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Illustration of Bank Swallow by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

Cornell University Library
ola 681.R56

“Wii

DATE DUE

GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A.

Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022528099

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BULLETIN.

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

No. 50.

Part VII.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1916.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ISSUED MAY 5, 1916.

THE BIRDS

OF

NORTH AND MIDDLE. AMERICA:

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE ‘

OF THE

HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS
KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE
ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA
THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS
OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE
GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO

BY

ROBERT RipDGway,
CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS.

Part VII,

Family CUCULIDA. Family PSITTACIDA.
Family COLUMBIDA,

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

1916.

PREFACE.

The Families of birds included in the present and preceding vol-
umes of this work are as follows: ) :

Part I, issued October 24, 1901, included the Fringillide (Finches)
alone.

Part II, issued October 16, +902, included the Tanagride (Tana-
gers), Icteride (Troupials), Ccerebide (Honey Creepers), and
Mniotiltidss (Wood Warblers). ,

Part III, issued December 31, 1904, included the Motacillide
(Wagtails and Pipits), Hirundinide (Swallows), Ampelide (Wax-
wings), Ptilogonatide (Silky Flycatchers), Dulide (Palm Chats),
Vireonidsz (Vireos), Laniids (Shrikes), Corvide (Crows and Jays),
Parids (Titmice), Sittides (Nuthatches), Certhiide (Creepers), Trog-
lodytide (Wrens), Cinclide (Dippers), Chameide (Wren-Tits), and
Sylviide (Warblers).

Part IV, issued July 1, 1907, contained the remaining groups of
Oscines, namely, the Turdide (Thrushes), Zeledoniide (Wren-
Thrushes), Mimide (Mockingbirds), Sturnide (Starlings), Ploceide
(Weaverbirds), and Alaudide (Larks), together with the Haploo-
phone or Oligomyodian Mesomyodi, comprising Oxyruncide (Sharp-
bills), Tyrannide (Tyrant Flycatchers), Pipride (Manakins), and
Cotingidz (Chatterers).

Part V, issued November 29, 1911, includes the Tracheophone
Mesomyodi, represented by the Pteroptochide (Tapaculos), Formi-
cariide (Antbirds), Furnariide (Ovenbirds), and Dendrocolaptide
(Woodhewers); the Macrochires, containing the Trochilide (Hum-
ming Birds) and Micropodide (Swifts), and the Heterodactyle
represented only by the Trogonide (Trogons).

Part VI, issued April 8, 1914, contains the Picariz, comprising the
families Picidee (Woodpeckers), Capitonide (Barbets), Ramphastide
(Toucans), Bucconide (Puff Birds), and Galbulide (Jacamars); the
Anisodactyle, with families Alcedinide (Kingfishers), Todide
(Todies), and Momotide (Motmots); the Nycticoracie, with families
Caprimulgide (Goatsuckers) and Nyctibiide (Potoos), and the
Striges, consisting of families Tytonide (Barn Owls) and Bubonide
(Hared Owls).

Part VII (the present volume) contains the Coccygiformes (Cuckoo-
like Birds), Psittaciformes (Parrots), and Columbiformes (Pigeons).

Vv

VI PREFACE.

Part VIII (now in course of preparation) will contain the Chara-
driiformes, which include the Shore Birds (Limicole), Gulls (Lari),
and Auks (Alcwx), together with their nearer allies.

In the seven volumes thus far published are treated in detail (that
is, with full descriptions and synonymies), besides the Families
above mentioned and the higher groups to which they belong, 564
genera and 2,319 species and subspecies, besides 191 extralimital
genera and 561 extralimital species and subspecies whose diagnostic
characters are given in the ‘‘Keys” and their principal synonymy (full
synonymy in case of the genera) given in footnotes.

Acknowledgments are due to the same individuals and institu-
tions as those mentioned in previous volumes for the loan of speci-
mens needed in the preparation of the present one; also to the
State University of Iowa (through Prof. C. C. Nutting) for the
privilege of examining a series of 16 specimens of the Louisiana
Parroquet from the Indian Territory.’

To Dr. Charles W. Richmond, Acting Curator of the Division of
Birds, U. S. National Museum, the author is indebted for the privilege
of free access to his unique and extremely valuable card-catalogue
collection of references to the first publication of generic, specific, and
subspecific names, for information concerning puzzling questions of
nomenclature, and invaluable help in reading proof sheets; and to
Mr. J. H. Riley, Aid in the Division of Birds, for assistance in various
ways.

Measurements of specimens for use in the preparation of the
present volume were made by Miss Celestine B. Hodges, and the
original drawings of the outline figures illustrating generic details
(Pls. I-XXTV), except those previously published, were made by Miss
Helen E. Lewis, both of Washington, D. C.

Rogert Riweway.
JANUARY 24, 1916.

1 Specimens borrowed for use in the preparation of this volume are as follows:
American Museum of Natural THistory.............2.02.00 ee eee ence ence eecceeneeceenen
Museum of Comparative Zoology (chiefly the Bangs Collection).............-.. A
Field Museum of Natural History............002..0eeecsee eee eee ec eeeeceneeetee ee
Cariiets MUSOINI. csaisssesieceaeawenmad urer ey RRREReRSE LI Kean oherecess eeenesenanauadau
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia...-...-... 2.22. cee eee eee cence ec enecee
William Brewster.............----- Senet eee ence eter cee ences eee tenn c nance cneeceee

OrpER CoccyGIroRMEs.
Key to the Superfamilies of Coccygiformes
SuperFAMILY CucuLI. THE CucKoos......
Famity Cucutip2. THe CucKxoos

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Key to the American Genera of Cuculide...

Genus
1.

1. Cuculus Linneus..................
Cuculus canorus telephonus (Heine).

Genus 2. Coccyzus Vieillot..........-.-.---

Key to the Species and Subspecies of Coccyzus
. Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linnzus)
. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridgway
. Coccyzus americanus julieni (Lawrence)
. Coccyzus minor minor (Gmelin)?.....
. Coccyzus minor palloris Ridgway... ..
. Coccyzus minor maynardi (Ridgway)
. Coecyzus minor nesiotes (Cabanis)...
. Coccyzus minor rileyi Ridgway...........-.2-----2----02e- ee ee eee eee
. Coccyzus minor vincentis Clark......
10.
11,
12.
138.
14,
16.
16.

DOONIAPAMARwWN eH

Coccyzus minor dominice Shelley-.
Coccyzus minor grenadensis Bangs. .

Coceyzus minor abbotti (Stone).....

Coccyzus ferrugineus Gould....- Muss
Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot....
Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson).
Coccyzus lansbergi Bonaparte......

Genus 3. Coccycua Lesson...........--.----

17.
Genus 4. Piaya Lesson
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Piaya

18.

19.

Coccycua rutila panamensis (Todd).

Piaya cayana thermophila (Sclater).
’ Piaya mexicana (Swainson).....-..

Genus 5. Hyetornis Sclater................
Key to the Species of Hyetornis.:..........

20.
21.

Hyetornis pluvialis (Gmelin)........

Hyetornis rufigularis (Wirttemberg)

Genus 6. Saurothera Vieillot................

Key to the Species and Subspecies of Saurothera
22.
23.
24,
25.
26.
27.
28.

Saurothera bahamensis bahamensis Bryant
. Miller)
Saurothera merlini merlini D’Orbigny
Saurothera merlini decolor Bangs and Zappey
Saurothera vieilloti Bonaparte......
Saurothera vetula (Linnzus).......

Saurothera bahamensis andria (G. S

Saurothera dominicensis Lafresnaye

Cuckoo-tikE Brrps

Vit . TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Genus 7. Tapera Thunberg.........2...0.00ccec cece ec ce ee tee eee eeeeeeeeeee
29. Tapera neevia excellens (Sclater)..........0..-.--+22eeeceeeeeeeeeee
Genus 8. Morococcyx Sclater.......... bap aapsaietaces
30. Morococcyx erythropygus erythtopygus ‘(Lesson) . escubedieweeueene ce cee
31. Morococcyx erythropygus mexicanus Ridgway...-------------+-+----
Genus 9. Geococcyx Wagler. ...........2.cceceeeeecee ee eeee ey grcrenEnes au
Key to the Species of Géococcyx.........2220eeeecereeeeeeeeec cece eeeeeeeee
32. Geococcyx californianus (Lesson)...-.....--.--2--2-0-- eee eee cere
33. Geococcyx affinis Hartlaub !.........22. 0222-22022 eee eects
Genus 10. Neomorphus Gloger............22.2002 eee ce eee cee eee cece e cer eeee
34. Neomorphus salvini Sclater...........---- 22-222 e eee eee eee e eres
Genus 11. Dromococcyx Maximilian ....-..2..-.--2--- 22-022 e eee eee eee
Key to the Species of DromococcyX.........-.-0-2202 22 eee cece eee e eee eeeees
35. Dromococcyx phasianellus (Spix). .-..-.-.--.----------- eee eee eee ee
Genus 12. Crotophaga Linneus.........-..----- 222-22 ener eee
Key to the Species of Crotophaga. .-.....----- 2-22-22 eee e eee eee eee eee ee
36. Crotophaga major Gmelin............ 20.220. 022 e eee cece eee eee
37. Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson..........-.-.--0.20- 2022 eee eee eee
38. Crotophaga ani Linnzeus. .............-..2 2.02 eee eee ee eee eee
Orper PsitraciFoRMES. PaRROT-LIKE BIRDS............22-20222--00-0000-
Key to the Families of Psittaciformes............--.-.-----0- eee cece eee ee eee
Famity Psrrtacip®. TyprcaL PARROTS... .....------0-- 20-2 eee eee eee ee
Key to the Subfamilies of Psittacidee.............-0.--0- 20-22 e eee eee eee
Key to the American Genera of Psittacide............. 202. eee cece eee eee
Genus 1. Anodorhynchus Spix. ........--.---.20-02 20202 ee eee eee ee eee eee
Key to the Species of Anodorhynchus...........--------2-2+2-e2ceee eee ee eee
1. Anodorhynchus purpurascens Rothschild...............-.2.---------
Genus 2; Ara Lacépedes sux oss s cudesexsienetwee ses cs xantosaedaesh 2a eee dee
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ara.+.......-.---------ee ec eee cece eee
. Ava ararauna (Linneeus)........-.- 5 ee ee eee
3. Ara martinica (Rothschild). ............2.- 2.20 e ee eee ee eee eee eee
4. Ara erythrura Rothschild.............. 0.200.202 cece eee eee eee ees
5. Ara chloroptera Gray........2.-2.2-.22-22 20202 eee eee ee ee eee eee
6
7
8

bw

. Ara macao (Linneeus).... 2.2.20. 02 222 eee eee ec ee eee eee eee

. Ara guadeloupensis A. H. Clark..............2.-.--222.2.00220020202+

. Ara militaris mexicana Ridgway. .........-...--.-.--- ¢exesestacies

9. Ara ambigua (Bechstein). ..........-22- 2-2. e eee cece eee eee eee

10. Ara tricolor Bechstein. ..........-.0- 2.202 e eee eee ee eee eee ete

11. Ara gossei Rothschild. .......2..-... 222.022 e eee eee eee e eee neces

12. Ara-sévera (Lanneus) <<. sscjsraceeesedeawees oc. sect nce sacuae diene

13. Ara erythrocephala Rothschild.................. 0.020222. eee eee
Genus 3. Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte.......-.-..-.-...2.0- 2-2. c eee cee eee eee
14. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson)..................20.0.2002.
Genus 4. Conuropsis Salvadori........-.-----.--0- 0. eee cece ee cece cece eee eee
15. Conuropsis carolinensis carolinensis (Linnzus)......................

16. Conuropsis carolinensis ludovicianus (Linnzus)......................
Genus 5. sacs DS PIR eapcjaissiaiec eibieteia sie dees Wis. a asad ayn elrarnd teehee Biot none

18. Aratinga chloroptera chloroptera (Souancé)
19. Aratinga chloroptera maugei (Souancé)

1 This becomes Geococcyz velox (A, Wagner). See Addenda, p. 502.

TABLE OF CONTENTS, Ix

Page.

20. Aratinga rubritorquis (Sclater)..........2..0..02 02 cc eee cece eee e ee 156

21. Aratinga holochlora holochlora (Sclater)............ econ open Sen GasS bees 157

22. Aratinga holochlora strenua (Ridgway).......-...-.-.02222222e0eeeee 158

23. Aratinga brevipes (Lawrence)....... fae BO ete tara ee ala Ne ts 159

24. Aratinga euops (Wagler)......--.--2+-eeesee eee eres stSipiabe dsr Sie 160
Genus 6. Eupsittula Bonaparte. .........--.----2-0-2-e- ee eee cece eee eee 161
Key to the species and subspecies of Eupsittula..........-.-.-.2-----0-e2-000- 163
25. Eupsittula pertinax pertinax (Linneus).....-.-. Pica hide aceeticen he oe 164

26. Eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia (Bonaparte)............+.---.++-+-- 166

27. Eupsittula pertinax arubensis (Hartert)...........-.---0-----02eee0ee 167

28. Eupsittula ocularis (Sclater and Salvin).................2.---2----2-- 167

29. Eupsittula canicularis (Linneeus)..........--..--.------2- eee eee eee 168

30. Eupsittula astec (Souancé).....2.-.. 20220 ee eee e eee eee eee ee eee eeee 171

31. Eupsittula nana (Vigors).......2.--- 2-2. ee eee eee eee ee eee ee eens 174

32. Eupsittula (?) labati (Rothschild). .......--..-.--2---2-0---0--ee-- 175
Genus 7. Pyrrhura Bonaparte............-0. 222.2 ee eee eee eee eee eee eeeee 175
33. Pyrrhura hoffmanni hoffmanni (Cabanis).............-2-2.--+2e2 ee eee 176

34. Pyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens Bangs.............--------+---ee-ee eee 178
Genus 8. Bolborhynchus Bonaparte............-.-222- 22 cee eee eee eee eee eee 178
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Bolborhynchus........-.-..---------.- 179
35. Bolborhynchus lineola lineola (Cassin) ..........2.-2..2-22-2--20005- 179
Genus 9. Brotogeris Vigors.........----... 2002-2 cece cece eee eee eee eee ences 182
Key to the Species of Brotogeris...........222...-0-20- 20-2 eee eee eee eens 183
36. Brotogeris jugularis (MUller)............-..-.----- 2-2 eee eee eee eee eee 183
Genus 10. Psittacula Illiger......... 2.200.202 cece eee cece cece cece eee e ee ee ee 187
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Psittacula............-.-.-.-2+-+-2--+-- 188
37. Psittacula cyanopygia cyanopygia Souancé.............-2.----------- 191

38. Psittacula cyanopygia pallida Brewster. .......-..--..-------------- 193

39. Psittacula insularis Ridgway............----------- 222 eee eee eee tnsee ~193

40. Psittacula spengeli Hartlaub.............-...0.22002220e eee ee eee eeee 194
Genus 11. Urochroma Bonaparte............0..-----0- ee eee eee eee eee eee eeee 196
Key to the Species of Urochroma..........-2.-----0+eecee cc eee eet eeeeeeeees 197
41. Urochroma dilectissima Sclater and Salvin.............--.----------- 199

42. Urochroma costaricensis Cory.........-2.-222ceceeeeeeeceeeccceeeeees 200
Genus 12. Pyrilia Bonaparte..........--...2. eee eee e ee eee cece eee ee eeeees 201
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pyrilia..............-.--2-.+2222----22-- 202
43. Pyrilia hematotis hematotis (Sclater and Salvin)..............-....-- 203

44. Pyrilia hematotis coccinicollaris (Lawrence). ...-.-.------------++-- 206
Gens 43... Pionus:Waglety 2. diss eoecsiceeiserciewnieewene yeas ae teeseeee saelest's 206
Key to the Species of Pionus............- Bieter tA yah eee dcres tte ns ee alsley fe fate 208
45. Pionus menstruus (Linneeus).........-..---.-22-2 eee eee eee eee ee eee 210

46. Pionus-sentlis:(Spix) cc a:csesexessSsnaeceanceseseenereaek cee eens 214
Genus 14. Amazona Lesson...........2 220-222 e eee eee eee eee eee 217
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Amazona.......-...-----..2-2-2+e0000+ 218
47, Amazona imperialis Richmond ..........--.--.-2---2+- 200-00 e eee eee 222

48. Amazona violacea (Gmelin)..........-..-----0-20-2 2c e eee eee ee eee 224

49. Amazona guildingii (Vigors).............--2.2-2-2-0-202 eee eee gees oe 225

50. Amazona versicolor (Miller)............-2.------2-20---00-0+- mishihi 227

51. Amazona arausiaca (Miiller)............-22--22--222 20220022 eee eee 229

52. Amazona martinicana A. H. Clark.......--...---...--2..2--2--2---- 231

58. Amazona auropalliata (Lesson)...-.....------2-.2.-... ee eee eee ee eee 231

54, Amazona autumnalis autumnalis (Linneus).................-.+----- 234

x TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

55. Amazona autumnalis salvini (Salvadori).......-..------+---eeeeee eee 237

56. Amazona farinosa inornata (Salvadori).......--.--------++--2+0+2e8-? 239

57. Amazona farinosa virenticeps (Salvadori) .......----------+++++++++ 240

58. Amazona farinosa guatemale (Sclater).....-.-------------++-2eeeeee 241

59. Amazona viridigenalis (Cassin). .....-.---2.-2-cceee eee eee cce eter eeee 242

60. Amazona finschi (Sclater).........--..-2--.-020 eee cece eee ee ee eee 244

61. Amazona oratrix oratrix Ridgway..--...---20------22-e-ee eee e eens 246

62. Amazona oratrix tresmarise Nelson........--.----000---2ee eect ee eees 249

63. Amazona ochrocephala panamensis (Cabanis).......-.-.------------+- 249

64. Amazona barbadensis barbadensis (Gmelin)........-.-.----------++- 251

65. Amazona barbadensis rothschildi (Hartert)..............------------- 253

66. Amazona albifrons albifrons (Sparrman)............-.---------+--+-+- 254

67. Amazona albifrons nana Miller. ............2.- 202-222-0222 cece eee 257

68. Amazona albifrons saltuensis Nelson......-..-.-.-.---2------0--00+ 259

69. Amazona xantholora (Gray)-.....222.02.-20 0202 e eee eee eee eee 260

70. Amazona agilia (Linneeus).......-...--222- 022220 eee eee eee 262

71. Amazona vittata vittata (Boddaert).........-..---- 2-22-0202 eee eee 263

72. Amazona vittata gracilipes Ridgway............---2-2-2-2222-e- eee 265

73. Amazona ventralis (Miiller)..............2. 00-2222 e eee ec ee eee 265

74. Amazona collaria (Linneeus)....-..-.-2-.2.- 002 - eee eee ee eee eee ee 267

75. Amazona leucocephala leucocephala (Linnzus) ..-....------.2.----+-- 269

76. Amazona leucocephala palmarum Todd........-..--..---22+-++-+-++- 272

77. Amazona leucocephala caymanensis (Cory)........-..--------22+0-005 272

78. Amazona leucocephala bahamensis (Bryant)...........-.....-2.-2----- 273
Orper CoLUMBIFoRMES. PiGEON-LIKE BirpDS............------2-2-2-2000-5 275
Key to the Suborders of Columbiformes............--.-.-----2-+--+--202e00- 277
SuporpER Cotumpa. THE PIGHONS............-.-2-2-2--2-22 0822 eee ee ee 277
Key to the American Genera of Columber...........-.---------2-2-0-222eeeee 279
Genus 1. Chlorcenas Reichenbach.............2.222-2-2-0ee eee ec eee eee eee 283
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chlorcenas. .............22-..-2--20005 285
1. Chlorcenas fasciata fasciata (Say).-.-...---.-.-0--. cece eee eee eee 288

2. Chiorcenas fasciata vioscee (Brewster)........-.---------2--22--e2 cece 292

3. Chlorcenas albilinea crissalis (Salvadori).........--.------2---2-0205- 292

4. Chlorcenas caribeea (Jacquin)......-..-.--2-. 2222222 e eee eee eee eee ee 294

5. Chlorcenas inornata inornata (Vigors)............--.---22--22--2222205 296

6. Chlorcenas inornata exigua Ridgway.............2.-2..00c0ceeeeeeee 298

7. Chlorcenas inornata proxima (Todd).............2.2-.222-2-2-----00- 299

8. Chloroenas inornata exsul Ridgway. .-..............2.22.22.22-2000 299

9. Chloroenas flavirostris flavirostris (Wagler)....................2.2.2-- 300

10. Chlorcenas flavirostris madrensis (Nelson).....................-2.----- 808

11. Chlorcenas flavirostris minima (Carriker).........2.0.2.2.2.2.22-2-0-- 304

12. Chlorcenas rufina pallidicrissa (Chubb)...........2..2..2..2-2220--0-- 305
Genus 2. Patagicenas Reichenbach.................. 0000 022ee eee e cence ees 308
Key to the Species of Patagioenas.............2.... 00.0000. 0 000 c eee 809
13. Patagicenas leucocephala (Linneeus)....................-.---00--0ee 309

14. Patagicenas squamosa (Bonnaterre).........2.0.222.22202-0 22 ee ee eee 312
Genus 3. Lepidcenas Reichenbach. ....-.......... 200005220 cece c cece eee eee 315
15. Lepidoenas speciosa (Gmelin)..............0. 00020202 c cece cece eee 316
Genus 4. Crossophthalmus Bonaparte.............00 00 cc ec ccc ccc ccc ecee 320
16. Crossophthalmus gymnophtalmos enema, USER AR noe ee oe 321

Genus 5. Gincenas Salvadori.....-.0.cceeceeeencn snc ceecnvecccncerencccecce 323

hd

TABLE OF CONTENTS, xI

Page
Key to the Species and Subspecies of noenas............-.2---22-+eee ee eee 324
17, @noenas subvinacea subvinacea (Lawrence).............-------2+-+++ 326
18. Gincenas nigrirostris (Sclater)..........22.-----0--0 2222-22 eee eee eee ee 328
19. Gincenas purpureotincta (Ridgway).-.....--.-------+---+e2e eee eee ee 331
20. Gincenas chiriquensis Ridgway.......-....----------2+eee eee eee eee 332
Genus 6. Ectopistes Swainson. ..........---.-------- 20+ e eee dN Dede 4 333
21. Ectopistes migratorius (Linnzeus)........-...-.--2---2 2220-222 e eee ee 334
Genus 7. Zenaidura Bonaparte. .....--2-2.22 2-2 eee eee eee eee 339
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Zenaidura. ..........--.-------2---05- 340
22. Zenaidura macroura macroura (Linneus)....-...-.2-+-2---0-ee eee 341
23. Zenaidura macroura clarionensis (Townsend)............--.--------- 344
24, Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linneeus).........-.-..----------- 345
25. Zenaidura macroura marginella (Woodhouse)........-------------+-- 347
26. Zenaidura macroura tresmariv Ridgway .......-.-.-..222+-22-2-++-- 351
27. Zenaidura graysoni Lawrence...........----26-2202 ee eee eee eee eee 352
28. Zenaidura yucatanensis Lawrence............-2---222-22- 20 eee eee eee 353
Genus 8. Zenaida Bonaparte. ...-.........----------- AAA aamaAc esate sets 354
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Zenaida............2--..---0-e2-ee eee 355
29. Zenaida zenaida zenaida (Bonaparte)....--..--.--.------0-2.6+--0-- 357
80. Zenaida zenaida lucida Noble..............-.-2-2-2-2-0-222- cece eee 361
81. Zenaida zenaida yucatanensis (Salvadori)...........2-2------+-+-005 362
82. Zenaida spadicea Cory......--..2-.2- eee eee eee eee eee e ee eee eee e ees 362
33. Zenaida aurita (Temminck and Knip)..........-.---.2--.--2-0020-5 363
84. Zenaida (?) plumbea Gosse.........2.2--2-02 02 cece eee eee eee eee eee 366
85. Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs). ...........-..-----05 er ene 366
36. Zenaida ruficauda vinaceo-rufa (Ridgway)....---.------.--2-2-.0-025 370
Genus 9. Nesopelia Sundevall........2 2.2.2.2. e eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee 372
37. Nesopelia galapagoensis galapagoensis (Gould)...............2---0--+- 373
88. Nesopelia galapagoensis exsul Rothschild and Hartert............... 375
Genus 10. Melopelia Bonaparte...............2.- 0-202 - eee eee eee cece eee eens 376
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Melopelia..........-.--.-2--------+-+0- 3877
39. Melopelia asiatica asiatica (Linnzus)......-....-.---2.-2--2-22-0-2-- 378
40. Melopelia asiatica mearnsi Ridgway........-.----.-----.---+-2-2---- 382
Genus 11. Streptopelia Bonaparte......-...-...-.-------- 22-222 eee eee eee 385
41. Streptopelia risoria (Linneeus)..............----2-2222022- 02 eee eee eee 386
Genus 12. Scardafella Bonaparte...............2.-2-222 2025-22 e eee eee eee eee 388
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Scardafella...............2..-2------- 389
42. Scardafella inca (Lesson)......--.---.-----0- cece eee eee eee eee eee eee 390
Genus 13. Cheemepelia Swainson ............---------- Bredngee abate se cet aie 893
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chamepelia.............-....--------- 395
43. Chemepelia passerina passerina (Linneeus)....-...-.-.....---------- 398
44, Cheemepelia passerina pallescens Baird .......-.-.-.---------------- 402
45. Cheemepelia passerina socorroensis (Ridgway)......-.-.--.--------+-- 406
46. Cheemepelia passerina neglecta Carriker..........--.-.---+-2-2---05- 407
47, Cheemepelia passerina albivitta (Bonaparte)................---.------ 408
48. Cheemepelia passerina antillarum (Lowe).....-...-.-------------+-- 411
49. Cheemepelia passerina trochila (Bonaparte)..........--..-.----+---+-+ 412
50. Cheemepelia passerina aflavida (Palmer and Riley).................. 415
51. Cheemepelia passerina insularis (Ridgway).......-.--.-.....-2--2-005 417
52. Cheemepelia passerina bahamensis (Maynard).............2222------- 418
53. Cheemepelia passerina exigua (Riley)...........--------------+--+- .. 420
54. Cheemepelia passerina jamaicensis (Maynard).........-.-.-...-..--- 421

55. Cheemepelia minuta eleeodes Todd.......-..-.-.---------+2-2e2ee eee 422

XII TABLE OF CONTENTS.

56. Chemepelia rufipennis rufipennis (Bonaparte) ...-----------+--+----
57. Cheemepelia rufipennis eluta (Bangs)..........----------2--+2-ecreree
Genus 14. Claravis Oberholser ..._.-....--.0---0--0--2 ee eee eect
Key to the Species of Claravis.............0..22-0-2 ee eee cere reece eer eee
58. Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez).....-..---.-------+----26- eer cee r eee
59. Claravis mondetoura (Bonaparte)... ...-------------+--2re reer eee
Genus 15. Leptotila Swainson. .............----2--- 2-22 e eee eee etree
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Leptotila..... satuiae ews Seema eEhin a
60. Leptotila jamaicensis (Linnseus).........-.------------22 eee eee
61. Leptotila collaris (Cory). ....-.---.-------- 0-2 ee reece eee erences
62. Leptotila neoxena (Cory)... g.-------02- 222 cce ee eer e ee eee erent eres
63. Leptotila gaumeri (Lawrence)... .-.-..-------- 22-22 eee eee e eee
64. Leptotila verreauxi verreauxi (Bonaparte)...---.-.-.----------+--++-
65. Leptotila verreauxi riottei (Lawrence)........-.--.----------+-+-+-+-
66. Leptotila verreauxi nuttingi Ridgway. ..........---------+----++++-
67. Leptotila fulviventris fulviventris (Lawrence). ........-------------+-+
68. Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera (Salvadori)............-----------
69. Leptotila fulviventris capitalis (Nelson)........-........-------+---
70. Leptotila cassini cassini (Lawrence). ........-------------- 00-20 -+e-
71. Leptotila cassini cerviniventris (Sclater and Salvin)............-.....
72, Leptotila rufinucha (Sclater.and Salvin).........------.---------0++
73. Leptotila wellsi (Lawrence).....-......2--0--2- eee eee eee eee ee eee
74, Leptotila plumbeiceps (Sclater and Salvin)..........-...-.-------.--
75. Leptotila battyi Rothschild.....-... Sgn acen ae meeeeC CEE: nee
Genus 16. Geotrygon Gosse....-.-------- 2-2 eee eee eee eee eee eee
76. Geotrygon versicolor (Lafresnaye)............-.----------+-----+----
Genus 17. Oreopeleia Reichenbach...........-222---2-2000eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Oreopeleia......-.-.-.------2---+-----
77. Oreopeleia caniceps (Gundlach).......-.--.-..22.-2--2---2-22--2----
78. Oreopeleia chrysia (Bonaparte).......-...-------2---22-02e2 eee eee
79. Oreopeleia mystacea mystacea (Temminck)............-.-.-.--------
80. Oreopeleia mystacea sabee (Riley).....-......-.--.---2-2-2--0-2- eee
81. Oreopeleia martinica (Linneeus).......-....-.-2--2-2------2-2-22e eee
82. Oreopeleia montana (Linneeus)........-.-.-.22-220-2- 022022 e eee ee
83. Oreopeleia violacea albiventer (Lawrence)............----------+--+
84. Oreopeleia veraguensis (Lawrence)..........----------2-222-e2 eee eee
85. Oreopeleia costaricensis (Lawrence)...........-------- 22222 e eee ee eee
86. Oreopeleia lawrencei (Salvin)...............22..22--- RE ES ee
87. Oreopeleia goldmani (Nelson).......... 22.2222. 222.222 cence eee
88. Oreopeleia chiriquensis (Sclater)..........2.. 20.00.0222 ee ee cece eee
89. Oreopeleia albifacies albifacies (Sclater)..............-.22.2.2.000005
90. Oreopeleia albifacies rubida (Nelson)...............222202.000eee eee
Genus 18. Starncenas Bonaparte. ..... 2.2... eee ee eee
91. Starncenas cyanocephala (Linneus)..... 2.2.2.2... 2222 eee ee eee eee
AUENIA indo ncr santa Rahuea i mdemdans mewn Veg od baateMennagecedemaae ete

LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS.

Genus. Piate. Figure. ear 1
text.
Le CUCUIS LAmneeus: screed oc eeeccisieaee ead selsisnine ine siecicinceaseciioeaeeceecee ae 1 6
2. Coccyzus Vieillot........ 1 10
3. Coccycua Lesson.....-. 1 42
4, Piaya Lesson........ 1 45
5. Hyetornis Sclater......... 1 53
6. Saurothera Vieillot. .. 1 57
a: ADOT T UIA OLB 5c coca dignninie eusieyy o.Sieihld a Catcwrareieiciaseersiarcisia.cisingie slglgicuee emails 1 66
8... Morococey x: Scat ets ic-cccc je 21e.c.cie'a am, areigiaseta sists aypiaioia ais ate eiecioins dicicianin da deeinee ies 1 70
9. Geococcyx Wagler...--...-...2. cece een n nee e eee e eee n sence nen eeneneneee 2 74
10: Né6omorphuUs Glog OT saws owcinss ssseciacssnscsqeicienisdcda comsemioes diseased atecies) 1 83
11. Dromococcyx Maximilian 1 85
12. Crotophaga Linneeus.......-..---2- 2] 90
13, Anodorhynchus Spix........--..- 1 117
14. Ara Lacépéde......-2.2-2..26---- 1 119
15, Rhynchopsitta Bonaparte 1 140
16. Conuropsis Salvadori.......-..- 1 143
17. Aratinga Spix..................-- 2| 150
18, Eupsittula Bonaparte.........-----+-- 2-0 e seen eee eee eee e eee eee e cere e nee 2 161
19;. Pyrrbura Bonaparte. «=< .<=<s2ec-sesesssserepecseevaescacoseseesssxeemceeees. XVI 1 175
20. Bolborhynchus Bonaparte.........--.0. see e eee cence nce e cence ceneenae xV 3 178
212. Brotogeris VAGGTS <5 <eicicjc.ciniecictainc cusses enieiesecjeipassieisnienisisictwremeieemie ancenie os od XIII 2 182
22, Psittacula TWF sais es nieces ieee ee cewecs ve en cicirseeccwsiawl ssctsioeig seca es XVI 3 187
23. Urochroma Bonaparte. .......0.2.0c-ceeeecc cerca e cece seec ee ceensencmnneeeee XIV 1 196
24. Pyrilia Bonaparte icc 20.4 0dvee segs se ecbeevesmememssa cee ebanwsewussemeetsi. XVI 2 201
25, PIONUS Wager sacicicwcnccsseritnies se seneniasaeseisnradamagsaacessisize meas twee sea XVII 1 206
26. AMAZONA LESSON. 32. o ocies on secesieiswatickctssieeseesa sha se vebeeeeee cece esesee XVII 2 217
27. Chlorcenas Reichenbach. ..........--. XVIII 1,2 283
28. Patagioenas Reichenbach. . . XIX 1 308
29. Lepidcenas Reichenbach. . . xx 1 315
30. Crossophthalmus Bonaparte. . XIX 2 320
31. Ginoenas Salvadori. ........-.....-- 2 323
32, Ectopistes Swainson. 1 333
33, Zenaidura Bonaparte 2 339
34, Zenaida Bonaparte. 2... s+ .csveesccesssececesecscemecssscdeseesesecocascees 1 354
35. Nesopelia Sundovall..........00. cece cece cece ence eee ceca neces san eeeeceeees 2 372
36, Melopelia Bonaparte... sc nasavesncumntanwnanwnnciwwsmenesesrmeniormanclng eerie S) 37
Sf, BiPepLOpelia BONSP ANG... ocenwsxasenaevsinwnrnd mda rcnensingensadens eee 1 385
38. Scardafella Bonaparte........ 4 388
39, Cheemepelia Swainson. . 3 393
40. Claravis Oberholser...... 3 430
41, Leptotila Swainson. .-.--..-------+---2..e ee eee eee 2] 438
42, Geotrygon GOsse. .------ 2-2-2 eee cece eee eter eee e nent eens 1 464 *
43, Oreopeleia Reichenbach .........-----+-+-.+222 002s cence cece cee eee eee XXIV 2| 467
44, Starriccriag Domaparte..ws2..ssneccneveceenecseseasserssagseeesedescusseenes XXIV 3 496
’ XIII

THE BIRDS
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

By Roserr Riveway,

Curator, Division of Birds.

Part VII.

Order COCCYGIFORMES.
CUCKOO-LIKE BIRDS.

=Coccyges ScuateR, Ibis, 1880, 400, in text (restricted to Cuculidee+-Musopha-
gide).—Fitrsrincer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1567 (‘‘Gens” of
Suborder Coccygiformes).—SrEBoEM, Classif. Birds, 1900, pp. vii, xi, 10.—
Snarpg, Rev. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 82; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 152.

=Cuculoidex StesnecER, Sci. Rec., ii, May 15, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist., iv,
1885, 371 (Superfamily of ‘‘Picarize”’).

> Coccygiformes Fiinerincer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1567 (Suborder
of Coracornithes; includes Bucconide and Galbulide).

>Cuculiformes Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, Vég., ii, 1893, 212, 300; Classif.
Vertebr., 1898, pp. xv, 36 (includes Psittaciformes).—Knowtton, Birds of
the World, 1909, 50 (includes Psittaciformes).

=Cuculiformes Pycrart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1903, pt. 1, 258.

=Cucult Gapvow, Bronn’s Thier-Reich, Vég., ii, 1893, 218, 300; Classif. Vertebr.,
1898, pp. xv, 36 (Suborder).

Homalogonatous, desmopelmous, desmognathous zygodactyle
birds, with dorsal vertebre heteroccelous, rostrum fixed (not mov-
ably articulated with skull), bill not hooked nor furnished with cere,
feet not prehensile, tarsal envelope scutellate, expansor secundari-
orum muscle present, secondaries quinto-cubital, rectrices 8-10,
down on apteria only, and young gymnopzdic.

In the general scheme of classification presented in Part I (p. 11)
of this work, the ‘‘Order Cuculiformes” includes the Parrots as well
as the Cuckoo-like birds (Cuculide and Musophagide), this being in
accordance with the views of Gadow and Garrod. The Parrots are,
however, so distinct and sharply circumscribed as a group that it
seems better to consider them as a separate order, Psittaciformes
(immediately following the present group), and segregate the other two

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——_1

2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

groups of the ‘‘Cuculiformes” under the name Coccygiformes, as has
been done by many authorities, among them such excellent ones as
Firbringer, Stejneger, and Pycraft. Characters in which the two
orders agree and wherein they differ are as follows:—

CHARACTERS POSSESSED IN COMMON BY COCCYGIFORMES AND
PSITTACIFORMES.

Homalogonatous, desmopelmous, zygodactyle birds with palate
desmognathous; nares holorhinal, usually impervious; basipterygoid
processes absent; cervical vertebre: 13-15; metasternum fenestrated
or indented; procoracoid process large; ectepicondyloid process of
humerus present; hypotarsus complex; rhamphotheca simple; toes
zygodactylous or the outer (fourth) reversible, the deep plantar ten-
dons of Type I (Galline); myological formula AXY or ABXY (except
in Psittaciformes, part); both carotids present (except in Psittacifor-
mes, part); syrinx bronchial, tracheo-bronchial, or pseudo-bronchial;
primaries 10; young gymnopzedic or (in Psittaciformes part, at least),
semi-ptilopedic; nidification nidicolous.

DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS OF COCCYGIFORMES AND PSITTACIFORMES.

a. Dorsal vertebrae heteroccelous ; rostrum fixed (immovably articulated with skull),
the bill not hooked nor furnished with cere; tarsal envelope scutellate; feet not
prehensile; expansor secundariorum muscle present; rectrices 8-10; seconda-
ries quinto-cubital; down on apteria only; young gymnopezedic..Coccygiformes.

aa. Dorsal vertebree opisthoccelous; rostrum separately movable, the bill hooked and

furnished with a cere (this sometimes feathered, however); feet prehensile;
expansor secundariorum muscle absent; rectrices 12-14; secondaries aquinto-
cubital; down on both pteryle and apteria; young ptilopsdic or semiptilo-
PROC Hesiewwseeretpesnwcwsenea ss oveenaeeneeeesteecer en Psittaciformes (p. 103).

KEY TO THE SUPERFAMILIES OF COCCYGIFORMES.

a. Ceca present; contour feathers without aftershafts; oil-gland nude; outer (fourth)
toe permanently reversed; furcula Y-shaped; planta tarsi scutellate; tomia
smooth; bill variable but never short and thick.................- Cuculi (p. 3).

aa. Ceca absent; contour feathers with aftershaft; oil-gland tufted; outer (fourth)

toe reversible (capable of being directed backward or forward); furcula U-
shaped; planta tarsi granulated; tomia more or less distinctly serrated; bill
short and thick, with culmen strongly arched, the maxilla sometimes developed
basally into a broad ‘‘casque” or frontal shield...._. Musophagi (extralimital).@

a —[Zygodactyli] frugivori Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 28. = Musophagi Sharpe, Review
Recent At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 82; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 152.

The Superfamily Musophagi contains a single Family, Musophagide (Bonaparte,
Saggio distr. An. Vert., 1831, 39; Prodr. Syst. Orn., 1840, 18; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 87;
Farbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1315, 1567), represented by the
Touracos or Plantain-eaters, a group of frugivorous arboreal birds peculiar to Africa
south of the Sahara. They vary in size from about the dimensions of a domestic
dove to those of a crow, and in external form are characterized by a relatively very
small head, with short, stout bill, rather long neck, and long, broad tail. A majority of
the species are very beautifully colored, rich hués of purple or green predominating.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3

Superfamily CUCULI.
THE CUCKOOS.

=Cuculi SHarpe, Review Recent At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 82; Hand-list, ii, 1900,

pp. xiii, 155.
>[Zygodactyli] imberbi Vizmio0t, Analyse, 1816, 27 (includes Leptosomatide and
" Indicatoride).
>Cuculide Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 96 (includes Indicatoride).
>Coccyges SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., xix, 1891, 209 (includes Musophagide).

Cuculine birds with the outer (fourth) toe permanently reversed,
ceca present, oil-gland nude, and contour feathers without aftershafts.

Other anatomical characters may be found mentioned under Order
Coccygiformes; but as an amplification of those pertaining to the
structure of the foot it may be mentioned that the hallux is connected
with the flexor longus hallucis and not with the flexor perforans digi-
torum, which leads to the second, third, and fourth toes.

Family CUCULIDA.
THE CUCKOOS.

=Cuculine Nrrzascu, Obs. Av. Art. Carot. Com., 1829, 15.

=Cuculide Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 71.—Litisesore, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 16.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 188; 2d ed.,
1884, 470.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,
470.—StrsneGeER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 373.—Firsrincer, Unters.
Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1321, 1567.—SHarpE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 155.

>Cuculide Bonaparte, Prodr, Syst. Orn., 1840, 17 (includes Indicatoride);
Consp. Av., i, 1850, 96 (includes Indicatoride).—CasBanis and Heinz, Mus,
Hein., iv, Heft 2, 1862, 1 (includes Indicatoride and Leptosomatide).

<Cuculide ReicuENow, Vég. Zool. Gart., ii, 1882, vii, (excludes Crotophagina),

=Cuculi AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, 206.—SzEBouM,
Classif. Birds, 1890, vii, xi, 12.—Suarpz, Rev. Rec. At. Classif. Birds; 1891,
82; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 155.—BzEpparD, Classif. Birds, 1898, 272.

The Cuculide being the only Family contained in the Superfamily
Cuculi, it follows that the characters are precisely the same.

The Cuckoos are long-tailed, mostly arboreal, but sometimes ter-
restrial and rasorial, zygodactylous birds having the fourth toe per-
manently reversed or directed backward, the tarsi broadly scutellate,
the rectrices eight to (usually) ten, the nostrils exposed, the rictal
bristles inconspicuous or obsolete. The bill is extremely variable as
to size and shape, but is always compressed and more or less decurved
at the tip. The young are nidicolous (altricial) and gymnopedic.
The nest (if any) is of very rude construction, and the eggs extremely
variable as to coloration and number. Many species are parasitic in
their reproduction, laying their eggs in the nests of other birds, and
allowing their young to be reared by the foster parents, often at the
sacrifice of the latter’s progeny, who are frequently unceremoniously
crowded or thrown from the nest by the interloper.

The Cuculide are a very extensive group of nearly world-wide
distribution, only the colder regions, where their insect food is want-

4 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ing, being without representatives of the family. The group is much
more numerously represented in the Eastern than in the Western
Hemisphere, only eleven of the forty-six genera and forty-three of
the two hundred and two species enumerated in Sharpe’s “ Hand-list
of the Genera and Species of Birds” (ii, 1891, 155-175) being Ameri-
can. All the American forms are peculiar, however, none of the
genera being represented elsewhere.

As a rfile the Cuckoos are birds of dull plumage, a more or less plain
grayish, brown, or partly rufous coloration prevailing; but there are
exceptions in some of the Old World genera, notably Chrysococcyxz
and Metallococcyz, of Africa, in which the upper parts are a beautiful
metallic green and the under parts satiny yellow, recalling and rival-
ing, the brilliant coloring of the Trogons. No American species of
the group is remarkable for showy coloration, the nearest approach
being the South American Crotophaga major, in which the general
color is glossy blue-black verging in parts to semi-metallic violet-
blue, varied with edgings of greenish bronze or bronze-green.

The classification of the Cuculide has not yet been placed on even
an approximately satisfactory basis, and therefore the present work
will deal with the American forms exclusively, except when necessary
to refer to an Old World form for sake of comparison.

KEY TO THE AMERICAN GENERA OF CUCULIDA.

a. Rectrices 10; loral region mostly (usually wholly) feathered; plumage of head and
neck soft (normal). (Cuculinz.)

6. Tarsus with upper portion feathered; wing-tip much longer and more pointed,
the distance from tip of longest primaries to tip of distal secondaries equal to
about half the length of wing, the tenth (outermost) primary equal to fourth,
the ninth equal to or longer than seventh; nostril roundish, with raised margin;
tail much shorter than wing............--2.222222-0+0-ee eee Cuculus (p. 6).

bb. Tarsus wholly naked; wing-tip much shorter and more rounded, the distance

from tip of longest primaries to tip of distal secondaries much less than half
the length of wing, the tenth (outermost) primary not longer (usually much
shorter) than second, the ninth not longer (usually much shorter) than sixth;
nostril variable, but never as in Cuculus; tail very nearly as long as to much
longer than wing.
ce, Depth of bill at anterior end of nostrils not less (usually greater) than at base of
gonys, the latter not prominent; bill much stouter, more strongly decurved
terminally; upper tail-coverts not unusually developed, or else (genus
Tapera) the rectrices relatively much narrower and bill, from rictus, shorter
than middle toe without claw, deep, and with culmen very strongly decurved.
d, Tarsus not more than one-fourth as long as wing.

e. Wing more pointed, the ninth primary equal to or longer than fourth
(sometimes much longer than sixth); tail much less than one and a half
times as long as wing.

Jf. Wing-tip much longer and more pointed, the longest primaries exceeding
distal secondaries by nearly to much more than one-third the length
of wing, the ninth primary equal to or longer than fifth, the tenth
(outermost) little if any shorter (usually longer) than distal second-
aries; tail much longer than wing, graduated for at least one-third its
NeTi gt seis cin ais cid sancenicw ce ete cine eisosieiaiameeee ics Coceyzus (p. 10).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5

Jf. Wing-tip much shorter and more rounded, the longest primaries exceed-
ing distal secondaries by only one-fourth the length of wing, the
ninth primary shorter than fourth, the tenth (outermost) very much
shorter than distal secondaries; iail very little longer (sometimes
shorter) than wing, slightly rounded..... Micrococcyx (extralimital). ¢

ee. Wing more rounded, the ninth primary shorter than first; tail nearly one
and a half times to twice as long as wing.
f. Bill relatively much shorter, deeper, and more strongly decurved, its
depth at anterior end of nostrils about equal to half the distance from
nostril to tip of maxilla, the exposed culmen not longer (usually
shorter) than tarsus and decurved from near base.
g. Tail only one and a half times as long as wing, or slightly less; tenth
(outermost) primary decidedly less than half as long as the longest;
small (wing less than 110 mm.).............----. Coccycua (p. 42).
gg. Tail more than one and a half times as long as wing; tenth primary
not less than half as long as the longest; large (wing 134-197 mm.).
h. Tail much more than one and a half times as long as wing, graduated
for much more than one-third (sometimes for one-half) its length;
bill and feet relatively smaller; upper parts rufescent (the pileum
sometimes gray), throat rufescent or vinaceous, under parts of

body gray or dusky... sec sececcadeccewmesccecccn Piaya (p. 45).

th. Tail little more than one and a half times as long as wing, graduated
for not more than one-third its length; bill and feet relatively
larger; upper parts olive or slaty, the tail blackish; under parts
chestnut (one species with throat white shading into gray on

CHES) s susaeictceieescecess ---++---.-Hyetornis (p. 53).
jf. Bill relatively much longer, more slender, and ‘straighter, its depth at
anterior end of nostrils equal to less than one-third (sometimes only
one-fourth) the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the exposed
culmen decidedly longer than tarsus and nearly straight to near tip

of maxilla where rather abruptly decurved....... Saurothera (p. 57).

dd. Tarsus more than one-fourth as long as wing.

e. Tarsus less than one-third as long as wing; upper tail-coverts very long,
covering more than basal two-thirds of tail; bill very short, its length
from anterior end of nostril not greater than distance from same point
to anterior angle of eye; wing-tip rather long, the longest primaries
exceeding*distal secondaries by more than one-fifth the length of
wing; seventh primary longest, the ninth much longer than third.

_ Tapera (p. 66).
ee. Tarsus more than one-third as long as wing; upper tail-coverts short or
only moderately developed, covering not more (usually much less) than
basal half of tail; bill longer, its length from anterior end of nostril much
greater than distance from same point to anterior angle of.eye; wing-tip
very short, the longest primaries very little if any longer than distal
secondaries; seventh primary shorter than the longest, the ninth shorter

than first.

f. Third to sixth primaries longest and longer than longest secondaries;
nostril open, not distinctly operculate; mesorhinium broadly rounded
or flattened; depth of bill at anterior end of nostril equal to less than
half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla.

@ Micrococcyx Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 99. (Type,
Coceyzus pumilus Strickland.) (Mexpéc, small; Kéxxué, a cuckoo.)
South America. (Two species.)

6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

g. Culmen (from base) much shorter than tarsus, decurved from near
base; depth of bill at anterior end of nostril equal to slightly less
than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; gonys decidedly
longer than mandibular rami; rectrices wider distally; pileum not
crested; coloration plain; small (wing less than 112 mm.).

Morococcyx (p. 70).
gg. Culmen (from base) equal to tarsus, nearly straight for basal half or
more, strongly and rather abruptly decurved terminally; depth
of bill at anterior end of nostril equal to only one-third the distance
from nostril to tip of maxilla; gonys decidedly shorter than man-
dibular rami; rectrices narrower distally; pileum crested; coloration
conspicuously streaked; large (wing more than 136 mm.).

Geococcyx (p. 74).
Jf. First to fifth primaries longest and not longer than longest secondaries;
nostril narrow, nearly closed by the broad, convex operculum; meso-
rhinium narrow, sharply ridged; depth of bill at anterior end of nostril

equal to more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla.
Neomorphus (p. 83).
cc. Depth of bill at anterior end of nostril less than at angle of gonys, the latter
prominent by contraction of mandibular rami; bill slender, not strongly
decurved terminally; upper tail-coverts greatly developed, covering whole
OE ASibad. cs, cance encased met euisicie tse eeS EERE AN Dromococcyx (p. 85).
aa. Rectrices 8; loral region wholly naked; plumage of head and neck harsh, stiffened.

(Crotophaginx.)

b. Culmen not elevated, very broadly rounded; gonys shorter than mandibular
rami, rounded; nostril very narrow, slit-like; rump and under parts plain
white or pale buff; pileum, back, etc., conspicuously streaked; tail with a
puff basal and a white terminal zone. ......-.....-.---Guira (extralimital).¢

bb. Culmen elevated (sometimes strongly arched), compressed into a knife-like

ridge; gonys equal to or longer than mandibular rami, more or less distinctly
ridged; nostril oval; coloration wholly blackish (more or less metallic in parts).
Crotophaga (p. 90)

Genus CUCULUS Linnzus.

Cuculus Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 110. (Type, C. canorus Linnseus.)

Nicoclarius Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 121 (Consp. Vol. Zygod., 1854,
6). (Type, Cuculus optatus Gould=C. intermedius Vahl.)

Penthoceryz Capanis, Mus. Hein., iv, 1862, 16. (Type, Cuculus sonneratt
Latham.)

Heteroscenes CaBanis, Mus. Hein., iv, 1862, 26. (Type, Columba pallida
Latham.)

Medium-sized Cuculine (length, in typical species, about 300-345
mm.) with wing long and pointed (the seventh and ninth primaries
next to longest, the tenth equal to fourth), tarsi with upper third,
or more, feathered, and tail much shorter than wing.

Bill small (about half as long as head), gently but decidedly de-
curved from base; culmen narrowly rounded, the exposed portion
slightly shorter than middle toe without claw; gonys slightly more

« Guira Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 149. (Type, Cuculus guira Gmelin.)—Octo-
pteryx Kaup, Das Thierreich (‘‘Die Végel, System. beschr.”), Bd. 11, Th. 1, 1836, 25.
(Type, Cuculus guira Gmelin.)—Ptiloleptus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 323.
(Type, P. cristatus Swainson= Cuculus guira Gmelin.)

Brazil to Paraguay and Argentina. (Monotypic.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1

than twice as long as the very short mandibular rami, faintly concave;
mandibular tomia faintly notched subterminally. Nostril roundish
or broadly oval, with raised margin or rim. ‘Wing long and pointed,
the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by half the length of
wing; eighth primary longest, the seventh and ninth about equal,
the tenth (outermost) nearly as long as fourth. Tail shorter than
wing (but more than three-fourths as long), graduated for about one-
fourth its length, the rectrices becoming slightly narrower distally.
Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw, the upper portion clothed
with rather long, soft feathers.

Plumage and coloration. Plumage compact, that of the rump very
dense .and matted; tail-coverts long, covering more than basal half
of tail (both above and below); head completely and densely feathered
(except a narrow space around eye), without any bristles about base
of bill; no obviouseyelashes. Adults plain gray above and on throat,
the under parts of body whitish, more or less barred with blackish;
inner webs of primaries transversely spotted with white; tail blackish,
narrowly tipped with white; young barred with dusky and rusty.

Range.—Eastern Hemisphere (one species accidental in Alaska).
(About eleven species.)

CUCULUS CANORUS TELEPHONUS (Heine).
KAMCHATKAN CUCKOO. 7

Similar to C. c. canorus® but adults with under parts much more
narrowly barred.°

Adult male.—Above plain gray (nearest neutral gray, but slightly
more bluish), slightly lighter and clearer on pileum, hindneck, rump,
and upper tail-coverts, decidedly darker (dark neutral gray or dark
purplish gray) on alule and primary coverts; tail deep neutral gray
shading into slate-blackish distally (the color very faintly glossed
with bronze-greenish), all the rectrices tipped with white (sometimes
very narrowly, however, on middle pair); lateral rectrices with a
series of small, more or less cordate, spots of white along shaft (some-
times extending across outer web), the other rectrices (including some-
times middle pair) with indications of these markings in the form of
short longitudinal streaks, the edge of inner web of all (except middle
pair) more or less distinctly spotted or irregularly edged with white;
chin, throat, and chest plain pale gray (nearest pale neutral gray);

@ The number given in Sharpe’s ‘‘Hand-list” (ii, 1900, 158, 159). Of these only
C. canorus, type of the genus, and its close allies, has been examined in the present
connection.

b [Cuculus] canorus Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 110 (Europe); ed. 12, i,
1766, 168.—Cuculus canorus Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., v, 1826, 196, pls. 127, 128, 129;
Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1836, pl. 240 and text; Birds Great Brit., iii, 1873, pls. 67,
68, and text; Dresser, Birds Europe, v, 1878, 199, pl. 299; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xix, 1891, 245, part only.

¢ Owing to lack of sufficient material I am unable to give a more satisfactory state-
ment of the differential characters of this and allied forms. ”

8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

rest of under parts white, narrowly and rather irregularly barred
with blackish slate or dull slate-blackish, the bars narrower and
more sparse (sometimes nearly obsolete) on abdomen; under wing-
coverts and axillars white, the former narrowly and irregularly barred
with deep gray, the latter more regularly barred with darker gray;
under surface of remiges deep brownish gray (between deep neutral
gray and mouse gray), the subbasal portion of inner web of outermost
primary and greater part of inner web of other primaries with broad
bars or transverse spots of white—the proximal portion of second and
third (from outside), however, immaculate deep gray for a consider-
able distance; bill horny black, the mandible bluish in middle, yel-
lowish basally; rictus, bare orbital space, and iris yellow; inside of
mouth orange-yellow; legs and feet deep yellow;? length Gkins),
320-348 (329); wing, 207-240 (224.1); tail, 154.5-182 (173.7);
exposed culmen, 22.5-24.5 (23.7); tarsus, 20-23 (21.8); outer ante-
rior toe, 20-22.5 (21.2).8

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and perhaps not always
distinguishable, but usually(?) ¢ with chest (especially lower portion)
suffused, more or less, with pale brownish buffy and showing faint
bars of darker; length (skins), 299-300 (299.7); wing, 202-205.5
(203.7); tail, 157-161 (159.3); exposed culmen, 20-22 (20.7); tarsus,
20.5-22 (21); middle toe, 18.5-19' (18.8).4

a According to Stejneger.

6 Eight specimens.

¢In the series examined there are only three specimens determined by their
collectors as females. Two of these are as described above, the third lacking the buffy
suffusion but showing faint grayish bars on the lower chest, the plain pale gray of
the throat being thus much less abruptly contrasted with the barred under parts
than in adult males. A single male (probably immature) has even a stronger suffusion
of brownish buffy on the lower chest than either of the females mentioned.

@ Three specimens, from Wa Shan (West Szechuan) and Pekin, China. These may
not be C. ¢. telephonus. They are evidently the same form of which measurements
of the males are given below, which seem too small to represent this identical form
of the species.

Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.janterior
culmen, toe.
MALES.
Two adult males from Kamchatka (Petropaulskiand BeringI.).| 228 175.5 24 22.7 21.7
Three adult males from northeastern Siberia................... 218.3 | 168.5 23.3 21.5 21.2
One adult male from southern Korea (Fusan)................. 218.5 | 182 23.5 22.5 20.5
One adult male from Vale of Kashmir. ..................0..02- 240 178.5 23.5 22 22
One adult male from St. Paul Island, Pribilof group........... 223 173 23 21 21
Seevn adult males ( C. c. telephonus??) from China............. 207.3 | 157.2 21.7 20.7 20.1
One adult male from Hakodate, Japan (C. c. telephonus??)..... 208 161.5 23 21 21
One adult male from Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan (C. ce. tele-
WPNONUSE) wisivoreiare sieiois srciarnvacerae an aycietniceaaeae eee Ne Mee eee 220 162.5 22 20 20.5
FEMALES. é
Two adult females from China (Pekin and Wa Shan) ( C. tc. tele-
QOS) as an sur cnancnananmn sian iitwnemacakwredonn mom nmmae 203.7 | 159.3 20.7 21 18.8
One adult female of C. peninsulz from Copper I., Kamchatka.
(TYPO.).----eeeeeeceggerssteeeeeseeteeeeeecceeeeteetneeees 206 | 164 23 20.5] 20.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9

Young.—Above everywhere (including remiges and _ rectrices)
barred and transversely spotted with dusky grayish brown and pale
rusty, many of the feathers, especially wing-coverts and remiges,
tipped with whitish; under parts, including chin, throat, and chest,
buffy white everywhere barred with dusky.

Northern Asia, from western Siberia to Kamchatka, Korea, Man-
churia, and Japan, southward to the Himalayas; in winter, migrating
to southern China, India, Malay Archipelago, and Moluccas; occa-
sional in southeastern Europe;® accidental on St. Paul Island, Prib-

ilof group, Alaska.

(?)Cuculus borealis Pautas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 442, part.

Cuculus striatus (not of Drapiez, 1823?) Swinnosg, Ibis, 1861, 259, part (Talien
Bay, n. China).—Buanrorp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, 316, 317.

(?)C[uculus] swinhoei Casanis and Heinz, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, Nov., 1862, 37,
in text, part (n. China; nomen nudum).

Cuculus telephonus HE1neE, Journ. fiir Orn., xi, Sept., 1868, 352 (Japan).

Cuculus canorus telephonus StesNEGER, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 224
(Bering I. and Petropaulski, Kamchatka; crit.; habits; measurements);
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 141 (accidental on Bering I.); xxi, 1898, 286
(Kuril Islands).—Taczanowsx1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 607 (Séoul,
Korea, April); 1888, 466 (Korea)—Patmer (W.), Auk, xi, 1894, 325 (St.
Paul I., Pribilof group, Alaska; 1 spec., July 4, 1890); Avif. Pribilof Is.,
1899, 413 (descr.).—AmERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Comuirrzz, Auk,
xii, 1895, 164; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 388.1; 3d ed., 1910, 182.—Brn-
pire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 32.—Harrerr, Ibis, 1904, 429 (Ust-
kutsk and Yakutsk, Lena R., Siberia); Végel paldarktischen Fauna, Heft vii,
Bd. ii, i, 1912, 948.—Atzen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 245 (Lake
Kauka, Marcova, and Gichiga, n. e. Siberia; notes).—BLackwELDER, Pub.
54, Carnegie Inst. (Res. in China, ii, pt. ii), 1907, 490 (s. Shen-si, n. China), —
Crarx (A. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 59 (Petropaulski, Kam-
chatka), 160 (Fusan, Korea).

C[uculus] canorus telephonus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 596.

Cuculus canorus (not of Linnzus) Swinnor, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 395,
part (Talien Bay, n. China).—Biaxiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 227 (Fuji-
san, Japan); Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 205 (Fujisan and Yezo in
summer); xX, 1882, 130 (Fujisan; Yezo in summer; crit.).—SHEtEy, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 245, part.

(?)Cuculus canorotdes Miuuzr (8.), Nat. Gesch. Ned., etc., 1839-44, 235 (nomen
nudum!; Java; Sumatra; Borneo; Timor).

(?)Cuculus canorinus (ex C. canoroides Miller, emendation) Casants, Journ. fir
Orn., 1872, 236 (Baikal).—Taczanowsk, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 237.

Cuculus canorinus Swinuoz, Ibis, 1875, 451 (Hakodadi, Japan).—StzsEceEr,
Naturen, 1882, 182 (Bering I.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 71, part
(Bering I.).—Taczanowskxt, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, 395.—Dysowsx1,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 368.

Cuculus canorus johansent Tscuust, Orn. Jahrb., xiv, 1903, 165 (Tomsk, w. Sibe-
ria; coll. Von Tschusi).

@ Statement of general range adapted from Hartert, Die Végel der paldarktischen
Fauna, Heft vii, Bd. ii, 1, p. 948. (1912.)

10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot.

Coccyzus VisrtLotT, Analyse, 1816, 28. (Type, Coucou de la Caroline Buffon=
Cuculus americanus Linneeus.)

Coccygus (emendation) Bors, Isis, 1826, 977.

Coceyzon (emendation) GiocEr, in Froriep’s Notizen, xvi, 1827, 277.

Coccygon (emendation) BurmeErsrer, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 264 (in

synonymy of Coccygus).

Coccysus (emendation?) Savi, Orn. Toscana, i, 1827, 153.

Coccygius (emendation) Nrrzscu, Pterylographia, 1840, 180.

Coccyx @ Morris, in N. Wood’s Naturalist, ii, no. 9, June, 1837, 136. (Types,
Cuculus americanus Linnzeus and C. canorus Linnzeus.)

Cureus Botg, Isis, 1831, 541. (Type, Cuculus americanus Linnzeus.) *

Erythrophrys Swanson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837,322. (Type, Cuculus carolinensis
Wilson=C. americanus Linnzus.)

Nesococcyx © CaBanis and Here, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1862, 79, footnote.
(Type, Coccyzus ferrugineus Gould.)

Medium-sized or rather small Cuculine (length about 240-390 mm.)
with bill decidedly shorter than head, compressed and decurved
terminally; tarsus about as long as culmen (from base), naked;
wing rather long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secon-
daries by nearly to much more than one-fourth the length of wing, the’
tenth (outermost) primary little if any shorter (usually longer) than
distal secondaries; tail much longer than wing, graduated for at least
one-third its length, and plumage without spots or streaks (mostly
plain olive or grayish above, whitish or buffy beneath), the rectrices
(usually black) more or less broadly tipped with white.

Bill decidedly shorter than head, about as wide as deep (sometimes
slightly wider) basally, rather abruptly compressed toward the dis-
tinctly decurved tip; culmen (from base) about as long as tarsus,
decurved from base, rounded (more narrowly so in C. erythrop-
thalmus), the mesorhinium broader, sometimes slightly flattened;
gonys nearly to quite twice as long as mandibular rami, more or less
distinctly concave except near the slightly prominent base, indistinctly
ridged; maxillary tomium without trace of subterminal notch.
Nostril open, longitudinally oval or elliptical-oval, its upper-posterior
edge sometimes slightly produced. Wing moderate, rather pointed,
the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by nearly to much
more than one-third the length of wing; seventh to eighth primaries
longest, ninth equal to or longer than fifth, tenth (outermost) little if
any shorter (usually longer) than distal secondaries. Tail much
longer than wing (nearly to slightly more than one and one-fourth
times as long), graduated for at least one-third its length, the rectrices
rather narrow. Tarsus equal to middle toe with claw (0. erythrop-
thalmus, C. melacoryphus) or longer (other species), only a small
part of the extreme upper portion feathered.

@ xébxxv€, a cuckoo.
b Von vijoor, Insel und xéanv€ Kuckuk. (Cabanis and Heine.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 11

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage in general compact but soft
and blended; pileum not crested; upper tail-coverts moderate, cov-
ering not more than basal half of tail; a naked crescentic space
beneath lower eyelid; eyelashes obsolete or very minute; no trace of
bristles about base of bill. Above plain brownish gray or olive (some-
times clear gray on pileum), the remiges sometimes with more or less
of cinnamon-rufous, the tail (except middle rectrices) usually black
broadly tipped with white; in some species a blackish orbital and
auricular area; under parts plain whitish or buffy; sexes alike, and
young not materially different. (In C. lansbergi, the plumage mostly
rufescent above, with gray pileum.)

Range.—Temperate and tropical North and South America, includ-
ing West Indies and Galapagos Islands. (About seven species, with
additional subspecies.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF COCCYZUS.

a. Hindneck, back, and scapulars grayish brown, not very, if at all, different from
color of head; under parts not darker than light ochraceous-buff.
b. Lateral rectrices black (in adults) broadly tipped with white.
c. Auricular region concolor with pileum, or very slightly darker; under parts
white, without buffy tinge. (Coccyzus americanus.)
d. Inner webs of primaries largely cinnamon-rufous, their outer webs more or
less strongly tinged with the same; color of upper parts slightly lighter;
larger (wing averaging more than 140, tail averaging more than 140 mm.).
e. Smaller (wing averaging 143.6 in male, 146.4 in female; tail 140.7 in male,
145.7 in female; exposed culmen 26.4 in male, 27 in female). (Eastern
United States, south in winter through West Indies and through eastern
Mexico and Central America to northern South America.)
Coccyzus americanus americanus (p. 12).
ee. Larger (wing averaging 149.6 in male, 150 in female; tail 147.1 in male
147.2 in female; exposed culmen 27.7 in male and female). (Western
United States, north to British Columbia; south in winter to Costa Rica.)
Coccyzus americanus occidentalis (p. 17).
dd. Inner webs of primaries pale buffy or dull buffy whitish proximally, without
cinnamon-rufous, their outer webs not atall tinged with cinnamon-rufous;
color of upper parts slightly darker; smaller (wing averaging 135.2, tail
138.3). (Island of Sombrero, Lesser Antilles;2 eastern South America, from
Guiana to southern Brazil and Argentina.)
Coccyzus americanus julieni (p. 19).
ec. Auricular region blackish, in strong contrast with color of pileum; under
parts more or less buffy.
d. Mandible yellow, tipped with black.
e. Wings without rufescent color. (Coccyzus minor.)
f. Suborbital and subauricular regions and sides of neck and chest not tinged
with gray.
g. Darker, with pileum concolor with back, and smaller (wing averaging
128.7 in male, 132.8in female). (Atlantic coast, from lower Amazon
Valley to Tamaulipas, Mexico.)....Coecyzus minor minor (p. 21).
gg. Paler (the palest of all forms of the species, except C.m.maynardt),
with pileum distinctly grayer than back, and larger (wing aver-
aging 140.4 in male, 141.6 in female). (Pacific coast from Costa
Rica to Sinaloa, Mexico.).........Cocecyzus minor palloris (p. 23).

@ Possibly this is the breeding bird on other islands in the West Indies.

12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ff. Suborbital and subauricular regions and sides of neck and chest more
or less tinged with pale gray (at least in part).
g. Smaller, especially the bill (wing averaging less than 134 in male, less
than 135 in female; exposed culmen averaging less than 28 mm.).

h. Under parts much paler, strongly buffy only posteriorly. (Bahamas,
Florida Keys, and Gulf Coast of southern Florida; occasional in

Cuba and Haiti; Grand Cayman?).
Coccyzus minor maynardi (p. 25).
hh. Under parts much more deeply colored, distinctly buffy throughout.
(Cuba?; Haiti; Jamaica; Porto Rico and adjacent islands; St.
Thomas; St. Johns; Virgin Gorda; Tortola; St. Croix; Grand
Cayman?; Abaco I., Bahamas; Florida Keys and Gulf coast of
southern Florida?)........--- Coccyzus minor nesiotes (p. 26).
gg. Larger (wing averaging more—usually much more—than 134, exposed

culmen averaging 29 or more).

h. Color of under parts much deeper than in C. nesiotes. (Dominica;

Martinique; Guadeloupe.)....Coccyzus minor dominicze (p. 31.)
hh. Color of under parts not deeper (sometimes paler) than in C.
nesiotes.

i. Averaging not paler than in C. m. nesiotes.
j. Smaller (wing averaging 134.7 in male, 140.7 in female; exposed
culmen 29.1 in male, 28.7 in female). (Antigua; Barbuda;
Swan Island.)..............Coecyzus minor rileyi (p. 29).)
jj. Larger (wing averaging 146.2 in male, 143.3 in female; exposed
culmen averaging 30.8 in male, 30.1 in female). (St.
Vincent; Santa Lucia.)...Coccyzus minor vincentis (p. 30.)
di. Averaging paler than C. m. nesiotes. ;
j. Slightly paler; bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 30.9 in
male, 30.4in female). (Grenada and Grenadines.)
Coccyzus minor grenadensis (p. 33).
jj. Decidedly paler; bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 29 in
male, 29.1 in female). (Islands of St. Andrews and Old
Providence, Caribbean Sea; Aruba?)
Coccyzus minor abbotti (p. 34.)
ee. Wings extensively rufescent. (Cocos Island, off Panama.)
Coccyzus ferrugineus (p. 34).
dd, Mandible black, like maxilla. (Colombia to Peru, Guiana, Argentina, etc.;
Galapagos Islands.)........-..2--ee-- eee Coccyzus melacoryphus (p. 35).
bb. Lateral rectrices brownish gray narrowly tipped with dull white and (in adults)
with a subterminal spot or bar of dusky. (Eastern North America, south in
winter to West Indies and through Mexico and Central America to Amazon
Viale yin) a atviacepe wtaneratesetciaterat icleton tristan fiies Coccyzus erythropthalmus (p. 38).
aa. Hindneck, back, and scapulars rusty brown, in conspicuous contrast with gray of
head; under parts ochraceous-tawny. (Panama to Venezuela and Ecuador.)
Coccyzus lansbergi (p. 41).

COCCYZUS AMERICANUS AMERICANUS (Linnzus).
YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.

Adulis (sexes alike)—Above plain grayish brown (nearest hair
brown), faintly glossed with bronzy, usually becoming more grayish
(sometimes distinctly gray) on forehead, the outer webs of primaries
(especially the proximal ones) usually more or less suffused with
rufescent brown, sometimes nearly uniform dull cinnamon-rufous;
middle pair of rectrices usually becoming more dusky (sometimes

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13

distinctly blackish) terminally, the remaining rectrices black, faintly-
glossed with bluish or greenish, passing into grayish brown basally,
each rectrix very broadly tipped with white, this decreasing in extent
from the outermost, on which the white extends much farther on the
outer web than on the inner; rectrix next to middle pair with white
tip very narrow (rarely obsolete) and usually with the black duller or
replaced by dusky grayish brown, rarely almost wholly grayish brown;
auricular region grayish brown, sometimes concolor with pileum and
hindneck, sometimes much darker; suborbital and malar regions,
lower portion of auricular region, and entire under parts dull white,
faintly shaded with pale bluish gray, except on under parts of body
and under tail-coverts, which are sometimes very faintly tinged with
pale buffy; under wing-coverts buffy white to pale pinkish buff;
inner webs of remiges (except distally) light cinnamon-rufous passing
into cinnamon-buff on edge; mandible (except tip) and basal half,
more or less, of maxillary tomia yellow, the rest of bill slate-black;
iris dark brown; naked skin of orbital region grayish (in life); legs
and feet pale bluish gray.

Young.—Similar to adults, but lateral rectrices much duller
blackish or dull dusky grayish brown, with white terminal areas much
less sharply defined, outer webs of primaries usually more rufescent,
primary coverts rufescent, and naked skin of orbital region pale
yellow.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 264-305 (275); wing, 135-154 (143.6);
tail, 133.5-150 (140.7); exposed culmen, 24-29 (26.4); tarsus, 23-27
(25.2); outer anterior toe, 17-20 (18.2).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 265-295 (282); wing, 138.5-151
(146.4); tail, 139-151 (145.7); exposed culmen, 25-29.5 (27); tarsus,
24-27 (25.4); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19.5 (18.5).®

« Twenty-seven specimens. b Eighteen specimens.
y Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus./anterior
lculmen. toe.
MALES.

One adult male from New York (Syracuse)..............2---0- 141 145 24.5 24.5 17

One adult male from Pennsylvania (Carlisle)........-........- 144.5] 186 25 25 18

Five adult males from Maryland (1), District of Columbia (2),

Ad Vitginia (2) y ewesecwcsese peer decesnenanesaey seeieevecans 141.4] 139.8] 27.2] 25.2 18.4
One adult male from North Carolina................-.-2+----/ “| 145 138 27 25 18
Three adult males from South Carolina (May)...-.---....-...- 146.5] 141.8 27.3 25.8 19.2
Five adult males from Florida (May)....-.-....---------e---0+ 145.9] 143.6 26.8 25.7 18.3
Two adult males from eastern Texas (May, June)...... --| 141.5] 138.2 25.5 25.5 17.5
Two adult males from southern Illinois.........-...-.. --| 142 142.7 25 24.7 18
One adult male from Minnesota.........--...022--02 eee eee eee 142.5] 138 24 25 18
Three adult males from Cuba (April, May, September) ........ 143.3 | 138.5 26.2 24.2 18.2

* Two adult males from Jamaica (May).........--.220eseseeee- 137.5 | 137.5 26 25 17.5
One adult male from Porto Rico (August)...............-.---- 141.5] 142 28 25.5 18.5
Eleven adult males of C. a. occidentalis... .......20020eceeeenes 149.61 147.1 27.71 26.7 19.1

14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Eastern North America, in Lower and Upper Austral Zones and
more southern portions of Transition Zone, breeding from southern
Florida and along Gulf coast to southern Texas northward to New
Brunswick (Nova Scotia ?), Quebec, Ontario, southern Michigan, Wis-
consin, Minnesota, and North Dakota, and in Mexican States of Ta-
maulipas and Nuevo Leén; westward to wooded valleys of streams
crossing Great Plains; south in winter through eastern Mexico and
Central America to Colombia (Bonda, Santa Marta; Medellin, Antio-
quia), Venezuela (San Cristébal; Altagracia; Nericégua), Trinidad,
and western Ecuadér (Chimbo),? and to West Indies in general (Ba-
hamas, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Porto Rico, St. Croix, Barbuda, Barbados,
Carriacou, Bequia, Grenada) and to Swan Island, Caribbean Sea.
(Said to breed in Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, and some other islands, but
the breeding bird of the West Indies, at least the Lesser Antilles,
may be @. a. julieni.) Accidental in Greenland, England, Belgium,
and France.

[Cuculus] americanus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 111 (South Carolina;
based on Cuculus carolinianus Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 9, pl. 9); ed. 12,
i, 1766, 170.—GMeELin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 416.—Laruam, Index Orn.,
i, 1790, 219.

Cuculus americanus TemMinck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 58.—SterHens, Shaw’s Gen.
Zool., ix, pt. i, 1815, 93.—ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur., 1844, 51.—Hartine,
Man. Brit. Birds, 1872, 124 (accidental in England).

Coccyzus americanus BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 367;
Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [27]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826, 42.—
AuDuBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 18, pl. 2; v, 1839, 520; Synopsis, 1839, 187;
Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 293, pl. 275.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and
Can., Land Birds, 1832, 551; 2d ed., 1840, 652.—GovuLp, Birds Europe, iii,
1837, pl. 242, and text.—Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 279.—WoopHovsgE, in
Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 92, part (Indian Territory;
Texas).—Guocer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 223.—Marrtens, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1859, 215 (Bermudas).—Newrton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 149 (St. Croix;

= Records for Brazil, Argentina, etc., probably pertain chiefly if not wholly to C. a.
julient.

Footnote—Continued. ‘

Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus.lanterior
lculmen toe.
FEMALES.
Six adulv females from Maryland (1), District of Columbia (2),

ONG. VAPEINIF (3). cen ccanecaunandem an saan ermaicasts cameus ‘| 145.7] 145.3 27.2 25.2 18.3
Three adult females from South Carolina (May).............-. 150 149.3 27.7 25.2 18.7
One adult female from Florida (May, July)...............--... 141 1438;5 loxcee wes 26 18
Three adult females from eastern Texas (May, July)........... 146.3 | 145.7 26.7 25.5 | 18.8
Two adult females from southern Illinois (1) and southern 7

Tridiatia (1) sacs soda acme saad tatad.jotaswoatassebesmecweed 147 144.5} 27 26 18.5
Two adult females from Cuba (April 29—one without date)....| 143.7] 144 26 25.2 18.5
Three adult females of C. julient (sex of one undetermined)....| 135.2] 138.3 26.7] 23.5 17.8 :
Twelve adult females of C. a. occidentalig........0.-0000-ee eens 150.1 | 147.2 27.7 26.9 19.2

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15

habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Witus, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst., 1859, 287
(Bermudas).—Satvin and Sciater, Ibis, 1860, 43 (Coban, Guatemala).—
Tayuor, Ibis, 1860, 118 (Tigre I., Honduras).—Scuatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1860, 252 (Vera Cruz); 1864, 120, part (monogr.); 1870, 165, part
(monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 322; Rev. List Birds Jamaica, 1910, 11
(breeding).—AtBreEcat, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 202 (Jamaica).—VeRRIL
(A. E.), Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 143 (Oxford Co., Maine, rare but probably
breeding).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 366 (Panama);
1875, 237 (San Cristobal, Venezuela); 1879, 537 (Medellin, Antioquia, Colom-
bia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (vicinity of New York
City); ix, 1868, 128 (Costa Rica).—Trirrz, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872,
233 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, Iowa, breeding).—Covzs, Check List,
1873, no. 291; Birds Northwest, 1874, 275.—Gznrry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1874, 108 (habits)—Gunp.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 156 (Cuba;
habits); 1878, 185 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 144.—Dusois, Bull.
Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxix, 1875, 9 (Belgium, 1 spec., Oct. 22, 1874).—MErnRiaM,
Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 63 (Connecticut, common summer resident);
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 232 (Adirondack region, New York, breed-
ing).—Auuen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 110 (occasionally parasitic);
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 134 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia, Oct.,
Nov.); Auk, xvii, 1900, 364 (Bonda).—Mrrrit (J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., i, 1878, 150 (Ft. Brown, Texas, breeding).—Mrarns, Bull. Essex Inst.,
xii, 1879, 117 (Hudson Highlands, New York, breeding).—Cory, Birds
Bahama Is., 1880, 117 (New Providence I.); Auk, iii, 1886, 364 (West Indian
localities and references); viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua), 351 (Inagua, Bahamas,
May, June), 353 (Anguilla, May; Cay Sal, May); ix, 1892, 48 (Watling I.);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 159; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 102 (New Providence,
Watling, Great Inagua, Cay Sal, and Anguilla islands, Bahamas; Cuba;
Jamaica; Port Rico; St. Croix; Barbada; Barbados); Pub. 137, Field Mus.
N. H., 1909, 199 (Aruba, Dutch West Indies).—Rmeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., iii, 1880, 190, part; x, 1888, 577 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea, Apr. 14);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 387, part; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 393.—Ocrzy,
Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iii, 1882, 60 (Navarro Co., Texas, summer resident;
habits).—NEuHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 171 (s. e. Texas, breed- .
ing).—Brown (N. C.), Proc. Portl. Soc. N. H., 1882, (20) (Portland, Maine,
rare).—BERLEPScH and TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 572
(Chimbo, w. Ecuador, Sept.).—Rezm, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 212
(Bermudas, April, Oct., Nov.).—Szton, Auk, ii, 1885, 335 (Toronto, Ontario,
several records).—Ra.pu and Baae, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 122
(Oneida Co., New York, rare summer resident).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
gists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 387, part; 2d ed., 1895, no. 387.—Han-
cock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 16 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breed-
ing).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 250 (Key West, Florida, breeding; crit.); ix,
1892, 212 (Caloosahatchie R., Florida, breeding), 274 (Jamaica), 372 (Port
Henderson, Jamaica, breeding).—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 372 (Cozumel I., Yuca-
tan; Ruatan I., Honduras; crit.).—Fempen, Ibis, 1889, 487 (Barbados).—
Cueraiz, Auk, vii, 1890, 333 (Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 327 (San José, Costa
Rica, Sept., Oct.); Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 19 (Santo Domingo City,
breeding).—Wurre, Auk, viii, 1891, 114 (Ottawa, Ontario, breeding); x,
1893, 224 (Mackinac I., Michigan, 1 spec., July).—Hagervp, Auk, viii, 1891,
320 (Greenland).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 106 (Corpus
Christi, Texas, breeding).—Coomss, Auk, ix, 1892, 205 (Louisiana, breed-
ing).—AtrwaTerR, Auk, ix, 1892, 234 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding).—
Wayne, Auk, x, 1893, 337 (Old Town, n. w. Florida, breeding).—CHarMan,

16

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 65 (Monos I., Trinidad, May 4).— ATKINSON,
Biol. Rev. Ont., i, 1894, 101 (near Toronto, breeding), 102 (Hamilton, breed-
ing).—Nusszy, Biol. Rev. Ont., i, 1894, 102 (near Toronto, breeding).—
Grunptvie, Trans. Wisc. Ac. Sci., etc., x, 1894, 110 (Shiocton, Wisconsin,
breeding).—Fretp, Auk, xi, 1894, 124 (Jamaica, breeding).—Sinauey, Rep.
Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 349 (Lee Co., Texas, common summer resident).—
Bennvire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (ii), 1895, pl. 5, fig. 1 (egg).—_Satvin and
Govan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 525 (Mexican and Central American
localities and references; Colombia; Antilles; Swan I.).—D#aRporn,
Prelim. List Birds Belknap and Merrimack Counties, N. H., 1898, 18 (North-

- field, New Hampshire, 1 pair, June 24, 1884).—F axon and Horrmann, Birds

Berkshire Co., Mass., 1900, 37 (rare summer resident).—Emsopy, Birds
Madison Co., N. Y., 1901, 17 (rare, breeding).—Fiemine, Auk, xviii, 1901,
38 (Roseau, Ontario, breeding); xxiv, 1907, 75 (Toronto, Ontario, summer
resident).—Howe, Contr. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 15 (Rutland, Cornwall, St.
Albans, and St. Johnsbury, Vermont; rare summer resident or visitant).—
Beruepscy and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 96 (Altagracia and Nerica-
gua, Venezuela, April, Nov.).—Wertis, Auk, xix, 1902, 344 (Carriacon,
Grenadines, Oct., Nov.).—Bownpisu, Auk, xix, 1902, 364 (near Aguadilla,
Porto Rico; Mona I.).—Epwarps, Auk, xx, 1903, 68 (laying eggs in nest of
Planesticus migratorius).—Bonuote, Auk, xx, 1903, 179 (Cay Lobos, Baha-
mas, March 17).—Witu1aMs (R. W.), Auk, xxi, 1904, 455 (Leon Co., Florida,
breeding).—Attison, Auk, xxi, 1904, 477 (Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana,
common summer resident).—Woop and Frotainasam, Auk, xxii, 1905, 47
(Oscoda Co., Michigan; breeding?).—Stocxarp, Auk, xxii, 1905, 154 (Mis-
sissippi, breeding).—Ciarx (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905; 267
(Barbados, Carriacou, and Bequia, Lesser Antilles).—Wrson (B. H.), Wilson
Bull., no. 54, 1906, 4 (Scott Co., Iowa, abundant summer resident).—JonEs,
Wilson Bull., no. 57, 1906, 115 (Cleveland, Ohio, summer resident).—Woop-
Rurr, Bull. vi, Chicago Ac. Sci., 1907, 108 (Chicago area, summer resident).—
TAVERNER and Swatss, Wilson Bull., no. 61, 1907, 133 (Point Pelee, Onta-
rio, common summer resident).—_Nasu, Vertebr. Ont., 1908, Birds, p. 48
(summer resident).—Brreer, ALLISON, and Korman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 444
(Louisiana, breeding; habits)—Mrnrcaux, Rev. Franc. d’Om., no. 2,
1909, 24 (Guantanamo, San Carlos,and Figuabas, Cuba, Jan.).—Cuaney, Auk,
xxvli, 1910, 274 (Mason Co., Michigan; ‘‘fairly common”).—Woop and
GaiazE, Pub. 4, Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., 1911, 285 (breeding throughout
s. peninsula of Michigan).—Cooxz, Condor, xiv, 1912, 148 (Clear Creek,
Colorado, Aug. 23, 1910).

Cloccyzus] americanus Wiis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284 (Nova

Scotia, breeding).—Rieway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 377 (Illinois); Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 273.—Nzwron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881,
109.—Korman, Gulf Fauna and Flora Bull., i, no. 2, 1899, 57 (s. Louisiana,
summer resident).

[Coccyzus] americanus BonaParte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 111.—Gunpxacn, Journ.

fir Orn., 1874, 312 (Porto Rico); 1878, 160 (Porto Rico).—Cours, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 190, part.—Sctater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873,
108.—Forses and Rozinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 40 (Ber-
muda; Jamaica; etc.).—SHarrz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 164.

Coccyzus americanus americanus WETMORE, Condor, xi, 1909, 158 (near Lawrence,

Kansas).—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 564 (Costa Rica).—
American OrnirHotogists’ Unron, Check List, 8rd ed., 1910, 181.—Pxt-
ures, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75 (Rampahuila, Santa Leonora, Galindo, and Guia-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 17

ves, Tamaulipas, Sept., Oct.).—HonrywiL, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 233 (Crooked
Lake, Minnesota). :

Coccygus americanus CaBANis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 104 (Cuba); 1862, 167 (Costa
Rica).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 76; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 69.—Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 415 (Cuba; crit.).—ScHE-
GEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 37.—Franrzius, Journ. fir
Orn., 1869, 361 (Costa Rica).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 477, part, pl. 48, fig. “3” =4.—Ratusun (F. R.), Rev. List
Birds Centr. N. Y., 1879, 25 (breeding)—_Srnnerrt, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and
Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 415 (Lomita Ranch, s. Texas, breeding; habits).—
DateLeisH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 73 (5 British Island, 1 French, 1
Belgian records).—Wipmann, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 56 (parasitic
habits).—Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 429, part.—Zztepon, Anal.
Mus. Nac. ©. B., i, 1887, 123 (Cartago and San Juan de San José, Costa Rica).—
Bever, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 102 (Louisiana, breeding).

Cloccygus] americanus Maxmminian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 423.—Cazanis and
Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1862, 75 (Georgia; etc.).—Covgs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 476, part.

[Coccygus] americanus GunpLacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334 (Cuba).—Cory,
List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19 (Baliamas; Cuba).

Piaya americana Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 142.

C[occystes] americanus KeysERLING and Buasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xxxiv,
147.—Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Mus. Senckenb., 1891, 147.

[Coccyzon] americanus Heine and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 202
(Georgia).

Erythrophrys americanus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 40.

Coceyzus pyropterus VirIttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 270 (new name
for Cuculus americanus Linnus).

(?) [Cuculus] dominicus Linnavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 170 (Santo Domingo;
based on Cuculus dominicensis Brisson, Orn., iv, 110, pl. 9).—Gmetin, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 416—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 221.

(%) Coccygus dominicus Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 154.

(2?) Coccygus dominicus? Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 96 (Santo
Domingo).

(?) Pitaya] dominica Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 457.

[Coccyzus] flavirostris GuocER, Journ. fiir Orn., ii, May, 1854, 223 (new name for
Cuculus americanus Gmelin).

Cuculus carolinensis Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 18, pl. 28, fig. 1 (mew name for
C. americanus Linnzeus? ).

Coccyzus bairdi SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864 (pub. Aug. 1), 120 (Jamaica;
coll. P. L. Sclater).

Coccyzus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) BonHote, Auk, xviii, 1901, 148 (Cay
Lobos, Bahamas; see Bonhote, Auk, xx, 1903, 179).

COCCYZUS AMERICANUS OCCIDENTALIS Ridgway.
CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.

Similar to C. a. americanus but averaging decidedly larger.

Adult male—Length (skins), 276-309 (287); wing, 143.5-154.5
(149.6); tail, 140-155 (147.1); exposed culmen, 27-30 (27.7); tarsus,
25-29 (26.7); outer anterior toe, 18.5-20 (19.1).2

@ Eleven specimens,
1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——2

18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female——Length (skins), 268-315 (284); wing, 144-156.5
(150.1); tail, 133.5-156 (147.2); exposed culmen, 26-29 (28.4); tar-

sus, 25-28.5 (26.9); outer anterior toe, 18-22 (19.2).%

Western United States and British Columbia (Fraser River at
Mount Lehman; Burrard Inlet; Kamloops; Mount Tolmie; Chilli-
wack); breeding southward to Cape San Lucas, Sinaloa (Mazatlan),
Chihudéhua, etc.; eastward to Idaho (Fort Sherman, 1 specimen),
Colorado, and western Texas (Tom Green, Concho, and Kerr counties) ;

in winter southward as far as Costa Rica (San José).

Coccyzus americanus (not Cuculus americanus Linnzus) WoopHousz, in Rep.

Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zui and Col. R., 1853, 92, part (New Mexico).—CoorEr,
Orn. Calif., 1870, 371 (Napa Valley; Sacramento).—LaWRENCE, Mem. Bost.
Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 293 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, breeding).—Covss, Check List,
1873, no. 291, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 275, part.—HensHaw, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., xi, 1874, 8 (Provo, Utah); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 47
(Provo, Utah), 164 (s. e. Arizona, summer resident); Zool. Expl. W. of 100th
Merid., 1875, 386 (Provo, Utah;, Cienega, Arizona).—Ripeway, Orn. For-
tieth Parallel, 1877, 558 (Sacramento, California, June; Truckee Valley,
Nevada, July); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 190, part; Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 387, part.—Bzxpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 432
(Marysville, California, June; Murphy’s, Calaveras Co., Sept.).—Drew, Auk,
ii, 1885, 17 (Colorado, breeding at 4,000-8,000 ft.) —Scorr, Auk, ili, 1886, 425
(Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, up to 4,000 ft.).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 190
(Tom Green and Concho counties, w. Texas, breeding).

(?) Coccygus americanus SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 120, part (monogr.),

177 (near City of Mexico); 1870, 165, part (monogr.).—Caaprman, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 136 (Fraser R., at Mt. Lehman, Brit. Columbia).

[Coccyzus] americanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 140, part.—ScuatzR and

Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.

Coccygus americanus BAinD, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,

477, part.—CouEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 429, part.—Brewster, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 26 (Tucson, Arizona, June).

Cloccygus] americanus Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 476, part.

@ Twelve specimens.

Ex-
Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | P°S°4 | Tarsus.janterior
men, Hip ee
MALES,

Three adult males from California...........-..2..2.0--0.0000- 151.2] 147 29.7 27.2 19.2

Seven adult males from Arizona..........-.-2. 20s eee ee eee eee 149.7 | 147.5 28.6 26.3 19.1

One adult male from western Texas (Ft. Clark)............... 143.5 | 145 27 25.5 18.5
FEMALES.

Four adult females from California............-......0.0.00000- 149.1] 149.2 27.4 27.1 19.4

Four adult females from Arizona....-.........222.2.022022- eee 153.2 | 150.6} 28.2 27.8 19.8

Four adult females from western Texas (It. Clark and Ft.

TgteGC i sia sencasaaneradanetesauouaaseeedaanemcccnsaupe de 148.8} 141.6] 27.5] 26.4 18.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19

(?)Coceygus erythrophthalmus (not Cuculus erythropthalmus Wilson?) N EWBERRY,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, chapt. ii, 1857, 92 (Ft. Reading, California,
July).

Gein americanus occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept. 27, 1887,
273 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 591.—
Cuarman, Auk, v, 1888, 396—Amzrican OrnitHoLocists’ Union Com-
uirrex, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 9; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 3874;
3rd ed., 1910, 182.—Bryanr (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 11, 1889, 286
(Ensenada, Lower California).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891,
27 (Burrard Inlet;. Kamloops, breeding; Mt. Tolmie).—LawrENcE (R. H.),
Auk, ix, 1892, 44 (Grays Harbor, Washington, summer resident), 393 (Ridge-
field, Clark Co., Washington, breeding).—Bxnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds,
(ii), 1895, 25, pl. 5, fig. 2 (eggs).—Harcu (J. M.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 347, in text
(Escondido, California).—Cooxe, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 82
(Colorado, up to 8,000 ft.).—Merritt (J. C.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 353 (It. Sher-
man, Idaho, 1 spec., July, 1895).—GrinNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci.,
1898, 24 (Los Angeles Co., California, summer resident); Pacific Coast Avi-
fauna, no. 3, 1902, 36 (California range).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (coast
Brit. Columbia).—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 101 (San
José del Rancho, s. Lower California, breeding).—Ratupun (S. F.),
Auk, xix, 1902, 134 (Seattle, Washington, summer resident).—Swarru,
Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 4, 1904, 10 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona, rare migrant;
San Pedro R., Arizona, summer resident).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
"Club, iv, 1908, 23 (San José, Costa Rica; crit.).—Rocxwe1u, Condor, x, 1908,
164 (Mesa Co., w. Colorado, breeding).—Kerrmopzg, Provinc. Mus. Victoria,
1909, 47 (s. w. Brit. Columbia, breeding; Chilliwack; habits).—Visuer,
Auk, xxvii, 1910, 282 (near Tucson, Arizona, common, breeding).—CaRRIKER,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 564 (San José, Costa Rica)—Laczy, Auk,
XXviii, 1911, 209 (Kerrville, Texas, breeding).

[Coccyzus] americanus subsp. occidentalis Forpes and Rozrnson, Bull. Liverpool
Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 40.

[Coccyzus americanus occidentalis] SHELton, Condor, xiii, 1911, 19-22 (Sonoma
Co., California; nesting habits).

Coccyzus almericanus] occidentalis Peck, Condor, xiii, 1911, 66 (Malheur Co.,
Oregon).—Jay, Condor, 1911, 69-73, figs. 30-32 (Los Angeles Co., California;
nesting habits, etc.).

[Coccyzus americanus] occidentalis Cooxx, Condor, xiv, 1912, 148, in text (Barr,
Colorado, July 25).

Coccygus americanus occidentalis Bowes, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 143 (Tacoma, Wash-
ington, rare summer resident).

[Coccyzus] occidentalis SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 164.

COCCYZUS AMERICANUS JULIENI (Lawrence).
SOUTHERN YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.

Similar to C. a. americanus but smaller; color of upper parts darker
and browner, and inner webs of remiges passing into dull white or very
pale dull buffy on edges (except distal portion).

Adults (sexes alike).—Above, including lores and upper half of
auricular region, plain deep hair brown (between hair brown and
fuscous), faintly glossed with bronze, the forehead and lores slightly

20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

more grayish, the middle rectrices darker terminally or subterminally;
rectrices next to middle pair mostly deep hair brown or fuscous, becom-
ing dull black subterminally and narrowly tipped with white; other
rectrices dull black passing into fuscous basally and broadly tipped
with white, the white tip about 17-32 mm. wide on inner web of
outermost rectrix (on which the outer web is white for a much
greater distance) to 10-19 wide on the third rectrix; suborbital and
malar regions, lower portion of auricular region, chin, throat, chest,
breast, and sides clear grayish white passing into pure white on
abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts; axillars and under wing-
coverts immaculate white; under surface of remiges (except outer-
most primary and distal portion of other remiges) dull buffy white to
pale dull buff; maxilla black, the lower basal portion (for more than
one-third the distance from rictus to tip) yellow; mandible deep
yellow; legs and feet horn color (bluish gray in life ?).

Young.—Similar to adults but slightly browner above (especially
on greater wing-coverts and secondaries), anterior under parts more
strongly grayish (this color on side of head less strongly contrasted
with or less abruptly defined against the brown of pileum, etc.), and
lateral rectrices grayish brown broadly tipped with dull white.

Adult female.—Wing, 133.5-141.5 (137.5); tail, 135.5-147.5 (141.5);
exposed culmen, 25.5-26 (25.7); tarsus, 23.5-24.5 (24); outer ante-
rior toe, 17-19 (18).¢

Guiana to southern Brazil; Sombrero, West Indies. (Possibly the
breeding bird of the West Indies.) ;

Coccyzus julient LawREncE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1864, 42, 98 (Som-
brero, Lesser Antilles; coll. G. N. Lawrence).

@ Two specimens.

i Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing.} Tail. | posed | Tarsus.lanterior
‘culmen,. toe.
One adult female from Santarem, lower Amazon (type of C.

Lindent Allen) ccsimsiteasnisnca dc aeeeeeanain wes mehemeasaeene 133.5.| 135.5 25.5 24.5 VW
Oneadult female from Chapada, Mattogrosso...............---- 147.5 | 147.5 26 23.5 19
Oneadult (sex not determined) from Rio Janeiro. .............. 130 132.5 26 23.5 18
One young from Sombrero I., West Indies (type of C. julieni

Ta WEONCE) usreisizaie swale sais ce cdwchaweecorseccionemennevetiess 128 129 21.5 22.5 15.5

Allowing for the differences in ‘coloration which distinguish young birds from adults
in all species of this genus, the type of Coccyzus julient Lawrence, said to be from the
island of Sombrero, West Indies (but possibly wrongly accredited to that locality),
agrees very closely with the Brazilian specimens of C. euler (all adults) examined.
It is possible that the so-called C. americanus which breeds in the West Indies is in
reality C. a. jultent, but all West Indian specimens of C. americanus examined by me
are either young birds or winter adults,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 21

(?) Coccyzus americanus (not Cuculus americanus Linneus?) ScrateR, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 496 (Quilines, Buenos Aires, Argentina; crit.).—
Berersca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 133 (South America to Buenos Aires).—
Wiruincton, Ibis, 1888, 468 (Lomas de Zamora, Argentina).—SciaTErR and
Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 37, part (not description, which is of
C. americanus).—SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 308, part (Buenos
Aires, Argentina; Bahia, Brazil) —Koznieswatp, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 378
(8&0 Paulo, s. Brazil)—Hotmsere, Segundo Censo Argentina, i, 1898, 516.—
Inzrine, Rev. Mus, Paulista, iii, 1899, 304 (Sdo Paulo).—Krrr, Ibis, 1901,
229 (Gran Chaco, Paraguay).—LOnnBERG, Ibis, 1903, 454 (San Luis, Bolivia,
Feb. 8).—Cuuss, Ibis, 1910, 271 ((Sapucay, Paraguay, Jan.).—Da3BBeEne,
Orn. Argent., 1910, 271 (Tucuman and Lomas de Zamora), 423 (La Rioja; Sal-
adillo, La Sierra).

Coccyzus americanus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 136 (Chapada,
Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil).

(?) Coccygus bairdi? (not Coccyzus bairdi Sclater) PruzELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 273,
footnote (Paciencia, Brazil; crit.).

(?) [Coccygus] bairdii? PztzELn, Orn. Bras., iv, 1871, 450.

Coccygus ewlert CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., ser. 4, i, Jan., 1873, 72 (Cantogallo, s. e.
Brazil; coll. Berlin Mus.); 1874, 226 (Brazil).

Coccyzus euleri Coapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 159 (Santarem, lower Amazon; Matto-
grosso; crit.).—Inerine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iv, 1900, 161 (Cantogallo).

[Coccyzus] eulert SHarrPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 164.

Coccyzus lindent ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, no. 8, Oct.-Nov., 1876, 81 (San-
tarem, lower Amazon; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).

COCCYZUS MINOR MINOR (Gmelin)?
MANGROVE CUCKOO.

Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain grayish brown (deep hair brown),
very faintly glossed with bronzy, except on pileum, the middle pair
of rectrices dusky subterminally and narrowly tipped (except in worn
plumage) with paler grayish brown or dull whitish; other rectrices
black passing into grayish brown basally and broadly tipped with
white, the white terminal areas decreasing in extent from about
23-30 mm. on outermost pair to 3-8 mm. on next to middle pair;
lores similar in color to pileum but somewhat darker, especially next
to eye; upper two-thirds (more or less) of auricular region dull black,
this continued, narrowly, beneath bare orbital space to the dusky
color in front of eye; lower portion of auricular region, suborbital and
malar regions, and entire under parts, together with axillars and
under wing-coverts, plain dull ochraceous-buff or cinnamon-buff,
usually paler on chin and upper throat; inner webs of remiges with
proximal two-thirds (more or less) lighter cinnamon-buff; maxilla
black, the mandible with basal two-thirds (more or less) yellow, the
terminal portion black; bare orbital space yellow (in life); iris brown;
legs and feet horn color (bluish gray in life ?).

Young.—Similar to adults but middle rectrices paler grayish
brown terminally, the lateral ones darker grayish brown with white (or
whitish) terminal areas, as in adults, but these much duller white and’

22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

not sharply defined; alula, primary coverts, and distal secondaries
slightly cinnamomeous or buffy, narrowly edged with paler.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 288-305 (298); wing, 128.5-129
(128.7); tail, 156.5-161 (159.2); exposed culmen, 28-30 (29); tarsus,
28-29.5 (28.8); outer anterior toe, 19-21 (20).% ;

Adult female —Length (skins), 290-295 (292.5); wing, 129.5-135.5
(132.8); tail, 158.5-163 (160.7); exposed culmen, 28.5; tarsus, 28.5-
29.5 (29); outer anterior toe, 19-20.5 (19.7).2

Atlantic coast of South America, from Amazon Valley northward,
including island of Trinidad; Caribbean and Gulf coasts of Central
America and Mexico, from Panama (Nat4, Coclé;> Chiriqui) north-
ward through Costa Rica (exact locality unknown?), Nicaragua
(Greytown®), Honduras (Ruatin Island; Puerto Cabello), British
Honduras (pine ridge near Manatee Lagoon®), and Yucatan (Temax;?
Xbac;® Mugeres Island; Cozumél Island; Izamél; Buctzotz) to
State of Tamaulipas (Tampico; Alta Mira; Matamoros’), Mexico.

[Cuculus] minor GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 411 (Cayenne; based on Petit
Vieillard Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 401; Coucou des Palétuviers Daubenton,
Pl. Enl., pl. 813; Mangrove Cuckow Latham, Synopsis Birds, i, pt. 2, 537).

C[occyzus] minor Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 457.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 274, part.

@ Three specimens.

Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.janterior
culmen toe.
MALES.
One adult malefrom Panama (Natd, Coclé).........-------.-+-- 128.5 | 160 28 29.5 20
One adult male from Mugeres Island, Yucatan.............-.--- 129 156.5 30 29 21
One adult male from southern Tamaulipas (Alta Mira).......... 128.5 | 161 29 28 19
FEMALES.
One adult femalefrom eastern Costa Rica............--....-..-- 133.5] 158.5 28.5 29.5 19.5
One adult female from eastern Nicaragua (Greytown)........... 135.5 | 163 28.5 29 20.5
One adult female from Mugeres Island, Yucatan................ 129.5) |seeeewes 28.5 28.5 19

The Alta Mira specimen is very pale, agreeing closely in coloration with C. m.
palloris; but its measurements are much too small for that form.

Not having specimens of true C. minor for comparison, I am not at all sure that the
birds from the Caribbean and Gulf coasts of Central America and Mexico are really
referable to that form. The specimens examined from Yucatan, Honduras, etc.,
closely resemble in coloration C. m. rileyi of Antigua and Barbuda, but have the whole
chest, foreneck, throat, and subauricular and submalar regions clear buff, nearly
concolor with the rest of under parts, instead of being more or less distinctly paler and
tinged with pale grayish.

6 Specimens from these localities examined by me.

« As remarked above, the specimen from Alta Mira is very pale, hardly different
in fact from C.m. palloris in coloration, but much too small for that form. The
example from Matamoros is deeply colored.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23

oe Coccyzus minor SctaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 166, part (monogr.).—
SciaTer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 839 (Puerto Cabello, n.
Honduras).—Satvin, Ibis, 1886, 64 (Brit. Guiana); 1889, 372 (Cozumel I.,
Yucatan; Ruatan I., Honduras)—Currriz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv,
1891, 536, part (Caribbean coast Costa Rica); Auk, ix, 1892, 326, part (e. coast
Costa, Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 518 (Greytown,
Nicaragua); xviii, 1895, 629 (Alta Mira, s. Tamaulipas).—Cuapman, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 65 (Trinidad).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 523, part (Temax, Izamal; Buctzotz, and Cozumel
I., Yucatan; Ruatan I. and Puerto Cabello, Honduras; Greytown, Nica-
ragua; Colombia; Venezuela; Guiana; lower Amazon.—Loar, Ibis, 1898, 564
(Brit. Guiana).—Bzrurpscu, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 282 (Cayenne).

[Coccyzus] minor Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 210, no. 8917, part.—ScratzR and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.—Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163,
part.

Coccyzus minor minor Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xx, April 18, 1907,
53, in text.

Coccygus minor Barrp, BREweER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 482,
part, pl. 48, fig. 3.—Zenepdén, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1887, 123, part
(Costa Rica).

C[occystes] minor Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Mus. Senckenb., 1891, 147 (North
America).

[Cuculus] seniculus Lataam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 219 (new name for Cuculus
minor Gmelin). :

Cuculus seniculus TemMInck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 60.—StePHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.
ix, pt. i, 1815, 125.

Coccyzus seniculus Viztttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 275, part
(Cayenne); Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1346, part—Sctater, Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 323 (‘‘South America’); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 121, part
(monogr.).—Covss, Birds Northwest, 1874, 276, footnote, part.

Cloccygus] seniculus CaBanis and Hxine, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1862, 78, footnote
(Cayenne; Guiana).

Coccygus seniculus SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 38 (Guiana;
South Am.).—Hotrz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 4 (descr. eggs).—-PELZELN, Orn.
Bras., 1870, 273, 450.

Cloccygus] heluiventris CaBanis, in Schomburgh’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848,
714 (British Guiana; coll. Berlin Mus.?).

COCCYZUS MINOR PALLORIS Ridgway.
PACIFIC MANGROVE CUCKOO.

Agreeing with C. m. minor in absence of gray tinge to buff of sub-
orbital and subauricular regions, sides of neck and chest, but much
larger and paler, the under parts pale cream-buff, and pileum dis-
tinctly grayer than back, passing into clear gray anteriorly; closely
resembling C. m. maynardi in color of upper parts and posterior under
parts but anterior under parts wholly pale buff, concolor with pos-
terior portions, and decidedly larger.

94 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male-—Length (skins), 280-323 (305); wing, 136-144 (140.4) ;
tail, 152.5-168 (162); exposed culmen, 29-31.5 (30.1); tarsus, 26-30
(29.8); outer anterior toe, 19.5-21 (20.5).%

Adult female—Length (skins), 287-321 (305); wing, 137-148
(141.6); tail, 151.5-177 (166.4); exposed culmen, 28-30.5 (29.6);
tarsus, 28-31 (29.5); outer anterior toe, 19.5-21 (20.4).°

Pacific coast district of Central America and Mexico, from Costa
Rica (San José; Punta Arenas; La Palma de Nicoya; Bebedero;
Mojica; San Lucas; Pigres; Pozo del Rio Grande) northward through
Nicaragua (Chinandega; Volcén de Chinandega; Realejo; San Juan
del Sur; Sucuy4), Salvadér (La Libert4d), Oaxaca (Tapana; Caco-
prieto), and Guerrero (Dos Arroyos) to Tepic (San Blas: Maria Madre,
Tres Marias Islands).

Coceyzus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 47 (Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).—ZeLepON, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i,
1887, 123, part (w. Costa Rica)—CuERrig, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,
536, part (Pacific coast Costa Rica, up to 6,000 ft.); Auk, ix, 1892, 326,
part (San José and Pacific coast Costa Rica; crit.)—Satvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 523, part (Dos Arroyos, Guerrero; Tapana
and Cacoprieto, Oaxaca; La Libertad, Salvador; Chinandega, San Juan del
Sur, and Sucuya, Nicaragua; Punta Arenas, La Palma de Nicoya, and San
José, Costa Rica).—Nexson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 42 (Maria Madre
I., Tres Marias).

[Coccyzus] minor ScuatER and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.—SHarpz,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163, part.

Coccyzus minor minor Banas, Auk, xxiv, July, 1907, 292 (Pozo del Rio Grande,
8. w. Costa Rica).—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 563 (Pigres,
Mojica, and Bebedero, w. Costa Rica).

Coccyzus seniculus (not Cuculus seniculus Latham) Nurtine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
v, 1882, 401 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 376 (San Juan del
Sur, Nicaragua); vi, 1884, 388 (Sucuya, Nicaragua).

Coccyzus minor palloris Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915,
105 (Pigres, w. Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

@ Eleven specimens. b Ten specimens.
‘ Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.|anterior
iculmen. toe.
MALES.
Six adult males from western Costa Rica....-.........2..00005 140.8] 161.7 30 29.7 20.6
Two adult males from western Nicaragua.................22-.. 138.5 | 161.7 31 29.7 20.7
Two adult males from Tepic, western Mexico.................. 139.2 | 160 30 28 20.2
One adult male from Tres Marias Islands....................-- 144 168 29 29 20
FEMALES.
Six adult females from western Costa Rica.............-.2....- 142.1] 163.7] 29.4] 29.8 20.3
Four adult females from western Nicaragua..................-. 141 168 30 29 20.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 25

COCCYZUS MINOR MAYNARDI (Ridgway).

BAHAMA MANGROVE CUCKOO,

Similar to C. m. palloris in paleness of coloration but averaging
decidedly smaller and with anterior under parts (chest, foreneck,
throat, and chin) dull white shaded laterally with pale gray, in con-
trast with the pale buff of posterior portions.

Adult male——Length (skins), 278-326 (298); wing, 126.5-140
(133.1); tail, 154-169 (161.8); exposed culmen, 26.5-28.5 (27.3);
tarsus, 26.5-29 (28.2); outer anterior toe, 18.5-21 (19.4).¢

Adult female—tLength (skins), 277-322 (298); wing, 128-145
(134.8); tail, 147-170.5 (163.2); exposed culmen, 25.5-30 (27.9);
.tarsus, 25.5-30.5 (28.4); outer anterior toe, 18-21.5 (19.8).°

Bahama Islands (Abaco, Berry, Eleuthera, New Providence,
Andros, Watling, Rum Cay, Long, Acklin, North Caicos, Hast Caicos,
Grand Caicos, and Great Inagua islands); Florida Keys (Key West);
Gulf coast of southern Florida (Marco; Ten Thousand Islands; Char-
lotte Harbor); Cuba (Manati, and Los Cafios, Guantanamo); Grand
Cayman ?; occasional in Haiti (San Lorenzo, Santo Domingo).

Coccygus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi,
1866, 65 (New Providence I., Bahamas).

@ Twenty-one specimens. b Nineteen specimens.
Ex- Outer

Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus./anterior

culmen toe,

MALES.
Two adult males from Florida (Ten Thousand Islands and

Charlotte Harbor)..22<cssccccecseceasierc nese ecesieseeccene 137 167.2 27.7 28 19.7

One adult male from Rum Cay 133 163 28 27 19
Five adult males from Watling Island...............--.----.--- 133.4] 163.6 27.3 28.6 19.7
Oneadult malefrom Abaco Island.............----20222-eeeee ee 130.5 | 156 27.5 27 19.5

One adult malefrom Caicos Island.............2.---.2-2--+20-0- 125 160.5 25 29 19
Three adult males from Inagua Island...... ---| 181.2] 162.3 27.8 28.5 19.7
Twoadult males from Andros Island............ ---| 182.7] 159.7 26.5 26.7 19.2

Four adult males from New Providence Island... ---| 186.4] 162.1 27.2 28.4 19

Two adult males from Eleuthera Island........-.....--.--0-20- 130.5 | 160 27.5 28.7 19

FEMALES.

Twoadult females from Florida (Marco and Charlotte Harbor)..| 138 164.5 29 29.5 20.2

Oneadult femalefrom Rum Cay..........-..2----22ee eee eee eee 137.5 | 161 30 28, 21
Twoadult femalesfrom Watling Island... --| 137 153.2 28 29.7 20.2
Five adult females from InaguaIsland........... eeeseee-| 133.4] 165.3 27.8 29 19.1
Five adult females from New Providence Island. - 134.6] 159.8 27.5 27.7 20.1

Oneadult female from Eleuthera Island..............--.-- ---|° 138.5 | 164.5 27 28 21

Oneadultfemalefrom LongIsland...............2-+22-e-eeeeee IBL.5 jon cece 29 25.5 20
Oneadult female from Berry Island..............2-2---0.++00+- 128 158 28 29 18.5

Oneadult femalefrom Cuba (Guantanamo)..........-..--.-+5- 137 |. 157 27 27.5 19

26

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Coceyzus minor Cory, Birds Bahama, Is., 1880, 117 (New Providence I.); Auk,

iii, 1886, 365, part (Bahamas); Birds West Ind., 1889, 160, part (Bahamas).

Cloccyzus] maynardi Rrwaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept. 27, 1887, 274 (Ten

“Thousand Islands, Florida; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Coccyzus maynardi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 591.—Cory, Auk, v, 1888,

159; viii, 1891, 394 (Inagua I., Bahamas; descr. abnormally colored speci-
men).—CHAPMAN, Auk, v, 1888, 396.—(?) Nicoxt, Ibis, 1904, 584 (Grand
Cayman).—VeErRRu (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 359
(San Lorenzo, Santo Domingo).

[Coccyzus] maynardi SHarPs, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163.
Coccygus maynardi Cory, Birds West Ind., 1889, 296.
Coccyzus minor maynardi American Orniraovoeists’ Union Commrtrsez, Suppl.

to Check List, 1889, 9; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no> 386a; 8d ed., 1910, .
181.—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 250 (Key West, Florida, breeding).—Norrarop,
Auk, viii, 1891, 75 (Andros I., Bahamas).—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 294 (New
Providence I.), 295 (Berry Islands), 297 (Caicos Islands), 351 (Eleuthera I.;
Inagua I.); ix, 1892, 48 (Watling I.); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 102, 141,
part (Berry, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Watling, Rum Cay,
North Caicos, Grand Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua islands, Bahamas;
Grand Cayman).—Ripeway, Auk, viii, 1891, 336 (Eleuthera I.), 337 (Wat-
ling I.), 338 (Rum Cay).—BeznoireE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 19.—
BonuoteE, Ibis, 1899, 515 (New Providence I.; habits); 1903, 294 (New Provi-
dence I.; habits).—Banas, Auk, xviii, 1900, 288 (New Providence I.; descr.
young).—Ritey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 47, no. 8, 1904, 285; Auk, xxii,
1905, 355 (New Providence I.; Long I.).—Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii,
1911, 420 (Great Inagua; Watling I.; Abaco I.; crit.)—WorTsineron,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 453 (Acklin I., etc., Babamas).—RamspeEn,
Auk, xxix, 1912, 393 (Manati, Guantanamo, Cuba, 1 spec., March 9, 1912;
Los Cafios, Guantanamo, 1 spec., March 26, 1911).

C[occyzus] minor maynardi Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 274.—

Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xx, 1907, 53, 54, in text.

[Coccyzus] minor subsp. maynardi Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus.,

i, no. 2, 1898, 40.
COCCYZUS MINOR NESIOTES (Cabanis).

JAMAICAN MANGROVE CUCKOO.

Similar to C. m. minor, but pileum more grayish, especially on
forehead; subauricular and (usually) suborbital regions, malar region,
chin, throat, and chest more or less distinctly tinged with pale gray
and (usually, at least) decidedly lighter in color than under parts of
body; similar also to C.m. maynardi but more deeply colored below,
the under parts of body, etce., much deeper buffy, and the chest, fore-
neck, and throat distinctly buffy.

‘Adult male—Length (skins), 268-320 (291); wing, 125-145
(132.6); tail, 148-174.5 (161.1); exposed culmen, 24.5-30 (27.5);
tarsus, 25-30 (28.1); outer anterior toe, 17.5-20.5 (18.9).2

@ Thirty-seven specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 27

Adult female—Length (skins), 278-322 (299); wing, 127-140.5
(133.8); tail, 152.5-172 (163.1); exposed culmen, 26-29.5 (27.8);
tarsus, 26.5-30 (28.9); outer anterior toe, 17.5-20.5 (19).

Jamaica (Priestman’s River; Kingston; Port Antonio; Port Hen-
derson); Haiti (Port au Prince and Le Coup, Haiti; San Cristébal,
Catare, Puerto Plata, Saman4, Cafia Honda, La Cafiita, San Lorenzo,
El Valle, and La Vega, Santo Domingo); Porto Rico (Caguds; Puerto
Real; Luquillo; Mameyes; Utuado; Guayama; Lares; Aibonito; Ca-
géy), and adjacent islands of Vieques, Mona, Culebra, and Culebrita;
St. Thomas; St. Johns; Virgin Gorda; Tértola?;? St. Croix ?;? Cuba?
Grand Cayman? Occasional in Bahama Islands (Andros Island,
Nov. 25; Abaco Island, May 6). [Coast of southern Florida (near
Tampa; Punta Rassa; Caloosahatchie River, breeding; Key West,
South Anclote, Boca Grande, Boca Chica, Sugar Loaf, Big Pine,
Grassy, and Snipe Keys) ?]®

« Forty-three specimens.

Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.janterior
lculmen. toe.
MALES.
Seven adult males ( C. m. nesiotes?) from Grand Cayman. ....... 133.3 | 162.9 29 28.9 18.9
Ten adult malesfrom Jamaica............2-..220:eeeeeeeeeee eee 134.9] 165.4] 27.5] 28.1 19.3
Tenadult malesirom Hatt... .vccevecsseevenyeruvererereewens 130.7} 158.7] 27.4) 27.8 19
Six adult malesfrom Porto Rico................2.2.0000ee seen 131.4] 162.6 26.3 27.5 18.3
Oneadult malefrom Vieques.........-...2-.02- 0020 eeceeee eens 126.5 | 153.5 26.5 28.5 18
Twoadult malesfrom Mona.....-.....2.2-..00eee cece eee ee eeees 133.5] 149.5 27.2 25.5 18.5
Oneadult malefrom St. Thomas.............2...0--22-022000-- 134.5] 151.5 26.5 27.5 19
FEMALES.
Six adult females ( C. m. nesiotes?) from Grand Cayman......... 133.3 | 161.4 28.5 28.7 18.6
Ten adult females from Jamaica. .......--.-.-.-000---eee eee ee ee 136.3 | 167.5 27.9 28.5 19.1
Nineadult females from Haiti.............-..2..02 2-22 eee eee ee 133.3 | 160.2 27.8 28.3 19.4
Eight adult femalesfrom Porto Rico..............----.2-2+-0++- 132.9] 164.5 27.4 30.9 19.1
Oneadult female from Vieques............---2..22.eeee eee eee 133.5 | 163.5 27 28 18.5
Three adult females from Mona... . 132.3} 155 28 - 28.5 18.8
Three adult females from Culebra ..............--.- Siveieetedee 132.7 | 163 28.2 28 18.7
Oneadult female from Culebrita...............2...2.2.020e0eee- 133.5] 164.5 27.5 28.5 18
127 161.5 28 27 20
138.5 | 169.5 27 29.5 17.5

The series in hand from Grand Cayman is a very unsatisfactory one, the plumage
of all the specimens being not only more or less worn and faded but also to some extent
discolored by the preservative used in their preparation. They are certainly much
paler in coloration than those from other islands, except the Bahamas, and resemble
much more closely C. m. maynardi than true C. m. nesiotes, and, unless the specimens
are in abnormal condition, would better be referred to the former.

b I have not seen specimens from these islands, nor from any of the Florida localities
named, the only Florida specimens examined (except the one on which Audubon’s
description and figures were based, this being of the present form) being C. m. may-
nardi, which¥%ee. Likewise, the only Cuban specimen seen by me (from Guant4namo)

is C. m. maynardi.
vo

28

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(2) Coceyzus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) Gunptacs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859,
348 (crit.); 1874; 157 (Cuba; habits); Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 145.—Cory,
Auk, iii, 1886, 502 (Grand Cayman); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 102, part
(Cuba; Grand Cayman).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 185 (near Tampa, Florida;
South Anclote Key, Florida, May 20, 1887); vi, 1889, 250 (Tampa and Punta
Rassa, Florida, 2 specs.); viii, 1892, 212 (Caloosahatchie R.., Florida, breed-
ing).—Benvirz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds (ii), 1895, 17, part (Florida locali-
ties)—Fowuer, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 399 (Key West, Boca Grande, Boca Chica, .
Sugar Loaf, Big Pine, Grassy, and Snipe Keys, Florida).—Lowe, Ibis, 1911,
149 (Grand Cayman). ‘

Coccyzus minor Bryant, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 189 (Porto Rico; crit.); Proc.
Bost. Soc, N. H., x, 1866, 254 (Porto Rico; crit.).—Sciarmr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1870, 166, part (monogr.); Revised List Birds Jamaica, 1910, 11.~
Gunpuacs, Journ. fir Orn., 1874, 312 (Porto Rico); 1878, 160, 185 (Porto
Rico) —Rimeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 172 (St. Thomas).—Amezr-
ICAN ORNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 386,
part; 3d ed., 1910, 185, part.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 365, part; vii, 1890, 375
(Tortola; Virgin Gorda); Birds West Ind., 1889, 160, part; Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 102, part (Jamaica; Haiti; Mona; Porto Rico; Tortola; Virgin
Gorda; St. Croix?)—Scott, Auk, ix, 1892, 274 (Jamaica), 372 (Jamaica;
habits)—Frmup, Auk, xi, 1894, 124 (Port Henderson, Jamaica).—BEnpirz,
Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (ii), 1895, 17, part—Cnerrie, Contr. Orn. San,
Dom., 1896, 19.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 523,
part (West Indies, part).—Nicoit, Ibis, 1904, 576 (St. Thomas).—VERRILL
(A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 359 (San Lorenzo, El
Valle, and La Vega, Santo Domingo).

[Coccyzus] minor ScraTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.—ForBEs
and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 40 (St. Thomas).—
Suarte, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163, part.

C[occyzus] minor Newton, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 109.—Rmeway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 274, part.

(?) Coceygus minor CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 104 (Cuba; habits).

Coccygus minor Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 78, part (‘‘Florida?”).—
Bryant, Proc., Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 96 (Santo Domingo).—Bamp,
Brewer, and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 482, part —Cory, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 154 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 101.

(?) [Coccygus] minor Gunpiacz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334 (Cuba).

[Coccygus] minor Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19, part.

Piaya minor Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 141 (Porto Rico).

Coccyzus seniculus (not Cuculus seniculus Latham) VrertLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist.
Nat., viii, 1817, 275, part.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Land Birds,
1832, 558; 2d ed., 1840, 659.—AupuBoNn, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 390, pl. 169;
Synopsis, 1839, 188; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 308, pl. 277.—Gossz,
Birds Jamaica, 1847, 281.—Sat.#, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 234 (Santo
Domingo).—Nzwron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 150 (St. Croix; crit.) Cassin,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 377 (St. Thomas).—Sctater, Proc. Zool.
Soc, Lond., 1861, 79 (Jamaicap; 1864, 121, part (monogr.).— ALBRECHT, Journ.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29

fiir Orn., 1862, 202 (Jamaica).—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 292.—Ripeway,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 190; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 386.

[Coccyzus] seniculus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 111, part ees, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 190.

Coccygus seniculus Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 430.

Cloceygus] seniculus Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 476.

Erythrophrys seniculus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. Ligt, 1838, 40.

(?) [Coccyzus] dominicus (not Cuculus dominicus Linneus ?) Bonaparte, Consp.
Av., i, 1850, 112 (Santo Domingo; based on Cuculus dominicensis Brisson,
Orns iv, pl. 9, fig. 2; described as having black bill!).

Coccyzus ‘dominicus Sabie, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 234 (Santo Domingo).—
ScuateR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 323 (Santo Domingo; Jamaica).

Coccyzus minor dominicensis Bowvisu, Auk, xix, 1902, 364 (Porto Rico, breeding).

Cloccygus] nesiotes Capanis, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, Nov., 1862, 78, footnote
(Greater Antilles, in summer wandering to Florida).

Coccyzus nesiotes ScLateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 121, part (monogr.).—
Tayior, Ibis, 1864, 170 (Porto Rico; descr. egg).

[Coccyzus] nesiotes Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 210, no. 8918.

Coccyzus seniculus var. nesiotes Couns, Birds Northwest, 1874, 276, footnote
(synonymy).

Coccyzus minor nesiotes Rirey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 47, Nov. 8, 1904, 285,
part (Haiti; Jamaica; Grand Cayman [?]; Mona; Porto Rico; Vieques; St.
Thomas; crit.).—Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 420, in text.

C[occyzus] minor nesiotes Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xx, 1907, 53, 54, in text.

(2?) Coccyzus minor maynardi (not C. maynardi Ridgway?) Cory, Cat. West Ind
Birds, 1892, 102, part (Grand Cayman).—Lowe, Ibis, 1911, 149 (Grand
Cayman).

Coccyzus minor maynardi Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 102, part (Jamaica;
Haiti; Porto Rico).

Coccyzus minor dominice (not C. dominice Shelley) Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds,
1892, 102, part (Porto Rico).

[Coccyzus] dominice SHaRre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163, part (Porto Rico).

COCCYZUS MINOR RILEYI Ridgway.

RILEY’S MANGROVE CUCKOO.

Similar in coloration to C. m. nesiotes but decidedly larger; similar
to C. m. vincentis but smaller, color of upper parts slightly grayer,
and bill narrower (in lateral profile) and decidedly more compressed.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 278-330 (305)-; wing, 127-141 (134.7);
tail, 156-175 (162.9); exposed culmen, 28-30.5 (29.1); tarsus, 27-31
(29.5); outer anterior toe, 19-21.5 (20.3).¢

4 Thirteen specimens.

30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.—Length (skins), 291-330 (313); wing, 183.5-147.5
(140.7); tail, 152-178 (162.7); exposed culmen, 27-30 (28.7); tarsus,
27-30 (29.1); outer anterior toe, 19-20.5 (20).%

Islands of Barbuda and Antigua, Lesser Antilles; Montserrat?;
Swan Island, Caribbean Sea.

Coccyzus seniculus (not Cuculus seniculus Latham) ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1864, 121, part (monogr.).

Coccyzus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, 166, part (monogr.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 482, part.— LAWRENCE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 234 (An-
tigua), 240 (Barbuda); i, 1879, 487, part (Antigua; Barbuda).—Cory, Auk,
jii, 1886, 365, part; viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua); Birds West Ind., 1889, 160, part;
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 102, part (Antigua; Barbuda).—Ripeway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 577 (Swan I.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 523, part (West Indies, part; Swan I.).

(2) Coceyzus minor SctaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 765 (Montserrat).—
GrisDaLze, Ibis, 1882, 491 (Montserrat; habits)—Cory, Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 102, part (Montserrat).

[Coccyzus] minor ScratER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.—Suarre,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163, part.

[Coceygus] minor Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19, part.

Coccyzus minor nesiotes (not Coccygus nesiotes Cabanis) Rey, Smithson. Misc.
Coll., xlvii, Nov. 8, 1904, 285, part (Barbuda; Antigua; Swan I.; crit.).
Coccyzus minor rileyi Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915, 105

(Barbuda, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

COCCYZUS MINOR VINCENTIS Clark.

ST. VINCENT MANGROVE CUCKOO.

Similar in coloration to C. m. nesiotes but much larger; similar also
to C. m. abbotti, but averaging slightly darker and with bill larger
and much stouter.

Adult male——tLength (skins), 308-323 (314); wing, 142-152
(146.2); tail, 169-174 (171); exposed culmen, 30-32 (30.8); tarsus,
30.5-31.5 (30.8); outer anterior toe, 19.5-22 (20.7).°

aTwelve specimens. » Three specimens.
; Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus./anterior
lculmen. toe.
MALES,
Two adult males from Barbuda. ..........22 22.0. ... 2c eee eee ee 138.7} 161.5 29 27 20.5
Nine adult males from Antigua........-..2..-.00. cence eee eee 133.4] 160.7 29.2 29.8 20.3
Two adult males from Swan Island..........-00.0-.2ceeee eee eee 136.7 | 174.2 28.5 29 20
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Barbuda.................... 2.2000. e eee 146.7 | 159.5 28.7 29.2 20.5
Nine adult females from Antigua...........2.2.2...0e.eee ee eee 139.4 | 161.7 28.9 29.2 19.9
One adult female from Swan Island...............02..0.--eceeee 141 178 27 28 20

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3l

Adult female.—Length (skins), 306-335 (318); wing, 140-146
(143.3); tail, 169.5-186 (176.6); exposed culmen, 29-31 (30.1); tarsus,
30-31.5 (30.7); outer anterior toe, 19.5-21.5 (20.3).4

Islands of St. Vincent and Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. ?

Coccyzus seniculus (not Cuculus sentculus Latham) Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, 121, part (monogr.).

Coccyzus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) SctaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, 166, part (monogr.); 1871, 273 (Santa Lucia); 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia).—

. Semper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Tand., 1872, 65 (Santa Trai: habits).—Batrrp,
Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. ‘Am, Birds, ii, 1874, 482, part.—LAWRENCE,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 193 (St. Vincent); i, 1879, 487, part (St. Vin-
cent).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 365, part; Ibis, 1886, 473 (St. Vincent); Birds
West Ind., 1889, 160, part; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 102, part (Santa
Lucia; St. Vincent).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 130 (Santa
Lucia).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 523, part
(West Indies, part).

[Coccyzus] minor ScLaTeR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.—SHarPE,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163, part.

Coccygus minor ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).

[Coccygus] minor Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19, part.

Coceyzus minor minor CuarK (A. H.), West Ind. Bull., xi, no. 3, 1911, 183 (Santa
Lucia).

Coccyzus minor dominice (not C. dominice Shelley) Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds,
1892, 102, part (Santa Lucia).

Coccyzus minor vincentis CLark (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, no. 7, Oct.,
1905, 264 (Peter’s Hope, St. Vincent; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs; habits);
West Ind. Bull., xi, no. 3, 1911, 183 (Santa Lucia).

C[occyzus] minor vincentis Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xx, 1907, 53, 54, in text.

COCCYZUS MINOR DOMINIC Shelley.
SHELLEY’S MANGROVE CUCKOO.
Similar in size to C. m. vincentis but coloration of under parts much

deeper (decidedly the most deeply colored form of the species), and
bill decidedly stouter.

