Bay ae ites fe te ey = Re ot a AIS hav ti » NSS) Mak ener Rae Tana: he . ay See oN oh ye % Gornell University Library Sthara, New York CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 c 0 .C hinese economic trees. wlan Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924021431972 Plate 1. THUYA ORIENTALIS Linnsus CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES By Woon Young Chun, B.S.F., M.F. Professor of Dendrology, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Nanking. ILLUSTRATED WITH 100 PLATES PRINTED BY THE CoMMERCIAL Press, Ltp. Puatres ExrecuTeD BY SHANGHAI Art Eneravine Co. EDICATED TO A. S. Cy PREFACE So far as the author is aware, this is the first book on the common, important Chinese trees that has been written in any language. Although the literature of Chinese flora is rather extensive, it is scattered through numerous publications, issued in many different languages, and as few of the standard botanical works are available in China, it has been next to impossible to identify even the commoner plants around us. This manual aims to fill, in a measure, the need that’ has been felt for some time for a handy volume on Chinese trees. With the help of this book, even those with only a meager knowledge of botany will be able to identify a large number of the trees likely to be encountered, and at the same time to learn something of their characteristics and uses in so far as these are known. This manual is also designed as a textbook for use in Middle Schools and Colleges, particularly in the institutions where agricultural sciences are emphasized. The manuscript has been subjected to actual test of the classroom, during the past year, at the College of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Nanking. Obviously, in a work of this scope, it is impossible to describe every arborescent species found in this country. Only a small proportion of the species of Chinese trees are here described. A more comprehensive work remains for development in the future. The limits of the present volume admit the description, in most cases, of only one or two repre- sentative species in each genus and a bare enumeration of others of minor importance. On this account, the family and generic characters are given in some detail, in order to enable students to place a tree not treated in this work at least in the proper family and genus. It will be noted that following the description of families of more than one genus, there is a key to the genera, but following the description of the genus there is no key to the species. This omission is justified by two considerations. In the first place, the number of species is not sufficiently inclusive to render a key of any considerable value, and, in the second place,.in the instances where the species treated under any one genus are sufficiently comprehensive, as under the oaks, an opportunity is given the students to acquire practice in making keys themselves. Throughout this book, the specific names of the plants are uniformly written without capitals in accordance with the procedure prevailing in zoology, and with some progressive botanists, as those of the United States National Herbarium, but contrary to the rule of nomenclature II PREFACE adopted by botanists at the Vienna Congress. In ordinary botanical nomenclature, the specific name when derived from a person must be capitalized as a special mark of honor to the person whose name the plant bears. The introduction of this extraneous element into the name of a plant serves no legitimate purpose, but rather adds confusion and complexity. For the sake of clarity and simplicity, it seems best to disregard a useless rule. It is hoped that the younger botanists in China, collectively, will have sufficient independence to introduce the change which is manifestly advantageous, and which will, undoubtedly, become the universal practice af the future. The author has taken considerable pains to eliminate inaccuracies as far as possible, but no doubt, many defects and errors have been over- looked, and any one who points them out or who is willing to communi- cate additional notes and information on the range, habits, and uses of any of the trees will not only earn the gratitude of the author but at the same time advance the status of Chinese dendrology. The material for this book was compiled at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University in the United States of America. To the Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Professor C.S. Sargent, the author offers hig sincere thanks for placing the splendid facilities of that institution at his disposal. The Arboretum contains a remarkable collection of the hardy Chinese trees and shrubs adapted to a northern climate, as well as an herbarium of Chinese woody plants which is, perhaps, unsurpassed by that of any other institution in the world. The deseriptions of the trees in this work are based, in nearly every case, on the original Latin or | other description, supplemented by notes by various authors (particularly those of Mr. E. H. Wilson), and by comparison with herbarium material and studies of living trees. The drawings were made from herbarium specimens and from living plants when obtainable, except a few that were redrawn from published works, in which case, the source is indicated on the plates. The author is greatly indebted to Miss Mary. I. Bash, formerly of Seattle, Washington, and to Mr. Goey Park Jung, Professor of Entomology of the Government Southeastern University at Nanking, for help with the inking of some of the drawings, Finally the author must acknowledge a great debt of gratitude to his former teacher, Professor J. G, Jack of Harvard University. Without his suggestions this book, crude as it is, would not have been written. It must be understood, the author is alone responsible for the views therein expressed. Shanghai, August 22nd, 1921. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (The Llustrations are half life size) Thuja orientalis .. Ginkgo biloba Larix potanini Pseudolarix kaempferi .. Pinus armandi Picea asperata Tsuga chinensis .. Keteleeria davidiana Keteleeria fortunei Abies delavayi .. Cunninghamia lanceolata Cupressus torulosa Taxus cuspidata .. Salix babylonica.. Salix matsudana.. Populus simonii.. Populus lasiocarpa Myrica rubra Juglans regia Hicoria cathayensis Pterocarya stenoptera Pterocarya paliurus Ostrya japonica .. Corylus chinensis Alnus cremastogyne’ . Betula japonica .. Fagus sinensis Fagus engleriana Castanea mollissima Lithocarpus spicata Quereus variabilis Quercus serrata .. .- (Frontispiece) PAGE 65 PLATE 43. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Quercus glandulifera .. ne Ns Quercus fabri... as aii Quercus aliena .. os sn ae Quercus dentata .. 56 Quercus glauea .. ‘i ‘ Quercus semicarpifolia .. Quercus bambusifolia Ulmus pumila Ulmus laciniata .. fe a es Celtis bungeana .. as Pteroceltis tartarinowii .. os a Zelkova serrata Hemiptelea davidii a sis Morus alba 0 oe ne 3 Broussonetia papyrifera.. Euptelea franchetii Per as ae Euptelea pleiosperma Tetracentron sinense .. Cercidiphyllum japonicum ae ace Liriodendron chinense .. Magnolia denudata aie “35 Liquidambar formosana. . aie Sa Eucommia ulmoides’.. Sassafras tzumu .. ne ats or Cinnamomum camphora a aes Phoebe nanmu .. aie ar ies Lindera megaphylla Bie os aa Prunus padus as oe wie ee Prunus persica .. a9 a we Amelanchier sinica se ate ee Eriobotrya japonica Seg ae as Sorbus alnifolia .. ee ss ae Malus theifera .. ee es ae Cercis chinensis +. ee ae we Gymnocladus chinensis .. as aa Gleditsia macracantha .. wi wa Sophora japonica. . we on ae 101 102 106 109 111 118 116 119 121 124 126 150 181 133 135 188 140 143 146 150 152 157 162 165 167 169 170 172 174 179 | 181 183 i86 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v PLATE PAGE 70. Phellodendron sachalinense -- ar ae we «- 192 71. Ailanthus altissima a. hee ae oe ie -. «198 72. Canarium album... a ene ae oe jie e- 201 73. Cedrela sinensis .. i8 a ie ae ae ee 204 74, Melia azederach .- oe ee re se ve -» 205. 75. Aleurites fordii .. or ae ite oe wis «- 209 76. Sapium sebiferum es as ax ee ar) -- 218 77. Spondias axillaris Ae sie ve ss se e- 217 78. Pistacia chinensis ai ws a. ats a x» 218 79. Rhus vernicifiua.. ie es oe ne oe -» 220 80. Tapiscia sinensis. . Me ate cs a us ae «= 295 81, Acer henryi aa Be oe ae ee Ss os 228 82. Acer pictum var parviflorum .. ar oe as ee 229 88. Acer oblongum .. as sg a is ae os 981 84, AMsculus wilsonii... an eis ais ae ee ~. 284 85. Sapindus mukorossi . = - 282 99. Paulownia tomentosa .. i ea re te e. 289 100. Catalpa ovata .. sé wie a e's oor oe = (Illustrations half life size) SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES TREATED IN THIS WORK —_ CLASS I GYMNOSPERMAE Ovules naked, borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary. ORDER GINKGOALES Stems with branches; secondary wood without vessels. Flowers unisexual, dioecious, not borne in strobiles; the staminate flowers com- posed of numerous stamens, each with 2 pollen sacs; pistillate flowers naked, in pairs, borne on a long stalk enlarged at the apex to form a cup-shaped disk. , é Family 1. Ginkgoaceae (Page 1) A family containing only 1 extant species confined to China, ORDER CONIFERALES Resinous trees, the stems increase in diameter by the addition of annual layers of wood inside the bark; flowers unisexual; stamens numerous; ovules and seeds 2 or more, borne on the face of a scale; embryo with 2 or more cotyledons. Family 2. Pinaceae (Page 3) With dry seeds and ovules covered.by a scale. Family 8. Taxaceae (Page 41) With naked ovules and usually fleshy seeds. CLASS II ANGIOSPERMAE Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules and becoming the fruit. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. VII Division I. Dicotyledonae Stems formed of bark, wood or pith and increasing in diameter year after year by the addition of annual layerg next to the bark ; parts of the flowers mostly in 4’s or 5’s; embryo with 2 cotyledons; leaves mostly net-veined. Sub-division J. Apetalae Flowers without a corolla and sometimes without calyx. Section 1. Flowers in unisexual ament (pistillate fowers sometimes solitary in Quercus and Juglans); ovary inferior. ORDER SALICALES Flowers without sepals or petals, unisexual, dioecious ; disk reduced to a seale ; stamens 2 to indefinite ; carpels 2; ovary single, with parietal placentae and indefinite ovules ; capsule with indefinite seeds; seeds small with basal tufts of hair. ‘Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate leaves ; stipules present. Family 4. Salicaceae (Page 48) Flowers dioecious, without a calyx ; fruit a 2-4 valved capsule. Leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, with stipules. . ORDER MYRICALES Flowers in catkin-like spikes without sepals or petals, unisexual, monoecious or dioecious; staminate 4 (2-16); carpels 2; ovary 1 celled with a single, basal, erect, atropous ovule; fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs with simple, rarely divided leaves. Family 5. Myriecaceae (Page 56) Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; fruit a drupe, fleshy or dry; leayes alternate, simple, punctate, persistent, rarely deciduous. ORDER JUGLANDALES Flowers in catkins without sepals or petals or with a simple involucre, unisexual, monoecious; stamens 8-40; carpels 2; ovary inferior with basal, erect ovule; fruit winged, drupaceous or a nut. Trees or shrubs with alternate, mostly compound leaves without stipules. VIII SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. Family 6. Juglandaceae (Page 57) Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut, dehiscent or indehiscent, or winged ; leaves alternate, pinnate, deciduous, without stipules. ORDER FAGALES Flowers in catkins or heads, ciclet, with perianth, rarely naked, sometimes perfect, mostly unisexual, monoecious; ovary inferior; carpels 2-6, with 1-2 ovules. Fruit nut-like. Trees or shrubs with simple leaves ; stipules present. Family 7. Betulaceae (Page 68) Flowers monoecious; fruit a nutlet, winged or wingless, in a strobile or more or less enclosed by a membranous involucre; leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, with stipules. Family 8. Fagaceae (Page 79) Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut; more or less inclosed in a scaly cup or spiny involucre; leaves alternate, simple, deciduous or persistent, with stipules. Section 2. Flowers mostly unisexual; calyx regular; stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them; ovary superior, 1 celled. ORDER URTICALES Flowers with perianth, rarely naked, small, mostly aggregated in cymose clusters; stamens as many as the perianth segments; carpels 1 or 2; ovary superior, usually 1 celled and 1 ovuled; fruit a nut or a drupe. Herbs or woody plants; leaves with stipules. Family 9. Ulmaceae (Page 105) Fruit a samara or a drupe; leaves alternate, simple, usually deciduous, with stipules. Family 10. Moraceae (Page 120) Flowers in ament-like spikes or heads; fruits aggregated, in- closed in the thickened calyx of the flower or succulent and berry- like (Morus), in a globose head (Brousonetia) , large with a hard rind (Cudrania), or enclosed in a fleshy receptacle (Ficus); leaves alternate, simple, deciduous or persistent, with stipules. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. IX Family 11. Urticaceae (Page 127) Flowers apetalous, regular; stamens inflexed, as many as the calyx lobes; ovary usually superior, 1 celled, 1 ovuled; stigma feathery ; fruit an achene or a drupe; leaves alternate or opposite. Sub-division II. Petalae’ Both calyx and corolla present (except in Trochodendraceae, Lauraceae, Liquidambar in Hamamelidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and in some species of Acer.) Section 1. Polypetalae. Corolla of separate petals. A. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Hamamelidaceae ; inferior in Malus, Sorbus, Crataegus, and Amelanchier in Rosacene.) ORDER RANALES Flowers spiral or cyclic, rarely naked, mostly with perianth, peri- gynous to epigynons; stamens mostly numerous; carpels indefinite to 1; free, rarely united. Herbs and woody plants.. Family 12. Troehodendraceae (Page 128) Flowers monoecious, without perianth or apetalous; carpels 2-many; fruit winged and indehiscent or a follicle ; leaves alternate without stipules. Family 18. Cercidiphyllaceae (Page 132) Flowers unisexual, dioecious; stamens numerous; carpels 2-5; fruit’a many-seeded pod. Family 14. Magnoliaceae (Page 130) Flowers perfect, sepals and petals in 3’s. or a multiple of 8; fruit cone-like or fleshy, composed of numerous cohering carpels; leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent, with stipules. ORDER ROSALES Flowers cyclic, rarely spirally arranged with sepals and petals, rarely without petals, hypogynous to epigynous; stamens numerous; carpels sometimes free, sometimes united: ovules indefinite. [Jerbs, shrubs or trees with alternate leaves, without stipules. x SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC, Family 15. Hamamelidaceae (Page 142) Flowers ‘perfect or unisexual; sepals 4, petals 5 (apetalous in Liquidambar); ovary partly inferior; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule, dehiscent at the top; leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, with stipules. Family 16. Euecommiaceae (Page 144) Flowers without perianth, dioecious; ‘stamens 6-10 on short filaments; carpels 1 by abortion, with 2 stigmatic lobes at the apex; fruit a samara. Leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, without stipules. The leaves and other parts of the plant with elastic threads. Family 17. Lauraceae (Page 145) Flowers perfect or unisexual, apetalous; fruit a drupe or berry; leaves alternate, persistent (except Sassafras), with stipules. Family 18, Rosaceae (Page 163) Flowers perfect, sepals and petals 5; ovary inferior in Malus, Sorbus, Crataegus and Amelanchier; fruit usually a drupe or a pome; leaves alternate, simple or compound, deciduous or persistent, with stipules. Family 19. Leguminoseae (Page 176) Flowers perfect, regular or papilionaceous; fruit a legume; leaves alternate, usually compound, deciduous or persistent, with stipules. ORDER GERANIALES Flowers cyclic, with sepals and petals, or without petals, rarely naked, mostly 5-merous; stamens coherent at the base; ovary superior; earpels 5-2 (rarely more) whorled, usually separating from each other at maturity, mostly with 2-1, rarely more, ovules; ovules pendent, anatro- pous, with ventral raphae and the micropyle directed upwards. Family 20. Rutaceae (Page 190) Flowers perfect, regular; fruit a fleshy drupe or berry, a capsule or druplets. Leaves alternate, compound or simple, glandular punctate, persistent, rarely deciduous. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. XI Family 21. Simarubaceae (Page 196) © Flowers unisexual, dioecious; sepals and petals 3-5; stamens as many, or twice as many as the petals; ovary 1-6 celled, superior; fruit a drupe, berry, or samara. Leaves usually alternate, compound or simple. Family 22. Burseraceae (Page 200) Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular; ovary 2-5 celled, ovules: 2 in each cell; fruit drupe-like, dehiscent or indehiscent. Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves usually alternate; compound, without stipules. Family 23. Meliaceae (Page 202) Flowers perfect, regular, 4-5 merous: stamens usually connate; ovary 3-5 celled, style simple; fruit a drupe, berry or capsule. Leaves alternate, usually compound. Family 24. Euphorbiaceae (Page 207) Flowers unisexual, perianth simple, calyx-like or wanting; fruit usually a capsule separating in 3 valves; rarely drupe-like or berry-like. Herbs or woody plants with milky juice and alternate, usually simple leaves with stipules. ORDER SAPINDALES Flowers as in Geraniales but the ovule is in a reversed position, that is, when the ovule is suspended the raphae is dorsal and the micro- pyle is directed above; when the ovule is upright, the raphae is ventral with the micropyle directed below ; ovules 1 or 2 in each‘cell. Trees or shrubs, also herbs. . Family 25, Anacardiaceéeae: (Page 215) Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual; calyx 5, petals 8-5; disk present; ovary 1 (2-6) celled; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit a drupe or nut, Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple or compound leaves, Family 26. Aquifoliaceae (Page 222) _ Flowers perfect, rarely unisexual; sepals and petals more or less connate, sepals 3-6; petals and stamens 4~5; ovary superior; with- out disk. Fruit berry-like. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. XII SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. Family 27. Staphyleaceae (Page 223) Flowers perfect, regular, 5-merous; disk cup-shaped; carpels 2-3, free above with many to few pendulous ovules; fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe-like. Trees or shrubs usually with opposite, com- pound leaves with stipules. Family 28. Aceraceae (Page 226) Flowers mostly perfect or polygamous, calyx and corolla and stamens 4-10; carpels 2, each with 2 straight ovules; fruit a samara. Trees or shrubs with opposite, simple, rarely compound leaves. | Family 29. Hippocastanaceae (Page 230) Flowers perfect or unisexual, irregular; sepals 5; petals 4-d; stamens 4-5; carpels 3, each with 2 ovules; fruit a 3-valved capsule; seeds large. Leaves palmate. Family 30. Sapindaceae (Page 233) Flowers unisexual or polygamous; sepals 5; petals 4 or 5 or wanting; stamens usually 10; disk fleshy; ovary superior, 8 celled, each 1 ovuled. Fruit various. Leaves usually alternate, compound. ORDER RHAMNALES Flowers cyclic, 4 or 5-merous, sometimes without petals; stamens in 1 whorl, opposite the petals, hypogynous or perigynous; carpels 2-5 with 1 or 2 erect ovules with dorsal, lateral or ventral raphae. Shrubs or trees or climbers. Family 31. Rhamnaceae (Page 239) Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular; sepals, petals and stamens 5-or 4; ovary 2-4 celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a drupe, capsule, or winged nut. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. ORDER MALVALES Flowers perfect, rarely unisexual, cyclic, both calyx and corolla present; sepals valvate ; stamens indefinite or in 2 whorls, the outer one suppressed or reduced to staminodes, the inner ‘one frequently increased in number, and cohering; carpels 2 to indefinite, with 1-indefinite ovules; ovary superior. Trees or woody plants. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. XIII Family 82. Tiliaceae (Page 243) Flowers perfect, regular; sepals and petals 3-5, the latter rarely wanting; stamens numerous; stamens free or connate attached to the disk; ovary superior, 2-10 celled; ovules 1-several in each cell. Fruit a capsule or a drupe, or nut-like, or separating into druplets or rarely a berry. Family 33. Stereuliaceae (Page 248) Flowers perfect or unisexual ; sepals 3-5, united ; petals wanting or reduced ; stamens in 2 whorls, those opposite the sepals reduced to staminodes, those opposite the petals more or less united into a tube; ovary superior, 4-5 celled; fruit dry, rarely fleshy. Trees, shrubs or herbs with alternate simple or digitate leaves. ORDER PARIETALES Flowers spiral to cyclic, usually with indefinite stamens and carpels, both calyx and corolla present, hypogynous to epigynous; carpels more or less united, usually with parietal placentae which also may come together in the center, very rarely ovules basal. Family 34. Theaceae (Page 250) Flowers usually perfect, regular, showy; sepals and petals usually 5 (4-9); stamens usually numerous; ovary superior 3-5 (-10) celled; ovules usually 2 in each cell; fruit a capsule, dru- paceous, or dry and indehiscent. Trees or shrubs with alternate, entire leaves. Family 35. Flacourtiaceae (Page 251) Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual ; stamens numerous; sepals 2-15; petals 10-0; carpels 2-10 with indefinite ovules on parietal placentae; fruit a berry or a capsule. Trees, shrubs or climbers with alternate, simple leaves with small stipules. B. Ovary inferior. ORDER MYRTIFLORAE Flowers cyclic, both calyx and corolla present, perfect, 4 or 5-merous; carpels seldom free, usually septate. Rarely herbs, mostly shrubs ar trees with opposite, simple leaves, without stipules. XIV ‘SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC, Family 36. Eleagnaceae (Page 256) Flowers perfect or unisexual, apetalous, mostly 4-merous; stamens in 1 or 2 whorls; carpel 1, with 1 basal, erect ovule; fruit appearing drupe-like, enveloped in the fleshy receptacle of the flower. Trees or shrubs, leaves usually with silvery or brown scales, Family 87. Nyssaceae (Page 258) Flowers perfect or unisexual, both calyx and corolla present or wanting; sepals 5 or more; petals 5; stamens double the number of the petals, fewer, or more; ovary inferior; 1 or 2 (6-10) celled, usually 1 ovule in each cell. ‘Trees, leaves alternate, simple, ORDER UMBELLIFLORAE Flowers cyclic with calyx and corolla, mostly perfect, epigynous, 4-h-merous, rarely indefinite; carpels 1-5, sometimes indefinite, with 1, rarely 2 pendent ovules; seeds with endosperms, Family 38. Araliaceae (Page 263) Flowers mostly 5~merous, rarely 8-merous to indefinite, sepals often inconspicuous; stamens seldom more than the petals; carpels indefinite-1; ovary inferior, 2-5 celled; 1 ovule in each cell; fruit berry-like or drupaceous, separating into Several stones. Herbs, trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, simple or compound. Family 39. Cornaceae (Page 266) Flowers mostly perfect, 4-5-merous to indefinite, mostly. with 1 whorl of stamens (2-3), sometimes unisexual. Carpels (4-1) with epigynous disk and usually 1 ovule; drupe 1-4 celled with 1—4 seeds, Trees or shrubs rarely herbs without stipules, Section 2 Sympetalae. Corolla of united petals. A. ovary superior ( partly’ inferior in Styraceae). ORDER EBENALES Flowers with 2 or 3 whorls of stamens or of one whorl only by abortion, seldom indefinite; petals united; ovary septate with central placentae and 1 or more ovules in each cell, Trees or shrubs with simple leaves. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, ETC. XV Family 40. Ebenaceae (Page 270) Flowers 3-6 merous, mostly unisexual, seldom perfect; calyx persistent, often enlarging in the fruit; corolla lobes twisted, seldom valvate in the bud; stamens in the perfect and staminate flowers as many as, or double the number of, or more than, the lobes of the corolla and more or less united; in the pistillate flower staminodal; carpels 2-16; with 1-2 pendulous ovules; style free or united at the base; fruit mostly berry-like with 1-several seeds. Trees or shrubs. Family 41. Styraceae (Page 275) Flowers 5-4 merous, perfect ; sepals and petals united ; stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes, united at the base or sometimes wholly united to form a tube; carpels 3-5, with 1 or several ovules; ovary superior, rarely half inferior, 3-5 celled; fruit a capsule, a drupe, rarely winged. Trees or shrubs with more or less stellate pubescence. ORDER CONTORTAE Flowers mostly 5-merous, rarely 2-6—merous, mostly sympetalous, rarely choripetalous or apetalous; the stamens of the same number or rarely fewer; carpels 2; stamens mostly united at the base with the corolla; ovaty superior; corolla usually contorted in the bud, rarely valvate; herbs or woody plants with simple leaves, without stipules. Family 42. Oleaceae (Page 278) _ Flowers 2~6-merous, mostly of united petals, perfect or uni- sexual; petals absent or 4, 5 or 6 parted; stamens mostly 2, united with the corolla or hypogynous, with short filaments and large anther cells; carpels 2 with 2, seldom 1, or 4~8 ovules, fruit a drupe, berry, capsule or samara. Woody plants, rarely herbaceous; leaves: mostly opposite, without stipules. ORDER TUBIFLORAE Flowers pentamerous with 4 whorls or sometimes fewer stamens or pistils; stamens united with the corolla; ovary superior, 2 celled with 2 seeds in each cell, sometimes the cells are subdivided by a false partition. Herbs, sometimes trees and shrubs. XVI SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES, EC. Family 48. Boraginaceae (Page 286) Flowers mastly 5 (rarely 6-indefinite) merous, mostly perfect; calyx persistent; carpels 2, with 2 ovules; ovary 2 celled or 4 celled by the addition of false partitions; style usually 1; stigma 2; fruit composed of 4 nutlets or a drupe. Herbs or woody plants often with coarse hairs or bristly. Family 44, Serophulariaceae (Page 287) Flowers 5-merous, perfect; stamens seldom 5, mostly 4 or 2; carpels 2 with indefinite to fewer ovules; corolla more or less irreg- ular; style 1; fruit a capsule ora berry. Herbs, woody or half-woody with alternate or opposite or whorled leaves. Family 45. Bignoniaceae (Page 291) Flowers 5-merous, perfect, more or less bilabiate; stamens 4 or 2, sometimes 5 with 3-1 staminodes; carpels 2 with indefinite ovules; ovary 2 celled, with 2 ovules attached to the partition wall, or 1 celled with 2 parietal placentae; fruit a capsule or fleshy and indehiscent. ‘Trees or woody climbers, rarely herbs. B. Ovary inferior. ORDER RUBIALES Flowers typically 5 or 4—-merous; stamens and carpels of the same number or fewer, seldom irregular; ovary inferior, 2 or 3 celled, or 1 celled, with 1-indefinite ovules in each cell; stamens attached to the corolla; herbs or woody plants with mostly simple leaves. Family 46. Rubiaceae (Page 294) Flowers 5 or 4 (or more) merous, perfect, rarely unisexual, regular or somewhat irregular; ovary inferior; calyx naked; corolla valvate in the bud; carpels mostly 1-indefinite with 1-indefinite ovules; fruit a capsule, drupe or berry. Herbs or woody plants with opposite or whorled leaves, with stipules. LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES TREATED IN THIS WORK GYMNOSPERMAE GINKGOALES Ginkgoaceae. Ginkgo biloba Lannzus. CONIFERALES Pinaceae Larix potaninii Batalin. Larix dahurica Turczaninow. Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon. Pinus armandi Franchet. Pinus bungeana Zuccarint. Pinus massoniana Lambert. \ Pinus sinensis Lambert. Picea asperata Masters. Picea montigena Masters. Picea brachytyla Pritzel. Picea aurantiaca Masters. Picea neoveitchii Masters. Picea retroflexa Masters. Picea schrenkiana Fisher & Meyer. Picea purpu rea Masters. Picea likiangensis Pritzel. Picea glehnii Masters. Tsuga chinensis Prize, Tsuga yunnanensis Masters. ‘Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode. Keteleeria davidiana Beissner. Keteleeria fortunei Carriere. Abies delavayi Franchet. Abies recurvata Masters. Abies squamata Masters. XVIII LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. Abies chensiensis Van Tieghen. Abies beisneriana Rehder & Wilson. Cunninghamia lanceolata Hooker. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. Glyptostrobus heterophyllus Endlicher. Libocedrus macrolepis Bentham & Hooker. Thuja orientalis Linnwus. Thuja sutchuenensis Mranchet. Fokienia hodginsii Henry & Thomas. Cupressus funebris Endlicher. Cupressus torulosa D. Don. Juniperus formosana Hayata. Juniperus chinensis Linnzus. Taxaceae Taxus cuspidata Siebold &: Zuccarini. Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker. Cephalotaxus drupacea Siehold & Zuccarini. Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don. Torreya grandis Fortune. ANGIOSPERMAE . DICOTYLEDONAE Salicaceae , Salix babylonica Linnzus. Salix matsudana Koidzumi. Populus simonii Carriere. Populus lasiocarpa Oliver. Populus tomentosa Carriere. Populus tremula Linn. var. davidiana Schneider. Populus silvestrii Pampanini. Populus rotundifolia var. duclouxiana Gambocz. Populus suaveolens Fischer. Myricaceae Myrica rubra Siebold & Zuccarini. LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. Juglandaceae Juglans regia Linnzus. Juglans cathayensis Dode. Juglans mandshurica Maximowicz. Hicoria cathayensis Chun. Pterocarya stenoptera De Candole. Pterocarya hupehensis Skan. Pterocarya paliurus Batali. Platyearya strobilacea Siebold &: Zuccarini. Englehardtia spicata Blume. Englehardtia chrysolepis Hance. Betulaceae Ostrya japonica Srrgent. Ostryopsis davidiana Decaisne. Carpinus cordata Blume. Corylus chinensis Franchet. Alnus cremastogyne Burkill. Betula japonica Siebold.. Betula davurica Pallas, Betula albo-sinensis Burkill. Betula alnoides Hamilton. Betula luminifera Winkler. Fagaceae Fagus sinensis Oliver. Fagus engleriana Seeman. Castanea mollissima Blume. Castanea henryi Rehder & Wilson. Castanea seguinii Dode. Castanopsis hystrix De Candole. Castanopsis schlerophylla Schottky. Castanopsis fargesii Franchet. Lithocarpus spicata Rehder & Wilson Quercus variabilis Blume. Quercus mongolica Fischer. Quercus serrata Thunberg. Quercus glandulifera Blume. XX LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC, Quercus fabri Hance. Quercus aliena Blume. Quercus dentata Thunberg. Quercus glauca Thunberg. Quercus semicarpifolia Smith: Quercus aquifolioides-Rehder & Wilson. Quercus gilliana Rehder & Wilson. Quercus oxyodon Miquel. Quercus phillyrzoides Gray. Quercus myrsinefolia Blume. Quercus spinosa David. - Quercus spathulata Seeman. Quercus engleriana Seeman. Quercus acrodonta Seeman. Quercus baronii Skan. Quercus griffithii Hooker. Quercus bambusifolia Hance. Ulmaceae Ulmus japonica Sargent. Ulmus pumila Linnzus. Ulmus parvifolia Jacquin. Ulmus macrocarpa Hance. Ulmus laciniata Mayr. Celtis bungeana Blume. Celtis sinensis Persoon. Celtis biondii Pampinint. Celtis julianae Schneider. Trema virgata Blume. Aphananthe aspera Planchon. Zelkova serrata Makino. Hemiptelea davidii Planchon. Pteroceltis tartarinowii Maximowzicz.. Moraceae Morus alba Linneus, Morus acidosa Griffith. Broussonetia papyrifera L. Heritier. x LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. Broussonetia kaempferi Siebold. . Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau. Cudrania javanensis Trecul. Urticaceae Debregeasia longifolia Weddell. Debregeasia edulis Weddell. Trochodendraceae Euptelea franchetii Van Tieghem. Euptelea pleiosperma Hooker & Thompson. Tetracentron sinense Oliver. Cercidiphyllaceae Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold & Zuccarini. Magnoliaceae Liriodendron chinense Sargent. Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux. Magnolia officinalis Rehder & Wilson. Magnolia wilsonii Rehder. Magnolia liliflora Desrousseaux. Hamamelidaceae Liquidambar formosana Hance. Eucommiaceae Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. Lauraceae Sassafras tzumu Hemsley. Cinnamomum camphora Nees. Cinnamomum cassia Blume. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. Phoebe chinensis Chun. Phoebe nanmu Gamble. Litsea sericea Hooker. Litsea citrata Blume. Litsea faberi Hemsley. Machilus bournei Hemsley. XxXI XXII LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETO. Machilus ichangensis Rehder & Wilson. Lindera megaphylla Hemsley. Rosaceae Prunus padus Linnzus. Prunus persica Stokes. Prunus mira Kohne. Prunus triflora Roxburgh. Prunus mume Siebold & Zuccarint. Amelanchier sinica Chun. Eriobotrya japonica Lindley. Sorbus alnifolia Koch. Malus malus Britton. Malus baccata Borkhausen. Malus theifera Rehder. Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge. Leguminoseae Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini. Albizzia lebbek Bentham. Cercis chinensis Bunge. €ercis racemosa Oliver. Gymnocladus chinensis Baillon. Gleditsia macracantha Desfontaines. Gleditsia sinensis Lamarck. Gleditsia delavayi Franchet. Gleditsia japonica Afiquel. Sophora japonica Linnevus. Ormosia hosiei Hemsley & Wilson. Ormosia henryi Hemsley & Wilson. Cladrastis chinensis Hemsley. Maackia amurensis Ruprecht. Maackia hupehensis Takeda. Dalbergia hupeana Hance. Rutaceae Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht. Phellodendron sachalinense Sargeit. LIS® OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. Phellodendron chinerse Schneider. Citrus medica Linnzus, Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque, Evodia glauca Miquel. Zanthoxylum micranthum Hemsley. Zanthoxylum piperitum De Candole. Zanthoxylum bungei Planchon. Simarubaceae Ailanthus altissima Swingle. Ailanthus vilmoriniana Dode. Picrasma quassioides Bennet. Burseraceae Canarium album Raeuschel. Canarium pimela Konig. Meliaceae Cedrela sinensis Jussieu. Melia azederach Linnzus. Cipadessa baccifera Miquel. Euphorbiaceae Aleurites fordii Hemsley. Alcurites cordata Brown. Aleurites montana Wilson. Mallotus tenunifolius Pax. Mallotus philippinensis Mueller. Croton tiglium Linnzus. Bischofia javanica Blume. Sapium sebiferum Roxburgh. Daphniphyllum macropodum Miquel. Anacardiaceae Spondias axillaris Roxburgh. Pistacia chinensis Bunge. Rhus verniciflua Stokes. Rhus succedanea Linneus. Rhus javanica Linnzus. XXIII XXIV LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. Aquifoliaceae Ilex pernyi Franchet. Staphyleaceae Staphylea holocarpa Hemsley. Tapiscia sinensis Oliver. Aceraceae Acer henryi Pas. Acer pictum var parviflorum Schneider. Acer cappadocicum Gleditsch. Acer oblongum Wallich. Acer palmatum Thunberg. Acer davidii I’ranchet. Acer trifidum Hooker & Arnot. Dipteronia sinensis Oliver. Hippocastanaceae /Msculus chinensis Bunge. ‘Ksculus wilsonii Rehder. Sapindaceae Sapindus mukorossi Gaertner. Euphoria longana Lamarck. Litchi chinensis Sonnerat. Koelreuteria paniculata Larmann. Koelreuteria bipinnata Iranchee. Rhamnaceae Rhamnus davuricus Pallas. Rhamnus utilis Decaisne. Rhamnus crenatus Siebold & Zucearini. Ziziphus jujuba Lamarck. Ziziphus sativa Gaertner. Paliurus orientalis Hemsley. Hovenia dulcis Thunberg. LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. Tiliaceae Tilia tuan Szyszylowicz. Tilia oliveri Szyszylowicz. Tilia mongolica Maximowicz. Tilia mandshurica Riprecht & Maximowicz. Tilia henryana Szyszylowicz. Tilia chinensis Maximowicz. . Tilia paucicostata Maximowicz. Sterculiaceae Sterculia lanceaefolia Roxburgh. Firmiana simplex W. F. Wight. Reveesia pubescence Masters. Theaceae Stewartia sinensis Rehder & Wilson. Gordonia axillaris Szyszylowicz. Gordonia sinensis Hemsley & Wilson. Flacourtiaceae Itoa orientalis Hemsley. Poliothyrsis sinensis Oliver. Idesia polycarpa Mazimowicz. Xylosma racemosum Miquel. Carrierea calycina Franchet. Eleagnaceae Eleagnus umbellata Thunberg. Hippophae rhamnoides Linneus. Nyssaceae Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne. Nyssa sinensis Oliver. Davidia involucrata Baillon. Araliaceae Ayralia chinensis Linneus, Aralia wilsonii Harms. Acanthopanax ricinifolius Seeman, \ XXVI LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC, Cornaceae Cornus kousa Buerger. Cornus capitata Wallich. Cornus controversa Hemsley. Cornus macrophylla Wallich. Ebenaceae Diospyros lotus Linnaeus. Diospyros kaki Linnewus. Styraceae Pterostyrax micranthum Siebold & Zuccarina. Pterostyrax corymbosus Siebold & Zuccarint. Styrax japonicus Siebold & Zuccarini. Alniphyllum fortunei Perkins. ci Oleaceae Fraxinus chinensis Roxburgh. Fraxinus mariesii Hooker. Fraxinus platypoda Oliver. Fraxinus mandshurica Ruprecht. Fraxinus bungeana De Candole. Fraxinus griffithii Clarke. Fraxinus retusa Champion. Fraxinus paxiana Lingelsheim. Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton. Osmanthus fragrans Loureiro. Osmanthus armatus Diels. Ligustrum lucidum Aiton, Boraginaceae Ehretia acuminata R. Brown. Scrophulariaceae Paulownia tomentosa Koch. Paulownia fortunei Hemsley, LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, ETC. XXVIT Paulownia duclouxii Dode. Paulownia fargesii Pirauchet. Paulownia silvestrii Pampimini & Bonat. Paulownia thyrsoidea Rehder. Bignoniaceae Catalpa ovata G. Don. Catalpa fargesii Burer. Catalpa bungeii Meyer. Catalpa duclouxii Dode. Catalpa vestita Diels. fj Rubiaceae Adina cordifclia Hooker, Adina racemosa Miquel. Emmenopterys henryi Oliver. 3 rad 39 ” 97. 105. 141. 164, 188. Grrata Line 25 read leaves with 2 fibrovascular bundle scars. Pseudolarix kaempferi has now been changed to Pseudolariz ambabilis Rehder, (For full synonomy see Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Vol. I, No. 1, Page 53.) Abies beisneriana read beissneriana. (Taodium heterophylla) read (Tazodium heterophyllum Brong- niart.) Podocarpus nerifolia read Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don. Populus tremula Linn. var. Davidiana read Populus tremula var. davidiana Schneider. Betula alba Turezaninow read Turczaninow. Castanea vilmoriana read vilmoriniana. Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata read acutesserata. Quercus schottkeyana read schottkyana. M. hypolenca read hypoleuca. ‘Prunaphora read Prunophora. Cladrastis chinensis read sinensis, 240, 241. Ziziphus read zizyphus. 247. 249, 256. 259. 279. 281. Tilia bobilis read nobilis, (Firmiana planlanifolia) read platanifolia; Reevesia pu- bescence read pubescens. Idea read Idesia ; Eleagnaceae and Eleagnus read Hleagnaceae and Lleagnus. Lines 25 & 29 Jupelo read Tupelo. Var. rhynchopylla read rhynchophylla, Fraxinus mandschurica read mandshurica. CLASS I GYMNOSPERMAE GINKGOACEAE Dioecious trees with deciduous fan-shaped leaves, without stipules; strobile wanting; staminate flowers in pairs on pedicels borne on a slender axis, catkin-like; pistillate flowers naked in pairs on long stalks. Fruit drupaceous. A family containing 1 extant species confined to China. GINKGO Trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate, scattered on vigorous or long shoots, crowded at the apex of spurs or short lateral shoots. Leaves stalked, parallel veined, fan-shaped or broadly wedge shaped, entire or wavy margined or more or less cleft into 2 or more lobes, the margins somewhat thickened. Flowers small and inconspicuous, developing with the unfolding of the leaves from short lateral spurs. They are usually dioecious; the male flowers in short pendulous catkins, each bearing numerous stamens; the pistillate, as naked ovules in pairs on long stalks, although only 1 ovule develops into fruit in most cases, after fertiliza- tion becoming enveloped in a fleshy covering. Fruit a drupe, solitary or more rarely in pairs, plum-like, about 3 cm. long, glabrous, orange with a glaucous bloom. When fully ripe, the skin is thin, the flesh soft, oily, acrid, containing a large, thin-shelled, white or cream colored seed which is edible. The pulp: of the ripe fruit has an unpleasant, acrid flavor or odor. The genus Ginkgo is the only representative of the family and is regarded as the oldest genus of trees surviving from prehistoric times, extinct species having been found in the Jurassic and succeeding epochs. It is represented by only one living species. Propagated by seeds. Between 265 and 272 seeds weigh one pound. The seeds germinate in about 50 days after sowing. Ginkgo biloba Linnzus. (Salisburia adiantifolia. Smith) Maiden Hair Tree. The generic characters above given are sufficient description of the species. CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES i - ( YJYGy”YY \ V ee WY - LZ, ZEEE LZ Zz g SS EZ == — Y pat sy ‘ Z a | \ : = = Hh ANS “ NAS <= Plate 2. GINKGO BILOBA Linneeus 1. Fruiting branch; 2, Flowering branch; 3. Section of fruit, exposing seed; 4. Sterile branch; 5. Section of seed; 6. Stamen, enlarged. PINACEAE 3 When young Ginkgo biloba is a slender pyramidal tree. With age under favorable conditions it may attain 30 m. or more in height and 3m. in diameter of trunk. Although generally regarded as native only in China, Ginkgo biloba is not now certainly known to be aboriginal or truly wild in any part of the country. It has been reported by Meyer as growing spontaneously in Chekiang Province, where it was cut for firewood, but others doubt it is truly spontaneous there. On account of sentimental attachments, the tree is not often cut down, and the wood therefore seldom finds its way in the market. The wood is soft, but straight grained, light brownish in color with a silky sheen. It is used for making abacus beads, seals and other small fancy articles. In Japan it is extensively used for the ground work of the lacquer ware. The Japanese use the leaves for fertilizer, especially in rice fields under water. They ascribe to the leaves an insecticidal power. A leaf of the Ginkgo used as a book-mark will keep away insects that attack books. PINACEAE Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious; ovules 2 or more; fruit a woody cone (berry-like in Juniperus); cotyledons 2 or more; leaves needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, persistent (deciduous in Laria, Pseudolariz, Glyptostrobus) . The family includes 29 genera and about 245 species subdivided into 4 tribes of which the Araucarineae tribe is alone unrepresented in China, being confined mostly to the Southern hemisphere. 16 genera occur in China, KEY TO THE CHINESE GENERA Abietinewe. Leaves spirally arranged; ovuliferous bract and scale always distinct; ovules 2, reversed; cone scales usually with 2 winged seeds; pollen grains winged ; leaves needle-like. J. Leaves deciduous, fasciled or spirally arranged or both. A. Staminate inflorescence solitary, globose; cone scales persistent. Scania wee dR ad cee eh a tec bg estes eons aia weeks ee a ere Lariz. B. Staminate inflorescence clustered, stalked ; cone scales deciduous at maturity .....eeeee anal aaron asada jena laicase eels Pseudolarix. 4 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES II. Leaves evergreen. A. Fruit maturing in.2 or rarely 3 seasons; leaves needle-shaped, in clusters of 1-5 inclosed at the base by a sheath; cone scales woody, much longer than the bracts ..++++s-... eee. Pinus. B. Fruit maturing in 1 season. 1. Cones pendulous, the scales persistent. a. Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases; leaves deciduous upon drying; bracts shorter than the cone scales. (1) Leaves sessile, 4 sided, stomatiferous on all 4 sides or somewhat flattened and stomatiferous above. agli aNonaite pace HES He Wade tew ence cawesas es ced, (2) Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below or somewhat angular .s+eeesee cece eee eeee Tsuga. b. Branchlets not roughened by the persistent leaf bases; leaf stalked, flattened; aristate bracts longer than the SCHICS saves ewe ss ee ew eceeca se eis Bite sei tes iene Pseudotsuga, 2, Cones erect, the scales persistent or deciduous. a. Cone scales persistent; seeds about as long as the seales; bracts shorter than the scales; leaves flattened, keeled above, pale below ........ceeeeeces: Keteleeria. b. Cone scales deciduous; seeds shorter than the scales; bracts shorter or longer than the scales; leaves flattened, grooved above, usually pale below, 4 angled .... Abies. Taxodineae. Leaves spirally arranged, ovuliferous bracts and scales almost completely coalescent; ovules 2-8, upright or finally reversed; cone scales with 2-8 seeds; pollen grains wingless; leaves linear or scale-like. I. Leaves persistent. A. Leaves lanceolate, flat, large, glaucous beneath ; cone elongated, scales serulate and reflexed at the apex........ Cunninghamia. B. Leaves awl-shaped, curved, small; cones globose with peltate scales, 8-5 toothed at the apex; seeds angled...... Cryptomeria. JI, Leaves and short branches deciduous; cone scales deciduous. ii on elesel aahe 045 010 sie Saree ee eWeis mae seeevesrenes Glyptostrobus. PINACEAE 5 Cupressineae. Leaves opposite or whorled, often scaie-tike; ovules upright; strobiles may ripen fleshy. I. Fruit a cone; leaves scale-like or sometimes needle-like on juvenile branches. A. Scales of cone imbricate or valvate, oblong; seeds 2 under each scale, maturing in 2 years. 1. Scales of cone 6, only the middle ones fertile; seeds unequally 2 winged........... ave islstaareveldosa Inbocedrus. 2. Scales of cones 8-12; the 2 upper pairs fertile; seeds equally 2 winged (wingless in our species).............. Thuya. B. Scales of cone peltate: 1. Cones small; wings of seeds very large, unequal; seeds 2, dade uate chad dtr la oad did Crea ra ati a or cnet alas svt eal gad Fokienia. 2. Cones rather large and woody; seeds many under each scale; fruits maturing in 2 seasons ............ Cupressus. II. Fruit fleshy, an indehiscent berry or drupe; ovules in 2’s or solitary ; flowers dioecious; leaves scale-like or needle-shaped, and in 3’s, (often of 2 forms) ..........0200ee eee asda one Soe olarareeuelig Juniperus. LARIX Deciduous coniferous trees, with elongated, slender leading branch- lets and short spur-like lateral branchlets on the twigs after the first year. Leaves linear or needle shaped, 3 or rarely 4 angled, remote and spirally arranged on the leading shoots, crowded in a tuft on the short spurs, deciduous in the autumn. Flowers monoecious, unisexual, solitary, the staminate on short, leafless spurs, composed of numerous spirally arranged short-stalked stamens with yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers on lateral spurs, globose, erect, composed of several orbicular scales in the axils of long, mucronate, usually scarlet bracts. Fruit a cone with exserted or included bracts and persistent scales, each bearing 2 winged seeds. Seeds nearly triangular, shorter than their wings, ripening and falling in one year. The larches are widely distributed over the cool parts of the N. Hemisphere, forming pure forests and extending across Canada and the N. United States in America, and over Central Europe, the Himalayas, 6 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES China and Japan, as far north as Siberia. About 40 species are recognized. They are timber trees that thrive best in regions of abundant rainfall and no other forest tree reaches farther north than the larch. The wood is hard, tough and durable, of a brownish color, very valuable for construction purposes. The bark is rich in tannin. For reforestation in China the European larch, Larix larix (Larix europea or L. decidua) and the western American species, Larix occidentalis, should be subjected to thorough experimentation. Unfortunately the larches are liable to insect and fungus infestations. ‘The larch blight is caused by a woolly insect (Chermies abietis) which lives upon the fir as an alternate host. The common fungus parasite is Dasyscypha calycina. The larches are propagated most readily by seeds, handled in much the same manner as are the seeds of other conifers. About 60,000 seeds weigh 1 oz. The demand for larch lumber for general construction, posts and poles, pillars, and railroad ties, for bridge, house and boat construction, can be met only by the establishment of extensive forests in the northern and western provinces where conditions are favorable for their culture. Larix potaninii Batalin. (Hung Usa) Red Larch. Tree 25 m. tall with fissured, gray-brown bark and spreading horizontal branches. Branchlets pendulous, bright yellow, becoming gray, more or less pubescent. Leaves about 3 cm. long, slightly 4 angled, pointed or obtuse, greenish or gray-green. Staminate flowers about 7 mm. long. Pistillate flowers ovoid, with reflexed, later erect bracts. Cones 3.5-4.5 em. long, cylindrical and symmetrical, reddish at first, purple at maturity and finally grayish or gray-brown; the scales rounded, the bracts always exserted and pointed. Szechuan, Kansu, Shensi and Yunnan. This tree is abundant in Western Szechuan where it occurs in company with the birches and the silver firs on the lower slopes; on higher altitudes it forms pure stands. Not far from Tachien Lu in Western Szechuan extensive forests containing individuals measuring 70 and 80 feet tall, have been reported. The tree is known as the “Red Fir” to the mountaineers and produces the most valuable timber of any conifer in China. , PINACEAE Plate 3. LARIX POTANINII Batalin 3. Sterile branch; 4. Scale; 5. Seale 6. Seed; 7. Side view of seed; 2. Flowering branch; 1. Cones; 8. Side view of scale ' with seeds; and seed. 8 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Larix dahurica Turczaninow. Tree to 20 m. tall. Branchlets tomentose. Buds yellow-brown and blackish at the base. Leaves about 4 cm. long. Cones usually 2-4 cm. long, sometimes longer; scales 20 or more, rounded or notched or truncated at the apex, shiny brown. E. Siberia to N. China. PSEUDOLARIX Deciduous coniferous trees ‘with linear or needle-like leaves spirally arranged on terminal shoots, whorled or tufted on short lateral spurs. Staminate flowers yellow, on the end of aspur. Cones large, with thick, woody, triangular scales, deciduous from the central axis. Ripening in 1 season. One species in China. Pseudolarix resembles the true larches but the leaves are larger and broader. They are yellow-green in the spring, turning golden yellow before falling in the autumn. The staminate flowers of Pseudolarix are clustered, the cone is large with thick triangular scales, deciduous from the central axis; while in ZLariz, the staminate flowers are solitary and the cone has persistent scales. The Golden Larch is frequently dwarfed in pots. In nature it attains to a large size, and fine specimens still survive in the grounds of 2 temples west of Ningpo in Chekiang. There are good reasons to believe that Pseudolarix was once very common within its range, but it has been gradually cut off until very few of the trees are seen in a wild state to-day. The Government Forest Service is planting a large area to the Golden Larch in an effort to save it from extinction. Pseudolarix Gordon. (Ging Tsung.) Golden Larch. Tree up to 40 m. tall, with scaly red-brown bark. Leaves 8.5—-4 cm. long, sharp pointed, slightly curved above. Staminate flowers, 20-30 in a cluster; anthers 20, 2 celled, opening transversely to discharge the pollen grains, which, unlike the simple pollen grains of Larix, are winged (as in Pinus). Cones 2-5 cm. long, about as broad, ovoid, erect. The scales are numerous, woody, reddish-brown when ripe, acute or notched at the apex, adnate to an ovate-lanceolate bract. Seeds with long articulate wing. PINACEAE 9 Plate 4. PSEUDOLARIX KAEMPFERI Gordon 1 Staminate flower clusters, enlarged; 2. Staminate flower clusters: 3. Cone; 4. Cone scale; 5. Seed. (After Veitch). 10 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Chekiang, Kansu, Kiangsi. A very handsome ornamental tree on account of its golden yellow foliage in the autumn. When judiciously used it produces a charming effect in a landscape. ? PINUS Evergreen and resinous trees or rarely shrubs, usually with whorled branches. Winter buds covered by imbricated scales. Leaves in fascicles of 2, 3 or 5, rarely single or more than 5, surrounded at the base by a persistent or deciduous sheath. In the seedling stage, the leaves (called primary leaves) which succeed the cotyledons are thin, flat, solitary and spirally arranged. They function as leaves for a period of 1 to 3 years, gradually becoming reduced to bract-like scales from whose axes spring the fascicled leaves which form the permanent foliage, and persist from one to several years. Flowers monoecious. The staminate flowers in catkin-like clusters, yellow, orange or scarlet, borne on the base of the shoot, composed of numerous sessile, 2 celled anthers with bract-like connectives, surrounded at the base with a 3-6 lobed scale-like bract. Pistillate flowers green or purplish, solitary or clustered, subterminal or lateral on a shoot of the current year’s growth, composed of numerous spirally arranged ovuliferous scales, each in the axil of a bract. Ovules 2 to each scale. The pistillate flowers are usually erect, after pollination they become drooping, but fertilization does not take place until the following season, so that normally, the fruit requires 2 years to mature. Fruit a woody cone, with numerous appressed scales, each bearing 2 seeds at its base. The cone scales are variously modified. The exposed portion of the conelet of the first ceason’s growth is known as the umbo, and the later and larger growth of the cone scale developed during the second year is called the apophysis. Seeds wingless, im- perfectly winged or winged; wings articulate or not detachable. About 60 species in the Northern Hemisphere; 12 species in Asia, of which 4 oceur in China proper. The pines are important timber trees, and considering their range and abundance, constitute the most important arborescent genus. The wood is soft, easily worked and durable. The seeds of the nut pines are edible. Propagation is generally by seeds. The seed in germination, carries its seed coat like a hood on the tips of the cotyledons. PINACEAE 1t According to Shaw, the latest monographer of the genus, only 4 pines are indigenous to China proper. Pinus koraiensis and Pinus densiflora from Korea and Japan are commonly met with in gardens and seem to be naturalized in some places. Pinus koraiensis may be distinguished from P. armandi to which it is closely allied by the tomentose branch- lets, indehiscent cone and large distinctive seeds which are also edible. It is a hardy, rapid growing tree, producing valuable timber, well worth growing in temperate regions. Pinus densiflora, which belongs in the same subsection (Pinaster) with Pinus massoniana, differs from the Chinese tree by shorter needles, (8-12 cm. long) and by shorter, persistent cones whose scales are pale yellow rather than nut brown. P. thuabergti, another commonly planted Japanese species, is distinguished from all Chinese pines by the white buds. The Chinese pines are grouped into 2 sections as follows:— Section 1, Soft Pines (Haplozylon). Bases of bracts subtending needle clusters not decurrent; sheath of © needles deciduous; leaves with 1 fibrovascular bundle scar; cone symmet- rical, soft, with few scales; wood soft, fairly uniform in color, slightly resinous, with indistinct rings of annual growth; seeds wingless or with ineffective wing. 1. 5-needled pine ........0e-e ee eees Pinus armandi. 2. 3-needled pine ......-- wide ele Soe Pinus bungeana. Section II, Hard Pines (Diéplozylon).. Bases of bracts subtending needle clusters decurrent; sheath of needles usually persistent; leaves with 1 fibrovascular bundle scar; cones more or less symmetrical with stiffer scales; wood hard, with a marked contrast between spring and summer wood, very resinous. Seeds winged. 1. Leaves 2 (2 or 3) in a sheath, long, pliant; cones deciduous, large; confined to warm temperate regions ....-- eee Pinus massoniana. 9. Leaves 3 (3 or 2) in a sheath, shorter, stouter; cones short, persistent; confined to mountain tops or colder regions. -- - Pinus sinensis. Pinus armandi Franchet. Chinese White Pine A medium sized tree, up to 25 m. tall. Branchlets glabrous, at first olive green, later gray. Winter buds cylindric, reddish-brown, Leaves 12 . CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 5. PINUS ARMANDI Franchet 4. Fruiting branch; 2. Section of leaf, enlarged; 3. Embryo, enlarged, 4. Seed; 5. Section of seed. PINACEAE 13 in 5’s, slender and spreading, serrulate, 8-15 cm. long; sheath early - deciduous. Staminate flowers 2 em. long, cylindric, yellow, with spatulate scales at the base. Cones 6-20 em. long, oblong cylindrical, yellowish-brown, pendent on peduncles which sometimes remain on the tree after the cone has fallen away; the scales dull or slightly lustrous, tapering to a slightly thickened umbo, sometimes a little reflexed;- umbo not prominent. Seeds wingless, reddish-brown, ovoid, compressed, with a sharp ridge around the edge, 12 mm. long. In the mountains of C. and W. China, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan and Shensi, to Formosa. The tree has a pale gray, smooth bark and a shapely habit. It occupies rocky situations and seldom forms pure stands. The wood is soft, close grained and resinous, esteemed for its durability, used for building purposes as well as for cheaper grades of furniture. The seeds are edible. Planted in Europe and America as an ornamental tree. The seeds are sold in the markets, esteemed as a delicacy. Pinus bungeana Zuccarini. White Bark Pine. (Bai Tsung) Tree 5-20 m. tall, sometimes divided into several stems. Bark dark brown, scaling off into thin, irregular Makes, exposing the chalky white inner bark. On old trees the bark becomes conspicuously white by the flaking off of outside layers. Branches long and slender; branchlets glabrous, gray-green. Leaves 6-10 cm. long, in bundles of 3’s, rigid, acute, light green, edges serrulate; sheath early diciduons. Staminate flowers in loose spikes, 10 cm. long. Cones solitary or in pairs, almost sessile, subterminal or pseudolateral, short ovate, 5-7 cm. long. Scales yellow or yellow-brown, the apophysis with a transverse ridge at the upper margin and a pointed, recurved umbo. Seeds brownish, with a short, ineffective, loosely attached wing which sometimes remains in the cone after the seed has fallen. Seeds ovate, about 9-13 mm. long. This pine is planted in temple grounds and courtyards, and is rarely seen in a wild state. There are indications that this tree once formed extensive forests. In the temple of Tieh Ta Tsze, near Peking, is a celebrated tree of this species named by the Emperor Chien Lung, “ Chiu Lung Tsung ’’—the Pine of the Nine Dragons. Pinus bungeuna is a slow growing tree, with coarse, brittle wood. The white bark is distinctively ‘conspicuous and ornamental. This pine has a tendency to branch into several stems which add to its decorative value. 14 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Pinus massoniana Lambert. Chinese Red Pine. Tree 20 yarely 30 m. tall, with yellow-brown, slender, uninodal branchlets. Leaves 2 in a bundle, rarely 3, 12-2U em. long, very slender and pliant, light green; edges serrulate. Staminate catkins often in long, dense clusters. Cones 4-7 cm. long, symmetrical, oblong ovate, or ovate conic, short peduneulate, dull brown, early deciduous; apophysis flattened, slightly ridged, with a small flat umbo. Seeds winged; wing articulate. The common pine in the warm temperate regions of China, from Hongkong to Fukien and northward into W. Szechuan. Occasionally planted as a source of fuel. The wood is variable in texture and durability and only the timber from trees grown in favorable situations is suitable for construction purposes. This pine is sometimes confused with Pinus densiflora which Shaw does not credit as being indigenous to China. Pinus densiflora has shorter leaves, pale yellow cones and conelets with dorsal, free, sharp pointed umbo. Fyrom P. sinensis, it is distin- guished by its long clustered inflorescence, leaves in 2’s, not 8's, and by the light brown deciduous cone. The bark of this tree is dark gray, fissured into large rectangular blocks. The bark of the upper branches of the crown is reddish and flaky. Pinus sinensis Lambert. Chinese Hard Pine. Tree to 25 m. tall. Bark on trunk dark gray and fissured, on branches red and flaky. Branchlets pale orange-yellow or grayish yellow, pruinose when young. Winter buds oblong, lustrous, brown, somewhat resinous. Leaves usually in 2’s, sometimes in 3’s, or both, 10-15 cm. long, stout and stiff, glaucescent, serrulate. Staminate flowers in short clusters. Conelets mucronate, Cones short, 4-9 em. long, ovate, pale yellow-brown, symmetrical or oblique, persistent for several years, deciduous at maturity; apophysis swollen, ridged, blunt or slightly mucronate. Seeds brown and mottled and winged, 2 cm. long. A cold temperate species on the mountains of C. and W. China and on lower levels in the Northern Provinces and in Korea. Fine specimens _of this pine are growing on the grounds of the Temple of Heaven in Peking. This isa very variable species, exhibiting extreme differences PINACEAE 15 in the length of leaves and size and symmetry of cones. The wood is hard and durable, valuable for construction purposes. The following forms cannot always be distinguished from the type: Var. yunnanensis (Franchet) Shaw. (P. yunnanensis Franchet) Has the largest leaf and the longest cone. Var. densata (Masters) Shaw. (P. densata Masters). Oblique cone with swollen, prominent apophysis. The length of the needles and size of the cones vary according to ecological factors, var. yunnanensis representing the species growing in: its optimum range. Pinus sinensis is characterized by short clustered staminate flowers and by the persistent cones, changing in color from pale yellow to dark brown. PICEA Evergreen trees usually with whorled, horizontal branches and thin scaly bark. Leaves spirdlly arranged, linear, awl-shaped, usually 4 angled and with a white line on each of the 4 faces, or more or less flattened and then marked by white lines on the upper surface only, attached to angular, persistent woody leaf bases from which they are deciduous upon drying. Flowers monoecious, catkin-like; the staminate red or yellow, composed of numerous spirally arranged anthers with broad seale-like connectives; the pistillate greenish or purple composed of numerous spirally arranged scales and bracts which are shorter than the scales at maturity, each scale bearing 2 ovules on the inner surface near the base. Fruit a pendent cone with persistent scales. Seeds usually acute at the base, winged. About 88 species are recognized; probably not more than JO or 12 well defined species occur in China. The spruces are widely distributed ‘over the colder temperate regions, often forming pure forests of some extent. Picea is well characterized by the more or less 4 angled, acicular leaves falling away upon drying, articulated to persistent woody bases, (sterigmata) and by pendent cones whose scales persist on the central axis and spread open to liberate the seeds. In Abies the cones are erect, 16 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES usually high on the tree, at maturity falling apart, the seeds and scales together. The spruces are for the most part important timber trees producing a soft, light, straight-grained wood which is not, however, over durable in contact with the soil. The wood is much used for general construction, interior finish, ship-building, for making musical instru- ments and for fuel. Many species are well adapted for planting as windbreaks, tall hedges and for ornamental purposes. The spruces can stand shade and thrive well on thin soil, being shallow rooted, and they should prove useful for reforesting the northern regions. The .Chinese species are greatly confused and the genus requires a thorough study before we can be certain of the actual number of species occurring in this country. Picea asperata Masters. Tree to 35 m. tall of pyramidal habit with horizontal or somewhat pendulous branches up-turned at the ends and grayish-brown bark peeling off in thin, irregular flakes. Branchlets pale yellow-gray ; winter buds resinous, conical with loosely appressed thin scales, spreading or slightly recurved, at the apex. Leaves pointing forwards, quadrangular, curved, acute with white stomatiferous lines on all 4 sides, 12 mm. long or slightly longer. Cones from 8-12 cm. long, cylindric oblong, pale yellow-gray at maturity, later becoming brown; cone scales closely appressed before time of ripening, very variable in shape, rounded, rhombic or even truncate at the apex. The cones remain on the tree 5 or 6 months after the seeds are shed. Seeds winged. W. China. A very valuable timber tree often forming extensive forests in W. Szechuan. In appearance Picea asperata can with difficulty be distin- guished from P. abies Karsten, the widely distributed European species, and their distinction is not always certain eyen when herbarium specimens are compared. Rehder and Wilson have attempted to distin- guish 2 varieties of this species, namely: var. notabilis with rhombic ovate scales narrowed to the apex, and var. ponderosa with longer cones, but intermediate forms in abundance indicate the inconstancy of these characters and the