I. solutions worked the surest of all salts tried. Rape suffered by spraying. HORNSBY, J.— Laxton Park Experiments on Charlock Spraying, 1899. Agr. Gaz. (London), Vol. 50 (1899), p. 232. E.S.R. 11, p. 461. On Barley fields 7% to 10 per cent solutions, S. of I. applied at the rate of 32-40 galls per acre was not effective. JSOTING, ( ).—Die Vertilgung des Hederichs durch Be- spritzen mit Eisen vitriollssung. Sachs. Landw. Ztschr. (1900), S. 174. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., Bd. 43, S. 352. A 15 per cent solution S. of I. proved sufficient, though 20 per cent solution did no harm to Oats. The younger the Charlock, the easier it is destroyed. JOURNEE, C.—Destruction of Charlock by Spraying with Solutions of Iron and Copper Sulphate. Agronome, 1899, p. 435. E.S.R. 12, p. 351. KEISER, (_ ).—Zur Frage des richtigen Zeitpunktes zur Hederich-Vertilgung. Nass. Landw. Ztschr. (1899), S. 252. Charlock need not be sprayed with S. of I. solution at too early stage for the weed is injured even when in bloom. KLOCKE, E.—Hederichvertilgung mit Eisenvitriol und die Syphoniaspritze. Fiibling’s Landw. Ztg. 1898. S. 625. Experimented with Oats using a 25 percent solution and 60 litres per Morgen. The Charlock was in bloom and had overgrown the Oats. Charlock was killed and the Oat plants slightly touched, but recov- ered and grew with unexpected vigor. KRAUS, C.—Nochmals zur Vertilgung von Hederich durch Bespritzen mit Eisenvitriollgsung. Deut. Landw. Presse, (1899), S. 659. Jahresber. Agr. Chem. 42, 5. 351. Results doubtful. KRUGER, F.—Aufruf zum Kampf gegen das Unkraut, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Eisenvitriol- bespritzen. Wochenbl. d. Landw. Vereins in Bayern, (1904), S. 486. A I5 per cent solution S. of I. applied at the rate of 400-500 |. per ha. KUNTZE-DELITZSCH, L.—Vertilgung des Hederichs mit- tels Eisenvitriollgsung Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckerindus. (1899), S. 699. A Is per cent solution S. of I. applied in form of a spray at the begin- ning of flowering is effective; applied later, ineffective. LUDECKE, (_ ).—(Hederichvertilgung). Ztschr. Landw. Kammer Schlesien, (1898), S. 721. LUDECKE, (_ ).--Ein neue Methode zur Vertilgung des Hederichs. Ztschr. Landw. Kammer, Spee aoe 1397) S. 745. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., Bd. 4o, S. 406. A Io per cent solution S, of I. kills Charlock and does not injure Oats and Clover. MAIER, ( ).—Zur Frage der Vertilgung des Hederich (Dills) durch Chilisaltpeterlosung. Wohnbl. Landw. Ver. Bayern, (tgo1), S. 501. A 15 per cent solution S. of I. applied at the rate of 150 1. per ha, gave good results even when the weed was in bloom, MAIER, (_ ).—Vertilgung des Hederichs, (Dill). Wcehnobl. Landw. Ver. Bayern, (1902), 5S. 263. MAIER, (_ ).—Beitrage zur Hederichvertilgung. Wehnbl. Landw. Ver. Bayern, (1903), S. ror. MAIZIERES, (_).—Produits chimiques et mauvaises Herbes. Nouvel emploi du_ sulfate de cuivre. Nos expériences. Nos formules. Engrais, (1897), p. 540. Formule for Sprays (per Hectare): Sulphate of Iron............... 20 kgo. 30 kgo. Sulphate of Copper............ 30 “ 20 “ Sulphuric Acid................ ae 5.4 W ater -aniciciie o vidi denmruaa eee 945 “ 945 1000 1000 MARGUERITE- DELARCHARLONNY, P. — Destruction economique des Sénés, Sanves, Moutar- des Sauvages, Moutardelles, Ravenelles. Engrais (1897), p. 782. A 15 percent S. of I. solution applied at the rate of 800-1000 |. per Hectare. MARGUERITE-DELARCHOLONNY, P.—( Destruction des mauvaises herbes par le sulfate de fer.) Jour. Soc. Agr. Brabant et Hainaut (1897), No. 49. E.S. R.9, p. 846. MARIE, E.—Destruction des sanves par le sulfate de fer. Jour. Agr. Prat., (1899), T. 1., p. 344. A review of German work. MARRE, E.-—Essais de destruction de la sanve ou moutarde sauvage et de la Ravenelle. Semaine Agr. (Paris), (1901), p. 358. E.S. R. 13, 658. MARTIN, P.—Destruction des Sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat., (1897), T. I., p. 861. A Io per cent solution S. of I. applied at the rate of 12-15 Hkt. per Hectare used to destroy Wild Mustard in Wheat fields. Corrobo- rated the observations of Bonnet, Brandin and Bernard. Prefers S. of I, to Sulphate of Copper. Wheat, Clover and Black Medic suffered slightly from the treatment, but recovered in a few days. OEHMICHEN, (_).—(Hederichvertilgung). Ztschr. Landw. Kammer, Schlesien, (1898), S. 177. OEHMICHEN, (_ ).— Unkrautvertilgungsversuche mittels verschiedener Metallsalslosungen. Ztschr. d. Landw. Kammer, Schlesien, (1go1), No. 25. Recommends 2% per cent S. of I. with 20 per cent Fertilizer Salt. PERRET, M.—Un nouveau produit pour la destruction de la Sanve. Soc. Nat. d’Agr. de France, (1898), p. 382. Mixture of S. of I. and Sulphate of Copper successfully used to com- bat Wild Mustard. PLATZ, K.—(Vertilgung von Unkraut). Fibling’s Landw. Ztg., Bd. 51, (1904), S. 415. REICH, E.—Uber Hederichsvertilgungs-Versuche. Thatigkeitber. d. Versuchst. f. Planzenkultur in Dresden, (1902). Jahresber. Agr, Chem. Bd. 46, S. 247. Centbl. Agr. Chem. Bd. 32, S. 679. The weed is killed by the solution and by the powdered salt. For a Hectare use 6661. of 15 per cent solution, 200-400 1. of 25 per cent solution. REISCH, E.—Uber Hederichvertilgungs Versuche. Fiihling’s Land. Ztg. Bd. 41, (1903), S. 89. Experimented with powdered S. of I. alone and mixtures of S. of I. with sugar, dextrine and ashes, and with following results: Action of powdered S. of I..............0048- Very good. Action of S. of I. plus sugar ................ Good. Action of S. of I, plus dextrine.............. Medium. Action of S. of I., plus ashes ................ Very good. The action of a 15 per cent solution was good. RIEHM, (_ ).—Unkrautvertilgung durch Chemikalien. Deut. Landw. Presse, (1901), No. 48, S. 430. ROMMETIN, (_ ).— Installation pour le sulfatage des céréales. Jour. Agr. Prat., (1899), T. I., p. 651. ROUSSILLE, (_ ),—(The Destruction of Wild Mustard). Bull. Soc. Nat. Agr. Fr. 64 (1904), No. 6, pp. 451-52. S. of I. mixed with plaster, 300 and 200 Kgo. respectively per hectare, gave unsatisfactory results when applied to lettuce. SCHADE, (_ ).— Uber Vertilgung des Hederichs durch Eisenvitriol. Sachs. Landw. Ztschr., (1899), S. 25. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., Bd. 42, S. 350. A 15 per cent solution S. of I. did not touch the weed; 20 per cent solution did. SCHRIBAUX, E.—Destruction des sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat., (1899), T. II., p. 43. SCHRIBAUX, E.—Un nouveau fléau a combattre invasion des luzernieres par une nouvelle espece de cuscute. Jour. Agr. Prat., (1899), T. II., p. 272. On account of the form of the plant the author recommends the abandonment of the Sulphate of Iron treatment and the use in its place of indirect means. Studied the effect of Sulphate of Iron solutions on the germinative power of the cuscuta seed and found that soaking the seed for fifty days in a 20 per cent solution of the salt the germinative power was reduced from Ig per cent to I2 per cent. SCHULTZ - SOEST.