4 Six specimens.

. ‘ Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.|anterior
culmen. toe.:

- MALES.
Twoadult males from St. Vincent........-...-.--22.-.22002 eee 146.2) 171 30.8 30. 8 20.7
One adult male from Santa Lucia..............-2.02--002-2-eee: 144.5 | 169 30 30.5 19.5

FEMALES.
Four adult females from St. Vincent.........-.-....22ee0-eeeee- | 142.5 | 173.7 30.3 30.6 20.4
Two adult females from Santa Lucia...........-..22----2-+-000- 145 182.2 29.7 31 20.2

6 The Harris specimen (in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia) said to be from the Columbia River (but undoubtedly not from there) is

apparently this form,

32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male—Length (skins), 297-390 (330); wing, 138.5-145.5
(142.2); tail, 151-171 (164.9); exposed culmen, 26-32 (29.3); tarsus,
28-31 (29.7); outer anterior toe, 19-23 (20.7).¢ ;

_ Adult female—Length (skins), 297-316 (308); wing, 140-145.5
(143.4); tail, 159-173 (165.9); exposed culmen, 28.5-32 (80.1);
tarsus, 30-30.5 (30.1); outer anterior toe, 20-22.5 (21.2).°

Islands of Guadeloupe, Dominica (St. Josephs; Shawford; Roseau),
and Martinique, Lesser Antilles.

Coccyzus seniculus (not Cuculus seniculus Latham) ScraTer, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1864, 121, part (monogr.).—Tavtor, Ibis, 1864, 170 (Dominica;
food).—Covss, Birds Northwest, 1874, 276, footnote, part (Dominica; Guade-
loupe; Martinique).

Coccyzus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) ScraTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, 166, part (monogr.); 1889, 326 (Dominica).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rine-
way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 482, part.—Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., i, 1878, 62 (Dominica; notes) ;i, 1879, 359 (Martinique), 459 (Guadeloupe;
habits), 487, part (Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique).—Cory, Auk, iii,
1886, 365, part; iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique); viii, 1891, 48 (Guadeloupe);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 160, part; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 102, part (Guade-
loupe; Dominica; Martinique).—Verrmu, Trans. Conn. Ac. Arts and Sci.,
viii, 1892, 329 (Dominica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
ii, 1896, 523, part (West Indies, part).

[Coccyzus] minor ScuaTEeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.—Suarrz,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163, part.

[Coccygus] minor Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19, part.

[Coccyzus minor] Subsp. 6., Coccyzus dominice SuettEy, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xix, 1891, 306 (Dominica, Lesser Antilles; coll. Brit. Mus.).

Coccyzus minor dominice Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 102, part (Dominica).

Cloccyzus] minor dominice Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash:, xx, 1907, 53, 54, in text.

[Coccyzus] minor subsp. dominicz Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus.,
i, no. 2, 1898, 40. :

Coccyzus dominice SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, pl. 12, fig. 1.

[Coccyzus] dominice SHarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163, part (Dominica).

Coccyzus minor shelleyi Rey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., xlvii, Nov. 8, 1904, 285
(new name to replace C. dominice Shelley considered preoccupied by Cuculus
dominicus Linnzus).

@ Fight specimens. 6 Four specimens.
x
, Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. |} Tail. | posed | Tarsus.|anterior
culmen toe.
MALES.
Four adult males from Dominica............-....--.2.. eee eee ee 142.7} 164.9] 30 30.1 20.4
Three adult males from Guadeloupe............-........2.2200- 141.7] 163 27.7 29.7 20.5
Oneadult malefrom Martinique. .....-.........-....--2.2--0-- 141 164.9 29.3 29.7 20.7
oe FEMALES.
Four adult females from Dominica. ...................20020000 143.4] 165.9 30.1 30.1 21.2

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 33

COCCYZUS MINOR GRENADENSIS Bangs.
GRENADA MANGROVE CUCKOO.

Similar to C. m. vincentis but averaging decidedly paler (slightly
paler than O. m. nesiotes, more nearly like O. m. maynardt), and bill
slightly smaller. *

Adult male-—Length (skins), 287-320 (303); wing, 134-146 (138);
tail, 158.5-174 (166.6); exposed culmen, 28.5-32.5 (30.9); tarsus,
27-33 (30); outer anterior toe, 18.5-22 (20.5).¢

Adult female—Length (skins), 282-321 (301); wing, 134.5-144
(139); tail, 161-176 (165.2); exposed culmen, 29.5-32.5 (30.4); tar-
sus, 28.5-31 (29.8); outer anterior toe, 20-20.5 (20.1)?

Islands of Grenada and the Grenadines (Unién; Bequia; Canon4n;
Carriacou), Lesser Antilles.

Coccyzus seniculus (not Cuculus seniculus Latham) Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1864, 121, part (monogr.).

Coccyzus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) ScraterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, 166, part (monogr.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 482, part—Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 272
(Grenada; habits); i, 1879, 487, part (Grenada).—WeLLs, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., ix, 1887, 620 (Grenada; food, etc.); Auk, xix, 1902, 344 (Carriacou,
breeding).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 365, part; Birds West Ind., 1889, 160, part;
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 102, part (Bequia; Canonan; Union; Carriacou;
Grenada).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 523, part
(West Indies, part).—Nicotz, Ibis, 1904, 565 (Grenada; crit.).

[Coccyzus] minor SctaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.—Suarre,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163, part.

Coccyzus minor minor CLarK (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 263
(Grenada and Grenadines; crit.; habits; descr. nest and eggs).

[Coccygus] minor Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19, part.

Coccyzus minor dominice (not C. dominice Shelley) Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds,
1892, 102, part (Grenada).

Coccyzus minor grenadensis Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xx, Apr. 18, 1907, 53
(Union Island, Grenadines; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).

@ Seventeen specimens. 6 Hight specimens.
| : 7 Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. lanterior
lculmen toe.
MALES.
Six adult males from Grenada...........2.---2202--eeeeeeeeeee 140.7 | 169.2 81.5 30.2 21
Six adult males from Union Island. ..-......2.....2...2..-0-6- 135.8} 164.1 30.9 29 19.8
Three adult males from Bequia...........-.:0..2220-00ee eee ee 187.8 | 171.2 30.7 31.2 21
Two adult males from Carriacou............0222-0200e eee ee eee 136.5 | 159.2 29.2 30.5 20.5
FEMALES. :
Three adult females from Grenada.........---..22---222-202e- 140 166.5 31 29.2 20.2
Four adult females from Union Island.....................---- 139.1 | 164.5 30 30.7 20.2
One adult female from Carriacou............--.---eee eee eee eee 135.5] 164 30 |- 29 19.5

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——3

34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

COCCYZUS MINOR ABBOTTI (Stone).
ABBOTT'S MANGROVE CUCKOO.

Similar in coloration to C. m. vincentis, but averaging slightly paler
and with bill smaller and narrower.

Adult male—Length (skins), 293-318 (309); wing, 134.5~145.5
(140.8); tail, 160.5-174 (166.6); exposed culmen, 27-31 (29); tarsus,
28-30 (29.3); outer anterior toe, 18-19.5 (19).%

Adult female —Length (skins), 306-332 (316); wing, 131-155.5
(142); tail, 159-173.5 (166.3); exposed culmen, 28-30 (29.1); tarsus,
27.5-30 (28.8); outer anterior toe, 18.5-20.5 (19.5).?

Islands of St. Andrews and Old Providence, Caribbean Sea; island
of Aruba, Dutch West Indies ?

Coccyzus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 180 (Old Provi-
dence I., Caribbean Sea); Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 199 (Aruba,
Dutch West Indies).

Coccyzus abbotti StonE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 301 (St. Andrews Island,

Caribbean Sea; coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.).
[Coccyzus] abbotti Sarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163.

COCCYZUS FERRUGINEUS Gould. .

COCOS ISLAND CUCKOO.

Similar to the more deeply colored forms of C. minor, but with
upper parts (except pileum and hindneck) more olivaceous and the
wings extensively rufescent.

Adults (sexes alike) —Pileum plain dull slate-gray, becoming clearer
gray on forehead and passing into browner or more olivaceous gray
on hindneck; back, scapulars, proximal wing-coverts and second-
aries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and middle pair of rectrices grayish
brown (between hair brown and olive-brown), faintly glossed with
greenish bronze, especially on middle rectrices, which become dis-
tinctly darker subterminally, with a narrow tip of pale brownish or
dull brownish white; other rectrices mostly black, broadly tipped

+ Five specimens. 6 Four specimens.
A . Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.|anterior
lculmen toe.
MALES.
Three adult males from Old Providence Island................ 144 164.8 29 29.7 19
Two adult males from St. Andrews Island (one of them the
HY DO) sccsisresecdeneisgigg:eiv tsi emaeese mew uegad ve Moma ee enemies 136 169.2 29 28.7 19
FEMALES.
Three adult females from Old Providence Island............... 145.5 | 170 29.5 28.5 19.5
One adult female ( C. m. abbotti?) from Aruba.................. 131.5} 159 28 29.5 19.6

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35

with white, this most extensive on lateral pair,* the blackish portion
of which is edged, on both webs, with pale buff or buffy white, the
pair next to middle ones with proximal third or more grayish brown;
outer surface of wings (except proximal coverts and secondaries)
mostly bright rufescent brown or russet, passing on distal portion of
primaries into grayish brown; lores and upper half (or more) of
auricular region dull black or slate-black in strong contrast with
color of pileum, the two areas narrowly connected beneath bare
orbital space; lower portion of suborbital and auricular regions, malar
region, and chin very pale buff or buffy white, passing into dull
warm buff on throat and other under parts, the color deeper on
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts clear warm
buff, the under surface of remiges similar proximally, but deepening,
through a more rufescent hue, on middle portion, the distal portion
grayish brown; maxilla black; mandible yellow, tipped with black;
bare orbital space yellow; legs and feet horn color in dried skins (pale
bluish gray in life ?). ;

Adult male.—Length (skins), 317-323 (320); wing, 138-138.5
(138.2); tail, 165-172 (168.5); exposed culmen, 29-29.5 (29.2); tarsus,
29-30.5 (29.7); outer anterior toe, 20-21 (20.5).°

Cocos Island, Pacific Ocean, off Costa Rica.

Coccyzus ferrugineus Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843 (pub. Dec., 1843), 105
(Cocos Island; coll. Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond.); Zool. Voy. ‘‘Sulphur’’, vol. i, no.
4, Jan. 1, 1844, 46, pl. 29.—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 97, footnote.—
Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 167 (monogr.).—SHEttEy, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 303.—Townsenp (C. H.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
xxvii, 1895, 124.—Snoperass and HELuEr, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iv, 1902,
517 (description) —Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 563.

[Coccyzus] ferrugineus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 211, no. 8935.—Scrarer and
Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108.—SHarprr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163.

Pliaya] ferruginea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 457.

N[esococcyx] ferrugineus CaBantis and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 79.

COCCYZUS MELACORYPHUS Vieillot.

AZARA’S CUCKOO.

Similar in coloration of plumage to @. minor, but bill wholly black
and size much less.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum slate color or deep slate-gray (some-
times tinged with grayish brown), the hindneck sometimes similar
but usually more brownish; rest of upper parts plain grayish brown
(hair brown to broccoli brown), very faintly glossed with bronzy,
the middle pair of rectrices blackish terminally; second pair of
rectrices (from middle) black distally (sometimes for greater part),

2 The white tip about 35.5 mm. in extent on outermost pair and about 10 mm. on
pair next to middle ones.

5 Two specimens. (No female or young specimen examined.)

36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

narrowly tipped with white, the remaining lateral rectrices black
broadly tipped with white; lores blackish slate, deepening into dull
slate-black around eyes and on auricular region; malar region, lower
portion of suborbital region, and sides of neck pale gray, usually
tinged with buffy; under parts plain buff, usually deepest on thighs;
under wing-coverts light buff, the inner webs of remiges passing into
light buff on edges (except distally); bill wholly black;¢ iris dark
brown; legs and feet dusky (pale bluish gray in life ?).

Young.—Similar to adults but lateral rectrices dull grayish black
with terminal areas brownish white and not sharply defined, and
middle pair of rectrices not blackish terminally.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 242-278 (260); wing, 110.5-120.5
(115.3); tail, 128-144 (134.6); exposed culmen, 22.5-26 (24.4); tarsus,
26-28.5 (26.8), outer anterior toe, 17-19.5 (17.9)?

Adult female.—Length (skins), 240-287 (262); wing, 112.5-124.5
(118.1); tail, 128-150.5 (139.6); exposed culmen, 22.5-26.5 (24.2);
tarsus, 25-28.5 (26.8); outer anterior toe, 17-20 (18.1).°¢

Colombia (Cali, Guabinas, Palmira, Cauca Valley, Cauca at 3,500
feet, and Rio Lima, Cauca; Bonda, Santa Marta; Rio Barratoro; Los
Tambos; Jiménez; Attincelo; Caldas; Gorgona Island), Venezuela
(Caracas; La Guaira; La Brea; Quiribana de Caicara; Culata), Trini-
dad, British Guiana (Annai; Bartica Grove; Demerara River; Yuru-
ani River), Surinam, Cayenne, and southward to Paraguéy (Lambaré;
Sapucay), Uruguay (Concepcién), Argentina (Buenos Aires, Con-
chitas, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Lomas de Zamora; Tapia;
Punta Lara; Belgrano; Estancia Espartilla; lower Rio Pilcomayo;

a The mandible possibly grayish basally in life.
b Fifteen specimens.
¢ Twenty specimens.

Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. anterior
culmen toe.
MALES. s
Four adult males from Colombia. .........-...--......--.2.--- 114.7] 136 24.4 27 18.1
Two adult males from Venezuela. ....._...-.-.---,--2-0-..22-- 117.5 | 137.2 25 27.2 17.2
One adult male from Argentina.......---.2.2.2.222.02022-2255- 115 136.5 24.5 27 17
One adult male from Uruguay.........--...2.2-220-2-0-02-000- 111.5 | 128 24.5 26.5 18.5
Five adult males from Galapagos Islands...........--.--...... 115.7 | 134.2 24.6 26.9 17.7
FEMALES.
Ten adult females from Colombia..................022.. 0.2000 117.7 | 138.7 24.8 26.9 18.5
One adult female from Gorgona I., Colombia .................. 117 135 22.5 25.5 17
One adult female from Venezuela.............2......2-2020208- 116 134 24 25 18
Two adult females from British Guiana....................2... 121.2 | 148 23.2 26.7 17.2
Two adult females from Bolivia.......-.-....-....00e eee eee ee 119.7} 141.5 24 26.7 | 17.7
Two adult females from Argentina..............2.. 22. 0.202 eee 114 141.7 24.2 26.5 18
Two adult females from Uruguay.......-....esece eee ee eee ee eee 120.7} 187.2 23 28.2 18.2

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 37

Chilecito; La Rioja; Catemarca, Cérdoba; Tucuman; Chaco; Salta),
Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Del Sara; Puerto Saurez; Aguairendo), and
Peru (Sarayacu; Rio Ucayali; Rio Huallaga; Chyavetas; Chamicuros;
Pebas; Yquitos; Lima); Galapagos Archipelago (Charles, Chatham,
and Albemarle islands).

Coccyzus melacoryphus Vietutor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist., Nat., viii, 1817, 271 (Para-
guay; based on Ceniciento Azara, Apunt., ii, 368); Enc. Méth., iii, 1823,
1344.—Brrberscn and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 97 (Quiribana de
Caicara, Venezuela).—Rotuscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902,
403 (Albemarle and Charles islands, Galapagos, breeding; habits; descr.
nest), 417 (Galapagos; resident?).—Brriepscn, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 282
(Cayenne).

Piaya] melacorypha Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 457.

Piaya melacorypha Liiotaup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 349.

Coccyzus melanorhynchos Pucurran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1852, 476 (crit.).

Coccyzus melanocoryphus ScraTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 323 (Cayenne); Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 122 (monogr.); 1866, 100 (Lima, Peru; habits); 1867,
752 (Rio Huallaga, e. Peru); 1870, 168 (monogr.).—ScuaTer arid Satvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 195 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 979 (Pebas,
e. Peru); 1869, 633 (Conchitas, Buenos Aires, Argentina); 1873, 296 (Rio
Ucayali, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, and Pebas, e. Peru).—Barrows, Auk,
i, 1884, 28 (Concepcion, Uruguay).—Taczanowskx1, Orn. du Pérou, iii,
1886, 189.—Saxvin, Ibis, 1886, 64 (Bartica Grove and Yuruani River, Brit.
Guiana).—BrruepscH, Journ. ftir Orn., 1887, 24 (Lambare, Paraguay),
121 (Paraguay).—Wiraineton, Ibis, 1888, 468 (Lomas de Zamora, (Argen-
tina).—Sctater and Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 38.—Ripeway.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 113 (Chatham and Charles islands, Gala-
pagos); xix, 1896, 581 (Charles and Chatham islands; crit.; measurements).—
Sue .ey, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 307 (Cayenne; Bartica Grove, etc.,
Brit. Guiana; Caracas, Venezuela; Ecuador; Sarayacu, Yquitos, Lima, etc.,
Peru; Pernambuco, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Bolivia; Conchitas,
Belgrano, and Punta Lara, Argentina).—Krrr, Ibis, 1892, 140 (lower Rio
Pilcomayo, Argentina).—Honuanp, Ibis, 1892, 203 (Estancia Espartilla,
Argentina; habits; descr. eggs).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 135
(Chapada, Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil); xiii, 1900, 134 (Bonda, Santa Marta,
Colombia).—BrrierscH and Stotzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, 386
(Lima, Peru; crit.)—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 65 (Trini-
dad).—Korniaswaxp, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 378 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—
Rosinson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 684 (La Guayra, Venezuela).—
SatvaporI, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xii, 1897, 26 (Aguairenda, s. Bo-
livia) —Hotmsrre, Segundo Censo Argent., i, 1898, 516.—Roruscuitp and
Hartert, Novit.Zool., vi, 1899, 174 (Chatham, Charles, and Albemarleislands,
Galapagos; crit.).—Iamrine, Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 304 (Piquete,
S40 Paulo); iv, 1900, 82 (descr. nest and eggs), 263 (descr. eggs); vi, 1904,
335 (Paraguay).—Satvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino,
xv, 1900, 21 (La Concepcion, centr. Ecuador).—Rosinson and Ricumonp,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 170 (La Guayra, Venezuela).—Goop,
FELLOW, Ibis, 1902, 215 (Rio Coca, Ecuador; habits) —Barr, Ornis, xii,
1904, 225 (Tapia, Argentina)—Snoparass and Heiipr, Proc. Wash. Ac-
Sci., v, 1904, 268 (Charles, Chatham, and Albemarle islands).—Tuayer and
Banas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 94 (Gorgona I., Colombia).—
Heummaynr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 80 (Teffé, Brazil).—SnrTHtace, Journ.

38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fir Orn., 1908, 537 (Arumethua, Tocantins, Brazil).—Hartert and ImErine,
Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 231 (Barracas al Sud, Argentina; descr. nest and
eggs).—Ruiser, Denkw. Mat. Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 58 (Car-
nahyba, n. e. Brazil)—DasBene, Orn. Argent., 1910, 271 (Chilecito, La
Rioja; Catemarca, Cordoba; Tucuman; Chaco; Barracas al Sur, Buenos
Aires).—Cuuss, Ibis, 1910, 271 (Sapucay, Paraguay).

[Coccyzus] melanocoryphus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 210, no. 8916.—SciateR and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108.—Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 163.
C[occyzus] melanocoryphus Forses and Rostnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 2,
1898, 40 (Brazil).—Rotuscump and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 202

(Galapagos).

Cloccygus] melanocoryphus Capants and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 77
(Brazil; Paraguay; Montevideo, Uruguay; La Plata).—Bairp, Brewer,
and Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 476.

Coccygus melanocoryphus SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 38
(“‘Haiti” error!)—Psuzetn, Orn. Bras., iii Abth., 1870, 273.—Cazanis,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 198 (Argentina).—FRenzex, Journ. fir Orn., 1891,
116 (Cordova, Argentina).

[Coccygus] melanocoryphus PELZELN, Orn. Bras., iv, Abth., 1871, 450.

[Coccygon] melanocoryphus Heinz and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
202 (Novo Friborgo, Brazil).

Coccyges melanocoryphus BEEBE, Zoologica, i, 1909, 87 (La Brea, n. e. Venezuela),

Piaya melanorhynchus Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 141 (ex Cuculus melanor-
hynchus Cuvier, manuscript).

Coccyzus minor (not Cuculus minor Gmelin) Hartiaus, Index Azara Apunt.,
1847, 19 (see Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1852, 476; crit.).—Wurz,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 619 (Salta, Argentina; descr. nest and eggs).

(?) Coccyzus cinereus (not of Vieillot) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 112. :

Coccygus seniculus (not Cuculus seniculus Latham) Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th.
Bras., ii, 1856, 267; Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 244 (Parana and Tucuman, Argen-
tina); Reis. La Plata, ii, 1861, 444.—SrernBere, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 193
(Buenos Aires, Argentina; habits; descr. eggs).

COCCYZUS ERYTHROPTHALMUS (Wilson).

BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO.

Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain olivaceous hair brown to broccoli
brown, glossed with bronze, passing into a more grayish hue on fore-
head, the proximal primaries and distal secondaries sometimes
slightly more rufescent basally; rectrices (except middle pair) rather
broadly tipped with dull white and crossed by a broad subterminal
bar of dusky; loral region brownish gray, like forehead; auricular
region grayish brown, like hindneck, etc.; malar region, lower portion
of suborbital region, chin, throat, and upper chest varying from pale
buffy grayish to pale grayish buff; rest of under parts plain dull white,
the under tail-coverts more buffy or brownish white; under wing-
coverts pale buff; inner webs of remiges passing into buff on edges,
except distally; maxilla black; mandible pale grayish blue (in life),
dusky terminally; iris deep brown; naked orbital space bright red (in
life); legs and feet pale bluish gray or grayish blue (in life).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 89

Young.—Similar to adults, but general color of upper parts de-
cidedly more brownish, especially anteriorly; outer webs of primaries
more distinctly rufescent proximally; under parts rather more strongly
suffused with pale brownish buffy; rectrices with whitish tips less
distinct, and subterminal dusky bar indistinct or obsolete; naked
skin of orbital region yellow, instead of red.

Nestling.—Similar to the full-grown young, but feathers of back
and rump, scapulars, interscapulars, and upper tail-coverts tipped
with grayish white.

Adult male—Length (skins), 269-295 (281); wing, 132.5-144
(148.9); tail, 142-155 (149.8); exposed culmen, 22.5-26 (23.8); tar-
sus, 21-25 (23.5); outer anterior toe, 16-19 (17.5).*

Adult female-—Length (skins), 270-300 (286); wing, 137-146.5
(141.4); tail, 146.5-164.5 (154.7); exposed culmen, 21.5-25 (23.4);
tarsus, 21.5-25.5 (23.8); outer anterior toe, 16.5-19 (17.8).

Temperate eastern North America, breeding north to Prince Ed-
ward Island, Quebec, Ontario (Point Pelee; Parry Sound; Muskoka),
southern Manitoba, southeastern Saskatchewan, and southeastern
Alberta, west to eastern Montana (Fort Keogh; Custer County), etc.,
straggling (%) to eastern Colorado (Fort Collins; Loveland; Wray;
Jackson Canyon), etc., south to South Carolina (Mount Pleasant),
Georgia (St. Simons Island), northern Florida (Leon County), Ken-
tucky, Arkansas, and Kansas; in winter southward through Mexico
(reaching Pacific coast in Guerrero), and Central America, to northern
South America, as far as Peru (Rio Ucayali; Guajango; Lechugél)
and Trinidéd, and to Bermudas, Cuba, and Porto Rico; accidental
in Ireland, Azores, and Italy.

Cuculus erythropthalma Wison, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 16, pl. 28, fig. 2 (type
locality probably Pennsylvania; mentions also Georgia).

Cuculus erythrophthalmus Bonaparte, Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826 [240].—
Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 124 (accidental in Ireland).

Cufculus] erythrophthalmus StErHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, pt. i, 1826, 208.

Coccyzus erythrophthalmus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii,

1824, 367; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [28]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826,
42, 437 (crit.)—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 170, pl. 32; v, 1839, 523;

@ Fifteen specimens. b Ten specimens.
: Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus./anterior
‘culmen toe.
MALES.

Ten adult males from Atlantic States. ..........2.---222220e20+ 147.3 | 149.3 23.7 23.5 17.7
Five adult males from Mississippi Valley...........-..--..2-++ 137 150.6 23.8 23.4 17.2

FEMALES.
Five adult females from Atlantic States............-222---22-++ 141.4] 154.8] 23.3]. 23.9 17.6
Five adult females from Mississippi Valley............------+- 141.4] 154.7] 23.6] 23.8 18.1

40

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Synopsis, 1839, 187; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 300, pl. 276.—Woopxouse,
in Rep. Sitgreaves’s Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 92.—Guoaer, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1854, 224.—Scratar, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 252; 1860, 252 (Vera
Cruz); 1864, 122 (monogr.); 1870, 168 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 323
(Mexico; Bogota, Colombia).—Satvin and SciatER, Ibis, 1860, 276 (Duefias,
Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 477 (Lion Hill, Pan-
ama); ix, 1868, 128 (Barranca, Costa Rica).—L#oravp, Ois. Trinidad, 1866,
352._Setys-Lonecuames, Ibis, 1870, 452 (Lucca, Italy, accidental).—
Gunpiace, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 293 (Cuba); 1878, 185 (Porto Rico); Orn.
Cubana, ed. 1895, 146.—Scuarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873,
296 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1879, 537 (Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia).—
Coves, Check List, 1873, No. 290; Birds Northwest, 1874, 274. Brewster,
Ann. Lyc. N.Y., xi, 1875, 144 (Ritchie County, West Virginia); Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 178 (descr. young).—GRINNELL (G. B.), in Ludlow’s
Rep. Recon., 1876, 80 (Missouri R., as far as Wolf Point, 40 miles below
Fort Peck).—Baae, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 110 (occasional parasitic
habits)—McCuesney, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 81
(Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, breeding).—Taczanowsx1, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1879, 241 (Guajango and Lechugal, Peru; crit.); Orn. du Pérou, iii,
1886, 189.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 190; Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 388; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 395.—Bzcxuam, Journ. Cinc. Soc.
N. H., vi, 1883, 144 (Bardstown, Kentucky, breeding) —Rzmp, Bull. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 211 (Bermudas, straggler).—Szton, Auk, iii, 1886,
155 (Manitoba, common summer resident).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 366 (West
Indian localities and references; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 161; Cat.
West Ind. Birds, 1892, 102 (Cuba).—AmeErican OrniTHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 388; 3d ed., 1910, 182.—Loyp, Auk,
iv, 1887, 190 (Tom Green and Concho counties, w. Texas, spring and fall) —
Ricamonp, Auk, v, 1888, 21 (District of Columbia, breeding).—Pmvpar, Auk,
vi, 1889, 313 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, July 16).—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 373
(Cozumel I., Yucatan).—Rives, Proc. Newport N. H. Soc., doc. vii, 1890,
64 (Virginia, summer resident).—CuErriz, Auk, vii, 1890, 333 (San José,
Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 327 (San José and both coasts, Costa Rica).—THompson,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 547 (Manitoba; habits, etc.) —CHapman,
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 65 (Trinidad) —Cooxg, Auk, xi, 1894, 183
(Fort Collins, Colorado); Bull. 37, Col. Agric. Coll., 1897, 82 (Loveland and Fort
Collins, Colorado, in migration); Auk, xxvi, 1909, 412 (Wray, Colorado, 2 speci-
mens, May).—Bernvirg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (ii), 1895, 27, pl. 5, figs. 3,
4 (eggs).—Tuorng, Auk, xii, 1895, 214 (Fort Keogh, Montana, June, July).—
Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 526 (Vera Cruz and
Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Valley of Mexico; Acapulco and Dos Arroyes, Guerrero;
Cozumel I.; Duefias, Guatemala; Barranca and San José, Costa Rica; Lion
Hill, Panama; Colombia toe. Peru; Cuba; Trinidad). —Fuemina, Auk, xviii,
1901, 39 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario, breeding).—Wit1ams
(R. W.), Auk, xxi, 1904, 455 (Leon County, n. w. Florida, rare summer resident,
breeding).—Smrrx (H. G.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 82 (Jackson Cafion, Colorado,
May 21, 1904).—Hartert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 114 (San
Miguel, Azores, accidental) —Witson (B. H.), Wilson Bull., no. 54, 1906, 4
(Scott County, Iowa, common summer resident).—Hunrt, Wilson Bull., no. 58,
1907, 18 (Lake Sebago, Maine, Aug.)—Ho.mzs, Wilson Bull., no. 58, 1907,
23 (Summit, New Jersey, common summer resident).—TAVERNER and
Swates, Wilson Bull., no. 61, 1907, 133 (Point Pelee, Ontario, common
summer resident).—Camzron, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 269 (Custer County, Montana,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Al

rare summer visitant).—Brnt, Auk, xxv, 1908, 26 (s. w. Saskatchewan,
breeding).—Visner, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 148 (White R. and Bad R., w. South
Dakota); xxviii, 1911, 11(Harding County, South Dakota, 1 specimen, June
11).—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 565 (Costa Rica).—WAYNE,
Auk, xxviii, 1911, 485 (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, breeding).

[Coccyzus] erythrophthalmus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 111.—LawreEncs,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (vicinity of New York City).—Couns, Key
N, Am. Birds, 1872, 190.—Sciater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108.—
Gunp.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 160 (Porto Rico).—Forgrs and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 40 (Chicago and Grand Crossing, IIli-
nois).—SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 164.

C[oceyzus] erythrophthalmus Gray, Genera Birds, ii, 1846, 457.—Rmeway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 274.

Coccygus erythrophthalmus CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 104 (Cuba; said to
breed !).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 77; Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 70.—GunbLac#, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 415 (Cuba).—_ScuLeGeEL, Mus.
Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 37.—McIuwrarra, Proc. Essex Inst., v,
1866, 83 (Hamilton, Ontario) —Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 361 (Costa
Rica).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 484,
pl. 48, fig. 5.—Covzs, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 615
(Pembina Mountains, North Dakota, breeding); Check List, 2d ed., 1882 no.
428.—Date.zisH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 73 (1 British Island, 1
Italian, record).—Bamery (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 40 (St.
Simons I., Georgia, breeding) —Zmtepdén, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i,
1887, 123 (Barranca, Costa Rica).

Cloccygus] erythrophthalmus CaBANIs and HEINE, Mus. Hein, iv, Heft 1, 1862, 76,
footnote.—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 377 (Illinois)—Cours, Key
N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,1884, 475.

[Coceygus] erythrophthalmus GunpLacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334 (Costa Rica).

[Coceygus] erythropthalmus Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19 (Cuba).

Erythrophrys erythrophthalmus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 40.

[Coccygon] erythrophthalmus Hrine and RercHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
202 (New York).

Cloceystes] erythrophthalmus Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Mus. Senckenb,, 1891,
147.

Piaya erythrophthalma Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 141.

Coccyzus dominicus (not Cuculus dominicus Linnzeus) Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. 8.
and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 556; 2d ed., 1840, 657.

COCCYZUS LANSBERGI Bonaparte.

LANSBERG’S CUCKOO.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and sides of head (down to upper edge
of malar region) deep brownish gray (between deep neutral gray and
deep mouse gray), the crown somewhat more brownish; hindneck,
back, scapulars, proximal secondaries (tertials), rump, and upper
tail-coverts plain prouts brown, the wings (except proximal seconda-
ties) brighter or more rufescent (russet), the primaries more grayish
brown on terminal portion of inner webs; tail blackish olive-brown or
dull fuscous-blackish, faintly glossed with greenish, the rectrices
(except middle pair) broadly tipped with white, the middle pair
narrowly tipped with the same; malar region, chin, throat, chest,

49 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

thighs, and under tail-coverts ochraceous-tawny or light tawny,
fading into cinnamon-buff on abdomen; under wing-coverts pale
cinnamon-buff or pinkish buff; under surface of remiges dull russet,
fading into pale cinnamon-buff toward edge of inner web on proximal
portion; bill blackish, paler on basal portion of mandible, where yel-
lowish (in dried skins) on under side; legs and feet horn color in dried
skins (grayish or bluish in life 2).

Adult female.—Length (skin), 240; wing, 107.5; tail, 131; exposed
culmen, 24; tarsus, 26.5; outer anterior toe, 18.5.2

Panama (exact locality unknown), Colombia (Bogota; Santa
Marta and Cienega, Santa Marta), Venezuela, and Ecuadér (Yaguachi).

Coceyzus lansbergi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Jan., 1850, 112 (Bogota, Colombia;
coll. Leyden Mus.).—ScuLeGet, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864,
39 (descr. from type).—SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 303 (Santa
Marta, Colombia; Venezuela).

[Coccyzus] lansbergi Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 210, no. 8919.—Sarre, Hand-list,
ii, 1900, 163 (Panama; Colombia; Venezuela).

C[occygus] lansbergi Capanis and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, Hefti, 1863, 79, footnote.

Coccyzus lansbergi SctateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 163 (Bogota); 1864, 122
(monogr.; Santa Marta); 1870, 169 (monogr.).—Sciater and Satvi, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 511 (Venezuela).—TaczaNnowsxI and BeRLepsce,
Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1888, 108 (Yaguachi Ecuador).—A.Len, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 134 (Cienega, Santa Marta, Colombia).

[Coccyzus] landsbergi SctaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108.

Genus COCCYCUA Lesson.

Coccycua Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 142. (Type, Cuculus monachus Cuvier=
C. rutilus Iliger.)

Coccyzaea (emendation) Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1855, 267, footnote.

Coccyzusa (emendation) CaBanis and Heinz, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1862, 89,
footnote.

Small Cuculine (length about 250 mm.) resembling the genus
Piaya but differing in relatively much shorter tail (only one and a half
times as long as wing), relatively much shorter tenth (outermost)
primary (decidedly less than half as long as longest primary), and
much smaller size.

@ One specimen, from Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. I have not seen an undoubted
male of this species, which seems to be very rare in collections. The only other
example of the species examined is one without sex determined, irom Cienega, Santa
Marta, Colombia, which measures as follows: Length (skin), 265; wing, 116.5; tail,
143; ; exposed culmen, 25.5; tarsus, 25; outer anterior toe, 19.5.

Two specimens (sex not determined) in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, have been measured for me by Mr. Stone, the measurements
being as follows: No. 20116, ‘‘Lima, Peru.” Wing, 109; tail, 189; exposed culmen,
27; tarsus, 25. No. 20120, ‘‘South America.” Wing, 110; tail, 137; exposed culmen,
28; tarsus, 25.

b The occurrence of this species in Panama is possibly doubtful, since it is
omitted from the Biologia Centrali-Americana.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 48

Bill relatively small (very much shorter than head), compressed,
rather strongly decurved, its depth at frontal feathering decidedly
greater than its width at same point; culmen (from frontal feathering)
much shorter than tarsus, slightly shorter than middle toe without
claw, strongly decurved from base, narrowly rounded; gonys nearly
twice as long as mandiblular rami, faintly concave, narrowly rounded
or very indistinctly ridged; maxillary tomium without trace of sub-
terminal notch. Nostril longitudinally ovate or slightly coma-
shaped (the upper anterior end pointed), slightly operculate. Wing
rather short, much rounded, the longest primaries exceeding distal
secondaries by less than length of exposed culmen; fourth, fifth, and
sixth primaries longest, the eighth shorter than second, ninth very
much shorter than secondaries, and tenth (outermost) decidedly less
than half as long as sixth. Tail about one and a half times as long as
wing, graduated for nearly half its length, the rectrices relatively
rather broad. Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing, slightly but
decidedly longer than middle toe with claw, only the extreme upper
portion in front feathered.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage in general blended but rather
lax; a bare space (mostly hidden) above upper eyelid; eyelashes dis-
tinct. Above plain chestnut, including tail, the rectrices tipped with
white; throat and chest tawny, the remaining under parts olive or
olive-brownish.

Range.—Eastern Panama to eastern Peru and Cayenne. (Mono-

typic.)
COCCYCUA RUTILA PANAMENSIS (Todd).

PANAMA CUCKOO.

Similar to C. r. rutila,* of Cayenne, etc., but cinnamon-rufous of
chest, etc., averaging lighter and more abruptly defined against the
ochraceous-gray of breast, posterior under parts more decidedly gray,

@ Cuculus rutilus Illiger, Abh. der Kénigl. Ak. Wissensch. Berlin for 1812-13 (1816),
224, in text (based, essentially, on Cuculus cayanensis minor Brisson, Orn., iv, 124);
Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 277.—[Piaya] rutilus Bonaparte, Consp.
Av., i, 1850, 110.—P[yrrhococcyz] rutilus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1,
1862, 88 (Para, Brazil; diagnosis).—C[occyzusa] rutila Heine, Journ. fiir Orn., xi,
1863, 356.—Coccyzus minutus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 275
(Cayenne; based on Cuculus cayanensis var. A Latham, etc.).—P[iaya] minuta Gray,
Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 457.—Piaya minuta Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 322, part
(Trinidad; Cayenne); Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 378, part.—
Plyrthococcyz] minutus Cabanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 714.—
Coccygus minutus Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 367.—(?) Macropus
caizana (male) Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 54, pl. 43, fig. 2 (Rio Tonantins, Brazil). —Coc-
cyzus caizana Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, pt. i, 1826, 207.—Coccycua monachus
Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 142 (Cayenne; ex Cuculus monachus Cuvier, manuscript,
in Mus. Paris).—Coccyzaea monachus Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii 1856, 267, in
text.—Piaya minor Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 59 (Cayenne;
based on Cuculus cayanensis minor Brisson, Orn., iv, 124, etc.).

44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and color of upper parts appreciably lighter (less castaneous) ; similar
also to C. r. gracilis,¢ of western Colombia to western Ecuador, but
coloration decidedly darker.

Adults (sexes alike) —General color of upper parts plain rich reddish
brown (between chestnut and bay), becoming more or less distinctly
lighter and more cinnamomeous on forehead, darker (liver brown or
carob brown) on upper tail-coverts, the remiges passing terminally into
grayish brown with a faint bronzy gloss; tail dark bay, becoming
darker subterminally, all the rectrices tipped with white, this increas-
ing in width from the middle to the outermost rectrices; sides of head
and neck similar in color to pileum, lightening into dull tawny, or
between tawny and russet, on chin, throat, and chest; rest of under
parts light drab or ochreous gray on breast, passing through brownish
gray (nearly mouse gray) on abdomen and flanks into brownish black
or very dark sooty brown on under tail-coverts; under surface of
rectrices (except white tip) blackish brown, becoming more casta-
neous basally; bill yellowish (yellow or yellowish green in life); iris
and bare orbital space red; legs and feet grayish dusky (in dried skins),

Young.—Much duller ‘in color than adults; above mars brown,
darker on tail (especially toward tip), more rufescent on remiges;
throat and chest light brown (dull verona brown); rest of under parts
sooty gray, darker on under tail-coverts; rectrices without white tips.

Adult male.-—Length (skins), 240-267 (255); wing, 101-108 (103.8);
tail, 145-154 (148.7); exposed culmen, 18-19.5 (18.8); tarsus, 24-26.5
(25.8); outer anterior toe, 17-19 (18.1).?

Adult female—Length (skins), 250-266 (258); wing, 101.5-104.5
(102.7); tail, 146-157 (153.1); exposed culmen, 18-19 (18.6); tarsus,
26-27.5 (26.7); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19 (18.1).°

@ Piaya rutila (not Cuculus rutilus Illiger) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 285
(Babahoyo, w. Ecuador), 297 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador).—Piaya minuta (not Coccyzus
minutus Vieillot) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 322, part (Babahoyo); Shelley, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 378, part.—C[occyzusa] gracilis Heine, Journ. fiir Om., xi,
Sept., 1863 (published November, or later), 356 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador; coll. Heine
Mus.?).

b Eight specimens.

¢ Five specimens.

Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. |anterior
culmen toe.
MALES.
Eightadult malesfrom Panama.......-.........ccec cece cece ee 103.8 | 148.7 18.8 25.8 18.1
Twoadult males ( C.r. gracilis) from western Colombia.......... 106.7 | 149.7 20 28. 2 19.2
Oneadult male( C.7. minuta) from Venezuela. ...........-..... 103.5 | 144 17.5 26 17
Twoadult males (C.r. minute?) from Trinidad. ................ 105 145 19 26.5 18.5
One adult male ( C.7. minutc) from British Guiana.............. 105 153.5 18 25 17
Twoadult males (C.r. gracilis?) from Ecuador (Bacay, Guayas).| 104 148 18.2 25.5 18

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45

Eastern Panam4 (Colé6n, Lion Hill, Bohio, and Tabernilla, Canal
Zone; Cana, Darién; Laguna del Pita).

[Piaya] rutila (not Cuculus rutilus Illiger) Lawrence, Ann, Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862,
300 (Lion Hill, Panama).

Piaya gracilis (not Coccyzusa gracilis Heine) Scratrr and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1864, 366 (Lion Hill, Panama; crit.).

[Piaya] minuta ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part (Panama) .—
Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 170, part (Panama).

Piaya minuia SuEiiEy, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 378, part (Panama) Sar
yin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 531, part (Lion Hill,
Panama).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899,
no. 339, p. 8 (Laguna del Pita, Panama).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
Club, ii, 1900, 16 (Lion Hill, Panama).

Piaya rutila panamensis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, no. 2, May 20, 1912, 212
(Loma del Leon=Lion Hill, Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).

Genus PIAYA Lesson.
Piaya Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 139. (Type, Cuculus cayanus Linnzeus.)
Pyrrhococcyx ¢ Capanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 713. (New
name for Piaya Lesson, on grounds of purism.)

Rather large, very long-tailed arboreal Cuculine (ength about
380-600 mm.) with tarsus less than one and a half times as long as
middle toe without claw (not more than one-fourth as long as wing);
tail more than one and a half times (sometimes twice) as long as wing,
graduated for much more than one-third (sometimes for one-half)
its length; tenth (outermost) primary not less than half as long as
longest primary; bill shorter than head, strongly decurved, deeper,
than wide at nostrils, and coloration mostly bright cinnamon-rufous,
the rectrices broadly tipped with white.

Footnote—Continued.
Locality. . Wing. | Tail. ma Tarsus. Genin
culmen. toe.
FEMALES.
Fiveadultfemalesfrom Panama...........22--22eeeccceneeenes 102.7) 153.1 18.6 26.7 18.1
Fiveadult females ( C. r. gracilis) from western Colombia........| 107 147.5 18.7 25.7 18.5
Fouradult females ( C.7. minuta) from Venezuela.......-..--..- 103 148.6 18.9 26.2 17.7
Oneadult female ( C.r. minuta?) from Trinidad................- 104 128 19.5 26 18
Oneadult female ( C.r. minuta) from lower Amazon Valley...... 105 155 20 26 19.5
Oneadult female ( C. 7. minuta?) from eastern Peru.............- 103 147 21 27 18
One adult female (C. +. gracilis?) from Ecuador (Bacay,
GOS YAS): Jcccccisicicas\ncninak S4aiciclsteniscapisuksheduseceateesandee 97 136 18.5 | 24.5 16.5
> One adult (sex unknown) ( C.r. gracilis) from western Ecuador
(GUaVAQUI) sc coacecescecceguasevnssneeenicseae ores eee 101 148 18 26.5 18

: In addition to the well-marked Pacific slope form, C. r. gracilis, one or more addi-
fional South American forms probably require separation.
® TMvépéc, rothlich, rothbraun; xécwS Kukuk, (Cabanis and Heine.)

46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bill much shorter than head, rather broad basally, compressed
and strongly but gradually decurved terminally, its width at anterior
end of nostrils decidedly less to much less than its depth at same point;
exposed culmen equal to or longer than outer anterior toe without
claw (longer than toe with claw in P. melanogastra), strongly decurved
from near base, rather narrowly rounded; gonys decidedly longer
than mandibular rami, nearly straight but usually very faintly concave
terminally, slightly prominent basally, narrowly rounded or very indis-
tinctly ridged; maxillary tomium distinctly concave to beneath or
posterior to nostril, deflected and more or less convex basally, without
trace of subterminal notch. Nostril obliquely longitudinal, narrowly
elliptical, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossa. . Wing rather short,
strongly rounded, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by
not more (usually much less) than length of exposed culmen; fifth and
sixth or fourth to sixth primaries longest, the eighth about equal to
distal secondaries, the tenth (outermost) half as long as longest
primary or a little more. Tail much more than one and a half times
(sometimes more than twice) as long as wing, graduated for much
more than one-third (sometimes for one-half) its length, the rectrices

‘relatively rather broad; tarsus about one and a half times as long as
middle toe without claw, about one-fourth as long as wing.

Plumage and coloration—Orbital region mostly naked (brightly
colored in life); eyelashes strongly developed; no trace of bristles
about base of bill; plumage in general soft and blended, somewhat
hair-like, especially on head, neck, and under parts; pileum not
crested. General color bright cinnamon-rufous to chestnut, paler on
throat and chest, the pileum sometimes gray; under parts of body
light bluish gray to dusky; rectrices broadly tipped with white and
with a more or less distinct broad subterminal band or area of black.

Range.—The whole of Tropical America except West Indies and
Galapagos Islands. (About twelve species and subspecies.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PIAYA.@

a. Under side of rectrices (except white tips) black (sometimes with concealed portion
more or less tinged with rufescent brown); upper parts chestnut or bay; under
parts of body deeper gray. (P. cayana.)

@ Including among extralimital forms only the true P. cayana and those occurring
in Colombia. The South American forms have been worked out, more or less satis-
factorily, by Cabanis (Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1862, 82-88); J. A. Allen (Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 136-139); Hellmayr (Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 43, 44); Stone
(Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1908, 492-501), Dabbene (Orn. Argentina, 1910, 423-427,
footnotes), and Cory (Pub. 183, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., i, no. 9, Aug. 7,
1915, 304, 307-310). Among the considerable number of more or less strongly marked
South American forms are the two styles of coloration represented in Middle America
by P. ¢. thermophila and P. mexicana, respectively, and these certainly represent two
specific types; certainly it is impossible that P. c. thermophila and P. mexicana can be
conspecific, for perfectly typical examples of each- occur together in the State of
Oaxaca, and none of the large number of specimens examined shows the slightest inter-
gradation of characters.

tf

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. AT

b. Flanks and anal region pale gray, the under tail-coverts deeper gray; pileum
deep brown. (Guianas, Venezuela, etc.).

Piaya cayana cayana (extralimital).¢

b}. Flanks and anal region blackish slate to black; pileum light brown or vinaceous-
brown.

c. Posterior under parts black, in abrupt contrast with gray of more anterior
portion, the black involving whole of flanks and lower abdomen; pileum
darker, nearly concolor with back. (Western Colombia to western Peru.)

Piaya cayana cauce (extralimital).6
cc. Posterior under parts blackish slate, gradually fading into gray of abdomen,
etc.; color of pileum lighter, more vinaceous, brown, quite different from

chestnut or bay of back. (Panama to southeastern Mexico.)
Piaya cayana thermophila (p. 47).
aa. Under surface of rectrices (except white tips and sharply defined subterminal
black band or space) cinnamon-rufous or rufous-tawny; upper parts cinnamon-

rufous to chestnut-rufous; under parts of body much paler gray.

b. Larger and lighter colored, the under surface of rectrices clear rufous-tawny, in
abrupt contrast with black subterminal areas; back, etc., much lighter (clear
rufous-tawny). (Southwestern and western Mexico.)

Piaya mexicana (p. 51).

bb. Smaller and darker, the under surface of rectrices dull cinnamon-rufous or hazel,
in less abrupt contrast with black subterminal areas; back, etc., chestnut-
rufous. (Eastern Colombia to Venezuela.)..Piaya columbiana (extralimital).¢

PIAYA CAYANA THERMOPHILA (Sclater).

CENTRAL AMERICAN SQUIRREL-CUCKOO.

Similar to P. c. cayana? but white tips to rectrices broader, color
of upper parts (especially the pileum) lighter, and color of under
parts decidedly darker, the under tail-coverts blackish slate instead

@ [Cuculus] cayanus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 170 (Cayenne; based on
Cuculus cayennensis Brisson, Orn., iv, 122).—[Coccyzus] cayanus Temminck, Tabl.
Méth., in Pl. Col., 1839, 58.—Piaya cayana Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 140; Shelley,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 373, part.—Pyrrhococcyx cayanus Cabanis, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 169 (crit.).—P[yrrhococcyx] cayanus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1,
1862, 86, footnote (crit.).—Cuculus cayanensis Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 323.—
Cuculus caijanus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 57.—Piaya cayana (typica) Allen, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., v, July, 1893, 189 (geog. range).—Piaya cayana cayana Hellmayr,
Novit. Zool:, xiii, Feb., 1906, 43 (crit.).—Coccyzus macrocercus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict.
d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 275 (Guiana; cites Cuculus cayanus Latham and PI. Enl., 211).

b Piaya cayana cauce Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1908, 499 (Rio Cauca, w.
Colombia; coll. Am. Mus. N. H.).

This form is closely related to P. c. nigricrissa (Piaya nigricrissa Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1860, 285, 297 Babahoyo, w. Ecuador, coll. P. L. Sclater; Piaya cayana
nigricrissa Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, Feb., 1906, 44; Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1908, 500); but.apparently differs in the characters pointed out by Dr. Stone.

¢ Pyrrhococeyx columbianus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 170 (Cartagena, Colombia;
coll. Berlin Mus.).—P[yrrhococcyz] columbianus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1862,
82, footnote (Cartagena; crit.).—Ptaya cayana columbiana Hellmayr, Novit. Zool.,
xiii, 1906, 44 (descr.; range); Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1908, 498; Dabbene,
Orn. Argent., 1910, 425, 426 (synonymy; range).—Piaya cayana mehlert (not Piaya
mehlert Bonaparte) Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, i, 1899, 76 (San Sebastian,
Santa Marta, Colombia).—[Piaya] colombianus Sharpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 170.

4 See above, in key and footnote a.

°

48 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

of slate-gray; similar also to P. c. eauce* but darker coler of posterior
under parts less decidedly black, much less extensive, and much less
abruptly contrasted with gray of abdomen, etc.

Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain chestnut, deepening into bay on
tail and fading into more rufous-chestnut on upper back and hind-
neck, the pileum duller, often more or less tinged with grayish brown;
remiges tipped with rather light grayish brown; tail bright bay,
faintly glossed with purplish, broadly tipped with white and crossed
by a broad subterminal band of brownish: black, the white tip
becoming gradually (but not conspicuously) narrower toward middle
rectrices; shafts of rectrices black, sometimes passing into dark
chestnut basally; chin, throat, and upper chest plain vinaceous-
cinnamon, gradually deepening laterally into nearly the color of
pileum and nape on sides of head and neck; breast, abdomen, and
sides plain gray (no. 7 or no. 8) deepening into slate-gray on flanks,
thighs, and anal region, the under tail-coverts black or slate-black, the
longer ones usually indistinctly tipped with whitish; under surface
of tail, anterior to the white tip, uniform brownish black; bill, and
naked orbital space yellowish green to light olive-green; iris carmine
red; legs and feet light bluish gray (in life).

Young.—Similar to adults but middle rectrices without white tip
or subterminal black area, and other rectrices with the white tip
much narrower and not preceded (on upper surface) by a definite or
sharply defined black area; texture of plumage different (softer and
more lax).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 385-485 (420); wing, 134-156.5
(146.4); tail, 233-309 (269.6); exposed culmen, 26-33 (29); tarsus,
30.5-41.5 (38.8); outer anterior toe, 21-27 (24.1).°

Adult female—Length (skins), 381-484 (422); wing, 138-161
(142.9); tail, 237-306 (272.8); exposed culmen, 27-31 (28.7); tarsus,
35-40.5 (37.2); outer anterior toe, 22-26 (24).°

@ See page 47. b Sixty-four specimens. ¢ Thirty-six specimens.
Ex- Outer

Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. anterior

is iculmen.| | toe.

MALES.

Two adult males from southern Tamaulipas............-.---.-- 146 265 30 38.1 24
Eight adult malesfrom VeraCruz..........-..--0--eee eee e eee 150.1 | 281.6) 27.7] 386.1 24,2
Six adult males from Oaxaca......-........eceeeeee cece eeeeee ee 147.3 | 261.3] 29 36.7 25.1

One adult mae from Tabasco. ..........--.2-eeee ee eee eee eens 137 245 26 36 21
Nineadult mlalestrom Yucatan. ......2-.2.c2eceeeceeeeec nsec 148.4] 264.2] 27.7] 37.6) 24.2
Three adult males from Chiapas....---.--...0-0.20-0.ceee eee e eee 145.7} 275.3 28.7 36 24.2
Three adult males from Guatemala...............22--220-22-0+- 150.5] 278.3] 29.5| 383 23.7

Three adult males from British Honduras............-.-.-....- 144.7] 264 29.3 38.5 24
Six adult males from Honduras.....-.......00....eecceeueereeee 145.8 | 268 29.7) 38.3 24.2
Three adult males from Nicaragua...... 02.02... cece eee penne eeee 146.3 | 261.7 30.8 38.5 24.7
Ten adult males from Costa Rica. ......-----..-..cceee reece 149 275.8| 80.1] 37.5 23.8

Ten adult males from eastern Panama (Canal Zone)... .serserrss 144.61 267.5! 29.4! 365! A

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49

Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico; Alta-
mira), Vera Cruz (Miradér; Orizaba; Jalapa; Cérdova, and San
Lorenzo, Cérdova; Potrero; Jico; Misantla; Cofre de Perote; Codte-
pec; Playa Vicente; Atoyéc; Buena Vista; Rio Tamasi, near
Ray6n), Puebla (Huachinango), Oaxaca (Tehudntepec; Barrio;
Guichicovi; Chihuitan; Chimalapa; Rincén Antonio; Cacoprieto;
mountains near Santo Domingo), Tabasco (Teapa; Frontera; San
Juan Bautista; Atasta), Campeche (Apazote), Yucatan (Mérida;
Chichen-Itza; Peto; Tictl; Tabi; Tem4x; Buctzotz; Izamél; Tizimin ;
Puerto Morelos; Quintana Roo; Meco, Holbox, and Mugeres Islands)
and Chiapas (Tonalé; Huehuetan; Ociulapa), and southward, through
Guatemala (Petén; Cobain; Yzabél; Chiséc; San Gerénimo; Los
Amates; Gualan, Zacapa; Patulil; San José; Lake Amatitlin;
Duefias; Retalhuleu; Tactic; Nentén; Cajabén; Escuintla; Puerto
Barrios), British Honduras (Belize; near Manatee Lagoon; Quamin
Creek; Toledo District), Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro; San Pedro
Sula; Comayagua; Truxillo; Céiba; Yaruca,; Rio Segévia), Nicaragua
(Chontales; Leén; Bluefields; Rio Escondido; Mosquito Coast; San
Juan del Sur; Managua; Sucuy4; Chinandega; San Gerénimo, Chi-
nandega; Ocotal), and Costa Rica (Angostura; La Palma de Nicoya;
Bebedero; Liberia; Alajucla; Palmar; Boruca; Bolsén; Pigres; Santo
Domingo de San Mateo; Carrillo; Bonilla; Juan Vifias; Guayabo;
Gu4piles ; Coliblanco ; Cartago ; Jiménez; Tucurriqui; San José; Volcan
de Irazi; Laguéria; Santa Maria de Dota), to Panama (Boquete,
Divala, David, Bocas del Toro, and Boquerén, Chiriqui; Castillo and
Calovévora, Veragua; Lion Hill, near Panama, Frijole, Chepo, Paraiso,
Obispo, Gattin, Punta de Sabana, Empire, Tabernilla, Rio Indio, La
Chorrera, and Agua Dulce, Canal Zone; Puerto Bello, east of Canal
Zone; Cana, Darién).

Footnote—Continued.

Locality. Wing.| Tail. eae Tarsus. areeine

culmen. toe.

FEMALES.
Four adult females from Vera Cruz. ......----.--.--2----++----- 155.2 | 283.2 28.1 39.2 24.8
Oneadultfemalefrom Tabasco...........---.2-.-2---eeee eee eee 147 262 30 35.5 24
Twoadultfemales from Campeche............-.--.---2-- 222-6 144 252 28 36.7 23
Twoadultfemalesfrom: Wcatan .......-- 2220222262 eee eee eee 146 275 28.7 | 37.7 23
Twoadult females from Guatemala.............-.----2--222-00+ 150.5] 296 27.2 37.5 24.5
Oneadult female from British Honduras. ...-....-...---.2.-.-- 156.5 | 306 31 39 24
Sixadultfemalesfrom Honduras...........--.2..22+-222202 002 148.9] 272.3 28.8 37.3 24.4
Twoadultiemales from Nicaragua..._..-....-...----2---++---- 153.5 | 258 30 38 23.5
Ten adult females from Costa Rica ..............2.222222220005- 145.3 | 267.4] 28.2] 36.6 23.8
Six adult females from eastern Panama (Canal Zone).....-...-.-- 146.3 | 275.6 29.2] 36.5 24.2

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16-——4

50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Coccyzus cayanus (not Cuculus cayanus Linnzeus) BonaParte, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1837, 115 (Guatemala).

Piaya cayana Lawrence, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 33 (Juchitan and
Barrio, Oaxaca).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 454 (Yucatan,
habits). —Ferranri-Prerez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 162 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz).—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 372 (Meco, Mugeres, and Holbox Islands, Yuca-
tan).—Stonz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 206 (Ticul, Yucatan).—
SHettey, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 373, part (Tampico, Tamaulipas;
Valles, San Luis Potosi; Misantla, Coatepec, Cofre de Perote, San Lorenzo,
Playa Vicente, Jalapa, Orizaba, and Atoyac, Vera Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco;
Tonala, Chiapas; Tabi, Peto, Buctzotz, Temax, Merida, Izalam, Meco I.,
Mugeres I., and Holbox I., Yucatan; Belize, etc., British Honduras; Retal-
huleu, Duefias, Yzabal, Coban, Cajabon, Chisec, and San Geronimo, Guate-
mala; San Pedro, Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura, Bebedero,
and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica Castillo, Chepo, Paraiso, and Panama,
Panama).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 528, part
(Tampico, Tamaulipas; Misantla, Jalapa, Cofre de Perote, Coatepec,
Cordova, San Lorenzo, Orizaba, and Atoyac, Vera Cruz; Chihuatan and
Barrio, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Teapa, Tabasco; Peto, Izalam, Temax,
Merida, etc., Yucatan; British Honduras; Peten, Coban, Yzabal, Chisec,
Cajabon, San Geronimo, Duefias, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; La Libertad;
Salvador; Omoa, Truxillo, San Pedro, Comayagua, and Rio Segovia, Hon-
duras; Chontales, Leon, Chinandega, San Juan del Sur, Sucuya, Rio Escon-
dido, and Bluefields, Nicaragua; San Jose, Angostura, Irazu, La Palma de
Nicoya, Alajuela, Liberia, Cartago, and Jimenez, Costa Rica; David, Castillo,
Calovevora, and Lion Hill, Panama).—Satvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus.
Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 8 (Punta de Sabana, Panama).

[Piaya] cayana Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part (Mexico;
Central America)—ForBes and Rozinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 4, no. 2,
1898, 43, part (Tehauntepec, Oaxaca; Tactic, Guatemala; Honduras).—
Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 169 (Mexico to Panama).

Piaya mexicana (not Cuculus mexicanus Swainson) ScuaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1856, 308 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; crit.); 1858, 359 (Comayagua, Hon-
duras).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 60 (Peten, Guatemala; Omoa,
Honduras).—SciaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 133 (Lake Peten, Guatemala;
Omoa, Honduras).

Piaya mehleri (not of Bonaparte, 1850?) SctatEeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 285
(Mexico; Guatemala); (?) 1864, 177 (vicinity of City of Mexico); Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 322 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Guatemala).—Saxvin, 1872, 323 (Chon-
tales, Nicaragua); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 156 (David, Chiriqui,
Panama; crit.); 1870, 211 (Castillo and Calovevora, Veragua, Panama).—
SciaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 280 (Mosquito Coast,
Nicaragua).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 128 (San José and
Angostura, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 205 (Merida, Yucatan).—Franrzivus, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1869, 361 (Costa Rica).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878,
25; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 48 (San José, Costa Rica).—ZELEDON,
Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 22.

(?) P[iaya] mehleri Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 110 (Bogota, Colombia; coll.
Mus. Leyden).

Piaya cayana mehlert Nurtine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 12, 1882, 401
(La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits); vi, 1883, 376 (San Juan del Sur,
Nicaragua), 388 (Sucuya, Nicaragua).—Rmeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v,
1883, 498 (Volcan de Irazu; notes).—ZrLEep6n, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii,
1885, 110 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 123 (San Jose,
Alajuela, Liberia, Cartago, and Jimenez, Costa Rica).—Cuerriz, Auk, ix,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 51

1892, 326 (San Jose, Costa Rica; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—RicHMOND,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 517 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits).—
Dearzorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 87 (Los Amates, Gualan, Patu-
lul, San Jose, and Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1908, 499 (crit.; Mexico to Panama).—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., vi, 1910, 565 (Pigres, Guayabo, Coliblanco, Bonilla, Santo Domingo
de San Mateo, Laguaria de Dota, Guapiles, Juan Vifias, Carrilo, and Boruca,
Costa Rica; habits; crit.).

Piaya cyanea mehleri CoERRiz, Expl. Zool. Merid. C. R., 1893, 58 (Palmar, Costa
Rica).

Pyrrhococcyx mehleri CaBants, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 167, 168 (Costa Rica; crit.).

Plyrrhococcyx] mehleri Casanisand Here, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1863, 83 (Jalapa,
Vera Cruz).

[Pyrrhococcyx] mehleri Herne and Retcuzenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 202
(Jalapa).

Piaya thermophila Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 368 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz;
coll, P. L. Sclater).—Satvin and Scuater, Ibis, 1860, 43 (Coban, Dueiias,
and Yzabal, Guatemala).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 118-(Honduras; habits).

Pliaya] thermophila Forzes and Ropinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 2, 1898,
43 (crit.).

Piaya cayana thermophila AtLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v. July 19, 1893, 139
(s. Mexico to Panama; crit.).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896,
628 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas) —Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900,
16 (Loma del Leon, Panama); ili, 1902, 24 (Boquete, Panama, 4,000 feet);
Auk, xviii, 1901, 360 (Divala, Panama); xxiv, 1907, 292 (Boruca, Costa Rica);
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 143 (Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras).—
Cots, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 129 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan).—
Tuayer and Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 214 (Sabana de
Panama).—Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., 1910, 261 (Guayabo and
Coliblanco, Costa Rica; habits).

Piaya migricrissa (not of Sclater, 1860) Lawrencn, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 300
(Lion Hill, Panama); viii, 1867, 177 (David, Panama).—Scuarerand SaLvnt,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 366 (Lion Hill, Panama; crit.).

Piaya cayana nigricrissa Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, Nov. 25, 1881, 194,
part (Chiriqui, Panama).

Coceyzus viridirostris WirttEMBERG, Naumannia, 1852, ii, 55 (“Mexico”).

[Piaya] viridirostris Bonaparte (ex Wiirttemberg MS.), Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854,
121 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 6).

Piaya viridirostris Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, May, 1856, 957.

Pyrrhococcyx viridirostris CaBants, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1862, 84, in text.

Piaya circe (not of Bonaparte, 1850) ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi),
1864, 57, part (Costa Rica; Guatemala).

PIAYA MEXICANA (Swainson),
MEXICAN SQUIRREL-CUCKOO.

Resembling P. cayana thermophila, but colored portion of under
surface of rectrices cinnamon-rufous (instead of brownish black) with
a dull black area immediately preceding the white tip, general colora-
tion much lighter, and tail relatively much longer.

Adulis (sexes alike)—Upper parts plain light cinnamon-rufous,
becoming gradually paler (sometimes slightly tinged with grayish)
on pileum and deeper on tail; remiges tipped with rather light grayish
brown; rectrices crossed by a broad subterminal band of brownish

52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

black and broadly tipped with white, the white tip and subterminal
black area approximately equal in width on lateral rectrices but the
former gradually decreasing in width to the middle pair, on which
the white is very much narrower, sometimes almost wanting; chin,
throat, and upper chest salmon-buff, gradually deepening on sides of
head and neck into nearly the color of the pileum and hindneck;
rest of under parts plain pale bluish gray (nearest pearl gray), deepen-
ing into light slate-gray on under tail-coverts; under surface of
rectrices, anterior to the black subterminal area, light cinnamon-
rufous, in strong contrast; bill apple green (in life), slightly more
dusky basally, the inside of mouth blue-black; iris carmine or crimson;
legs and feet plumbeous.?

Young.—Similar to adults but middle pair of rectrices without
white tip and crossed by an indistinct subterminal band of dusky
brown (instead of black).

Adult male.—Length (skihs) 431-477 (456); wing, 144.5-157
(149.9); tail, 285-330 (308.3); exposed culmen, 26-29.5 (27.8); tarsus,
36-39.5 (87.9); outer anterior toe, 23-25.5 (24.1).

Adult female—Length (skins), 406-490 (460); wing, 144-159.5
(152.4); tail, 272-335 (308.6); exposed culmen, 26-29 (27.5); tarsus,
35.5-39.5 (37.5); outer anterior toe, 23-26 (24.2).°

Western and southwestern Mexico, in States of Mexico (Temas-
céltepec), Oaxaca (Juquila; Putla; Juchatengo; Tehuantepec),
Guerrero (Acapulco; Tlalixquatilla; Xautipa), Colima (Manzanillo;
Rio Tupila; Plains of Colima; Colima), Sinaloa (Plomosas; Arroyo
de Limones, 3,500 feet; Escuinapa; Mazatlan; Las Flores; Caletic),
Jalisco (San Sebastian; Juanacatlan; Barranca Ibarra; Hacienda San
Marcos; Zapotlan; Guadalajara; Bolafios; Ojo de Agua; Tuxpén;
Volefn de Fuego), Durango (Chacalé), Michoacén (La Salada),
Guanajuato, and Puebla (Chietla), and Territory of Tepic (Santiago;
San Blas).

(?) [Cuculus] ridibundus Gein, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 414 (based on Cuculus
mextcanus Brisson, Orn., iv, 119).—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 220.

(?) Coccyzus ridibundus Viemiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 277
(Mexico); Tabl. Enc. Méth., iti, 1823, 1348.

(?) Cuculus ridibundus Vremtot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxviii, 1819, 414.

(?) Pliaya] ridibunda Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 457.

(?) [Piaya] ridibundus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 111.

Piaya ridibundus (not Cuculus ridibundus Gmelin?) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ii, 1874, 293 (Mazatlan; Rio Tupila; Plains of Colima); Bull. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 33 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca).

(?) [Ptiloleptis] ridibundus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 121 (Consp.
Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 6).

Cuculus rubicundus StzpHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, pt. i, 1815, 109 (Mexico).

Cuculus mexicanus Swarnson, Philos. Mag., n.s., i, no. 6, June, 1827, 440 (Temas-
caltepec, Mexico; coll. Bullock Mus.).

@ According to P. L. Jouy. b Ten specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 53

Piaya mexicana Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1859, 388 (Juquila, Oaxaca;
crit.); 1860, 285 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 322 (Oaxaca).—ScHLEGEL,
Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 57.—Frrrani-Persz, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 162 (Chietla, Puebla)—Jovy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
xvi, 1893, 786 (Juanacatlan and Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).—ALLEN, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 137, in text (crit.).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 531 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San Blas, Tepic; Hacienda
de San Marcos, Zapotlan, Guadalajara, and Bolafios, Jalisco; Guanajuato;
Rio Tupila and Plains of Colima, Colima; Temascaltepec, Mexico; Acapulco
and Xautipa, Guerrero; Juchatengo, Juquila, and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).

[Piaya] mexicana Sarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 169.

P{iaya] clayana] mexicana Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, July 19, 1893, 138,
in text (crit.).

Piaya cayana mexicana Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, July 19, 1893, 139
(Colima).—Mrzr (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 349 (Caletic,
Egcuinapa, etc., s. Sinaloa)—Sronz, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1908, 498
(crit.).

Pyrrhococeyt mexicanus CaBANis, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 170 (crit.).—Finscu,
Abh, Nat. Ver. Bremen, 1870, 356 (Mazatlan).

Plyrrhococcyx] mexicanus Capanis and Hzing, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 82
(w. Mexico; diagnosis).

[Pyrrhococcyz] mexicanus Heine and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
202 (w. Mexico).

[Coccyzus] mexicanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 211, no. 8930.

Piaya cayennensis (not Coccyzus cayanensis Swainson) GAmBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat
Sci. Phila., i, 1849, 215 (Mazatlan, etc.).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, 426 (Acapulco, Guerrero).

[Piaya] cayanus (not Cuculus cayanus Linneus) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850,
110, part (Mexico).

Piaya cayana Sartiey, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 273, part (Mazatlan,
Sinaloa; Putla, Oaxaca; Bolafios, Hacienda San Marcos, and Zapotlan, Jalisco;
Colima; Acapulco, and Xautipa, Guerrero).

[Piaya] cayana ScuaterR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.

Genus HYETORNIS Sclater.

Ptiloleptis (not Ptiloleptus Swainson, 1837) Bonararts, Ateneo Italiano, ii,
1854, 121 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 6). (Type, Cuculus pluvialis
Gmelin.)

Hyetornis Sctater, Oat. Am. Birds, April, 1862, 321. (Type, Cuculus pluvialis
Gmelin.)

Hyetomantis CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., May, 1862, 203, footnote. (Type, Cuculus
pluvialis Gmelin.)

Large, long-tailed, arboreal Cuculine (length about 410-530 mm.),
closely resembling the genus Piaya but differing in relatively shorter
and less graduated tail (little more than one and a half times as long as
wing, graduated for little if any more than one-half its length), larger
bill and feet, and very different coloration (olivaceous or slaty above,
the tail black with broad white tips to rectrices, and under parts, at
least of body, chestnut).

54 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bill shorter than head, strong, moderately broad basally (rather
narrow in H. rufigularis) but much compressed terminally, very
strongly decurved (much less so in H. rufigularis); exposed culmen
slightly shorter than tarsus, strongly decurved from base, rounded
(not ridged); gonys about as long as mandibular rami or slightly
longer, distinctly concave (though slightly so in H. rufigularis),
slightly prominent at base, rounded; maxillary tomium very strongly
concave (especially in H. pluvialis), rather strongly deflected from
nostril to rictus (much less so in H. rufigularis), slightly convex
basally. Nostril longitudinal or slightly oblique, elliptical or ellip-
tical-oval, in lower anterior portion of nasal fossa. Wing moderate,
much rounded, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by
less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla in H. pluvialis, by
more than that distance in H. rufigularis; fifth, fifth and sixth, or
fourth to seventh primaries longest, the eighth about equal to first,
the tenth (outermost) more than half as long as longest. Tail slightly
more than one and a half times as long as wing, graduated for about
one-third to more than one-half its length, the rectrices relatively
broad. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe without claw, very
stout.

Plumage and coloration.—Orbital region mostly naked; eyelashes
strongly developed; no trace of bristles about base of bill; plumage
in general blended, rather coarse, somewhat hairlike, especially on
head, neck, and under parts. Upper parts plain slate-grayish to
olive, with a faint greenish-bronzy gloss, the primaries sometimes
chestnut; tail bluish black with broad white tips to rectrices; under
parts chestnut, with throat and chest white and pale gray in H. plu-
vialis, chestnut anteriorly, ochraceous posteriorly in H. rufigularis.

Range.—Islands of Jamaica and Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Two
species.)

There is much difference in form of the bill in the two species, that
of H. rufigularis being much more slender, less strongly decurved, and
narrower at the base than that of H. pluvialis. The former also has
the tail more strongly graduated.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HYETORNIS,

a, Outer webs of primaries olive, concolor with back, etc.; chin, throat, and malar
region white; chest pale gray; bill much stouter, much more strongly decurved.
(JaMales.)n.cccces dace eereaciledde vies sesesxaanaee Hyetornis pluvialis (p. 55),

aa. Outer webs of primaries deep chestnut or bay, in conspicuous contrast with oliva-

ceous gray of back, etc.; chin, throat, malar region, and chest chestnut or bay;
bill much more slender, much less strongly decurved. (Haiti.)
‘ Hyetornis rufigularis (p. 56).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 55

HYETORNIS PLUVIALIS (Gmelin).

JAMAICAN HYETORNIS.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead and crown olivaceous slate color,
darkening into dull slate-black on lores and passing into olive on
occiput and nape, the hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump uniform
olive; wings and upper tail-coverts plain olive glossed with greenish
bronze; tail dull black, faintly glossed with violet and broadly tipped
with white; chin, throat, and malar region dull buffy white, passing”
into very pale gray on chest and into deeper gray (about no. 8) on
auricular region and sides of neck; rest of under parts, including
under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts, plain deep cinnamon-
rufous or rufous-chestnut; maxilla dull black, mandible pale gray
(in life)*; interior of mouth black*; iris brown; legs and feet bluish
gray” (in life).

Adult male—Length (skins), 460-500 (478); wing, 174-191
(182.4); tail, 272-299 (283.6); exposed culmen, 34.5-38.5 (85.9);
tarsus, 39-43.5 (41.4); outer anterior toe, 25.5-28.5 (26.8).®

Adult female.—Length (skins), 470-532 (500); wing, 182.5-197
(191.7); tail, 280-324 (295); exposed culmen, 37.5-43 (40); tarsus
40.5-46 (43.7); outer anterior toe, 26-31 (29.4).°

Island of Jamaica (Metcalfe Parish; Spanishtown; Moneague;
Priestmans River; St. Georges; Salt Pond).

[Cuculus] pluvialis Guein, Syst. Nat.,i, pt.i, 1788, 411 (based on Old Man or Rain
Bird Sloane, Jamaica, 312, pl. 258, fig. 1; Cuculus jamaicensis Brisson, Orn.,
iv, 114)._Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 218.

Cuculus pluvialis SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, pt. i, 1815, 124.—Harriavs,
Rev. Zool., 1847, 64.—WaLpEn, Ibis, 1869, 336.

Pliaya] pluvialis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 457.

Piaya pluvialis Gosst, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 277; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl.
74,—Ders Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 11 (text to pl. 65), 1848, and table of con-
tents.—SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 79.—ALBRECHT, Journ. fir
Orn., 1862, 203.—Manrcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 283.—PrLzELn,
Ibis, 1873, 33.

[Piaya] pluvialis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 111.

[Ptiloleptis] pluvialis Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 121 (Consp. Volucr.
Zygod., 1854, 6).

Hyetornis pluvialis SctatER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 321; Revised List Birds Jam.,
1910, 11.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 336; Birds West Ind., 1889, 161; Cat. West
Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 102, 130.—SHeEttey, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891,
372 (Moneague, Jamaica).—Scort, Auk, ix, 1892, 274 (crit.).

H[yetornis] pluvialis Capanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 80.—
Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 109.

[Hyetornis] pluvialis Sctarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108.—Cory,
List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19.—Suarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 169.

_ Hyetomantis pluvialis Capantis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 203, footnote.

@ According to Gosse. 5 Ten specimens. ¢ Hight specimens.

56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Goccygus pluvialis ScuteaE., Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 39.

[Hyetornis] pluvianus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 212, no. 8939.

Piaya cinnamomeiventris LavRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., ix, Sept. (=Nov.), 1846, 321
(Jamaica; coll. Lafresnaye); 1847, 80.—Drs Murs, Icon. Orn., livr, 11, 1848,
pl. 65,

Coccyzus jamaicensis HartLaus, Verz. Mus. Brem., Nachtr., 1846, 16 (ex Cuculus
jamaicensis Brisson).

HYETORNIS RUFIGULARIS (Wiirttemberg).
HAITIAN HYETORNIS.

Adults (sexes alike) —Above, including sides of head and neck, and
sides of chest, plain olivaceous gray (between neutral gray and deep
mouse gray), the wing-coverts, proximal secondaries, and proximal
two-thirds (more or less) of middle rectrices similar but faintly
glossed, especially on the latter, with bronze-greenish; primaries
deep chestnut or bay, their distal portion similar in color to back, etc.,
but darker; secondaries with proximal portion largely chestnut or
bay, but this concealed in closed wing, by broad grayish edges to
feathers; distal third (approximately) of middle pair of rectrices and
greater part of remaining rectrices blue-black faintly glossed with
violet-blue, all the rectrices abruptly tipped with white, the white
tip about 8 mm. wide on middle pair and increasing to about 20-22
mm. on outer pair; chin, throat, median portion of chest, breast,
and upper abdomen uniform chestnut or bay; abdomen (except
extreme upper portion), flanks, and thighs light ochraceous-tawny
(deeper next to chestnut of breast), fading into pale buff or buffy
white on longer under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillars
clear tawny-ochraceous; under surface of remiges cinnamon-rufous
(paler proximally), the distal portion, abruptly, grayish brown;
maxilla black, mandible paler with middle lower portion yellowish;
legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins).

Adult male—Length (skins), 410-433 (421); wing, 162.5-170
(166.2); tail, 250-263 (256.5); exposed culmen, 36-37 (36.5); tarsus,
38.5-39 (38.7); outer anterior toe, 25.5-26 (25.7).%

Adult female—Length (skin), 431; wing, 174.5; tail, 253; exposed
culmen, 40.5; tarsus, 42.5; outer anterior toe, 28.5.2

Island of Haiti (Maniél, Honduras, and between Miranda and
LaVega, Santo Domingo).

Coccyzus rufigularis WirtremBerc, Naumannia, 1852, heft ii, p. 55 (Santo
Domingo).

[Piaya] rufigularis Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 121 (Consp. Volucr.
Zygod., 1854, 6).

H[yetornis] rufigularis CaBanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1863, 80,
footnote (diagnosis).

Hyetornis pluvialis rufigularis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, Nov. 25, 1881,
194.

@ Two specimens. 5 One specimen.

a

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 57

Praya pauli-guilelmi Harttaus, Naumannia, 1852, Heft ii, p. 55, in text (Santo
Domingo; new name for Coccyzus rufigularis Wiirttemberg).

Hyetornis fieldi Cory, Auk, xii, July, 1895, 278 (Maniel, Santo Domingo; coll.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) —Currrie, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 19 (Maniel
and Honduras, Santo Domingo; habits).

[Hyetornis] fieldi SHarpz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 169.

Hyetornis fieldit Verritt (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 359
(between Miranda and LaVega, Santo Domingo).

Genus SAUROTHERA Vieillot.

Saurothera% Vinrtuot, Analyse, 1816, 28; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819,
348. (Type, Coucou & longbec Buffon=Cuculus vetula Linneeus.)

Large, very long-tailed, semiterrestrial Cuculine (length about 390-
530 mm.) with bill as long as or longer than head, relatively slender
and straight, with tip abruptly decurved; tarsus longer than middle
toe with claw; tail more than one and a half times as long as wing,
graduated for more than one-third (sometimes nearly half) its length;
upper parts, including tail, plain olive (primaries sometimes chestnut),
under parts tawny, ochraceous, or buffy posteriorly, whitish to light
buffy brownish anteriorly, the rectrices (except middle pair) broadly
tipped with white and with a subterminal band or area of black.

Bill slightly to decidedly longer than head, relatively straight and
narrow, abruptly decurved terminally, compressed, its width at
anterior end of nostrils decidedly less than its depth at same point;
exposed culmen much longer than tarsus, broadly rounded, nearly
straight to near tip, where abruptly decurved; gonys slightly to
considerably longer than the relatively long mandibular rami, nearly
straight (the terminal portion, however, usually very slightly concave),
slightly prominent basally, broadly rounded; maxillary tomium
nearly straight for most of its length but decidedly decurved termi-
nally, the basal portion slightly deflected, sometimes faintly convex.
Nostril longitudinal (sometimes slightly oblique), elliptical, in lower
anterior end of nasal fossa. Wing moderate, much rounded, the
longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by not more (usually
less) than length of hallux, with claw; fifth, fifth and sixth, sixth and
seventh, or fourth to seventh primaries longest, the eighth slightly
longer to decidedly shorter than distal secondaries, the tenth (outer-
most) decidedly more than half as long as the longest. Tail more
than one and a half times as long as wing, graduated for more than
one-third to nearly half its length, the rectrices relatively broad.
Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, at least one-fourth as long
as wing (usually more), rather stout.

Plumage and coloration.—Orbits mostly naked; eyelashes strongly
developed; no trace of antrorse bristles about base of bill, but
feathers of head in general with fine bristle-like tips, directed back-

@ gaijpoc, lacertus, Onodw, venor. (Vieillot.)

58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ward; plumage in general blended, hair-like (softer and more downy
on posterior under parts). Above (including tail) plain olive or
drab, the back sometimes brown, the primaries usually chestnut, at
least on inner webs; under parts grayish white to light buffy brown
anteriorly, buff to tawny posteriorly; rectrices (except middle pair)
broadly tipped with white and with a broad black subterminal band
or area.
Range.—Greater Antilles and Bahamas. (Five species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SAUROTHERA.

a. Larger, with much stouter bill (wing not less than 160; depth of bill at nostrils more
than 12 mm.).
b. Outer webs of primaries brownish gray, like general color of upper parts. (Sau-
rothera bahamensis.) .

c. Grayer above, without rufescent tinge on basal portion of primaries; under
parts paler; blackish subterminal areas on under surface of rectrices broader;
bill averaging longer and narrower. (New Providence and Eleuthera
islands, Bahamas.)...........-Saurothera bahamensis bahamensis (p. 58).

cc. Browner above, with basal portion of primaries more rufescent; under parts

more deeply colored; bill averaging shorter and relatively deeper. (Andros
Island, Bahamas.) .......--.----- Saurothera bahamensis andria (p. 60).
bb. Outer webs of primaries deep cinnamon-rufous. (Saurothera merlini.)

c. Larger (wing 165-187, tail 272-331, culmen 50-65, tarsus 40.5-47); color browner
above, darker below. (Cuba.)......... Saurothera merlini merlini (p. 60).

cc. Smaller (wing 155-178.5, tail 234-278, culmen 47-53, tarsus 39-45.5); color

grayer above, paler below. (Isle of Pines.)
Saurothera merlini decolor (p. 61).
aa. Smaller, with much more slender bill (wing less than 150; depth of bill at nostrils
not more than 10 mm., usually much less).
b. Pileum browner than back; no buff on chin or throat.

c. Lateral rectrices grayish, with black subterminal band; outer webs of primaries
grayish brown; color of pileum not conspicuously different from that of back.
(Porto Ric0;) s:.sssssscswosenee sodeeewese bes se Saurothera vieilloti (p. 62).

cc. Lateral rectrices black (except the very broad white tip); outer webs of

primaries deep cinnamon-rufous; color of pileum and hindneck dark brown,
conspicuously different from color of back. (Jamaica.)
Saurothera vetula (p. 63).
bb. Pileum gray, like back; chin and throat buff or cinnamon-buff. (Haiti.)
Saurothera dominicensis (p. 64).

SAUROTHERA BAHAMENSIS BAHAMENSIS Bryant.
BAHAMAN LIZARD-CUCKOO.

Much like s. merlind but upper parts much grayer (without brown
on back, etc.), outer webs of primaries pale grayish brown instead of
cinnamon-rufous, and color of lower breast, abdomen, etc., very
much paler.

Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain brownish gray or light grayish
olive, becoming more decidedly gray on pileum and hindneck, the
secondaries and tail faintly glossed with bronze-greenish; outer

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59

webs of primaries grayish brown, the inner webs cinnamon-rufous
passing into grayish brown or grayish olive on distal portion (exten-
sively); rectrices (except middle pair) tipped with dull white and
crossed by a broad subterminal band of black, the white tip gradually
but decidedly decreasing in width toward the innermost rectrices;
chin and throat dull grayish white to dull buffy grayish white, passing
into deeper pale buffy grayish on foreneck, chest, and upper breast;
rest of under parts, including under wing-coverts and under tail-
coverts, pale buff or cream-buff; under surface of rectrices, anterior
to the black subterminal area, pale brownish gray; bill grayish or yel-
lowish gray, darker toward culmen, paler on mandible; bare orbital
skin vermilion red; iris brown; legs and feet bluish horn color Gn
life).

Young.—Essentially like adults but rectrices wanting both the
white tip and subterminal black area, the outer ones, however, with a
very narrow and indistinct paler tip.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 423-461 (448); wing, 149-167.5
(155.4); tail, 246-265 (256.9); exposed culmen, 48.5-53 (51.7);
tarsus, 39-42 (40.1); outer anterior toe, 23-25 (24.3).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 440-500 (472); wing, 154.5-164
(159.8); tail, 250-280 (268.3); exposed culmen, 50-57.5 (55.2);
tarsus, 39-44 (41.7); outer anterior toe, 24-28 (26).®

Bahamas (New Providence and Eleuthera islands).

Saurothera vetula (not Cuculus vetula Linneus) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vii, 1859, 106 (New Providence I., Bahamas).—ALBreEcut, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1861, 51.

Saurothera bahamensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1864, 280 (New Provi-
dence Island, Bahamas).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 116, plate (New
Providence); Auk, iii, 1886, 364; viii, 1891, 294 (New Proviaence), 351
(Eleuthera I.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 159; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11,
102, 127, 142, part (New Providence and Eleuthera islands).—SHELLEY, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 371.—Ripeway, Auk, viii, 1891, 336 (New Provi-
dence).—Miuer (G. §.), Auk, xi, 1894, 164, 165 (crit.; measurements).—
Bonuworte, Ibis, 1899, 515 (New Providence; habits); 1903, 293 (New Provi-
dence; habits).—Banes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 288 (Nassau, New Providence;
descr. young).—Ruitey, Auk, xxii, 1905, 355 (New Providence; notes, etc.).

[Saurothera] bahamensis Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 18; revised ed., 1890,
18.—SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 169.

Saurothera bahamensis bahamensis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, Oct., 1911, 419
(New Providence; crit.; fresh colors of unfeathered parts; measurements).—
Worruineton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 453 (New Providence; habits).

2 Nine specimens.

b Eleven specimens.

An adult (sex undetermined) from Eleuthera (the only one seen from that island)
measures as follows: Wing, 147.5; tail, 282; exposed culmen, 54; tarsus, 41; outer
anterior toe, 24.5.

60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

SAUROTHERA BAHAMENSIS ANDRIA (G. S. Miller).

ANDROS ISLAND CUCKOO.

Similar to S. 6. bahamensis but color of upper parts decidedly
browner, outer webs of primaries more or less rufescent basally, under
parts more deeply colored, blackish subterminal areas of rectrices
narrower, and bill shorter and relatively deeper.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 411-455 (440); wing, 157.5-161 (159);
tail, 242-260 (253); exposed culmen, 49.5-52 (50.5); tarsus, 37-41
(38.8); outer anterior toe, 22.5-24.5 (23.5).%

Adult female.—Length (skin), 450; wing, 154; tail, 247; exposed
culmen, 52.5; tarsus, 41.5; outer anterior toe, 25.°

Andros Island, Bahamas.

Saurothera bahamensis (not of Bryant) Norrarop, Auk, viii, 1891, 74 (Andros I.,
Bahamas).—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 102, 127, 142, part (An-
dros I.).

Saurothera andria Minter (G. 8.), Auk, xi, April, 1894, 1¢4 (Fresh Creek, Andros
Is., Bahamas; coll. G. 8. Miller, jr.).

[Saurothera] andria Saarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 169.

Saurothera bahamensis andria Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, Oct., 1911, 419
(Andros I.; fresh colors, etc.).—WortHineton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii,
1911, 453.

-SAUROTHERA MERLINI MERLINI D’Orbigny.
CUBAN LIZARD-CUCKOO.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts grayish brown
(broccoli brown or drab), the back more or less strongly washed
with brown (sometimes distinctly brown) this brown wash usually
invading the hindneck or even the posterior portion of pileum, the
secondaries and tail faintly glossed with bronze-greenish, the fore-
head (more or less extensively) more grayish, with black shaft-streaks ;
primaries deep cinnamon-rufous, broadly tipped with grayish brown
glossed with bronze-green, the inner webs of secondaries (especially
the distal ones) also largely cinnamon-rufous; rectrices (except
middle pair) broadly tipped with white and with a still broader sub-
terminal area of faintly glossy black, this more extended on outer
web than on inner; chin and throat varying from nearly pure white to
pale grayish buff, deepening into clear, very pale, slightly buffy gray
to light grayish buff on chest and upper breast, the sides of head and
neck intermediate in color between the whitish or pale buffy of
throat, etc., and the grayish brown of pileum; rest of under parts,
including under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts, deep buff to deep
ochraceous; under surface of rectrices, anterior to the black subter-
minal area, pale brownish gray; bill pale grayish yellow or dull yellow-

@ Three specimens. b One specimen.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61

ish white, becoming horn color or dusky on culmen and basal portion
of maxilla (sometimes on basal portion of mandible also); bare
orbital space red (in life); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color
(in dried skins).

Young.—Similar to adults but rectrices without a well-defined
subterminal area and the white tip much more restricted, much duller
white.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 480-539 (510); wing, 165-185.5
(174.1); tail, 272-327 (303.5); exposed culmen, 50-55 (52.6); tarsus,
40.5-46 (43.6); outer anterior toe, 25-29.5 (26.4).¢

Adult female——Length (skins), 489-544 (517); wing, 170-187
(177); tail, 295-331 (806.8); exposed culmen, 51.5-60.5 (54.1);
starsus, 41-47 (45.1); outer anterior toe, 25.5-30.5 (27.6).°

Island of Cuba (Guanténamo Bay; El Guam4; Guam4; Santiago;
Cabo de San Antonio; Monte Verde; Holguin; Trinidid; San Diego
de los Bafios; Figuabas; San Cristébal).

Saurothera merlint D’OrBiany, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 152, pl.
25.—LaFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1847, 359.—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856,
104 (crit.).—GunpLacu, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 319; Repert.
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 296; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 158 (habits); Orn.
Cubana, ed. 1895, 146.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 363; Birds West Ind., 1889, 158; Cat. West Ind. Birds,
1892, 11, 102, 128.—SuHELLEy, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 370 (San Cris-
tobal, Cuba).—Cuaprman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 298 (near Trinidad,
8. Cuba).—Mernzaaux, Rev. Frang. d’Orn., no. 2, 1909, 24 (Figuabas, e.
Cuba).

ae merlini Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 452.—Bonaparts, Consp. Av., i,
1850, 97.—Caznanis and Heinz, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 91.

[Saurothera] merlint GunpLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334.—Gray, Hand-list, ii,
1870, 208, no. 8899.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 18.—Snarpn, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 169.

Coccygus merlini SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 40.

SAUROTHERA MERLINI DECOLOR Bangs and Zappey.
ISLE OF PINES CUCKOO.

Similar to S. m. merlint but much smaller (except feet), and colora-
tion paler (especially the under parts) and grayer.

Adult male——Length (skins), 445-490 (467); wing, 160-172.5
(167.5); tail, 247-278 (264.7); exposed culmen, 49-53 (50.7); tarsus,
40.5-44.5 (42.6); outer anterior toe, 24.5-28 (26).¢

Adult female—Length (skins), 417-474 (454); wing, 155-178.5
(167.8); tail, 234-270 (255.7); exposed culmen, 47-52 (49.7); tarsus,
39-45.5 (42.7); outer anterior toe, 24-26 (25.2).¢

Isle of Pines, Cuba (Callebonita; La Vega; Hospital; Mandgua).

Saurothera merlini decolor Banes and Zappey, Am. Nat., xxxix, April, 1905, 199
(La Vega, Isle of Pines, Cuba; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).

aEleven specimens. >Tenspecimens. ¢Three specimens. 4 Four specimens,

62 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

SAUROTHERA VIEILLOTI Bonaparte.
PORTO RICAN LIZARD-CUCKOO.

Similar in size and general appearance to S. vetula but general color
of upper parts much browner, with pileum and hindneck nearly con-
color with back, etc.; outer webs of primaries brown or grayish brown
instead of cinnamon-rufous; pale gray of throat extending over
chest; remaining under parts ochraceous or tawny-ochraceous
instead of buff, and rectrices mostly grayish with much smaller white
tip preceded by a relatively narrow area of black.

Adults (sexes alike) —Above plain grayish brown (nearest broccoli
brown or drab), more decidedly brown on pileum and hindneck, more
olivaceous on secondaries and tail, which are faintly glossed with
bronze-greenish; outer webs of primaries brown or grayish brown,
the inner webs with more than proximal half cinnamon-rufous;
rectrices (including middle pair) tipped with white, this preceded by a
subterminal area of black, both greatly increasing in extent from the
middle to the outermost pair; chin, throat, and chest plain, very
pale brownish gray or buffy gray, somewhat paler on chin and upper
throat; rest of under parts, including under wing-coverts, uniform
deep ochraceous to tawny-ochraceous or tawny.

Young.—Similar to adults, but middle rectrices without either
white tip or black subterminal bar, these on remaining rectrices
more restricted in extent and much less sharply defined, the white
tips more or less tinged with brown; wing-coverts and secondaries
indistinctly margined or edged with dull tawny-brown.

Adult male—Length (skins), 390-445 (421); wing, 126.5-137
(131.8); tail, 219-257 (239.1); exposed culmen, 42.5-47.5 (45.3);
tarsus, 30-37.5 (32.7); outer anterior toe, 21-24.5 (23).¢

Adult female—Length (skins), 378-460 (418); wing, 126.5-136
(1381.5); tail, 225-255 (238); exposed culmen, 40.5-48 (43.7); tarsus,
32-36.5 (34.6); outer anterior toe, 22-26 (23.5).®

Island of Porto Rico (Cagués; Mayaguéz; Lares; Mameyes; Que-
bradillas; Utuado; Maricao; Aibonito); Viéques Island,¢ near Porto
Rico; St. Thomas.°

Saurothera vetula (not Cuculus vetula Linnzus) Vieruot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,

xxxii, 1819, 348, part (Porto Rico); Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1841; Gal. Ois., i,
1825, 25, pl. 388.—(?) Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 144 (“Guiane’’; “Saint-
Domingue’’).—Larresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1847, 357.

Saurothera velata (typ. error) Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 324, fig. 2865.

(?) Cuculus vetula Lesson, Man. d’Orm., ii, 1828, 121 (“Jamaique’’; “Saint
Domingue’’).

S[aurothera] vietlloti Bonaparte, Consp., Av., i, 1850, 97 (based on S. vetula
Lafresnaye Rev. Zool., 1847, 357 and Vieillot, Gal. Ois., i, 25, pl. 38).—Nrw-

_@ Nine specimens.
b Ten specimens.
¢ Specimens from Vieques and St. Thomas not seen by me. «

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63

Ton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 378.—Casanis and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, Hefti,
1863, 91, footnote (Porto Rico; Vieque Island).

Saurothera vieilloti SUNDEVALL, Oefv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869, 599.—Gunp.Lac#,
Journ. ftir Orn., 1874, 312; 1878, 160, 184 (habits; descr. nest and eggs); Anal.
Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 230.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 363 (synonymy;
description); Birds West Ind., 1889, 158; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 102,
132.—SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 371 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas;
Vieque Is.).—Bowonisu, Auk, xix, 1902, 364 (Porto Rico).

[Saurothera] vieillott SchatER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.

Saurothera vieillotii Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 324 (Vieque Is.).—Taytor,
This, 1864, 170.

_Saurothera vieillotti. Var. rufescens Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 256
(Porto Rico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 189 (Porto Rico).

SAUROTHERA VETULA (Linneus).
JAMAICAN LIZARD-CUCKOO.

Nearest to S. vieilloti but differing in deep cinnamon-rufous outer
webs of primaries, mostly black instead of grayish or grayish brown
rectrices with much broader white tips, and dark brown pileum and
hindneck, contrasting strongly with grayer upper parts.

Adults (seaes alike) —Forehead deep brownish gray to grayish
brown, passing gradually into deep sepia brown on crown, occiput,
and hindneck; rest of upper parts plain brownish gray, the secondaries
slightly more olivaceous and faintly glossed with bronze-greenish;
primaries deep cinnamon-rufous tipped with glossy grayish olive, the
distal secondaries and primary coverts also tinged with cinnamon-
rufous; rectrices (including middle pair) very broadly tipped with
white, which is preceded by a subterminal area of black, which
increases from a broad bar on middle pair to an_area about twice the
length of the extensive white tip on outer pair; chin, throat, and
malar region buffy white, passing into very pale buffy gray on upper
chest; rest of under parts, except under wing-coverts and under tail-
coverts, clear deep buff or light ochraceous, the under wing-coverts
pinkish buff or deep cream-buff, the under tail-coverts pale buff;
maxilla black, mandible paler (bluish gray in life?); iris brown; bare
orbital space scarlet (in life); legs and feet horn color in dried skins
(bluish gray in life ?).

Adult male—Léngth (skins), 356-397 (375); wing, 122-133.5
(125.9); tail, 190-216 (200); exposed culmen, 43.5-48 (45.4); tarsus,
30-34 (31.7); outer anterior toe, 21.5-24.5 (22.8) .%

Adult female-—Length (skins), 355-402 (875); wing, 124-131
(126.2); tail, 192-222 (202.5); exposed culmen, 46.5-48.5 (47.5);
tarsus, 30.5-34.5 (32.2); outer anterior toe, 22-25 (23.6).°

Island of Jamaica (Moneague; Great Salt Pond; Priestmans River;
Spanishtown; Port Henderson).

@ Eight specimens, b Five specimens.

64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Cuculus] vetwla Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 111 (Jamaica; based on
Cuculus rostro longiore et magis recto Sloane, Jamaica, ii, 313; etc.); ed. 12,
i, 1766, 169.—Gue.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt.-i, 1788, 410.—LarHam, Index Orn.,
i, 1790, 218.

Cuculus vetula TemMINoK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 57.

Saurothera vetula Vreutot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 348, part
(Jamaica).—STzpHEeNns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, pt. i, 1826, 216.—Gossz,
Birds Jamaica, 1847, 273; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 74.—Scuater, Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 323; Revised List Birds Jam., 1910, 11.—Ausrecurt, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 202.—Mancu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 283.—Cory, Auk,
iii, 1886, 362; Birds West Ind., 1889, 157; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 102,
130.—SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 370 (Moneague and Spanish-
town, Jamaica).—Scort, Auk, ix, 1892, 273, 371 (habits).—Fieup, Auk, xi,
1894, 124 (Port Henderson, Jamaica).

S[aurothera] vetula Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 22.—CaBanis and HErneg,
Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 90—Newron (A. & E.), Handb. Jamaica,
1881, 109.

[Saurothera] vetula Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 96.—Gray, Hand-list, ii,
1870, 208, no. 8896.—ScriaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 18.—SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 169.

Coccygus vetula SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 39.

Saurothera jamaicensis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., x, 1847, 354 (Jamaica).

SAUROTHERA DOMINICENSIS Lafresnaye.

HAITIAN LIZARD-CUCKOO.

Most like S. vietlloti, but upper parts nearly pure olive-gray, outer
webs of primaries bright cinnamon-rufous, and chin and throat buff,
more or less strongly contrasted with pale gray of adjacent parts.

Adults (sexes alike).—Above plain, soft smoke gray, the pileum
slightly darker and more brownish (between mouse gray and hair
brown), the middle pair of rectrices with terminal portion extensively
(for about 25-35 mm.) slightly glossy blue-black, narrowly margined
at tip (except in worn plumage) with brownish gray or whitish, the
secondaries and middle rectrices faintly glossed with bronze-greenish;
primaries (both webs) clear, deep cinnamon-rufous broadly tipped
with grayish brown or grayish olive, faintly glossed with bronze-
greenish; second (next to middle) pair of rectrices with the subter-
minal bluish black area much larger (about 60-70,mm. long on outer
web), tipped with white (for about 5-7 mm.), the olive-grayish of
basal portion slightly darker; third pair similar but with the white
tip much wider (about 15 mm.) and with nearly half the remaining
portion bluish black; fourth pair with the white tip and subterminal
bluish black area much larger (the former 18-20 mm. wide, the latter
occupying about half the remaining portion); fifth pair with the
white tip about 18-20 mm. wide, the bluish black subterminal area
about 30-50 mm. in extent; auricular region, sides of neck, foreneck,
chest, and upper breast plain pale smoke gray; chin, throat, and

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65

malar region deep buff or light ochraceous-buff;* lower breast,
abdomen, sides, flanks, thighs, anal region, under tail-coverts,
axillars, and under wing-coverts plain ochraceous-buff; maxilla
dusky grayish brown; mandible dull yellowish (in dried skins),
dusky terminally; iris red; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins).

Adult male—Length (skins), 370-408 (392); wing, 136.5-143.5
(139.6); tail, 190-233 (217.3); exposed culmen, 45-50 (47.7); tarsus,
34.5-37.5 (35.7); outer anterior toe, 22.5-25.5 (23.9).®

Adult female—Length (skins), 376-105 (394); wing, 131-144
(138.8); tail, 194-230 (215.9); exposed culmen, 43-51.5 (46.8);
tarsus, 33-39.5 (36.7); outer anterior toe, 21.5-26.5 (24.3).°

Island of Haiti (Le Coup, Aux Cayes, Jeremie, and Port au Prince,
Haiti; Saman4, Puerto Plata, Cafia Honda, La Cafiita, Sanchez,
Catare, Honduras, Mariél, Santo Domingo City, Aguacate, and La
Vega, Santo Domingo).

Saurothera vetula (not Cuculus vetula Linneus) Viem.ot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist.
Nat., xxxii, 1819, 348, part (Santo Domingo).

[Saurothera] vetula Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 72.

S[aurothera] vetula HarTLavus, Verz. Mus. Bremen, 1844, 94.

(?) Cuculus vetulus (not of Linneus) Lesson, Man. d’Om., ii, 1828, 121
(‘‘Jamaique;” ‘‘Saint-Domingue”).

Coecyzus pluvialis (not Cuculus pluvialis Linneus) TemmMinckx, Tabl. Méth., 1836,
53.

Saurothera dominicensis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., x, 1847, 355 (Santo Domingo).—
Satz, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 284.—Brrant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xi, 1867, 95.—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 154 (Haiti; habits;
notes); Birds Haitiand San Dom., 1885, 98, pl. (23), fig.5; Auk, iii, 1886, 362;
Birds West Ind., 1889, 157; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 102, 131.—Tris-
TRAM, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xix, 1891, 369.—CuERRIE, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 19 (Santo Domingo).—
Curisty, Ibis, 1897, 331 (Santo Domingo; habits).—VeERrRiILL (A. H.andA.H.),
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 359 (Santo Domingo; habits).

S[aurothera] dominicensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 96.—Casanis and
Here, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 90.

[Saurothera] dominicensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 208, no. 8897.—ScLaTER and
Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885,18.—
Sarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 169.

Coccygus dominicensis SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 40.

Saurothera domingensis Wiirttemberg, MS. Hartitaus, Naumannia, 1852, Heft
ii, 55.

@ There is a remarkably great amount of purely individual variation in the extent
and intensity of the buffy color on the throat, etc., in a large series of specimens;
sometimes only the chin, extreme upper throat, and anterior portion of the malar
region are very buffy; in other specimens the whole throat and median foreneck are
thus colored; more rarely the median line of the chest is the same color, thus nearly
if not quite connecting with the similar but deeper color of the posterior under parts,
and the color varies from a pale buff to deep buffy cinnamon or clay color.

b Ten specimens.

¢ Ten specimens.

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——5

66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Saurothera vieilloti (not of Bonaparte) Sauté, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 234
(Santo Domingo). :
Scurothera vieillotii? Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 95 (Santo Domingo).

Genus TAPERA Thunberg.

Tapera THUNBERG, Gétheborg.-k. Vet. och Vitterhets Samballets Nya Handl.,
iii, 1819, i.¢ (Type, T. brasiliensis Thunberg=Cuculus navius Linnzus.)

Diplopterus Bors, Isis, 1826, 977. (Type, Cuculus nevius Linneus.)

Diplopteris (emendation?) GamBet, Journ. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1849, 317.

Medium-sized, semiterrestrial Cuculine (length about 250-315
mm.) with bill only about half as long as head, stout, strongly de-
curved; tarsus more than one-fourth as long as wing; alule greatly
developed, covering and concealing primary coverts; upper tail-
coverts very long, covering more than basal two-thirds of tail; pileum
conspicuously crested, and upper parts conspicuously striped.

Bill very short and stout, about half as long as head, deep, com-
pressed, and strongly decurved; exposed culmen about half as long as
tarsus, strongly decurved from near base, its depth at anterior end
of nostril equal to about twice its width at same point, broadly
rounded; gonys decidedly longer than mandibular rami, faintly con-
cave, slightly prominent at base, broadly rounded; maxillary tomium
strongly concave anterior to nostril, thence rather strongly deflected
to the rictus, with no trace of subterminal notch. Nostril relatively
large, longitudinal (slightly oblique) narrowly ovate or elliptical.
Wing moderate, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by
about length of middle toe without claw; seventh primary longest,
the sixth and eighth slightly but decidedly shorter and nearly equal,
the ninth shorter than fourth, the tenth (outermost) shorter than
first but much more than half as long as the longest; alule greatly
developed, very broad and longer than primary coverts. Tail nearly
one and a half times as long as wing, graduated for more than one-
third its length, the rectrices relatively rather narrow especially
distally. Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than middle toe with
claw, more than one-fourth but less than one-third as long as wing,
rather slender, the toes also slender.

Plumage and coloration.—Feathers of upper parts distinctly out-
lined, long, especially those of pileum, rump, and upper tail-coverts,
the first developed into a conspicuous erectile crest, the last extremely
long, rather loosely webbed, covering more than basal two-thirds of
tail; plumage of under parts blended; orbits mostiy naked; eyelashes
strongly developed; no trace of antrorse bristles about base of bill.
General color of upper parts dull ochraceous (the pileum more rufes-
cent), streaked and spotted with blackish; under parts plain buff

@ See Liénnberg, Ibis, 1903, 239.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 67

anteriorly and posteriorly, white in middle portion; sexes alike, but
young with ochraceous or buffy terminal spots to feathers of upper
parts.

Range.—Whole of tropical America except West Indies and Gala-
pagos Islands. (Monotypic.)

TAPERA NAVIA EXCELLENS (Sclater).
: NORTHERN STRIPED CUCKOO.

Similar to T. n. nxvia,* of South America, but averaging decidedly
larger, with relatively stouter bill.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum, including crest, dull cinnamon-
rufous or hazel, each feather with a broad median streak of dull black;
rest of upper parts varying (according to age of plumage)’ from
cinnamon-ochraceous or clay color to buffy grayish, each feather
(except remiges, rectrices, primary coverts, and alule) with a median
area of blackish, these forming broad stripes on back and scapulars,
narrow stripes or streaks on rump and upper tail-coverts, and broad
central triangular or subcuneate spots on wing-coverts; alule plain
sooty black; primary coverts grayish brown becoming darker ter-
minally, the two outermost ones sooty blackish; primaries and distal
secondaries grayish brown narrowly margined with pale grayish

2 [Cuculus] nevius Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 170 (Cayenne; based on
Cuculus cayanensis nevius Brisson, Orn., iv, 128=adult).—Cuculus nevius Temminck,
Cat. Syst., 1807, 57; Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 271.—Diplopterus
nevus Boie, Isis, 1826, 977; Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 321; Shelley, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 423, part.—Piaya nexvia Lesson, Traité d’Om., 1831, 142.—
Geococcyx nevius Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi) 1864, 42.—Tapera
nzvia Lénnberg, Ibis, April, 1903, 239, in text.—[Cuculus] punctulatus Gmelin, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 414 (Cayenne; based on Punctated Cuckow Latham, Synop. Birds,
i, pt. H, 541=young).—Coccyzus punctulatus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii,
1817, 277.—Cuculus galeritus Illiger, Abh. der Kénigl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin for 1812-13
(1816), 224 (Guiana; based on Cuculus nevius, 8 Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,i, pt.i, 1788, 413;
cites also Chochi Azara, Apunt., ii, 359).—D[iplopterus] galeritus Cabanis, in Schom-
burgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, ili, 1848, 713.—Diplopterus nevius Burmeister, Syst. Ueb.
Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 262.—Coccyzus chocht Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817,
272 (Paraguay; based on Chochi Azara, Apunt. Parag. (i), ii, 269).—D[iplopterus] chochi
Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1862, 94 (s. Brazil).—Diplopterus nevius (?)
chocht Ridgway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., iv, Nov. 25, 1881, 193.—Coccyzus chirriri
Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 273 (Paraguay; based on Chirri Azara,
Apunt. Parag. (i), ii, 269).—Coccyzus ruficapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
viii, 1817, 278 (‘‘New Holland’’).—C[occyzus] septorum Vieillot, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823,
1343 (Guiana; based on Buffon).—Tapera brasiliensis Thunberg, Gétheb. -k. Vet. och
Vitterhets Samhallets Nya Handl., iii, 1819, i, pl. 1—Pétaya brasiliana Lesson, Rev.
Zool., li, Feb., 1839, 41 (Brazil; coll. Abeillé).—[Diplopterus] brasiliana Bonaparte,
Consp. Av., i, 1850, 110.—Diplopterus lessoni Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 109
(Brazil; coll. Paris Mus.).—[Diplopterus nevius] (?) lessoni Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., iv, Nov. 25, 1881, 193.

+ The freshly acquired or unworn plumage is strongly ochraceous, the worn or
abraded plumage becoming more grayish.

68 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

cinnamon or brownish buffy; rectrices grayish brown passing into
dull ochraceous-cinnamon or clay color on edges and tipped with a
paler tint of the same or dull buffy whitish; a broad postocular
(supra-auricular) streak of buff or dull buffy whitish; auricular
region dark sooty brown, more or less distinctly streaked with buffy
brown or fulvous; suborbital, subauricular, and. malar regions, lower
throat, and foreneck or upper chest varying from deep buff (fading into
paler buff or buffy white on chin and upper throat) to dull grayish
buffy, relieved by a narrow malar streak of dusky; breast, sides,
flanks, abdomen, axillars, and under wing-coverts immaculate dull
white or grayish white; posterior flanks and under tail-coverts immac-
ulate buff; under surface of remiges deep grayish brown in middle
portion, lighter grayish brown or gray distally, abruptly white basally;
maxilla brownish (more or less deep), darker on culmen; mandible
lighter brown or dull yellowish; iris brown; legs and feet horn
color in dried skins, horn blue in life.*

Young.—In general resembling adults, but pileum sooty blackish,
each feather tipped with a transverse spot of buff; scapulars and
wing-coverts tipped with a transverse spot of buff, margined anteriorly
by a narrow subterminal bar of black; lower throat and chest some-
times with a few indistinct narrow bars of dusky; otherwise like
adults.

Adult male—Length (skins), 270-315 (285); wing, 110-127.5
(118.1); tail, 150-188 (168.5); exposed culmen, 18-23 (19.8); tarsus,
29.5-36 (33.5); outer anterior toe, 22.5-28 (24.7).

Adult female—Length (skins), 253-289 (273); wing, 107-123.5
(114.3); tail, 146.5-173 (158.8); exposed culmen, 16-19.5 (18.2);
tarsus, 31-34 (32.3); outer anterior toe, 23-25 (24.1).¢ :

aN. Dearborn. b Twenty-nine specimens. ¢ Nine specimens.
Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.janterior
lculmen. toe.
MALES.
Two adult males from Vera Cruz......-...2---202 2.02 e eee ee eee 173.2 22.7 35 26.2
Two adult males from Tabasco............---.22-2-022 ee eee eee 172.2 21.5 35.5 25.7
One adult male from Guatemala......-........2 2.22.2 eee eee eee 3 188 20 35 26
One adult male from Honduras..................- 175.5 20.5 34 26
Seven adult males from Nicaragua. 175 19.3 33.6 25
One adult male from Costa Rica. ....- 20.2222. 2 ee eee cece eee eee 173 19 33 24.5
Six adult males from western Panama (Chiriquiand Veragua)..| 117.4! 165.1 19.1 32.7 24.2
Nine adult males from eastern Panama (Canal Zone)............ 114.8] 161.7 19.6 33.3 24
Three adult males ( 7'.n. nzvia?) from Colombia................ 116.3 | 156.2 19.3 32.2 24.3
Four adult males ( 7.2. nzvia?) from Venezuela..........-.---.- 109.1 | 148.2 18.1 31.4 2B
One adult male( 7.7. nxvia?) from Margarita I......-.....--... 108.5 | 132 19.5 32.5 23.5
Two adult males ( 7'.n. nzvia?) from Trinidad.................. 108.7 | 152 19 30.7 22.5
One adult male ( T.n. nxvia?) from Bolivia ....-..-....--..-.--+ 119 156.5 | 18 32 22
One adult male (7. 2. nxvic?) from southwestern Brazil
(Chapada, Mattogrest0) uni. escsereccrnveneewaceetscerersnsy 113 159 17.5] 31 21

Two adult males ( 7'.n. nxvia?) from Uruguay.....-.....-.--...! 112.7] 154.2 17.7 30.5 22.7

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69

Panam4 (Lion Hill, Panamaé, Sabana de Panamé4, and Tabernilla,
Canal Zone; Calovévora, Chitra, and Mina de Chorcha, Verégua;
Divala, Boquete, and David, Chiriqui), and northward through
western Costa Rica (San Mateo; San Lucas; San José; Bebedero;
Guaitil; Alajuela; Bolsé6n; Volcan de Pods; Turrdcares; Barranca;
Pozo Aztl de Pirris), western Nicaragua (Leén; Sucuy4; San Juan
del Sur; Tuma; Chinandega; Jalapa; San Rafael del Norte; Mata-
galpa), Honduras (San Pedro; San Pedro Sula), Salvadér (Volcén de
San Miguél) and Guatemala (Duefias; Savana Grande) to south-
eastern Mexico, in States of Tabasco (Teapa), Oaxaca (Santa Efigénia)
and Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; Tlalcotalpam; Catemaco; San Andrés
Tuxtla).

Diplopterus excellens SctaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857 (pub. Jan. 12, 1858),
229 (s. Mexico; coll. A. Sallé); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 321 (8. Mexico).—
Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 60 (San Pedro, Honduras).—SciatTEeR
and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 133 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Lawrence, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 300 (Lion Hill, Panama).

D{tplopterus] excellens CaBaNIs and Hertz, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1863, 94,
footnote (s. Mexico; Honduras).

Diplopterus nevius (not Cuculus nevius Linneus) Scuater and Savin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 366 (Lion Hill, Panama; crit.).—Satvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, 156 (David, Chiriqui, Panama); 1870, 211 (Calovevora,
Chitra, and Mina de Chorcha, Panama).—Lawrencez, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii,
1867, 177 (David, Panama); ix, 1868, 128 (Guaitil and San Mateo, Costa Rica);
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 33 (Santa Efigénia, Oaxaca).—FRANTzIvs,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 361 (Costa Rica)—Nvurrine, Proc. U. S..Nat. Mus.,
vi, 1883, 376 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua); vi, 1884, 387 (Sucuy4, Nica-
ragua).—ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 123 (Pozo Azul and
San Mateo, Costa Rica).—CueErrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 326 (San José, Costa Rica;
crit.).—Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 540, part (San

Footnote—Continued.
Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus./anterior
culmen toe.
FEMALES.
One adult female from Nicaragua................00cceeeeeeee eee 122 169.5 19.5 34 24.5
Three adult females from Costa Rica................22222222000- 116.2 | 155 17.5 31.2 24.2
Five adult females from eastern Panama (Canal Zone)........-- 111.7 | 158.9 18.7 32.4 24
Four adult females (7... nzvia?) from western Colombia
OE se is au esse espe dgebewns ede daqu dade dakassereuaeeees 108.8 | 147 18.4 30.6 23.4
Three adult females ( 7.2. nxvia?) from Venezuela.............. 108.8 | 147 17.5 31 21.8
Three adult females ( 7.n. nzvia?) from Trinidad............... 103.2) 135.2 18.2 28.8 22.8
Two adult females ( 7'.n. nxvia?) from British Guiana........... 100.7 | 146 17.7 29 23
One adult female (7. n. nxvie?) from southwestern Brazil
(Chapada, Mattogrosso)-.......-2.-...222eeceee eee e cece ee ees 108.5 | 147.5 18.5 31.5 21.5

The South American material is much too scant to give a clear idea of the geographic
variations on the southern continent. The limited series indicates, however, the
existence of two or more forms south of Panama.

70 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Andres Tuxtla and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco; Santa
Efigenia, Oaxaca; Duefias, and Savana Grande, Guatemala; Volcan de
San Miguel, Salvador; San Pedro, Honduras; Chinandega, Matagalpa, etc.,
Nicaragua; Barranca, etc., Costa Rica; David, etc., Panama).—Banes,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 16 (Lion Hill, Panama; crit.); iti, 1902,
24 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama, 4,000-5,600 ft.).—Tsaver and Banas, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 215 (Sabana de Panama).

[Diplopterus] nevius ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107, part (Cen-
tral America; Mexico).—SHarrr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 175, part (Mexico to
Panama).—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 46,
part (Guatemala).

Tapera nevia DeaRBorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 87 (Gualan, Guate-
mala).—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 567 (San Lucas, Alajuela,
Bebedero, Bolson, Volcan de Poas, and Turrucares, Costa Rica; crit.).

Genus MOROCOCCYX Sclater.

Morococcyx ScuaTeR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 322. (Type, Coccyzus erythropyga
Lesson.)

Medium-sized or rather small terrestrial Cuculine (length about
225-280 mm.) with bill about as long as head or a little shorter,
stout, distinctly decurved terminally; tarsus much longer than middle
toe with claw (much more than one-third as long as wing) stout; lores
partly naked; tail-coverts short, feathers of rump downy, semi-
decomposed; the upper parts olive-brownish, the wings dull greenish
bronze, the tail dull purplish bronze, the underparts plain buff to
tawny-ochraceous.

Bill nearly if not quite as long as head, rather stout, compressed,
and distinctly decurved terminally, its depth at anterior end of nos-
trils greater than its width at same point; exposed culmen about as
long as middle toe without claw, more and more decurved toward
tip, broadly rounded; gonys decidedly longer than mandibular rami,
very faintly concave terminally, rounded; maxillary tomium strongly
concave anteriorly, nearly straight but rather strongly deflected for
basal half or more, without trace of subterminal notch. Nostril
narrowly elliptical, longitudinal, in lower anterior end of nasal fossa.
Wing short and much rounded, the longest primaries exceeding distal
secondaries by less than half the distance from nostril to tip of max-
ila; fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest, the third and seventh
slightly shorter, the ninth much shorter than distal secondaries, the
tenth (outermost) less than half as long as the longest; alule longer
than primary coverts. Tail less than one and a half times as long as
wing, graduated for about one-third its length, the rectrices broadly
rounded at tip. Tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw, much
more than one-third as long as wing, very stout.

Plumage and coloration.—Orbital region and part of loral region
naked; eyelashes strongly developed, the lower eyelid, as well as the
upper, with distinct though smaller lashes; no rictal or other antrorse

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 71

bristles round base of bill, except at malar apex; plumage in general
soft, blended, the feathers of forehead with somewhat thickened
shafts, those of the rump soft and downy; tail-coverts rather short,
the upper covering about basal two-fifths of tail. Above plain oliva-
ceous, the wings glossed with greenish bronze, the tail with purplish
bronze; below plain tawny-ochraceous to pale buff; a black streak
above and one below eye, uniting into a single streak behind eye.
Range.—Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. (Monotypic.)

MOROCOCCYX ERYTHROPYGUS ERYTHROPYGUS (Lesson).

RUFOUS-RUMPED CUCKOO.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum grayish brown (deep broccoli brown
to nearly warm-sepia) the feathers (in part, at least) more or less dis-
tinctly edged or margined with paler and with more or less distinct
darkershaft-streaks, especially on forehead; anarrow superciliary stripe
(usually not well defined, sometimes indistinct) of pale dull buffy or
dull grayish buffy white; hindneck, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
plain olive-brown (the back usually slightly browner), the wings and
posterior scapulars faintly glossed with bronze-greenish; lower back
and rump sooty blackish, the feathers of the former tipped with buff
or pale buffy brown, those of the latter tipped olive-brown; upper
tail-coverts olive-brown, usually more decidedly brown on margins;
tail olive-brown, glossed (more or less distinctly) with purplish
bronze and bronze-green (the former mostly on middle rectrices), the
lateral rectrices tipped with dull brownish buff to dull brownish
white or buffy white, this preceded by a rather indefinite area of
dusky; upper portion of auricular region, together with a narrow line
along upper margin of bare orbital space and another along lower edge
(the two uniting on anterior portion of lores) black; lower portion of
auricular region, subauricular region, malar region, and entire under
parts, except under tail-coverts, plain cinnamon-ochraceous or clay
color to ochraceous-tawny; under tail-coverts dusky suffused (mostly
on. tips of feathers) with brown; under surface of remiges plain brown-
ish gray, the distal portion (extensively) of outer primaries abruptly
dusky; under surface of tail light grayish brown, the lateral rectrices
with a well-defined subterminal area of dull black, this more extensive
on outer web, especially on outermost rectrix, in which the black on
outer web extends nearly to base; upper half (approximately) of
mandible black, rest of bill yellowish (yellow in life); bare orbital
space yellow in front of and below eye, azure blue behind eye; iris
dark brown; legs and feet brownish in dried skins, brownish yellow to
flesh color in life.

Young.—Similar to adults but feathers of softer texture, lateral
rectrices without a blackish subterminal area or well defined buffy or

ve BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

whitish tip (usually, however, with a more or less distinct median
stripe of dusky, mostly on outer web), and in younger individuals,
with feathers of back, etc., indistinctly tipped with paler.

Adult male—tLength (skins), 226-270 (249); wing, 90.5-109
(98.9); tail, 114.5-140.5: (129.3); exposed culmen, 21-26.5 (23.7);
tarsus, 33-38 (35.4); outer anterior toe, 20.5-23.5 (21.7).%

Adult female.—Length (skins), 235-275 (248); wing, 90.5-101.5
(97); tail, 117-137 (126.7); exposed culmen, 21.5-25 (23.5); tarsus,
31.5-38.5 (35.1); outer anterior toe, 19.5-23.5 (21.8).°

Pacific slope of Central America, from Costa Rica (Atenas; Esparta;
Pacaca; Liberia; Bebedero; Tenério; Miravalles; Cerro Santa Maria;
Alajuela; San José) through Nicaragua (San Carlos; San Gerénimo;
Chinandega; Volcén de Chinandega; Grenada; Tres Grenadas;
Sucuyé; Matagalpa; Mandgua) and Honduras (Yojoa; Santa Ana)
to Guatemala (Volcén de Fuego; Gualan, Zacapa; between Subinél
and Laguna; Laguna; Rio Montégua).

Coccyzus erythropyga Lesson, Rev. Zool., v, July, 1842, 210 (‘‘San Carlos, Centre
Amerique’’).

[Coccyzus] erythropyga Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 212, no. 8938.

Pliaya] erythropygia Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 457—BonaparteE, Consp. Av.,
i, 1850, 111.

Piaya erythropygia Des Murs, Icon.*Orn., livr. 11, 1848, pl. 66, and table of con-
tents (San Carlos; Lesson’s type in Paris Mus.).—ScuatTer and Satvin, Ibis,
1859, 133 (between Subinal and Laguna, Guatemala; habits; song; colors of
unfeathered parts).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 118 (Yojoa, Honduras).

[Pyrrhococcyx] erythropygius Bonaparts, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 121 (Consp.
Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 6).

2 Twelve specimens. b Thirteen specimens.
Ex- Outer

Locality. Wing. | Tail. Posed Tarsus. ae

culmen 08.

MALES.

Five adult males from Costa Rica... ..-. 2.2... .ee eee eee eee ees 101.3 | 126.5 23.6 35.5 21.9
Five adult malesfrom Nicaragua.......2...0...20eeeeeeeeee eee 95.5 | 128.9 23.1 35.1 21.1

One adult male from Honduras...............0.eeeeeee eee eee 99.5 | 134 24 34 23
One adult male from Guatemala.....-..-......... 2.2 eee eee eee 104 140.5 26.5 38 21.5
Four adult males ( M. e. mezicanus) from Oaxaca............---. 102 138.9] 24.1] 36.5 22.4

Five adult males ( M. e. mericanus) from Guerrero............... 97 129.5 24.5 33.6 23
One adult male ( Mf. e. mexicanus) from Colima. ............-.... 108 127.5 | 26 38 22.5

One adult male (.M. e. mericanus) from Sinaloa...............-.. 104 134 24.5 35 23

FEMALES.

Seven adult females from Costa Rica.................202. cece eee 96.9 | 123.2 23.8 35.2 22.1
Five adult females from Nicaragua.........-.22-.......020eeeee 97.1] 129.4 23.1 34.2 20.9
One adult female from Guatemala.................02-0.eeeeeeee 97.5 | 137 23 38.5 23.5

Four adult females (.M. e. mericanus) from Oaxaca.............. 101.2} 181.5 23.9 34.9 21
One adult female ( M. e. mexicanus) from Guerrero. ............. 95.5 | 120 23 33 20.5
Two adult females (.M. ¢. mezicanus) from Colima............... 96.2] 126.7 24 34.7 22.2
One adult female ( M. e. mexicanus) from Sinaloa................ 95 132 22.5 34 22.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. "8

Morococcyz: erythropygia SctateR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 322 (Central America).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 128 (Pacaca, Costa Rica).—FRant-
zius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 361 (Costa Rica).—Nuttine, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., v, 1884, 388 (Sucuya, Nicaragua).—Zetepdén, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa
Rica, i, 1887, 123 (Liberia, Costa Rica)—UnpErwoop, Ibis, 1896, 44
(Bebedero to Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).

[ Morococcyz] erythropygia ScLatuR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.

M[orococcyz] erythropygus CaBanis and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1862, 81
(Yeabal, Guatemala).

Morococcyx erythropygus Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 48 (Atenas,
Costa Rica; habits)—SHELLEy, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 422, part
(Laguna and Rio Montagua, Guatemala; Costa Rica).—Sanvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 538, part (Laguna, Valley of Rio Managua-
and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; Chinandega, and Sucuya, Nicaragua;
‘‘Pacuare,” i. e. Pacaca, Liberia, and Atenas, Costa Rica).—D#arBorn,
Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 87 (Gualan, Guatemala; habits).—Car-
RIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 566 (San Jose, Miravalles, Tenorio,
Esparta, and Cerro Santa Maria, Costa Rica).

[ Morococcyz] erythropyus Suanrpr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 174, part.

M [orococcyz] e[rythropygus] erythropygus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii
May 27, 1915, 105, in text.

Geococcyx erythropygius ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 42
(San Carlos).

MOROCOCCYX ERYTHROPYGUS MEXICANUS Ridgway.

MEXICAN RUFOUS-RUMPED CUCKOO.

Similar to MV. e. erythropygus but larger and paler, the upper parts
averaging more grayish olive, the under parts varying from cinnamon-
ochraceous ® to dull light ochraceous-buff or even pale buff; under
surface of tail, however, darker, showing, on lateral rectrices, less
contrast between the grayish brown of proximal and blackish of sub-
terminal portions.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 256-280 (267); wing, 92-108 (100.5);
tail, 124-142.5 (133.1); exposed culmen, 23-26 (24.5); tarsus, 31-38
(35.2); outer anterior toe, 21-24 (22.7).

Adult female—Length (skins), 238-275 (256); wing, 95-107.5
(99); tail, 120-136 (128.6); exposed culmen, 22.5-25 (23.6); tarsus,
33-35.5 (34.5); outer anterior toe, 20.5-23 (21.4).°

Southwestern and western Mexico, in States of Chiapas (Tonala),
Oaxaca (Santa Efigénia; Tehuantepec City; Juchitén; Chihuitén;
Chimalapa; Sierra de Santo Domingo), Guerrero (Acapulco; Dos
Arroyos; Cayacal), Colima (Plains of Colima; Manzanillo), Sinaloa
(Mazatlan; Escuinapa), and Territory of Tepic (San Blas).

a The darkest examples of the Mexican form are about as dark as the palest ones of
the Central American one, or true M. erythropygus. There is much individual varia-
tion in the depth of color of the under parts in both forms, however.

b Eleven specimens.

¢ Eight specimens.

74, BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Morococeyx erythropygia (not Coccyzus erythropyga Lesson) Lawrence, Mem. Bost.
Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 298 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,
34 (Chihuitan and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca).—ScLaTER and Sa1vin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 551 (San Juan del Rio, Oaxaca; Mazatlan).—MILLER
(W. DeW.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 350 (Escuinapa, 8. Sinaloa).

[Morococcyx] erythropygia ScuaTeR and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 108, part.

Morococcyzx erythropygus SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 422, part (San
Blas, Tepic; Plains of Colima; Acapulco and Dos Arroyos, Guerrero; Sierra
Santa Domingo and Chimalapa, Oaxaca).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr. Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 538, part (San Juan del Rio, etc., Guerrero; Santa
Efigenia, Juchitan, etc., Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas).

[Morococcyz] erythropygus Herne and Ruicuenow, Nom. Mus: Hein. Orn., 1890,
202 (Tehuantepec).—Suarpn, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 174, part.

Morococcyx erythropygus mexicanus Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii,
May 27, 1915, 105 (Juchitan, Oaxaca, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ),

Genus GEOCOCCYX Wagler.

Geococcyz Wace, Isis, 1831, 524. (Type, G. variegata Wagler—Saurothera cali-
forniana Lesson.)

Leptostoma Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 325. (Type, L. longicauda Swain-
son=Saurothera californiana Lesson.)

Large, long-tailed, long-billed, terrestrial Cuculine (length about
385-583 mm.) with culmen (from base) as long as tarsus, pileum
crested, and plumage conspicuously streaked.

Bill about as long as head, narrow, moderately compressed ter-
minally, slightly widened basally, its depth at anterior end of
nostrils slightly greater than its width at same point; exposed
culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus, nearly straight for basal
half (more or less), then more and more decurved terminally,
the tip of the maxilla distinctly uncinate, the culmen rounded (Gn
transverse section), more broadly so basally; gonys about as long
as mandibular rami or slightly shorter, faintly concave, slightly
prominent basally, rounded; maxillary tomium nearly straight for
most of its length but abruptly decurved terminally, not distinctly if
at all deflected basally. Nostril longitudinal, elliptical, in lower
anterior portion of nasalfossa. Wing rather short, much rounded, the
longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by about length of
hallux without claw; fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest, the
third and seventh, successively, slightly shorter, the ninth shorter
than first, the tenth (outermost) more than half as long as the longest.
Tail more than one and a half times as long as wing, graduated for
nearly one-third its length, the rectrices rather narrow, tapering
terminally. Tarsus about one and a half times as long as middle toe
with claw, equal to length of culmen from base, more than one-third
as long as wing, stout.

Plumage and coloration—Plumage in general soft, the feathers
distinctly outlined, with edges loosely webbed or semi-decomposed,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15

that of the lower back, rump, and under parts of body blended, soft
hair-like; orbital and post-orbital regions naked; eyelashes strongly
developed; feathers of fore part of head with distinct slender bristly,
but not antrorse, tips, those immediately above nostrils semi-erect
and semi-antrorse, those of chin also semi-antrorse, recurved; occip-
ital feathers elongated, forming a conspicuous erectile crest. Color
above mainly bronzy (becoming glossy blue- or violet-black on
hindneck and pileum) conspicuously streaked (the feathers edged
with white and pale buffy brownish); foreneck and chest pale buffy
brownish streaked with black; under parts of body plain dull whitish;
lateral rectrices blue-black (under surface of inner web mostly
grayish), broadly tipped with white; sexes alike and young not mate-
tially different.

