ZL GOL Ze Ay HALLE TALL Kh sz — \ VY ae LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, NEW YORK Cornell University Library SF 889.L14 | | MO | 3 1924 021 949 460 oe Date Due — MAR 10 1956 “gih-2— JAN |5 1959 |” APR Le 1960 app § 1658 eS ra NS = 7 a ; 3 ENS qeore “Hi uy | Gs PRINTED |/IN U.S. A. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021949460 VETERINARY MEDICINE SERIES No. 8 ANIMAL CASTRATION BY J. V. LACROIX, D.V.S. Professor of Surgery, The Kansas City Veterinary College ILLUSTRATED Chicago AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 1915 tye ro v fy CopyricHT 1915 By D. M. Cawprenn PREFACE This work is not intended for those unacquainted with anatomy, restraint of animals, principles of sur- gery and asepsis. It is assumed that the student is familiar with anatomy, and no attempt at such in- struction has been made. However, anatomy is treated in sufficient detail for accurate description of the tech- nie pertaining to the various operations considered. The reader’s familiarity with the restraint of animals being presupposed, tedious recital of modes of restraint has been omitted; but the kind of restraint that will best serve any given operation has been indicated. Since a good working knowledge of the principles of surgery and asepsis is necessary to comprehend the text, frequent reminders that instruments should be boiled and the operator’s hands washed, have been purposely avoided. The selection of instruments is a matter of individual choice or custom, and, therefore, naming the instruments required for each operation described, has been intentionally omitted. This volume is a résumé of observations made during ten years’ experience in the castration of animals. In considering the technic of operations, where more than one method is in vogue, the one that has proved the most practicable has been described. The sections on equine umbilical hernia and cesarean operation in the sow have been included because these cases command much of the veterinarian’s attention during the season of castration. J. V. OL. October, 1915. CONTENTS PAGE List. of . Whastrationss so s Mmaseulatot’ curs cagias aenie¥ 42 we ea waatient ccs bu bed whens 16 ALS SH OTAS OUR: acct. da clerical tank cues eaves he. Neue Resides Ae 17 5. Castration of the Colt in a Standing Position......... 19 6. Restraint for Castrating Colts...............000. eae 20 7. The ‘‘Covered Operation’’.............. 00. cee eee aes 27 8. A Modification of the ‘‘Covered Operation’’.......... 31 9. Restraint for Cryptorechid Castration................. 40 10. Genital Organs of the Bull................... 00.0008 GO 11. Castrating the Young Calf............... 0. ees 61 12. Restraint of Calf in Standing Position for Castration.. 62 13. Showing Position of Operator, Also Lines of Incision.. 63 14. Rueff’s Method of Casting................. 0... e eee 65 15. Showing Manner of Restraint of Male Cut for Cas- EUALLOM (ip) sot Gc chain So does ee ae tina esha eee NT a weds 84 16. A. Form of Hippo-Tasso..4 2 occ ea ete ee eaee eaade earns 91 1% Restraint for Spaying. sac ceaeess cece poreve genes away 106 Is. Median Line Incision for Spaying.................6. 108 19. The Ovary Within the Grasp of the Spaying Forceps.. 11] 20. Completing the Process of Limited Torsion for Ampu- tation. of the OVAaTYccsisacsvuwes ise becaeerrenness news 112 21. Suture for Coaptation of the Peritoneum and Abdom- Inal MUseleS: ..ncic.geisa Bader windanteka cen bonkers Was 113 22. Method of Tying Continuous Suture...............0.. 114 23. Flank Incision for Spaying the Cat.................. 121 7 INTRODUCTION History Castration of animals was practiced by the ancients as there is occasional mention of it in literature, but it is doubtful if this operation was performed on ani- mals before it was practiced on the human. There is frequent allusion to castration or to one castrated in many literary works and data on this operation as practiced upon the human subject are readily obtained. We quote from A Reference Handbook of the Medi- cal Sciences, Vol. II, page 710: ‘‘Castration is a very ancient practice. It was a consequence of the system of polygamy. The word Eunuch means literally hav- ing charge of the bed chamber. The Hebrew word means mutilated, and the first royal chamberlains were probably castrated men. Later the term eunuch was applied to men in all sorts of offices and it lost its original meaning.”’ ‘‘Herodotus relates that the castration of slaves was an industry among the Greeks. These slaves brought a high price in the markets of Ephesus. Early records of castration in China date back to 1100 B. C. Next to beheading it was at one time the most severe form of punishment.’’ Object Reasons for the castrating of animals may be divided into two general classes. First, for economic purposes; making it possible to keep and work animals of both 9 10 ANIMAL CASTRATION sexes together without difficulty, which would be im- possible if the males were left entire; to regulate the reproductive numbers and thereby seek to elevate the standard of any given species; and to obviate dangers of accidents and injuries occasioned by the instinctive combat between males. The second reason for animal castration is to work for the otherwise impossible cor- rection of certain pathological conditions, such as in- fectious orchitis, and in some eases of strangulated hernia of the breeding male. Castration has a marked effect upon the conforma- tion of animals and viewed from the economical stand- point, this result is beneficial. Conformation is mate- rially altered, and where the animal is castrated at an early age, the type is not so strongly developed as in the case of the unaltered subject. Geldings do not possess the physical maturity of stallions, being less powerful in appearance and lacking the large, mas- culine facial features of the stallion. The neck is more slender, the crest somewhat undeveloped, and the mus- cularity of the breast and forearms is not so pro- nounced,—in short, the entire body partakes of a finer and more feminine type. A similar but less observable condition occurs with respect to the unsexed female. This is true, in varying degrees, of all animals. The character of the flesh of a castrated animal is also materially different from that of the uneastrated, the flesh of the steer having a better flavor and being more tender and edible than that of a bull. This is particularly noticeable in the flesh of swine,—the meat of the entire male hog or one castrated after attaining maturity, having a characteristic odor and being not really palatable. The flow of milk is said to be appreciably prolonged in cows that have been spayed, but it is doubtful if INTRODUCTION 11 the quality of the milk is improved in the least. In those instances where it is undesirable or inconvenient to breed milk cows, the estral period interferes materi- ally with lactation at each revular recurrence. In such cases spaying is advisable. The best age for castrating the various species is a much-debated question, as many circumstances govern, in a measure, the decision in different cases. It is gen- erally conceded that a colt is best castrated between the ages of nine and twenty-four months, though some stock owners are firmly of the opinion that colts should not be altered until they are two years of age, claiming that this delay enables the animals to attain better physical development. While this may be true in cer- tain cases, yet in the average thrifty colt, particularly of the draft breeds, the gain in certain parts of the physique is offset by pronounced undesirable charac- teristics which manifest themselves because of late castration. The vigorous draft colt castrated at the age of two years may possess a hetter developed head, neck and fore quarters than does the one operated on at a year of age, yet the croup and hind quarters of the first, are not developed in proportion to the fore quarters, there resulting an asymmetrical conforma- tion. Because of the fact that the testicles normally descend at or soon after birth in the