—Zur Vertilgung des Ackersenfs und des Hederichs. Fithling’s Landw. Ztg., (1897), S. 625. Recommends a 15 per cent solution S. of I. applied at the rate of 600 l. per hectare. SCHULTZ -SOEST, (__).—Hederich-Vertilgung. Ztschr. Landw. Kammer, Schlesien, 14 Mai, (1898). Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank. Bd. VIII, S. 184. Spraying with S. of I. Solutions killed weeds and did not injure Oats. SCHULTZ-SOEST.— Zur Hederichvertilgung nach Prof. Weiss. Deut. Landw. Presse, Bd. XXVI, S. 754. SCHULTZ -SOEST.—Zur Vertilgung des Ackersenfs und des Hederich. Fithling’s Landw. Ztg. (1898), S. 393. A I5 per cent solution of S. of I., applied at the rate of 400 1. per hec- tare, is as strong as necessary. Oats are in no way injured by the Spray. SCHULTZ, ( ).—Zur Vertilgung des Ackersenfs und des Hederichs. Landw. Ztg. Westfalen u. Lippe, (1897), S. 329. Jarbesber. Agr. Chem. 40, S. 406. A 30 per cent solution of S. of I. using 1 cbm. per hectare, completely eradicated Wild Mustard in fields of Barley. Oats showed signs of poisoning and stood still in growth for fourteen days but recovered completely. Enough rain fell after spraying to wash off S. of I. 15 per cent solution S. of I. is strong enough for the work. SCHULTZ, G.—Gegen den Hederich. Wcehobl. Landw. Ver. Bayern, (1901), S. 399. SCHULTZ, G.—Zur Hederich vertilgung nach Prof. Weiss. Fihling’s Landw. Ztg., (1899), 5S. 690. SCHULTZ, G.—Zur Hederichvertilgung. Landw. Ztg. Westfalen u. Lippe, (1907), S. 240. Jahresber Agr. Chem. Bd. 44, S. 239. A 15 percent solution S. of I. applied at the rate of 125-150 1. per morgen successfully used. R.raphanistrum withstands. It does not destroy plants, it prevents their blooming. SCHULTZ, G.—Zur Hederichvertilgung nach Prof. Weiss. Landw. Ztg. Westfalen u. Lippe (1899), S 273. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., Bd. 42 (1899), S. 351. A weed-killing mixture called “ Hederichtot” containing 6.85 percent Ferrous oxide. Consists practically of S. of I., gypsum and sand. SCHULZE, B.—Versuche uber Vertilgung des Ackersenfs durch Besprengen mit Eisenvitriollésung. Ber. Vers. Stat. Breslau (1898), 14. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., Bd. 42, (1889), S. 350. SHERINGHAM, H. C.—Charlock Spraying. 1st Ann. Rpt. of Field Expts., Irish Agr. Organization Soc. (1899), p. 43. In field of Barley when the Charlock is very young the application of a 7% per cent solution entirely successful. The barley was slightly bleached. SHUTT, F. T.—Spraying for Destruction of Wild Mustard. Appendix to Rpt. Min. Agr. Canada. Experimental Farms Reports, (1899), p. 194. E.S. R. 12, p. 564. A 5-10 per cent solution of S. of I.used at the rate of 50 gals. per acre in spraying plants 15-20 inches high, just beginning to flower, had no lasting results. A 5 per cent. solution of S. of I. killed part of plants 6-9 inches high. The spraying should not be delayed until the plants are higher. SOMERVILLE, Dr.—Eradication of Charlock in Corn Crops by Spraying. Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot. 5th Ser. Vol. XIII, pp. 10-17. SOMERVILLE, Dr.—Destruction of Noxious Weeds. Queensland Agr. Jour. 4, (1899), No. 2, p. 149. E. S. R. 10, 1049. Obtained best results with 74 per cent solution, using 4o gals. per acre. Charlock killed, thistles blackened and injured, and cereals uninjured. STEGLICH, (_ ).—Zur Vertilgung von Hederich und Acker- senf mit Eisenvitriol. Wiirttemb. Wchnbl. Landw. (1898), S. 383. Jabresber. Agr. Chem. Bd. 41, S. 319. A 20 per cent solution kills Charlock and Wild Mustard when only a few drops strike the plants. The plants turn black, dry, and die in- side of a week. Young cereals sl a effect but recover in 8-14 days. Young Clover badly burned and apparently injured. Quotes Strebel who used a 15 per cent. solution. STEGLICH, B.—Untersuchungen und Beobachtungen iiber die Wirkung verschiedener Salzlésungen auf Kulturpflanzen und Unkrauter. Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank. Bd. 11 (1901), S. 31. E.S. R. 13, 253. Used 20 per cent solution S. of I. Beets somewhat injured, potatoes seriously injured. STEGLICH, (_ ).—Eisenvitriollésung oder Vitriolpulver ge- gen Hederich? Sachs. Landw. Ztschr. (1900), S. 217. Jahresber. Agr. Chem. 43, S. 352. Action of dry powders (weed killers) is doubtful. Young Clover in- jured and in part killed by S. of I. Old Clover withstands the treat- ment and outgrows slight injury in very short time. STEGLICH, (_ )—Zur Unkrautvertilgung durch Aufspritzen von Salzlésungen. Sachs. Landw. Ztschr. No. 13, (1902), S. 265. Centbl. Agr. Chem. Bd. 32, S. 185. STEGLICH, ( )—Uber Unkrautvertilgung durch Salzlés- ungen. Sachs. Land. Ztschr. (1901), S. 401. Jahresber. Agr. Chem. 44, S. 239. Centbl. Agr. Chem., Bd. 32, S. 185. STEGLICH, (_ ).—(Why Sulphate of Iron Kills Mustard.) Sachs. Landw. Ztschr. (1898), S. 217. Explains the action of S. of I. on mustard by assuming that the sul- phur in the Pottassium Myronate (C 10 H 18-NS 12 O 10 K) combines with iron to form Sulphide of Iron, thus causing death. Stender points out that Rape (B. napus oleifers) which also contains mustard oil is not injured, on the contrary is rendered more vigorous. STEGLICH, ( ).--Das Weiss’sche Hederichvertilgungsmittel. Deut. Landw. Presse (1899), S. 711. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., Bd. 42, S. 352. STENDER, (_ ).— Hederich Vertilgung durch Kinstliche Dingemittel. Illus. Landw. Ztg. (1902), No. 33, S. 332. Centbl. Agr. Chem., Bd. 32, S. 188. The fear of reducing the yield by spraying has proven groundless. Recommends mixture: Sulphate of Iron..............0- 10 parts. Sulphate of Ammonia .......... Io “ Water igs cece eh ecencmstige vanes Ioo STENDER, A.—Vertilgung gewisser Ackerunkrauter durch Metallsalze. Mitt. Landw. Inst. Breslau, Bd. III, (19c0), S. 73. Jahresber. Agr. Chem. XLIII, S. 353. Treated under six heads: By what salts are Charlock and Mustard most injured? What is best concentration for a spray? What if best time for spraying? Is it necessary to repeat spraying? What useful plants are injured, and to what extent? What is the physiological reason for death? OOo Well developed Red Clover and Peas did not show injury. Beans were badly injured. STRAUCH, ( ).—( Hederichvertilgung yi Ztschr. Landw. Kammer, Prov. Schlesien, (1898), S. 881. TOEPFFER, J.—Die fahrbaren Spritzen und die Vertilgung des Hederichs durch Eisenvitriol. Deut. Landw. Presse, Bd. 30, (1903), S. 291. TRIBOULET, ROMMANTIN & ST. QUENTIN.— (Destruction of Wild Mustard.) Bul, Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 64 (1904), No. 6, pp. 461-66. Used 5S. of I. and Sulphate of Copper in powdered form. Von UNWORTH.—(_ ).—Zur Vertilgung von Hederich durch Bespritzen mit Eisenvitriol (?) Ztschr. Landw. Kammer, Schlesien (1899), S. 880. Deut. Landw. Presse 26, 639. Does not recommend S. of I. for killing weeds. VANDERVAEREN, J.— Destruction des Sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat. n. Ser. 5, (1903), No. 23, p. 731. E.S.R., 15, 266. Application of 200 Kgo. dry powdered S. of I. per hectare. This method generally practiced in Belgium. VESTERGAARD, A. B.—(On the Eradication of Charlock by means of Iron Sulphate solutions.) Ugeskr. Landm. 