Range.—More southern arid portions of western United States and
southward over dryer parts of Mexico to northern Nicaragua. (Two
species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GEOCOCCYX.

a. Larger (wing 162-196, tail 260-816), whole foreneck and chest conspicuously
streaked; under parts of body dull grayish white, the under tail-coverts similar.
(Southwestern United States and southward to States of Jalisco, Mexico, Puebla,
and Vera Cruz, Mexico.)........-------------+ Geococcyx californianus (p. 75).

aa. Smaller (wing 136.5-162, tail 231-305); foreneck and chest unstreaked medially;

under parts of body deep buff; under tail-coverts dusky. (Southern Mexico,
from States of Sinaloa, Vera Cruz, Yucatan, etc., southward to northern Nic-
ATACUA: ) a -chsmcorasi de weds corps 8isyo aeived aeieeeewie-cle geese ee Geococcyx affinis (p. 80).

GEOCOCCYX CALIFORNIANUS (Lesson).

ROADRUNNER.

Adults (sexes alike) Feathers of forehead and anterior part of
crown black or blue-black mesially, each with a broad lateral spot (ex-
tending to edge) of russet or light tawny-brown, often edged with pale
grayish buffy or buffy grayish, the rest of pileum (including occipital
bushy crest) slightly glossy black or blue-black, mostly uniform, but
more or less broken, especially on posterior part of crown by edgings
of tawny-brown and pale buffy; hindneck and upper back black or
blue-black, the feathers broadly edged with light tawny-brown
passing into dull buffy whitish on edges, producing a conspicuously
streaked or semi-squamate effect; feathers of lower back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts similarly marked, but the central area of each
feather olive (more or less dark), glossed with bronzy or bronze-
greenish, and edged with black, the paler markings on wing-coverts
larger and paler, in form of lateral ovoid longitudinal spots; greater
coverts olive glossed with bronze, and with a large terminal spot of
white on each web; proximal secondaries olivaceous, glossed with
bronze or bronze-greenish edged narrowly with black, and broadly mar-

76 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

gined (on both webs) by dull whitish passing into pale brownish next
to the broad mesial dark-colored areas; distal secondaries darker and
more greenish and much more narrowly edged with whitish ; primary
coverts olive-dusky broadly margined distally with dull white; prima-
ries blackish, faintly glossed with greenish, margined terminally with
dull white and crossed, near middle portion, by a broad band of the
same, composed of narrowly ovate or lanceolate longitudinal marginal
spots on outer webs only; rump plain grayish brown (nearly hair
brown); upper tail-coverts and middle pair of rectrices bronzy olive
glossed with purplish and margined with dull white; remaining rec-
trices glossy blue-black on outer webs, more greenish on inner webs,
tipped, and narrowly margined (on outer web) with white, the white
tip about 35-40 mm. long on outer pair but decreasing in extent to the
second (next to middle) pair, on which it is only about 10 mm. wide;
lores dull whitish (sometimes tinged with brownish buffy), the feathers
with projecting black bristle-like shafts; suborbital and malar
regions mixed dull whitish and pale tawny-brownish, barred and
spotted with black; auricular region streaked with black and dull
whitish or pale tawny-brownish; chin and throat mostly dull white;
foreneck, sides of neck, and chest light ochraceous-buff or clay color
passing into whitish on edges of feathers, each feather with a mesial
streak of black, these streaks narrow in front, much broader on sides
of neck and chest; rest of under parts plain grayish buffy white, the
under tail-coverts sometimes decidedly pale dull buffy; inner webs
of lateral rectrices. pale gray on under surface anterior to the white
tip; maxilla dull grayish black or dusky horn color, mandible paler
horn color or grayish; iris golden yellow to orange; bare orbital
space light blue anteriorly passing into bluish white beneath and
behind eye, the posterior portion deep orange or orange-red; legs and
feet (in life) pale bluish, the large scutella of tarsus pale yellowish
or cream color margined with pale bluish.

Young.—Similar to adults but markings less sharply defined,
especially the streaks on neck and chest, where the ground color is
also duller (more grayish, with less tawny-brownish).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 464-583 (540); wing, 164-196 (177.7);
tail, 268-316 (290.5); exposed culmen, 48-59 (53.2); tarsus, 54.5-67
(61.1); outer anterior toe, 30-34.5 (32.4).®

a Sometimes the middle pair has a small white tip.
b Twenty-seven specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. TT

Adult female.—Length (skins), 485-577 (524); wing, 162-194.5
(173.2); tail, 260-305 (287); exposed culmen, 49-56 (52); tarsus,
57-64 (59.9); outer anterior toe, 29.5-34.5 (31.5).¢

More southern portions of western United States (chiefly in Lower
Sonoran and southern part of Upper Sonoran zones), north to upper
Sacramento Valley, California (Fort Reading; Marysville Buttes;
Pitt River), southern Utah (St. George), Colorado (El Paso County;
Baca County; near Puebla; near Denver; Gaumer’s Ranch; Arkan-
sas River; Littleton; Rhinehart Station), and Kansas (Comanche
County; Kiowa County; near Ashland, Clark County), east to Gulf
coast in Texas (Corpus Christi to Rio Grande); south over northern
and central Mexico, in States of Sonora (Guaymas; Bisbee), Chihudhua,
Nuevo Leén (Rodriguez; Rio de Ramos; Montemorelos), Tamaulipas
(Sierra Madre above Victoria; Jaumave; Camargo; Xicotencal;
Velasco; Tamesi, near Tampico; Soto la Maria; Tenango del Valle);
Guanajuato (Silao), Durango (Rio Sestin; Rancho Baillén; Arroyo
del Buéy; Rio Campo; Guanacevi), Zacatecas (Plateado), Jalisco

@ Twenty-one specimens.

Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.janterior
lculmen. toe.
MALES.
185.5 | 304 54 67 32
183 306 48 64.5 34
180.1 | 286.9 51.5 62.1 32
-| 177.4 | 297.4 54,4 60.9 33
Five adult males from California.........---2-.200-2.20202.e002+ 173.8 | 288 54.3 60.7 31.3
Two adult males from southern Lower California................ 175.5 | 284 55 60 33
Two adult males from Michoacan. 190 315 54 61.7 34
One adult male from Guanajuato 188 304 55 64 34
One adult male from Nuevo Leon........2...02---eeee eee eee ee 164 269 54.5 59.5 30.5
Three adult males from Tamaulipas -| 168.8] 277.3 51.2 59.8 31.8
One adult male from lower Rig Grande, Texas .................- 172 272 56.5 61 31.5
FEMALES.
One adult female from Colorado... .....2....--.eeeeeee eee ee eens 173 283 49.5 61 33
One adult fomale from New Mexico..........2--2.2..ceee ence eee 180 294 50 59.5 31.5
Two adult females from Arizona or northern Sonora (boundary

TAG) sossncacatnsannneayercey sense ween) PRES EERNAERcORcddwene 178.2 | 294 53.5] 61 31.5
Three adult females from California and northern Lower Cali-

ODN A weweeen csc see acs eekeeeuis aeemtins <a weceweaeaensieeser 174.2 | 290.3 53.3 58.3 31.2
Four adult females from southern Lower California ....... -| 171.4 | 294.7 53 59.5 32
One adult female from southern Sonora.............-..-- -| 166 279 50.5 59.5 30
Two adult females from Chihuahua...... miei -| 172.5 | 282 51 60.7 30.7
One adult female from Zacatecas. .... 171.5 | 285 53.5 58.5 30
One adult female from Nuevo Leon... -| 175 270 50 61 31
One adult female from Puebla...............-. ----| 173.5 | 291 53 62 31.5
One adult female from Vera Cruz (Las Vigas)...-.....-.-.-..06+ 168 282 49 60 * 31
One adult female from Tamaulipas. ..........-22.-2--eeee eee eee 164.5 | 270 51 57 31.5
One adult female from lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas

(Hidalgo) 2:06 4. oee saint aad ee sieeencev eee ee ns wereceie! 162 260 53.5 | 59 32
One adult female from northern Texas (Granbury).........----- 194.5 | 310 51.5] 64 84.5

78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(Zapotlin) and Sinaloa (Mazatlan) to Michoac4n (Mount Tancitaro;
Tinguindin), Mexico (Valley of Mexico) Puebla (San Salvadér; Huez-
otzingo; Piaxtla), Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Las Vigas), and Lower Cali-
fornia to Cape San Lucas.

Saurothera californiana Lesson, Compl. Buffon, vi, 1829, 420 (California); Traité
d’Orn., 1831, 145.—Borra, Nouv. Ann. du Mus., iv, 1835, 121, pl. 9 (Cape San
Lucas to San Francisco).—_[A. WaGner], Miinchen Gelehrte Anz., iii, 1836,
95.—Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 141, footnote.

Geococcyx californianus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 73; Rep. U.S.
Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 5 (Ringgold Barracks and El Paso, Texas;
Rio Grande, New Mexico; Tamaulipas; Fort Yuma, California; habits);
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 68,; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 303 (Cape
San Lucas)—Kennerzy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, no. 3 (Whipple’s
Route), 1859, 21 (El Paso and San Antonio, Texas; Fort Conrad, New Mexico;
Little Colorado R., Arizona; etc.; habits)—Scunecrer, Mus. Pays-Bas, i,
no. 25, (Cuculi), 1864, 40.—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 466 (s. Texas; habits).—
Covss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 51 (Ft. Whipple, Arizona); Check
List, 1873, no. 289; 2d ed., 1882, no. 427.—Coopsr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 368.—
AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 206 (e. Colorado, rare).—Rmeway,
Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 185 (s. w. Colorado); Field and Forest, ii, 1877,
209 (Colorado); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 190; Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 385.—BairD, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,
472, pl. 48, fig. 1; iii, 1874, 521 (El Paso Co., Colorado).—Yarrow and HEn-
sHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 24 (St. George, s. Utah).—
Hensuaw, Rep. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 257 (Santa Barbara and Kernville,
California; habits)—McCautzy, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,
iii, 1877, 677 (Red R. Cafion, n. Texas; habits)—Benpiez, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 39 (breeding habits); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (ii), 1895,
18, pl. 1, fig. 2 (egg) —Sunnert, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv,
no. 1, 1878, 36 (Brownsville, Hidalgo, and Corpus Christi, Texas); v, 1879, 413
(Lomita Ranch, Texas; habits; descr. nest and eggs)—Merrrit (J. C.),
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 150 (Fort. Brown, Texas; habits; descr. nest and
eggs).—_Muter (F.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 109 (San Rafael, Califor-
nia; habits).—Brtpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 432 (Marysville Buttes,
Yuba Co., Murphy, and San Andreas, etc., Calaveras Co., California); v, 1883,
543 (Cape San Lucas district, Lower California)—Brown (N.C.), Bull. Nutt.
Om. Club, vii, 1882, 41 (Kendall Co., Texas)—Asrrt, Journ. Cinc. Soc.
N. H., v, 1882, 59 (Arkansas R., e. Colorado)—Oemsy, Sci. Rec. Roy.
Dublin Soc., ili, 1882, 60 (Navarro Co., Texas, rare; Dallas Co., Texas).—
Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 25 (Camp Lowell, Arizona;
s. California; New Mexico; Colorado); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902,
101 (Cape San Lucas, rare)—Hourernorr, Bull. Nutt. Om. Club, viii,
1883, 182 (San Diego, California; ventriloqual powers).—Drew, Auk, ii,
1885, 17 (vertical range in Colorado).—Brcxuam, Auk, ii, 1885, 143 (near
Pueblo, Colorado); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 662 (San Antonio, Texas;
habits).—Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 93 (Ventura Co., California)—Goss,
Auk, iii, 1886, 114 (w. Kansas, occasional).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, no. 385; 2d ed., 1895, no. 385; 3d ed., 1910, 181.—
Scort [and Aten], Auk, iii, 1886, 424 (Pinal and Santa Catalina Mountains,
Arizona; descr. young).—Hancocx, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887,
16°(Corpus Christi, Texas; habits) —Townsznp (C. H.), Proc. U. §. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, 204 (Pitt R., n. California)—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1892, 106 (Corpus Christi, Texas, common).—Arrwarer, Auk, ix,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 79

1892, 234 (San Antonio, Texas, common resident).—Anruony, Auk, ix,
1892, 362 (Hachita, etc., s. w. New Mexico; habits); xii, 1895, 138 (San
Fernando, Lower California); xiv, 1897, 217 (a destroyer of caterpillars).—
Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v., 1893, 34 (Bisbee, Sonora).—KrELLoee,
Auk, x, 1893, 865 (Comanche Co., Kansas, 1 spec., Aug., 1892).—Lowe, Auk,
xi, 1894, 268 (Wet Mountains, Colorado, 8,000 feet, 1 spec.).—SineLEy, Rep.
Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 349 (Lee Co., Texas, resident).—Saivin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 534 (Guaymas, Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa;
Guanajuato; Zapotlan, Jalisco; Nuevo Leon; Sierra Madre above Victoria,
Xicotencal, Velascc, Tenango del Valle, and Tamesi, near Tampico, Tamauli-
pas; San Salvador, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Valley of Mexico).—Cooxg,
Bull. 37, Col. Agric. Coll., 1897, 81 (El Paso Co. and s. Colorado, resident);
Bull. 56, 1900, 207 (Arkansas R., above Cafion City; Littleton, Colorado,
1 spec.); Auk, xxvi, 1909, 412 (Colorado localities) —Van DrnsBure, Proc.
Am. Philos. Soc., xxxviii, 1899 162 (Santa Clara Co., California, breeding).—
Swow, Auk, xxi, 1904, 86, in text (west of Ashland, Clark Co., Kansas, 2 specs.,
summer of 1894; Kiowa Co., Kansas, 1897, 1903).—Mrer (W. Dr W.), Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 1906, 164 (Rio Sestin, Rancho Baillon, Arroyo del
Buey, Rio Campo, and Guanacevi, n. w. Durango; breeding at Rancho
Baillon).—GrinNELL (J.), Condor, ix, 1907, 51, 52, with map (California
range).—Cary, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 181 (n. w. Baca Co. and Rhinehart Station,
Colorado).—Frterr, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 89 (near Denver, Colorado, 1 spec.
Dec. 13, 1902).—Lacry, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 209 (Kerrville, Texas, resident;
notes, etc.).

Gleococeyx] californianus CaBanis and Heinz, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 96 (n.
Mexico).—Covusgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 474.—Ripeway, Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 272.

[Geococcyx] californianus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872,189.

Geococcyx californicus SHUFELDT, Ibis, 1885, 286, pl. 7 (fresh colors of iris and bare
orbital space).

Geococcyx variegata WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 524 (based on ‘‘Cuculus viaticus Lichtea-
st{ein], in Mus. Berol.’’)

(?) G[eococcyx] variegata Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 453.

Cuculus viaticus LicuTENsTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 1; Journ. fiir Orn.,
1863, 55 (reprint).—PucHERaNn, Rev. Zool., 1845, 51.

Diplopterus viaticus Bors, Isis, 1831, 541.

Geococcyx viaticus Harrtaus, Rev. Zool., 1844, 215.—McCatn, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., iii, 1847, 234 (habits); 1851, 220 (w. Texas; middle Mexico).—
Barrp, Rep. Stansbury’s Expl. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 333 (Texas; New
Mexico).—McCown, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vi, 1853, 11 (Rio Grande, Texas;
habits).—Hzrrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, iii, 1853, 270 (s.
California).—Kznnerty, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 10 (Colo-
rado R.).—Nurwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 91 (California,
n. to Ft. Reading).

[Geococcyx] viaticus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 97; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854,
120 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 5).

Saurothera bottz Lusson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 145 (no locality given); new name
for S. californiana Lesson; coll. Mus. Rivoli—Borra, Nouv. Ann. d’Mus.,
1835, 121, pl. 9.

Saurothera marginata Kaup, Isis, xxv, 1832, 991, pl. 26 (Mexico).

[Geococcyx] marginatus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 209, no. 8901.

Cuculus velox [A. Waener], Miinchen Gelehrte Anzeig., iii, 1836, 96.

Gfeococcyx] velot Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 453.—Bonarartz, Consp. AV., i,
1850, 97 (California).

80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

L{eptostoma] longicauda Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 325.—GaMBEL, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1843, 263 (California). :

Phasianus mexicanus (not of Gmelin?) WaLpEN, Ibis, 1869, 338 (crit.).

Geococcyx mexicanus (not Phasianus mexicanus Gmelin) STRICKLAND, Ann. and
Mag. N. H.; viii, 1842, 544 (crit.).—-Cassin, Illustr. Birds Calif., Tex., etc.,
1855, 213, pl. 36; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1863, 320 (California).—HEER-
mann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 59 (California; habits).—
SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 177
(City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 324 (n. Mexico).—_SHELLEY, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 419 (Nuevo Leon; Sierra Madre, Xicotencal, Soto
la Maria, and near Tampico, Tamaulipas; San Salvador and Huezotzingo,
Puebla; Zapotlan, Jalisco).

G[eococcyx] mexicanus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 453.—GamBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i, 1849, 215 (crit.; habits; food).

[Geococcyx] mexicanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 97—Gray, Hand-list, ii,
1870, 209, no. 8900.—SciaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.—
SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 174.

GEOCOCCYX AFFINIS Hartlaub.
LESSER ROADRUNNER.

Smaller than @. californianus, with under parts buff, median por-
tion (broadly) of foreneck and chest unstreaked, and under tail-
coverts dusky.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum black, slightly glossed with bronze-
green, spotted with pale brownish buffy, the spots more numerous
and more transverse on forehead and anterior part of crown; hind-
neck brownish black, the feathers broadly edged with pale brownish
buffy; back and scapulars brown (mummy or prouts brown to nearly
seal brown), the feathers darker basally and sharply edged with pale
buff or buffy white, producing conspicuous streaks; wing-coverts
with a broad median streak of black passing into brown terminally
and very broadly edged with white or buffy white, the greater coverts
black very broadly tipped with white; proximal secondaries (ter-
tials) brown narrowly bordered with black, broadly and sharply
edged with white or white and brownish buffy; other secondaries
dull blackish glossed with bronze-greenish, edged (except toward base
and, on the distal ones, subterminally) with white or buffy white, the
outer web with a terminal spot of the same; alule dull black medially,
broadly margined with white; primary coverts dull black basally,
terminal half (approximately) white; primaries dull black, obliquely
crossed near middle portion by a broad band of white composed of
edgings to outer web only (these longer and narrower on inner quills),
the outer webs broadly tipped with white; rump brown, the feathers
indistinctly tipped with paler, especially on lower part; upper tail-
coverts brown glossed with purplish bronze and sharply edged with
white; middle pair of rectrices brown glossed with purplish bronze
or bronze-purple (more rarely with greenish bronze) and edged with
white; next pair dusky olive glossed with greenish bronze and with a
small white terminal spot, the outer web narrowly edged with white:
remaining rectrices dull black, faintly glossed with greenish and
tipped with white, the white tip increasing in width to the outermost,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 81

on which it is about 30-45 mm. in extent; lores buffy whitish, the
feathers with projecting black bristle-like tips; auricular region nar-
rowly and rather indistinctly streaked with dusky and pale buffy or
dull buffy whitish; under parts buff, deeper on flanks, paler on abdo-
men, chin, and throat; anterior portion of malar region spotted or
barred with dusky; sides of neck and sides of chest broadly streaked
with black, the black streaks sometimes margined with tawny-brown-
ish; under tail-coverts dusky, sometimes tipped with tawny or rusty
brownish; under surface of inner webs of lateral rectrices light gray,
this separated from the white terminal area by a band (more or less
broad) of black; maxilla dull horn color, mandible mostly dull
yellowish or grayish (said to be bluish gray in life); iris brown, some-
times, at least, with a narrow ring of yellow or orange around pupil,
or? mostly pearly yellow; bare orbital space blue and white or blue,
white, and red;° legs and feet livid bluish.

Young.—Similar to adults, but markings much less sharply defined,
especially those on upper parts, where dull buffy mostly replaces the
white streaks and edgings of the adults.

Adult male—Length (skins), 385-515 (471); wing, 136.5-162
(144.2); tail, 231-305 (278.5); exposed culmen, 37-45 (40.5); tarsus,
46-54 (50); outer anterior toe, 27-32 (30.6).¢

Adult female—Length (skins), 420-505 (469); wing, 138.5-146
(142.1); tail, 242-294 (273.9); exposed culmen, 387.5-41 (39.6);
tarsus, 47-50 (48.9); outer anterior toe, 27.5-31 (28).¢

« According to W. DeW. Miller.

b According to Sumichrast (Bull. U. S. Nat.-Mus., no. 4, 1876, 34) the orbital skin
is ‘blue and red”; according to Dearborn (Pub. 125, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 1907, 87),
the eyelids are white, the bare ocular area varying from lavender near lids to campa-
nula blue on the postocular portion.

¢ Sumichrast,

@ Thirty-two specimens.

¢ Ten, specimens.

Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing.}| Tail. | posed | Tarsus./anterior
culm en toe.
MALES.
Ten adult males from western Mexico (Jalisco, Sinaloa, and
POPIC) ac. cteniscieenocsic waviness eee sian s seca cenwssencimeneere 144.3 | 282.1 40.3 51.1 33.9
One adult male from Michoacan .............2--02.22se0eeeeeeeee 154 | 303 42 52.5] 29.5
Four adult males from Oaxaca........----.-- fee eee eee cece eens 144 279.2 42 51.1 29.5
Two adult males from Vera Cruz. ........202-..20 eee eee eee e eee 145.2 | 285.5 41 48.5 30
Seven adult malesfrom Yucatan........2..-20022eeecee eee ee eee 138.9 | 256.7 40.5 47.6 27.9
One adult male from Chiapas. ........--.-2-2002--eeee eee eee eee 148 304 40 49 28
Four adult males from Guatemala .........---------++eeeeeeeee 146.6 | 289.5 39.2 49.9 29.4
Three adult males from Nicaragua....... 2.2.2... cess eee eeeees 148 281 40.2 51 29.7
FEMALES.
Seven adult females from western Mexico........-..---+-.---+++ 143.3 | 279.9 40.2 48.9 28.9
One adult female from Yucatan. ...........-222 2. eee ee eee eee ee 142 265 39 47 28
One adult female from Chiapas.......-......22---2-0--ee eee eee 140.5 | 273 338 50 31
One adult female from Guatemala............2.-.222--eeee eee 146 242 37.5 49.5 29

1957°—Bull, 50, pt 7—16——6

82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

_ Southern Mexico, in States of Sonora (Sierra de los Alamos),
Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Escuinapa; La Balla; Amatlin de Caiias), Jalisco
(San Sebastian; Los Masos; La Laja; Las Canoas; Tuxpan; Wake-
nakili Mountains; Zapotilti; La Cienega; Hacienda San Marcos;
Volcan de Colima; Rio Santa Maria), Durango (Presidio), Michoacén
(Volcan de Jorulla; Morélia; Uruapan), Colima, Guerrero (Xautipa),
Oaxaca (Pluma; Cerro San Felipe; Tehudntepec; Juchitén; Duras-
nal; Juquila; Sierra de Santo Domingo; Cacoprieto), Vera Cruz
(Cérdova; Miradér; Jalapa; Los Cerillos; Huatusco), Puebla (Zentla;
Soledid; Huehuetlin), Yucatan (Mérida; Xbac; Tekanto; Rio
Lagartos; Peto; Temax; Progreso; Izalim ; Chichen-Itza) and Chiapas
(Tonal4; Tuxtla Gutierrez), and Territory of Tepic (Santiago), and
southward through Guatemala (Villa Nueva; San Gerénimo; Vera
Paz; Dueifias; hills above Quiché; gorge of La Campafia, Rio Chixoy;
Tolimén; Amatitlan) through Honduras to northern Nicaragua
(Ocotél; San Raféel del Norte, Matagalpa).

(?) [Phasianus] mexicanus GMEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 741 (based on Hoitalotl
Hernandez, Nova Anim. Nova-Hisp., app. 25; see Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 74; Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 97,
footnote).—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 632.

G[eococcyx] mexicanus CaABANIs and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 97 (Jalapa,
Vera Cruz; excl. syn. part).

Geococcyx mexicanus SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 41.—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 205 (Merida, Yucatan); Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ii, 1874, 293 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; habits); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,
1876, 34 (Juchitan, Oaxaca).

Geococcyr afinis Hartiaus, Rev. Zool., vii, June, 1844, 215 (Guatemala; coll.
Bremen Mus.?).—Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, pl. 114.—Gamszt, Journ. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1849, 217 (crit.).—Sctarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858,
305 (Durasnal, Oaxaca); 1859, 368 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 387 (Juquila, Oaxaca);
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 324 (Jalapa).—Sciater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 134
(Guatemala; habits).—Owsn, Ibis, 1861, 67 (San Gerénimo, Guatemala
descr. nest and eggs).—ForBes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 307, 311 (ana-
tomical).—Bovcarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 24; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, 454 (Yucatan; habits) —Nzrurxorn, Journ. fiir Om., 1881, 69 (Yucatan,
descr. eggs).—Frrrari-PEerez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 162 (Hue,
huetlan, Puebla).—Stonz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 205 (Tekanto-
Yucatan; habits)—Suertiey, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 421 (Sierra de
Alamos, Sonora; Presidio, Durango; Hacienda de San Marcos, Zapotlan
and Volcan de Colima, Jalisco; Xautipa, Guerrero; Los Cerrillos, Jalapa
Zentla, and Huatusco, Vera Cruz; Peto, Temax, Progreso, and Izalam,
Yucatan; Sierra Santo Domingo, Oaxaca; Vera Paz, Duefias, and San
Geronimo, Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii,
1896, 536 (Potrero, etc., Vera Cruz; Zentla, Soledad, etc., Puebla; Morelia,
Michoacan; Juquila, Cacoprieto, Tehuantepec, etc., Oaxaca; Rio Lagartos,
Tekanto, etc., Yucatan; hills above Quiché, gorge of La Campafia, Rio
Chixoy, Toliman, etc., Guatemala; San Rafael del Norte, Matagalpa, Nica-
ragua; etc.)—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Amatitlan
Guatemala).—Mi1er (W. DeW.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 350
(Escuinapa and La Balla, s. Sinaloa).—Coxz, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., 1, 1906,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 83

129 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—DEarBorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907,
87 (bet. El Rancho and Guatemala City and near Lake Atitlan, Guatemala).
G[eococcyx] afinis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 453.—Bonararre, Consp. Av., i,
1850, 97.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 471.—
Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 273.
[Geococcy2] afinis Scrarur and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.—SHarrz,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 174.

Genus NEOMORPHUS Gloger.

Neomorphus Guoaer, in Froriep’s Notizen, xvi, 1827, 278. (Type, Coua geof-
Jroyt Temminck.)
Cultrides Pucunran, Rev. Zool., 1845, 51. (Type, Coua geoffroyi Temminck.)

Very large (length about 470-500 mm.), long-tailed, long-legged,
crested terrestrial Cuculine with bill much deeper than wide, the
culmen elevated and narrow, compressed into a narrow ridge basally;
nostrils slit-like, overhung by a very broad operculum; longest
primaries not longer than longest secondaries, the first (innermost)
but little shorter than the longest (second, third, and fourth); color
above mostly plain brown or olive, the scapulars, wings, and tail
glossed with bronze-green and purple, lateral rectrices without white
tips, the under parts light brownish, with a broken band of black
across chest.

Bill about as Jong as or slightly shorter than head, very deep and
moderately compressed basally, its depth at anterior end of nostrils
equal to about one and a half times its width at same point; culmen
(from base) about two-thirds as long as tarsus, strongly decurved
from base, narrow, compressed into a narrow ridge basally; gonys
shorter than mandibular rami, nearly straight (faintly decurved
terminally), rounded, but with a median sulcus for about basal half;
maxillary tomium distinctly but moderately concave for anterior half
or more, slightly deflected and faintly convex posteriorly. Nostril
slit-like, longitudinal, overhung by a very broad, convex, operculum.
Wing short, excessively rounded, the longest primaries no longer
(sometimes shorter) than longest secondaries; first to fifth or second
to fourth primaries longest, the sixth to tenth (outermost) successively
shorter, the tenth (outermost) slightly more than half as long as the
longest. Tail about one and a half times as long as wing, graduated
for about one-third its length or slightly less, the rectrices very broad.
Tarsus nearly twice as long as middle toe without claw, more than
two-fifths as long as wing, very stout.

Plumage and coloration.—Suborbital and postorbital regions naked;
eyelashes rather strongly developed; no bristly points to feathers
about base of bill; a conspicuous occipital erectile crest, of rather
broad, round-tipped, somewhat stiffened feathers, the longest about
equal to the billin length; feathers of foreneck and chest somewhat
elongated but broad and with subtruncate tip, forming an erectile

84 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

lappet. Upper parts plain brown or olive, the wings and tail glossed
with bronze-green and purple; lateral rectrices without white tip;
under parts of body light brown passing into chestnut posteriorly,
sometimes barred with darker; an interrupted band of black across
chest.

Range.—Nicaragua to eastern Peru, Brazil, and British Guiana,
(Five species.)

NEOMORPHUS SALVINI Sclater.

SALVIN'S GROUND CUCKOO.

Adults (sexes alike) —Forehead and crown plain tawny-brown,
paler (light roods brown or verona brown) anteriorly, deeper (mars
brown) posteriorly; feathers of occipital crest glossy blue-black ter-
minally, more greenish or bronzy basally, where edged with brown;
hindneck, upper back, and wing-coverts bronzy olive-brown or sepia
(sometimes tinged with purplish bronze), the lower back and scapulars
mixed bronzy olive and bronzy purplish, the latter predominating
posteriorly; rump and upper tail-coverts nearly uniform deep pur-
plish brown, strongly glossed (especially on upper tail-coverts) with
bronzy purple; tail dusky olive-green, in part overlaid by dusky
purple, this sometimes covering whole of the middle rectrices; sec-
ondaries bright, metallic dusky olive-green, the primaries much
darker, as well as more bluish, dusky green or greenish black; auric-
ular region brown with blackish shaft-streaks, its upper edge, more or
less extensively, blackish; suborbital and malar regions lighter brown
(much like color of forehead, or paler), the chin and throat pale buffy
brown to pale buffy grayish, the feathers sometimes with indistinct
mesial streaks of darker; foreneck and chest mixed grayish and tawny-
brownish, the feathers broadly tipped with paler, forming transverse
spots or bars, the last feathers of the chest with large terminal,
mostly broadly deltoid, spots of black, forming a conspicuous, more
or less broken, band; breast and abdomen light tawny-brown, or
buffy brown, to pale brownish gray suffused with pale brown, the
sides similar, but darker and duller; flanks rufescent brown (nearly
walnut or cameo brown), the under tail-coverts darker and duller
(burnt umber); under surface of remiges wholly uniform dusky
(nearest dark quaker drab); under surface of tail blackish, faintly
glossed with olive-greenish; bill (in dried skins) pale yellowish dis-
tally, darker, or dusky, basally; legs and feet light greenish gray or
horn color.

Adult male——Length (skins), 480-505 (490); wing, 167-178
(172.8); tail, 258-271 (261.8); exposed culmen, 43-47 (45.4); tarsus,
71-72.5 (71.5); outer anterior toe, 33-37.5 (36).4

2 Five specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85

Adult female—Length (skins), 470-503 (486); wing, 164-178
(170.3); tail, 252-280 (265); exposed culmen, 43.5-47 (45.8); tarsus,
68.5-73 (71.2); outer anterior toe, 34-37 (36).%

Nicaragua (Chontales;Savala, Matagalpa; Pefia Blanca; Rio Tuma)
Costa Rica (Volcén de Miravalles; Cerro Santa Maria; La Vijagua;
Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; Bonilla; Rio Sicsola, Talamanca), and Pan-
amé(Santiago and Cordillera de Tolé, Verégua; Cascajal, Coclé; Gatan,
Canal Zone); Colombia; Ecuadér.?

Neomorphus salvint ScratuR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 60, pl. 5 (Veragua,
Panama; coll. O. Salvin).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 156 (San-
tiago de Veragua and Cordillera de Tole, Panama); Ibis, 1872, 313, 323 (Chon-
tales, Nicaragua).—Lawrencz, Ibis, 1873, 291 (monogr.; crit.).—ZELEp6n,
Anal. Mus. Nat., Costa Rica, i, 1887, 123 (Costa Rica).—SHetey, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 417 (Nicaragua; Veragua; Colombia; Rio
Cotopaza, Ecuador).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896,
533, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Santiago de Veragua; Panama; Colombia;
Ecuador)._UnpErwoop, Ibis, 1896, 445 (Volcan de Miravalles, n. w. Costa
Rica; habits).—Ripaway, Condor, vii, 1905, 156, in text (Bonilla, Costa
Rica).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, 1909, 30 (La Vijagua and Cerro
Santa Maria, n. Costa Rica)—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910,
566 (Bonilla, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, and Rio Sicsola, Costa Rica; habits).

[Neomorphus] salvini Sctarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.—SuHarpz,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 174.

Genus DROMOCOCCYX Maximilian.

Dromococcyx Maximrt1an, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 351. (Type, Macropus
phasianellus Spix.)

Geo-tacco VERREAUX, Rev. et Mag. d’Zool., i, 1849, 277. (Type, G. macrourus
Verreaux= Macropus phasianellus Spix.)

Macropus¢ (not of Latreille, 1802) Sprx, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 53. (Type, M. phas-
ianellus Spix.)

Geophilus ¢ Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 43. (Type, G. jasijatere
Bertoni= Macropus phasinellus Spix.)

@ Three specimens.

. Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.|anterior
culmen toe.
MALES.
Three adult males fromNicaragua............2..-202eeeeee eens 172.8 | 256.7 46.5 71.8 35.5
Oneadult male from Costa Rica..........-..02--eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 172 268 45.5 71 36.5
Oneadult male from eastern Panama (Gatun)..........-..--.+- 173.5 | 271 43 71 37
FEMALES.
One adult female from Nicaragua.........---..-seceeeceeeeeeeee 164 252 43.5 73 37
Twoadult females from Costa Rica........-------2222e2e eee eee 173.5 | 271.5 47 70.2 35.5

bI have not seen specimens from Colombia nor Ecuador.
¢ Maxpéc, long; xobc, foot. (Richmond.)
41%, ground, earth; Pédoc, loving. (Bertoni.)

86 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Medium-sized Cuculine (length about 345-395 mm.) with rela-
tively very small, conspicuously crested, head ; slender, nearly straight,
bill; long, strongly graduated tail with very broad rectrices, and with
feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts greatly elongated, the longest
of the latter reaching to tip of tail.

Bill relatively small, slender and weak, very little decurved ter-
minally, its depth at anterior end of nostrils decidedly less than at
base of gonys, not greater than its width at same point, and equal to
less than one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; exposed
culmen shorter than middle toe without claw, straight or even slightly
depressed basally, gently decurved terminally, rather narrowly
rounded; gonys about as long as mandibular rami, straight, slightly
ascending terminally, prominent basally from narrowing of the rami;
maxillary tomium gently concave anterior to nostril, faintly convex
beneath nostrils, without trace of subterminal notch. Nostril linear,
longitudinal, along lower side of nasal fossa, overhung by a distinct
operculum. Wing rather long and pointed, the longest primaries
exceeding secondaries by combined length of tarsus and basal pha-
lanx of middle toe, or by more than one-fourth the length of wing;
fifth and sixth primaries longest, the fourth and seventh decidedly
shorter and about equal, the eighth slightly longer than third, the
ninth about equal to first, the tenth (outermost) less than half as long
as the longest—the three outer primaries strongly bowed or incurved.
Tail about one-fourth longer than wing, graduated for nearly half
its length, the rectrices extremely broad (width of lateral ones equal
to distance from point of bill to anterior angle of eye). Tarsus more
than one and a half times as long as middle toe without claw, nearly
one-fourth as long as wing, slender.

Plumage and coloration.—Orbital region naked immediately in
front of and behind eye, feathered above and below; eyelashes incon-
spicuous; no trace of bristles about base of bill; a conspicuous,
pointed, erectile occipital crest; plumage of under parts full, soft,
blended; feathers of back, etc., distinctly outlined, those of rump,
together with upper tail-coverts very long, rather narrow, with edges
semi-decomposed, the longer coverts reaching to tip of tail. Color
dusky above, with pale margins to feathers, these broader and more
whitish on wing-coverts; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail more
grayish ; rectrices (except middle pair) tipped with white, dusky sub-
terminally; underparts of body plain white; a broad white post-
ocular streak and beneath this a dusky brown auricular streak.

Range.—Southeastern Mexico to Cayenne, southern Brazil, Bolivia,
and Paraguay. (Two species.)

This is perhaps the most distinct of any of the American genera of
the Cuculine, and it is difficult to determine its nearest relative. In
the slender and nearly straight bill, small head, thin neck and large

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 87

broad tail there is a superficial resemblance to the Sun Bitterns
(Eurypyga) and the Surf Grebes (Heliornis).

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DROMOCOCCYX.

a. Rectrices tipped with white and crossed by a subterminal area of blackish; scap-
ulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts margined with paler; pileum more or less
rufescent brown, especially posteriorly (on crest). (Adults.)

b. Chest (usually more or less of throat also) spotted or streaked with dusky on a buff
or buffy whitish ground; wing-coverts, etc., narrowly margined with pale
brownish or brownish buffy; blackish subterminal area of rectrices much
broader; larger (wing 159-189, tail 193-234). (Southeastern Mexico to Bolivia
and southwestern Brazil.)......-....Dromococcyx phasianellus, adults (p. 87).

bb. Chest and throat immaculate light tawny or ochraceous; wing-coverts, etc.,

broadly margined with light gray and whitish; blackish subterminal areas of
rectrices much narrower; smaller (wing 137-189.7, tail 189.7-172.7). (Guianas
to Argentina and eastern Peru.)
Dromococcyx pavoninus, adults (extralimital).¢
aa. Rectrices without white tips or blackish subterminal area; scapulars, interscap-
ulars, and wing-coverts without paler margins; pileum wholly dark sooty brown.
(Young.)

b. Throat and chest immaculate light tawny or ochraceous; a conspicuous post-
ocular stripe of ochraceous or deep buff; wing-coverts with small terminal spots
of brownish buffy. ........-...... Dromococcyx phasianellus, young (p. 88).

bb. Throat and chest immaculate pale grayish; an inconspicuous postocular stripe

of pale grayish; wing-coverts with broad mesial streaks of brownish buffy.
Dromococcyx pavoninus, young (extralimital).

DROMOCOCCYX PHASIANELLUS (Spix).
PHEASANT CUCKOO.

Adults (sexes alike). —Pileum deep sooty brown more or less tinged
with rusty brown, especially on longer feathers of crest, which is
sometimes uniform rufescent brown (burnt umber or vandyke), the
feathers of forehead and crown with more or less distinct mesial
streaks of blackish brown; general color of upper parts dark sooty
brown, faintly glossed with purplish bronze, the scapulars, inter-
scapulars, and smaller lesser wing-coverts margined with pale grayish
buffy, these markings broader and often dull whitish on the larger
lesser wing-coverts; middle and greater coverts tipped with dull
white or dull brownish buffy white; secondaries narrowly and indis-
tinctly margined distally with paler brownish, the tip more distinctly
margined with dull whitish or pale brownish or buffy; middle portion
of longer primaries margined (at sinuations) with dull whitish or pale

@ Dromococcyx pavoninus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., iii Abth., 1870, 270 (Araguay,
Engenho do Gama, and Arimani, Brazil; coll. Vienna Mus.; ex Coccyzus pavoninus
Natterer, manuscript); Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 427.—Dromococcyx
pavonicus Dabbene, Orn. Argent., 1910, 425 (Parana and Misiones, Argentina).—
Dromococcyx gracilis Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, sig. 35, Oct. 26 1885, 559
(Demerara, Brit. Guiana; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

88 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

dull buffy, all the primaries (except one or two outermost) with a
small terminal, more or less triangular, spot of the same; rump and
upper tail-coverts dark grayish olive, inclining to fuscous-black on
upper rump, faintly glossed with bronze, broadly (but not sharply)
edged with light hoary gray, the upper tail-coverts (especially the
longer ones) with a small terminal spot of white; tail dusky grayish
brown distally passing into lighter brown (nearly seal brown or light
seal brown) basally, faintly glossed with bronze (purplish bronze on
proximal portion), and broadly margined terminally with white, the
under surface of rectrices light gray with a broad subterminal area of
blackish or dusky; a rather indistinct loral streak and a conspicuous
postocular (supra-auricular) stripe of white; auricular region black-
ish brown, the lower portion streaked with whitish; suborbital region,
malar region, and under parts white, the first two, together with more
or less of throat, narrowly and rather sparsely streaked with blackish,
the foreneck more broadly streaked, the chest spotted, with blackish,
both foreneck and chest more or less tinged with buffy; axillars and
under wing-coverts immaculate white; under surface of remiges
grayish brown or brownish slate-gray, the outermost with proximal
half of inner web abruptly white, the next with proximal half mostly
white, the third, fourth, and fifth (from outside) with a broad white
bar across middle portion, the sixth with a transverse spot of pale
grayish, the innermost primaries, together with secondaries, with
inner webs very pale gray in middle portion, this passing into darker
gray on distal portion and dusky gray or brownish slate-gray on sub-
basal portion—all the remiges being white at base; maxilla blackish
or dusky horn color, paler on tomia; mandible pale plumbeous in
life;* iris white,* yellow,® whitish brown,* or brown; bare orbital
space yellowish green ;¢ legs and feet (in life) pale plumbeous,* grayish
brown,°® or brownish slate.¢

Immature.—Similar to adults but lacking the white terminal spots
to upper tail-coverts and (in younger specimens) pileum wholly dark
sooty brown, or with very little rufescent tinge.

Young.—Essentially like adults but differing in absence of white
tips and blackish subterminal areas to rectrices, absence of pale mar-
gins to scapulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts (the last having
small terminal spots or dots of brownish buffy or pale tawny instead),
absence of white terminal spots to upper tail-coverts, and in having
the pileum (including crest) wholly dark sooty brown and the post-
ocular stripe, together with suborbital and malar regions, chin, throat,
and chest deep cinnamon-buff (paler on chin and throat).

a José C. Zeledén. ¢ Chubb.
> Hellmayr. @C. Sartorius.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 89

Adult male—Length (skins), 348-388 (368); wing, 159.5-189
(170.5); tail, 193-238 (219.4); exposed culmen, 20.5-25.5 (23.8);
tarsus, 30.5-37 (34.1); outer anterior toe, 21-24.5 (22.8).¢

Adult female—Length (skins), 360-395 (377); wing, 163-182
(173.5); tail, 220.5-232 (224.8); exposed culmen, 23-26 (24.5);
tarsus, 34-37 (35.5); outer anterior toe, 22-24.5 (23.2).°

Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Miradér; Jalapa;
Cérdova; Potrero), Oaxaca (Santa Efigénia; Cacoprieto), and Yuca-
tan (Buctzotz; Izamél) and southward through Guatemala (Choc-
tim; Cobain; Cajabén; Mirandilla), Salvadér (Volcin de San
Miguél), Honduras (Chasniguas), Nicaragua (Jalapa; Voleén de
Chinandega), and Costa Rica (Santa Maria de Dota; Boruca; Bue-
nos Aires; Pozo Aztl de Pirris; Bebedero; Bolsén; La Estrella de Car-
tago) to Panamé (Boquete; Lion Hill; Paraiso); western (cis-Andean)
South America south to Bolivia (lower Rio Beni), southern Brazil
(Chapada, Mattogrosso; Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Sao
Paulo; etc.), and Paraguay (upper Rio Paran4; Sapucay).

Macropus phasianellus Sprx, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 58, pl. 42 (forests of Rio Tonantins,
Amazon Valley, Brazil).

Coccyzus phasianellus STEPHENS, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 206.

Cloccyzus] phasianellus HartLausB, Verz. Mus. Bremen, 1844, 95.

D[romococeyx] phasianellus Maxruitian, Beitr., iv, 1882, 353.—Capanis and
Here, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1868, 95 (Brazil).

Dromococcyx phasianellus Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 260.—
Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 321 (Brazil).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1862, 172 (Costa Rica; crit.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 128
(Costa Rica).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 361 (Costa Rica).—PELzELn,
Orn. Bras., iii Abth., 1870, 270; iv Abth., 1871, 449.—Boucarp, Liste Ois.
récol. Guat., 1878, 25; Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 455 (Yucatan).—Bzr-

@ Twelve specimens. 5 Six specimens.
; Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus. janterior
culmen toe.
MALES.
One adult male from Vera Cruz (Mirador)............-.02-ee000 16505. Veaceexss| 24 34 24
One adult male from Honduras.......... ose kee eevee ese ee ress 176 220 25 37 24.5
One adult male from Nicaragua. ......---... ccc eeceeeee cee eeee 169 203 24 35.5 23.5
Three adult males from Costa Rica. .......25.2------eeee ee ee eee 176 215 25.7 34.8 22.8
Four adult males from Panama.............22.2222eeeeeeeeeeees 170 222.1 24.2 34 22.1
Two adult males from southwestern Brazil (Chapada, Matto-
PTOSIO) fate: ssisisicielcveisisisreratsie dips se Meta ials ea eenindeieeeeeaeeeeees 161.7 | 238 20.5 31.2 21.5
FEMALES. ‘.
One adult female from Guatemala.............--ceeceeeeeeee eee 163 220.5 23.5 34.5 22
One adult female from Honduras...........-.02--- eens eeeeeeeee 175 224 23 37 23
One adult female from Nicaragua,.......-..--.---000eeeeeeeenee 174 219 24 34 24.5
Three adult females from Costa Rica....... 2-2. ..ceeeeeeeceeeees 176.3 | 228.3 25.5 35.8 23.3

While smaller in most of their measurements than specimens from Central America
and Mexico, the Chapada example appears to be not different in coloration.

90 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LEPScH and InERING, Zeitschr. Orn., 1885, 161 (Arroio Grande, Rio Grande
do Sul, s. Brazil).—Zzuepdén, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887 , 123 (Santa
Maria de Dota, Costa Rica).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 103
(lower Rio Beni, Bolivia); v, 1893, 140, part (Chapada, Mattogrosso, 8. w.
Brazil; descr. of supposed young is of young D. pavoninus).—KoENIGSWALD,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 378 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil). —Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 542 (Cordova, Jalapa, and Potrero, Vera Cruz;
Santa Efigenia and Cacoprieto, Oaxaca; Buctzotz and Izamal, Yucatan;
Coban, Cajabon, Choctum, and Mirandilla, Guatemala; Volcan de San
Miguel, Salvador; Santa Maria de Dota, Costa Rica; Lion Hill, and Paraiso,
Panama; Colombia to s. Brazil). —Iuzrine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 303
(Sao Paulo); iv, 1900, 161 (Cantagallo, s. Brazil); vi, 1904, 335 (Paraguay).—
Banas, Proc. New Engl., Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 24 (Boquete, Panama, 7,000
feet).—Hrtimarr, Abh. K. B. Akad. Wiss., ii KL, xxii, ii Abth., 1906,
600 (crit.); Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 398 (Borba, Rio Maderia, Brazil).—
Retszr, Denkw. Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 59 (Paranagua, etc.,
n. e. Brazil).—DaBBeEneE, Orn. Argent, 1910, 273 (Sapucay, Paraguay).—Car-
RIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 568 (Bolson, Bebedero, Cerro de Santa
Maria, Pozo Azul de Pirris, and Buenos Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica;
habits).

[Dromoccyx] phasianellus SctaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.—
SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 175.

[Diplopterus] phasianellus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 110 (Brazil).

Geococcyx phasianellus SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25, livr. 5 (Cuculi), 1864, 41.

Cuculus macrourus VERREAUX and Drs Mors, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., i, 1849, 277
(Brazil; Bogota, Colombia).

Dromococcyx mexicanus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, May, 1856, 957 (Cor-
dova, Vera Cruz, Mex.; coll. A. Sallé).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,
308 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; crit.); 1859, 368 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 321 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Sciater, and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859,
133 (Cajabon, Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 300
(Lion Hill, Panama).

Dromococcyx phasianellus mexicanus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, Nov. 25,
1881, 193: .

Dromococcyz rufiguiaris LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 233 (Guate-
mala; coll. G. N. Lawrence;=young).

Geophilus jasijatere Bertoni, Aves Nuev. Paraguay, 1901, 43 (Alto Parana, Para-
guay).—Lyncn-Arriphizaaa, Ap. Crit. Av. Parag. Bertoni, 1902, 342 (crit.).

Genus CROTOPHAGA Linneeus.
Crotophaga Linnavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 105. (Type, C. ani Linnzus.)

Cuculide (Crotophagine) with only 8 rectrices, excessively deep
and compressed bill with elevated, strongly convex or arched and
sharply ridged culmen, wholly naked lores, and wholly blackish
(partly metallic) plumage.

Bill about as long as head, nearly to decidedly more than twice as
deep as wide at anterior end of nostril, its greatest depth equal to
much more than length of gonys (usually exceeding distance from
nostril to tip of maxilla); culmen elevated, excessively compressed
and sharply ridged basally, arched or strongly decurved, in one
species (C. major) abruptly elevated for basal half; gonys about as
long as mandibular rami, nearly straight, ascending terminally,

BIRDS. OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 91

narrowly rounded to distinctly ridged; maxillary tomium more or
less strongly concave anteriorly, nearly straight for basal two-thirds
(more or less). Nostril narrowly oval or broadly elliptical, wholly
exposed. Wing rather long, the longest primaries exceeding distal
secondaries by nearly to decidedly more than length of tarsus; sixth
and seventh primaries longest, the ninth about equal to third or
fourth, the tenth (outermost) slightly more than half as long as the
longest primary. Tail about one-fifth longer than wing, graduated
for about one-fourth its length, the rectrices relatively broad, widening
terminally with tip broadly rounded. Tarsus decidedly to much
longer than middle toe with claw, about one-fourth as long as wing.

Plumage and coloration —Loral region wholly naked, the orbital
region partly so; eyelashes strongly developed; feathers of head
and neck more or less narrow, distinctly outlined, rather stiff; plum-
age in general hard and compact, with feathers of back, etc., very
broad and sharply outlined, those of rump and under parts of body
softer, more blended. Coloration entirely blackish, the wings and
tail (at least) glossed with violet or blue, the scapulars, interscapulars,
and wing-coverts margined with metallic greenish or bronzy, the
feathers of head and neck broadly edged with dull bronzy. Sexes
alike, and young not materially different.

Range.—The whole of tropical America, except Galapagos Islands
and part of Lesser Antilles. (Three species.)

This remarkable genus is so distinct in appearance and habits from
other Cuculide that, judging from the living birds only, no one would
suspect its relationship. The Anis are gregarious and live in open
districts, feed much about cattle, often alighting on these animals for
the purpose of getting the ticks which infest them and which con-
stitute a favorite and important part of their diet. Even in their
nesting they are social birds, several females laying their eggs in the
same nest.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CROTOPHAGA.

a. Larger (wing 182-316, tail 235-277); elevated ridge of culmen restricted to basal
two-thirds, or less, highest anteriorly; general color glossy blue-black, with lunu-
late subapical markings of scapulars, etc., bright greenish bronze or bronze-
green, the tail strongly violaceous. (Eastern Panama to Peru, Argentina, Para-
guay, southern Brazil, the Guianas, and Trinidad.).. Crotophaga major (p. 92).

aa, Smaller (wing 128-161, tail 160-201); elevated ridge of culmen extending for whole

length of maxilla, highest posteriorly; general color dull black or brownish

black, with lunulate subapical markings of scapulars, etc., dull greenish bronze,
the tail not strongly violaceous.

b. Sides of maxilla with several very distinct and regular grooves and ridges, parallel

with curve of culmen. (Southern Texas, southern Arizona, etc., southward

to Ecuador and Peru.)....................- Crotophaga sulcirostris (p. 94).

bb. Sides of maxilla smooth, or with irregular or indistinct transverse wrinkles along

sides of knife-like process of culmen. (Southern Florida, southern Louis-

jana, etc., through West Indies, and along coast district from Yucatan to

southern Brazil.).......--....0.0.0cceee eee eeeeeee Crotophaga ani (p. 97).

92 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CROTOPHAGA MAJOR Gmelin.
GREATER ANI.

Adults (sexes alike). —Bill much longer than deep, with the elevated
ridge of culmen restricted to basal two-thirds or less, highest ante-
riorly; sides of maxilla with several more or less distinct longitudinal
ridges and alternating grooves; general color glossy blue-black or
blackish steel-blue,* passing into a more greenish hue on proximal
portion of primaries and into dark violet or violet-blue on tail (espe-
cially the middle rectrices); feathers of pileum and sides of head
edged with dull bronzy, those of neck (all round) and throat more
broadly edged with bright greenish bronze or bronze-green, the
scapulars, interscapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and feathers of upper
chest broadly submargined with the same; under surface of remiges
glossy greenish blue (steel blue) or bluish green, of rectrices glossy
dark violet; bill, naked loral space, legs, and feet black; iris light
green with a narrow yellow ring round pupil,® pale naples yellow,°
sulphur yellow,? or yellowish white to pea green.

Adult male—Length (skins), 425-492 (459); wing, 184-216
(199.1); tail, 235-277 (262.4); culmen, 42-48 (45.5); tarsus, 41.5-48.5
(44.4); outer anterior toe, 27.5-33 (30.5). ,

Adult female—Length (skins), 405-453 (436); wing, 183-200.5
(193.6); tail, 245-265 (255.4); exposed culmen, 38.5-45 (43.2); tarsus
40-47 (43.3); outer anterior toe, 26-31 (28.4).9

a The color is more pronouncedly blue in fresh plumage, becoming duller (more
nearly black) when the feathers are old.

b According to Maximilian.

eC. H. B. Grant.

@ Berlepsch and Hartert.

¢ Chubb.

f Fourteen specimens.

g Nine specimens.

Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.|anterior
lculmen: toe.
MALES. S
Two adult males from eastern Panama..............-2-ecceeeee 203.5 | 265 48 47.2 33
Three adult males from Colombia............2......020ceeeeeee 185.8 | 248 44.7 43.7 30
Three adult males from Venezuela...........2...0000e cece eee ee 196.7 | 262.7 46.2 4.5 30.2
Three adult males from British Guiana...............222..00.0- 201.8 | 261.7 42.5 44.5 29.3
One adult male from southwestern Brazil (Mattogrosso).........} 206.5] 272 47 46 31
Two adult males from Bolivia...........2...0ccceecececceceeee 210.2) 276.5 46.7 43.2 31

FEMALES,

Two adult females from northern Colombia (Rio Atrato)........ 186.2} 251 40.2 41.2 28
Four adult females from Venezuela.................22202ccceeee 195.2 | 254.2] 43.9 44.4 30
One adult female from eastern Brazil (Ceara).............22.22.. 194.5] 260 43 44.5 26
One adult female from southwestern Brazil (Mattogrosso)....... 197.5 | 255 44,5 40 27

26

One adult female from Bolivia............02... ccc ee ccc eee ee eens 196.5 | 265 45 45

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 93

Eastern Panama (Laguna del Pita; Rio Indio) and southward over
whole of South America east of Andes to eastern Peru (Rio Ucayali;
Sarayacu; Santa Cruz; Samaria; Yquitos), Argentina (Santa Ana and
La Candeléria, Misiones; Pilcomayo; Barracas al Sud, Buenos

Aires) and Paraguay (Lambaré; Sapucay; Villa Pilar).

[Crotophaga] major Gurtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 363 (Cayenne; based on

Le Grand Bout-de-Petun Brisson, Orn., iv, 180; Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 102,
fig, 1).—Larsam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 148.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 210,
no. 8912.—Scrater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.—SHarrz,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 175.

Crotophaga major Tamuincx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 39.—Vieruuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist.

Nat., i, 1816, 551; Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1356—Lzsson, Man. d’Orm., ii, 1828,
138; Traité d’Om., 1831, 129—Dxrscourtmz, Orn. Brés., 1854-56, pl. 15,
upper fig. —Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 253.—SciateER,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 268 (Rio Javarri, Brazil); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
320 (Trinidad; Para, Brazil).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 72,
footnote.—Tartor, Ibis, 1864, 93 (Trinidad).—ScutzceL, Mus. Pays-Bas,
i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 47.—Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 358.—ScLaTER
and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 195 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867,
585 (Rio Capim, Brazil); 1873, 296 (lower Rio Ucayali and Santa Cruz, e.
Peru); 1879, 536 (Neche, Colombia).—PxrizELn, Om. Bras., Abth. iii, 1870,
268, 449.—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 587 (Trinidad; crit.).—
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 378 (Lago Paturia, Colombia).—ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst.,
viii, 1876, 80 (Rhomes, lower Amazon); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 141
(Chapada, Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil).—Sauvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882,
443 (S. Am.; Trinidad).—Taczanowsxi, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 180.—
Ber.erscyH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 23 (Lambare, Paraguay; crit.), 121 (Para-
guay); 1889, 309 (Sarayacu and Ucayali, e. Peru); Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 283
(Cayenne).—RikeR and Cuarman, Auk, viii, 1891, 159 (Santarem, Brazil).—
SHELLEY, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 428 (Nichi and Medellin, Antio-
quia, Colombia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; Aunai, Brit. Guiana; Trinidad;
Rio Capim, Bahia, and Mattogrosso, Brazil; upper Ucayali, Samiria, Santa
Cruz, and Yquitos, e. Peru).—Cuarman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1894, 64
(Trinidad).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 543 (Rio
Atrato, Colombia; Colombia to Peru, Guiana, Brazil, and Argentina).—Sat-
vapor and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 8
(Laguna del Pita, Panama); xv, 1900, 22 (Valle del Zamora, e. Ecuador).—
Iuerine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iv, 1900, 80 (descr. eggs), 263 (measurements
of eggs).—Brrierscu and Harrtert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 98 (Altagracia,
Caicara, and Suapure, Venezuela).—BrEEBE, Zoologica, i, 1909, 88 (Rio
Guarapiche and Cafio Guanaco, n. e. Venezuela; habits; notes).—HarTEert
and VentugI, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 231 (La Candelaria, Misiones, Argen-
tina; descr. eggs).—Ruiser, Denkw. Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
1910, 59 (Rio San Francisco, etc., n. e. Brazil)—Cuuss, Ibis, 1910, 273
(Sapucay, Paraguay).—DasBene, Orn. Argent., 1910, 273 (Misiones; Pilco-
mayo; Santa Ana, Misiones; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires).—GRanT
(C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 323 (near Villa Pilar, Paraguay).

C[rotophaga] major Tscuup1, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. 1, 1844, 299

(Peru).—Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 458.—Casanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis.
Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 712.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, ii, 1874, 487.

Crotophaga mayor TscHunt!, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1844-46, 40, 256,

~

94 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Clrotophaga] maior CaBants and Heme, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft 1, 1863, 99 (Guiana;
Brazil).

[Crotophaga] maior Humz and Retcuenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 204
(Guiana; Brazil). =

Crotophaga ani (not of Linneus) Vieriz07, Gal. Ois., i, 1825,-35, pl. 43.

CROTOPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS Swainson.
GROOVE-BILLED ANI.

Adults (sexes alike).—Maxilla with several distinct curved grooves
and ridges, parallel with curve of culmen; general color dull black,
faintly glossed with violet or violet-blue on wing-coverts, remiges,
and middle rectrices, still more faintly glossed with greenish on pri-
maries and under parts; feathers of head and neck rather broadly
edged with dull purplish bronze, the scapulars, interscapulars, and
smaller wing-coverts with a broad lunulate or U-shaped submar-
ginal mark of dull greenish bronze or bronze-green, the terminal
margin of each feather and a narrow anterior border to the bronzy
submarginal mark black; feathers of chest with similar but narrower
and less distinct markings; under surface of remiges and rectrices
glossy greenish or bluish black; bill black or brownish black, often
partly grayish brown or horn color, especially on upper half (more or
less) of maxilla; naked skin of loral and orbital regions dull black;
iris dark brown; legs and feet black.

Young.—Uniform brownish black, the secondaries and tail faintly
glossed with violet, the primaries with greenish or greenish blue.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 280-342 (303); wing, 128-157 (142.5);
tail, 160-197 (180.2); culmen, 25-30 (28.1); tarsus, 31-36 (84.1);
outer anterior toe, 22-25.5 (24.2).@

Adult female—Length (skins), 280-320 (301); wing, 128-142
(133.9); tail, 160-182 (167.7); culmen, 25-29 (26.1); tarsus, 31-35.5
(33.6); outer anterior toe, 21-25.5 (23.3).¢

@ Twenty-five specimens. b Fifteen specimens.
Locality. Wing. | Tail. = Tarsus. nan
toe.
MALES.
One adult male from Lower California..............22...02200. 155.5 | 197 27 35 24.5
Five adult males from western Mexico (Sinaloa, Tepic, and
COMMS) i ssced oa wisi. ciaresescle aie wis wisrateis sicisedicas ya eAsomewamaccctencled 144.7 | 187.5 28.1 34.3 24.6
One adult male from Oaxaca.........22..... 2 eee eee eee eee 143 178 26.5 | 34.5 22
Four adult males from Tamaulipas (1), Vera Cruz (1), and
TEDASCO! (2). onmeascccsetee uate seevermcioseiesce cc tidaweudeatex 157 179 7 33 25
One adult male from Yucatan ........ 2.2... cece ceceeeceeeeeeee 138.6 | 173.7 29 34.2 23.6
One adult male from British Honduras wel 1Bt 184 30 35 25
Two adult males from Honduras............. ---{ 144 187 28.5] 34 3
Five adult males from Nicaragua... . 182.5{ 166.5| 27.7] 325 24.7
Four adult males from Costa Rica... 1... ...esceseeeeeecesccecee 140 175.8! 28.71 34 24.3

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95

The whole of Mexico and Central America, including Holbox,
Mugeres, and Cozumél islands, Yucatan, and southward to western
Peru (Lima; Tambo Valley; Callao; Payta; Guajango; Cutervo),
and Venezuela (Altagracia, Pullus, and Caicaré, Orinoco Valley),
British Guiana, Trinidad, and Curacao, Dutch West Indies; north
regularly (breeding) to Rio Grande Valley in Texas (Brownsville;
Lomita Ranch) and southern Lower California (San José del Cabo;
La Paz; Santiago; San Pedro, near Todos Santos), casually to Corpus
Christi, Tom Green County, and Concho County, Texas, Louisiana
(New Orleans, 1 specimen, about 1890), Florida (Jupiter Inlet, 1
specimen, January, 1891), Kansas (near Emporia, 1 specimen,
November, 1904), and southern Arizona (Batterman Ranch, Hua-
chuca Mountains, 1 specimen, May, 1888).

Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 440 (Mexico).—
ScrateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 309 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 59
(Omoa, Honduras), 368 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 388 (Oaxaca); 1860, 285 (Baba-
hoyo, w. Ecuador; crit.), 297 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); 1869, 148 (Lima,
Peru); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 320 (Mexico; Babahoyo).—SciaTer and Savin,
Ibis, 1859, 135 (Duefias, Guatemala; Omoa, Honduras; habits); Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, 280 (Bluefields, Nicaragua); 1868, 175 (Tambo Valley, w.
Peru), 569 (w. Peru).—Moorz, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Omoa,
Honduras).—Tartor, Ibis, 1860, 118 (Honduras; habits).—Casanis, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 171 (Costa Rica).—Lawrencs, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1863,
489 (Lion Hill, Panama); ix, 1868, 128 (San José, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 205
(Merida, Yucatan), 238 (Puna I., w. Ecuador); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii,
1874, 292 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Tepic; Plains of Colima; habits; descr. nest
and eggs); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 83 (Juchitan, Oaxaca).—
Scuitecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 47.—Franrzivus, Journ.
fir Orn., 1869, 361 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 211
(Calovevora and Castillo, Veragua, Panama); 1883, 426 (Callao and Payta, w.
Peru); Ibis, 1886, 63 (Brit. Guiana); 1889, 372 (Holbox, Mugeres, and Coz-
umel islands, Yucatan; range).—TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1874, 548 (Lima, Peru); 1877, 753 (w. Peru; descr. eggs); 1879, 240 (Guajango,
Peru); 1880, 210 (Cutervo, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 181.—Bovucarp,

Footnote—Continued.
5 Outer
Locality. Wing.| Tail. oe Tarsus. anterior
: toe.
FEMALES.
Two adult females from western Mexico........---.-------+5-+ 138 170 26.7 33.7 23.7
One adult female from YucataD...........2-2----222eeeee eee 128 180 26 32 21
One adult female from British Honduras...........-....2--+-- 136 168 28.5 35.5 23
One adult female from Guatemala..........-.....2.2.22222005- 144 182 26.5 33 23
Two adult females from Honduras...................22222022+- 129.5} 171.2 27 33.2 22.5
Six adult females from Nicaragua. ................---222222225- 133.2 | 167.7 27.2 33.7 23.6
One adult female from Costa Rica.........--..22----2s2e eee 136.5 | 164 25 33 25
One adult female from western Panama (Veragua)...........- 131 166 27 31 2

96

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 25; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 47 (San Jose
Valley, Costa Rica; habits); 1883, 454 (Yucatan; habits)—Covuszs, The
Country, July 13, 1878, 184 (Lomita Ranch, Texas); Check List N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1882, no. 426.—Sznnetr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr., v, 1879, 411 (Lomita Ranch, Texas; synonymy; description; habits).—
Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 175 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia;
habits); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1896, 545.—Rmeway, Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus.
iii, 1880, 190; x, 1888, 582 (Truxillo, Honduras), 591 (Rio Segovia, Honduras);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 390.—Nurrine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882,
401 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits), 498 (Volcan de Irazu, Costa
Rica); vi, 1883, 376, 387, 395 (San Juan del Sur, Sucuya, and Ometepe,
Nicaragua).—Bewpina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 546 (San Jose del Cabo
and La Paz, Lower California; descr. nest and eggs; habits).—Taczanowsxl
and Brruepscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 118 (Babahoyo, Esmeraldas,
and Puna I., w. Ecuador).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List,
1886, no. 384; 2d ed., 1895, no. 384; 3d ed., 1910, 180.—FERRARI-PEREZ,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 162 (Izucar de Matamoras, Puebla; Plan del
Rio, Vera Cruz).—ZELEepON, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 122 (Ala-
juela; San Jose; Cartago).—Liorp, Auk, iv, 1887, 190 (Tom Green Co., w.
Texas, 1 spec., Oct., 1885).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 134 (Concho
and Tom Green counties, w. Texas).—STonE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890,
205 (Yucatan).—Pacxarp, Auk, viii, 1891, 313 (Jupiter Inlet, Florida, Jan.,
1891).—Pouna, Auk, viii, 1891, 313 (Batterman Ranch, Huachuca Mts.,
Arizona, May, 1888).—SHetuey, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 432.—
Cuerniz, Auk, ix, 1892, 325 (San Jose, Costa Rica; habits; descr. nest and
eges); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 48 (Boruca).—HarrTert, Bull.
Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. xii (Curacao, Dutch West Indies); Ibis, 1893,
320 (Curacao; food); Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 303 (Curacao).—Ruoaps, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 106 (near Corpus Christi, Texas; 2 specs.).—Brn-
pirE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 9, pl. 1, fig. 7 (egg). —-CuapMan, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 285 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan); x, 1898, 35 (Jalapa,
Vera Cruz).—UnpbERwoop, Ibis, 1896, 444 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa
Rica).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 133 (Santa Marta, Co-
lombia)—Bururrscn and Srotzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, 386;
crit.; descr. egegs).—Satvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv,
1900, 22 (Savana de Guayaquil, Vinces, Balzar, and Foreste del Rio Peripa,
w. Ecuador).—Brver, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 189799 (1900), 102 (New
Orleans, Louisiana; 1 spec.).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 134
(Santa Marta and Bonda, Colombia).—Berirrsca and Harrert, Novit.
Zool., ix, 1902, 98 (Altagracia, Pullus, and Caicara, Orinoco Valley, Vene-
zuela).—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 100 (Cape San Lucas
district; habits, etc.; descr. nest and eggs).—Snow, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 106
(near Emporia, Kansas, 1 spec., about Nov. 1, 1904).—Coz, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1, 1906, 130 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—Dzarsorn, Pub. 125, Field
Mus. N. H., 1907, 86 (Gualan, etc., Guatemala; habits).—BryeEr, ALLISON,
and Korman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 444 (New Orleans; 1 spec., about 1890).—Cory,
Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 206 (Curacao).—Ferry, Pub. 146, Field
Mus. N. H., 1910, 261 (Guayabo, Coliblanco, and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—
Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 569 (Costa Rica; habits; descr.
nest and eggs).—Priturs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75 (Alta Mira, Guiaves, and
Matamoras, Tamaulipas).

C[rotophaga] sulcirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 99.—Capanis and

Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, Heft i, 1863, 101 (Mexico).—Bairp, Brewer, and

(

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 97

Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, fi, 1874, 487.—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d
ed., 1884, 472.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 272.

[Crotophaga] sulcirostris ScLarzR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 107.—
Saarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 175.

Crotophaga sulcirostra BonaParte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 115 (Guatemala).—
Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 322, fig. 65c.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., iv, 1848, 91 (Puente Nacional, Mex.).

C[rotophaga] sulcirostra Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 458.

[Crotophaga] sulcirostra Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 210, no. 8913.

Crotophaga cassasti Lesson, Voy. ‘Coquille,’ i, 1830, 619 (Lima, Peru); Cent.
Zool., 1830, pl. 11; Traité d’Orn., 1831, 130.—Tscuun1, Fauna Peruana, Aves,
1844-46, 41, 256.

C[rotophaga] casasti Tscuup1, Wiegmann’s Archiy fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844, 299
(Peru).

Crotophaga casassi Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 134.

Crotophaga semisuicata Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 346 (‘South America”).

Clrotophaga] semisulcata Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 458.—Bonaparrte, Consp.
Av., i, 1850, 99.

(?) Crotophaga —————_——? Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852,
333 (New Orleans).

CROTOPHAGA ANT Linneus.

ANI.

Adults (sees alike) —Maxilla smooth, or with a few irregular or
indistinct transverse wrinkles along sides of the knife-like, proximally
arched, process of culmen; general color brownish black, faintly
glossed with violet (the violet gloss more distinct on secondaries) ;
feathers of head and neck broadly edged with dull brownish bronze,
the scapulars and interscapulars broadly submargined with more
greenish or olivaceous bronze, the lesser and middle wing-coverts and
feathers of chest more narrowly margined with the same; under sur-
face of remiges and rectrices glossy blue-black or violaceous black;
bill and naked loral and orbital space dull black, the former becoming
paler or horn color on culminal ridge and tip of maxilla; iris brown;
legs and feet black.

Young.—Uniform sooty black or very dark sooty brown, the
remiges and rectrices dull black slightly glossed with violet.

Adult male——Length (skins), 296-368 (360); wing, 142.5-161
(150.5); tail, 161-199 (186.1); culmen, 28-35 (31.2); tarsus, 34-40.5
(37.1); outer anterior toe, 25-30 (26.1).4

@ Thirty-four specimens.
1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——7

98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.—Length (skins), 300-346 (328); wing, 141-155.5
(147.6); tail, 165.5-201 (185); culmen, 28.5-32 (30.5); tarsus, 33.5-39
(36.5); outer anterior toe, 24-28 (26.1).¢

West Indies in general; South America, mostly east of Andes but
occurring in western Ecuador (Babahoyo; San Pedro; Vinces; Santo
Domingo), south to Paraguay (Villa Concepci6n; Lambaré; Sapu-
céy; Desaguadero), Argentina (Rio Pilcomayo; San Lorenzo : Oran,
Salta; Mocovi; Posadas; Tucumén; La Rioja), and Bolivia (Mapiri;
Tatarenda); in Mexico and Central America only recorded from
Cozumél and Holbox islands near Yucatan, Honduras (Ruatan Island;
Comayagua), and Panamé (Divala and Mina de Chorcha, Verdgua;
Lion Hill, Obispo, Gatan, Rio Indio, Punta Sabana and Sabana de
Panama, Canal Zone; San Miguél and Saboga Islands, Bay of Pan-
am4); occurring irregularly (mostly casually?) in southern Florida

@ Thirty specimens.
Ex- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus./anterior
lculmen. toe.
MALES.
Two adult males from southern Florida............-...-.--.-- 156 191.2 31.3 37.5 28.2
Three adult males from Rum Cay, Bahamas........-...---..-- 153.3 | 186.7] 30.5 36 28.8
Four adult males from Cuba ....---..-.----+- 22-2200 sete eee 158.7 | 196.2 32.1 38.9 29
One adult male from Grand Cayman...............-..--.----- 150 180 30.5 37.5 28
One adult male from Cozumel Island............-....--22--6-- 160 185.5 31 38 28.5

One adult male from Haiti...... -
Two adult males from Jamaica. .
Ten adult males from Porto Rico oi
One adult male from Anegada..........-------2---- 2-2 ee eee eee 32 38 30

One adult male from Grenada. ..........-.. 2-02. e eee eee eee eee s 32.5 37 7
Two adult males from eastern Panama 33.7 37.7 28.5
One adult male from central Colombia (Bogota)..............- 161 198.5 30 38 25.5
Two adult males from lower Amazon..........---.. a 2] 161 29.7 36.5 25.7
One adult male from southern Brazil.............-... as 185.5 28 36 25.5
One adult male from Paraguay.........-.---.2....... a F 176 32 38 26.5
One adult male from Peru (Chanchamayo) 174 28.5 35.5 2B
FEMALES.
One adult female from southern Florida............0000.0.2..] 144.5 |... 30.5] 36.5] 26
One adult female from New Providence I., Bahamas.......... 151.5 | 196 30.5 34 25
Two adult females from Rum Cay, Bahamas 176.7 29.2 34.5 25.7
Five adult females from Cuba............2000 0222 ecceee eee lf 187.7 29.7 37.4 26.9
One adult female from Grand Cayman........................ 184.5 30.5 36.5 28
One adult female from Haiti 175 32 36 6
One adult female from Jamaica 194 30 36 26.5
Ten adult females from Porto Rico — 183.2 30.7 35 25.9
One adult female from St. John 4 187 30 36.5 26
One adult female from St. Vincent..........0...0ec00-ceeee eee 180 30 36 27
One adult female from Grenada ese 165.5 31 39 26.5
Three adult females from eastern Panama eee 180.2 31.5 36.2 26.5
One adult female from northern Brazil wee 179 32 34.5 25

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 99

(Lake Worth; Brevard County; Key West; Tortugas) and southern
Louisiana (Plaquemine and St. Bernard counties, ““common”’); acci-
dental near Philadelphia and in North Carolina (Edenton).

West Indian records embrace the following islands:

Bahamas.—Great Bahama; Abaco; Little Abaco; Biminis; Berry
Island; Eleuthera; New Providence; Andros; Watling Island; Rum
Cay; Long Island; Fortuna; Acklin Island; Caicos Islands; Current
Island; Inagua.

Greater Antilles—Cuba; Isle of Pines; Grand Cayman; Cayman
Brac; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Johns; Tértola; Virgin
Gorda; Anegada; St. Croix.

Lesser Antilles——Guadeloupe; Martinique; Petit Martinique;
Santa Lucia; St. Vincent; Bequia; Canon4n; Unién; Carriacou;
Mustique; Ile Rondé; Grenada.

Other Caribbean Islands.—Swan Island; Margarita Island, Vene-
zuela; Trinidad.

[Crotophaga] ant Linnavus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 105 (based on Le Bout-de-
Petun Brisson, Orn., iv, 177, pl. 18, fig. 1; Razor-billed Blackbird Catesby,
Nat. Hist. Carolina, ii, App., 3, pl. 3); ed. 12, i, 1766, 154.—Guuin, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 362.—Lataam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 148.—Gray, Hand-
list, ii, 1870, 210, no. 8911.—PrLzexn, Orn. Bras., iv Abth., 1871, 449.—Couzs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 189.—SciaTEeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873,
107.—_Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 18—Suarrr, Hand-list, ii, 1900,
175.—GoE xp1, Ibis, 1903, 498 (Rio Capim, n. e. Brazil).

Crotophaga ant Virm.ot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., i, 1816, 551 (Cayenne); Enc.
Méth., iii, 1823, 1356; Gal. Ois., i, 1825, 35, pl. 43.—Lzsson, Man. d’Orn., ii,
1828, 188; Traité d’Orn., 1831, 130, pl. 26, fig. 1—D’Orsieny, in La Sagré’s
Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 116.—Govutp, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ pt. iii, 1841,
114 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).—Dzs Murs, Mag. de Zool., 1843, pl. 36 (eggs).—
Gosst, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 282.—BurMeist=R, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 174
(Brazil; descr. nest and eggs); Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 254.—CaBanis,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 105 (Cuba; habits); 1874, 226 (Brazil).—Sai#, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 234 (Santo Domingo).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 72; ed. 1860 (Birds of North America), 72, pl. 84, fig. 2; Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 66.—Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 148, pl. 12,
fig. 5 (St. Croix, Greater Antilles; habits)—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1860, 285 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; habits); 1861, 79 (Jamaica); 1871, 273
(Santa Lucia); 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 320 (Jamaica; _
Bogota, Colombia; Babahoyo, Ecuador; Para, Brazil); Revised List Birds
Jam., 1910, 11.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 377 (St. Thomas,
Greater Antilles)—Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 415 (Cuba; crit.);
1874, 159 (Cuba; habits), 312 (Porto Rico); 1878, 160, 185 (Porto Rico); Orn.
Cubana, ed. 1895, 148.—AnBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 203 (Jamaica).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 301 ( Lion Hill, Panama); Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 193 (St. Vincent, introduced); i, 1879, 273 (Grenada;
habits), 450 (Guadeloupe).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 153
(Jamaica).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, i, no. 25 (Cuculi), 1864, 47.—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 366 (Lion Hill, Panama); 1866,
195 (Nauta, e. Peru); 1867, 585 (Mexiana I., Brazil); 1869, 598 (Cosnipata,
e. Peru); 1873, 296 (Nauta, Rio Ucayali, and Santa Cruz, e. Peru); 1876, 17

100

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(Maranura and Potrero, Peru); 1879, 536 (Retiro and Medellin, Antioquia,
Colombia; descr. nest).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 92 (Trinidad; Venezuela; St.
Thomas; Porto Rico; habits), 170 (St. Thomas; Porto Rico).—Bryant,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 190 (Porto Rico); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 255
(Porto Rico; crit.); xi, 1867, 95 (Santo Domingo).—Evzzr, Journ. fir Orn.,
1867, 219 (Brazil; descr. nest and eggs).—SuNDEVALL, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh.,
1869, 600 (Porto Rico).—RztnnarptT, Ved. Med. Nat. Férh., 1870, 96 (Bra-
zil).—Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 211 (Mina de Chorcha, Panama);
This, 1886, 63 (Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana); 1889, 372 (Ruatan I., Honduras;
Cozumel I., Yucatan; range).—Prizeun, Orn. Bras., iti Abth., 1870, 269.—
Hamttton, Ibis, 1871, 307 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil; habits)—Wvatr, Ibis, 1871,
379 (Ocafia, Colombia).—Szmper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 651 (Santa
Lucia; habits).—Lavarp, Ibis, 1872, 337; 1873, 392 (Para, Brazil).—Couzs,
Check List, 1873, no. 288; 2d ed., 1882, no. 425.—Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 488, pl. 48, fig. 2.—At.izn, Bull.
Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 80 (Rhomes, lower Amazon); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia); Bull. Am Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 103 (Mapiri,
Bolivia; habits); v, 1893, 140 (Chapada, Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil).—Rine-
way, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 190; vii, 1884, 172 (St. Thomas); viii, 1885,
577 (Cozumel I.); x, 1888, 574 (Grand Cayman); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 389; Auk, viii, 1891, 335 (New Providence, Bahamas), 338 (Rum Cay).—
Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 118 (New Providence; Inagua); Birds Haiti
and San Dom., 1885, 100; Auk, iii, 1886, 361 (West Indian references and
localities), 502 (Grand Cayman I.); iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique); vi, 1889, 32
(Cayman Brac); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada), 375 (Tortola; Virgin Gorda); viii,
1891, 48 (St. Croix), 291 (Cuba; New Providence), 295 (Berry Islands), 296
(Biminis), 297 (Caicos Islands), 298 (Abaco); x, 1893, 220 (Tobago); Ibis,
1886, 473 (St. Vincent); Birds West Ind., 1889, 156; Cat. West Ind. Birds,
1892, 102; Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 244 (Margarita Is., Venezuela).—
Forsgs, Ibis, 1881, 350 (n. e. Brazil; habits).—Wuute, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1882, 619 (Salta, Argentina).—BrERLEpscyH, Ibis, 1884, 435 (Angostura, Vene-
zuela); Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 316 (Bucaramanga, Colombia); 1887, 23
(Lambare, Paraguay), 121 (Paraguay); 1889, 4 (Fonteboa, Tonantins, n. w.
Brazil), 100 (Fonteboa); Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 283 (Cayenne),—Taocza-
NOWSEI and Beruxepscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 108 (Yaguachi,
Ecuador; crit.).—Brruerscn and Inerine, Zeitschr. Orn., ii, 1885, 161
(Taquara, etc., Rio Grande do Sul, s. Brazil) —TaczanowskI, Orn. du Pérou,
ii, 1886, 180.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and
ed. 2, 1895), no. 383; 3rd ed., 1910, 180.—Wetts, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix,
1887, 621 (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eggs); Auk, xix, 1902, 345
(Carriacou; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—SctaTeR and Hunpson, Argentine
Orn., ii, 1889, 31.—Suetiey, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xix, 1891, 429.—Kerr,
Ibis, 1892, 189 (Rio Pilcomayo, Argentina; habits); 1901, 229 (Villa Con-
cepcion, Paraguay).—Cuuss, Ibis, 1890, 274 (Sapucay, Paraguay; descr.
nest).—Nortsrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 74 (Andros I., Bahamas).—RixerR and
Cuapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 159 (Santarem, Brazil).—Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892,
273 (Jamaica, below 1,000 ft.), 369 (Jamaica; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—
Carman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 299 (near Trinidad, s. Cuba;
habits); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 64 (Trinidad).—Bovucarp and
Brrierscu, The Humming Bird, ii, 1892, 42 (Porto Real, Brazil). —LEvER-
xan, Journ. fir Orn., 1894, 76 (habits).—Stonz, Birds E. Penn. and New
Jersey, 1894, 93 (accidental near Philadelphia).—Freip, Auk, xi, 1894, 124
(Port Henderson, Jamaica; descr. nest and eggs).—Brnpirz, Life Hist. N.
Am. Birds, (ii), 1895, 6, pl. 1, fig. 6 (egg). —CueRniz, Contr. Orn. San Dom.,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 101

1896, 19 (Santo Domingo).—Kornigswa.p, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 378 (Sao
Paulo, s. Brazil).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1896,
544 (Holbox and Cozumel islands, Yucatan; Ruatan I., Honduras; Mina
de Chorcha, Lion Hill, and Obispo, Panama; Colombia to Brazil; West
Indies).—Rosinson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 665 (Margarita I.;
habits).—SatvaporI, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xii, 1897, 25 (San Lorenzo
n. Argentina).—GorE.p1, Ibis, 1897, 154 (Counany, n. e. Brazil); 1903, 498
(Rio Capim, n. e. Brazil).—Curisry, Ibis, 1897, 331 (Sanchez and La Vega,
Santo Domingo; habits).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 172 (Palo-
mina, Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 16 (Lion
Hill, Panama); Auk, xvii, 1900, 287 (New Providence, Current, Eleuthera,
and Andros islands, Bahamas).—Harrtert, Novit. Zool., v, 1898, 500 (San
Pedro, 3,700 feet, n. w. Ecuador; habits).—Hotmsera, Segundo Censo Argen-
tina, i, 1898, 515.—Loar, Ibis, 1898, 564 (Brit. Guiana; habits).—Inerie,
Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 300 (S. Sebastiao and Ypiranga, Sao Paulo, s.
Brazil); iv, 1900, 79 (descr. nest and eggs), 161 (Cantogallo, s. Brazil); vi,
1904, 335 (Paraguay), 448 (Rio Jurua, s. Brazil).—Bonuotg, Ibis, 1899, 575
(New Providence, Bahamas; habits); 1903, 294 (New Providence).—Sa1-
vapori and Frsra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 8 (Punta
de Sabana, Panama); xv, 1900, 22 (La Concepcion, centr. Ecuador; Vinces,
w. Ecuador).—Bryer, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 101 (Plaque-
mine and St. Bernard Parishes, rare).—Rosinson and Ricumonp, Proc. U.
8. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 169 (La Guaira and San Julian, Venezuela).—Brr-
LepscH and Harrert, Novit, Zool., ix, 1902, 98 (Altagracia, Ciudad
Bolivar, and Suapure, Venezuela).—Gooprettow, Ibis, 1902, 214 (Canea
Valley and Popayan, Colombia; Santo Domingo, w. Ecuador; Archidona,
e. Ecuador; habits).—Brriepscu and Srotzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1902, 38 (La Merced, centr. Peru); Ornis, 1906, 97 (Santa Ana, Peru).—CLarkK
(A. H.), Auk, xix, 1902, 262 (Margarita I.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905,
267 (St. Vincent; Grenada; Bequia; Mustique; Canonan; Union I.,- Petit
Martinique; Ile Ronde; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—BownpisH, Auk, xix,
1902, 363 (Porto Rico; descr. nest and eggs).—BonuoteE, Ibis, 1903, 294 (New
Providence).—LinnBere, Ibis, 1903, 468 (Tatarenda, Bolivia; crit.).—
Nicott, Ibis, 1904, 40 (Bolivia), 41 (Itaparica, s. e. Brazil), 584 (Grand
Cayman).—Howe, Auk, xxi, 1904, 79 (Brevard Co., Florida, 1 spec., winter
of 1901).—Brucu, Rev. Mus. La Plata, xi, 1904, 253 (Oran, Salta, Argen-
tina).—ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 124 (Elbow Cay, Little Abaco).—
‘Banes and Zaprey, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 200 (Isle of Pines).—Hrtimayr,
Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 299 (near Para, Brazil).—Rmry, Auk, xxii, 1905,
855 (New Providence, Eleuthera, Watling, and Long islands, Bahamas).—
Tuaver and Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 215 (Sabana de
Panama).—Fow er, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 399 (Key West, Florida; 1 spec.).—Hae-
MAN, Zool. Jahrb., 1907, 38 (Mexiana I.).—Mznecavx, Boll. Soc. Philom.,
1908, 7 (upper Rio Napo, Babahoyo, Santa Rita, Yaguachi, San Pedro, La
Concepcion, and Vinces, Ecuador); Rev. Frang. d’Orn., no. 2, 1909, 24
(Figuabas, e. Cuba).—Bryzr, Autison, and Kopman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 443
(St. Bernard and Plaquemine Parishes, Louisiana; common).—HArTert
and Venturi, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 230 (Mocovi and Posadas, Argentina;
descr. eggs).—Lows, Ibis, 1909, 335 (Swan I., Caribbean Sea); 1911, 150
(Grand Cayman; Cayman Brac).—VeERRILL (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1909, 359 (Santo Domingo).—Reiser, Denkw. Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 59 (Pernambuco and Joazeiro, Brazil).—DasBsBEne, Orn.
Argent., 1910, 273 (Tucuman; Oran, Salta; Mocovi, Chaco; and San Lorenzo,
Jujuy), 426 (La Rioja).—Ciarx (A. H.), West Ind. Bull., xi, no. 3, 1911, 183

102 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(Santa Lucia).—Granrt (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 323 (Desaguadero, Paraguay).—
Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 418 (New Providence, Andros, and
Abaco islands, Bahamas).—WorruineTon, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 453
(Acklin and Watling islands, etc., Bahamas).

[Crotophaga] ani Satvrn, Ibis, 1890, 88 (Cozumel and Ruatan Ids.).

C[{rotophaga] ani Maxrmian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1835, 314—Gray, Gen.
Birds, ii, 1847, 458.—Cazanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848,
713.—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 99.—CaBanis and Hztnz, Mus. Hein.,
iv, Hefti, 1863, 100 (Guiana; Brazil)—NewrTon (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica,
1881, 109.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 472.—Ripaway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 272. :

Crotohaga ant Taayer and Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 148 (San
Miguel and Saboga islands, Bay of Panama).

(?) [Crotophaga] ambulatoria Linnzxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 155 (Surinam).

Crotophaga ambulatoria Vier.LoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., i, 1816, 549.

Crotophaga rugirostra Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 321, fig. 65 (s. Brazil).—
JARDINE and SELBy, Illustr. Orn., n. s., 1843, pl. 41.—Casanis, in Schom-
burgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 713.

C[rotophaga] rugirostra Gray, Gen. Birds, ‘ii, 1847, 458.—Cazants, in Schom-
burgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 713.

C[rotophaga] rugirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 99.

Crotophaga rugirostris BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 255.—SciavEr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 359 (Comayagua, Honduras).—Barrn, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 71; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), 71, pl. 84, fig. 1;
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 67.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1860,
270 (Cuba; crit.)—ALBrecut, Journ. ftir Orn., 1861, 218 (Cuba).—Gunp-
tacH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 296.

[Crotophaga] rugirostris GunDLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334 (Cuba).—Prnzetn,
Orn. Bras., iv Abth., 1871, 449.

Crotophaga levirostra Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 321, fig. 65a (Brazil;=
young).

C[rotophaga] levirostra Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 458.

C[rotophaga] laevirostris BonaPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 99.

[Crotophaga] laevirostris Petzein, Orn. Bras., iv Abth., 1871, 449.

Crotophaga lxvirostris? Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 105 (Nassau,
New Providence I., Bahamas; descr., etc.).

Crotophaga laevirostris? ALBREcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 50 (Bahamas).

Crotophaga laevirostris BurmrtstER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 255, footnote.

Crotophaga americana SHaw, Gen. Zool. viii, pt. ii, 1812, 380, pl. 51 (new name
for C. ani Linnzeus).

(?) Crotophaga ? Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 333
(New Orleans, Louisiana).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 103

Order PSITTACIFORMES.
PARROT-LIKE BIRDS.

=Psittacint IniiczR, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 195, 200.—Frrzincer, Sitz.-b. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, xxi, 1856, 279, 281.

=[Zygodactyli] Psittacint Viertuot, Analyse, 1816, 25.

=Psitiacinae Nitzscu, Obs. Av. art. carot. comm., 1829, 16; Syst. Pterylog.,
1840, 139.

=Psittact WactEr, Naturl. Syst. Amphib., 1830, 80, 82.—Bonararre, Rev. et
Mag. de Zool., 1850, 475; Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 1.—Garrop, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, 465.—Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 219.—Funr-
BRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1567 (‘‘Gens” of Inter-Suborder
Psittaciformes).—StrsnecER, Science Record, ii, 1884, 155.—Corz, Am. Nat.,
xxili, 1889, 871, 872.—SHarrr, Rev. Recent At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 83
(Suborder, of Order Psittaciformes); Hand-list, ii, 1900, 1—Gapow, in
Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 216, 300; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, xv, 36
(Suborder of Order Cuculi!).—Brpparp, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 253
(Order)—Know.ton, Birds of the World, 1909, 50, 454 (Suborder of Order
Cuculi).

=Psittacidae CaBaNnis, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., 1847, 348.—LityEBoRG,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 16.—Furrsrincer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég.,
ii, 1888, 1285.—Gapow, in Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 222, 300.

=Psittacomorphe Huxuey, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 465.

=Psittaciformes FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1567 (Inter-
Suborder).—Suarre, Rev. Recent At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 83 (Order); Hand-
list, ii, 1900, 1.

=Prehensores BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Phil., 1816, 110; Journ. de Phys., Ixxxiii,
1816, 252.

>Cuculiformes Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 300 (includes
Cuculi+Musophagi); Classif. Vertebr., 1893, xv, 36—Know ton, Birds of
the World, 1909, 50, 441.

Zygodactylous birds with the bill hooked and furnished with a
cere, the rostrum freely movable by means of hinge-like articula-
tion with the skull; dorsal vertebre opisthoccelous; feet prehensile,
perfectly adapted for grasping and climbing; expansor secundariorum
muscle absent; rectrices usually 12 (14 in genus Oreopsittacus); sec-
ondaries aquinto-cubital; downs very complex, covering both pteryla
and apteria; young ptilopedic or semi-ptilopedic.

Additional characters are as follows:

Bill relatively short and deep, strongly hooked, ‘‘raptorial’”’ in
general aspect; maxilla strongly uncinate, freely articulated with
(not suturally joined to) the frontal bones, furnished, on upper-
basal portion, with a well-defined ‘‘cere” or area of soft integument
in which the nostrils are situated (though this is sometimes densely
covered with short feathers), the distal palatal surface usually finely
grooved, transversely or obliquely, producing a file-like corrugation;
symphysis of mandible broad and obtuse (often truncate), the tip
of mandible transversely truncate and chisel-shaped. Tongue short,
usually thick and fleshy, sometimes with tip brush-like or fringed.
Feet permanently zygodactyle through reversion of the fourth toe
(which articulates by a double facet), used, together with the bill,

104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

for climbing, as well as for holding food when eating; tarsus never
transversely scutellate, but covered with small granular scales or
papille, always shorter than longest toe. Palate desmognathous;
nares holorhinal, the nasal septum extensively ossified; orbital ring
frequently complete by union of the lachrymal bones with the post-
frontal or post-orbital process ; basipterygoid processes absent; dorsal
vertebra opisthocelous; metasternum usually fenestrated or indented ;
furculum weak, sometimes defective or wanting; spina interna sterni
absent. Syrinx with three pairs of intrinsic muscles, peculiarly
constructed; deep plantar tendons of type I (galline); myological
formula AXY-+or—, the ambiens present and normal or present
and incomplete; intestinal convolutions of type IV (telogyrous);
expansor secundariorum muscle absent; carotid arteries, both pres-
ent, running deep into the vertebrarterial canal, or the right one deep
and the left superficial, or (mm genus Cacatoes) only the left present;
crop present, well-developed; no ceca; gall-bladder usually absent.
Contour feathers with an aftershaft; spinal pteryla well-defined on
the neck by lateral apteria, forked on upper back; oil-gland (when
present) tufted; rectrices usually 12 (14 in genus Oreopsitiacus only).
Young nidicolous, ptilopedic or semi-ptilopedic (said to be at first
gymnopedic in some forms). Eggs immaculate white, usually
deposited in boles of trees, etc.

The accomplished author of the ‘‘Catalogue of the Psittaci, or
Parrots, in the collection of the British Museum,’’* Count Salvadori,
admits his inability to present a satisfactory classification of the
Psittaci. Thelate Professor Alfred Newton, in hisreview® of attempts
to define the family groups of birds truly remarks that ‘‘the system-
atic treatment of this very natural group has long been a difficult sub-
ject, and almost the only approach to unanimity among those who
have made it their study, lies in the somewhat general belief which
has grown up in the last half of this century that the Parrots should
be regarded as forming a distinct Order,” and he, significantly, adds
that ‘‘it is a reproach to ornithologists that so little satisfactory prog-
ress has been made in this direction, and the result is all the more
disheartening, seeing that there is no group of exotic birds that affords
equal opportunities for anatomical examination, since almost every
genus extant, and more than two-thirds of the species, have within
recent times been kept in confinement in one or another of our zoolog-
ical gardens, and at their death have furnished subjects for dissection.”

Apparently no better scheme of classification has been presented
than that of Count Salvadori in the work cited, which is given below,

@ Catalogue | of the | Birds | in the | British Museum. | Volume XX. | London: |
Printed by order of the Board of Trustees. | 1891. | (Pp. i-xvii, 1-658; 18 colored
plates.)

b Dictionary of Birds, 1894, 688-690.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 105

the arrangement of the ‘‘key’”’ being slightly modified to conform to
the style adopted for the present work.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF PSITTACIFORMES.

a. Hook of maxilla nearly smooth beneath, or with only superficial longitudinal
ridges; tongue fringed or brushed at tip (except in Cyclopsittacide?).
db. Bill longer than deep, much compressed; mandible with gonys nearly straight,
or slanting in a gentle curve toward the tip.
c. Tongue fringed at tip; culmen grooved medially. .Nestoride (extralimital).¢
ce. Tongue brushed at tip; culmen not grooved ........ Loriide (extralimital).6
bb. Bill deeper than long, much swollen laterally; gonys strongly curved and as-
cending abruptly toward tip. (Character of tongue unknown.)
Cyclopsittacidz (extralimital).¢
aa. Hook of maxilla transversely or obliquely ridged, in two lateral series; tongue
simple.
b, Sternum with a well-developed keel.
ce. Orbital ring complete and with a process bridging the temporal fossa; left
carotid normal; head always crested............. Cacatoidze (extralimital).¢@
ec. Orbital ring usually incomplete or if complete without a process bridging the
temporal fossa; left carotid superficial; i. e., in Paleornis (=Conurus); head
without a crest (except in one genus, Nymphicus)....... Psittacide (p. 106).
bb. Sternum with only a rudimentary keel. (Orbital ring complete),
Strigopide (extralimital), ¢

«> Nestorine Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 8 (includes Dasyptilus!). —=Nes-
toride Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 4; Sharpe, Rev. Rec. At. Classif. B.,
1891, 83; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 1. >Strigopidae Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850,
8 (includes Stringopidae).

(Comprising only the Genus Nestor Wagler, of four existing and two extinct species,
peculiar to New Zealand.)

6 =Lorinz Bonaparte, Prodr. Syst. Orn.,1840,2. =Loriinae Bonaparte, Consp. Gen.
Av., i, 1850, 4. =Lortidz Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 11; Sharpe,
Rev. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 83; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 1. < Trichoglossinae Bona-
parte, Gonsp. Gen. Av.,i, 1850, 3. <Trichoglossidae Reichenow, Vog. Zool. Gart., ii,
1884, 34.

(Comprising fourteen genera and nearly ninety species, all peculiar to the Australian
Region.) ‘

¢=Cyclopsittacidz Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 86; Sharpe, Rev. Rec.
At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 83; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 8.

(Consisting of two genera and about twenty-three species, peculiar to the Papaun
Subregion of the Australian Region.)

4 —Plyctolophinae Bonaparte, Prodr. Syst. Orn., 1840, 1; >Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850,
6 (includes Nastterna, Mascarinus, and Coracopsis, belonging to Psittacide). —=Plisso-
lophidae Reichenow, Vig. Zool. Gart., ii, 1884, 8. —Cacatuide Sclater, Ibis., 1880,
403; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 101; Sharpe, Rev. Rec. At. Classif.
Birds, 1891, 83; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 9. ==Cacatuinae Gadow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs,
Vog., ii, 1893, 222, 300. <Calopsittacine Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891,
185; Sharpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 11.

¢>Strigopidae Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 8 (includes Nestoridz!).
=Strigopinae Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 8. ==Stringopidz Sclater, Ibis,
1880, 403; Reichenow, Vég. Zool. Gart., ii, 1884, 5; Stejneger, Science Record, ii,
1884, 155; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 599; Sharpe, Rev. Rec. At.
Classif. Birds, 1891, 93; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 1. —=Stringopinae Gadow, Bronn’s Thier-
Reichs, Vig., ii, 1893, 222, 300.

106 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Family PSITTACIDA.

TYPICAL PARROTS.

>Pstttacide Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 1 (includes Loriide and Caca-
toidee).—Brpparb, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 269 (includes Nestoride).

=Poittacide Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 137.— SHARPE, Rev.
Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 83; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 12,—Sanvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 563.

<Plyctolophinae Bonaparts, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 6 (genera Nasiterna,
Mascarinus and Coracopsis).

=Psittacinae Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 222.

Psittaci having the anterior palatal surface of the maxilla dis-
tinctly grooved, transversely or obliquely, in two parallel lateral
series, producing a file-like corrugation; the tongue without fringed
or brush-like processes; the orbital ring incomplete, or if complete
without a process bridging the temporal fossa; sternum with the keel
normally developed.

As has already been remarked by Count Salvadori,@ “it is ex-
tremely difficult to define the Psittacide by positive characters.
They are separated from the Stringopide by having a complete
sternum, from the Nestoride, Loriide, and Cyclopsittacide by the
file-like surface of the palatine portion of the hook of the bill, and
from the Cacatuide by the absence of a crest (except in Nymphi-
cus).”

The Psittacide occur throughout the tropical and most of the sub-
tropical portions of both hemispheres, though wanting in certain
remote island groups (such as the Galapagos and Hawaiian archi-
pelagos). They are the only Psittaci found in America or in Africa;
in the south-eastern portion of the Indo-Malayan or Oriental Region
they come in contact with members of the Cacatoide, while,in the
Australian Region they are associated with all the other families of
the suborder.

The species of Psittacide are very numerous, more than four hun-
dred and twenty, referred to fifty-seven genera, being known at the
time Count Salvadori’s monograph was published (1891), of which
number, however, only sixteen genera and one hundred and twenty-
two species are American. Of the latter considerably less than half
the species are represented in the geographic area of the present
work, though three-fourths of the genera are represented.

Since only two of the six subfamilies of Psittacide recognized by
Count Salvadori are represented in America, it seems desirable, in
order to give a better understanding of their characters and rela-
tionships, to reproduce (with slight modifications) the key to the sub-
families given in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum
(xx, 1891, 137).

2 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 137.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE: AMERICA. 107

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF PSITTACIDA.

a, Rectrices with spiny tip..........2.. 2.0.02. 0 eee eee Nasiternine (extralimital).¢
aa. Rectrices not spine-tipped. _
b. Furcula present (except in genera Psittacula and Agapornis).
c. Left carotid superficial. :
d. Orbital ring often complete; plumage mostly green.
e. Tail rather long, generally graduated or cuneate; cere sometimes feath-

CLG ssatesenac a noat act nisba Sensi oon diars iauiem aa Heme hed teens Arinz.}

ee. Tail moderate or short, truncated or slightly rounded; cere always
AKC. oc ccweunweieeuemuseuie vaio seses avacielsyNanaesaesscia Pionine. ¢

dd. Orbital ring always incomplete; plumage gray or black, sometimes partly
Ted con pectwecmenatnvecencaeascos cacauanaee Psittacine (extralimital).¢

ce. Left carotid normal (running, like the right one, in the hypoapophysial
CATA) os lie ara a aoc as ald int sighs eciatcrarwicieatar areeartoarisiers Conurine (extralimital).¢

bb. Furcula absent; orbital ring complete. .........- Platycercine (extralimital).f

@ = Nasiterning Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 138; Sharpe, Hand-list,
ii, 1900, 12.

Includes a single genus and twelve species of very small parrots, peculiar to the
Papuan Subregion.

b = Macrocercinae Bonaparte, Prodr. Syst. Orn., 1840, 1; Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 1.
=Arine Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 345; Sclaterand Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873,
111; Beddard, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 270. =Conurine Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 147; Sharpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 13. >>Conurine Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 563 (includes, doubtless by inadvertence,
Pioninz!).

An exclusively American group, comprising sixteen genera and more than one
hundred and twenty species.

¢ =Psittacing Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 352; Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av.
Neotr:, 1873, 113. =Pioning Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 267; Sharpe,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 20. >>Conurine Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii,
1897, 563 (evidently by inadvertence!). =Chrysotine Beddard, Struct. and Classif.
Birds, 1898, 270.

A group of ten genera and more than one hundred species, of which nine genera
and eighty-three species are found only in America, the remainder being peculiar to
Africa, ‘

@ —Psittacine Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 376; Sharpe, Hand-list, ii,
1900, 26.

A small group consisting of three genera and ten species (one of them extinct)
peculiar to Africa, including Madagascar and neighboring islands.

¢ <Platycercinae Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 2 (genera Polytelis, Palxornts
=Conurus, and Aprosmictus). =Palxornithine Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xx, 1891, 386; Sharpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 27.

An extensive group of seventeen genera (two extinct) and one hundred and thirty-
seven species (two extinct), confined to the Australian, Indo-Malayan, and African
Regions.

Ff (=?) Pezoporinae Bonaparte, Prodr. Syst. Orn., 1840, 2; Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 1
(genus Pezoporus only). <(Platycercinae Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 2 (genera
Melopsittacus, Ruphema, Psephotus, and’ Platycercus). =Platycercine Salvadori, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 539; Sharpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 37. >Platycercine Bed-
dard, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 270 (includes Psittacula/).

A group of eleven genera and about fifty-eight species, confined to Australia, New
Zealand, New Caledonia, and the Society Islands.

108 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

From the nature of the characters upon which the above arrange-
ment is based, it is obvious that the classification presented can be
considered merely tentative and that a more careful study of the
subject is required. It is true that characters additional to the above
are given in Count Salvadori’s “key,” but they do not contrast and
therefore only serve to obscure or complicate the diagnoses.

KEY TO THE AMERICAN GENERA OF PSITTACIDZ.@

a, Tail distinctly graduated, with rectrices narrowing or tapering terminally, or else
(Pstttacula) the middle rectrices distinctly acuminate, the others subacuminate.
b. Tail more (usually much more) than half as long as wing, distinctly graduated,
or else middle rectrices distinctly longer than the rest and outermost primary
with tip not attenuated; sexes alike in coloration; furcula present; larger
(length more—usually very much more—than 150 mm.).
ce. More than orbital region and chin naked.

d. Larger (length more, usually very much more, than 380 mm.); bill more
compressed, the width of maxilla at base equal to not more (usually less)
than half the length of culmen, the greatest width of mandible less than
length of gonys; the maxillary unguis thicker and more obtuse or else
(Anodorhynchus, part) distinctly compressed, or (Ognorhynchus) a broad
post-mandibular naked area, and lores feathered; tail not shorter (usually
longer) than wing; cheeks partly naked.

e. Tip of mandible extremely broad, its width equal to more than half the
length of gonys; loral and suborbital regions normally feathered, a
broad feathered space separating the naked orbital space from that
behind base of mandible; unicolored (wholly blue or bluish).

Anodorhynchus (p. 117).

ee. Tip of mandible much narrower, its width equal to not more (usually

less) than one-third the length of gonys; loral and suborbital regions

naked or else (Ognorhynchus) maxillary unguis slender and acute ter-

minally, chisel-like tip to mandible very short, and forehead, suborbital

region, and auricular region yellow; particolored (plumage with red,
yellow, or green, besides blue, the latter sometimes absent).

Jf. Loral and suborbital regions naked; maxillary unguis not attenuated
nor acute; tip of mandible more produced; forehead and auricular
region not yellow.

g. Bill much larger, the culmen much longer than outer hind toe without
claw (usually longer than outer front toe without claw, sometimes
longer than tarsus and outer front toe without claw); anterior lateral
outline of cere more or less strongly sinuated (convex above, con-
cave below); excision of mandibular tomium relatively shallow
and broad; corrugations of palatal surface of maxillary unguis
distinct; sides of forehead feathered...............--- Ara (p. 119).

2 The only American genus of the group not examined in the present connection is
Cyanopsitia Bonaparte (Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 149; type, Sittace spixit
Wagler)—the name emended to Cyanopsittacus by Salvadori (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xx, 1891, 150). This genus has usually been placed next to Anodorhynchus, probably
on account of its wholly bluish coloration; but judging from descriptions and colored
figures it seems not to be closely related to the latter, though its real relationships can
be determined only by examination and comparison with other genera. It is prob-
ably most nearly related to some of the smaller forms here referred to Ara, or possibly
to Orthopsittaca.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 109

gg. Bill much smaller, the culmen very slightly if at all longer than outer
hind toe without claw; anterior lateral outline of cere straight or
faintly concave (without convexity in front of nostril); excision
of mandibular tomium deep and narrow; corrugations on palatal
surface of maxillary unguis obsolete; sides of forehead naked.
Orthopsittaca (extralimital).¢
Jf. Loral and suborbital regions feathered, separating the rather small
orbital from the large post-mandibular naked space; maxillary
unguis attenuated and acute; tip of mandible very short; forehead,
suborbital region, and auricular region yellow.
Ognorhynchus (extralimital).6
dd. Smaller (length less than 300 mm.); bill much broader, more swollen later-
ally, the width of maxilla at base equal to much more than half the
length of culmen, the greatest width of mandible equal to length of
gonys; maxillary unguis extremely attenuated and acute (but lores
naked and no exposed naked post-mandibular area, and no yellow on
head); tail shorter than wing; cheeks normally feathered.
2 Diopsittaca (extralimital).¢
ce. Only the orbital region and chin naked.
d. Cere densely feathered to anterior margin.
e. Bill very large and much compressed; maxillary unguis deep (vertically)
and narrow (transversely), its lateral width at base about twice its
transverse diameter, its palatal surface with corrugations indistinct
or obsolete; width of chisel-like tip of mandible equal to only one-fifth
the length of gonys, the latter with a distinct median groove; tail less
than three-fourths as long as wing..........-.-. Rhynchopsitta (p. 140).
ee. Bill relatively much smaller, not compressed; maxillary unguis relatively
shallow and broad, its lateral width at base little if any greater than its
transverse diameter, its palatal surface with corrugations distinct;
width of chisel-like tip of mandible equal to one-third the length of
gonys, the latter without any median groove; tail more than three-
fourths as long as wing.

@ Orthopsittaca Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 99. (Type,
Psittacus manilatus Boddaert.) (Op0és, straight; Yurrdxn, a parrot; with reference to
the straight vertical outline of base of the maxilla.)

Ognorhynchus, Bonaparte, Remarques Obs. Blanchard Psittacides, 1857, 6. (Type,
Conurus icterotis Souancé.)—Gnathosittaca Cabanis, Journ. ftir Orn., xii, Nov., 1864,
415. (Type, G. heinei Cabanis=Conurus icterotis Souancé.) (Tvados, Kinnlade,
owrrd«n=Psittacus; Cabanis.) Colombia and Ecuador. (Monotypic.)

¢ Diopsitiaca Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4,1912, 99. (Type, Psit-
tacus nobilis Linnzus.) (Atos, noble; Yirraxn, a parrot.) Includes also Diopsittaca
hahni (Souancé).

Trinidad and Guiana to Southern Brazil. (Two species.)

The two species of this very strongly characterized genus further agree in their
almost wholly green coloration relieved by red under wing-coverts and yellowish olive
under surface of remiges and rectrices, the green of the head becoming more bluish
onforehead. The form of the bill is very much as in Ognorhynchus, but the maxillary
unguis is even more attenuated terminally and the mandible relatively shorter, with
its chisel-like tip more produced; besides, the cere is naked, fully exposing the nos-
trils, that of Ognorhynchus being very densely feathered to the extreme anterior edge.

110 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

f. Tail as long as wing; tenth (outermost) primary shorter than seventh;
tarsus as long as outer front toe without claw; rump yellow, primaries
greenish blue, tail greenish olive. -.-.-.--- Cyanoliseus (extralimital).¢

ff. Tail shorter than wing; tenth (outermost) primary longer than seventh;

tarsus much shorter than outer front toe without claw; rump and
primaries green, tail green or dull red.

g. Prefrontal feathers shorter, softer; loral feathers smaller, less dense;
culmen flattened, more or less distinctly ridged laterally; tail dull
red; pileum barred or spotted with black.

h. Maxilla elongated, the tip (unguis) much produced (as long as or
longer than rest of maxilla), less strongly decurved, the culmen
as long as outer front toe with claw.

Enicognathus (extralimital).6
hh. Maxilla not elongated, its tip (unguis) short and strongly decurved
(much shorter than rest of maxilla), the culmen shorter than
middle toe without claw.......... Microsittace (extralimital).¢
gg. Prefrontal feathers longer, stiffer, more erect; loral feathers larger,
more dense; culmen rounded; tail green; pileum without black.
Conuropsis (p. 143).
dd. Cere incompletely feathered.
e. Seventh primary attenuated terminally.

Ff. Maxilla swollen laterally, much wider than deep at base, broadly arched
in transverse section, its tip attenuated, acute, and ridged; feathers
of cheeks narrow, distinctly outlined; cere naked behind nostrils;
inner web of rectrices mostly red....... Thectocercus (extralimital).¢

@ Cyanoliseus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 150. (Type, Psittacus
cyanolyseos Molina—Psitttacus (Aratinga) byronit Children MS.).—Cyanolyseus (emen-
dation) Bonaparte, Ann. Soc. Nat., (4), i, 1854, 108.—Cyanoliseos (emendation) Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Psitt., 1859, 34.—Cyanolyseos (emendation) Sclater, Cat. Am.
Birds, 1862, 346.

Southern Argentina and Chile. (Two species?; possibly monotypic, the two
recognized forms differing chiefly in size.)

b Enicognathus Gray, Gen. Birds, 1840, 51. (Type, Psittacara leptorhyncha King.)—
Henicognathus (emendation) Agassiz, Nom. Zool. Index Univers., 1846, 178.—
Stylorhynchus Lesson, L’Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, 184. (Type, Arara erythro-
rons Lesson=Psittacara leptorhyncha King.)—Hylorhynchus Gray, Cat. Gen. and Sub-
gen. Birds, 1855, 87. (Type, Psittacara leptorhyncha King.)

Chile. (Monotypic.)

This genus differs from Microsittace only in the remarkable form of the bill, even
the coloration being practically the same. The bill resembles very much that of the
Australian Cacatuine genus Licmetis.

¢ Microsittace Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 150. (Type, Psittacus
smaragdinus Gmelin=P. ferrugineus Miiller.)

Southern Chileand Argentina. (Monotypic.)

@ Thectocercus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 99. (Type,
Psittacus acuticaudatus Vieillot.) (@nxrés, sharp; xépxos, tail.)

ae Brazil to Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. (Two
species.

The bill in this genus closely resembles that of Ognorhynchus and Diopsittaca, espe-
cially the latter, in its attenuated and acute maxillary unguis, but the maxilla is more
swollen laterally, the culmen more rounded, and the maxilla relatively shorter from
rictus i tip and truncate or even slightly concave at base beneath (instead of slightly
convex).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 111

Ff. Maxilla not swollen laterally, little wider than deep at base, compressed
toward the broadly flattened culmen, subpyramidal or truncate-sub-
conical in tranverse section, its tip neither attenuated, acute, nor
ridged; cere feathered behind nostrils; rectrices without any red.

g. Tail not longer than wing (usually decidedly shorter), graduated for
not more (usually less) than half its length; depth of bill much
greater than length of culmen, the maxillary unguis much shorter and
thicker, more strongly decurved; pileum green, blue, yellow, or red.

h. Tip of mandible less produced, strongly rounded (transversely), the
obtuse edge deeply concave above; under surface of remiges and
rectrices olive-yellowish; no blue on remiges....Aratinga (p. 150).

hh. Tip of mandible more produced (more chisel-like), flattened, the
more acute terminal edge straight or very slightly concave above;
under surace of remiges and rectrices blackish or slaty; distal
secondaries and distal portion of proximal primaries deep blue.
Eupsittula (p. 161).
gg. Tail longer than wing, graduated for more than half its length; depth
of bill at base equal to less than length of culmen, the maxillary
unguis relatively long, narrow, and slightly decurved; pileum
blacks2 seosexcnsestionsissdseesounsese Nandayus (extralimital).¢
ee. Seventh primary not attenuated terminally.

jf. Culmen flattened (at least basally, where sometimes grooved medially);

tenth (outermost) primary shorter than seventh; orbital region more

extensively naked; tail brownish red or blackish brown, at least on
under surface; orbital ring of skull complete %; ambiens muscle
wanting.

g. Upper portion of cere less produced, less extensively naked; tail
longer than wing; chisel-like tip of mandible flat, its width equal
to only one-third the length of gonys; auricular feathers narrow,
elongated, yellow, forming a conspicuous tuft.

Leptosittaca (extralimital).¢

gg. Upper portion of cere much produced, more extensively naked; tail
not longer (usually shorter) than wing; chisel-like tip of mandible
strongly rounded (transversely), its width much more than one-
third the length of gonys; auricular feathers normal, never yellow.
Pyrrhura (p. 175).

Jf. Culmen not flattened; tenth (outermost) primary much longer than
seventh; tail green (no red in plumage); orbital ring complete;
ambiens muscle present.

« Nandayus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 150. (Type, Psittacus
nenday Vieillot.) ‘

Paraguay. (Monotypic.)

b At least in Pyrrhura; not known as to Leptosittaca.

¢ Leptosittaca Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, 6th ser., vi, July, 1894, 402. (Type,
E, branickit Berlepsch and Stolzmann.)

Central Peru. (Monotypic.)

This genus presents a rather close superficial resemblance to Ognorhynchus, especially
in the narrow and elongate yellow auricular feathers, but the bill is very differently
shaped, and the cheeks, instead of showing a very large naked area next to the base
of the mandible are covered with rather large feathers which completely hide the

very narrow bare post-mandibular space and even overlap the base of the mandible
itself,

112 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

g. Maxilla broader, much swollen laterally, its width at base equal to at
least two-thirds the length of culmen, the unguis short and broad,
its width at base equal to or greater than its length; depth of man-
dible at base equal to length of gonys, much greater than that of
maxilla at base, the rami relatively short, the base of mandible
underneath more shallowly concave; cere much broader and more
convex in front of nostril, the lower part strongly receding, more or
less tumid, or else ( Myiopsitta) with anterior outline nearly straight
and nearly covered by flattened antrorse feathers; oil-gland pres-
ent, tufted.

h. Prefrontal feathers antrorse, forming a flattened fringe covering cere
(except anterior margin) and concealing nostrils; anterior outline
of cere nearly straight; tarsus much longer than outer front toe
without claw; inner webs of eighth and ninth primaries conspicu-
ously toothed, that of the tenth (outermost) excised, subtermi-
Tally oven eiecicrteye otaieG wisie's's lated asides Myiopsitta (extralimital).¢

hh. Prefrontal antrorse fringe absent, the cere naked (except, some-

times, on top, at base of culmen) the nostrils fully exposed;
anterior outline of cere strongly convex or the cere nearly cir-
cular, with nostril near center, and more or less tumid; tarsus
not longer (sometimes shorter) than outer front toe without claw;
inner webs of all the primaries normal.

4, Cere very tumid, circular; tail nearly four-fifths as long to longer
than wing, graduated for more than half its length; tarsus nearly
to quite as long as outer front toe without claw; ninth primary
longest, the tenth (outermost) little if any longer than eighth;
plumage with gray or yellow.

j. Feathers of cheeks long, full, semiantrorse, concealing sides of
mandible; tail longer than wing; bill smaller and broader,
the culmen much shorter than tarsus, not much longer than
width of maxilla at base, the tip of maxilla (unguis) very
broad and rounded; forehead and crown grayish brown,
cheeks, throat, chest, etc., pale gray, primaries green.

Amoropsittaca (extralimital).®

@ Myiopsitta Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 150. (Type, Psittacus
murinus Gmelin=P. monachus Boddaert.).— Myiopsittacus (emendation) Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 231.

Bolivia, Argentina, and Uruguay. (Two species, of which only M. monachus has
been examined in the present connection.)

The species of this genus are, apparently, entirely unique in their nesting habits,
the nest being suspended from the extremity of a branch, successive nesta being
added until the accumulated material sometimes weighs as much as a quarter of a
ton, each nest consisting of two chambers, a porch or exterior shelter, and a separate
room for the eggs, several of these nests being sometimes built in one tree. (See
“Argentine Ornithology,” ii, 45.) So far as known, all other parrots deposit their
eggs in cavities of trees or rocks or excavations in earth banks.

+ Amoropsittaca Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxviii, Nov. 29, 1915, 183.
(Type, Arara aymara, D’Orbigny.)

Bolivia, Argentina, and Chilean Andes. (Monotypic?)

The above characters are based on A. aymara exclusively. In general form and size,
and especially in the small, short bill with the sides of the mandible covered (over-
laid) by feathers of the cheeks, this genus presents a remarkable general resemblance

to the Australian genus Melopsittacus (Subfamily Platycercine), though the coloration
is very different.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 113

jj. Feathers of cheeks short (normal), not covering sides of mandi-
ble; tail shorter than wing; bill longer and narrower, the
length of culmen nearly equal to that of tarsus and much
greater than width of maxilla at base, the tip of maxilla
(unguis) narrow, obtusely pointed; no gray on cheeks, throat,
etc., nor brown on pileum, the latter green, the primaries
WVU ogo iss wis ass esw inje atsls te laisse’ Psilopsiagon (extralimital).¢
wt. Cere only slightly tumid, broadly subfusiform (by encroachment
of frontal feathering on posterior portion); tail not more than
two-thirds as long as wing (sometimes but little more than half
as long), graduated for much less than half its length; tarsus
much shorter than outer front toe without claw; plumage with
neither gray nor yellow (green, sometimes barred or spotted
‘With: DIGG) -.o.0:6 isielcccscassaicuaciesigsneneas Bolborhynchus (p. 178).
gg. Maxilla much narrower, less swollen laterally (sometimes compressed
toward culmen, its width at base equal to little if any more (some-
times less) than half the length of culmen, the unguis relatively
long and narrow, its width (transversely) at base much less than
its length; depth of mandible at base less than length of gonys,
not greater than that of maxilla, the rami relatively long, the base
of mandible beneath deeply concave; cere narrower or else with
anterior outline nearly straight, the lower part well forward, not
tumid; oil-gland absent.®
h. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, graduated for nearly to
more than half its length, the rectrices very narrow, attenuated
distal ¥ sveswoxceenansones couse Tirica (extralimital).¢
hh. Tail less than two-thirds (usually less than half) as long as wing,
graduated for much less than half its length, the rectrices not
attenuated distally (though pointed at tip) ..Brotogeris (p. 182).
bb. Tail not more (usually a little less) than half as long as wing, or else tip of outer-
most primary abruptly attenuated; sexes different in coloration (the males
with more or less blue, the females with none; furcula absent; size very small
(length less than 140 mm.)........--2--..020-- eee eee nese Psittacula (p. 187).
aa, Tail not distinctly if at all graduated, the rectrices usually not distinctly if at all
acuminate or subacuminate,?¢ or else (Pionopsitta, Pyrilia, and Hapalopsittaca),
wing more than 130 mm. and tip of outermost primary not attenuated.

@ Psilopsiagon Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 100. (Type,
Trichoglossus aurifrons Wagler.) (pcdés, naked; orayév, jaw bone.)

Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and western Argentina. (Three species?)

I have not seen Conurus rubrirostris Burmeister nor Myiopsitta orbygnesia Bona-
parte, referred by Count Salvadori and others (together with Psittacus aurifrons
Lesson) to ‘‘ Bolborhynchus,’”’ but, judging from descriptions, they seem much more
likely to belong here than to Amoropsittaca. The above characters are taken from
aurifrons exclusively.

> This not determined as to Nannopsittaca panychlora.

¢ Tirica Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 151. (Type, Psittacus tirica
Gmelin.) Amazon Valley to southeastern Brazil. (Three species.)

@In some species of Pionopsitta, Pyrilia, and Hapalopsittaca the tail is not essentially
different in shape and relative length and in form of the rectrices from that of Psitta-
cula; but the birds sre very much larger, have the tip of the outermost primary not
attenuated, and differ materially in other respects,

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16—_8

114 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

’. Maxilla much broader than deep, swollen laterally, its tomia strongly pro-
duced, shallowly excised distally, a broad angular lobe overhanging base of
palatal surface of unguis, the latter very deeply excavated or concave and as
wide at base as it is long; nostrils near top of cere, opening as much vertically
as laterally; claw of outer anterior toe very broad, its inner edge strongly pro-
GuCed <oeeiol ocala ee uibimese res ones Graydidascalus (extralimital).¢

bb. Maxilla much narrower, not wider (usually not as wide) as deep, not swollen

laterally, its tomia not strongly produced, usually notched and ‘‘toothed,”
the palatal surface of the unguis not deeply excavated and (usually at least)
longer than broad; nostrils farther from top of cere, opening laterally, rela-
tively smaller; claw of outer anterior toe normal.

c. Smaller (wing less than 125 mm.); maxilla narrower, less strongly: decurved
and less compressed terminally, its tomia not notched nor ‘‘toothed,’’ but
with a long terminal concavity or sinus and a slight angle or lobe near middle,
or else with the post-ungusl notch and angle very slight; palatal surface of
unguis deeply concave; lateral outline of cere not strongly sinuated (some-
times nearly straight), the lower portion well forward; nostrils posterior to
middle of cere; under tail-coverts extending nearly (sometimes quite) to tip
of tail.

d. Bill more slender, the depth of maxilla at base equal to much less than half
the length of culmen, the latter less strongly decurved; tarsus as long as
outer front toe without claw; tenth (outermost) primary with inner web
emarginate near tip; orbital region mostly feathered; rectrices wholly
green; smaller (wing less than 95 mm.) -...Nannopsittaca (extralimital),¢

dd. Bill stouter, the depth of maxilla at base equal to half the length of culmen,

the latter more strongly decurved; tarsus much shorter than outer front
toe without claw; tenth (outermost) primary with inner web not emargi-
nate; orbital region wholly naked; rectrices (except middle pair) purple,
red, golden, or yellowish, usually with a black terminal or subterminal
bar; larger (wing more than 100 mm.)...........-....-Urochroma (p. 196).

@Graydidascalus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 147. (Type, Psitta-
cus viridissimus Swainson=P. brachyurus Temminck.)—Graydidactylus (emendation)
Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856, Consp. Psittacorum, genus 27.—Pachynus Reichenow,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1881, 352. (New name to replace Graydidascalus on grounds of purism.)

Upper Amazon Valley. (Monotypic.)

It is very difficult to fit this peculiar form into the ‘‘key” satisfactorily, its exact
relationships not being very evident. In the nearly straight lateral outline of the cere
it resembles Brotogeris, Urochroma, etc., but the bill is otherwise very different, not
only from that of the genera mentioned but from all others.

b While perfectly obvious to the eye, it is nevertheless exceedingly different to for-
mulate terms clearly indice ting the many differences in the form of the bill in this
group of genera as compared with Graydidascalus.

¢ Nannopsittaca Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 100. (Type,
Brotogerys panychlorus Salvin end Godman.) (vévvos, dwarf; yurrdun, a parrot.)

British Guiana. (Monotypic.)

The type and only known species of this genus has usually been placed in Bolbor-
hynchus, though sometimes in Psittacula; but why, in either case, is quite beyond my
comprehension. It is evidently related to both Brotogeris and Urochroma, but is very
distinct from either. In size and general form, and especially in the form of the bill,
there is a remarkable resemblance to the Indo-Malayan genus Loriculus Blyth, a
member of the Paleornithinz (=Conurinz),

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 115

cc. Larger (wing not less than 135 mm.); maxilla broader, more strongly decurved
and more compressed terminally, its tomia distinctly notched and ‘‘toothed’’;
palatal surface of unguis not deeply hollowed, usually nearly (sometimes
quite) flat; lateral anterior outline of cere strongly sinuated, the upper (pre-
nasal) portion strongly convex, the lower portion drawn backward nearly
if not quite to the loral feathering; nostrils anterior to middle of cere; under

tail-coverts falling far short of tip of tail.

d. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing.
e. Smaller (wing less than 150 mm.; or else not more than 170 mm., with
under wing-coverts red, and under tail-coverts without red).

jf. Depth of mandible at base greater than length of gonys; tail more
than half as long as wing, nearly truncate; inner webs of remiges
wholly slate-blackish and tail wholly green. .Pionites (extralimital).¢
Jf. Depth of mandible at base less than half the length of gonys; tail not
more than half as long as wing (or else lores densely feathered and
auricular feathers narrow and somewhat elongated), more or less
strongly rounded (sometimes almost graduated); inner webs of
remiges (except near shaft) blue, greenish blue, or bluish green and

‘inner webs of rectrices partly yellow or red (or else, in Pionopsitta,

tail mostly blue).

g. Tail half as long as wing or slightly more, graduated for at least length
of gonys, the rectrices distinctly narrowed terminally; inner
webs of rectrices not distinctly different in color from outer web.

h. Bill much broader, the maxilla swollen laterally, its width at
base much greater than length of gonys and equal to three-fourths
the length of culmen; maxillary tomium with distinct post-
ungual notch and “‘tooth”; base of mandible beneath broad
and shallowly concave; tenth (outermost) primary much longer
than seventh; lores scantily feathered; tail blue and green;
sexes different in color, the adult male with forehead, crown,
postocular region and part of auricular region red, the adult
female without any red.........-.-.-- Pionopsitta (extralimital).®

hh. Bill much narrower, the maxilla compressed laterally, its width

at base equal to but little more than length of gonys and much
less than three-fourths the length of culmen; maxillary tomium
without distinct, if any, post-ungual notch or “‘tooth”; base of
mandible beneath narrowly and deeply concave; tenth (outer-
most) primary equal to seventh; lores densely feathered;
auricular feathers narrow, somewhat elongated; tail dusky
blue distally, dusky red proximally; sexes alike in color.
Hapalopsittaca (extralimital). ¢

a Catca (not of Lesson, 1847) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850,5. (Type, Psittacus
melanocephalus Linnzeus.)—Pionites Heine, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 231. (Type,
Psittacus melanocephalus Linnzeus.)

Guiana and Amazon Valley. (Four species.)

5 Pionopsitta Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 152. (Type, Psittacus
pileatus Scopoli.)—Pionopsitiacus (emendation) Sundevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp.
Tent., 1872, 69.

Paraguay and southeastern Brazil. (Monotypic.)

¢ Hapalopsittaca Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 100. (Type,
Psittacus amazoninus Des Murs.) (‘Amados, delicate; yrrtdxn, a parrot.)

Colombia and Ecuador. (Two species, one of which, H. pyrrhops (Salvin), I
have not seen.)

116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

gg. Tail less than half as long as wing, slightly rounded, the rectrices
not narrowed terminally (though subacuminate at tip); inner
webs of rectrices yellow or red, the outer webs green (both webs

blue terminally).
h. Head normally flattened (only the orbital region naked and lores
scantily feathered).......-.-.---------++-e2---- Pyrilia (p. 201).
hh. Head (all round) naked as far back as ears, scant short bristles re-
placing feathers........-.-------++- Gypopsitta (extralimital).¢

ee. Larger (wing more than 150 and if less than 170 mm. the under wing-
coverts not red but under tail-coverts with red.

f. Tail less than half as long as wing, slightly double-rounded or faintly
emarginate, the rectrices narrowly rounded or subacuminate at tip;
under tail-coverts red; feathers of lower neck smaller (normal).

Pionus (p. 206).
jf. Tail not less than half as long as wing, more or less (usually slightly)
rounded, the rectrices broadly rounded at tip; under tail-coverta
without any red; feathers of lower neck (especially hindneck) larger
and broader, sometimes developed into a distinct erectile ruff,
Amazona (p. 217).
dd. Tail at least two-thirds as long as wing.

-e. Mandible as in Amazona but relatively deeper and with tip emarginate
instead of rounded; orbital region extensively naked; feathers of sides
of head acicular, those on nape very long and broad, forming a very con-
spicuous erectile ruff; tenth (outermost) primary equal to fourth; tail
more strongly rounded, the rectrices very broad; coloration varied (under
parts and nuchal crest purplish red, the feathers tipped with blue, head
brown streaked with whitish, the forehead dull ‘whitish).