varieties may well be disregarded. The wood of this species is similar to that of the European species and is used for general construction. PINACEAE Aik aN WN! ABSS = (Mee rs 7 i j i Plate 6. PICEA ASPERATA Masters 17 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch ; 3. Seed; 4. Twig showing sterigmata; 5. Buds. 18 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Picea montigena Masters. Tree to 33 m. tall. Branchlets pale brown, hairy. Winter buds ovoid, acutish, resinous. Leaves quadrangular, curved, acutish, shiny green and somewhat glaucous, about 12 mm. long. Cones shiny red- brown, cylindric, 8-10 em. long with rounded or truncate scales. Cones remain on the tree fully a year after seeds are shed. W. China. Picea brachytyla Pritzel. Tree to 22 m. tall. Branchlets yellow-brown, nearly glabrous. Leaves straight, acutish, compressed, whitish above, 12-15 mm. long. ‘Cone cylindric, 7-9 em. long; scales obovate, entire. Seeds winged. W. China, Picea aurantiaca Masters. Tree to 25 m. tall. Bark light gray. Branchlets orange, glabrous. Leaves quadrangular, 15 mm. long. Cones 11-12 cm. long, brown, subcoriaceous, broad, rounded. Ww. Szechuan. A species of restricted distribution, probably best regarded as a mere form of P. schrenkiana. Picea neoveitchii Masters. Tree to 15 m. tall. Branchlets shiny yellow-brown. Leaves about 15 mm. long, quadrangular, pointed. Cones 138-14 cm. long, oblong- cylindric, narrowed at both ends; scales oblong or suborbicular, entire. Seeds: 25 mm. long, winged. Rare tree in Hupeh. Mr. Wilson encountered only a single tree of this species. Seems to be closely allied to P. polita of Janan. Picea retroflexa Masters. Tree to 45 m. tall. Bark gray, peeling off in flakes. Branchlets yellow to dull orange, glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent. Leaves quad- rangular, stomatiferous on all 4 sides, 1-2.5 em. long, sharp pointed. Cones shiny brown, symmetrical, 8-12 cm. long; scales obovate, rounded, striated, stiff. Seeds winged; wing 1.5 em. long, oblique, oblong-obovate. West Szechuan, may be only P. asperata. PINACEAE 19 Picea shrenkiana Fisher & Meyer. (Picea watsoniana Masters) Tall pyramidal tree. Branchlets pendulous, glabrous, ‘ashy gray. Buds ovoid, light brown. Leaves quadrangular, 2-4 cm. long, dull green, acute. Cones 8-10 cm. long, cylindric-ovate with entire scales, shiny brown; scales obovate, cuneate with entire margins. Siberia to N. China (Kansu to Chihli). A hardy species common within its range. Picea purpurea Masters. Tree to 20 m. tall, pyramidal when young, becoming irregular with massive horizontal branches at maturity. Bark dark gray, peeling off in regular flakes. Branchlets orange-yellow. Winter budsovoid. Leaves more or less compressed with 2 white lines above, green beneath, curved, somewhat blunt, 8-12 mm. long. Cones purple, cylindric-oblong, 5-6 em. long; scales rhombic to oblong, abruptly narrowed above the middle with acute or truncated apex. The wood is brownish, close-grained and resinous; used for con- struction. The purple cones make this a distinct as well as handsome species, Szechuan & Kansu. Picea likiangensis (Franchet) Pritzel. Tree to 25 m. tall. Branchlets yellow-gray, slightly hairy. Leaves quadrangular, slightly compressed, prominently keeled with 2 white lines above, 12 mm. long. Cone about 5 cm. long, brownish yellow with flexible rhombic-ovate scales, denticulate or slightly wavy margined above the middle. Rarely this tree attains 35 m. tall in favorable situations. The flexible scales are horizontally spreading when the cone is ripe. Szechuan & Yunnan. Picea glehnii Masters. A dense, low tree with spreading red, hairy or shaggy branches. Buds subglobose, resinous, brown. Leaves crowded, ascending, curved, linear, quadrangular, acute, green, the curved surface glaucous. Cones 20 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 2.5-5 em. long, oblong cylindric or ovate oblong; scales leathery, striated, light brown, cuneate, rounded above and denticulate. Seeds up tol em. long with an obliquely obcordate, membranous, pale brown wing. Formosa, Sakhalin and Manchuria. The following species that have been proposed require additional study:— Picea gemmata Rehder & Wilson. Picea wilsonii Masters, Picea meyeri Rehder & Wilson. Picea heterolepis Rehder & Wilson. Picea balfouriana Rehder & Wilson. Picea hirtella Rehder & Wilson, Picea ascendens Patschke. Picea complanata Masters. Picea sargentiana Rehder & Wilson. TSUGA Resinous, evergreen trees with reddish bark and slender often pen- dulous branches. Leaves flat or angular, short, linear, set closely together, in 2 ranks (except in 1 species), stomatiferous on the under surface, short petioled and falling off upon drying. Staminate flowers solitary, axillary, globose, composed of numerous anthers with knob-like con- negtives. Pistillate flowers terminal, ‘erect, with circular scales each bearing 2 ovules at the base; bract about as long as the scale. Fruit a small cone, oblong-ovate, pendulous, nearly sessile, greenish or purplish, turning brown at maturity, with persistent-flexible scales, longer than the bracts. Seeds nearly surrounded by the obovate-oblong wing. ‘ Nine to ten species in Asia, N. America and the Himalayas. Tsuga is the Japanese name of the tree. The hemlocks are graceful, ornamental trees with the bark very rich in tannin, extensively employed in the United States of America for the curing of hides. The wood is coarse and brittle, of generally poor quality, but manufactured into coarse lumber, the best and most valuable being the W. American species, Tsuga heterophylla. The Japanese species, 7. sieboldii, is said to be durable and is manufactured into lumber for the construction of houses. The hemlocks are slow growing trees, thriving best on well drained soil in regions of abundant rainfall. 21 PINACEAE ee a As : RS We ‘ \\ \ Plate 7. TSUGA CHINENSIS Pritzel Fruiting branch; 3. Pistillate fower- 1. Staminate flowering branch; 2. ing branch; 4. Seale; 5. Scale and seeds; 6. Seeds. 22 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Tsuga chinensis Pritzel. (Tieh Sha.) Iron Fir, Small tree, rarely 40 m. tall, with yellow-gray, more or less pubescent . branchlets. Leaves from 10-28 mm. long, rounded and notched at the apex, dark glossy green above, paler with 2 white bands beneath and with minute teeth on the margin when young, becoming smooth and green on both surfaces with age. Cones sessile, 15-30 mm. long, with shiny, brownish scales. Hupeh, Szechuan, Shensi. This is the common Hemlock in Central and Western China. The wood is soft but durable, and is made into shingles. Closely allied to the Japanese 7. diversifolia. Tsuga yunnanensis (Franchet) Masters. Tree to 30 m. tall, with grayish and hairy branchlets. Cones with fewer scales. Leaves not notched at the apex, white on the under side. Known only from Yannan and Szechuan. It occurs on Omei Shan. PSEUDOTSUGA Large, pyramidal evergreen tree with deeply furrowed bark and whorled branches. Winter buds acute, elongated, not resinous. Leaves more or less 2 ranked, linear, flat, grooved on the upper surface with numerous rows of stomata on each side of the midrib beneath ; with only 1 fibro-vascular bundle. Flowers solitary; the staminate oblong-cylin- drical with numerous globose anthers having spur-like connectives; pistillate with spirally arranged scales, shorter than the pointed bracts, Cones pendent, ovate oblong, ripening in 1 season with woody persistent rigid scales shorter than the awn-pointed bracts. Seeds nearly triangular, winged. 4 species—2 in N. America, 1 in Japan and 1 in China. Pseudotsuga closely resembles Abies from which it may be distinguished by the elongated, non-resinous winter buds, by the slender, ‘more flexible leaves and by the pendent cone which appears bristly on account of the exserted, 2 lobed, long and awned bracts. From Tsuga it is distinguished by the smooth twigs not roughened by persistent leaf bases. The common PINACEAE 23 American species Pseudotsuga mucronata is the most important timber tree on the Pacific Coast of N. America and it may be worthy of introduction into temperate parts of China for extensive cultivation as a timber tree. Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode Tall tree with deeply furrowed bark and pubescent branchlets. The leaves are emarginate at the apex. Cones about 5 cm, long. 8. W. China. KETELEERIA Evergreen tree of pyramidal habit when young, in age with wide- spreading, massive branches, forming an irregular flat-topped tree. Bud not resinous, with numerous imbricated scales as an enveloping sheath at its base, after the branchlet has developed. Branchletssmooth. Leaves in 2 ranks by the twisting of the leaf bases, flat, linear, acute, green, keeled and not grooved on the upper surface, with a narrow stalk con- tracted to a circular disk at the base. Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers in clusters, each flower composed of numerous 2-celled anthers on a stipitate axis. Cones ereet, maturing in 1 year with upright, persistent scales woody in texture. Scales laciniate. Seeds 2 to a scale, with hatchet-shaped wings, as long as the scale. A genus containing 2 species in China, differing from Abies by the clustered staminate flowers, by the cone with persistent scales and by the leaves, which are keeled or ridged on both surfaces and not depressed above. From Pseudotsuga it is distinguished by the erect cone and clustered staminate flowers. Superficially the leaves of Heteleeria resemble those of Cephalotaxus but when the leaves of Keteleeria fall they leave a circular flat or slightly concave scar, the bark becoming scaly in the second year, while in Cephalotaxus the leaf scars are smaller, oval or irregular in outline and the elongated bark-like leaf bases persist as a covering of the twigs until the third or fourth year. Keteleeria is chiefly valuable as an ornamental tree and is planted in China near wayside shrines and tombs. The wood is locally useful. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Cultivated in Europe and America. 24 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES * Keteleeria davidiana Beissner. Tree sometimes 35 m. tall, with dark gray, irregularly fissured bark, Young branches slender, gray, glabrous or tomentose, or sometimes with short stiff hairs. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, rounded, notched at the apex, glossy green above, with stomatiferous lines and 2 green bands beneath, midrib raised on both sides. Cones cylindrical, oblong, on spur-like lateral branchlets, 5-20 cm. long, averaging 10-15 cm. long, reddish when young, turning green and finally brown at maturity. Cones scale ovate with a rounded or slightly truncated and reflexed apex, exposing the tip of the wings. i 7 , Shensi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan. This is the most widely distributed species in China, occurring at an elevation somewhat less than that occupied by the firs and spruces. In a wild state it shows considerable variation in leaf and cone. The wood is soft, close grained, light, resinous and easily worked. It is used for the construction of houses. Keteleeria evelyniana Masters may be identical with or at most only a form of the above. Keteleeria fortunei Carriere. Tree to 30 m. tall with thick, rugged bark and spreading, horizontal branches. Branchlets glabrous, orange-red. Buds small, ovoid, orange-brown. Leaves appearing 2 ranked by the twisting of their petioles, linear, rigid, mucronate or spine-tipped, dark shiny green, keeled above with 2 stomatiferous lines beneath; 2.5-3 cm. long. Cones variable in size, ovoid or ovoid-cylindric; scales suborbicular; bracts half as long as the scales, mucronate tipped. Cones at first purplish, becoming brown with age. Seeds angular and wedge-shaped with a relatively broad, rounded, oblong wing. 8, E. China: Hongkong, Yunnan, Fukien. Characterized by orange- red, glabrous branchlets and purplish cones which become brownish at maturity. The eones of this species are smaller and more globose than those of the preceding species. ABIES Evergreen trees with smooth or thick furrowed bark, and spreading, horizontal branches in whorls of 4 or 5 or more. Leaves linear, flat, PINACEAE 25° Plate 8. KETELEERIA DAVIDIANA Beisner 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Pistillate flowering branch; 3. Staminate flower- ing branch; 4. Seed; 5. Reverse of seed; 6. Back of scale; 7. Front view of scale. 26 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 9. KETELEERIA FORTUNEI Carriere 1. Cone; 2. Cone scale; 3. Staminate flowers; 4. Side view of scale; 5. A leaf and its cross-section; 6. Seed. (After Beisner). PINACEAE 27 rounded, notched or pointed at the apex, sessile, green and seldom stomatiferous, grooved on the upper surface, silvery white beneath, spirally attached, though on horizontal branches apparently arranged in 2 ranks due to the twisting of their bases, in the upper fertile branches crowded and more or less projecting from all sides, persistent usually for 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 years, and in falling away, leaves flat circular scars on the twigs. Flowers axillary, appearing in the spring; the staminate aments pendulous, numerous, on the lower side of the branches, oval or cylindrical, with yellow or scarlet 2-celled anthers surmounted by a knob- like connective. Pistillate flowers usually on the topmost branches of the tree, erect, ovoid, with numerous imbricated scales, each with 2 ovules at the base. Fruit a cone, ovoid cylindric, the scales shorter or longer than their mucronate bracts, deciduous with the seeds, leaving the central axis of the cone persistent on the tree. Seeds with an oblique, dilated wing. Cotyledons 2. About 25 species in the cool regions of the N. Temperate zone; about 4 well defined species in China. The genus is characterized by linear leaves which leave smooth circular scars on the twig when they fall, and by an erect cone whose scales are deciduous at maturity. Firs often attain great size and frequently form extensive pure forests. The wood is soft and brittle, of less economic value than those of the spruces and pines. Propagated by seeds. The seeds are not as viable as those of the pine, and can not be kept for more than 1 or 2 years. In nursery plantations, the seedlings are usually protected by half shade. The fir will undoubtedly take an important place in the reforestation of China, and in this connection the European species Abies picea is worthy of experimentation. Abies delavayi Franchet. (A. fargesii Franchet) (A. faxoniana Rehder & Wilson) A tree 7-15 m. tall, with red-brown and usually shining shoots. Leaves light green and generally obtuse; sometimes notched at the apex, the margins usually rolled back towards the midrib below so as to form in cross section a figure ¢2. The cones are purplish, oblong-ovoid to oblong-cylindrical, broadest at the base, but slightly tapering towards the apex, from 7-11 cm. long and 3.5-5.5 cm. wide, averaging about Tor 8cm. long. The bracts are oblong-spatulate with a short abrupt point usually projecting beyond the scale. 28 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES es Ni PD 4 Plate 10. ABIES DELAVAYI Franchet 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate flowers; 3. Pistillate flower; 4. Scale with seeds; 5, 6. Scales; 7. Seed. PINACEAE 29 Szechuan, Yunnan and Hupeh. The specific characters upon which A. fargesii and A. fazoniana are founded are not sufficiently distinct and constant as to support recogniz- able species. In A. delavaw, the branchlets, leaves and cones show a range of variation which covers the difference ascribed to A.fargesii and A. faxoniana. This tree forms extensive forests in the inaccessible regions of W. Szechuan and W. Hupeh, and evidences indicate that at one time, it occurred in great abundance over an extensive range. The tree attains a large size, and for this reason the timber finds its way into the market, although the wood itself is poor in quality. The wood is white, light, soft and not durable, used for interior finish and house construction and for the cheaper grades of coffins as well as for a variety of household purposes. Abies recurvata Masters. Tree 16-25 m. tall, with reddish brown bark and shiny yellow-gray branchlets. The leaves are crowded, ascending and strongly recurved, shining green or glaucous on the upper surfaces, 10-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. Cones clustered, short stalked, oblong ovoid, 5-9 cm. long, violet-purple when young, gray-brown at maturity. The bracts are inclosed. W. Szechuan in the Ming valley. The recurved, sharp pointed leaves separate this from all other firs. It is confined to the mountains of the Ming River valley between Mao Chan and Sungpan Ting where it forms pure forests. (Wilson). The wood is fairly close grained and easily worked, used for house con- struction. On young shoots and vigorous branches the leaves are very sharp pointed and twice the normal length. Abies squamata Masters. Tree 15-38 m. tall. Bark brownish purple, exfoliating or peeling in thin papery layers. Leaves crowded, spirally arranged, short and broad, acute or obtuse, more or less pubescent, 11-26 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Cones 5-6 cm. long, oblong ovoid, violet-purple, resinous. W. Szechuan and Tibet. 30 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES This fir forms pure stands and attains the highest altitude of any Chinese fir. It is easily distinguished by its purplish bark which peels off in thin strips. The wood is of good quality, used by the Tibetans for the construction of their houses. Abies chensiensis Van Tieghem. Tree 15-40 m. tall. Shoots pale yellow-gray. The leaves are long, shiny green, arranged in one plane, blunt or slightly notched at the apex, very unequal in Jength on the same shoot, pubescent. Cones 8-10 cm. long, ovoid cylindric, pale brown, with larger thin-scales. Seeds obovoid, 1 cm. long, wing about 2.5.cm. long. W. Hupeh and Shensi. This tree is comparatively rare. The cone with brownish and broad, thin scales is very distinctive. Abies beisneriana Rehder and Wilson. Tree to 60 m, tall with gray-brown fissured bark and pale gray branchlets. Leaves ascending, flat, sharp pointed, the midrib slightly depressed above, pale green and glaucous below. Cones purplish when young, later gray-brown, small, 5-8 cm. long; scales thin and broad. W. China. The wood is soft and poor in quality. This may be only a form of A, chensiensis. CUNNINGHAMIA. Jivergreen trees with whorled or irregular branches, and whorled or nearly opposite branchlets, Leaves linear, lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, more or less curved, sharply and minutely serrate, dark green above, pale green, with 2 stomatiferous bands below, narrowed at the base, densely and spirally arranged on the shoot, though appearing in 2 ranks owing to the twisting of their base. Flowers monoecious, clustered at the ends of the branches. The staminate flowers cylindrical, surrounded at the base by several imbricated scales, each flower composed of numerous spirally arranged stamens, each bearing 3 pendent, 1-celled anthers at the lower margin of an ovate, serrulate, scale-like connective. Pistillate flower globose, composed of imbricated scales, of which only the upper PINACEAE 31 ones are fertile; ovules 3 to each scale. Fruit an ovate cone with closely imbricated, coriaeceous, brownish scales, serrulate at the margin and slightly reflexed at the apex. Seeds narrowly winged, 3 to each scale. 2 species, 1 in China, the other in Formosa. Cunninghamia occurs in all the temperate parts of China at an eleva- tion below that occupied by the spruces and the silver firs. Cunninghamia lanceolata Hooker. (Sha Shu.) A tree of pyramidal habit with scaly, brownish outer bark and red inner bark. Branches horizontal, short and spreading. Leaves linear, acuminate, 2.5-5 cm. long. Cones 2.5-5 em. long, persistent on the treé 1 or more years after the seeds are shed. Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Fukien, Kwangtung. Cunninghamia is mentioned in the earliest Classics, and in times past, has been considered the most valuable tree. Extensive forests still exist in the interior of Fukien and Hunan, as vast quantities of logs of’ this tree are floated down the rivers for export. E. H. Wilson reports several large forests of this species in western Szechuan. In the Chien Chang Valley in Szechuan, logs of the Cunninghamia buried by an earthquake about two hundred years ago, have been uncovered and sawn into planks, and the lumber, which is reddish brown, fragrant, fine grained and durable, commands a high price in the markets under the name of ‘‘Hsiang Mu,” used for the manufacture of the highest grade of coffins, The wood of living species is light, soft, fragrant, easily worked, employed for every purpose for which great strength is not required: The wood has a broad sap wood and dark yellow heart wood. It is used for house building, general carpentry, for making tea chests, for pillars and masts and for boat building and a great variety of local uses. Cunninghamia reproduces freely from suckers, and the sprouts which spring from the stumps of felled trees grow rapidly into tree size, a ‘feature which renders this species particularly adaptable to coppice management. Cunninghamia: may prove to be the leading coniferous species in the reforestation of China. 32 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 11. CUNNINGHAMIA LANCEOLATA Hooker 1. Pistillate flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 38. Leaf; 4, 5. Bracts of scales; 6. Seeds; 7. Staminate branch. (Enlarged). PINACEAE 33 CRYPTOMERIA Evergreen trees with spirally arranged, awl-shaped leaves, broad and sessile at the base. Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers in numerous spike-like clusters, cormposed of imbricated stamens with pointed con- nectives and 8-5 pollen sacs to each scale. Pistillate flowers solitary, lateral on the branchlet, a globose conelet composed of spirally arranged, imbricated scales, with 3-5 ovules on each scale. The fruit is a globose cone with brown, peltate scales furnished with recurved bracts on the outer surface, and 8-5 sharp points on the top; each scale bears 3-5 narrowly winged seeds. 1 species in China and Japan. This tree merits extensive planting for the purposes of afforestation and reforestation. An ounce of seed contains about 50,000 seeds. One pound will sow an area of seed bed about 100 feet square. The seedlings should be given half shade for the first year, and twice transplanted in the nursery before setting out in the field. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. Peacock Pine. (Kung Chiao Tsung.) Tree sometimes 45 m. tall with cinnamon-red bark, peeling in long, thin shreads. Leaves persistent for 4 or 5 years, acute, 5 ranked, directed forwards, laterally compressed and keeled. Cone small, matures the first year, and remains on the branch one or more years after the seeds are shed. China: Kiangsi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Chekiang, and Fukien. Robert Fortune, in 1849, encountered this tree wild in the mountains near Ningpo, growing in company with Cunninghamia, and authorities believe it may still be found growing spontaneously in the mountains of Chekiang and Fukien, but it is now most commonly seen as a cultivated tree. Cryptomeria is the largest, the most useful and the most commonly planted timber tree in Japan, imparting a characteristic feature to her landscape. The tree is rapid growing, attaining a large size, specimens measuring 150 feet high are not rare. It has a pale sap wood, dark, reddish heartwood. The wood is devoted to many uses, the principal ones being for bridge, house and ship building. The bark is used by the Japanese peasants to shingle the roofs of their houses.. From the leaves an essential oil may be extracted. . , 34 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES GLYPTOSTROBUS Included by some authors under Tazxodium to which it is closely allied. The leaves, together with the short annual shoots, are deciduous, and the cone scales are deciduous as well, whereas in Taxodium the cone scales are persistent. Taxodium is now confined to N. America and Mexico, but at former geologic periods, widely distributed in N. America and Europe. Glyptostrobus heterophyllus Endlicher (Taodium heterophylla) Swamp cypress; ‘‘ Water Pine.” Is a shrub about 3 m. tall, confined to swampy lowlands in S. China. LIBOCEDRUS Evergreen, resinous, aromatic trees with naked buds and scaly bark. Branchlets flattened, frond-like. Leaves scaly, in 4 ranks, more or less compressed, with or without glands. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary, terminal; staminate oblong, composed of 6-8 pairs of stamens each bearing 4 subglobose anther cells; pistillate oblong, composed of 3 pairs of scales, subtended by several bracts which are persistent in the fruit. Fruit maturing in 1 year, an oblong-ovate cone consisting of.6 scales, the lower and the middle pairs spreading at maturity; the third pair united to form a woody septum. Seeds winged, 2 in each fertile scale. 8 species in W. N. and 8. America, Australasia, Formosa and S. China. In America Libocedrus is known as Incense Cedar on account of its aromatic resinous property. The following is the only species known in this country. Libocedrus macrolepis Bentham and Hooker, Tree to 33 m. tall. Branchlets compressed, green on both sides. Leaves acute, the lateral pair strongly keeled, the middle ones obovate, apiculate. Cones obovate-oblong, composed of 6 scales about 2.5 cm. long. S. W. China. The wood is straight grained, fragrant and durable. THUJA Evergreen, resinous, aromatic trees with much-ramified spreading branches and flattened branchlets arranged in a horizontal oy vertical frond-like spray. Leaves decussate (in alternate pairs), in 4 ranks, PINACHAX 35 sceale-like, small. and usually glandular on the back; those on the leading shoot pointed and more or less spreading; on less vigorous shoots, rounded’ and much compressed, the lateral pair nearly covering the dorsal and ventral pair which are flattened. The leaves of juvenile plants and of some species and forms are not scale-like but uniformly awl-shaped, pointed and spreading. Flowers monoecious, solitary and terminal; the staminate small, globose or cylindrical, composed of 8-6 stamens, each bearing 2-4 pollen cells on an orbicular connective. The pistillate flowers are minute cones, composed of 4-6 pairs of scales, not all of which are fertile, the fertile ones bearing 2-8 ovules each inside at the base. Fruit a small ovate or oblong cone with leathery scales and usually 2 seeds to each scale. Seeds small, usually winged. About 5 species in Central and Eastern Asia and North America, Thujas may be distinguished from the flat-leaved cypresses by the cones, which in the latter genus are usually globular in form and composed of dilated or peltate scales, attached by the middle and in contact with, each other on the perimeter before the seeds are liberated. The Thujas are evergreen trees of generally pyramidal habit planted mainly for their ornamental value. Numerous horticultural varieties have been developed. Propagated by seeds; the varieties by cuttings. The genus is divided into 2 sections, in China each section is represented by 1 species. Thuja orientalis Linnzus.* ‘ (Poh Shu.) A pyramidal tree 10 m. tall, or a dense, bushy shrub with thin, reddish bark scaling off in thin, papery layers and upright or ascending branches, bearing the much ramified sprays in a vertical plane. The leaves are green on both sides, marked by a glandular depression on the back; the leaves of the frond-like spray are closely appressed to the slightly flattened axis; those of the more or less rounded lateral or main axes are rhombic-ovate, with a free, acute and somewhat reflexed apex. The cone is ovate-globose, erect, fleshy; bluish, later becoming hard and woody, 12-25 mm. long; scales with a hooked spine on the outer surface below the top, usually in 3 pairs, the upper pair sterile; the fertile scales each bear 2 seeds. Seeds large, round and without wings. ' *See Frontispiece. 36 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES i Native of N. E. China, elsewhere cultivated. Introduced into Japan. The Poh shu of the classics is referable to this species. In bygone days the tree distinguished the gardens of the princes and sheltered the tombs of rulers. To-day it is most commonly met with in gardens and burying grounds. Throughout the New Year festivities, sprays of this fragrant evergreen are used to symbolize long life and happiness. The fruit, leaves and inner bark all have medicinal uses. Propagated by seeds. The number of seeds per pound is about 18,600, germination is rapid, most of the seeds coming up between 10 and 25 days. Thuja sutchuenensis Franchet. A small tree in Eastern Szechuan characterized by thin, scaly, nearly glandless leaves or flattened branchlets, thin, leathery cones with 8 scales, somewhat thickened at the apex, and winged seeds produced only by the middle 2 or 8 pairs of scales. FOKIENIA Trees, evergreen. Leaves small, scale-like on flattened, frond-like branch systems which may be described as tripinnately divided. The leaves are in 4 ranks, the lateral pairs narrowly keeled or clasping, the facial leaves flattened, acute or obtuse, with the bases narrowed or crowded by the lower parts of the lateral leaves. On young shoots the branchlets appear particularly flattened, the leaves are much larger (sometimes 8 mm. long), the lateral pairs with conspicuously long, free, sharp points and often marked on the under surface by conspicuous longitudinal’ glaucous areas caused by stomata. The foliage has a strong resemblance to Libocedrus macrolepis. The flowers are imperfectly known. Female flower terminal, composed of 6 to 8 pairs of opposite, decussate, blunt-pointed scales, each scale with 2 ovules. Cones are said to ripen in the 2nd year. They are globular in general form, composed of 12 to 16 woody, peltate scales, each clavate or cuneate in shape, expanded into a mainly 2-lobed shield or apophysis with a minute mucro in the depressed center. Seeds 2 to each seed-bearing scale, about 4 mm. long, 3 or 4 sided, flattened at the base and provided with 2 thin wings unequal in size. PINACEAE BT While the foliage resembles Libocedrus the fruit has a general likeness to Cupressus or Chamecyparis. Only 2 species are known, F. hodginsii, Henry and Thomas, from Fukien and F. kawaii Hazata from Tonking, . Fokienia hodginsii Henry & Thomas Tree to 12 m. tall. Cones 2.5 em, long, subglobose. Fukien. CUPRESSUS Resinous, evergreen trees, rarely shrubs, with 4-angled or sometimes slightly flattened branchlets. Leaves of 2 kinds; on adult plants they are small and scale-like, in alternate pairs, and closely appressed to the twig; on juvenile plants and on vigorous shoots of adult plants, they are linear, lanceolate or awl-shaped, in whorls of 4, or sometimes ternate and spreading. Flowers minute, monoecious, terminal, yellow. The staminate flowers oblong, composed of numeyous pairs of stamens, each with 2-6 pendulous pollen cells on the edge of an ovate connective. The pistillate flowers oblong or globose, composed of thick, decussate scales, the ovuliferous ones bearing one to several rows of urn-shaped ovules at their base. Fruit a globose cone, made up of woody, peltate scales. furnished with a short, knob-like mucro. Seeds with 2 thin wings. Cupressus is usualby bienniat fruited. A genus containing about 12 species, all in the warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Chamaecyparis, a closely allied genus, placed by some botanists under Cupressus as a sub-genus, and hardly differing from Cupressus except in its smaller and usually annual fruit, of great econorhic importance in Japan, also found in Formosa, has not yet been reported from China, although its discovery there might not be an improbable result of extensive explorations. In Japan Chamae- cyparis obtusa and C. pisifera are important silvicultural species. Morphologists detect no structural differences between the wood of Cupressus and Chamaecyparis. The 2 genera, Chamaecyparis and Thuja, yield the lightest of all merchantable woods in America. . Cupressus is easily distinguished from all nearly allied genera by the 4-angled branchlets with minutely denticulate leaves. 