47, (1901), No. 47, p. 451. E.S. R. 13, 756. VIVIEN, A., er L. GESCHWIND.—Essais sur la destruc- tion des Sanves. Engrais (1899), pp. 880-904. ee mixtures of S. of I. and Sodium Nitrate with satisfactory results, Sulphate of Iron Nitrate of Soda Rate per Hectare 10 Kgo. 14 Kgo. to Hkt. 5 o 3 ‘Ti Io “ 25 ss Io “ 20: Io “ VOELCKER, J. A.—The Destruction of Charlock. Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England. 3rd Ser. Vol. 10, (1899) p. 767. WAGNER, Ph.—Destruction des Sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat. T. I. (1898), p. 577. Used 15 per cent solution of S. of I. at the rate of 600 1, per hectare. Did not observe injury to Clover, on contrary the plants took ona fresher appearance. WEINZIERL, THEO. RITTER von.—Uber die Bekampfung des Ackerhederichs. Pub. K. K. Samen-Kontroll. Stat. Wien, No. 199, (1899), S. 13. Used a 15 percent solution of S. of I.in form of aspray. The S. of I. began to work inside of twenty-four hours. Cereals only slightly affected, especially Barley, but recovered quickly. Peas and Clover are badly injured. WEISS, J. E—Die Bekampfung des Hederichs durch Diinge- salze. Wcehobl. Landw. Ver. Bayern, (1901), S. 460. Some comparisons made with S. of I. WEISS, J. E.—Eine neue Hederichvertilgungs-Methode. Deut. Landw. Presse (1899), S. 540. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., Bd. 42, S. 351. Secret compound called “ Heufeld.” WEYDEMANN, M.—Nochmals zur Hederichvertilgung mit Eisenvitriol. Deut. Landw. Presse, (1889), S. 703. Jahresber. Agr. Chem. 42, S. 351. WINTER, (_ ).—( Hederichvertilgung ) Ztschr. Landw. Kammer Schlesien, (1898), S. 721. ).—(Eradication of Weeds by Spraying with Solution of Metallic Salts.) Bul. Agr. (Brussels.) 1889, pp. 345 et suivantes. Plots of oats were treated with the following solutions : A. 4kgo. Sulphate of copper to 90 1. of water. 3 kgo. do. do. gl.§ 1. of water. C. 3kgo. Sulphate of iron to 20 1. of water. Using the first solution the results were completely satisfactory; using the other two solutions the results were not satisfactory. In experiments made in Limbourg a 4 per cent solution of sulphate of copper and a I2 per cent solution of Sulphate of Iron were efficacious. In the province of Namur experiments with oats led to the following results : A. The most favorable time for the destruction of wild mustard with saline solutions corresponds with the appearance of the fifth or sixth leaves. B. That sulphate of copper is more active than Sulphate of Iron. From the point of view of economy the S. of I. is to be recommended over the sulphate of copper. C. The result of all the experiments is that a 20 per cent solu- tion of Sulphate of Iron gave the best resnits. NOTE — The reference source is erroneous. CAMPBELL (48) has carefully studied this method of erad- icating the wild mustard and wild radish found in grain fields. SPRAYING MACHINES “In the experiments made by me in 1898, a knapsack sprayer was used, and it was then evident that a larger machine would be necessary. To meet the demand Messrs. Strawsons, 71A, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C., adapted one of their potato sprayers to the work. In addition, they made a special and cheaper sprayer, which can be attached to an ordinary cart, and is capable of covering a breath of rather more than twenty feet. Illustration No. 1 pictures this machine at work. The pump is attached to an ordinary parraffin barrel, and is worked by an operator standing in the cart. In the larger machine the pump is geared with the traveling wheels. * * * * * * * * * * * * MATERIALS USED The spraying materials employed consisted of Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Copper. The strength of the Sulphate of Iron solutions varied between 6 and 16 per cent, applied at the rate of from 35 to 4o gallons per acre, while in a few cases double that amount was applied by going twice over the ground. Inthe case of the Sulphate of Copper solution the strength varied from 2 to 3% per cent, applied also at the rate of 35 to 40 gallons per acre. The cost of the Sulphate of Iron was 6s per cwt., and that of the Sulphate of Copper gos. The cost, therefore, of a 10 per cent solution of Sulphate of Iron works out at about 2s. 2d. per acre, and ais per cent solution at 3s.3d. A 2 per cent solution of Sulphate of Copper costs nearly 3s. per acre, anda 3 per cent solution about 4s. 3d. per acre. These materials can, however, be had at a much cheaper rate, as the materials used in our trials were of an unnecessarily high standard of purity and were not purchased in the best market. The two substances were analysed in our laboratory. The Sulphate of Iron was found to be practically pure, and the Sulphate of Copper had a purity of 95.6 per cent. Inquiries show that Sulphate of Iron, sufficiently pure, can be had at 4s. per cwt.and even for 3s. if purchased in quantity. while Sulphate of Copper is quoted at a little over 30s. per cwt. Consequently the cost per acre of a Io per cent and a 15 per cent solution of Sulphate of Iron need not be greater than Is. 5d. and 2s. 2d. respectively. In the same way the cost per acre of the Sulphate of Copper solutions would be reduced to about 2s. 3d. and 3s. and 3d. respectively. METHOD OF SPRAYING The demonstrations were superintended in each case by Mr. Haydon or Mr. Burton. The additional apparatus required includes a second bar- rel of the same capacity (42 gallons) as the one to which the pump is attached. A water-cart will also be required unless water is immediately accessible. We will suppose a 10 percent solution of Sulphate of Iron is to be used. The procedure is as follows: Forty Ibs. Sulphate of Iron is placed in a mixing barrel, and on this water is poured. The mixture is then well-stirred, and made up to 40 gallons, and after solution is transferred to the barrel in the car. While this solution is being distributed Over an acre an assistant is engaged in preparing a charge sufficient for another acre, and so on. In this way the work is only interrupted by the operation of transferring the solution from the mixing barrel to the sprayer. The operation was for the most part performed by the aid of two wooden buckets, a process which is slow and very disagreeable to the persons engaged init. In consequence an arrangement was devised for overcoming this difficulty by temporarily fixing a semi-rotary pump to the mixing-barrel and transferring the liquid by means of this pump and a hose into the sprayer. The arrangement is shown in the accompa- nying illustration No.2. The pump is so constructed that it may either be used for filling the mixing barrel out of a ditch or stream, or for transferring the solution from the mixing- barrel to the sprayer. In this way the use of buckets is entirely dispensed with. The cost of this supplementary apparatus is 45 11s., and such a pump can deliver 1,100 gallons per hour. Where a large area is to be sprayed its use is recommended. In discussing the results it will be convenient to take them under the following heads: I. EFFICIENCY OF MACHINES Where the solutions were free from particles of solid mat- ter