normal foal, in a few cases the inguinal canal remains somewhat lax and loose, making castration of a foal during his carlier months, an unsafe procedure, as hernia and even even- tration may result. Under average normal conditions the best age for castrating colts is between nine and twelve months. Males of the bovine species are best castrated when very young, and since the operation apparently causes the subject a minimum degree cf discomfort and there is no reason for not operating 12 ANIMAL CASTRATION at a very early age, it is best to select the earliest convenient time. Swine also are most successfully al- tered when very young. Sheep and goats are not capable of withstanding surgical interference to the same extent as cattle, and are best castrated at or about two months of age. Dogs and cats are castrated merely as a matter of domestic convenience, and in the majority of instances, since these animals are kept for pets or companions, the operation is best and easiest for the subject at or about the age of six months. Jn the unsexing of females, reasons for operating deter- mine in a measure, the age most suitable. Heifers are spayed, if possible, before experiencing their first estral period, and the same is true of female swine, dogs and cats. Where the operation is done by the method of Charlier, the animal needs to attain a suffi- cient degree of development to enable the operator to comfortably manipulate instruments within the vaginal canal. Long deferment of this operation, however, is not likely to bring at once the desired result of ab- sence of the sexual instinct in the previously bred fe- male of some species. Season and Age for Castration The season best suited for castrating depends some- what upon climatic conditions, existent vulnerable agencies, and customs fixed because of the element of convenience necessary in proper handling of the sub- jects. In those latitudes where insect life or other vulnerable agencies frequently cause an unfavorable outcome, castration should be done in the spring of the year. Where animals are sent to pasture for the spring or swnmer months, the operation is more con- veniently done before they are turned out. In other INTRODUCTION 13 instances, where screw worms do not abound, or where the subjects are somewhat unthrifty, it is best to castrate them during the early summer months. It seems hardly necessary to say that animals should not be exposed to adverse elements immediately after this operation, as exposure to long-continued cold rains tends to lower the vitality, decrease the powers of resistance and enhances the possibility of sequele. However, the fallacious theory cherished by some, that colts should not be exposed to rain directly after castration, should be emphatically discouraged. Inevitably more harm is done by the well-meaning client who shelters his recently castrated colt in an unsanitary and even filthy stall than can possibly be occasioned by the heaviest downpour of rain, provided the weather is not cold. It has been found impos- sible for a newly castrated colt to assume the normal recumbent position when it is kept in a stable or lit- tered barnyard without causing contamination of the surgical wounds of the scrotum. Postoperative infec- tions have been so caused in many instances, at the expense of the reputation of the acting veterinarian, and it therefore behooves the castrator to insist posi- tively upon having his patient kept away from all barnyard filth until the scrotal wounds have healed completely. In eastrating normal young animals that are kept under average conditions, no preoperative preparation is urgent. Where general anesthesia is employed in the handling of mature animals, or in the case of nervous stallions, food should be withheld for a suffi- cient length of time to minimize the danger of fer- mentation of ingesta which might be brought on by the attendant excitement. In certain pathological con- ditions where the operation is likely to consume con- 14 ANIMAL CASTRATION siderable time, as in some eryptorchids, and in cases where general anesthesia is to be employed, animals should always be dieted before operating. Preopera- tive preparation of the surgieal field varies with the case and the manner in which the technique is exe- euted. Where a normal animal is castrated under aver- age conditions, local preparation consists in washing with suitable solutions and rendering the field clean. Tn other cases, such as cryptorchid castration, a thor- ough cleansing of the surgical area with soap and water, drying the parts, and finally painting the skin with tincture of iodin, is a necessary precautionary measure. In the castration of swine and ealves, if the parts are not soiled, no preoperative local cleansing is imperative. PART ONE SECTION 1 CASTRATION OF MALES PRELIMINARY MEASURES Selection of Instruments In the performance of any surgical operation, every reputable surgeon has his decided preference with re- gard to the instruments and appliances to be used, and while it is not our purpose to recommend any particular make of instruments, we do deem it wise to call attention to the fact that there are a discov- Fig. 1—A CASTRATING KNIFE OF A GOOD PATTERN, HAVING A SHORT BLADE WITH CONVEX CUTTING EDGE ered few on the market the faulty construction of which makes them very undesirable for the purpose of castration. Especially must the instrument used for this pur- pose be a properly designed one and of a convenient size. Castrating knives are made of the hoe blade or hooked pattern, or equipped with a rather short blade having a very convex cutting edge, and are preferably devoid of a sharp point. For the ablation of the testicle, the emasculator is the more widely used instrument by scientific vet- erinarians, and so long as it is constructed in such manner that division of the cord may be effected 15 16 ANIMAL CASTRATION without subsequent hemorrhage, the essentials exist, and it remains a matter of choice with the operator as to which particular style of this instrument he Fig. 2—A SUITABLE CASTRATING KNIFE HAVING A HOOKED BLADE may prefer to use. The same statement is true of the ecraseur, and as these two instruments are the principal ones employed in the castrating operation, none others will be mentioned here. As in the case of all surgical instruments, it is most important that they be properly cared for—kept clean and dry when not in use. It is quite impossible to keep an instrument clean after the plating has be- come damaged. Every veterinarian should have suffi- cient pride in the appearance of his equipment to keep Fig. 3—A VERY GOOD STYLE OF EMASCULATOR WITH EXTRA ATTACHMENT TO INSURE HEMOSTASIS it in good condition, even though it were not urgent to do so in the case of castrating instruments, to pre- vent possible infection, and only the practitioners who have this innate pride will tend to raise the standard of their profession. Castrating instruments should be PRELIMINARY MEASURES 17 boiled daily when regularly used and should be kept wrapped in a clean, sterile towel, and not loosely thrown in the soiled aud more or less contaminated emergency bag. In field work the average client will inwardly, if not outwardly, appreciate the pains taken by the serupulously exacting operator, even though he is put to some effort to procure a clean pail or basin and sterile towels for the convenience of the veterinarian, Fig. 4—A SUBSTANTIAL sie tees OF THE “QUICK-CHAIN” TYPE when the client understands that such precautions are taken for the sole purpose of lessening the danger of infection to his animals. The veterinary student who is unfamihar with the appearance and quality of castrating and other special instruments should refer to any complete veterinary instrument catalogue, which ean he readily secured from any reputable dealer. Restraint A. thorough knowledge of practical icthods of re- straint of animals is very necessary in order to become skilled as a castrator. It could not be the intention of any right thinking veterinarian to employ restraint to the exclusion of