Deroptyus (extralimital).®

ee. Mandible unique in its flattened sides margined beneath by a distinct
curved ridge, the under side with a distinct median ridge, the tip
recurved almost at a right-angle with the axis; orbital region mostly
feathered; feathers of head and neck normal, those of nape rather
short; tenth (outermost) primary longer than sixth; tail less strongly
rounded, the rectrices rather narrow; coloration simple (plain green
with violet on abdomen.......- ESM aterm Seticiaei Triclaria (extralimital).¢

@ Gypopsitta Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856, Consp. Psittacorum, genus 25. (Type,
Psittacus vulturinus Kuhl.)—Gypopsittacus (emendation) Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xx, 1891, 349.

Lower Amazon Valley. (Monotypic.)

Except in its naked head this genus agrees perfectly in details of structure as well
as in style of coloration with Pyrilia.

b Deroptyus Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 492. (Type, Psittacus accipitrinus Linus.)
Derotypus (emendation) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 5.

Amazon Valley and Guiana. (Monotypic.)

¢ Triclaria Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 499. (Type, Psittacus cyanogaster Vieillot.)—
Maximilicus ‘‘Lessfon]” Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 51.

Southeastern Brazil. (Monotypic.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 117
Genus ANODORHYNCHUS Spix.

Anodorhynchus Srrx, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 47. (Type, Psittacus hyacinthinus
Latham.)

Aodorhynchus (typographical error) Srix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, in index.

Anadorhynchos (emendation) Bream, Mon. Papag., Heft fi, 1843, 5.

Anodontorhynchus (emendation) Acassiz, Nom. Zool. Index Univ., 1846, 24.

Anodorynchus (emendation) LicutensteIn, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 73.

Anadorhynchus (emendation) Finsca, Die Papag., i, 1867, 387.

Anoplorhynchus (emendation) SUNDEVALL, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 70.

Very large, long-tailed Psittacide (length about 750 mm.) of
wholly blue or bluish coloration, exposed nostrils, completely
feathered lores, and with chisel-like tip of tnandible extremely
broad (its width equal to more than half the length of gonys).

Bill enormously large and strong, its depth at base at least nearly
equal to length of culmen (sometimes greater), and nearly twice its
greatest width; culmen nearly equal to (sometimes greater than)
length of head from nostril, regularly and very strongly decurved,
broadly rounded; maxilla compressed laterally toward culmen, the
hooked tip (unguis) very long, compressed, acute (though broader
and flattened transversely), the length of its transversely corrugated
palatal surface nearly (sometimes quite) equal to depth of maxilla
at base; maxillary tomium not distinctly if at all incised sub-
terminally, but with slight sinuations; mandible exceedingly broad
(much wider than maxilla), its greatest width nearly to quite equal
to length of gonys, broadly rounded beneath, its lower basal outline
nearly straight or even slightly convex, its chisel-like tip extremely
broad (its width equal to more than half the length of gonys), slightly
concave medially, more or less convex or rounded laterally; mandib-
ular tomium with a more or less distinct subterminal notch. Wing
rather long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal
secondaries by about two-fifths the length of wing, or more; eighth
or ninth primary longest, the tenth (outermost) longer than sixth
(sometimes longer than seventh). Tail as long as wing, graduated
for more than half its length, the rectrices tapering terminally but
rounded at tip. Tarsus not longer (sometimes decidedly shorter)
than outer hind toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Head normally feathered except orbital
region and around base of mandible, where the skin is completely
naked; cere naked in front of nostrils and at base of culmen (some-
times with short feathers or bristles in front of nostrils), the nostrils
exposed. Color wholly bluish (ranging from violet-blue or ultra-
marine, the head, neck, and under parts lighter, more cobalt blue to
decidedly greenish blue, with head, neck, and under parts much

118 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

duller, more grayish, blue), the under surface of remiges and rectrices
blackish.*

Range.—Existing species, Brazil, south of Amazon River, to
Paraguay and Uruguay; two extinct species, formerly existing on
the Lesser Antillean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique have been
referred to this genus, but it is by no means certain that they may not
have belonged to Ara or were even generically distinct from both
Ara and Anodorhynchus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANODORHYNCHUS.

a. General color violet. (Guadeloupe Island; extinct.)
, Anodorhynchus purpurascens (p. 119),
aa. General color blue. - :
b. Violet-blue (smalt blue), the head, neck, and under parts cobalt blue; larger
(culmen 85-93 mm.). (Central Brazil.)
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (extralimital).6
bb. Dull greenish blue or bluish green (terre verte to gobelin blue), the head, neck,
and under parts dull grayish green (artemisia green); smaller (culmen about 65
mmm.). (Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil.)
Anodorhynchus glaucus (extralimital).¢

@ One extinct species, from the island of Guadeloupe, doubtfully referred to this
genus, was entirely violet, while another, formerly existing on the island of Marti-
nique, was blue above, the under parts orange. The last (A. martinicus Rothschild)
may, however, have been an Ara, and Count Salvadori (Ibis, 1906, 451) suggests that
it may have been A. ararauna?

b [Pstttacus] hyacinthinus Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 84 (no locality mentioned;
coll. D. Parkinson).— Macrocercus hyacinthinus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii,
1816, 260.—S[ittace] hyacinthina Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 676.—Sittace hyacinthina
Finsch, Die Papag., i, 1867, 389; Reichenow, Vogelbild, 1879, pl. 9, fig. 2; Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 153.—Al[nodorhynchus] hyacinthinus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 51.—
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 147.—Arara
hyacinthinus Brehm, Mon. Papag., 1842, 4.—Arara hyacinthina Schlegel, Mus. Pays-
Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 2.—A[ra] hyacinthina Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 412.—
Ara hyacinthinus Hartlaub, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 247.—Pstttacus augustus Shaw,
Mus. Lever., i, no. 2, 1792, 57, with plate (Brazil?).— Macrocercus ? augustus Stephens,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 113.—Anodorhynchus maximiliani Spix, Av. Bras., i,
1824, pl. 11.—Aodorhyncho maximiliant augusti Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 25, in text.—
Anadorhynchus maximihant Brehm, Mon. Papag., Heft iii, 1842, 11.—Pstttacara
cobaltina Bourjot, Perr., 1837-38, pl. 16.

¢ Macrocercus glaucus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 259 (Paraguay;
based on Guacamayo bleu Azara, Apunt., i, 402); Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii,
1856, 160.—S[tttace] glauca Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 676.—Sittace glauca Wagler,
Mon. Psitt., 1832, pl. 26; Finsch, Die Papag., i, 1867, 391; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871,
254, footnote; Reichenow, Vogelbild., 1879, pl. 9, fig. 1; Consp. Psitt., 1882, 154.—
Psittacara glauca Bourjot, Perr., 1837-38, pl. 14.—Psittacus glaucus Kister, Orn. Atlas,
Papag., 1840, 97, pl. 76.—A[ra] glauca Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 412.—[ Macrocercus]
glaucus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149 (Consp. Paitt., p. 6).—[ Anodo-
rhynchus] glaucus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856, Consp. Pasitt., no. 3.—Anodorhyn-
chus glaucus Souancé, Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 1, fig. 2; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
ee 1891, 149.—Arara glauca Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci),

2.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 119

ANODORHYNCHUS PURPURASCENS Rothschild.

GUADELOUPE VIOLET MACAW.

“Entirely violet. Native name of the Caraibes ‘Onécouli.’ ’’4
Island of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. (Extinct.)

Anadorhynchus purpurascens RoTHSCHILD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, no. cxviii,
Nov. 1, 1905, 18 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; ex Don de Navaret, Rel. Voy.
Christ. Colombe, ii, 1838, 425).

Anodorhynchus purpurascens RoruscHitp, Extinct Birds, 1907, 55, pl. 13.—Sa-
vaport, Ibis, 1906, 451.

Genus ARA Lacépéde.

Ara Lactpipe, Tabl. Ois., 1799, 1. (Type, Psittacus macao Linnzeus.)

Paracus RAFINESQUE, Analyse de Nature, 1815, 65. (New name for “Ara La-
cép[éde]. ”)

Paranus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 144. (Error for Paracus Rafinesque.)

Macrocercus 6 Virmiot, Analyse, 1816, 70. (Type, Pstttacus macao Linnzus.)

Macrocircus (emendation) Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 299.

Sitiace WaGLER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 499. (Type, Psittacus ararauna Linneus.)

Arara Spx, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 25. (Type, Psittacus macao Linnzeus.)

Araclanga ¢ GLocrr, Gem. Hand-u. Hilfsbuch der Naturg., Bd. 1, 1842, 193.
(New name for Ara Cuvier on ground of purism.)

Ararauna Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149. (Type, Psittacus ara-
rauna Linneeus.)

Aracanga BoNAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149. (Type, Psittacus aracanga
Gmelin=P. macao Linnzeus.)

Primolius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliv, 1857, 596. (Type, Sittace primoli

_ Bonaparte=Arara auricollis Cassin.)

Macao 8. D. W., Analyst, iii, no. xiv, Jan., 1836, 212. (Type, UM. .splendens=
Psittacus ararauna Linneus?.)

Medium-sized to very large long-tailed Psittacide (length about
390-800 mm.) with sides of head mostly naked, width of chisel-like
tip to mandible equal to not more than one-third the length of gonys,
and with parti-colored plumage (at least yellow or red, usually green
also, being present in addition to blue).

Bill moderate to enormously large, its depth at base equal to nearly
the length of culmen 4 (sometimes more), its greatest width equal to
more than half its depth at base; culmen nearly as long as to much
longer than middle toe with claw, very regularly and strongly de-
curved from base, broadly rounded or (sometimes) slightly flattened
proximally; maxillary unguis variable, sometimes rather thick and
obtuse, sometimes compressed, attenuated, and acute (though

@ Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 13.

5 ““Maxpéxepxos, praclongam caudam habens.’’ (Vieillot.)

©’ Apé (Ara); xkayyf, screaming. (Richmond.)

4Tn all cases, measurements of curved surfaces or lines represent the chord and
not the curve; that is to say the distance in a straight line between the extreme points,
as when taken by dividers.

120 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

slightly flattened and subtruncate transversely at tip); maxillary
tomium more or less incised subterminally, but not distinctly notched
nor toothed; depth of mandible at base very slightly to decidedly
less than length of gonys, slightly greater than its extreme width;
mandible with under side very broadly rounded, sometimes with a
median sulcus, sometimes with a more or less distinct median ridge, on
proximal portion, the width of its chisel-like, flattened, and truncate
tip equal to not much if any more than one-third the length of gonys.
Wing rather long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding
distal secondaries by two-fifths to nearly half the length of wing;
seventh, eighth, and ninth, or eighth and ninth, primaries longest,
the tenth (outermost) longer than sixth (sometimes equal to seventh) ;
tip of seventh primary sometimes more or less distinctly attenuated
(A. maracana and A. auricollis). Tail as long as or longer than wing,
graduated for more than half its length, the rectrices tapering ter-
minally, but with tip rounded. Tarsus much shorter than outer
hind toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Cere usually covered with dense, short,
erect feathers, wholly or partially concealing nostrils (wholly naked,
the nostrils fully exposed, in A. ararauna); orbital and suborbital
regions, more or less of loral region, and greater part of malar region,
together with chin, naked, sometimes with narrow lines of small,
short feathers across cheeks. Tail red or reddish, tipped (more or
less extensively) with blue, or else wholly blue above; primaries and
their coverts blue; rump and upper tail-coverts blue or green; rest
of plumage mostly red or green, or (A. ararauna and A. caninde)
upper parts blue, under parts orange-yellow.

Range.—Southern Mexico to western Ecuador, eastern Peru,
Bolivia, Paraguay, central Brazil, Guiana, and Trinidad; also Cuba,
and formerly Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Martinique, in
the West Indies. (Twelve existing species; three or four additional
West Indian species have become extinct.)

@ Of the existing species, the following have not been examined in connection with
the preparation of this article: A. caninde (Wagler), A. rubrigena Lafresnaye, and A.
couloni Sclater. The first is closely related to A. ararauna; the second and last are
small species, more or less resembling A. severa and A. maracana.

While nearly convinced that the group containing the smaller species with relatively
small bill and narrower rectrices (A. severa, A. rubrigena, A. maracana, A. couloni, and
A. auricollis) should be separated generically from Ara proper, containing the very
large, crass-billed species with broader rectrices (A. ararauna, A. caninde, A. macao,
A. chloroptera, A. militaris, and A. ambigua), I have not been able to find satisfactory
characters on which to base such separation, especially with several of the species not
available for comparison. Better results may, perhaps, attend the efforts of some one
who may be able to take the matter up with all the species before him.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 121

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ARA.@

a. Under parts of body red, orange, or yellow.
b. Under parts of body orange-yellow or orange; pileum blue, sometimes passing
into yellowish green on forehead.
ce. Tail blue. :
d. Under parts of body orange-yellow.
e. Forehead green; upper throat and lines of feathers on face dull black.
(Panama, to Guianas, Amazon Valley, and Bolivia). .Ara ararauna (p. 122).
ee. Forehead blue; upper throat and lines of feathers on face green. Para-
PUBY) coves cc ive ee wee Conia ee Seae see Ara caninde (extralimital).6
dd. Under parts of body orange or orange-red. (Martinique; extinct.)
Ara martinica (p. 125).
ce. Tail red. (Unknown island in the West Indies; extinct.)

Ara erythrura (p. 125).
bb. Under parts of body red; pileum red or yellow.

c. Hindneck red; larger (wing more than 350 mm.).

d. Greater wing-coverts blue; middle coverts green or green and blue; naked
loral and suborbital regions crossed by lines of small red feathers; red of
plumage darker. (Panama to the Guianas, Amazon Valley, and Bolivia.)

Ara chloroptera (p. 125).
dd. Greater and middle wing-coverts yellow; naked loral and suborbital regions
without lines of small feathers; red of plumage lighter.

e. Three lateral rectrices, on each side, blue. (Southern Mexico to the
Guianas, Amazon Valley, and Bolivia)...........- Ara macao (p. 128).

ee. Whole of tailred. (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; extinct.)
Ara guadeloupensis (p. 131).

cc. Hindneck yellow; smaller (wing less than 300 mm.).

d. Forehead and crown orange-red; back dull red, the feathers margined with
greenish yellow; tail brownish red and blue. (Cuba; extinct.)

Ara tricolor (p. 136).

dd. Forehead and crown yellow; back scarlet; tail red and yellow. (Jamaica;

CXMNCH)sj:scetscete cate ous sie wh eensannsdnacwaes Ara gossei (p. 137).
aa. Under parts of body green.
b. Rump and upper tail-coverts light blue; under wing-coverts wholly green;
larger (wing more than 350 mm.).
c. Bill smaller (culmen 53-63); rump and tail-coverts turquoise blue; general
green color darker, less yellowish. (Ara militaris.)

® Besides the six extinct West Indian species characterized in the ‘‘Key,’’ another
species of Ara formerly existed on the island of Dominica. This has been named Ara
atwoodi by Mr. Austin H. Clark (Auk., xxv, July, 1908, 310, in text), but so little is
known of the bird that the characters mentioned are exceedingly vague, and I am
therefore unable to place it in the ‘‘Key.”’ It is mentioned in ‘“‘The History of the
Island of Dominica” (1791), by Thomas Atwood, after whom the species is named.

b S[ittace] caninde Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 674 (ex Canindé Azara, Apunt. Parag.,
i, 400).—Sittace caninde Finsch, Die Papag., i, 1867, 413.—A[ra] caninde Gray, Gen.
Birds, ii, 1845, 412.—[ Macrocercus] caninde Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149
(Consp. Psitt., p. 6).—Ara caninde Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891,153.—
Sittace azarae Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 267 (new name for S. caninde Wagler,
on grounds of purism); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 155; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr. 73.

122 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

d. Smaller (wing averaging 366.7 in male, 373 in female; culmen averaging 56.4

in male, 56.5 in female). (Colombia to Peru and Bolivia.)
Ara militaris militaris (extralimital).¢
dd. Larger (wing averaging 385.5 in male, 375.3 in female; culmen averaging

62.7 in male, 59.3'in female). (Western Mexico.)
Ara militaris mexicana. (p. 132).
ce. Bill larger (culmen 68-75); rump and tail-coverts pale turquoise or nile blue;
general green color lighter; more yellowish. (Southern Nicaragua to west-
ern Ecuador.)...-..---------2-0-0+eree eer crete: Ara ambigua (p. 134).
bb. Rump and tail-coverts green; under wing-coverta mostly red or orange-yellow;
smaller (wing less than 250 mm.).}

c. Head green (tinged with blue on pileum), the forehead, narrowly, dark brownish
red; under wing-coverts mostly red; tail green, blue, and dull brownish red,
its under surface dull red. (Panama to the Guianas, Amazon Valley, and
Bolivia.) secs acccwseiees ooe02 ssa snnomoeseasewe seers Ara severa (p. 138).

cc. Head (all round) red; under wing-coverts orange-yellow; tail red and blue

above, orange-yellow on under surface. (Jamaica; extinct.)
Ara erythrocephala (p. 140).

ARA ARARAUNA (Linnzus).

BLUE AND YELLOW MACAW.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts turquoise blue
to deep nile blue, passing into apple green or oil green on forehead
and sides of crown and occiput, the tail usually bluer (less greenish),
nearer cerulean blue; remiges dull cobalt blue; under parts and under
wing-coverts rich orange-yellow or yellow-orange, ° sometimes slightly
lighter (nearly cadmium yellow) anteriorly; under tail-coverts dull
nile blue to dull turquoise blue; under surface of rectrices and remiges
chrome yellow, changing (with different inclination to light) to oliva-
ceous; bare gular and malar area bordered posteriorly by a broad band
of dull olive-blackish, the feathered lines on loral, suborbital, and auric-
ular regions the same color; bill, legs, and feet dusky (in dried skins) ;
iris light yellow to grayish yellow.

Immature.—Essentially like adults, but some of the wing-coverts
and upper tail-coverts pale brownish gray with a faintly defined

@ [Psittacus] militaris Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 139 (no locality mentioned
and no references given; but Chubb, in Birds S. Am., i, Dec., 1912, 80, suggests
Colombia as type locality).—Psittacus militaris Bechstein, Lathams Uebers. Vég., i,
1793, 177, 697; Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 17; Hahn, Orn. Atl., Papag., 1834, 26,
pl. 11; Brehm, Mon. Papag., 1842, pl. 5.—Ara militaris Perry, Arcana, 1810, pl. 20
and text; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 158, part (Bogota, Colombia;
“South America”).—Macrocercus militaris Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii,
1816, 261 (‘‘Guiana”); Selby, Naturalists’ Libr., Parrots, 1836, 87, part, pl. 5.—
Macrocercus [Aracanga] militaris Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 119.—
S{ittace] militaris Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 668, 723, part.—Sittace militaris Finsch,
Die Papag., i, 1867, 396, part; Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 268, part (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 156, part; Vogelbild., 1878, pl. 1, fig. 1.

6 Dimensions of A. erythrocephala unknown, however.

¢Exactly the ‘‘orange” of the author’s ‘‘Nomenclature of Colors” (1886).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 123

broad subterminal band of pale dull greenish blue or bluish green,
middle rectrices with one or more indistinctly defined subterminal
bands of pale brownish gray, and under tail-coverts much paler and
duller blue, margined terminally with dull orange-yellow. (First
plumage probably with the blue largely replaced by pale brownish
gray.)

Adult male.—Length (skins), 768-900 (835); wing, 365-400 (382);
tail, 450-580 (523.7); culmen, 61-72 (65.7); tarsus, 30.5-36 (33.3);
outer anterior toe, 40.5-49.5 (45.6).2

Adult female.—Length (skins), 762-807 (785); wing, 367-392
(376.3); tail, 470-525 (503); culmen, 60.5-66 (62.8); tarsus 33-34
(33.7); outer anterior toe, 41—-45.5 (43.3).°

Eastern Panama (Chepo) and southward through Colombia (mouth
of Rio Atrato; Gulf of Urab4; Puerto Nifia, Rio Magdalena; Trojas
de Cataca, Fundacién, and Arihueca, Santa Marta; La Murélia, Rio
Bodoquera, Coqueta), eastern Ecuadér (Rio Napo; Gualaquiza),
eastern Peru (Chamicuros; Yurimaéguas), Venezuela (Rio Orinoco;
La Céiba; Rio Guarapiche), British Guiana (Corentyna River;
Georgetown), and Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo; Suriném) to Brazil
(Pernambuco; Mexiana Island; Santarém; Rio Juru4; Lagoa de
Seco; Fazenda Esperan¢a; Chapada, Mattogrosso) and Bolivia (Prov-
ince del Sara; Santa Cruz de la Sierra; lower Rio Beni).

[Psittacus] ararauna Lrnnavus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 96 (South America; ¢
based on Pstttacus maximus cyano-croceus Aldrovandi, Orn., 1. 11, c. 2;
Willughby, Orn., 110, pl. 15; etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766, 1839.—Gmetin, Syst. Nat.,
i, pt. 1, 1788, 313.—Laruam, Index, Orn., i, 1790, 83.

Psitiacus ararauna Brcustern, Lathams Uebers. Vogel, i, 1793, 178, 697.—
TemMinck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 22, and app., p. 6.—Smaw, Gen. Zool., viii,
1811, 391—Kuat, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 17—Lzar, Parrots, 1832, pl. 8.—
Haan, Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1834, 12, pl. 2—Dvuzors, Orn. Gal., 1839, pl. 36.

@ Eleven specimens.
> Three specimens.

Cul Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. mien Tarsus.) ante-
. Tior toe.
MALES.
Six adult males from Colombia.......-...----220eeeeeeeeeeeees 384 633.3 65.7 32.9 45.8
Two adult males from Guianas (Surinam and British Guiana).| 876 540 68. 5 33.7 47.7
Two adult males from Bolivia...........2...ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 377.5 | 475 63. 5 33.7 44.5
One adult male from western Brazil (Chapada, Mattogrosso)...] 3890 540 64.5 34 45
FEMALES,
Two adult females from Bolivia.......---0--+-+-eeeeeeeee eens 381 492.5 63, 2 33.5 44.5
One adult female from western Brazil (Chapada, Mattogrosso).| 367 525 62 34 41

¢ According to Hellmayr (Spix’s Types, p.577) the type locality is Pernambuco,
e. Brazil, ex Marcgrave.

124 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ,

Psf[ittacus] ararauna Becustzin, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 65.

P{sittacus] ararawna Maxmmiian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 153.

Macrocercus ararauna Vizrtot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ti, 1816, 260 (Brazil);
Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1417—Lusson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 185.—Sz.py,
Nat. Libr., Parrots, 1836, 90, pl. 6—Burmeister, Syst, Ueb. Th. Bras.,
ii, 1856, 157.

M{acrocercus] ararauna CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848,
730.

S[ittace] ararauna WacuER, Mon. Paitt., 1832, 673, 734.

Sittace ararauna Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 410; ii, 1868, 943.—Prizetn, Orn.
Bras., 1870, pp. 255, lii—Rzicnenow, Vogelbild., 1878, pl. 2, fig. 1.

[Sittace] ararauna PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 445.—HEInz and REIcHENOW,
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 235 (Guiana).

A[ra] ararauna Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 51; Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 412.—
Hartiavs, Syst. Verz., 1844, 85 (Brazil).

Ara ararauna Duscovrtiiz, Orn. Brés., 1854~56, pl. 6, upper fig —Homererr,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1859, 360.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859,
26 (Brit. Guiana).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 137 (mouth
of Rio Atrato, Colombia).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 93 (Rio Orinoco, Venezuela).—
Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 587 (Mexiana I., lower
Amazon); 1873, 299 (Chamicuros, e. Peru); 1879, 634 (Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, Bolivia)—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 90 (mouth of Rio Atrato, Colombia;
Chepo, Panama); 1886, 67 (Brit. Guiana).—Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1874, 587 (anatomy).—ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1876, 81 (Santarem,
lower Amazon); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.., ii, 1889, 103 (lower Rio Beni, Bolivia;
habits); v, 1893, 140 (Chapada, Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil) —Taczanowsk1,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 46 (Yurimaguas, e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii,
1886,193.—Sa.vaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 152 (Chepo, Panama;
etc.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 564 (Chepo,
Panama; Colombia; AmazonValley; Guiana; Bolivia)—Satvaporiand FEsta,
Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1900, 24 (Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador.—
Inzrine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iv, 1904, 448 (Rio Juru4, Amazonas, Brazil).—
(?)CnarK (A. H.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 346 (Jamaica?)—Hetimayr, Abh.
K, Ak. Wiss. Wien, ii kl., xxii bd., iii abt., 1905, 577 (crit.); Novit. Zool.,
xv, 1908, 88 (Faz. Esperanga, Brazil) —Brzser, Zoologica, i, 1909, 82 (La
Ceiba and Rio Guarapiche, Venezuela).—Reiser, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat.
Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 56 (Lagoa de Saco, n. e. Brazil).

[Ara] ararauna Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 8).—Gray,
Hand-list, ii, 1870, 144, no. 8075.—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 87 (Panama; Darien;
South America).—Sc.aTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 111.—SHarre,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 13.—Forszs and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i,
1897, 10.

Arara ararauna BreHM, Mon. Papag., 1842, pl. 7—ScHuEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas,
no. 22 (Psittaci), 1864, 4 (Surinam); no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 2 (Surinam).
Macrocercus ( Ararauna) ararauna BonaParte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149.—

Sovanc#, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 57.

[Psittacus] cxruleus Gauguin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 314 (Jamaica, Guiana,
Brasilia, Surinamo;” based on Psittacus maximus coeruleus varius, cauda
producta, Brown, Jam., 272; Ara jamaicensis cyaneo-croceo Brieson, Orn.,
iv, 191; Blue Maccaw Albin, Av., iii, pl. 10; Latham, Synopsis Birds, i, i, 205).

Peittacus ararauna, caeruleus BecustE1n, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 179.

Psittacus ar[arauna] coeruleus BecustTEe1n, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 697.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 125

Sittace caerulea Retcuenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 266 (ararauna rejected on
grounds of purism); Consp. Pasitt., 1882, 154; Vogelbild., 1883, Bericht.
pl. 2, fig. 1.

Ara macao (not Psittacus macao Linneus) Prévost, Ois. Exot., [1861], pl. 30.

Ara militaris (not Psittacus militarus Linnzeus) Savin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880,
176 (Arihueca, Santa Marta, Colombia).

Ara arauna Innnrine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 311 (Rio Claro, Rio Tieté,
Rio Verde, etc., Brazil).

ARA MARTINICA (Rothschild.)
MARTINIQUE MACAW.

“Upper surface and head blue, chest and rest of under surface
orange.” (Rothschild.)
Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. (Extinct.)
Anadorhynchus martinicus RoruscHitpD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, no. cxviii,
Nov. 1, 1905, 14 (Martinique, Lesser Antilles; ex Pére Jacques Bouton,
Rel. de l’éstabliss. d. Francais dep. 1635, en l’ile Martinique, 1640, 71, 72).—
Satvaport, Ibis, 1906, 451.
Ara ararauna (not Psittacus ararauna Linneus?) Sarvavort, Ibis, 1906, 451 (crit.).
Ara martinicus RoruscHitp, Extinct Birds, 1907, 53, pl. 14.

ARA ERYTHRURA Rothschild.
RED-TAILED BLUE AND YELLOW MACAW.

Head, hindneck, and back ‘‘satiny sky blue;”” under parts (includ-
ing under wing-coverts) yellow; tail red.
One of the West Indian Islands, but the particular one unknown.
(Extinct.)
Anadorhynchus coeruleus (not Psittacus caeruleus Gmelin) Roruscuixp, Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club, xvi, no. exviii, Nov. 1, 1905, 15 (‘‘Jamaica”).
Ara erythrura Rotuscuitp, Extinct Birds, 1907, 54, pl. 15 (‘‘one of the West

Indian Islands;’’ based on DeRochefort, Hist. Nat. & Mor. des Isles Antilles,
etc., 1658, 154, Art. ix, Des Arras).

ARA CHLOROPTERA Gray.
RED, BLUE, AND GREEN MACAW.

Much like A. macao but larger (expecially the bill); bare loral and
suborbital regions with lines of short feathers; middle wing-coverts
and posterior scapulars green instead of yellow; remiges greenish
cerulean blue instead of violaceous cobalt blue; rump and upper
tail-coverts light greenish blue; red of head, neck, etc., darker, and
distal portion of rectrices, together with greater part of lateral rec-
trices, greenish blue.

«Adults (sexes alike) —Head, neck, and under parts bright poppy
red (nearly carmine on under parts); back, anterior scapulars, and
lesser wing-coverts dull crimson, the feathers more or less distinctly
margined terminally with yellowish green; posterior scapulars,
middle wing-coverts, and proximal greater coverts yellowish green

@ This is evidently related to and possibly identical with A, ararauna,

e

126 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(apple green to oil green); distal greater coverts, alula, and primary
coverts deep nile blue, or between turquoise blue and beryl green,
the secondaries similar but rather deeper, the innermost ones (tertials)
tinged with yellowish green; primaries bright deep turquoise blue,
tinged on distal portion with cobalt’ blue, their shafts black; rump
and upper tail-coverts uniform light greenish blue (changing from
nile blue to light cerulean according to inclination of the light);
middle rectrices brownish red for greater part, the distal portion
greenish blue, the concealed base dull light blue; next pair similar
but with the inner web mostly greenish blue, the red of outer web
darker; next pair mostly greenish blue; fourth pair greenish blue,
the outer web becoming greenish basally, where broadly edged
with dark reddish brown, the inner web broadly edged with same
for most of its length; fifth and sixth pairs blue with inner portion
of inner web (broadly) very dark reddish brown; shafts of rectrices
black distally, more brownish basally, those of middle pair dull
white for proximal third (more or less) ; maxilla dull brownish whitish,
ivory white, or pale brownish buffy, with a triangular area of black
on lower-basal portion; mandible black; naked skin of face pale
flesh color (in life); iris yellow; legs and feet grayish dusky.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 770-858 (813); wing, 375-410
(399.4); tail, 475-543 (497.4); culmen, 73.5-86 (82.2); tarsus, 35-39
(37); outer anterior toe, 45-50 (48.1).¢ oa

Adult female——Length (skins), 785-873 (823); wing, 392-405
(399.3); tail, 480-539 (502.5); culmen, 77.5-81 (79.2); tarsus, 33.5-
36.5 (35.3); outer anterior toe, 43.5-51 (46.9).°

Eastern Panam4 (Lion Hill, Canal Zone) and southward, through
Colombia (Turbo; Santa Marta, Dibulla, Fundacién, and Valle
de Upare, Santa Marta), eastern Ecuadér (Sarayacu), Venezuela
(Orope, Zulia; El Hacho; Rio Yuru4n), British Guiana (Quenza;
Bartica Grove; Camacusa), Brazil (Paré; Diamantina on lower

@ Fight specimens. b Six specimens.
Localit: w tail. | Cub |p ante
ocality. ing. ail. a ‘arsus.| ant
. ee rior toe.
MALES,
One adult male from Panama (Lion Hill)..............-.-...-- 410 522 85.5 37 49

Two adult males from Colombia (Santa Marta
Four adult males from Venezuela........

One adult male from Bolivia.....-.-.. 020... ee eee ee ee eee eee eee 395 503 83 39 & 5
FEMALES.

One adult female from Panama (Lion Hill)........... ---| 400 515 81 3h Oj. OSL

One adult female from Colombia (Santa Marta). ---| 402 488 78.5 35.5 48

Two adult females from Venezuela................22.025- ---| 804.5] 480 80 36 45.5

Two adult females from w. Brazil (Chapada, Mattogrosso) .....| 402.5] 514 77.7 34.7 45.7

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 127

Amazon; Santar6ém; Goyatazas; Maranhao; Paranagué; Rio Capim;
Aramatheusa, Rio Tocantins; Sio Paulo; Chapada, Mattogrosso),
and Bolivia (Rio Yapacani; Santa Cruz de la Sierra) to Paraguay
(Guacamayo; Alta Paran&) and northern Argentina (southern
Chaco; Misiones).

Psittacus macao (not of Linneus) Brcustem, Lath. Ueb. Vigel, i, 1793, 175,
697; Kurze Uebers., 1811, 64.—Kuut, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 15, part—_Haun,
Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1834, 21, pl. 12.—Srpy, Nat. Libr., Parrots, 1836, 93.—
Dusors, Orn. Gal., 1839, pl. 91—Breum, Mon. Papag., 1842, pl. 1.—Tar-
NEMANN, Fortpflanz. d. ges. Vég., 1846, 75, pl. 14, fig. 7 (egg).

P[sittacus] macao Maximmian, Reise Bras., i, 1820, 99, 181, 206, 250; ii, 1820,
230, 237; Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 138.

Arara macao Srix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 27 (Goyatazes, Maranhao and Par4, Brazil).

Macrocercus macao Lesson, Traité d’ Orn., 1831, 185.—Burmeister, Syst.
Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 155; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 77, in text (descr.
tongue).

[Macrocercus] macao Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 1 (cites ‘‘Levaillant,
Perr. tab. 1”); Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 6).

M[acrocercus] macao CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848,
730.

S{ittace] macao WacLER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 671, 734.

Afra] macao Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 412.

[Macrocercus] macao BonaParte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149 (Consp. Psitt.,
p. 6).

Ara macao Hartiaus, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 17.—GuLitveR, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1875, 489 (blood corpuscles).

Macrocercus (Aracanga) macao Sovanct, Rev. et. Mag. de Zool., 1856, 57.

Ara chloropterus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. iii, sec. ii, Psittacidee, 1859,
26 (British Guiana; coll. Brit. Mus.; no descr., but based on Macrocercus macao
Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 262, etc.).—HotmBrre, Segundo Censo
Argent., i, 1898, 513.

Ara chloroptera SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 433 (Guiana).—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 367 (Panama); 1879, 634 (Santa
Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia).—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 90 (Middle American range);
1886, 66 (Bartica Grove and Camacusa, Brit. Guiana).—Gargop, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1875, 343 (plantar tendons).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 176
(Valle de Upare, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia); Biol. Centr.
Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 566 (Lion Hill, Panama; Colombia; Ecuador; Bolivia;
Amazon Valley; Guiana)—Scumipt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 310
(longevity in captivity) —Brriersca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 121 (Paraguay).—
SatvaDor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 156 (Panama; Valle de Upare,
Colombia; Bartica Grove, etc., Brit. Guiana; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador); Ibis,
1906, 452 (crit.).—Rixer, Auk, viii, 1891, 159 (Santarem, lower Amazon).—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 140 (Chapada, Mattogrosso, Brazil).—
Kornicswa.b, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 379 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—Banes, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 132 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—InErine, Rev. Mus.
Paulista, iii, 1899, 312 (Sao Paulo); vi, 1904, 335 (Paraguay).—GoeExnI, Ibis,
1903, 498 (Rio Capim, n.e. Brazil).—(?) CLarx (A. H.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 347
(Antilles?) —Hrtimayr, Abh. k. Ak. Wiss., ii KI., xxii Bd., iii, Abt., 1905,
577 (crit.).—_Snetauace, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 537 (Arumatheusa, Rio
Tocantins, Brazil)—Reriser, Denk. Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
1910, 56 (Paranagu4, n. e. Brazil) —DasBENE, Orn. Argent., 1910, 256 (8.
Chaco and Misiones, Argentina).

128 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Ara] chloroptera Scrater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 111 SHARPE,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 13.—Forses and RosINson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i,
1897, 10 (Brazil).

Macrocercus chloropterus Frnscx, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., i, 1863, p. ix (Brazil).

.Arara chloroptera ScHLtEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 3; no. 38
(Revue), 1874, 2.

Sittace chloroptera Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 403.—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870,
pp. 255, lii—Rztcnenow, Vogelbild., 1879, pl. 9, fig. 4; Journ. fiir Om.,
1881, 267 (monogr.).

[Sittace] chloroptera PexzEtn, Om. Bras., 1870, 445.—Hzeinz and Rercrenow,
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 235 (Brazil).

Ara ruana Prévost, Orn. Exot., [18617], pl. 29.

(?)Ara chloroptera major Bertoni, Aves Nuevas de Paraguay, 1901, 52 (Alto
Paran4, Paraguay; see Salvadori, Ibis, 1906, 452.—Arrisatzaaa, Ann. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, vii, 1902, 344.

ARA MACAO (Linnzus).

RED, BLUE, AND YELLOW MACAW.

Adults (sexes alike)—Head, neck, back, scapulars, lesser wing-
coverts, greater part of tail, and under parts, including under wing-
coverts, clear scarlet vermilion, deeper on under parts, which incline
to deep poppy red; shafts of rectrices horn color; middle and prox-
imal greater wing-coverts orange-yellow (between chrome and deep
chrome yellow), some of them, occasionally, with a terminal spot of
dull greenish blue or bluish green; the outermost (distal) ones usually
more or less tinged with greenish, outer (distal) greater coverts, alula,
primary coverts, and remiges uniform dull cobalt blue, the inner sec-
ondaries (tertials) more or less tinged with green; rump and upper
tail-coverts uniform azure blue; under tail-coverts pale grayish blue
(nearly flax-flower blue) passing into vinaceous-pinkish basally; under
surface of tail red, passing into dull grayish brown or olive on tips of
rectrices and for some distance thence along edges; under surface of
remiges red for half (approximately) next to shaft, dull purplish
brown on inner half, passing into dusky distally, the inner webs of
primaries edged with yellowish proximally; maxilla mostly pale
brownish yellow (pale flesh color or dull pinkish white in life); man-
dible, tip of maxilla, and a triangular area on lower basal portion of
maxilla, black; iris pale yellow; bare skin of head pale flesh color or
pinkish white in life, legs and feet dusky grayish or blackish.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 742-920 (841); wing, 355-425
(394.1); tail, 387-598 (549.4); culmen, 62-73.5 (69.4); tarsus, 33.5-38
(35.7); outer anterior toe, 39.5-49.5 (45.8).¢

@ Hight specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 129

Adult female.—Length (skins), 795-950 (848); wing, 386-410 (397);
tail, 490-610 (541.7); culmen, 66.5-70 (68); tarsus, 33.5-36.5 (35.3);
outer anterior toe, 40-44 (42).¢

Southern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico), Vera Cruz
(Tuxpin; Uvero), Oaxaca (Santa Efigénia; Chimalapa; Cacoprieto),
and Chiapas (Tonal4) and southward through Guatemala (Naranjo;
Aguna; Savana Grande; San Augustin; Huamuchél; Plains of Salamé;
Chocttim; pine ridge of Pocttin; Los Amates, Yzabal), Salvadér (La
Unién), Honduras (Omoa; Tigre Island; Comayagua; Chamelicén;
Rio Segévia), Nicaragua (Chinandega; San Juan del Sur; Sucuy4;
Omotepe; Los Saébalos; Rio Escondido; Matagalpa; San Rafael del
Norte), Costa Rica (Naranjo de Cartago; San Carlos; Las Trojas;
Tres Rios; Rio Sticio; Jiménez; Bonilla; Rio Peje; Los Anonas; Volc4n
de Miravalles; La Palma de Nicoya; Pigres; Boruca; Pozo del Rio
Grande), Panama (Lion Hill; Coiba Island), Colombia (La Murélia,
Rio Bodoquero, Coqueta; Rio Magdalena; Cartagena; Bogoté), eastern
Ecuadér (Sarayacu), eastern Peri (Yarina Chocha, Rio Ucayali; Rio
Huallaga; Rio Javarri; Chyavetas; Yurimaguas), Venezuela (Caicara
and Nicaré, Orinoco Valley; Rio Mocha, upper Rio Caura; Rio
Guarapiche), British Guiana (Georgetown; Demerara), Dutch Guiana
(Surinam), and French Guiana (Cayenne), to Brazil (Rio Capim;
Rio Jurué, Amazonas; Huaymatha, Rio Madeira; Arumatheusa, Rio
Tocantins; Mexiana Island) and Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la Sierra).

[Psittacus] macao Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 96 (South America) >
based on Psittacus maximus alter Aldrovandi, Orn., 1. 11, c. 3; Willughby,
Orn., 73; Edwards, Birds, 158, pl. 158; etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766, 189 (excl. syn.
part).—Gme.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 312 (excl. syn. part).—Laruam,
Index Orn., i, 1790, 82.

2 Three specimens.

Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Cul- | Tarsus. anterior
men. toe.
MALES,
One adult male from Oaxaca, s. Mexico........-.-..-20--eeeeee 425 550 71 36 48.5
Two adult males from Honduras.......------ pot eeeseeceeeeee 399.5] 511 68.5] 37.2 47
Two adult males from Costa Rica.......-------++----+-eeeeeee- 392.5 | 540.5 73.3 35 47
One adult male from Coiba Island, Panama......------------- 355 570 67.5 33. 5 42
One adult male from Colombia (Rio Magdalena)........-..---- 372 575 62 34.5 39.5
One adult male from Venezuela (upper Rio Caura)....-.------ 417 598 71.5 37.5 48.5
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Costa Rica......-...---22-eeeeeeeeeeee 398 567.5 67 34.7 41
One adult female from Colombia (Rio Bodoquera, Coqueta)...| 395 490 70 36.5 44

b According to Hellmayr (Spix’s Types, p. 577) the type locality is Pernambuco,
e. Brazil, exMarcgrave).
1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16—9

130 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Psittacus macao Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 21.—Suaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2,
1811, 386, pl. 53.—Kuut, Consp. Paitt., 1820, 15, part.

Macrocercus macao Virttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 262 (South
America; “‘Sainte-Domingue”); Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1418.—Finscu,
Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., i, 1863, Beright., p. xiii (w. coast South America),

Ara macao Hartiavus, Syst. Verz., 1844, 85.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Psitt., 1859, 26.—Tavtor, Ibis, 1860, 119 (Comayagua and Tigre I., Honduras;
habits).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 474 (Lion Hill, Panama);
Ibis, 1865, 224, in text (acct. of spec. living 66 yearsin captivity); Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 35 (Santa Efgenia and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca,
and up into pine zone).—Owen, Ibis, 1866, 169, 170 (fig. of mandible).—Sca-
TER and SaLvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 197 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru);
1867, 587 (Mexiana I., lower Amazon), 753 (Rio Huallaga, e. Peru); 1873, 299
(lower Rio Ucayali and Chyavetes, e. Peru); 1879, 634 (Santa Cruz dela Sierra,
Bolivia).—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 87, 89 (Middle Amerian range); 1886, 67 (Brit.
Guiana).—RetnHaropt, Ibis, 1871, 362 (Mexico).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1878, 38, 46 (San Carlos, Costa Rica; habits).—Garrop, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 465 (carotid arteries).—TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1882, 46 (Yurimaguas, e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 192.—
Norrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 402 (La Palma de Nicoya, w. Costa
Rica; habits); vi, 1883, 376, 388, 399, 407 (San Juan del Sur, Sucuya, Omo-
tepe, and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).—ZzLepdén, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,
i, 1887, 124 (Las Trojas, Tres Rios, Rio Sucio, and Jimenez, Costa Rica).—
Riveway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 592 (Rio Segovia, s. e. Honduras);
Condor, vii, 1905, 155 156, in text (Pigres and Bonilla, Costa Rica).—BEr.ep-
scx, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 313 (Yarina Chocha, Rio Ucayali, n. e. Peru);
Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 284 (Cayenne).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xx, 1891, 154 (Chimalapa, Oaxaca; Aguna and Savana Grande, Guatemala;
Rio Peje, w. Costa Rica; Panama; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; Demerara, Brit.
Guiana); Ibis, 1906, 452 (additional references).—CuERRIE, Expl. Zool.
Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 49 (Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 519 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—UnpbERWwoop,
Ibis, 1896, 445 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).—SaLvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 565 (Tampico, Tamaulipas; Tuxpam and
Uvero, Vera Cruz; Cacoprieto, etc., Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; San Augustin,
Huamuchal, Plain of Salama, Choctum, pine ridge of Poctun, etc., Gua-
temala; La Union, Salvador; Omoa, etc., Honduras, Matagalpa, San Rafael
del Norte, etc., Nicaragua; Las Anonas, etc., Costa Rica; Lion Hill, Panama;
etc.).—SaLvaporI and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no.
399, 9 (Cartagena, Colombia).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902,
24 (Bogota, Colombia); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292 (Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa
Rica).—Brrierscu and Harrtert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 107 (Caicara and
Nicare, Orinoco Valley, Venezuela).—Gortnr, Ibis, 1903, 498 (Rio Capim,
un. e. Brazil).—InErine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iv, 1904, 448 (Rio Jurua,
Amazonas, Brazil).—? Cnark (A. H.), Auk, xxvi, 1905, 346 (Jamaica?).—
Hetimayr, Abh. Ak. Wiss., ii. Kl., xxii. Bd., iii. Abt., 1905, 577 (crit.);
Novit. Zool., xvi, 1907, 405 (Huymatha, Rio Madeira, Brazil).—HaGmann,
Zool. Jahrb., 1907, 38 (Mexiana I.).—Dzarsporn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N.H.,
1907, 85 (Los Amates, e. Guatemala).—SNETHLAGE, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 537
(Arumatheusa, Rio Tecantins, Brazil) —Brrsz, Zoologica, i, 1909, 82 (Rio
Guarapiche, n. e. Venezuela).—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 481
(Costa Rica; habits).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 131

[Ara] macao Sctarer and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 111.—SHarre, Hand-
list, ii, 1900, 13.—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 10
(Honduras).—GoE pI, Ibis, 1903, 498 (Rio Capim, n. e. Brazil).

Afra] macao Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 587; 2d ed., 1896, 594.

Sittace macao SUNDEVALL, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 165 (wing structure); Met. Nat.
Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 70; Ibis, 1886, 454 (wing structure).—Finscu, Die
Papag., i, 1867, 398; ii, 1868, 9483—Lawrencz, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868,
131 (Las Anonas, Costa Rica).—Frantztvus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 364 (Costa
Rica).—PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 254.—Reicaenow, Vogelbild., 1879, pl.
9, fig. 5.

[Sittace] macao PeuzELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 445.—Hzinz and ReicHEnow, Nom.
Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 235 (Brazil; Guiana).

Arara macao ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, No. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 3 (Surinam);
no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 2 (Surinam). —

[Psittacus] aracanga GmE.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 313, excl. ayn. part (‘‘in
Gujana, Brasilia, Jamaica”; based on Ara jamaicensis Brisson, Orn., iv, 188;
Psittacus erythroxanthus Gesner, Av., 721; Aracanga Marcgrave, Bras., 206,
etc.).—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 83.

Psittacus aracanga Brecustein, Lathams Uebers. Vogel, i, 1793, 176, 697.—
Tremminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 22—Suaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 386,
pl. 53.—Kuaut, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 16—Haun, Vég. aus Asien, 1822, Lief.
xiii, pl. 1; Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1834, ii, pl. 1—Brzum, Mon. Papag., 1842,
pl. 2.—LicuTEnstEIn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 1; Journ. fir Orn., 1863,
54 (reprint).

Ps{ittacus] aracanga BecustTEIN, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 64.

P{sittacus] aracanga Maximitian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 188.

Macrocercus araconga Vizrtuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 258, part (based
on Psittacus ara Latham; Petit Ara rouge Daubenton, Pl. Enl. 641); Enc.
Méth., iii, 1823, 1416.—Lxsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 185.—Lzar, Parrots,
1832, pl. 7.—SELBy, Nat. Libr., Parrots, 1836, 93, pl. 7, middle fig —GuLLIvER,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 490 (blood corpuscles).

[ Macrocercus] aracanga Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 7).

Mfacrocercus] aracanga CaBAnis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 729.

Arara aracanga Spx, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 27 (Amazon R..).

[Arara] aracanga LicutensteIn, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854, 73.

S[ittace] aracanga WaauER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 672, 734.

Afra] aracanga GRAY, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 412.—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., » 1BHD,
360 (in Zool. Gardens, Frankfurt).

Ara aracanga Descourtiuz, Orn. Brés., 1854-56, pl. 7, upper peas.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 266 (Rio Javarri, e. Peru).—Moorg, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Honduras).—SciaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 137 (Pa-
cific coast distr. Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 367 (Panama).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, [11] (Lion Hill, Panama).

[ Macrocercus (Aracanga)] aracanga BonaApaRrTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149.—
Souanck, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 57.

Sittace coccinea RetcHenow, Journ. ftir Orn., 1881, 267, Consp. Psitt., 1881, 155.

ARA GUADELOUPENSIS A. H. Clark.
GUADELOUPE MACAW.

“Apparently similar to A. macao Linn., but smaller (tail 15 to 20

in. long [Labat]; 18 in. long [Dutertre], and with the tail wholly red.”
(Clark.)

132 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique (also Dominica ?),* Lesser
Antilles. (Extinct.)

Ara guadeloupensis Cuark (A. W.), Auk, xxii, July, 1905, 272, 348 (based on Ara
Dutertre, Hist. Gén.-Isles des Christophie, de la Guadeloupe, etc., 294;
Labat, Nouv. Voy. Isles de l’Amérique, etc., ii, 211; Buffon, Hist. Nat.Ois.,
vi, 181, part; (?)L’ Ara rouge Daubenton, Pl. Col., pl. 12; Brisson, Orn.,
iv, 183, part; The red and blue macaw Edwards, Birds, iv, 158, part; Latham,
Gen. Hist. Birds, ii, 102, part)—Sanvaport, Ibis., 1906, 452 (crit.).

Ara guadaloupensis Roruscutp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905 (Nov. 1), 15;
Extinct Birds, 1907, 54.

ARA MILITARIS MEXICANA Ridgway.

MEXICAN GREEN MACAW.

Similar to A. m. militaris,? but larger.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color yellowish parrot green, passing
into paris green on hindneck, sides of neck, occiput, and crown, the
wing-coverts and secondaries inclining to oil green or yellowish olive-
green; forehead and lores bright poppy red; lines of small feathers
across naked suborbital region blackish brown, the naked malar and
mental areas bordered with dark reddish brown; rump and tail-
coverts clear turquoise blue; alule, primary coverts, distal greater
coverts, distal secondaries, and primaries greenish cerulean blue, the
primaries more purplish blue along both sides of shafts, the latter
black; middle pair of rectrices dull brownish red, passing, through
dull greenish, into light dull greenish blue on distal portion, or the blue
abruptly succeeding the red; second pair similar but with the distal
blue more extended, the remaining rectrices with the red confined to
outer webs (replaced on inner webs with a more olivaceous hue), and
the red of outer web more and more restricted until the outermost
rectrix is wholly blue on outer web; under surface of wings (except
smaller coverts) and tail deep olive-yellow changing to almost golden
yellow in certain lights; bill horn color terminally darkening into
nearly black basally; iris yellow; naked skin of face and chin deep
rosy flesh color or carmine-pink in life; legs and feet grayish dusky.

Young.—Very similar in coloration to adults, but scapulars and
smaller wing-coverts rather distinctly margined with paler green,
middle rectrices margined terminally with pale grayish yellowish or
dull whitish, middle malar region and adjacent portion of throat more
brownish, and green of under parts slightly paler and more yellowish.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 650-728 (692); wing, 363-400
(385.5); tail, 426-435 (432); culmen, 56-63 (62.7); tarsus, 33.5-36.5
(34.8); outer anterior toe, 42-44.5 (43.4).¢

@ The bird formerly occurring on the island of Dominica has been named, by Austin
Hobart Clark, Ara atwoodi (Clark, Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 310, in text; based on de-
scription in Atwood’s History of the Island of Dominica, 1791).

b See p. 122.

¢ Four specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

133

Adult female.—Length (skins), 681-705 (690); wing, 365-386
(375.3); tail, 392-411 (402.7); culmen, 57.5-63 (59.3); tarsus, 32.5-

33.5 (33); outer anterior toe, 40-44 (42.5)

a

Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Sierra Madre; Rio de la Cruz),
Mexico (Temascaltepec), Guanajuato, Zacatecas (Sierra Madre),
Sonora (Quiriego), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Presidio de Mazatlan; Plomo-
sas; Coyoatlin; Escuinapa), Jalisco (San Sebastian; Barranca Bel-
trén; Barranca Ibarra; Huamelula near Zapotlan; Agosto), Michoa-
cén (south of Morélia), Colima (Manzanillo; Rio de la Armeria;
Culeta), Guerrero (Acapulco), and Oaxaca (mts. northwest of Tehuan-
tepec), and Territory of Tepic (San Blas); Guatemala.

Psittacus militaris (not of Linnzeus) Wacurr, Isis, 1831, 525 (Mexico).

Macrocercus militaris Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 88, 109, 151
(Mexico). :

Sittace militaris Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 396, part (Mazatlan, Sinaloa); ii, 1868,
943, part (crit.); Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 1870, 352 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—
Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 295 (Mazatlan; habits; descr.
nest and eggs).—Rercnenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 268, part (monogr.);
Consp. Paitt., 1882, 156, part. *

Slittace] militaris Barrp, Brewer, and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874,
586, footnote, part.

Ara militaris Sauvin, Ibis, 1871, 88, part (Middle American range).—LAWRENCE,
Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 35 (mts. w. of Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca).—
Boucarp, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1878, 32 (Guatemala).—Sa.vapor1, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 158, part (Quiriego, Sonora; Presidio de Mazatlan,
Sinaloa; San Blas, Tepic; Culata, Colima; Sierra Madre, Tamaulipas;
Mexico).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 566, part
(Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Quiriego, Sonora; San Blas,
Tepic; Guanajuato; Culeta and Rio de la Armeria, Colima; Acapulco,
Guerrero; Huamelula near Zapotlan, Barranca de Beltran, and Agosto, Ja-
lisco; Temascaltepec, Mexico; Sierra Madre, Tamaulipas)—Jouy, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 786 (Barranca Beltran, and Barranca Ibarra,
Jalisco; habits)—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 219
(Limoncito [Sinaloa?])—Muitter (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi,
1905, 347 (Coyoatlan and Escuinapa, Sinaloa).—Puitures, Auk., xxviii, 1911,
75 (Rio de Ja Cruz, s. Tamaulipas).

Afra] militaris Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 586, part; 2d ed., 1896, 594,

part.
@ Three specimens.
: 7 Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | men. | Tarsus.janterior
toe.
MALES.
Two adult males of A. ambigua.......-..--2--2-22 22-2 eee ee eee 404.5] 467.5 71.5 34 49
Four adult males of A. militaris mexicana from western Mexico.| 385.5 | 432 62.7 34.8 43.4
Four adult males of A. militaris militaris from Colombia ......- 366.7 | 420.7 56. 4 33 41.5
FEMALES.
Five adult females of A. ambigua........2.--.2-22ee cece eee e eee 392.4 | 451.2 72.1 35.1 47.4
Threeadultfemalesof A. milifaris mericana from western Mexico.| 375.3 | 402.7 59.3 33 42,5
Three adult females of A. militaris militaris from Colombia. .... 373 398 56.5 32.3 42.5

134 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Ara] militaris SctaTerR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 111, part.—Suarpz,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 13, part.

Arara militaris Scutecrt, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 5, part
(Mexico).

Ara ambigua (not Psittacus ambiguus Bechstein) SctateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, 183 (Mexico; crit.; diagn.).

Ara militaris mexicana Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915,
106 (Manzanillo, Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

ARA AMBIGUA (Bechstein).
BUFFON’S MACAW.

Similar to A. militaris but decidedly larger, with relatively much
larger bill; general color much lighter, the green more yellowish, the
the blue of rump and tail-coverts paler and more greenish, and red of
tail brighter, more orange-red.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead (broadly) and lores bright scarlet-
vermilion; crown bright apple green, passing into more bluish green
(between emerald and malachite) on hindneck; back, scapulars,
proximal secondaries, and lesser and middle wing-coverts bright yel-
lowish green, inclining to golden olive-green i in certain lights; greater
coverts and alule light greenish blue (between turquoise and nile
blue), the innermost (proximal) greater coverts suffused with light
yellowish green; primary coverts and primaries deeper greenish blue,
with black shafts; rump and tail-coverts clear nile blue, some of the
feathers margined terminally with light yellowish green (apple green) ;
middle pair of rectrices dull orange-red (between orange chrome and
chinese orange), passing, through yellowish green, into greenish tur-
quoise blue on distal portion; second pair similar, but blue of distal
portion more extended and orange-red of proximal portion darker
and confined to outer web (replaced on inner web by olive-greenish
tinged with orange-reddish) ; third and fourth pairs similar but with
the reddish still more restricted (progressively), the sixth (outermost)
pair with outer web wholly blue; under surface of wings (except
smaller coverts) and tail yellow, becoming more olivaceous in certain
lights; small feathers on naked suborbital region blackish brown;
auricular region, posterior portion of malar region, throat, under
parts of body, and lesser under wing-coverts, light yellowish green
(more yellowish than apple green), the portion next to bare skin of
chin and anterior malar region mixed or suffused with deep grayish
brown; bill blackish basally, light horn color terminally; naked skin
of head pale carmine-purple; “iris dark yellow, but varies in different
individuals;” ? legs and feet grayish dusky (in dried skins).

Young.—Very similar in color to adults, but longer scapulars and
innermost secondaries indistinctly margined with lighter, more yellow-
ish, green, middle retrices margined distally with pale dull yellowish,
and under parts slightly duller, more olivaceous, green, especially
anteriorly.

@©, W. Richmond.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 135

Adult male.—Length (skins) , 740-785 (762); wing, 393-416 (404.5);
culmen, 68-75 (71.5); tarsus, 33.5-34.5 (34); outer anterior toe 49.°

Adult female.—Length (skins), 770-832 (794); wing, 380-412
(392.4); tail, 393-490 (451.2); culmen, 71-72.5 (72.1) ; tarsus, 31.5-37
(35.1); outer anterior toe, 44.5-50 (47 4).2

Southeastern Nicaragua (Rio Escondido; Los Sébalos, San Emilio),
eastern Costa Rica (Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; Carrillo; Volcén de
Barba; San Carlos; El Zarcero; Gudpiles; Guayabo; Bonilla; Tala-
manca), Panam& (Calovévora, Verégua; Lion Hill, Canal Zone),
Colombia (Rio Nércua; Antioquia), and eastern Ecuadér (Guayaquil;
Balzar Mts.).

Po{ittacus| ambiguus Bucustern, Kurze Ueb., iv. Th. 1, 1811, 65 (‘South America;”
based on Le Grand Ara Militaire Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Perr., i, 15, pl. 6).

Psittacus ambiguus Kuau, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 17.—Hann, Orn. Atlas, Papag.,
1834, 25, pl. 9.

Macrocercus ambiguus StreHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 113.

Ara militaris 8. ambiguus Cananis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 335 (Costa Rica).

Marcrocercus (Aracanga) ambiguus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149.—
Sovanck, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. ;-1856, 57.

Ara ambigua Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 160 (Calovevora, Vera-
gua, Panama; Balzar Mts. and Guayaquil, w. Ecuador).—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 568 (Rio Escondido, Los S4balos, and
San Emilis, Nicaragua; Barba, San Carlos, Zarcero, and Talamanca, Costa Rica;
Calovevora and Lion Hill, Panama; Rio Nercua, Colombia; w. Ecuador).—
Ripeway, Condor, vii, 1905, 155, in text (Bonilla, e. Costa Rica).—CaRRIKER,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 482 (Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Carrillo, and
Guapiles, Costa Rica; habits; descr. eggs).

[Ara] ambigua SHarpz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 13.—Forzprs and Rosrnson, Bull.
Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 10.

Sittace ambigua Frnscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 943.

Macrocercus militaris (not Psittacus militaris Linneus) Seipy, Nat. Libr., Parrots,
1836, 86, part, pl. 5—Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 163, foot-
note, part. :

S{ittace] militaris WaciER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 668, 733, part.

Sittace militaris Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 396, part—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (Volcan de Barba, Costa Rica).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1869, 364 (Costa Rica).

Ara militaris Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 28, part (specimen
d).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 137 (Rio Nercua, n. w.
Colombia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 299 (Lion Hill, Pan-
ama).—SaLvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 213 (Calovevora, Panama);
Ibis, 1871, 87, 88, part (Middle American range).—Bovucarp, Proc. U.S. Nat,
Mus., 1878, 46 (San Carlos and Zarcero, Costa Rica).—SciaTer and Savin.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 538 (Antioquia, Colombia).—ZELEDON, Cat.
Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 24; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa
Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 124 (Costa. Rica).—Nurrine,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 407 (Los S&balos, e. Nicaragua).—RicumMonp,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 519 (Rio Escondido, e. Nicaragua).

Arara militaris ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 5, part
(Ecuador). :

Arara buffont Breum, Mon. Papag., 1842, 6, pl. 8 (South America; based on Le
grand Ara militaire Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Perr., i, 15, pl. 6).

@ Two specimens. b Five specimens.

136 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ARA TRICOLOR Bechstein.
CUBAN MACAW.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead (broadly) vermilion red, passing,
through dull orange-red on superciliary region and anterior part of
crown into saffron yellow or indian yellow on occiput and hindneck,
the feathers of the latter (especially on lower portion) with a con-
cealed central area of dull vermilion red; interscapulars dull red
(between dull vermilion and dragon’s blood red), broadly margined
terminally with olive-yellow, the scapulars similar but decidedly
darker and with yellowish margins or tips less conspicucus and more
olivaceous; lesser wing-coverts dark brownish red (nearly brick red),
more or less distinctly edged with lighter red; middle coverts similar
but more or less tinged or intermixed with dull blue and olive-greenish;
greater coverts, alule, primary coverts, primaries, and distal seconda-
ries dull blue (between deep azure and china blue), the innermost
(proximal) greater coverts mostly dull reddish brown and olive-green
on outer web; proximal secondaries dull olive-greenish suffused with
dull bluish; rump and tail-coverts clear light azure blue, the under
tail-coverts suffused with pale reddish basally, the shorter median,
anterior feathers light orange-red or vermilion broadly margined ter-
minally with greenish yellow or yellowish green; tail dull brownish
red or reddish brown (nearly brick red or dragon’s blood red), passing
into dull blue on distal portion, the lateral pair of rectrices mostly
blue; auricular and malar regions, sides of neck, and under parts
(except under tail-coverts) dull orange-red (more orange than coral
red), the chin suffused.with dusky brown; smaller under wing-coverts
dull orange-red, the larger coverts chrome or cadmium yellow, those
near margin of wing dull bluish margined terminally, or tipped, with
light dull orange-red; under primary-coverts light grayish brown
tinged or suffused with reddish, the under surface of primaries similar
but more pronouncedly reddish; under surface of tail dull red, shaded
(in certain lights) with olivaceous; bill dusky or dull black basally,
more horn color terminally; iris ight yellow?; naked skin of face pale
(probably pale pink or flesh color in life); legs and feet grayish dusky
(in dried skins); length (skins), about 485-510; wing, 276-288 (282.3);
tail, 290-305 (297.5); culmen, 43.5-45 (44.3); tarsus, 23-25 (24.3);
outer anterior toe, 32.5-35.5 (33.7).¢

Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles, including Isle of Pines. (Extinct.)

Psittacus macao (not of Linnzus) Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 39 (ex Le petit
Ara Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 641).
A[ra] tricolor Becustein, Kurze Ueb., 1811, 64, pl. 1 (“South America”; based

on L’ Ara tricolor Le Vaillant, Hist. Nat. des Perroquets, i, 13, pl. 5).
Peitiacus tricolor Kuux, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 16—Breum, Mon. Papag., 1842, pl. 3.

@ Three specimens, none with sex determined.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 137

Macrocercus tricolor Vizmuo0tT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 262; Tabl. Enc.
Méth., iti, 1823, 1418—Lusson, Traité d’Om., 1831, 186, pl. 18, fig. 1.—
Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 105 (Cuba).—Brewrr, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Gunptaca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 277; 1874, 163
(habits); Contr. Orn. Cuba, 1876, 126, 276.

[ Macrocercus] tricolor Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336; Repert. Fisico Nat.
Cuba, i, 1866, 297.

Slittace] tricolor WactER, Mon. Psitt,, 1832, 669, 733.

Sittace tricolor Frinscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 409.—RxicHENnow, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1881, 268 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 156; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr.,
74._MarscHALL, Papag., 1889, 55.

M[acrocircus] tricolor Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 299.

Ara tricolor D’OrBieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1840, 161.—Fivscu,
Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., i, 1863, Beright., p. xiv.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886,
454, part (Cuba); Birds West Ind., 1889, 177, part (Cuba); Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 101, 128, part (Cuba; Isle of Pines).—Satvapvor1, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 157; Ibis, 1906, 452—Gunp.Lacu, Orn. Cubana, ed.
1895, 151.—Roruscuitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15 (extinct);
Extinct Birds, 1907, 51, pl. 10—Banas and Zaprny, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905,
200 (last one shot on Isle of Pines about 1864).—Crarx (A. H.), Auk, xxii,
1905, 347, 348, part (Cuba; extinct).

Afra] tricolor Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 412.

[Ara] tricolor Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 145, no. 8083.—Sctater and Satvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 111, part (Cuba).—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885
(and rev. ed., 1886), 20, part (Cuba).—SHarrz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 13.—
Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 10 (‘‘Mexico’’).

Macrocercus (Aracanga) tricolor Lembryz, Aves de la Isle de Cuba, 1850, 132.—
Bonaparte. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149-—Sovancn, Rev. et Mag. de
Zool., 1856, 57.—Finscu, Nederl. Tijdschr., Dierk., 1863, p. xiv (‘‘S. Am.’’).

Arara tricolor Breum, Mon. Papag., 1842, 3.—ScutucEt, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii,
no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 4; no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 2.

Macrocercus aracanga Virm.ot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 258, part (cites
Petit Ara rouge Daubenton, Pl. Ent., 641).

ARA GOSSEI Rothschild.
GOSSE'S MACAW.

“Forehead, crown, and back of neck bright yellow, sides of face,

anterior and lateral parts of neck and back bright scarlet, wing-

coverts and breast deep blood-red, winglet and primaries light blue,

tail red and yellow. Basal half of the upper mandible black, apical

half ash-colored; lower mandible black, tip only ash-colored. Legs

and feet said to have been black.’’ (Rothschild.)

Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles (‘mountains of Hanover Par-

ish, about ten miles east of Lucea’’). (Extinct.)¢

Ara tricolor (not Psittacus tricolor Bechstein) Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 260.—
ALBREcHT, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 202 (Jamaica).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 454,
part (Jamaica); Birds West Ind., 1889, 177, part (Jamaica); Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 101, 128, part (Jamaica).—Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xx, 1891, 157, part (Jamaica); Ibis, 1906 453 (description).—Cuarx, Auk,
Xxli, 1905, 348, part (Jamaica).

Afra] tricolor Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 110.

Ara tricolor? Scott, Auk, ix, 1892, 129 (Jamaica; extinct).

@ ‘Specimen shot about 1765, by Mr. Odell.”

138 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Ara] tricolor SciateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 111, part (Jamaica).—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20, part (Jamaica).
Ara gossei RorascHitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, no. exviii, Nov. 1, 1905,
14 (mts. of Hanover Parish, about 10 miles east of Lucea, Jamaica—extinct;
based on Yellow-headed Macaw Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 260); Extinct
Birds, 1907, 52, pl. 11.
Ara gossii ScuateR, Rev. List Birds Jamaica, 1910, 12.
ARA SEVERA (Linnzus).
SEVERE MACAW.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color light yellowish parrot green
(or between bice green and oil green), the pileum, hindneck, and
auricular region (especially the first) more bluish green (verdigris
green); forehead (rather narrowly) dark brownish red (dark claret
brown or bay), the feathers bordering naked skin of anterior malar
region and chin intermixed or suffused with the same; primary cov-
erts and primaries greenish blue (deep turquoise), the latter broadly
margined terminally with black; middle pair of rectrices dull brown-
ish red medially, green laterally, the distal portion greenish blue;
other rectrices similar, but the reddish mostly confined to inner
webs, the outermost with outer web almost wholly blue; under wing-
coverts and margin of wing rich geranium red, with a central area of
green; under primary coverts grayish brown strongly suffused with
wine red; under surface of primaries dull grayish wine red, the under
surface of tail similar but more decidedly wine-reddish; lower por-
tion of thighs partly red; bill brownish black, more horn colored
terminally; iris golden yellow or orange; naked skin of face and chin
pale (whitish in life); legs and feet grayish dusky or blackish.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 410-474 (447); wing, 226-250 (240.5);
tail, 230-270 (243.2); culmen, 37.5-43.5 (40.4); tarsus, 21.5-23.5
(22.3); outer anterior toe, 30-34.5 (31.4).%

Adult female—Length (skins), 398-457 (443); wing, 230-246
(235.7); tail, 224-248 (234.7); culmen, 36.5-41.5 (38.2); tarsus,
22-24 (22.6); outer anterior toe, 27.5-33 (30.7).°

@ Hight specimens. b Six specimens.
; { Outer
Locality. Wing. Tail. | Culmen.} Tarsus. | anterior
toe.
MALES,
Two adult males from Panama and Darien.......--. 247.5 262.5 41.7 B.2 33.3
Three adult males from Colombia..............--.--. 243. 3 234.7 38.7 22 30.8
Three adult males from Venezuela (tail of only one
MEASUICE) i accesioiesie dcucinsrem aaisinars.scicceS aselntaweaee en 233 230 40.7 22 30.7
PEMALES,
One adult female from Panama...................--- 236 232 38 22 30.5
Two adult females from Colombia .-................. 236 240 38.2 2B 30
Two adult females from Venezuela............-...... 230 230 39 22,2 31
One adult female from Bolivia. ...................... 246 236 36.5 2B 32

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 139

Eastern Panamé (Lion Hill, Canal Zone), and southward through
Colombia (Rio Atrato; Rio Cauquito; mouth of Rio Nércua; lower
Rio Magdalena; Cauca Valley; Bogoté), Ecuadér (Rio Napo; Chimbo;
Foreste del Rio Peripa), eastern Peru (Rio Javarri; Rio Ucayali;
Rio Huallaga; Pebas), Venezuela (Encontrados, Zilia; Catatumbo;
Caicara, Orinoco Valley), and Guianas (Surinaém) to Brazil (Rio Jurué,
Amazonas; Teffé; Mexiana Island) and Bolivia (lower Rio Beni;
Buena Vista, Province del Sara; Santa Cruz de la Sierra).

[Psittacus] severus Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 97 (“Indiis;”¢ based on
P. macrourus viridis, genis nudis, remigibus rectricibusque cxruleis subtus pur-
purascentibus Mus. Ad. Fr., i, p. 18); ed. 12, i, 1766, 140 (‘ America”’).—
Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 315—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 85.

Psittacus severus BecusteIn, Lathams Uebers. Véogel, i, 1793, 181, 697.—
Trmminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 22—Brcustemn, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 66.—
Saaw, Gen. Zool., viii, 1811, 397.—Kuut, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 18—Haun,
Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1836, 72, pl. 53.

Ps{ittacus] severus Brcuste1n, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 66.

P{sittacus] severus Maxmut1an, Reise Bras., i, 1820, 322; ii, 1820, 147, 341; Beitr.
Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 155.

Macrocercus severus Vir1tLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 263 (Guiana);
Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1419.—Srepuens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826,
113.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 186.—BuruetsteEr, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras.,
ii, 1856, 160.—Finscu, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., i, 1863, Beright., p. xiv.—
GuLutvER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 489 (blood corpuscles).

Arara severus Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 28 (Amazon R.).—Breum, Mon. Papag.,
1842, pl. 11.

Arara severa SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 6; no. 38 (Revue),
1874, 2.

S[tttace] severa WaGuLER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 666, 733.

Sitiace severa BONAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 150; Naumannia, 1856
(Consp. Psitt., no. 10).—Sovancs#, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 57.—Finscu,
Die Papag., i, 1867, 417; ii, 1868, 944.—PrtzzLn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 255.—
Reicuenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 268 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 156;
Vogelbild., 1879, pl. 9, fig. 3.

[Sittace] severa Petzrin, Orn. Bras., 1870, 445.—Hzine and Rercuenow, Nom.
Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 235 (Surinam),

A[ra] severa Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 412.

Ara severa ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 162 (Bogota, Colombia); 1857,
266 (Rio Javarri e. Peru); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 345 (Bolivia; Bogota).—
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 28 (Bolivia; ‘Nicaragua’;
Rio Javarri, e. Peru).—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 360.—Casstn, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 137 (Rio Nercua, n. Colombia).—SctaTER and
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 197 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 979
(Pebas, e. Peru); 1873, 299 (Rio Ucayali, Rio Huallaga, Pebas, and Rio
Javarri, e. Peru; habits); 1879, 588 (Cauca, Colombia), 673 (Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, Bolivia).—Sanvin, Ibis, 1871, 91 (Middle American range); 1886, 66
(Brit. Guiana)—Bertzrscu and TaczaNnowsx1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, 573 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; fresh colors).—Taczanowsx1, Orn. du
Pérou, iii, 1886, 194. Aten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 104 (lower Rio
Beni, Bolivia)—Brrierscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 313 (Yarina Cocha and

@ Hellmayr (Spix’s Types, p. 578) gives as substitute type locality Amazon River.

140 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Shanusi near Yurimaguas, e. Peru); Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 284 (Cayenne),—
Satvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 161; Ibis, 1906, 453.—SALVIN
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 569 (Lion Hill, Panama;
mouth of Rio Nercua, Colombia; etc.).—HotmBere, Segundo Censo Argen-
tina, 1898, 513.—Satvapori and Fusra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv,
1900, 24 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).—BERLerscu and Harrerr,
Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 107 (Caicara, etc., Orinoco Valley, Venezuela).—
Inenine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iv, 1904, 448 (Rio Jurua, Amazonas, Brazil).—
(?)Crarx (A. H.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 347 (Jamaica?)—Huimarr, Abh. K. B,
Ak. Wiss., ii Kl., xxii Bd., iii Abt., 1905, 578 (crit.); Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907,
85 (Teffé, Brazil)—Haemann, Zool. Jahrb., 1907, 39 (Mexiana Island,
lower Amazon).

[Ara] severa Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. H., vii, 1862, 474 (Lion Hill, Panama).—
Sctater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 111.—SuHarrs, Hand-list, ii,
1900, 14.

Ara severus DescourtiLz, Orn. Brés., 1854-56, pl. 6, lower fig.

Clonurus] severus CABANIS, in Schomburgh’s Reise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 729.

Ara castaneifrons LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., x, March, 1847, 66 (Bolivia; type now
in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.?).

Macrocercus (Aracanga) castaneifrons BONAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149.

ARA ERYTHROCEPHALA Rothschild.
RED-HEADED GREEN MACAW.

‘Head red, rest of body bright green. Wings and greater coverts
blue. Tail above scarlet and blue, under side of tail and wings
intense orange-yellow.”’ (Rothschild.)

Island of Jamaica (‘‘Mountains of Trelawny and St. Anne’s.”).
(Extinct.) ¢

Ara erythrocephala RoruscuitD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, no. cxviii, Nov. 1, 1905,
14 (mountains of Trelawny and St. Anne’s, Jamaica; ex Gosse, Birds Jamaica,
1847, 261, 262); Extinct Birds, 1907, 53, pl. 12.—Satvaporr, Ibis, 1906, 452
(description).

Ara militaris (not Psittacus militaris Linnzeus) Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 261.

Genus RHYNCHOPSITTA Bonaparte.

Rhynchopsitia BONAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 149 (Consp. Psitt.,
p. 6). (Type, Macrocercus pachyrhynchus Swainson.)
Rhynchopsittacus (emendation) Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 168.

Medium-sized cuneate-tailed Psittacide (ength about 375 mm.)
with relatively very large and greatly compressed bill, completely
feathered cere, sides of head (except orbital region) completely feath-
ered, tail much shorter than wing and graduated for only about one-
third its length, and with longest primaries exceeding distal secon-
daries by nearly half the length of wing; color green, with red
forehead, superciliary region, anterior margin of wing, and thighs,
greater under wing-coverts yellow, and under surface of remiges
and rectrices blackish.

@ ‘*Procured by Mr. White, proprietor of the Oxford Estate.”’

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 141

Bill very large, excessively compressed, its depth at base equal to
or slightly exceeding length of culmen and equal to nearly twice its
transverse width; culmen longer than middle toe with claw, regularly
and strongly decurved from base, rather broadly rounded; maxillary
unguis broad (vertically) and compressed (its transverse diameter at
base equal to about two-thirds its lateral width at same point),
obtuse, the palatal surface with corrugations indistinct or obsolete;
maxillary tomium slightly lobed behind the distinct subterminal
notch; depth of mandible at base decidedly less than length of
gonys, the latter moderately convex, grooved medially as far as
the base of the flattened, truncate, and considerably produced chisel-
like tip of mandible; mandibular tomium faintly convex posteriorly,
very deeply concave anteriorly. Wing large and pointed, the longest
primaries exceeding distal secondaries by nearly half the length of
wing; ninth primary longest, the eighth slightly shorter, the tenth
(outermost) slightly longer than seventh. Tail a little less than two-
thirds as long as wing, graduated for about one-third its length, the
rectrices tapering terminally, with tips of lateral ones broadly rounded,
those of middle pair more pointed. Tarsus about as long as inner
anterior toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Head completely feathered except a rather
small circumorbital area; cere densely and completely covered with
short, stiff, erect feathers, concealing nostrils; plumage in general
hard or harsh. General color uniform green, the forehead, lores,
superciliary region, anterior margin of wing, and thighs red, greater
under wing-coverts yellow, and under surface of remiges and rectrices
blackish.

Range.—Highlands (conifer zone) of northern and middle Mexico
and adjacent border of United States. (Monotypic.)

RHYNCHOPSITTA PACHYRHYNCHA (Swainson).

THICK-BILLED PARROT.

Adulis (sexes alike).—Forehead, anterior part of crown, super-
ciliary region, and anterior lesser wing-coverts, deep poppy red or
dull carmine; lower portion of thighs light poppy red; a spot of
dark reddish brown or blackish brown immediately in front of bare
orbital space, this dark color extending, narrowly, along the upper
margin of the naked orbital space; under primary coverts clear
chrome yellow, forming a conspicuous patch on under side of wing;
under surface of remiges and rectrices plain brownish slate color,
tinged with olive in certain lights; rest of plumage yellowish parrot
green or bright oil green, brighter (between paris green and apple
green) on sides of head, slightly lighter (sometimes duller) on under
parts, the carpo-metacarpal region sometimes (in older individuals ?)

142 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

partly red; bill dull black; iris brownish red; legs and feet dull
black.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 350-404 (389); wing, 260-273 (267);
tail, 173-195 (182.4); culmen, 38.5-41 (39.7); tarsus, 19-21.5 (20.3);
outer anterior toe, 27.5-31.5 (29.2).°

Adult female.—Length (skins) , 360-390 (374); wing, 255-265 (261);
tail, 165-184 (177.2); culmen, 37-39 (38.4); tarsus, 19.5-22 (20.6);
outer anterior toe, 27-31.5 (28.7).°

Mountains of northern and middle Mexico (in pine belt), in States
of Chihuéhua (Pifios Altos; Bravo; Colénia Pacheco; Coldnia
Garcia; Jess Maria; Chuichupa; near Guadalupe y Calvo),
Durango (Arroyo del Buéy; San Andrés; Ciudéd Durango), Mexico
(Popocatdpetl), and Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Cofre de Perote; Moyoa-
p4ém); occasional in southern Arizona (Bonita Pass, Chiricéhua
Mts.; Paradise).

Macrocercus pachyrhynchus Swainson, Philos. Mag., n.s., i, no. 6, June, 1827, 439
(table land of Mexico; coll. Bullock Mus.).

S[ittace] pachyrhyncha WaauER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 667, 733.—Barrp, Brewer,
and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 586, footnote.

Sittace pachyrhyncha WaGuER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, pl. 25.—Harriavus, Syst. Verz.,
1844, 86.—Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 428.

Psittacus pachyrhynchus Kiister, Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1840, 94, pl. 73.

Afra] pachyrhyncha Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 412.

Ara pachyrhyncha Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 29.—ScLaTER,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 368 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).

[Rhynchopsitta] pachyrhyncha Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 149, Consp.
Psitt., p. 6; Naumannia, 1856 (Conspectus Pasitt., no. 30).—SciatTer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 111.—Forszs and Rosinson, Bull. Liver-
pool Mus., i, 1897, 10 (Mexico).

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Sovancs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 57; Icon. Perr,
1857, pl. 5.—ScuatTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 230, in text (Mexico).—
Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 66 (‘‘Rio Grande, Texas”); Rep.
U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, no. 2, 1859, 5 (“Rio Grande, Texas”); Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 64.—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 562
(alpine zone, Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 91 (range)—Ripeway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 190; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 391; Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
CommittTEE, Check List, 1886, 354 (hypothetical list, no. 16); 2d ed., 1895,
330; 8rd ed., 1910,179; Auk, xviii, 1901, 300.—Cuarman, Auk, v, 1888, 395.—
Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1889, 242, in text (western Sierra Madre of Mex-
ico).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 34 (Pacheco, n. Chihuahua).—
Lusx, Condor, ii, 1900, 129 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, June, 1900; flock).—
Mier (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 1906, 164 (Arroyo del Buey
and San Andreas, n. w. Durango).—Tuayer, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 223 (Pacheco,
Colonia Pacheco, and Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua, breeding; descr. nest and
eggs).—Brretoip, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 425-428 (Sierra Madre of Chihuahua,
from Chuichupa southward; habits).—Smrrn (A. P.), Condor, ix, 1907, 104,
cut (Bonita Pass, Chiricahua Mts., Aug., 1904; ‘‘immense flock”).

@W. De W. Miller, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 164.
b Ten specimens, from Chihuahua.
¢ Nine specimens from Chihuahua.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 143

R{hynchopsitta] pachyrhyncha Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 269.

Rhynchopsittacus pachyrhynchus Sauvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 169
(Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Durango City, Durango).—Satviy and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 570 (Cofre de Perote, Moyoapam, etc., Vera Cruz;
Popocatapetl, Mexico; etc.). ;

[Rhynchopsittacks] pachyrhynchus SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 14, ;

Conurus pachyrhynchus ScuLucEeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 11;
no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 3.—ReicHENow, Journ fir Orn., 1881, 273 (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 161; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 78. ;

[Psittacus] strenwus Licurenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 1 (Mexico);
Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 54 (reprint).

[Conurus] strenwus LicHTENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 73 (Mexico).

Psittacus pascha Wac.ER, Isis, 1831, 525 (new name for Macrocercus pachyrhynchus

Swainson).
Macrocercus mericanus Swainson, in Murray’s Encyclop. of Geography, 1834, —;
Am. ed., iii, 1837, 315 (nomen nudum).

Genus CONUROPSIS Salvadori.

-Conuropsis * Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 203. (Type, Psittacus
carolinensis Linnzeus.)

Rather small, long-tailed Psittacide (length about 285-325 mm.),
with the acutely wedge-shaped tail about four-fifths as long as wing
and graduated for about two-fifths its length; cere densely feathered,
completely concealing nostrils; seventh primary not attenuated at
tip; general color (including tail) green, the forehead orange or
orange-red (adults with forehead and sides of head reddish orange,
the rest of head and the neck uniform yellow).

Bill moderately large, deeper than long; culmen regularly and
strongly decurved from base, rounded, decidedly longer than middle
toe without claw; maxillary unguis rather broad, its width at base
of the distinctly corrugated palatal surface decidedly less than its
length, however; maxillary tomium distinctly notched at base of
the unguis; depth of mandible at base decidedly less than length
of gonys, the latter very broad, somewhat flattened; base of man-
dible nearly or quite truncate beneath, the chisel-like tip also trun-
cate. Wing long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding
distal secondaries by half the length of wing; eighth and ninth
primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) longer than seventh. Tail
about four-fifths as long as wing, graduated for about two-fifths its
length, the rectrices strongly tapering terminally, the middle ones
acuminate, the lateral ones obtusely pointed or narrowly rounded
at tip. Tarsus decidedly shorter than outer posterior toe without
claw, but longer than inner anterior toe with claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Head, except orbital region and chin,
completely feathered, the feathering of forehead and cere very
dense, plush-like, completely concealing nostrils. General color, in-

2 From Conurus (xévos, a cone; obpa, tail); + dys, aspect. (Richmond.)

144 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

cluding tail, green, the forehead orange or orange-red (more dull in
young); adults with neck and part of head uniform yellow, the fore-
head and sides of head reddish orange.

Range.—Southeastern United States. (Monotypic.)

CONUROPSIS CAROLINENSIS CAROLINENSIS (Linnzus).

CAROLINA PAROQUET.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead, anterior portion of crown, loral
and suborbital regions, and upper part of malar region, orpiment
orange; rest of head and neck (all round) clear lemon yellow; back
and scapulars clear yellowish green (between paris green and apple
green), the rump brighter and less yellowish green (yellowish emerald
green); lesser and middle wing-coverts deep paris green margined
with paler and brighter green; greater.coverts and proximal seconda-
ries (tertials) more yellowish green, paler and more yellowish (apple)
green terminally and along distal margin of outer webs; secondaries
(except innermost ones) and primary coverts dark green (yellowish
terre-verta or French green), the primaries similar but becoming
darker and duller terminally (especially on inner webs, where passing
into dusky on margin), the longer primaries (except outermost)
broadly edged with pale greenish yellow (citron yellow) basally;
upper tail-coverts and tail clear light parrot green with black shafts,
the shafts of middle rectrices whitish basally; under parts of body,
including foreneck and under tail-coverts, clear light apple green
(slightly tinged, especially on foreneck and chest, with emerald
green), the under wing-coverts similar but more yellowish green,
sometimes intermixed with yellow; ‘‘bend” of wing orange inter-
mixed more or less with yellow, the carpo-metacarpal region yellow,
sometimes tinged or intermixed with orange; anal region and lower
portion of thighs yellow, sometimes tinged with orange; under pri-
mary coverts and under surface of primaries brownish gray, tinged
with yellowish olive, the under surface of tail similar but more
strongly tinged with yellowish olive; bill light cream-buff or cream
color; iris dark brown; bare orbital space pale flesh color or pinkish
white; legs and feet pale flesh color or pinkish white (in life).

Young.—Kssentially like adults but without any yellow on head
or neck, which are green except forehead and loral region, which are
tawny-orange, the feathers bordering naked orbital space (except
anteriorly) brownish; no yellow nor orange on edge of wing, thighs,
nor anal region, which are wholly green. (This plumage lasts but a
few weeks, the full adult plumage being assumed, by gradual molt,
before end of the first year.)

Immature.—Variously intermediate between the adult and young
plumages, according to age.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 145

Adult male.—Length (skins) , 285-328 (299); wing, 175-192 (184.7) ;
tail, 129.5-157 (146.5); culmen, 22.5-24.5 (23.7); tarsus, 16-17.5
(16.7); outer anterior toe, 20.5-22.5 (21.4) .@

Adult female.—Length (skins), 283-313 (298); wing, 179-193
(186.3); tail, 187.5-153 (147); culmen, 21.5-24 (22.8); tarsus,
16-17.5 (16.7); outer anterior toe, 20-23 (21.3).

Formerly inhabiting the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States,
from Florida to Virginia (occasionally even to eastern New York),
but now totally extirpated over much the greater part of its former
range and so nearly extinct that only a few small colonies may yet
exist in remote and uninhabited parts of southern Florida.

Definite records are as follows:

Florida; Leon County (Waukulla Swamp, 1885); Levy County
(Cedar Keys); Marion County (Oklawaha River, 1876); Lake
County (Panasoffke Lake, 1876); Volusia County (Enterprise, up to
1880; Blue Springs); Putnam County (1869); Orange County
(Orlando); Brevard County (Micco, 1889; Rockledge, up to 1891);
Osceola County (7 miles southwest of Kissimmee, 1897); St. Lucie
County (Fort Drum; Taylor’s Creek, 1897; Padgett’s Creek, 1901);
Dade County (Miami); Lee County (Charlotte Harbor); De Soto
County (upper Caloosahatchie River); Hillsboro County (Tampa;
Tarpon Springs; Thonotosassa, 1887); Hernando County (Linden, -
up to 1889). Georgia (up to 1849). South Carolina (pine barrens, up
to 1851). Virginia (no recent records). District of Columbia (one
flock in 1865). Pennsylvania (Juniata River, old record). New
York (25 miles northwest of Albany, one flock, January, 1790).

[Psittacus] carolinensis Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 97 (South Carolina;
based on Carolina Parrot Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, pl. 11; Psittacus
carolinensis Brisson, Orn., iv, 350); ed. 12, i, 1766, 141.—Guetin, Syst. Nat.
i, pt. 1, 1788, 320.—Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 93.

Psittacus carolinensis Forster, Cat. Anim. N, Am., 1771, 9 (Carolina).—_Mu zr,
Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 74.—Bzcuste1n, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793,
195, 699.—Trmmincx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 24 and note (app.), p. 7—Wuson,
Am, Orn., iii, 1811, 89, part (not pl. 26, fig. 1; Maryland; accidental near
Albany, New York).—SuHaw,.Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 444, part.—
Viemtot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 369 (cites Pl. Enl., pl. 499).—
Kuuu, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 23.—Bonararts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 41,
part.—Nurtratz, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., land birds, 1832, 545, part (valley
of Juniata R., Pennsylvania; near Albany, New York, accidental in 1790;
Tuscaloosa, Alabama).

Ps{tttacus] carolinensis BecustEin, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 72.

P[sittacus] carolinensis Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 358,
part; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826 [19], part. fs
Psittaccus carolinensis AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 135, part (‘“‘boundary line

between Virginia and Maryland”). ;

Aratinga carolinensis StePHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 136, part.

@ Ten specimens from Florida.
1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——_10

146 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Conurus carolinensis Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 211, part.—Bonarartz, Geog.
and Comp. List, 1838, 38, part.—Nurtraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., land
birds, 2d ed., 1840, 648, part (north to Virginia; valley of Juniata R., Penn-
sylvania; Albany, New York, accidental) —Souancs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,
1856, 60.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 67, part (Florida); Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 63, part.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide,
1859, 36 (‘‘Carolina”).—ScraterR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 347 (‘‘Eastern N.
Am.”’).—Scutze@et, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 17; no. 38
(Revue), 1874, 5.—Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 478, part.—TuRNBULL,
Birds E. Penn. and N.J., 1869, 41.—Russ, Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 82, and 1870,
80 (habits and breeding in captivity).—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 315,
part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 460, part; Birds North-West, 1874, 296, part (in syn-
onymy).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874,
587, part, pl. 56, fig. 2 (not fig 1!); special ed., 1875, colored plate facing p.
587.—ReicHEenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 297, part (monogr.); Consp. Psitt.,
1882, 167, part; Vogelbild., 1878, pl. 2, fig. 8—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., iti, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 190, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
392, part— AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d
ed., 1895), no. 382, part.—Smiru and Paumer, Auk, v, 1888, 148 (near Wash-
ington, D. C., Sept., 1865; flock).—Scorr, Auk, v. 1888, 185 (Hillsboro Co.,
Florida, extirpated; still existing in Hernando Co.); vi, 1889, 249 (Panasoffkee
Lakeand Ocklawaha R., Florida, winter of 1875-76; Tarpon Springs; Hernando
Co., 1888-89; habits); ix, 1892, 212, 218 (upper Caloosahatchie R., Florida).
Brewster, Auk, vi, 1889, 336 (supposed nesting habits)—HasBrouck
Auk, viii, 1891, 369, part, with map (range, past and present).—BENDIRE,
Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 1, part, pl. 1, fig. 1 (egg).—Cuups, Warbler,
i, 1905, 97, 98, frontispiece (breeding in confinement; descr. eggs; photo-
graphic reproduction of eggs).

[Conurus] carolinensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., i, 1850, 1, part; Rev. et Mag.
de Zool., 1854, 150 (Consp. Psitt., no. 34); Naumannia, 1854 (Consp. Psitt.,
no. 62).—Covzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 199, part.

C[onurus] carolinensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 496, part.—
Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 270, part.

[Conurus carolinensis] Nowotny, Auk, xv, 1898, 28-32 (breeding and habits in
captivity).

Centurus carolinensis AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 189, part; Birds Am., oct. ed.,
iv, 1842, 306, part.

Arara carolinensis SrtBy, Naturalists’ Libr., Parrots, 1836, 81, part; ed. 1843,
101, part.

Conuropsis carolinensis Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 203, part
(Fort Drum, Lake Okechobee, Linden, Tarpon Springs, Miami, Cedar
Keys, and Enterprise, Florida); Ibis, 1906, 457 (additional references).—
AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTrer, Auk, xxv, 1908, 373,
pait; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 179, part.—Wnricut, Auk, xxix, 1912, 343-
363, part (early records).

Conuropsis carolinensis carolinensis Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iv,
Nov. 26, 1913, 94, part (range).

[Conuropsis] carolinensis SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 16, part—Forpes and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, 1897, 11 (Florida).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147

CONUROPSIS CAROLINENSIS LUDOVICIANUS (Linneus).

LOUISIANA PAROQUET.

Similar to C. c. carolinensis, but green of rump and lower hind-
neck (sometimes that of wing-coverts also) decidedly less yellowish
(more bluish) than that of back, inclining, more or less, to vander-
poels or cendre green, sometimes, though rarely, to turquoise green;
green of under parts averaging less yellowish; greater wing-coverts,
proximal secondaries, and basal portion of outer webs of primaries
more pronouncedly and more extensively yellowish, contrasting more
strongly with the general green color; size averaging decidedly
greater.

Adult male—tLength (skins), 317-330 (322);* wing, 184-203.5
(192.2); tail, 138.5-167 (156.5); culmen, 23.5-26 (25.1); tarsus,
15.5-18 (16.7); outer anterior toe, 21-23 (22.2).®

Adult female.—Length (skins), 305;* wing, 183-194.5 (185.7);4¢
tail, 136.5-157 (149.5);4 culmen, 23.5-25 (24.3);¢ tarsus, 15.5-18
(16.4) ;¢ outer anterior toe, 21-22.5 (21.8).¢

Formerly inhabiting the entire Mississippi Valley (except open
prairies and plains), from West Virginia to eastern Colorado, north
to southern shores of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan, south to the
Gulf coast. Now totally extirpated over much the greater part
(perhaps the whole) of its former range, and if still existing to be
found only in small numbers in very restricted areas in bottom
lands of southwestern Arkansas or northwestern Louisiana.

Definite records are as follows:

West Virginia: Great Kanawha River (in early part of 19th cen-
tury). Ohio: South shore of Lake Erie (in 1807); mouth of Big
Beaver Creek, 30 miles below Pittsburg (in 1808); vicinity of Cin-
cinnati (up to 1832); mouths of Big Miami, Little Miami, and Little
Scioto rivers (up to 1830 or later); near Columbus (up to 1862(%)).
Kentucky: Big Bone Lick; between Louisville and Shippenport (up
to 1851); Fulton County (up to 1878). Indiana: Franklin County
(up to 1828); Posey County (abundant in 1836); White-water River
(up to 1856); White River, 20 miles from Indianapolis (breeding in
1832); French Lick Springs (up to 1823); Vincennes (1816); Patoka
River (1817); Terre Haute (1821). IIlinois: Near Chicago (1821);
mouth of Illinois River (1821); Hennepin County (1835); Edwards
County (1822); Shawneetown (1826); Cairo; Wabash County (up to

“Three specimens only.

> Fourteen specimens, including three not sexed, but of maximum dimensions
and almost certainly males,

¢ One specimen only.

4 Five specimens only,

¢Ten specimens,

148 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1835, at least). Wisconsin: Southern Wisconsin. Missouri: Near St.
Louis; Booneville (abundant in 1854); St. Charles (1826); Inde-
pendence (1834); Fayette (up to 1885); Stone County (up to 1891).
Iowa: Decatur County (up to 1873). Nebraska: Bald Island, Mis-
souri River (up to 1857); Weeping-water River (1833). Colorado:
South Platte River, near Denver (1861); Little Thompson River
(1862); Brown Cafion (1806); Fort Lyon. Kansas: Fort Riley;
Fort Leavenworth (1857); Council Grove (1847). Arkansas: Fort
Smith. Indian Territory: Boggy Depot, Choctaw Nation; Cherokee
Nation; mouth of Grand River; Fort Cobb; Caddo (up to 1885
or later); Fort Gibson (1889); between Canadian and Verdigris
rivers (1820); Falls of Canadian River (1819). Louisiana: Bayou
Sara (up to 1875); West Baton Rouge Parish (up to 1880); Bayou
St. Pierre; New Orleans. Mississippi: Near Natchez; near Vicks-
burg; Jackson. Tennessee: Tennessee River (1811); Lauderdale
County (up to 1876). Texas: Between Brazos and Trinity Rivers,
eastern Texas (1853). ‘%Alabama: Tuscaloosa; Coosada (up to
1879).®

Ps{ittacus] pertinar (not of Linneeus) Forster, Cat. Anim. N. Am., 1771, 9
(Illinois).

[Psittacus] ludovicianus Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 347 (Louisiana; based

‘on Perroquet de la Louisiane DuPratz, Voy., ii, 128; Papaget & téte aurore
Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 247; Orange-headed Parrot Latham, Synopsis
Birds, i, pt. 1, 304).—Brcustein, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 72.

Psittacus ludovicianus Brecusrein, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 254, 711.—
Kvat, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 23. , .

S[ittace] ludoviciana WacuER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 656, 731.—Harrtiavs, Syst.Verz.,
1844, 86.—Maximinian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 351, part.

Aratinga ludoviciana StePuuns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 136.

Conurus ludovicianus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 36, part
(‘North America’’).

[Psittacus carolinensis] Var. 8 Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 93.

Psittacus carolinensis Var. Vrerttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 331.

P[stitacus] thalassinus Vinmiot, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1877 (Louisiana;
based on Le Papaget & téte aurore Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 247).

P{sittacus] luteocapillus Vietutot, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1402 (Louisiana;
based on Le Papagei a téte aurore Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 247; Orange-
headed Parrot Latham, Synopsis Birds, i, pt. 1; 304; Perruche a téte jaune
Levaillant, Perr., pl. 33). ‘

Psittacus carolinensis (not of Linneus) Witson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 89, part, pl.
26, fig. 1,—Suaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 444, part—Bonaparts, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 41, part.—Nurratn, Man. Orn. U. 8S. and Can., land
birds, 1832, 545, part (‘‘banks of the Ohio”; ‘banks of the Mississippi and
Missouri around St. Louis”; etc.).

4T have been informed by residents of Mt. Carmel that a flock passed over that
place in 1861 or 1862.

> Without examination of specimens it is, of course, impossible to determine
whether the paroquets of Alabama were this form or C. ¢. carolinensis.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 149

P{sittacus] carolinensis Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1824, 358,
part; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826 [19], part.

Psiitaccus carolinensis AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 135, part, pl. 26 (Great
Kanawha R., West Virginia; Ohio; Illinois; etc.; specimens figured from
Bayou Sara, Louisiana).

Aratinga carolinensis StrruEens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 136, part.

Psitiacus (Conurus) carolinensis Maxmmmian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 97 (Wabash
and Missouri rivers, etc.; habits).

Conurus carolinensis Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 211, part.—Bonapartr, Geog.
and Comp. List, 1888, 38, part.—Nurrazt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., land
birds, 2d ed., 1840, 648, part (banks of Illinois R. to near southern end of
Lake Michigan; etc.)—Woopuovssz, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and
Col. R., 1853, 89 (Indian Territory; Texas?).—Souanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,
1856, 60, part—Maxmauian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857,°09 (Wabash and Missouri
rivers, etc.; full descr.; habits) —Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
67, part (Cairo, Illinois; Fort Smith, Arkansas; Fort Riley, Kansas; Nebraska;
Bald I., Missouri R.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 63, part.—KenneRLy,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, no. 3, 1859, 21 (Fort Smith, Arkansas).—HaypeEn,
Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. (2), xii, 1863 (pub. 1862), 154 (Missouri R. below
mouth of Platte R.).—Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438
(near Boonesville, w. Missouri, abundant in 1854).—Finscu, Die Papag., i,
1867, 478, part.—Trirre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 233 (Decatur Co.,
Iowa; recent occurrence of flock).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 315, part;
2d ed., 1882, no. 460, part; Birds North-West, 1874, 296, excl. syn. part (Bald
I, Missouri R., Nebraska; etc.; range); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 50
(Golden and Denver, Colorado, in 1860-61; Little Thompson R., Colorado,
1862; Ft. Lyon, Colorado; abundant in Kansas in 1865-’67).—Barrp,
Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 587, part, pl. 56, fig. 1
(not fig. 2!).—ReicHenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 297, part (monogr.); Consp.
Paitt., 1882, 167, part; Vogelbild., 1878, pl. 2, fig. 8.—Ripaway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 190, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 392, part; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 397 (excl. syn. part).—Lanepon,
Journ. Cinc. Soc. N. H., 1881, 152 (West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana,
Sept., 1880; flock of 2 or 3 dozen).—Azzrr, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., v, 1882,
59 (Council Grove, Kansas, in flocks Feb. 24, and March 1, 1847).—Hay,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 93 ((near Vicksburg and Jackson, Mississippi;
s. e. Arkansas).—AmEnican OrnitHoxocists’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and
2d ed., 1895), no. 382, part.—Burtier, Bull. Brookv. Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886,
25 (Franklin Co., Indiana; last seen in 1828); Auk, ix, 1892, 49-56, part
(habits, former range, etc.).—Cooxs, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 124 (Missis-
sippi Valley localities); Birds Colorado, 1897, 81 (former resident); Bull. 44,
Col. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1898, 162 (Arkansas R., Colorado, in 1807).—PinDar,
Auk, vi, 1889, 313 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, up to 1878).—Hasprouck, Auk,
vill, 1891, 369, part, with map (geog. range, past and present).—Mzrriam,
Auk, ix, 1892, 301 (Stone Co., Missouri, fall of 1891, 2 specs.).—BENDIRE,
Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (ii), 1895, 1, part—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1895, 481 (Lauderdale Co., Tennessee; last one seen in 1876).—Brver,
Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 101 (Louisiana; probably extirpated
in State) ANDERSON, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Sci., xi, 1907, 269 (Iowa records).—
Swatzs, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 209 (no valid Michigan record).

[Conurus] carolinensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av.,i,1850,1, part; Rev. et Mag. de
Zool., 1854, 150 (Consp. Psitt., no. 34), part; Naumannia, 1854, Consp. Psitt.,
no. 62, part.—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 199, part.

150 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Glonurus] carolinensis Ripawax, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 398 (Illinois); Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 270, part.—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 496,
part. :

Centurus carolinensis AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 189, part; Birds Am., oct. ed.,
iv, 1842, 306, part.

Arara carolinensis SeuBy, Nat. Libr., Parrots, 1836, 81, part; ed. 1843, 101, part.

Conuropsis carolinensis Sauvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 203, part
(in synonymy); Ibis, 1896, 457, part (references).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
cists’ Union Commitrer, Auk, xxv, 1908, 373, part; Check List, 3rd ed.,
1910, 179, part.—Wricut (A. H.), Auk, xxix, 1912, 343-363, part (early
records).

[Conuropsis] carolinensis Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 16, part.

Conuropsis carolinensis carolinensis Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iv, 1918,
94, part (Louisi&na specimens).

Psittacus septentrionalis Maxtmrian, Reise Nord-Amerika, i, 1839, 175 (New
Harmony, Indiana; substitute name for P. carolinensis Linneeus).

Conuropsis carolinensis interior * Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iv, Nov. 26,
1918, 94 (Bald Island, Nebraska; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).

Genus ARATINGA Spix.

Aratinga Srrx, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 29. (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Psittacus
luteus Boddaert.)

Arara (not of Spix, 1824) Lusson, Man. d’Orn., ii. 1828, 143. (Type, Psittacus
guianensis Gmelin=P. leucophthalmus Miller.)

Psittacara Vicors, Zool. Journ., ii, 1825, 388. (Type, Psittacus guianensis Gmelin
=P. leucophthalmus Miller.

Evopsitta Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151. (Type, Sittace euops
Wagler.)

(?) Maracana Des Mors, in Chenu, Enc. d’Hist. Nat., Ois., i, 1851?, 163; in Cas-
telnau’s Exp. Am. Sud., Zool. i, Ois., 1855, 18, pl. 2. (New name for Conu-
rus Kuhl?)

Medium-sized to rather small long-tailed Psittacide (length about
250-300 mm.) with seventh primary attenuated at tip, cere partly
naked, tail shorter than wing, tip of mandible slightly produced and
strongly rounded transversely with terminal edge strongly concave
above, and under surface of remiges and rectrices yellowish or yel-
lowish olive.

Bill relatively short and very deep (depth at base much greater
than length of culmen), the maxilla but little compressed toward
culmen, the mandible very broad and not at all flattened laterally;

@Mr. Bangs was misled as to the relationship of the Louisiana specimens by having
an insufficient series of Mississippi Valley birds, several examples of which were
abnormal in the development of the blue cast to the plumage; also, by a specimen
said to be from Cape Florida (but unquestionably not from there) which agrees with
the single Louisiana adult with which it was compared. The alleged Cape Florida
specimen was supposed to have been collected there by G. Wirdemann; but the
“make” of Wtirdemann’s skins is so unique that they are very easily recognizable,
and the specimen in question certainly was not put up by him. It represents the
greener phase (or extreme) of the interior bird, and without doubt came from some
locality in the interior of the country.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 151

culmen as long as or longer than middle toe without claw, regularly
and strongly decurved from base, broadly and distinctly flattened,
at least for basal half; depth of maxilla at base equal to from half
to two-thirds the length of culmen; maxillary unguis more or less
broadly conical in vertical profile, more or less acute at tip, its width
at base of the strongly corrugated palatal surface less than its length
from same point; maxillary tomium more or less convex or lobed
posterior to the distinct subterminal notch; mandible broadly
rounded beneath, not at all flattened laterally, its depth at base
usually equal to but sometimes a little less than its width at same
point and nearly to quite equal to length of gonys; the produced tip
rather sharp, not flattened, but deeply concave above, truncated, and
somewhat thickened medially; mandibular tomium more or less con-
vex proximally, more or less deeply concave terminally. Wing
moderate, pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries
by more than two-fifths the length of wing. Tail more than six-
sevenths to more than nine-tenths as long as wing, graduated for
nearly to quite half its length, the rectrices rather narrow, distinctly
tapering distally, but with tip rounded. Tarsus decidedly longer
than inner anterior toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Only the orbital region and part of cere
unfeathered; except in A. chloroptera and A. leucophthalma, the cere
naked in front of (sometimes, narrowly, all round) nostrils; in the
species mentioned the nostril concealed in the short prefrontal feath-
ering, only a portion of the anterior margin of the cere being naked.
General color plain green, including upper surface of remiges and
rectrices, which are yellowish or yellowish olive on the under surface;
in most species the adults with under wing-coverts red, some species
having the forehead also red, or red feathers on neck.

Range.—Middle Mexico to eastern Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina;
also, islands of Cuba, Haiti, and Mona (near Porto Rico), Greater
Antilles. (About twelve species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ARATINGA.

a. Larger (wing 160-190 mm.).
6. Forehead with at least a few bright red feathers (or else under wing-coverts
partly red).
c. Whole forehead and anterior part of crown red.
d. Under wing-coverts wholly yellowish green. (Colombia and Venezuela.)
Aratinga wagleri (extralimital).¢

“Conurus wagleri Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, Nov., 1845, 413, pl. 102 (no locality given);
List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittaci, 1859, 34 (Bogota, Colombia; Venezuela); Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 1864, 12 (Venezuela); Finsch, Die Papag., i, 1867, 459;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 184 (Bogot&, Atanques, and Medellin,
Colombia; Venezuela).—[Psittacara] waglert Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854,
150.—Evopsitta wagleri Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 25).—
Conurus erythrochlorus Hartlaub, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., June, 1849, 274 (Caracas,
Venezuela).

152 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

dd. Under wing-coverts extensively red, the under primary coverts yellow.

(Nicaragua to western Panama).......--Aratinga finschi, adults (p. 152).
ce. Forehead only partly red (sometimes with only a few red feathers). (Under
wing-coverts with or without red)...-..--. Aratinga finschi, young (p. 153).

bb. Forehead without any bright red.
c. Under wing-coverts red. (Aratinga chloroptera.)
d. Under primary coverts olive. (Haiti.)
; Aratinga chloroptera chloroptera, adults (p. 153),
dd. Under primary coverts (as well as smaller coverts) red. (Porto Rico and
Mona Island; extinct?).....Aratinga chloroptera maugei, adults (p. 155).
cc. Under wing-coverts wholly green.
d. Throat and foreneck red or orange (the feathers yellow basally). (Guate-
mala to northern Nicaragua.)....-..-Aratinga rubritorquis, adults (p. 156).
dd. Throat and foreneck green, like rest of under parts.

e. Tenth (outermost) primary longer than seventh; distance from tips of
longest primary coverts to tips of longest primaries greater than from
former to bend of wing; green of under parts lighter.

f. Smaller (wing less than 160 mm.); green of under parts less yellowish.
Aratinga rubritorquis, young (p. 156).
J. Larger (wing not less—usually much more—than 160 mm.; green of
under parts more yellowish.
g. Smaller (averaging: male, wing, 168.1, tail 128.8, culmen 24.9, tarsus
17.2, outer anterior toe 21.2; female, wing 165.8, tail 125.6, culmen
24.1, tarsus 16.6, outer anterior toe 21.2. (Mexico; Guatemala?)
Aratinga holochlora holochlora (p. 157).
gg. Larger (averaging: male, wing 175, tail 139.7, culmen 28.2, tarsus 19,
outer anterior toe 25.7; female, wing 180.4, tail 140, culmen 27.9,
tarsus 18.6, outer anterior toe 24.7. (Salvador to western Nicaragua.)
Aratinga holochlora strenua (p. 158).
ee. Tenth (outermost) primary not longer (usually much shorter) than
seventh; distance from tips of longest primary coverts to tips of longest
primaries not greater than from former to bend of wing; green of under
parts darker. (Socorro Island, western Mexico.)
Aratinga brevipes, adults and young (p. 159),
aa. Smaller (wing 135-140 mm.), (Cuba.)...........-.-.2.5- Aratinga euops (p. 160).

ARATINGA FINSCHI (Salvin).

FINSCH’S PAROQUET.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead, median anterior portion of crown,
and upper anterior portion of lores, deep poppy red; under wing-
coverts and edge of wing mostly vermilion red, or orange-vermilion,
and orange (except proximal coverts, which are mostly green), the
under primary coverts chrome yellow; under surface of remiges and
rectrices yellowish olive; rest of plumage clear parrot green above,
lighter and more yellowish green below (yellowish apple green on
posterior under parts), the head and neck frequently with scattered
red feathers; the lower portion of thighs also partly red; bill brown-
ish buffy, paler terminally; iris (yellow?); bare orbital space pale
flesh color or whitish (in life); legs and feet pale pinkish brown or
dull whitish flesh color.

s

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 153

Young.—Essentially like adults but forehead with much less red
(sometimes none),* edge of wing wholly green, under wing-coverts
with red confined to a small central area (or with none),* and under
primary coverts light yellowish olive instead of yellow.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 258-291 (278); wing, 158.5-175.5
(168.6); tail, 125-141.5 (133.7); culmen, 24-28 (26.9); tarsus,
17.5-19 (18.1); outer anterior toe, 22-26 (23.9).°

Adult female.—Length (skins), 260-286 (276); wing, 155.5-169.5
(164.3); tail, 126-141 (134.2); culmen, 24.5-28.5 (26.1); tarsus,
17.5-19 (18.1); outer anterior toe, 22.5-24.5 (23).

Southern Nicaragua (Rio Escondido; Rama), and southward
through Costa Rica (San José; San Pedro de San José; Naranjo
de Cartago; Guayabo; Bonilla; Guadpiles; Monte Redondo; Volc4n
de Miravalles) to western Panama (Divala and Bugaba, Chiriquf).

Conurus finschi Satvin, Ibis, 3rd ser., i, Jan., 1871, 91, pl. 4 (Bugaba, Chiriqui,
w. Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman); Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. vi, 1893,
p. xxxii (Nicaragua).—ReicuENnow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 274 (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 162; Vogelbild., 1881, text to pl. 22, fig. 7—Nurrine,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 501 (San José, Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,
i, 1887, 124 (Naranjo de Cartago and San José, Costa Rica).—SaLvaporl,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 184; Ibis, 1906, 454.—CuErriz, Auk, ix,
1892, 327 (San José, Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 519 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., ii, 1897, 571 (Rama, etc., Nicaragua; etc.).—Satvapori and Fesra, Boll.
Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 9 (Chiriqui)—Ripeway, Condor,
vii, 1905, 156, in text (Bonilla, Costa Rica).—FrErry, Pub. 146, Field Mus.
N. H., 1910, 262 (Guayabo, Costa Rica; crit.) —Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., vi, 1910, 482 (range in Costa Rica).

[Conurus] finscht ScLateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 112.—SHarpz,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 1&—ForBes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i,
1897, 10.

ARATINGA CHLOROPTERA CHLOROPTERA (Souancé).
HAITIAN PAROQUET.

Adulis (sexes alike).—General color plain green (light parrot green
above, nearly apple green below), deeper and more bluish green on
primaries, primary coverts, and alulz, the remiges, rectrices, etc.,
with black shafts; anterior portion of forehead (very narrowly)
sometimes suffused with dull brownish red; under wing-coverts,
edge of wing, and outer lesser coverts at bend of wing, bright poppy
red; under primary coverts yellowish olive (sometimes with some

2Jn a specimen without trace of red on forehead there is considerable red on the
under wing-coverts, while in one without a trace of red on the under wing-coverts
there is a considerable amount of red on the forehead; so it would seem that there is
usually if not always some red in one or the other of the places named in the young
of this species.

bTen specimens, from Costa Rica.

154 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

of the feathers light red or pink), the under surface of remiges and
rectrices similar but decidedly more yellowish; bill pale buffy
brownish; bare orbital space pale buffy brownish or dull buffy (whitish
or pale flesh color in life?); legs and feet grayish brown or brownish
gray (in dried skins).

Immature.—Similar to adults but under wing-coverts mostly
green (entirely green in younger birds’).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 286-310 (303); wing, 170.5-184
(177.1); tail, 135.5-157.5 (147.2); culmen, 26-27.5 (26.6); tarsus,
17-19.5 (18.8); outer anterior toe, 22-25 (23.4).%

Adult female.—Length (skins), 276-311 (296); wing, 169-179.5
(174.2); tail, 128.5-156 (143.9); culmen, 25.5-28 (26.5); tarsus,
18-18.5 (18.3); outer anterior toe, 22.5-24.5 (23.7).°

Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles (Saman4, La Cafiita, Rio Yuna,
El Valle, and Matanzas, Santo Domingo).

Psiitacara chloroptera Souanc#, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2 ser., viii, Feb., 1856, 59
(Santo Domingo; coll. Prince Massena); Icon. Perr., 1857, text to pl. 7.

[Evopsitia] chloroptera Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 23).

Conurus chloropterus ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 225, in text (Santo
Domingo).—Satu#, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 234 (Santo Domingo;
habits).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 118, pl. [15]; Auk, iii, 1886,
457 (synonymy; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 180; Cat. West Ind. Birds,
1892, 101, 181, part (Haiti and Santo Domingo).—Satvapozrt, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 186 (Samana, Santo Domingo).—CueErR1g, Contr. Orn.
San. Dom., 1896, 21.—Cunristy, Ibis, 1897, 334 (Rio Yuna, Santo Domingo).—
Roruscump, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15.—Vuerrm (A. E. and
A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 359 (El Valle and Matanzas, Santo
Domingo).

[Conurus] chloropterus Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20.—
Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 15—Forprs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool
Mus., i, 1897, 10.

Pstitacus chloropterus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 96° (Santo
Domingo).

Clonurus] chloropterus CaBants, Journ fir Orn., 1885, 222, in text (comparison
with C. gundlacht).

Evopsitta euops (not Sittace euops Wagler) Sovanc#, Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 7,
fig. 2. :

Conurus euops Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 33, part (Santo
Domingo).—TristraM, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).

Oonurus pavua (not Psittacus pavua Boddaert) Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 469,
part (Santo Domingo).

Conurus paona [typog. error] MarscHaLL, Papag., 1889, 55.

[Conurus] leucophthalmus (not Psittacus leucophthalmus Miller) Gray, Hand-list,
ii, 1870, no. 8090.

Conurus leucophthalmus ReicHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 276 (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 164.

@ Right specimens. b Five specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 155

ARATINGA CHLOROPTERA MAUGEI (Souancé).

MAUGE’S PAROQUET.

Similar to A. ¢. chloroptera but with smaller and darker colored
bill, the maxillary tomium without distinct angular projection, the
adults with under primary coverts light red, and the lesser coverts

on outside of wing entirely green.
Adult female.—Length (skin), 296; wing, 165; tail, 158; culmen,
26.5; tarsus, 17; outer anterior toe, 22.5.4

Mona Island, near Porto Rico.

Psittacara mauget Sovanck, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2 ser., viii, Feb., 1856, 59 (no
locality given, but type from Porto Rico, in coll. Paris Mus.).—CaBanis, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1885, 222, in text.

Evopsitta mauget BonaPartr, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Pasitt., no. 22).—Sovancs,
Icon. Perr., 1857-’58, pl. 8.

Conurus maugxi ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 225, in text (Porto Rico).

Conurus mauget Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 33 (‘South Amer-
ica” ).—ScHLEGEL, Die Dierent., 1864, 81; Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci),
1864, 18; no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 4.—Satvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx,
1891, 189; Ibis, 1906, 455 (crit.).—Roruscaip, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi,
1905, 15 (Mona Island).

Conurus maugei(?) Bowpisy, Auk, xx, 1903, 20 (near Lares, Porto Rico).

[Conurus] mauget SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 15.

Conurus pavua (not Psittacus pavua Boddaert) Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 469,
part.

Conurus evops ? (not Sittace ewops Wagler) Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 160,
184 (Porto Rico; crit.); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 229 (Porto Rico).

Conurus gundlacht CaBants, Orn. Centralbl., vi, no. 1, Jan., 1881, 5 (Mona Island,
near Porto Rico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 107 (Mona I.); 1882, 119; 1885, 222
(crit.).—SctateR and Savin, Ibis, 1881, 479 (Porto Rico).—GuNnpLacu,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 401.—Marscuatt, Bull. Soc. Philom., 7 ser., v, 1881,
173; Papag., 1889, 55.—RzicHENOw and ScHaLow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1882,
119 (descr.; Mona Island).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 457; ix, 1892, 229 (Mona
I.; crit.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 180.

[Conurus] gundlachi Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 20.

[Conurus ewops.] Subspecies: gundlacht Retcuznow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 275
(monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 163.

Conurus chloropterus (not Psittacara chloroptera Souancé) Cory, Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 101, 141, part (Mona IJ.); Auk, ix, 1892, 228, in text (Mona I.;
crit.).

@QOne specimen, from Mona Island. This bird seems really different from true
A. chloropiera (from Santo Domingo). The bill, while the culmen is slightly longer
than the minimum of that measurement in A. chloroptera seems both shorter and
narrower (transversely), thereisno angle or ‘‘tooth” on the maxillary tomium, and the
color of the bill much darker, the maxilla being deep brownish horn color for the
basal half. There is no red whatever on the lesser coverts of the outside surface of the
wing, and the under primary coverts are wholly light red (strawberry pink or light coral
red), except that on the left wing the two outermost under primary coverts are light
yellowish olive, these feathers probably representing remnants of the immature
plumage. The toes also appear to be more slender, and the anterior portion of the
head duller, more olivaceous, green than in adults of A. chloroptera.

156 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ARATINGA RUBRITORQUIS (Sclater).
RED-THROATED PAROQUET.

Adults (sexes alike).—Whole throat and foreneck, together with
lower portion of malar region, red, or reddish orange (grenadine red
to orange chrome), the feathers yellow beneath surface; rest of
plumage clear light parrot green above, becoming brighter and more
yellowish green (deeper than apple green) on sides of head, the
primaries and primary coverts slightly more bluish green; primaries,
rectrices, etc., with black shafts, the first with tip of inner webs nar-
rowly margined with blackish; a few red or reddish orange feathers on
sides of neck and across hindneck, forming indication of a broken
collar; under parts, posterior to red or orange of foreneck, clear ‘yel-
lowish apple green, passing into apple green on under tail-coverts;
smaller under wing-coverts wholly clear apple green, the under
primary coverts and under surface of remiges and rectrices light
yellowish olive or deep olive-yellowish; bill light brownish buffy;
naked orbital space pale brownish (whitish or pale flesh color in
life?); legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skins).

Young.—Essentially like adults but with the red (or reddish
orange) and yellow of throat, foreneck, etc., replaced by light green,
the green of under parts of body slightly darker or duller.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 250-265 (257); wing, 156-164 (161.4);
tail, 115-124.5 (120.7); culmen, 24.5-26 (25.1); tarsus, 16-17 (16.6);
outer anterior toe, 20.5-21.5 (21).%

Adult female.—Length (skins), 257-275 (264); wing, 154-162 (159);
tail, 112-119.5 (116.8); culmen, 23-24.5 (23.7); tarsus, 16.5-17.5 (17);
outer anterior toe, 20-22 (21).°

Guatemala (Iguana; Gualaén) and Salvadér (Volcén de San Miguél
to Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte; Matagalpa).°

Conurus rubritorquis SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886 (pt. iv, April 1, 1887),
539, pl. 56 (“South America or West Indies”; coll. Zool. Soc. Lond.).—SaLvin
and GopMan, Ibis, 1892, 328 (centr. Nicaragua); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii,

1897, 573 (Volcan de San Miguel, Salvador; Matagalpa, Nicaragua).
[Conurus] rubritorquis ForspEs and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 11.

* Four specimens.
b Three specimens.

‘ Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Ria Tarsus. |anterior
we.
MALES.
Three adult males from Guatemala. ........-.....02..2.-020e ee 163.2 | 121.2 25. 2 17 21
One adult male from Nicaragua......-.- 0... .2222 222 c eee cee eee 156 119.5 25 16.5 21
Two adult females from Guatemala (tarsus and toe of only one
MCASUTC)..- +02 -0e- ee ene eee ee eee eee ee eect eee ee eee teen eee 157.5 | 119.2 23,7 17.5 22
One adult female from Nicaragua. .......--...2 ee eee eee eee 162 112 23.5 16.5 20

¢ Not yet recorded from Honduras.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 157

Conurus rubritorques Satvaport, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iii, 1892, p. xi (Nicaragua;
crit.); Ibis, 1893, 122 (reprint); 1906, 455 (crit.).
[Conurus] rubritorques SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 15.
Conurus holochlorus rubritorques Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., Nov.,
1907, 85 (Gualan, Guatemala; crit.).
ARATINGA HOLOCHLORA HOLOCHLORA (Sclater).

GREEN PAROQUET.

Similar to A. rubritorquis but larger and without red or orange
throat. :

Adults (sexes alike).—Above bright yellowish parrot green, becom-
ing slightly darker and more bluish green on primaries and primary-
coverts, the former narrowly margined with blackish terminally,
especially on inner webs; sides of head lighter, more yellowish
green (bright apple green),* the under parts still lighter and more
yellowish; smaller under wing-coverts light yellowish apple green;
under primary coverts and under surface of remiges and rectrices
light yellowish olive changing to deep olive-yellowish, the first
slightly duller or more grayish; piimaries, rectrices, etc., with
black shafts; bill dull brownish buffy or pale buffy brownish; iris
(yellow?); bare orbital: space pale brownish (whitish in life?);
legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 236-287 (267); wing, 160-179 (168.1);
tail, 120-134 (128.8); culmen, 23.5-26.5 (24.9); tarsus, 16-18
(17.2); outer anterior toe, 19-23 (21.2).°

Adult female.—Length (skins), 240-288 (264); wing, 160-174
(165.8); tail, 114.5-144 (125.6); culmen, 23-25 (24.1); tarsus,
16-17 (16.6); outer anterior toe, 20.5-22 (21.2).°

@ Many specimens (probably older individuals) show a few scattered red feathers
on lower malar regions, sides of neck, etc.

6 Fourteen specimens.

¢ Five specimens.

7 r Cul- Outer

Locality. Wing. | Tail. men. | arsus.janterior

: toe.

MALES.

Five adult males from Chihuahua......-...----.----22--.---2-- 173.2 | 128.7 24.7 14.7 21
Eight adult males from Tamaulipas..........-...-.2------2--- 164.7 | 128.3 25.1 17.1 21,2

One adult male from Vera Cruz........---.2-22--2-0- 2-222 eee ee 169 131.5 24,5 17 2
Three adult males from Nicaragua (A. h. strenua).....-...----- 175 139.7 28,2 19 25.7
Ten adult males from Socorro Island (A. brevipes).......-.-.-- - 168.2} 150.8 27.8 18 22.4

FEMALES.

One adult female from Chihuahua...............--.-..-.020eee 165.5 | 114.5 23 17 21
"One adult female from Nuevo Leon................---2.-2-02+- 174 144 24 16.5 21.5
Three adult males from Tamaulipas ...........---2-2+202e----- 164.5 | 122.5 24.5 16.5 21.2
Seven adult females from Nicaragua (A. h. strenuad)...........- 180.4 | 141.8 27.8 18.5 24,4
Ten adult females from Socorro Island (A. brevipes)........... 166.4 | 150.7 26.7 17.6 21.4

It is possible that specimens from Chihuahua may eventually require separation,
on account of the appreciably less yellowish hue of the green, strong tinge of blue
on alule, and weaker bill.

158 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mexico, in States of Chihu4hua (Hacienda de San Rafael), Nuevo
Leén (Montemorelos; Rio Camacho), Tamaulipas (Sota la Marina;
Forlén; Rio Pilén; Victoria; Xicotencal; Sierra Madre), Vera,
Cruz (Miradér; Jalapa; Misantla; Santa Ana; Rio Juan Martin;
Hacienda Tortuga; Omealca), Puebla (Rinconada), San Lufs Potosi
(Vallés), Guanajuato, and Mexico (near City of Mexico), and Guate-
mala (Cobén; Duefias; El Rincén de San Marcos; Santa Maria de
Quezaltenango; Vera Paz.)

(?) Psittavus guianensis (not P. gujanensis Gmelin, 1788) LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-
Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 1; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 54 (reprint).

Conurus holochlorus SctarER, Ann. and Mag. N. H., ser. 3, iv, 1859, 224 (Jalapa,
Vera Cruz; coll. P. L. Sclater); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 368 (Jalapa,
Vera Cruz); 1864, 177 (near City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 346
(Jalapa).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 13; no. 38
(Revue), 1874, 4.—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 92 (range; habits).—Scumupr, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 310 (duration of life in captivity).—ReicHENow,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 276, part (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 164, part,
Végelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 81, part—Prtzetn and Lorenz, Ann. d. Natur-
hist. Hofmus., iii, 1888, 38.—Sazvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1889, 241, in text
(s. Mexico); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 572, part (Rio Camacho,
Nuevo Leon; Sierra Madre and Xicotencal, Tamaulipas; Valles, San Luis
Potosi; Misantla, Santa Ana, Rio Juan Martin, Hacienda Tortugas, Jalapa,
and Omealca, Vera.Cruz).—SaLvapokt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 189.
part (excl. syn. C. rubritorquis Sclater).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci,
for 1896-97 (1899), 219 (Rinconada, Puebla).

(?) Conurus holochlorus® Sauvin and SciateR, Ibis, 1860, 44 (Coban and
Duefias, Guatemala; crit.) —Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891,
189, part (El Rincon de San Marcos, Santa Maria de Quezaltenango, Duefias,
and Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
ii, 1897, 572, part (El Rincon de San Marcos, etc., Guatemala).

[Conurus] holochlorus SumicuRast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 560 (tierra
caliente of Vera Cruz).—Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 112.—
Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 466 (carotid arteries), 633 (leg, muscles);
1874, 587 (ahatomy).—SHarrz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 15—Forses and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 11 (Mexico; ‘Central America”).

Clonurus] holochlorus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 270.

ARATINGA HOLOCHLORA STRENUA (Ridgway).
NICARAGUAN GREEN PAROQUET.

Similar in coloration to A. h. holochlora (from eastern Mexico)
but decidedly larger, especially the bill and feet.

Adult male.—Length (skins) , 292-308 (300); wing, 173-178.5 (175) ;
tail, 139-140.5 (139.7); culmen, 28-28.5 (28.2); tarsus, 18.5-19.5
(19); outer anterior toe, 25-26 (25.7).°

Adult female.—Length (skins), 285-292 (289); wing, 176.5-186
(180.4); tail, 137-147.5 (141.8); culmen, 25.5-29 (27.8); tarsus,
17-19.5 (18.5); outer anterior toe, 23.5-26 (24.4).°

@ These references may refer to A. holochlora strenua. I have not seen specimens
from Guatemala.

b Three specimens.

¢ Seven specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 159

Pacific slope of Central America, from Salvadér (Volcén de San
Miguél) to Nicaragua (Omotepe: San Gerénimo, Chinandega).
Conurus holochlorus (not of Sclater) Nutrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 395
(Omotepe, Nicaragua).—Sanvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 189,
part (specimen Z).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897,
572, part (Omotepe, Nicaragua; Volcan de San Miguel, Salvador).
Conurus holochlorus strenuus Rrpeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27,
1915, 106 (Omotepe, Nicaragua; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

ARATINGA BREVIPES (Lawrence).
SOCORRO PAROQUET.

Similar to A. holochlora but larger (especially the bill), coloration
decidedly darker (both above and below), and primaries relatively
shorter, with the tenth (outermost) shorter, instead of longer, than
the seventh.

Adults (sexes alike).—Above clear light parrot green, the primaries
and primary coverts slightly darker and more bluish green, the
former margined terminally (especially on inner webs) with blackish;
primaries, rectrices, etc., with black shafts; sides of head brighter
green (bright deep apple green), the under parts lighter and more
yellowish green (deep apple green); smaller under wing-coverts
apple green, the under primary coverts and under surface of remiges
and rectrices light yellowish olive changing to deep olive-yellowish;
bill dull buffy whitish deeper (more brownish) on basal portion of
maxilla; iris yellow;? naked orbital space pale brownish (yellow
in life?); legs and feet dull grayish or horn color (in dried skin).

Adult male—Length (skins), 290-317 (303); wing, 164.5-172
(168.2); tail, 144-157 (150.8); culmen, 26-29.5 (27.8); tarsus,17.5-19
(18); outer anterior toe, 22-23 (22.4).®

Adult female.—Length (skins), 283-316 (305); wing, 161.5-170.5
(166.4); tail, 143.5-156.5 (150.7); culmen, 25.5-28.5 (26.7); tarsus,
17-18 (17.6); outer anterior toe, 21-22 (21.4).®

Socorro Islands, Revillagigedo group, western Mexico.

Conurus holochlorus, var. brevipes ‘‘Baird, MS.’ Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., x, 1871, 54 [author’s separate, p. 14] (Socorro Island, Revilla-
gigedo group, off n. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.); Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ii, 1874, 295 (habits).—Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871,
298 (habits).