the spray produced by both machines gave complete satis- faction, but great care had to be taken to prevent foreign material gaining entrance to the reservoir. Even very small particles will choke the nozzles. The outer nozzles are much more liable to be obstructed than those in the center. Fortun- ately any obstruction in the nozzles can be quickly removed. It is necessary to have a supply of water free from solid particles, and the reservoir of the sprayer and the inside of the mixing-barrel have to be very carefully washed out before the operations are started. With each sprayer a sieve is provided through which the solution may be strained, but in addition it is advisable to pass it through a piece of very fine sacking. One of the disadvantages of the smaller machines was the difficulty in getting a sufficient quantity of the solution applied. An attempt was made to put on about 40 gallons per acre, but 35 was found more practicable. Messrs. Strawsons inform me that it is their intention next year to provide their smaller machines with a larger pump without additional cost. The problem of delivering a sufficient quantity at one dressing will thus be solved. With this improvement the smaller machine will meet the requirements of any one wishing to spray charlock or runch. The larger machine is, of course, more easily worked, but unless the farmer intends to make use of it for spraying potatoes as well as char- lock, the smaller machine will sufficiently meet the case. The area that can be sprayed with one of these machines in one day will of course depend upon the facilities for obtain- ing water. On account of the experimental nature of the work, there were many delays that would not occur in ordinary practice. Taking into account the delay involved in recharg- ing the machine a day’s work can only be reckoned at from 15 to 20 acres. Il. INFLUENCE OF WEATHER At a very early stage in the tests it was quite apparent that the influence of the weather was a most important factor in determining the success or failure of the operation. The first trial was at Emley, and was made on a bright, dry and calm day. At this centre the operation was a decided success. The second test was at Stainton ona showery day. Of all the centres this was one of the least successful. At Wressle, where the third trial was made, the weather was not only wet but very windy, and it was found that the spray was blown by the wind. against the rows of corn, which acted asa shelter to the charlock growing between them, and this, com- bined with the wet weather, brought about a result scarcely more successful than that at Stainton. ; As it was very evident that the operation, if performed during wet, windy weather, would be only attended by very slight success, no further demonstrations were made until the weather had improved. Thereafter the experience was uni- form, viz.: that charlock or runch sprayed with a proper amount of material, before, during, or immediately after wet weather, to a large extent, escaped destruction, the same being the case when the weather was windy; when, however, the spraying was done in dry weather and ona bright calm day, with a sufficient quantity of solution of the requisite strength, the results were cqually uniform, viz.: the leaves of charlock were blackened and eventually completely destroyed. Ill. THE INFLUENCE OF AGE OF THE CHARLOCK Unfortunately the weather broke at a time when a large number of demonstrations had been arranged. One was made at the proper time, viz., at Emley. In this case the charlock plants were just getting into rough leaf, and the rows of barley were about three inches high. The result was that where the solutions were put on in proper quantity the effect on the charlock was to reduce the leaves to a black cinder, from which few recovered. As the season advanced the plants at other centres became larger and larger, and in some cases attempts were made to kill plants that had formed a strong stem and were in full flower. The results of spraying fully grown charlock varied accord- ing to the strength of the solution, but in all cases when the weather was suitable the leaves were killed, but the flowers and stems were only partially destroyed. It was abundantly proved that success can only be obtained when the plants are taken in the youngest stage. The opera- tion is calculated to destroy charlock leaves only. If the charlock is sprayed after the stems and flowers are formed, though the leaves are destroyed, the stems and flowers retain sufficient vitality to form seeds, the number of which is, however, much less than in the case of a plant in its normal condition. Spraying strong, well-grown charlock produces a stunted growth, and enables the corn, if good, to gain the mastery of it. It was noticed that although the leaves were killed and the stems damaged the formation of seed was hastened. IV. STRENGTH OF SOLUTION On account of the probable danger of destroying the corn and the young seeds, rather weak solutions were at first applied. Later, however, these were strengthened in the case of Sul- phate of Iron to 12, 14 and 16 per cent, and other conditions being suitable go gallons per acre of such solutions will give satisfactory results. But for the difficulty of making stronger solutions and also the difficulty of getting the machine to apply the desired quantity, still heavier doses of Sulphate of Iron would have been applied. It was quite apparent on the one hand that solutions of greater strength would not injure the corn, and on the other hand that weaker solutions would not effect the desired de- struction of charlock and runch. The general experience with regard to the strength and quantity of solution was that the largest doses produced the best results, and that 2 per cent solutions of Sulpate of Copper or anything under a Io per cent solution of Sulphate of Iron was much too weak to be really beneficial. It must be borne in mind, however, that these strong solutions were applied to strong grown charlock. Owing to the weather we were not permitted to test them on very young plants. Those who intend to spray next year should try 4o gallons per acre of a 10 and a 15 per cent solution of Sulphate of Iron at the proper stage. V. EFFECT ON THE CORN The crops sprayed comprised both oats, barley, and the spring wheat. Ina few cases it was reported that after spray- ing the corn became greener, but certainly this applied to the portions dressed with Sulphate of Iron rather than to those dressed with Sulphate of Copper. There was no complaint from any centre of deterioration either in quality or quantity of the grain crops sprayed. Neither was there any difference observed in times of ripening. VI. EFFECT ON CLOVERS AND GRASSES The experiments conducted by me last year in Scotland on the spraying of charlock growing among young seeds led me to the conclusion that the application of Sulphate of Iron I 2 3 (For description see following page) would not have any evil effect upon these plants, even in the tender condition in which they are to be found in the spring- time. This opinion was throughout