anesthesia; however, oftentimes a cas- tration operation, skillfully performed on a conscious animal, may inflict less real shock and distress to the subject than complete anesthesia used under average 18 ANIMAL CASTRATION conditions. Proper restraint constitutes a very essen- tial part of the operation sor successful castration, and this means applies not only to the preparation of large animals but to the smaller ones as well. Veterinary surgeons are not agreed as to the best method of procedure in the handling of larger animals in many instances, but while their opinions may differ in this, the result sought is the same, so that while one man may confine an animal in some specific way that departs radically from the manner ordinarily employed, he may, nevertheless, be a very practical and successful operator. In the handling of horse and mule colts for castration there are probably many more practitioners who cast the animals in some se- cure manner than there are who perform the opera- tion with the subject in standing position. Each of the two methods has its advantages and its disadvan- tages, which may be summarized as follows: The standing operation is practicable in colts that have attained sufficient size to allow for the work with a certain degree of convenience to the operator, but it is not practical and is difficult to perform in undersized subjects—particularly so in mules, where the testicle is not well developed and the cremaster muscle active in contraction. The standing operation requires less time and exertion for one skilled in its performance, but it is sometimes prolonged because of the inability of the operator and his assistant to prop- erly control the animal, and it occasionally becomes impossible to cope successfully with certain abnormal ecnditions encountered, thereby necessitating interrup- tion of the work for the purpose of casting and tying the subject so that the task may be completed. For- tunately for both operators and animals, such condi- tions are rarely encountered. PRELIMINARY MEASURES 19 It is quite impossible to operate upon the standing animal and execute as nearly perfect a technie with respect to cleanliness as may he done upon the reeum- bent animal. The average operator would probably not meet with success in the handling of other animals than colts that are sufficiently tractable to be readily haltered. All conditions and emergencies taken into considera- Fig. 5—CASTRATION OF THE COLT IN A STANDING POSITION The cperator is clcse to the subject yet not contacting the animal tion, it is evident that the performance of castration upon the standing subject would be only successfully executed by those already skilled as eastrators, apt and adaptable as horsemen, and sufficiently agile to pro- tect themselves when necessary. The operation is ad- vised only in animals that are normal with respect to the position and development of the testicles; where 20 ANIMAL CASTRATION there exists no hernia or other abnormal conditions which might seriously interfere with the work, and in colts having developed sufficiently to enable the oper- ator to thoroughly execute the technie. The matter and manner of restraint of his subjects is of great importance to the veterinarian, and he should not be wanting in proper judgment and skill to employ the most practical, the safest, and most hu- Fig. 6—-A PRACTICAL METHOD OF RESTRAINT FOR CASTRATING COLTS mane means in every instance. Experienced castrators have demonstrated that the wild, untamed colt is han- dled with the minimum degree of resistanee when quickly and securely confined in reewnbency, and also that the large, lethargic draft colt is more easily han- dled in a gentle, leisurely, yet skillful, manner. In the first instance there may be need of a lariat rope and the employment of the old simple method of ‘‘hog PRELIMINARY MEASURES 21 tying,’’ whereas in the second case the subject may be castrated while in the standing position, or he may be gently and quietly cast and confined with some prac- tical harness. Jn short, it is necessary to use different methods to suit the number of varying cases. The veterinarian should never disregard the fact that a certain amount of responsibility rests upon him in regard to the employment of untrained assistants, and their likelihood of meeting with accidents in the handling of animals. In the absence of precautionary advice, the volunteer or untrained helper may suffer painful injury, and it therefore behooves the practi- tioner to warn and so place his clients when they are lending assistance that he—the practitioner—may not be charged with wilful neglect in this matter. It is likewise most important that the animals placed under restraint be handled in an extremely careful manner, to prevent their becoming injured. Such forethought- ful measures will discourage attempts on the part of the client to colleet indemnity in case of accidental injury or loss of the patient. SECTION II ANATOMY OF THE STRUCTURES DIRECTLY INVOLVED The testicle is a structure that is composed of gland- ular, vaseular, nervous, and fibrous tissues, and its lo- cation in the different animals varies somewhat. It is supported more or less closely to the body by means of the cremaster muscle, fibrous integuments of the cord, and by the scrotum. The cremaster muscle has its origin at the posterior portion of the inner abdom- inal ring, and, according to Sisson, originating from the iliac fascia near the origin of the sartorious. The distal attachment is by means of the tunica vaginalis communis. The spermatic cord consists of fibro-areolar struc- ture loosely enveloping arteries, veins, nerves, and the vas deferens. The spermatic artery is given off from the aorta, and the spermatic vein furnishes a means of return for the blood. Lymph vessels accompany the vein and empty into the lumbar lymph glands. The vas deferens, which is also contained within the spermatic cord, is a continuation of the epididymis, separating itself from the vessels located in the anterior portion of the cord, as it enters the urogenital fold. The nerve supply is derived from the renal and pos- terior mesenteric plexuses. The scrotum or pouch containing the testicles is composed of layers derived from the skin and other integument forming the abdominal wall, and from without inward are the skin, dartos, scrotal fascia, 23 24 ANIMAL CASTRATION tunica vaginalis communis, and tunica vaginalis propria. The dartos is derived from the abdominal tunic; the scrotal fascia is contributed by the oblique abdominal muscles; the tunica vaginalis communis is a continuation of the parietal peritoneum; and the tunica vaginalis propria is the mesorchium of the fetus. These coverings are not proper to the testicle, but, strictly speaking, are coverings usually considered as forming the serotum. The proper covering of the testicle is the fibrous, inelastic, closely-investine tunica albuginea, which is not directly attached even to the tunica vaginalis propria. In the immediate region of the scrotum there is to be found in some eases in colts an abnormal de- velopment of branches of the external pudice veins forming plexuses. This is common in eryptorchids. There is much difference in the comparative size of the testicles in the various domestic animals. Bulls, sheep and goats have comparatively large testicles, which are supported in the sub-pubie region in a pen- dent manner, exposing these glands to injury from ballotment between the thighs or from actual vio- lenee in many other ways. The testicles of the boar are comparatively large but closely invested by the scrotum, and situated in the external perineal region in such manner that they are well protected. Jn the horse the testicles are comparatively smaller than are those of the animals aforementioned, supported rather more closely to the body in the sub-pubie region and ordinarily not subject to injury except from chafing, this occurring more often in light harness horses put at. fast work. SECTION III METHCDS OF CASTRATION In the castration of animals the practicability of any given