Conurus holochlorus brevipes Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880,
190; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 393.—AnTuony, Auk, xv, 1898, 317.

Clonurus] holochlorus brevipes Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 270.

Conurus brevipes Sauvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 191.—Sanvin and
Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 574.

[Conurus] brevipes SHarpn, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 15—Forses and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 11.

Conurus holochlorus (not of Sclater) Reicuenow, Journ. fir Orn., 1881, 276,
part (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 164, part.

“According to Grayson. + Ten specimens,

160 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ARATINGA EUOPS (Wagler).

CUBAN PAROQUET.

Much smaller than other species of the genus (wing not more than
140 mm.); adults with smaller under wing-coverts red and (usually,
at least) with scattered red feathers on abdomen or flanks, sometimes
on head and neck also.

Adults (sexes alike).—Above light yellowish parrot green, the pri-
maries and primary coverts slightly darker and decidedly more
bluish green, the former margined terminally with blackish or dusky,
especially on inner webs; shafts of primaries, rectrices, etc., black;
sides of head slightly brighter green; under parts light apple green,
the abdomen or abdomen and flanks, sometimes head and neck also,
with a few scattered red fathers;* smaller under wing-coverts and
edge of wing vermilion red, the latter slightly intermixed with yellow;
under primary coverts light grayish olive, with a yellowish cast, the
under surface of remiges and rectrices light yellowish olive changing
to deep olive-yellowish; bill pale brownish or dull brownish buffy;
bare orbital space pale brownish (whitish in life?); legs and feet light
brownish (in dried skins).

Young.—Similar to adults but with red on under wing-coverts
more restricted, the edge of the wing (more or less broadly) yellowish
green, and without any red feathers on head, neck, or under parts.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 237-264 (253); wing, 189-145 (142.4);
tail, 126-139.5 (133.7); culmen, 19-20 (19.9); tarsus, 14-15 (14.5);
outer anterior toe, 17.5-20 (18.9).

Adult female—Length (skins), 220-265 (247); wing, 134.5-143.5
(139.9); tail, 118-141.5 (127.3); culmen, 17.5-19.5 (18.6); tarsus,
13.5-15 (14.2); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19 (18.6).° :

Island of Cuba (Trinidéd; Guam4; Remédios; Camaguéy; San
Juan; San Pablo; Yateras); formerly also Isle of Pines, where now
extirpated.

[Psittacus rufirostris.] Var. 8. Laram, Index Orn., i, 1790, 96.

Psittacus guianensis (not of Scopoli nor of Gmelin) D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s
Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1840, 162—LemsBeryz, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850,
132.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 306 (Cuba).

Conurus guyanensis CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 106 (Cuba).

[Conurus] guyanensis GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba).

S[ittace] euops WacLER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 638, 728 (‘‘America”’).

Sittace euops WAGLER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, pl. 24, fig. 2.

Psittacus euops Ktster, Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1840, 95, pl. 74.

Clonurus] euops Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 414 —CaBanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1881,
107, in text (comparison with C. gundlachi).

@Tn some specimens red feathers are interspersed on other parts, especially on the
head and neck.
b Ten specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 161

Conurus euops Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacidee, 1859, 38, part.—Frvscu,
Die Papag., i, 1867, 474.—Gunptacu, Journ. ftir Orn., 1871, 271, 288, 291,
293; 1874, 164 (habits); Contr. Orn. Cuba, 1876, 126, 276; Orn. Cubana, ed.
1895, 152.—ReE1cHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 275 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt.,
1882, 163; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 79.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 455 (synon-
ymy; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 178; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 101,
128 (Cuba; Isle of Pines)—Marscuati, Papag., 1889, 55.—Saivaport, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 185.—Cuaarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892,
298 (San Juan and San Pablo, s. Cuba; habits and notes; crit.).—RotHscHiLp,
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15.—Banes and Zaprry, Am. Nat., xxxix,
1905, 200 (Isle of Pines; extirpated!).

[Conurus] euops Sctater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 112.—Cory, List
Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20.—SHanpz, Hand-list, ii, 1900,
15.—Forzzs and Rozinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 10.

Evopsitta euops Souanc#, Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 7, fig. 1 (not fig. 2), and text to
pl. 8, part.

[Zvopsitia] evops Bonaparte, Rev, et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151; Naumannia, 1856
(Consp. Psitt., no. 24).

Conurus evops GuNDLACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 297.

Conurus enops [typog. error] SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, 539.

[Evopsitta] typus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 21, in syn-
onymy).

Genus EUPSITTULA Bonaparte.

(?) Guarouba Lzsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 210. (Type, Psittacus luteus Latham=
P. guarouba Gmelin.)

Eupsittula Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, xxxvii, 1853, 807; Mag. de
Zool., vi (2), 1854, 150. (Type, Psittacus petzii Leiblein=P. canicularis
Linneus.)

(?) Heliopsitta Bonararts, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 150. (Type, Psittacus
guarouba Gmelin.)

Eupsittaca (emendation) Casanis, Journ. fiir Drn., 1862, 335.

Rather small, long-tailed Psittacide (ength about 230-300 mm.)
with cere mostly naked, fully exposing nostrils; tip of seventh
primary attenuated; coloration variable, but mostly green or (in
one species) orange and yellow, the under surface of remiges always
blackish or slaty.

Bill moderate, decidedly deeper than long and very much deeper
* than wide, the maxilla more or less compressed laterally toward
culmen; culmen longer than middle toe without claw, regularly and
strongly decurved from base, usually more or less flattened (some-
times broadly grooved between two distinct lateral ridges); maxillary
unguis rather thick, not acute, its width at base of the distinctly
corrugated palatal surface less than its length from same point;

, maxillary tomium with a more or less prominent angular projection
or ‘‘tooth” immediately behind the very distinct postungual notch;
depth of mandible at base less than length of gonys, the latter broad
and more or less flattened (sometimes with one or two indistinct
median grooves or ridges), the chisel-like tip of mandible more or

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——11

162 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

less abruptly flattened, with terminal margin sharp and truncate;
mandibular tomium more or less deeply incised (concave) subter-
minally, straight to strongly convex proximally. Wing moderately
long, pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by
more than two-fifths (but less than half) the length of wing; eighth
and ninth, or ninth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) longer
than seventh (equal to eighth in E. weddellw), the seventh with tip
abruptly attenuated. Tail shorter than wing (very nearly as long in
E. solstitialis), graduated for a little more than one-third to slightly
more than half its length, the rectrices strongly tapering distally,
narrowly rounded (the middle pair sometimes subacuminate) at tip.
Tarsus not longer (sometimes shorter) than outer hind toe without
claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Cere with greater part naked, fully
exposing nostrils; orbital region naked; chin naked, or with thin
downy feathers. In all the Middle American (and some extralimital)
species, the plumage without any red; above, including tail, green,
the primaries more or less distinctly bluish terminally; under parts
paler green or partly olive or brownish; some species with dull orange
or salmon color on forehead or beneath eyes, some with greater part
of head orange-yellow. Some South American species have more or
less of red in the plumage, one (EZ. weddellit) a gray head, while one
(E. solstitialis) has the prevailing colors orange and yellow.

(As to coloration, all the species of Hupsitiula differ from all those
of Aratinga in having (1) the under surface of the remiges dusky or
slaty instead of olive-yellowish, and (2) in having the distal second-
aries and distal portion of-proximal primaries deep blue, instead of
green.)

Range.—Southern Mexico to eastern Peru, Bolivia, southern Brazil,
and Guiana; also islands of Jamaica and St. Thomas, West Indies,
and Curacgao, Aruba, and Bonaire, off Venezuela. (About fourteen
species. )*

@ Several species which may be referable to this genus I have not seen, namely, -#
Psittacus guarouba Gmelin and Psittacus cactorum Kuhl, all of which are placed in
Conurus (i. e., Aratinga) by modern authorities.

The genus Eupsittula, as here defined, is possibly too comprehensive, and may
require further restriction. #. nana, for example, has the bill much larger and rela-
tively deeper than any of the others, though exceedingly like EZ. astec in coloration.
E. ocularis has the culmen rounded (transversely) in conspicuous contrast with EZ. nana
and E. astec, in which it is conspicuously flattened, with a broad though shallow groove
separating two distinct lateral ridges; other species are, however, intermediate in
regard to this character. In the South American species having much red and yellow
in the plumage (Z. jendaya, E. auricapilla, and E. solstitialis) the tail is relatively
longer and more graduated, but otherwise the details of form are essentially as in
typical members of the group.

dl

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1638

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF EUPSITTULA.

a. Crown without red.

b. Feathers of auricular region narrow and distinctly outlined, with narrow paler

shaft-streaks. (Hupsittula pertinaz.)

c. Cheeks, forehead, and sides of pileum yellow.
d. Crown, occiput, and hindneck green. (Islands of Curacao, Dutch West
Indies, and St. Thomas, Greater Antilles.)

Eupsittula pertinax pertinax (p. 164).
dd, Hindneck and more or less of crown and occiput yellow. (Island of Bonaire,

Dutch West Indies.) ......... Eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia (p. 166).
ce. Cheeks light brownish; forehead pale brown or dull whitish; whole crown
dull bluish green.

d. Orbital region, more or less extensively, yellow.

e. Yellow suborbital area more extensive, involving rictal region and more or
less of lores. (Tortuga Island, Venezuela.)

Eupsittula pertinax tortugensis (extralimital).¢

ee. Yellow suborbital area more restricted, the rictal region and lores light

brownish, like cheeks. (Island of Aruba, Dutch West Indies.)

Eupsittula pertinax arubensis (p. 167).

dd. Orbital region not distinctly, if at all, yellow. (Guianas and mainland of

Venezuela.).......-.---- Eupsittula pertinax eruginosus (extralimital). 5

bb. Feathers of auricular region normal (blended), without paler shaft-streaks.

ce. Crown more or less bluish green; cheeks brownish or olivaceous; under primary

coverts and under surface of remiges olive-grayish or yellowish olive; chest
light buffy olive, ecru-olive, or yellowish olive.

d. Forehead dull bluish green, like crown; distal secondaries green, becoming
more bluish terminally. (Adults with a yellow suborbital spot.)
(Panama): casvcaviziosiais)a) jsieisisiiedineiece seewats Eupsittula ocularis (p. 167).

dd. Forehead light salmon-orange or ochraceous-salmon; crown dull grayish

blue; distal secondaries deep blue.
e. Under surface of remiges dull slate-gray or olive-gray; bill dull whitish or
light buffy. (Western Mexico to Costa Rica.)
Eupsittula canicularis (p. 168).

« Conurus xruginosus tortugensis Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Oct. 25,
1909, 220 (Tortuga Island, Venezuela; coll. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.).

b [Psittacus] xruginosus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, ““68”=98, no. 12
(“‘America”; based on Psittacus minor, gutture fusco, occidentalis Edwards, Birds,
177, pl. 177; type locality, as fixed by Berlepsch and Hartert, Cuman4, Venezuela);
ed. 12, i, 1766, 142.—Aratinga xruginosus Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826,
139.—C[onurus] zruginosus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 413, excl. syn. part.—Conurus
zruginosus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 195.—[Psittacus] plumbeus
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 326 (no locality given; based on Brown-fronted Par-
rakeet Latham, Synopsis Birds, i, pt. 1, 243).—Psittacus inornatus Temm[inck], Kuhl,
Consp. Psitt., 1820, 92 (locality unknown).—Psittacus pertinax (not of Linnzus) Kister,
Orn, Atlas, Papag., 1837, 86, pl. 66 (supposed young).—Conurus pertinax Finsch, Die
Papag., i, 1867, 506, part; ii, 1868, 944, part.

There are additional names which have been referred to this or closely related forma,
as Conurus chrysophrys Souancé (Icon. Perr., pl. 11) and C. chrysogenys Massena and
Souancé (Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 72); but in view of the fact that the species
requires careful revision (there being unquestionably several geographic subspecies
included under the general specific or subspecific term #xruginosus), these may for
the present be passed by.

164 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ee. Under surface of remiges yellowish olive; bill blackish. (Guianas to
Paraguay and Bolivia.)......-.-.---- Eupsittula aurea (extralimital). ¢
ec. Whole pileum (including forehead) and cheeks bright parrot green or grass
green; under primary coverts and under surface of remiges deep slate-
grayish; chest deep olive or olive-greenish.
d. Bill much smaller (culmen 16.5-20), (Southern Mexico to Costa Rica.)
Eupsittula astec (p. 171).
dd. Bill much larger (culmen 21-22.5). (Jamaica.)...Eupsittwla nana (p. 174).
aa. Crown with ared patch. (Island of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; extinct.)
> Eupsittula(?) labati (p. 175).

EUPSITTULA PERTINAX PERTINAX (Linnzus).
CURAGAO PAROQUET.

Adults (sexes alike).—Upper parts (except forehead and super-
ciliary region) light yellowish parrot green or deep apple green, the
crown (anterior portion at least) tinged with bluish green; distal
secondaries and distal portion of primaries greenish blue, the latter
margined terminally with blackish; the green of middle rectrices
sometimes passing terminally into greenish blue; forehead (broadly),
whole side of head, including superciliary region, and anterior portion
of side of neck, deep orange-yellow or yellow-orange (cadmium
yellow to orange); throat, foreneck, and upper chest light buffy
brownish or dull brownish buffy, the remaining under parts clear
yellowish apple green, intermixed on abdomen with orange-yellow
or yellow-orange; smaller under wing-coverts clear +light yellowish
green (much yellower than apple green); under primary coverts and
under surface of remiges dull slate color; under surface of tail yel-
lowish olive changing to bright olive-yellow; bill light brownish;
iris yellow or straw yellow; bare orbital space pale brownish (dull
white in life?); legs and feet brownish (in dried skins).

Young.—Similar to adults but with yellow of head much more
restricted, confined to suborbital and loral regions and anterior
portion of forehead, the whole pileum (except anterior portion of
forehead green, the posterior portion of auricular and malar regions,
sides of neck and throat light buffy olive or ecru-olive.

a [ Psittacus] aureus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 329 (Brazil; based on Psitiaca
brasiliensis Brisson, Orn., iv, 337; Perruche couronnée d’or Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi,
271; Golden-crowned Parrakeet Edwards, Gleanings, pl. 235).—Aratinga aureus Spix,
Av. Bras., i, 1824, 37; Brehm, Mon. Papag., 1842, 16, pl. 20.—Conurus aureus Lesson,
Traité d’ Orn., 1831, 214; Reichenow, Vogelbild., 1878, pl. 2, fig. 2; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 199.—S[itéace] aurea Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 649.—
[Eupsittula] aureus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 150 (Consp. Psitt., p. 7).—
Eupsittaca aurea Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 335, in text.—[Psittacus] brasiliensis
(not of Linneus) Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 103.—Psitiacus regulus Shaw, Gen.
Zool., viii, pt. ii, 1812, 453 (mew name for P. brasiliensis Latham).—Ps[ittacus] canicu-
laris (not of Linneeus) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 6.—Conurus canicularis
Cabanis, in Schomburgk’s Reise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 728.—[ Zupsittula] canicularis
Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 150 (Consp. Psitt., p. 7).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 165

Adult male.—Length (skins), 233-247 (239); wing, 136.5-146.5
(141.1); tail, 118-118.5 (115.6); culmen, 19-20.5 (19.7); tarsus,
14-14.5 (14.4); outer anterior toe, 18-19 (18.2).%

Adult female——Length (skins), 228-254 (244); wing, 138-148.5
(142.1); tail, 121-127 (123.6); culmen, 18.5-19.5 (18.9); tarsus, 14-15
(14.3); outer anterior toe, 17.5-18.5 (18).%

Island of Curac¢ao, Dutch West Indies; island of St. Thomas, Greater
Antilles (introduced 2).

[Psittacus] pertinaz Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 98, no. 10 (“‘Indiis;’6
based on Psittacus macrourus viridis, genis fulvis, remigibus rectricibusque
canescentibus Mus. Ad. Fr., i, 14); ed. 12, i, 1766, 142 (‘‘America”’).—GMELIn,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 322 —LatHam, Index Om., i, 1790, 94.

Psitiacus pertinaz Bucustein, Lathams Uebers. Vogel, i, 1793, 196, 700.—Tzm-
MINCE, Cat. Syst., 1807, 25 and note (app.), p. 7 (includes Iilinots Parrakeet
Latham, Synopsis Birds, i, 228)—Suaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 445.—
Vierttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 360 (cites Pl. Enl., pl. 528);
Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1895 —Kuut, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 24.—Ktstrr,

Om. Connect.
Atlas, Papag., 1837, 86, pl. 66.—TmiENEMANN, Fortpfl. d. ges. Vég., 1846, 75.

Psf{ittacus] pertinax BecustEIN, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 72.

Aratinga pertinax Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 37—SterHzns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
xiv, 1826, 132.—Bream, Mon. Papag., 1842, pl. 29.

S|ittace] pertinax WAGER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 652, 730, part.—Harriaus, Syst.
Verz., 1844, 86 (‘‘Brasilien”’).

C[onurus] pertinax Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 413.

Conurus pertinax BonaPaRTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 150; Naumannia, 1856
(Consp. Paitt., no. 66).—Souanc#, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 60 (‘‘Brésil’”’).
—Scuiater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 348, part—Scuteaet, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii,
no. 26 (Psittaci), 20; no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 5.—Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867,
506, part—Rvuss, Journ. fiir Om., 1869, 82—Caxanis, Journ. fiir Orm.,
1879, 222.—REIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 282 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt.,
1881, 171.—Marscuatt, Papag., 1889, 55.—Sanvapori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xx, 1891, 197 (St. Thomas, Greater Antilles); Ibis, 1906, 457.—Brr-
LEpscH, Journ. fiir Orm., 1892, 88 (Curagao).—Prrers, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892,
112 (Curacao; habits).—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 101, 141 (St.
Thomas; Curacao); Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 206 (Curacao; crit.;
descr. nest).—Harrert, Ibis, 1893, 320 (Curagao; crit.; habits); Novit. Zool.,
ix, 1902, 301 (Curacao; crit.) —RorHscHILD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905,
15 (Curagao; St. Thomas).

@ Six specimens.

3 " P Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men, | Tarsus. an felor
7 a.
MALES,
Six adult males from Curagao......-.---------22--eeeeeeee eee 141.1] 113.3 19.7 14.4 18,2
One adult male from St. Thomas............2-..--2-eeeeeeeeee 139 108 190G |ossccienidlacecedsis
FEMALES,
Six adult females from Cura@ad.........-------e cece cece eee eees 142.1 | 123.6 18.9 14.3 18
One adult female from St. Thomas. ...---..---.-----+++-+++--- 133.5 | 117 19.5 13 18.5
Ten adults (sex undetermined) from St. Thomas. .......-...-. 139.1] 110.2) 191] 13.9 17.4

166 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Conurus] pertinac Forpxes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 11.—
SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 16.

Clonurus] pertinac Harrert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. xii (Curagao).

(?) Psittacus tui (not of Gmelin) Lzpru, Voy. aux iles de Teneriffe, la Trinité,
Saint Thomas, etc., 1810, 392.

Conurus aureus (not Psitiacus aureus Gmelin), female, Lesson, Traité d’Orm.,
1831, 214.

(?) Conurus canigularis TarenEMANN, Fortpfl. d. ges. Vog., 1846, 76. (Not seen.)

[Conurus] xanthogenius (not of Bonaparte) ScLarEr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,
1873, 112 (St. Thomas).

“Psittacus barbarossa Licht[enstein]’’ Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856, Consp.
Psitt., no. 66 (in synonymy).

Conurus xantholemus Scuater, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 3rd ser., iv., 1859, 225
(St. Thomas, Greater Antilles; coll. A. and E. Newton); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
348 (St. Thomas).—Nrwrton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 374 (St. Thomas).—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 377 (St. Thomas).—Tayzor, Ibis,
1864, 171 (St. Thomas).—Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 465 (carotid
arteries), 633 (leg muscles); 1874, 587 (anatomy).—ReicHENow, Vogelbild.,
1880, pl. 17, fig. 8—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 456 (synonymy; descr.); Birds
West Ind., 1889, 179.

Clonurus] xantholemus ScuaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 588,
in text.—CaBanis, Journ. ftir Orn., 1879, 222.

[Conurus] xantholemus Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20
(St. Thomas). :

EUPSITTULA PERTINAX XANTHOGENIA (Bonaparte).

BONAIRE PAROQUET.

Similar to EZ. pertinax pertinaz but pileum and hindneck mostly
yellow, the center of crown with an irregular (usually more or less
broken) area of dull green.

Adult male.—Length (skin), 243; wing, 142; tail, 118; culmen, 22;
tarsus, 15; outer anterior toe, 19.¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 233-245 (239); wing, 134-143.5
(139); tail, 108.5-118 (114.9); culmen, 20-20.5 (20.4); tarsus, 14-15
(14.4); outer anterior toe, 18-19 (18.5).®

Island of Bonaire, Dutch West Indies.

Psittacus carolinensis (not of Linnzeus) Kuut, Consp. Pasitt., 1820, 23 (spec. in coll.
Leyden Mus.).

Ps{ittacus] carolinensis WAGLER, Mon. Pasitt., 1832, 743.

Conurus xanthogenius BONAPARTE, Consp. Gen. Av.,i, 1850, 1 (“‘Brasilia”; type in
Leyden Mus.); Compt. Rend., xxx, 1850, 132; Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854,
150; Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 63).—Scutecen, Dierent., 1864, 81;
Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 18 (type of C. zanthogenius Bonaparte
and Psittacus carolinensis Kuhl, in coll. Leyden Mus.); Nederl. Tijdschr.
Dierk., iii, 1866, 187.—Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 331 (Bonaire, Dutch West Indies;
crit.; habits).—Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 211 (Bonaire; crit.),—
Satvapor!, Ibis, 1906, 457 (Bonaire; synonymy, diagnosis; crit.).

[Conurus] xanthogenius Saarrz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 16.

Clonurus] xanthogenius Harrert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. xii
(Bonaire).

@ One specimen. b Four specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 167

Conurus pertinax xanthogenius Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, July 25, 1902, 302 (Bon-
aire; crit.).

Conurus pertinax (not Psittacus pertinax Linneeus) Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867,
506, part.—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 197, part.—DvusoIs,
Synop. Avium, 1899, 12, part.

EUPSITTULA PERTINAX ARUBENSIS (Hartert).
ARUBA PAROQUET.

Similar to E. p. xruginosus* but orbital region (especially be-
neath eyes) dull orange-yellow (antimony yellow to yellow ocher);
crown less strongly bluish (the blue, if present, lighter), and color of
malar region, chest, etc., lighter (cru-clive to dark olive-buff instead
of buffy citrine or saccardos olive).

Adult male-—Length (skins), 248-251 (249.5); wing, 136—136.5 (136.2);
tail, 113.5-121 (117.2); culmen, 19; tarsus, 13.5-14 (13.7); outer
anterior toe, 18-18.5 (18.2).°

Adult female.—Length (skins), 238; wing, 133.5-141 (137.2); tail,
112.5-117.5 (115); culmen, 18.5-19.5 (19); tarsus, 14-14.5 (14.2);
outer anterior toe, 18-18.5 (18.2).°

Island of Aruba, Dutch West Indies.

Clonurus] eruginosus (not Pstttacus zruginosus Linneus) Harrert, Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. xii (Aruba Island).

Conurus arubensis Harrert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv, Dec. 31, 1892, p. xvi
(Island of Aruba, Dutch West Indies; coll. Tring Mus.?); Ibis, 1893, 300
(crit.; habits).

[Conurus] arubensis SoarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 16.

Conurus xruginosus arubensis Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, July 25, 1902, 301 (crit.;
habits).

Conurus aan arubensis Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 199 (crit.).

EUPSITTULA OCULARIS (Sclater and Salvin).

VERAGUA PAROQUET.

Adults (sexes alike).—Above deep apple green passing into dull
bluish green or tinged with paris green on pileum; distal secondaries
and proximal primaries passing into dull blue or greenish blue (dull
cerulean blue to dull beryl green) distally, the primaries margined
terminally with blackish; loral, lower part of suborbital, auricular,
and malar regions, chin, and upper throat, plain light grayish brown
(buffy hair brown), passing into a paler and more buffy or yellowish
hue on lower throat, foreneck, upper chest, and sides of neck; an
elongated, subcrescentic, patch of orange-yellow (deep chrome to
orange-buff) immediately beneath bare orbital space, its posterior
extremity acute; breast, sides, flanks, and under tail-covets clear
yellowish apple green, passing into greenish yellow on abdomen, the
yellow usually deeper or purer (nearly pure lemon yellow) on lower

@ See p. 163. b Two specimens.

168 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

abdomen; smaller under wing-coverts clear apple green; under
primary coverts and under surface of remiges slate color; under
surface of tail yellowish olive changing to deep olive-yellowish; bill
light horn color; iris yellow; bare orbital space pale brownish
(dull white in life ?); legs and feet brownish dusky (in dried skins).

Young.—Similar to adults but lacking the orange-yellow sub-
orbital spot.

Adult male-—Length (skins), 215-243 (229); wing, 130.5-141.5
(136.6); tail, 101.5-114 (108.3); culmen, 18.5-20 (19.1); tarsus,
13-14.5 (13.9); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19 (18.4).¢

Adult jfemale.—Length (skins), 221-243 (228); wing, 131-141
(137.1); tail, 101-117 (109.8); culmen, 18.5-19.5 (19); tarsus, 13.5-
14.5 (13.9); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19 (18.1).%

Panamé (Lion Hill; Panamé; Boquerén, Bugaba, Divala, and
David, Chiriqui; Calobre, Veragua).

Conurus pertinax? (not Psitiacus pertinaz Linneus) Lawrence, Ann Lyc. N. Y.,
vii, 1861, 333 (Lion Hill, Panama).

Conurus pertinax Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 506, part.

Conurus chrysogenys (not of Massena and Souancé) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
viii, 1867, 489 [author’s separate, p. 11] (Lion Hill, Panama; crit.).—
ScuLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 5.

Conurus ocularis ScuaTER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864 (pub. Oct.
1), 367 ([Lion Hill] Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 214 (Calobre, Veragua, Panama; crit.); Ibis, 1871, 93
(range; crit.).—RE1cHENow, Vogelbild., 1880, pl. 17, fig. 1—Prtzzun and
Lorenz, Ann. d. Naturhist. Hofmus., iii, 1888, 38 (Veragua).—Satvapor1,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 197.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 576.—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 359 (Divala and David,
Chiriqui, Panama); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 24 (Bugaba,
Chiriqui, Panama).

[Conurus] ocularis ScpatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 112.—SHarpz,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 16.

Clonurus] ocularis ScuareR and Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 588, in
text.—CaBanIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1879, 222.

[Conurus aeruginosus] Subspecies: ocularis RercHenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881,
282 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 170.

EUPSITTULA CANICULARIS (Linnzus).

PETZ’S PAROQUET.

Adults (sexes alike).—¥Forehead (broadly), dull orange or deep
orange-buff, deepening into cadmium orange anteriorly; crown dull
greenish blue (dull nile blue) passing into yellowish bice green or
light yellowish parrot green on occiput and hindneck, the back, rump,
upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, and inner (proximal) secondaries
brighter yellowish green, the tail slightly darker green with middle pair
of rectrices passing into more bluish green (sometimes greenish

¢ Ten specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 169

blue) terminally; outer (distal) secondaries and inner (proximal)
primaries deep blue (nearest cyanine), the secondaries narrowly
edged with light greenish blue, the primaries rather broadly margined
terminally with blackish; outer primaries green passing into greenish
blue distally; auricular region and sides of neck dull yellowish green,
like hindneck; loral region. dusky or mixed dull greenish. and dusky;
suborbital and malar regions, chin, throat, and chest dull light
grayish green or pale olive-green, the feathers (some, at least), with
darker narrow shaft-streaks; rest of under parts, together with
smaller under wing-coverts, clear light yellowish apple green; under
primary coverts dull slate-gray narrowly margined with light yellowish
green; under surface of primaries dull slate-grayish; under surface of
tail light yellowish olive, changing to deep olive-yellow; maxilla dull
ivory whitish; mandible dusky laterally with median portion (broadly)
ivory whitish; iris and bare orbital space yellow (naples yellow or
kings yellow) in life; legs and feet grayish dusky (in dried skins).

Immature.—Similar to adults but with the orange-buff of forehead
more restricted, sometimes confined to median anterior portion, the
sides of forehead being dull greenish blue, like crown.

Adult male—tLength (skins), 211-252 (226); wing, 130-143
(136.4); tail, 96-117.5 (106); culmen, 17.5-19.5 (18.7); tarsus, 13-
14.5 (13.8); outer anterior toe, 16.5-19.5 (18.1).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 206-231 (220); wing, 125.5-141.5
(183.1); tail, 100-112.5 (105.2); culmen, 17-19.5 (18.2); tarsus,
13-14 (13.7); outer anterior toe, 16.5-18.5 (17.7).°

Western Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Escuinapa),
Jalisco (Barranca Beltran; Hacienda de San Marcos), Durango

a Thirteen specimens. b Eleven specimens.
. F Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. imien Tarsus.janterior
uae too.
MALES,
One adult male from Sinaloa... ......-0-22eeeeece ence eeee ee ees 130 101 17.5 13 16.5
One adult male from Tepic..........0-022 2.2 - cece cece eee eee 143 110.5 19.5 14.5 18
Two adult males from Durango.........-.-.2..----00eeeee eee ee 137.5 | 112 18.5 14 17.5
One adult male from Colima.........---.....02-eeee eee eee ee 136 117.5 19.5 14.5 19
Three adult males from Guerrero.......--.-----0-222eeeceee eee 135 101.2 18.8 14 19.2
One adult male from Salvador................002-0eeeceeeeeeee 139 103 19 13 17
Two adult males from Costa Rica.............--.-. ie a eisinateinia! 138.7 | 107 18 13.2 17.7
FEMALES.
Three adult females from Sinaloa..........---..2---.-eeeeeeeee 136.8} 109.7 18.2 13.7 18
One adult female from Colima..............2-.202 eee eeee eens 134 100 19.5 13.5 17
Five adult females from Guerrero.....-.--.222-2.-.00e02eeeeeee 131.2] 103.8 18.9 13.6 17.8
One adult female from Oaxaca..........2..0. eee eee cece eens W382: Hecsesicies 17 14 18.5
One adult female from Costa Rica......--....2.2-..ee ee eee sees 181.5] 100.5 18 13 17

170 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(Chacal4), Colima (Plains of Colima; Manzanillo), Guerrero (Aca-
pulco; Tierra Colorado; Dos Arroyos), Oaxaca (Huilétepec; Juchi-
tén; Putla; Cacoprieto; Chihuitén; Santa Efigénia; Tehuantepec),
and Chiapas (Tonal4), and Territory of Tepic (San Blas; Santiago;
Tepic), and southward through Guatemala (Naranjo; Rio Montégua;
Retalhuleu; Gualén; El Rancho, Zacapa; Mazatenango; San José),
Salvadér (La Unién; La Libertéd), Honduras (Pacific slope) and
Nicaragua (Chinandega) to western Costa Rica (Guanacaste;
Libéria; VolcAn de Miravalles; Bolsén; Sarchi; Escazi; Alajuela;
San Juan; San José; La Sabana de San José; Naranjo).

[Psittacus] canicularis Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, “68”=98, part
(‘‘America’’; based on Psittacus capite rubro ceruleoque Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Birds, 176, pl. 176; Tui-apute-juba Marcgrave, Bras., 206 2); ed. 12, i, 1766,
142.—Gueun, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 323—Laruam, Index Orn., i,
1790, 94.

Psittacus canicularis BecustTe1n, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 206, 701.—Suaw,
Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 445.—Virmtor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv,
1817, 364 (cites Pl. Enl., pl. 767)—Kuuu, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 25.

P[sittacus] canicularis Vizrttot, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1398.

Ps{[ittacus] canicularis BecusTEIN, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 72.—LicaTenstetn, Verz.
Doubl., 1823, 6.

Aratinga canicularis StepHEeNns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 139.

Conurus canicularis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 20; List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Psittacide, 1859, 37 (Mexico).—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 88, footnote (Mexico).—
Satvavor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 201 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Santiago
and San Blas, Tepic; Plains of Colima and Manzanillo, Colima; Beltran and
Hacienda San Marcos, Jalisco; Acapulco, Tierra Colorado, and Dos Arroyos,
Guerrero; Putlaand Cacoprieto, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Rio Montagua, Gua-
temala; Nicaragua; San Juan, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, ii, 1897,577 (Mazatlan; Santiago and Tepic, Tepic; Plains of Colima,
Rio de Coahuyana, and Manzanillo Bay, Colima; Beltran, Barranca de Beltran,
and Hacienda de San Marcos, Jalisco; Acapulco, Tierra Colorado, and Dos
Arroyos, Guerrero; Putla, Cacoprieto, Juchitan, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia,
and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Retalhuleu and Rio Montagua,
Guatemala; La Libertad, Salvador; Pacific slope, Honduras; Nicaragua;
San Jose, Sarchi, Alajuela, Liberia, and San Juan, Costa Rica).—MiZLER
(W. DeW.), Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., xxi, 1905, 348 (Escuinapa, etc., s.Sinaloa).—
Bamey (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 388 (San Blas, Tepic)—DEarBorn, Pub.
125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 85 (Gualan, El Rancho, Mazatenango, and San
Jose, Guatemala).—CaRRIkER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 483 (La Sabana
de San Jose, Alajuela, Escazu, Bolson, Guanacaste, and Miravalles, Costa
Rica).

[Conurus]? canicularis Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854 (Consp. Psitt., under no. 64).

[Conurus] canicularis ForpEs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, 1897, 11 (Cen-
tral Am.; ‘‘St. John’s River’).

[Zupsittula] canicularis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 150 (Consp.
Psitt., p. 7).

Conurus canigularis [lapsus] UNDERWooD, Ibis, 1896, 445 (Volcan de Miravalles,
Costa Rica).

@ This=Eupsittula aurea (Gmelin).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 171

S[ittace] petzii Wacaiur, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 650, 730 (Mexico; coll. Wiirceburg Mus.;
ex Psittacus petzit Leiblein, manuscript)—Harrtiavp, Syst. Verz., 1844, 86.

Psittacus petzii Kiister, Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1837, 85, pl. 64.

Clonurus] petzit Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 418.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 270.

Conurus peizti Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 37 (Mexico).—Sovuanck,
Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 9.—Scrater, Ann. and Mag. N. H., ser. 3, iv, 1859,
224; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 348 (s. Mexico).—Saxvin and Scrater, Ibis, 1860,
401 (Rio Montagua, Guatemala).—ScHLEcEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26
(Psittaci), 20 (Mexico; Costa Rica); no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 5.—Finscu, Die
Papag., i, 1867, 502.—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (San
Jose, San Juan, and Sarchi, Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874,
296 (Mazatlan; Rio de Coahuyana; Plains of Colima; Manzanilla Bay); Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 36 (Juchitan, Chihuitan, and Santa Efigenia,
Oaxaca).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 365 (Costa Rica).—Satvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 426 (Acapulco, Guerrero).—Garrop, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 466 (carotid arteries), 633 (leg muscles); 1874, 587
(anatomy).—REIcHENOW, Vogelbild., 1880, pl. 17, fig. 2.—ZELepdn,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i,
1887, 124 (San Jose, Alajuela, and Liberia, Costa Rica).—CHERriz, Auk, ix,
1893, 327 (San Jose, Costa Rica).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,
786 (Barranca Veltran, Agosto, and Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco).—Lanvrz,
Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 219 (Naranjo, Guatemala; Limon-
cito, [Sinaloa?]).

[Conurus] petzi Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 65).

Conurus petzi ScuatTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 230 (Acapulco, Guerrero; crit.).—
Satvyy, Ibis., 1871, 92 (geog. range).

[Conurus] petzt ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 112.

Conurus petzi? Tayior, Ibis, 1860, 120 (Pacific slope, Honduras; habits; fresh colors
of soft parts).

[Conurus aureus] subspecies: petzi REIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 283 (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 171 (reprint).

Eupsittula petzit Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 807, in text; Notes Orn.

Coll. Delattre, 1854, 2, in text; Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 10.

Eupsittaca peteti CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 335 (Costa Rica; Mexico; crit.).

Psittacus (Aratinga) eburnirostrum Lusson, Rev. Zool., v, May, 1842, 135 (Acapulco,
Guerrero, s. w. Mexico; coll. A. Lesson).

C[onurus] eburnirostrum Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 414.

Aratinga eburnirostrum Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 189.

EUPSITTULA ASTEC (Souancé).
AZTEC PAROQUET.

Adults (sexes alike).—Above clear bright parrot green to bright
lettuce green, the sides of head similar but slightly lighter and
brighter; small feathers on top of cere sometimes dull yellowish,
orange, or orange-reddish; distal secondaries and distal portion of
proximal primaries deep blue, bordered terminally with dusky or
blackish; shafts of rectrices, primaries, etc., black; throat and fore-
neck buffy olive (more or less dark), passing through more greenish
olive on chest into olive-yellowish (clear olive-yellow to dull wax

172 —- BULLETIN 50, UNITED staTEs NATIONAL MUSEUM.

yellow) on abdomen, many of the feathers, from foreneck to abdo-
men, showing more or less distinct narrow shaft-streaks of dusky;
sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts clear light yellowish green;
smaller under wing-coverts clear light yellowish green (apple green);
under primary coverts and under surface of remiges dull slate color
or dark mouse gray, the former sometimes narrowly margined distally
with pale dull yellowish; under surface of tail light yellowish olive
changing to deep olive-yellowish; bill horn brownish, paler terminally;
iris yellow or orange-yellow; naked orbital space dull white (in life);
legs and feet grayish dusky or dull blackish.

Adulé male—Length (skins), 211-245 (232); wing, 129-145.5
(136.6) ; tail, 99-117 (108.8); culmen, 16.5-20 (18.4); tarsus, 13-14.5
(13.9); outer anterior toe, 15.5-18 (17.1).%

Adult female.—Length (skins), 212-263 (226); wing, 131-136.5
(134.2); tail, 102.5-118.5 (108.1); culmen, 16-5-19.5 (18.1); tarsus,
13-14.5 (13.8); outer anterior toe, 16.5-18.5 (17.5).®

Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Motzorongo; Potrero
near Cordova; Mérida; Playa Vicente; Plan del Rio; Misantla; Vega
de Casadero; Sochiapa; La Antigua; San Lorenzo; Atoydc; Jalapa;
Omealca; Cosamaloapém), Puebla (Rinconada), southern Tamaulipas
(Alta Mira; Tampico), Oaxaca (Guichicovi), Tabasco (Frontera;
Teapa; San Juan Bautista), and Yucatén (Chichen-Itza; Mérida;
Citilpech; Tekanto; Tictl; Labna; Izamal; Camp Mengel, Quintana
Roo; Holbox Island), and southward, through Guatemala (Cajabén;
Vera Paz; Petén; Los Amates, Yzab4l), British Honduras (Belize
River; Orange Walk), Honduras (Santa Ana; Truxillo; Comayégua;
Omoa; San Pedro; Rio Segévia) and Nicaragua (Rio Escondido;

@ Sixteen specimens. 6 Nine specimens.
5 _ Cul- i Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. amen Tarsus. ae
: Be
MALES,

Three adult males from Vera Cruz......22200--2--000eeeeeee ees 133.7| 107.2| 16.8] 133| 165.
Four adult males from Tabasco. .........-0.-..002-eee cece eeeee 139.7 | 107 18.7] 14.4 17.9
Two adult males from Yucatan............2-2-..022- eee eee eee 133 104 18 4 16.2
Four adult males from Honduras...........22--0-.02eee eee e ee 136.7 | 109.5 18.7 13.7 17.2
One adult male from eastern Nicaragua............-....------- 187 112 185] 14 16.5
Two adult males from eastern Costa Rica..................-55- 137.7'| 114 20 14 Vv

FEMALES,
One adult female from Vera Cruz...........00002 2202 e cece eeees 182. |seewegan 18 13.5 17.5
One adult female from Oaxaca... 2.2... 2. else eee eee eee ee ee 135.5 | 110.5 18 “4 17.5
Two adult females from Honduras..............2..02.22002-00e 136.2 | “103 18 13.7 17.7
Four adult females from eastern Nicaragua................... 133.5 | 110.2} 181] 139 17.6
One adult female from eastern Costa Rica..............2..2.-. 134 102.5 18 13.5 16.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 178

Greytown; Los Sabalos; La Libertad) to eastern Costa Rica (Rio Frio;
Jiménez; La Concepcién; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; El Hogér; San
Carlos).

Psitiacus pertinax (not of Linnzus), juv., LicaTENsTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég.,
1830, 1; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 54 (reprint).

Conurus astec Souanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2 ser., ix, March, 1857, 97 (Mex-
ico; coll. Massena).—SciaTerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 230, in text (s.
Mexico); 1859, 388 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); Ann. and Mag. N. H., 8rd
ser., iv, 1859, 224 (tierra caliente of Vera Cruz; Cordova).—Moorg, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Belize R., Brit. Honduras).—Sciater and Savin,
This, 1859, 187 (Belize); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 280 (Bluefields R.,
Nicaragua); 1870, 887 (Honduras).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 120 (Comayagua,
Honduras).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 318 (Nicaragua); 1889, 373 (Holbox Island,
Yucatan).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 46 (San Carlos, Costa
Rica).—Ricamonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 628 (Alta Mira, s.
Tamaulipas).

[Conurus] astec Savin, Ibis, 1890, 88 (Holbox Island, Yucatan).

Conurus aztec Souanc®, Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 12, lower fig. —Gray, List Birds
Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 38.—ScuaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 349
(Belize).—ScHLecEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 21; no. 38
(Revue), 1874, 6.—Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 522.—LawreEncs, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 207 (Merida, Yucatan); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,
1876, 35 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i,
1869, 560 (tierra caliente of Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 93 (range).—
Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 455 (Yucatan; habits).—Nurrine,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 407 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).—ZELEDG6N,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R.,

- 1, 1887, 124 (Mexico). FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 163
(Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz).—Rineway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 583
(Truxillo, Honduras), 592 (Rio Segovia, Honduras).—Stonz, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 205 (Sitilpech, Tekanto, Ticul, and Labna, Yucatan).—
Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 191 (Tampico, Tamaulipas;
Misantla, Vega del Casadero, Sochiapa, La Antigua, Playa Vicente, San
Lorenzo, and Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz; Atoyac, Oaxaca; Teapa, Tabasco;
Orange Walk, etc., Brit. Honduras; Cajabon, Vera Paz, Guatemala; San
Pedro, Honduras; Costa Rica, etc.).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
xvi, 1898, 519 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., viii, 1896, 286 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 575 (Jalapa, Omealca, Cosamaloapam, etc., Vera
Cruz; Citilpech, Izamal, Holbox Island, etc., Yucatan; Peten, etc., Gua-
temala; Omoa, etc., Honduras; La Libertad, etc., Nicaragua, etc.).—Lanvz,
Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1897-99 (1900), 220 (Rinconada, Puebla).—Cotz,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 125 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—DEARBoRN,
Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 85 (Los Amates, Ysabal, e. Guatemala).—
CarrIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 483 (Costa Rica; habits) —Pam-
ues, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas)—Prrers, Auk, xxx,
1913, 373 (Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo).

Conurus aztec ? LawReNnceE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 184 (Greytown, Nica-
ragua).

[Conurus] aztec Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 147, no. 8112.—ScuatTer and Satvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 112.—Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 587
(anatomy).—SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 15.—Forsrs and Rosrivson, Bull.
Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 11.

174 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

C[onurus] aztec Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 270.

Conurus asteco BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliv, 1857, 538.

[Conurus nanus.] Subspecies: frontalis Rercuenow, Jour. fir Orn., July, 1881,
281 (Mexico; ex Conurus frontalis Natterer, manuscript); Comp. Psitt., 1882,
169; Vogelbild., 1883, pl. 33, fig. 5.

EUPSITTULA NANA (Vigors).
JAMAICAN PAROQUET.

Adult (sexes alike).—Above bright parrot green, the sides of head
and neck similar but rather lighter and brighter (especially when
compared with color of pileum); distal secondaries and proximal pri-
maries deep dull blue (between indigo and cyanine), the secondaries
narrowly edged, especially toward base, with paler, more greenish
blue, the primaries becoming green on proximal portion of outer
webs; larger primaries tinged with blue terminally; rectrices, prima-
ries, etc., with black shafts; throat and foreneck smoky brown (vary-
ing from light sepia to olive), passing through olive or greenish olive
on chest into bright green on sides, flanks, and under. tail-coverts;
smaller under wing-coverts bright light green; under primary coverts
and under surface of primaries plain slate-gray; under surface of tail
yellowish olive changing to olive-yellowish; bill pale buffy brown-
ish or whitish; iris yellow or orange; naked orbital space pale brown-
ish (whitish in life ?); legs and feet deep brownish or dusky horn
color (in dried skins) or blackish.

Young.—Essentially like adults but brown of under parts replaced
by dull green slightly suffused with brown or olive, the abdomen dull
light yellowish green with indistinct shaft-streaks of darker.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 240-251 (247); wing, 135-142.5
(139.6); tail, 112.5-129.5 (123.8); culmen, 21-22.5 (21.6); tarsus, 13.5-
14.5 (13.9); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19 (18.2).¢

Adult female—Length (skins), 230-255 (240); wing, 135-143.5
(140.7); tail, 116-131 (126.8); culmen, 21-21.5 (21.2); tarsus, 14.5-15
(14.8); outer anterior toe, 18-19 (18.5).¢

Island of Jamaica (Spanishtown; Falmouth; Moneague; near Troy;
Bogwalk Bridge).

Psittacara nana Vieors, Zool. Journ., v, no. xviii, June, 1830, 273 (Jamaica;

coll. Zool. Gardens London).—Lzar, Parrots, no. 5, 1831, pl. 12.—Bovurzsor,
Perr., 1837—’38, pl. 24.—Drnny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38.

[Psittacara] nana Vicors, in Lear, Illustr. Psittacidee, 1832 (in list of plates).

P{sittacara] nana Wac.ER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 640, 741.

C[onurus] nanus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 414.—NeEwron (A. and E.), Handb.
Jamaica, 1881, 110.

[Conurus] nanus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 150 (Consp. Paitt., 7);
Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 70).—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 148,
no. 8117.—SciaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 112.—Cory, List

Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20.—SHarrz, Hand-list, ii, 1900,
15.—Forses and Rozrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, 1897, 11.

@ Five specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 175

Conurus nanus Sovanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 61; Icon. Perr., 1857, pl.
12, upper fig—SctateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 225; 1861, 79; Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 349; Rev. List Birds Jam., 1910, 12.—Auprecut, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 203.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 284.—ScHLE-
GEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 14; no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 4.—
Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 520.—Rercuenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 280
(monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 168; Vogelbild., 1883, in text to pl. 33, fig.
5.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 456 (syn.; descr.); Birds West. Ind., 1889, 179;
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 101, 180.—Marscuaut, Papag., 1889, 55.—
Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 191—Scorr, Auk, viii, 1892,
128.—Rorascuitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15.

Conurus flaviventer (not Aratinga flaviventer Spix) Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 263.

Clonurus] flaviventer ALBREcHT, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 203.

EUPSITTULA(?) LABATI (Rothschild).

GUADELOUPE PAROQUET.

“About the size of a blackbird [Planesticus merula]. Entirely
green, except a small patch of red on the crown, bill white.” (Roths-
child.)

Island of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. (Extinct.)

Conurus labati Rotuscuitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, no. cxviii, Nov. 1, 1905,

18 (island of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; ex Labat, Voy. aux iles de ]’Amér.,
ii, 1742, 218).—Satvapor1, Ibis, 1906, 454 (descr.; crit.).

Genus PYRRHURA Bonaparte.

Aratinga (not of Spix, 1824) Bonapartz, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854,
150. (Type, Psittacus cruentatus Maximilian.)

Pyrrhura Bonararts, Naumannia, 1856, Consp. Gen. Psittacorum, gen. 14.
(Type, Psitiacus vittatus Shaw.)

Medium-sized, long-tailed Psittacide (length about 195-290 mm.)
with cere wholly naked (the nostril completely exposed), tip of
seventh primary not attenuated, and with tail reddish or dusky
brown, at least on under side. _

Bill moderate, decidedly shorter than head, its depth at base much
greater than its length, the maxilla truncate-conical or subpyramidal
in transverse section; culmen nearly to quite as long as outer toe
without claw (sometimes as long as middle toe without claw), regu-
larly and strongly decurved from base, usually broadly flattened
(rarely shallowly but broadly grooved between lateral ridges) but
sometimes rounded; depth of maxilla at base not greater (often
less) than its width at same point; maxillary unguis rather thick,
rounded (transversely) at tip, its width at base of the distinctly corru-
gated palatal surface less than its length; maxillary tomium distinctly
notched at base of unguis, the remaining portion nearly straight or
slightly concave proximally with anterior portion usually more or
less prominent, forming a rounded or obtusely angular lobe or
“tooth”; depth of mandible at base usually a little less (never more)
than length of gonys, slightly to considerably less than its width
(transversely), the mandible more or less flattened laterally, rounded

176 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

to somewhat flattened beneath, where usually with a more or less
distinct median ridge, the produced, chisel-like tip abruptly beveled,
with truncate or faintly concave terminal margin, which is more or
less distinctly concave on upper side. Wing moderate, the longest
primaries exceeding distal secondaries by about two-fifths the length
of wing; seventh, eighth and ninth, or eighth, ninth, and tenth pri-
maries longest, the tenth (if shorter than ninth) equal to or shorter
than seventh; tip of seventh primary not attenuated. Tail decidedly
shorter than wing to very nearly as long, graduated for about half
its length, the rectrices more or less distinctly tapering terminally,
with tip broadly rounded (except, sometimes, middle rectrices, which
however, are never acute at tip). Tarsus equal to or shorter than
outer hind toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Cere wholly, or for greater part, naked,
the nostrils conspicuously exposed; orbital region extensively naked;
feathers of foreneck and chest usually sharply defined. General
color green, the under surface of tail dull red or dusky reddish brown;
foreneck and chest usually barred or squamated with pale yellowish
or pale buffy brownish; primaries usually blue; abdomen often dull
red.

Range.—Costa Rica to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina,
and Guiana. (About twenty-two species.)

PYRRHURA HOFFMANNI HOFFMANNI (Cabanis).
HOFFMANN'S PAROQUET.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color parrot green, slightly lighter
and decidedly more yellowish green below, where feathers are oliva-
ceous beneath surface, the feathers of pileum sometimes more or less
distinctly margined or streaked with wax yellow, those of foreneck
sometimes (but more rarely) similarly marked; short downy feathers
of lower chin reddish; auricular region (at least in part) dull vermilion
or poppy red, the feathers with paler (more yellowish or orange-
colored) shafts; outer (distal) greater wing-coverts and middle sec-
ondaries canary yellow for anterior portion, sometimes along edges
also; alule and primary coverts canary yellow, with terminal por-
tion dull green or greenish dusky; primaries more bluish green (espe-
cially the outermost ones), with shafts and terminal portion of inner
webs blackish; tail more olivaceous green (especially middle pair of
rectrices), with black shafts, the under surface reddish dusky passing
into light brownish red on edges of inner webs; smaller urder wing-
coverts green; under primary coverts canary yellow with distal por-
tion (broadly) olive-slaty; inner webs of remiges canary yellow proxi-
mally, olive-dusky distally, the yellow becoming more olivaccous
(olive-yellow to yellowish olive) on outer primaries; bill dull ivory
yellowish or buffy whitish; bare orbital space dull yellowish (in dried
skins); legs and feet brownish (in dried skins).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 177

Adult male—Length (skins), 227-246 (234); wing, 128.5-142
(135.7); tail, 101.5-117 (110.8); culmen, 16-17.5 (17.1); tarsus,
13.5-14.5 (14.1); outer anterior toe, 16.5-18 (17.1).*

Adult female.—Length (skins), 223-244 (232); wing, 130.5-139
(133.9); tail, 106-112 (109.6); culmen, 16-18 (16.9); tarsus, 13-14.5
(14); outer antericr toe, 16.5-18 (17.4).°

Mountains of Costa Rica (Azahér de Cartago; La Estrella de
Cartago; Navarro de Cartago; Aguas Calientes, near Cartago;
base of Cerro de la Candeléria; Escazi; Monte Redondo; La
Cedr4l de Aserri; Tuis; San Marcos; Dota, Santa Maria, Laguaria,
and Copéy, Dota; Ujurras de Térraba).

Conurus hoffmanni Casanis, Sitzb. d. Ges. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 13
Nov., 1861 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.).—Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867,
553.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (Angostura, Frailes, and
Navarro de Cartago, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 365
(Costa Rica).—SciaTer and Satvin, Exotic Orn., 1869, 161, pl. 81.—Sat-
vin, Ibis, 1871, 938, part (Costa Rica).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 46 (base of Cerro de la Candelaria and Aguas Calientes, near Cartago,
Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica);
Anal. Mus. Nac. C. B., i, 1887, 124 (Costa Rica).

[Conurus] hoffmanni Scrarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 112, part

(Costa Rica).

Conurus hoffmanti ScHuEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 6 (Costa
Rica).

Pyrrhura hoffmanti Casants, Journ. fiir Orn., x, Sept., 1862, 335 (Costa Rica;
crit.).

Pyrrhura hoffmani ReicHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 288, part (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 176, part; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 86, part.—Satva-
port, Cat. Birds Brit Mus., xx, 1891, 230, part (Angostura and Dota, Costa
Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 578, part
(Costa Rica).

[Pyrrhura] hoffmanni Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 18, part (Costa Rica).—Forses
and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 12.

Pyrrhura hoffmanni hoffmannt CarrixkEer, Ann, Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 486
(Costa Rica; crit.; habits).

@ Ten specimens. 6 Seven specimens.
Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. ae Tarsus. aaiterios
. e.
MALEs.
Ten adult males from Costa Rica......-...-------+---s--eeeeee 135.7 | 110.8 17.1 14.1 17.1
Ten adult males from western Panama (Chiriqui) (P. h.
QOUMENS) wap eciemsrcied aro tianecinesaad ceca De Gierelemmacannpedion anon 136.9} 111.7 18 14 17.7
FEMALES.
Seven adult females from Costa Rica. ......-....--.eeeeee scene 133.9 | 109.6 16.9 14 17.4
Eight adult females from western Panama (P. h. gaudens)..... 133.1] 108.2 17.1 14 17.9

1957°—Buil. 50, pt 7—16——12

178, BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PYRRHURA HOFFMANNI GAUDENS Bangs.
CHIRIQUI PAROQUET.

Similar to P. h. hoffmanni but adults always with pileum and
nape streaked with yellowish and reddish, and primaries more
decidedly bluish, and size averaging slightly larger.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 220-240 (232); wing, 134-141.5
(136.9); tail, 105-116.5 (111.7); culmen, 17-19 (18); tarsus, 13.5-
14.5 (14); outer anterior toe, 17-18.5 (17.7).*

Adult female.—Length (skins), 217-235 (226); wing, 130.5-137
(135.1); tail, 104-111 (108.2); culmen, 16-18 (17.1); tarsus, 13.5-
14.5 (14); outer anterior toe, 17-18.5 (17.9).°

Mountains of western Panamé (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui,
Chiriqui; Verégua).

Conurus hoffmanni (not of Cabanis) Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 214
(Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama); Ibis, 1871, 93, part (Veragua).

[Conurus] hoffmanni ScuateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 112, part
(Veragua).

Pyrrhura hoffmanni ReicuEnow, Journ. fir Orn., 1881, 288, part (Veragua);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 176, part (Veragua); Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 86, part.—
Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 230, part (Veragua and Chiriqui,
Panama).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, li, 1897, 578, part
(Volcan de Chiriqui)—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 24
(Boquete, etc., Chiriqui, w. Panama, 4,000-10,000 ft.).

[Pyrrhura] hof'manni Suarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 18, part.

Pyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, July 30, 1906,
103 (Boquete, Chiriqui, w. Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).

Genus BOLBORHYNCHUS Bonaparte.

Bolborhynchus Bonaparte, Remarques Obs. Blanchard Psittacides, 1857, 6.
(Type, B. catharina Bonaparte=Psittacula lineola Cassin.)

Grammopsittaca ¢ Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 100.
(Type, Psittacula lineola Cassin.)

Very small, wedge-tailed Psittacide (length about 55-70 mm.)
with tarsus as long as or longer than culmen; the maxilla very broad,
swollen laterally, broadly rounded on culmen, with unguis short
and very broad, its tomium very shallowly notched and lobed; cere
strongly convex anteriorly, wholly unfeathered around nostril (the
latter set well back); outermost primary not attenuated at tip; tail
not more than two-thirds (sometimes scarcely more than half) as
long as wing, and coloration wholly green or green with black bars
and spots.

Bill rather small but very thick and swollen, its depth at base very
much greater than its length; maxilla decidedly wider than deep,
its width at base equal to three-fourths the length of culmen, the
unguis short and very broad, its width at base of palatal surface de-
cidedly to very much gréater than its length, the tip broadly rounded
in vertical profile; maxillary tomium very faintly if at all lobed -

@ Ten specimens, b Wight specimens, ¢Tpapuyy, line; yrrraxy, a parrot.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 179

posterior to the very shallow post-ungual excision; depth of mandi-
ble at base decidedly less than width of mandible, about equal to
length of gonys; mandible broadly rounded beneath, its tip very
slightly if at all produced, very broad; culmen about as long as outer
hind toe without claw, gradually and not very strongly decurved
from base, broadly rounded. Wing moderate, very pointed, the
longest primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly to quite half the
length of wing; ninth or tenth (outermost) primaries longest, the
tenth not attenuated at tip. Tail very slightly more than half to
two-thirds as long as wing, graduated for about one-third its length,
the rectrices rather broad basally, tapering rapidly to the acuminate
or subacuminate tip. Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than outer
hind toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Head completely feathered except a
restricted orbital area, cere surrounding nostril, and chin. Color
wholly green or green barred and spotted with black.

Range.—Southern Mexico to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia. (Two
species.?)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF BOLBORHYNCHUS.
a. Rump and tail-coverts barred or transversely spotted with black; hindneck, etc.,
narrowly barred with black. (Bolborhynchus lineola.)

6. Rump and upper tail-coverts with small terminal spots or bars of black; middle
rectrices with much less of black; general color purer, lighter green. (Eastern
Mexico to Panama.) .........----.---- Bolborhynchus lineola lineola (p. 179).

bb. Rump and upper tail-coverts heavily spotted with black; middle rectrices

with much more of black (sometimes almost wholly black); general color

deeper, more olivaceous, green. (Eastern Peru?)
Bolborhynchus lineola maculatus (extralimital).®

aa. No black markings whatever. (Peru; Bolivia.)
Bolborhynchus andicola (extralimital).¢
BOLBORHYNCHUS LINEOLA LINEOLA (Cassin).
BARRED PAROQUET.

Adults (sexes alike)—Above yellowish green (between parrot

green and oil green), brighter and purer green on hindneck, passing
into clear calliste green on forehead, the feathers of the hindneck

@ B, andicola differs from the type (B. lineola) in the decidedly longer tail, which
is two-thirds as long as the wing instead of only a little more than half as long, shorter
tenth (outermost) primary, which instead of being longer than the ninth is slightly
shorter, and in the relatively slightly longer tarsus; but in other respects they agree
very closely and I would not think of separating them generically.

b Grammopsitiaca lineola maculata Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May
27, 1915, 106 (eastern Peru?; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

¢ Psittacula andicola Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Jan. 20, 1874, 90 (Paucar-
tambo, e. Peru; coll. P. L. Sclater).—Bolborhynchus andicola Sclater and’ Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 18; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 238,
pl. 5 (Paucartambo, Maraynioc, and Punamarca, Peruvian Andes).—Grammopsit-
taca andicola Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 100, in text.—
Bolborhynchus orbignesius (not Mytopsitta orbignesia Bonaparte) Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool, Soc. Lond., 1874, 549, 679 (centr. Peru).

180 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

narrowly tipped with black, producing distinct bars, the occiput,
posterior part of crown, scapulars, and interscapulars similarly but
less distinctly barred, the rump and upper tail-coverts (which are
sometimes decidedly more yellowish green, especially the latter)
much more broadly barred, or transversely spotted, with black;
lesser wing-coverts mostly black, the middle coverts broadly tipped
with black; primaries grass green, becoming black next to shaft and
on terminal margin, the primary coverts similar but darker and
duller green; middle rectrices black medially, the black occupying
whole of the terminal portion, the other rectrices dusky medially;
under parts light green (javel green to apple green), the sides and
flanks more or less distinctly barred with black, the under tail-coverts
with more or less distinct small terminal spots of the same; under
wing-coverts clear light green, usually more or less (but never very
distinctly) narrowly barred or mottled with blackish toward edge of
wing, the carpo-metacarpal edge clear light yellowish green; under
primary coverts and under surface of remiges dull bluish green (deep
malachite or french green), the latter dusky toward shafts; bill pale
dull brownish yellow or buff; legs and feet pale brownish.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 157-165 (161); wing, 104.5-111
(107.7); tail, 59-62 (60.5); culmen, 12-12.5 (12.2); tarsus, 12-13
(12.5); outer anterior toe, 15.5-16 (15.7).%

Adult female—Length (skins), 156-165 (161); wing, 103-109
105.7); tail, 57-62.5 (59.1); culmen, 12-13 (12.7); tarsus, 11.5-
12.5 (12); outer anterior toe, 15-16 (15.6).¢

Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Puente Nacion4l; Cér-
dova; Co&tepec), Mexico (near city of Mexico), and southward,
through Guatemala (Duefias; Chiquimula; Volcfn de Fuego), and
Costa Rica (Voleén de Irazi; Los Cuadros de Irazi; Naranjo de
Cartago; Escazfi; Angostura), to western Panama (Chitra, Verégua;
Volcén de Chiriqui and Boquete, Chiriqui); Cozumel Island, Yuca-
tan? Venezuela ?

@ Four specimens.

. Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | C2 | Tarsus. anterior
. 8.
MALES.
Two adult males from Costa Rica..............cceeeeecee scenes 107 61.5 12.5 12.5 15.5
Two adult males from western Panama (Chiriqui).........-.-- 108.5 59.5 12 12.5 16
FEMALES.
One adult female from Vera Cruz......2 2.22... .ccceeeeeeee eee 103 a 11.5 15
One adult female from Costa Rica. .......22 22... .eeeeeeeee eee 109 59 12 12 15.5
Two adult females from western Panama (Chiriqui)........... 105.5 59.7 12.7 12.2 16
SEX NOT DETERMINED,
Four adults (sex not determined) from eastern Peru? (B, 1.
MUBCULALUS ces siaisierscrccrer dunt ewes eciaaeremamictic tcc degresieneaca 106 60 11,9) |S scceen|eceanene

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 181

Psittacula lineola Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, June, 1853, 372 (Puente
Nacion4l, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.);¢ Journ. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1855, 154, pl. 14, fig. 1—Sctarsr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1857, 230, in text (State of Vera Cruz).

[ Mytopsitta] lineola Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856, Consp. Psitt., no. 54.

Myiopsiita lineola Ze.epon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica);
Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1887, 124 (Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica).—
Ripeaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, 544 (Naranjo de Cartago, Costa
Rica).

M[yiopsitta] lineola Rwaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 269, footnote.

Conurus lineola Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittaci, 1859, 44.

C[onurus] lineola SctatseR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 177 (near city of Mexico
crit.).

[Bolborhynchus] lineola Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 149, no. 8144,

Bolborhynchus lineolus Carrixrr, Ann. Carnegie Mus., i, 1910, 484 (Escazu,
Los Cuadros de Irazt, and Angostura, Costa Rica; habits).

Grammopsittaca lineola Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxv, May 4, 1912, 100.

Psittacula lineolata Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 306 (Cérdova, Vera
Cruz).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 66, footnote.

Conurus lineolatus ScLaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 187 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan);
1862, 96, in text (Duefias, Guatemala).—Satvin, Ibis, 1869, 319 (Angostura,
Costa Rica).

Bolborhynchus lineolatus Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 1830.—Satvin, Ibis, 1871,
87, 94 (8. Mexico to Costa Rica).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 23
(Vera Paz).—ReicHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 348 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 188; Vogelbild., 1882, pl. 28, fig. 1—Satvapori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 239 (Coatepec, Vera Cruz; Vera Paz and Volcan de
Fuego, Guatemala; Angostura, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui and Veragua,
w. Panama).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 579
(Cordova and Coatepec, Vera Cruz; Cozumel I.?; Volcan de Fuego and
Chiquimula, Guatemala; Angostura and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica;
Volcan de Chiriqui; Venezuela?).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii,
1902, 25 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,000 feet).

[Bolborhynchus] lineolatus ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.—
Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, 1897, 12.—SHarpz, Hand-list,
ii, 1900, 18.

(?) Myiopsitta tigrina Souanc#, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 144 (Venezuela).—

’ Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 764; xliv, 1857, 588.—Scrarer, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 178, in text (crit.).—Ripe@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
xi, 1888, 544, footnote.

Bolborhynchus tigrinus BONAPARTE, Remarques Obs. Blanchard Psittacides, 1857,
6.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittaci, 1859, 44 (in synonymy).

Bolborhynchus tigrina Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 95.

Myiopsitta catharina Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliv, 1857, 538.

Bolborhynchus catharina BONAPARTE, Remarques Obs. Blanchard Psittacides, 1857,
6.—SctateER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 225, in text.—SciaTer and Satvin,
Ibis, 1859, 137 (in synonymy).

Conurus catharinus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittaci, 1859, 45 (Mexico).

“J was informed by the late Professor Angelo Heilprin (in a letter dated November
19, 1885) that both specimens mentioned by Cassin in the original description of
this species are missing from the collection of the Academy of Sciences. The type
is said by Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 178) to have been taken at the Puente
Nacion4l (National Bridge). in the State of Vera Cruz.

. 182 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus BROTOGERIS Vigors.

Brotogeris4 Vicors, Zool. Journ., ii, 1825, 400. (Type, Psittacua pyrrhopterus
Latham.) >

Brotogerys (emendation) AcAssiz, Nomencl. Zool. Index Univ., 1846, 54.

Psittovius Bonararts, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 151. (Type, Psitta-
cus tovt Gmelin=P. jugularis Miller.)

Sittace (not of Wagler, 1832) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 150. (Type, Psittacus
st. thome Miller=P. tui Gmelin.)

Small, wedge-tailed, Psittacides (length about 165-180 mm.) with
bill much compressed and as long as or longer than deep; cere large,
wholly unfeathered, its anterior outline nearly straight; tail ‘less than
two-thirds as long as wing, more or less graduated, with rectrices
strongly tapering distally (the middle ones sometimes obtusely
pointed), and color green with under surface of remiges blue or
bluish green, sometimes with under wing-coverts, primary coverts,
forehead, or chin, orange.

Bill moderate in size (more than half as long as head), longer than
deep (its depth at base decidedly less than length of culmen), much
compressed; depth of maxilla at base equal to less than half the
length of culmen, the latter narrowly rounded or obtusely ridged,
regularly and strongly decurved from near base (or from base), some-
times not longer than outer hind toe without claw, sometimes longer
than outer front toe without-.claw; maxillary unguis rather narrowly
conical or cuneate and obtusely pointed in vertical profile, its width
at base of the distinctly corrugated palatal surface decidedly less than
its length; maxillary tomium distinctly (sometimes prominently)
lobed behind the deep and broad post-ungual notch or incision;
depth of mandible at base decidedly to very much less than length
of gonys and very much less than its width at same point, the sides
of mandible usually somewhat flattened, the under side broadly
rounded; mandibular tomium sometimes broadly notched behind the
recurved, chisel-like, truncate, but not distinctly flattened, tip, but
usually broadly and rather deeply concave. Wing moderate, pointed,
the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by two-fifths to
nearly half the length of wing; tenth, ninth, ninth and tenth, or
eighth, ninth and tenth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost)
usually with inner web slightly emarginated near tip. Tail less
than two-thirds (sometimes but little more than half) as long as wing,
graduated for from less than one-fourth to two-fifths its length, the
rectrices more or less strongly tapering terminally, with tip narrowly
rounded (the middle ones sometimes subacuminate). Tarsus not
shorter than inner anterior toe without claw, sometimes longer (but
always shorter than inner anterior toe with claw).

Plumage and coloration.—Head completely feathered except
orbital region, chin, and cere, the latter very broad toward culmen,

@Bporos, mortalis; ynpvs, vox—Agassiz.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 183

and with nearly straight anterior outline; plumage in general rather
harsh, not blended. General color green, the under surface of remiges
greenish blue or bluish green (dusky next to shaft); chin or primary
coverts (sometimes both) orange in some species, sometimes the fore-
head yellow, one species with under wing-coverts orange, pileum
light greenish blue, and sides of head pale grayish.

Range.—Southern Mexico to northwestern Peru, Amazon Valley,
and Guiana. (Hight species.*)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BROTOGERIS.5

a. Primary-coverts green; forehead green (sometimes tinged with yellowish).
b. Lesser and middle wing-coverts olive-brown (raw-umber); smaller under wing-
coverts chrome yellow; primaries bluish green. (Southern Mexico to Colom-
Dib atdce ees ar cea ceue kel eee wee eteeers Brotogeris jugularis (p. 183).
bb. Lesser and middle wing-coverts, also smaller under wing-coverts, green, prima-
ries deep blue edged with bluish green.
c. Alula and whole edge of wing green. (Central Colombia to upper Rio Negro
and upper Amazon Valley.),.-.-...----- Brotogeris devillei (extralimital),¢
ce. Alula, edge of wing, and bend of wing yellow. (Eastern Peru.)
Brotogeris gustavi (extralimital).¢
aa, Primary coverts orange; forehead (narrowly) orange. (Lower Amazon Valley.)
Brotogeris tuipara (extralimital).¢

BROTOGERIS JUGULARIS (Miiller).

TOVI PAROQUET.
Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck clear paris green, the
sides of head and neck similar but slightly lighter or more yellowish;

upper back and anterior scapulars oil green passing into paris green
or more bluish green on lower back and posterior scapulars; rump,

@ Of these I have not seen Stttace devillei Gray, Brotogerys gustavi Berlepsch, nor B.
chrysosema Sclater; but these seem to be congeneric with the type of Brotogeris.

“b Only those extralimital species which agree with B. jugularis in having an orange
colored chin-spot beiag given.

¢ Brotogerys devillei Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 261 (Amazon R.;
coll. Brit. Mus.; ex [Sittace] devillet Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 150, no. 8159).

@ Brotogerys gustavi Berlepsch, Ibis, sixth ser., no. ii, April, 1889, 181, pl. 6 (Tuan-
fué, upper Rio Huallaga, e. Peru; coll. Count von Berlepsch); Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 262.

€(??) Psittacus cajenneus Miller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 81 (not of p. 78; based
on Petit Perruche de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 456, fig. 2).—(??) Psittacus nota-
tus (not of Miiller, 1776) Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 27 (based on Pl. Enl., pl. 456,
fig. 2).—Brotogerys notatus Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 352.—Brotogerys notata
Reichenow, Vogelbild., 1882, p, fig. 3; Journ. ftir Orn., 1881, 344 (Consp. Psitt.,
p. 184).—[Psittacus] tuipara Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 348 (Brazil; based
on Tuipara Tupinambis Ray, Av., p. 35; Willughby, Orn., p. 117; Psittacula bra-
siliensis erythrocephala Brisson, Orn., iv, 383; Red-fronted Parrot Latham, Synopsis
Birds, i, pt. 1, 308).—S[ittace] tuipara Wagler, Consp. Psitt., 1832, 633 (descr. adult).—
Clonurus] tuipara Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 414.—Psittovius tuipara Bonaparte, Rev.
et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151.—Brotogerys tuipara Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 104, part;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 262.—Psittaculus tuipara Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 1864, 28.—Psittacus sosove, var. Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 27.—
Brotogeris aurifrons Cassin, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1855, 155, pl. 14, fig. 2
(South America).

184 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

upper tail-coverts, and tail clear, bright green (nearly emerald green) ;
lesser and middle wing-coverts raw-umber brown (the feathers green-
ish below surface), passing into oil green on outermost (distal) coverts;
greater coverts yellowish green (between apple green and parrot
green); secondaries, except inner ones (tertials) darker green, the
primaries similar but sometimes more bluish, margined terminally
(more or less distinctly) with dusky, their shafts black; primary
coverts usually darker and more bluish green; a large spot of pure
orange or cadmium orange on lower chin and upper.throat (the upper
chin being naked); rest of under parts clear light yellowish green
(nearly apple green), the posterior portions tinged, more or less, with
light emerald or paris green; smaller under wing-coverts clear chrome
yellow, tinged with green toward edge of wing, which is partly light
yellowish green;* under primary coverts and inner web of remiges
malachite green, the primaries with a broad mesial stripe of dusky;
bill pale buffy brownish (pale flesh color in life); cere, bare orbital
space, and bare chin space whitish; iris brown; legs and feet light
brownish (pale flesh color in life).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 158-180 (160); wing, 105-117 (110.9);
tail, 53-65 (63.6); culmen, 13-17 (15.6); tarsus, 12-14 (12.7); outer
anterior toe, 15.5-17 (16.4).®

Adult female——Length (skins), 156-176 (167); wing, 101.5-114
(108.4); tail, 55-66 (61.1); culmen, 13.5-17 (15.2); tarsus, 11.5-13
(12.3); outer anterior toe, 15-17 (15.7).°

« As a rule, females have the under wing-coverts somewhat less purely or less
extensively yellow than adult males, and some (perhaps younger birds) have them
yellowish green rather than yellow.

b Eight specimens.

¢ Highteen specimens.

. Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men Tarsus. |anterior
: 8.
MALES,
One adult male from Oaxaca, s. Mexico......-.......2-..222202 114 58 16.5 12.5 17
One adult male from Salvador....-..---.2.... 2.2.00 eee eens 112 62 15 12.5 16.5
Four adult males from Costa Rica (3) and w. Panama (1)...... 110.7 59.5 16.4 12.9 16.6
Ten adult males from Panama (Canal Zone)................... 109.6 60.9 15.2 12.6 16.3
Two adult males from Santa Marta, Colombia...............-.. 114.2 63.7 15.7 12.5 16,2
FEMALES,
One adult female from Oaxaca..........22.....0.2 002 cece 109.5 60 15 13 16
Three adult females from Costa Rica................2.222..000- 11.2] 62 16.3} 12.7 15.8
Ten adult females from Panama..............2.222.02020.ce eee 106.4] 59.5] 146] 12 15.5
One adult female (type of Psittovius subceruleus Lawrence)
POM, PANAMA- tes aninain a crcee ene od ooeenda ca snmeccs scsceeed 113 64.5 16.5 12.5 17
One adult female from Darien (Rio Atrato)...............2.... 104 62.5 16D |x sewestics sone
Two adult females from Santa Marta, Colombia................ 113, 2 64.5 15.5 12.7 16

The series from southern Mexico, Guatemala, etc., is much too small to show whether
there is any difference from those from more southern localities. The very few speci-
mens of the former show differences, which may or may not prove constant.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 185

Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (Acapulco), Oaxaca
(Tapana; Cacoprieto; Santa Efigénia; Zandtepec) and Chiapas
(Tonala), and southward through western Guatemala (Cobén; Con-
stancia; La Concepcién Chiapim; Retalhuleu; San José); Salvadér
(San Salvadér; San Carlos; Acajutla; La Libertad), western Hon-
duras (Tigre Island), western Nicaragua (Manégua; Omotepe; San
Juan del Sur; San Carlos; San Emilio; Chinandega), western Costa
Rica (Volcén de Miravalles; Tenério; Bolsén; Cerro Santa Maria;
Bebedero; San Carlos; Nicoya; La Palma de Nicoya; Punta Arenas;
Barranca de Punta Arenas; Esparta; Santo Domingo de San Mateo;
San Mateo; Pigres; Palmdr; Las Ajuntas de Térraba; Pozo del Rio
Grande; Paso Real; Pozo Aztl de Pirris) and Panamaé (Divala;
Bugaba; Volcén de Chiriqui; Mina de Chorcha; Calobre; Verdgua;
Col6én; Panamé; Sabana de Panam4; Punta de Sabana; Paraiso;
Lion Hill; Rio Indio; Rio Gattin; Rio Trinidad; Tabernilla; Cana;
Puerto Bello; Boca de Cupa) to Colombia (Darién; Rio Atrato; Car-
tagena; Naranjo; lower Rio Magdalena; Naranjo, Bonda, Santa
Marta and Sierra Nevada, Santa Marta; Bucaramanga; Bogotdé;
Medellin and Remédios, Antioquia).

(2?) Pstttacus caudacutus Patuas, in Vroeg’s Catal., 1764, Adumbr., 1, no. 28
(“Surinam’”’; cites Edwards, pl. 235, which=Psitiacula vivida Ridgway=
P. passerina of authors but not of Linnzeus).

Psittacus jugularis Mttier, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 80 (“ America’’; based on
Petit Perruche & gorge jaune d’ Amerique Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 190, fig. 1).—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 240 (crit. nomencl.).

[Sittace] jugularis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 150, no. 8160.

Brotogerys jugularis (not of Sclater and Salvin, 1866 and authors ex Ecuador and
Peru)? Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 259 (La Concepcion;
Chiapam, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Bebedero and Nicoya, Costa Rica,
Mina de Chorcha, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui, Calobre, Panama, and
Paraiso, Panama; Cartagena, Santa Marta, Medellin, Remedios, and Bogota,
Colombia); Ibis, 1906, 465.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
ii, 1897, 582 (Santa Efigenia, Tapana, and Cacoprieto, Oaxaca; Tonala,
Chiapas; La Concepcion, etc., Guatemala; La Libertad, Salvador; Tigre I.,
Honduras; Omotepe, San Juan del Sur, San Carlos, San Emilis, and
Chinandega, Nicaragua; La Palma de Nicoya, Punta Arenas, San Mateo,
Miravalles, etc., Costa Rica; Lion Hill, etc., Panama; Colombia).—Sronsz,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 304 (near Bogota, Colombia). ALLEN, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 132 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia).—Banes,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 25 (Bugaba, Panama); Auk, xxiv,
1907, 292 (Paso Real., Pozo del Rio Grande, and Barranca de Punta Arenas,
Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Condor, vii, 1905, 155, in text (Pigres, Costa Rica).—
THayer and Banas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 215 (Sabana de
Panama).—DzarBorN, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 85 (San Jose,
Guatemala).—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 485 (Pacific slope
of Costa Rica; habits).

[Brotogerys] jugularis SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 19.—Forszs and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 13.

@ =Brotogeris devillet (Gray).

186 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Brotogeris jugularis Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 132 (Santa Marta,
Colombia).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv,
1899, no. 339, 9 (Punta de Sabana, Panama).

Priticcula flavigula Boppazrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 12 (based on Petit Perruche
& gorge jaune d’ Amerique Daubenton, Pl. Eni. , pl. 190, fig. 1).

Psitcacus tiriacula BoppaErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 51 (Brazil [and Jamaica];
based on Petit Perruche appelée, petit jaseuse Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 837).

[Psittacus] tovi Gunnin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 351 (based on Psittacula gutture
luteo Brisson, Orn., iv, 396, pl. 30, fig. 3; Petit Perruche & gorge jaune d’ Amerique
Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 190, fig. 1).

Ps[ittacus] tovi Becuste1n, Kurze Ueb., 1811, 86.

Ps{ittacula] tovt WaciER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 624, 725.

Psittaculus tovi SCHLEGEL, Mus. Paye-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 29 (Cotom-
bia; Panama); no. 88 (Revue), 1874, 7 (Bogota, Colombia; Panama; La
Concepcion and Constancia, Guatemala).

Psittovius tovi Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151; Naumannia, 1856
(Consp. Psitt., no. 73).—SciatTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 162 (Bogota,
Colombia).—Souanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 64.—Sauvin and
SciaTeER, Ibis, 1860, 44 (Coban, Guatemala; crit.)—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 121
(Tigre I, Honduras).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 299 (Lion Hill,
Panama).

Conurus tovit Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 47.—Casstn, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 137.

Brotogerys tovt SctaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 352 (Bogota and Cartagena, Colom-
bia).—Sciater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 367 (Panama; crit.);
1879, 588 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia).—Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867,
99.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 214 (Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui,
Panama); Ibis, 1871, 93 (Middle American range).—Wyartt, Ibis, 1871, 381
(Naranjo, Colombia).—LawreEnce, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 36
(Zanatepec and Tapana, Oaxaca; habits).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 46 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).—Satvm and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 176
(Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia).—Nurime, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., v, 1882, 402 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits); vi, 1883, 377,
395 (San Juan del Sur and Omotepe, Nicaragua).—Bzruerscu, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1884, 316 (Bucaramanga, Colombia; crit.).—Zr.EpO6n, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. C.R.,i, 1887, 124 (Punta
Arenas and San Mateo, Costa, Rica).—Cuerriz, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa
Rica, 1893, 50 (Palmar, Costa Rica).—Unperwoop, Ibis, 1896, 445 (Volcan
de Miravalles and Bebedero, Costa Rica).

[Brotogerys] tovt ScuarEr and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.—GarRop,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 634 (muscular anatomy); 1874, 587 (anatomy).

Blrotogerys] tovi Rpeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 268, footnote.

Brotogeris tovi Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (Gulf of Nicoya, Costa
Rica).—F Rantzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 364 (Costa Rica).

[Psittacus] tout LavHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 134 (=P. tovi Gmelin).

Psittacus tout Suaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 546.—Vizrttot, Nouv. Dict. d’
Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 379.

Peay en ‘(not of Gmelin) Kuan, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 95 (based on Pl. Enl.,
pl. 837

Psittacus (Caica) chrysopogon Lesson, Rev. Zool. , V, May, 1842, 185 (San Carlos,
Salvador; coll. A. Lesson).

Caica chrysopogon Lusson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 197.

(?)Psittovius chrysopogon BONAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 187

Brotogerys chrysopogon RzicHENOW, Journ fiir Orn., 1881, 343 (monogr.; Colom-
bia; Panama); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 183; Vogelbild., 1882, pl. 28, fig. 5.
Psittovius subceruleus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 475
(Lion Hill, Panama; coll.G. N. Lawrence; = specimen with yellow coloring-
matter of plumage absent).—SciaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 367
(crit.).—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 94 (crit.).
w« Brotogerys subcoeruleus Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 97, pl. 2.

Genus PSITTACULA Illiger.

Psittacula I111GER, Prodr. Mam. et Av., 1811, 200. (Type, Psittacus passerinus
Linnzus.)

Psittaculus (error) Srix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 38.

Forpus Bors, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 368. (Type, Psittacus passerinus Linnzeus.)

Very small,* short-tailed Psittacide (length about 100-140 mm.)
with tip of tenth (outermost) primary attenuated, tail about half as
long as wing, with rectrices acuminate, sexes different in coloration,
and furcula undeveloped.

Bill moderate in size, much deeper than long; depth of maxilla
at base much less than its width at same point and equal to about
half the length of culmen; maxillary unguis broadly cuneate and
obtusely pointed in vertical profile, its width at base of palatal sur-
face about equal toits length; maxillary tomium faintly concave basally
and with a more or less prominent angular lobe or ‘‘tooth”’ next to -
the distinct, angular, post-ungual notch; culmen about as long as
middle toe without claw, gradually and strongly decurved from base,
rounded; depth of mandible at base less than either its width at
base or length of gonys, the mandible very broadly rounded beneath,
not distinctly if at all flattened laterally, the slightly but distinctly
produced tip more or less flattened and truncate. Wing moderate
pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by one-
third to two-fifths the length of wing; ninth and tenth, or eighth,
ninth, and tenth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) with tip
abruptly attenuated. Tail about half as long as wing, slightly
graduated (graduation less than length of gonys), the rectrices
acuminate at tip (the outer ones sometimes subacuminate or narrowly
rounded); tail-coverts extending over much the greater part of tail.
Tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw, sometimes shorter
than outer hind toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Head. completely feathered, except a
small orbital space, chin, and part of cere, the latter naked only as
far back as nostrils, which are more or less exposed; plumage in
general soft and blended. Colors green and blue (ranging from light
greenish blue to dark violet-blue) sometimes with brownish gray or

@The smallest of American Psittacide. The genus is further unique among
American members of the group in the absence of a furcula, difference in coloration
of the sexes, and attenuated tip of the outermost primary.

188 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

yellow (or both)—never with red or orange; sexes different, females
being without any blue.

Range.—Western Mexico; Colombia to Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and
Guiana; apparently wanting in whole of area from southern Mexico
to Panama. (About twelve species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PSITTACULA.

a. Wings with more or less of blue. (Adult males.)
b. Rump blue.
c. Forehead, cheeks, and throat clear yellow. (Eastern Peru.)
Psittacula xanthops (extralimital),¢
cc. Forehead, cheeks, and throat, green.
d. Orbital or postocular region blue.

e. Forehead and cheeks light yellowish green (apple green); postocular
region light azure blue; under parts light pea green; back, scapulars,
and proximal secondaries light grayish olive-green. (Psittacula celestis.)

J. Back, etc., grayer; under parts more grayish green; blue of rump darker
(deep hyacinth blue). (Western Peru and Ecuador.)

Psittacula coelestis ccelestis, adult male (extralimital.)>
ff. Back, etc., more brownish, more strongly contrasted with color of
hindneck; under parts more yellowish green, becoming olive-buff on

flanks; blue of rump lightar (smalt blue). (Colombia.)
Psittacula ccelestis lucida, adult male (extralimital).¢
ee. Forehead and checks deep emerald green; orbital region cobalt blue;
under parts light bluish green (nearly malachite green); back, scapulars,
and proximal secondaries light parrot green. (Colombia and eastern
Ecuador.)...--.--- Psittacula conspicillata, adult male (extralimital).¢

dd. Sides of head wholly green.

e. Smaller under wing-coverts wholly uniform blue (except carpo-metacarpal

edge); proximal primaries blue.

@Psittacula xanthops Salvin, Novit. Zool., ii, no. 1, Feb. 1, 1895,.19, pl. 2, fig. 2
(Viiia, Huamachuco, e. Peru; coll. Tring Mus.?); Baron, Novit. Zool., iv, 1897, 6
(Vifia, Marafion); Salvadori, Ibis, 1906, 462 (reprint orig. descr.; crit.).

bAgapornis ceelestis Lesson, Compl. uvr. de Buffon (Lévéque), xx, April, 1847,
198 (near Guayaquil, w. Ecuador; quotes Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, pl. 2).—
Psittacula celestis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1848, 172; Finsch, Die Papag., ii, pt. 2,
1868, 666; Ridgway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 537 (monogr.); Salvadori, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 241.—Psittaculus celestis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Pasittaci,
1864, 32.

¢ P[sittacula] celestis lucida Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 34, Aug. 6,
1888, 532, 538 (Colombia; coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xx, 1891, 242, footnote.

4 Psittacula conspicillata Lafresnaye, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., xi, 1848, 172 (Colombia
or Mexico; coll. Lafresnaye, now in coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Finsch, Die Papag.,
li, pt. 2, 1868, 663, part; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 536 (monogr.);
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 243.—Psittaculus conspicillatus Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 1864, 32.—[Psittacula] cyanopis Lichtenstein, Nom. Mus.
Berol., 1854, 71 (Colombia; nomen nudwm/).—Psittacula orbitula, Reichb., in
Schaufuss Catal. 1862” (Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 663).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 189

J. Maxilla dusky or dark horn color. (Eastern Peru and Ecuador to
British Guiana.) ...... Psittacula modesta, adult male (extralimital).¢
Jf. Maxilla whitish, like mandible.
g. Width of maxilla at base 8.85 or more, depth of bill at base 14 or more,
wing not more than 77 mm. (Eastern Peru.)
Psittacula crassirostris, adult male (extralimital).5
gg. Width of maxilla at base less than 8.85, depth of bill at base less than
14, wing 87.6 or more.
h. Rump and under wing-coverts not lighter than cobalt blue.
(Psittacula vivida.)
i. Green color deeper and less yellowish; blue of rump and under
wing-coverts darker (smalt blue). (Southern Brazil, south of
Cape St. Roque, southward to Paraguay and northern Argen-
iN.) vise vee esos se nex Psiitacula vivida vivida (extralimital).¢
ti. Green color lighter and more yellowish; blue of rump and under
wing-coverts lighter (cobalt blue). (Middle Brazil, between
Cape St. Roque and Rio Amazon, and westward to Bolivia.)
Psittacula vivida flavescens (extralimital).@
hh. Rump and under wing-coverts not darker than light cerulean blue.
4. Under parts of body apple green, in slight (if any) contrast with*
color of cheeks; rump and under wing-coverts bright turquoise
blue. (Psittacula cyanopygia.)
j. Green color deeper and more yellowish, especially the under
parts; blue of rump slightly deeper. (Western Mexico, in
States of Sinaloa, Colima, Jalisco, Durango, and Zacatecas
and Territory of Tepic.)
Psittacula cyanopygia cyanopygia, adult male (p. 191).
jj. Green color lighter and less yellowish, especially the under
parts; blue of rump slightly lighter. (Northwestern Mexico,
in State of Sonora.)
Psittacula cyanopygia pallida, adult male (p. 193).

@ Psittacula modesta Cabanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 727 (Brit-
ish Guiana); Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 547 (monogr.).—Psittacula sclateri
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 86 (Rio Javarri, e. Peru; coll. Brit.
Mus.); Finsch, Die Papag., ii, pt. 2, 1868, 660; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, 535 (monogr.); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 244, pl. 6.—Psittaculus
sclateri Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 1864, 32.

» Psittacula crassirostris Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 72 (Yurimaguas,
e. Peru; coll. —?); Orn. du Pérou, iti, 1886, 100 (tabl.), 215; Ridgway, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 534 (monogr.); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 247.

¢ Psittacula passerina (not Psittacus passerinus Linneus) of Authors generally,
part.—Psittacula passerina vivida Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 34, Aug. 6, 1888,
539 (Bahia, Brazil; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Ibis, 1889, 128; Hartlaub, Journ. fir Orn.,
1889, 113; Hellmayr, Abh. K. B. Ak. Wiss., ii Kl., xxii Bd., iii Abt., 1905, 587
(crit.).—Psittacula vivida Boucard and Berlepsch, Humming Bird, ii, 1892, 42 (Porto
Real, Brazil); Berlepsch, Novit. Zool. xv, 1908, 276, footnote (crit.); Chubb, Ibis,
1910, 264 (Sapucay, Paraguay; synonymy).—Psittacula passerina subsp. vivida
Dabbene, Orn. Argent., 1910, 259 (Misiones, Argentina).

4 Psittacula passerina (not Psittacus passerinus Linneus) of Authors generally,
part; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 538 (monogr.).—Psittacula flavescens
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 248 (Bolivia; coll. Brit. Mus.).—Psittacula
cyanopygia (not of Souancé) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 86 (Bolivia).
Psfittacula] vivida flavescens Berlepsch, Novit. Zool., xv, Nov., 1908, 285, footnote,
in text.

190 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

éi. Under parts of body light malachite green, in strong contrast with

yellowish green (apple green) of cheeks; rump and under wing-
coverts bright cerulean blue. (Tres Marias Islands, western
Mexico.)...---.---+- Psittacula insularis, adult male (p. 193).

ee. Smaller under wing-coverts bicolored, the exterior ones light bluish green,

the central ones dark hyacinth blue; proximal primaries green.

(Caribbean coast district of Colombia; Panama?)
Psittacula spengeli, adult male (p. 194).
bb. Rump emerald green or vivid yellowish green. (Psittacula passerina.)

c. Rump yellowish green (night green); axillars mostly if not wholly green;
primary coverts, greater coverts, and secondaries with much less of blue,
the latter almost wholly green.

d. Under wing-coverts with only a central area of dark blue (asin P. spengeli);
green of upper parts purer. :
e. Blue on under wing-coverts more extensive; axillars partly dark blue.
(Guianas)....Psittacula passerina passerina, adult male (extralimital).¢
ee. Blue on under wing-coverts much more restricted; axillars wholly green.
(Venezuela; Trinidad?. )

Psittacula passerina viridissima, adult male (extralimital).5
dd. Under wing-coverts wholly dark blue except along edge of wing (as in P.
deliciosa); green of upper parts much duller (tinged with buffy olivaceous,

asin P. deliciosa). (Rio Branco Valley, northern Brazil.)
Psittacula passerina cyanochlora, adult male (extralimital). ¢
ce. nei emerald green, tinged with turquoise on upper portion; axillars almost
wholly dark blue; primary and greater wing-coverts and secondaries with
much more of blue, the latter mostly blue, except along edges. (South side of
lower Amazon.)...Psittacula passerina deliciosa, adult male (extralimital).¢

aa. Wings without any blue. (Adult females.)

a [Psittacus] passerinus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 103 (America; based on
Mus. Adolphi Friderici, i, p. 14); ed. 12, i, 1766, 150 (cites Psittacus brasiliensis Bris-
son, Orn., iv, 384; Edwards, Av., v, pl. 235, etc.).—Psittacula passerina (not of most
authors) Berlepsch, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 285 (Cayenne; crit. nomencl.; designates
type locality as Surinam).—Agapornis guianensis Swainson, Anim. in Menag., Jan. 1,
1838, 320 (Demerara, Brit. Guiana).—Psitiacula guianensis Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de
Zool., 1856, 156; Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 39; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887,
543, part (monogr.); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 251, part (in synonymy).

b Psittacula viridissima Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1848, 172 (Venezuela).—Psittacula
cyanoptera (not Psittacus cyanopterus Boddaert) “Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Psittacide, 1859, 86 (Trinidad; Venezuela).—Psittacula guianensis (not Agapornis
guianensis Swainson) Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 251, part.

¢ Psittacula cyanochlora Hartlaub, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 615, pl. 38, fig. 2
(Rio Branco, n. Brazil; coll. Bremen Mus.).—P[sittacula] cyanochlora Ridgway, Auk,
v, 1888, 461, 462 (diagnosis; crit.); Hartlaub (in Riker and Chapman), Auk, viii, 1891,
160 (crit.).—Psittacula guianensis (not Agapornis guianensis Swainson) Salvadori, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 251, part (in synonymy).

4 Psittacula deliciosa Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 34, Aug. 6, 1888, 533, 545
(Diamantina Creek, near Santarem, lower Amazon; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Chapman,
Auk, viii, 1891, 160 (crit.); Salvadori, Ibis, 1906, 465 (crit.); Hellmayr, Novit. Zool.,
xiv, 1907, 38 (Obidos, Brazil; crit.).—Psittacula guianensis (not Agapornis guianensis
Swainson) Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 251, part (in synonymy).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 191

b. Width of maxilla at base 8.9 mm. or more, depth of bill at base about 14
mm., wing not more than 76.2 mm..... -Psittacula crassirostris, adult female
(extralimital).

bb. Width of maxilla at base less than 8.9 mm., depth of billat base lessthan 14mm.,

or else wing decidedly more than 76.2 mm.

c. Upper parts (except forehead and rump) dull grayish green.

Psittacula coelestis, adult female (extralimital).
ce. Upper parts bright green, more vivid on rump (forehead sometimes yellow).

d. Forehead green, like cheeks.

e. Anterior portion of head (cheeks as well as forehead) decidedly more yel-
lowish green than occiput and hindneck. (Psittacula passerina, adult
female.)

J. Lighter colored, with under parts more yellowish green.
Psittacula vivida flavescens, adult female (extralimital).
Jf. Darker, with under parts purer green.
Psittacula vivida vivida, adult female (extralimital).
ee. Anterior portion of head not distinctly more yellowish green than occiput
and hindneck (though sometimes distinctly lighter green).
Jf. Under wing-coverts light bluish green; inner webs of secondaries with-
out distinct yellow edgings; feet light colored.
Psittacula conspicillata, adult female (extralimital).
Jf. Under wing-coverts apple green or light parrot green; inner webs of sec-
ondaries edged with yellow; feet horn color or dusky.

g. Above light parrot green, below apple green; culmen (chord), 11.6-
12.2 mm., width of maxilla at base 8.9-9.6 mm. (Psittacula cyano-
pygia, adult female.)

h. General green color deeper and purer.
Psittacula cyanopygia cyanopygia, adult female (p. 192).
hh. General green color paler and more yellowish.
Psittacula cyanopygia pallida, adult female (p. 193).
gg. Above deeper parrot green, below apple green or light parrot green;
culmen (chord), 13.4-14 mm., width of maxilla at base 10.1 mm.
Psittacula insularis, adult female (p. 194).

dd. Forehead yellow or greenish yellow, the cheeks light yellowish green.

e. Greater wing-coverts very indistinctly edged with lighter green; yellow
of forehead more restricted; green of under parts less yellowish. (Psit-
tacula passerina, adult female.)

Jf. Yellow of forehead more restricted.
Psittacula passerina passerina, adult female (extralimital).

Jf. Yellow of forehead more extended.
Psittacula passerina deliciosa, adult female (extralimital).¢
ee. Greater wing-coverts distinctly edged with light yellowish green (apple
green); yellow of forehead more extended, covering lores and tinging

crown; under parts more yellowish green.

Psittacula spengeli, adult female (p. 195).

PSITTACULA CYANOPYGIA CYANOPYGIA Souancé.
MEXICAN PARROTLET.
Adult male.—Above light parrot green becoming lighter and more
yellowish (apple green) on forehead; greater wing-coverts, whole

rump (including lower back), under wing-coverts, and axillars, very
bright turquoise blue, the secondaries (except proximal ones or

@ The adult female of P. passerina cyanochlora not seen by me.

192 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tertials) darker greenish blue (nearly cerulean blue) edged distally
with light yellowish green; inner (proximal) primaries greenish
blue passing into green distally; under primary coverts and under
surface of remiges dull glaucous-green, the primaries dusky toward
shaft; sides of head and under parts light yellowish green (apple
green); bill dull whitish terminally, abruptly grayish horn color or
dusky basally (wholly light colored in life?); iris yellow; legs and
feet deep brownish or dusky (in dried skins) ; length (skins), 129-140
(133); wing, 88.5-92 (90.6); tail, 42.5-51.5 (47); .culmen, 12.5-13
(12.8); tarsus, 11.5-13.5 (12.1); outer toe, 13-14 (13.6).¢

Young male in transition plumage.—Similar to the adult male but
blue of rump and under wing-coverts intermixed with green, and
greater wing-coverts bluish green instead of blue.

Young male, first plumage.—Lower back and rump, and under
wing-coverts wholly green (nearly paris green); otherwise like the
transition plumage described above.

Adult female.—Similar to the young male but greater wing-coverts
green, concolor with back, etc., the secondaries darker green; length
(skins), 129-142 (133.5); wing, 86-93 (88.6); tail, 38.5-43 (41.6);
culmen, 11.5-13 (12.6); tarsus, 11.5-13 (12.1); outer anterior toe,
13.5-14 (13.9).°

Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Presfdio de
Mazatlan; Escuinapa; Cosala), Durango (Chacala), Zacatecas
(Hacienda San Juan Capistrano), Jalisco (Ixtapa), Colima (Man-
zanillo Bay), and Territory of Tepic (Tepfc).

Psittacula cyanopygia Souanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 157 (no locality

mentioned); Icon. Perr., 1857-58, pl. 42.—Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856
(Consp. Psitt., no. 134).—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 570
(monogr.).—Satvaporl, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 249, part (Presidio
de Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Manzillo Bay, Colima); Ibis, 1906, 464 (additional

references).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 581,
part (Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Manzanillo Bay; Jalisco).

@ Seven epecimens. Hight specimens.
Outer
Locality. Wing.| Tail, | Cul- martus oOo
- men. toe,
MALES,

Seven adult males of P. c. cyanopygia 90. 6 47 12,8 12.1 13.6
Five adult males of P. ¢, pallida. .... --| 91 43,2 12.6 12 13,4
Six adult males of P. insularis..........22. 0... .0 cee cee eee e eens 91.1 43,4 13.7 13 13.8

FEMALES,
Eight adult females of P. c. cyanopygia...........0.2000000000+- 88.6] 41.6] 126] 121] ' 129
Ten adult females of P. c. pallida........... 2.00.0 ccc cece cen ee 89.7 40.1 12.3 11.8]. 113.5
Three adult females of P. insularis.............002.0000eeeeeees 90. 2 44,8 13.8 13.2 13.8

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 193

[Pstttacula] ecyanopygia ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 115.—
SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 19—ForBzs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool
Mus., i, 1897, 13.

Psittacula cyanopyga Finscu, Die Papag., i, 1867, 662, part—Lawrence, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 297, part (Mazatlan; Manzanillo Bay).—Satvin
and Gopman, Ibis, 1889, 242, in text (w. Mexico).—Netson, N. Am. Fauna,
no. 14, 1899, 41, 42 (characters).

P{sittacula] cyanopyga Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 269, footnote.

Ps{ittacula] cyanopygia Hartiavs, Jour. fiir Orn., 1889, 113, in text (w. Mexico).

[Psittacula passerina.] Subspecies cyanopyga RetcuEnow, Journ. fir Orn., 1881,
350 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 190; Vogelbild., 1882, in text to pl. 28, fig. 2.

Psittaculus cyanopygius ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 33
(“Bolivia”); no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 9.

Psittacula cyanopygia cyanopygia Miter (W. DeW.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi,
Nov. 24, 1905, 348 (Cosala and Escuinapa, 8. Sinaloa; habits).

PSITTACULA CYANOPYGIA PALLIDA Brewster.
SONORAN PARROTLET.

Similar to P. c. cyanopygia but the green color paler and less
yellowish, both above and below.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 128-135 (131); wing, 89.5-93 (91);
tail, 41-47 (43.2); culmen, 12-13 (12.6); tarsus, 11.5-12.5 (12);
outer anterior toe, 12.5-14 (13.4).°

Adult female.—Length (skins), 125-134 (131); wing, 88.5-95
(89.7); tail, 39-43.5 (40.1); culmen, 12-13.5 (12.3); tarsus, 11.5-
12.5 (11.8); outer anterior toe, 13-14 (13.5).°

Northwestern Mexico, in State of Sonora (Alamos; Sierrade Alamos.)

Psittacula cyanopyga pallida Brewster, Auk, vi, April, 1889 (author’s separates
published Jan., 1889), 85 (Alamos, Sonora; coll. W. Brewster).

Psittacula pallida Satvavort, Ibis, July, 1906, 464 (synonymy). '

[Psittacula] pallida Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 19.

Psittacula cyanopygia var. pallida Dusots, Synopsis Avium, 1903, 1053.

Psittacula cyanopygia (not of Souancé) Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx,
1891, 249, part (Sierra de Alamos, Sonora).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 581, part (Alamos and Sierra de Alamos, Sonora).—
(?) Lantz, Trans, Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-’97 (1899), 220 (Limoncito,
Sonora [Sinaloa?]).

PSITTACULA INSULARIS Ridgway.
GRAYSON’S PARROTLET.

Similar to P. cyanopygia cyanopygia but larger (especially the
bill) and darker; adult male with rump, etc., cerulean, instead of
turquoise, blue, and with under parts of body more bluish or glaucous
green, in strong contrast with yellowish green of cheeks.

4 Tn the original description of the subspecies Mr. Brewster says ‘‘lower parts lighter
and more yellowish’’; but with a much larger series of P. c. cyanopygia and a consider-
able series of P. c. pallida (the latter, however, not seen by Mr. Brewster), I find that
while the under parts are distinctly lighter in P. c. pallida they are by no means
more yellowish, being, in fact, at least in adult males, decidedly Jess so than in
P. c. cyanopygia.

» Five specimens.

¢ Ten specimens.

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——18

-

194 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male-—Above dull (somewhat grayish) parrot green or grass
green, becoming more yellowish green (apple green) on forehead ;
whole rump (including lower back), greater wing-coverts, under
wing-coverts, and axillars bright cerulean blue; secondaries (except
proximal ones or tertials) and proximal primaries darker and duller
blue, edged with cerulean blue; loral, suborbital, and malar regions
bright yellowish green (clear apple green); under parts dull light
bluish green (malachite green), passing into bright paris green on
under tail-coverts, which are pale yellow or yellowish white basally;
under primary-coverts and under surface of remiges dull glaucous-
green, the primaries with a broad stripe of dusky next to shaft; bill
dull whitish terminally, dusky basally; legs and feet dusky brownish:
(in dried skins); length (skins), 134-138(137); wing, 88.5-93(91.1);
tail, 42-44.5(43.4); culmen, 13-14(13.7); tarsus, 12.5-13.5(13); outer
anterior toe, 13.5-14.5(13.8).%

Adult female.—Above light parrot green, becoming much brighter
green on rump and upper tail-coverts; sides of head and under parts
(including under wing-coverts and axillars) much lighter green (less
yellowish than apple green) passing into bright paris green posteriorly;
otherwise as in adult male; length (skins), 136-145 (141); wing,
88.5-91.5 (90.2); tail, 43.5-46 (44.8); culmen, 13.5-14 (13.8);
tarsus, 13-13.5 (13.2); outer anterior toe, 13.5-14.5 (13.8).?

Tres Marias Islands, northwestern Mexico.

Psittacula cyanopygia (not of Souancé) Fivscu, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, ii, Heft iit,
1871, 353 (Tres Marias Islands).—Gravyson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871,
270, 271 (Tres Marias)—Satvin, Ibis, 1873, 353, in text (Tres Marias).—
SaLvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 249, part (Tres Marias).—Sa.Lvin
and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 581, part (Tres Marias).

Psittacula cyanopyga Sauvin, Ibis, 1871, 100 (Tres Marias).—Lawrence, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 297, part (Tres Marias).

Psittacula insularis Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 34, Aug. 6, 1888, 534,
541 (Tres Marias Islands, off n. w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—NE.son,
N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 41 (Tres Marias; habits; crit.).—SaLvapoRl,
Ibis, 1906, 464 (Synonymy; crit.).

P{sittacula] insularis ScuaTER, Ibis, 1889, 128, in text (crit.).

Ps{ittacula] insularis Hantiavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 113, in text (Tres Marias).

[Psittacula] insularis SHarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 19.

PSITTACULA SPENGELI Hartlaub.

SPENGEL’S PARROTLET.

Adult male.—Above light yellowish green (apple green), paler and
tinged with grayish on hindneck, brightening into vivid yellowish
green on forehead and sides of head; entire rump, including lower
back, and greater wing-coverts, exquisite nile blue or pale turquoise
blue; innermost primary coverts dark blue, the outer ones deep
green; distal secondaries bluish green passing into greenish blue

o Six specimens + Three specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 195

basally; primaries narrowly margined terminally with black; upper
tail-coverts and tail clear light yellowish green, the feathers passing
into yellow basally, the inner webs of rectrices greenish yellow passing
into pure yellow basally; anterior under parts light apple green, pass-
ing into clear light yellowish green on posterior under parts, the
feathers (especially under tail-coverts) light yellow basally; central
smaller under wing-coverts intense hyacinth blue, those near edge of
wing light nile blue tinged with emerald green; axillars light emerald
green broadly tipped with deep hyacinth blue; under primary coverts
dull bluish green narrowly margined at tips with bluish dusky; under
surface of wings much paler dull bluish green, the secondaries and
proximal primaries edged with pale yellow; bill wholly dull whitish;
legs and feet pale brownish (in dried skin); length (skins), 114-118
(117); wing, 75.5-85 (79.4); tail, 36-39 (37.1); culmen, 11.5-12.5
(12); tarsus, 10.5-11.5 (11.1); outer anterior toe, 12.5-13.5 (12.6).¥

Adult female —Similar to adult male but without any blue; rump
and lower back vivid paris green, primary coverts and secondaries
deep grass green, edged with paler; forehead gamboge yellow; under
wing-coverts and axillars light paris green; length (skins), 113-130
(122); wing, 79.5-80.5 (80); tail, 39-43.5 (41); culmen, 11-11.5
(11.3); tarsus, 10.5-11 (10.7); outer anterior toe, 12-13 (12.5).®

Immature female.—Similar to the adult female but forehead light
yellowish green or greenish yellow.

Caribbean coast of Colombia (Cartagena; Cienega and Fundacién,
Santa Marta; Valle de Upaére; Valéncia; Barranquilla), and eastern
Panamé?

(?) Psittacula cyanoptera (not Psittacus cyanopterus Boddaert?) Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, 382 (Cienega, Colombia).—Satvin and Gopmay, Ibis, 1880, 176 (Valle
de Upare, 700 ft., and Valencia, Colombia).

Psittacula cyanoptera (not Psittacus cyanopterus Boddert) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., vii, 1860, 137 (Cartagena, Colombia). ‘

Psittacula spengeli Hartiaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 614 (Barranquilla,
Colombia; coll. Bremen Mus.)—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891,
250 (Barranquilla and Cartagena, Colombia; Panama?).

P{sittacula] spengeli Ripaway, Auk, v, 1888, 461, 462 (crit.)—Harriavs, Ibis,
1888, 493, in text (crit.).

Psfittacula] spengeli Hartiavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 113, 114, in text (crit.).

[Psittacula] spengeli SHarvE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 19.

Psittacula spenglert [error] Hartiavs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, pl. 38, fig. 1.

Psitiacula exquisita Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 34, Aug. 6, 1888, 533,
542 (Cartagena, Colombia; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Harttavs, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1889, 114, in text (crit.).

Posfittacula] exquisita Harriaus, Journ. fir Orn., 1889, 113, in text.

P{sittacula] exquisita Ripeway, Auk, v, 1888, 461, 462 (crit.).—Hartuavs,
This, 1888, 493, in text (crit.).

@ Four specimens. 5 Three specimens,

196 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus UROCHROMA Bonaparte.

Pyrrhulopsis (not of Reichenbach, 1850) Bonararts, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.;
(2), vi, 1854, 152. (Type, Psittacus hueti Temminck.) :

Towit Gray, List Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, 89. (Type, Psitiacus huetii
Temminck.)

Urochroma Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856, Conspectus Psittacorum, genus 30,
(Type, Psittacus huetti Temminck.)

Euchroa (emendation; not of Gould, 1856) Sunpuvann, Met. Nat. Av. Disp.
Tent., 1872, 70. (New name for Urochroma Bonaparte, on grounds of

purism.)
Euchroura RetcHenow, Journ. fiir Orn., Oct., 1881, 257. (Type, Psittacus
purpuratus Gmelin.)

Small short-tailed parrots (ength about 140-180 mm.) with
very strongly arched culmen and gonys, wide, naked cere, tarsus
much shorter than outer front. toe (without claw), and the short,
truncate or slightly rounded tail purple, red, golden, or yellowish,
crossed by a terminal or subterminal band of black or green.

Bill relatively stout, with very strongly curved outlines (in lateral
profile); culmen equal to.or slightly longer than outer anterior toe
(without claw), very strongly decurved, broadly rounded (not
ridged); depth of maxilla at base less than its width at same point;
maxillary tomium more or less distinctly sinuated, the more or less
distinct (sometimes obtusely angulated) prominence situated rela-
tively far back (near middle of tomium); palatal surface of maxillary
unguis rather deeply excavated, apparently smooth or with very
indistinct V-shaped corrugations; mandible much wider than deep
at base, the very broad gonys strongly convex, the tomium deeply
excised or obtusely notched subterminally, elevated and obtusely
angulated or lobed subbasally; cere very broad, naked, that of the
mandible narrower but conspicuous. Nostril small, roundish,
exposed, the immediately surrounding portion of cere distinctly
(sometimes conspicuously) tumid. Wing long and pointed, the
longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by much more than
one-third the length of wing; tenth (outermost) or ninth primaries
longest (eighth sometimes longer than tenth), the outermost very
faintly, if at all, sinuated on subterminal portion of inner web;
three outer primaries with tips sometimes slightly attenuated and
decurved. Tail decidedly less than half as long as wing, for greater
part overlaid by coverts, truncate or slightly rounded, the rectrices
rigid and relatively broad. Tarsus about equal in length to inner
anterior toe (without claw).

Coloration.—Tail purplish, red, golden, or yellowish, with a more
or less distinct terminal or subterminal band of black or green.

Range.—Eastern Panamé to Guiana and southeastern Brazil.
(Nine species, of which only two occur within the geographic area
of this work.) * .

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 197

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF UROCHROMA,

a, Scapulars grecn (like general color of upper parts).
b. Rectrices without red or purple (more or less yellowish, in part).
c. Head entirely green; under wing-coverts green.
d, Wing-coverts brown with paler tips, the distal greater coverts orange. (Cen-

tral Colombia.)........-..-------- Urochroma stictoptera (extralimital).¢
dd. Wing-coverts, including distal greater coverts, green with black centers.
(Central Colombia.)...........-..2+--- Urochroma emmee (extralimital).>

cc. Head partly blue or red; under wing-coverts red and yellow.

d. Forehead (broadly) dull blue. (Venezuela to eastern Panama.)
Urochroma dilectissima (p. 199).

dd. Forehead and more or less of crown red. (Eastern Costa Rica.)
Urochroma costaricensis (p. 200).
bb. Rectrices purplish red tipped with green. (Trinidad, Venezuela, and
Guianas to eastern Ecuador and Peru.). ...Urochroma huetii (extralimital).¢

aa, Scapulars brown or black.
b. Scapulars dull black or dark sooty brown (also interscapulars, lesser and middle
wing-coverts, and rump).

c. Greater wing-coverts greenish yellow tipped with dull blue. (Venezuela and
MINI GAG.) 2 stejisginaiasisaiciewta siete ees Urochroma batavica (extralimital).¢

« Urochroma stictoptera Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 112, pl. 11 (interior
of Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 357
(Bogota).—Psittacula stictoptera Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 2, 1868, 330.—Huchroura
stictoptera Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 358 (Consp. Psitt., p. 198).

b Urochroma emme Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 357 (Bogota, Colombia;
ex Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 202=nomen nudum).

¢ Psittacus huetit Temminck, Pl. Col., livr. 83, Feb., 1830, pl. 491 and text (Peru?).—
Psittacula hueti Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 619; Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 684.—
Pyrrhulopsis hueti Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 152.—Urochroma hueti
Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856, Consp. Psitt., no. 124; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xx, 1891, 355.—Euchroura hueti Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 360 (Consp. Psitt.,
p. 200).

@ Psittacus batavica Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., Dec., 1788, 49 (‘‘Batavia”; based on
Petit Perruche de Batavia Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 791, fig. 1).—P[sittacula] batavica
Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 423.—Psittacula batavica Léotaud, Ois. Trinidad, 1866,
$31.—[ Urochroma] batavica Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 167, no. 8359.—Pstttacus (cin-
gulatus) Scopoli, Delic. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., ii, 1786, 86 (‘‘Luzon”; based on La
Petite Perruche de l Isle de Lugon Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinée, p. 78, pl. 41).—Psit-
tacula cingulata Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 1864, 69; Finsch, Die Papag., ii,
1868, 678.—[ Urochroma] cingulata Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 115.— ©
Urochroma cingulata Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 351.—Eucinetus
cingulatus Reichenow, Vogelbild., 1881, pl 24, fig. 2—Euchroura cingulata Reiche-
now, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 360 (Consp. Psitt., p. 200).—[Psitiacus] melanopterus
(not of Scopoli) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 350.—Psittacus micropterus Kuhl, Consp.
Pasitt., 1820, 67 (‘‘Lucon”; based on Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinée, pl. 41).—Loriculus
(Cyclopsitia?) micropterus von Martius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 22.—Psittacula melanop-
tera Stephens, Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 142; Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856,
197.—Ps[ittacula] melanoptera Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 619.—[Pyrrhulopsis] melanop-
terus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 152.— Urochroma melanoptera Bonaparte,
Naumannia, 1856, Consp. Psitt., no. 129; Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 356.

198 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

cc. Greater wing-coverts green. (Southeastern Brazil.)
Urochroma wiedi (extralimital).¢
bb. Scapulars olive-brown or slaty brown, in strong contrast with green of inter-

scapulars and wing-coverts.

c. Rump blue; rectrices (except middle pair) red tipped with green and biack,
(Guianas and Lower Amazon Valley). .Urochroma purpurata (extralimital),®
cc. Rump green; rectrices (except middle pair) golden, margined distally with
black. (Southeastern Brazil.).........--- Urochroma surda (extralimital),¢

@ Psittacus melanonotus (not P. melanotus Shaw) Maximilian, Reis. Bras., i, 1820,
275; Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 59.—Psittacula melanonota Bourjot, Perr., 1837-38, pl.
95; Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 196; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci,
1864, 70; Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 675.—[Psittacula] melanonotus Lichtenstein,
Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 71.— Urochroma melanonota Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856,
Consp. Psitt., no. 128; Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 356.—[ Urochroma] melanoncta
Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 115.—Pyrrhulopsis melanonotus Sousa,
Mus. Nac. Lisb., Psittaci, 1869, 13.—Huchroura melanonota Reichenow, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1881, 359 (Consp. Psitt., p. 199); Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr. 114.—Psittacula
melanotus (not Psittacus melanotus Shaw) Stephens, Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 142.—
Psittacus melanotus Maximilian, Beitr., iv, 1832, 256; Kuster, Orn. Atlas, Papag.,
1836, 83, pl. 63.—Ps[ittacula] melanota Wagler, Mon. Pasitt., 1832, 620.—[Pyrrhulopsis]
melanotus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 152.— Urochroma wiedi Allen, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., ii, no. 3, Dec., 1889, 264 (southeastern Brazil; coll. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist.); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 352.

b [Psittacus] purpuratus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 350 (Cayenne; based on
Purple-tailed Parrakeet Latham, Synop., i, pt. i, 315).—Psittacus purpuratus Kuhl,
Consp. Psitt., 1820, 60.—Psittacula purpurata Stephens, Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 142.—
Ps{ittacula] purpurata Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 618.—[Pyrrhulopsis] purpuratus
Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 152.— Urochroma purpurata Bonaparte, Nau-
mannia, 1856, Consp. Psitt., no. 125; Souancé, Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 27; Sclater, Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 356; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 353.—Zucinetus pur-
puratus Reichenow, Vogelbild., 1881, in text to pl. 24, fig. 3—Huchroura purpurata
Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 358 (Consp. Psitt., p. 198).—Psittacus porphyrurus
Shaw, Nat. Misc., i, no. 6, Jan., 1790, 547, pl. 16 (Cayenne); Gen. Zool., viii, 2, 1811;
547.—[Pyrrhulopsis] porphyrurus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 152.—
Urochroma porphyrura Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856, Consp. Psitt., no. 127,.—
Psittacus marginatus (not of Miiller, 1776 nor Gmelin, 1788) Vieillot, Nouv. Dict.
d@’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1826, 142.—?Psittacus madagascariensis Schomburgk, Reis. Brit,
Guiana, iii, 1848, 723.—Psittacula viridicauda Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psitt., 1859,
88 (=female; Brazil; nomen nudum); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 1864, 68.—
‘[Urochroma] viridicauda Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 167, no. 8363.—Eucinetus viridicauda
Reichenow, Vogelbild., 1881, pl. 24, fig. 3—Huchroura viridicauda Reichenow, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1881, 359 (Consp. Psitt., p. 199). :

¢ Psittacus surdus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 59 (Brazil; ex Illiger, manuscript);
Maximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 252; Hahn, Orn. Atlas., Papag., 1835, 55,
pl. 40.—Psittacula surda Stephens, Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 141; Burmeister, Syst. Ueb.
Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 195; Finsch, Papag., ii, 1868, 672.—[Pyrrhulopsis] surdus Bonaparte,
Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 152.—Urochroma surda Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856,
Consp. Psitt., no. 126; Souancé, Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 38; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xx, 1891, 354.—Hucinetus surdus Reichenow, Vogelbild., 1881, pl. 24, fig. 1—
Euchroura surda Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 359 (Consp. Psitt., p. 199).—
Psitiacus ochrurus Maximilian, fide Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 59.—Psittaeus chrysetirus
Swainson, Zool. Ilustr., ser. 1, 3, no. 28, Jan., 1823, pl. 141 and text (near Pernambuco,
e. Brazil; coll. W. Swainson).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 199

UROCHROMA DILECTISSIMA Sclater and Salvin.
BLUE-FRONTED PARROTLET.

Adult male.—General color bright parrot green, lighter and more
yellowish green on under parts; forehead and crown greenish ae
(verditer blue), gradually passing into green of hindneck, etc.;
supraloral streak of dull vermilion or poppy red, and another of same
color along lower edge of bare orbital space; chin and lower portion
of malar region wax yellow or dull gamboge yellow; innermost
anterior lesser wing-coverts black; lower or outermost lesser middle,
and greater wing-coverts, together with alula and innermost primary
coverts, pure poppy red (the greater coverts narrowly tipped with
yellow), forming a very conspicuous elongated patch on wing; outer-
most primary coverts, secondaries (except proximal ones), and. pri-
maries black, the last (except outermost and proximal quills) edged
(rather broadly) with bluish green; axillars and under wing-coverts
rich chrome yellow, the coverts along margin of wing red, slightly
intermixed with yellow; under primary coverts dusky, tipped with
green or yellowish, the outermost ones mostly dull bluish green; under
surface of remiges bluish green (deep malachite), the primaries with
a broad stripe of dusky next to shaft; tail clear canary yellow on
inner webs, light yellowish green or greenish yellow edged with green
on outer webs, and crossed by a terminal or subterminal band of
black (narrow and subterminal, the tip being green, on lateral rectrices,
very broad and terminal, or with only a very narrow green tip, on
middle rectrices), this margined anteriorly on outer webs with green;
bill pale brownish buffy, the basal portion horn color; feet horn
color (in dried skins); length (skin), 142; wing, 112; tail, 42; cul-
men (chord), 15.5; tarsus, 12; outer anterior toe, 16.%

* Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but without red on outer
surface of the wing, the coverts being wholly green, the black edge
to humeral region continued to and involving the bend; alule black,
suffused with bluish green, primary coverts all black with outer
webs partly bluish green, outer webs of distal secondaries mostly
green, and outer webs of primaries wholly green; black tail-band
much restricted, wanting on outermost rectrix, reduced to a spot
on each web on middle rectrices; length (skin), 138; wing, 107; tail,
42; culmen, 15; tarsus, 10; outer anterior toe, 15.%

Eastern Panamé (near head of Rio Limén, Mt. Pirri, 5,200 ft.);
Venezuela (Mérida; Esquuque, Trujillo).

Urochroma dilectissima Sctater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870 (pub.
April, 1871), 788, pl. 47 (south of Merida, Venezuela; coll. P. L. Sclater).—
Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 356 (Merida and Esquuque,
Trujillo, Venezuela).

[ Urochroma] dilectissima ScuaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 115.

Euchroura dilectissima ReicHenow, Journ. fiir Orn., Oct., 1881, 361 (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 201); Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 116.

© One specimen, from Mt. Pirri, eastern Panama.

200 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

UROCHROMA COSTARICENSIS Cory.
RED-FRONTED PARROTLET.

Similar to U. dilectissima but forehead and anterior part of crown
red, instead of blue, a large red suborbital spot, and with more red on
under wing-coverts. ;

Adult male.—Whole forehead together with anterior half or more
of crown, and a large suborbital spot dull scarlet-red or chinese ver-
milion; rest of head, together with neck, dull oil green, slightly tinged
with dull blue on subloral region, beneath red suborbital spot, and on
sides of crown, lighter and more yellowish toward throat, which, with
chin, are decidedly yellow, sometimes lemon chrome along median
line; general color of upper parts bright parrot green; anterior lesser
wing-coverts black, the outermost (distal) ones, together with distal
middle and greater coverts, alule, and innermost (proximal) primary
coverts dull spectrum red or pure chinese vermilion, the concealed
bases of the feathers yellow; distal primary coverts and secondaries
black, the innermost of the latter edged with bluish green; primaries
black, their outer webs broadly edged with bluish green; middle pair
of rectrices with basal two-thirds (approximately) pure lemon chrome
on inner web, bright green-yellow on outer web, the distal third grass
green with a large roundish subterminal spot of black; remaining
rectrices with inner webs rich lemon chrome, their outer webs more
greenish and rather lighter yellow, the outermost broadly margined
terminally with grass green, the others with green and black, the
black gradually increasing in extent toward the middle rectrices;
under parts (except throat) clear light yellowish green (deep cosse
green to yellowish parrot green); axillars and proximal under wing-
coverts lemon chrome yellow, the outermost (distal) under coverts
(broadly) vermilion red; under primary coverts and under surface
of remiges dull green (chromium), the primaries with a broad stripe
of dusky slate next to shaft; bill light yellowish horn color, darker
basally; legs and feet dusky; length (skins), 146-154 (150); wing,
119.5-122 (120.7); tail, 45-47.5 (46.2); culmen, 16.5-17 (16.7);
tarsus (one specimen), 12.5; outer anterior toe (one specimen), 16.5.¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but with red of head some-
what lighter, and without any red on distal middle and primary wing-
coverts, alulz, or proximal primary coverts, the first. green, tinged
with blue, the last black tinged with blue on outer webs; distal sec-
ondaries with outer webs bluish green (more bluish basally), and red
of under wing-coverts much narrower, restricted to margin of wing;
length (skin), 151; wing, 115.5; tail, 43.5; culmen, 16; tarsus, 12;
outer anterior toe, 15.> ©

@ Two specimens. + One specimen.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 201

Eastern Costa Rica (Puerto Limén).
Urochroma, costaricensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Pub. 167, Orn. Ser., vol. i,

no. 7, May 31, 1913, 283 (vicinity of Puerto Limon, Costa Rita; coll. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist.).

Genus PYRILIA Bonaparte.

Caica (not of Bonaparte, 1850) Gray, List Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, 88.
(Type, Psittacus caica Latham.)

Pyrilia Bonarartz, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psittacorum, genus 20). (Type,
Psittacula pyrilia Bonaparte.) Es

Eucinetus RetcHenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 29 Jahrg., Heft 4, Oct., 1881, 353. (Type,
Psittacus histrio Boddaert=Psittacus caica Latham.)

Rather small, short-tailed Psittacide (length about 180-200 mm.)
with bill rather compressed, the greatest width of maxilla at base little
if any greater than length of gonys, and less than two-thirds the length
of culmen; tenth (outermost) primary not much, if any, longer than
seventh; tail less than half as long as wing, graduated for much less
than half the length of culmen; lores scantily feathered, sometimes
with sparse bristles only, and coloration varied (usually with red on

. under wing-coverts or axillars, the tail tipped with bluish and with
inner webs of rectices, except terminals, yellow or red.

Bill moderate to rather large, shorter than head, slightly deeper
than long; depth of maxilla at base slightly less than its width at same
point, slightly less than half the length of culmen, the latter as long as
outer front toe without claw (sometimes slightly longer), regularly and
strongly decurved from base, usually rounded though sometimes
flattened for basal half or more; maxillary unguis rather large, nar-
rowly conical or cuneate and obtusely pointed in vertical profile, its.
width at base of corrugated palatal surface decidedly less than its
length; depth of mandible at base much less than its width at same
point, slightly to decidedly less than length of gonys, the mandible
broadly rounded (rarely with a median ridge) beneath, more or less
flattened laterally, the short, truncated, recurved tip deeply concave
above; maxillary tomium nearly straight to the very shallow post-
ungual excision, sometimes very slightly lobed (never ‘‘ toothed”’) just
behind the latter; mandibular tomium concavely excised (never very
deeply) anteriorly, more or less convex posteriorly. Wing rather
large and pointed (the closed wings reaching nearly to tip of tail), the
longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by nearly to quite two-
fifths the length of wing; eighth or ninth primary longest, the tenth
(outermost) usually shorter than eighth, rarely longer. Tail less than
half as long as wing, graduated for less than half the length of culmen,
the rectrices abruptly narrowed terminally, with tip subacuminate.
Tarsus about as long as outer hind toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Head normally feathered except chin,
orbital region and lores, the first more or less extensively naked, the

202 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

last scantily feathered, sometimes with short bristle-like feathers only;
cere unfeathered, but with short, erect bristles, at least on top, its
anterior outline very strongly sinuate, that portion beneath the
rather large and fully exposed nostrils conspicuously curved back-
ward and then downward to the rictus; feathers of cheeks (malar
region) usually short, closely appressed. General color green, but
this varied with black (on head), orange-yellow (on head), red (on
under wing-coverts or axillars), or dark blue (on primaries and tip
of tail), the inner webs of rectrices (except terminally) yellow or red.

Range.—Southern Mexico to upper Amazon Valley and Guiana.
(Six species.)@

‘

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PYRILIA.

a. Inner webs of lateral rectrices (except terminal portion) red. (Pyrilia hematotis.)
b. Throat without any red; red of axillars invading innermost under wing-coverts;
feathers of pileum and hindneck with dusky reddish margins (in adults); chin
and throat without white. (Southern Mexico to western Panamé.)
Pyrilia hematotis heematotis (p. 203).
bb. Throat with more or less of red; red of axillars not invading innermost wing-
coverts; feathers of pileum and hindneck without dusky reddish margins; ~
chin or upper throat (or both) with more or less of white. (Eastern Panam.)
Pyrilia heematotis coccinicollaris (p. 206).
aa. Inner webs of lateral rectrices (except terminal portion) yellow (more greenish
on under surface).
b. Axillars and under wing-coverts green. (Pyrilia caica.)
c. Head black, bordered posteriorly by a tawny collar. (Guianas; Rio Javarri,
eastern: Per?) ccessseessisesacsceuseess Pyrilia caica, adults (extralimital). b
cc. Pileum green, sides of head olive-greenish; collar indistinct.
. Pyrilia caica, young (extralimital).
bb. Axillars and under wing-coverts red; anterior outer lesser wing-coverts yellow
or orange.

@ Of the species referable to this genus I have not seen Pionopsitta pulchra
Berlepsch, which is said to closely resemble P. hematotis.

d Psittacus histrio (not of Miller, 1776) Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 46 (Cayenne;
based on Perruche a téte noir, de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 744).—Caica histrio
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 266.—Amazona histrio Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
Psittaci, 1864, 64.—Pionias histrio Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 429.—Hucinetus
histrio Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 356; Consp. Psitt., 1882, 196; Vogelbild.,
1881, pl. 24, fig. 6.—[Psittacus] pileatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 347
(Cayenne; based on Caica Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 253; Perruche & téte noir, de
Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 744; Hooded Parrot Latham, Synopsis Birds, i, pt.
i, 306).—Psittacula pileata Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 142.—[Poicephalus]
pileatus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301.—[Caica] pileatus Bonaparte, Rev. et
Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151 (Consp. Psitt., p. 8).—Pdonus pileatus Burmeister, Syst. Ueb.
Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 193, footnote.—{Psittacus] caica Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 128
(new name for P. pileatus Gmelin, preoccupied).—P[ionus] caica Wagler, Mon. Paitt.,
1832, 609.—Pionopsitiacus caica Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 345.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 208

c. Head black with » large malar patch of yellow or orange-yellow. (Upper
Amazon Valley.)...-.....-e-eeeeeeeeeee Pyrilia barrabandi (extralimital)%
cc. Head (all round) yellow. (Colombia; Venezuela.)..Pyrilia pyrilia(extralimital).}

PYRILIA HZMATOTIS HZMATOTIS (Sclater and Salvin).
RED-EARED PARROT.