the experiments com- pletely confirmed, as in no case has there been any complaint of damage done to young clover or grasses. The accompanying illustration shows three pots contain- ing red clover, mustard, and wheat respectively. All three sprayed while quite young with equal quantities of a 12 per cent solution of Sulphate of Iron, the quantity applied being greatly in excess of that which is used in ordinary practice. As will be seen from the illustration neither the clover nor the wheat was injured, whilst the mustard was entirely destroyed. VII. COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF SULPHATE OF IRON AND SULPHATE OF COPPER In our trials Sulphate of Iron was for the most part em- ployed. It is less inimical to plant life than Sulphate of Copper, indeed it has been often applied as a fertilizer. The advantages attending the use of Sulphate of Copper lies in the fact that a much less weight of it is required, and it is much more pleasant to use. The difference in the cost per acre is not a serious consideration. Sometimes the one cost more per acre than the other, depending upon the market. When large crystals of either salt are used it takes a considerable time to get a solution, particularly when a strong one is desired. The difficulty may be overcome by having it well ground, but in the form of a powder Sulphate of Iron rapidly oxidizes, and on being dissolved produces a flocculent precipitate of the hydrate of iron, which, however, does not cause a stoppage of the nozzles. The particles of this precipitate very quickly became white on the plant, but did not do any damage either to the charlock or corn. VHI. COMPARATIVE EFFECT ON CHARLOCK AND RUNCH As is well known to farmers in Yorkshire, there are two weeds infesting corn fields, charlock and runch, which some- what resemble each other. The charlock has a yellow flower, while the petals of the runch are whitish, with violet vein, and the foliage leaves are thicker than those of the charlock. Both kinds were abundant, and it was found that charlock was more easily destroyed than runch. IX. EFFECT OF THE SPRAY ON OTHER PLANTS In order to test a solution of Sulphate of Iron on a variety of other plants, Mr. Haydon sowed in pots at the experimental farm at Garforth, seeds of the plants named in the following table, and sprayed the seedlings with a 12 per cent solution of Sulphate of Iron. The only plants seriously affected were beans, mustard, turnips and swedes. Of the last three, which all belong to the same order as charlock and runch, the mustard suffered much more than turnips, while the swedes suffered least. The destruction of the beans at Garforth was evidently due to the large quantity of the solution applied. At one of the centres a small plot of beans was treated at the rate of 35 gallons per acre without serious damage to the plants. X. THE EFFECT OF DOUBLE SPRAYING In a few cases the crops were sprayed twice on the same day, a plan that was found to answer well, and it appeared that double application is an advantage even if the solutions used be somewhat weaker. When inspecting the experiments it was noticed at many of the centres that a second batch of plants had grown since the spray had been applied. Ifa second application had been used after an interval of about ten days this second crop also would have been destroyed. On account, however, of the great demand for trials with the sprayer, we did not succeed in returning a second time to any of the centres to put this plan to the test. XI. THEORY OF THE ACTION OF THE SPRAY ON CHARLOCK Nothing certain is known with regard to the specific action of solutions of Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Cop- per on charlock plants. The point requires careful considera- tion, and is at present being investigated by Mr. Ingle, agricultural chemist to this department. It cannot be due to the roughness of the charlock leaves retaining the spray, for there are many other plants which retain the spray equally well and yet escape injury. In all probability the result is due to the fact that cruciferous plants contain certain substances peculiar to their order— substances which may react chemically with iron or copper salts. In summing up the experience gained in spraying 144 acres of charlock and runch infested grain crops in Yorkshire, we may conclude: 1. That the operation is only completely successful when the plants are taken in the youngest stage. 2. That a bright, dry and calm day is a necessary factor to success. 3. That in the case of Sulphate of Iron at least a 10 per cent solution is required, and this should be applied at the rate of not less than 4o gallons per acre. Even a 15 per cent solution of Sulphate of Iron may be necessary if the plants have got beyond the first rough leaf stage. 4. Such solutions will not injure either corn or young seeds. Plants Grown In Pots at GARFORTH, AND SPRAYED WITH A I2 PER CENT SOLUTION OF SULPHATE OF IRON KIND OF PLANT RESULT PO AS ts Cis tice ics tet et tat ae ct ier eke Scarlet Runners ........... Broad Beans.................00. ie eae oceans ono es Tee Gh Shea wis Sencleies icc. calt ee as seta atu sats Riad isi. 4 saesctarsc atone Gtr weaeegtaus Cress Cd Swed Shirase suntan ws White Turnips................... Mangels Red ClOGEE facie sacs aw aatietcnst Pe ten ks Cow Grass AISHKG ia Ss air aere ents eared “Seeds” with some White Mustard. Slightly damaged. Slightly damaged. Leaves scorched. Very little damage done. Very little damage done. Very little damage done. Very little damage done. Injured. Injured. Injured. Completely killed. Slightly damaged. Leaves blistered. Leaves blistered. Leaves blistered. Leaves blistered. Practically uninjured. Practically uninjured. Practically uninjured. Practically uninjured. Practically uninjured. Practically uninjured. Practically uninjured. Practically uninjured. Practically uninjured. Practically uninjured. Mustard killed, but “‘seeds” uninjured. The solution was also tried at Garforth on a large number of different weeds, none of which were of the charlock tribe. In no case were these weeds exterminated. An excessive dose did damage to daisies and plaintain in pasture without equal harm to the grass plants. Strength of Strength of Condition i ith of Test NAME OF CENTRE oe Without Sulphate of Iron Sulphate of Copper Weather Condition of Charlock of Sprayed RESULTS Seeds Solution Solution Crop May Old Hall, Emley Barley — 6, 8, 14 per cent 2 per cent Calm and bright Just in rough leaf 3 inches high Charlock all killed with strong solution and much checked with weaker. No damage to corn. May Stainton Manor, Rotherham Barley Seeds 8%, 10, 1134, 13, 14% per cent —— Windy Just in rough leaf 3 inches high Runch not killed but checked. May Wressle, Howden Oats -—— 113, 13, 14%, 1534 per cent — Windy and wet Very thick, strong 3 inches high Wind and rain immediately followed spraying. Charlock browned but not killed. May Wressle, Howden Oats —— Io per cent — Fine Very thick, strong 4 inches high Spraying repeated. Charlock demolished. May Huntow Farm, Bridlington Spring wheat | —— 7%, 10, 11 per cent — Windy, with