modus operandi ean only be judged accord- ing to the convenience of the veterinarian and the possible difficulties to be encountered in varying cases. Ablation of the testicle being the essential object of the operation, assuredly, then, it behooves the sur- geon to accomplish this result in the most practical manner possible, with the least discomfort and danger to his subject and to himself. A consideration in the performance of this opera- tion is the danger of hemorrhage, and because of this possibility being greater in certain animals, the instru- ment to be used should be selected accordingly. Tn subjects prone to suffer hemorrhage, the employment of the ecraseur, the emasculator, ligatures, or even the wood clamp, is indicated; but for all practical pur- poses where hemorrhage is improbable, removal of the testicles may be safely and immediately accomplished by the use of the knife. The use of the ecraseur or emasculator in the castration of a weanling pig, for instance, is impractical, and is not a favorable choice for the operator. In animals where there exists some possibility of hemorrhage, the knife may be employed in such a manner that the tissues severed are scraped and not keenly divided, and a moderate degree of ‘unlimited’? torsion of the spermatie cord—twisting it round and round—and then dividing the tissues by scraping, lessens the danger of hemorrhage. 25 26 ANIMAL CASTRATION Histologically considered, the tunica intima of ar- teries is the most delicate layer of the three, and where any sort of manipulation of an artery results in injury to this innermost layer, retraction of the tissue fol- lows. With such retraction and contusion, the lumen of the vessel is materially lessened, and coagulation of blood is hastened. This inner tissue of the arterial wall is the least resistant and will be divided before the outer struetures are erushed; therefore any in- strument that will effect the division of the tissue surely, and cause sufficient contusion to insure coagu- lation of arterial blood, will serve for the safe removal of the testicle. While the term castration only refers to the abla- tion of the testicle, other means of rendering animals sterile are sometimes resorted to. The secreting power of the testicles may be destroyed and still leave them in situ. These painful methods are employed in coun- tries where the production of castration wounds are inadvisable because of the possibilities of infection resulting in tetanus or other dangerous maladies. The destruction of the seereting power of the organs may be brought about by a subcutaneous torsion of the tes- ticles by digital manipulation—the testicles being placed in a position that causes complete obstruction of the circulation and resulting in aseptic inflammation and eventual atrophy of the glands. Tn animals having a pendent scrotum, the spermatie cord may he crushed subcutaneously between the edges of pieces of wood or other blunt objects, which will ultimately cause atrophy of the testicles and sterility; or a ligature applied above the constricted portion of the scrotum, situated above the testicles, will in about two weeks cause sloughing of the scrotum. But such barbarous methods inflict much suffering on METHODS OF CASTRATION 27 the subject, and while they have been neeessary in some sections for local reasons, to the scientific and humane mind they should be termed obsolete and un- worthy of consideration. Castration operations may be regarded under two general headings with certain modifications, and are Fig. 7—THE “COVERED OPERATION,” SHOWING EMASCULA- TION OF THE TESTICLE AND ITS INTACT VAGINAL COVERINGS to be classed as the wncovercd operation and the covered operation, The uncovered operation is the one usually em- ployed and is the more practical in the various animals when the subjects are in a normal condition. This operation consists in the exposure of the testicle proper by means of an incision through the scrotum, such 28 ANIMAL CASTRATION incision penetrating the skin, dartos, scrotal fascia, and both layers of the vaginal tunic, thereby exposing the testicle within its own adherent covering and sub- sequent ablation of the gland. The covere:! operation is indicated in cases of serotal or inguinal hernia and is exceuted by incising the skin and dartos and by breaking down the serotal fascia, thus exposing the tunica vaginalis communis, but not perforating it. By careful blunt dissection in the proc- ess of severing the attachments of the scrotal fascia, the operator is enabled to cause protrusion of the testicle confined in its own proper covering plus both layers of the vaginal tunic, providing for the appli- cation of a clamp, or ligature, cv masse, before the actual ablation of ‘the testicle is effected. SECTION IV CASTRATION OF THE HORSE Normal Colt Since there are more colts castrated and restrained in recumbeney by means of some sort of harness, this shall he deseribed as the principal method of restraint. After having cast and securely tied the colt on its left side (for the right-handed operator), an assistant is stationed at its head to prevent the animal doing itself injury. The tail is then either held under the foot of the operator or secured in some practical man- ner to preclude its being thrown over the surgical area. Preparation of Subject The surgical field should first be cleansed of any dry dust or particles of filth which may have been thrown there during the resisting struggles of the animal. Having at hand, in a clean vessel, about a gallon of suitable antiseptic solution (a one per cent lysol solution, or formalin one-fifth of one per cent), the scrotum is then rinsed off thoroughly. Operative Procedure The castrating knife and emasculator should be in readiness. The lowermost testicle is seized between the thumb and finger of the left hand of the operator, and a bold incision made parallel with the median raphe for a distance sufficient to insure the free drainage of the wound after the operation has been completed. 29 30 ANIMAL CASTRATION This incision, skillfully made, reaches through all of the scrotal wall down to the testicle, yet should not penetrate the testicle proper nor injure the gland. Care in this particular not only minimizes the pain of the subject but in the mature animal obviates the otherwise inevitable result of hemorrhage. If done with care, a moderate degree of traction may be ex- certed upon the testicle to cause relaxation of the cre- master muscle, but undue force used in such cases may result in rupture not only to the attachments of the eremaster muscle, but to the spermatic vessels as well, and this occurring within the abdominal cavity causes hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity, with fatal re- sults. In some cases the power of contraction of the cremaster muscle is so well developed that it resists the efforts of the operator to draw out the cord, and in such cases it is wise to work slowly, holding the cord for a sufficient length of time until muscular re- laxation occurs. The use of quick force is to be avoided, as said before. The emasculator is then ap- plied as close to the scrotum as possible, and the cord and the lower part of the vaginal tunic is severed there. Hemostasis is not aided by the slow closing of the emasculator, and because this deliberation only adds to the pain of the operation, it should also be avoided. Subsequent to emasculation, the scrotal wound may be enlarged to prevent the retention of any wound secretion or infeetive disturbances. Another method of providing for the free escape of wound seeretion consists in the making of an incision through the scrotal wall beginning at the median portion of the margin, carrying the incision away at a right angle from the median raphe for a distance of about an inch or an inch and a half. CASTRATION OF THE HORSE ol In castrating the normal equine subject, both the scrotal incisions are made before emasculation is be- gun. Because of the fact that the hemorrhage from the uppermost incision is likely to obscure the sur- gical field, in lateral recumbeney, it is preferable to remove the lowermost testicle first. To obviate danger of hydrocele, in the castration of mules, there should be removed with the division of the cord as much of the vaginal tunics as can con- Fig. €@—A MODIFICATION OF THE “COVERED OPERATION” The position of the operator’s left hand is such that the testicle is grasped between thumb and index finger, and the vaginal coverings are held in a state of tension, enabling their being grasped within the jaws of the emasculator. This operation is particularly indicated in mules. It prac- tically precludes the occurrence of hydrocele or ‘‘water seed.” veniently be included within the grasp of the emascu- lator. In this way all of the lower portion of the 32 ANIMAL CASTRATION tunica vaginalis is removed, practically precluding the oceurrence of the undesirable condition known as hydrocele or ‘‘ water seed.’’ After-Care Where the operation is executed with due regard to cleanliness with sterile instruments and the hands of the operator uncontaminated, local application of any medicament is unnecessary. It is, however, best to squeeze out any blood that is retained about the emasculated stumps of the spermatic cord. The ani- mal should be provided with clean quarters, allowing freedom to exercise—preferably turned out to pasture and kept away from stables and all barnyard soil. Under average conditions no local attention is neces- sary and the operation produces but little inconveni- ence to the subject. Castration of the Normal Mature Stallion For various reasons, occasionally it becomes neces- sary to castrate the horse after he has fully matured, and in some instances the operation is done in the aged subject. The factors met with in handling such cases that merit special consideration are, the problem of practical restraint, the control of hemorrhage and after-care. Season.—One should, if possible, avoid castrating the mature stallion during fly-time and in very hot weather. Jixtremes of temperature have no direct effect upon the outcome of the operation, hut these elements in themselves make for discomfort. An un- necessary combination of factors which tend to lower vitality should be avoided if possible. CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 30 Preparation of the Subject.—-Food should be with- held for 12 hours before operating, and if the subject can be given suitable exercise (walking or trotting for a few miles) before being castrated, it will stimulate bowel evacuation and render the subject more tract; able. Sufficient time should be allowed for the sub- ject to cool off if the exertion has caused him to become heated. Restraint and Anesthesia.— When it is possible, these subjects should be restrained in the standing position since it eliminates the Hability to injury from casting. Some young stallions of saddle or light harness breeds are very nervous, and while manageable as they are ordinarily used, are difficult to restrain for standing castration, and the manner in which the subject is to be handled is a problem that the veterinarian needs to decide for himself. In restraining aged animals be- eause of the danger of fractures of bones resulting, it is best to operate with the animal in the standing posi- tion. The rectal administration of from one to two and a half ounces of chloral hydrate dissolved in two or three quarts of tepid water a half hour before operat- ing, will serve to produce sufficient stupefaction to materially benumb sensation and prevent the animal from resisting restraint. One-half grain of atropin combined with two grains of morphin and given sub- cutaneously about 20 minutes before the rectal admin- istration of an ounce of chloral hydrate, constitutes a synergistic combination that will positively produce a degree of stupefaction which will make possible the safe handling of the most nervous animal. The rectal contents should be manually removed before introdue- ing the solution of choral hydrate. 34 ANIMAL CASTRATION Preparation of the Field of Operation.—The scrotum and surrounding parts should be washed with soap and water and finally with a two per cent solution of Liquor Cresolis Compositus. Technic.—The manner in which the operation is performed does not differ in any way from that done in the colt. The wrcorered operation is done and great care should be exercised in making incisions through the testicular covering that are amply large to favor perfect drainage. The scrotal incisions need to be not only long, but situated in the most pendent part of the scrotum to avoid retention of wound secretions after operation. In ‘‘standing castration’’ most operators prefer to use a knife having a hooked blade, and the incisions into the testicular covering are made parallel with the median raphe, from before backward, and through all covering from the scrotum inward, at one stroke of the knife. With a good sharp knife, an experienced oper- ator can in this manner complete the incision almost painlessly and at the same time make it in a way that perfect drainage of wound secretions will follow. Any good emasculator will serve to effect sufficient hemostasis for a safe operation, but the animal should be tied up and observed for a few hours after ecastra- tion. Enforced inactivity for 12 hours after castra- tion, if possible, is desirable. Secondary hemorrhage in the adult is no more likely to occur than in the young colt. After-Care.—The recently castrated stallion should be kept on pillar reins when not being exercised, and much less infection and swelling will result. He should be given suitable exercise daily and exertion should be active enough to stimulate complete evacuation of all CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 30 seeretions that are retained in the serotuwn, In the average case, exercise is sufficient to prevent extensive edematous swelling. Because of the fact that more hemorrhage follows castration of the mature stallion there is retained con- siderable coagulated blood within the scrotum. This should be removed 24 hours after castration by gently irrigating with a one per cent solution of Liquor Cresolis Compositus if the animal is sufficiently tract- able to admit of such handling without restraint other than the twitch and the holding up of a front foot. If the subject is difficult to manage, one may ordinarily trust to evacuation of the contents attending exercise. Other complications which may result in no wise differ from those met with in colts and are considered fully in the seetion on Castration Sequelae. Castration of Cryptorchid Horses Etymologically, eryptorchid means ‘‘hidden tes- ticle,’? and is applicable to any animal in which one or both testicles are located elsewhere than within the serotum. Therefore it is appleable to cases in which one or both testicles are located within the ab- dominal cavity or, not having completed their nature descent through the inguinal canal. Usage, however, has restricted the term to animals wherein one or both testicles are contained within the abdominal cavity, not having passed through the inner abdominal ring and entered the inguinal canal. ; ; The term monorchid is applied to animals having but one testicle. Jn human anatomy and surgery this term has been given a different significance, being used to designate an individual having one testicle in the scrotum and the other in the abdominal cavity. 36 ANIMAL CASTRATION For convenience, eryptorchids may be classified as ingiinal and abdominal, A varying eondition to which attention should be called for surgical purposes is found in those cases where the epididymis has de- scended into the inguinal canal and the inner abdom- inal ring has become constricted about its ligament, confining the testicle proper within the abdominal cavity. This type of cryptorchid or ridgeling is likely to confuse the operator if he has not previously en- countered such conditions. Abdominal Cryptorchidy.