38 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Cupressus funebris Endlicher. (Pe Hsa,) Funeral Cypress. A tree up to 25 m. tall with smooth, reddish bark. When young, more or less compact in habit, in age with drooping branches and branchlets, and long, pendulous, flat sprays. The leaves are imbricated in 4 rows, ovate-deltvid, gray-green with pointed, free and slightly spreading apex. Staminate flowers yellow; stamens usually 8. Cones stalked, globose, 8-12 mm. long, brown, covered by a purple bloom; scales 8, with a pointed or knob-like process on the slightly depressed apex. Seeds usually 3 to each scale, slightly winged. Chekiang, Anhwei, Szechuan, and Hupeh. This tree is unique among conifers on account of its graceful droop- ing habit, and its decorative value has long been effectively utilized for ornamenting courtyards, tombs and shrines. The landscape effect produced by the weeping willow may also be achieved by the funeral cypress, and, in fact, some authorities maintain that the so-called willow pattern dishes, copied from Chinese design, portray the cypress rather than the willow. It is cultivated throughout Central China and it was early introduced into India by the Buddhi-t monks, where fine speci- mens are now growing in the vicinity of temples and monasteries. The wood is white, fairly hard, close and fine grained, tough and durable, one of the most valuable of Chinese timbers, used for general carpentry, coffins, furniture, agricultural implements, house construction and boat building. The cypress is a fairly rapid growing tree and often forms pure stands. Cupressus torulosa Don. (Kan Pe Sha.) Pyramidal tree about 45 m. tall with reddish-brown bark, Branches numerous, horizontal, spreading and ascending at the tips. Branchlets somewhat drooping, slender, quadrangular. Leaves dark green or some- times bluish green, somewhat acute, keeled; the apex not thickened, appressed or very little spreading. Cones 1.2-2 em. long, nearly sessile, with 8-10 scales armed with a blunt or inconspicuous horn or knob. This species extends from the Himalayas tb W. China. It once existed in extensive forests, but is now only met with as scattered specimens. The tree produces a high grade timber. Cupressus torulosa is a good tree to plant in the woodlot. It is also suitable for windbreaks and for planting in the garden as a single specimen. PINACEAE Plate 12. CUPRESSUS TORULOSA D. Don 39 40 CHINESE 1CONOMIC TREES JUNIPERUS Evergreen, aromatic trees or shrubs usually with thin, shreddy bark. Leaves of mature plants acicular or awl-shaped, or short, scale- like and closely appressed, arranged in whorls of 3’s or opposite. Leaves of seedlings and very young plants are always acicular or awl-shaped and diverging at a wide angle from the twig, vigorous or diseased shoots of scaly-leaved species also have acicular leaves in the juvenile stages. Flowers small, dioecious, rarely monoecious. The staminate flowers yellow, catkin-like, composed of numerous stamens, each bearing at the base, 2-6 pollen sacs. Pistillate flowers small, ovoid, greenish, composed of 3-6 pointed, fleshy scales which unite together to form a fleshy, berry- like fruit. The minute, ovuliferous scales are either borne on the inner surface of the fleshy flower-scales or alternate with them. The fruit isa short-stalked, berry-like strobile or cone, usually enclosing the seeds, 1-6, (rarely -12), subtended by several persistent scales at the base, ripening the Ist, 2nd, or 8rd year. About 40 species in the N. Hemisphere. About 6 species in E. Asia. The junipers range from upright, pyramidal trees to low and sometimes prostrate shrubs. The wood is reddish, close grained, fragrant and durable, used for interior finish, for the manufacture of small articles and for posts and poles. The American Juniperus virginiana produces the bulk of the pencil wood. Several species yield a volatile aromatic oil, which since the days of the early Greeks and Romans has been employed in medicine as an ointment and also as a stimulant.” Propagated by seeds which should be stratified for one year, as in most cases, they do not germinate until the second year. Also may be increased by cuttings and grafting. Distinguished from Cupressus, to which it is closely allied, by the small, berry-like fruits, and by the leaves which are stomatiferous above, those of Cupressus being stomatiferous on the under surface. Juniperus chinensis Linnzus. (Tsze Poh.) Chinese Juniper A very variable species, ranging from a low shrub to a tree 20 m. tall. Bark brown, peeling off in long, narrow strips. Branches without winter buds. Leaves dimorphic; on young plants and vigorous shoots acicular, 8 mm. long, in whorls of 3’s or in pairs, spreading, sharp TAXACEAE 41 pointed, with a ridge and 2 white bands on the back; on adult trees scale-like, in alternating pairs, rhombic-ovate and obtuse, or both scale- like and acicular. Staminate flowers bright yellow, numerous. Fruit globose, usually broadest and slightly depressed at the summit, brownish, covered with a white bloom, with resinous flesh from 5-8 mm. in diameter, 2-8, rarely more, seeded. China, Mongolia and Japan. Planted around temples and tombs, appearing wild in the mountains of Hupeh, Shensi and Szechuan. On the grounds of the Temple of Confucius is an avenue of large old trees. Extensively cultivated in Europe and America on account of its hardiness and indifference to soil. Juniperus formosana Hayata. Tree up to 16 m. tall with longitudinally fissured bark, dark brown in color, peeling off in thin strips, and ascending or spreading branches with more or less pendulous, 8-cornered branchlets, at first greenish, later turning reddish-brown. Leaves all acicular or awl-shaped, in whorls of 3’s, spreading, variable in length, from 1.2-8 cm. long, sharp pointed, ridged at the back and with a broad, white line on each side of the ridge. Fruit ripening the second year, globose, or ovate, 6-8 mm. long, shining orange or reddish-brown, 3 seeded. Seeds 3-angled, slightly mucronate at the apex. Widely distributed in the mountains of China, extending to Formosa. Also planted around temples. Hupeh, Szechuan, Shensi, Fukien, Chekiang, Hongkong. TAXACEAE Trees or shrubs with resin ducts in the bark, Leaves linear-lanceolate, spirally arranged, though appearing in 2 ranks by the twisting of the leaf bases. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, the male borne on more: or less thickened scales, forming a small cone. ‘The pistillate flowers consist of 1 or 2 ovules on a fleshy, rudimentary carpel, becoming a hard bony seed, more or less surrounded by a fleshy, often highly colored arillus or receptacle. Cotyledons 2. About 11 genera and 100 species subdivided into 2 tribes, namely :— 42 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Podocarpineae, with winged pollen grains, chiefly confined to the Southern Hemisphere. Tazineae, with wingless pollen grains, confined chiefly to the Northern Hemisphere. 4 genera occur in China. , KEY TO CHINESE GENERA Podocarpineae. Pollen grains winged; anthers 2 celled; trees and shrubs chiefly tropical and subtropical. A. Leaves linear to elliptic, rarely scale-like; fruit usually on a thick, fleshy peduncle..............+- hue: ar alReesSbatane Re Qoeie a8 Podocarpus. Taxineae. Pollen grains wingless; anthers 8-8 celled; trees and shrubs mostly in the temperate regions; leaves linear. A. Pistillate flower composed of 2-20 scales on a fleshy axis, each scale bearing 2 ovules ripening into a more or less fleshy cone with few ‘ large, drupe-like seeds: ...eeceeeeseeeeeeeeee array # arpa Shea) one Cephalotaxus, B. Pistillate flowers reduced to a solitary ovule. I. Anthers 4 celled, united into a half ring; fruit a drupe with a long-pointed seed; leaves with 2 broad white lines DeNéath wise tobe nee eee cect sete ss cera e kes Torreya. II. Anthers 6-8 celled, united into a globose head ; fruit berry-like, composed of a bony seed surrounded by a colored fleshy aril; leaves pale green beneath .......0.. bois ave eue ate ace e+ -- Taxus. TAXUS. Evergreen trees or shrubs with dark, reddish-brown bark peeling in thin shreds when young. Leaves mostly in 2 ranks by tortion of the leaf bases, flat, dark green and keeled above, pale green beneath, pointed and stalked. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, borne in the axils of the leaves on twigs of the previous year’s growth. The staminate flowers consist of a globose head of 6-8 yellow stamens on a stalk with imbricated scales at its base; the stamens composed of 4-8 conical, pendent anther cells connate at the apex to each other and to their filament, spreading and shield-shaped after the discharge of the globular pollen grains. The pistillate flowers consist of a solitary ovule in the TAXACEAE axil of the uppermost of several imbricated scales. Fruit a bony nut in a fleshy, scarlet, cup-like disk, with the apex exposed and usually free from the cup. Cotyledons 2. Distributed over the N. Hemisphere, extending over large portions of Europe, America and Asia. The 7 species described differ from each other only slightly in foliage and fruit, and botanists sometimes regard them as geographical variations of a single species. The most recent monographer of the genus, Pilger, grouped all,the geographic forms under Taxus baccata. The yews are slow-growing evergreen trees with dark, glossy foliage and bright red, berry-like fruits. They are planted in gardens for ornamental purposes, and since the earliest times have been closely associated with the religious life of the English, Hindoos and the Chinese. In certain sections of China, the yew is known as “ Kwan-yin Sha,”’—the fir of the Goddess of Mercy. In the olden days, bows were almost exclusively made from the wood of the yew. The wood is reddish, strong and durable, formerly much prized for cabinet making and for interior finish. In India and China, the wood is used for incense. The leaves and shoots have a poisonous property which sometimes proves fatal to horses and cattle which browse upon them, but the pulp of the seeds, which is sweet and harmless, is edible. Propagated by seeds which should be stratified for 1 year as they do not germinate until the second year after sowing; also propagated by layers and cuttings. Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini. (Taxus chinensis (R. & W.) Rehder.) (Taxus cuspidata var. chinensis. R. & W.) Tree 6-15 m. tall, with brownish-red bark. Leaves usually falcate, dark green above, pale green beneath, abruptly pointed, 12-25 mm. long, rarely longer. Seeds ovoid, slightly 2-4 angled, with a minute point at the apex, flesh light red. China, Korea and Japan. China: Kansu, Shensi, Kweichow, Chekiang, Hupeh and Szechuan. The Chinese tree cannot be distinguished from the Japanese type and the two should be regarded as identical. It is a comparatively rare tree in China, but occasionally a large specimen is met with in the mountains of Szechuan and Hupeh. Dwarfed forms variously trimmed and trained are under cultivation in the gardens of the wealthy. 44 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 18, TAXUS CUSPIDATA Siebold & Zuccarini 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate flowering branch; 8. Pistillate flower- ing branch; 4. Staminate flower; 5. A stamen; 6. Pistillate flower. (Details enlarged). TAXACEAE 45 CEPHALOTAXUS Trees or shrubs, with linear, flat leaves arranged in 2 ranks by tortion of the leaf bases. Flowers dioecious. The staminate, 6-11, in axillary, stalked clusters, subtended by imbricated scales; each flower in the axil of a membranous bract, consisting of 7-12 stamens each bearing 3-6 anther cells on the under surface of a short-stalked scale. The pistillate flowers consist of several small, stalked cones in the axils of bracts at the base of terminal shoots; the flower composed of 2—20 scales on a fleshy axis, each bearing 2 naked ovules, only 1 of which develops. At maturity the scales become fleshy and confluent, more or less enclosing the seeds. The seeds large, usually. only few in each cone, drupe-like, with reddish-brown or greenish-brown, resinous husk and hard, woody shell. There are 6 closely allied species in E. Asia. Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker. Tree 20 m. tall, of graceful habit, with long, slender branches. Branchlets yellowish green and pendulous. Leaves 5-7.5 cm. long, generally falcate, sharp pointed, dark green and lustrous above, pale green beneath, Fruit obovate, greenish-brown or purple. China, Burma and Japan. China: Kiangsi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Chekiang, and Shensi, In China this tree is frequently planted near wayside shrines and temples. Cephalotaxus drupacea Siebold & Zuccarini. A shrub with stiff, spreading branches and leaves shorter than the preceding. Central and Western China. PODOCARPUS Evergreen, resinous trees or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, sometimes 2 ranked, linear, lanceolate or elliptic, sometimes small and appressed. Flowers usually dioecious, axillary or terminal, solitary or in spikes. The staminate flowers often cylindric, composed of numerous spirally arranged, imbricated scales, each bearing a 2-celled 46 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES anther on the under side; pollen grains with 2 large round wings. The pistillate flowers, usually solitary and pedunculate, consisting of a scale enveloping the single ovule, with several bracts at the base which become much thickened and more or less fleshy at maturity. Fruit a naked or fleshy and drupe-like seed, supported on a usually fleshy receptacle, Cotyledons 2. _ About 50 species, mostly in Australasia, $8. America, and Southern Asia and Africa. Members of this genus are tropical and only 1 species occurs in China. For the most part, they are important timber trees. The staminate flowers are yellow; the pistillate green. The fruit is small and berry-like, borne on a fleshy stalk which in some species is edible. Propagated by seeds and by cuttings. Podocarpus nerifolia Don. A tree, above 25 m. tall with whorled branches and thin, fibrous bark. Leaves scattered, sometimes in whorls of 38-5, narrow lanceolate, acute, margin somewhat revolute, midrib prominent on both sides, coriaceous, dark green above, slightly glaucous below, 13-26 cm. long. Staminate flowers 3-5 cm. long, sessile and clustered. Pistillate solitary, on a peduncle 12 mm. long. Receptacle fleshy, at first yellow-green, changing to orange-red and finally deep purple at maturity. Seeds ovoid, glaucous green, 12 mm. long. From the Himalayas to S. W. China and New Guinea. E. H. Wilson. notes that the tree is occasionally planted around temples in the warmer parts of Western Szechuan, particularly on Omei Shan. The fleshy receptacle of the fruit is eaten by the natives of Nepal. The wood is light, close and even grained, yellowish and fairly hard, much esteemed in Burma. This species is sometimes met with as a greenhouse plant in Europe. TORREYA Evergreen trees with more or less foetid or aromatic leaves, shoots and fruit. Buds with few bud scales, Leaves spirally arranged but appearing 2 ranked on the lateral branches, linear, sharp-pointed, slightly rounded and dark green on the upper surface, paler and with a groove and 2 narrow stomatiferous lines below, more or less foetid. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious. The staminate flowers solitary, in the axil of a leaf on the TAXACEAE , 47 previous year’s growth, ovoid or oblong, composed of numerous stamens in whorls of 4 on a slender axis, surrounded at the base by several pairs of scales; the stamens consist of 4 pollen sacs united to form a half ring by a projecting connective. Pistillate flowers scattered, sessile, consisting of a solitary ovule surrounded at the base by a fleshy urn-like disk or arillus and several scales, becoming at maturity a drupe-like fruit with a long seed pointed at the apex, entirely covered by a fleshy husk. 4 species, 2 in E. Asia and 2 in N. America. Torreya resembles the Cephalotaxus superficially, but they may be distinguished from each other by the leaves, which in Torreya are bristle pointed and marked by stomatiferous lines beneath, while in Cephalotarus, the leaves are short pointed, and covered on the under surface by 2 broad stomatiferous bands. The buds of Cephalotaxus have numerous scales which persist at the base of the branchlet, while Torreya has fewer bud scales which are, for the most part, non-persistent. The drupe-like fruit separates this from all other evergreen trees. The wood of Torreya is pale yellow, handsome and durable in contact with the, soil. It is used for furniture, house construction and for fence posts. The stumps of felled trees sprout freely. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Torreya grandis Fortune. (Fei Shu.) Tree sometimes 25 m. tall, occasionally shrubby, and producing fruit when very young. Bark gray-green. The leaves and branchlets have a very slight, if any, disagreeable odor. Branchlets green, turning yellow-brown the following year. Leaves 12-25 mm. long, linear lanceo- late, bright shiny green above, with 2 white bands beneath. Fruit ovoid or globose, 2-2.5 cm. long; husk without pungent odor. Nut reddish- brown, with irregular, shallow fissures on the surface. Chekiang, Fukien, Hupeh, Szechuan. Fortune first came upon fine specimens of this tree 25 m. tall, in the mountains above Ningpo in 1855, but it is now most commonly seen in its shrubby form. Although the seeds are said to have a purgative property, they are eaten when roasted and may be found exposed for sale in the markets. The medicine Fei Shu is derived from this nut. This is the only species found in China, the other Asiatic species, T. nucifera, being confined to Japan. 48 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMAE SALICACEAE Leaves alternate with stipules. Flowers dioecious, in catkins, Perianth absent. Stamens 2 to indefinite. Ovary 1 celled; styles 2. Capsule 2-4 valved. Seeds bearded, exalbuminous. Two genera and about 200 species, of which Salix is the largest genus, with about 150 species. The family occurs in the N. temperate region, extending into the arctic circle. Saliz is a most bafiling genus to the systematic botanist because the trees are dioecious, and the species hybridize freely. KEY TO GENERA I. Bracts of the flowers incised or fringed; stamens numerous; stigma elongated .......cce eee cece cece eee eet eeree Populus. TI. Bracts of flowers entire; stamens 2-10; stigmas short .... Salix. SALIX Trees or shrubs. Buds covered by a single bud scale, composed of 2 connate and coalescent stipules. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, stalked, mostly elongated and pointed, pinnately veined ; stipules serrate, small and caducous, or large and persistent. Flowers dioecious, in catkins, without perianth, each subtended by a bract with usually entire margins, glandular. Staminate flowers with 2-12 stamens on slender filaments. Pistillate flowers with a single pistil; carpels 2; stigmas 2, entire or bifid. Fruit a capsule dehiscent on top into 2 valves. Seeds minute, dark brown or black, furnished with long, silky hairs. About 150 species, mostly shrubs, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, ranging in habitat from low wet ground to Alpine heights. The wood of the genus, for the most part light and soft, is chiefly useful for the manufacture of small ware and for burning for charcoal. Of the arborescent species, the widely distributed Salix alba and Salix fragilis are valuable timber trees, and the wood supplies the best charcoal for the manufacture of gunpowder. The branchlets of the willow are woven into baskets and furniture, and large plantations of the willow trees are expressly maintained as an adjunct to these industries. SALICACEAE 49 Almost any species suitably treated will yield good material for baskets, but Salix viminalis and Salix purpurea are most commonly cultivated for this purpose. The cultivation of the willow should be encouraged in China in order to stimulate the basket and furniture weaving industry. But perhaps the most important use to which willows may be put is for soil eover—to hold river banks, to stop shifting sand and to prevent erosion on steep slopes. In Europe, Salix daphnoides, which extends from the Himalayas, through Northern Russia to Manchuria, is used ‘to hold shifting sand and railway embankments, the strong and wide- spreading root system renders this species particularly suitable for the purpose. It may have a like value in China. The willows increase readily by seeds, but the quickest method of propagaticn is by cuttings. Shoots stuck in the ground in early spring soon root and begin to grow. Salix babylonica Linnzus, Weeping Willow. Tree 10-15 m. tall with short trunk, wide-spreading branches and long, pendulous, glabrous, olive green or purplish branchlets. Leaves . 8-15 em. long, linear lanceolate, tapering to a narrow point, cuneate at. the base, bright shining green above, covered with a glaucous bloom beneath. Pistillate catkins about 3 cm. long, green, appearing with the leaves. Scale about 2/3 the length of the ovary. This tree is found wild in the western provinces of China. It was early introduced into Europe, now it is everywhere planted as a waterside tree in parks and cemeteries. The Weeping Willow strikes easily from cuttings and thrives best on loamy soil near water. It is one of the first trees to come into leaf in the spring. Salix matsudana Koidzumi Tree 38-13 m. tall. Twigs greenish-yellow. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at the apex with rounded, rarely acute base, bright green above, glaucous below, about 5-6 cm. long and 1.2-1.5 cm. broad; petiole 2-8 mm. long; stipules lanceolate, short, early deciduous on short shoots. Catkins appear before the leaves, short, cylindric, 1-1.5 cm. long. Pistillate catkins very short, 12 mm. long. Eastern Asia. This is the common Peking Willow, very widely planted in North China. 50 CHINESE ECONOMIC ‘TREES LT. Plate 14. SALIX BABYLONICA Linn:cus Staminate branch; 2. Pistillate branch ; ° te Mature leaves; Pistillate flower; 5. Staminate flower. (Details enlarged). SALICACEAE 51 Plate 15. SALIX MATSUDANA Hayata 1. Pistillate branch; 2. Staminate branch; 3. Sterile branch ; 4, 5, 6. Bract & Stamen of staminate flower; 7. Pistillate flower; 8. Bract of pistillate flower. 52 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES POPULUS Deciduous trees with buds covered by several imbricated bud scales. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, entire, crenate, dentate or serrate, stalked. Flowers dioecious, precocious (appearing before the leaves in the spring), in stalked, pendulous catkins, Staminate flowers in elongated catkins composed of numerous flowers each subtended by a deciduous, toothed, cut or cleft bract. Stamens 4-12 or 20-60 attached by a short filament to the cup-like disk which replaces the perianth; anthers 2 celled, red or purple. Pistillate catkins not so compact; ovary sessile on the oblique, cup-like disk, 1-celled; style short, stigma 2-4. Mature fruiting catkin often moniliform or necklace-like. Fruit a capsule dehiscent into 2-4 recurved valves. Seeds very small, surrounded by tufts of silky hair which gives the mass a cottony appearance. Quick-growing, intolerant trees, comprising about 50 species, widely distributed throughout Europe, America, Asia and Africa. Poplars thrive on any soil but they prefer alluvial land bordering ponds and streams. They are rapid growing trees, sometimes attaining great size, and are especially suited for windbreaks and hedges. Several species produce timber used in woodworking industries and for paper pulp. The tannin from the bark is used in Europe for curing hides; the leaves are fed to cattle for fodder. Some uses to which poplar wood is put are for flooring, packing cases, wooden shoes, bowls and dishes and matches. Waste land in China might be profitably planted to the poplars. Exotic species recommended for experimentation are:— P. tremula, P. tremuloides, P. nigra, P. deltoidea, P.alba. Propagation by seeds is most uncertain, cuttings afford the practical means of increase. Both the poplars and willows are subject to numerous insect and fungous attacks. Populus simonii Carricre A medium sized to tall tree of elegant habit and rapid growth. Young shoots slender, sometimes pendulous, reddish-brown, deeply angled and 5 ridged, conspicuously white lenticeled. Leaves small, 5-13 cm. long, diamond shaped or ovate, tapering at both ends, finely tcothed, dark green above, pale green below, glabrous on both sides. Petioles short, channeled above, red on young trees. Staminate catkins about 3 em. long. SALICACEAE , 53 Plate 16. POPULUS SIMONII Carriere 1. Flowering branch; 2. Sterile branch; 38. Staminate flower enlarged. 54 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES North China. Useful for a quick-growing-windbreak. On young sprouts the leaves are broadly elliptical, 7-16 em. long. Populus lasiocarpa Oliver, Tree 18 m.’high with dark gray fissured bark and pyramidal or rounded crown. Branchlets pubescent, angled. Leaves very large, some- times 30 em. long and 17 cm. wide, deeply cordate at the base, acuminate and gland-tipped at the apex, regularly and glandularly serrate; upper surface with a dense, white, pubescent tuft at the base, glabrescent with age; lower surface more or less tomentose, midribs and veins reddish; petioles red, round, Staminate catkins 10 cm. long. Capsules 2-3 valved, densely tomentose. ; North China. Dr. Henry states that this is a good timber tree. Populus tomentosa Carriere Tree 25 m. tall with gray tomentose branchlets and triangular, ovate leaves; margin with 10 or less sinuate teeth on each side. North and Central China. Large specimens are growing on the grounds of the Summer Palace in Peking. This is one of the best and largest poplars. The leaves are large. Populus tremula Linn. var Davidiana Schneider. Trembling Aspen. Medium sized tree up to 20 m, tall at best, producing suckers freely. Young leaves reddish-purple, conspicuous ‘at the time of unfolding. Leaves thin, small, ovate, margin with rounded, incurved teeth; petioles long, slender, laterally flattened. Scales hairy; stigma deeply cleft; stamens 6-8. This variety is the Chinese represeutative of the common European Aspen. Several horticultural forms are cultivated, notably a weeping and a tomentose form. . KE. Asia and China. SALICACEAE 55 Plate 17. POPULUS LASIOCARPA Oliver 1. Staminate branch; 2. Fruits; 38. Leaf; 4. Under side of leaf, show- ing glands; 5. Bract-of pistillate flower; 6. Bract of staminate flower; 7. Staminate flower; 8. Stamen; 9. Hermaphrodite flower; 10. Fistillate flower. (Enlarged details-from Hooker’s ““Teones Plantarum.’’) 56 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Populus silvestrii Pampanini. Allied to P. tremula of Europe with broadly ovate, acuminate, serrate, long-petioled leaves, tomentose beneath on young trees; on mature trees glabrous, Central China. Populus rotundifolia Griff. var. duclouxiana Gambocz Has nearly orbicular, somewhat cordate leaves and very long pistillate catkins (15-25 cm. long). Capsule long pedicelled. Allied to P. steboldit of Japan. S. W. China. Populus suaveolens Fischer Twigs cylindric, leaves stiff, very thick, finely crenate-serrate, ciliate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, whitish beneath. Suitable for hot, dry climate; also for ornamental planting. Rather slow growing but reaches a large size. Mongolia, Siberia, N. China. MYRICACEAE Trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, serrate, incised or entire. Flowers without perianth, monoecious or dioecious in unisexual or androgynous axillary catkins. In the androgynous inflorescence, the staminate flowers are borne’below the pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers with 4 (2-16) stamens in the axil of a bract; ovary rudimentary or absent. Pistillate single or in pairs; ovary 1 celled, 1 ovuled, sessile, in the axil of a bract, with 2-4, rarely 8, bractlets at the base; stigma 2, filiform, sessile, or on a short stalked style. Fruit a drupe, fleshy or succulent or dry or more or less covered with a waxy exudation, ora nut in a sealy involucre. Nutlets hard and bony. Seeds exalbuminous. Family consisting of 2 or 3 genera and about 50 species. The following is the only Chinese genus known. MYRICA Aromatic shrub or small tree. Leaves deciduous or evergreen, entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resin-dotted, without stipules. Flowers usually JUGLANDACEAE 57 dioecious, without perianth, subtended by minute bractlets. Staminate aments cylindric, opening before or with the leaves, stamens usually 4-6 (2-16). Pistillate aments ovoid or globose, ovary subtended by 2-4, short bracts, 1 celled; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruita drupe, ovoid or globose, the exocarp dry or fleshy, often waxy; nut thick-walled, 1 seeded. 50 or 60 species iu the warm temperate regions of the world. Wax is obtained from the fruits of several species, sometimes used in the making of candles. The astringent bark yields a substance used in tanning, dyeing and for medicinal purposes. The Chinese species is cultivated for its edible fruit. * Myrica rubra Siebold and Zuccartni. (Yang Mei.) ‘Strawberry Tree.” Shrub or small tree, with more or less pubescent branchlets. Leaves oblong lanceolate, acute or rounded, cuneate at the base, margin entire or serrate above the middle, dark green above, glaucous and glabrous below, 8-13 em. long. Stamens 6-10. Fruit globose, deep reddish- purple, succulent, with a sweet, pleasant, acid taste, resembling somewhat a small strawberry in appearance. Stone ovoid compressed, rough. S. China, Korea and Japan. China: Chekiang, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Fukien, Kwangtung and Hainan. Cultivated for its fruit and showing much variation so that there are various named varieties, one having a rose colored fruit of fine flavor. Eaten fresh or preserved, also made into a refreshing drink. Fruits of a dark wine red color, measuring over 2 cm. in diameter are obtainable in the markets of Shanghai in season. The author encountered a specimen measuring 7 m. tall in the Island of Hainan. JUGLANDACEAE Leaves alternate, without stipules, pinnately compound. Flowers monoecious; staminate in catkins, 1 flower to each bract, with or without perianth. Pistillate flowers in clusters of two or three or singly on a pendulous spike, perianth and bracts adherent to the ovary. Ovary inferior, 1 celled, 1 ovuled. Stigma 2-4 parted. Fruit a nut enclosed in a fleshy exocarp, or 4 valved and wdody, or winged. 58 CHINHSE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 18. MYRICA RUBRA Siebold & Zucearini 1. Staminate branch ; 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Pistillate branch; 4. Section of fruit; 5, Seed; 6. Staminate flower; 7. Pistillate flower. (Details enlarged.) ° JUGLANDACEAE 59 G genera in the N. temperate zone. The largest genus is Hicoria with 11 species, at one time thought to be purely American, but 1 species has been described from Chekiang. KEY TO GENERA A. Branches with chambered pith. I. Fruit a large drupe with a fleshy indehiscent husk......Juglans, II. Fruit a winged nutlet............ etc e eee c cee s PEEPOCarYa. B. Branches with solid pith. I. Fruit a large nut enclosed in a woody dehiscent husk... .Hicoria. II. Fruit a nutlet, many together a. Nutlets winged, borne in a scaly cone.......... Platycarya. b. Nutlets not winged, embraced at the base by a 8-lobed DYACh. se cee e cee esc ce terse seen ccenressseveelinglehardtia. JUGLANS Trees with pith in horizontal plates. Leaves deciduous, alternate, compound, aromatic, without stipules. Leaflets opposite, sessile or subsessile, entire or serrate. Flewers monoecious. Staminate flowers in slender, drooping catkins borne on the twigs of the previous year’s growth; perianth 2-5 lobed; stamens 6-380, in several series. Pistillate flowers few to many in a terminal erect spike, on the twigs of the current year’s growth; calyx 4 lobed; involucre 2-5 parted, adnate to the ovary; ovary inferior, 1 celled, 1 ovuled. Fruit a large drupe with a thick, fleshy, indehiscent husk enclosing a hard-shelled, bony, sculptured nut. Nut 2-4 celled at the base, indehiscent, or splitting into 2 valves. Seeds solitary, lobed, exalbuminous, filling the cavity of the nut. The cotyledons remain in the ground at germination. About 15 species scattered through N. and S. America, Europe and Asia. Juglans regia Linnzus. Walnut. Trees to 25 m. tall. Leaves large up to 25 cm. long; leaflets 5-13, the terminal one stalked, others subsessile, oblong-ovate or elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, entire or sinuate, glabrous, dark green above, pale green beneath, 5-15 cm. long. Pistillate flowers 1-4, usually green with 60 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 19. JUGLANS REGIA Linneus 1. Flowering branch ; pith; 4. Nut. 2. Fruiting branch; 3. Twig showing laminate JUGLANDACEAE 61 purple stigmas. Fruit globose, green, aromatic, the husk splitting irregularly at maturity. Nut roundish or oval, thin shelled and not deeply sculptured, divided in the interior by 2 incomplete septums; the cotyledons 2 lobed, wrinkled and corrugated. This so-called English or Persian Walnut is indigenous to China, and is commonly cultivated in N. China in various horticulturally named forms or varieties. The wood is purplish-brown in color, practically without characteristic taste or odor, moderately heavy, straight grained and hard, taking a high polish, commanding a high price in the market for high grade furniture-making and for gun stocks. * Juglans cathayensis Dode. ‘i Butternut. Bush or tree up to 15 m. tall. Branchlets, leaf rachis, and fruit glandular-hairy. Leaflets 9-17, oblong-ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, serrate, pubescent beneath. Staminate catkins 20-30 cm. long. Fruit 6-10 in a pendulous spike, ovate, pointed, 3-4.5 cm. long. Nuts ovate, pointed, 6-8 angled with prominent, broken ridges. Central, Western and South Western China. Abundant in Hupeh and Szechuan. The hard shell and small kernel render this nut of no great commercial value. Juglans mandshurica, Maximowicz. Tree 18 m. tal]. Branchlets pubescent or glabreseent. Leaflets 11-19, pubescent beneath. Fruits in short racemes, 6-13, globular-ovate to oblong, viscid. Nuts globose or ovate, with a sharp point and 8 prominent ridges. Manchuria, C. and W. China. Chihli, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan. The Chinese butternuts should be taken in hand by hybridizers with the object of improving the quality of the nuts to-render them marketable, Juglans mandshurica is very hardy. HICORIA Trees with solid pith. Leaves deciduous, without stipules, compound, odd pinnate. Leaflets sessile or subsessile, serrate, pinnately veined, 62 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES 3-17 in number. Flowers monoecious, appearing with the leaves. Staminate catkins pendulous, axillary, clustered, stalked or sessile, many flowered; each flower subtended by a 8-lobed bract; calyx, 3-6 lobed; stamens 3-10. Pistillate’ flowers on new growth of the season, 2-10, clustered in a spike; calyx 1 lobed; style 2; ovary solitary, 1 celled, 1 ovuled, enclosed in a cup-shaped involucre composed of the union of a bract and 2 bracteoles. Fruit a nut inclosed in a thick husk, more or less dehiscent into 4 valves; nut hard and bony; 2 celled on top, 4 celled atthe base. Seeds solitary 2 lobed and more or less wrinkled or corrugated, filling the cavity of the nut, exalbuminous. Cotyledons remain inclosed in the nut at germination, About 11 species all N. American except 1 recently discovered in China. Carya is a synonym for the genus. Hicoria is the older name. This is the hickory of commerce. Hicoria cathayensis (Sargent) Chun (Carya cathayensis Sargent. ) Tree to 29 m. tall. Leaves, 5-7 foliate, 20-30 em. long. Leaflets subsessile, lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the base, serrate, 10-14 em. long, 3.5-5 cm. wide, green above, rusty brown below. Fruit obovoid, 4 ridged at the suture of the husk; exocarp 2.5-3 mm. thick. Nuts ovoid to oval, base rounded, apex with a sharp, short tip, obscurely angled, 2-2.5 em. long, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. Cotyledons lobed almost to the apex. Chekiang and Kweichow. The nuts are sold in the markets as sweetmeats. They are also , expressed for oil used in fancy pastries, The wood is tough and strong, used for tool handles. It is not improbable that other species occur in China. PTEROCARYA, Trees with pith in horizontal plates or lamellae, Winter buds scaly or naked, usually stalked. Leaves deciduous, alternate, pinnately com- pound, without stipules; leaflets subsessile, serrate. Flowers monoecious, numerous in pendulous catkins, appearing with the leaves. Staminate flowers consist of 1-4 sepals and 6-18 stamiens in several series, on the axis cf 3 connate bracts, Pistillate catkins solitary, terminal, the flower subtended by a bract and 2 bracteoles, the ovary enclosed in a 4-toothed JUGLANDACEAE Plate 20. HICORIA CATHAYENSIS Chun 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Nut; 3. Section of fruit. 63 64 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES involucre, crowned with a short style divided into 2 papillose lobes at the summit. Ovary 1 celled, 1 ovule in thecell. Fruit, winged nuts attached to a long pendulous axis. Nuts usually 2 winged with thin pericarp and hard endocarp, imperfectly 4 celled at the base, 1 seeded. Cotyledons 4 lobed, carried above ground in germination. : 8 species all in Europe and Asia. 6 species occur in China. Pterocarya stenoptera De Candole. Trees 18 m. high, with long naked buds. Branchlets villose. Leaves 380 cm. long, rachis winged, or wings reduced dr absent, pubescent beneath or nearly glabrous; leaflets 9-25, sessile, coriaceous, oblong or oblong lanceolate, acute, rounded and unequal at the base, serrate, pubescent below on the midribs, 10-12 em. Jong, Fruit on pendulous axis sometimes 30 cm, long. Nut with beak-like apex, wings oblong to oblong-lanceolate, usually upright and divergent. Common in C. and W. China. A rapid growing tree, planted in Shanghai and other cities ag street trees. Wood soft and light, of little known value. It would be advisable to investigate this tree as to its value as matchwood. Its rapid growth renders it capable of being managed on short rotations. It is occa- sionally badly infested by aphis. Pterocarya hupehensis Skan. Tree 8m. tall, Buds naked, Twigs glabrous. Rachis not winged. Leaflets 5-9 (5 or 7-17 or 19), lanceolate, brown scurfy scaly beneath when young, becoming glabrous excepting for persistent brown stellate hairs along veins and axils of veins beneath. Fruit with suborbicular wing, 12 mm. in diameter. Hupeh. P. hupehensis does not appear to differ materially from P. frazinifolia Spach, and should probably be regarded as a synonym or mere form of that species. Pterocarya paliurus Batalin. Tree 12 m. tall. Twigs glabrescent. Rachis not winged. Leaflets 7. Fruit with the two wings connate, forming a large, orbicular membrane around the nut. Central China. The fruit resembles somewhat that of Paliurus. JUGLANDACEAE 65 _—- a aN EVEL KO) Eze y Wee = Plate 21. PTEROCARYA STENOPTERA De Candole 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate branch; 8, Staminate flower; 4. Pistillate flower; 5. Section of pistillate flower. (Details enlarged). 66. CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 22, PTEROCARYA PALIURUS Batalin JUGLANDACEAE 67) ‘PLATYCARYA ; Deciduous trees. Branchlets with solid pith. Winter buds covered by imbricated scales. Leaves odd pinnate; leaflets 5-19, sessile, ovate- lanceolate, long pointed, oblique and wedge-shaped at the base, doubly’ serrate. Flowers monoecious; staminate catkins axillary, 4-12 together;, pistillate solitary, terminal, conelike. Fruit, winged nutlets borne in the axils of the scales of an upright cone. . A monotypic genus distinguished from the other members of Juglandaceae by the cone-like fruit bearing small winged nutlets. Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zuccarini. Bush or small tree, rarely to 20 m. tall with thick, dark gray and deeply furrowed bark, Leaves 15-30 cm. long; leaflets 4-12 cm. long. Cone oval, brown, about 4 cm. long; scales sharp pointed. Nutlets about 4 mm. across. Kiangsi, Hupeh, Yunnan, Chekiang, Kiangsu. A black dye for dying cotton cloth is derived from the fruits of this tree. ENGLEHARDTIA Trees or shrubs. Branches with solid pith. Leaves pinnate; leaflets entire, serrate. Staminate inflorescence in pendulous spikes; flowers composed of 4-12 stamens on an entire or more or less unequally Jobed bract. Pistillate inflorescence a long, pendulous spike; flowers sessile on a 3-4 lobed bract with a 4 parted calyx adnate to the ovary; stigma 2. Fruit a globose nutlet at the base of an unequally 3-lobed bract of which the middle lobe is the longest ; nutlet 2-valved. About 5 species are recognized in India, Malay and China. Englehardtia spicata Blume. Small to large half-evergreen tree. Leayes 15-30 cm. long; leaflets more or Jess membranous, obtuse to acute, unequal at the base, more or Jess tomentose on the under surface and on the petiolules. Staminate flowers with entire bracts and sessile stamens; pistillate flowers with 3 lobed bracts. Nutlets globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, villose; bract 5-8 em. long, the middle lobe linear, oblong and blunt. 68 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES India, Java and Southern China. From the material I have seen, I believe E. acerifolia Blume and E. colebrookiana Lindley belong here. ‘The latter is characterized by denge tomentum on the under surface of the leaves. Englehardtia chrysolepis Hance. (E, wallichiana Lindley.) Leaflets leathery, entire, quite glabrous. Staminate flowers with lobed bracts and usually 12 stamens. Pistillate flower with a 4-lobed stigma. Nutlet globose, 4 mm. in diameter, crowned with a 4-lobed perianth covered with yellow, glandular scales; middle Jobe of the bract about 4 em. long. Singapore, Hongkong, Yunnan, Szechuan. BETULACEAE . Trees or shrubs. Branchlets with conspicuous lenticels. Leaves alternate, simple, usually doubly serrate, with stipules. Flowers monoe- cious, in catkins. The staminate 1-8, in the axils of the leaves, with 2-4 parted calyx, or ¢alyx wanting; stamens 2-20, the filaments distinct, inserted on a receptacle; the pistillate with or without calyx; ovary inferior, 2 celled; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous. Nutlet usually winged, 2 celled, 1 seeded; seeds exalbuminous. Nutlets borne in a strobile (Betula, etc.) or as enlarged nutletg enclosed in an involucre (Corylus) . Six genera and about 75 species in the Northern Hemisphere, This is an important family, several genera are in cultivation for ornament, fruit or timber. Betula is an important inhabitant of the forests of the temperate region, and its timber isa valuable article of commerce. KEY TO GENERA A. Staminate flower solitary in the axils of the scale, without calyx; pistillate flower with calyx; nuts not winged, subtended or enclosed by an involucre formed of the bracts and bractlets of the flower. I. Staminate flowers with 2 bractlets; pistillate flower 2-4, capitate; nuts large, enclosed in a leafy involucre.. ..Corylus. BETULACEAE ; 69 II. Staminate flower without bractlets ; pistillate ament spike-like; nuts small, subtended or enclosed by an involucre. a. Fruiting bractlet flat, 2 cleft, foliaceous....... . Carpinus, b. Fruiting bractlet bladder-like, entire or 3 lobed, 1. Fruiting bractlet entire..............e0005+ Ostrya. 2. Fruiting bractlet 3 lobed....++......+0++ Ostryopsis. B. Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axils of the scales, with calyx; pistillate flower without calyx, the ament becoming a coriaceous or woody strobile; nuts without involuere, more or less winged. I. Pistillate ament solitary, the scales deciduous; stamens 2; winter buds scaly; strobile coriaceous.........+++.. Betula. IL. Pistillate ament racemose, the scales becoming thick, woody and persistent; stamens 4; winter buds without scales. . Alaus. OSTRYA Small trees. Buds scaly, pointed. The staminate flower buds in terminal, naked catkins; the pistillate flower buds enclosed in axillary scaly buds. Leaves deciduous, doubly serrate, stalked, pinnately veined, stipules oblong or lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous; the staminate clustered, in pendulous, terminal catkins; pistillate catkins from axillary buds, erect, each scale bearing 2 ovaries, calyx adnate to the ovary; ovary inferior, 2 celled, 1 ovuled; each pistil enclosed in a hairy sac-like involucre formed by the union of the bracts and the bracteoles. Fruit a stalked strobile composed of the imbricated, inflated, bladder-like involuecre enclosing a nutlet. Nutlet ovoid, compressed, sessile, crowned by the remnant of the calyx, conspicuously ribbed. Seeds solitary. 4 species in N. America, Europe, and Asia. The species are ‘so closely allied that botanists are disposed to regard them as geographical variants of the same species, The genus is easily recognized by the cone or hop-like fruits composed of flattish, inflated, membranous, bladder-like bracts-each enclosing a smal], bony nutlet. The tree is slow growing and never attains a large size, and the hard, close- grained wood has little commercial value, although locally useful. The ‘seeds usually do not germinate until the second year. “70 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES _Ostrya japonica Sargent. A small tree sometimes 16 m. tall, Young branchlets pubescent, ‘Leaves densely pubescent beneath, round or slightly cordate at the base, 5-10 em. long. Fruit about 4 cm. long, peduncles somewhat shorter, N. E, Asia. China: Szechuan and Hupeh. OSTRYOPSIS - A monotypic genus, closely related to Ostrya, resembling it in habit and foliage, but differing in the fruit, which is inclosed in a 3-parted involucre, several inbricated together to form a catkin-like head. Ostryopsis davidiana Decasne is a low shrub. Mongolia; N. and W. China. CARPINUS Trees. Buds rounded or acute with numerous imbricated scales, Leaves deciduous, alternate, stalked, doubly serrate, pinnately veined, the veins ending in the tips of the teeth; stipules deciduous. Flowers monoe- cious, apetalous, in solitary, lateral catkins; the staminate naked or more or less concealed within scaly buds in the winter. Stamens 3-20, 2 forked at the apex, crowded on a pilose torus or receptacle, adnate to the base of each scale. Pistillate flowers (from lateral, scaly winter buds) in catkins or spikes, terminating leafy lateral shoots, the flowers in pairs at the base of each scale, each subtended by a bract and 2 bracteoles which develop into a large leafy, more or less 3 lobed bract. Calyx adnate to the ovary; ovary inferior, 2 celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Nutlet ovate, acute, ribbed, crowned by the remnant of the calyx lobes, embraced at the base by the bract-like involucre, . About 20 species in Asia, Europe, N. and ©, America. Carpinus is distinguished by the fruit composed of a nutlet surrounded at the base by ‘an involucre of 3-lobed, or serrated bracts. The genus is useful chiefly in ornamental planting. The wood of some species is hard and close grained and is used in the making of tool handles and other small services. Carpinus cordata Blume. Tree up to 15 m. high. Bark gray, scaly and deeply furrowed. Branchlets orange to light brown, conspicuously lenticelled, pubescent at BETULACEAE WW Plate 23. OSTRYA JAPONICA Sargent . Fruiting branch; 2. Section of fruit; 3. Staminate branch; Stamen, enlarged; 5. Pistillate flower, enlarged. 72 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES first. Buds conspicuous, large, sometimes 2.5 cm. long, acute, covered with chestnut-brown scales. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, deeply cordate and oblique at the base, 8-15 cm. long, unequally serrate, dark green above, pale green and pubescent below, veins 15-20 pairs, impressed above. Fruit 8-15 cm, long, with broadly ovate, remotely serrate bracts, lobed at the inner margin, the lobes often large (1/8 the length of the bract), embracing the basal portion of the nutlet. N. E. Asia. China, Korea, Manchuria and Japan. CORYLUS Shrubs or trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate, petioled, serrate, pinnately veined, stipulate. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, precocious, (flowering before the leaves). Staminate in cylindrical, pendulous, terminal or lateral catkins, solitary or several together, the catkins composed of numerous closely imbricated scales, each bearing 4 bifid stamens and 2 adnate bracteoles. Pistillate flowers from lateral scaly buds which develop into short leafy branchlets, the flowers and fruit being terminal. Pistillate flowers with 2 red, protruding styies; ovary 2 celled, subtended at the base by 2 laciniate bracteoles. Fruit single or in clusters, a 1-seeded nut sur- rounded by a leafy involucre variously lobed or cut. Seeds exalbuminous. About 20 species, 5 or 6 of which are ascribed to China. Corylus yields the hazelnut of commerce and: several species are cultivated in Europe and America for their fruits. The nut is rounded or oval, enclosed in a leafy involucre which is tubular, variously cut and lobed and open at the summit. The seeds should be sown in the autumn or stratified until spring. The only arborescent Chinese species is: — Corylus chinensis Franchet. Tree 35 m. tall with rounded top. Branches horizontal and spreading. Young shoots tomentose. Leaves large, 12 cm. long, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, acuminate, slightly cordate and very oblique at the base, glabrous above and pubescent below and setulose along the veins; petiole tomentose, 6-25 mm. Jong. Fruit 4-6 in a cluster, variable in size; involucre striate, constricted above the nut, more or less furcate, recurved, finely pubescent. W. China: Yunnan, Szechuan and Hupeb. 73 BETULACEAE Plate 24. CORYLUS CHINENSIS Franchet 2. Fruiting branch. 1. Staminate branch; 74 (CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES This tree grows in mixed forests and sometimes attains a height of 100 feet. It is closely allied to the European tree-hazel Corylus colurna, of which it was once considered a variety. ALNUS Trees or shrubs, Leaves deciduous, alternate, stalked, serrate or dentate, rarely entire, pinnately veined, stipules deciduous. Leaf buds in winter usually stalked, club shaped, few scaled. Flowers monoecious in cylindrical catkins, apetalous. Staminate catkins terminal or subterminal, elongated, in clusters of 2-6, conspicuous in winter; flowers small, 3 to each scale; stamens 4, filaments short, undivided; calyx 4 lobed. Pistillate catkins much smaller than and below the staminate, naked in winter or concealed within lateral scaly buds, several together or rarely solitary; flowers naked, 2 to each bract; ovary 2 celled, ovules solitary in each cell; style 2. Fruit a strobile or woody cone with persistent scales, remaining on the branches after the liberation of the nutlets. Nutlets winged or wingless, 1-seeded by abortion. About 25 species in Europe, Asia and N. America. The genus is characterized by staminate catkins appearing before the leaves and by pistillate flowers developing into woody cones. Nearly all the species prefer moist situations and they are usually found alongside of ponds and streams. The wood of some species is hard and durable in water. Alnus cremastogyne Burkill. Tree 30 m. tall with rough, gray bark. Young branchlets glabrous. Leaves obovate or ovate, acuminate, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, margin irregularly serrate, smooth, dark green above, paler and with tufts of brown hairs on the veins below, 6-18 em. long; petioles 6-13 mm. long. Catkins solitary, axillary, appearing in the spring. Cone ovate, solitary, 2 cm. long; peduncles 4-5 cm. long. Nutlet provided with a broad wing. Szechuan. This tree is suitable for planting in wet sites. The wood is used chiefly for fuel and it is occasionally planted along the borders of rice fields, apparently for this purpose. Alnus lanata Duthie may be a form of the above. The other Chinese species are shrubby. 75 BETULACEAE Z Yl Mp UY Yp Plate 25. ALNUS CREMASTOGYNE Burkill 2, Staminate branch. 1, Fruiting branch; 76 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES BETULA Trees or shrubs. Bark with conspicuous lenticels, often peeling in thin, papery strips, frequently white. Lateral buds usually sessile, scaly and pointed. Leaves deciduous, alternate, stalked, pinnately veined, serrate or crenate or incised; stipules caducous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Staminate catkins cylindric, naked, solitary or several together, terminal or lateral, conspicuous in winter, flowering in spring before or with the leaves. Flowers 8 to each scale; stamens 2, divided at the apex; calyx 1-4 parted. Pistillate catkins from lateral scaly buds developing with the leaves, the flowers of these catkins in 3’s, without calyx; ovary 2 celled, 1 ovuled; style 2, stigmatic at the tip. Fruit cylindric or cone-like; scales 3 lobed, deciduous, falling with the winged nutlets. Nutlets compressed with a more or less developed and often transparent wing on each side and crowned by the remnant of the style at the apex. About 35 species of birches are known, a considerable number are shrubs, Probably 10 or 12 species occur in China. The birches are widely distributed and occupy a great range of situations. Several arborescent species are important forest trees producing a close-grained, moderately hard wood which is esteemed for cabinet and furniture making, interior finish and for small woodenware such as shoe lasts and spools, It has a high fuel value. The bark is impervious to water and that of several species is sometimes stripped from the tree in long sheets by the American Indians and fashioned into light boats which they call canoes. Boxes, shoes and boots are also made from the bark. The leaves and bark yield a medicine. The sweet sap tapped from several species is nade into a pleasant beverage. , The Chinese species of birches can be certainly known only after extensive collections from various parts of the country have been made and a comparative study undertaken. Species have been described by European and American botanists based on fragmentary material out of forms which are undoubtedly’ only geographical variants. Betula japonica Siebold. (B. alba Turezaninow.) (B. alba var japonica Rehder.) Small tree, 25 m. tall with glabrous, glandular or glandless branches. Leaves broadly cuneate, truncate or rounded at the base, deltoid-ovate, BETULACEAE 77 Plate 26. BETULA JAPONICA Siebold 1. Fruiting branch and an enlarged pistillate flower; 2. Flowering branch; 8, 4. Front and back of seed; 5, 6, Staminate flower; 7. Stamen. (Details enlarged.) 78 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES acuminate, simply or doubly serrate, glabrous or pubescent below with tufted hairs on the axils of the veins, 5-7 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide; petioles 1.5-2 em. long. Strobile solitary, about 2.5 em. long. Nutlet oblong or ovate-oblong with thin, transparent wings. N. E. Asia. China: Chihli. Several varieties of this tree have been distinguished, but for all practical purposes they may be disregarded by foresters. Propagated by seeds. The number of seeds per lb. is about 777,600, Betula davurica Pallas. Tree 20 m. tall. Bark purplish-brown. Branchlets hairy, glandular, Leaves about 8 cm. long, narrow ovate to ovate-rhombic, acute, cuneate at the base, irregularly serrate, pubescent along the veins beneath. Strobile ovoid-cylindric with glabrous scales; nutlets very narrow winged. Amurland, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, and N. China. This tree is distinguished by the shaggy, purplish-brown bark. Betula albo—sinensis Burkill. (B. utilis var sinensis Winkler.) Tree 30 m. tall with orange-red bark and glabrous, shiny branchlets. Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, rounded at the base, somewhat glabrous beneath, with 9-10 pairs of veins, 4-8 cm. long. Cones cylindric, about 4 em. long. Central and W. China, Betula alnoides Hamilton. Tree 20 m. tall with brown bark. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves glossy green, glabrous or nearly so, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 6-16 cm. long, doubly serrate, with 10-18 pairs of veins Allied to B. mazimowiczit. India to Yunnan. Betula luminifera Winkler, Tree 20 m. tall with smooth yellow-gray to reddish-brown bark. Leaves ovate, subcordate, serrate with acute teeth, 8-13 em. long. Strobile solitary, 5-8 cm. long. FAGAUEAE 79 Allied to B. alnoides. Central China. This tree is common at low elevations within its range. FAGACEAE Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious. Stamens 2-4 or indefinite. Ovary inferior, 2-6 celled; ovules solitary or in pairs, Fruit a nut, more or less inclosed in bract-like scales, usually to form a spiny, scaly or woody eup or involucre. Nut generally 1 seeded by abortion of some of the ovules, The family has 6 genera and about 600 species widely distributed. Nothofagus is confined to the 8S. Hemisphere. All the genera are repre- sented by important timber trees. ; KEY TO THE CHINESE GENERA A. Staminate flowers capitate; the pistillate in 2-4 flowered clusters; “ nuts triangular ......... dates tugtabise cae! dkayie Nias alagudian soe adese Fagus. B. Staminate flowers in slender aments; nuts more or less rounded. I. The pistillate flowers in 2-5 flowered clusters, below the staminate in a bisexual ament. a. Fruits inclosed in a prickly bur. 1. Fruit maturing in 1 season; leaves deciduous; ovary 6 celled; branchlets Jengthening by means of an axillary bud; bud scales 4 .......++++..- Castanea. 2. Fruit maturing in 2 seasons; Iéaves persistent; ovary 3 celled; branchlets lengthening by means of a terminal bud; bud scales numerous... .Castanopsis. b. Fruit inclosed partly in a more or less scaly cup, usually spicate....... Say gi aie ata ave eee ses.eeees- Lithocarpus. II. Pistillate flowers solitary in a few-flowered unisexual spike; fruit more or less inclosed in a scaly cup.......++ Quercus. FAGUS ‘ Trees or shrubs. Buds scaly, elongated and pointed. Leaves deciduous, alternate, pinnately veined, serrate. Stipules linear, lanceolate, early 80 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES deciduous or rarely persistent. Staminate flowers in many flowered, globose fascicles on drooping peduncles; calyx 4-7 lobed; stamens 8-10, attached to the base of the calyx by slender filaments. Pistillate flowers in clusters of 2-4, nearly sessile or rarely long stalked, surrounded by numerous bractlets, the outer ones deciduous, the shorter inner ones united to form a 4-lobed involucre; calyx 4-5 lobed, 3 angled; ovary inferior, 3 celled, 2 ovules in each cell; styles 83. Fruit 2~4 nuts inclosed in a woody, prickly involucre which splits into 4 valves. Nuts ovate, 3 angled, chestnut brown, marked by a triangular scar at the base, crowned with the remnants of the style. E. N. America, Europe, N. and C. China, and Japan. About 16 species are known. The beeches are characterized by smooth gray bark and elongated, scaly pointed buds. The widely dis- tributed European species, Faus sylvatica, is an important timber tree, remarkable for its tolerance of heavy shade, and on this account, it is planted under oaks and pines to be harvested in 60-80 years before the slower growing species come into muturity. In China the beeches form pure forests of no great extent. The wood is hard and close grained, strong but not durable, suitable for the manufatture of woodenware and agricultural implements and when thoroughly impregnated with creosote, makes fairly durable railroad ties. The nuts are sweet and edible, occasionally ground into flour and in Europe, particularly in France, largely expressed for a sweet oil used to adulterate olive oil, also for soap making and for illumination. The beeches sprout freely from the stump and are therefore suitable for coppice management. Drying destroys the vitality of the seeds; they should be sown in a fresh condition. Fagus sinensis Oliver. (Fagus sylvatica var longipes Oliver.). (Fagus longipetiolata Seeman.) Tree up to 16m. tall. Leaves to 8 em. long, oval, pointed, broadly cuneate at the base with 10-11 pairs of veins ending in the teeth which are sharply serrate; petiole up to lem. long. Fruit about 2 cm. long on stalk about 5 em. long or less. Hupeh, Szechuan and Yunnan. Dr. Henry reported a tree 15 m. in girth. Fagus sinensis usually occurs in mixed woods in company with oaks and maples and other FAGACEAE 81 Plate 27. FAGUS SINENSIS Oliver 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Pistillate flower; 3. Seed; 4. Staminate flower. (Details enlarged.) 82 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES deciduous species. Occasionally it forms pure stands. The wood of this tree is used for boat building and the making of plows and tool handles, When thoroughly impregnated with creosote it makes good railroad ties, mine-props and foundation timber. From the seeds, an oil suitable for cooking and lighting, is sometimes extracted. Fagus engleriana Seeman. Tree 15 m. high with brownish twigs. Leaves up to 5.8 cm. long, 4.2 cm. wide, papery, oblong-ovate or obovate, short pointed, rounded or obtuse at the base, bright green above, gray-green, glabrous or glaucescent below, shallowly crenate or slightly toothed, with 12-13 pairs of lateral nerves which curve near the margin; petiole 1 em. long. Fruit ovoid with gray-brown hairy scales, opening into 4 valves, about 1.5 em. long on a glabrous stalk 7.5 cm. long. Nuts enclosed, oval or 3 angled, pointed, hairy. Hupeh and Szechuan. This beech is reported to form pure stands with no individuals attaining any great size. Dr. Augustine Henry discovered it in western Hupeh growing on wooded cliffs. A third species Fagus lucida, based on incomplete material, has been proposed by Rehder and Wilson. The leaves of this species are green on both sides with more or less sinuate margins and irregular teeth sometimes ending in mucronate tips. Until the flowers and fruits are discovered this species may be disregarded for practical purposes. CASTANEA Deciduous trees or shrubs. Buds with few overlapping scales. Leaves alternate, serrate, obiong to lanceolate, pinnately veined, the veins ending in the sharp bristle-tipped teeth. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, strongly scented, in slender, elongated, upright aments. The lower anients bear only staminate flowers, the pistillate flowers being borne only at the base of the uppermost aments of the branch. Staminate flowers 2-3, crowded in a bract; calyx 6 parted; stamens 10-20. Pistillate sessile, solitary or 2-3 together, inclosed in a scaly involucre with a bract and 2 bracteoles at the base; styles 6; ovary inferior, 6 celled, 2 ovulesin each cell. Fruit usually 1-3, or occasionally more nuts in an involucre or bur armed with branched spines. The bur splits open at maturity into 2-4 valves. FAGACEAE Plate 28. FAGUS ENGLERIANA Seeman 1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch. 83 84 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Nuts rounded or compressed, dark-brown, shiny, tomentose or pubescent at the apex to which the remnant of the style remains attached, marked by an oval scar at the base. Seeds solitary or occasionally 2-3 in each nut, the abortive ovules are attached to the apex of the seed. About 10 species known in Europe, North America, N. Africa and Asia. About 3 species have been ascribed to China. The chestnut is cultivated in Europe, America and Asia as a fruit tree. The nuts ground into flour and made into a porridge constitute an important. food of the peasants of France, Italy and Spain. In China many varieties are under cultivation, separable into 2 distinct types, one characterized by a large nut, similar to the Spanish chestnut, and the other by a small nut esteemed for its very fine flavor. The wood is pale, with dark brown heart wood, coarse grained, porous, very durable in contact with the soil and for construction purposes, inferior only to the oak. Chestnut timber for rail- way ties, telegraph and telephone poles, finds a ready market in America. The chestnuts are grown under coppice management to supply posts and poles and staves for barrel making. Unfortunately the chestnuts are liable to several serious fungous infestations, the most destructive one, known as the Chestnut Bark disease, has rendered the growing of the chestnut in America impracticable, Castanea differs chiefly from Castanopsis by being deciduous while Castanopsis is evergreen. Castanea mollissima Blume. (Pan Li.) Chestnut. Tree 15-20 m. tall with deeply fissured bark and pilose young branches. Winter buds short, broadly ovate and tomentose. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or truncate at the base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, smooth above, more or less densely tomentose with stellate hairs below, 9-15 cm. long on a short pubescent stalk. Staminate aments as long as the leaves. Fruit variable in size, light brown with pubescent spines. Nuts up to 2.5-cm. across. Indigenous to the mountains of western China. Widely cultivated. This chestnut attains a large size when permitted to grow, but around habitations the biggest trees have been cut off and it is now most commonly met with as a small tree or bushy shrub. The nuts are sold in the markets, and are noted for their size. FAGACEAE Plate 29. CASTANEA MOLLISSIMA Blume 1, Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 8. Seed; 4. Nut; exposing nuts. 85 5. Bur, 86 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Castanea henryi (Skan) Rehder and Wilson. (Castanopsis henryi Skan.) (Castanea vilmoriana Dode.) Tree 20-25 m. tall, occasionally taller. Leaves 10-19 cm. long, green on both sides, glabrous, pubescent only on the midrib and veins below, long acuminate, widest at or below the middle, with bristle pointed teeth. Fruits solitary or 2:or more on a short spike; nuts globose, 12 mm. across, usually 1 in the involucre. Central China. A very valuable tree, yielding the largest merchantable timber of any Chinese species. The nuts are small. Castanea seguinti Dode is a third species native in Chekiang, Hupeh, Kiangsi and other parts of China. It may be separated from the other species by the leaves, which are densely minutely lepidote on the under side, the others being glabrous on the lower surface. Castanea crenata Siebold and Zuccarini is a fourth species found in eastern Asia but, so far as known, is confined to Japan and Korea. CAS TANOPSIS Evergreen trees or rarely shrubs. with alternate, entire or dentate, pinnately veined leaves. Flowers monoecious, in erect spikes. Staminate flowers usually in 3’s on simple or branched spikes; calyx 5-6 lobed or parted; stamens usually 10-12 or indefinite. Pistillate flowers solitary or rarely in pairs, enclosed in an involucre of imbricated scales in simple or branched spikes or scattered at the base of the male inflorescence; calyx 6 lobed; ovary inferior, 3 celled; ovules 2 in each cell; styles 3. Fruit matures at the end of the second year, globose, armed with spines, enclosing 1-4 nuts, About 85 species described, 15 of which have been ascribed to China. The chief distinction between Castunea and Castanopsis is that Cas‘anea is deciduous while Castanopsis is evergreen. In Castanopsis the ovary is 3 celled and the fruit matures in the second year. Castanopsis hystrix De Candole. Trees with pubescent young shoots and inflorescence. Leaves 6-15 em. long, coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire FAGACEAE 87 / or rarely remotely serrate near the apex, obtuse or slightly tapering to the base, glabrous above, tomentose below, glabrescent with age. Pistillate flowers in 3’s, covered by numerous small, pubescent bracteoles. Fruit 5 cm. in diameter, slightly 4 angled, armed with straight, stiff spines. Nuts 3 or rarely 1, ovoid-conic, more or less 3-angled. Himalaya to China: Szechuan, Yunnan, Fukien. This species occupies the place in the subtropical regions ‘that the more important oaks do in the temperate zone. Castanopsis schlerophylla Schottky. Tree to 20 m. with smooth, dark-gray bark. Leaves oval to oblong- ovate to oblong, acuminate, serrate above the middle, glabrous, glauces- cent beneath, 6-15 cm. long. Fruits in dense spikes with peduncles to 10 cm. long; involucre dehiscent, ovoid with ‘close, concentric ridges of small tubercles not wholly enclosing the solitary conical nut. E. & Central China. ; The nuts of this species are made into a paste which constitutes a common food for the peasants. Castanopsis fargesii Franchet. Tree to 85 m. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, serrate above the middle, yellowish or grayish tomentulose beneath, almost glabrous at maturity, 5-13 cm. long. Staminate aments solitary, flowers white, stamens about 6 mm. long. Fruit about 2 cm. aeross in stout spikes to 15 em. long with stout, often reflexed fascicled spines, about 8 mm. long. Nut usually -solilary, wholly inclosed. , Central and West China. This species is common in Western China, occurring with other species and often attaining a large size. It isa handsome evergreen tree especially attractive at the time of flowering. LITHOCARPUS Trecs. Leaves persistent, entire or dentate, alternate, petiolate, stipules of upper leaves persistent. Flowers monoecious, in erect 88 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES unisexual or bisexual aments. Staminate flowers in 3’s, subtended by 1 basal and 2 lateral bracts; calyx 5 lobed, tomentose; stamens 10; ovary abortive. Pistillate flowers scattered at the base of the staminate aments of the uppermost branches, solitary, subtended by 1 acute bract and minute bractlets; calyx 6 lobed; stamens 6, anthers abortive; ovary 3- celled, ovules 2 in each cell; styles 3. Fruit an ovate nut surrounded at the base by the woody, cup-like involucre more or less covered with imbricated scales, Fruit matures in the second year. The nut is 1- seeded by abortion. Lithocarpus is intermediate between the chestnut and the oak. The inflorescence is chestnut-like; the fruit resembles an acorn. The genus is mostly subtropical. About 100 species in S. EB. Asia and lin W. America. Under this genus are included 3 other genera, namely: Passania, Cyclobalanus and Synaedrys. Lithocarpus spicata (Smith) Rehder & Wilson. (Quercus spicata Smith.) Evergreen.tree to 18 m. tall. Leaves coriaceous, entire, glabrous, shiny, thick, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, subacute to acuminate at the apex; petiole 2.5 cm. or less long. Staminate spikes tomentose, 5-20 em. long in terminal panicles or solitary and axillary; perianth 5-6 cleft; stamens 10-12. Fruit crowded or clustered on stout erect spike. Cupules 1.2-2.5 cm. across, enclosing the nut when young, shallow and embracing at most the lower third of the acorn at maturity. Nut ovoid- conic to subglobose, hard, smooth and shiny. Yunnan and Szechuan, India & Java. The wood is hard and tough. As generally accepted by botanists this is a very variable species extending over a great area. Some of the variations have been given names and it is possible that our Chinese trees which have been called L. spicata var. mupinensis by Rehder & Wilson may prove to be a distinct species, in which case it should be known as L, mupinensis Chun. The leaves appear to be smaller and with longer petiole than the L. spicata seen as collected in India. Lithocarpus spicata var. yunnanensis appears to be hardly separable from L, cleistocarpa (Seeman) Rehder & Wilson found in Hupeh and Szechuan. L. Henryi (Seeman) Rehder & Wilson is found in Hupeh and Szechuan. FAGACEAE 89 Plate 30. LITHOCARPUS SPICATA Rehder & Wilson ga Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting spike; 3. Staminate flower, enlarged; 4. Nut. 90 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES L. megaloplylla Rehder & Wilson from Szechuan appears to be rare, L. viridis (Schottky) Rehder & Wilson is another species common in Western China. : QUERCUS Trees or shrubs. Buds usually clustered at the ends of the twigs, scales numerous, imbricated in 5 ranks. Leaves alternate, stalked, entire, toothed or lobed, deciduous or persistent. Flowers monoecious, or dioecious, apetalous. Staminate flowers in’slender catkins from axils of leaves or scars of the previous year, numerous, with 4-7 lobed calyx; stamens with slender filaments, 4-6, rarely more. Pistillate flowers few and inconspicuous, solitary or in a few flowered spike, enclosed in an involucre of imbricated scales; calyx 6 lobed; ovary 3-5.celled; ovules 2; style 8-5. Fruit a rounded nut (acorn) marked with a pale scar at the base, more or less surrounded by a scaly woody cup, 1 seeded. About 250 species, widely distributed in the whole world, a large number occurring in China. The genus consists of evergreen or deciduous trees with alternate, entire, dentate, lobed or cleft leaves and oval or rounded nuts more or less surrounded at the base by a scaly, woody cup. The nuts or acorns require 1 or 2 years to mature. The oaks, for the most part, are hardy, long lived trees producing valuable timber. The wood of most species is tough, strong and durable, valued for many uses, notably for shipbuilding, house construction, cartwrighting, furniture and interior finish. The bark of several species is used for tanning, that of a Mediterranean species (Q. suber) yields the cork of commerce. The nuts of several species are edible. In China silkworms are fed on the leaves of several oaks, Several fungi growing on the oaks are edible. Some of them are cultivated on saplings felled for the purpose. The oaks are propagated by seeds. Transplanting is difficult on account of the long tap root. The seeds should be sown as soon as ripe, preferably in the autumn, in the place where they are exprcted to grow. Where spring sowing is practiced, the acorns should be stratified in moist sand over winter. Germination sets in about 5 weeks after sowing in the spring. The tap root of the seedling must be partly removed before transplantation. One year old transplants are suitable for setting out in the permanent forest. The evergreen oaks ure especially difficult to transplant successfully. FAGACEAE “Ol Quercus variabilis Blume. (Q. chinensis Bunge.) Tree to 25 m. tall, usually medium sized, with pale gray, furrowed, thick, corky bark. Branchlets pubescent, glabrescent or glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate with bristle teeth, dark green and glabrous above, densely gray, tomentose beneath, 9-b5 cm. long; petiole slender. Fruit matures in second year, subsessile, solitary or occasionally in pairs; acorn sub- globose; cup nearly enclosing the nut; scales thick, lanceolate, recurved. Yunnan, Hupeh, Szechuan, Shantung to Japan. Closely allied to Q. serrata from which it differs by the leaves, which are tomentose on the under surface, and by the smaller acorn, in a cup with thicker, shorter scales. The wood is used for general construction and the bark occasionally for floating fish nets. The cupules yield a black dye. Edible fungi are sometimes produced on’ the decaying wood of this species. The chestnut-like foliage is characteristic. Quercus mongolica Fischer. (Quercus crispula Blume.) (Q. grosseserrata Blume.) Deciduous tree to 35 m. tall. Branchlets and buds glabrous. Leaves membranous, obovate to obovate-oblong, acuminate, cuneate or auriculate at-the base, coarsely toothed, with short, broad, obtuse teeth not mucronately tipped, dark green and glabrous above, pale green and glabrous or only slightly hairy along the veins beneath, 10 to 20 cm. long; petiole less than 6 mm. long. Fruit ripening in one year, clustered or solitary, on a short stalk or subsessile; acorn ovoid, about 2 cm. long; cupule embracing about 1/3 the nut, scales ovate, appressed, thickened, tuberculate, slightly fringed at the margin. E. Siberia, N. China to Korea and Japan. Widely distributed. The timber of vigorous trees is valuable. Attempts have been made to differentiate one or more varieties of this species, particularly as Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata by Rehder & Wilson, but these authors admit, and abundant specimens show no con- stantly reliable characters for surely separating the forms or variations. 92 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 31. QUERCUS VIRIABILIS Blume 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Fruit; 3. Staminate flower, enlarged; 4. Acorn. FAGACEAE 93: Quercus liaotungensis Koidzumi, with smaller leaves and fruit may be a form of Q. mongolica. Quercus serrata Thunberg, Deciduous tree to 25 m. tall, with dark gray, rough, fissured bark. Young branchlets and leaves silky pubescent, becoming glabrous. Leaves: oblong-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, rounded or cuneate at base, serrate with bristle tipped teeth, green and glabrous on both surfaces or with seattered hairs in the axils of the veins beneath, 10 to 20 cm. long, 2.5 to 5 cm. wide; petiole 2.5-4 em. long. Fruit ripening the second year, nearly sessile or in pairs. Acorn shiny, glabrous, globose to cylindric, 2-2.5 em, long. Cup hemispherical, woody, with free, more or less tomentose scales, embracing the lower 3/4 of the nut. India to China and Japan. (Hupeh, Szechuan, Chekiang, Chihli, Shantung, Kweichow.) This is one of the silkworm trees, The cupules yield a black dye. The wood is used for general construction and ship- building. The tree is not exacting in its soil requirements. Quercus glandulifera Blume. Tree up to 25 m. tall, more often shrubby under cultivation. Branchlets slender with appressed, silky hairs when young. Buds ovoid, with glabrous, ciliate scales. Leaves oblong-obovate or oblong-lanceolate,. acute, usually cuneate or rounded at the base, 10-18 em, long, 3-10 cm. wide, with 7 to 12 pairs of glandular-tipped, acute teeth. Upper surface dark green and lustrous, gray-green, silky, pubescent below. Fruit stalked, usually clustered. Acorn ovate to oblong-cylindric, about 12 mm. long. Cup shallow, with lanceolate, appressed scales, enclosing about 1/3 the nut which matures in the second year. Widely distributed throughout China, Korea and Japan. (Kiangsi, Hupeh, Kiangsu, Szechuan and Shantung). In autumn the foliage turns orange and crimson. Quercus fabri Hance. Small evergreen tree to 15 m. tall. Branchlets furrowed, with scattered red hairs. Leaves coriaceous, obovate to oblong, sinuately and shallow-lobed, slightly hairy above, dense .tomentose and, usually reticulate below, to 18 em. long; petiole short. Fruit ripening in 1 year, 94 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 32. QUERCUS SERRATA Thunberg 1. Sterile branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 8. Stamen; 4. Acorn; 5. Fruit. (8 enlarged.) 95 FAGACEAE Plate 38. QUERCUS GLANDULIFERA Blume 96 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 34. QUERCUS FABRI Hance 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Acorn. FAGACEAE. 97 solitary or in pairs. Acorns oblong or acute, about 2 cm. long; cupule hemispherical, embracing about 1/3 of the nut, with lanceolate, light chestnut brown, convex scales. West, Central & South China. (Hupeh, Szechuan, Chekiang, Kiang- su, Kwangtung). The leaves are characterized by being prominently reticulated beneath. Quercus aliena Blume. Tree 16 to 20 m. tall or taller. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves oblong obovate, rounded or slightly acute, broadly cuneate or rounded at base, shallowly sinuate with broad, rounded teeth, glabrous above, densely white tomentose beneath, 10 to 20 cm. long; petiole under 10 mm. long. Fruit 1-8, subsessile or short stalked. Acorn ellipsoid or oblong, 2-2.5 em. long. Cup embracing about 1/2 the nut, scales thin and acuminate. Western & Central China to Korea and Japan. A very variable species, with forms particularly marked in the var. acutiserrata Maximowicz described as having leaves with acute gland- tipped teeth. For the average student, however, these inconstant char- acters are hardly worth considering for all practical purposes. Quercus dentata Thunberg. Tree 20-25 m. tall, with dark gray, deeply furrowed bark. Buds and young shoots tomentose. Leaves large, 20-80 cm. long, 8-18 cm. wide, obovate, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate or subcordate at the base, deeply and serrately 5-9 lobed, dark green, glabrous above, light green with stellate pubescence below. Fruit almost sessile, clustered. Acorn ovate or subglobose. Cupule with thin, lanceolate, reflexed, chest- nut brown scales, enclosing about 1/2 of the nut which ripens in 1 year. Mongolia, Chinato Japan. (Hupeh, Szechuan, Yannan, Shantung, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Kiangsi & Chihli). It occurs on poor soils on the low hills of the Northern provinces, according to Henry. Very commonly planted about temples, burying grounds and parks. This is an important silkworm tree. The wood is coarse grained and brittle. The bark is valuable and much used in Japan for tanning. 98 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Li i t Le Plate 835. QUERCUS ALIENA Blume 1. Sterile branch, 2. Under side of leaf; 3. Fruit; 4, Staminate flower; 5. Cupules; 6. Seed; 7. Pistillate flower. (Details enlarged.) ¢ FAGACEAE 99 CA oe Be TiN fff x Waly EP i) a y Ly / SSW! © fuypy Whey : SS ( A E lifer a TS lh Yi j Ti Y Lj WAS ! j NY J y , tee YEE Ne , |) Wize nl el ioe : a eS EG Plate 86. QUERCUS DENTATA Thunberg 100 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Quercus glauca Thunberg. Evergreen tree to 20 m. tall, Branchlets at first pubescent, later glabrous or nearly so, Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong, acuminate, broadly cuneate or slightly rounded at the base, mucronate, serrate in the upper half of the margin, lustrous green above, glaucous and silky hairy beneath when young, 8-13 cm. long; petiole slender, 8-25 mm. long, glabrous or with scattered hairs. Fruit ripening in one year, 1-3 together, short stalked. Acorn longer than broad, ovoid-conic to ellipsoid, acute, about 2 cm. long. Cup saucer shaped, about 12 mm. wide, silky tomentose, with 4-8 concentric rings having entire or crenate margins, Widely distributed over Eastern Asia. Kiangsi, Hupeh, Szechuan, Chekiang, Yunnan and Fukien. The nuts are edible. The wood is greatly valued for construction. A handsome, broad-topped, wide-spreading tree. Quercus semicarpifolia Smith. Small evergreen or semi-evergreen tree to 15 m. tall, rarely taller. Bark dark gray, shallowly fissured into quadrangular plates. Young branchlets and buds rusty tomentose. Leaves holly-like, coriaceous, elliptic to elliptic-oblong or obovate-elliptic, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, entire or dentate with spinescent teeth, dark green and glabrous above, usually hairy beneath, 5-13 cm. Jong; petiole very short. Staminate catkins fascicled, 5-15 cm. long; pistillate spike short, few flowered; style 8-5, linear, recurved. Fruit ripening in 2 years, solitary, rarely in pairs. Acorn globular, 2.5 cm. in diameter, smooth, black when ripe. Oup shallow, thin with ovate scales which are free at the apex. India to Western China. On arborescent specimens the leaves are more often entire. This species, however, usually occurs in scrub growth. The wood is very hard, said to make excellent charcoal. Quercus aquifolioides Rehder & Wilson. Evergreen shrub or tree to 8 or 9 m. tall. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves leathery, subsessile, oval, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, with a subcordate or auriculate base, spiny pointed with slightly revolute margin, 101 FAGACEAE Plate 37. QUERCUS GLAUCA Thunberg 102 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 38. QUERCUS SEMICARPIFOLIA Smith 1. Fruiting branch; 2, 8. Showing variation of leaves; 4. A stellate hair; 5. Staminate flower. (4 and 5 enlarged.) FAGACEAE 103 a or entire, lustrous above, densely yellowish-brown tomentose beneath, 3-8 cm. long. Pistillate flowers in erect, axillary spikes; styles 3, recurved; staminate ament pubescent; flowers remote, perianth 5 lobed, stamens 5 with ovoid anthers. Fruit maturing in 2 seasons, 1-5 together, peduncled, in an erect spike; acorn ovoid, apiculate, about 12 mm. long; cup saucer- shaped, slightly over 6 mm. high, pilose on the inner surface; scales free, linear-lanceolate, brown, slightly fringed at the margin. W. Szechuan. Closely allied to Q. semicarptfolia, from which it differs by the acorn, which is not ovoid, and not globular, and by the biennial fruitification. It occurs in association with Q. semicarpifolia. Quercus gilliana Rehder & Wilson. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 6 m. tall. Branchlets purplish- brown, at first pilose, finally glabrescent. Leaves coriaceous, subsessile, oval to obovate, apex rounded, spiny pointed, base subcordate to slightly auriculate, sinuately spiny-toothed, quite glabrous at maturity, 12 mm. long. Fruit 2-4 together, subsessile, ripening in one season; acorn ovoid, cup hemispherical with triangular-ovate, glabrescent, scales enclosing nearly 1/2 of the nut. W. Szechuan. Distinguished from Q. semicarpifulia by the fruit, which is not globular and embraced nearly 1/2 by the hemispherical cup. This species usually occurs as scrub over large areas. Quercus oxyodon Miquel. Half evergreen tree up to 10 m. tall. Winter buds angular with gray, acute, mucronate scales. Leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, with numerous prominent, close, deeply impressed lateral veins, glaucescent and silky pubescent beneath, 6-1 em. long. Fruit ripening in 1 year, spicate, sessile; acorns ovoid to subglobose, about 2 em. long, broader than high; cup saucer-shaped with several irregular, crenulate, concentric rings which are grayish tomentose and not deeply appressed. Hupeh, Szechuan to India. Common in Western China. The leaves persist through the winter and are replaced by the new leaves in the spring. 104 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Quercus phillyrzoides Gray. Evergreen shrub or tree up to 8 m. tall. Leaves coriaceous oval to oblong-ovate, crenately serrate above the middle, occasionally entire; dark green, glabrous, 2-4 em. long. Fruit ripening in 2 years, short peduncled; acorn oblong-elliptic; cup small, with short, closely appressed scales. Hupeh, Szechuan and Fukien, Japan. Usually occurs as a dense bush. Quercus myrsinzfolia Blume. Evergreen tree to 16 m. tall. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate at the base, serrate, lustrous green above; glaucous and glabrous beneath, ‘8-13 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide. Fruit spicate; acorn oblong-ovoid 1.2-2 cm. long; cup glabrous with 6 concentric rings, embracing 1/3 of the nut. Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Hongkong and Japan. Quercus spinosa David. P Evergreen shrub, occasionally smail tree up to 10 m. tall with pendent branchlets. Young leaves densely tomentose or nearly glabrous, always glabrous at maturity except on the lower half of the midrib, beneath which is clothed with dense gray hairs. Leaves dark green densely bullate, usually entire, occasionally coarsely spiny-dentate, Fruit pedunculate, maturing In 2 seasons. Hupeh and Yunnan. Quercus spathulata Seemen. Evergreen trees up to 138 m. tall. Leaves coriaceous, usually quite entire, shiny green above, glabrous or clothed with short curly pubescence beneath. Fruit ripens the 2nd year, short-stalked; cup mossy, with linear, recurved scales. Hupeh and Szechuan. Scattered over a wide area. Quercus engleriana Seemen. Evergreen tree of medium size, not over 10 m. tall. Branchlets brown, tomentose when young, finally glabrous. Leaves obovate-oblong, ULMACEAE 105 acuminate, rounded at the base with a few small, spiny appressed teeth, sometimes entire, 6-18 cm. long. Fruit ripening in 1 season, 1-3 together, short stalked; acorn ovoid, 2 cm. long or slightly less; cupule cup-shaped with thin, nearly glabrous scales. Hupeh and Szechuan. Always a small tree common in rocky places. Introduced into Europe and America for ornament. In Japan it is planted for hedges. Often confused with Q. glauec. Q. acrodonta Seemen. ' Tree 5 m. tall. Confined to Hupeh and very rare, may prove to be only a variety of Q. phillyrxoides. Q. baronii Skan. A semi-evergreen shrub with membranous, spinescent Jeaves and a biennial fruit in a cup with recurved linear scales, resembling that of Q. spathula. Q. griffithii Hooker f. & Thompon. Tree 3 m. tall. Closely related to Q. aliena, from which it is distin- guished by the pubescent branchlets and the slightly fringed cup. Yunnan. Quercus bambusifolia Hance. A very distinctive species with dark purplish branchlets, usually entire lanceolate leaves and a large fruit ripening the second year. 8. China. Quercus vestita Rehder and Wilson, Yunnan; Q. delavayi Skan, Yunnan; Q. schottkyana Rehder and Wilson, Yunnan, are other species of minor in portance. ULMACEAE Leaves alternate, stipules caducous. Flowers dioecious or monoe- cious. Perianth single, persistent, campanulate. Ovary free, 1-2 celled; styles 2. Fruit a samara or a drupe, 1 seeded, exalbuminous. 13 genera and about 140 species widely distributed over the temperate and tropical regions. Of the 13 genera, 7 woody genera occur in China, Several members of this family are in cultivation for timber and ornament. Celtis is the largest genus, with 60 species. 106 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 39. QUERCUS BAMBUSIFOLIA Hance ULMACEAE 107 KEY TO GENERA I. Fruits drupaceous; flower on the current year’s shoots. A. Sepals connate; style eccentric; fruit oblique. 1. Branchlets armed; leaves dotted with minute circular black depressions; fruits winged........... Hemiptelea. 2. Branchlets unarmed; leaves without minute dots; fruit not winged............ ccc cece e ees eee eee Lelkova. B. Sepals distinct or nearly so; style central; fruit globose. 1. Drupe winged; wing somewhat woody....... Pieroceltis. 2. Drupe not winged. a. Fertile flowers unisexual; leaves with straight veins ending in the teeth.........+...+++.-+++Apananthe. b. Fertile flowers perfect; leaves with curved: veins closed before reaching the margin. (1) Leaves evergreen; flowers in cymes........ Trema. (2) Leaves deciduous; pistillate flower solitary... Celtis. II. Fruits not drupaceous, winged; samara membranous; flowers on last season’s shoots, (except 1 species) ..:..... «oe Ulmus. ULMUS Mostly deciduous trees. Leaves 2 ranked, simple, alternate, serrate, pinnately veined with straight veins, oblique at the base, stalked, stipules 2. Flowers small, apetalous, perfect, rarely polygamous, in clusters or fascicles, appearing before the leaves in the spring, or in the axils of the leaves in the autumn; calyx. persistent, bell-shaped, greenish or tinged with red, 4-9 lobed; stamens equal to and opposite the calyx lobes, exserted, inserted at the base of the perianth; ovary superior, usually 1 celled and 1 ovuled. Style 2-lobed. Fruit a membranous samara, with a flat orbicular or oval wing notched at the apex and surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx. About 20 species in N. America, Europe, and Asia. The wood is hard, heavy, and tough, much used in the wood-work- ing industries. The inner bark is an ingredient in the composition of incense; it is also made into a mucilaginous meal, used as food by the ‘108 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES mountaineers of the northern provinces. Coarse cloth and ropes are woven from the inner fibers, which in Russia and China find a further use in the making of sandals. Several species are desirable for street and park planting, but unfortunately the elms are subject to attack by many fungous and insect pests. Ulmus japonica Sargent. (U. campestris var. japonica Rehder.) (U. campestris var. major Trauvetter.) ie Tree to 30 m. tall with broad head, and light gray, shallowly fissured and fibrous bark. Branchlets somewhat pendulous, densely pubescent and rough with minute tubercles, yellowish or pale brown, sometimes with corky ridges. Leaves firm, rough on both surfaces at maturity, obovate, or elliptic, acuminate, oblique at the base, hairy above, pubes- cent beneath with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins, and 12-19 pairs of lateral veins, 8-15 cm. long; petioles pubescent, 5 or 6 mm. long. Flowers subsessile, in parts of 4’s. Fruit obovate-oblong, notched at the apex down to the nutlet, narrowed toward the base, almost entirely glabrous. Manchuria, N. China to Japan. (Chihli, Shantung, and Chekiang.) The wood of this tree is brownish. It is durable in water, and is exported in large quantities from Japan. The tree sometimes assumes the characteristic vase-shaped form of the American elm, and it should be useful as a street tree on account of its rapid growth and ornamental character, a8 well as for its hardiness. Ulmus pumila Linnezus. Shrub or small, spreading or round-topped tree up to 15 m, high, with furrowed, scaly bark, slender pubescent branches and small, ovoid, pubescent buds. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 cm. Jong, acute at the apex, nearly equal at the base, thin, membranous, dark green above, pubescent when young beneath, regularly and simply toothed. Flowers short stalked, in crowded clusters, 4-5 parted with yellow anthers, appearing in the spring. Fruit obovoid, notched deeply at the apex ; nutlet central, reaching close to the base of the notch. From N. China to E. Siberia, ULMACEAE 103 Plate 40. ULMUS PUMILA Linneeus 1. Flowering branch; 2. Sterile branch; 38. Fruiting branch; 4. Flower, enlarged. 110 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES This tree is common around Peking, where fine old specimens may be seen in the grounds of the Temple of Heaven. . Ulmus parvifolia Jacquin. Half evergreen tree up to 20 m. tall or shrubby. Bark gray, somewhat scaly, on old trees peeling off in roundish flakes, exposing the brown inner bark beneath. Branches numerous, spreading; branchlets pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate to obovate or oblong, acute or somewhat obtuse, slightly oblique at the base, simply serrate, shiny green, glabrous above, pubescent beneath when young, usually glabrous at maturity, 2-5 cm. long; petiole very short. Flowers clustered, short pedicelled ; stamens 4-5, long exserted. Fruit oval to elliptic, emarginate at the apex with the nutlet in the center of the wing, 9-13 mm. long. China, Korea, and Japan. (Hupeh, Shensi, Chihli, Kiangsu, Fukien, Formosa). An interesting species flowering late in the summer, unlike all other Chinese species, which flower in the spring before the opening of the leaves. In the warmer temperate regions the leaves are retained through the winter and are shed when the new leaves come out in the spring. Inthe autumn the foliage turns brilliantly red and yellow. The grayish sealy bark distinguishes this from all other elms. Ulmus macrocarpa Hance. Densely branched shrub or small tree up to 9 m. tall. Branchlets pubescent, later pale brown, with somewhat flattened corky wings. Leaves ovate, coarsely and doubly serrate, rough above, pubescent and hairy beneath. Flowers 5-9, clustered. Samara obovate, pubescent and ciliate, with the nutlet in the center of the wing, about 2.5 cm. long. Chihli and Shansi. This elm grows in dry rocky situations and is fairly common in Chihli. It has been introduced into cultivation in America. Ulmus laciniata Mayr. Shrub or small tree. Branchlets gray-brown. Leaves obovate, usually 3-5 lobed at the apex with very unequal, semicordate base, rough on the upper surface. Fruit elliptic, 2 em. long. | N. China and Japan. ULMACEAE 111 Plate 41. ULMUS LACINIATA Mayr ' ae 1, Flowering branch; 2. Sterile branch; 3. Flower, enlarged, " i12 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES CELTIS Tree or shrub. Leaves simple, alternate, stalked, serrate or entire, 38-5 nerved at the base, slightly oblique. Flowers small, apetalous, polygamo-monoecious; staminate clustered, in fascicles at the lower part of the branches; pistillate flower single, on the axil of the leaves on the upper part’ of the branches; calyx 4-5 lobed; stamens 4-5, exserted in the staminate flowers, included or absent in the pistillate flowers. Ovary sessile, 1 celled. Style 2 lobed. Fruit a fleshy. drupe; stone thick-walled and bony, 1 seeded and with a thin flesh which is edible in some species, About 50 species widely distributed in the temperate and tropical regions. The species are chiefly useful for ornament, although the wood, which is light and soft and easily split, is often used for the manufacture of furniture and utensils. The Chinese species require thorough study before a true conception of the genus is possible. Celtis bungeana Blume. Small tree with flattened or rounded crown, 10-15 m. high. Bark smooth, light gray. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves about 6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, upper half of the margin serrate or sometimes nearly entire, the margin at the base always entire, dark green, shiny above, light green on the lower surface. Petioles sJender, about 7 mm. long. Fruit purple-black, small; pedicels slender, but longer than the petioles of the leaves. Stone smooth, white and almost globular. China and Korea. (Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Shensi, Shantung and Chihii.) Distinctly characterized by glossy green foliage and a black fruit with smooth, white stone. Celtis sinensis Persoon. (C. japonica Planchon.) Chinese Hackberry. Tree to 10 m. tall with smooth gray bark. Leaves ovate, to oblong- ovate, to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or subcordate, unequal at the base, acuminate, serrate-dentate, pubescent on both faces when young, gray- green or glaucescent and reticulated beneath, 5-10 cm. long. Fruit ULMACEAE 113 Plate 42. CELTIS BUNGEANA Blume 1, Fruiting branch; 2. Fruit. 