showers Strong 4 inches high pee aay charlock killed, remainder much checked. May The Grange, Bridlington Barley Seeds 73% per cent _-— Fine Strong 4 inches high Charlock partially killed. Seeds not injured. May Pollington, Snaith Oats as 7%, 8% per cent — Fine Thick, almost in flower Rather big Charlock slightly checked, but not killed. Solu- tions not strong enough. May Hutton Cranswick Oats Seeds 7%, 10 per cent -— Fine, but windy Fairly abundant, small 3 inches high Not all pilled, Duk goon results obtained, especially with strong solution. May Hutton Cranswick Oats 10, 1234 per cent oe Fine, but windy Stronger 3 inches high The strong solution produced a satisfactory re- : sult. No damage to seeds or corn. May Pollington Grange, Snaith Barley Seeds Io, 1214, 14 per cent — Very fine Very thick, just flowering Rather big Considerably checked. Eventually overcome by corn. May Laxton, Howden Oats — Io, 114%, 12% per cent — Very fine Strong, just flowering Knee deep Charlock damaged. June Waplington, Pocklington Oats Seeds 7%, 854, Io per cent 134 per cent Fine Not thick, but strong 4 inches deep Foliage es rae destroyed, but many stems re- tained vitality. Waplington, Pocklington Barley — Io, 1246 per cent — Very fine Much smaller 4 inches deep Charlock not killed outright, but injured. Staincliffe Lodge, Aughton Oats — 10, 11344, 124g per cent — Rather windy _ Very thick, just floweriug Tall Only partially killed even with strong solution. June Shipton-Thorpe, Market Weighton | Barley —- 1o, 1134 per cent 13 per cent Rather strong wind Very thick, just flowering Tall Good results with strong solution where sprayed ; twice over. Sulphate of Copper not so good. June Givendale, Boroughbridge Barley —o 10, 11%, 1134, 1234, 1334 per cent — Very fine Very thick, mostly in flower Knee deep Charlock nearly all killed when double sprayed. : ’ ; Leaves stripped off with single dressing. June Stonehills, Bridlington Spring wheat | —— 12%, 14, 15 per cent 34 per cent A little wind Very strong and plentiful Knee deep Not successful. June Birkby Nab, Ripon Oats — Io per cent = Windy Very thin 3 inches high Very little charlock to be killed. Sherburn, E. R. Oats -—— 10, 16% per cent — Windy : In full flower Rather tall Charlock checked. Thrope Hall, Howden Barley Seeds 12% per cent 134 per cent A little wind In full flower Rather tall To strong and old to be killed completely. Scurff Hall, Drax Oats — 24%, 3 per cent Fine Very big and strongly grown | 2 feet high Charlock nearly all killed. Sutton-on-Derwent Oats —— Io, 12%, 15 per cent 334 per cent Very fine’ In full flower — Rather big Successful. Leconfield Park, Beverley Oats —— 2, 2%, 3, 344 per cent A little wind Seed pods forming Tall Large number killed. Charlock 23¢ feet high. Hunmanby Barley Seeds 10, 1234, 1§ per cent — Rather windy Charlock small Short Charlock killed with strongest solution. June Carr House, Tickhill Barley — 14 per cent 2 per cent Fine Charlock just in flower 6 inches deep Charlock nearly all dead where sprayed twice over, PAU a ORS INDE The abbreviations used in designating the periodicals from which the following titles have been taken are those prepared under the direction of Dr. E. W. Allen and used by him in the Experiment Station Record. In the following pages parentheses are used to indicate defective titles, translated titles, unknown authors, and missing given names or initials. The abbreviations “S. of I.” and “S,. of C.” stand for sulphate of iron and sulphate of copper respectively. 1 ADERHOLD, R.—Uber die Wirkungsweise der sogenann- ten Bordeauxbriihe (Kupferkalkbriihe). Centbl. Bakt. II Abt, Bd. V, S. 217, 254. It has been observed that healthy plants sprayed with Bordeaux mixture developed better than those not sprayed. The improve- ment to be observed in grapes and potatoes by spraying—the richer green color of the foliage (the greater production of chlorophyll), the increased elaboration of organic substance, is according to the author, due to the S. of I. content of the Bor- deaux mixture. 2 ADERHOLD, R.—Ein paar Versuche zur Vertilgung des Unkrautes im Gartenrasen. Centbl. Bakt. II Abt. Bd. VII (1901), S. 662. 3 dALDIN, ( ).—(Potato Disease.) Bul. de la Soc. des Agri. de France, Juillet, 1888. Effect of S. of I. on potatoes attacked by disease. 4 ALTEN, H. u. JANNICKE, W.—Eine Schadigung von Rosenblattern durch Asphaltdampfe. Bot. Ztg., 49 Jahrg. (1891), S. 195-199. S. of I. solution produced a dark discoloration resembling that caused by asphalt vapors, and brought about precipitation of the contents of the epidermal cells. 5 ANDERSON, H. C. L—Fruit Tree Diseases. Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Bul. No. 4 (1891), p. 25-26. Refers to peach rust and success in treating trees with S. of I. Recommends spraying in winter with 1 lb. S. of I. in 8 gals. of water, and applying potash in addition. Ke) II 12 ANDERSON, J. R.—Wild Mustard. Dept. Agr. Brit. Columbia Bul. 11, p. 12. E. S. R. 15, p. 265. Destruction of Brassica sinapistrum by spraying with S. of I. and S. of C. COMMISSION DE LA SOC.D’AGRIC.DE L’AUDE.— Le sulfate de fer et la chlorose. Jour. Agr. Prat. (1892), T. 2, p. 811. AUDOYNAUD, (_ ).—Adaptation au sol des cépages américains. Jour. Agr. (Paris), T. 16 (1881), p. 302. Disputes M. Millardet’s iron theory. AULD, J. McQUEEN.—Oxide of Iron for Foot-Rot. a Disp., Farmer and Fruit Grower, n. ser., Vol. 3 (1891), p. 403. Recommends the use of 5 to 15 lbs. per tree. BARLOW, J. J.—(Effect of Sulphate of Iron on Pota- toes). Farm & Home, Dec. 8, 1888. BARBUT, G.—Sur le traitement de la chlorose par le pro- cédé Rassiguier. Prog. Agr. et Vit., T. 22 (1894), p. 462. Favors treatment in autumn—middle of October to middle of November. Used 4o per cent solution of S. of I. for old vines, and on young vines a 20-25 per cent solution. Results satis- factory. S. of I. in same quantity applied to the roots did not produce the same effect. BARTH, M.—Die Gelbsucht der Reben. Weinbau u. Weinhandel (1895), S. 453 and 461. Centbl. Agr. Chem., Bd. 25, S. 445. Action of S. of I. not pronounced. 13 14 15 16 17 BEACH, S. A.—Some Bean Diseases. (Anthracnose of the Bean.) N. Y. St. Bul. No. 48, n. ser., Dec. (1892), p. 308. E. S. R. 4, p. 558. To combat anthracnose of the bean, soaked seed in S. of I. solu- tion, I oz. to 1 gal. of water, with following result: Stand secured............0. 88 Marketable Yield.......... 71 Yield of Poor Beans........ 132 This shows serious injury was done by the soaking. BEACH, S. A.—Treatment of Potato Scab. (Odspora scabies. ) N. Y. St. Bul. No. 49, n. ser. Jan. (1893), p. 1. E. S. R. 4, p. 560. On non-infected soil seed soaked in a S. of.I. solution (1 oz. to 1 gal.) gave the best result. BEDFORD. (HERBRAND ARTHUR RUSSELL), DUKE OF & S. U, PICKERING. — Liquid Dressings Applied to Strawberries during the Fruiting Season. Report of the Workings & Results of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, Second Rpt. (1900), p. 89. BEHRENS, (_ ).—Experiments on Killing Weeds. Wochenblatt des Landw. Ver. im Grossherzogtum Baden (1902), No. 33. Centbl. Agr. Chem., Bd. 33, S. 60. S. of I. successfully used on calcareous soils. BEINLING, E.