Adult male.—Pileum dull slate color or slate-gray, more or less
tinged or washed with olive, the feathers sometimes narrowly mar-
gined with dark brownish red; a dull white or pale brownish buffy
supraloral spot (sometimes one at base of culmen also); hindneck
tawny-olive; back, scapulars, most of wing-coverts, inner (proximal)
secondaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and middle rectrices yellowish
parrot green, the last passing into or tinged with dark blue at tip;
carpal region mostly blue; alulz black, edged on outer webs with
blue; outer (distal) wing-coverts and secondaries greenish blue pass-
ing into green on edge of outer webs; primary coverts and primaries
black, the outer ones indistinctly edged with dark blue, some of the
longer primaries edged distally with pale buffy; inner webs of rec-
trices with proximal half or more vermilion red (duller on rectrices
next to middle pair), the distal portion bluish green and dark blue,
with reddish dusky next to the red; outer webs blackish, or reddish
dusky, suffused with dark blue terminally and basally, narrowly
edged with green on subterminal portion (except on outermost rec-
trix), this green becoming more extended inwardly until the rectrix
next to middle pair has outer web mostly if not wholly green; sub-
orbital and malar regions, anterior portion of auricular region, and
middle portion of throat similar in color to pileum, or somewhat
lighter (sometimes decidedly grayer), passing posteriorly into dusky
or blackish, especially immediately behind auricular region; posterior
portion of auricular region with a patch of red (usually more or less

@ Psittacus barrabandi Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 61 (‘‘Brasilia’’; coll. Paris Mus.);
Brehm, Mon. Papag., 1842, pl. 58.—Psittacula barrabandi Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
xiv, 1826, 142.—P[ionus] barrabandi Wagler, Mon. Pasitt., 1832, 610.—[Poicephalus]
barrabaudi Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301.—{Catca] barrabandi Bonaparte, Rav.
et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151 (Consp. Psitt., p. 8)—Amazona barrabandi Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 1864, 65.—Pionias barrabandi Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 425. —
Eucinetus barrabandi Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 357; Consp. Psitt., 1882, 197;
Vogelbild., 1882, pl. 26, fig. 4.—Pionopsittacus barrabandi Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xx, 1891, 346.

b Psittacula pyrilia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 807, footnote (Colombia;
coll. Paris Mus.).—[Evopsitta] pyrilia Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151
(Consp. Paitt., p. 8).—Chrysotis pyrilia Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittaci, 1859, 84
(Colombia.)—Pionias pyrilia Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 419.—[Pyrilia] pyrilia
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 165, no. 8347.—Caica pyrilia Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 126, in text
(Canta, Colombia), 381 (Canta and San Nicolas, Colombia); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis,
1871, 381, footnote (Rio Acha, above Santa Marta, Colombia).—Pionopsittacus pyrilia
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 347.—Eucinetus pyrillus Reichenow,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 386; Consp. Psitt., 1882, 196; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachir., 112.

204 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

broken by intermixture of dusky feathers), the red feathers with
narrow shaft-streaks of paler; foreneck and chest bright tawny-olive,
similar to color of hindneck, but somewhat lighter; rest of under parts
clear light yellowish green (bright apple green), more or less broken
on sides by intermixture of pure red feathers; axillars and contiguous
portion of sides and adjacent under wing-coverts pure red; outermost
smaller under wing-coverts deep blue margined with green, the rest
mostly green, sometimes intermixed with red feathers; under primary
coverts and under surface of remiges deep glaucous-green or dull
beryl green, the primaries with a broad blackish stripe next to shaft;
bill dull light buff; naked loral and orbital space; iris green;¢ legs
and feet brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 186-222 (209);
wing, 143-157 (146.8); tail, 56-69 (63); culmen, 17.5-20.5 (19.5);
tarsus, 16-18 (17.2); outer anterior toe, 19-21.5 (20).°

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and possibly not always
distinguishable, but usually, at least, appreciably duller in color,
with red auricular spot Jess distinct, chest more greenish (less
“golden”’) olive, red of axillars, etc., much more restricted (mainly
confined to axillars alone), and general color of head lighter, less
strongly contrasted with color of neck and chest; length (skins),
185-220 (201); wing, 142.5-155.5 (147.7); tail, 56-66.5 (61.6); cul-
men, 17.5-20 (18.8); tarsus, 16.5-18 (17.1); outer anterior toe
18-21.5 (19.9).®

Young.—Similar to adults, but head less dusky, without red on
auricular region, which is merely tinged with dark brownish red.

@ According to Morton E. Peck. Twenty-eight specimens.
6 Twenty specimens.

Localit Wing. | Tail, | C2 |r te
ocality. ing. ail, ‘arsus, janterior
men, toe.
MALES,
Six adult males from Vera Cruz...........--.--.-..- sieeactotctermia 149, 2 59.6 19.8 17.2 20.6
Four adult males from British Honduras...................00- | 147.4 63.2 19 16.1 19.4
Three adult males from Honduras. ......--.-22.2.....22200200- 149.7 61.8 18.8 17.5 20.2
Ten adult males from Costa Rica....-...2.22. 2.2... eee e eee eee 150.7 64.5 19.4 17.2 20
Five adult males from western Panama (Veraguaand Chiriqui).| 153.3 64.2 | 20 17.7 20.4
Eight adult males from eastern Panama (P. h. coccinicollaris)...| 152.1 67.3 20.1 17.2 20.6
FEMALES,
Seven adult females from Vera Cruz............2 2.222 c ee eee eee 148.1 61.1 18.9 17.1 19.9
One adult female from British Honduras...................... 148 61 18.5 17.5 19
Two adult females from Honduras............2...2002..022000- 144 61.5 18.5 16.5 19,2
One adult female from Nicaragua..............2.2..... sssigeeleee 142.5 61 18.5 17.5 19.5
Six adult females from Costa Rica..........2. 0.022 eee eee eeeeee 147,2 61.3 18.7 17.1 20.1
Three adult females from western Panama.............-.....-. 152 64 19.8 17.7 20.7
Six adult females from eastern Panama (P, h. coccinicollaris)...] 152.7 66 19.4 17.5 20.7

Specimens from western Panama agree with examples from Costa Rica and more
northern localities in coloration, but are as large as those from eastern Panama.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 205

Southeastern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; San
Lorenzo, near Cérdova; Buena Vista; Tolosa; Motzorongo) and
southward through Guatemala (Cobén; Chocttiim; Rasché; Yax-
camnal; Chimuchuch; sources of Rio de la Pasién; sources of Rio
Sestoon; Yzabél; Santo Tom4s), British Honduras (Orange Walk;
Toledo District; near Manatee Lagoon), Honduras (San Pedro;
Yaruca; Rio Segévia), Nicaragua (Savalé; Matagalpa), and Costa
Rica (Angostura; Pacuare; Naranjo de Cartago; La Estrella de
Cartago; Guayabo; Bonilla; Coliblanco; Peralta; Cachi; Rio Frio;
Puerto Limén; El Generél; La Vijaégua; Pozo Aztl de Pirris) to
western Panamé (Divala; Santa Fe de Verdgua; Sona).

Pionus hematotis Sctater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 300 (Vera
Paz., Guatemala; coll. O. Salvin).—Satvin and Sciater, Ibis, 1860, 401,
pl. 13 (Coban and Choctum, Vera Paz., Guatemala; habits)—Sanvin, Ibis,
1860, 147, footnote —Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 366 (Costa Rica).

[Pionus] hematotis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 163, no. 8308.

Pionius hematotis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc.N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (Pacuare, Costa Rica).

Pionias hematotis Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 420.—GreBrn, Thesaurus Orn.,
iti, 1877, 190, part—PrLzEtn and Lorenz, Ann. K. naturhist. Hofmus.,
iii, 1888, 40.

Caica hematotis SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 20 (Playa Vicente, Vera
Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 356 (Choctum, Guatemala).—Satvin, Proc, Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, 158 (Santa Fe de Veragua, w. Panama); Ibis, 1871, 96, part
(range); 1874, 329, in text (Veragua).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1870, 837 (Honduras).—Bovcarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guatemala, 1878,
23.—Zetev6n, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus.
Nac. C. R., i, 1887, 124 (Pacuare and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica).—Rine-
way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 592 (Rio Segovia, Honduras).—Lantz,
Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Santo Tomas, Guatemala).

[Caica] hematotis ScrateR and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 114, part.

Amazona haematotis ScuteceL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 65
(Mexico).

Eucinetus haematotis RetcHenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 355, part (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 195, part; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 110, part.

[Eucinetus] haematotis Huine and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 232
(Mexico).

Pionopstttacus hematotis Sauvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 343 (San
Lorenzo, near Cordova, Vera Cruz; Rasche, Choctum, Yaxcamnal, and
sources of Rio dela Pasion, Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras; Orange Walk,
Brit. Honduras; Angostura, Costa Rica; Santa Fe de Veragua, Panama);
Ibis, 1906, 652.—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., ii, 1897, 597 (Playa
Vicente, etc., Vera Cruz; sources of Rio Sarstoon, near Chimuchuch, etc.,
Guatemala; Rio Frio, Pacuare, etc., Costa Rica; Santa Fe de Veragua, Pan-
ama).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iti, 1902, 25 (Sona, w. Panama).—
Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., 1910, 262 (Guayabo and Coliblanco, Costa
Rica; habits)—Carrixker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 490 (Pozo Azul
de Pirris, La Vijagua, La Estrella de Cartago, El General de Terraba, Cachf,
Peralta, etc., Costa Rica, habits).

[Ptonopsittacus] hematotis SHaRPrE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 24.—Forsrs and Rosin-
son, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14 (Yzabal, Guatemala).

Pionopsitta hxmatotis Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 520 (Rio Frio,
Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Condor, vii, 1905, 156, in text (Bonilla, Costa Rica).

Pionopsittacus haematotis haematotis Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,
July, 1903, 143 (Yaruca, Honduras; crit.)

206 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PYRILIA HEMATOTIS COCCINICOLLARIS (Lawrence).
RED-NECKLACED PARROT.

Similar to P. h. hematotis but usually with admixture of red
(ight vermilion) feathers on foreneck or upper chest, often forming
a distinct, though more or less broken, collar; chin or upper throat. -
always(?) white or-partly white; feathers of pileum and hindneck
never (2) with dusky reddish margins; red of axillars not invading
under wing-coverts, which are wholly bluish green passing into

greenish blue toward edge of wing.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 206-220 (212); wing, 147-157.5
(152.1); tail, 683-69 (67.3) ; culmen, 19.5-21. 5 (20.1); tarsus, 16.5-17.5
(17.2); outer anterior toe, 19.5-21 (20.6). *

Adult female.—Length (skins), 208-232 (216); wing, 146-158
(152.7); tail, 64-68 (66); culmen, 18.5-20.5 (19.4); tarsus, 16.5-18
(17.5); outer anterior toe, 19.5-21.5 (20.7).°

Eastern Panamé (Lion Hill; Paraiso; La Chorrera; Laguna del
Pita; Mt. Pirrf; Rio Indio).

[Pionius] hematotis? var. Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 299 (Lion
Hill, Panama; crit.).

[Pionius] hematotis Gray, Hand-liat, ii, 1870, 163, no. 8308, part.

Caica hematotis (not Pionus hematotis Sclater and Salvin, 1860) SciaTER and
Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 368 (Panama; crit.)—Satvin, Ibis,
1871, 87, 96, part.

[Caica] hematotis ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 114, part.

Pionias haematotis Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 420, part—G1EBEL, Thesaurus
Orn., iii, 1877, 190, part.

Amazona haematotis ScutEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 29
(Panama). :

Eucinetus haematotis ReticHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 355, part; Consp. Psitt.,
1882, 195, part; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 110, part.

Pionius coccinicollaris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 475
(Lion Hill, Panama; coll, G. N. Lawrence). cs

Pionius coccineicollaris InpEx to Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860-1870 (1872), 385.

Caica coccineicollaris Savin, Ibis, 1871, 96.

Pionopsittacus coccineicollaris Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 344
(Paraiso Station and Panama, Panama); Ibis, 1906, 652 (descr. young).—
Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 598 (Paraiso and
Lion Hill, Panama).—Satvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino,
xiv, 1899, no. 339, p. 9 (Laguna del Pita, Panama). ~

[Pionopsitiacus] coccineicollaris SHarpn, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 24—Forsrs and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897,°14.

Plionus] haematotis coccineicollaris BaNas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, July,
1903, 148, in text.

Genus PIONUS Wagler.

Pionus WacuEr, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 497. (Type, Psittacus menstruus Linneeus.)
Piontas (emendation) Finscu, Mon. die Papag., ii, 1868, 366.

Medium-sized, short-tailed Psittacide (length about 225-300 mm.)
with tail less than half as long as wing, wing not more (usually much

«Hight specimens. + Six specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 207

less) than 190 mm. and without any red, and with under tail-coverts
at least partly red.

Bill moderate in size (about half as long as head or a, little more),
much deeper than long; culmen about as long as outer front toe with-
out claw (longer in P. fuscus and P. chalcopterus, slightly shorter in
P. menstruus), regularly and strongly decurved from base, flattened
(sometimes broadly but shallowly grooved) proximally; maxilla
rather strongly ‘compressed toward culmen (especially in front of
nostril), with unguis rather long (much longer than wide), its palatal
surface distinctly corrugated and nearly flat; maxillary tomium
with a deep and broad post-ungual notch, preceded by a more or less
prominent, sometimes obtusely angular, lobe; depth of mandible at
base decidedly less to much less than length of gonys, very much less
than basal width; mandible more or less flattened laterally and be-
neath, sometimes with a distinct ridge separating the lateral and under
surfaces, the latter sometimes with a more or less distinct median
ridge,* the width of its chisel-like, more or less flattened and truncate
tip equal to less than half the length of the gonys, its tomium deeply
and broadiy incised (concave) distally and more or less convex “prox-
imally, its base beneath broadly and more or less deeply concave.
Cere very strongly sinuated, the upper (prenasal) portion strongly
convex, the lower half Grau backward nearly (sometimes quite) to
the loral feathering. Nostrils fully exposed, rather large, circular,
nearly in center of cere. Wing moderate, rather pointed, the longest
primaries exceeding distal secondaries by about one-third to two-
fifths the length of wing; ninth, eighth and ninth, or seventh,

. eighth, and ninth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) equal to

ee we

or shorter than seventh. Tail less than half as long as wing (nearly
half as long in P. mazimiliani, only about two-fifths as long in P.
chalcopterus), slightly double-rounded, slightly emarginate, or trun-
cate, the rectrices with extreme tip narrowly rounded or (usually)
subacuminate. Tarsus shorter than outer hind toe without claw,
very slightly to decidedly longer than inner front toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration.—Cere, orbital region, extreme anterior
portion of malar region (mostly if not wholly concealed by feathering
of cheeks) and chin naked, the rest of the head (including at least
anterior portion of lores) densely feathered, the feathers, for the most
part, distinctly outlined or imbricated; those of the neck not dis-
tinctly enlarged. Under tail-coverts always mostly red; inner webs
of rectrices with more or jess of red on proximal portion; no red on
wings nor on axillars.

Range.—Southern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina,
southeastern Brazil, and Guiana. (Twelve species.)®

2 Tn these ridges and flattened surfaces there is an approximation in the form of the
mandible in Pionus to that of Triclaria (see p. 116), in which, however, these characters
are.developed to an extreme degree.

b The above description of generic character is based on P. menstruus, P. maximili-
an, P. senilis, P. chalcopterus, and P. fuscus. ‘

208 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PIONUS.
a. Primaries green. . : :
b. Head blue (more or less deep); maxilla black (including unguis) with a reddish
spot on lower basal portion. (Costa Rica to Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.)
Pionus menstruus (p. 210).
bb. Head not blue; maxilla not black (the unguis always light-colored).
c. Forehead dusky; bill reddish or partly dusky; lateral rectrices partly blue.
d. Bill partly dusky.
e. Bill yellowish, with basal portion dusky; back bronzy green or olive-green,
the under parts of body similar but paler.

f. Green color less olivaceous; under tail-coverts without distinct dusky
mesial streaks; feathers of malar region indistinctly margined with
dusky. (Southeastern Brazil; Paraguay.) -

Piorus maximiliani (extralimital).o
jf. Green color more olivaceous; under tail-coverts with distinct mesial
streaks of dusky; feathers of malar region conspicously margined

with black. (Bolivia and northern Argentina.)
Pionus bridgesi (extralimital).5
ee. Bill reddish or pinkish, with part of maxilla dusky; back grayish olive-
green, under parts of body pale grayish brown. (Venezuela; Colombia.)
ow o8 Pionus sordidus (extralimital).¢
dd. Bill wholly red. (Colombia; Ecuador.)..Pionus corallinus (extralimital).¢@
cc. Forehead red or red and white; bill wholly yellowish; lateral rectrices with-

out any blue.

@ Psittacus maximiliant Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 72 (Brazil).—P[ionus] mazi-
miliani Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 603.—Pionus maximiliani Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag.
de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 148 (mondgr.); Souancé, Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 34, fig. 2; Salva-
dori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 327.—Pionias maximiliani Finsch, Die Papag.,
ii, 1868, 448; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 264, 447, liii; Reichenow, Journ. ftir Orn.,
1881, 362; Consp. Psitt., 1882, 202; Vogelbild., 1880, pl. 10, fig. 7.—Psittacus -
flavirostris Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 42, pl. 31, fig. 2 (plains forests of Piauhy,s.
Brazil; coll. Munich Mus.)—Pionias flavirostris Reichenow, Journ, fiir Orn., 1881, 363
(monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 203; Vogelbild., 1882, pl. 26, fig. 5.—Pionus sty
Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 155 (Paraguay; Bolivia); Icon. Perr., 1857,
pl. 34, fig. 1—Psittacus siy Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 75.

b Pionus bridgest Boucard, The Humming Bird, i, April 1, 1891, 27 (Bolivia and
Corrientes, Argentina; coll. A. Boucard); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx,
1891, 329.

¢ [Psitiacus] sordidus Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 99 (‘‘Mexico”; based
on Psittacus fuscus Edwards, Birds, pl. 167).—Psittacus sordidus Vieillot, Nouv.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 329; Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 74.—P[ionus] sordidus
Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 607.—Pionus sordidus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx,
1891, 325.—Pionias sordidus Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 452, part, 956; Reichenow,
Journ. fir Orn., 1881, 363 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 203; Vogelbild., 1880,
pl. 10, fig. 4.—[Chrysotis] sordidus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301.

@ Pionus corallinus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 148 (‘‘Amferica]
naferidionali]”; coll. Paris Mus.); Consp. Psitt., 1854, 5; Sclater, in Rowley’s Orn.
Misc., iii, 1877, 6, 7, 8, pl. [80]; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 326.—
Pionias corallinus Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 363 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882,
203; Vogelbild., 1882, pl. 26, fig. 1.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 209

d. Under parts of body green; whole head more or lessreddish. (Peru; Bolivia.)
Pionus tumultuosus (extralimital.)¢
dd. Under parts purplish brown (passing into green on flanks); forehead white,

the feathers margined with red. (Colombia; Ecuador.)

ae Pionus seniloides (extralimital).5
aa. Primaries blue.

b. Forehead (broadly) white; under parts more or less green. (Southern Mexico to
Costa, Rica). ciasac cia seeeus tances Samiatehernteioweaareans Pionus senilis (p. 214).
bb. Forehead wholly blackish; under parts without any green.

c. Under parts dusky, washed with dark blue; wing-coverts light brownish, in
strong contrast with color of back; under surface of remiges bluish green.
(Colombia and eastern Ecuador.)....-. Pionus chalcopterus (extralimital). ¢

ce, Under parts grayish brown, washed with reddish purple; wing-coverts dusky,

concolor with back; under surface of remiges violet-blue. (Guianas and
lower Amazon Valley.).........-----...-.- Pionus fuscus (extralimital).@

* a P[sittacus] tumultuosus Tschudi, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844,
304 (Peru); Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1844~’46, 270.—[Chrysotis] tumultuosa Bonaparte,
Rev. et Mag. de Zool., vi, 1854, 151 (Consp. Psitt., p. 9).—Chrysotis tumultuosa Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacidee, 1859, 82 (Peru).—Pionias tumultuosus Finsch, Die
Papag., ii, 1868, 457; Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 363 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt.,
1882, 203; Vogelbild., 1882, pl. 26, fig. 2.—[Pionus] tumultuosus Sclater and Salvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 114.—Pionus tumultuosus Sclater, Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii,
1877, 6, 7, 8, pl. [81]; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 330.

b Psittacus selinoides [typ. error] Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., vi, 1854, 73 (Colom-
bia).—Psittacus seniloides Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 147 (crit.);
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacidee, 1859, 76 (Colombia).—Pionus seniloides Bona-
parte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 149 (monogr.); Souancé, Icon. Perr., 1857,
pl. 36; Sclater, Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii, 1877, 6, 7; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xx, 1891, 330.—Pionias geroniodes Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 454 (new name for
P. seniloides Souancé on grounds of purism!); Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 364
(monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 204; Vogelbild., 1882, pl. 26, fig. 7.—Amazona gerontodes,
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Revue, 1874, 29.

¢ Psittacus chalcopterus Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. viii, no. xc, March, 1841,
59 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Earl of Derby); Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittaci, 1859,
76.—P[ionus] chalcopterus Hartlaub, Syst. Verz., 1844, 87 (Colombia).—Pionus chal-
copterus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., vi, (2), 1854, 148 (monogr.); Sclater, Row-
ley’s Orn. Misc., iii, 1877, 6, 7; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 333.—
Pionias chalcopterus Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 462; Reichenow, Journ. fiir Or.,
1881, 364 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 204; Vogelbild., 1882, pl. 26, fig. 6—Ama-
zona chalcoptera Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 62; Revue, 1874, 29.

@ Psittacus fuscus Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 78 (Cayenne; based on Perroquet
var, de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 408).—Pionus fuscus Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 334.—Pstttacus violaceus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 25
(Cayenne; based on Perroquet varié, de Cayenne Daubenton, pl. Enl., pl. 408).—
Pionus violaceus Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 355; in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii,
1877, 6, 7.—Pionias violaceus Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 463; Reichenow, Journ.
fir Om., 1881, 365 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 205; Vogelbild., 1882, pl. 26,
fig. 3.—Amazona violacea Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 63; Revue, 1874, 29.—
[Psittacus] purpureus (not of Miller, 1776) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 346
(Surinam; based on Perroquet violet Barriére, Fr. Equin., 144; Papagei violet Buffon,
Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 244; Perroquet varie, de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 408; etc.)—
Plionus] purpureus Wagler, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 606.—Pionus purpureus Bonaparte,
Rev. et. Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 148 (monogr.)—Pstttacus infuscatus Shaw, Nat-
uralists’ Misc., xix, no. 3, Nov., 1807, pl. 789 and text (new name for P. purpureus
Gmelin).

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——14

210 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

In addition to the generally recognized species of Pionus, two others have been
described, and may represent valid species, as follows:

Pionus reichenowi.—Pionias reichenowi Heine, Journ. fir Orn., April, 1884, 264
(Brazil; coll. Heine Mus.).—Pionus reichenowi Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx,
1891, 324, footnote. Allied to P. menstruwus and, according to Salvadori, possibly a
color variety of that species. :

Pionus lacerus.—P[ionias] lacerus Heine, Journ. ftir Orn., April, 1884, 265 (Tucu-
man, Argentina).—Pionus lacerus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 329,
footnote. Allied to P. maximiliant.

PIONUS MENSTRUUS (Linnzus).

BLUE-HEADED PARROT.

Adults (sexes alike).—Head and neck violaceous blue or gentian
blue, the feathers narrowly and indistinctly margined terminally with.
darker, the concealed portion of each passing through greenish into
dark olive, the base grayish white; a large auricular spot (more or
less distinct) of dull black; back, scapulars, and proximal secondaries
deep parrot green; rump and upper tail-coverts more grass green,
changing to scheele’s green in certain lights; lesser wing-coverts
warbler green (or between this and pyrite yellow) to light oil green
glossed with javel green, the middle and greater coverts more
decidedly green; alulz, primary coverts, primaries, and distal sec-
ondaries (sometimes proximal secondaries also) grass green, indis-
tinctly edged with lighter green; middle pair of rectrices grass green,
usually tinged with blue at tip, sometimes (old feathers?) wholly
olivaceous-black; second pair of rectrices with outer web grass green
passing into greenish blue terminally, the inner web with basal half
(approximately) dusky; remaining rectrices with outer webs deep
violet-blue edged with light blue, the inner webs red (dull spectrum
red or Chinese vermilion) for proximal two-thirds or more, bluish
green on distal portion; throat usually mostly grayish white, but
this more or less broken by dusky mesial streaks and suffusions of
dull blue, the lower portion more or less suffused or intermixed with
light red, forming a more or less distinct patch; chest grayish blue or
dull blue, sometimes nearly uniform but usually more or less broken
by indistinct, partly concealed broad bars of olive or dusky; rest of
under parts light parrot green glossed with scheele’s green, the pos-
terior flanks usually with concealed spots of red; under tail-coverts
red (dull spectrum red) with narrow shaft-streaks of dusky and rather
small triangular terminal spots of light green (sometimes tinged with
light grayish blue); under surface of wing grass green, the remiges
with a broad stripe of blackish slate next to shaft, broadest on longer
primaries, which are also edged with dusky on distal (narrowed) por-
tion; bill dusky horn color, paler on gonys, the lower basal portion of
maxilla (beneath nostril) dull light red; bare orbital space dusky (in
dried skins) ; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brownish or olivaceous.

' BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 211

Young.—Similar in general coloration to adults, but blue of head
and neck much duller, more or less suffused or intermixed with green,
the forehead usually with a broken band, or a patch on each side, of
light red; under tail-coverts with the red paler and duller, as well as
much more restricted (the green correspondingly more extended);
wing-coverts greener, more nearly concolor with back.

Adult male—tLength (skins), 220-285 (246); wing, 167-195.5
(182.3); tail, 60.5-82.5 (73.9); culmen, 22-26.5 (24.4); tarsus, 18-21
(19.4); outer anterior toe, 22-25.5 (23.8).2

Adult female——Length (skins), 217-272 (241); wing, 161.5-195
(175.7); tail, 65-80 (72); culmen, 22.5-25 (23.8); tarsus, 17-20.5
(18.9); outer anterior toe, 21.5-25 (23.2).° .

= Forty-one specimens.
b Twenty-five specimens.

' ' ? Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men, Tarsus. bas Sad
MALES,

One adult male from Costa Rica...........-------20--2eeeeeee ee 181.5 76 24 19 24
Eight adult males from western Panama..............--.--++- 176.4 72.1 23.7 19.4 23.6
Six adult males from eastern Panama.......-.-.-.- oees|| 175 71.7 23.8 18.9 23.2
One adult male from Santa Marta, Colombia ----[ 166.5 74 25 19.5 24.5
Eight adult males from Colombia (except Santa Marta)......-. 187.6 76.8 23.9 19.9 24.2
One adult male from northern Ecuador......-...-..---..+--+-- 177 69 24 18.5 23
Two adult males from Peru.....- 185.7 73 25.2] | 20.2 24
Five adult males from Venezuela. wisie's «| 189.9 75.3 24.7 18.8 23.9
One adult male from Trinidad. ........-..--..---2---2-- eee e ee 182 72 25.5 19.5 23
One adult male from British Guiana......-....--.2.-.2.-+-2--- 184 73.5 26 18.5 23.5
One adult male from lower Amazon (Diamantina)..........-.. 176.5 71.5 26.5 19.5 24

Six adult males from western Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso)..] 187.3 75.1 25.1 19.5 23.9

FEMALES.
One adult female from Costa Rica......--.--.-------2+----2--- 183 69.5 fovcenese 19 23
Three adult females from western Panama..........-.-...----- 171.5 71.3 24 19.5 23.5
Three adult females from eastern Panama.....- ----| 170.8 71 23.3 18.2 23.8
Five adult females from Santa Marta, Colombia......-......-. 167.3 70.1 23.1 18.5 22.6
Eight adult females from Colombia (except Santa Marta)...... 180.4 73.8 23.7 19 22.9
One adult female from Peru...-.......-.----0-2-ee eee eee ee eee 183 72.5 25 19.5 25.5
One adult female from Venezuela. . ----} 183 69.5 23.5 19 23
One adult female from Trinidad 180 Cla: \sisaie slates: 19 23.5
Two adult females from western Brazil (Chapada, Matto
'GLlOS80) ison os ea eeeeseenetaieeesetesakeen ieee eeceeeeeeeseses 178.2 66.7 24.7 19.7 23.5

After careful examination and comparison of about one hundred specimens, from
practically all parts of the range of the species, I am unable to detect sufficiently con-
stant variations in coloration or measurements to admit of the definition of geographic
forms or subspecies. In the first place, it may be stated that the alleged greater
amount, or greater frequency, of red on the throat in examples from Panama and Costa
Rica is not shown by the series examined. The only tendency toward geographic
differences in coloration that I am able to find is in the brighter, or more intense,
coloration shown by many specimens from Venezuela and Colombia (especially the
former) as compared with those from Panama and Costa Rica.

912 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Southeastern Costa Rica (Talamanca), Panam4 (Boquerén, Boquete,
Bugaba, Divala; and David, Chiriqui; Calobre, Calderas, Mina de
Chorcha, Santiago, and Santa Fe, Verfégua; Lion Hill, Panamé,
Chepo, Rio Indio, and Puerto Bello, Canal Zone), and Colombia
(Cali, Guengue, Rio Frio, Florida, Rio Coqueta, and Guabinas, Rio
Cauca, Cauca; Puerto Bérrio, Rio Magdalena; Buena Vista, above
Villavicéncio; Barbacoa, Narina; Gavia, Don Diego, Santa Marta,
Bonda, and Mametoco, Santa Marta; Ambalema, Tolima; Remédios,
Antioquia; Cucuta; Bogoté), and southward through Ecuadér (Salid-
ero; Rio Napo; Sarayacu; Babahoyo; Cachavi; Gualaquiza; Foreste
del Rio Peripa), Peru (Rio Javarri; Rio Huallaga; La Mercéd; San
Ramén; Lagunas; Xeberos; Cosnipata; Chamicuros; Yurimaguas),
Venezuela (El Llagual, Caura; Munduapo, Orinoco Valley; Lagunita
de Aroa; Guanoco; Cariaquito; Rio Guarapiche), Trinidad (Princes-
town), British Guiana (Demerara; Camacusa; Bartica Grove; Rora-
ima; Merumé Mts.; Donza), French Guiana (Cayenne Mornes du
Mahury), and Brazil (Barro de Rio Negro; Rio Purts; Rio Jurua;
Rio Tocantins; Rio Soliméens; Santarém; Diamantina, and Pari,
lower Amazon Valley; Sd&o Paulo; Maranham; Novo Fribourgo;
Chapada, Mattogrosso) to Bolivia (ower Rio Beni; Pillén) and
northern Argentina (Tucumén).

[Psittacus] menstruus Linnazvus. Syst. Nat., ed. 12 i, 1766, 148 (Surinam; based
on Psittacus guianensis cyanocephalus Brisson, Orn., iv, 247; Blue-headed
Parrot Edwards, Gleanings, 226, pl. 314).—Gurum, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 345.—
Lataam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 113. ,

Psiitacus mensiruus Becustern, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 252, 711.—
Vizitiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 331.—Kunu, Consp. Psitt.,
1820, 72.—Sprrx, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 46 (Rio Solimoens, Brazil).—Haun,
Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1836, pl. 44.—Bresm, Mon. Papag., 1842, pl. 48 (not
pl. 61).—L#otaup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 329.—Gray, List. Birds Brit.
Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 75 (South America; Rio Javarri).

Ps[ittacus] menstruus Brcustein, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 91.—LIcHTENSTEIN,
Verz. Doubl., 1823, 6 (Brazil).

P{sittacus] menstruus Gray, Gen Birds, ii, 1846, 421.—CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s
Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 723.

Psitiacus menstrusis [typ. error] Temmincx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 32.

Pionus menstruus Bonaparte, Rev. et. Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 148
(monogr.).—Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 190; Journ. fiir
Omn., 1860, 243 (Tucuman, Argentina).—SciatTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1857, 19 (Bogota and Santa Marta, Colombia; Barro do Rio Negro, n. w.
Brazil), 266 (Rio Javarri, e. Peru); 1858, 460; 1860, 287 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuar
dor); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 354 (Barro do Rio Negro, n. Brazil; Bogota).—
Sciatzr and Sarvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 368 (Panama), 1867,
753 (Xeberos, e. Peru), 588 (Rio Tocantins, Brazil); 1873, 186 (Cosnipata,
Peru); 1879, 538 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia; descr. nest and eggs),
634 (Pillon, Bolivia).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 158 (Santa
Fe and Santiago, Veragua, w. Panama); 1870, 214 (Calobre, Mina de Chorcha,
and Bugaba, Veragua); Ibis, 1871, 95 (Central American range); 1886, 69

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 918

(Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merume Mta., and Roraima, Brit. Guiana).—
Berierscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 119 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador);
Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 317 (Yurimaguas, n. e. Peru; crit.); Novit. Zool., xv,
1908, 286 (Cayenne).—Taczanowsx1, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 218.—
ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1887, 124 (Costa Rica).—ALLENn, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 104 (lower Rio Beni, Bolivia; voice); v, 1893, 141
(Chapada, Mattogrosso, w. Brazil).—Rixer, Auk, viii, 1891, 160 (Santarem,
lower Amazon).—Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 322 (Bugaba,
Santa Fe, Calobre, Chepo, and Panama, Panama; Bogota, Colombia; Sara-
yacu, e. Ecuador; Rio Javarri and Cosnipata, e. Peru; Roraima and Bartica
Grove, Br. Guiana; Barro do Rio Negro, Rio Tocantins, Chapada, and Maran-
ham, Brazil; Pillon, Bolivia); Mbis, 1906, 650 (crit.; additional references).—
CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 66 (Trinidad).—Koxrnieswa.p,
Journ. fir Orn., 1896, 381 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—Sanvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 595 (Bugaba, Mina de Chorcha, Santa
Fe de Veragua, Calobre, Lion Hill, and Chepo, Panama; Colombia to Guiana,
Amazon Valley, Peru, and Bolivia).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii,
1898, 132 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Harrerrt, Novit. Zool., v, 1898, 500
(Cachavi, n. w. Ecuador, 500 ft.; descr. young; nesting date).—Sronz,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 304 (Ambalema, centr. Colombia).—Sat-
vapor and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1900, no. 368, 26
(Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador; Babahoyo and Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador;
crit.).—InERING, Revista Mus. Paulista, iv, 1900, 162 (Novo Fribourgo,
s. Brazil); iv. 1904, 449 (Rio Jurua, Brazil).—Brrurrscu and Stotzmann,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 40 (La Merced, Peru).—Brrierscu and Har-
TERT, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 110 (Munduapo, etc., Orinoco Valley, Vene-
zuela).—GooDFELLow, Ibis, 1902, 219 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador).—_MrnEGaux,
Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 1904, 107 (Mornes du Mahury, French Gui-
ana).—Hetitmayr, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 302 (near Para, Brazil); xiii,
1906, 44 (Trinidad).—Sneruace, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 22 (Rio Purus, w.
Brazil); Boll. Mus. Goeldi, v, 1908, 66 (Rio Purus).—BzrzBe, Zoologica, i,
1909, 84 (Rio Guarapiche, n. e. Venezuela).

Plionus]] menstruus WAGLER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 602, 719.

[Pionus] menstruus Sctater and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 114.—Forszs
and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, 1897, 14 (Panama; Bolivia).—Suarpz,
Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22.

Pionius menstruus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 299 (Lion Hill, Panama).

Pionias menstruus Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 441; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, 586 (Trinidad).—Pr.zexn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 264.—RertcHENow, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1881, 362; Consp. Psitt., 1882, 202.

[Pionias] menstruus PELzzuLn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 447.

Pionus menstrua ScLaTER and Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 300 (Xeberos,
Chamicuros, and Rio Javarri, e. Peru).

Amazona menstrua ScHuEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 60;
no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 28.

Psittacus cyanocephalus Scorout, Ann. Hist. Nat., 1769, 33 (no locality mentioned;
coll. Mus. Turrianum).

Psittacus cyanogula Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 23 (Guiana; based on
Perroquet & téte blewe, de la Guiana Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 384; Le Papagei
a téte & gorge bleue Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 243). :

Psittacus cobaltinus Massena and Souanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., Feb., 1854,
74 (Colombia).

Psfittacus] cobaltinus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 147 (crit.).

214 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Pionus cobaltinus Bonararrn, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 148 (monogr).—
Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 163 (Bogota, Colombia).
[Pionus] cobaltinus SaarrE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22 (Colombia).
P[sittacus] mazimiliani (not of Kuhl) Capants, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit
Guiana, iii, 1848, 723.
Psittacus mavimiliani Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacidee, 1859, 75, part (i
synonymy).
Pionus maximiliani (not of Kuhl) Sovanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 155
Icon. Perr., 1858, pl. 34, fig. 2.
. Pionus rubrigularis Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn., April, 1881, 22, in text (‘Centra
Amerika”); 1882, 119 (crit.); Orn. Centralb., no. 9, May 1, 1881, 70, in text
Pionus menstruus rubrigularis Casanis, Journ. fir Orn., April, 1881, 222, in text
Orn. Centralb., no. 9, May 1, 1881, 70, in text.—Banes, Proc. New Eng]
Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 16 (Loma del Leon, Panama; crit.); iii, 1902, 25 (Bugaba
Chiriqui, w. Panama); Auk, xviii, 1901, 359 (Divala and David, Chiriqui
w. Panama).
[Pionus mensiruus.] Subspecies: rubrigularis ReicHenow, Journ. fiir Orn.
1881, 362 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 202.

PIONUS SENILIS (Spix).
WHITE-CROWNED PARROT.

Adult male.—Forehead, crown, and upper half of loral regior
immaculate white (usually more or less soiled); rest of head, excep
chin and throat, dark bluish green, the feathers narrowly margine
with bluish black, producing a squamate effect; hindneck similar
but ground color less bluish green; back, scapulars, proximal second
aries, and proximal greater wing-coverts olivaceous green (dark oi
green), the feathers narrowly margined with black, especially o1
upper back; rump and upper tail coverts bright parrot green
lesser wing-coverts greenish olive or olive-green to raw-umber brow)
on. exposed portion (oil green on concealed part), more or less dis
tinctly tipped with paler (at least the more anterior coverts), th
middle coverts oil green passing into olive-green, greenish olive, o
brownish terminally; distal greater coverts and secondaries blu
(deep cobalt or paris blue) next to shaft, passing into green on edg:
of outer web; primaries rich smalt blue, passing into greenish blu
on tip and narrowly edged with light (cerulean) blue, the outer web
of longer primaries passing into green distally; middle pair of rectrice
bright parrot green, passing into blue on median. terminal portion
remaining rectrices dark blue on outer webs, the inner webs pur
poppy red for more than proximal half, the distal portion dar]
blue, passing into green on edge; chin and upper throat dull white
sometimes suffused with pale red or pinkish on lower portion
chest and breast bluish green broadly barred with dull dark blu
(the latter on tips of the feathers, the former as a subtermina
band); sides, flanks, and abdomen green, the last, however, usualh
(always in full plumage ?) broken by broad bluish tips to the feathers
at least on upper portion; posterior portion of thighs white; unde

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 215

tail-coverts light vermilion red or dull geranium red, with dusky shaft-
streaks and margined terminally (more or less distinctly) with bluish
or greenish; under wing-coverts bluish green, sometimes tipped with
blue; under primary coverts and under surface of remiges bluish
green (malachite), the primaries with a broad stripe of slate-black
along shaft; bill dull light greenish yellow (in life), the tip of maxilla
whitish; cere,light ochraceous-brown; naked orbital space brick red;
iris brown; feet deep ochraceous-yellow;* length (skins), 220-247
(234); wing, 169-180.5 (175.8); tail, 67-79.5 (73.7); culmen, 24-26.5
(24.9); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.7); outer anterior toe, 22-24.5 (23.5).°

Adult female-—Similar to the adult male, but distinctly duller in
color, the blue of head, chest, and breast much less pronounced,
usually confined to bars on chest (and there much duller) the bars
narrower and never(?) continued to abdomen; length (skins),
215-245 (230); wing, 166-177.5 (172.9); tail, 67.5-74 (70.8); culmen
22-24 . (23.5); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5); outer anterior toe, 22.5-23.5
(23.1).¢

Immature male.—Similar to adult female.

Young.—Forehead and crown dull green, the feathers of the former
edged with dull white, those of the latter tipped with light paris green ;
a dull white supraloral spot or broad ‘streak; rest of head, together
with neck (except throat) dull green (nearly ics green), the diet and
other under parts similar but slightly paler; chin and throat dull
white, with narrow shaft-streaks of dusky; under tail-coverts light
yellowish green medially (broadly) and terminally with an elongated
spot of pale red on each web; lesser wing-coverts nearly uniform oil
green; otherwise essentially as in adults.

Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Miradér; Cérdova;
Potrero, near Cordova; Orizaba; Motzorongo; Cuesta de Misantla),

@ Fresh colors of specimens shot by the author in Costa Rica. According to Rich-
mond (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, p. 519) the iris is orange, thus indicating considerable
variation.

b Thirteen specimens.

¢ Nine specimens.

y Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail, | pion, | Tarsus. anterior
. a.
MALES,
Ten adult males from Costa Rica.......-..-- cae) L7baT! 73.7 24.9 |- 18.7 23.4
One adult male from Nicaragua.........-------- ~-.} 174 73 25 18.5 23.5
One adult male from Honduras..............00000-00e2e22eeeee 175.5 | 70 25.5] 19 23.5
One adult male from Vera Cruz (Motzorongo)................-- 178 78 24 18 23.5
FEMALES,
Eight adult females from Oosta Rica.......-....-.+--220eee2e- 173.6 70.9 28.5 18.4 23.1

One adult female from Nicaragua.............-202.0e-eee eee eee 167 69.5] 23.5 19 23

216 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Oaxaca (Villa Alta), and Yucatan (Xcopén and Camp Mengel,
Quintana Roo), and southward through Guatemala (Coban; Chiséc;
Choctiim; Lanquin; Gualén; Santo Tomas), British Honduras
(Belize; Orange Walk), Honduras (San Pedro; Santa Ana; Céiba; Rio
Segévia), and Nicaragua (Greytown; Rio Escondido; La Libertéd;
Rama; San Emilio), to Costa Rica (Angostura; San José; Tucurriqui;
Alajuela; Zarcero de Alajuela; Las Trojas; Jiménez; Orosi; Monte
Redondo; Gu4piles; Guacimo; Bonilla; Guayabo; San Carlos; Sipdrio,
Talamanca; Barranca; Pozo Azdl de Pirris; Boruca; Lagarto; Paso
Real; Buenos Aires; El General).

Psittacus senilis Srrx, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 42, pl. 31, fig. 1 (no locality; coll.
Munich Mus.).—Kitsrer, Om. Atlas, Papag., 1836, 79, pl. 59.—Bovrior,
Perr., 1837~38, pl. 60.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 75.

P[sittacus] senilis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 421.

Plionus] senilis WacLur, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 604, 720.

Pionus senilis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854, 148 (monogr.);
Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 119).—Souanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,
1856, 155.—SciatTeER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 306 (Cordova, Vera Cruz;
crit.); 1857, 230, in text (8. Mexico); Cat, Am. Birds, 1862, 355 (Mexico).—
ScraTer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 138 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, 837 (Hondutas).—Casanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 335 (Costa Rica;
crit.).—Frantzius, Journ.*fiir Orn., 1869, 366 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 561 (temperate zone, Vera Cruz).—Satvin,
Ibis, 1871, 95 (Middle American range).—Boucarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guate-
mala, 1878, 23; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 46 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).—ZE.E-
DON, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica). —Rmeway, Condor, vii,
1905, 156, in text (Bonilla, Costa Rica) —Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xx, 1891, 331 (Cuesta de Misantla and Mirador, Vera Cruz; Villa Alta, Oaxaca;
Choctum, Chisec, and Coban, Guatemala; Orange Walk and Belize, Brit.
Honduras; Honduras; Angostura and San José, Costa Rica); Ibis, 1906,
650.—CuErnriz, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 49 (Lagarto, Boruca,
and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica)—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
xvi, 1893, 519 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua)—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 595 (Mirador, Potrero, Orizaba, etc., Vera Cruz;
Lanquin, etc., Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras; La Libertad, Rama,
San Emilio, Greytown, etc., Nicaragua; Alajuela, Zarcero de. Alajuela,
Las Trojas, Barranca, Jimenez, Monte Redondo, Orosi, Tucurriqui, etc.,
Costa Rica).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Santo
Tomas, Guatemala).—Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 143
(Ceiba, Honduras); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292 (Paso Real, s. w. Costa Rica).—
Hetimayr, Abh. K.B. Ak, Wiss., ii K1., xxii Bd., iii Abt., 1905, 590 (crit.).—
Dearsorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 86 (Gualan, Guatemala).—
Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., 1910, 262 (Guayabo, Costa Rica).
Carrier, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 489 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, El General
de Terraba, Guacimo, Guapiles, Boruca, etc., Costa Rica; habits).—Pzrsrs,
Auk, xxx, 1913, 573 (Xcopan and Camp Mengel, Quintama Roo, Yucatan).—

[Pionus] senilis Scrarzer and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 114.—SciaTER,
Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii, 1877, 6—Suarrs, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 23.—ForBES
and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14 (“Mexico”).

Plionus] senilis Scrater, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii, 1877, 7 (range).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 217

Pionius senilis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc., N. Y., viii, 1867, 184 (Greytown, Nic-
aragua); ix, 1868, 181 (San Jose and Barranca, Costa Rica).—ZELeDOn,
Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1887, 124 (Alajuela, Zarcero de Alajuela, Las Trojas,
Barranca, Jimenez, and Monte Redondo, Costa Rica.)

Pionias senilis Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 460.—PrizeLn, Om. Bras., 1870,
264, footnote.—ReicHEeNnow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 364 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 204; Vogelbild., 1880, pl. 10, fig. 6—Rimeway, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 592 (Rio Segovia, Honduras).

Amazona senilis Scutnaet, Mus. Pays-Bas, ili, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 62; no. 38
(Revue), 1874, 29.

Psittacus leucorhynchus Swarnson, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, mo. 6, June, 1827, 438
(purchased in city of Mexico; coll. Bullock).

Genus AMAZONA Lesson.

Amazona Lzsson, Traité d’ Om., 1831, 189. (Type, Psittacus pulverulentus
Gmelin=P. farinosus Boddaert.)

Chrysotis Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 300. (Type, Psittacus zxstivus
Gmelin=P. amazonicus Linnzus.)

Androglossa ‘‘Vigors, Zool. Journ., ii [1825], p. 400” ReicuEenow, Journ. fir
Orn., 1881, 365. (Type, Psittacus farinosus Boddaert.)

Gnochrus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2) vi, 1854,151. (Type, as fixed by
Gray, Psittacus vinaceus Kuhl.)

Onochrus (emendation) Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856, Consp. Psittacorum,
genus 22.

Medium sized or rather small to large, short-tailed Psittacide
(length about 235-460 mm.) closely resembling Pionus but with tail
not less than half nor as much as two-thirds as long as wing, slightly
rounded, the rectrices broadly rounded at tip; feathers of neck
(especially hindneck) long and broad (to a greater or less degree),
sometimes developed into a distinct erectile ruff, and with under
tail-coverts never red but wing usually with red either on distal
secondaries, primary coverts, or some part of anterior margin.

Bill much shorter than head, much deeper than long; culmen
slightly shorter to much longer than outer front toe without claw,
regularly and strongly decurved from base, more or less broadly
flattened (except, terminally), the flattened summit sometimes
distinctly ridged laterally; depth of maxilla at base equal to or
slightly less than its width, and slightly less than half to nearly two-
thirds the length of culmen; maxillary unguis variable as to relative
length but usually longer than wide (wider than long in A. agilis),
never acute at tip, the distinctly ridged palatal surface usually
slightly hollowed (sometimes nearly flat) but occasionally (in
A. agilis) deeply excavated; maxillary tomium with a more or less
broad and deep post-ungual notch (shallow rounded sinus or concave
incision in A. agilis and A. zantholora) preceded by a more or less
prominent (usually obtusely and broadly angular) projection; depth of
mandible at base equal to less (usually much less) than length of
gonys, much less than its width, the width of the more or less rounded
to nearly flat tip less (usually decidedly less) than half the length of
gonys; mandibular tomium with a broad, more or less deep sub-
terminal concave excision, the proximal portion usually more or less

.

218 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. °

convex but sometimes straight. Anterior outline of cere strongly
sinuated, the upper (prenasal) portion strongly convex, the lower
part concave and drawn backward nearly or quite to the loral
feathering; cere with at least the circumnasal portion naked, often
with small bristles or minute, scattered, feathers beneath or in front
of nostrils. Wing rather large and rounded, the longest primaries ex-
ceeding distal secondaries by one-fourth to (rarely) one-third the length
of wing; seventh, eighth, and ninth, eighth and ninth, or seventh
and eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) not longer than
seventh, sometimes (in A. imperialis) shorter than fifth. Tail half
as long as wing (A. zantholora) to more than three-fifths as long
(A. imperialis), very slightly to distinctly rounded, the rectrices broadly
rounded at tip. Tarsus shorter than outer hind toe without claw.

Plumage and coloration—Head normally feathered except orbital
region (sometimes including posterior portion of lores), cere (at
least circumnasal portion), chin, and extreme anterior portion of
malar region (the latter concealed by feathering of cheeks); feathers
of head sometimes blended, sometimes distinctly indicated; feathers
of neck decidedly longer and broader than those of head, sometimes
(as in A. vinacea and A. imperialis) greatly developed, forming a con-
spicuous erectile ruff. Coloration very variable, but prevailing color
usually green, this always relieved by red on some part of the
plumage (never on under tail-coverts); inner webs of rectrices usually
with more or less of red on proximal portion of inner webs; wings
sometimes without any red, but usually the distal secondaries red
with dark blue tip, forming a conspicuous ‘“speculum’’; one species
with lower back and rump red, another with prevailing colors
orange-brown and yellow.

Range.—Whole of Tropical America, except Galapagos Tslands
and part of the West Indies. (Nearly fifty species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AMAZONA.

a. Outer webs of distal secondaries with basal half (approximately) red or orange.
b. Bend of wing without more than a trace of red or yellow, usually with none.
c. Tail dark purplish brown, including inner webs of rectrices; under parts of
body purplish; neck blackish.
d. Without yellow on wings. (Dominica, Lesser Antilles.)
Amazona imperialis (p. 222).

@ The above generic description is based on examination and comparison of a
majority of the known species, among which the variations in details of form, etc.,
are very considerable. It is possible that the genus, as generally accepted, may
require subdivision; but I have not been able to do this satisfactorily. There cer-
tainly is a great difference between the great A. imperialis, larger than some Buteones,
with its well-defined neck-ruff and the little A. zantholora, smaller than most species
of Pionus; or between either of these and many other species. A. agilis is peculiar
in its short and broad-tipped bill, while A. vinacea, with its very conspicous neck-ruff
is approached in this character only by A.imperialis. Evidently some one who is able
to get all the species of this group together would find a critical Seen of the
matter interesting, at least.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 219

dd. With yellow on wings. (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; extinct.)
Amazona violacea (p. 224).
ce, Tail not purplish brown; under parts not purplish; neck not blackish.
d, Plumage more or less orange-brown, at least on under parts; tail crossed by
a broad middle band of blue and green, a broad basal band of orange, and
a terminal one of yellow. (Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.)
Amazona guildingii (p. 225).
dd. Plumage without any orange-brown; tail not colored as above.
e. Inner webs of rectrices with more or less of red on basal portion.
J. Cheeks (as well as forehead, etc.) and under surface of remiges blue,
or greenish blue; foreneck with more or less of red.
g. Primary coverts blue; under parts of body strongly suffused or inter-
mixed with light brownish red. (Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser
AMUN GS) isitisec te ucaen gece teletelaleis Amazona versicolor (p. 227).
gg. Primary coverts green; under parts of body wholly green.
h. Pileum green, passing into deep blue on forehead. (Dominica,

Lesser Antilles.)................--. Amazona arausiaca (p. 229).
hh. Pileum slate color, with some red on crown. (Martinique, Lesser
Antilles; extinct.)............-. Amazona martinicana (p. 231).

Jf. Cheeks green or yellow; under surface of remiges green or bluish green.

g. Outer webs of distal secondaries and inner webs of outer rectrices
red, proximally.

h. Forehead without red (bluish green, sometimes with a yellow

median spot); adults with a yellow nuchal patch. (Southern

Mexico to Costa Rica.).......-... Amazona auripalliata (p. 231).
hh. Forehead red; no yellow on forehead nor nape. (Amazona autum-
nalis.)

t. Suborbital region yellow (rarely red). (Southeastern Mexico to
southern Honduras.)
Amazona autumnalis autumnalis, adults (p. 234).
i. Suborbital region green.

j. Red on basal portion of inner webs of rectrices reduced, indis-

tinct, except on outermost.
Amazona autumnalis autumnalis, young (p. 235).
jj- Red on inner webs of rectrices distinct. (Nicaragua to north-
ern Colombia.)........ Amazona autumnalis salvini (p. 237).
gg. Outer webs of distal secondaries and inner webs of iateral rectrices
orange, proximally. (Colombia to the Guianas, Trinidad, and
Amazon Valley.)...........-- Amazona amazonica (extralimital).¢

@ [Psittacus] amazonicus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 147 (Surinam; based
on Psittacus amazonicus Brisson, Orn., iv, 257; Psittacus viridis, capite luteo, fronte
cxrulea, Fritsch, Av., pl. 47; Ajurucurua, 2, Marcgrave, Bras., 205; Willughby,
Ormn., 76; Ray, Av. 33).—Pstitacus amazonicus Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 45; Brehm,
Mon. Papag., 1842, 41, pl. 50.—C[hrysotis].amazonicus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846,
422.—[Chrysotis] amazonica Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151.—Chrysotis
amazonica Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 78 (Bogota, Colombia, Trini-
dad); Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 570; Reichenow, Vogelbild., 1878, pl. 1, fig. 6;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 283.—Amazona amazonica Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 1864, 53; Revue, 1874, 27.—[Androglossus] amazonicus Sundevall,
Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 69.—Androglossa amazonica Reichenow, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1881, 377 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 217.—Psitiacus amazonius Selby,
Naturalists’ Libr., Parrots, 1836, 103.—Psittacus amazonius Schlegel, Die Dierent.,
1864, 65.—[Psittacus] luteus (not of Boddaert, 1783) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788,
341 (‘‘America meridionali”; based on Yellow-shouldered Parrot Latham, Synopsis
Birds, i, pt. i, 288).—[Psittacus] luteolus Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 123 (new name
for P. luteus Gmelin).

220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ee. Inner webs of rectrices without red near base.@ :
f. Larger (wing 233-268 mm.); no red on forehead, and no black terminal
margins to feathers of under parts. (Amazona fe ‘arinosa.)
g. Pileum green (sometimes more or less tinged with blue or violet).
h. Carpo-metacarpal edge of wing with distinct red line.
¢. Forehead usually (?) with more or less of yellow. (Guianas to
eastern Brazil.)....- Amazona farinosa farinosa (extralimital).5
di, Forehead wholly green. (Eastern Panama to eastern Ecuador,
and eastern Peru; Bolivia ?)
Amazona farinosa inornata (p. 239).
hh. Carpo-metacarpal edge of wing without more than a trace of red
(usually with none). (Western Panama to Nicaragua.)
Amazona farinosa virenticeps (p. 240).
gg. Pileum blue, in conspicuous contrast with the general green color,
(Guatemala to southern Mexico.)
Amazona farinosa guatemale (p. 241).
jf. Smaller (wing 192-224 mm.); forehead red; under parts with black
terminal margins to feathers.
g. Forehead and crown bright red. (Northeastern Mexico.)
Amazona viridigenalis (p. 242).
gg. Forehead (only) red; crown green, or green and lilac.
h. Feathers of crown without lilac or pale violet-blue margins; forehead
brighter red.............-Amazona viridigenalis, young (p. 243).
hh. Feathers of crown (also occiput and nape) margined with lilac or
pale bluish; forehead darker red. (Western Mexico.)
Amazona finschi (p. 244).
bb. Bend of wing conspicuously red or yellow.
c. Bend of wing red.
d. Superciliary region yellow (whole head and neck yellow in adults). (Ama-
zona oratriz.)
e. Green of under parts more yellowish; bill narrower (transversely), especially
the mandible. (Mexico to southern Honduras.)
Amazona oratrix oratrix (p. 246).
ee. Green of under parts less yellowish; bill broader (transversely), especially
the mandible. (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.)
Amazona oratrix tresmariz (p. 249).

@ Sometimes there isa little red (usually a mere touch) beyond the middle portion,
or on the proximal portion of the lighter green distal half; its position being thus
essentially different from that in species of the foregoing group.

b Psittacus farinosus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., Dec. 1, 1783, 52 (Cayenne; based on
Le Perroquet Meunier de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 861).—C[hrysotis] farinosus
Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 422.—Chrysotis farinosa Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Psittacide, 1859, 77; Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 565; Reichenow, Vogelbild., 1881,
pl. 19, fig. 1; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 280.—Amazona farinosa
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci, 1864, 52; Revue, 1874, 27.—Androglossa farinosa
Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 368 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 208.—[Psittacus]
pulverulentus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 341 (Cayenne; based on Meunier ou
Crick poudré Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 225; Meunier de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl.
Enl., pl. 861; Meally Green Parrot Latham, Synopsis Birds, i, pt. i, 291); Latham,
Index Orn., i, 1790, 123.—Psittacus pulverulentus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 81;
Brehm, Mon. Papag., 1842, 34, pl. 45.—[Chrysotis] pulverulentus Swainson, Classif.
Birds, ii, 1837, 801.—[Chrysotis] pulverulenta Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,
1854, 151.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 221

dd. Superciliary region green. (Amazona ochrocephala.)

e. Yellow of crown not involving forehead, the latter green; larger (wing
206.5-224, tail 108.5-126). (Colombia to eastern Peru, Venezuela, and
Trinidad.).......... Amazona ochrocephala ochrocephala (extralimital).¢

ee. Yellow of crown involving whole of forehead; smaller (wing 194.5-213,
tail 99-112 mm.). (Northern Colombia to western Panama.)
Amazona ochrocephala panamensis (p. 249).
cc. Bend of wing yellow. (Amazona barbadensis.)

d. Cheeks wholly yellow; yellow of crown little, if any, tinged with red; tail
shorter (109.5-123 mm.). (Venezuela; island of Aruba, Dutch West
NNGIES: ass cccceeeanseorses Amazona barbadensis barbadensis (p. 251).

dd. Cheeks partly green; yellow of crown much tinged with red; tail longer

(124-142.5 mm.). (Island of Bonaire, Dutch West Indies; islands of
Blanquilla and Margarita, Venezuela.)
Amazona barbadensis rothschildi (p. 253).
aa. Outer webs of distal secondaries wholly green, or blue and green.
b. Primary coverts red, at least in part.
c. Forehead (sometimes anterior part of crown also) white; orbital region red.

d. Lores wholly red; forehead wholly white; auricular region green; anterior
under parts (only), faintly barred or squamated with black. (Amazona
albifrons.)

e. Green color more yellowish.

j. Larger (wing averaging 183.9 in male, 178.2 in female; tail 94.9 in male,
89.6in female). (Southwestern Mexico, from Sinaloa to Oaxaca.)
- Amazona albifrons albifrons (p. 254).
jf. Smaller (wing averaging 166.5 in male, 162.5 in female; tail 79.6 in male,
76.3 in female). (Yucatan and Guatemala to western Costa Rica.)
Amazona albifrons nana (p. 257).
ee. Green color more bluish. (Northwestern Mexico, in State of Sonora.)
; Amazona albifrons saltuensis (p. 259).
dd. Lores and sides of forehead yellow; auricular region black; under parts
heavily barred or squamated with black. (Yucatan, including Cozumel
Island, and British Honduras.)..... Amazona xantholora, adults (p. 260).
ce. Forehead without white; orbital region without red.

d. Bill yellow; feet light brownish; loral region partly yellow; primaries green
proximally; back heavily squamated with black.

Amazona xantholora, young (p. 261).

dd. Bill and feet blackish; loral region without any yellow; primaries blue

(edged with green) proximally. (Jamaica.)
Amazona agilis, adults (p. 262).

@ [Psittacus] ochrocephalus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 339 (“America Aus-
trali’’; based on Psittacus amazonicus brasiliensis Brisson, Orn., iv, 272; Amazon @ téte
jaune Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 208; Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot Latham, Synopsis
Birds, i, pt.i, 282).—Psittacus ochrocephalus Cassin, in Gillis, U. 8. Naval Astr. Exped.,
ii, 1855, 189, pl. 22.—[{Chrysotis] ochrocephala Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854,
151.—Chrysotis ochrocephala Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 78 (Trini-
dad); Finsch, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 584; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891,
289.—Androglossa ochrocephala Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 378 (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 218; Vogelbild., 1883, pl. 32, fig. 9.—Psitiacus flavifrons Her-
mann, Obs. Zool., pars prior, March, 1804, 126 (no locality).—Psittacus potikilorynchos
Shaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. ii, 1812, 491 (based on Psittacus poikilorynchos Aldrovan-
dus, Orn. ; Yellow-headed Amazon Parrot Latham).—Ps{ittacus] poecilorhynchus Wagler,
Mon. Psitt., 1832, 581.—C[hrysotis] pectlorhynchus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 422.—
[Chrysotis] pecilorhyncha Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151.

222 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bb. Primary coverts green or blue (no red whatever on wing).
c. Bill and feet blackish; primary coverts green. -Amazona agilis, young (p. 262).
ce, Bill and feet pale brownish or buffy; primary coverts blue.
d. Forehead red (no white on head). (Amazona vittata.)
e. Larger (adult male averaging: Wing, 189.9; tail, 102.9; culmen, 27.9; tarsus,
21.8; outer anterior toe, 28.4). (Porto Rico.)
Amazona vittata vittata (p. 263).
ee. Smaller (adult male averaging: Wing, 172.5; tail, 95.5; culmen, 26.7;
tarsus, 20; anterior toe, 25.2). (Culebra Island.)
Amazona vittata gracilipes (p. 265).
dd. Forehead white.
e. White of forehead not involving crown; suborbital and rictal regions green.
f. Throat green; lower abdomen purplish red. (Haiti.)
Amazona ventralis (p. 265).
ff. Throat pale wine red (the feathers margined with green); no red on
abdomen. (Jamaica.).......---------+-.-Amazona collaria (p. 267).
ee. White of forehead extended over crown; suborbital and rictal regions
pinkish red or pink and white. (Amazona leucocephala.) -
f. Abdomen with a considerable area of purplish red; red of throat, etc.,
deeper (especially that on cheeks), and less extended posteriorly.
g. General color parrot green; posterior crown and occiput more bluish
green.
h. Red of throat, etc., slightly paler, less extended posteriorly;
purplish red of abdomen more restricted; smaller (wing 184-
195.5, tail 99-115 mm.). (Cuba.)
Amazona leucocephala leucocephala (p. 269).
hh. Red. of throat, etc., deeper, more extended posteriorly; purplish
red of abdomen more extended, often occupying whole of abdom-
inal region and lower breast; larger (wing 187-205, tail 96-119.5
mm.). (Isle of Pines, near Cuba.)
Amazona leucocephala palmarum (p. 272.)
gg. General color yellowish green, including posterior crown and occi-
put. (Cayman Islands, near Cuba.)
Amazona leucocephala caymanensis (p. 272.)
ff. Abdomen with much less of purplish red, usually a mere trace, often
with none; red of throat, etc., paler (especially on cheeks), and
extended to sides of neck and upper chest; largest form (wing 196-
220, tail 113-131 mm.). (Bahamas.)
Amazona leucocephala bahamensis (p. 273).

AMAZONA IMPERIALIS Richmond.
IMPERIAL PARROT.

Adult male.—Feathers of head dark sooty brown, or dark sepia,
basally, those of forehead tipped with light reddish brown, those of
crown tipped (more broadly) with light bluish green (malachite),
the nape uniform dull parrot green, narrowly margined at tip with
black; feathers of cheeks tipped with light brownish red, those of the
auricular region and posterior portion of malar region (hinder cheeks)
with pale brownish red and pale bluish green; neck black, forming a
conspicuous collar, the feathers barred subterminally (mostly beneath
surface though exposed on foreneck) with green and dark violet-blue

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 223

(the latter between the green band and the black tip); back, scapulars,
wings, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright parrot green (more
yellowish green on secondaries and upper tail-coverts), the more
anterior scapulars and interscapulars very narrowly and indistinctly
margined terminally with black; two outermost (distal) secondaries
with outer web largely dull red (between dull vermilion and poppy
red), margined internally and terminally with dull brown and prox-
imally with yellowish, the third with an elongated space of reddish
brown on middle portion of outer web; longer primaries with distal
half (approximately) blackish brown, faintly glossed (in part) with
bronzy olive; tail with basal half (more or less) green, except lateral
rectrices, the distal portion purplish brown, inclining to coppery
bronze on outer webs in certain lights, rather indistinctly tipped with
vinaceous or vinaceous-pink, the middle pair of rectrices with green
on outer side of terminal portion on both webs; chest, breast and
abdomen vinaceous-pink or light wine purple, glossed with lilac
superficially, dusky olive glossed with bronze-greenish beneath
surface, the feathers margined terminally with black, producing
narrow bars; sides, flanks, and thighs green, the feathers glossed at
tips with light greenish blue; under tail-coverts yellowish green with
terminal portion more yellowish olive, the longer ones indistinctly
margined at tip with bluish; under wing-coverts bright parrot green
tipped with light bluish green or greenish blue; carpo-metacarpal
edge of wing vermilion or poppy red; under surface of primaries clear
parrot green, the primaries with distal half (more or less) and a space
next to shaft dull: blackish slate or slate-blackish; bill dark horn
color, paler basally; iris red; legs and feet dusky (brown in life) ;4
length (skins), 463-512 (486); wing, 285-305 (292.7); tail, 173.5-
182.5 (177.1); culmen, 36.5-41.5 (39.2); tarsus, 29-31.5 (30.9); outer
anterior toe, 34.5-39 (36.4).>

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and perhaps not always
distinguishable, but apparently averaging slightly duller in colora-
‘tion; length (skins), 455-470 (463); wing, 285-292 (289); tail, 162-
186 (175.8); culmen, 36-39.5 (38.2); tarsus, 29.5-31 (30.2); outer
anterior toe, 36-38 (37.2).

Island of Dominica, Lesser Antilles (base of Morne Diablotin;
Basinville; watershed between Lagon and Medville Hall).

Psittacus havanensis (not of Gmelin) Kuut, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 79 (“Mexico”),

Pslittacus] havanensis WacuER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 746.

Psittacus augustus (not of Shaw, 1792) 4 Vicors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., part iv,

no, xlv, Jan. 16, 1837, 80 (‘‘South America;” coll. Zool. Gardens, Lond.);

Isis, 1838, 195.—Bovurgsor, Perr., 1837-38, pl. 63.—Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846,
pl. 104.—Guiiiver, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 102; 1875, 489.

@H. Selwyn-Branch, on labels of specimeus.

> Hight specimens.

¢ Three specimens.

4 = Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Latham) Gray.

224 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

C[hrysotis] augustus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 422.

Chrysotis augustus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 84.

C@nochrus augustus BONAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151.

Amazona augustus ScHuEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas., iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 50.

Chrysotis augusta ScuaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, 437; 1871, 266; 1874,
324; 1889, 326, 327.—Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 557.—LawreEncez, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 62 (habits, etc.)—OBeR, Camps in Caribbees, 1880,

112.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 461 (synonymy; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889,
184.—Marscuatt, Papag., 1889, 55.—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx,
1891, 274 (Dominica; “St. Thomas”); Ibis, 1906, 642 (crit. nomencl.).

[Chrysotis] augusta Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 165, no. 8345.—ScLateEr and Satviy,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 20.—Forzes
and Rosrvson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 13.

C[hrysotis] augusta SciateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 627.

Amazona augusta SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 26.—Cory,
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 101, 188.-VreRrm (G. E.), Trans. Conn. Acad.
Arts and Sci., viii, 1892, 327 (habits). :

Androglossa augusta REIcHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 379 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 219; Vogelbild., 1883, pl. 32, fig. 7.

Chrysotis augusti LAwRENCcE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 487.

[Chrysotis] augusti Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20.

Amazona imperialis Ricemonp, Auk, xvi, April, 1899, 186, in text (mew name for
Psittacus augustus Vigors, preoccupied; ex Ridgway, manuscript).—Rora-
scHiLD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15.

[Amazona] imperialis Sarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 20.—Cnarx (A. H.), Auk, xxii,
1905, 344.

AMAZONA VIOLACEA (Gmelin).

GUADELOUPE PARROT.

‘“‘Nearest to “A. imperialis of Dominica. Size large; head and
under parts violet or slaty gray. Wings green, varied with red and
yellow; longest quills black.”* (Clark.)

Island of Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. (Extinct.)

[Psittacus] violaceus Gurzin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 337 (Guadeloupe; based
on Psittacus aquarum lupiarum insulz Brisson, iv, 302; Le cratk é téte violeite
Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi 233; Le perroquet de la Guadeloupe Dutertre,
Hist. Gén. des Isles des Christopie, de la Guadeloupe, etc., 298).—LarHay,-
Index Orn., i, 1790.

Amazona violacea CuaRK (A. H.), Auk, xxii, Oct., 1905, 343 (crit.), 344.—Sat-
vaporI, Ibis, 1906, 651 (crit.; identifies it with Deroptyus accipitrinus!).

Amazona violaceas Roruscui.y, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, Nov. 1, 1905, 15.

Amazona violaceus Rotuscuitp, Extinct Birds, 1907, 57, pl. 17.

Psittacus violaceus Vizrtuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 328 (Guade-
loupe; ‘‘Martinique”).

¢ Du Tertre’s description indicates a bird similar in size and coloration to A. imperi-
alis, but differing in having yellow on the proximal primaries. The plate in ‘‘Ex-
tinct Birds” (cited above), however, shows a very different looking bird-—slate colored
on head, neck, and under parts, the yellow on wing involving all of the coverts, except
along the edge of the wing, which is red.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 225

AMAZONA GUILDINGI (Vigors).

ST. VINCENT PARROT.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead, crown, lores, rictal region and
suborbital region dull buffy white or cartridge buff, the posterior
portion of crown tinged with orange-yellow, the occiput usually
orange-yellow (between cadmium and light cadmium); nape olive-
grayish glossed with blue, passing, through light olive-greenish, into
light brownish olive tinged with orange-brown (snuff brown) on lower
hindneck, the feathers narrowly tipped with black and (except those
of extreme lower hindneck) with a concealed basal area of dull
orange-yellow or yellow ocher, the black tips (forming bars) becom-
ing gradually broader toward lower hindneck; back, scapulars,
rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser and middle wing-coverts deep
orange-brown (nearly russet), narrowly margined terminally with
black and with blackish shafts, the smaller coverts near bend of
wing light grayish green; greater wing-coverts with outer webs dull
brownish orange or ochraceous-tawny, with distal half (approxi-
mately) dusky dull olive-greenish, except along edge; primary-coverts
dusky olive-greenish distally, dull orange proximally; five distal
secondaries with proximal half of outer web pure cadmium orange,
forming a conspicuous ‘‘speculum,” the distal half black, tinged with
blue and green next to the orange; proximal secondaries dusky bluish
passing into dark greenish olive on the innermost ones, all, except
the innermost ones, edged basally, more or less, with orange-yellowish;
primaries dull black, faintly tinged with violet-blue, the basal portion
of outer webs orange-yellow, forming a second brightly colored area;
middle pair of rectrices light yellow basally, dull olive-yellowish ter-
minally, the extensive middle area dusky violet-blue for distal half,
dusky olive-green for proximal half, with yellowish olive between
the dusky and the yellow of basal portion; remaining rectrices with
basal third (approximately) deep cadmium orange, the middle third
dusky, faintly glossed with violet-blue and greenish olive, the ter-
minal third dull orange passing into dull olive-yellow on edges
(broadly); cheeks (i. e., malar region, lower portion of suborbital
region and anterior portion of auricular region) dull light orange-
yellow, the auricular region deeper yellow, usually with feathers
broadly tipped with pale grayish violet-blue, as are, usually, also
those of the lower part of malar region; upper throat dull whitish,
the lower throat with feathers orange-yellow basally, pale grayish
violet-blue terminally, narrowly margined at tip with black; rest of
under parts deep orange-brown or russet (the abdomen more oliva-
ceous), each feather with a rather broad terminal margin of black,
producing distinct bars; thighs olive-yellowish; under tail-coverts

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16—15

226 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

orange-yellow, tinged or suffused with brownish orange and light
olive-greenish; smaller under wing-coverts orange-tawny, those near
edge of wing pale greenish, except on carpo-metacarpal edge, where
pure orange, all (except the pure orange ones) very narrowly and
indistinctly tipped with blackish; under primary coverts light yellow
tinged with orange distally, the shafts and a terminal edging (broader
and more extensive on outer web) dusky; under surface (inner webs)
of remiges with an extensive proximal area of clear lemon or empire
yellow, the remaining portion dull black, with a much smaller area
of dull dark green interposed between the black and the yellow; bill
dull light pinkish buffy, passing into pale horn color on maxillary
unguis (in life, ‘light bluish gray at base, becoming ivory white at
tip”)* iris orange;* bare orbital space grayish anteriorly, bright
blue posteriorly (in life);* legs and feet dull pale grayish olive (light
bluish gray in life).¢
Immature? *—Head and neck as in the plumage described above
but with more of blue on sides of head; back, scapulars, wing-coverts,
rump, and upper tail-coverts nearly uniform green, instead of orange-
brown, the upper back, however, more or less washed with olive-
brown, the feathers without black terminal margins, except, some-
times, the scapulars and interscapulars; basal portion of primaries
(on both webs) green, instead of orange-yellow; under parts more or
less washed with green, especially posterior to chest, the under
tail-coverts, however, essentially as in the orange-brown plumage.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 395-418 (406); wing, 258-270 (265);
tail, 154.5-166 (160.7); culmen, 34-36.5 (35.3); tarsus, 26-27.5
(26.7); outer anterior toe, 30.5-36 (33.6).°
Adult female.—Length (skins), 427-460 (443); wing, 257-282 (268);
tail, 156-181 (168.2); culmen, 34.5-37 (35.7); tarsus, 24.5-27 (25.7);
outer anterior toe, 33.5-38 (35.7).¢
Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles (Wallilibo; Barrovallie;
Peters Hope).
Psittacus guildingti Vicors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. iv, no. xlv, Jan. 16, 1837,
80 (St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles; coll. Zool. Soc. Lond.).—Bovunsot, Perr.,
1837-’38, pl. 64.—FraseEr, Zool. Typ., 1849, pl. 57.
[Chrysotis] guildingi Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151 (Consp. Psitt.,
p. 8); Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 86).—Gnray, Hand-list, ii, 1870,
164, no. 8319.—ScraTrR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.—Cory,

List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20.—ForBzs and RosINson,
Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 13 (type in Liverpool Mus.).

@ A. H. Clark.

5 Mr. Austin H. Clark (Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. 32, 1905, 268, 269) considers this
an immature plumage; but I strongly suspect that fn reality it represents a dichro-
matic phase, my reasons for this being that none of five specimens examined shows the
slightest evidence of immaturity in texture of the plumage or any other character.

¢ Six specimens.

@ Three specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 227

Chrysotis guildingi Botts, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 170.—Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., Paitt., 1859, 80.—Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 559.—Sciatzr, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 324; 1877, 683; 1879, 300; 1889, 327.—Lawrence, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 193 (St. Vincent; habits; descr.); i, 1879, 487 (St.
Vincent).—Luster, Ibis, 1880, 42.—Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 462 (synonymy;
descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 185.—MarscHaty, Papag., 1889, 55.—
Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 79.—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xx, 1891, 273; Ibis, 1906, 142.—Lowz, Ibis, 1909, 308.

Clhrysotis] guildingi ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 627.

Amazona guildingii ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 49; no.
38 (Revue), 1874, 26.—Criarx (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905,
267 (St. Vincent; descr. of plumages; habits); Auk, xxii, 1905, 344.

Amazona guildingi Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 101, 134.—Rotuscuizp,
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15 (nearly extinct).

[Amazona] guildingi Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 20.

Androglossa guildingi RutcuHenow, Jour. fiir Orn., 1881, 380 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 220; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr. 127.

AMAZONA VERSICOLOR (Miiller).
SANTA LUCIA PARROT.

Adult male.—Forehead, lores, and suborbital region light viola-
ceous blue (between azure and campanula—tending more to one or
the other in different specimens), passing into more greenish (tur-
quoise) blue on crown and posterior portion of suborbital region, the
former with feathers tipped with black, the latter with narrow shaft-
streaks of the same; occiput, nape, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump,
and smaller wing-coverts yellowish parrot green, the feathers mar-
gined, terminally with black, forming more or less distinct crescentic
bars, widest on hindneck; greater wing-coverts and proximal sec-
ondaries yellowish parrot green without black terminal margins, the
upper tail-coverts similar but much more yellowish green, approach-
ing bright greenish yellow; outer webs of three outer or distal secon-
daries scarlet vermilion with distal third (approximately) passing
through violaceous blue into black terminally, the fourth secondary
with a smaller red area margined with green; primary coverts and
basal portion of fifth to eighth primaries deep violet-blue edged with
green; proximal (shorter) primaries deep violet-blue passing into
black terminally, the longer primaries (fifth to eighth, inclusive) with
the basal green and blue passing through violet-blue into black on
terminal half (more or less), the outermost primary wholly black;
tail with basal two-thirds (approximately) green and blue (the green
largely predominating on middle rectrix, wholly absent from outer
web of outermost one, except terminal portion), the terminal third
(more or less) light yellowish green; basal portion of inner webs of
three outer rectrices red passing into yellow on edges; foreneck and
chest yellowish oil green, more or less suffused with red, especially
on center of foreneck, where the red predominates, sometimes forming
@ conspicuous patch; breast and abdomen light brownish red; sides,

228 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

flanks, and thighs bright yellowish green, passing into still m«
yellowish green on under tail-coverts—all the feathers of the unc
parts (except under tail-coverts and thighs) margined termina
with black, forming rather broad bars; under wing-coverts brig
yellowish green (often suffused with light brownish red), narrov
tipped with black; under primary coverts and under surface
remiges bright light bluish green (verdigris to beryl green), 1
primaries, however, with distal portion (extensively) and a bro
space next to shaft blackish slate or dusky; bill dark horn col
more yellowish on sides of maxilla (beneath nostrils) ; iris reddist
legs and feet brown;* length (skins), 415-432 (426); wing, 272-2
(277.7); tail, 163.5-176 (170.5); culmen, 32.5-36 (34.2); tars
25.5-28 (27); outer anterior toe, 35-36 (35.7).°

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and perhaps not alwe
distinguishable, but apparently averaging decidedly duller in colo:
tion; length (skins), 415-445 (428.3); wing, 269-283 (274); tail, 17
172 (170.7); culmen, 32-34.5 (33.2); tarsus, 25-27 (26.2); ow
anterior toe, 35.5-36 (35.8).®

Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.

Psittacus versicolor MiutER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 78 (‘‘Havana”; based
Perroquet, de la Havane Daubenton, Pl. Enl. pl. 360).—Brcusrem, Laths
Uebers. Vég., i, 1793, 209, 701—Trmmincx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 23 and n
(app.), p. 6.—Viemor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 365.—Ku
Consp. Psitt., 1820, 22.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1864, 240 (c
nomencl.).

Ps[ittacus] versicolor BecustTe1n, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 78.

[Chrysotis] versicolor Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 165, no. 8344.—Cory, List Bi
West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20 (Santa Lucia).—Forsrs and Ros
son, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 13.

C[hrysotis] versicolor ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 627 (Santa Lucia).

Chrysotis versicolor SctatER, Ibis, 1881, 414; 1889, 565; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon
1889, 327, 395.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 463 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W
Ind., 1889, 186.—MarscuatL, Papag., 1889, 55.—Sanvaport, Cat. Bi
Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 276; Ibis, 1906, 643.

Androglossa versicolor ReicHENow, Journ, fir Orn., 1881, 369 (monogr.); Con
Psitt., 1882, 209; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 121.

Amazona versicolor Cory, Cat. Birds West Ind., 1892, 11, 101, 183.—Cxa
(A. H.), Auk xxii, 1905, 344; West Ind. Bull., xi, no. 3, 1911, 183.—Ror
CHILD, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15.

[Amazona] versicolor Suarrz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 20.

Psittacus cyano rynchus Boppazrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 22 (based on Perrog
de la Havane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 360).

Clhrysotis] cyanorhynchus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 20.

Chrysotis cyanorhyncha Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 84.

Amazona cyanorhyncha Scatecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864,
no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 26.

2H. Selwyn Branch, on labels of specimens.
-b Three specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 229

[Psittacus] havanensis Guutin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 342 (based on Perroquet de
la Havane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 360).—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 124.

Psittacus havanensis Becuste1n, Lathams Uebers. Vég., i, 1793, 245, 711.—Suaw,
Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 531—Srerazns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1825,
106.—Lzsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 196.

Ps{ittacus] havanensis Bucustxin, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 98.—WacuER, Mon.
Psitt., 1832, 596, 718.

[Chrysotis] havanensis Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301.

C[hrysotis] havanensis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 422.

Chrysotis havanensis Frnscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 357.

CGnochrus] havanensis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151 (Consp.
Psitt., p. 8).

[Onochrus] havanensis BonaParts, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 104).

Psittacus cyanopsis Vrex.iot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 325 (new name
for P. havanensis Gmelin); Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1372.

Chrysotis cyanopsis Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 962.

[Chrysotis] cyanopsis ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.

Chrysotis cyanops Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 523.

Chrysotis bouqueti (not Psittacus bouqueti Bechstein) SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1874, 323, 324 (Santa Lucia); 1875, 61, 316, 685, pl. 11 (Santa Lucia).—
Auten, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).

AMAZONA ARAUSIACA (Miiller).
BOUQUET’S PARROT.

Adult male.—Forehead (broadly), lores, anterior portion of subor-
bital and malar regions (broadly), chin, and throat, violaceous blue
(nearly campanula blue), passing, posteriorly, into clear parrot green
on rest of head; rest of plumage mostly clear parrot green, lighter
and brighter on tail-coverts, the feathers of occiput, neck, back, scap-
ulars, chest, and breast, together with smaller wing-coverts, more or
less distinctly margined at tip with black, forming bars, which are
most distinct on neck; three distal secondaries with outer webs
mostly poppy red, their terminal portion black washed with violet-
blue, with a wedge-shaped area of dull yellowish between the red and
blackish; primaries (except outer quills) green proximally, passing
through dark violet-blue into dull black distally, the outermost
primaries mostly blackish; tail (except outermost rectrices) parrot
green for basal two-thirds (approximately), clear light yellowish
green for distal third, the outermost rectrix with outer web dull
bluish black passing through dull bluish into yellowish green ter-
minally; four outer pairs of rectrices with basal third or more of
inner web vermilion red passing into yellow at extreme base, as well
as toward edge of the web (except on outermost rectrix); usually, on
the foreneck a greater or less number of red feathers, sometimes
forming a distinct narrow transverse patch of that color; smaller
under wing-coverts bright clear parrot green, very narrowly and
indistinctly margined terminally with black; larger under coverts
and under surface of inner webs of secondaries duller and more bluish

0 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

zen, the under surface of primaries, for proximal portion greenish blue
erditer or dull cerulean), the distal portion, as well as a broad stripe
xt to shaft, dull blackish slate or slate-black; bill light yellowish
rn color, more or less suffused with dusky horn color, the maxillary
guis wholly of the latter color; feet dusky (in dried skins); length
<ins), 386-426 (406); wing, 250-263 (256.5); tail, 151-159 (155);
Imen, 31-34.5 (32.7); tarsus, 24.5-25 (24.7); outer anterior toe,
-34.5 (34.2).2

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and probably not always
stinguishable, but usually slightly duller in coloration, sometimes
thout trace of red on foreneck; length (skins), 375-405 (893);
ng, 244-258 (251.8); tail, 147-156 (149.8); culmen, 30.5-34 (32.1);
rsus, 23-25 (23.8); outer anterior toe, 30.5-386 (32.6).®

Island of Dominica, Lesser Antilles.

Psittacus arausiacus MUtuEr, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1766, 79 (Dominica; based on Blue-
faced Parrot Edwards, Birds, pl. 230; type in coll. ‘‘Mr. Lemman, of Bishops-
gate street, London”).

[Chrysotis] arausiaca Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 165, no. 8339.

[Psittacus autumnalis] 8 Guetin, Syst. Nat.,i, pt. 1, 1788, 345 (based on Crick
a téte bleue Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 230; Blue-faced Green Parrot Edwards,
Gleanings, pl. 230).—Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 124.

Psittacus bouqueti BecusteIn, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 99 (based on Le Perroquet
Bouquet Levaillant, ii, 104, pl. 135).—Kuuz, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 76.—
Desmarest, Dict. Sci. Nat., xxxix, 1826, 101.—BreHm, Mon. Papag., 1842,
pl. 54.

Ps{ittacus] bougueti WacLeR, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 593, 717.

Clhrysotis] bouquett Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 422.—Scnatzr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1881, 627 (Dominica).

Chrysotis bouqueti BoNAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151; Naumannia,
1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 96).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859,
81.—Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 555.—PruzELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 266,
footnote.—ScuaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 627; 1889, 326, 327; Ibis,
1881, 412, 414; 1889, 565.—Cory, Auk, iti, 1886, 462 (synonymy; descr.);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 185.—Satvapori, Cat, Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 277;
Ibis, 1906, 643; 1907, 365, in text (not extinct, but still numerous).

[Chrysotis] bouqueti Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20.—
Forses and Roxinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 13.

Androglossa bouquett REIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 370 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 210; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 122.

Amazona bouqueti Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 101, 133.—VERRILL
(G. E.), Trans. Conn. Ac. Arts and Sci., viii, 1892, 328 (habits; crit.).—
Roruscuitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15.—Crarx (A. H.), Auk,

+ xxii, 1905, 344.

[Amazona] bouqueti SHarpr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 20.

Psittacus cxrulifrons Saaw, Gen. Zool., viii, 1811, 515 (“‘Guiana”),—Cuvier,
Régne Anim., ed. 2, i, 1829, 464, footnote.—Vorer, Cuv. Uebers., 1831, 741.

(?) Psittacus autumnalis, var. VizmLor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 326.

P{sittacus] cyaneocapillus Viertior, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1373, pl. 229, fig. 1
(‘Guiana”).— Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 186, footnote.

@ Two specimens. > Five specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23

[Chrysotis] cyanocephalus Swatnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301 (based on J
Peroquet Bouquet Levaillant, pl. 135).

Chrysotis nichollst Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Sept. 4, 1880, 254 (islan
of Dominica, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.), 256 (habits) —Sciarri
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 627 (crit.); Ibis, 1881, 413 (crit.)—REIcHENO
and ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 417 (reprint of orig. descr.).

AMAZONA MARTINICANA A. H. Clark.
MARTINIQUE PARROT.

Similar to A. arausiaca, but top of head slate color with a sligh
intermixture of red.
Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. (Extinct.)
Psittacus leucocephalus var. Viextot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 33
(Martinique).
Amazona martinicana CuarK (A. H.), Auk, xxii, Oct., 1905, 343 (ex. Laba:
Nouveau Voy. aux Isles de ’Amérique, ii, 1742, 214, 344).—Roruscari
Bull. Brit. Om. Club, xvi, 1905, 15; Extinct Birds, 1907, 57, pl. 18.¢
Chrysotis martinicana Sauvaport, Ibis, Oct., 1906, 643.

AMAZONA AUROPALLIATA (Lesson).
YELLOW-NAPED PARROT.

Adults (sexes alike) —Pileum light green (varying from clear ye!
lowish green to light oriental green), sometimes (in older individuals ‘
with a spot or patch of chrome yellow on median portion of foreheac
sometimes extended to middle of crown, the green passing on occipu
and upper part of nape into deeper yellowish green; lower nape an
whole hindneck light cadmium yellow; general color of rest of uppe
parts clear bright yellowish parrot green, the scapulars and inte
scapulars with very indistinct broken black terminal margins, th
wing-coverts (especially greater ones) and proximal secondaries indis
tinctly edged with lighter yellowish green or greenish yellow, th
upper tail-coverts much lighter and brighter green (bright yelloy
green, cosse green, or neva green); outer webs of four outermos
secondaries mostly pure poppy red (or between poppy and geraniur
red), passing into yellow on concealed basal portion, the distal por
tion first green (narrowly) more or less intermixed or suffused wit!
yellow, then bluish black tinged with dark violet-blue; primarie
clear parrot green on proximal half, bluish black tinged with dar!
violet-blue for distal half, their inner webs dull black or slate-black
basal two-thirds (approximately) of tail clear parrot green, the ter
minal third clear light yellow-green (bright cosse green changing t
nearly neva green); inner webs of five lateral rectrices (on each side
with basal third (more or less) red and yellow, the red predominatin,

“The colored plate in ‘‘Extinct Birds” does not agree with descriptions quoted i
the text, the head and neck, all round, being slate colored, with a red patch on.cente
of the crown, and the two outermost rectrices with outer webs red for their entir
length.

2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

outermost rectrix, the yellow prevailing (sometimes wholly
rlacing the red) on the innermost one;* outer web of outermost
strix darker green, edged (in part at least) with dark blue; sides of
ad and neck and under parts light yellowish green, sometimes
ied with light bluish green; under wing-coverts light yellowish
een, paler and more yellowish along carpo-metacarpal margin, the
imeral edge, including bend, usually more or less intermixed with
d and yellow (except in younger individuals); larger under wing-
verts dull bluish green passing into light dull yellowish green on
argins; under surface of remiges dull bluish green (chromium to
alachite), the primaries with distal portion and broad stripe along
aft dull blackish slate; bill horn color (more or less dark) with a
tht-colored (pale dull buffy) area on basal sides of maxilla; iris
ange-red;° legs and feet dusky (grayish in life);’ length (skins),
0-357 (343); wirig, 215-226 (221.1); tail, 120.5-125 (122.5); cul-
en, 34-35 (84.6); tarsus, 25-27 (26.2); outer anterior toe, 33.5-36
4,4).¢
Immature.—Similar to adults but without any yellow on head or
ck, the whole hindneck light green with feathers margined ter-
inally with black, especially those of lower portion; little if any
d or yellow on humeral margin of wing.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 310-357 (343); wing, 215-226 (221.1);
il, 120.5-125 (122.5); culmen, 34-35 (34.6); tarsus, 25-27 (26.2);
iter anterior toe, 33.5-36 (34.4).°
Adult female.—Length (skins), 315-345 (831); wing, 201.5-215.5
11); tail, 114.5-123.5 (119.3); culmen, 31-35 (33.1); tarsus, 23-
).5 (24.2); outer anterior toe, 31-35.5 (32.9).°
Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Santa Efigénia; Cacoprieto;
unta Maria, Chimalapa) and Chiapas (Tonal4é; Tapachula; Hue-
1etan) and southward, through Guatemala (Huamach4l; Retal-
uleu; La Grande; San José; Naranjo), Salvadér (San Salvador),

+The red and yellow usually encroach more or less on inner portion of outer web,
cept on outermost rectrix.

5 F. Sumichrast, on labels.

¢ Four specimens.

F Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | CU’ |rarsus. anterior
: toe.
“MALES,
oadult males from Chiapas... ............. cece ce eee eee eee 225 122.7 35 26.5
3 adult male from Honduras. .......... 2c. eee sence eee n eee 215 122 34 25 B.5
3 adult male from western Costa Rica...........2..ccce eens 219.5 | 122.5 34.5 27
FEMALES,
3 adult female from Chiapas. ..........0..eccceesccccccccece 215 120 31 25.5 34
‘ee adult females from western Costa Rica................06 209.7} 119 33.8 23.8 32.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23.

Honduras (Chasniguas; Rio Segévia; Ruatén Island; Tigre Island)
and Nicaragua (Realejo; Chinandega; Omotepe; Momotombo; Sa:
Juan del Sur) to western Costa Rica (San José; Bolsén; Libéria
Tenério; Volcén de Miravalles; Bagaces; Bebedero; La Palma d
Nicoya; Punta Arenas; Pigres).

Psittacus (Amazona) auro-palliatus Lesson, Rev. Zool., v, May, 1842, 18
(‘“‘Realejo centre Amérique” i. e. Nicaragua; coll. A. Lesson).

P[sittacus] auro-palliatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 421.

Chrysotis auro-palliata Satvaport, Ibis, 1906, 646 (crit. as to C. schmidti Thering

Amazona auropalliatus Lusson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 196.

Chrysotis auropalliata Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 77.—Lav
RENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 36 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).-
Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 291 (Huamuchal and Retalhulei
Guatemala; San Salvador, Salvador; Ruatan I., Honduras) —UnpERWwool
Ibis, 1896, 445 (Volcan de Miravalles and Bagaces, Costa Rica; habits).-
Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 586 (Santa Efigeni
and Cacoprieto, Oaxaca; Tonala and Tapachula, Chiapas; La Grande, Sa
Jose, etc., Guatemala; Salvador; Ruatan I. and Tigre I., Honduras; Realej:
Chinandega, Momotombo, San Juan del Sur, and Omotepe, Nicaragua; Liberi:
La Palma de Nicoya, etc., Costa Rica).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. fc
1896-97 (1899), 220 (Naranjo, Guatemala).

[Chrysotis] auropalliata Forpes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. |
1897, 18.

Amazona auropalliata ZeELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1887, 124 (Liberia, Cost
Rica).—Drarsorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N.H., 1907, 86 (San Jose, Guat
mala).—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 486 (Pigres, Tenorio, Bo
son, and Bebedero, Costa Rica; habits).

Chrysotis auripalliata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 807, intext; Not
Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 2, in text—Sovanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 185
154; Icon. Perr., 1857, pl. 27.—Tayzor, Ibis, 1860, 121 (Tigre I., Hondura
habits).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 145 (San Jose, Costa Rica
Ibis, 1871, 251.—Fivscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 568.—Satzvin, Ibis, 1871, &
99 (range); 1889, 373 (Ruatan I., Honduras; crit.) —Nurrine, Proc. U. {
Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 402 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits); vi, 188:
877 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua).—ZzLEep6n, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii
1885, 111 (Costa Rica).

Chr[ysotis] auripalliata Capanis, Journ. ftir Orn., 1874, 105, in text.

[Chrysotis] auripalliatus Savin, Ibis, 1890, 88 (Ruatan I., Honduras).

Chrysotis auripalliatus ScuaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 138 (Pacific coast distri
Guatemala).—Frantzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 365 (Costa Rica).

[Chrysotis] auripalliata ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 114.

Amazona auripalliata ScuitecEL, Mus. -Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 5:
no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 27.—Ripeway, Condor, vii, 1905, 155, in text (Pigre
Costa Rica).

[Amazona] auripalliata SHarpz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21.

(?) Amazona auripalliata? Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 592 (R:
Segovia, Honduras; crit.).

Androglossa auripalliata REIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 368 (monogr.); Cons]
Psitt., 1882, 208; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 119.

[Chrysotis] auretpalliata Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 141 (Consy
Psitt., p. 8); Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 79).

14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Psittacus flavinuchus Gouin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843 (pub. Dec.), 104 (‘‘Shores
of South America and the Pacific’; coll. Zool. Soc. Lond.); Zool. Voy. ‘Sul-
phur,” 1844, 45, pl. 27; Ann. and Mag. N. H., xiii, 1844, 475.

CThrysotis] flavinuchus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 421.

(?) Chrysotis farinosa (not Psittacus farinosus Boddaert) Lawrence, Bull. U. §,
Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 36 (Santa Maria, Chimalapa, Oaxaca).

AMAZONA AUTUMNALIS AUTUMNALIS (Linnzus).
YELLOW-CHEEKED PARROT.

Adults (sexes alike)—Forehead (broadly) and greater part of
res dull vermilion or bright nopal red; lower portion of lores, rictal
gion, and suborbital region chrome yellow (rarely red, like forehead
id lores); crown and occiput with feathers banded with light
owish green (on middle portion) and lavender or light lavender-
olet (subterminally), and narrowly margined at tip with black,
.e feathers sometimes pale purplish red or pinkish basally (this
meealed); hindneck clear parrot green, the feathers rather broadly
argined terminally with black, this sometimes preceded by a narrow
tbterminal bar of lavender or light lavender-violet; general color
‘upper parts clear parrot green, the scapulars and interscapulars
distinctly margined terminally with black; four outer secondaries
ith outer webs pure poppy red for greater part, the distal portion
ue-black or black tinged with dark violet-blue, sometimes with a
urrow edging of green or lighter blue; basal half (approximately)
' primaries clear parrot green, the distal portion blue-black or very
ark violet-blue, their inner webs black or slate-black; distal third
nore or less) of tail clear light yellowish green, the middle pair of
ictrices mostly (sometimes wholly) green; inner webs of rectrices
ith the darker green proximal portion passing into dusky toward
ner edge, those of the two outermost rectrices becoming light yellow
asally and, usually, with a more or less distinct subbasal spot of
d;* suborbital region (broadly), lower part of loral region, and
ctal region yellow (chrome yellow to light cadmium); auricular
gion, malar region (except upper anterior portion), and sides of
oat (sometimes whole throat) clear bright yellowish green, the
roat often intermixed or suffused with pale red; under parts lighter
een, or more yellowish green, than upper parts, the feathers of
\est and breast more or less distinctly margined terminally with black
xcept in worn plumage), the throat sometimes more or less inter-
ixed with red; smaller under wing-coverts light yellowish green,
ose along carpo-metacarpal edge more yellowish (sometimes green-
a yellow); under primary coverts dull green (malachite), pass-
g into pale greenish yellow terminally and on edges (partly) ; under

+ There is great variation among specimens which do not otherwise differ materially

the coloration of the lateral rectrices. Sometimes the red is so much reduced in
tent as toamount to a mere trace, while, more rarely, it is wholly absent. Occa-
nally the red invades the outer web also.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 935

surface of remiges malachite green, the primaries with distal por-
tion and a broad stripe along inner edge of shaft blackish slate or
slate-black; bill pale dull brownish buffy (more yellowish or fleshy
in life), the maxilla with a dusky space occupying basal half of
tomial portion; iris orange or orange-yellow; legs and feet brownish
or horn color in dried skins, light greenish ash or olivaceous in life.

Immature.—Similar to adults but without any yellow on head, the
entire suborbital and lower part of loral region being yellowish green,
like auricular region, etc.; red of forehead more restricted, sometimes
broken by admixture of green feathers; feathers of hindneck without
trace of subterminal lilaceous bar;* inner webs of lateral rectrices
-with the subbasal red spot much reduced (a mere trace, only, on next
to the outermost).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 296-326 (313); wing, 190.5-217
(206.9); tail, 97.5-123 (113.8); culmen, 27-33 (30.6); tarsus, 22.5-24
(23.5); outer anterior toe, 28-31.5 (29.5).®

Adult female—Length (skins), 300-320 (310); wing, 205.5-210
(207.7); tail, 110.5-119 (114.7); culmen, 29.5-30.5 (30); tarsus,
23-24 (23.5); outer anterior toe, 27-31.5 (29.7).¢

Southern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico; Alta Mira;
Tautina; Tamesi), Vera Cruz (Miradér; Jalapa; Cordova; Potrero
near Cérdova; Motzorongo; Tlalcotalpam; Sierra de las Mistecas;
Playa Vicente; Plan del Rio; Colipa; San José Acateno; Vega de
Casadero), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (near City of Mexico),
Guanajuato, and Oaxaca (Tehuantepec; Tixtepec; Barrio), and
southward, through Guatemala (Chocttim; Rio Polochic; Las Salinas;

@ The last character, however, often present inadults. The immature plumage of
A. a, autumnalis is almost precisely similar to that of the adult A. a. salvini; in fact,
the only difference that I can detect consists in the absence, in the former, of bluish,
lavender, or lilaceous subterminal bars to the feathers of the hindneck, these being
always present in the adult of A. a. salvini, and in great reduction of red on subbasal
portion of lateral rectrices.

b Eleven specimens.

¢ Two specimens.

Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Fae Tarsus. ia
: 2,
MALES,
Three adult males from Vera Cruz.........----22-2--e0eeee ees 215 119.8 30.7 23.5 30
One adult male from Guanajuato..........2..- 22.2 eee ee eee 204 110 29 23.5 31.5
One adult male from Oaxaca .......---...22-+-20e eee eee eee eee 215 122 33 22.5 28
One adult male from Guatemala. ........-....-2-- sees ee neeeee 200.5) 111 32.5 24 30
Five adult males from Honduras...........--..-002.20020220++ 202.2 | 107.8 30 23.7 29.1
FEMALES,
One Adult female from Vera Cruz........--.0-eeee cece cece eee 210 119 29.5 23 27
One adult female from Honduras. ........-...--2-eeeeeeeeee eee 205.5 | 110.5 30. 5 24 31.5

16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

nto Tom4s; Rio Managua; Los Amates, Yzab4l), and British Hon-
tras (Belize), to Honduras (Omoa; Truxillo; Ruatan Island;
iamelicén; Céiba; San Pedro; San Pedro Sula; Rio Segévia).

[Psittacus] autumnalis Linnavus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 102 (based on the
Lesser Green Parrot Edwards, Birds, 164, pl. 164); ed. 12, i, 1766, 147.—
Guetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 345, part (excl. var.).—Larnam, Index
Orn., i, 1790, 124, part (excl. var.).

Psittacus autumnalis Becustein, Lathams Uebers. Vogel, i, 1793, 246, 711.—
Suaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 516.—Brcusrzin, Kurze Ueb., 181112,
98.—Viertot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 326, part (second var.);
Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1873.—Kuut, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 79.—Srzpnens,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 106.—Lzsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 196.—
Waater, Isis, 1831, 525.—Brenm, Mon. Papag., Heft xii, 1854, pl. 57.—
Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 185.—Scutzce., Dierent.,
1864, 65.

Psfittacus] autumnalis Becustrin, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 98.—WacuER, Mon,
Psitt., 1832, 591, part, 716.

Clhrysotis] autumnalis Swainson, Olassif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301.—Gray, Gen.
Birds, ii, 1846, 422.—Lawrencg, Ibis, 1871, 250, part (City of Mexico; Te-
huantepec, Oaxaca).

Chrysotis autumnalis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151, excl. syn. part
(monogr.); Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 99).—Souanc#, Rev. et Mag.
de Zool., 1856, 154.—Sctater, Proc: Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 205 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz), 230,intext (Mexico) ; 1859, 389 (Playa Vicente, VeraCruz; crit.).—Moorz,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras).—Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., Psittacidee, 1859, 81.—Satvin and Sciater, Ibis, 1860, 401 (tierra
caliente of Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 547.—
Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 560 (tierra caliente of Vera
Cruz).—SciaTer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (Honduras).—
Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 98 (range); 1889, 373 (Ruatan I., Honduras; crit.).—Law-
RENCE, Bull.U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,36 (Barrio, Oaxaca).—Bovucarp, Liste
Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 23.—RrtcHenow, Vogelbild., 1881, pl. 19, fig. 7.—
Frrrari-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 163 (Plan del Rio, Vera
Cruz; Puebla).—Satvrin and Gopmav, Ibis, 1889, 373 (Ruatan Is., Honduras);
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 591 (Tampico, Tamesi, and Tautina,
Tamaulipas; Jalapa, Colipa, Potrero, Plan del Rio, San Jose Acateno, Vega
de Casadero, etc., Vera Cruz; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Choctum and Las
Salinas, Guatemala; San Pedro, etc., Honduras).—SaLvapori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 302; Ibis, 1906, 647.

[Chrysotis] autumnalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 164, no. 8824.—ScuaTER and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.—Satvin, Ibis, 1890, 88 (Ruatan I.,
Honduras).—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 1, 1897, 14.

Amazona autumnalis ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 51,
part; no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 26.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888,
583 (Truxillo, Honduras), 592 (Rio Segovia, Honduras).—Ricumonp, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 628 (Alta Mira, s. Tamaulipas) —Lantz, Trans.
Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Santo Tomas, Guatemala).—Banes,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 143 (Ceiba, Honduras).—DEaRBoRN,
Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 86 (Los Amates, Yzabal, Guatemala).

A[mazona] autumnalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 587; 2d ed., 1896, 595.

[Amazona] autumnalis Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21.

Androglossa autumnalis ReicHENow, Journ. fiir Om., 1881, 374 (monogr.); Consp.
Paitt., 1882, 214.

[Androglossus] autumnalis Heinz and Retcaznow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Om., 1890,
232 (Mexico).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2387

Psittacus aurantius Vinuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 325 (based on
Pesittacus autumnalis var. Latham; Levaillant, Perroquets, pl. 109; etc.);
Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1373.

Chrysotis xstivalis Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 100) (nomen
nudum!).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 81 (Mexico).—
Savin, Ibis, 1871, 88, footnote.

AMAZONA AUTUMNALIS SALVINI (Salvadori).

SALVIN’S PARROT.

Similar to A. a. autumnalis, but adults without any yellow on sides
of head or (in some examples from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and
southern Honduras) with the yellow area much reduced; red of fore-
head averaging much narrower; feathers of hindneck always(?) with
a subterminal bar of bluish or lavender-violet.¢

Adult male.—Length (skins) , 291-332 (315); wing, 202-233 (217.8);
tail, 102.5-131 (119.5); culmen, 29-33 (31.2); tarsus, 21.5-26 (24.5);
outer anterior toe, 26.5~33 (30.8).®

Adult female.—Length (skins), 285-332 (311); wing, 201-214
(208.6); tail, 108-125 (113); culmen, 28-31.5 (29.9); tarsus, 21.5-25
(23.4); outer anterior toe, 28~-32.5 (29.3).¢

@ There is the same great amount of individual variation in this form with respect
to the extent of the red on subbasal portion of the lateral rectrices as in A. a. autum-
nalis, This red may form a large spot or area on the inner web alone, may invade the
outer web also, or it may be wholly absent. Specimens from Panama apparently never
have any yellow on the side of the head, and the same is the case with many of those
from Costa Rica and Nicaragua; but a considerable proportion of specimens from the
last-named two countries have a more or less distinct area of yellow on the lower
part of the lores and upper part of the suborbital region, thus showing intergradation
with A. a. autumnalis. The yellow area is never so large, however, as in specimens
of the latter from southeastern Mexico, etc., and Carriker (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi,
p. 487) certainly erred in referring the Costa Rican birds with a yellow suborbital
spot to A. a. autumnalis. The yellow spot seems to occur about equally in speci-
mens from opposite sides of Costa Rica.

b Eleven specimens.

¢ Nine specimens.

. P Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. aeni Tarsus. ia
08,
MALES,
One adult male from Nicaragua. ........----22-2002-seeee eee 217.5} 116.5] 30.5 25.5 31
Ten adult males from Costa Rica....-.-.------------- reese eee 217.8} 119.5 31,2 23.9 30.7
FEMALES,
One adult female from Nicaragua. .....-....--.eeeee ee ee eee e eee 214 125 28.5 23 28
Six adult females from Costa Rica..........---ssseeeseeee ences 207.7} 114.1 30.3 23.2 29.6
Two adult females from Panama.....-..-----------e- eee eee eee 208.5 | 118 20.5 24 29

Intergradation between this form and A. a. autumnalis is complete, many speci-
mens from Nicaragua and the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica being intermediate in
character, though most of them are decidedly nearer to the present form. To the
southward A. a. salvint probably grades into A. lilacina (Lesson), and A. diademata
(Spix), of Amazonia, may also be conspecific; but I have not seen either of these

forms,

18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Nicaragua (Rio Escondido; Greytown; Los Sébalos; Sucuyé;
atagalpa; San Emilio) and southward, through Costa Rica (Gu4-
las; Guayabél; Jiménez; Bonilla; Guayabo; Talamanca; San
6; Peje; Pigres; Lagarto; Térraba; El Pozo de Térraba;
sruca; Buenos Aires), Panama (Calovévora, Verégua; Divala
id Bugaba, Chiriqui; Rio Trinidad; Lion Hill; San Miguél Island):
id Colombia (Remédios, Antioquia) to northwestern Brazil (Rio
egro).

Clhrysotis] viridigenalis (not of Cassin) ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
298, in text (Isthmus of Panama).

Chrysotis viridigenalis Scuatrr and Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 368
(Panama; crit.).—Lawrencz, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (San José,
Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 365 (Costa Rica).

(Chrysotis] viridigenalis Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113,
part (Colombia).

Amazona autumnalis (not Pstttacus autumnalis Linneeus) ScutzeEt, Mus. Pays-
Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 51, part.

Chrysotis autumnatia Franrzius, Journ. fir Orm., 1869, 365 (Costa Rica).—
Nurtine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 388 (Sucuya, Nicaragua).

C[hrysotis] autumnalis Lawrence, Ibis, 1871, 250, part (Costa Rica).

Amazona autumnalis autumnalis Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 487
(Guapiles, Costa Rica; crit.).

Chrysotis diademata (not Psittacus diadema Spix) Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868,
545, part.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 214 (Calovevora and
Bugaba, Veragua, Panama); Ibis, 1870, 113 (Costa Rica); 1871, 87, 97
(Central American range).—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, pp. liii, 265, 448,
part (Rio Negro).—Scnater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 538
(Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia).—Nutrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi,
1883, 407 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).—ZeLEep6n, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii,
1885, 111 (Costa Rica).

Clhrysotis] diademata Lawrence, Ibis, 1871, 250 (Panama; crit.).

[Chrysotis] diademata ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113, part
(Guiana to Panama).

Amazona diadema Scutecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 27
(“‘Brésil”).

Androglossa diademata ReicHenow, Journ. ftir Orn., 1881, 372, part (monogr.;
Guina to Panama); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 212, part; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr.,
124, part.

Amazonia diademata CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. Merid. C. R., 1893, 49 (Lagarto, Boruca,
and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).

Chrysotis salvini SALvADoRI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 300, pl. 7, fig. 3 (Lion
Hill, Panama; coll. Brit. Mus.); Ibis, 1906, 647.—Sanvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 592 (Matagalpa, San Emilio, Greytown,
Rio Escondido, and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; San José, Peje, Talamanca, and
Jiménez, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Bugaba, and Lion Hill, Panama; Colom-
bia; Rio Negro Valley).

[Chrysotis] salvint Forpzs and Rozrnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 1, 1897,14.

Amazona salvini Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, Oct. 4, 1893, 519 (Grey-
town and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 25 (San
Miguel I., Bay of Panama).—Tayer and Banas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
xlvi, 1905, 148 (San Miguel I,; crit.)—Frrry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N.H.,
1910, 262 (Guayabo, Costa Rica; crit.; habits).

[Amazona] salvini SaarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 239

A[mazona] salvini Rpaway, Condor, vii, 1905, 155, 156, in text (Pigres and Bonilla,
Costa Rica),

Amazona autumnalis salvini CarRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 487 (Bonilla,
Pigres, Guayabal, Guapiles, and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; crit.; habits).

AMAZONA FARINOSA INORNATA (Salvadori).
PLAIN-COLORED PARROT.

Similar to A. f. farinosa * but averaging smaller, and without any
yellow on pileum.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color parrot green, including whole
head and neck, the hindneck, back, and scapulars more grayish green,
the under parts lighter and often more yellowish green, the occiput
or nape frequently suffused with a darker, more bluish or dull vio-
laceous hue; feathers of pileum, hindneck, and upper back margined
terminally with blackish, these blackish margins much broader and
always conspicuous on lower hindneck, sometimes obsolete elsewhere;
tail deep parrot green for proximal half or more, the distal half
(approximately) much lighter and more yellowish green, especially
on inner webs, which are dark green proximally; outer webs of three
distal secondaries clear poppy red or dull spectrum red except termi-
nally, where dark blue or bluish black, sometimes with more or less of
green between the red and blue; distal half (more or less) of primaries
black, passing into bluish black proximally; carpo-metacarpal edge
of wing with more or less of red; maxilla horn color or dusky, usually
with the lower basal portion paler, sometimes, together with mandi-
ble, dull ivory-yellowish or brownish buffy; iris yellow to orange-red;
bare orbital space whitish (in life); legs and feet horn color or dusky
(in dried skins).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 380-425 (393); wing, 233-268
(246.7); tail, 121.5-149 (134.8); culmen, 37-41 (89.8); tarsus, 26.5-
29.5 (28.1); outer anterior toe, 34.5-39.5 (37.4).°

Adult female.—Length (skins), 380; wing, 240-255 (247.5); tail,
127.5-139 (133.2); culmen, 35-38.5 (86.7); tarsus, 26; outer anterior
toe, 35.5-36 (85.7).°

“See p. 220. bSix specimens. ¢ Two specimens.

Outer
ou Tarsus. anterior
i toe.

Locality. Wing. | Tail.

MALES.

Four adult males trom, Panda cccacacuseveusecesyecuvsvsonees 244.2 | 132.9 38.7 28.4 37.4

One adult male from Venezuela.......-..-----e002eeeeee eee e eee 235 128.5 39.5 26.5 37

One adult male from Bolivia (Province'delSara)=A.f.farinosa.| 268 149 39 28.5 38
FEMALES.

One adult female from Panama... ......20cee0c20s0ecevenerens 255 139 35 26 36

One adult female from Colombia............222-.-.--22--0e22 ee 240 127.5 38.5 26 35.5

Intergradation between this form and A./. farinosa on the one hand and J. /. viren-
ticeps on the other is complete, the latter also grading gradually into A.f. guatemale.

240 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Panama (Verégua; Cascajal, Coclé; Punta de Sabana; Panamé;
Lion Hill; Gattin; Cana; Rio Indio; Darién) and southward, through
Colombia (La Vieja, Choco; Remédios, Antioquia; Bogota), Ecuadér
(Rio Napo; Sarayacu; Ambato; Valle del Rio Santiago; Foreste del
Rio Peripa) and Venezuela (Orope, Zilia; Munduapo and Nicare,
Orinoco Valley; Guanoco; La Brea), to northern Brazil (Rio To-
cantins; Paré) and Peru (Chamicuros; Monterico; Chimbo).

(?) Psittacus amazonicus, var. Hann, Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1835, 54, pl. 38 (Brazil).

Psittacus pulverulentus (not of Gmelin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vili, 1863,
11 (Lion Hill, Panama).

Chrysotis farinosa (not Psittacus farinosus Boddaert) ScuatzR, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1858, 75 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Psittacide, 1859, 77, part (spec. a).—ScnaTER and Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, 588, 595 (Rio Tocantins, w. Brazil); 1873, 300 (Chamicuros,
e. Peru); 1879, 538 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia).—Fryscu, Die Papag.,
ii, 1868, 565, part—(?) PeuzEein, Orn. Bras., 1870, pp. liii, 266, 448, part.—
TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 550 (Monterico, centr. Peru);
Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 220, Tabl., p. 100.—BzRLErscH and TaczaNnowskxl,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 573 (Chimbo, w. Peru).

C[hrysotis] farinosa LAWRENCE, Ibis, 1871, 249 (Panama; crit.).

[Chrysotis] farinosa SciatTEeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 118, part.

Chrysotis sp. Sctater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 353 (Bogota, Colombia).

Chrysotis guatemalx (not of Sclater) Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 98, part (Panama).

Chrysotis inornata Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 281 (Veragua,
w. Panama; coll. Brit. Mus.); Ibis, 1906, 643.—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 585 (Lion Hill, Panama; Colombia to Perm and
Amazon Valley).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino,
xiv, 1899, no. 339, 9 (Punta de Sabana, Darien, Panama); no. 368, 25 (Valle
del Rio Santiago, e. Ecuador; Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador; crit.).

[Chrysotis] inornata Forpes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 1,
1897, 13.

[Amazona] inornata SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 20.

Amazona inornata BeruerscH and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 109 (Mun-
duapo and Nicare, Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; crit.).—BrEBE, Zoologica,
i, 1909, 83 (Guanoco and La Brea, n. e. Venezuela).

AMAZONA FARINOSA VIRENTICEPS (Salvadori).

GREEN-HEADED PARROT.

Similar to A. f. inornata but carpo-metacarpal edge of wing pale
yellowish green or greenish yellow with very little, if any, admixture
of red, and the forehead and crown more bluish green.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 315-365 (344); wing, 234-250
(242.5); tail, 119-134 (127.4); culmen, 34-38 (36); tarsus, 26-30
(27.4); outer anterior toe, 33-36.5 (34.9).°

Adult female.—Length (skins), 355-360 (357.5); wing, 240-248

@ Additional localities given are: Panama; Bogota and Remedios, Colombia; Saray-

acu, e. Ecuador; Chamicuros, e. Peru; Rio Tocantins; Para, Brazil.
bSix specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 941

(244); tail, 182-138 (135); culmen, 32.5-35.5 (34); tarsus, 25.5-27
(26.2); outer anterior toe, 31.5-34 (32.7).*

Nicaragua (Greytown; Omotepe; San Rafaél del Norte), Costa
Rica (Angostura; San Carlos; San Mateo; Cervantes; Guacimo;
Rio Reventazén; Bonilla; Cuabre, Talamanca), and western Panamé
(Voleén de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Cascajél, Coclé).

Chrysotis pulverulenta (not Psittacus pulverulentus Gmelin) Lawrence, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (Cervantes, Costa Rica).—Franrzrus, Journ. fir
Orn., 1869, 365 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, Ibis, 1870, 118 (Costa Rica).

Chrysotis guatemalz (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 145
(Cervantes, Costa Rica).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 365 (Costa
Rica).—Satvin, Ibis, 1870, 118 (Costa Rica); 1871, 98, part (range; crit.);
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 214 (Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, w. Pan-
ama).—Nuttine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 395 (Omotepe, Nicaragua).—
Zetepon, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica).

[Chrysotis] guatemale ScuateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113, part.

Androglossa guatemale REIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 367, part.

Amazona guatemale Zevepdn, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1887, 124 (San Mateo,
Costa, Rica).

Chrysotis farinosa (not Psittacus farinosa Boddaert) Lawrence, Ibis, 1871, 249
(Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 46 (San Carlos,
Costa Rica).

Chrysotis virenticeps Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 280 (Bugaba,
Chiriqui, w. Panama; coll. Brit. Mus.); Ibis, 1906, 643.—Satvin and GopMan,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 585 (Cervantes, Angostura, San Carlos,
and San Mateo, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama).

[Chrysotis] virenticeps Fores and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 1,
1897, 13.

Amazona virenticeps Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 25
(Bugaba, Panama).—Ripeway, Condor, vii, 1905, 156, in text (Bonilla,
Costa Rica).—Carrikxer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 486 (Rio Reventazon,
Guacimo, and Cuabre de Talamanca, Costa Rica; crit.; habits).

[Amazona] virenticeps Sarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 20.

AMAZONA FARINOSA GUaTEMALZ (Sclater).
BLUE-CROWNED PARROT.

Similar to A. f. virenticeps but whole of pileum conspicuously blue
(turquoise to light azure).

@ Two specimens.

2 ‘ : - Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. be Tarsus, |anterior
toe.
MALES.
Five adult males from Costa Rica..............-.-seeeeeeeeeeee 240] 127 35.6 27.1 34.6
One adult male from western Panama (Bugaba, Chiriqui) ..... 250} 129.5 38 30 35.5
FEMALES,
One adult female from Costa Rica.......-.....2.eeeee ee ee cece 248 | 188 35.5 27 34
One adult female from Nicaragua.-............-2002 eee ee eee ee 240} 132 32.5 25.5 31.5

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——_16

242 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 360-395 (377) ;, wing, 250-262 (253.2);
tail, 129.5-143 (133.1); culmen, 37.5-40.5 (38.9); tarsus, 26-30 (28.8)
outer anterior toe, 35-40 (87.5).%

Adult female—tLength (skins), 350-380 (367); wing, 237-255
(245.2); tail, 122-143.5 (134.5); culmen, 33.5-37.5 (86.2); tarsus,
27-29 (27.8); outer anterior toe, 34-35.5 (34.9).%

Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro) and northward, through Guatemala
(sources of Rio de la Pasién; Chocttiim, Vera Paz), to southern Mex-
ico, in States of Oaxaca (Rio Givicia; Chimalapa), Vera Cruz (Rio San
Juan; Tolosa; Miradér; Orizaba; Jalapa; Potrero near Cérdova;
Achotél; Pasa Nueva) and Mexico (near City of Mexico).

Chrysotis guatemalz ScuaTER, Ibis, ii, no. v, Jan., 1860, 44 (Guatemala and Hon-
duras; coll. O. Salvin; ex Hartlaub, manuscript); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1860, 253 (Vera Cruz); 1875, 61 (living spec. in Zool. Garden, London); Cat.
Am. Birds, 1862, 353 (Honduras).—Fivscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 562, pl.
4.—SciaterR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 887 (Honduras).—
Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 98, part (range; crit.).—RetcHEnow, Vogelbild., 1881,
pl. 19, fig. 2—Sauvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 279 (Potrero
near Cordova, Vera Cruz; sources of Rio dela Pasion and Choctum, Vera
Paz, Guatemala; Honduras); Ibis, 1906, 643.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 584 (Orizabaand Potrero near Cordova, Vera Cruz;
Chimalapa, Oaxaca; Omoa and San Pedro, Honduras; etc.).

C[hrysotis] guatemalz LawRENCcE, Ibis, 1871, 250 (near City of Mexico).

[Chrysotis] guatemale ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113, part.—
Fores and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 1, 1897, 13.

Amazona guatemalae SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 27.

A[mazona] guatemalz Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 587, part; 2d ed.,
1896, 594.

[Amazona] guatemale SHarpr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 20.

Androglossa guatemalae ReicHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 367, part (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 207, part.

AMAZONA VIRIDIGENALIS (Cassin).
RED-CROWNED PARROT.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead, lores, and crown uniform red
(between poppy red and geranium red); occiput and hindneck

@ Five specimens.

Locality Wing.| Tail, | Cub |, as
. ing. 1 ‘arsus. anterior
men, toe.
MALES.
Four adult males from Vera Cruz..... 2.22.00... 00cc eee e ee ccace 254.2] 134 39.1] 28.8 37.5
One adult male from Oaxaca... ....2 22.2... cece eeeecc eee e eee ee 250 129.5 38 29 37.5
FEMALES,
Four adult males from Vera Cruz....... tite. occa ana ate mee 245.8 | 134.9 36.1 27.7 34.9
One adult female from Oaxaca...... 2.2... 2.22. c cece eee ee 243 133 36.5] 28 35

>The upper throat sometimes partly red, in rare instances confluent with red of
lores.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 243

bright parrot green, the feathers tipped with black, except on supra-
auricular region (sides of occiput), where tipped. with violet-blue
(campanula blue to dull light hyacinth blue); the black terminal
margins broadest on lower hindneck; proximal secondaries with
outer webs pure deep vermilion red with distal portion (broadly)
blackish blue; distal portion of primaries (extensively) slate-black,
slightly tinged or washed with dark blue; rest of plumage clear yel-
lowish green (parrot green), lighter and more yellowish (nearly apple
green) on under parts, brightest on suborbital and auricular regions,
the middle and greater wing-coverts more or less distinctly edged or
margined with lighter green; basal half of tail (both webs) clear par-
rot green, terminal half light yellowish green (more yellowish than
apple green, the inner webs still more yellowish), the middle pair of
rectrices, however, almost wholly parrot green, the outermost rectrix
usually with basal half of outer web edged, more or less broadly,
with dusky bluish, passing into dull reddish distally; bill dull cream
yellow, paler terminally; cere and bare orbital space pale buffy
grayish or pale livid grayish; iris pale buff; feet pale livid bluish
gray.*

Immature.—Similar to adults but red of head restricted to fore-
head, the crown wholly green or mixed with red feathers.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 295-327 (307); wing, 201.5-217.5
(209.7); tail, 105.5-117 (111.4); culmen, 28-30 (28.9); tarsus, 22-23
(22.5); outer anterior toe, 27-31.5 (29.5).2

Adult female.—Length (skins), 293-310 (298); wing, 192-211.5
(204); tail, 100-113.5 (107); culmen, 26.5-28.5 (27.7); tarsus, 21-23
(22.3); outer anterior toe, 25.5-30.5 (28).¢

Northeastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leén (Monteréy; Monte-
morelos; Rio Comacho; Chitra), Tamaulipas (El Unién; Sierra Madre
above Victoria; Forlén; Rio Martinez; Rio de la Cruz; Santa Leonér;
Sota la Marina; Tampico; Tamesi and Tautina, near Tampico; Alta
Mira), Vera Cruz (Rio Tamesi near Rayén; Colipa; Misantla), and
San Luis Potosi (Vallés).

“Colors of a living specimen in the author’s possession.
6 Ten specimens.
¢ Eight specimens, all from Tamaulipas.

: : Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men, |ratsus. janterior
: 2.
MALES,
Six adult males from Tamaulipas...........220..20eeeeeeeees | 209.4] 1114] 29.1] 225 29.8
Two adult males from northern Vera Cruz....--.----------206- 211 114 28.7 22.5 29.7
One adult male from Nuevo Leon.......-..--------++++-+ pees 217.5 | 111 2B. [eaeecces| siden sins
One adult male from San Luis Potosi.......--..-..2-.-eeeeee- 201.5 | 107 29 22.5 27

244 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Chrysotis viridigenalis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, 371 (“S. Am.”
coll, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., iii, 1855, 153, pl. 13. eos
parte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 93). '—Sovanct, Icon. Perr., 1857,
pl. 31, ‘lower fig. —Gray, List Birds Brit, Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 82. —Sauvm,
This, 1889, 241 (n. e. Mexico, from Misantla, Vera Cruz, n. to lat. 25° 15’ in
Sierra Madre).

[Chrysotis] viridigenalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 164, no. 8327, part.

A[mazona] viridigenalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 595.

Amazona viridigenalis Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 628 (Alta
Mira, s, Tamaulipas),

Chrysotis viridigena Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 297 (Monte
Morelos and Rio Comacho, Nuevo Leon; Sierra Madre above Victoria, Tam-
pico, and Tamesi and Tautina near Tampico, Tamaulipas; Colipa, Vera Cruz);
Ibis, 1906, 647.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 590.—
Purnurs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75 (Rio Martinez, Rio Cruz, and Santa Leonor,
s. Tamaulipas).

[Chrysotis] viridigena ForBes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 1,
1897, 13.

[Amazona] viridigena SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21.

Chrysotis coccineifrons SouaNcE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 154 (“Colombia?, »\
Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no, 98, part).—Fivscu, Die
Papag., ii, 1868, 540, part.—REIcHENOW, Vogelbild., 1881, pl. 19, fig. 3.

AMAZONA FINSCHI (Sclater).

FINSCH’S PARROT.

Adulis (sexes alike) —Forehead and lores dull lake red; crown and
occiput deep lavender, the feathers green beneath surface and (unless
abraded) narrowly tipped with black, the nape similarly colored, but
black terminal bar more distinct, subterminal lavender area narrower,
and basal green area more extended; hindneck bright parrot green,
the feathers broadly tipped with black, forming conspicuous crescentic
bars; distal secondaries with basal two-thirds (approximately) of
outer webs red (between poppy red and carmine), the terminal por-
tion dark blue, edged proximally with green; distal third (approxi-
mately) of primaries black on inner web, dark blue on outer web; rest
of upper parts clear parrot green, the scapulars, interscapulars, lesser
and middle wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts margined ter-
minally with black, the greater wing-coverts edged with light yellowish
green; terminal half (approximately) of tail light yellowish green
(except middle pair of rectrics, which are wholly parrot green), the
inner webs becoming greenish yellow toward edge; outer web of outer-
most rectrix edged with black or dusky; suborbital, auricular and
malar regions and lower portion of loral region clear light yellowish
green, sometimes with narrow bars of black on posterior portion of
auricular and malar regions; under parts clear light yellowish green,
the feathers rather broadly margined terminally with black (except
under tail-coverts), the bars thus formed less distinct on abdomen;
bill dull buffy in dried skins, “pale yellow, brightest on sides of upper

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 945

mandible,’ in life; iris with inner ring “‘ brown ocher, central portion
chrome [yellow], outer edge orange”; * bare orbital space dusky lead
color;* toes lead color ¢ or light gray.?®

Adult male——Length (skins), 280-340 (811); wing, 196-223.5
(209.5); tail, 118.5-127 (121); culmen, 28-32 (29.9); tarsus, 20-23.5
(22.1); outer anterior toe, 26.5-31.5 (28.7).°

Adult female.—Length (skins), 300-311 (305); wing, 189-200 (195) ;
tail, 110.5-116 (114.2); culmen, 27.5-29 (28.2); tarsus, 20-21 (20.5);
outer anterior toe, 25-27 (26). ¢

Western Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (La Trompa; Mina Abun-
d&ncia), Sonora (Alamos), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Presidio de Mazatlan;
Escuinapa; Cosala; Culebra; Punta de Mita; Choix), Michoacan (Vol-
cin de Jorulla), Jalisco (as Palmas; Barranca Ibarra; Barranca
Veltran), Durango (Chacala), Colima (Rio de la Armeria; Colima), and
Oaxaca (Putla; Ventosa; Zand4tepec; Tehuantepec), and Territory of
Tepic (San Blas).

Chrysotis viridigenalis (not of Cassin) ScLareR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 230,
in text (Mexico); 1874, 206 (living specimens in Zool. Garden).—Sovanc#,
Icon. Perr., 1857, part, pl. 31, upper fig. (‘‘California”).

Chrysotis viridigenalis var. Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 82
(spec. 6).

(?)[Chrysotis] glauciceps SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 368, in text, under
C. viridigenalis (ex Hartlaub, manuscript, jide Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Paittacidze, 1859, 82).

Chrysotis finschi SctateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864 (pub. Oct. 1), 298 (Mexico;
coll. Brit. Mus.); 1874, 206, pl. 34.—Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 543.—
Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 87, 97 (range; crit.).—LawreEnceg, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
no. 4, 1876, 87 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca).—Covzs and Srrexts, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 7, 1877, 12 (Mita Point, Sinaloa) —RaicuEenow, Vogel-
bild., 1881, in text to pl. 19, fig. 6—Sanvin and Gopmay, Ibis, 1889, 242,
in text (w. Mexico); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 589 (Choix, Culebra,
Mazatlan, and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San Blas, Tepic; Rio de Arme-
ria, Colima; Beltran, Jalisco; Putla, Ventosa, Zanatepec, and Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca).—Satvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 298; Ibis, 1906, 647.

¢P.L.Jouy. % Prof. F.Sumichrast. ¢Nineteen specimens. 4 Four specimens.