—Cryptorchidy is more prevalent in some localities than in others. In some sections of the United States, about three or four per cent of all horse colts are cryptorchids, and in other localities a much larger pereentage of animals are thus affected. The large number of cases found in certain localities may be ascribed to the fact that eryptorchid stallions are used in the stud. So markedly hereditary is this condition that in many cases 25 per cent or more of the colts sired by such animals are similarly affected. Most operators have found that where only one tes- ticle is retained, it is usually the left. However, in the experience of a few others in some localities the per- centage of animals having the right testicle retained in the abdominal cavity is the greater. A eryptorchid horse is a very undesirable animal from every standpoint; is usually vicious, unsatisfac- tory and unsafe to handle in the presence of mares, and in the majority of instances he cannot be turned out with geldings, because of his vicious disposition. The condition is diagnosed readily in most cases by their abnormally increased sexual desire as compared to the gelding or even the normal stallion, even though no other manifestation of the condition be apparent. CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 37 The abnormally retained testicle is usually infertile, degenerated, and may be very small and lack develop- ment. In other cases the eland is cystic and rarely there may be found a large dense teratomatous mass. Where history is absent or unreliable, a careful exami- nation of this subject is necessary in order to definitely diagnose the case. The conformation is characteristic because of the lack of development of the hind quarters in the adult; a full crest, strong masculine features of the head and absence of serotum, are all indicative of eryptorchid- ism, but it is necessary to examine further to deter- mine the exact condition, whether one or both testicles are retained and whether it is the right or left. One cannot be guided in this solely by the presenee or ab- sence of sears in the scrotal region; neither is the absence of a palpable stump of the spermatic cord posi- tive proof that the testicle has not been removed, for in some cases, where animals are operated while very young, there is so much atrophy of the stump of cord that it is not discernible by digital manipulation. The condition may be diagnosed by rectal palpation but this method is not practical in field work. Age at Which Operation May be Performed.—The best age at which to castrate a cryptorchid is a subject on which operators differ. It is certain that a two or three-year-old colt is more easily castrated than is a yearling. Tlowever, the yearling colt that shows no evi- dence of testicle within the inguinal canal is not likely to manifest any change in this part at a later age and should be castrated if healthy, vigorous and not under- sized. Anatomy.—It is not our purpose in this brief work to elaborate upon the regional anatomy of the strue- 38 ANIMAL CASTRATION tures pertaining to the cryptorchid. However, some consideration of the inguinal region is in order. In the true abdominal cryptorchid there is necessarily a complete absence of all evidence of scrotum. The structures at this point assume the appearance of an inverted funnel, and horses manifesting this condition are known by ecastrators as ‘‘blanks.’’ Since no tes- ticle has descended into the canal, the pudie vessels and nerves are closely invested by areolar tissue, and the entire inguinal region in front of the inguinal liga- ment is closed. At the site of the inner abdominal ring we should consider the anatomy of these animals under two general classifications—the one wherein there exists a definite area of delicate aponeurotie tis- suc surrounded by a heavier muscular margin, this be- ing a portion of the aponeurotie part of the inner oblique abdominal musele; the other class of subjects ave those wherein at the site of the inner rine there is to be found a broad expanse of very thin aponeu- rotic tissue with no definite heavy surrounding margin. In the abdominal eryptorchid, the testicle is floating free in the abdominal cavity, contained within its mesorchial covering anchored hy the mesorehium in the sub-lumbar region and further attached by means of the gubernaculum testes—a muscular structure at- tached to the postero-external part of the upper por- tion of the inguinal canal. Additional attachment is supplied the floating testicle by means of the vas def- erens, which is continued from the testicle within its peritoneal coverings through the plica urogenitalis to the region of the neck of the bladder. Consequently, in seeking the floating testicle, if the free appendage —the testicle or the epididymis—is not readily located, either the gubernaculum testes situated at the postero- CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 39 external part of the site of the inner abdominal ring or the vas deferens located directly opposite may he sought and the testicle and eord drawn into the in- guinal canal. Preparation of the Subject.—Unless the eryptorchid horse is mature and the alimentary tract well filled, no preoperative dieting is necessary. However, as in all other major operations, it is best to withhold food for twenty-four hours when circumstances permit. The matter of gaunting an animal for this operation is one which merits considerable attention in that sub- jects that are ‘‘fwlly made’’ and well ‘‘ribbed up’’ or short coupled and carrying considerable fat are not likely to be rendered gaunt by even thirty-six hours’ fasting. Such subjects should be put on a light dict of concentrates including a little bran, and in the course of three or four days of such dietetic preparation, the intestinal content will be materially lessened. Restraint.—There is no operation done by the vet- erinary surgeon where restraint is a more important feature. The cryptorchid should be cast and very se- curely tied in a position causing him to keep the hocks well flexed and abducted. This is done with the ordi- nary casting harness by having the back strap set well back and by winding the side lines over the gastroc- nemii and about the feet in the form of a figure eight. Where the side lines are crossed over the back of the subject completing the tie of the left leg with the right side line and the right leg with the left side line, perfect flexion and abduction may be brought about. Tf the animal is not securely restrained with the hocks well flexed and the thighs well abdueted—unless he is under profound anesthesia, any considerable resistance on his part will serve to cramp the hand of the oper- 40 ANIMAL CASTRATION ator by compressing the inguinal region with the thighs and abdominal muscles. There is nothing which is likely to cause more difficulty during the process of the operation than incomplete restraint. Fig. 9—RESTRAINT FOR CRYPTORCHID CASTRATION Attention is called to the manner in which the hind legs are flexed, be- cause immobilization of the hind legs in the positicn as shown here is a very important part of the procedure of cryptorchid castration. The subject in this particular cut, however, has been restrained for removal of a scirrhus cord. Anesthesia.—Cryptorchid castration is a major sur- vical operation, yel where it is skillfully performed and where no unusual conditions are encountered ne- CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 41 cessitating delay in its execution, animals manifest very little symptom of shock as a result, even where no anesthesia is used. However, it is well to admin- ister, per rectum, from 114 to 214 ounces of chloral hydrate dissolved in about two quarts of water twenty minutes before casting the animal. The contents of the rectum should be removed manually by a trained assistant before the solution is introduced in order to get prompt absorption and a good effect. Surgical Technic.