—Uber das Auftretin von Reben krank- heiten im Grossherzogtum Baden im Jahre, 1891. Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank. (1892), S. 307. Sphaceoloma ampelinum: Used a 5 per cent solution S. of I. in the springtime (Feb.-Mar.) with good results. Dematophora necatrix: 4000-5000 vines fertilized with S. of I. in autumn, using 120-200 grams per vine. In the following year the treated vines showed better growth and developed numerous new thread roots. For true Chlorosis, fertilize with 100-300 grams per vine. 18 19 20 2iI 22 23 24 25 26 BELL, ( ).—Manures: their Sources. Composition & Application, p. 100. BELL, E. W.—Sulphate of Iron as a Manure for Potatoes. Chem. News, Vol. 71 (1895), p. 15. BENARD, J.—(Eradication of Weeds.) Bul. du Comice agricole de Reims, Vol. 34 (1808). For the eradication of weeds used 5, 10 and 15 per cent solu- tions of S. of I. and found them inefficient; 20 per cent solu- tion efficient but less so than 2 per cent S. of C. solution. BENECKE, W.—Die zur Ernahrung der Schimmel pilze nothwendigen Metalle. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot., Bd. 28 (1895), S. 526. BERNARD, A.—Essai de theorie de l’action du sulfate de fer contre la chlorosis. BERNARD, A.—Le Calcaire sa Determination et son Role dans les Terres arables, 1902. Chap. IV. BERTE! S, C—( ). Allg. Landw. Monatschr., Bd. VII, Jahrg. (1842). Found S. of I. present in a soil which he examined and recom- mended the application of lime to the soilj3to overcome any bad effect. BERTRAND, G.—Sur lintervention du Manganése dans les oxydations provoquées par la laccase. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris), T. 124 (1897), p. 1032. BESELER, W.—Versuche mit Vitriolspritzungen zu ver- schiedenen Frtichten auf Cunrauer Moordam- men. Mitt. Ver. Ford. Mookult. (1902), S. 281. Deut. Landw. Presse, Bd. XXIX (1902), S. 680. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., Bd. 45, S. 67. Experimented with Horsebean. Sprayed with solution of S. of L., 60 pfd. to 100 litres, applied to Y% ha. Sprayed piece showed no improvement over unsprayed. 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 BIEDENKOPF, _H—Zur Frage zur Bekampfung des Hederichs, speziell durch Metallsalzlosungen. Deut. Landw. Presse, No. 46 (1901), S. 406. Has made no study of what he writes, but thinks that no quanti- tative work has been offered on yield from sprayed vs. un- sprayed plots. Thinks soil injured and plants poisoned. BIRNER s LUCANUS.—Wasserculturversuche mit Ha- er. Landw. Vers. Stat., Bd. VIII (1886), S. 145. Manganese can in no way replace iron. Ferrous salt (phos- phate) can replace ferric phosphate to advantage. BLACKMAN, (_ ).—(Iron filings benefitted pear trees.) Fla. St. Hort. Soc. (1903), p. 103. VON BLUCHER, (_ ).—(Hederichvertilgung.) Ann. Landw. der Mecklenburg Vereins (1903), No. 22. BOIRET, (_ ).—(Die zerstérung der Kleeseide durch Eisensul fat.) Jour. Agr. (Paris) (1899), T. 11, p. 770. BOIRET, H. & G. PATURAL.—Recherches sur |’emploi agricole du sulphate de fer. Ann. Agron., T. 18 (1892), p. 417. BOLLE, ( ).—(Anthracnose of Grape.) Atti memorie dell’Instituto di Gorizia, 1892. Recommends a mixture for Anthracnose of grape. Sulphate of Iron ............ 50 Kgo Sulphuric Acid o.4 sascacscsass « Gh WhateR. psec ceacaeucemiincalee 288 Ioo “ Dissolve the S. of I. in hot water, then add the acid and stir well. Use before cold, applying to the vines with brush or swab. Apply 15-20 days before buds start to open. BOKORNY, TH.—Eine bemerkenswerthe Wirkung Oxy- dierter Eisenvitriollosungen auf lebende Pflan- zenzellen. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gess. VII, Heft 7. 35 36 37 38 39 4I BORKONY, TH.—Vergleichende Studien iiber die Gift- wirkung verschiedener chemischer Substanzen auf Algen and Infusorien. Archiv. Physiol. (Pfliiger), Bd. 64 (1806), S. 262-306. S. of I. shown to be only weakly poisonous. BORDRY, E.—Le procédé Rassiguier contre chlorose de la vigne. Jour. Agr. Prat. (1866), T. II, p. 293. Writes on M. Louet’s results with the method and compares with his own. BORNIER, (__ ).—(Chlorosis.) Rev. Vit. Used a 50 per cent solution with the result that not a trace of Chlorosis manifested itself during the season. BOUSSINGAULT, ( ).—Agronomie, Chemie, Agricul- ture et Physiologie, (1874). Showed chlorotic and non-chlorotic leaves to contain almost same amount of iron. BRACCI, ( ).—Sull’ azione del solfato di ferro sulle piante. Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., Vol. XV, pp. 38-45. Wheat and oats ripened earlier and yielded more grain and straw. The straw of the oats showed increased content of Fe2 03 and P2 Os. BRANDIN, (_ ).—La Destruction des Sanves. Bul. Soc. Nat. Agr. France (1900), p. 451. Experimented with 95 Hect. oats and 45 Hect. wheat. Mustard apparently badly injured by 12 per cent solution but recovered to vigorous growth. 3% per cent S. of C. destroyed completely. BRETFELD, (_ ).—Das Versuchswesen auf dem Gebiete der Pflanzenghysiologie. (1884), S. 135. 42 BRETON, (_ ).—(In Bernard’s La Calcaire sa Determina- tion et son Role dans les Terres arables, (1902), p. 158.) Bernard quotes a gardener named Breton who lived in Haute- Marne (Meures) whose secret for growing the most delicious melons ripening early, was the use of Sulphate of Iron. 43 BROOKS, W. P.—Report of Agriculturist. Mass. Hatch Sta. Rpt., (1896), pp. 9-49. S. of I. applied to plots of Soy Beans at the rate of 80 Ibs. per acre. Difference in favor of the treated plots over the untreated plots was at the rate of 525 Ibs. per acre, the crop being cut green for silo. Applied June 24, just as beans were coming up. A r 44 BRULE, (_ ).—(Eradication of Weeds by Spraying with Solutions of Metallic Salts). Comice agricole de |’ arrondissement de Reims, 1808. Claims that 5, 10, 15 per cent solutions are inefficient, that a 20 per cent solution is less efficient than a 2 per cent solution of sul- phate of copper. It is necessary to employ solutions containing more than 25 per cent of S. of I. and these solutions rapidly corrode the apparatus. 45 BRUNET, R.—L’anthracnose et le rougeot. Jour. Agr. Prat. (1895), No. 36, pp. 338-340. S. of I. successfully used again Gleosporium ampelophagum. Solution made of, Se 20 LTesivnleiatennin vecs 50 Kgo. Sulphuric Acid ..... 1 Litre. WatéE -Accyscneconne too Litres. Wash the vines carefully and if result is not obtained, wash a second time two weeks later. When the disease has a good hold, treatment not a success. 46 BUBAK, F.—Uber eisenfleckige Kartoffeln. Ztschr. Landw. Versuchswesen Oesterr. (1902), S. 306. Centbl. Agr. Chem., Bd. 32, S. 182. Probably caused by excess of iron in a soil poor in lime. 47 BUNGE, G.—Uber die Assimilation des Eisens. Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., Bd. 9, S. 49-59. 48 49 51 52 53 54 55 CAMPBELL, J. R.—Report on the Spraying of Charlock and Runch. Yorkshire Col. Leeds and East and West Ridings Joint Agri. Council, Garforth Expts. (18909). CAPUS, J—(The Destruction of Grapes affected with Black Rot.) Rev. Vit., T. XXII (1904), p. 413-414. Author recommends treating dried pomace with a strong solution of S. of I. to prevent the rot being carried by pomace. CASTREX, ( ).