“ 2 ‘ Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men, | Tarsus. par
y a.
MALES,
Ten adult males from southern Sonora (Alamos).......--.-..-+ 213 122 29.9 22.3 29, 2
Two adult males from Chihuahua...............2-.ee ence ee eee 209.7 | 123 29 21.7 29
One adult male from Durango..........---.-0-0+2-eeesee eee eee 196 113.5 | 29 21 27.5
‘Two adult males from Jalisco... 0... -.s-sscescseseceseenes 205.2} 121.2] 29.7 21 26.7
Two adult males from Sinaloa...-..--.-----0--++-eeeeee eee eee 208.2 | 120 30.7 | (23) (27)
One adult male from Colima,..........2-2-..-0e seen eeee eee e eee 205 121 29.5 | 23 31
One adult male from Oaxaca. .....-.--222..-. cece eee ee eee e eens 202.5] 118 31 22 28.5
FEMALES,
Two adult females from southern Sonora (Alamos)..........-. 199 115.7 27.7 21 25.2
One adult female from Jalisco........-..2.-.000eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 193 115 28.5 20 27
One adult female from Michoacan...........2--2-222222222202- 189 110.5 29 20 26.5

246 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Chrysotis] finschi Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 165, no. 8837.—SctaTER and Satvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 118.—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus.,
i, no. 1, 1897, 31 (Sierra de Alica and La Laguna). ;

C[hrysotis] finschti Lawrence, Ibis, 1871, 250 (Mazatlan; Colima; crit.).

Chrysotis finschti Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 296 (Mazatlan; Rio
de la Armeria; habits).

Androglossa jfinschi RercHenow, Journ. fir Orn., 1881, 373 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 213.

Al{mazona] jinscht Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 587; 2d ed., 1896, 595.

Amazona finscht Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 786 (Barranca Veltran,
Jalisco).—Miter (W. DeW.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,.xxi, 1905, 348 (Cosala,
Escuinapa, etc., s. Sinaloa),—Bamzy (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 387 (San
Blas, Tepic; habits).

[Amazona] finschi SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21.

Chrysotis diademata (not Psittacus diadema Spix) GreBEL, Thesaurus Orn., i, 1872,
681, part.

AMAZONA ORATRIX ORATRIX Ridgway.

DOUBLE YELLOW-HEAD PARROT.

Adults (sexes ahke).—Forehead and crown pale yellow; rest of
head, together with greater part of neck (all round) deeper yellow,
deepest (rich chrome yellow) on occiput and hindneck, the latter,
as well as lower foreneck, sometimes more or less intermixed with
red; general color of remaining upper parts bright yellowish parrot
green, the larger wing-coverts and proximal secondaries more or less
distinctly edged with lighter and more yellowish green or greenish
yellow, the scapulars and interscapulars more or less distinctly mar-
gined terminally with black; upper tail-coverts bright light yellow-
ish green; proximal two-thirds (more or less) of tail deep parrot
green, the distal third bright light yellowish green; four outermost
rectrices (on each side) with proximal third (approximately) of inner
web pure poppy red, passing into yellow basally and on inner edge,
the corresponding part of outer web (except outermost rectrix) with
a narrow space of yellow or mixed red and yellow, near shaft; outer
web of lateral rectrix with proximal two-thirds deep green, passing
into dark blue on edge; four outer secondaries with outer webs pure
poppy red, except extreme basal portion (concealed), which is yellow
and pale green, and terminal portion, which is first yellow, then
dark violet-blue, or blue-black tinged with blue, the fifth (from out-
side) with middle portion red, then green (extensively) and dark
violet-blue terminally; basal half (approximately) of primaries clear
parrot green, the distal half dark violet-blue or black tinged with
dark violet-blue, the inner webs dull slate-black; under parts of body
clear light yellowish green, the feathers of chest, breast, sides, and
upper abdomen with narrow terminal margins of black (very indis-
tinct posteriorly); under tail-coverts vivid light yellowish green;
thighs clear chrome yellow, sometimes flecked with red on lower
anterior portion, the outer side tinged, more or less, with green;
smaller under wing-coverts light yellowish green (sometimes inter-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9447

mixed with red and yellow), those along the carpo-metacarpal edge
yellow, flecked or intermixed with red; humeral edge of wing, includ-
ing bend, pure poppy red (broadly); larger under wing-coverts light
dull green or bluish green passing into pale yellowish green or green-
ish yellow terminally and on edges; under surface of remiges light
dull bluish green (malachite), the distal portion and a broad stripe
along inner edge of shaft dull blackish slate; bill wholly pale dull buffy
or dull buffy whitish; iris orange;* legs and feet pale brownish in
dried skins (dirty whitish in life).

Immature (both sexes).—Similar to adults but with yellow of head
and neck much more restricted, in younger individuals confined tofore-
head, crown, loral, and suborbital regions, and chin; carpo-metacarpal
edge of wing pale green more or less intermixed with yellow, but
without red; humeral edge of wing with red moré or less reduced, the
bend, in younger individuals, yellow margined or flecked with red.

Young.—Similar to the immature plumage, as described above,
but the yellow confined to the forehead, crown, superciliary region,
and upper portion of lores, the subordital region, lower portion of
lores, malar region, and whole throat, green.?

Adult male.—Length (skins), 315-345 (335); wing, 218-258 (233.6) ;
tail, 108-130.5 (120.6); culmen, 31.5-37 (34.4); tarsus, 23.5-27
(25.3); outer anterior toe, 31.5-34 (33.5).°

Adult female——Length (skins), 295-340 (824); wing, 212-240
(225.4); tail, 103.5-126.5 (116.5); culmen, 31-34 (32.3); tarsus,
23-25.5 (24.7); outer anterior toe, 30.5-35 (32.3).¢

@ According to Prof. F. Sumichrast.

b Sometimes the upper margin of the suborbital feathering (at least anteriorly) and
the chin are yellow.

In the young plumage there is a close general resemblance between this species
and the adult of A. ochrocephala panamensis; but the latter has the whole superciliary
region, greater part (often whole) of the loral region, and the chin green, and there is
much less of red on the bend of the wing.

¢Thirteen specimens.

@ Nine specimens.

Y . Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. } Tail. men, | 2 asus. igs
08,
MALES,
Nine adult males from Tamaulipas (8) and Vera Cruz (1)..-.... 240.6 | 122.2 34.6 25.5 33.4
One adult male from Colima................2--e0-eeeeeeeeeeeee 213 122 34.5 25.5 35
Two adult males from Oaxaca...........-.-2022 cee e cece ee ences 222 113.5 34.7 25.2 34
One adult male from British Honduras..............-.---+.+- 221 119.5] 31.5 23.5 32
Six adult males from Tres Marias Islands (A. 0. tresmariz).....| 238.3 | 130.7 34.4 26.1 33.4
FEMALES,
Six adult females from Tamaulipas.........-.....-.......e eee 227.7) 118.3] 31.8] 24.4 32.5
Two adult females from Vera Cruz..........22.222222e eee e eens 221.5} 110 32.7 25.2 31.7
One adult female from Oaxaca.......-..-.222e cece cence ee ees 220 119 34 25 32
One adult female from Tres Marias Islands (A. 0. tresmariz)...| 233 131 33 24 31

248 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Victoria; Sierra Madre above
Victoria; Rio Pilén; Rio de la Cruz; Santa Fe de Presas; Sota la
Marina; Hidalgo; Aldama; Jiménez; Tampico), Vera Cruz (Pasa
Nueva; San Juan; Santa Ana; Alvarado; Misantla; Jalapa; Rio
Tamesi near Rayén; Playa Vicente; Rio Rancho Nuevo), Puebla (Rin-
conada), Mexico (near City of Mexico), Guanajuato (Silao), Colima
(Rio Tupila; Rio de Coahuyana), Guerrero (Papayo), Oaxaca (Petapa;
Barrio; Llano Grande; Rio Grande; Tehudéntepec), and Yucatan, and
and southward, through British Honduras (Belize; near Yeacos La-
goon), to Honduras (Yojoa; Ruatén Island).

Psittacus amazonicus (not of Linnzus) Kunt, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 104, part.

Psittacus ochrocephalus (not of Gmelin) LicoTENsTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830,
1; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 54 (reprint).

Pa[tttacus] xanthops (not of Spix) Wacter, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 583, part (excl. varie-
ties a and #).

P[sittacus] xanthops Hartiavus, Syst. Verz., 1844, 87 (“Brasilien”).

Psittacus xanthops BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 188.

Chrysotis xanthops (not of Swainson) Souanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 153
(crit.)—Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 88).—Tayior,
Ibis, 1860, 317 (Yojoa, Honduras).

C[hrysotis] ochropterus (not Psittacus ochropterus Gmelin) Gray, Gen. Birds, ii,
1846, 422, part.

Chrysotis ochroptera SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 230 (Rio Grande,
Oaxaca); 1859, 389 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Rio Grande, “‘S. Mex.”).
[Chrysotis] ochroptera Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 560 (tierra

caliente of Vera Cruz).

Chrysotis levaillantii (not Amazona levaillantii Lesson, 1831) Gray, List. Birds
Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 79.—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 353 (s.
Mexico).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 296, part (Rio Tupila
and Rio de Coahuyana, Colima; habits; descr. nest and eggs); Bull. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 86 (Barrio and Petapa, Oaxaca).—Dueks, Auk, xvi,
1899, 287 (Silao, Guanajuato, accidental).

Chr[ysotis] levaillantit Petzetn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 266, footnote.

Chrysotis levaillantt Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 195 (Belize, Brit. Honduras; Yucatan);
Ibis, 1871, 100 (range).—F1nscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 580.—Garrop, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 466 (carotid arteries), 634 (leg muscles).—REICHENOW,
Vogelbild., 1878, pl. 1, fig. 4—Ferrart-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix,
1886, 163 (Santa Ana, Vera Cruz).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, ii, 1897, 587, part (Rio Tupila, etc., Colima; Villa Grande, Nuevo Leon;
Sierra Madre above Ciudad Victoria, and Aldama, Tamaulipas; Playa
Vicente, Rio Rancho Nuevo, and Alvarado, Vera Cruz; Petapa, Rio Grande,
etc., Oaxaca; Belize; Ruatan I., etc., Honduras).—Satvapor!, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 293, part (Tampico, etc., Tamaulipas; Misantla, etc.,
Vera Cruz; etc.); Ibis, 1906, 646 (crit. nomencl.).

[Chrysotis] levaillanti ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 114.—ForBzs
and Rozginson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 1, 1897, 13.

C[hrysotis] levaillanti Lawrence, Ibis, 1871, 250 part (Mexico City; Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca; crit.).—SaLvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1889, 241, in text.

Androglossa levaillanti Retcuenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 379 (monogr.); Consp.
Paitt., 1882, 219, part.

[Androglossus] levaillanti Heinz and Reicaenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
231, (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 949

Amazona aestiva (not Psittacus xstivus Linneus) ScuteceL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii,
no. 26 (Psittaci), 54, part (Mexico); no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 27, part (Mexico).

Almazona] oratrix Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept. 27, 1887, 587 (new name
for Chrysotis levaillantii Gray, preoccupied by Amazona levaillantii Lesson);
2d ed., 1896, 594, part.

Amazona oratriz Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1897-99 (1900), 220 (Rin-
conada, Puebla).—Pumirs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75 (Rio de la Cruz, s. Ta-
maulipas).

[Amazona] oratriz SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21, part.

AMAZONA ORATRIX TRESMARIZ Nelson.
TRES MARIAS PARROT.

Similar to A. o. oratrix but with bill more robust, the mandible
decidedly broader, and green color less yellowish, especially on under
parts, which are tinged with light cendre or pale emerald green, and
with black terminal margins to feathers of back, chest, etc., very
indistinct or obsolete. ;

Adult male.—Length (skins), 360-398 (374); wing, 232-243 (238.3) ;
tail, 124.5-136 (130.7); tarsus, 24-27 (26.1); outer anterior toe, 32-35
(33.4).2

Adult female—Length (skin), 365; wing, 233; tail, 131; culmen,
33; tarsus, 24; outer anterior toe, 31.

Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre; Cleofa), western Mexico.

Chrysotis levaillanti (not of Gray) Finscx, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 580, part (Tres
Marias Islands).

Chrysotis levaillantii Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 271 (Tres Marias
Islands; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
ii, 1874, 296, part (Tres Marias; habits; descr. nest and eggs).

Chrysotis levaillantt Satvapvori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 293, part (Tres
Marias Islands).—Satvin and Gopmav, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 587,
part (Tres Marias).

C{hrysotis] levaillanti Lawrence, Ibis, 1871, 250, part (Tres Marias).

A[mazona] oratriz Riwewar, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 587, part (Tres Marias);
2d ed., 1896, 594, part (Tres Marias).

Amazona oratriz Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 39 (Tres Marias; habits;
crit.).—Bamzy (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 387 (Cleofa I., Tres Marias).

[Amazona] oratriz SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21, part (Tres Marias).

Amazona oratriz tresmariz Netson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 256 (Maria Madre I.,
Tres Marias group, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Amazona tres-mariz Satvaport, Ibis, Oct., 1906, 646 (crit.).

AMAZONA OCHROCEPHALA PANAMENSIS (Cabanis).
PANAMA PARROT.

Similar to A. 0. ochrocephala ¢ but yellow of crown involving entire
forehead, and size smaller.

Adults (sexes alike) —Forehead and median portion of crown
chrome yellow, this color extending to base of cere, sometimes con-

@ Six specimens. 6 One specimen. ¢See key, on p. 221.

950 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tinued along median line to occiput, the feathers (at least on forehead)
sometimes with subbasal portion red; extreme lateral portion of
forehead, sides of crown (sometimes posterior part of crown), light
bluish green (light paris green), passing into light yellowish parrot
green, on occiput and hindneck, the feathers of the latter, especially
on lower portion, very indistinctly margined terminally with blackish;
general color of upper parts yellowish parrot green, the larger wing-
coverts and proximal secondaries more or less distinctly edged with
lighter yellowish green or greenish yellow, the upper tail-coverts lighter,
brighter and more yellowish green; four outer secondaries with outer
webs deep poppy red for greater part, the concealed basal portion
green, the distal portion dark violet-blue, with more or less of green
and yellow between the red and blue areas, especially on outer
edge; proximal half (more or less) of primaries clear parrot green, the
distal half dark violet-blue or bluish black, the inner webs dull black
or slate-black; basal two-thirds (approximately) of tail deep parrot
green, distal third light yellowish green, the four outside, rectrices (on
each side) with subbasal third (more or less) poppy red, this involv-
ing both webs, except on the outermost, which has the proximal half
or more of outer web mostly or wholly green (sometimes tinged with
dull blue along edge); sides of head and neck light green or yellowish
green, the bara orbital space sometimes partly bordered with yellow;
under parts clear light yellowish green, the lower portion and inner
side of thighs partly or (in high plumage) mostly yellow, sometimes
intermixed with red; smaller under wing-coverts light greenish yellow,
those along carpo-metacarpal edge paler and more yellowish green,
sometimes slightly tinged or intermixed with red; humeral border
of wing (broadly), including bend, bright poppy red; larger under
wing-coverts dull light green passing into pale yellowish green ter-
minally and along edges; under surface of remiges dull light green
(nearly malachite), the distal portion of primaries and a broad stripe
along inner side of shaft dull blackish slate; bill mostly dull light
buffy or ivory whitish, but with a greater or less amount of horn
color on distal portion of maxilla; iris yellow or orange; legs and feet
light brownish or horn color (dirty flesh color in life).

(Younger individuals have the red humeral border of wing more or
less broken by admixture of green feathers, thighs almost wholly
green, and red of tail more restricted, confined to inner webs, and
there reduced in extent.)

Adult male.—Length (skins), 300-320 (309); wing, 199-213
(204.2); tail, 101-112 (105.4); culmen, 30-33 (31.2); tarsus, 23-25
(24.1); outer anterior toe, 29.5-31 (30.9).2

& Four specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 251

Adult female —Length (skins), 295-322 (305); wing, 194.5-209.5
(202.3); tail, 99-111 (105.7); culmen, 29-33 (31.3); tarsus, 22.5-25.5
(23.7); outer anterior toe, 28.5-35 (31.7).%

Panamé (Divala, Chiriqui; Chitra, Verégua; Naté, Coclé; Agua
Dulce; Panam&) and Colombia (Puerto Bérrio and Honda, Rio

¢Magdalena; Fundacion, Santa Marta; ‘‘Bogoté”).

Chrysotis ochrocephala (not Psittacus ochrocephalus Gmelin) Savin, Ibis, 1871, 87,
99 (Chiriqui, Panama).—Lawrencz, Ibis, 1871, 251 (Panama).

[Chrysotis] ochrocephala ScuareR and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 114, part.

Chrysotis panamensis Capants, Journ. fir Orn., July, 1874, 349 (Panama; coll.
Berlin Mus.).—Sciater, Ibis, 1881, 418 (crit.; Veragua, Panama).—Satva-
port, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 291 (Chitra, Veragua, and Panama City,
Panama; Bogota, Colombia); Ibis, 1906, 645.—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 586.—Satvaport and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.,
etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 9 (Panama).

[Chrysotis] panamensis Forpes and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 1,
1897, 13.

[Androglossa ochrocephala.] Subspecies: panamensis RetcHENow, Journ. fir Orn.,
1881, 378 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 218; Vogelbild., 1883, in text to pl.
32, fig. 9.)

[Amazona] panamensis SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21.

AMAZONA BARBADENSIS BARBADENSIS (Gmelin).

YELLOW-WINGED PARROT.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead, dull white; crown (at least anterior
half), orbital, suborbital, rictal, and malar regions, anterior haif (at
least) of auricular region, and upper throat yellow (chrome yellow
lemon chrome, or empire yellow); rest of head and neck, and general
color of upper parts, bright parrot green, the feathers broadly mar-
gined terminally with black, except on rump, upper tail-coverts,
secondaries, and wing-coverts, the lesser wing-coverts and rump, how-
ever, with narrow black terminal margins; upper tail-coverts bright
yellowish green (javel green or cosse green); lesser coverts at bend of
wing yellow, forming a more or less extensive patch; four distal
secondaries with basal half (approximately) of outer web vermilion
red (often more or less intermixed with yellow), the fifth usually with

@ Six specimens.

. . Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men Tarsus. ior na
8.
MALES.
199 104.5 30 25 31

One adult male from Panama. .......--.---.00.eece cece eee eee

Three adult males from Colombia......-......22-e--eeeeeeeeeee 206 | 105.7 31.7 2.8 30.8

FEMALES.

One adult female from Panama........-------eeseeee eee eee eee 194.5 99 31 23 32
Five adult females from Colombia........-----.-+++-++-eeeeee+ 203.9 | 107 31.4 23.9 31.7

252 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

part of outer web red or mixed red and yellow, the distal half of all
green passing through blue into black on terminal portion; proximal
portion of primaries green, the distal half, or more, blue and black;
four middle pairs of rectrices deep parrot green broadly tipped with
light yellowish green; other rectrices with a basal area of clear ver-
milion red passing into light salmon-orange on edge of inner web, thee
middle area (broadly) deep parrot green, the terminal area (still
more broadly) light yellowish green, the outer web of outermost
rectrix deep blue for basal half or two-thirds, pale greenish blue or
bluish green distally; under parts clear light yellowish green, glossed
with light bluish green (neiivieder to turquoise green) in certain
lights, each feather (except on under tail-coverts and, sometimes, on
lower abdomen and posterior part of flanks) margined terminally
with black; thighs chrome yellow; smaller under wing-coverts clear
light yellowish green, narrowly tipped with black; under primary
coverts and under surface of remiges dull light bluish green, the
narrowed distal portion of longer primaries and a broad stripe along
shaft dusky; bill dull buff; legs and feet dusky brownish (in dried
skins).

Aduli female.—Length (skin), 325; wing, 210.5; tail, 123; tarsus,
22.5; outer anterior toe, 29.5.7

Venezuela, including Margarita Island; Aruba Island, Dutch West
Indies; Trinidéd.

[Psittacus] barbadensis GmEutn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 839 (‘‘Barbados”; based
' on Psittacus barbadensis Brisson, Orn., iv, 236; Perroquet des Barbades Albin,
pl. 11).—Laraam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 120.

[Psittacus] ochropterus GmEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 341 (‘‘America australi”;
based on Psittacus amazonicus gutture luteo Brisson, Orn., iv, 287; Crick a
téte et gorge jaune Buffon, Ois., vi, 222; Yellow-winged Parrot Latham, Synop-
sis Birds, i, 289; etc.).—LaTHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 123.

Psf[ittacus] ochropterus Becuste1n, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 243.

Psitiacus ochropterus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 31 and note (app.), p. 8.—
Brcustein, Kurze Ueb., 1811, 97.

Psittacus ochruptenus Brenm, Mon. Papag., 1855, pl. 70.

Psittacus ocropterus Vinwtor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 327 (cites
“pl, 48 Ois. Frisch”); Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1828, 1374.

[Chrysotis] ochropterus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301.

C[hrysotis] ochropterus GRay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 422.

Chrysotis ochroptera Bonaparte, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151; Naumannia,
1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 87)—Souanck, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 153.—
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 79.—Finscu, Die Papag., ii,

m 1868, 577.—PruzEin, Orn. Bras., 1870, 266, footnote.—REIcHENoW, Vogel-
bild., 1878, pl. 1, fig. 5—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 288;
Ibis, 1906, 645.—Harrert, Ibis, 1893, 301, 328, 329, pl. 9, fig. 1 (Aruba I.,
Dutch West Indies; crit.; habits).

@ One specimen, from Aruba. The type of Chrysotis lactifrons Lawrence, probably
also from Aruba, the sex being undetermined, measures as follows: Tail, 109.5; cul-
men, 26; tarsus, 20.5; outer anterior toe, 26. This has the primaries imperfect, while
the other specimen has the terminal portion of the maxilla broken off.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 253

[Chrysotis] ochroptera Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 164, no. 8316.—ScuaTER and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 114—Forszs and Rosinson, Bull. Liver-
pool Mus., i, 1897, 13.

Chrysotis ochroptera ochroptera Harturt, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 302 (Aruba I.;
crit.).

Amazona aestiva (var. ochroptera) ScHtEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci),
1864, 55.

[Amazona] ochroptera SHarrr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21.

Amazona ochroptera Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 557 (Margarita I., Venezuela; crit.).—
Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 199 (Aruba I.).

Androglossa ochroptera Ruicnenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 378 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 218.

[Androglossus].ochropterus Hxinz and Rricuenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
231 (‘‘Sud-Mexico”).

Psittacus amazonicus (not of Linnzus) Kunz, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 74, part.—
Haan, Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1836, pl. 45 (young).

Amazona icterocephala Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 190,. part.

[Psittacus xanthops] var. a WaauER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 584 (based on Psittacus
amazonicus gutture luteo Brisson, Orn., iv, 287).

[Psittacus xanthops] var. 8 WAGLER, Mon. Psitt., 1832, 584 (based on Levaillant,
pl. 98).

Chrysotis zanthocephalus Swatnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301 (based on Le
Perroquet & epauleties jaunes Levaillant, Perr., pl. 98 bis).

Chrysotis lactifrons LawrEncr, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., i, no. 4, March 26, 1878, 125
(locality unknown; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—SciateRr, Ibis, 1881, 412 (crit.).

Chrysotis canifrons Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., ii, no. 12, May 28, 1883, 381
(Aruba Island, Dutch West Indies; coll. G. N. Lawrence); Ibis, 1883, 371
(crit.); 1898, 566, 567 (crit.).—RezitcHENow and Scuatow, Journ. ftir Orn.,
1885, 460 (reprint of orig. descr.).—Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx,
1891, 272, footnote.—Harrert, Ibis, 1894, 102-105 (crit.; refers it to C.
ochroptera).

[Chrysotis ochroptera] var. canifrons Dusors, Synop. Avium, fasc. i, 1899, 5
(Aruba Is.).

AMAZONA BARBADENSIS ROTHSCHILDI (Hartert).

ROTHSCHILD'S PARROT.

Similar to A. 6. barbadensis but with much less of yellow on the
head, the green of the neck extending over the malar region, usually
quite to the base of the maxilla; crown suffused with red (mostly on
basal portion of feathers), and yellow on bend of wing deeper (orange-
yellow), often tinged or flecked with red; size larger.
Adult male.—Length (skins) , 305-333 (322) ; wing, 214.5-225 (221.2);
tail, 129-142.5 (137.3); culmen, 31-31.5 (31.2); tarsus, 23-23.5 (23.3);
outer anterior toe, 29.5-30 (29.8).¢

"a Three specimens, from Blanquilla,

254 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.—Length (skin), 313; wing, 215.5; tail, 128; culmen,
28.5; tarsus, 20; outer anterior toe, 25.5.2
Island of Bonaire, Dutch West Indies; islands of Blanquilla and
Margarita, Venezuela.
Chrysotis rothschildi Hantert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, Dec. 1, 1892, p. xiii
(Bonaire Island, Dutch West Indies; coll. Tring Mus.); Ibis, 1893, 123 (re-,
print), 328, pl. 9, fig. 2 (Bonaire; crit.; habits).—Satvapon1, Ibis, 1906, 645
(descr.).—LoweE, Ibis, 1907, 117 (Blanquilla 1.; descr. adults and young);
1909, 330 (Blanquilla I.; crit.).
[Amazona] rothschildi Suarrz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 21.
Chrysotis ochroptera rothschildi Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 303 (Bonaire;
crit.; habits).
Amazona ochroptera rothschildi Cony, Pub. 187, Field Mus. N. H., Oct. 25, 1909,
211 (Bonaire I.; crit.), 223 (Blanquilla I.; crit.), 242 (Margarita I.).

AMAZONA ALBIFRONS ALBIFRONS (Sparrman).

WHITE-FRONTED PARROT.

Adult male.—Loral and orbital regions (the latter narrowly above,
broadly below, eye), and anterior margin of forehead deep poppy
red (or between poppy red and carmine); rest of forehead yellowish
white or buffy white, sometimes tinged or suffused with pale red;
crown greenish blue (dull turquoise or light cerulean), the feathers
margined terminally with black, producing narrow bars; blue of
crown gradually passing on occiput and hindneck into clear, bright
parrot green, the feathers similarly margined terminally with black
(more broadly so on lower hindneck) ; back, scapulars, and rump more
yellowish parrot green, passing into light yellowish green on upper
tail-coverts, the feathers (except tail-coverts) margined terminally
with black (these margins less distinct, sometimes obsolete, on rump
and posterior scapulars); wing-coverts and proximal secondaries
clear bright yellowish green, the larger coverts edged with paler and

@ One specimen, from Blanquilla.

Localit: Wing. | Tail, | CU |p nee
ocality. ing. i ‘arsus. janterior
men, toe.
MALES,
Three adult males from Blanquilla Island.............-......+- 221.2} 137.3 31.2 2.3 29.8
One adult male from Margarita Island...............-..2.ce00e 195 124.5 30 22 20.5
FEMALE,
One adult female from Blanquilla Island?....................5. 215.5 | 128 28.5 2 25.5
One adult female from Margarita Island?.................2.22. 206 124.5 28.5 21 25.5

The specimen certainly from Margarita Island is not typical A. b. rothschildi, but
is intermediate between that form and A. b. barbadensis, nearer to the latter, in fact.
The other female, doubtfully from Blanquilla, is a typical A. b. rothschildi.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 255

more yellowish green; secondaries (except innermost ones), proximal
primaries, and distal half of longer primaries deep blue (nearest
hyacinth blue), the former edged (at least toward base) with light
greenish blue; outermost primary wholly dull slate-blackish or
dusky, the snecesding four or five primaries with basal half (approx-
imately) clear parrot green; alula, primary coverts, and small feathers
on outer side of carpo-metacarpal region pure poppy red or spectrum
red; middle pair of rectrices clear parrot green, passing into more
yellowish green terminally; next pair similar on outer web, but
inner webs greenish yellow passing into yellow basally, and with a
streak of red (more or less broad) next to shaft on sub-basal portion;
third pair similar but with the red much wider and involving inner half
of outer web also; fourth and fifth pairs with basal half (approxi-
mately) of both webs wholly red, the sixth (outermost) pair similar but
with outer web pale bluish green or greenish blue terminally and often
edged with green basally or sub-basally; rest of head, together with
neck, clear parrot green, immaculate anteriorly but posteriorly with
feathers more or less distinctly tipped with black, these black ter-
minal bars very distinct only on foreneck and chest, however; under
parts clear light green (yellowish paris green), the under wing-coverts
_ similar or slightly more yellowish green; under primary coverts and
under surface of remiges malachite green, the longer primaries with
distal portion and a broad stripe next to shaft dusky; bill yellow; iris
pale yellow or yellowish white; “ bare orbital space pale brownish (in
dried skins); legs and feet light brownish in dried skins, dull white+
or putty color ® in life; length (skins), 246-270 (260); wing, 175-192
(183.5); tail, 82.5-100 (94.9); culmen, 23.5-29 (26.1); tarsus, 18-20.5
(19.4); outer anterior toe, 23.5-26.5 (25.2).¢
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but with much less of red
on wing, frequently none; the alule always (?) wholly green, and usu-
ally the primary coverts mostly green; otherwise exactly like the adult
male, the head being colored precisely the same; length (skins), 235-

a Prof. A. Sumichrast.

oM. A. Carriker, jr.

¢ Nineteen specimens.

4 The circumstance that of eleven adult specimens which according to their respec-
tive collectors are females only two agree with adult males in the amount of red on
the wings, four of them having none whatever, leads me to believe that the two ex-
ceptions are cases of erroneous sex determination, and that there isa marked difference
between the sexes in this species.

256 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

283 (259); wing, 171-190 (178.2); tail, 83-98 (89.6); culmen, 23.5-26
(24.8); tarsus, 17.5-20 (18.9); outer anterior toe, 22-26 (23.8).

Immature male.—Similar in coloration to adult female, but with
white of forehead more restricted.

Immature female.—Similar to the immature male, but with little
if any red on sides of head, except on lores.

Young male.—Similar to the immature male, but red of head
confined to lores and anterior margin of forehead, and white of fore-
head still more restricted, often tinged with, or replaced by, pale
yellow.

Young female.—Similar to the immature female, but without
any red on head, the entire suborbital region green, the superciliary
region dull greenish blue or bluish green, except anteriorly, where,
together with forehead and lores, dull white.

Western Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Presidio de
Mazatlan; Mocovito; Escuinapa; Alota; Rio Juana Gomez),
Guerrero (Acapulco), Oaxaca (La Parada; Santa Efigénia; Puerto
Angel; Huilétepec; Juchitén; Chihuitén; Tehudntepec; Cacoprieto)
and Mexico (near City of Mexico), and Territory of Tepic (San Blas).

Psittacus albifrons SPARRMAN, Mus. Carls., fasc. 3, 1787, no. lii, pl. 52 (based on

White-crowned Parrot Latham, Synopsis Birds, i, 281, no. 88, var. B).—Brcu-
stein, Lathams Uebers. Vogel, i, 1793, 718.—Suaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2,

@ Twelve specimens.

Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men, | Tarsus. i

. " a.

MALES,

Ten adult males from Sonora (A. a, saliwensis).............---- 186.3 93.7 24.9 18.7 25.5
Ten adult males from Sinaloa........--..00222-0eeeeeeee ee ee eee 184.6 98. 2 25.2 19.4 25.1
Nine adult males from Guerrero (2) and Oaxaca (7) ae--] 182.9 91.2 26.9 19.2 25.2
One adult male from Campeche (A. @. nana)....-......--0-2--- 180 85 27 20 26.5

One adult male from Yucatan (A. a. nana)...........-22..0205 170.5 86 24.5 19 25

Three adult males from Chiapas (A. @. nana). .
Five adult males from Guatemala (A. @. nana)
One adult male from British Honduras (A. a. nana)..

168.3 82.5} 27.5] 18.8 24,5
165 81.2] 24.6] 18.2 2.8
167.5 73 24 18.5 22

One adult male from Honduras (A. @. nana).......... 157.5 73 25 19 B
Four adult males from Nicaragua (A. a. nana)......... 164.5] 77.4] 24.5] 17.8 2.3
Three adult males from Costa Rica (A. a. nana)............... 166.5 77.5 26 17.7 2.7
‘ FEMALES,

Nine adult females from Sonora (A. a. saltwensis).............. 178.6 87.6 23.2 18.4 22,8
Five adult females from Sinaloa. ............ 2.220002 eee cece eee 177.3} 91.7] 247] 19.3 22,7
Seven adult females from Oaxaca............22.05 -ee-] 178.9] 881] 25 18.9 2.3
One adult female from Guatemala (A. u. nana)...........-...5 158.5 77 25 17 22
One adult female from British Honduras (A. a. nana)......... 162 76 26 20 22.6
One adult female from Honduras (A. a. nana)...............-- 170 79.5} 26 18 23.5
Four adult females from Nicaragua (4. @. nana)... 161.9] 74.9] 93.5] 18 23.1

One adult female from Costa Rica (A. @, nana)................ 162 78.5 23.5 19 2B

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 257

1811, 518—Kunt, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 80.—Dzsmarest, Dict. Sci. Nat.,
xxxix, 1826, 105.—Waauer, Isis, 1831, 525 (Mexico).—GutiiveR, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 489.

[Psittacus] albifrons Lataam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 119.

Psfittacus] albifrons Becustzin, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 95.—Waater, Mon. Psitt.,
1832, 601, 719.

Chrysotis albifrons Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151; Naumannia, 1856
(Consp. Psitt., no. 91).—Souanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 153; Icon.
Perr., 1857, pl. 30.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 83
(Mexico).—Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 526, part; Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen,
1870, 352 (Mazatlan).—Satvin, Ibis, 1871, 87, 96, part (range).—LaWRENCE,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 296 (Mazatlan; habits); Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 4, 1876, 37 (Chihuitan and Juchitan, Oaxaca).—RzIcHENnow, Vogel-
bild., 1878, pl. 1, fig. 8 —Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 311,
part (Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Acapulco, Guerrero;
Tehuantepec, Oaxaca); Ibis, 1906, 648.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 598, part (Santa Efigenia, Cacoprieto, etc., Oaxaca;
Mazatlan, etc., Sinaloa; Acapulco, Guerrero).

[Chrysotis] albifrons Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 165, no. 8333, part.—SciatTER and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113, part.—Forszs and Rosrnson, Bull.
Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14, part.

C[hrysotis] albifrons LAWRENCE, Ibis, 1871, 251, part (Mazatlan).

Amazona albifrons ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 59, part
(Mexico), Battey (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 387 (San Blas, Tepic).

A[mazona] albifrons Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 588, part; 2d ed., 1896,
595, part.

[Amazona] albifrons SHarrs, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22, part.

Amazona albifrons albifrons Miter (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi,
Nov. 24, 1905, 348 (Alota, Escuinapa, etc., s. Sinaloa; crit.).

Androglossa albifrons RetcHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 375, part (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 215, part.

[Psittacus leucocephalus] 7. Guexin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 338 (based on White-
crowned Parrot Latham, Synopsis, i, pt. 1, 281, no. 88B.).

Psittacus leucocephalus (not of Linnewus) SHaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 517,
part.—VirttLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 322, part (description
and most of remarks); Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1371, part.

Psittacus erythrops (not P. erythropis Vieillot, 1817) Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831,
200 (‘‘Brésil”; ex Cuvier, manuscript).

Chrysotis apophoenica RuilcHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 111 (locality not stated).
—REIcHENOW and ScHatow, Journ. flir Orn., 1881, 80 (reprint of orig. descr.).

Chrysotis apophenica ScuaTER, Ibis, 1880, 378 (crit.); 1881, 413 (crit.).

AMAZONA ALBIFRONS NANA Miller.
LESSER WHITE-FRONTED PARROT.
Similar in coloration® to A. a. albifrons but decidedly smaller.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 220-280 (246); wing, 157.5-180
(166.5); tail, 73-87.5 (79.6); culmen, 23.5-28 (25.4); tarsus, 17-20
(18.4); outer anterior toe, 22-26.5 (23.9).®

@T can not appreciate any constant differences of coloration, though many speci-

mens, especially arcong those from western Nicaragua and Costa Rica (the species
apparently does not occur on the Atlantic side of those countries) have the throat
more or less (sometimes, conspicuously) intermixed with red.

6 Nineteen specimens.
1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——17

258 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female —Length (skins), 225-241 (236); wing, 152.5-171
(162.5); tail, 70-79.5 (76.3); culmen, 22-26 (24.4); tarsus, 17-20
(18.2); outer anterior toe, 22—-24.5 (22.9).%

Southern Mexico, in States of Chiapas (Tonalé, Palenque), Cam-
peche (Apazote) and Yucatan (Mérida; Calotmdél; Tunkas; Izamél;
Citilpech; Buctzotz; Chichen-Itza) and southward, through Guate-
mala (Gualén; Rio Manégua; Rio Montagua; Rio Chiguete; Retal-
huleu; Naranjo; Aguas Calientes; Voleén de Fuego at 8,000 feet;
Zacapa; San José), British Honduras (near Manatee Lagoon),
Honduras (Chasniguas; Chamelicén; San Pedro; Yojoa) and western
Nicarfgua (Matagalpa; Ocotél; Sucuy4; San Raféel del Norte; San
Juan del Sur; La Libertéd), to western Costa Rica (Vole4n de Mira-
valles; Tenério; Desmonte; Bebedero; Nicoya; Libéria,; San Mateo).

Chrysotis albifrons (not of Sparrman) ScratzR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 359
(near San Pedro, Honduras).—SciaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 138 (Central
America).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 121 (between Yojoa and San Pedro, Hon-
duras).—Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 526, part—LawRENce, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (Desmonte and Nicoya, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 207 (Merida,
Yucatan).—Frantzrus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 366 (Costa Rica).—Saxvin,
This, 1871, 87, 96, part (range).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 455
(Yucatan; habits).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 376, 388 (San
Juan del Sur and Sucuya, Nicaragua; habits, etc.).—Satvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 593 (Merida, Buctzotz, Izamal, Tunkas,
and Citilpech, Yucatan; Tonala, Chiapas; Retalhuleu, Rio Chiguate, Agua
Caliente, and Volcan de Fuego at 8,000 ft., Guatemala; Yojoa and San Pedro,
Honduras; La Libertad, Matagalpa, etc., Nicaragua; San Mateo, Liberia, etc.,
Costa Rica).—Stonz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 205 (Tunkas and Citil-
pech, Yucatan).—Satvapon1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 311, part (locali-
tiesin Yucatan, Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica).—
Unprrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 445 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica; food).—
Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1897-99 (1900), 220 (Naranjo, Guatemala).

@ Hight specimens,

Localit siting. | mat, | SO lrraseca lantern

ocality. ing. ail. arsus.janterior ~.
men, toe. oat

MALES.

One adult male from Campeche.........-.2---- eee eee ee eee eee 180 85 27 20 26.5

One adult male from Yucatan..........02-.06.c0eeeeeee neces 170.5| 86 24.5] 19 3

Three adult males from Chiapas...........2.....20.20eeee eee 168.3) 82.5] 27.5) 188 2.5

Five adult males from Guatemala...................2....20 eee 165.6 81.2 24.6 18.2 23.8

One adult male from British Honduras.....................05- 167.5 73 24 18.5 | 22

One adult male from Honduras.........2-... 0.000 e ec ee ee ee ees 157.5 73 25 19 Ps]

Four adult males from Nicaragua. ..........-2...22. 2. eee eee eee 164.5 77.4 24.5 17.8 23.3

Three adult males from Costa Rica............2...eececeeeees 166.5 77.5 26 17.7 23.7

FEMALES.’

One adult female from Guatemala.................0.. cece ce ee 158.5 17 25 7 22

One adult female from British Honduras.....................- 162 76 26 20 22.5

One adult female from Honduras..........2.... 0... cee eee eens 170 79.5 26 18 2.8

Four adult females from Nicaragua.........-...........202.00- 161.9 74.9 23.5 18 B.1

One adult female from Costa Rica... ..... 2. ccc ee eee eee ee eee 162 78.5 23.5 19 23

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 959

Clhrysotis] albifrons Lawrence, Ibis, 1871, 251, part (Costa Rica; Yucatan).—
SciateR, Ibis, 1880, 378, in text (Rio Montagua and Rio Chiguate, Guate-
mala; crit.).

[Chrysotis] albifrons SctateR and Satvrn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113, part.—
Forges and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14, part (“Zucapa,”’
i. e., Zacapa, Guatemala).

Chrysotis albifrons albifrons CanRikeR, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 488 (Tenorio,
Bebedero, etc., Costa Rica).

Amazona albifrons ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas., iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 59, part;
no. 88 (Revue), 1874, 28 (Rio Chiguate, w. Guatemala).—Zetzp6n, Anal.
Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1887, 124 (Liberia, Costa Rica).—CHapman, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 286 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—DzEarzorn, Pub. 125,
Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 86 (Gualan and San Jose, Guatemala; crit.).

A[mazona] albifrons Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 588, part; 2d ed., 1896,
595, part.

[Amazona] albifrons SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22, part.

Androglossa albifrons RrIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 375, part; Consp. Psitt.,
1882, 215, part.

[Androglossus] albifrons Hxine and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein., Orn., 1890,
232 (Yucatan). :

Amazona albifrons nana MiLtER (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, Nov. 24,
1905, 349 (Calotmul, Yucatan; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—Coxz, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 125 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; crit.).

Amazona nana Satvaport, Ibis, Oct., 1906, 649.

AMAZONA ALBIFRONS SALTUENSIS Nelson.
SONORAN PARROT.

Similar to A. a. albifrons but the green of a decidedly more bluish
hue, especially on under parts, which are strongly tinged with glau-
cous-green, blue of crown deeper as well as more extended, frequently
invading occiput and hindneck, and red of loral and orbital regions
paler.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 247-265 (257); wing, 182-192 (186.3);
tail, 89-98 (93.7); culmen, 22.5-27 (24.9); tarsus, 18-20 (18.7);
outer anterior toe, 24-27.5 (25.5).%

Adult female.—Length (skins), 242-261 (250); wing, 173.5-181.5
(178.6); tail, 85.5-97.5 (87.6); culmen, 22-24.5 (23.2); tarsus, 18-19
(18.4); outer anterior toe, 20.5-24.5 (22.8).°

Northwestern Mexico, in State of Sonora (Camoa; Alamos; Sierra
de Alamos; Quiriego; Batamotél).

Chrysotis albifrons (not Psittacus albifrons Sparrman) Sauvaport, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xx, 1891, 311, part (Quiriego and Sierra de Alamos, Sonora).—Sanvin
and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 593, part (Quiriego and Sierra
de Alamos, Sonora).

[Amazona] albifrons SHarrn, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22, part.

Amazona albifrons saltuensis Neuson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, May 29, 1899,
26 (Camoa, Sonora; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

A[mazona] albifrons saltuensis Coz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 126, in text

crit.).

Prete eae Satvaport, Ibis, Oct., 1906, 648 (crit.).

2 Ten specimens. 6 Nine specimens.

260 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

AMAZONA XANTHOLORA (Gray).

YELLOW-LORED PARROT.

Somewhat like A. albifrons, but upper loral region yellow, auricular
region black, and feathers of neck, back, and under parts much more
broadly tipped or margined with black.

Adult male.—Upper half (or more) of loral region and sides of
forehead chrome yellow; rest of forehead together with more or less
(sometimes nearly the whole) of crown immaculate white; lower por-
tion of loral region (downward to below rictus), suborbital, post-
ocular, and superciliary regions, intense poppy red or carmine;
auricular region black; posterior portion of crown greenish blue,
passing into clear parrot green on occiput and hindneck, the rest of
upper parts more yellowish green; rest of head and neck, together
with under parts (including under wing-coverts), clear parrot green,
becoming lighter and more yellowish green posteriorly; feathers of
head (green portion only), neck, back, scapulars, rump, lesser and
middle wing-coverts, and under parts (except under tail-coverts)
margined terminally with black, the crescentic bars thus formed
broadest on lower neck, chest, back, and scapulars; tail-coverts
(upper and lower) immaculate bright light yellowish green; middle
pair of rectrices parrot green passing into bright light yellowish green
terminally; second pair yellowish green, passing into yellow basally,
the inner web with a streak of red on subbasal portion near shaft;
third pair similar but with red on inner web more extended and sub-
basal portion of outer web suffused or sprinkled with red; fourth and
fifth pairs with the red still more extended, on the latter occupying
full width of outer and most of width of inner web; sixth (outermost)
pair with outer web mostly green, but inner web with basal half or
more mostly red; alule usually wholly green, but sometimes with
one or two innermost feathers red; edge of wing, from bend to axil-
lars, and primary coverts pure spectrum red; secondaries (except
proximal ones or tertials) and proximal primaries rich hyacinth blue,
narrowly and rather indistinctly edged with lighter blue; outermost
primary wholly slate-blackish, the four or five succeeding ones green
passing into verditer or dull cerulean blue distally, their inner webs
slate-black; under primary coverts and under surface of remiges
malachite green, the primaries with distal portion and a broad stripe
next to shaft blackish slate or dusky; bill yellow; iris orange;* bare
orbital space dull white;* feet pale brownish (in dried skins), yellow
in life;* length (skins), 235-264 (247); wing, 168-180.5 (173.6); tail,
73.5-90 (82.6); culmen, 24.5-28 (25.8); tarsus, 17-19 (18.2); outer
anterior toe, 22-26.5 (23.3).°

@ Morton H. Peck, on labels. 6 Fifteen specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 261

Adult (%) female.t—Differing from the adult male as follows: Fore-
head and crown greenish blue (verditer blue) only the anterior por-
tion of the former intermixed with a few white feathers; yellow of
loral region paler or duller, sometimes broken by intermixture of
green feathers; a few scattered red feathers around bare orbital space
(except in front of eye) and across to rictus; auricular region suffused
with black instead of solidly black; primary coverts sometimes
wholly green; red on edge of wing not extending either to bend nor
to axillars; length (skins), 230-260 (250); wing, 161.5-170.5 (164.5);
tail, 69-81 (73.8); culmen, 24.5-25.5 (25.2); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.3);
outer anterior toe, 21.5-24.5 (22.8).°

Young male.—Similar to the supposed adult female (as described
above) but with primary coverts at least partly red. (Younger
specimens show light yellowish green or greenish yellow tips to wing-
coverts, and some lack any trace of red on orbital region.)

Young female.—Similar to the young male but whole head green,
except forehead and crown (which are greenish blue).

Yucatan (Cozumél Island; Izam4l; Mérida; La Vega), British
Honduras (Orange Walk; Manatee Lagoon; Manatee River) and
Northern Honduras (Dyson; Chaloma).°¢

Psittacus albifrons (not of Sparrman) Kuut, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 80.—SrrPHens,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 106, part.

Chrysotis zantholora Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 83 (Honduras,
coll. Brit. Mus.).—Satvin, Ibis, 1861, 354 (Honduras); 1871, 87, 97 (Honduras);
1874, 827 (Yucatan); 1885, 186, 192 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); 1889, 373 (Cozu-
mel I.); 1890, 88 (Cozumel I.).—Fivscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 528.—ScuareEr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 157, pl. 26.—Reicuznow, Vogelbild., 1878, pl.
1, fig. 9—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 434, 455 (Yucatan).—
Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 577 (Cozumel I.; descr. young).—
Sa.vaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 313 (Merida, Yucatan; Cozumel
I.; Orange Walk, Brit. Honduras; Honduras).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.

Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1897, 594 (Izamal, etc., Yucatan; Cozumel I.; Orange
Walk, Brit. Honduras).

@ Unfortunately all but two of the specimens examined in which the sex has been
determined are males, and one of the specimens marked as female is unquestionably
an immature bird. Other specimens, however, in a very similar plumage, but with
sex undetermined, show no evidences of immaturity and may be adult females, thus
indicating a decided sexual difference of coloration in this species, as stated in the
Biologia Centrali-Americana (ii, 594).

b Three specimens.

F 4 . Cul- Outer

Locality. Wing. | Tail. en Tarsus, janterior
" toe.
; * MALES,

Eight adult males from Cozumel Island, Yucatan.............. 172.2) 81.1 25.6 18,2 23.3

Two adult males from mainland of Yucatan.............--...- 170.5 81.2 25, 2 18.5 23, 2

Five adult males from British Honduras ...........-..-...---- 177 85.4 26.3 18.2 23,2
FEMALES.

Two adult females from mainland of Yucatan........-.....-..- 166 76,2 25 18.7 22

One adult female from British Honduras.........-.....-.+.--++ 161.5 69 25.5 17.5 24.5

¢ Honduras specimens not seen by me.

262 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Chrysotis] xantholora Scrater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 118.—Forzes
and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14.

Psittacus xcantholorus ScHLEGEL, Dierent., 1864, 66. :

Amazona xantholora Scuuecet, Mus. Pays-Bas., iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 59;

no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 28. '
A[mazona] xantholora Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 588; 2d ed., 1896, 595,

[Amazona] xantholora Sarre, Hand-List, ii, 1890, 22.
Androglossa xantholora RrtcHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 375 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 215.
(2) Chrysotis albifrons (var.) Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1897-’99 (1900),
220 (Chaloma, Honduras).
AMAZONA AGILIS (Linnezus).

LESSER JAMAICAN PARROT.

Adults (sexes alike)—Head and neck bright green (between
scheeles green and peacock green), becoming paler toward throat,
which is much paler and more yellowish and frequently flecked with
red, the feathers of pileum narrowly margined terminally with black,
forming more or less distinct narrow bars, which are much broader
on lower hindneck and sometimes obsolete on forehead or even on
crown; anterior portion of forehead or supraloral region sometimes
with dark red feathers; rest of upper parts bright parrot green,
except primary coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries; primary
coverts (at least in part) geranium red or light scarlet-red; primaries
(except the outermost) dark blue on outer webs and terminal portion
of inner webs, edged with green basally and (more or less) with dull
whitish or pale brownish distally, the inner webs, including terminal
portion of those of longer quills, dull black; outer webs of distal sec-
ondaries lighter blue, more broadly edged with green; inner webs of
four outer rectrices with basal half (more or less) red (dull spectrum
red), the distal half parrot green passing into pale yellowish green
on edge, the outer webs of the two outermost suffused with blue
distally; under parts clear light paris green or deep calliste green,
the chest (sometimes breast and sides also) occasionally more or
less distinctly barred with blackish; smaller under wing-coverts clear
light green, becoming yellowish on carpo-metacarpal edge; under pri-
mary coverts and under surface of remiges dull bluish green (nearly
malachite or french green), the former narrowly edged with paler,
the latter blackish toward shaft and on distal portion of longer
primaries; bill dusky horn color, with a more or less distinct lighter
spot on sides of maxilla, beneath nostrils; legs and feet dusky horn
color (in dried skins). :

Immature.—Similar to adults, but some (in younger birds all) of
the primary coverts green.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 251-285 (265); wing, 166.5-176

(171.1); tail, 80.5-90 (87); culmen, 23-25.5 (24.4); tarsus, 19-21.5
(20.5); outer anterior toe, 24-27 (25.6).¢

@Ten specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 263

Adult female—Length (skins), 253-270 (262); wing, 164.5-.179
(169.1); tail, 82.5-87 (85.1); culmen, 22.5-25 (23.7); tarsus, 19-21.5
(20.3); outer anterior toe, 24-26.5 (25.4).4

Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles (Priestmans River; St. Ann’s;
Spanishtown; Moneague; Freemans Hall; Trelawny).

[Psittacus] agilis Linnavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 99 (Jamaica; based on The
Little Green Parrot, Psittacus minor viridis Edwards, Birds, iv, 246, pl. 168);
ed. 12, i, 1766, 143.—Guin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 330.—Latuam, Index
Orn., i, 1790, 106.

Psitiacus agilis Becustern, Lathama Uebers. Vogel, i, 1793, 249, 711.—V1er107,
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 324 (cites Pl. Enl., pl. 839); Tabl. Enc.
Méth., iii, 1823, 1372.—Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 266.

Ps[ittacus] agilis Becuste1n, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 82, pl. 17.—Waa@ter, Mon.
Paitt., 1832, 597, 718.

P{sittacus] agilis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 421.

Chrysotis agilis Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 82.—ScLaTEr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 79; 1873, 811; 1882, 801; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,
354.—ALBREcuHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 203.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1863, 284.—Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 531.—Garrop, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1874, 587.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 460 (synonymy; descr.); Birds
West Ind., 1889, 183.—MarscHaLL, Papag., 1889, 55.—Satvapor1, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 319 (Freman’s Hall, Trelawny, and Spanishtown,
Jamaica).

[Chrysotis] agilis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 164, no. 8329.—ScLtaTEerR and Satvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed.,
1886), 20.—ForzBes and Rozsinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14.

C[hrysotis] agilis Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 110.

Androglossa agilis Re1cHENow, Journ fiir Orn., 1881, 367 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt.,
1882, 207; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 117.

Amazona agilis Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 101, 130.—Scorr, Auk, ix,
1892, 128 (habits; crit.).—RotuscHixp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15.—
Cuark (A. H.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 344.

[Amazona] agilis SHarpz, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22.

Psittacus signatus SHaw, Gen. Zool., viii, no. 2, 1811, 510 (‘‘Brazil”; based on Le
Petit Perroquet Vert Levaillant, pl. 105)—Kuut, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 71.—
SteraEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 102.—Voret, Cuv. Uebers., 1831,
739.

[Chrysotis] signatus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301.

P{sittacus] minor (not of Gmelin, 1788) Vrertor, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823,
1367 (‘Amérique méridionale”; based on Le Petit Perroquet Vert Levail-
lant, pl. 105).

Psittacus virescens (not of Linnzeus) Becustein, Kurze Ueb., 1811, 99.

Psittacus aestivus (not of Linnseus) Kunn, Consp. Paitt., 1820, 75, part.

AMAZONA VITTATA VITTATA (Boddaert).
PORTO RICAN PARROT.
Adults (sexes alike)—General color clear, bright parrot green,

slightly lighter and more yellowish below (the tail-coverts more vivid
yellowish green), the feathers of head, neck, back, scapulars, chest,

@ Nine specimens.

264 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and breast margined terminally with black, the crescentic bars thus
formed broadest on lower hindneck and sides of neck;* forehead
(rather narrowly) and upper portion of loral region poppy red;
remiges (except proximal secondaries) and primary coverts light
greenish blue (greenish cerulean or turquoise), the secondaries passing
into green on edges; inner webs of primaries black, of secondaries
slate-blackish toward edge, passing into greenish blue next to shaft,
at least distally; alula green basally passing into greenish blue termi-
nally; tail green (without any red), the rectrices more yellowish green
terminally, the outer web of outermost rectrix tinged with greenish
blue distally; under surface of remiges beryl green, the longer pri-
maries with distal portion and a broad stripe next to shaft blackish
slate; bill pale grayish buffy suffused with horn color; legs and feet
pale brownish (in dried skins).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 260-300 (287); wing, 184-196 (189.9);
tail, 96.5-108.5 (102.9); culmen, 27-28.5 (27.9); tarsus, 21-22 (21.8);
outer anterior toe, 27.5-29 (28.4).®

Adult female—Length (skins), 270-283 (276); wing, 173-184.5
(180.7); tail, 93-103.5 (99.2); culmen, 27-28 (27.3); tarsus, 19-21
(20); outer anterior toe, 25-29 (27.1).°

Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles (El Yiénque; Mameyes).

Psittacus vittatus BoppaErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 49 (based on Perroquet de
St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 792).—Kuut, Consp. Psitt., 1820,
21.—SuNnDEVALL, fv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fér., 1869, 599 (Porto Rico).

P[sittacus] vittatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 421.

Chrysotis vittata Boutx, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 170 (‘‘Antillen”).—Sciater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 224.—Nrwton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 377, in text
(Porto Rico).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 83—Tayzor,
Ibis, 1864, 171 (Porto Rico).—Cazanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 190, footnote. —
Fivscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 515.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 458 (synonomy;
descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 181.—Marscwaut, Papag., 1889, 55.—
Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 309.

[Chrysotis] vittata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 165, no. §336.—SciaTER and SALvIn,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed.,
1886), 20.—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14
(‘‘Guiana”’).

@ Sometimes feathers on the abdomen are tipped with brownish red.
b Five specimens.

e Cul Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. on, Tarsus. anterior
: .
MALES,
Five adult males from Porto Rico..........2...0...eceeeeeeeee 189.9 |. 102.9 27.9 21.8 28,4
Two adult males from Culebra Island (A. v. gracilipes)......... 172.5 | 95.5{ 26.7] 20 25.2
FEMALES,
Five adult females from Porto Rico..............00e.eceeeeeee s.| 180.7 99, 2 27.3 20 27.1
One adult female from Culebra Island (A. v. gracilipes)........ 175 101.5 23.5 19.5 2B

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 265

Chrysotis vittatus Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 312; 1878, 160, 183; Anal.
Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 228.

Amazona vittata ScHtEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Pasittaci), 1864, 58 (type of
Psittacus leucocephalus, supposed female, Kuhl, in coll. Leyden Mus.); no. 38
(Revue), 1874, 28.—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 101, 132.—Bowoisu,
Auk, xix, 1902, 363.—Rorascuitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15.—
Cuark (A. H.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 344.

[Amazona] vittata SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22.

Androglossa vittata RuicHenow, Journ. fir Orn., 1881, 371 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 211; Vogelbild., 1883, pl. 33, fig. 1. ;

[Androglossus] vittatus Huns and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 232.

Chrysotes ...... Bryant, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 190 (Porto Rico).

[Psittacus] dominicensis Guxtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 343 (based on Perroquet
de St. Domingue Daubenton, Pl. Enl.,792).—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 126.

Psittacus dominicensis Bucustetn, Lathams Uebers. Vég., i, 1793, 251, 711.—
Vierttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 328 (‘‘St. Domingo”); Tabl.
Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1875.—Kiister, Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1836, 70, pl. 51.

Ps{ittacus] dominicensis Becuste1n, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 95.—Waauer, Mon.
Psitt., 1832, 597, 718.

P[sittacus] dominicensis Harriaus, Syst. Verz., 1844, 87 (Santo Domingo).

[Chrysotis] dominicensis BONAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151 (Consp.
Psitt., p. 8); Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 92).

Psittacus leucocephalus (not of Linnzus) SHaw, Gen. Zool., viii, 1811, 517, part.—
Kua, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 80, part (supposed female).

Psittacus festivus? (not of Linnzeus) Morirz, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg.,
1836, i, p. 389.

AMAZONA VITTATA GRACILIPES Ridgway.

CULEBRA ISLAND PARROT,

Similar to A. v. vittata but smaller, with relatively smaller and
more slender feet.

Adult male—Length (skins), 290-293 (291.5); wing, 170-175
(172.5); tail, 95-96 (95.5); culmen, 26.5-27 (26.7); tarsus, 19-21
(20); outer anterior toe, 25-25.5 (25.2).

Adult female.—Length (skin), 290; wing, 175; tail, 101.5; culmen,
23.5; tarsus, 19.5; outer anterior toe, 23.5

Culebra Island, near Porto Rico.

Amazona vittata gracilipes Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915,
106 (Culebra Island, near Porto Rico, Greater Antilles; coll, U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

AMAZONA VENTRALIS (Miiller).

SANTO DOMINGO PARROT.

Adult male.—Forehead dull white; crown dull greenish blue (be-
tween deep bluish gray-green and delft blue), the feathers narrowly
tipped with black, the occiput and nape greener with less distinct
terminal margins of black; auricular region dull black, forming a
conspicuous patch on side of head, the area anterior to this dull

@ Two specimens. b One specimen.

966 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bluish green (bluish gray-green) with indistinct terminal margins of
black to the feathers; hindneck, back, and scapulars bright parrot
green, the feathers margined terminally with black, these heavier on
neck, narrower elsewhere; wing-coverts slightly more olivaceous
green (approaching oil green); rump lighter green (between parrot
green and calliste green), passing into more yellowish green (cosse
green to javel green) on upper tail-coverts; primary coverts, prima-
ries, and distal secondaries deep violet-blue, passing into light green-
ish blue or bluish green on edges of feathers—the secondaries more
greenish on basal or subbasal portion, the primaries more blackish
distally; middle rectrices parrot green, tinged with blue at extreme
base; next pair with outer web mostly parrot green, the inner web
greenish yellow, tinged with green toward shaft, the basal or sub-
basal third usually with a red median streak (more or less broad),
occupying a portion of each web along both sides of shaft; other
rectrices similar to the second but with the red (dull spectrum red or
chinese vermilion) space much larger, occupying full width of inner
web (which sometimes is more or less yellowish on edge) and greater
part of that of outer web, the outer web of lateral rectrix mostly (some-
times wholly) light blue or greenish blue; general color of under
parts light parrot green (changing to emerald ‘or cendré green in
certain lights), the feathers narrowly tipped with blackish; center of
throat usually tinged or suffused with pale red, and lower abdomen
with a more or less extensive area of brownish red (eugenia red to
nearly dragon’s-blood red), this sometimes occupying nearly whole of
abdomen; under tail-coverts light greenish yellow or yellowish green
(green-yellow or yellowish viridine yellow to yellowish apple green);
smaller under wing-coverts light parrot green, those along edge of
wing (beneath basal half of alulee) pale greenish yellow; larger under
wing-coverts light bluish green, margined distally with pale yellow-
ish green; under surface of remiges light greenish blue (nearly glau-
cous-blue), with a broad blackish slaty stripe next to shaft, this
occupying full width of the primaries beyond their emarginations;
bill, cere, and bare orbital space dull brownish yellow (dull cream-
buff) in dried skins; legs and feet dull light brownish (in dried skins);
length (skins), 270-293 (281); wing, 182-196 (190.7); tail, 96-108.5
(103); culmen, 25-28.5 (26.5); tarsus, 18.5-22 (20.4); outer anterior
toe, 24-31.5 (28.2).% :

Adult female—Similar to the adult male and probably not always
distinguishable, but usually (?) with crown more greenish (some-
times quite green), and auricular region less extensively blackish
(sometimes merely streaked with black, on upper portion); length
(skins), 270-287 (279); wing, 183-198 (190.2); tail, 94-108 (91.1);

@ Ten specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 567

culmen, 25.5-28 (26.2); tarsus, 18-21.5 (20.5); outer anterior toe,
25-30.5 (28.1).4

Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles (Cafia Honda, Savana la Mar, La
Cafiita, Samané, Magua, and Almercén, Santo Domingo; Le Coup
and Jerémie, Haiti).

Peittacus ventralis Miter, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 79 (‘‘Martinique”; based on
Perroquet & ventre pourpre, de la Martinique Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 548).

[Chrysotis] ventralis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 164, no. 8331.—Forses and Ros-
inson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14.

Chrysotis ventralis Savaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 314 (Magua and
Samana, Santo Domingo); Ibis, 1906, 649 (additional synonymy).

Androglossa ventralis RercHuNow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 375 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 215.

[Amazona] ventralis SHarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22.

[Psittacus leucocephalus] 6 GuE.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 338 (based on Psittacus
martinicensis cyanocephalus Brisson, Orn., iv, 251; Pl. Enl. 548; etc.).

[Psittacus leucocephalus] y Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 119 (based on Psittacus
martinicensis cyanocephalus Brisson, etc.).

Psittacus leucocephalus var. Vietttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 332
(=P. leucocephalus § Gmelin); Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1377.

Psittacus leucocephalus (not of Linnzus) Kuat, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 80, part (sup-
posed young male).—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 197, part.

Psf[ittacus] leucocephalus WacieR, Mon. Paitt., 1832, 599, 718, part.

Chrysotis sallei ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857 (pub. Jan. 12, 1858), 224,
in text, pl. 127 (Santo Domingo; coll. Brit. Mus.);> Ann. and Mag. N. H.,
3d ser., i, 1858, 223 (Santo Domingo; reprint); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 353.—
Satx8, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 234 (Santo Domingo; crit.;habits)—Cory,
Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 115, pl. [23], fig. 6; Auk, iii, 1886, 458 (syno-
nymy; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 181.—MarscHatt, Papag., 1889, 55.—
Curisty, Ibis, 1897, 384 (Santo Domingo; habits).

[Chrysotis] sallet SctateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.—Cory, List
Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20.

Amazona sallaei ScuteGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 58 (type of
Psittacus leucocephalus, supposed young male, of Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., in coll.
Leyden Mus.); no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 28.

Amazona sallxi Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 101, 131.—CuErriz, Contr.
Orn. San Dom., 1896, 22 (habits).—Roruscump, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi,
1905, 15.—Verruw (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 359
(Santo Domingo; habits).

[Amazona] sallzi CuarK (A. H.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 344 (Haiti).

Psittacus sallei Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 96 (Santo Domingo).

Chrysotis sallei Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 5183.—Rericuenow, Vogelbild., 1881,
pl. 19, fig. 4.—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 154 (Jerémie, Haiti).

AMAZONA COLLARIA (Linneus).
JAMAICAN PARROT,
Most like A. ventralis but white of forehead more restricted, throat

extensively pale brownish red or purplish pink, no red on abdomen,
and remiges light greenish blue instead of deep violet-blue.

@ Nine specimens.
In Bull. 49, U. 8. Nat. Mus. (Bibliography of published writings of Philip Lutley
Sclater), p. 84, Dr. Sclater says that the type is in the collection of the Paris Museum.

268 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adults (sexes alike).—Anterior portion of forehead (more or less
broadly), sometimes also upper edge of feathering beneath orbits,
dull white; crown dull bluish green or greenish blue (french green to
gobelin blue), passing into parrot green on hindneck, the feathers
margined terminally with black, their black edgings much broader on
lower hindneck; rest of upper parts bright parrot green, lighter and
more yellowish green on upper tail-coverts, the alule, primary
coverts, and primaries light greenish blue (cendre blue or motmot
blue), the inner webs of primaries dull black; middle pair of rectrices
bright parrot green, paler and more yellowish at tip; next pair with
outer webs similar, the inner webs with inner half (more or less)
greenish yellow, flecked, more or less with red on proximal portion,
the other rectrices with basal two-thirds (approximately) red, the
terminal third clear yellowish green, the outer webs with both the red
and green darker, that of the outermost rectrix mostly (sometimes
wholly) light greenish blue; rictal and suborbital regions (sometimes
auricular region also) light dull bluish green, the feathers narrowly
tipped with black, the upper margin of the suborbital region often
dull white, sometimes flecked or tinged with pale red; auricular
region sometimes blackish, forming a more or less conspicuous spot
on side of head; malar region, throat, and contiguous portion of sides
of neck light brownish red or deep vinaceous, the feathers more or
less distinctly margined with light yellowish green, those on sides of
neck rather broadly tipped with black; rest of under parts clear light
yellowish green (calliste green) sometimes tinged with light bluish
green (cendre green), the thighs pale bluish green, the feathers of
chest, etc., sometimes indistinctly margined with dusky; smaller
under wing-coverts clear light yellowish green, the carpo-metacarpal
edge of wing very pale yellowish green; under primary coverts and
under surface of remiges dull bluish green, the primaries with nar-
rowed distal portion and a broad stripe next to shaft on proximal por-
tion dusky; bill brownish or olivaceous yellow; legs and feet yellowish
brown (in dried skins).

Young.—Similar to adults but with much less of vinaceous on
throat.

Adult male.—Length (skins) ,273-294 (284) ; wing, 178-188.5 (183.7);
tail, 96-103.5 (100.3); culmen, 22.5-27 (25.5); tarsus, 19-21 (20.2);
outer anterior toe, 25-28 (26.5).¢
_ Adult female.—Length (skins), 270-297 (279); wing, 171.5-182.5
(175.5); tail, 91-104 (95.8); culmen, 23.5-25.5 (24.4); tarsus, 19-20
(19.6); outer anterior toe, 23.5-26.5 (25.2).¢

Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles (Spanishtown; Moneague; St.
Anns; Goshens; Priestmans River).

@Ten specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269

[Psittacus] collarius Lrinnzvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 102 (Jamaica; based on
Psitiacus minor, collo miniaceo Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, ii, 297; Psittacus
jamaicensis gutture rubro Brisson, Orn., iv, 241); ed. 12, i, 1766, 149.—
Guerin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 347.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 128.

Psittacus collarius Becustzin, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 254, 711.—
Vientot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 330.—Kuun, Consp. Paitt.;
1820, 95.

Ps{ittacus] collarius Brcusrrrn, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 104.

Chrysotis collaria Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacide, 1859, 83.—Sc.aTEr,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 79 (Jamaica; crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 353;
Rev. List Birds Jamaica, 1910, 12.—ALBreEcut, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 203.—
Marca, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 284.—Finscu, Die Papag., ii,
1868, 517.—Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 587.—Cory, Auk, iii,
1886, 459 (synonymy; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 182.—ManrscHALL,
Papag., 1889, 55.—Satvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 318 (Moneague
and Spanishtown, Jamaica).

[Chrysotis] collaria Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 164, no. 8332.—SconaTEr and Satvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 118.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev.
ed., 1886), 20.—Forszs and Ropivson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14.

C{hrysotis] collaria Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 110.

Androglossa collaria REIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 376 (monogr.); Consp.
Psitt., 1882, 216; Vogelbild., 1883, Nachtr., 126.

Amazona collaria Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 101, 1830.—Scorr, Auk,
ix, April, 1892, 128 (habits).—Crarx (A. H.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 344.

[Amazona] collaria SHarps, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22.

Amazona collarius RoTuscHitD, Bull. Brit. Om. Club, xvi, 1905, 15. :

[Chrysotis leucocephala] Subspecies: collaria RetcHenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881,
876 (monogr.); Consp. Psitt., 1882, 216.

Psittacus gutturalis MULLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 79 (‘‘Martinique”; based
on Perroquet, de la Mortinique Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 549).

Peitiacus leucocephalus (not of Linnzus) Suaw, Gen. Zool, viii, pt. 2, 1811, 517,
part, pl. 78.—Brcustzin, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 236, 708, part.—
Kuut, Consp. Psitt., 1820, 80, part.—KtsTer, Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1836, 76,

_ part.—Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 269.

Pafittacus] leucocephalus BecusTemn, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 95, part.—Wacurr,
Mon. Paitt., 1832, 599, 718, part.

P{sittacus] leucocephalus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 421, part.

(?) [Chrysotis] leucocephala Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151, part;
Naumannia, 1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 90, part).

Chrysotis leucocephala Souanct, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 153 (cites Pionus
vinaceicollis Lafresnaye).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 153, part.

Pionus vinaceicollis LarrEsNnaYE, Rev. Zool., ix, Sept. (i. e. Nov.), 1846, 321
(Jamaica).

P[sittacus] vinacetcollis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, app., p. 20.

Chrysotis vinaceicollis ScLaATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 225, in text (crit.).

AMAZONA LEUCOCEPHALA LEUCOCEPHALA (Linneus).
CUBAN PARROT.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead and at least anterior half of crown
dull white, this sometimes (in fresh plumage) more or less tinged with
pink; posterior portion of crown, together with occiput, dull bluish

270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

green (near montpellier green), passing into parrot green on hindneck,
the feathers broadly tipped with dull black; general color of remain-
ing upper parts parrot green, the scapulars, interscapulars, and rump
broadly, the wing-coverts (except greater) more narrowly, tipped or
terminally margined with black, passing into bright yellowish green
(cosse green to javel green) on upper tail-coverts; alule, primary-
coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries light greenish blue (cendré
to light cerulean), passing into deeper, more violaceous, blue on
inner portion of outer webs, the exposed portion of inner webs dull
black, except at tip; middle pair of rectrices parrot green, the next
pair with outer web parrot green but inner web light yellowish green
or greenish yellow; remaining rectrices with inner web light yellowish
green or greenish yellow, with an extensive subbasal area of deep
red (spectrum red), this red area narrow and sometimes broken on
third rectrix; becoming gradually broader toward the outermost, on
which it occupies more than half the width of the inner web, the
outer web being light greenish blue; whole throat, malar region,
suborbital region, and rictal region pinkish red (rose doreé), the
feathers white basally and with indistinct whitish terminal margins
and shaft-streaks, the upper margin of the feathered area beneath
lores and eyes mostly (sometimes wholly) white; rest of under parts,
except abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs, parrot green,? the
feathers broadly tipped with black; abdomen (more or less exten-
sively) dull purplish red (eugenia red to daphne red), some of the
feathers green basally and tipped with blackish; thighs pale grayish

blue or light glaucous-blue; under tail-coverts clear light yellowish -

green or green-yellow tinged with viridian yellow; smaller under
wing-coverts light bluish green (dull light cendré green to light
oriental green), the feathers narrowly tipped with black—those
coverts on edge of wing beneath basal half of alula, whitish; greater
under wing-coverts and under surface of remiges light dull bluish
green or greenish glaucous-blue, the primaries with a broad stripe
of dull blackish slate along shaft and with the narrowed distal portion
wholly of the latter color; bill dull light brownish yellow (dull cream-
buffy) or ivory whitish; iris yellow or grayish yellow; legs and feet
(in dried skins) light buffy brownish, yellowish in life.

Adult male—Length (skins), 280-298 (291); wing, 185-195.5
(191.8); tail, 99-115 (107.7); culmen, 23.5-26.5 (25); tarsus, 19-21
(20.3); outer anterior toe, 28-31 (29.6).®

2 Sometimes there are a few red feathers on median line of chest or breast.
b Five specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 271

Adult female.—Length (skin), 285; wing, 184-195 (189.5); tail,
105-108 (106.5); culmen, 24.5; tarsus, 19.5-20.5 (20); outer anterior
toe, 26.5-28.5 (27.5).%

Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles (Yateres; San Diego de los Bafios;
Guamé; Monte Verde; San Pablo); island of Cayman Brac, south
of Cuba?

[Psitéacus] leucocephalus Linnazus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 100 (based on
The White-headed Parrot, Psittacus viridis capite albo Edwards, Birds, vi,
166, pl. 246); ed. 12, 1, 1766, 145.—Gutin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 338.—
Laruam, Index Omm., i, 1790, 118.

Psittacus leucocephalus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 31—Suaw, Gen. Zool., viii,
pt. 2, 1811, 517, part —Brcustrem, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 236, 708,
part.—Viexor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 322, part (cites Pl. Enl.,
pl. 549); Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1371, part. — Kuan, Consp. Paitt., 1820, 80,
part. —STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiv,.1826, 100, part. —Cuvimr, Régne
Anim., ed. 2, i, 1829, 546, part. —LrEsson, Traité @’Om., 1831, 197, part.—
Kisrer, Orn, Atlas, Papag., 1836, 75, part.—DEnny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1847, 38—LrmBeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 132.—Gunp acu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1871, 271 (Cuba; crit.) —Guutiver, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 489.

Psfittacus] leucocephalus Becustern, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 95, part.—WacGuzr,
Mon. Pasitt., 1832, 599, 718, part.

P[sittacus] leucovephalus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 421, part.

[Chrysotis] leucocephalus Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 301 —GunpiAcu,
Journ. fiir Omn., 1861, 336 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 297.—
Gray, Hand- list, ii, 1870, 164, no. 8330.

Chrysotis leucocephalus CABANIS, Journ. fir Orn., 1856, 105 (Cuba; habits).—
Gunpuac#, Contr. Orn. Cuba, 1876, 124.—Manrscwatt, Papag., 1889, 55.—
Fivscu, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., i, 1863, Berigt., p. xv.

[Chrysotis] leucocephalus GunpLacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba); Repert.
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1, 1866, 297.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 164, no. 8330.

Chrysotts leucocephalus GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 149.

Chrysotis leucocephala Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, 151; Naumannia,
1856 (Consp. Psitt., no. 82).—ScuatEeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 224,
part).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Psittacides, 1859, 82.—Brewskr, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—Finscu, Die Papag., ii, 1868, 520.—
GunptacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 161 (Cuba).—Cazanis, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1876, 444, in text (Cuba).—RzicHENnow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 376 (monogr.);
Consp. Psitt., 1882, 216; Vogelbild., 1881, pl. 19, fig. 5.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886,
459, part (synonymy; descr.); vi, 1889, 32 (Cayman Brac); Birds West Ind.,
1889, 182, part.—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 315.

@ Two specimens.

; P Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men, | Tarsus. Sneetror
i . 8.
MALES.
Five adult males from Cuba (A. 1, leucocephala).............--+ 191.8] 107.7 25 20.3 29.6
Ten adult males from Isle of Pines (A. 1. palmarum)........-.. 197.9] 113.2 26. 2 21.6 20.9
Six adult males from Cayman Islands (A. l. caymanensis).....| 196.7] 113.8 25.9 21.1 27.8-
Seven adult males from Bahamas (A. 2. bohamensis).........-. 210.7} 121.1 29.9 23.6 31.2
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Cuba (A, 1, leucocephala)...........+-- 189.5} 106.5 24.5 20 27.5
Ten adult females from Isle of Pines (A. 7. palmarum)......... 192.6 | 110.7] 25.7} 21.3 28.6
Five adult females from Cayman Islands (A. 1. caymanensis)...| 196.7 | 113.8] 25.9} 21.1 27.8
Eight adult females from Bahamas (A. 1. bahamensis)...-.....- 207.3} 122.4 28.8 22.7 31.2

272 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Chrysotis] leucocephala ScuatER and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 113.—Cory,
List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20, part (Cuba).—Forses
and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14. :

Amazona leucocephala ScuuzeEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii, no. 26 (Psittaci), 1864, 59;
no. 38 (Revue), 1874, 28.—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 101, 141,
part.—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 297 (San Pablo, s. Cuba;
habits; flight).—(?)Lows, Ibis, 1911, 149 (Cayman Brac).

[Amazona] leucocephala SuarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22.—Cuarx (A. H.), Auk,

xxii, 1905, 344 (Cuba). ;

Amazona leucocephalus leucocephalus Rotuscuitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi,
no. exvili, Nov. 1, 1905, 15.

Amazona leucocephala leucocephala Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, Oct., 1911,
418, in text (measurements, etc.).

Psittacus gutturalis Mier, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 79 (‘Martinique’’; based on
Perroquet de la Martinique Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 549). °

Abnormal color variety. ;

[Psittacus] paradist Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 101 (based on Psitiacus
paradisi, ex Cuba Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 10, pl. 10); ed. 12, i, 1766,
147,—GMeEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 342.—LarHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 127,

Poittacus paradist SHaw, Gen. Zool., viii, pt. 2, 1811, 501, pl. 75; Nat. Misc.,
xxiii, 1812, pl. 1001—Bxrcusrein, Kurze Ueb., 1811-’12, 97.—Vizrxor,
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 330 (Cuba; cites Pl. Enl., pl. 336);

» _ Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1376.—Breum, Mon. Papag., 1854, pl. 58.

[Psittacus leucocephalus] Var. y WAGLER, Mon. Pasitt., 1832, 600 (yellow and red
variety).

Pstitacus leucocephalus var. y Kiister, Orn. Atlas, Papag., 1836, 76.

AMAZONA LEUCOCEPHALA PALMARUM Todd.
ISLE OF PINES PARROT.

Similar to A. 1. leucocephala, but slightly larger; red of throat,
cheeks, etc., deeper, somewhat more extended posteriorly, that of
abdomen also deeper and much more extended, sometimes occupying
greater part of under surface.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 275-317 (298) ; wing, 188-205 (197.9);
tail, 96-121 (113.2); culmen, 25-27 (26.2); tarsus, 20.5-23 (21.6);
outer anterior toe, 28.5-31.5 (29.9).¢

Adult female.—280-310 (294); wing, 187-197.5 (192.6); tail, 101.5-
116.5 (110.7); culmen, 24.5-27 (25.7); tarsus, 20.5-22 (21.3); outer
anterior toe, 27-30 (28.6).%

Isle of Pines, Cuba (Nueva Gerona; Man4gua).

Amazona leucocephala (not Psittacus leucocephalus Linnseus) Banes and ZapPreEy,
Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 201 (Isle of Pines; habits, etc.).
Amazonia leucocephala palmarum Topp, Annals Carnegie Mus., x, 1916, 228
(Los Indios, Isle of Pines; coll. Carnegie Museum).
AMAZONA LEUCOCEPHALA CAYMANENSIS (Cory).
CAYMAN PARROT.

Similar to A. J. leucocephala but the green of a decidedly more
yellowish hue, and green of crown and occiput less strongly (some-
times not at all) tinged with blue;® slightly larger.

@ Ten specimens.

; > The specimens examined are all in worn and more or less soiled plumage, so that
it is difficult to determine with exactness the points of difference from A.I. leucocephala.
The white of the head is very much duller than in Cuban specimens, but this may
result from an actual staining of the feathers.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 273

Adult male.—Length (skins), 275-311 (295); wing, 192-202 (196.7);
tail, 108-118 (118.8); culmen, 25.5-26.5 (25.9); tarsus, 20.5-21.5
(21.1); outer anterior toe, 25-30 (27.8).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 285-315 (299); wing, 199-205
(202.5); tail, 108.5-124.5 (117.7); culmen, 24-27 (25.4); tarsus,
21-23 (21.7); outer anterior toe, 26.5-29.5 (27.8) .°

Island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba. Cayman Brac?¢

Chrysotis caymanensis Cory, Auk, iii, no. 4, Oct., 1886, 497, 502 (Grand Cayman
I., south of Cuba; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 159; Birds West Ind., 1889,
297.—Sautvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 317; Ibis, 1906, 649.—
Nicott, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xiv, 1904, 94; Ibis, 1904, 584.—Loweg, Ibis,
1909, 340, in text.

[Chrysotis] caymanensis ForBEs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, no. 1,
1897, 14.

Amazona caymanensis Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 101, 129, 141.—
Lowe, Ibis, 1911, 149.

[Amazona] caymanensis Suanre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22.—CiarxK (A. H.), Auk,
xxii, 1905, 344.

Amazona leucocephalus caymanensis RotuscHitp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi,
no. exviii, Nov. 1, 1905, 15.

Amazona leucocephala caymanensis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, Oct., 1911,
418, in text.

(?)Amazona leucocephala (not Psittacus leucocephalus Linnzeus?) Lowe, Ibis,
1911, 149 (Cayman Brac).

AMAZONA LEUCOCEPHALA BAHAMENSIS (Bryant).

BAHAMA PARROT.

Similar to A. 1. leucocephala, but with much less of purplish red
on abdomen, often with none at all; red of throat extended over
more or less of chest; white of head much more extended, reaching
to considerably behind eyes. and involving suborbital region and
posterior portion of auricular region; inner webs of rectrices much
less yellowish green and with red much more restricted, often want-
ing; size decidedly larger.

4 Six specimens. b Five specimens, from Grand Cayman.
Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Then, Tarsus. autarior
2.
MALES,
Four adult males from Grand Cayman...........-.------------ 196.9} 114.5 25.9 21.1 27.6
Two adult males from Cayman Brac (A. 1. leucocephala?)...... 196.2} 112.5 26 {21} [28. 5]

¢ The specimens examined from Cayman Brac are in bad condition of plumage,
so that it is difficult to tell whether they should be referred to it. A. 1. caymanensis or
not. Percy R. Lowe, who perhaps had specimens in more satisfactory condition,
refers the Cayman Brac bird to A. l. leucocephala (see Ibis, 1911, 149).

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——18

274 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Length (skins) , 295-322 (312); wing, 198-220 (210.7);
tail, 118-131 (121.1); culmen, 28.5-32 (29.9); tarsus, 22.5-25 (23.6);
outer anterior toe, 29-34 (31.2).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 292-311 (301); wing, 196.5-216.5
(207.3); tail, 116.5-129 (122.4); culmen, 28-29.5 (28.8); tarsus
21-24 (22.7); outer anterior toe, 29-33 (31.2).

Bahama Islands (Inagua, Acklin, and Fortune islands; formerly
also Abaco and Long islands, where now extirpated).

Psittacus collarius (var. bahamensis) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, April,
1867, 65 (Fortune, Acklin, and Inagua islands, Bahamas).

[Chrysotis] bahamensis Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 460, in text (Inagua; crit.)—
Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., i, 1897, 14.

Chrysotis bahamensis Sarvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xx, 1891, 317; Ibis,
1906, 649.

Amazona leucocephala bahamensis Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 141.—
Rorascurmp, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 15.—Topp, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., vii, 1911, 417 (Acklin I.; crit.)—Worrmineton, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
vii, 1911, 451 (Great Inagua and Acklin islands; habits, etc.).

[Amazona leucocephala] bahamensis Citar (A. H.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 344.

[Amazona] bahamensis SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 22.

Amazona bahamensis AtLEN (G. M.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 124 (Great Inagua and
Acklin islands). ;

Chrysotis collaria (not Psittacus collarius Linnzus) Cory, Birds Bahama I..,
1880, 123 (Inagua I.; Abaco?; Long I.?).—Boruz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883,
107, in text.

[Chrysotis] leucocephala (not Psitiacus leucocephalus Linneus) Cory, List Birds
West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 20, part (Bahamas).

Chrysotis leucocephala Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 459, part (Bahamas); viii, 1891,
851 (Inagua I., Bahamas); Birds West Ind., 1889, 182, part (Bahamas).—
Bonuote, Ibis, 1903, 295 (extinct on Abaco and Long islands; still found
on island name not divulged, possibly on Inagua).

Amazona leucocephala Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 11, 101, 141, part (Abaco,
Fortune, Acklin, and Great Inagua islands, Bahamas).

@ Seven specimens. b Hight specimens.
: Cul- Outer
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men Tarsus, anterior
. 08.
MALES.
Four adult males from Inagua.......... 2.2.2.2 eee eee eee 204 116.5 29,4 23.6 30.6
Three adult males from Acklin Island...........-..2..-2.20005 217.3 | 127.3 31 23.7 32
FEMALES.
Four adult females from Inagua. ..............200.00002 cece eee 204.3 | 121 28.7) [23] [29]
Four adult females from Acklin Island..............2...---0-- 209.5 | 123.7 28.9 22.6 31.7

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275

Order COLUMBIFORMES.*

PIGEON-LIEKE BIRDS.

>Columbae Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 643 (includes Aepiornis/).

=Columbae FurrBrincer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1277, 1567.—
SatvaporI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, xi, 1.—Gapow, Classif. Vertebr.,
1898, 35.—Evans, Cambridge Nat. Hist., ix, 325.—Osrruo.ser, Outl.
Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 8.—Knowtron, Birds of the World, 1909, 50,
408.

=Peristeromorphe Huxury, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 459, 460.—NrwrTon,
Encyc. Brit., 9th ed., iii, 1875, 699.

=Gyrantes Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 311.

>Pullastre Corr, Am. Nat., xxiii, Oct., 1889, 871, 873 (includes Galline Peris-
teropodes and Pterocloformes).

>Columbiformes FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1567 (in-
cludes Pterocloformes).

<Columbiformes SHarre, Rev. Rec. Att. Class. Birds, 1891, 70 (excludes
Geophaps!).

=Columbiformes SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, xi, 51.

>FPteroclo-Columbez Know1ton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49 (includes Ptero-
cloformes).

=Giratores BLAINVILLE, Journ. de Physique, Ixxxi, 1816, 252.

=Bipositores Eyton, Osteologia Avium, 1867, pp. vii, 155.

=Columbacei or Gemitores OwEN, Anat. Vertebrates, ii, 1866, 10.

=Peristereae HAECKEL, Gen. Morphol., ii, 1866, cxli.

=Peristeroidee SUNDEVALL, Tentamen, 1873, 97.

<Columboidex StzsNEGER, Science Record, ii, 1884, 155 (excludes Raphi).

Terrestrial or arboreal granivorous, frugivorous, or phytophagous
birds with palate schizognathous, nasals schizorhinal or (in Gouride)
pseudo-holorhinal; dorsal vertebre heterocelous (their ankylosis
Galline); subclavicular processes present; ceca nonfunctional, and
young gymnopedic and nidicolous.

Basipterygoid processes present (except in Suborder Raphi) and
placed medially; angle of mandible neither produced nor recurved,
but abruptly truncated; subclavicular processes present; cervical ver-
tebree 14-16; spina interna sterni usually present but small, some-
times absent; spina externa present; metasternum usually 4-notched
(the inner pair of notches sometimes converted into foramina),
sometimes (in genus Geophaps) with only two notches, the sternum
very narrow;° furcula well-developed (except in Suborder Raphi),
U-shaped, without hypocleideum; basal end of coracoids in contact

@In the ‘Key to the Orders of the Subclass Ornithure” on pages 8-12 of Part I
of this work, following Fuerbringer and Gadow, the Columbiformes are merged with
the Charadriiformes (page 11); but the Pigeons, together with their nearest allies,
the extinct Dodo and Solitaire, are so sharply circumscribed a group that, like the
Parrots, they seem to be entitled to rank as a distinct Order.

6 When there are four notches the lateral processes are much shorter than the inner
ones, as in the Order Galliformes.

276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

but not overlapping; toes 4, the hallux functional, incumbent, its
basal phalanx as long as that of middle toe, connected with the flexor
longus hallucis, not with the flexor perforans digitorum, the two
deep plantar tendons united by a vinculum; flexors of Type I
(Galline); thigh muscle formula ABX+or ABXY; intestinal con-
volutions of type V (cycloccelous); biceps slip present, peculiar in
form; expansor secundariorum present; ceca nonfunctional, gener-
ally rudimentary; gall-bladder usually absent (present in genera
Muscadivores and Lopholaimus) ; syrinx with one pair of asymmetrical
extrinsic tracheal, or tracheo-bronchial, muscles; two carotid arteries;
biceps slip present, peculiar in form; crop large, more or less protu-
berant; oil gland (Gf present) nude, sometimes absent; aftershaft
absent or rudimentary; adult downs absent; spinal pteryla well-
defined on neck by lateral apteria, forked on interscapular region;
primaries 11; secondaries 11~15, usually aquinto-cubital (quinto-
cubital in Columbula); rectrices 12-20.
_ The Columbiformes agree with the Charadiiformes in the follow-
ing characters: Palate schizognathous; nares schizorhinal, pervious;
cervical vertebrae 15 (except in Cidicnemide and Jacanide of the
latter, which have 16); primaries 11; secondaries acquinto-cubital
(mostly) ; hallux connected with flexor longus hallucis, not with flexor
perforans digitorum. They differ, however, in heteroccelous (instead
of opisthocelous) vertebree; usually 4-notched (rarely 2-notched);
sternum; absence or imperfect development of aftershaft to the con-
tour feathers; absence of oil gland (or if this is present it is nude
instead of tufted); incumbent and well-developed (instead of ele-
vated and reduced, often absent) hallux, and gymnopedic and nidi-
colous young.

They agree with the Pterocloformes in schizorhinal nares, rudi-
mentary vomer, usually 4-notched sternum, nude oil gland (if pres-
ent), aquinto-cubital secondaries, and some other characters, but
differ in the well-developed, functional, and incumbent hallux,
absence of aftershaft (or else this rudimentary), very different (Co-
lumbine instead of Galline) bill, gymnopedic and nidicolous young,
immaculate eggs, and other characters.

It is to the above groups that the Columbiformes are most nearly
related; indeed, the Order Columbiformes is by some authors made
to include not only the Charadriiformes in their most extended sense
(that is to say, Limicole+Lari+ Alce), but also the Pterocletes.
The pigeons themselves, however, constitute, like the parrots, one
of the most sharply circumscribed groups of birds, and therefore seem
well entitled to rank as a distinct Order.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. OTT

KEY TO THE SUBORDERS OF COLUMBIFORMES.

a. Wings well-developed, adapted for flight; furcula fully developed; basipterygoid

processes present.........20-. 2 eee eee eee eee erence eee eee Columbe (p. 277).
aa. Wings rudimentary, not adapted for flight; furcula greatly reduced; basiptery-
goid processes absent...........-.-.-.-+-- Raphi (extralimital and extinct).¢

Suborder COLUMBA.
THE PIGEONS.

=Columbae Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 5.—Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 595.—Scrarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 182.—
Exxzor, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, Birds, 1884, 237—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, 178 (and later editions)—Rmeway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 2, 210.—SHarps, Rev. Rec. Att. Class. Birds, 1891, 70; Hand-
list, i, 1899, xi, 51—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, xi, 2 (Sub-
order).—Berpparp, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 305.—Satvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 231.

<Columbae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 311, 313 (excludes Didunculus).

<Pleiodi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 5 (Didunculus only).—Carus,
Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 311, 313.

<Gyrantes BonaPparTE, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 5 (excludes Didunculus).

Giratores BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Phil., 1816, 110; Journ. d’Phys., Ixxxiii, 1816,
252.

=Columbide LuuseBore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 15.—Barrp, Brewer,
and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 357—AmeErican ORNITHOLO-
cists’ Union, Check List 1886, 178 (and later editions) —FUrrBrincer,
Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1278—Gapow, Bronn’s Thier-Reich,
Vog., ii, 1891, 210, 300; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.—OsErHotsrr, Outl.
Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3—Knowtron, Birds of the World, 1909, 50, 413.

Columbiformes capable of more or less powerful flight, possessing
well-developed fucula and basipterygoid processes.

Bill more or less plover-like, usually relatively small and slender
(stout in some forms, especially genera Didunculus and Butreron),
consisting of two dissimilar portions: a more or less tumid basal part,
covered by a soft skin in which are situated the narrow, longitudinal or

@ =Didusidae Lesson, L’Echo du Monde Savant, 9° ann., vi, ser. 2, no. 44, Dec. 8,
1842, col. 1036. i
>Inepti Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, Oct., 1854, 1 (includes Aepiornis, Ont
thaptera, Didus, and Cyanornis).
=Inepti Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 313.
>Didinae Bonaparte, Consp. Gon, Av., ii, Oct., 1854, 1 (=Jnepti Bonaparte).
=Didi Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 70; Hand-list, i, 1899, xii, 92;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, xvii, 628.
=Dididae Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1567.—Knowlton, Birds
of the World, 1909, 50, 409.

The birds of this suborder are all extinct though existing as late as 1693 in the
case of the Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) or even later (about 1729) in the case of the
Solitaire (Pezophaps solitarius). They were very large, flightless birds, confined to
the Mascarene Islands, near Madagascar, each of the three islands of Mauritius,
Réunion, and Rodriguez possessing its peculiar species.

278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

oblique nostrils (overhung by a valve-like scale or operculum) and
a hard or horny terminal part with outlines more or less convex,
especially the culmen, which is more or less arched, the middle por-
tion of the bill more or less constricted. Head relatively small,
completely feathered, except a bare orbital space of greater or less
extent. Anterior toes cleft to the base, or else with a slight mem-
brane between middle and outer toes only; tarsus covered laterally
and behind (sometimes in front also) with small hexagonal or roundish
scales,* usually scutellate in front, where sometimes feathered on
upper portion. Plumage peculiarly dense though easily detached
from the very tender skin, the feathers with a thickened, spongy,
loosely inserted rhachis; orbital region usually more or less naked.
Young gymnopedic and nidicolous, nourished for a time by a secre-
tion, later by half-digested seeds or grain, both regurgitated from the
well-developed crop of the parents. Eggs, 1-2, immaculate, usually
white, sometimes buff; nest a very simple structure, usually flat and
frail, composed of twigs, straws, or similar materials, placed in a tree,
upon stumps, rocks, or walls, clefts of cliffs, in buildings, or on the
ground.

Pigeons > are monogamous, but nevertheless are to a degree fickle
or inconstant in their affections, at least in the domesticated species,
and are by no means the peaceful birds they are popularly supposed
to be, fierce, bloody, and stubborn conflicts often occurring during
the breeding season. Both sexes take equal part in nest building,
incubation, and care of the young. The latter are hatched naked,
except for scattered bits of filamentous down, and are fed with the
moistened or partially digested seeds or grain from the parents’ crop,
the young one inserting its bill into the parents’ mouth, the regurgi-
tation of the food by the parent being accompanied by a violent or
spasmodic shaking of the body and wings. The food of pigeons
consists principally of grains, seeds, and fruits, and. salt is seemingly
a necessity to them. In drinking, the bill is immersed to the nostrils
and the water drawn in a continuous draft, in which they are, so far
as known, unique among birds. The voice of pigeons is, usually, a
soft coo, varied in strength and modulation according to the species.
- In some it is extremely loud in proportion to the size of the bird, one
of the smaller American species (Claravis pretiosa) producing a sound

@These sometimes obsolete or indistinct.

b The names pigeon and dove, applied to birds of this suborder, are synonymous or
interchangeable. The former is French (Italian piccione or pipione, Latin pipio);
the latter is from the Dutch duyve (Danish due, Icelandic dufa, German taube). The
The name dove is commonly applied to the smaller members of the group, though in
England the largest species (Columba palumbus) is called the Ring Dove; and as
Professor Newton remarks (Dictionary of Birds, p. 162) ‘‘no sharp distinction can be
drawn between Pigeons and Doves, and in general literature the two words are used
almost indifferently, while no one species can be pointed out to which the word Dove,
taken alone, seems to be absolutely proper.’’

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 279

resembling that made by blowing one’s breath into the mouth of a
bottle, but nearly as loud as the bellowing of a bull. In others the
voice is plaintive or even mournful.

Pigeons are found throughout the temperate and tropical portions
of the world, but are most numerous in the Eastern Hemisphere, espe-
cially in the islands of the Indo-Malayan and Australian regions,
where the most beautifully colored species occur, many of them
being among the most beautiful of birds. More than five hundred
and fifty species and subspecies, belonging to ninety-one genera, are
known, of which only about one hundred species and subspecies and
twenty-five genera occur in America.

The nearest living relatives of the Pigeons are the Sand Grouse
(Family Pteroclids), constituting the order or suborder Pteroclo-
formes or Pterocletes, which are very nearly intermediate in struc-
tural characters between the Columbiformes and Galliformes. At
the same time the Pigeons show relationship to the Charadriiformes,
and even, though far more remotely, to the Owls (Striges) and
American Vultures (Sarcoramphi).

KEY TO THE AMERICAN GENERA OF COLUMBZ.@

a. Wing relatively longer and more pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal
secondaries by more than one-third the length of wing; tarsus less than one-
sixth as long as wing. (Secondaries diastataxic=aquintocubital.)5

b. Middle toe (without claw) at least nine-tenths as long as tarsus, the latter with
upper portion more or less feathered in front.

c. Tail less than four-fifths as long as wing (sometimes only half as long),
rounded or truncated, the rectrices broad throughout, broadly rounded at tip.
(Columbz.)

d. Tarsus as long as or longer than middle toe without claw; secondaries with
exposed portion shorter than exposed portion of greater coverts.

e. First and second primaries (from outside) longest, the first much longer
than third, and, with second, subacute at tip and with inner webs not
excised; foreneck with plumage metallic... .. Lithoenas (extralimital).¢
ee. Second and third primaries (from outside) longest, the first not longer
than fourth, the two outermost primaries rounded or obtuse at tip,
their inner webs excised beyond middle portion; foreneck with plumage

not metallic.
Jf. Tarsus longer than middle toe without claw, only the extreme upper
portion feathered in front; toes more slender, with smoother scutella
and less expanded as well as less strongly papillose or spiculate soles;

2 Including, for comparison, a few related European genera.

b In Leptotila and ‘‘Geotrygon” (=Geotrygon+Oreopeleia) the secondaries are diasta-
taxic (aquintocubital). See Miller, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxxiv (art. vi, March 19,
1915, 180). Osculatia, which is closely related to Oreopeleia, has not been examined
with reference to this character.

¢ Lithoenas Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv; type, Columba livia
Linneus.—Rupicola (not of Brisson, 1760) Bogdanow, Trudy St.-Petersb. Obshch.,
xii, 1881, 99 (subgenus); type, Columba livia Linneus. (Palaéarctic.)

280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tail relatively shorter (decidedly less than two-thirds as long as wing),
slightly but distinctly rounded. ;

g. Tail much longer (nearly two-thirds’ as long as wing); bill larger
(length from frontal antia greater than ‘distance from the latter to
anterior angle of eye); hindneck and sides of neck with plumage
metallic. .....----2---2e eee e creer: Palumbena (extralimital).¢

gg. Tail much shorter (only half as long as wing); bill smaller (length

from frontal antia less than distance from the latter to anterior

angle of eye); hindneck and sides of neck with plumage not
metallic.........-----------ee eee eee Noticenas (extralimital).d

ff. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, its upper half feathered in front;
toes stouter, with more prominent scutella and more expanded,

more strongly papillose or spiculate soles; tail relatively longer (two-

thirds as long as wing), truncate....-.....--Columba (extralimital).¢

dd. Tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw; secondaries with exposed
portion longer than exposed portion of greater coverts, or else (in Cross-
ophthalmus) the bare orbital space with an outer spiculate or papillose

ring.

e. Tail shorter (much, less than three-fourths, usually less than two-thirds,
as long as wing); feet relatively larger, with stouter toes; outermost pri-
mary longer than fifth (from outside).

f. Tail more than three-fifths as long as wing; plumage of hindneck not
barred nor spotted.

g. Tail distinctly rounded; outermost primary little if any shorter than

fourth (from outside); bare orbital space more contracted; plumage

of hindneck not squamated.....-.-.---------- Chlorcenas (p. 283).

gg. Tail nearly truncate; outermost primary much shorter than fourth

(from outside); bare orbital space much larger; plumage of hindneck

conspicuously squamated.............-..-..--Patagicenas (p. 308).
ff. Tail less than three-fifths as long as wing; plumage of hindneck barred
or spotted.

g. Distance from base of unguis to frontal feathering about one and a
half times that (in straight line) from same point to tip of unguis,
the latter with a shallow subterminal tomial notch; whole neck
conspicuously spotted and squamated; under wing-coverts dusky
purplish brown, rump brown or chestnut, and no white on wings.

Lepidcenas (p. 315).

gg. Distance from base of unguis to frontal feathering less than distance

(in straight line) from same point to tip of unguis, the latter without

obvious tomial notch; hindneck (alone) barred; {under wing-
coverts and rump bluish gray; wings partly white.

@ Palumbaena Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 49; type, Columba enas Lin-
neus.—Sylvicola (not of Harris, 1782, Humphreys, 1797, Hiibner, 1810, Swainson,
1827, nor Eyton, 1836) Bogdanow, Trudy St.-Petersb. Obshch., xii, 1881, 99 (sub-
genus); type, Columba enas Linnwus?—Calotreron Heine, in Heine and Reichenow,
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 275; new name for Palumbzna Bonaparte, on grounds
of purism. (Palearctic.)

b Notienas Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915, 106; type,
Columba maculosa Temminck. (Southern South America; two species.) (Nérvos,
southern; olvds, a wild pigeon.)

¢ Columba Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 162; type, as fixed by Selby, 1825,
C. palumbus Linnseus.—Palumbis Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 55; type,
by tautonymy, Columba palumbus Linneus.—Palumbus Kaup, Naturl. Syst., 1829,
107; type, by tautonymy, Columba palumbus Linnzeus. (Paleearctic.)

ane

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 281

h. Secondaries with exposed portion longer than exposed portion of
greater wing-coverts; rectrices and tail-coverts extremely broad;
bare orbital space smaller, without papillose outer ring.

Picazurus (extralimital).¢

hh. Secondaries with exposed portion shorter than exposed portion of
greater coverts; rectrices and tail-coverts moderate in width;

bare orbital space much larger, with a conspicuous papillose

QULEr TINE .o esorne rence scetemddend Crossophthalmus (p. 320).

ee. Tail longer (more than three-fourths as long as wing); feet relatively
smaller, the toes more slender; outermost primary shorter than fifth

(from: outside) vea.cancsveseceeenecceeeetoeeencqeel Cncenas (p. 323).
ce. Tail as long as or longer than wing, strongly graduated, the rectrices tapering
terminally, pointed at tip. (Ectopistex.).........--.-- Ectopistes (p. 333).

bb. Middle toe (without claw) less than five-sixths as long as tarsus, the latter
with upper part entirely bare.
c. Tail crossed by a post-median band of black (sometimes obsolete on middle
rectrices); a subauricular spot or streak of black. (Zenaidz.)
d. Wings more or less spotted with black, the distal coverts not white.

e. Rectrices 14, the tail more than three-fifths as long as wing; tarsus less than
one-sixth as long as wing; bill not decurved; smaller wing-coverts im-
maculate; a black subauricular spot, but no pale auricular stripe.

j. Tail longer and more graduated (nearly three-fourths as long as wing to

longer that: Wig) -..sccteccesen ee see secede Zenaidura (p. 339).
ff. Tail shorter, rounded rather than graduated (less than two-thirds as long
O90 WING) tes cs ct cctwicn cocsusdenamaneinanenaae cena Zenaida (p. 354).

ee. Rectrices 12; the tail less than three-fifths as long as wing; tarsus nearly

one-fifth as long as wing; bill decurved; smaller wing-coverts spotted

or streaked; no subauricular spot, but a pale auricular band margined

above and below by a black line................--- Nesopelia (p. 372).

dd. Wings immaculate, the distal coverts white ........-.-. Melopelia (p. 376).
cc. Tail without a black cross-band; sides of head and upper neck immaculate.

d. Larger (wing not less than 140 mm.); culmen two-thirds as long as tarsus, the

latter less than one-seventh as long as wing; tail more than two-thirds as

long as wing, extensively white apically (except on middle rectrices);

a black band across nape. ............2-2..2-2-02065 Streptopelia (p. 385).

dd. Smaller (wing less than 135 mm.); culmen less than two-thirds as long as

tarsus, the latter nearly one-sixth as long as wing; tail less than two-thirds

as long as wing, wholly black................- Metriopelia (extralimital).6

aa. Wing relatively shorter and more rounded, the longest primaries exceeding distal

secondaries by not more (usually less) than one-third the length of wing. (Sec-

ondaries eutaxic=quintocubital, exceptin Leptotila, Geotrygon, and Oreopeleia.)¢

@ Picazurus Des Murs, in Chenu Enc. d’Hist. Nat., Ois., vi, 1854, 39; type, by
tautonymy, Columba picazuro Temminck. (Southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay,
Bolivia, Peru, etc.; two species.)

6 Metriopelia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 23; Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 75;
type, Columba melanoptera Gmelin.— Metriopeleia (emendation) Reichenbach, Volls.
Naturg. Columbariae, i, 1861, 17. (Ecuador to Chile and Argentina; two species,

‘of which M. aymara has not been examined.)

¢ This character assumed for Nesopelia, Melopelia, and Metriopelia, which have not
been examined with reference to the character in question.

282 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
b. Acrotarsium covered by large, broad, transverse scutella.
c. Tail more than two-thirds (usually nearly three-fourths) as long as wing.
d, Tail as long as or longer than wing.
e. Plumage barred with black.
f. Outermost primary abruptly attenuated terminally; rectrices 14,
y Geopelia (extralimital).s
jf. Outermost primary not attenuated; rectrices 12...Scardafella (p. 388).
ee. Plumage not barred.
jf. Outermost primary attenuated terminally...... Oxypelia (extralimital).6
ff. Outermost primary not attenuated...........- Uropelia (extralimital),c
dd. Tail decidedly shorter than wing.

e. Smaller (wing less than 102 mm.); bare orbital region separated from rictus
by feathering; no trace of tomial notch; mandible relatively deeper,
with horny tip relatively longer and lateral groove shorter.

jf. None of the primaries with inner web lobed or toothed; orbital region

extensively naked, extended to rictus; wing immaculate.
Gymnopelia (extralimital).@
Jf. Fourth primary (from outside) with inner web toothed or lobed; orbital
region slightly naked, the bare skin not extending to rictus; wings

with black, purplish, or brown spots.
g. Secondaries quinto-cubital; lateral rectrices and distal wing-coverts
and secondaries white. ......-....--.-- Columbina (extralimital).¢
gg. Secondaries aquinto-cubital; lateral rectrices and distal wing-coverta
and secondaries with little if any white.

h. Bill and feet much larger, the exposed culmen longer than lateral
toes; nasal operculum conspicuously tumid or vaulted; outermost
primary extremely broad, longer than fourth (from outside), the
next four with outer webs very strongly sinuated.

Eupelia (extralimital).f

@ Geopelia Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 348; type, Columba striata Linnzus.—
Geopeleia (emendation) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv.—Tomopeleia
Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv; type, Columba maugeus Temminck and
Knip.—Tomopelia (emendation) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 94.—Sticto-
peleia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv; type, Columba cuneata Latham.—
Stictopelia (emendation) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 95.—Erythauchoena
Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 210; type, Columba humeralis Temminck.—Ery-
thrauchaena (emendation) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 93-—Chrysauchoena
Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 210 (error for Erythrauchoena). (Burma and
Philippines to Australia; five species, of which only G. striata, the type, has been
examined in this connection.)

6 Oxypelia Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 490; type, by designation,
Peristera cyanopis Pelzeln. (Interior of Brazil; monotypic.)

¢ Uropelia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 24; Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 85;
type, by monotypy, Columbina campestris Spix.— Uropeleia (emendation) Reichen-
bach, Volls. Naturg. Columbariae, i, 1861, 18. (Brazil and Bolivia; monotypic.)

I have not seen either of these genera.

4 Gymnopelia Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 156; type, by designa-
tion, Columba erythrothorax Meyen (not of Temminck)=Chamzpelia anais Lesson.
(Peru, Bolivia, and northern Chile; monotypic.)

¢ Columbina Spix, Av. Bras., ii, 1825, 57; type, C. strepitans Spix=Columba picui
Temminck.—Columbula Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 22; Consp. Gen. Av., ii,
1857, 80; type Columba picui Temminck. (Southern South America; monotypic.)

f Eupelia Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, nos. 3-4, May 8, 1913, 512; type, by
designation, Columba cruziana Prévost and Knip. (Ecuador to Bolivia and northern
Chile; monotypic.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 288

hh, Bill and feet much smaller, the nasal operculum only moderately

tumid; outermost primary shorter than fourth (from outside), only

moderately broad (except in C. talpacoti and allies), the next

four with outer webs moderately sinuated . .Chzemepelia (p. 393).

ee. Larger (wing more than 110 mm.); bare orbital region connected with rictus
by a narrow unfeathered line; or else (in genus Claravis) wings spotted,
feathering of forehead not advancing as far as malar antia, and tail trun-

cate; a more or less distinct tomial notch; maxilla relatively narrower

(laterally), with horny tip relatively much shorter and with lateral

groove extending much the greater part of its length.

J. Tail truncate; bare orbital space small, the lores wholly feathered;
feathering of forehead with antia posterior to malar antia; wings
spotted with black, purplish, or brown; sexes very unlike in colora-
ALOT. taste dicictotersjatclereta's chee © oe ale aia ta oiateeis pasture avatars Claravis (p. 480).

ff. Tail decidedly rounded; bare orbital space large, continued in a narrow

strip to rictus; wings not spotted; sexes essentially alike in coloration
(except in Oreopeleia, part).

g. Outermost primary shorter than seventh, abruptly attenuated termi-

Nall yes as cies ee iwswew cess ceases eehanee 4 eedesicad Leptotila (p. 438).

gg. Outermost primary longer than seventh (usually longer than sixth),
not attenuated terminally.

h. Bill much larger and stouter, the exposed culmen as long as first
two phalanges of middle toe, the tomial notch distinct; feathers of
of occiput and nape elongated, forming a decumbent, blended
crest, those of forehead hair-like, somewhat stiffened.

Geotrygon (p. 464).

hh. Bill much smaller and weaker, the exposed culmen much shorter
than first two phalanges of middle toe (except in O. mystacea);
tomial notch obsolete; feathers of occiput and nape short, those

of forehead not hair-like or stiffened........ Oreopeleia (p. 467).
ec. Tail but little more than half as long as wing. (Outermost primary narrow,
attenuated for terminal third).................--- Osculatia (extralimital).¢

bb. Acrotarsium (as well as planta tarsi) covered with small hexagonal scales.
Starnoenas (p. 496).

Genus CHLORCENAS Reichenbach.

Chloroenas REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p.xxv. (Type, Columba fasciata
Say.
Find (emendation) Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (2), i, 1854, 140.

Large arboreal pigeons (length about 240-415 mm.) with middle
toe (exclusive of claw) longer than tarsus, exposed portion of second-
aries longer than exposed portion of greater coverts, tail one-half to
two-thirds as long as wing, more or less rounded, and plumage of
hindneck neither squamated nor barred.

Bill moderate in length (exposed culmen never longer than dis-
tance from its base to anterior angle of eye), usually rather slender
(very stout in C. flavirostris), its greatest depth equal to only about
one-third the length of exposed culmen (except in C. flavirostris, in

¢ Osculatia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., x1, 1855, 102; Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 73;
type, by monotypy, Geotrygon sapphirina Bonaparte. (Ecuador; two species.)

284. BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

which its greatest depth is equal to one-half the exposed culmen);
frontal feathering variable in its anterior extension, the antia scarcely
or but little anterior to basal end of nasal operculum, and nearly
opposite the malar antia, in C. rufina, nearly at its anterior end in
C. flavirostris, of intermediate position in other species. Wing rather
large, pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal scondaries by at
least one-third the length of wing; second, or second and third, pri-
maries (from outside) longest, the first sometimes longer than third,
sometimes shorter than fourth; none of primaries with inner web
distinctly sinuated (the two outermost slightly sinuated in C. flaviros-
tris and C. rufina). Tail one-half to a little more than two-thirds as
long as wing, distinctly but never strongly rounded, the rectrices
moderately rounded, with broadly rounded tips, moderately rigid.
Tarsus slightly to decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw (the
proportion of the latter to the former varying from 1.01 to 1 in C.
araucana to 1.23 to 1 in C. inornata), the acrotarsium with very dis-
tinct broad transverse (sometimes partly hexagonal) scutella, the
planta tarsi with more or less distinct very small roundish scales (ex-
cept in C. rufina ?), the upper portion always feathered (except behind)
for greater or less distance below tibio-tarsal joint (upper half feath-
ered in C. araucana, less than upper third feathered in C. flavirostris) ;
toes rather stout, with moderately broad, minutely papillose tylari,
the lateral toes about equal in length, with claws falling very slightly
short of base of middle claw; hallux stout, broader than lateral toes,
longer than basal phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage in general dense, that of head,
neck, and under parts blended, that of the hindneck, however, scale-
like and metallic in the type-species and its nearest allies; bare
circumorbital area rather contracted. Coloration plain, bluish gray
and olive or grayish brown prevailing on upper parts, the head, neck
and anterior under parts more or less vinaceous; hindneck sometimes
metallic bronze or greenish, but never with bars or squamations, the
type and allied species, however, with a single white or whitish bar
across nape; in most species, the tail with a more or less distinct
darker band across middle portion, or with apical half abruptly paler
gray than basal portion; sexes alike or only slightly different in color.

Range.—Temperate and tropical South and Central America,
western temperate North America, and Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti,
Jamaica, and Porto Rico). (About seven species, not counting
subspecies.)

It is possible that this genus requires subdivision, since some of
the species herein included are decidedly aberrant. C. flavirostris
differs conspicuously from all the others in its very thick and rela-
tively short bill, with the frontal feathering advancing nearly to the
anterior end of the nostrils, and the feet, especially the tarsi, are also

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285

relatively stouter than in other species; but in coloration it is
remarkably like C. inornata, which in form of bill and other characters
is much like typical Chlorenas. C. rufina is peculiar in its much less
prominent nasal operculi, slight anterior extension of frontal feather-
ing (the extremity of which is practically in vertical line with the
point of the malar antia), and, apparently, want of small roundish
scales on the planta tarsi.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CHLORGNAS.

a. Color of smaller wing-coverts and chest uniform. (Aduits.)
6. Hindneck metallic green or bronze; tail tricolored (a darker basal and a paler
apical portion, separated by a more or less distinct black or dusky band).
c. A white bar across nape; metallic feathers of hindneck sharply defined, scale-
like.
d. Bill yellow (with or without black tip).
e. Tip of bill black; abdomen and under tail-coverts white. (Chlorenas
fasciata.)
J. Darker, with dusky subterminal band of tail distinct. (British Columbia
to northern Nicaragua; east to Rocky Mountains.)
Chlorcenas fasciata fasciata (p. 288).
ff. Paler, with subterminal band of tail indistinct. (Southern Lower
CalfOrnid.). occ sccicosccssanwniian Chlorcenas fasciata vioscz (p. 292).
ee. Bill entirely yellow; abdomen vinaceous-grayish, like more anterior under
parts; under tail-coverts gray (more or lessdeep). (Chlorenas albilinea).
f. Pileum, nape, and chest deep purple-drab; under tail-coverts pale
gray; wing-coverts paler than back and scapulars. (Costa Rica and
Panama.) .....sccccseeeeneee ees Chlorcenas albilinea crissalis-(p. 292).
Jif. Pileum, nape, and chest dark vinaceous-gray; under tail-coverts mouse
gray; wing-coverts concolor with scapulars and back. (Colombia to
British Guiana, Bolivia, and Peru.)
Chloreenas albilinea albilinea (extralimital).¢
dd. Bill entirely black. (Chile.).........Chlorcenas araucana (extralimital).>

4 [Chlorenas] albilinea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 51 (Colombia; coll.
Brit. Mus.; ex Columba albilinea Gray, manuscript).—Chloroenas albilinea Bonaparte,
Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 51, in text.—Columba albilinea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1860, 72 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,
294.—Columba albilineata Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columba, 1856, 34.—[Chlo-
renas] albilineata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 235, no. 9270—Columba guayaquilensis
Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xi, sig. 8, Nov. 8, 1888, 112 (‘‘Guayaquil,’’ w.
Ecuador; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

I have seen specimens of this form only from ‘‘Guayaquil’’ (locality in doubt).

> Columba araucana Lesson, Voy. Coq., Zool., livr. 4, July, 1827, pl. 40; text, i, pt.
ii, livr. 16, May, 1830, 706 (Talcahuana, Prov. Concepcion, Chile; coll. Paris Mus.);
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 296 —[Chloroenas] araucana Heine and
Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 277.—Columba denisea Temminck, PI.
Col., iv, livr. 86, Sept., 1830, pl. 502 and text (Chile; coll. Leyden Mus.).—[Chloroenas]
denisea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 51.—Columba fitzroyit King, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., pt. i, no. 1, Jan. 6, 1831, 15 (Chiloé I., Chile)—(?)Columba meridionalis
(not of Latham, 1801, nor King, 1828) Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes), Birds,
1848, 111 (Rio Negro, Patagonia). ~

286 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ec. No white bar across nape; metallic feathers of hindneck blended. (Jamaica.)
Chlorcenas caribza (p. 294).
bb. Handneck not metallic; tail unicolored, or if bicolored (C. rufina, part) the
occiput and nape metallic.
c. Occiput and nape concolor with crown and hindneck (not metallic); tail deep
slate to slate-blackish, darker terminally.
d. Bill light colored (yellowish or reddish), stout, with feathers of forehead
advancing much beyond malar antia. (Chlorenas flavirostris.)
e. Coloration darker, with white edgings to distal wing-coverts narrower;
smaller (wing averaging less than 195 in male, less than 192 in female).
f. Larger (wing averaging 191.7 in male, 191.3 in female). (Northern Mex-
ico, including Rio Grande Valley in Texas, to Honduras.)
Chlorcenas flavirostris flavirostris (p. 300).
Jf. Smaller (wing averaging 190 in male, 183.7 in female). (Nicaragua and
Costa Rica.)........ jaanaeeds Chlorcenas flavirostris minima (p. 304),
ee. Coloration paler, with white edgings to distal wing-coverts broader;
larger (wing averaging 200.4 in male, 198 in female). (Tres Marias
Islands, western Mexico.)... Chlorcenas flavirostris madrensis (p. 303).
dd. Bill black, slender, with feathers of forehead advancing but little beyond
malar antia. (Chlorenas inornaia.)
e. More deeply colored, the general color of head, neck, and under parts
strongly purple-drab.
J. Darker, the forehead purple-drab, like rest of pileum. (Jamaica.)
Chlorcenas inornata exigua (p. 298),
J. Paler, the forehead appreciably lighter or grayer than rest of pileum.
g. Darker (nearly as dark as C. 1. exsul, but forehead appreciably paler
than crown, etc.). (Porto Rico.).Chlorcenas inornata exsul (p. 299).
‘gg. Slightly paler, with forehead distinctly paler and grayer than crown.
(Cuba; Haiti?.)............ Chlorcenas inornata inornata (p. 296).
ee, Coloration much paler, the general color of head, neck, and under parts
light purple-drab to vinaceous-gray. (Isle of Pines, near Cuba.)
Chlorcenas inornata proxima (p. 299).
ec. Occiput and nape metallic brénze-green or purplish, in contrast with purple-
drab or vinaceous-brown of forehead and hindneck; tail brownish gray, paler
terminally (sometimes with a dusky subterminal band).
d. Malar and auricular regions gray. (Chlorenas rujfina.)
e. Tail with apical portion conspicuously and abruptly paler than basal por-
tion, in contrast with a more or less distinct dusky subterminal band.
Jf. Under tail-coverts paler gray; subterminal band of tail less distinct, dull
slaty or dusky grayish. (Guianas and Amazon Valley; Venezuela?;
Colombia?).....-........2+-- Chlorcenas rufina rufina (extralimital).¢

« Columba rufina Temminck, Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11, 59, pl. 24 (French
Guiana); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 287, part.—Janthoenas rufina
Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv.—[Chlorenas] rufina Bonaparte, Consp.
Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 52.—Melopelia plumbescens Lawrence, Ibis, 4th ser., tv, 1880, 238
(Guiana; coll. G. N. Lawrence;=young).

The series examined of this form is very small, and not sufficient to enable one to
get a clear idea as to its distinctions from the Central American form (C.r. pallidicrissa),
to which it seems much nearer than to C. 7. sylvestris; indeed, in the few specimens
examined the darker subterminal band of the tail is practically obsolete, and there
are some Central American examples in which the abdomen and under tail-coverts are
quite as gray.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 287

ff. Under tail-coverts deeper gray (nearly slate-gray). (Southern Brazil,
Paraguay, and eastern Peru.)
Chlorcenas rufina sylvestris (extralimital).o
ee. Tail with apical portion neither conspicuously nor abruptly paler than
basal portion, and without any obvious darker subterminal band.
J. Posterior under parts dark gull gray (as dark as or darker than in C. r.
sylvestris). (Sierra da Lua, near Boa Vista, Amazonas, Brazil.)
Chlorcenas rufina andersoni (extralimital).6
ff. Posterior under parts whitish gray to pure white.
g. Posterior under parts more extensively and purely white. (Tobago.)
Chlorcenas rufina tobagensis (extralimital).¢
gg. Posterior under parts less extensively and less purely white (the
white more or less tinged with gray, even on under tail-coverts).
(Panama to southeastern Mexico; Colombia?; Venezuela?.)
Chiorcenas rufina pallidicrissa (p. 305).
dd. Malar and auricular regions purple-drab or dull vinaceous. (Peru.)
Chlorcenas cenops (extralimital).¢
aa. Color of smaller wing-coverts and feathers of chest broken by paler margins (more
or less distinct). ( Young.)
b. Tail with a more or less distinct darker subterminal band.
c. Distal middle and greater wing-coverts conspicuously edged with whitish.
Chlorcenas fasciata fasciata, young (p. 289).
cc. Distal middle and greater wing-coverts not edged with whitish.
d. Bill pale-colored; under tail-coverts pale grayish.
Chlorenas albilinea crissalis, young (p. 293).
dd. Bill dusky; under tail-coverts white or buffy white.
Chlorcenas caribzea, young (p. 295).

# Columba sylvestris Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 366 (Paraguay;
based on Paloma de la montés Azara, Apunt. Parag., iii, 11); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxi, 1893, 289, footnote (synonym); Chubb, This, 1910, 59 (synonymy; range;
exit.) —Ch[lorcenas] sylvestris Reichenbach, Volls. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 62.—
Columba rufina sylvestris Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, Feb., 1906, 47 (s. Brazil); xv,
1908, 91 (Goyaz, s. Brazil).

A very strongly marked form, of which a fair series has been examined.

b Columba rufina andersoni Cory, Pub. 182, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. (Orn. Ser., i,
no. 8), Feb. 23, 1915, 294 (Sierra de Lua, near Boa Vista, n. Brazil; coll. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist.).

Not seen by me.

¢ Columba rufina tobagensis Cory, Pub. 182 (Orn. Ser., i, no. 8) Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Feb. 23, 1915, 295 (Tobago; coll. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.).

A very strongly marked subspecies, easily distinguished by its extensively and
purely white posterior under parts.

@ Columba enops Salvin, Novit. Zool., ii, no. 1, Feb. 1, 1895, 20 (Vifia, Huamachuco
at 5,500 ft., Malca, and Cajabamba at 8,000 ft., Peru; coll. Tring Mus.?).

Having neither seen this species nor been able to refer to the original description,
it is not unlikely that it may not be in proper place in the ‘‘key.”

288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bb. Tail without a darker subterminal band.
c. Tail dusky, not paler terminally.

d. Tail darkening terminally; smaller wing-coverts tinged or intermixed with
reddish brown......... Chlorcenas fiavirostris flavirostris, young (p. 301).
dd. Tail not darkening terminally; smaller wing-coverts without tinge or inter-
mixture of reddish brown @.......- Chlorcenas inornata, young (p. 297).

cc. Tail brownish gray, paler and more brownish terminally.
Chlorcenas rufina pallidicrissa, young (p. 306).

CHLORCENAS FASCIATA FASCIATA (Say).
BAND-TAILED PIGEON.

Adult male.—Head purplish drab or light purplish drab, becoming
paler and usually more grayish on malar region and throat, which
are sometimes distinctly more grayish (light quaker drab), in contrast
with color of pileum; across nape or upper hindneck a bar of white;
below this, the whole hindneck metallic bronze or greenish bronze, the
feathers with sharp outlines, producing a somewhat squamate effect;
back, scapulars, and anterior lesser wing-coverts grayish brown (nearly
hair brown, but varying considerably in depth), very faintly glossed, in
certain lights, with bronzy; rump and upper tail-coverts neutral gray
or light neutral gray, sometimes a little more brownish; proximal
half, or more, of tail neutral gray, the apical half lighter and more
brownish gray (sometimes drab-gray), with a more or less distinct,
more or less interrupted, band of darker gray to dull black across the
middle portion, separating the darker and lighter gray areas; poste-
rior lesser wing-coverts, middle coverts, and greater coverts brownish
gray, the greater coverts narrowly edged with white; proximal sec-
ondarias similar but more brownish, without distinct whitish edg-
ings, the distal ones much darker, distinctly though narrowly edged
with whitish; primaries, primary coverts, and alule dusky, the first
narrowly edged distally with white; under parts purple-drab to light
purple-drab, usually somewhat clearer or more vinaceous on under
parts of body and more grayish on throat, the abdomen (at least the
lower portion), anal region, and under tail-coverts white; axillars
and under wing-coverts pale neutral gray; bill yellow, the apical
third (approximately) black; iris pale yellow next to pupil with outer
ring of pink or lilac; eyelids red; legs and feet clear cadmium yellow;
length (skins), 342-400 (363); wing, 195-221 (208.6); tail, 122-151
(139.4); culmen, 16-20 (18); tarsus, 24.5-29.5 (27); middle toe,
27.5-34 (30.4).°

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but coloration duller,
the upper parts more brownish, the head and under parts less
vinaceous; length (skins), 334-395 (338); wing, 193-218 (204); tail,

@ Having but one specimen of each of these two species, and that of C. inornata
much, younger than the other, I can not be sure that the differences given above are
constant. ;

b Thirty-eight specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 289

121-149 (134.1); culmen, 15.5-19.5 (17.6); tarsus, 24-28.5 (26);
middle toe, 26.5-33 (29.6).¢

Young.—vVery different in coloration from adults, only the rec-
trices, remiges, primary coverts, and alule being similar; no white
bar on nape nor metallic feathers on hindneck; pileum, hindneck,
sides of neck, and sides of head brownish gray (quaker drab to mouse
gray), much paler on chin and upper throat; smaller wing-coverts
margined (more or less distinctly) with paler, as are also feathers of
chest; scapulars sometimes suffused with brown.

Downy young.—Entirely (but rather thinly) covered with rather
long down, of deep yellowish buff or chamois color.

Western United States (in Transition Life-Zone), north to south;
western British Columbia (Comox; Howe Sound); Vancouver Island
(Parksville, Errington, Union Bay, head of Tahsis Canal, Nootka
Sound, and near summit of Mount Arrowsmith; Lulu Island), and
Montana, from Pacific coast to Rocky Mountains; east to Montana,
western North Dakota (Eaglevale, Ransom County), Colorado, New
Mexico, and western Texas (Davis, Chisos, and Guadalupe Mts.; Fort

@ Twenty-eight specimens.

Ex-

Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus. Middle
culmen 8.
MALES,
Four adult males from Washington..............---2--2--2-+++ 218 145.1 18.5 29 31.3
Four adult males from California.........-...----++--++--+-++- 212.6 | 141.7 19.5 28.2 31.6
Eight adult males from Arizona Sank 205.4 | 188.4 17.9 26.5 29.7
Five adult males from New Mexico............-.-------+++++++ 209.4 | 141.4 18 27.1 31.1
Four adult males from western Texas.......--.---.-------+--++ 203 188. 4 17.4 26.9 30.4
Two adult males from Chihuahua. sie 201 130.7 17.7 25.2 28.7
Five adult males from Sonora.........-.--..-.-------6-- eee eee 206.3) 138.3 17.8 26.9 29.9
One adult male from Oaxaca.......----------- +222 eee eee eee ee 210 145 19 26 28
One adult male from Chiapas.........- 216 145 17.5 27 31.5

Three adult males from Guatemala...
Ten adult males from southern Lower California (=C. /. vios-

213.8 | 133.7 18.2 26.8 30.7

CB) oo cen cn cence c ence scene meen ence teen nncenceeenonnncesecane 208.2 | 146.5 18.6 26.4 29.8
FEMALES.

One adult female from British Columbia..........--...-------+ 209 137 17.5 26 29
Two adult females from Washington..... -| 205.5 | 189.2 18.2 27.2 32.5
Five adult females from California................-.2-.220-2055 213.2 | 1882] 182| 27.3] 31
Seven adult females from Arizona.............-20--+-e0eeeee eee 198.6 | 131.3 17.1 24.9 28.9
Six adult females from New Mexico... . 204.6 | 132.2 17.7 25.9 29.6
One adult female from western Texas. . 204 144 17.5 25.5 28
One adult female from Vera Cruz...... -| 206 129 17 27.5 30.5
Two adult females from Jalisco.........-----..-0-eeeeeeee ee eee 201 122 17 25.7 30
Two adult females from Chiapas...........-----------------05- 197.7 | 183.5 18 25.5 29
One adult female from Guatemala............-2.2-2-2.2-2.2055 201.5 | 134 18 25 30
Seven adult females from southern Lower California (=C. f.