—The field of operation is pre- pared by first washing thoroughly with soap and water, then drying and painting with tincture of iodin. Care should be taken that loose hairs and particles of dirt or filth are not dropped on the scrotal region. The animal should be confined in lateral recumbency with the uppermost hock well abducted by an assist- ant. The skin incision should be made either parallel with the median raphe o1 over the external inguinal ving and should be of sufficient length to comfortably allow for the introduction of the hand of the operator. Care should be exercised in incising the skin singe the external pudie veins if wounded will cause sufficient hemorrhage to obscure the field and inconvenience the operator. After having incised the skin and dartos, the hand with the fingers in the shape of a cone is inserted into the inguinal canal beginning at the region of the ex- ternal ring and pushing into the tissues in the direc- tion of the external angle of the ilium, keeping well back against the inguinal ligament, as there is no dan- eer of making this opening too far posterior. This opening of the canal is continued up to the region of the inner ring. Different operators observe different euides in this part of the work. The throbbing of the 42 ANIMAL CASTRATION femoral artery in the region of the inner ring is used as a guide by some; others seek the ilio-pectineal emi. nence. During the process of opening the canal, one should carefully palpate the structures to determine whether or not the testicle or the epididymis has de- scended into the canal and become lodged therein. Dilatation of the margins of the wound will make pos- sible a visual examination, and the depths of the strue- tures may be further explored hy careful palpation. Having made sure that the testicle has not begun its descent, the region of the inner abdominal ring is eare- fully explored, and here there is need for a modifica- tion in the teehnie in different vases as heretofore classified. Tn the subjeet where the inner abdominal ring is outlined by a muscular margin having for its central portion the aponeurotice part of the inner oblique mus- ele and where the surrounding area is firm, rather heavy and unyielding—musceular fibres of the trans- versalis abdominalis and inner oblique muscles, it is well to immediately perforate this thin area at the site of the inner ring with the finger. After having per- forated the peritoneum, the finger is immediately turned so as to contact the parietal peritoneum, avoid- ing the possibility of its becoming invested with float- ing omentum. Tf the testicle, epididymis or any por- tion of the cord is not soon contacted, the operator, by wiping with the finger in the direction of the attach- ment of the gubernaculum testes, seeks this fold and begins to draw upon said structure, bringing the cord within his grasp, whereupon it may be pulled into the inguinal canal, bringing with it the testicle. Some operators prefer to turn the finger toward the plica uro-genitalis and in a similar manner bring the cord CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 43 within the grasp of the finger, effecting the same result. In the second class of cases there is found a broad expanse of thin aponeurotic tissue in the region of the inner ring. This expanse of tissue is as large as the palm of the hand in most cases and in such subjects it is well to seek some portion of the testicle, epididymis or cord, recognizing the structures by the sense of touch before perforating the peritoneum. This is usually possible in this class of cases, and the oper- atov by expanding the thumb, index and second finger in the form of the base of a tripod, in this region can make provision for the testicle or epididymis being crowded against and within his erasp by intra-abdom- inal pressure. Having secured in this manner the tes- ticle or epididymis, the aponeurotie tissues are drawn gently downward, and by careful traction the peri- toneum is drawn into the canal for a varying distance in different subjects. Jn some cases it is possible to draw down this artificially formed processus vaginalis half the way to the external abdominal ring. This having been done, the peritoneum is usually ruptured with the finger and the testicle is readily drawn out and the operation performed with a twninimum degree of contamination of the peritoneal structures. Credit is due Professor W. lL. Williams for a good deserip- tion of this technic. In the third class of eases, the operator finds in the region of the abdominal ring that the epididymis has deseended into the inguinal canal and that the testicle is confined within the peritoneal cavity. Tn such cases the tail of the epididymis forming an obtuse end is readily recognized. In all cases there is sufficient con- striction and organization of the inner abdominal ring 44 ANIMAL CASTRATION to prevent the testicle being forcibly drawn down through the ring with any degree of safety. This condition necessitates perforation of the abdominal wall at a point higher than the inner abdominal ring, perforating the peritoneum, securing the testicle and drawing it out of the artificial opening at a point situ- ated supero-posterior to the inner ring. In this man- ner the epididymis is drawn back into the peritoneal cavity and is drawn out, following the testicle. After having secured the testicle where the cord will per- mit of its being brought to the surface, it is readily amputated with the emasculator. In some cases the spermatic cord is very short, necessitating the re- moval of the testicle within the inguinal canal, and this is best accomplished with an eecraseur. Tn a class of cases wherein degenerated testicles, cystic, hypertrophic or teratomatous are occasionally encountered, there is need for a departure from the technic usually employed in other cases. Cystic tes- ticles, if large, may be secured by means of traction on the spermatie cord and the fluid content aspirated with trochar and cannula. In cases where the retained testicle is hypertrophic, dense and not too large, the operator can with lubri- cated hand introduced per rectum, crowd the testicle at the same time that traction is exerted on the cord and in this manner effect its removal from the abdom- inal cavity. Where the abnormal testicle is of very large size, making it unsafe to attempt removal by the inguinal route, a laparotomy is necessary. This operation should not be done, however, until the inguinal wound has healed. The technic is executed with the subject under com- CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 45 plete anesthesia. The region of the upper flank is cleansed, shaved and painted with tincture of iodin. An incision through the skin and fascia is made just anterior to the external angle of the ilium, sufficiently large to admit the hand. The muscular structures and peritoneum are perforated by blunt dissection as in cattle-spaying and the testicle likewise is similarly sought. The testicle is brought to the surface of the abdominal wound if possible or if this is not possible ablation of the abnormal structure may be effected within the cavity of the abdomen. The skin and fas- cial incision is closed with a continuous suture of silk, the wound sealed and no after-care is necessary ex- cept to remove the sutures in about a week. Where strict asepsis is observed there is little danger of had result from this operation. After ablation of the testicle has heen effected by the inguinal route, the cavity may be packed with sterile gauze which is left in position for twenty-four hours and then removed. However, in the majority of cases no packing of any sort is necessary, and ani- mals are exercised regularly as though they had been normal subjects castrated in the usual manner. Where both testicles are retained within the abdom- inal cavity, the animal is kept in recumbency, turned over and the operation is repeated, both testicles being removed before the animal is allowed to rise. After-Care After-care in delicate animals consists in keeping them in clean quarters and giving them regular exer- cise, thus favoring the escape of all wound secretions and minimizing dangers of contamination by pent up discharges with subsequent troublesome infections. 