114 CHINESE ECONOMIC TRELS dui] orange-red; stone smooth or more or less irregularly pitted and ribbed; peduncle rather stout, as long as or slightly longer than the petioles. China, Korea, and Japan. (Kwangtung, Hongkong, Formosa, Kiangsu). A common spécies. Celtis biondii’ Pampinini. Tree to 15 m. tall. Leaves:ovate-oblong, 2-23 times longer than Fe an a . broad, margin entire or somewhat dentate with acute teeth, brownish beneath, veins impressed, not’ prominent. Fruit orange, small. Hupeh, Szechuan, Kiangsi and Kiangsu. This tree has been recorded from the Spirit Valley in Nanking. Celtis julianae Schneider. Tree up to 25 m. tall with smooth, light gray bark. Young branchlets angled, densely yellowish tomentose, later glabrous and blackish, marked with numerous lenticels. Flower-buds reddish-brown, obtuse, with hairy scales. Leaves very much thickened, oblique, ‘broadly ovate, obovate or obovate-elliptic, apex acuminate, base unequal, bright green and minutely hairy along the veins above, gray-green, prominently reticulated and pubescent beneath, crenate dentate, some- times nearly entire, 6-14 em. long, about 6 em. wide. Petiole thick, furrowed above, tomentose. Staminate flowers cymose at the base of the current year’s shoots, 5-merous, calyx-lobes. free, ovate-lanceolate; stamens 5, inserted on a hairy disk; pedicel short, hairy; pistillate flowers solitary, axillary, on the apex of the flowering branch, usually 4-merous; ovary glabrous; stigmas 2, elongated, hairy. Fruits orange, ovate-globose, glabrous, about 12 mm. long; peduncle stout, pubescent. W. Hupeh. Said to be common within its range. PTEROCELTIS Deciduous tree in foliage and habit resembling Celtis. Branchleta glabrous. Buds small with reddish-brown ciliate scales. Leaves al- ternate, petioled, 3-nerved, simply, sharply and irregularly serrate ULMACEAE ae 115 except at the base, glabrous, dull green above, lighter green beneath, veins Impressed and not prominent. Flowers monoecious; staminate calyx 5-parted; stamens 5, Pistillate flower solitary in the axils of the season’s shoots, appearing in March and April; pedicels distinctly but sparsely pilose; calyx lobes 4, lanceolate, greenish, slightly pilose, scarcely longer than the ovary ; ovary sessile, elliptic-rounded, laterally compressed, sparsely pilose ; stigmas 2, lanceolate, divergent. Fruit a winged nut, solitary, axillary, on a slender pedicel; wing thick, more or less square or broader than long, or suborbicular, emarginate below and above the nut; nut Celtis- like, usually crowned by the remnant of the style. The genus includes a single species closely resembling Celtis but distinguished from it by the winged nut. Pteroceltis tartarinowii Maximowicz. (Ulmus cavaleriei Laveille. ) Tree 16 m. tall with characteristic pale gray bark peeling off in irregular long flakes. Leaves 4-9 cm. long. Fruit up to 13 mm. long; pedicel 2.5 em. long or more. Hupeh, Szechuan, Shensi, Chihli, Shantung, Kweichow. APHANANTHE Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, serrate, petiolate and stipulate. Flowers monoecious, small and inconspicuous; staminate numerous, in axillary cymose clusters at the base of the twigs; sepals and stamens 5. Pistillate solitary, axillary; ovary 1 celled and 1 ovuled; styles 2. Fruit a drupe. About 3 species in E. Asia and Australasia. They resemble Celtis, but may be distinguished by the unisexual flowers and the leaves having straight veins ending in the teeth. In Celtis the veins curve and unite near the margin. Aphananthe aspera (Thunberg) Planchon. Tree to 20 m. tall. Leaves ovate, to ovate-oblong, long pointed, cuneate or rounded, more or less oblique and 2 nerved at the base, parallel veined with the veins ending in the teeth, rough and hairy on 116 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREEE Plate 48. PTEROCELTIS TARTARINOWII Maximowicz. ULMACEAE 117 both sides, bright green above, 8-10 cm. long, on a very short stalk. Flowers appear with the leaves, greenish. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe, purple-black, about 8 mm. long with more or less persistent styles, Korea, Japan and China, (Kiangsu, Kiangsi, and Kwangtung.) ZELKOVA Deciduous unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, 2- ranked, pinnately veined, serrate, short stalked, stipulate, Flowers polygamo-monoecious; pistillate solitary, in axils of upper leaves; staminate, 2-5 in the axils of the lower leaves; apetalous; calyx lobes 4-5; stamens 4-5; ovary sessile; styles 2. Fruit a small drupe, sub- globose, oblique; style persisting as 2 minute beaks; 1-seeded. The fruits persist on the tree till the following spring. About 4 species in Eastern Asia, Caucasus, Crete. Zelkova yields the highest-priced lumber of any tree in Japan. The wood is beautifully grained, resembling the elmwood in structure, is as tough and pliable as the ash and more durable than the oak in contact with the soil. The sapwood is white and narrow, separated from the brown heartwood by a reddish band. On account of its beautiful markings as well as its susceptibility to a high polish, the wood is used in Japan for fancy trays, lacquer ware, high grade cabinets and other furniture. It is also suitable for house, ship, and carriage building. For posts, pillars, and gateways it is unsurpassed by any other wood in durability. Zelkova is very rapid growing and attains 100 feet in height or more; trees, on moderately favorable situations, measuring 5 feet in girth at 60 years, 9 feet in girth at 120 years, cannot be said to have made phenomenal growth. On deep alluvial soil, the rate of increase is even more rapid. Zelkova serrata is one of the most-important hardwoods available to Chinese foresters for experimentation, and its extensive cultivation is likely to promise results of great practical value. On account of its tendency to form side branches, Zelkova should be subjected to a certain amount of crowding when young. The seedlings stand considerable shade. An ounce contains between 20,000 and 25,000 seeds. Germination sets in 4 or 5 weeks after sowing, although some of the seeds do not germinate until the second year. The seeds are sown in well prepared 118 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES beds and are given half shade during the first year. After one trans. plantation, the seedlings are ready to be set out in the permanent field. Zelkova serrata Makino. (Zelkova acuminata Planchon.) (Zelkova keaki Maximowicz.) / (Zelkova hirta Schneider.) (Zelkova sinica Schneider. ) Tree up to 30 m. tall with pale gray bark peeling off in small round flakes. Branches slender. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, rounded or slightly oblique or broadly cuneate at the base, coarsely and sharply serrate with blunt or apiculate teeth, green, somewnat rough and sparsely pilose, with impressed veins above, pubescent or hairy only along the veins and grayish-green beneath; 2.5-6 cm. long; on sterile branches sometimes up to 12 cm. long. Fruit irregular rhombic, or ovoid, glabrous, about 5 mm. long and broad, with the persistent, 5-lobed calyx -at the base and 2 incurved stigma set obliquely upon the apex. China and Japan. Hupeh, Shensi, Chekiang, Kiangsu, Anhwei. With extensive material before me, I am unable to distinguish Z, sinica Schneider from Z. serrata Makino. An edible mushroom sometimes grows on the wood of this tree. HEMIPTELEA Deciduous tree with spinescent branches. Leaves alternate, 2 ranked on the branches, ovate, pinnately veined, short stalked, some- what oblique at the base, acute, crenate serrate, stipules deciduous. Flowers perfect, pedicelled, 1-4 in a fascicle on branches of the current year’s growth. Perianth cup-shaped to campanulate, 4-5 lobed ; stamens usually 4, opposite the calyx lobes, inserted near the base of the perianth. Fruit a half winged nutlet surrounded at the base by the persistent perianth, obliquely conical, enlarged at the base, produced into a short horny beak; the unevenly toothed wing attached near the apex. Ovule single. Only 1 species described, closely related to, and by some authors included under Zelkova, which it resembles in foliage and habit but from which it may be distinguished by the thorny branchlets, by the winged fruit and by internal structure. ULMACEAE 119 ex ae 7 wa ey OS : NV Plate 44, ZELKOVA SERRATA Makino 1. Staminate branch; Staminate flower; (3, 4 & 5 enlarged.) 2. Fruiting branch; 5. Fruit; 3. Pistillate flower; 4. 6. Leaf, showing variation in size, 120 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planchon. (Zelkova davidii (Hance) Hemsley.) (Planera davidii Hance.) Small tree. Branchlets reddish-brown. Leaves 2-6 cm. long, elliptic-oblong to oval, acute, cuneate or subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate-serrate; upper surface dark green, covered with scattered deciduous hairs, each hair inserted in a dark, minute, circular depres- sion; lower surface generally smooth. Fruit about 6 em. long. North and Central China and Korea, TREMA | Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved, or pinnately veined, serrate, short petioled. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in almost sessile clusters, small, apetalous, 5 (rarely 4) merous; stamens 4-5; ovary 1 celled; stigmas 2, united below into a single style. Fruita small drupe with a pitted stone. About 30 species in the tropical and subtropical regions. Trema virgata Blume. Tree to 10 m. tall with small, narrow, lanceolate leaves. Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Hainan. MORACEAE Trees or shrubs mostly with milky juice. J.eaves alternate, simple, with petioles and stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in ament- like clusters, or heads, apetalous; calyx 4-6 parted; stamens 1-4: ovary 1-2 celled, superior; style simple or 2 lobed. Fruit aggregated, inclosed in the thickened calyx of the flower, forming a compound fruit. About 55 genera and 1,000 species widely distributed in the warmer - regions, This family includes many members of great economic im- portance. Among the more important genera, Artocarpus integrefolia (Jack Fruit) is cultivated in Kwangtung and is wild or naturalized in the Island of Hainan. Ficus elastica (Rubber tree) is cultivated in China, in Hainan. Canabis sative (Hemp) and Brousounetia ‘papyrifera yield fibres suitable for making cloth and paper. Ficus carica is the cultivated . MORACEAE 121 Plate 45. HEMIPTELEA DAVIDII Planchon 1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch; 38. Sterile branch, showing thorn; 4. Fruit; 5, Pistillate flower with perianth removed; 6. Staminate flower; 7. Pistillate Hower; 8. Stamen. (Details enlarged.) 122 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES fig; other species of Ficus, particularly F. retusa Linn. known as Banyans, become large trees. The arborescent genera occurring in China are: Morus, Broussonetia, Ficus and Cudrania. The Chinese species of Ficus need thorough study and revision. Although some members attain a large size and are prominent features in the landscape, especially in the vicinities of villages in S. China, they are of little economic importance, producing wood of no value, and their description will be omitted in this work, but for the sake of completeness the distinguishing characters of the genus are included in the following key. Most members of this family may be recognized by the alternate leaves and by the milky sap which the bark exudes when cut. KEY TO GENERA A. Flowers on the outside of the receptacle; buds scaly. I. Anthers reversed with incurved filaments in the bud. a. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in spikes; compound fruit oblong and succulent......... i eLMROO a Solawers Morus. b. Pistillate flower capitate; compound fruit composed of numerous druplets protruding from a globose head ........ Tr Re ee ee or re ser encnel eran mouteuat ats Broussonetia. II. Anthers erect even in the bud, pistillate flower in a globose head ; fruit globose in a hard, rather smooth rind...... ...- Cudrania. B. Flowers enclosed in a fleshy receptacle becoming a succulent sub- globose or ovoid or pyriform compound fruit......... oeee- (Ficus.) MORUS Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, stalked, serrate, entire or variously lobed, palmately 3-5 veined. Flowers apetalous, dioecious or monoecious, in solitary catkins; staminate spike elongated, calyx 4 lobed, partially enclosing the 4 stamens which uncoil like a spring when the pollen is shed. Pistillate spike, short; ovary sessile, 1 celled; style divided nearly to the base into 2 stigmas; each ovary enclosed in the calyx which becomes thick and fleshy, surrounding the real fruit which is a compressed achene. The fleshy covering of the achenes cohere, forming a multiple fruit, not unlike the blackberry in appearance. The fruit is sweet and edible. MORACEAE 1238 About 10 well defined species in the temperate regions of Kurope, Asia and America. The mulberries have been under cultivation for a long time. Easily propagated by cuttings taken in the summer. The mulberries are cultivated either for their leaves, which form the best food for the silkworme, or for their fruit, which is eaten fresh or expressed for the juice, which enters into the composition of cooling beverages and certain medicines. The wood is handsome, light brown or orange colored, straight grained, strong and durable, used for furniture, agricultural implements and boat building. The mulberries are propagated by seeds and the varieties by grafts. The seeds of Morus alba average 250,000 per lb. The germinative capacity ranges. from 24 to 25%. ‘The seeds germinate in about 25 days after sowing. Morus alba Linnzus. White Mulberry. Tree 10 to 15 m. tall, with rounded head, gray or grayish-yellow branches and thick, furrowed bark. Young shoots pubescent. Leaves very variable, undivided, indented or 8-lobed, or occasionally compoundly lobed on sprouts and young shoots; coarsely and irregularly toothed, shining green above, dull green, pubescent on the midrib and veins below; petiole 2-4 cm. long. Pistillate catkins on long stalks, 5-12 mm. long. Fruit very variable in size, 1-5 cm. long, white, violet or reddish. The White Mulberry occurs wild in the mountainous districts of the Central and Northern Provinces of China. All varieties are cultivated for their leaves, upon which the silkworms are fed. The bark of the roots yields a medicine valued in the Chinese Materia Medica. The wood is used for cabinet-work, musical instruments, carving and turnery. In Japan a hand-made paper is manufactured from the bark. Morus acidosa Griffith. Usually a shrub; rarely a small tree up to 6 m. tall. A widely distributed and distinct species with a prominent style and shiny black fruit which is edible. The leaves are not fed to silkworms. (Wilson). China, Korea and Japan. (Chihli, Hupeh, Szechuan, Kweichow, Yunnan, Kwangtung and Formosa.) 124 CITTINESEJECONOMIC TREES Plate 464. MORUS ALBA Linneus 1, Staminate branch; 2. Pistillate branch; 3. Fruiting branch; 4. Ovary; 5. Staminate flower, (4 and 5 enlarged). MORACEAE . 125 BROUSSONETIA Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stalked undivided or 3 lobed, rarely 5 lobed, serrate, 3 nerved at the base. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, apetalous. Staminate in cylindric or globose catkins, calyx 4 parted; stamens 4, exserted at maturity. Pistillate flowers in a globose head, composed of the compact, persistent, villose or tomentose perianth and bracts; perianth tubular, 3-4 toothed; ovary included, stalked; style, single, filiform, stigmatic to the base or nearly so. At maturity the fruiting head is globular, consisting of numerous 1-seeded, orange-red, drupelets. ; 3 species in E. Asia and the Pacific Islands; 2 in China. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L. Heritier. (Morus papyrifera Linnaeus.) Tree up to 16 m. high, with broad, round-headed crown. Bark dark gray and smooth. In cultivation, more commonly a vigorous shrub with stout, spreading, pubescent branches. Leaves 7-20 cm. long with stalk 2.5-8 em. long, coarsely toothed, somewhat oblique and cordate at the base, acuminate, often deeply 3 or 5 lobed, rough and dull green above, pubescent below. Mature fruiting head about 15-20 mm. across, brick red. Native of China, introduced into Japan, and to Europe in the 18th century. (Chihli, Szechuan, Hupeh, Yunnan and Formosa), The bark of Broussonetia is used for paper making. Authorities are inclined to believe that the use of paper mulberry fibers for paper, ante- dated the use of the pith from the bamboo. Broussonetia kaempferi Siebold. Is known only asashrub 3 to 5 meters high. It has small, pubescent, short-petioled leaves and very small fruits. Hupeh, Yunnan, Chekiang, Korea, Japan. CUDRANIA Trees or shrubs, often armed with thorns. Leaves deciduous, alternate, pinnately veined, with stipules. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, crowded in a globular head; sepals and stamens 4; ovary solitary, 1 celled, 1 ovuled. Fruit globose, with a hard, shiny rind. 8 species in 8, & E, Asia and Australasia. 126 .CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES es VELA See ae Plate 47. BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA L. Heritier 1, Staminate branch; 2 Fruiting branch; 8. Pistillate branch; 4. Staminate flower; 5. Pistillate flower sectioned; 6. Stamen. (4 and 6 enlarged). . URTICACEAE 197 Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bureau. (C. triloba Hance.) (Maclura tricuspidata Carriere.) Shrub or tree to 13 m. tall. Bark pale gray, flaky. Branches thorny. Leaves oval, obovate to elliptic-ovate, entire or slightly 3 lobed at the apex, acuminate, dark green, slightly pubescent below, 4-10 cm. long. Capitate inflorescence about 8 mm. in diameter, axillary, solitary or in pairs, on a tomentose peduncle about 6 mm, long; flowers greenish: Fruit red, globose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter. China, Korea and Japan. The leaves of this tree are fed to young silkworms. The fruit is sweet and edible. Small articles are made from the wood. Cudrania javanensis Trecu]. Shrub, rarely tree, to 3 m. tall. Widely distributed and a variable species. Fukien, Yunnan, Formosa, Philippine Islands, and India. URTICACEAE Herbs, shrubs or trees, rarely climbers. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious or polygamous, apetalous, regular, clustered; calyx 4-5, rarely 2-3 cleft or parted; stamens as many as and opposite the perianth lobes, the filaments inflexed, uncoiling elastically like a spring; ovary superior, rarely united with the calyx, 1 celled, 1 ovuled, style 1; stigma capitate, penicellate or feathery. Fruit an achene or drupe. About 41 generaand 5 O species widely distributed over the tropical and temperate regions. Behmeria nivea Gaudichaud, a shruo commonly cultivated for its fibers, belongs to this family. DEBREGEASIA Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved at the base, short petioled; stipules bifid. Flowers monoecious or dioecious in globose clusters; staminate with a 4-parted perianth and 4 stamens; pistillate with an ovoid or oblong perianth much contracted at the mouth, and a 128 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES penicellate (tufted like a hair brush), sessile, or nearly sessile stigma. Fruit berry-like, composed of numerous small, 1-seeded achenes cohering by their fleshy coat into a globose head. 5 or 6 species from Abyssinia to Japan. 2 species in China. Debregeasia longifolia Weddell. Shrubs or tree to 10 m. tall. Branchlets with gray, silvery hairs. Leaves lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, serrulate, green, rough and rugose above, silvery gray and tomentose beneath, 10 to 18 em. long. Flower heads in small, 2-branched cymes. Fruit orange yellow, about 8 mm. in diameter. India to China. Hupeh and Yunnan. Debregeasia edulis Weddell. Shrub. Leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, rugose and smooth above, 8-13 cm. long. EE. China and Japan. i TROCHODENDRACEAE Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves without stipules and solitary or clustered flowers; flowers perfect or unisexual, monoecious, without perianth or apetalous; stamens 4 or numerous and spirally arranged; carpels 2 to many, sometimes partly enclosed in the receptacle, with 1 to indefinite ovules in each carpel. . Fruit winged and indehiscent or an unwinged, dehiscent follicle. 3 genera and about 7 species in E. Asia. Trochodendron is not recorded from China, but its occurrence in this country is not improbable, therefore the genus is included in the key in order to stimulate its discovery. For reasons already stated elsewhere (see remarks under Magnoliaceae) Tetracentron is tentatively included under the present family. KEY TO GENERA I. Wood without true vessels; leaves alternate or whorled; flowers small, perfect in racemes; fruit not winged. TROCHODENDRACEAE 129 A. Leaves alternets, palmately veined ; racemes pendulous, sepals present, parts of the flowers in 4’s; fruit a 4-celled, deeply lobed capsule....ce-eeeee eens auch edecarehoncs oeeeee.. Tetracentron. B. Leaves alternate or whorled, pinnately veined ; racemes erect, without sepals or petals ; stamens numerous, the anthers form- ing a ring; carpels 6-10 in a whorl and connate below with linear, spreading styles; fruit 6-10 follicles, inserted below in a fleshy receptacle, dehiscent at the apex .... (Trochodendron.) II. Wood with true vessels; leaves alternate; flowers perfect, proter- androus with numerous, conspicuous long, red, stamens; carpels many, ripening into obliquely winged fruits..........+.. Euptelea. KUPTELEA Shrubs or small trees with dark brown, conspicuous winter buds. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, dentate, slender petioled. Flowers in the spring before the leaves, in axillary clusters on branches of last year’s growth, without sepals and petals, perfect and proterandrous—the stigmas mature after the stamens have fallen away—fertilized by pollen disseminated by the wind; stamens indefinite, with large, red, linear anthers on short slender filaments; carpels many, oblique, on short stalks. Fruit a small, obliquely winged nutlet on a slender stalk, 1-4 ovuled. 3 species; 2 in China, 1 (CE, poylandra) is confined to Japan. Graceful ornamental trees propagated by seed and by grafts. Euptelea franchetii van Tieghem. Tree 12 m. tall. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, ovate, regularly or irregularly sinuate-serrate, slender petiolate, light green on both surfaces. Flowers usually with 12 stamens (7-20). Carpels 6-12, long capitate, usually 2-3 seeded. Central and Western China. E. pleiosperma Hooker F. and Thompson. (E. davidiana Hemsley.) Leaves glaucescent and papillose on the under surface. S. W. China and the Himalayas. Closely allied to the above. 130 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 48. EUPTELEA FRANCHETII van Tiegham 1. Fruiting branch; 2 Flowering branch; 8. The same, later, the pistils enlarging after the stamens have matured; 4. Bract; 5, 6. Fruit sectioned; 7. Flower; 8. Fruit. (Details enlarged.) TROCHODENDRACEAE 131 Plate 49. EUPTELEA PLEIOSPERMA Hooker F. and Thompson 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate branch; 3. Fruit; 4. Stamens; 5. Staminate flower. (Details enlarged.) 132 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES TETRACENTRON Trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate, ovate-elliptic, short acuminate, obtuse or subcordate at the base, glandular-serrate, palmately 5-7 veined, petiolate, without stipules. Inflorescence a many flowered spike produced with a single leaf on the end of a short lateral spur. Flowers apetalous, perfect, small, yellowish, sessile with a 4 lobed perianth; stamens 4, opposite the petals and alternate with the carpels. Carpels 4, connate on the inner edge; styles 4, at first slightly recurved, then lateral and by the very oblique growth of the ovary, finally basal; ovules usually 4, pendulous. Fruit a deeply 4 lobed capsule, depressed at the apex, with the 4 styles persistent as short claw-like spurs at the base, loculicidally dehiscent, many on a pendulous spike. A genus of 1 species superficially resembling Cercidiphyllum in habit and foliage and in the presence of short lateral spurs, but differing from it by the alternate leaves, the spiked inflorescence and by the 4 lobed, 4 spurred fruit. Tetracentron sinense Oliver. Tree to 30 m, tall. Leaves 10-15 cm. long, 7-9 cm. wide; petioles 2-8 em. long. Flower spike slender, 7-10 em. long. Fruit about 5 mm. or less long. Szechuan, Hupeh, Shensi and Yunnan. This is one of the largest trees in China. It grows best near water, as on the banks of streams. ‘The wood is soft and brittle, of little known value. CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE Flowers unisexual, dioecious; stamens numerous, spirally arranged, on slender filaments. Carpels 2-5, stipitate, suture facing outwards, with indefinite ovules. Fruit many-seeded pods. Tree with roundish- cordate, Cercis-like leaves. : A family of only 1 species. CERCIDIPHYLLUM Tree with closely appressed, red-brown buds. Leaves deciduous, mostly opposite, occasionally alternate toward the base of the shoots, ‘ CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 133 Plate 50. TETRACENTRON SINENSE Oliver 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Seed; 4. Flower; 5, 6. Different stages of maturing carpels; 7. Mature fruit; 8. Section of fruit. (Details from Hooker’s ‘‘Icones Plantarum,” Pl. 1892.) 184 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES ovate-cordate, margin entire or crenate, palmately veined and petiolate, purplish at the time of unfolding, later light green. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, inconspicuous. Staminate nearly sessile, with a minute calyx and an indefinite number of stamens on slender filaments; stamens 12 mm. long. Pistillate flowers on a short stalk, composed of a minutely 4-parted calyx and 3-6 carpels with elongated, slender, purplish styles. Ovules numerous. Fruit, small pods, 12-20 mm, long, 2-3 together on a short stalk, dehiscent at maturity. Seeds numerous. One species, for a long time known only from Japan. A large, handsome ornamental tree, propagated by seeds sown in the spring or by green wood cuttings and by layering. A conspicuous feature of this tree is the lateral spurs on the branches, each bearing a pair of leaves or an inflorescence, the spurs being formed by short annual accretions extending over a period of years. The number of seeds per pound is about 766,500. The period of germination is sometimes very rapid, sometimes very tardy, the sprout- ing period ranging from 20 days to 50 days after sowing. Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold & Zuccarini. (C. japonicum var. sinense Rehder & Wilson.) Tree usually with a single trunk, occasionally subdivided into several stems, attaining a height of 20-40 m. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, ovate or orbicular, crenate serrate or nearly entire, subcordate or slightly truncate at the base, pale green, glabrous above, pubescent along the veins below; petioles 2 cm. long. Pods 2-3 on a short peduncle, 10-15 mm. long, tapering toward the apex. Western China: Shensi, and abundant in W. Szechuan and W. Hupeh. Cercidiphyllum is perhaps the largest deciduous tree in China. It thrives best in rich moist soils; frequently found on the banks of streams. It is rapid growing in youth, attaining great size and girth at maturity. The Cercis-like foliage turning red and yellow in the autumn, the small pod-like capsules and the spirally twisted, furrowed bark are characteristic of this tree. The wood is light, soft and straight grained, light brown, with the sap and heart woods showing a marked difference in color, used for furniture, general construction, wood carving, sketching boards and utensils. CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE 135 Plate 51. CERCIDIPHYLLUM JAPONICUM Siebold & Zuccarini 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Staminate flower ; 8. Section of ovary; 4. Fruit; 5. Pistillate flower. (Details enlarged). 136 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Although Rehder and Wilson have given a varietal name to the trees found in China, I can discover absolutely no botanical difference which separate these from the Japanese type and the varietal name is useless except as it may designate a geographical region. The Japanese form or race is said to grow more often with plural trunks. MAGNOLIACEAE Leaves alternate, with stipules. Sepals and petals in 3’s or multiples of 8. Stamens and carpels numerous, spirally arranged. Fruit cone- like or fleshy, formed of the cohering carpels; ovules usually 2 in each carpel. About 10 genera and 75 species widely distributed over the entire world. Three genera are commonly represented in China, of these Michelia is chiefly confined to the south. Michelia longifolia Blume is the common Boh Lan of the gardens. Michelia is distinguished from Afagnolia by the characters given in the key. It has no arborescent representative. Most authors include Tetracentron under Magnoliaceae. In Tetracentron the flowers are small and spicate, the flower parts in 4’s and the wood, unlike nearly all the other Dicotyledonous woods, is without true vessels, in this respect identical with the wood of Trochodendron, the only other Chinese species known to have this characteristic; for these reasons it seems best to place Tetracentron under Trochodendraceae. KEY TO GENERA A. Anthers introrse (facing inwards); mature carpels fleshy, dehiscent on the back; seeds fleshy, not winged; leaves entire or auriculate. I. Flowers terminal; ovary sessile; ovules 1 or 2 in each carpel. ee ee eee tee eee eee cece eee eeeeee ss Magnolia. IL. Flowers axillary; ovary long stipitate; ovules 2 or more in each carpel...... ec anierene nein gneve peed erienelte oeeeee (Michelia.) B. Anthers extrorse (facing outward); mature carpels dry, indehis- cent; seed winged; leaves lobed or truncate......Liriodendron. MAGNOLIACEAE 137 LIRIODENDRON Deciduous trees. Leaves alternate, long stalked, 2-6 lobed, nearly truncate or notched at the apex, never pointed. Enclosed in winter in flattened buds composed of a pair of stipules to each leaf; the twig encircled by a scar at each node. Flowers solitary with 3 sepals and 6 petals. Stamens numerous, surrounding the numerous pistils, imbricated in a cone-like axis. Anthers linear. Carpels 1 celled and 2 ovuled, be- coming dry, indehiscent and winged; and as they mature, forming an erect cone-like fruit, the carpels gradually falling away from the central axis at maturity except a few outer, basal scales which are persistent for some time. Only 2 closely allied species known, 1 North American the other Chinese. In preglacial times Liriodendron extended over the entire Eastern North America and over Europe as far south as Italy. The wood is light, soft and brittle, extensively used in America in the wood- working industries. The sapwood is creamy white, the heartwood greenish yellow. An alkaloid, which has the property of stimulating the heart, has been separated from the bark of the American species. Liriodendron chinense Sargent. A small tree attainirg a height of 16 m. Leaves 4 lobed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, shining green above, pale glaucous below, from 12-14 cm. long and as broad or broader, Petals 7-9 cm. long. Flowers 5-6 cm. long, cup-shaped greenish yellow, marked with orange inside at the base of the oblong-obovate petals. Cone-like fruit erect, light brown, slender, 9-10 cm. long, 2 cm. wide. Carpels bear 1-2 seeded nutlets at the base. Kiangsi and Hupeh. This tree is most. desirable for street and lawn planting on account of its comparative freedom from insect pests and fungous diseases, as well as for its unique, 2-lobed leaves and large, handsome flowers. MAGNOLIA Deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, stipules enveloping the leaves in the bud and leaving conspicuous encir- cling scars at each node. Flowers single, terminal, appearing before or with the leaves. Sepals 3, sometimes petal-like, deciduous; petals 6-18. 138 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 52. LIRIODENDRON CHINENSE Sargent 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 8. Stamen; 4. Scale of cone. (Details enlarged). MAGNOLIACEAE 189 Stamens and pistils numerous, crowded on the receptacle, the stamens below the pistils. Carpels fleshy, 1 celled and 2 ovuled, 2 seeded. Fruit cone-like, composed, of the scarlet or brownish carpels; the carpels dehiscent, opening on the back and exposing the seeds, which are usually scarlet and suspended by slender thread-like, stretching filaments. The outer portion of the seed is fleshy or pulpy, the inner hard and bony, flattened and more or less grooved. Less than 30 species are recognized in America and Asia. Fossil remains clearly show that the genus once occupied a very extensive region. The magnolias are ornamental and showy shrubs and trées with Jarge white, pink or purple flowers and handsome foliage. Several showy Chinese species with flowers appearing before the leaves in the early spring have been introduced into general cultivation in Europe and America. All parts of the plant have a bitter aromatic property. In China the powdered seeds of Magnolia denudata are used to allay in- flammatory condition of the throat and eyes. A decoction of the flower buds is taken internally as a medicine. Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux. (M. conspicua Salisbury.) (M. yulan Desfontaines.) Yulan. Much-branched deciduous tree with rounded crown up to 16 m. high. Buds large, densely covered with stout, short pubescence. Leaves 7.6-17 cm. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, tapering to a short point, shining green above, downy below when young. Flowers in early spring well in advance of the leaves, large, 15 cm. across, white, fragrant. Petals and sepals alike, 9 in number, 10 em. long. In addition to the type with pure white lily-like flowers there are forms or variations with blossoms of a pink or rosy-red color. Also there are in cultivation in Europe and America numerous rosy or purplish flowered hybrids between this species and another (M. liliflora) from China which has deep purple flowers. Magnolia delavayi Franchet. Evergreen shrub or tree to 9 m. tall. Yunnan, 140 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 53. MAGNOLIA DENUDATA Desrousseaux 1. Flower; 2. Sterile branch. MAGNOLIACEAK 144 M. officinalis Rehder & Wilson. Tree to 14 m, tall with yellowish branchlets and obovate leaves up to- 45cm. long. The fruit is oblong-ovate, 10-15 em. long. Closely allied to the Japanese If. hyyolenca from which it may be distinguished by the yellowish and not purplish branchlets. The bark and flower buds are medicinal, Hupeh and Szechuan. M. globosa var. sinensis Rehder & Wilson. Ashrub. Yunnan. M. nicholsoniana Rehder & Wilson. Shrubby or small tree 6 m. tall. W. Szechuan. M. wilsonii Rehder. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves densely silky tomentose beneath, 8-15 em. long. Flowers cup-shaped, white, very fragrant; carpels and filaments: red; fruit about 6 cm. long. W. Szechuan. M. aulacosperma Rehder & Wilson. Tree 11 m. tall with the seeds grooved in the under surface. W. Hupeh. M. dawsoniana Rehder & Wilson. Tree to 10 m. tall. W. Szechuan. M. liliflora Weieaseante Large shrub with scentless flowers white on the inside and purplish outside. Common cultivated plant. China & Japan. M. henryi Dunn. Yunnan. M. coco De Candolle. Evergreen shrub with nodding white fragrant flowers. Cultivated in S. China. Kwangtung. M. biondii Pampinini. Shensi. ' 142 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES HAMAMELIDACEAE Trees or Shrubs. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, petiolate and stipulate. Flowers perfect, or unisexual, in compact spikes or heads. Sepals 4 or 5; calyx adherent to the ovary; petals 4-5 or absent; stamens 4-5, rarely 8. Ovary inserted in the bottom of the receptacle, 2 celled, 1 ovule in each cell, rarely more; styles 2, usually persistent. Fruita woody capsule, cpening in 2 valves at the summit, also often imperfectly dehiscent by an inner septum. Seeds usually 1 in each cell, if more, only the lower ones are fertile. Seeds winged or rarely wingless. Em- bryo surrounded by fleshy albumen. About 20 genera with many species in the subtropic and warm temperate regions of both hemispheres. Liquidambar is the only arborescent genus in China. LIQUIDAMBAR Trees with resinous, fragrant sap and often corky branchlets. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, palmately 3-7 lobed, glandular serrate, long and slender petiolate, with small caducous_ stipules. Flowers monoecious, rarely perfect, apetalous. Staminate flowers without perianth, in racemose clusters; stamens indefinite, intermixed with small scales; filaments short and filiform. Pistillate flowers in a solitary, globular head on a slender peduncle, composed of confluent ovaries subtended by minute scales; stamens 4, rudimentary, inserted on the apex of the calyx; ovary partly inferior, 2 celled; ovules several or many; styles 2, incurved. Fruit a globose spiny head composed of the coherent capsules and their elongated styles. Capsule dehiscent at the apex between the base of the stigmas. Seeds 1 or 2, compressed, winged. A genus of about 4 species in CG. and W. Asia and N. and C. America. Liquid storax, a gray-brown resin, is derived from L. orientalis, used in the Orient for medicine, perfumery and for the preparation of incense. The resin from the American species enters into the composition of chewing gum. The wood is straight grained, dark colored and handsome. Liquidambar formosana Hance. (Fung Hsiang Shu.) Sweet gum, Tree 20-40 m. tall, frequently with buttressed trunk. Leaves usually 3 lobed, cordate, rarely truncate; lobes broad at the base, tapering HAMAMELIDACEAE 148 Plate 54, LIQUIDAMBAR FORMOSANA Hance 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Mature fruit; 8. Seeds; 4. Section of fruit; 5. Embryo; 6. Section of ovary; 7. Style and staminodes. (Details adapted from Hooker’s “Icones Plantarum.”) 144 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES to along, narrow point; serrate, pubescent beneath when young, glabrous on older trees, dull green. Fruit globose, spiny, due to the long awned scales surrounding the ovaries, becoming hard and woody at maturity. The juvenile leaves and petioles of this species densely villose. Leaves with 5 narrow lobes. 8. E. to W. Central China. A widely distributed tree with a range extending from Formosa and Kwangtung to Thibet. The tree prefers a moist situation. The foliage turns brilliantly brown and red in the autumn and is retained late into the winter. The wood is said to be used in China for making tea chests and the presses in which brick tea is molded, but the wood is usually considered of little value. Some farmers soak the wood for a length of time in a pond or stream, a practice which is supposed to improve the quality of the timber. In Kwangtung a silkworm which produces a strong, coarse silk-gut is fed on the leaves. var. monticola Rehder & Wilson. A form distinctly glabrous on both the young and the mature plant. EUCOMMIACEAE Tree with alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers without perianth, unisexual. Staminate flower pedicelled with 8-10 short stamens; pistillate flower short stalked, solitary; carpels 2, one of which aborts, long pedicelled; ovules 2, suspended. Winged fruits narrowed towards the base. A family of a single species. Confined to China. EUCOMMIA Trees with laminate pith. Leaves deciduous, alternate, simple, serrate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, short petioled, glabrous above, pilose on the veins beneath. Flowers appear before the leaves, dioecious, without perianth, solitary on the axil of a bract. Staminate flowers composed of 8 (6-10) stamens on a short pedicel, subtended by a bract; stamens with elongated, linear anthers produced at the apex into a short point, on a short filament. Pistillate flower composed of a naked, LAURACEAE 145 elongated ovary with 2 stigmatic lobes at the apex, on the axil of a bract; ovary 1 celled, 2 ovuled. Fruit an ovate-oblong samara; the wing coriaceous, surrounding the nutlet, notched at the apex, tapering at the base. Nutlet compressed, 1 seeded. West China, So far unreported in a wild state, known only in cultivation. A monotypic genus variously assigned to T'rochodendraceae, Magnoliaceae and Hamamelidaceae according to different authorities, but now segregated as a distinct family closely allied to Hamamelidaceae. Eucommia is remark- able on account of the presence of numerous elastic threads which yield a good grade of rubber, in all parts of the plant except the wood. The presence of rubber may be detected by breaking a piece of the inner bark, a Jeaf or a fruit in two, and pulling the portions apart, the elastic fibres appear as fine threads of a silky sheen. Unfortunately the rubber content is low, in the bark only 3% of its dry weight, and the extraction difficult, so that commercial exploitation of this tree is impracticable. The bark, however, is extensively employed as medicine, valued for its fancied or real tonic properties. The bark is stripped from the tree, ultimately causing its death. Propagated by cuttings or by seeds. Germination is uncertain. Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. (Tuchung Shu.) Trees up to 18 m. tall, more often smaller. Leaves 8-18 cm. long, ovate-elliptic, serrate, acuminate, cuneate at base, dark shining green above, pubescent when young below. Petiole 12-20 mm. long. Fruit 3-4 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, oblong, notched at the apex. Western Hupeh, Szechuan. LAURACEAE Aromatic or sometimes foetid trees, shrubs, rarely under-shrubs, or very rarely leafless parasites (Cassythia). Leaves alternate, without stipules (exstipulate), sometimes whorled or crowded dlose together, rarely opposite, simple, entire, rarely lobed (as in Sassafras), palmately veined or penninerved, punctate with glands containing a volatile oil and often pellucid. 146 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 55. EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES Oliver 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 3. Leaf; 4. End of seed; 5. Pistillate flower; 6. Staminate flower; 7. Section of ovary. (Details adapted from ‘' Icones Plantarum.’’) LAURACEAE 147 Flowers usually axillary, small, white, yellowish or greenish, perfect or unisexual, sometimes dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Perianth regular, simple, without petals (apetalous), gamosepalous (the sepals more or less united), forming a short tube with 6-9. lobes (rarely 4). In some genera the lobes are deciduous, in others persisting and adhering to the base of the fruit. Stamens as many as and inserted on the perianth lobes, (perigynous) or a multiple of them; alternately fertile and sterile (staminodes) and with or without glands at the base. Anthers 2 or 4 celled, opening by trap-door-like valves from below. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled (rarely 2 ovules), the ovules pendulous, anatropous. Fruit usually a berry, rarely a drupe or dry, globose or ellipsoid in form, usually on a thickened pedicel or narrowed at the base by the more or less thickened calyx-tube. Seed solitary, without albumen (exalbuminous) and with straight embryo and superior radicle. This family includes about 40 genera and nearly 1,000 described species of trees and shrubs. They are most widely distributed in warm or tropical regions, comparatively few being found in temperate climates. The type of the genus is Laurus nobilis, the Royal Bay-tree, of the Mediterranean region. The aromatic character of most species makes them particularly valuable as furnishers of spices and stimulants. A few are regarded as poisonous. Among the better known products of the family are Camphor, Cinnamon, Cassia buds, and the Avocado or Alligator Pear (Persea gratissime). The wood of many species is beautiful, enduring and easily worked, and is in much demand for furniture and cabinet making. In China the finest woods are produced from the ‘‘ Changshu” or camphor trees and from species of Lindera, Muchilus and Phoebe which are commonly known.as ** Nanmu” in various forms. KEY TO GENERA I. Leaves deciduous, entire or 1-3 lobed. A. Flowers in long-stalked umbels; anthers 4 celled. . Sassafras. B. Flowers in short-stalked clusters or umbels; anthers 2-celled So ee AN Fhe wee kW ee peeeeanes seve Lindera, 148 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES II. Leaves persistent, entire. A. Flowers crowded in umbel-like cymes, each cyme subtended by 4 concave bracts; drupe on a thickened perianth tube.. Sola ced hden ieee WS ACAD ahs Riek oud OR SEES CRE OO Gre BPs eS Titsea. B. Flowers separate in loose panicles. 1. Leaves mostly 8-nerved; perianth lobes deciduous; fruit on an enlarged pedicel..-+.-+e+-seee.eee Cinnamomum. 2. Leaves mostly pinnately veined ; perianth lobes persistent under the fruit; pedicel not enlarged. a. Anthers all extrorse...+...--- Sats te eens «.++Phoebe. b. Anthers some extrorse and some introrse. . Machilus. SASSAFRAS Trees, deciduous. Leaves alternate, somewhat crowded towards ends of branchlets, entire or 2 or 8-lobed (very rarely 5-lobed), with slender petioles. Flowers in axillary long-stalked umbels near the ends of the branchlets, imperfect, usually dioecious. Stamens 9, inserted in 3 series on the margin of the thickened or fleshy calyx tube, the innermost series each with 2 orange-colored glands at the base; anthers 4-celled, introrse. Fruit a dark blue drupe inserted on a thickened receptacle formed by the calyx tube; the receptacle reddish colored. Only 3 species are known, 1 in Eastern North America, 1 in China and 1 in Formosa. The Chinese species is scarcely distinguishable from the American one. The leaves of the sassafras are aromatic and are either entire or 1-3 lobed with broad sinuses, at first bright green in color, later changing to brilliant shades of yellow and red in the autumn. The fruits are brightly colored, augmenting the ornamental character of the foliage. The tree has a long tap root and cannot be readily transplanted. Sassafras produces many suckers, by which means the tree is sometimes propagated. , LAURACEAE 149 Sassafras tzumu Hemsley. (Pseudosassafras tzumu Lecomte.) Tree to 35 m. tall, sometimes a meter or more in diameter, of pyramidal habit with stout, straight trunk and rugged horizontal branches. The bark on young trees smooth and grayish-green, on mature trees dark gray-brown, irregularly furrowed. Leaves ovate or obovate, entire or 1 to 3 lobed at the apex, pinnately veined, silky pubescent when young, later glabrous, 10-20 cm. long, on slender petioles. Flowers profuse, yellow, opening in early spring with the unfolding of the leaves, in racemes, perfect, about 5 mm. across, pubescent on the inner surface; staminodes 3, alternating with the 3 glandular stamens. Fruit about 12 mm. high, bluish black, covered with a glaucous bloom, embraced at the base by an orange-red cup formed by the thickened calyx tube. The wood is aromatic, dull yellowish-brown in color, soft, brittle, weak and coarse but durable in contact with the ground. From the bark of the roots of the American Sassafras vartifolium Kuntze, which is very similar to the Chinese species, oil of sassafras, used in perfumery, is extracted. The essential oil is also employed as a mild stimulant. Experiments on the extraction of the oil from the Chinese sassafras should be interesting and might prove profitable. Hupeh, Kiangsi and Chekiang. _ CINNAMOMUM Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Bark and twigs very aromatic, Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes crowded towards the end of the branch- lets, coriaceous, entire, in most species with 8 main nerves or veins. Flowers small, in large axillary panicles, often appearing terminal, from the axils of uppermost leaves, dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 9, each of the 3 inner ones having 2 glands at the base; anthers 4 celled, extrorse; staminodes 8. Fruit small, ovoid on a more or less enlarged perianth. About 180 species have been. described. Native to eastern Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. The genus Cinnamomum includes several important economic trees, among them C. zeylanicum, from China and India, from which the cinnamon spice of commerce is obtained ; C. cassia, which yields the cassia bark used in medicine; and C. camphora, widely cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical countries. 150 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 56. SASSAFRAS TZUMU Hemsley 1. Fruiting branch; 2, Section of Staminate flower; 3. Perfect flower, perianth removed; 4,5. Stamens; 6, 7. Floral diagram (from Engler and Prantle). 8. Ovary; 9. Seed. (Details enlarged.) LAURACEAL 151 Cinnamomum camphora (L) Nees and Ebermaier. (Laurus camphora Linneus.) (Camphora officinarum Nees.) True Camphor or “‘ Chang shu.” An evergreen tree occasionally attaining 30 m. in height and 2-2.5 m. in diameter of trunk, usually much smaller. The bark of the trunk is smooth and green, that of young branches is glabrous aad shining. Buds scaly. Leaves alternate, on slender piiant petioles about 2.5 em. in length. Leaves thick, stiff, bright green, smooth and polished above, pale green or with a conspicuous glaucous bloom beneath, pinkish when unfolding, the margin entire. They are generally oval, 8-15 cm. long, acuminate, tapering to both ends or sometimes abruptly acuminate at the apex or rounded or heart shaped at the base, appearing trinerved because of the size and prominence of the two lowest lateral nerves or veins which curve and run some distance nearly parallel to the edges. In the axils of these and other principal veins are distinct punctate glands which are visible on both surfaces. Flowers perfect, greenish-white or yellowish, very small, on slender branching pedicels, forming small, spreading cymes of 2 or 8 arranged in small, erect, long-stalked, axillary panicles shorter than the leaves. Perianth with a short, thick, fleshy tube and 6 imbricate, nearly equal, blunt and thick, horizontally spreading segments, smooth externally, densely hairy on the inside, becoming deciduons and falling from the tube. Stamens 9; staminodes usually 6; stamens erect, shorter than the perianth segments and the 6 outer stamens opposite the 3 outer perianth segments, extrorse and provided at the base with a large, stalked, thick, obcordate gland on either side. Filament hairy. Anthers large, oblong, 4-celled, with valvular dehiscence. Staminodes in 2 rows of 3 each, stalked, oblong or sagittate, the outer 8 having 2 glands at the base of each, resembling those of the inner stamens. Ovary free from, but surrounded by, the perianth tube; 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Style slender, as long as the stamens, stigma small. Fruit a drupe, ovoid or globular, about 6 mm. in diameter or the size of a large pea, smooth, purplish or black (some writers have described it as red), surrounded at the base ‘by the 152 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Plate 57. CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA Nees 1. Flowering branch; 2. Fruiting branch. LAURACEAE 158 enlarged persistent perianth tube; flesh thin; seed large, solitary, smooth, exalbuminous; cotyledons large, plano-convex, fleshy or oily; embryo straight. Varying with latitude and altitude the flowers appear from April to June and the fruit matures from September to November. The true camphor tree is native in China, Japan, Korea and Formosa. It is now cultivated in many of the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The tree usually does noi attain great size, or over 1 m. in diameter of trunk. Old, broad-buttressed specimens, of great age, are . sometimes found about temples and shrines in China and Japan, these are reported as measuring 6-8 m. in diameter of trunk or buttress at 1.5 m. from the ground. China: Kiangsi, Fukien and Kwangtung, rare in Hupeh and Szechuan, Both wood and leaves contain the camphor; a concrete volatile colorless oil, lighter than water, with a penetrating odor and pungent but cooling taste. It is very soluble in fixed and volatile oils, in alcohol and ether, evaporating completely in the air, and is very inflammable. Dissolved in alcohol, oil and vinegar, it is much employed externally for rheumatism and contusions. Taken in overdoses it may produce insensibility and even death. The branches and wood are the parts generally utilized. The amount of camphor varies in the different parts of the tree, the branches containing the least, about 2%; the roots the most, usually 6 or 7%. The camphor is obtained by cutting the wood into small chips and submitting these to a process of sublimation through steam. The process of production varies in different regions. The greater part of the world’s supply of pure camphor is produced in Formosa. A Gommon process of production in use there is as follows:— A long wooden trough, with a coating of clay to protect it from fire, is fixed over a furnace. Water is then poured into it and over it a board perforated with numerous small holes is fitted. The wood of the camphor-tree is cut into small chips and these are placed above the holes and covered with earthen pots. Then a fire is lighted in the furnace, the. water becomes heated and as the steam rises it passes through the holes and the chips, carrying with it the camphor vapor which condenses in the upper part of the pots, and from which the camphor is scraped out every few days. 154 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Various allied species of Cinnamomum contain camphor but they are not generally recognized as of equal economic importance with C. camphora. Camphor or a close imitation of it is also produced from other plants belonging to other families, as from a species of Dryobalanus and from a species cf Blumea, natives of tropical Asia outside of China. Cinnamomum camphora as well as other species of the genus is usually propagated by seeds which are sown as soon as ripe in shaded beds. As transplanting is extremely difficult and rarely attended with success, either one of the two following methods is usually followed in establishing plantations. : The first method is to sow the seeds directly in the forest. Four or five seeds are usually put in each hole, under the shelter of the standing trees, which afford the requisite shade for the growth of the seedlings. For the first few years some care must be given them, that is, they should be thinned when necessary, and kept free from weeds until they are well established. The pot-grown method, however, seems preferable. The seeds are sown in prepared beds and when very young the seedlings are transplanted into pots, where they are allowed to remain until they are ready to be set out into the permanent plantation. This should be the method employed for establishing a new plantation. Camphor trees may also be grown from cuttings of half-ripened wood, rooted in the spring in moderate heat. This species prefers a well drained, sandy loam. The wood of Cinnamomum camphora is very valuable. It is light brownish in color, beautifully grained, and taking a high polish. It has a characteristic taste and odor, extensively used for interior finish, furniture, chests and for cabinets on account of its repellent effcct on insects, and formerly it was much used for boat building. Cinnamomum cassia Blume. Handsome tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, stiff, glossy green, pubescent on the lower surface, 8-16 cm. long. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate, pubescent, 8-16 cm. long; flowers small. ’ Drupe the size ofa pea. China and Sumatra. Cultivated in warm countries for the cassia bark. LAURACEAE 155 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. Cinnamon Tree. Small tree to 10 m. tall. Buds silky pubeseent. Leaves coriaceous, shiny, ovate to.ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base acute, 3-5 nerved, reticulate and glabrous beneath, 8-18 em. long. Inflorescence in silky pubescent panicles, as long as the leaves, mostly clustered in the axils of the upper leaves ; flowers numerous, small, about 6 mm. high, yellowish, with grayish hairs on the outside. Fruit 10-16 mm. long, dry or slightly fleshy, pointed, surrounded by the enlarged perianth. Cultivated in Kwangtung. The planting of this tree might be extended into a profitable industry. PHOEBE Evergreen trees or shrubs, leaves alternate, scattered, often irregularly grouped toward the end of the yearly growth, entire, pinnately veined. Flowers small, perfect or polygamous, in axillary and subterminal panicles or corymbs. Perianth tube short, the segments 6, subcoriaceous, about equal in size, erect and enlarging and ultimately clasping the base of the fruit. Fertile stamens 9, in 8 series, the 1st and 2nd series without glands and with introrse 4-celled anthers, the 8rd series with 2 glands subtending each stamen and with extrorse 4-celled anthers. There is an inner or 4th series of 3 small stipitate or stalked staminodes with cordate or sagittate apex. Fruit a fleshy berry usually ellipsoid or oblong, inserted upon or clasped at the base by the persisting 6-parted cup or perianth, and containing a single large, smooth seed. : Perhaps 25 or 30 species of Phoebe have been described. They are chiefly East Indian and Malayan. There is a very close relationship between this genus and Machtius and Persea. The species of Machilus and Phoebe in western China are all evergreen and handsome trees. According to Wilson, in Szechuen they are abundant up to an altitude of 1,000 metres, often forming extensive forests. Some of them grow to great size and have broad, dense heads. The. wood is close grained, fragrant, greenish white and brown in color, | easily worked and very durable. It is much valued in furniture making and the construction of temples and houses. It is also used for the bottoms of boats. 156 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES Phoebe nanmu (Oliver) Gamble. (1914). *(Persea nanmu Oliver). (1880). (Machilus nanmu (Oliver) Hemsley). (1891). A tree sometimes 30 m. high and 1.5 m. in diameter of trunk; branchlets slender, more or less hirsute or pubescent when young, at length becoming glabrescent, Leaves coriaceous, broadly lanceolate, or somewhat obovate, usually from 5 to 10 em. in length and from less than 1.2-4 em. wide in widest part, abruptly acuminate at apex, the base narrowly or broadly cuneate, glabrous above and distinctly gray or brown pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the midrib and principal veins, Flowers with 6 perianth segments, short and rounded at the apex and united at the base into a broad spreading cup which serves as a receptacle for the fleshy fruit. Fruit an ovoid, fleshy, blackish berry, about 12 mm. long on short pubescent pedicels which enlarge but slightly at the base of the perianth cup. Ripe in September and October. Found in Yunnan and Western Szechuan where it has been described as a common tree attaining large size. There are several other species of Phoebe which have been described as native in China and there are some as yet not described or named. Phoebe neurantha (Hemsley) Gamble. (Machilus neurantha Hemsley). Recorded from Kiangsi, Hupeh and Szechuan. . Phoebe sheareri (Hemsley) Gamble. (Machilus sheareri Hemsley). Kiangsi, Chekiang, Hupeh and Szechuan, Phoebe macrophylla (Hemsley) Gamble. (Machilus macrophylla Hemsley). - A native of Hupeh and Szechuan. This species must be given a new botanical name because there already existed a Phoebe macrophylla, described by Blume and published “Note—The synonymy given above indicates the close relationship of the three genera, It is sometimes impossible to assign a species to its proper genus without adequate specimens for study. LAURACEAE 157 Plate 58. PHOEBE NANMU Gamble 1. Fruiting branch; 2. Flowering branch; 38. Section of ovary: 4. Section of flower; 5. Stamen. (Details enlarged). 158 CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES in ‘‘ Museum Botanicum Lugdano-Batavum ” in 1851, a distinct species, and a native of Java, whereas Gamble’s use of the name for this Chinese species was not established until 1914 (see “Plante Wilsoniane,” vol. II, p. 71, 1914). As, therefore, a new name must be given to this species it is here proposed to name it Phoebe chinensis Chun. A description of the species follows:— Phoebe chinensis Chun. (Phoebe macrophylla Gamble.) (Machilus macrophylla Hemsley.) : Tree up to 10m. tall. Branchlets rounded, glabrous or glabrescent, dark gray. Leaves evergreen, sparsely scattered on the branches, thick, leathery, narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed toward the base, green on both surfaces or slightly paler beneath with somewhat inconspicuous primary veins and finely reticulated ultimate veins, about 22 cm. long; petioles 2-4 cm. long, slender. Flowers yellow-green in narrow, erect, terminal cymose panicles; perianth greenish-yellow, valvate, in 2 unequal series (the inner one larger); perianth segments ovate-oblong, thick, with ciliate margins, somewhat sparsely hirsute on the inner surface. Filaments furnished with minuté hairs at the base. Ovary entirely glabrous. Drupe globose, with the thickened perianth segment appressed beneath, Hupeh and Szechuan. ‘This handsome evergreen tree is one of the most useful and abun- dant of Nanmus. The wood, which is olive-green and brown, is fragrant and durable. It isa favorite tree for ornamental planting in the provinces of the West. MACHILUS ‘ Aromatic, evergreen trees with alternate, entire, pinnately veined leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in terminal panicles. Perianth 6 cleft, the outer segments usually equal to, or slightly smaller than, the inner ones, the segments usually persisting entire around or under the berry. Stamens 9; anthers 4-celled; 6 of the anthers opposite the periantb segments open outwards (extrorse) bearing a short stalked gland at each side of the base of the filament. Pedicels not enlarging or thickening under the fruit or berry. The panicles sometimes become lateral by LAURACEAE . 159 elongation of new shoots. Fruit a globular or nearly globular fleshy berry, usually less than 1.2 em. in diameter, occasionally up to 2.5 cm. in diameter. This genus much resembles Cinnamomum and differs chiefly in having the perianth segments persisting with the berry and in the end of the pedicel beneath it not being dilated or thickened. About 15 species known, all natives of tropical or subtropical Asia and Malay Archipelago, the species most abundant in India. : Machilus ichangensis Rehder and Wilson. Tree to 15 m. tall, usually smaller. Branches slender, dull red, rarely dark gray, with few lenticels, glabrous. Leaves alternate, papery, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, long acuminate, gradually narrowed toward the base, rarely broadly cuneate, glabrous, bright yellow-green above, glaucescent, glabrous or rarely slightly silky pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, with 12-17 pairs of lateral veins, the ultimate veins reticulated; petiole slender, channelled above, about 1.5 cm. long, rarely longer. Panicles from the axils of caducous bracts on slender peduncles, 3.5-5 cm. long; flowers white, the perianth almost divided to the base, the segments 5-6 mm. long, silky pubescent outside, glabrous, except toward the tips on the inside; stamens 9, shorter than the perianth lobes, unequal in length; anthers oblong-obtuse; ovary subglobose, glabrous; style enlarged at the base. Drupe subglobose, minutely pointed at the apex, 6-7 mm. across, glabrous and shiny black, subtended at the base by the persistent, thickened perianth lobes; pedicel scarcely thickened. This tree is locally known as Hsiao Nanmu or Little Nanmu. It was formerly confused with Machilus thunbergii Siebold and Zuccarini of Japan, but now considered distinct from that species. Fukien, Hupeh, Kwangtung. Machilus bournei Hemsley. A tall, densely leafy tree from 15-80 m. in height and 1-1.5 m. in diameter, Mature leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, long acuminate, tapering to a cuneate base; usually from 5-10 cm. long and from 1.2-4 cm. wide. Young shoots and leaves distinctly tomentose or puberulent 160 ' CHINESE ECONOMIC TREES when young, leaves becoming glabrous and bright shining green on the upper surface as they mature, pale and puberulent below. The flowers are small and in color are white to creamy white or yellowish, the flower buds, perianth and pedicels being decidedly pubescent, with short gray or brown hairs. Fruit undescribed, Common as a forest tree in Hupeh and Szechuan. It is particularly abundant on the Chengtu plain and is much planted about temple grounds and homes. Among other species reported from China are: Machilus velutina Champion, from Fukien and Kwangtung. ‘Machilus chinensis Hem-ley, from Kwangtung. There are other species which have been named and no doubt some as yet not named in our Chinese forest flora. LITSEA Evergreen or rarely deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, mostly pinnately veined (in some species 3-nerved). Flowers dioecious, small, white or yellow, crowded in axillary, umbel- like cymes, subtended by concave, imbricate bracts which look like sepals; perianth tube ovoid or campanulate or very short, segments 6-4 (more or fewer), equal or unequal or rarely absent; stamens and stam- inodes usually 6-2, the filaments of the 2 outer sets usually without glands; anthers usually all introrse, 4 celled. Fruit a dry or fleshy drupe seated on the enlarged perianth tube, frequently in umbellate clusters. About 150 species, mostly in the tropics; about 15 species have been described from China.