—(Grape Anthracnose in Tunis.) Bul. Dir. Agr. et Com. 4, (1899), pp. 11-70. E. S. R. 11, p. 50. Recommends treatment in winter with S. of I. and lime. CAZEAUX-CAZALET, G.—Note sur les causes de la chlorose des vignes et sur les moyens de pre- venir et de traiter cette affection. Brochure (1892). Treated in August using Io litres of 10 per cent solution. Cause of maladie in roots. CAZENEUVE, P. ET A. NICOLLE.—Sur la réaction du sulphate de fer vis-a-vis des phosphates cal- ciques employés en agriculture. Monit. Sci., T. 30, p. 334. Jahresber. Agr. Chem., N. F., Bd. 35, S. 258. DE CERIS, A.—Le sulfate de fer pour la destruction des sanves. Jour. Agr. Prat. (1900), T. 11, pp. 40, 220. Letter from M. Mar- guerite-Delarcholonny claiming discovery of the necessity for two sprayings. Tour. Agr. Prat. (1900), T. II, pp. 40, 220. CHATIN, AD. & A. MUNTZ.—Etude chimique sur la nature et les causes du verdissement des Huitres. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris), T. 118, p. 17. CHAUZIT, B—Le sulfate de fer en viticulture. Rev. Vit. T. I, p. 314. 56 COBB, N. A—Notes on Diseases of Plants. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, Vol. II, p. 57. For peach rust, recommends burning the leaves and spraying the trees in winter with S. of I. (1 lb. to 8 gals. of water.) 57 COCHRAN, (_ ).—Ceylon Manual of Chemical Analysis, p. 202. 58 COHN, ( ).—Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen. (1870). s. 11g, Iron in cell walls of algae as incrustation. 59. COSTE, H.—Instruction pratique sur les traitements a effecteur contre le mildew et l’anthracnose. Ann. Soc. d'hort, et d’hist. nat. de Herault. 2 ser., T. XXIII, (1891) pp. 178-182. Apply a warm 50 per cent solution of S. of I. with brush or spray before growth starts in the springtime. On making up the solution moisten the crystals with sulphuric acid before dissolv- ing. 60 COSTE-FLORET.—Role du sulphate de fer. Prog. Agr. et Vit., 26, (1896), Nos. 42, pp. 434-440; 43, pp. 463- 467; 44, pp. 496-504. Favorable results claimed for calcareous soils. Efficacious as pro- ducing secondary reactions. In large quantity is a corrosive. A palliative with chlorosis not a remedy. 61 CRAIG, J—Grape Anthracnose. Report of Horticulturist. Appendix to Rpt. Min. Agr. Canada. Experimental Farms Reports 1892, pp. 99-101. 62 CRAIG, J.—Small Fruits, Grapes (Sphaceloma Ampeli- num). Rpt. of Horticulturist. Appendix to Rpt. Min. Agr. Canada. Experimental Farms Reports, 1891, p. 125. A solution of S. of I. 1 Ib. to 10 lbs. water was used as a wash. The treatment was ineffectual in preventing the spread of the dis- ease. 63 CROCKER, E. F.—(Destruction of Ustilago cucumis.) In Griffith’s, A Treatise on Manure, p. 302. 64 CROLAS, DR.—Le Phylloxéra dans le départment de l’Ain. Le Phylloxéra An. If (1878) p. 43. Used the following mixture to sustain the vine during the treat- ment for the destruction of phylloxera and with good results: Potassium Chloride Sulphate of Iron..............00. Used 25 grams per vine. Mentions (P. 46) an excellent fertiliz- er for vines known as “Davis Fertilizer Insecticide’ composed of calcium carbonate, Sulphate of Iron, and caustic potash. 65 CROZIER, A. A.—On the Effects of Certain Fungicides upon the Vitality of Seeds. Jour. Mycol., Vol. VI, (1890), pp. 8-11. Seed corn soaked 24 hrs. in solution of 1 Ib. S. of I. to a bushel of seed, with sufficient water to cover the grain. Result: Nearly as injurious effect as Sulphate of Copper. No scorching of leaves observable even with the strongest solution. 66 CUGINI, G.—Sull’ utilita del trattamento dei frutti poma- cei col solfata di ferro. B. Ort. Firenze, An. XII, (1887), pp. 51-56. Explains M. Ville’s observations. The S. of I. is forced through the stomata, or by osmotic action through the cell wall of the outer skin of the fruit, and occasions increased work of the plasma, and in the presence of light the formation of numerous chloroplastids, and these lead to greater activity in the process of assimilation, whereby growth results. 67 CUGINI, G.—Intorno al modo di esistere del ferro nelle piante. Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital. Vol. XXVII, p. 649. Disputes the views of Molisch. 68 CULERON, P.—Nouveau mode d’emploi du sulfate de fer contre la chlorose. Jour. Agr. (Paris), T. II. p. 340. Used one Kgo. S. of I. to 40-50 1. water per vine. Recommends a compost made of S. of I. one part, grape marc three parts. 69 DAVY, SIR HUMPHREY.—Elements of Agricultural Chemistry. London, 1814, p. 334. 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 DEGRULLY, L.—Traitement de la chlorose par le badi- geonnage d’automne au sulfate de fer. Prog. Agr. et Vit. T. 22, (1804) p. 334. DEGRULLY, L.—Traitement de la chlorose par l’applica- tion de sulfate de fer sur les plaies pratiquées en été, Prog. Agr. et Vit. T. XXVI, p. 113. Messine process is dangerous. Rassiguier process less dan- gerous and gives splendid results. DE GRULLY & GASTINE.—(Action du sulfate de fer sur la chlorose de la vigne.) Soc. Nationale d’Agr. de France 1894, Nov. 24. Chloritic leaves contain excess of iron and silica over non- chloritic. Treatment with S. of I. diminishes iron in the leaves, and increases K.O, Na.O. DEHERAIN, (_ ).—Traité de Chimie agricole (1892), p. 480. Claims S. of I. is a plant poison and quotes Voelcker. DEHERAIN.—In Wurtz’s Dictionnaire de chemie (1878), Tome III, p. 347. DELACROIX, (_).—Sur la Maladie des Geillets, produite par le Fusarium Dianthi Prill. et Delac. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 1900, T. II, p. 961. Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank. Bd. XI, S. 168. Treat the soil with S. of I. and this only in soil free from lime, otherwise the Sulphate of Iron is decomposed. DEMENTJEW-ARKADY, (_).—Die Chlorose der Pflan- zen und Mittel zur Ihrer Bekampfung. Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., Bd. XII, S. 321. Considers the use of S. of I. valueless. DENAIFFE & SIRODOT. — (Le Charbon — Ustilago carbo; U. Segetum—). L’Avoine, p. 701. Soaked seeds in sulphate solutions. S. of I. 2-5 per cent, had the least value of the three salts used, viz.: S. of I, sulphate of soda, Sulphate of Copper. 78 DENAIFFE & SIRODOT.—(Destruction of Wild Rad- ish and Wild Mustard.) L’Avoine, PP. 730-733. 10-12 per cent solution S. of I. employed when plants are small; 15 per cent solution when plants are large. Applied at the rate of 12 Hktl. per Hect. Two reasons for using S. of I., low cost and the favorable action on the growth of oats. 79 DESBOIS, ( )—In Bernard’s La Calcaire sa Determina- tion et son Role dans les Terres arables. p. 219. Also Revue horticole, 1888. A bed of Maréchal-Niel roses being chloritic was condemned. Treated with S. of I. 100 grams to 10 Litres, the solution being applied to the roots. Treated three times at intervals of eight days. The bushes produced five or six roses of ochreous color. The vegetation was vigorous. In 1889 the bushes produced 300 beautiful roses of the usual color. Physico-chemical analysis of the soil gave: Silica