46 ANIMAL CASTRATION Young colts that have been running on pasture are best turned out immediately and given freedom to exercise at will. If by accident a large rent is pro- duced in the abdominal wall making protrusion of portions of intestine possible, the inguinal canal should be packed. For this purpose, a liberal packing of cot- ton wrapped in sterile gauze or muslin should be pushed into the canal as far as the inner ring and confined by means of sutures which join the marginal scrotal wounds. ‘To prevent possible eventration, ani- mals so treated should be confined on pillar reins for about thirty-six hours before the gauze is removed and given exercise in the harness or at the lead and not given liberty to le down for at least five or six days. Inguinal Cryptorchids (High Flankers) Subjeets affected with inguinal eryptorehidy are not as troublesome and undesirable as are abdominal eryptor- chids, but they are more so than normal stallions. Cryptorchids are undesirable for breeders even when fertile, therefore castration is always in order. Restraint.—Animals are cast and tied exactly as are the abdominal eryptorchids; see deseription on pages 39 and 40. Technic.—Because of the fact that in inguinal eryptorehids the cremaster muscle has the power of re- tracting the testicle and drawing it high up in the canal, this type of eryptorchids is in some instances as diffieult to castrate as the true abdominal ridgeling. The tech- nic for handling these cases is executed in the same manner as is done in the castration of the abdominal eryptorchid up to the point of perforating the abdom- inal wall. The testicle is readily located within its vaginal covering in the canal, and the tunics are pref- CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 47 erably incised with the hooked blade castrating knife. As soon as the small incision is made into and through the vaginal tunics, some portion of the testicle may be squeezed out through the opening, and amputation of the gland is then readily accomplished. The small opening thus made into the vaginal tunies is easily enlarged after the testicle has been amputated, which is necessary. After-Care.—These cases require no more after-care than is given to the ‘‘straight’’ colt at the time of castration, and the type calls for no special consider- ation except for the purpose of classifying them as a distinct and separate class of eryptorchids. In these cases the testicle has descended into the canal, the processus vaginalis has been pushed downward and the vaginal tunies formed in such manner as to make them differ from the true abdominal ridgeling. Jn such abnormal cases of course, no scrotal pouch has formed, but in most instances the testicle is readily felt by palpation of the inguinal region. There are occasional cases, however, where it is impossible to locate the testicle in this manner. Hernize To be considered under this heading are hernie, in- guinal and scrotal, of foals—a condition due to a loose and lax state of the inner abdominal ring permitting the descent into the inguinal canal of a loop of intes- tine, which may descend as far as the scrotum. In the typical case of inguinal and scrotal hernie as seen in foals the loop of intestine is confined within the tunica vaginalis communis and on the outside of the tunica vaginalis propria. Strictly speaking, it is a condition wherein the loop of intestine has taken its way along- 4s ANIMAL CASTRATION side the testicle and inner vaginal tunic, and the tes- ticle only is contained within its mesorchial covering— the tunica vaginalis propria. This is most common in foals at or soon after birth, and in the majority of cases causes no particular inconvenience; they are not likely to become strangulated, and in most subjects, spontaneous recovery is the result before the colt reaches the age of six months. As a general rule, operation for the relief of the condition in foals of a few weeks of age is quite unnecessary, as complete re- covery so generally follows in the course of sixty days. It is well, however, to inform the client of the possi- bility of hernia at the time of castration, even though the colt is not altered until he is a year old and re- covery has apparently existed for a few months. Where it is thought necessary to operate to correct the condition, the covered operation for castration is indicated and should be performed as deseribed in the technic of this operation on page 28. Sequele Accidents from Restraint.—In the handling of ani- mals for castration, particularly where they are cast and tied, even with the employment of great care and skill, injuries such as serious fractures, contusions, strains and bruises may sometimes oceur through the resisting struggles of the subject. Fracture of some part of the vertebral column is a fatal accident that is especially liable to occur where aged animals are east, or where the subject is over-rebellious against confine- ment. Symptoms of this injury differ, depending upon the site of the fracture. In the majority of instances, such fractures occur in the dorsal region and a para- plegia results. The animal remains prostrate, unable CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 49 to raise the hind parts or regain its feet. If a thorough examination shows positively that such a break exists, the case should be pronounced hopeless and the sub- ject destroyed at once. Fractures of tuberosities or of long bones may hap- pen likewise, and are to be treated as fractures re- sulting from other causes; that is, if it is the kind likely to yield to treatment. The animal is properly confined in slings and partial or complete immobiliza- tion effected according to the best methods usually employed. Animals resisting confinement sometimes suffer from strains, rope burns, or contusions. While such condi- tions are not common, where subjects are carefully handled, the client should be informed of the remote possibility so that the veterinarian may not be held responsible for the occurrence of such accidents. Occasionally if an animal is kept confined for an undue length of time in reecumbeney, atrophy of the longissimus dorsi museles oceurs within ten days or two weeks after the animal has been so confined. Such casas are treated along the same general lines as atro- phies resulting from other causes, and prompt and complete recovery usually follows. Hemorrhage.—llemorrhage following castration hap- pens more frequently in some animals than in others, but for this purpose they may be considered in two elasses,—primary hemorrhage and secondary hemor- rhage. Primary hemorrhage is seldom of any serious consequence except in cases where faulty instruments are employed in foals, not effecting complete macera- tion of the cord and causing spermatic hemorrhage. These cases are readily recognized, as the blood from the spermatie artery spurts with each pulsation and 50 ANIMAL CASTRATION requires immediate treatment. Because of the fact that retraction of the cord takes place to a marked degree within the vaginal sheath containing it, it is not easy to ligature the cord after it has been closely amputa- ted. Having at hand two pairs of hemostatic forceps, the operator may seize the end of the cord with one forcep, drawing out the tissues as far as possible, and then by seizing the cord again with the other foreep, the bleeding stump is brought to view. After securely clamping the foreeps over this stump, a ligature may be applied; a good stout necdle with silk thread is passed through the cord above the foreep and the liga- ture is fastened tightly after having been wrapped around the stump. No further treatment is necessary although it is best to remove the ligature in about ten days. Tn some eases, because of the eramped position of the animal ecas‘rated while recumbent, there occurs some little venous hemorrhage; this, as a rule, how- ever, subsides as soon as the animal regains its feet. Should this condition persist to a great degree, the scrotum may he packed with sterile gauze or muslin and the packing confined in situ by means of scrotal sutures, to be removed in twenty-four hours.