VUONCR) sic viniesis see wecisrlaumenmcinenicing te bo Soeen Jeet oe 198.9 | 141.4 17.9 25 29.9

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——_19

290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Clark); southward over nearly the whole of Mexico, in States of
Sonora (Quijano; San José Mts.;s. of Nogales), Chihuahua (Cajén
Bonita Creek; Pacheco; Barbicora), Nuevo Leon, Coahuila (Sierra
Guadalupe), San Luis Potosi (Sierra de San Luis Potosi), Puebla, San
Miguél Molino), Guanajuato, Durango (La Cienega, 7,500 ft.), Jalisco
(Sierra Madre; Sierra Nevada de Colima; Sierra de Bolafios; Bolafios;
Volcan de Nieve; La Pis4gua), Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Colima (Sierra Ne-
vada), Oaxaca (La Parada), Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Cordova; Jalapa; Las
Vigas), Chiapas (San Cristébal; Pinabete; Teopisca), and Territory of
Tepic (Sierra de Jeréz), and through highlands of Guatemala (Volcén
de Fuego, at 6,000 ft.; near Tecpim, at 8,400 ft.; Duefias; Coban;
Tolim4n) to northern Nicaragua (Matagalpa; San Rafdel del Norte).¢

Columba fasciata Say, in Long’s Exped. Rocky Mis., ii, 1823, 10, note (Plum
Creek, near Castle Rock, Douglas Co., Colorado).—Bonarartz, Am. Orn., i,
1825, 77, pl. 8; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 119; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,
41.—Nurratz, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 624; 2d ed., 1840,
753.—AupuUBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 479, pl. 367; Synopsis, 1839, 191;
Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 312, pl. 279.—Nuwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., iv, pt. iv, ch. i, 1857, 92 (McCumbers, n. e. of Fort Reading, California;
Dalles, Oregon).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 597; Rep. Mex.
Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 21 (Nogales, Arizona; Nuevo Leon), Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 445.—SciarER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 359 (Cor-
dova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 236 (Vancouver I.), 369 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Satvin
and SctaTer, Ibis, 1860, 276 (Volcan de Fuego, at 6,000 ft., and Coban, Gua-
temala).—Coorer and Suczey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 217
(Washington).—Covxzs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 93 (Fort Whipple,
Arizona, summer res.); Check List, 1873, no. 367; 2d ed., 1882, no. 539; Birds
North-West, 1874, 385.—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 423 (Vancouver I.).—SumIcHRasT,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 562 (alpine region, Vera Cruz).—Coorer, Am.
Nat., iii, 1869, 80 (Montana); Orn. Calif., 1870, 506.—ScuizcEL, Mus. Pays-
Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 67.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, iii, 359, 360, pl. 57, fig. 2._Rmpeway, Field and Forest, ii, 1877,
209 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 595 (San Francisco, California,
Jan.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 195; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
456.—Hensuaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 80 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico).—
Antuony, Auk, iii, 1886, 164 (Washington Co., Oregon, common summer
res.).—Scort, Auk, iii, 1886, 421 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, most of
year).—FERRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 174 (Puebla,
Mexico).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d
ed., 1895), no. 312.—Bernprire, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 551 (Fort
Huachuca, Arizona; habits; descr. nest and eggs); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds,
1892, 122.—Mxarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 52 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding).—
Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 184 (Vancouver I.; Kalama, etc.,
mainland coast, Brit. Columbia; habits)—RHoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1892, 114 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, breeding in pine belt); 1893,
39 (Tacoma, Washington; Vancouver I. and Lulu I., B. C.).—Sazvin and
Gopman, Ibis, 1892, 328 (Matagalpa, n. Nicaragua); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
iii, 1902, 237 (Nogales, Sonora; Nuevo Leon; Guanajuato; Mazatlan, Sinaloa;
Sierra de San Luis Potosi; Sierra de Jerez, Tepic; Sierra de Bolafios, Jalisco;

@ Nicaraguan specimens not seen by me. There are apparently no records for
Honduras and Salvadér.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291

Sierra Nevada, Colima; Jalapa, Cordova, Las Vigas, etc., Vera Cruz; San
Miguel Molino, Puebla; Oaxaca; Coban, Volcan de Fuego, and Toliman,
Guatemala; Matagalpa and San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua).—Jovy, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 789 (n. Sonora).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxi, 1893, 291.—Lows, Auk, xi, 1894, 267 (Wet Mts., Colorado,
7,000-10,000 ft.)—Cooxz, Bull. 44, Col. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1898, 160 (breeding
in mts. near Glenwood Springs, Colorado).—OsERHOLsER, Auk, xix, 1902,
800 (Chisos, Davis, and Guadalupe Mts., w. Texas).—Swarra, Pacific Coast
Avifauna, no. 4, 1904, 4 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona; habits); Rep. Birds
and Mam. Vancouver I., 1912, 26 (Parksville, Errington, head of Tahsis
Canal, Nootka Sound, and near summit of Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver I.).—
Bamey (Florence M.), Auk, xxi, 1904, 352 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico,
10,000-11,000 ft.)—Montcomery, Auk, xxii, 1905, 13 (Chisos Mts., w.
Texas).—GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 382 (Mt. Pifios, California; notes).—
Jenxrins, Condor, viii, 1906, 126 (Monterey Co., California)—Hunn, Auk,
xxiii, 1906, 420 (Silver City, New Mexico, in summer).—DzarBorn, Pub.
125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 79 (near Tecpam, Guatemala, 8,400 ft.).—
Kermope, Provincial Mus. B. C., 1909, 42 (Vancouver I. and s. w. parts of
mainland, Brit. Columbia)—HeEnprerson, Univ. Col. Studies Zool., vi,
1909, 228 (Boulder Co., Colorado, near Gold Hill, June).—Ciarx (A. H.),
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 56 (Union Bay, Vancouver I.).—
Visuer, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 281 (Pima Co., Arizona, above 5,000 ft., nesting
above 7,000 ft.).—StepHens, Condor, xvi, 1914, 259 (near Greaterville,
Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, breeding).

[Columba] fasciata RutcHENBacu, Syn. Av., 1847, fig. 1255.—Gray, Hand-list,
ii, 1870, 235, no. 9269.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 225.—Sciarer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 132.—SHarpz, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70.—
Forsrs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 182 (Columbia R.;
Coban, Guatemala).

C[olumba] fasciata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 565.—Ripaway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 211.

Columba fasciata fasciata MiuteR (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 1906, 163
(La Cienega, n. w. Durango, 7,500 ft.) —AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 147.—Wipmann, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 312 (Estes
Park, Colorado, 8,500 ft., July).—Suvrript, Auk, xxix, 1912, 539 (Englevale,
Ransom Co., North Dakota, June 2, 1912).

Pferistera?] fasciata HARTLAUB, Syst. Verz., 1844, 99.

Taeniaenas fasciata RuIcHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv.

[Chloroenas] fasciata BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 51.—Hxine and Reicuz-
now, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 276 (Mexico).

Chlorenas fasciata ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 309 (Mexico); 1858, 305
(Oaxaca).

Ch{loroenas] fasciata RuicHEnBAcH, Tauben, i, 1861, 60, pl. 223, fig. 1255; pl.
255, figs. 2865~-’6; ii, 1862, 171.

Columba monilis Viaors, Zool. Vég. ‘‘ Beagle,”’ 1839, 26, pl. 10 (Monterey, Cali-
fornia).—REIcHENBACH, Syn. Av. Novit., Columbariae, 1851, fig. 2481.

Ch{loroenas] monilis RetcHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv; Tauben, 1861,
61, pl. 227, fig. 2481.

292 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CHLORGNAS FASCIATA VIOSCZ (Brewster).

VIOSCA’S PIGEON.

Similar to C. f. fasciata, but color of head and under parts decidedly
paler and less tinged with vinaceous (the general tone of the anterior
under parts approximately light heliotrope gray), and dusky band
across middle of tail indistinct, sometimes obsolete.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 325-385 (340); wing, 201-218 (208.2);
tail, 141-152 (146.5); culmen, 16-21(18.6); tarsus, 25-27.5 (26.4);
middle toe,.28.5-31 (29.8).%

Adult female—Length (skins), 325-363 (341); wing, 187-212
(198.9); tail, 136-145 (141.4); culmen, 17-19 (17.9); tarsus, 23-26
(25); middle toe, 27-31 (29.9)®

Southern Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna; La Laguna; near
Triunfo; Pearce’s Ranch; Victoria Mts.; Mt. Miraflores; El Safiz; La
Chuperosa; Cape San Lucas; San José del Rancho).

Columba fasciata (not of Say) Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1888, 533, foot-
note (Cape San Lucas and Miraflores, Lower California).—Bripive, Proc.
U, 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 350 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; habits).

Columba fasciata viosce Brewster, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 86 (La Laguna, Lower
California; coll. W. Brewster)—AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton Com-
mitrEE, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 8 (no. 312a); Check List, 2d ed., 1895,
no. 312a; 8rd ed., 1910, 147.—Bryant(W.E.), Proc Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 1889, 277
(Cape San Lucas, Miraflores, and Victoria Mts., Lower California)—BzEnpirz,
Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1892, 127—Rimeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,
1896, 591.

Columba viosce Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 293 (San Jose del
Rancho, Lower California.)

[Columba] viosce SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70.—Forses and Rosryson, Bull,
Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 132.

CHLORENAS ALBILINEA CRISSALIS (Salvadori).

COSTA RICAN BAND-TAILED PIGEON.

Similar to C. a. albthnea,* but under tail-covert grayish white
instead of deep gray and general coloration lighter, the under parts
strongly tinged with vinaceous. Similar also to C. fasciata fasciata,
but bill wholly yellow and general coloration decidedly darker, with
white of under parts restricted to under tail-coverts and strongly
tinged with gray.

Adult male—Pileum dark purple-drab, the sides of head more
grayish, passing into pale quaker drab on chin and throat; a white
band across nape or upper hindneck, below which the entire hindneck
is metallic bronze (varying from coppery to greenish), the feathers
sharply outlined, producing a scaly or imbricated effect; back and
scapulars fuscous or chetura drab, faintly glossed, in certain lights,

@ Ten specimens. 5 Seven specimens. ¢ See p. 285.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293

with bronzy; rump neutral gray, the upper tail-coverts similar but
slightly more brownish; proximal half or more of tail neutral gray,
the apical half (or less) decidedly paler and more brownish gray, the
two areas separated by a band of dull black (this sometimes obsolete
on middle rectrices); wing-coverts and proximal secondaries similar
in color to back but appreciably lighter, sometimes very slightly more
grayish; distal secondaries, primaries, primary coverts, and alule
dusky (nearest chetura black or fuscous-black), the secondaries nar-
rowly edged distally with pale grayish, the second, or second and
third, primaries (from outside) edged narrowly with whitish; under
parts, posterior to throat, purple-drab superficially (the feathers gray
beneath surface), the under tail-coverts dull buffy whitish shaded with
pale mouse gray; axillars and under wing-coverts neutral gray; bill
and cere entirely yellow (chrome yellow in life) ;* iris deep lake red
with a narrow outer ring of white;* eyelids lake red;* legs and feet
clear lemon-chrome yellow; length (skins)* 325-381 (355); wing,
190-213 (202.4); tail, 119.5-134 (128.2); culmen, 18-20.5 (19.2); tar-
sus, 25.5-28.5 (26.9); middle toe, 29-34.5 (31.4).°

Adult female——Similar to the adult male, but slightly duller in
color, white nuchal band slightly narrower (?), and tip of maxilla
partly dusky; length (skins), 321-370 (347); wing, 190-204 (198.6);
tail, 123-131 (126); culmen, 17-21.5 (19.6); tarsus, 25-26 (25.4);
middle toe, 28.5-31.5 (30.3).°

Young male.—Very much duller in coloration than the adult
female, the white nuchal band entirely absent, and without metallic,
scale-like feathers on hindneck.

Young female.—Similar to the young male, but under parts grayish
drab, only slightly, if at all, tinged with vinaceous, the feathers of
chest with indistinct paler margins.

Highlands of Costa Rica (San José; San Juan; Rancho Redondo;
La Estrella de Cartago; Azahar de Cartago; Volc4n de Irazi; Volcan
de Turrialba; Volcdn de Pods; El Mojén; La Carpintera; Desam-
parados; Alajuela; El Berilla; El Saltrillo; Escazi; Cedrél de Can-
del4ria; Carrillo; Bagaces; Miravalles; Ujurrés de Térraba; Dota;

2 Fresh colors of a specimen killed by the author on the Volc4n de Turrialba, Costa
Rica.

b Twelve specimens.

¢ Nine specimens (all from Costa Rica).

Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Midis
culmen 8.
MALES.
Bight adult males from Costa Rico.....2......:2:.sseecceeeeee 208.1) 127.9} 19] 269| 317
Four adult males from western Pamama......--.-----------+-- 201 128.9 20 26.5 30.6

294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Santa Maria de Dota), and western Panamé (Boquete; Chitra;
Boquete de Chitra; Volcén de Chiriqui, 4,000-10,800 ft. ; Calové-
vora; Calobre).

Chloroenas albilinea (not Columba albilinea Bonaparte, 1854) Lawrence, Ann,
Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 185 (Rancho Redondo and San Juan, Costa Rica),—
CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 211 (Costa Rica; crit.) —Frantzros, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1869, 370 (El Mojon and San Juan, Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves
de Costa Rica, 1882, 28.

Columba albilinea Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 217 (Chitra, Boquete de
Chitra, Calovevora, Calobre, and Volcan de Chiriqui, w. Panama; crit.),—
Ze.Evon, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. B., i, 1888, 127 (San Jose and Alajuela, Costa
Rica).—Currriz, Auk, ix, 1892, 328 (San Jose, Costa Rica).

Columba fasciata var. albilinea BarrD, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,
iii, 1874, 359 (Costa Rica; diagn.)

[Columba] albilineata ScuarzR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132, part.

Columba albilineata Bouvcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 43 (Volcan de Irazu
and Desamparados, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883,
498 (Volcan de Irazu).

Columba crissalis Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 294 (Boquete de
Chitra, Veragua, w. Panama; coll. Brit. Mus.).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 238 (Rancho Redondo, El Mojon, San Juan,
Volcan de Irazu, Cot, San Jose, Alajuela, La Carpintera, El Berilla, El
Saltrillo, Tres Rios, Azahar de Cartago, La Estrella de Cartago, Cedral de
Candelaria, and Carrillo, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chitra, Boquete de
Chitra, Calobre, and Calovevora, w. Panama).

[Columba] crissalis SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70.—Forszs and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 133 (‘‘Guatemala’’; crit.).

Columba albilinea crissalis Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902,
23 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000-10,800 ft., w. Panama; crit.).—
Ferry, Pub. 146 Field Mus. N. H., 1910, 261 (Volcan de Turrialba, Costa
Rica; habits)—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 394 (Volcan de
Turrialba, Volcan de Irazu, Volcan de Poas, Santa Maria de Dota, La Car-
pintera, La Estrella de Cartago, Escazu, Ujurras de Terraba, Miravalles,
and Bagaces, Costa Rica; crit.; habits).

CHLORENAS CARIBZA (Jacquin).

JAMAICAN BAND-TAILED PIGEON.

Adult male——Head and upper neck (all round) and under parts
plain pale vinaceous-drab, somewhat more decidedly tinged with
vinaceous or pinkish on under parts of body; hindneck metallic light
green or bronze, the feathers blended; rest of upper parts, except
primaries and tail, plain brownish gray (mouse gray to nearly neutral
gray); primaries dusky, narrowly edged with paler, the edgings more
distinct and nearly (if not quite) white on second to third or fourth
quills (from outside); basal third (or more) of tail neutral gray, the
terminal third much paler and more brownish (nearly smoke gray or
drab-gray), the middle portion dusky slate or dull blackish slate,
forming a distinct broad band across tail; anal region and under tail-
coverts dull brownish white; axillars and under wing-coverts clear

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MiDDLE AMERICA. 295

light neutral gray; bill, including cere, wholly black; iris brilliant
orange;* bare orbital space carmine red;* legs and feet coral red;
length (skins), 382-486 (404); wing, 206-224 (215.5); tail, 144-156
(149.9); culmen, 16.5-19.5 (17.7); tarsus, 27-29 (27.8); middle toe,
30.5-34.5 (32.9).°

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but back, scapulars, and
wing-coverts more brownish or olivaceous, under parts of body more
vinaceous-fawn or avellaneous, and metallic hues of hindneck less
brilliant; length (skins), 379-431 (400); wing, 196-209 (204.1); tail,
138.5-149 (143.5); culmen, 17.5-20 (18.7); tarsus, 26.5-28 (27.2);
middle toe, 30-35.5 (32.8).°

Young.—Very different in coloration from adults, except tail,
remiges, primary coverts, and alule; head and neck brownish gray,
paler and more brownish on throat; smaller wing-coverts narrowly
margined (more or less distinctly) with paler; foreneck, chest, and
breast grayish brown (drab tinged with cinnamon-drab) passing into
light cinnamon-drab or fawn color on abdomen; otherwise, much as
in adults.

Island of Jamaica (Trelawney; Moneague; Spanishtown; St. Anns;
St. Andrews; mountains above Bath; Priestman’s River); island of
Porto Rico ?

Columba (caribea) Jacquin, Beytr., 1784, 30 (‘‘Karibaischen Inseln”’; cites Co-
lumba cauda annulo cincta jamaicensis Brisson, Orn., i, 138).—Laraam,
Synop., Suppl., i, 1787, 199; Index Omn., ii, 1790, 603.—Guein, Syst. Nat.,
i, pt. 2, 1789, 773.

(?)Columba caribea TremmincK and Kwrp, Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11, 22
[86], pl. 10 (specimen said to be from Porto Rico figured) —Trmuincx, Pig.
et Gallin., i, 1813, 114, 450.

Columba caribea StuPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 36.—RIcHENBACH,
Syn. Av. Novit., Columbariae, 1851, fig. 3362.—SunpEva.z, Oefv. K. Vet.-
Ak. Férh., 1869, 601 (Porto Rico).—Batirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 359.—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 110 (synonymy; descr.;
range); Birds West Ind., 1889, 211; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 9, 97, 188
(Jamaica; Porto Rico?).—Scotr, Auk, ix, 1892, 122 (Jamaica).—Satvapori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 290 (Trelawney and Spanishtown, Jamaica).—
Sciater, Revised List Birds Jamaica, 1910, 18.

Col{umba] caribea Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1110.

[Columba] caribea Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 234, no. 9259.—Sciater and SALvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 182.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 23
(Jamaica; Porto Rico).—Suarrs, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70.—ForBes and Ros-
INSON, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 132 (Jamaica).

Clolumba] caribea Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 114,

Columba caribea Viz1Ltuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 359.

Columba caribbza Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39,40 (Jamaica).—Gossz,
Naturalists’ Soj. in Jamaica, 1851, 173.

@ Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 291, footnote.
b Eight specimens.
¢ Six specimens,

296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Columba caribbea Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 291.

Janthoenas caribaea REICHENBACH, fide Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 54.

[Patagioenas] caribaea Bonararte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 54.

P[atagioenas] caribaea REIcHENBACH, Volls. Nature. ., Columbariae, 1861, 65, pl. 230
b., fig. 3362 (Jamaica).

Patagienas caribza ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 80 (Jamaica).—Rztcu-
ENBACH, Tauben, i, 1862, 65, pl. 2306, fig. 9362; ii, 1862, 172.—ALBRECHT,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1862, 204 (Jamaica).

Columba carribea Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 301 (Jamaica).

Columba cariboea Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 37 (Jamaica).

Clolumba] lamprauchen WaciEr, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. 46 (Porto Rico;
coll. Museum Paris).

Patagioenas lamprauchen BurmeistER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 294.

CHLORENAS INORNATA INORNATA (Vigors).
PLAIN PIGEON.

Adult’ male.—Head and neck, all round, and under parts (except
posterior flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts), plain vinaceous-
drab, slightly darker on pileum, slightly paler and grayer on forehead;
smaller wing-coverts, except anterior portion of lesser covert area
and coverts near edge of wing, vinaceous-brown; back, scapulars,
anterior lesser wing-coverts, and proximal greater coverts and secon-
daries, plain grayish brown (hair brown or nearly benzo brown);
rump and upper tail-coverts plain bluish gray (dark gull gray), the tail
similar basally but becoming much darker (deep to dark mouse gray)
terminally; smaller wing-coverts near edge of wing, and alule, simi-
lar in color to scapulars, etc., but more grayish, the alule and distal
middle coverts edged with white, the greater coverts (except inner-
most ones) more broadly edged with white; secondaries somewhat
grayer (sometimes also darker) than scapulars, the distal ones some-
times narrowly edged with whitish; primary coverts and primaries
rather darker than secondaries, narrowly edged with paler, especially
on distal quills, which are sometimes narrowly edged with grayish
white; sides and flanks (beneath wings), anal region, and under tail-
coverts bluish gray, like color of rump (the longer under tail-coverts
sometimes tinged with purplish brown), the axillars and under wing-
coverts similar but slightly paler; bill, including cere, wholly black;
iris with an inner ring of pale blue and an outer one of pale orange,
separated by a line of dark blue;* bare orbital space gray;* legs and

feet lake red; length (skin), 413; wing, 223; tail, 143; culmen, 20;
tarsus, 28.5; middle toe, 35.°

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but coloration slightly
paler and duller, especially the under parts, which incline more to

@ Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 296, footnote. (‘The Jamaican form doubtless agreeing
with the typical one in color of the eyes, etc.)
b One specimen (from Cuba).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 997

light cinnamon-drab or pale vinaceous-drab, and vinaceous-brown
patch on lesser wing-coverts much less distinct, more restricted;
length (skin), 388; wing, 199.5; tail, 119; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 26;
middle toe, 36.¢

Young.—Very different in coloration from adults, except remiges
and rectrices; general color grayish brown (paler than dusky drab),
becoming much paler (nearly drab-gray) on abdomen and other
posterior under parts, the wing-coverts and feathers of chest with
narrow and rather indistinct terminal margins of paler.

Island of Cuba; island of Haiti (Magué and Samané Bay, agnte
Domingo).

Columba inornata Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, no. xi, Dec., 1827, 446 (near Havana,
Cuba; coll. Zool. Soc. Lond.?).—D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba,
Ois., 1839, 173 (large ed., p. 127), pl. 28.—Drnwy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1847, 39, part (Cuba).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 110, part (Cuba); Birds West
Ind., 1889, 211, part (Cuba); Cat. Birds West Ind., 1892, 9, 97, part (Cuba).—
Satvaporl, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 284, part (Cuba).

(?) Columba inornata Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 136 (Magua, Santo
Domingo); Auk, iv, 1887, 110, part (Santo Domingo); Birds West Ind., 1889,
211, part, (Santo Domingo); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 9, 97, part (Santo
Domingo).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 284, part (Santo
Domingo).—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, 336 (Samana Bay, Santo Domingo; habits),.—
Verritt (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 357 (Santo
Domingo).

C[olumba] inornata BonaraRte, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1108 (Cuba; crit.);
xl, 1855, 24 (crit.).

[Columba] inornata Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 23, part (Cuba).—
SHarPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70, part.

@ One specimen (from Cuba),

Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. pee Tarsus. aia
en,
MALES,
One adult male from Cuba......2....-20 cence cence eee e eee eee 223 143 20 28.5 35
Two adult males from Haiti (= C. i. inornata?)........-..-..-- 217.5 | 182.5 23 28.5 35
Three adult males from Isle of Pines (=C.i. protima)......... 205 123.8 19 28.8 34
Three adult males from Jamaica (= C. i. erigua)....-.. sei . 139. 8 18.7 28. 2 35.7
Two adult males from Porto Rico (= C. i. ersul) : 125 18,2 28.5 36.5
FEMALES,
One adult female from Cuba......-.......222....020 22 eee ee eee 199.5 | 119 18.5 26 36
Ten adult females from Isle of Pines (= C.i. proxima)......-.-- 204.4 | 121.7 19.8 27.9 33.5
One adult female from Jamaica (= C. i. erigua).........22-+-+-5 222 127 19.5 29.5 37
One adult female from Porto Rico (= C. i. exsul) ............--- 209.5 | 126 19 30 35

The specimens from Haiti (Santo Domingo) agree best with Cuban examples, but
are somewhat grayer and may prove to be separable. The series is very small of
all forms except that from the Isle of Pines.

298 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(?) [Columba] inornata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 235, no. 9274, part (Santo Do-
mingo).—ScLaTer and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 182, part (Haiti).

Columba .. . inornata GUNDLACH, Journ. fir Orn., 1871, 282 (Cuba).

Carpophaga ? inornata Rurcuensace, Syn. Av. Novit., Columbariae, 1851, [pl.
28, fig. 2582] (Cuba).

[Chloroenas] inornata BonaParte, Consp. Gen. Av., li, 1857, 58, part (Cuba).—
Gunpracs, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba,
1,1866, 298.

Chloroenas inornata CaBAn1s, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 106 (Cuba; habits).—Gunp-
acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 416, part (Cuba); 1874, 286 (Cuba; habits).

(?) Chloroenas inornata ScuitucEeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873,
78 (Santo Domingo).

Ch{loroenas] inornata ReicHENBACH, Tauben, i, 1861, 62, part, pl. 222, fig. 2582
(Cuba); ii, 1862, 172.

CHLOR@NAS INORNATA EXIGUA Ridgway.
JAMAICAN PLAIN PIGEON.

Similar to C. 7. inornata but decidedly deeper in color, the back
and scapulars browner (approaching olive-brown), the head and
neck deep vinaceous-drab, the forehead between hays brown and
vinaceous-brown, the chest, breast, etc., between sorghum brown and
vinaceous-brown; adult female very similar to the adult male of
C. i. inornata but forehead deeper colored (nearly concolor with rest
of pileum).

Adult male—Length (skins), 380-403 (391); wing, 208-229
(220.3); tail, 125-151.5 (139.8); culmen, 18.5-19 (18.7); tarsus, 26-
29.5 (28.2); middle toe, 34-36.5 (35.7).%

Adult female-—Length (skin), 374; wing, 222; tail, 127; culmen,
19.5; tarsus, 29.5; middle toe, 37.°

Island of Jamaica (Trelawney; Moneague; Cumberland Valley;
St. Catherines; Spanishtown).

Columba inornata (not of Vigors) Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39, part
(Jamaica).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 301 (Jamaica).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 360 (Jamaica).—
Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 110, part (Jamaica); Birds West Ind., 1889, 211, part
(Jamaica); Cat. West. Ind. Birds, 1892, 9, 97, part (Jamaica).—Scort,
Auk, ix, 1892, 122 (Jamaica).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,
284, part (Spanishtown, Jamaica).—Sciater, Rev. List. Birds Jam., 1910, 18.

[Columba] inornata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 235, no. 9274, part (Jamaica).—
ScraTEeR and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132, part (Jamaica).—Cory,
List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 23, part (Jamaica).—Suarre, Hand-
list, i, 1899, 70, part.

[Chloroenas] inornata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. AV., ii, 1857, 58, part (Jamaica).

Ch{loroenas] inornata Rr1cHENBACH, Tauben, i, 1861, 62, part (Jamaica).

Chloroenas inornata SctaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 80 (Jamaica).—
Aprecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 204 (Jamaica).

C[olumba] inornata Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 114.

Columba rufina (not of Temminck) Goss, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 296; Natural-
ists’ Soj. in Jamaica, 1851, 173.

Chlorenas inornata exigua Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, 1915, 177.

@ Three specimens. > One specimen.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 299

CHLORGENAS INORNATA PROXIMA (Todd).

ISLE OF PINES PIGEON.

Similar to C. 7. inornata but coloration much paler and grayer,
the pileum grayish purple-drab, the rest of head and neck, chest,
etc., light purple-drab, the rufescent wing-patch dull livid brown,
the rump, etc., lighter gull gray, and white edgings to distal wing-
coverts averaging decidedly narrower; the adult female with occiput
and nape quaker drab (whole head sometimes light mouse gray,
deepening into neutral gray or deep gull gray on occiput and nape),
neck and upper chest light purple-drab passing into pale vinaceous-
drab on lower chest, breast, etc., and brown wing-patch indistinct
(nearly obsolete).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 333-360 (344); wing, 199-211 (205);
tail, 121-127.5 (123.8); culmen, 18-20 (19); tarsus, 27.5-30 (28.8);
middle toe, 32.5-35.5 (34).¢

Adult female —Length (skins), 312-358 (333); wing, 199.5-211
(204.4); tail, 114-124.5 (121.7); culmen, 18-21 (19.8); ‘tarsus,
26-29 (27.9); middle toe, 31.5-35.5 (33.5) .6

Isle of Pines, near Cuba (Los Indios).

Chloroenas inornata (not Columba inornata Vigors) Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1861, 416, part (Isle of Pines); Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 128, part (Isle of
Pines); Orn. Cubana, 1895, 155, part (Isle of Pines).

Columba inornaia Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 9, 97, part (Isle of Pines).—

Banes and Zappey, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 196 (Isle of Pines).
Columba inornata proxima Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxviii, 1915, 170.

CHLORGNAS INORNATA EXSUL Ridgway.
PORTO RICAN PLAIN PIGEON.

Similar to C. i. inornata but coloration slightly deeper, the fore-
head nearly, if not quite, concolor with rest of pileum, and white
edgings to distal wing-coverts averaging broader; similar also to
C. 4. exigua but coloration less deep.

Adult male—Length (skins), 328-334 (331); wing, 203-216.5
(209.7); tail, 119-131 (125); culmen, 17-19.5 (18.2); tarsus,
27.5-29.5 (28.5); middle toe, 36-37 (36.5).“

Adult female——Wing, 209.5; tail, 126; culmen, 19; tarsus, 30;
middle toe, 35.4

Island of Porto Rico (Utuado).

Chloroenas inornata (not Columba inmornata Vigors) GunpLacH, Journ. fiir Orn.,

1874, 312 (Porto Rico); 1878, 160, 185 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist.
Nat., vii, 1878, 343 (Porto Rico).—SunpDEVALL, fv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869,

601 (Porto Rico).

a Three specimens.
6 Ten specimens.
¢ Two specimens; neither of them sexed by the collector, but almost certainly males.

@ One specimen.

300 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Columba inornata Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 110, part; Birds West Ind., 1889, 211,
part; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 9, 97, part (Porto Rico).

[Columba] inornata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 235, no. 9274, part (Porto Rico).—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 23, part (Porto Rico).—SHarpz,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 70, part.

Chlorenas inornata exsul Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915,
106 (Porto Rico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

CHLORENAS FLAVIROSTRIS FLAVIROSTRIS (Wagler).
RED-BILLED PIGEON.

Adult male-——Head, neck, chest, and breast plain purple-drab,
usually duller (sometimes decidedly grayish) on pileum, often deeper
(deep livid brown) on hindneck, much paler (pale grayish vinaceous
to dull vinaceous-white) on chin and upper throat; back, scapulars,
and proximal secondaries and greater wing-coverts, uniform deep
hair brown or light fuscous; rump and upper tail-coverts clear bluish
gray (between slate-gray and plumbeous), the tail similar but darker
(dull slate color to dark neutral gray); smaller wing-coverts (for
greater or less part)* vinaceous-brown or livid brown, those not
thusly colored clear bluish gray; greater coverts bluish gray, the
outermost (distal) coverts narrowly edged with white (distally at
least); secondaries similar but darker and duller (less bluish), very
narrowly and indistinctly edged with paler; primaries gray (nearly
neutral or light neutral gray), narrowly edged with whitish, at least
on longer quills; abdomen, sides, flanks, and under wing-coverts
plain bluish gray (somewhat lighter than color of rump), the axillars
and under wing-coverts similar but slightly paler; terminal half
(more or less) of bill whitish to pale horn color, the basal half (includ-
ing cere) light pink to rosy red; eyelids lake red or carmine; iris
orange-yellow to reddish orange; legs and feet lake red; length
(skins), 320-347 (335); wing, 180-198.5 (192.4); tail, 105-127
(118.7); culmen, 13-16 (14.8); tarsus, 23-28 (25.8); middle toe,
28-31.5 (29.8).°

Adult female.—Similar in coloration to the adult male and not
always distinguishable, but usually slightly duller, with pileum more
grayish, and reddish brown patch on lesser wing-covert area more
restricted; smaller; length (skins), 300-370 (329); wing, 184.5-207

@Sometimes the entire lesser covert area, except along margin of the wing, is of
this reddish brown color, but occasionally the greater part of the area is bluish gray,
there being much individual variation in this respect.

b Fifteen specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 301

(193.6); tail, 112-126 (119.2); culmen, 14~-15.5 (14.8); tarsus,
24-26.5 (25.2); middle toe, 28.5-31.5 (30.2).¢

Young.—Much duller in coloration than adults; general color of
head, neck, and anterior under parts dull, light vinaceous-drab, and
reddish brown on lesser wing-coverts more rusty and less uniform
(mostly on terminal portion of the feathers).

Mexico and part of Central America; north to lower Rio Grande
Valley in Texas (Brownsville; Fort Brown; Hidalgo; Lomita Ranch;
accidental at Corpus Christi), Nuevo Leén (Monteréy; Las Escobas;
Santa Ingrécia; Los Trevifios; Villa Grande; Montemorelos), and
southern Sonora (Sierra de Alamos); southward, through Sinaloa
(Mazatlan; Presidio de Mazatlan; Rosario; Plomosas; El Toro;
Escuinapa), Tepic (Santiago; San Blas), Guanajuato (Silao), Tamau-
lipas (Forlén; Linares; Victoria; Matamoros; Aldama; Tampico;
Alta Mira; Rio de la Cruz; Camargo), Vera Cruz (Motzorongo;
Misantla; Atoyéc; Vega de Casadero; San Lorenzo; Orizaba;
Potrero; Cérdova; Jalapa; Vera Cruz; Rancho Nuevo; Plan del
Rio; Hacienda de Tortugas; Alvarado), San Luis Potosi (Vallés),
Mexico (near City of Mexico), Colima (Manzanillo; Tonila; Sierra
Madre), Guerrero (Acapulco), Oaxaca (Huilétepec; Taxtepec; Tapa-
natepec; Tehuantepec; Tapana; Teotalcingo; Santa Efigénia;

@ Ten specimens.

Locality. Wing. | Tail. eal Tarsus. Micdle
iculmen :
MALES,
Six adult males from southern Texas............-..--------++- 193 119. 2 14.8 25.9 29.8
One adult male from Tamaulipas.........---.--------+2-+2200- 198 127 15 26.5 31
One adult male from Sinaloa..........-..--.----222-.ee eee eee 197 126 14 26.5 28
One adult male from Colima... . -+--| 190 117 14.5 23 28.5
One adult male from Guerrero......-......--------2-+2-- ----| 184 118 15 24 29
Three adult males from Oaxaca....-..------------+---+- s---| 195 121.2 14 26.7 30.3
One adult male from Yucatan..........- ----| 180 109 13 24.5 30
One adult male from Salvador............-.-....- ~---] 193 105 15.5 26.5 30
Two adult males from Nicaragua (=C. f. minima).. ----[ 191.5] 117.5 14 26.2 30
Four adult males from Costa Rica (=C. f. minima).......-..-- 191 114.5 13.4 24,2 28.6
Five adult males from Tres Marias Islands (=C. f. madrensis)..| 200.4} 127.1 15.7 27 30.6
FEMALES.
Two adult females from southern Texas.....--.------.--.0---+- 203.5 | 125.5 15 25.7 31.2
Three adult females from Tamaulipas............---..2-22.2.- 193.7 | 118 14.7 25.5 30.8
One adult female from San Luis Potosi...........---2-..2---.- 196 120 15 26.5 31

One adult female from Vera Cruz........ gdeweinvewse ees: 185 116 14 25 29.5

One adult female from Sinaloa........ Hide se Mewes, 184.5 | 112 15.5 24 28.5
One adult female from Colima. . biseaiescisjnrejacjaisiecieiblace Ciel eais 191 123 15.5 24.5 29.5
One adult female from Chiapas....-.....-2.--.... sees eee cess 191.5] 116 14.5 24 29

Three adult females from Costa Rica (=C. f. minima).......-- 183.7 | 114.7 13.8 24.2 27.7

Three adult females from Tres Marias Islands (=C./. madrensis).| 198 124 16. 2 26.7 31.7

302 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Salina Cruz), Chiapas (Tonalé; San Vicente; Gineta Mts.), Campeche
(Apazote), and Yucatan (Temax; La Vega; Chichen-Itza; Buctzotz;
Tunkas) to Guatemala (Retalhuleu; Escuintla; Costa Grande,
Zapote; Naranjo; San José; Volcén de Fuego), Salvadér (Voleén
de San Miguél), and Honduras (Tigre Island).

Columba flavirostris Wacirr, Isis, xxiv, 1831, 519 (Mexico).—Bonaparte, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 113 (Mexico; descr.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N.Y.,
v. 1861 (1862), 116 (s. Texas); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 304, part
(Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Sierra Madre; habits); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,
44 (Tapana, Oaxaca).—Bazrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 334
(Rio Grande, Texas); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 598 (Nuevo Leon;
Rio Grande, Texas); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), 598, pl. 61; Rep. U.S. and
Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 21, pl. 23 (Nuevo Leon; Rio Grande,
Texas;) Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 446.—McCown, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vi,
1858, 13 (Rio Grande, Texas; habits).—SciateEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859,
369 (Jalapa), 391 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca); 1864, 178 (near City of Mexico).—
Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 226 (Tigre I., Honduras).—Dresszr, Ibis, 1865, 318 (s.
Texas); 1866, 23 (s. Texas)—Coorzr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 508 (Rio Grande
Valley).—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 368.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 366, pl. 57, fig. 5—-Mzrrit, Proc. U. §. Nat.
Mus., i, 1878, 157, (Fort Brown, Texas, in summer; habits; descr. nest and
eggs; etc.)._SzNnNeETT, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 45 (Hi-
dalgo, Texas; habits, etc.); v, 1879, 422 (Lomita Ranch, Texas; habits; eggs).—
Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 428 (Acapulco, Guerrero).—Boucarp,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 458 (Yucatan). AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 313; 3rd ed., 1910, 147.—
Raoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 112 (Corpus Christi, Texas, strag-
gler).—Benvrrz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1892, 128.—Satvaport, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 285, part (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas; Matamoros,
Aldama, and Tampico, Tamaulipas; Los Escobas, Santa Ingracia, Los Tre-
vifios, Villa Grande, and Monte Morelos, Nuevo Leon; Misantla, Atoyac,
Vega de Casadero, San Lorenzo, and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Sierra de Alamos,
Sonora; El Toro, Mazatlan, and Presidio, Sinaloa; Santiago and San Blas,
Tepic; Acapulco, Guerrero; Salina Cruz, Oaxaca; Buctzotz, Yucatan; Re-
talhuleu, ‘Escuintla, and Costa Grande, Zapote, Guatemala; Volcan de San
Miguel, Salvador).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 287 (Chi-
chen-Itza, Yucatan.)—Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., for 1896-7 (1899),
219 (Naranjo, Guatemala)—Dueks, Auk, xvi, 1899, 287 (Silao, Guanaju-
ato).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 234, part
(Las Escobas, Santa Ingracia, Los Trevifios, Villa Grande, and Monte
Morelos, Nuevo Leon; Matamoros, Aldama, and Tampico, Tamaulipas; San-
tiago and San Blas, Tepic; Salina Cruz, Tapana, Santa Efigenia, Ta-
panatepec, and Teotalcingo, Oaxaca; Sierra de Alamos, Sonora; El Toro,
Mazatlan, and Presidio, Sinaloa; Sierra Madre, Colima; Acapulco, Guerrero;
Valley of Mexico; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Vega del Casadero, Misantla, Atoyac,
Cordova, Rancho Nuevo, Plan del Rio, Hacienda de Tortugas, Alvarado,
Orizaba, and Potrero, Vera Cruz; Tonala and Gineta Mts., Chiapas; Buct-
zotz, Tunkas, and Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; Escuintla, Retalhuleu, Volcan
de Fuego, and Zapote, Guatemala; Tigre I., Honduras; Volcan de San Miguel,
Salvador).—Cotz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 385 (Chichen-Itza).—
Bamwey (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 385 (San Blas, Tepic).—DzarxBorNn,
Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 78 (San Jose, Guatemala).

t

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 8038

[Columba] flavirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 235, no. 9272.—Covsrs,, Key
N. Am. Birds, 1872, 225.—Scrater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873,
132, part.—Suarrr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70, part.—Forsrs and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 132 (Valley of Mexico; ‘‘River St. John, Centr.
Am.”’),

Clolumba] flavirostris Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1108 (Mexico;
crit.).

Columba flavirostris flavirostris Miter (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi,
Nov. 24, 1905, 344 (Escuinapa, etc., s. Sinaloa; crit.).—Pximurs, Auk,
xxviii, 1911, 75 (Alta Mira and Rio de la Cruz, Tamaulipas).

Chiforenas] flavirostris Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1110 (crit.).

[Chioroenas] flavirosiris BonaParteE, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 52.—Hzinz and Reicy-
EnNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 277 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).

Chlorenas flavirostris ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 309 (Cordova,
Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Ibis, 1861, 355 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).—
ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 78 (Mexico).

Ch{loroenas] flavirosiris ReicHensacu, Volls. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861,
61 (Mexico); ii, 1862, 171, pl. 2, fig. 20.

Columba erythrina Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, March 27, 1880, 9, 195
(nomen nudum; ex Lichtenstein, manuscript; name used as substitute for
C. flavirostris, rejected on account of inappropriateness); Nom. N, Am,
Birds, 1881, no. 457.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 540.

Clolumba] erythrina Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 565.

Columba dorsalis Gray, List Spec. of Birds, Brit. Mus., partiii, 1844, 9 (Mexico).

(2?) Columba solitaria McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., iii, July, 1847, 233
(Matamoros to Camargo, Tamaulipas); Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, iv, 1847,
421.—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 333 (Matamoras).—
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 53 (descr.!—Barrp, Brewer, and Rine-
way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 366, footnote.

Ch{loroenas] inornata (not Columba inornata Vigors) REICHENBACH, Volls. Naturg.,
Columbariae, i, 1861, 62, part (Rio Grande, near Matamoros and Camargo,
Tamaulipas).

CHLORENAS FLAVIROSTRIS MADRENSIS (Nelson).

TRES MARIAS PIGEON.

Similar to C. f. flavirostris, but larger, general coloration lighter,
and distal greater wing-coverts much more broadly edged with white.
Adult male—tLength (skins), 337-357 (345); wing, 189-207
(200.4); tail, 117-132.5 (127.1); culmen, 15-16.5 (15.7); tarsus,
26.5-27.5 (27); middle toe, 29-32 (30.6).

Adult female.—Length (skins), 334-385 (355); wing, 195-201 (198);
tail, 119-127 (124); culmen, 16-16.5 (16.2); tarsus, 26-27 (26.7);

middle toe, 31.5-32 (31.7).®

Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico (Maria Madre Island; Cleofa

Island).

Columba flavirostris (not of Wagler) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871,
275 (Tres Marias Islands, w. Mexico; habits)—Lawrencz, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N.H., ii, 1874, 304, part (Tres Marias; habits).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxi, 1893, 285, part (Tres Marias).

@ Five specimens. 5 Three specimens.

304 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Columba flavirostris madrensis Netson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Jan. 27,
1898, 6 (Maria Madre I., Tres Marias group, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat.
Mus.).—Barry (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 385 (Cleofa I., Tres Marias).

[Columba] flavirostris subsp. madrensis Forses and Rosivson, Bull. Liverp,
Mus., ii, 1900, 182 (reprint of orig. descr.).

[Columba] madrensis SHanpr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70.

Columba madrensis Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 235
(Tres Marias).

CHLORENAS FLAVIROSTRIS MINIMA (Carriker).¢
COSTA RICAN RED-BILLED PIGEON.

Similar to C. f. flavirostris, but smaller.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 280-330 (303.2); wing, 185-198
(191.2); tail, 111-120 (115.5); culmen, 12.5-14 (13.5); tarsus, 23-27
(21.6); middle toe, 27.5-30 (29.1).®

Adult female-—Length (skins), 295-338 (312); wing, 181-185
(183.7); tail, 112-118 (114.7); culmen, 13.5-14.5 (13.8); tarsus,
23.5-25 (24.2); middle toe, 26.5-29 (27.7).¢

Nicaragua (La Libertéd, Chontales; Omotepe) and Costa Rica
(Ciruelas; Guayabo; Coliblanco; Juan Vifias; Turrialba; Naranjo de
Cartago; Cartago; Laguna de Coris; Tambér; Cuadros de Irazi; Tres
Rios; Sarchi; La Candelaria; Alajuela; El Zarcero de Alajuela;
Bolsén; Bagaces; Barranca; Dota).

Chlorenas flavirostris (not Columba flavirostris Wagler) Lawrenczr, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., ix, 1868, 134 (Barranca and Dota, Costa Rica).—Franrzrus, Journ.
ftir Orn., 1869, 370 (Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882,
28.

Columba flavirostris ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127 (Cartago,
Turrialba, Alajuela, and El Zarcero de Alajuela, Costa Rica)—Satvaporl,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 285, part (Dota, Costa Rica; La Libertad,
Chontales, Nicaragua).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii,
1902, 234 (Dota, Cartago, Turrialba, El Zarcero de Alajuela, Barranca, Laguna
de Coris, Tambor, Cuadros de Irazu, Tres Rios, Sarchi, and Candelaria,
Costa Rica; Omotepe, and La Libertad in Chontales, Nicaragua) —FeErry,
Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., 1910, 261 (Guayabo, Costa Rica; habits).

[Columba] flavirostris Scuater and Savin, Nom. Av..Neotr., 1873, 132, part
(Costa Rica).—Suarpre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70, part (Costa Rica).

Columba flavirostris minima CaRRIKER, Ann, Camegie Mus., vi, 1910, 392 (Ciruelas,
Costa Rica; coll. Carnegie Mus.; also, Guayabo, Coliblanco, Naranjo de
Cartago; Juan Vifias; Bolson, and Bagaces).

@ 1 am doubtful whether this can be maintained as a recognizable form.
> Six specimens.
¢ Three specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 305

CHLORGNAS RUFINA PALLIDICRISSA (Chubb).
PALE-VENTED PIGEON.

Similar to C. rufing rufina * but under tail-coverts averaging much
paler gray (often nearly white), and tail without a distinct subapical
band of darker, usually without trace of any darker band.

Adult male.—Forehead and anterior portion of crown vinaceous-
drab to light purple-drab, passing on hinder crown, occiput, and nape
into grayish highly glossed with metallic green and bronze; subor-
bital, auricular, and malar regions gray (neutral or light neutral gray
to nearly gull gray), fading into white, grayish white, or very pale gray
on chin and upper throat, the lower throat distinctly gray; neck (all
round), chest, and breast (sometimes abdomen also) plain purple-
drab or vinaceous-drab, the hindneck glossed with metallic purple,
violet, or greenish; back and scapulars similar in color to hindneck
(but less distinctly glossed), the smaller wing-coverts similar but
usually more reddish (vinaceous-brown); greater (sometimes also mid-
dle) wing-coverts and proximal secondaries ((tertials) grayish brown
(benzo brown, hair brown, or nearly mouse gray), the outermost
coverts narrowly edged with paler; secondaries similar, but darker
(sometimes dark as primaries), distinctly though very narrowly edged
with paler; alule, primary coverts, and primaries darker (especially
the first two), the primaries more or less distinctly edged with paler,
especially the outermost quills; rump and upper tail-coverts plain
gray (between neutral gray and dark gull gray), the tail similar but
usually slightly more brownish gray; under tail-coverts, anal region,
lower abdomen, and posterior flanks (sometimes entire abdomen and
flanks), grayish white to pale gray (light gull gray to pallid neutral
gray), this color passing gradually into the vinaceous color of more
anterior portions, which are paler posteriorly; axillars and under
wing-coverts clear light bluish gray (deep gull gray); bill, including
cere, black; iris, orange-red; legs and feet, lake red; length (skins),
237-358 (313); wing, 169.5-190 (180.9); tail, 105-123 (114.7);
culmen, 15-20 (17.1); tarsus, 22.5-27 (24.9); middle toe, 27-31.5
(29).°

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but coloration duller, the
vinaceous-brown of upper parts less extended (sometimes restricted
to extreme upper back and more anterior lesser wing-coverts), and
purple-drab or vinaceous-drab of under parts mostly restricted to
foreneck and upper chest; length (skins), 278-359 (320); wing, 164—

a8ee p. 286. b Thirty-eight specimens.
1957°— Bull. 50, pt 7—16——20

a
306 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

189 (177.2); tail, 101-122 (111.4); culmen, 15-18.5 (16.9); tarsus,
23.5-26 (24.7); middle toe, 26.5-31 (28.3).%

Young.—Coloration much duller than in adults; pileum deep gray,
or brownish gray (the forehead more brownish), without any metallic
gloss; back, scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts brownish, some of
the feathers (especially wing-coverts) with pale rusty brown terminal
margins; foreneck and chest vinaceous-grayish, sometimes tinged
with fawn color or intermixed with fawn-colored feathers; otherwise
essentially as in adults.

a Twenty-one specimens.

Locality. Wing. | Tail. nel Tarsus. aidole
culmen yee
MALES.
Two adult males from Chiapas.......-.......2.0.-0eecceeeee eee 178 118.7 17.7 25 29
One adult male from Guatemala.............----..-22022--225- 183.5 | 120 16.5) 25 | 2
Four adult males from British Honduras...........------ .2-- 179.2] 110.9 17 24.7 29.1
One adult male from Honduras. 180 TL, acictarcias 26.5 30
One adult male from Nicaragua............-----022-ece eee eens 180.5) 115.5 18 25.5 29.5
Ten adult males from Costa Rica..........-2.2-+-eeeeeeee neces 177.8) 112.5 16.9 24,5 28.1
One adult male from western Panama...........-----+-+e--005 176.5 | 110.5 16.5 24.5 29.5
One adult male from middle Panama (Canal Zone)............ 182 116 16 25 30
One adult male from Buenaventura I., Panama............... 190 119.5 20 24.5 30
Four adult males from San Miguel I., Panama........-...--.. 185.5] 116.5 17.6 25.9 29.6
Seven adult males from Colombia....-........-----+--+-222200- 183.5] 118.6 17.1 74.6 29.4
Five adult males from Venezuela.............--------eeeeceee: 181.4} 112.5 16.6 25 28.9
Four adult males from Tobago (= C. 7. tobagensis).....-.....-.+ 187.9 | 117.5 17.1 26. 2 30.1
Four adult males from trans-Amazonian Brazil (= C. 1. sylves-
EIS) eee oo cmnseraceeimeneisnarsed ccc cena hwiecncen adic ncmeie 188.9 | 106.9 17,4 26.5 33. 4
One adult male from Paraguay (= C. r. sylvestris).............- 180.5 | 106 17 22 31.5
FEMALES,
One adult female-from Tabasco. ........2-.-0- 22.202 ceceee ee ees 178 113 18 23.5 28
Two adult females from Guatemala.................2.0222.02-- 177 114.2 16.2 24,2 27.7
One adult female from British Honduras................2..... 169 113 16 24,5 27
Six adult females from Costa Rica........2..20.....cececeee eee 173 107.7 17 24.2 28
Two adult females from western Panama..................-.-- 176 106. 2 15.7 24.5 27.2
Six adult females from San Miguel I., Panama............--... 184.8} 113.7 17.5 25.7 30.1
Three adult females from Santa Marta, Colombia.............. 175.5) 113.5 16.3 24.8 27.2
One adult female from British Guiana (= C. r. rufina)......... 170 97 15.5 22.5 2B
One adult female from Diamantina, Lower Amazon (=C. r.
DOLPUTG ) oe vere sre es nerdtesictersieie hein samsivisiciasnsonergaeaiaeiehiemeecieciara ste 170 101 16 24.5 27.5
Three adult females from Chapada, Mattogrosso, Brazil (= C.r.
Be encstrtemnninas naneseaededaiinnsimmaalediacvewspaanny 179.8 | 106.2 16.2 24.5 25.5
One adult female from Bolivia (= C. r. sylvestris).............. 183 113 17 23.5 28.5
One adult female from eastern Peru (= C. r. rufina?)........... IG Nasecesen! 15 24 28

Specimens from Venezuela, Colombia, and San Miguel Island, Panama, average
more deeply colored than those from Central America and southern Mexico (Costa
Rican specimens being, apparently, the palest), but on the whole they seem to agree
better with C.r. pallidicrissa than with C.r. rufina. Some specimens from the coun-
tries named are, however, quite as gray beneath as typical C. r. rufina.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 807

Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba), Tabasco
(Montecristo), and Chiapas (Palenque), and southward through Gua-
temala (Rio Manégua; Rio Montégua; Rio Dulce; Sayuchil; Cubil-
guitz; Los Amates, Yzab4l), British Honduras (pine ridge near Man-
atee Lagoon; Manatee District), Honduras (San Pedro; San Pedro
Sula), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), Costa Rica (San José; Rio Sicsola,
Talamanca; Gudpiles; Pigres; Pozo del Rio Grande; El Coronado de
Térraba; El Pozo de Térraba; Buenos Aires; Lagarto; Paso Real,
Boruca; Tenério; Barranca de Puntarenas; Volcén de Miravalles),
Panamé (Bugaba; Boquete; Divala; Boquerén; Calovévora; Chitra;
Cordillera de Tolé; Agua Dulce; Lion Hill; Panam4; Coiba Island;
San Miguél Island; Buenaventura Island), and Colombia (Turbo; Rio
Atrato; Rio Truando; Dabilla, Fundacién, Gaira, Bonda, Punta Cai-
man,and Mamatoco, Santa Marta; Rio Zapata; lower Rio Magdalena),
to Venezuela (Settlement River, Vagre; Coros4l; Rio Aurare; Maripa,
RioCaura; El Trompilla, Carabobo; La Bomba, Cayuni; Encontrados).

Columba rufina (not of Temminck, 1908-11) ScuatzR and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859,
222 (Rio Dulce, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 370 (Panama).—
Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 159 (Cordillera de Tole, Veragua, w.
Panama); 1870, 217 (Calovevora, Chitra, and Bugaba, w. Panama), 838 (Hon-
duras).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874,
859.—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. ©. R., i, 1888, 127 (Talamanca, Costa
Rica).—Cuerriz, Expl. Zool. C. R. en 1891-2 (1893), 53 (Lagarto and Buenos
Aires, 8s. w. Costa Rica).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 287,
part (Rio Dulce and Cubilguitz, Guatemala; Brit. Honduras; San Pedro
Honduras; Costa Rica; Bugaba, Cordillera de Tole, Calovevora, and Lion Hill,
Panama).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 523 (Rio Escondido,
Nicaragua).—Unprrwoob, Ibis, 1896, 447 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica;
habits).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 236, part
(Brit. Honduras; Rio Dulce, Sayuchil, and Cubilguitz, Guatemala; San
Pedro Honduras; Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Talamanca and Miravalles,
Costa Rica; Divala, Boquete, Cordillera de Tole, Chitra, Calovevora, Lion
Hill, and Coiba I., Panama)—Tuayrr and Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., xlvi, 1905, 147 (San Miguel I., Panama).—Rimeway, Condor, vii,
1905, 154, in text (Pigres, Costa Rica)—Drarsorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus.
N. H., 1907, 78 (Los Amates, Guatemala; crit.) —Banes, Auk, xxiv, 1907,
291 (Paso Real, El Pozo de Terraba, and Barranca de Puntarenas, w. Costa
Rica).—CaRRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 393 (Pigres, Tenorio, Mira-
valles, Guapiles, Coronado de Terraba, and Rio Sicsola, Costa Rica; crit.).

[Columba] rufina Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 235, no. 9273, part.—SciaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132, part—Suarpz, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70,
part.

[Chloroenas] rufina BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 52, part (Central America).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 333 (Isth. Panama).

Chloroenas rufina Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 194 (Rio Atrato and Rio
Truando, n. w. Colombia).—Scutzaet, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae),
1878, 79 part (Mexico).—Zr Levon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 28.

Ch{loroenas] rufina ReicHEnBAcH, Volls. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 62, part
(Central America).

Columba pallidicrissa CHUBB, Ibis, ser. 9, iv, Jan., 1910, 60 (Costa Rica; coll. Brit.

* Mus.).

308 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus PATAGICENAS Reichenbach.

Patagioenas Retcuensacu, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv. (Type, Columba
leucocephala Linnzeus. )

Patagiaenas (emendation) Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (2), i, 1854, 140.

Patagoenas (emendation) Hzive, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 276.

Rather large arboreal Pigeons (length about 300-400 mm.),
similar to Chlorenas, but tail nearly if not quite truncated, with
rectrices broader and more rigid, nasal operculi smaller and narrower,
bare orbital space larger, plumage of hindneck with scale-like mark-
ings, and color wholly dark gray except head and neck.

Bill moderate or rather small, the length of exposed culmen much
less than distance from its base to anterior angle of eye, and equal to
more than twice the greatest depth of bill; nasal operculi relatively
smaller than in Chlorenas, their lower edge not reaching to edge of
maxilla; frontal feathermg extending to about middle of nasal
operculi, decidedly in advance of malar antie, but falling far short of
mental antia. Wing rather long, pointed, the longest primaries
exceeding distal secondaries by nearly to quite one-third the length
of wing; third, or second and third, primaries (from outside) longest,
the first (outermost) shorter than fourth; inner webs of two outer
primaries very faintly smuated. Tail about two-thirds (a little more
or less) as long as wing, truncated or very slightly rounded, the
rectrices relatively broad, with very broadly rounded tips, and
decidedly rigid. Tarsus decidedly shorter than middle toe (the
latter as 1.18 to 1.26 to 1), the acrotarsium with a single row of very
distinct, broad, slightly oblique transverse scutella, the planta tarsi
covered with minute, rather indistinct, roundish scales, the extreme
upper portion feathered in front; lateral toes equal in length, their
claws falling slightly short of base of middle claw; hallux strong,
longer than basal phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration—Plumage normal, but that of hindneck
conspicuously scale-like in adults; bare orbital space very large
beneath eyes. Color plain dark gray, except pileum, which is white
(or light brownish or grayish) in one species, deep purplish brown
in the other; hindneck metallic green, bronze, or purple conspicu-
ously squamated with black or dark purplish brown.

Range.—West Indies, one species occurring also on the Florida Keys
and Caribbean coast of Central America. (Two species.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 309

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PATAGIG@NAS.

a. Hindneck metallic (green, bronze, or purplish), the feathers sharply margined with
black or dark chestnut. (Adults.)

b. Pileum white or smoky gray; hindneck metallic green or bronze, squamated
with black; sides of head, chin, throat, and foreneck slate color or slate-gray.
(Florida Keys, West Indies, and coast of Yucatan and British Honduras.)

Patagicenas leucocephala, adults (p. 309).
bb. Pileum purple-drab to vinaceous-slate; hindneck metallic purplish, squa-
mated with dark chestnut; sides of head, chin, throat, and foreneck purple-
drab. (West Indies, except Bahamas and Jamaica; accidental on Florida
GVO jin owe Ge siwadun Commanebinkainis Patagicenas squamosa, adults (p. 312).
aa. Hindneck neither metallic nor squamated. ( Young.)

b. Forehead pale gray or dull whitish; neck and chest grayish brown.

Patagicenas leucocephala, young (p. 310).
bb. Forehead dark brownish gray or dull purplish brown, concolor with rest of
pileum; neck and chest rusty brown. .Patagicenas squamosa, young (p. 314).

PATAGIENAS LEUCOCEPHALA (Linnzus).

WHITE-HEADED PIGEON.

Adult male—Pileum immaculate white (sometimes drab or
smoky) ;* nape dark maroon or warm blackish brown; hindneck
metallic bronze-green or bronze (rarely purplish bronze), the feathers
margined with black, producing a squamate effect; rest of upper
parts plain slate color, somewhat lighter (approaching slate-gray)
on rump and upper tail-coverts, duller (slightly more brownish)
on inner secondaries and apical portion of primaries; under parts
(including malar, suborbital and auricular regions, chin, throat,
axillars, and under wing-coverts) slate color, darker anteriorly,
passing into slate-gray. posteriorly; tip of bill greenish white, horn
white, or pearly green, basal portion dull crimson lake, dull crimson,
or brownish purple;® iris white or creamy white;® bare orbital
space white and pinkish;’ legs and feet bright crimson, claws
brown;® length (skins), 291-397 (340); wing, 181-204 (190.4);
tail, 113-145 (126.4); culmen, 15-20 (16.9); tarsus, 23.5-28 (25.8);
middle toe, 28-33 (30.4). ¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but lighter and somewhat
duller in coloration, the slate color of back, scapulars and proximal
wing-coverts and secondaries more brownish, under parts of body
decidedly lighter (sometimes approaching pale purplish gray or
pale neutral gray), and pileum more frequently brownish gray or
smoky (rarely white ?); length (skins), 290-386 (330); wing, 171.5-

“It is difficult to account for this variation in the color of the pileum, since it
occurs in adult birds of both sexes, though perhaps more frequently infemales. Pos-
sibly it may be an adventitious stain.

b Lowe, Ibis, 1909, 332.

¢ Fifty-five specimens.

310 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

195 (183.7); tail, 111.5-133.5 (122.5); culmen, 15.5-19.5 (17);
tarsus, 21.5-27 (25); middle toe, 27.5-33 (29.9).%

Young.—Much duller in coloration than adults, the general slaty
color more brownish (less bluish); entire hindneck dull grayish
brown (nearly hair brown); pileum dull sooty grayish posteriorly,
grayish white clouded with sooty grayish anteriérly.

West Indies in general, Florida keys, and Caribbean coast from
Yucatan to Panama. Southern Florida (Indian, Horseneck, Boca
Grande, Boca Chica, Vaca, Sugar Loaf, No Name, Bahia Honda, and
Summerland Keys; Key West; Tortugas; Punta Rassa; Caloosa-
hatchie River); Bahamas (Abaco, Biminis, Berry, Eleuthera, New
Providence, Andros, San Salvadér, Long Rock near Exuma Cay,
Watling, Rum Cay, Long, Green Cay, Acklin, Maragauna, Caicos,
Moraine Cay, Highburn Cay, Buena Vista Cay, Ragged, Washburn
Cay, and Cay Lobos islands); Greater Antilles: Cuba, Isle of Pines,
Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, Jamaica, Haiti, Mona Island, Porto

@ Forty-four specimens.

Ex- .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. medals
culmen a.
MALES.
Four adult males from Florida Keys..............---02--e0-+00+ 192.7] 124.1 17 26.5 31.6
Eleven adult males from Bahamas..... tai ----| 186.6} 121.5 16.7] 26 31.3

Three adult males from Cuba.......... oasis ----| 192.2] 126.8 16.5 26 31
Eight adult males from Isle of Pines... ee ----| 190.4] 130.5 16.8] 25.9 31
Two adult males from Cayman Brac.......... ee een 195.5 | 124.5 18 27 32
Nine adult males from Santo Domingo.......-.....--.-..----- 189.44 125.7 16.7| 25.4 29.7
Two adult males from Jamaica -.--| 199.2] 183.2 17.7 26.5 31.7
Two adult males from Mona Island 188 128 17.5} 26 30
One adult male from St. Croix............-.--.---2eeee ee eee eee 189.5 | 129 16 26.5 31.5
Five adult males from Barbuda. 188.8} 124. 16.7 25.9 30.9
Three adult males from Antigua. . --| 186.5] 124 17 25.7 31.8
Three adult males from Swan Island, Garib bean: Beaudisseciewarse 200.3 | 135.8 17.8 26.7 30.5
One adult male from Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea....| 196 133 17 26.5 32.5
One adult male from Cozumel Island, Yucatan................ 188 130 16.5 25 30
FEMALES.
Four adult females from Florida Keys................--.0--+-- 187.7 | 123.6 17 26.2 31

Five adult females from Bahamas..... 185.3 | 122.7 17.2 24.9 29.4
Three adult females from Cuba........ ----| 177.3] 120.2 17.2 24.3 29.8
Two adult females from Isle of Pines.................202200000- 183 121 17 25.7 30

One adult female from Grand Cayman................-22--20-- 183.5 | 122.5 17 26 29
Eight adult females from Santo Domingo seer 119.1 16.4 24.9 29.7
Six adult females from Jamaica.............22....000002e eee eee _ 123.5] 16.4] 24.4 29.9
Five adult females from Porto Rico............22...-.2200000-- 183.6 | 123.1 17.5 24.4 29.9
One adult female from Mona Island... ls 179 116 16.5 24.5 29
One adult female from Virgin Gorda...............220.2-20000- 178 117 19 26 31
Three adult females from Antigua..............00.0022-22200-- 181.7] 124.3 17.2 25.2 30.8

Four adult females from Swan Island, Caribbean Sea. .
One adult female from Yucatan

191.6] 130.6] 17.2] 25.7] 29.7
160 | 119 | 25 29

Notwithstanding the considerable local variation in size, I have been unable to
discover any differences of coloration correlated therewith.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3811

Rico, Vieque Island, Virgin Gorda, and St. Croix. Lesser Antilles:
St. Bartholomew, Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Dominica, and
Guadeloupe. Swan Island and Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea.
Yucatan (Cozumél Island; La Vega). British Honduras (Half Moon
Cay; Glovers Cay; Middle Cay; Turneff Island). Honduras (Bay of
Honduras; RuataritIsland). ‘ Panama.”

[Columba] leucocephala Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 164 (Bahamas;
based on Columba capite albo, Catesby, i; pl. 25; Sloane, ii, p. 303, pl. 261);
ed. 12, i, 1766, 281.—Guruin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 772.—Latuam, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 594.—Reicuensacu, Syn. Av., 1847, figs. 1257, 1258; Syn. Av.
Novit., Columbariae, 1851, figs. 2863, 2864.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 234,
no. 9257.—Couzs, Key to N. Am. Birds, 1872, 225.—Sciater and Satvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 182.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 23.—
Suarre, Hand-list, ii, 1899, 70—Forses and Rosson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, 1900, 132 (Jamaica).

Columba leucocephala Temmincx, Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11, 57 [101],
pl. 13 (Jamaica; Santo Domingo; Bahamas; Porto Rico).—Trmmincx, Hist.
Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 204, 459 (Jamaica; Santo Domingo; Bahamas;
Porto Rico).—Vremor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 367; Gal. Ois.,
i, 1825, 331, pl. 194.—Bonararte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 119; Am, Orn.,
ii, 1828, 11, pl. 17, fig. 1; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41.—Nutratt, Man. Orn.
U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 625; 2d ed., 1840, 755.—Witson and Bona-
PaRTE, Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 467, pl. 17, fig. 1—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834,
443, pl. 177; v. 1839, 557; Synopsis, 1839, 191; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842,
815, pl. 280.—D’OrBieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 171
(large ed., p. 126).—Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 299.—Sau#, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1857, 235 (Santo Domingo; habits).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 599 (Indian Key and Tortugas, Fla.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
447 —Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 61 (cays off coast of Belize, Brit.
Honduras).—Brvyant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (Bahamas; breed-
ing); xi, 1867, 96 (Santo Domingo).—Satvin and Sativa, Ibis, 1859, 222 (coast
of Honduras) —Axsrecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 55 (Bahamas).—Manrca,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 301 (Jamaica; crit.) —Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 171
(Porto Rico).—Satvin, Ibis, 1864, 380 (Half Moon Cay, Brit. Honduras); 1885,
193 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); 1889, 377 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; Ruatan I.,
Honduras).—SunprEvau., @fv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869, 585 (St. Bartholo-
mew), 600 (Porto Rico).—Scutzce, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae),
1873, 68 (Santo Domingo; Panama).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 369, 2d ed.,
1882, no. 541.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874,
363, pl. 57, fig. 3—Lawrencg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 241 (Barbuda);
i, 1879, 487 (Barbuda; Antigua).—Rimeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880,
195; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 458; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1888, 577 (Swan
I., Caribbean Sea); Auk, viii, 1891, 339 (Green Cay, Bahamas).—Cory,
Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 137 (New Providence; Andros; Biminis; Buena
Vista Cay; Ragged Islands; Long Rock, near Exuma Cay); Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vi, 1881, 154 (interior of Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 134
(Puerta Plata, Santo Domingo); Auk, iv, 1887, 108 (synonymy; descr.; West
Indian range), 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); vi, 1889, 32 (Cayman
Brac); vii, 1890, 375 (Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua; St. Croix), 295
(Berry Islands), 296 (Bimini Islands), 297 (Caicos Islands); ix, 1892, 48 (Mara-
guana I., Bahamas), 272 (Cuba); Birds West Ind., 1889, 209; Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 96 (West Indian range).—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Do-

312 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

mingo).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed.,
1895), no. 314; 3rd ed., 1910, 147.—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 185 (Punta Rassa,
Florida, Aug. 16, 1886; Key West, Florida, Aug. 9, 1887); vi, 1889, 246 (Key
West, summer res.; Punta Rassa, 1 spec.); ix, 1892, 122 (Jamaica; habits),
212 Caloosahatchie R., Florida).—Norrsror, Auk, viii, 1891, 76 (Andros I.,
Bahamas).—BEnv1rz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1892, 131.—Cuapman, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 291 (near Trinidad, s. Cuba) —VerRiLn (G. E.),
Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci. and Arts, viii, 1892, 323 (Dominica; habits).—Satvaponrt,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 278 (Punta Rassa and Key West, Florida;
San Cristobal and Remedios, Cuba; Spanishtown and Midgeham, Jamaica;
Santo Domingo; Antigua; Cozumel I.; Brit. Honduras; Bay of Honduras).—
Fretp, Auk, xi, 1894, 123 (Jamaica; common, breeding).—CuERRIz, Contr.
Om. San. Dom., 1896, 23.—Bonnore, Ibis, 1899, 516 (New Providence I.,
Bahamas); 1903, 298 (New Providence I.; Washerwoman Cay; habits); Auk,
xx, 1903, 174 (Cay Lobos, Bahamas).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1902, 232 (Turneff I., Glovers Cay, Half Moon Cay, and Middle Cay,
Brit. Honduras; Ruatan I., Honduras; Bahamas; Virgin Island; St. Bartholo-
mew; Swan I.).—Rmey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., xlvii, 1904, 281 (Barbuda;
Antigua); Auk, xxii, 1905, 354 (New Providence, Andros, Green Cay, Eleu-
thera, Cat, Watling, Long, and Abaco islands, Bahamas).—ALLEN (G. M.),
Auk, xxii, 1905, 122 (Green Cay, Moraine Cay, and Great Abaco, Bahamas;
nesting habits)——Banes and Zaprpry, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 197 (Isle of
Pines).—Fow er, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 398 (Boca Grande, Boca Chica, Sugar
Loaf, No Name, Vaca, Bahia Honda, and Summerland keys, Florida) —
Lowe, Ibis, 1909, 332 (Swan I.); 1911, 144 (Grand Cayman; Cayman Brac).—
Verritt (A. E. and A.H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 357 (Santo Do-
mingo; habits).—SciarEr, Revised List Birds Jamaica, 1910, 18.—Topp, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 416 (New Providence and Abaco, Bahamas; molt;
etc.).—WortuineTon, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 450 (New Providence,
Acklin, and Abaco islands).

Clolumba] leucocephala Bonaparte, Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 30 (s.
Florida); Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1110.—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d
ed., 1884, 565.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 212.

[Patagioenas] leucocephala Retcuensacn, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv.—Bona-
PARTE, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 54.—Gunpiacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336
(Cuba); 1874, 312 (Porto Rico).—Hernz and RzicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein.
Orn., 1890, 276 (Haiti).

Platagioenas] leucocephala ReIcHENBACH, Volls. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 64,
pl. 223, figs. 1257, 1258, pl. 255, figs. 2863, 2864; ii, 1862, 172.

Columba leucocapilia (lapsus) TEmminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 142.

Patagioenas leucocephala CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 107 (Cuba).— ALBRECHT,
Journ, fir Orn., 1862, 204 (Jamaica).—Gunpb.acu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba,
i, 1866, 298; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 288 (Cuba); 1878, 161, 186 (Porto Rico);
Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 345 (Porto Rico).

Patagicenas leucocephalus Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 253 (St. Croix; habits).

Patagienas leucocephala Scuarser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 80 (Jamaica).

PATAGIENAS SQUAMOSA (Bonnaterre).
SCALY-NAPED PIGEON.

Adult male-—Head and upper neck (all round), and chest plain dark
purple-drab to vinaceous-slate; nape rich dark purplish brown (dark
livid purple or dark perilla purple), forming a crescentic or shield-
shaped patch; hindneck metallic dull purplish (nearly dull indian
purple), changing to bluish green and violet, the feathers sharply
margined with rich dark purplish brown (like color of nuchal patch),

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 813

producing a conspicuous squamate effect; rest of plumage plain
slate color, darker on primaries and tail, paler (dark gull gray to
slate-gray) below, this shading gradually into the purple-drab of
breast; bill lake-red, white or yellowish white at tip; iris with an
inner ring of scarlet and an outer one of golden yellow; bare orbital
space dull red, with a fine yellow bloom,’ or yellow;? legs and feet
lake red; length (skins), 325-409 (366); wing, 184-224 (208.4);
tail, 123-153 (187.3); culmen, 14-20 (16.7); tarsus, 25-30.5 (27.7);
middle toe, 31-39 (33.5).°

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but duller in color, the
head, neck, and chest much less purplish, the color of back, scapulars,
innermost wing-coverts, and tertials more brownish, and color of
under parts lighter; length (skins), 339-386 (361); wing, 182-219
(203.4); tail, 119-149 (132.7); culmen, 15.5-18 (16.6); tarsus, 25-29
(26.5); middle toe, 30-36 (32.6).4

@ A. and E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, 252 (St. Croix specimens).
b Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 333, and Cory, Pub. 137 Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 210 (Bonaire

specimens).
¢ Thirty-nine specimens.
@ Highteen specimens.
ee : | EX. Middle
ocality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. toe.
culmen .
MALES.
Eight adult males from Cuba 137.9 17.4 27.4 31.9
Four adult males from Santo Domingo. . 128.7 16.9 28.2 34.1
Seven adult males from Porto Rico..........-......-22-2-6-06+ 211.6} 141.4 17 27.2 33.3
Two adult males from Culebra.........-. ----| 200 138 17.5 |. 28 31.5
One adult male from Vieques. . . 193 131 17 27.5 33
One adult male from St. Thomas. . 215 138.5 17 28.5 35
Two adult males from St. Johns... 209.7 | 182.5 17 27.2 35
One adult male from St. Croix. . 196 133 15.5 27 36.5
One adult male from Antigua... nar --.-] 196 128 18 28 35
One adult male from Guadeloupe...........-.-2-22+.-eee scenes 217 146 16.5} 30 39
Four adult males from Dominica............-2---2-202-2e- eee 211 140.5 15.5] 26.9 33.9
One adult male from Martinique west seen] 224 138 18.5 30 35
Three adult males from Santa Lucia..........0..-..2-.-ee ence 215.3 | 140.3 17.5 28.3 34.2
One adult male from St. Vincent..........-...2222-2ese seen eee 197 132 16 30.5 35
One adult male from Grenada. . sina --2-| 220 139.5 16 27 32
One adultmale from Curagao. ....... 2.2.2.2 ee eece eee cece ee eeee 199 138.5] 15.5] 28 31.5
FEMALES,
Six adult females from Cuba. ...........0.2-0- cece eee eee ene 202.9} 129.9 16.1 26.3 32
Two adult females from Santo Domingo...............2.+--+++ 207.2 | 119.7 16.7 28 33
Two adult females from Porto Rico. ...........2--.+.00-eeeeees 193.5 | 180.5 17.2 27 32.5
One adult female from St. Johns. 202.5 | 144 16.5 27 33.5
One adult female from St. Eustatius...........---....2+-..0--- 196 132 17.5 27 36
One adult female from Guadeloupe..........---.-.-.------00++ 199 136 17.5 27 30
Two adult females from Dominica..... 208 137.5 15.7 27.5 33.2
One adult female from Santa Lucia....-...-..--..-..----.--+-- 208 142.5 16.5 29 33
One adult female from St. Vincent.........-...-...0-eeeee eens 219 149 18 26.5 32
One adult female from Curagao.........22-2--.2e eee e ee eee eee 191 129.5 16.54 27 82

314 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young.—Coloration much duller than in adults; whole hindneck
dull sooty slate or brownish, without metallic coloring or dark
squamations; color of chest more rusty brown, and wing-coverts
more or less distinctly margined at tips with brownish.

West Indies in general, except Bahamas and Jamaica; accidental
at Key West, Florida (one specimen, Oct. 24, 1898). Greater
Antilles: Cuba, Isle of Pines, Haiti, Porto Rico, St. John, St. Thomas,
and St. Croix. Lesser Antilles: St. Eustatius, Antigua, Montserrat,
Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Barba-
dos, Mustique, and Grenada. Dutch West Indies: Curacao and Bo-
naire. Los Testigos Island, near Trinidad.

Columba corensis (not of Jacquin, 1784) Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i,
1813, 211 (Porto Rico).—Sauut, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 235 (Santo
Domingo; crit.).—Nrwton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 252 (St. Croix; habits;
fresh colors of soft parts; etc.).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 377
(St. Thomas).—Tayuor, Ibis, 1864, 171 (Dominica; Porto Rico).—Bryant,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 96 (Santo Domingo).—SunpEvatt, (Efv. K.
Vet.-Ak. Forh., 1869, 601 (Porto Rico).—Scuuecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35
(Columbae), 1873, 68 (Haiti).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am.
Birds, iti, 1874, 360.—Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 66 (Domi-
nica); i, 1879, 275 (Grenada; habits), 360 (Martinique), 460 (Guadeloupe),
487 (Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Vincent; Grenada); Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).—ScratErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, 765 (Montserrat); 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia).—Cory, Birds. Haiti and San
Dom., 1885, 136 (Magua, Santo Domingo); Auk, iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique),
109 (synonymy; descr.; range); viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius; St. Croix); Birds
West Ind., 1889, 210; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 9, 96.—Wetzs, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 624 (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Hanrrert,
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. xii (Bonaire).—Cuapman, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 291 (near Trinidad, s. Cuba; food; notes).—VERRa
(G. E.), Trans Conn. Ac. Arts and Sci., viii, 1892, 323 (Dominica; habits;
fresh colors of soft parts) —CHERRIE, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 24.—
Arxins, Auk, xvi, 1899, 272 (Key West, Florida, 1 spec., Oct. 24, 1898).—
Lowe, Ibis, 1909, 313 (Los Testigos I., near Trinidad).—Verruu (A. E. and
A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 857 (Santo Domingo).

C[olumba] corensis TrEmmincK, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1818, 461.—Bowna-
PARTE, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1110 (crit.).

Columbo corensis LAwRENCcE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 196 (St. Vincent;
habits).

[Columba] corensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 234, no. 9258.—ScaTEer and Sanvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 23.

[Patagioenas] corensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 54.—GunpLac#, Journ.
fir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 299.

Platagioenas] corensis REICHENBACH, Tauben, i, 1862, 64, pi. 222, fig. 2581; ii,
1862, 172 (Porto Rico; Cuba; Santo Domingo).

Patagioenas corensis CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 108 (Cuba; habits).—Gunp-
LacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 289 (Cuba; habits), 312 (Porto Rico); 1878, 160,
186 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 344 (Porto Rico).

Columba squamosa Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 234 (Guadeloupe).—
Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1913, 280 (Monte Verde and San
Cristobal, Cuba; Haiti; Santo Domingo; Montserrat; Dominica; Santa Lucia;

“

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 815

St. Vincent; Mustique; Grenada).—Ritey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., xlvii,
1904, 280 (Antigua).—Nicout, Ibis, 1904, 566 (Grenada).—Banas and Zar-
prey, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 197 (Isle of Pines)—Crarx, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xxxii, 1905, 259 (Barbados; St. Vincent; Grenada; Grenadines;
habits; descr. nest and eggs); West Ind. Bull., xi, no. 3, 1911, 183 (Santa
Lucia)—AmeErican Ornitsotocists’ Union, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910,
148.—Ramspen, Auk, xxx, 1918, 271 (Sierra del Maquey, near Guantanamo,
Cuba, Dec., numerous).

[Columba] squamosa Suarrr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70—ForBes and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 132 (Santa Lucia; “‘Coban, Guatemala”).

Columba portoricensis Trmminck and Kwnrp, Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11,
41, pl. 15 (Porto Rico).c—D’Orsieny, in, La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois.,
1839, 172 (large ed., p. 127), pl. 27.—Rericuensacn, Syn. Av. Novit., Co-
lumbariae, 1847, fig. 2581.—Harrerr, Ibis, 1893, 332 (Bonaire; crit.; habits);
Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 304 (Bonaire).—Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H.,
1909, 210 (Bonaire; fresh colors of unfeathered parts).

Columba monticola Viemiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 355 (Santo
Domingo; Porto Rico; cites C. corensis Latham).

C[olumba] imbricata Wactrr, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. 48 (Santo Domingo,
Porto Rico, and Venezuela; coll. Paris Mus.).

Patagioenas imbricata BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 294.

Genus LEPIDCENAS Reichenbach.

Lepidoenas ReicHensacu, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852,p.xxv. (Type, Columba speciosa
Gmelin.
Lepidaenas pies Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (2), i, 1854, 140.

Medium-sized arboreal pigeons (length about 275-340 mm.) with
tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, exposed culmen much longer
than distance from its base to anterior angle of eye, frontal antic
extending only to base of nasal operculi, and whole neck conspicu-
ously spotted and squamated.

Bill relatively large, the length of exposed culmen much greater
than distance from its base to anterior angle of eye, the maxillary
tomium with an obvious subterminal notch; frontal feathering ex-
tending only to base of nasal operculi, the latter very broad and
strongly vaulted. Wing rather large, pointed, the longest primaries
exceeding distal secondaries by decidedly more than one-third the
length of wing; second, or second and third, primaries (from outside)
longest, the first equal to or longer than fourth; two outer primaries
with inner webs very faintly sinuated, the outermost slightly but
decidedly bowed distally. Tail between two-thirds and one-half
as long as wing, very slightly rounded, the rectrices relatively rather
broad, broadly rounded at tip, decidedly rigid. Tarsus decidedly
shorter than middle toe, stout, the acrotarsium with two longitudi-
nal rows of large hexagonal scutalla, the planta tarsi covered with
distinct small roundish scales, only the extreme upper portion of

« According to Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), p. 68, the type is said
to be in the Leyden Museum, and from Haiti.

816 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tarsus in front feathered; middle toe (without claw) much longer
than tarsus (in ratio of 1.20 to 1); lateral toes much shorter, the
outer one slightly longer than the inner, its claw falling a little short
of base of middle claw; hallux rather large, longer (without claw)
than basal phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration—Plumage essentially normal but rather
hard, the feathers everywhere (except on pileum and sides of head)
distinctly outlined; naked circumorbital space restricted. Neck,
all round, spotted with white and light cinnamon-rufous and broadly
squamated with black; under parts whitish or pale purplish brown,
squamated with darker; sexes distinctly different, the adult male
with back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and rump purplish chestnut, the
adult female with the same parts dull brown.

Range.—Continental tropical America, from southeastern Mexico
to Brazil and Peru. (Monotypic.)

LEPIDGENAS SPECIOSA (Gmelin).
SCALED PIGEON.

Adult male——Pileum (including nape) and sides of head plain
dark livid brown, mars violet, or dark mineral red—rarely dusky
brown; hindneck broadly squamated with black, strongly glossed
with metallic purple, bronze, or green, each feather of the upper
hindneck with a central triangular or subcordate spot of white,
these spots gradually larger and tinged with light cinnamon-rufous
on middle hindneck, those of the lower hindneck and extreme upper
back still larger and wholly cinnamon-rufous; back, scapulars, lesser
wing-coverts, and rump plain chestnut or bay, the upper tail-coverts
middle and greater wing-coverts, and proximal secondaries much
duller and browner; tail deep grayish brown (nearly clove brown)
basally passing into dull black apically; distal secondaries, primaries,
primary coverts, and alule dark grayish brown, the remiges, especially
longer primaries, narrowly edged with paler; chin and extreme upper
throat plain light russet-vinaceous to very pale grayish vinaceous;
lower throat, foreneck, sides of neck, and upper chest heavily squa-
mated with black, glossed with metallic violet, purple, or bronze,
each feather with a central transversely semicircular or subcordate
spot of white or light cinnamon-rufous and tipped with white; lower
chest, breast, and sides varying from white to pale grayish brown
or pale purple-drab, the feathers more or less broadly margined with
dark vinaceous-brown to seal brown or blackish brown, the abdomen
and under tail-coverts white, more narrowly margined terminally
with dark brown or dusky; axillars and under wing-coverts quaker
drab to deep vinaceous-gray, tinged with chestnut toward edge of
wing; bill vermilion red (in life); iris brown; legs and feet laven-

@ According to Dr. Charles W. Richmond.

te me

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 317

der,* length (skins), 276-343 (299); wing, 170-195.5 (185.2); tail,
93.5-117.5 (103.8); culmen, 18-23.5 (19.7); tarsus, 22.5-26 (24.4);
middle toe, 25.5-33 (29.1).%

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but back, rump, scap-
ulars, and smaller wing-coverts brown or grayish brown (dull brownish
chestnut to deep brownish drab—usually much nearer the latter)
instead of chestnut or bay, color of pileum and sides of head less
purplish brown, neck with spots mostly white and black squama-
tions less highly glossed, and under parts without purplish or vina-
ceous tinge; length (skins) 281-319 (300); wing, 169-181.5 (175.4);
tail, 97-111 (103.5); culmen, 16.5-21 (19.2); tarsus, 21-24.5 (23.4);
middle toe, 27-31 (28.8).°

@ Forty-two specimens. > Thirteen specimens.

Locality. Wing. | Tail. eed Tarste,| Middle

‘culmen z

MALES.

105 19 24.5 28.7
103 18 24 31.5
106 18.5 25 27.5
108 19.5 25.5 30.5

110 21 24 31

101 20 25.5 28
Ten adult males from Costa Rica........ 179.9 | 101.8 19 B.8 28.4
Eight adult males from western Panama 174.2 99,2 19.2 24, 4 28.2
Three adult males from middle Panama (Canal rey ----| 176.6 | 100.8 21 24.3 29.3
Seven adult males from Colombia (Santa Marta)...... ----{ 184.1] 108.1 20.4 24.5 29.6
Three adult males from Trinidad-.........-. ----| 191 110 22.2 25.5 31.3

One adult male from northern Brazil..............---.-------- 183 106 20 25 28

Three adult males from southwestern Brazil (Chapada, Matto-
QTOSSO) ion ser sieegeeieeatcjaieinaaie slaw jnandecside tence seemed essesced 179.3 | 101.3 18.8 24.5 29.3
FEMALES,

One adult female from Vera Cruz......-..--------2---+------5- 180 98 21 24 30
One adult female from Guatemala............--2-22-2-20e2e0e- 174 97 20 24 29.5

One adult female from British Honduras. ............-...-..-- 173 104 18.5 23 29

Four adult females from Costa Rica.......--.-.-------- eee-| 174 103. 2 19.6 23.6 28
Two adult females from middle Panama (Canal Zone). 175 104 * 19 23 28.5
Two adult females from Colombia (Santa Marta).....-- ----| 180.5] 110 18.2 22.7 30.7

One adult female from Venezuela.......-..-.-..--------2---05- 177 101 |- 19 24 30
One adult female from Lower Amazon (Diamantina) ..-.....- 169 104 19 23 28.5

There is a remarkable range of individual variation in the coloration of the under
parts, a fine series of specimens from Costa Rica showing practically all the extremes
in this respect. The only suggestion of possible geographic difference in coloration
is in the case of three adult males from Chapada, Mattogrosso, western Brazil. These
three examples have the under parts (including chest) white, the feathers rather
broadly margined with dark livid brown, in which respect they are not materially
different from specimens from Central America and more northern parts of South
America, the suggestive feature being that the three Chapada specimens are prac-
tically alike. It is, however, of course possible that a larger series from Chapada
would show the usual individual variation in coloration of the under parts.

818 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young male——Very much duller in coloration than the adult
male; squamations and spotting of neck nearly obsolete, pileum
and sides of head bone brown to hays brown or sorghum brown,
chest nearly uniform brown (more or less deep), and chestnut of
upper parts duller, the feathers sometimes with an indistinct paler
tip and darker subterminal bar, and the under parts of body (pos-
terior to chest) indistinctly squamated with light brown on a dull
or grayish white ground color.

Young female.—Similar to the young male but general color of
upper parts and squamations on under parts decidedly more grayish
brown.

Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Pasa Nueva; Tolosa;
Miradér; Cérdova; San Lorenzo, near Cérdova; Potrero, near Cér-
dova), Oaxaca (Tixtepec), and Yucatan (Xbac; Tizimin; Chichen-
Itza), and southward, through Guatemala (El Petén; Guadalupe
Sakluk), British Honduras (forest near Manatee Lagoon), Honduras
(Céiba), Nicaragua (La Libertid, Chontales; Rio Escondido), Costa
Rica (Boruca; El Generél; Buenos Aires; Paso Reél; Térraba),
Panama (Bugaba, Boquete, El Banco, Volcan de Chiriqui, Chitra,
and Boquerén, Chiriqui; Lion Hill, Rio Indio, and Tabernilla, Canal
Zone), Colombia (Bonda, Minca, Cincinnati, and Las Téguas, Santa
Marta; Remédios, Antioquia; Bogoté), Venezuela (El Callao; Mai-.
pures; Suapure), Trinidid (Aripa, 2,000 ft.; Chaguanas), British
Guiana (Demerara; Bartica Grove; Camacusa; Roraima, 3,500 ft.),
French Guiana (Cayenne), Dutch Guiana (Suriném), and Ecuadér
(Esmeraldas; Balzar Mts.; Sarayacu; Gualaquiza), to Peru (Chami-
curos; Amable Maria; La Mercéd), Bolivia (ower Rio Beni), and
Brazil (Rio Capim; Counani; Goyana, Tapajés; Engenho do Gama;
Paré; Santarém; Diamantina, near Santarém; Bahia; Sierra de Lua,
Amazonas; Chapada, Mattogrosso).

[Columba] speciosa Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 783 (Cayenne; based on
Pigeon ramier, de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 213)—Larxam, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 605.—RzrcHensacu, Syn. Av., 1847, cxxxii, figs. 1253, 1254.—
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 234, no. 9564.—Scrater and Satvin, Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 132.—Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 70.—Forsxs and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 132 (Demerara, Brit. Guiana; Venezuela?).

Columba speciosa BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 245, pl. 80, fig. 2.—Tem-
MINCK and Knip, Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11, 39, pl. 39, pl. 14 (French
Guiana).—Temuincx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 189 (note on p. 29; Cayenne); Hist.
Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1818, 208 (French Guiana).—Viemuot, Nouv. Dict.
d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 864 (Cayenne); xxix, 1819, 2.—Maxrmuuaan, Reis.
Bras., i, 1820, 251.—Bonararts, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1110.—ScLaTER
and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 222 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 371
(Panama); 1867, 590 (Para, Brazil); 1873, 306 (Chamicuros, e. Peru); 1879,
543 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia; descr. eggs).—Scuarer, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1860, 298 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador).—Satvin, Proce. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1870, 217 (Bugaba, Veragua, Panama); Ibis, 1886, 173 (Bartica Grove,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 319

Camacusa, and Roraima, 3,500 ft., Brit. Guiana).—Brruzpscn, Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1885, 119 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Novit. Zool., xv, 1908,

204 (Cayenne).—Taczanowsx1, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 231, tables, p.

101.—Zeep6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127 (Costa Rica).—ALLEN,

Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 105 (lower Rio Beni, Bolivia); v, 1893, 148

(Chapada, Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil); xiii, 1900, 129 (Bonda, Santa Marta,

Colombia).—Rixer and Carman, Auk, viii, 1891, 161 (Santarem, lower

Amazon).—Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 281 (San Lo-

renzo, near Cordova, Vera Cruz; Tizimin, Yucatan; Guadalupe Sakluk,

Guatemala; La Libertad, Nicaragua; Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, and Lion

Hill, Panama; Remedios and near Bogota, Colombia; Balzar Mts. and

Sarayacu, Ecuador; Bartica Grove and Roraima, Brit. Guiana; Para, Bahia,

Engenho do Gama, and Chapada, Brazil)—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., xvi, 1893, 523 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—CHaprman, Bull. Am.

Mus., vi, 1894, 73 (Trinidad; notes).—Gortp1, Ibis, 1897, 153, 160 (Counani,

n, e. Brazil); 1903, 499 (Rio Capim, n. e. Brazil) —Satvapori and Festa,

Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1900, 34 (Gualaquiza, e. Ecuador).—

Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 23 (Bugaba and Boquete,

5,000 ft., w. Panama); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 142 (Ceiba,

Honduras); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 291 (Boruca and Paso Real, Costa Rica).—

Beriersco and Stotzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 43 (La Merced,

centr. Peru; fresh colors of unfeathered parts)—Brrierscu and Hartert,

Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 116 (Maipures and Suapure, Orinoco Valley, Vene-

zuela).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 233 (Cor-

dova, San Lorenzo, and Potrero, Vera Cruz; Tizimin, Yucatan; Sakluk and

Lake Peten, Guatemala; La Libertad and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Buenos

Aires, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, and Boquete, Panama; Co-

lombia; Peru; Guiana; Brazil).—Hrtimayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 46

(Aripo, 2,000 ft., and Chaguanas, Trinidad; crit.), 383 (near Para, Brazil;

crit.).—CoLz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 116 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—.

SneTHiaceE, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 516 (Goyana, Tapajos, Brazil).—Car-

RIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 392 (El General and Terraba, s. w.

Costa Rica; crit.).

Clolumba] speciosa Trmmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 460 (Cayenne).—
Maxrmiiian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 447—ScHomBureE, Reis. Brit.
Guiana, iii, 1848, 743.

Col{umba] speciosa? Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 362.

Patagioenas speciosa BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 293.

Chlorenas speciosa ScitaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 309 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1858, 76 (e. Ecuador).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 28.

Pleristera] speciosa Hartiaus, Syst. Verz., 1844, 99.

[Lepidoenas] speciosa REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv.

Liepidoenas] speciosa REICHENBACH, Volls. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 66, pl.
223, figs. 1253, 1254; ii, 1862, 172 (Bahia, Brazil; Guiana; Colombia).—
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 54 (Guiana; Brazil; Colombia).—Hrmn
and ReicHEnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 276.

Lepidoenas speciosa Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 61 (Lake Peten, Guate-
mala).—LawrEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 301. (Isth. Panama).—
PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 274 (Brazilian localities; crit., in footnote), 450;
Ibis, 1875, 331 (Spanish Guiana).—ScuitscEeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35
(Columbae), 1873, 70 (Cayenne; Surinam).—Taczanowsx1, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1874, 555 (Amable Maria, centr. Peru).

Lepidznas speciosa Sumrcurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 560 (tierra
Caliente of Vera Cruz).—Bovucarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 14 (Vera
Paz, Guatemala).

320 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Peristera spilodera BonarartE, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1109 (crit.).

Chlorenas spilodera BonaPartE, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1109 (based on
Peristera spilodera Gray, manuscript).

[Chloroenas] spilodera Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 52 (locality unknown; ex
Peristera spilodera Gray, manuscript); Compt. Rend., xli, 1855, 659.

Genus CROSSOPHTHALMUS Bonaparte.

Crossophthalmus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1110; Consp. Gen.
Av., ii, Nov. 20, 1854 [i. e. 18572], 55. (Type, Columba gymnophtalmos
Temminck.)

Medium-sized arboreal pigeons (length about 300-370 mm.) with
tail less than three-fifths (but little more than half) as long as wing;
exposed portion of distal secondaries shorter than exposed portion of
greater coverts; wing-tip decidedly less than one third as long as
wing; bare orbital space very large, with a conspicuous outer papillose
ring; unguis occupying more than terminal half of maxilla, and
plumage of the hindneck conspicuously barred.

Bill very short (the horny tip of maxilla, or unguis, occupying
decidedly more than half of culmen), stout, its greatest depth about
equal to length of nasal operculum, the latter very tumid, and very
broad, its lower edge reaching lower edge of maxilla; frontal feather-
ing extending to about middle of nasal operculi, decidedly in advance
of malar antia. Wing rather large but with relatively short tip, the
longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by decidedly less than
one-third the length of wing; second, or second and third, primaries
(from outside) longest, the first (outermost) intermediate between
third and fourth, the inner webs of two outer primaries very faintly
sinuated; secondaries also relatively short, their exposed portion
shorter than exposed portion of greater coverts. Tail less than three-
fifths as long as wing, decidedly rounded, the rectrices moderately
broad, with broadly rounded tips. Tarsus decidedly shorter than
middle toe, stout, the acrotarsium covered by a single row of broad,
transverse scutella, the planta tarsi by very small, roundish, centrally
depressed scales, the extreme upper portion feathered in front; middle
toe decidedly longer than tarsus (in proportion of about 1.18 to 1);
lateral toes much shorter, their claws falling decidedly short of base
of that of middle toe, the outer slightly longer than the inner; hallux
strong, longer than basal phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage normal, but orbital region un-
usually denuded and with an outer ring of rough or papillose skin.
Coloration plain, the head, neck and under parts grayish washed
with vinaceous (passing into white posteriorly), the hindneck nar-
rowly barred with black and light vinaceous-brownish; back, scapu-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 821

lars, and wing-coverts grayish brown, and distal wing-coverts white
(forming a conspicuous elongated patch).

Range.—Dutch West Indies (islands of Cura¢ao, Aruba, ‘and Bon-
aire); Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela. (Monotypic.)

CROSSOPHTHALMUS GYMNOPHTALMOS (Temminck).

BARE-EYED PIGEON.

Adult male——Head and upper neck plain vinaceous-gray (more
grayish on occiput, more vinaceous on forehead), somewhat paler on
sides of head, still paler (pallid vinaceous-drab) on chin and throat;
hindneck darker, each feather with a narrow subapical bar of dull
black (passing into light gray on terminal edge), preceded by a light-
colored bar, these latter bars narrower and mostly whitish on upper
hindneck, broader and mostly (Gf not wholly) vinaceous on lower
hindneck; back, scapulars, wing-coverts (except outermost ones) and
proximal secondaries (tertials) drab, some of the feathers with indis-
tinctly paler margins; distal (outer) wing- coverts white or buffy white,
forming a conspicuous longitudinal patch or stripe on wing; remiges
(except proximal secondaries), primary coverts, and alule dull
blackish brown or dusky, the secondaries conspicuously margined
with white apically, the primaries less sharply margined with brown-
ish gray; rump clear light bluish gray (nearly gull gray) anteriorly,
becoming slightly deeper gull gray posteriorly, passing into nearly
mouse gray on upper tail-coverts and tail, the lateral rectices, how-
ever, with proximal half or more much paler (dull whitish), especially
on inner webs; under parts plain pale purple-drab anteriorly, passing
into light vinaceous-drab, tinged with light grayish vinaceous, pos-
teriorly, the posterior flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts white;
axillars and under wing-coverts light gull gray, the latter intermixed
with white, especially on posterior coverts; under surface of remiges
deep brownish gray; bill pink or flesh color (in life); iris orange to
orange-brown; papillose bare orbital space dark brownish red or
reddish brown, the narrow, smooth inner ring bluish gray (in life);
legs and feet red (in life) ; length (skins), 320-370 (344); wing, 186-203
(193.8); tail, 110-126 (117.1); culmen, 15.5-17 (16.1); tarsus, 25-28
(26.9); middle toe, 29-32.5 (31).¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but averaging decidedly
duller, the head, neck, and under parts grayer (less vinaceous), the
pinkish bars on lower hindneck usually somewhat paler, sometimes
less sharply defined; length (skins), 300-345 (822); wing, 180-190.5

@ Nine specimens,
1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7-16——21

322 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(185.5); tail, 103-121 (112.5); culmen, 13.5-18 (15.9); tarsus, 24-27

(25.6) middle toe, 28.5-33 (30.1).%

Young:—Resembling the adult female, but whole hindneck plain
light brownish gray or else with narrow dull whitish or pale pinkish

bars but no black bars.

Arid Caribbean coast district of Venezuela (Porlamaér; Tocuyo) and
Colombia (Barranquilla; Taganga, Gaira, and Donjaro, Santa Marta),
and adjacent islands of Curagao, Aruba, Bonaire, Margarita, and
‘Blanquilla; St. Thomas, Greater Antilles Gntroduced 2).

(2?) Columba (corensis) Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Végel, 1784, 31 Moro, Vene-

zuela).—Gmeun, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 783.
[Columba] corensis LATHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 605.—Cuuss, Birds 8. Am., i,

1912, 15 (crit. nomencl.).

Columba corensis BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1792, 245.
Columba gymnophialmos TemMinck and Kyr, Pigeons, i i, seconde fam., 1808-11,
48 [112], pl. 18, excl. syn. (no locality given). —Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig.

et Gallin., i, 1813, 225.

Clolumba] gymnophthalmos TemMINncK, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 461

(“India”).

[Columba] gymnophthalmos Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 234, no. 9266.
Columba gymnophthalmus StePHEens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 6.—Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 31 (South America). Harmer,
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iii, 1892, p. xii (Curacao; Aruba; Bonaire); Novit.
Zool., ix, 1902, 305 (Curacao; Aruba; Bonaire).
Columba gymnophthalma SctaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, 239 (no. of eggs);
1869, 627 (breeding in captivity).—AtLEeNn, Bull. Am, Mus. N. H., xiii,
1900, 129 (Taganga, Santa Marta, Colombia). —Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 304,
(Aruba; crit.), 322 (Curacao; crit.; habits), 332 (Bonaire). —Cony, Pub. 137,
Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 198 (Aruba), 205 (Curacao), 210 (Bonaire), 240 (Mar
garita I., Venezuela). —Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 269
(Curagao; Aruba; Bonaire).—Rosinson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896,
658 (Margarita L; habits).—Ricumonp, "Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896,

658 (Margarita I.; crit.; descr. female).

. @ Ten specimens.
Ex- .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus,| Middle
: culmen
MALES,

One adult male from St. Thomas, Greater Antilles............. 203 126 17 27 8L5
Three adult males from Curacao Island.........-.......-22.. -.) 190 113 16.2] 26.5 30.5
One adult male from Aruba Island.................000. 0c eee ee 194 T1B fewsecanne 27.5 al
One adult male from Margarita Island.........22.2...0........ 106 121 15.5 28 82
One adult male from coast of Venezuela (Tocuyo)............. 192 113 16 26 30
One adult male from unknown locality......2....222.0..2020-- 194.5 | 121 NG ee cis [ine cresinat
One adult male from coast of Colombia (Santa Marta)......... 195 121 16 27

FEMALES,
One adult female from Bonaire Island............20200-0.0.00e 182.5 | 109 17 24.5 29.5
Three adult females from Curacao Island....................0-. 184 114 15.7 25.3 29.8
One adult female from Margarita Island....................... 190.5] lt 16 26 33
One adult femalo from coast of Venezuela (Tocuyo)........... 186 112 16.5 27 29
Four adult females from coast of Colombia (Barranquilla and

Bani lay Marth) io a cicss avacsisnnn.cist eee say ch sececaeeeenieemen 186.1 17 | 25.7 30

113.1

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 323

Clolumba] gymnophthalma ScuaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,
148 (color of bill).

[Columba] gymnophthalma Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132.—
SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 69.—Forses and Rozrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.,
ii, 1900, 132.

Columba gymnopthalma Roxsinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 164 (Cura¢ao).

Picazurus gymnophthalmus Dus Murs, in Chenu’s Enc. d’Hist. Nat., Ois., vi,
1854(?), 39. :

[Crossophthalmus] gymnophthalmos Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 55.—REIcH-
ENBACH, Tauben, i, 1862, 66; ii, 1862, 172, pl. 2, fig. 23.

Crossophthalmus gymnophthalmus PrtzELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 274 (Brazilian
localities; crit. in footnote), 450.

[Crossophthalmus] gymnophthalmus Hrine and Reicnenow, Nom. Mus. Hein.
Orn., 1890, 276.

[Picazuros] gymnophthalmos Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 234, no. 9266.

Cfolumba] loricata (not of Lichtenstein, 1823) Wacier, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba,
sp. 53, part.

(?)Patagioenas loricata BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 294.

(?)Lepidoenas loricata ScuuEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 69
(“Brazil’’; ‘‘Paraguay’’).

a

Genus ENGNAS Salvadori.

Gnenas Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 248, in text (subgenus).
(Type, Columba nigrirostris Sclater.)

Medium-sized arboreal pigeons (length about 260-325 mm.) with
very small bill, greatly restricted bare orbital space, long and strongly
rounded tail (more than three-fourths as long as wing), relatively
small feet, and very plain coloration (uniform brown above, the
head, neck, and under parts purplish brown or drab).

‘Bill very small, the exposed culmen shorter than distance from
frontal antia to anterior angle of eye, slender (@. subvinacea) or
stout (Zi. nigrirostris); nasal operculi depressed, scarcely if at all
tumid, rather narrow; frontal antia but little if any anterior to
malar antie. Wing rather long and pointed, the longest primaries
exceeding distal secondaries by at least one-third the length of wing;
third, or second, third and fourth, primaries (from outside) longest,
the first equal to or shorter than fifth; longer primaries rather nar-
row terminally, the two outer (@. subvinacea) or outermost only
(Z’. nigrirostris) with inner web very faintly sinuated; distal second-
aries with exposed portion more than twice as long as exposed por-
tion of greater coverts (Z. subvinacea) or less than one and a quarter
times as long (Z. nigrirostris). Tail more than three-fourths as long
as wing (nearly four-fifths as long in @. subvinacea), strongly rounded
(the graduation equalling about one-ninth the total length in @. nigri-
rostris, nearly one-fifth in @. subvinacea), the rectrices rather broad,

824 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

with broadly rounded tips, and moderately rigid. Tarsus decidedly
shorter than middle toe (without claw), the upper third (more or less)
feathered in front, the acrotarsium with a single series of large trans-
verse scutella on the upper part (of unfeathered portion), the lower
part with a double series of large hexagonal scales, the planta tarsi
covered with small, rather indistinct hexagonal scales; toes slender,
the middle one decidedly longer than tarsus (in ratio of 1.15 to 1.18
to 1), the lateral toes decidedly shorter, with claws falling short of
base of middle claw, the outer toe slightly longer than the inner;
hallux thicker than lateral toes, much longer than basal phalanx of
middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head, neck, and under parts
blended; bare orbital space very restricted, distinct only beneath
eye, where narrow. Coloration plain brown above, the head, neck,
and under parts lighter purplish brown or purplish drab; no white
in plumage nor bluish gray on rump, axillars, or under wing-coverts.

Range.—Southeastern Mexico to the Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia, and
Peru. (Seven or more forms.?)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF @NG@NAS.0

a. Larger (wing 165 or more, averaging 170 or more).

b. Inner webs of remiges grayish brown, without cinnamomeous tinge; back, etc.,
grayish brown or olive-brown; under parts only faintly (sometimes not at all)
vinaceous. (Gnenas plumbea.)

c. Back, etc., deep brownish gray; under parts lighter brownish gray, without
vinaceous tinge; bill and feet larger; wing, 178; tail, 137.2; exposed culmen,
15.5; tarsus, 27.5; middle toe, 28.5.¢ (Southern Brazil; Paraguay.)

Cncenas plumbea plumbea (extralimital).¢

«These include at least three species, but just how many can not be ascertained
without study of much more ample material than I have been able to examine.

b The measurements given in this key are the averages of all the specimens of each
form, irrespective of sex.

¢ Until this most puzzling group can be carefully studied from ample material it
can not be stated with certainty how many definable forms there really are, nor how
many specific types are represented. The arrangement here given can only be con-
sidered as an attempt to clear up, to some extent, the existing confusion, though con-
clusions based on inadequate material must, necessarily, be subject to future revision.

@ Columba plumbea Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 358 (Brazil);
Salvadori, Oat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 323, part (in synonymy, and references
pertaining to southern Brazilian localities)—C[olumba] plumbea plumbea Hartert,
Novit. Zool., ix, Dec., 1902, 602, in text.—Leptoptila plumbea Reichenbach, Av. Syst.
Nat., 1852, p. xxv, fig. 1262.—[Chloroenas] plumbea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii,
1857, 58 (Brazil).—Chloroenas plumbea Berlepsch, Journ. fir Orn., 1874, 241, part
(Minas Geraes, Santa Ana dos Alegros, Paracutu, Rio Belmonte, etc., s. Brazil; syn-
onymy; range; crit.).—Lepidoenas plumbea Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35
(Columbae), 1873, 70 (Brazil).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 825

cc. Back, etc., olivaceous grayish brown or chaetura drab; neck and under parts
strongly tinged with vinaceous; bill and feet smaller.

d. Back, etc., lighter olivaceous grayish brown (not darker than chaetura
drab), the tail purplish grayish brown or bronzy grayish brown; under parts
lighter.

e. Darker.
jf. Head, neck, and under parts darker, more purplish, vinaceous; wing,
176.8; tail, 130.8; exposed culmen, 14.2; tarsus, 23.2; middle toe,
25.7. (Eastern Brazil, in Provinces of Bahia and Pernambuco, to
British Guiana and eastern Peru.)
Cncenas plumbea locutrix (extralimital).o
ff. Head, neck, and under parts lighter, more pinkish, vinaceous; wing,
180.4; tail, 189.4; exposed culmen, 15.3; tarsus, 22.6; middle toe,
25.6. (Northern Peru to Eastern Andes of Colombia.)
Gncenas plumbea propinqua (extralimital).6
ee. Paler. (Western Brazil; Bolivia; southeastern Peru?.)
ncenas plumbea pallescens (extralimital).¢
dd. Back, etc., dark chaetura drab to dark fuscous, the-tail nearly black; under
parts darker; wing, 176.5; tail, 139.7; exposed culmen, 15.4; tarsus,
23.4; middle toe, 26.1. (Andes of northern Ecuador.)
ncenas plumbea chapmani (extralimital).@
bb. Inner webs of remiges more or less cinnamomeous or wood brown; head, neck,
and under parts strongly vinaceous; back, etc., chestnut-brown; wing, 171.1;
tail, 183.7; exposed culmen, 13.2; tarsus, 22.4; middle toe, 25.2. (Colombia
to eastern Ecuador and Bolivia) ......-.. Gncenas bogotensis (extralimital).¢
aa, Smaller (wing less than 165, averaging very much less).
b. Back, etc., decidedly brown or rufescent brown. (Ginenas subvinacea.)
c. Back, etc., averaging more rufescent; size averaging larger; wing, 162.3; tail,
122.8; exposed culmen, 18.9; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 24.1. (Costa Rica and
PanaMA))..-<c2.saeraraceewawaae ss ncenas subvinacea subvinacea (p. 326).

@ Columba locutrix Maximilian, Reis. Bras., ii, 1821, 118, 213 (Ilhéos, Prov. Bahia,
e. Brazil; type now in coll. Am. Mus. N. H.); Temminck, Pl. Col., livr. 28, 1823,
pl. 166 and text; Knip and Prévost, Pig., ii, 1838-43, 80, pl. 44; Allen, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 290 (crit.).—P[eristera] locutriz Hartlaub, Syst. Verz., 1844,
99.—Janthoenas locutrix Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv, fig. 1271.—
Ch{loroenas] locutriz Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 63 (Bahia);
ii, 1862, 172, pl. 2, fig. 21.—C[olumba] infuscata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berlin
Mus., 1823, 66 (Bahia, e. Brazil; coll. Berlin Mus.).— Macropygia infuscata Swainson,
Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 349.—?Chloroenas infuscata Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras.,
iii, 1856, 292 (Novo Friborgo, s. Brazil).—(?)Columba plumbea baert Hellmayr, Novit.
Zool., xv, no. 1, June 25, 1908, 91 (Goyaz, e.-centr. Brazil; coll. Tring Mus.).

6 Columba plumbea propinqua Cory, Pub. 182, Field Mus. N. H. (Orn. Ser., i, no. 8),
Feb. 23, 1915, 205 (Moyabamba, n. e. Peru; coll. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.).

¢ Columba plumbea pallescens Snethlage, Journ. fiir Orn., lvii, Heft 1, Jan., 1908, 22
(Bom Lugér, Rio Purts, w. Brazil; coll. Mus. Goeldi).—[Columba] pallescens Bra-
bourne and Chubb, Birds South Am., i, Dec., 1912, 16.

I have not seen this form and therefore can not give its differential characters
with more exactness.

@ New subspecies. Type, no. 123812, coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., adult male,
Gualea, Prov. Pichincha, n. Ecuador, June 23, 1913; W. B. Richardson, collector.

€ Columba plumbea Vieil. ‘subsp. n. bogotensis”? Berlepsch and Leverkiihn, Ornis,
vi, Heft 1, Jan. (?), 1890, 32 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Kiel Mus.).—Columba plumbea
bogotensis Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, Dec., 1902, 602 (Paramba, n. w. Ecuador; crit.).

826 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ce. Back, etc., duller (less rufescent).brown; averaging smaller.

d. Larger; back, etc., more rufescent.

e. Coloration slightly duller; wing and tail shorter; wing, 151.2; tail, 121.6;
exposed culmen, 12.6; tarsus, 20.9; middle toe, 23.3. (Colombia and
western Ecuador) ...... Cncenas subvinacea berlepschi (extralimital).a

ee. Coloration slightly brighter; wing and tail longer, bill shorter; wing, 160;

tail, 127; exposed culmen, 11.5; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 24. (Western
Venezuela) .........------- ncenas subvinacea zuliz (extralimital).d
dd. Smaller; back less rufescent; wing, 149; tail, 116.5; exposed culmen, 11.7;
tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 22.7. (Paria Peninsula, northeastern Ven-
ezuela.).-..---------- Gncenas subvinacea peninsularis (extralimital).¢
bb. Back, etc., dark olive-brown or brownish-olive.
ce. Bill much thicker; hindneck more strongly vinaceous, in contrast with color
of back; wing longer, tail shorter; wing, 158.8; tail, 111.7; exposed cul-
men, 13.6; tarsus, 20.8; middle toe, 23.7. (Southern Mexico to Panama.)
Gneenas nigrirostris (p. 328).
cc. Bill much more slender; hindneck less strongly vinaceous in slight contrast
with color of back; wing shorter, tail longer.

d. Bill shorter and thicker; forehead less vinaceous; under parts of body
paler; smaller; wing, 148.4; tail, 113.2; exposed culmen, 11.4; tarsus, 20.6;
middle toe, 22.5. (Guianas; Venezuela; Curagao?; eastern Ecuador?;
northeastern Brazil?.) ........-...--.-- Gncenas purpureotincta (p. 331).

dd. Bill longer and more slender; forehead more vinaceous; under parts of body

darker; larger; wing, 153; tail, 119; exposed culmen, 13; tarsus, 20;
middle toe, 23.5. (Western Panamé4.)....Cincenas chiriquensis (p. 332).

C@NENAS SUBVINACEA SUBVINACEA (Lawrence).

RUDDY PIGEON.

Adult male.—Pileum between purple-drab and dark vinaceous-
gray, passing into a more decidedly vinaceous or purplish hue on
neck, this into bay or chocolate on upper back (sometimes whole
back), scapulars, and lesser (sometimes also middle and greater)
wing-coverts, the upper rump similar but usually slightly duller, the

@ Chlorenas rufina (not Columba rufina Temminck) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1859, 147 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador).—Columba subvinacea (not Chlorenas subvinacea
Lawrence) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 543 (Remedios, Antioquia,
Colombia); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 574 (w. Ecuador);
Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 123 (Guayaquil, Ecuador);
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1898, 826, part (Remedios, Colombia; Palla-
tanga, Monji, Balzar Mts., and Quito, Ecuador).—(??) Chlorenas vinacea (not Columba
vinacea Gmelin) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 48 (Huambo, n. e.
Peru).—Columba subvinacea berlepschi Hartert, Novit. Zool., v, no. iv, Dec. 31, 1898,
504 (Paramba, n. w. Ecuador, 3,500 ft. alt.; coll. Tring Mus.); ix, 1902, 602 (Paramha,
San Javier, and Pambilar, n. w. Ecuador, sea-level to 3,500 ft.).

b Columba subvinacea zuliz Cory, Pub. 182, Field Mus. N. H. (Orn. Ser., i, no. 8),
Feb. 23, 1915, 295 (Orope, Zulia, w. Venezuela; coll. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.).

¢Columba subvinacea peninsularis Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxxiv, May 27,
a. (Cristobal Colon, Paria, Peninsula, n. e. Venezuela; coll. Am. Mus. Nat.

ist.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 327

lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail burnt umber; secondaries
similar in color to wing-coverts but slightly duller; primaries, pri-
mary coverts, and alulea brownish dusky or dusky brown, the first
usually narrowly edged, more or less distinctly, with light brownish;
under parts vinaceous-drab, passing into vinaceous-buff or vinaceous-
fawn on chin and upper throat; axillars and under wing-coverts
brownish drab to deep cinnamon-drab, the under surface of remiges
more decidedly cinnamon-drab passing into grayish dusky termi-
nally; under surface of tail grayish brown (nearly benzo brown); bill,
including cere and rictus, entirely black;* eyelids, legs, and feet
deep lake red;* iris deep rose pink;* length (skins), 273-324 (306) ;
wing, 151-169 (163.2); tail, 104-137 (124.8); culmen, 13-15.5 (14.2);
tarsus, 19.5-23.5 (22.4); middle toe, 23-26 (24.6).°

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but slightly duller in
color, the chin and upper throat paler (sometimes buffy whitish), the
under parts of the body less purplish or vinaceous (nearly army
brown or deep fawn color); length (skins), 301-320 (307); wing,
160-163 (161.5); tail, 118-124.5 (120.9); culmen; 13.5-14 (13.7);
tarsus, 21.5-22 (21.6); middle toe, 22.5-25 (23.7).

Young.—Much duller in color than the adult fémale; upper parts
browner, except hindneck, which, together with sides of neck, is
brownish drab or grayish cinnamon-drab; wing-coverts and scapulars
tipped or terminally margined with dull orange-cinnamon, the feathers
of pileum, rump, and the upper tail-coverts similarly tipped with a
rather deeper shade of the same, those of the under parts narrowly
and indistinctly tipped with cinnamon.

Guatemala (Puerto Barrios); Costa Rica (Guayabo; Bonilla;
Coliblanco; Guacimo; Cachi; Turrialba; San Antonio; La Estrella

2 Fresh colors of specimens killed by the author at Guayabo and Bonilla, Costa
Rica.

b Thirteen specimens.

¢ Four specimens, from Costa Rica.

Ex- :
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus,| Middle
iculmen toe.
MALES.
Nine adult males from Costa Rica. .....-..2.2-.2-22202eeeeeeeee 161.8 | 123.3 14.1 22.1 24.4
Four adult males from western Panama.............---.------ 166.1] 128.2 14.2 23.1 25.1
FEMALES,
Four adult females from Costa Rica. .........2-22seeee cece e eee 161.5 | 120.9 13.7 21.6 23.7
One adult female from Ecuador (Bucay, Province of Guayuas)
=, s. berlepscht. ....22---- eee cence cence tenes e eee eee eeees 144 110.5 12 20

328 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

de Cartago; Azah4r de Cartago; Naranjo de Cartago; Volcién de
Trazi; San José; La Candelaria; Sarchi de Grécia; Las Trojas;
Barranca; Lagarto; Ujurras de Térraba; Pozo del Pital), and Panama
(Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui; Calovévora; Punta de Sabana).

Chioroenas subvinacea Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, 1868, 135
(Dota, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Savin, Ibis, 1869, 317 (crit.).—
Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 371 (San Antonio, Costa Rica).—Rowzey,
Orn. Misc., ili, pt. xii, 1878, 75, pl. 91.—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica,
1882, 28.

Columba subvinacea Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 217 (Calovevora, w.
Panama).—BovucarpD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 43 (La Candelaria, Costa
Rica).—ZeLepén, Anal. Mus.. Nac. ©. R., i, 1888, 127 (Las Trojas and
Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica).—CuErriz, Expl. Zool. Merid. C. R., 1893,
58 (Lagarto, s. w. Costa Rica); Expl. Zool. Rio Naranjo, 1893, 7 (Pozo del
Pital, s. w. Costa Rica).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 326,
part (Barranca and San Jose, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui and Calovevora,
Panama).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 23 (Boquete, 4,000
it., w. Panama).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr..Am., Aves, iii, 1902,
239, part (Dota Mts., San Jose, Barranca, San Antonio, Volcan de Irazu,
La Candelaria, Las Trojas, Naranjo de Cartago, Azahar de Cartago, and
Sarchi de Grecia, Costa Rica; Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui, Calovevora, and
Punta de Sabana, Panama.)—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 396
(Guayabo, Coliblanco, Bonilla, Las Trojas, Turrialba, Sarchi, La Estrella de
Cartago, Azahar de Cartago, Guacimo, Cachi, and Ujurras de Terraba, Costa
Rica). ;

[Columba] subvinacea Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 235, no. 9278.—ScLaTER and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132, part—Suarrr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 72,
part.

CENGNAS NIGRIROSTRIS (Sclater).

SHORT-BILLED PIGEON.

Adult male.—Pileum purple-drab (usually somewhat darker and
duller on occiput, lighter and more vinaceous on forehead), passing
into deep livid brown or brighter purple-drab, very faintly glossed
with purplish vinaceous, on nape and hindneck, and into lighter
purple-drab or vinaceous-drab on sides of head and neck, the hind-
neck sometimes with a more or less distinct roundish subterminal spot
of paler on both webs of each feather; rest of upper parts, including
remiges and tail, deep brownish drab to brownish fuscous, the upper
back (occasionally whole back and rump) sometimes much more
brownish (natal brown or between this and olive-brown) ; under parts,
including under tail-coverts, plain light vinaceous-drab or light
brownish drab to pinkish cinnamon-drab or light purplish sorghum
brown, the chin and upper throat usually somewhat paler; axillars
and under wing-coverts light pinkish brown (nearly sorghum brown),
the under surface of remiges nearly similar passing apically into dull
brownish gray or dusky; bill and cere black, the rictus dull reddish;*
eyelids lake red; iris pink, vinaceous, or rose color;* legs and feet

@¥resh colors of specimens obtained by the author in Costa Rica.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 82

lake red, the interspaces between scutella whitish;? length (skins
267-312 (272); wing, 152-168 (160.8); tail, 105-122 (113.1); culmer
12,5-14.5 (13.6); tarsus, 19-23 (21); middle toe, 22-25.5 (24).2

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and apparently not alway
distinguishable, but smaller and usually slightly duller in coloratio1
length (skins), 264-293 (277); wing, 152-163 (156.9); tail, 104-11
(110.4); culmen, 12.5-15 (13.6); tarsus, 19.5-22 (20.7); middle to
22-25 (23.4).

Young.—General color of head, neck, and under parts rusty brow
(walnut brown on pileum, fading, through pecan brown or cacao brow
on chest into dull orange-cinnamon or mikado brown on abdomen:
otherwise much as in adults but wing-coverts narrowly margine
terminally with rusty brown, and under tail-coverts rusty brow
terminally.

@ Fresh colors of specimens obtained by the author in Costa Rica.
6 Thirty-four specimens.
¢ Fourteen specimens.

Locality. Wing. | Tail. pena Tarsus,| Midd
culmen. ss
MALES.
Three adult males from Vera Cruz... ----| 161.2] 118.7 13.8 21.7 24
One adult male from Guatemala.................-.- ----| 166.5] 117 14 21 24
Four adult males from British Honduras ----p 161.5} 113 13.6 21 23
Two adult males from Honduras. .......----.222-..022220000-: 161.7 | 116.5 14 20. 5 23
Hight adult males from Nicaragua............-2---2-222-ee20-- 160.1 | 110.4 13.6 21.2 24
Ten adult males from Costa Rica ----{ 161.3] 114.5 13.7 20.6 24
Three adult males from western Panama ----} 161 112.3 13.2 21.5 23
Three adult males from middle Panama (Canal Zone).......-- 157.5 | 106.8 12.8 20.7 23
FEMALES,

One adult female from Vera Cruz............ wore 157 109 13.5 22 23
One adult female from Yucatan............. ----] 159 112.5 15 21.5 22
One adult female from Guatemala 160 111 13,5 20.5 24
One adult female from British Honduras 155.5 | 107 13 22 23
One adult female from Honduras............-.2---..e0eeeee eee 154 113 12.5 20 23
Three adult females from Nicaragua ----| 159.5] 108 14,2] 20.7 23
Four adult females from Costa Rica...........-...---+--- ----{ 156 113 13.5 20.2 23
Two adult females from middle Panama (Canal Zone) 155 108, 2 13. 2 20.7 24

While it is true that there is a tendency among more southern examples of th
species to a more brownish tone of coloration, the difference is far from being sufi
ciently constant to warrant their subspecific separation. The extremes of grayne
and brownness are shown in specimens from Guayabo, Costa Rica, while the seri
from Nicaragua and Panama, respectively, show both styles of coloration.

3380 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Buena Vista),
Oaxaca (La Lana), and Yucatan (20 miles from Camp Mengel, Quin-
tana Roo), and southward through Guatemala (Puerto Barrios; Los
Amates, Yzabél; Chocttim; Petén; Vera Paz), British Honduras
(Belize; forest near Manatee Lagoon), Honduras (Rio Roman; Rio
Segévia), Nicaragua (Colorado Junction; Rio Escondido; Rio Tuma;
Rio Grande; Matagalpa; Uluce and Sabala, Matagalpa; Pefia Blanca),
and Costa Rica (Bonilla; Guayabo; Juan Vifias; Guayabal; Guapiles;
Turrialba; Rio Reventazén; Rio Matina; Las Trojas; Naranjo de
Cartago; Sarchi de Grécia; Talamanca; Siptrio, Talamanca; Pigres;
Pozo del Pital; El Pozo de Térraba; Paso Real de Térraba; Boruca)
to Panama (Boquete, Bugaba, and Divala, Chiriqui; Lion Hill and
‘Rio Indio, Canal Zone).

Columba nigrirostris ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 390 (Oaxaca, s. Mexico;
coll. P. L. Sclater).—Sanvin, Ibis, 1865, 195 (Guatemala).—Ripeway, Proc.
U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 594 (Rio Segovia, Honduras; crit),—Sazvaport,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 322, part (s. Mexico; Choctum, Guatemala;
near Belize, Brit. Honduras).—Sazuvin and -Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, ili, 1902, 239, part (La Lana, Oaxaca; tierra caliente of Vera Paz and
Choctum, Guatemala; Belize, Brit. Honduras)—Drarsorn, Pub. 125, Field
Mus. N. H., 1907, 79 (Puerto Barrios and Los Amates, Guatemala).

Clolumba] nigrirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 235, no. 9277.—ScuaTerR and-
Sazvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132, part.—Smarrz, Hand-list, i, 1899, 72,

part.

[Columba] nigrirostris nigrirostris CaRRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 395,
396, in text. :

Columba nigrirostris nigrirostris Peters, Auk, xxx, 1913, 372 (Camp Mengel,
Quintana Roo). ‘

[Chloroenas] nigrirostris RnicHENBAcH, Tauben, ii, 1862, 171.—Hetne and Retcus-
now, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 277 (Peten and Vera Paz, Guatemala).

Chloroenas nigrirostris ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 78
(Guatemala).

Columba vinacea (not of Gmelin, 1789) Lawrence, Ann, Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 333
(Isth. Panama).

Columba nigrirostris Sctater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 370
(Isth. Panama; crit.; note); 1867, 280 (Bluefields R., Nicaragua).—
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 217 (Bugaba, w. Panarza; crit.).—
Zevepén, Anal. Mus. Nac. ©. R., i, 1888, 127 (Talamanca, Costa
Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 522 (Rio Escondido,
Nicaragua; habits).—Sazvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 322, part
(Turrialba, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Lion Hill, Panama).—Sanvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 239 (Rio Escondido and Bluefield,
Nicaragua; Turrialba, Talamanca, Rio Matina, Naranjo de Cartago, Las
Trojas, Rio Reventazon, Pozo del Pital, Sipurio, Sarchi de Grecia, Juan
Vifias, and Guayabal, Costa Rica; Divala, Bugaba, and Lion Hill, Panama).—
Banas, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292 (Boruca, El Pozo, and Paso Real de Terraba,
s. w. Costa Rica).—Frrry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., 1910, 261 (Guayabo,
Costa Rica).

[Columba] nigrirostris ScLaver and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132, part.—
Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 72, part.—Forsers and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, 1900, 134 (Panama).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 831

Chloroenas nigrirostris LawrEeNcE, Ann. Lyc.N. Y., ix, 1868, 135 (Costa Rica).—
Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 371 (Costa Rica).—Sanvin, Ibis, 1874,
455, in text (Guatemala).—ZeLepdén, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 28.

Columba nigrirostris brunneicauda CaRRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, Sept. 7,
1910, 395 (Guapiles, Costa Rica; coll. Carnegie Mus.),

(ENENAS PURPUREOTINCTA (Ridgway).
PURPLE-TINTED PIGEON.

Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck deep purple-drab to dark
vinaceous-drab, the sides of head and neck, together with foreneck
and chest, similar but slightly lighter (purple-drab, sometimes tinged
with deep or dark vinaceous-gray), passing on chin and upper throat
into buffy pale vinaceous-drab, becoming slightly paler and more gray-
ish posteriorly; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings
plain dark olive-brown or clove brown (sometimes tinged with bister),
the tail slightly darker and more bronzy or purplish brown, the pri-
maries (especially distal portion of longer quills) narrowly edged with
paler; axillars and under wing-coverts nearly similar in color to under
parts, but more or less tinged with cinnamon; under surface (inner
webs) of remiges dull wood brown passing into grayish brown distally;
bill black; iris heliotrope purple;* eyelids burnt carmine;¢ legs and
feet dark rose-purple or reddish rose-purple ;? length (skins), 255-265
(258); wing, 146.5-149.5 (148.4); tail, 111-116 (113.2); exposed
culmen, 11-11.5 (11.4); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.6); middle toe, 21-23.5
(22.5).°

French Guiana (Cayenne);* Dutch Guiana (Carimang River);
British Guiana (Demerara; Demerara River; Tumatumari, Potero
River; Bartica Grove; Camacusa; Roraima; Ourumle) and Venezuela
(Maipures; Rio Yuruén); island of Curacao?;? eastern Ecuadér;¢
upper Amazons;* northeastern Brazil (Rio Capim) ?

(2) Clolumba] cayennensis BonNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 234 (Cayenne;
based on Holandre, Abrégé d’Hist. Nat., ii, 214).f

Columba vinacea (not of Gmelin, 1789)9 Trmmincx, Les Pigeons, i, fam.
seconde, 1808-11, 87, pl. 41 (French Guiana); Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i,
1813, 303 (French Guiana).—StEPrHENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, part i, 1819,
84 (Guiana).—Satviy, Ibis, 1886, 173 (Roraima, Bartica Grove, and Camacusa,
Brit. Guiana).—(?) Gorxpr, Ibis, 1903, 499 (Rio Capim, n. e. Brazil).

@Four specimens; one of them (the type) not sexed, but the largest and brightest
colored of all, and therefore almost certainly a male.

b According to George K. Cherrie (Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 117).

¢ According to Count von Berlepsch.

@Count von Berlepsch records ‘‘ Columba plumbea” from Curacao, which probably
is this species.

¢ According to Hartert.

/ This is undoubtedly one of the forms of this group, but which particular one it is
impossible to decide from the description. :

g== Turtur vinaceus (Gmelin) Gray.

332 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Clolumba] vinacea Temuincr, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 477 (Guiana).—
Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxix, 1854, 1109.

Pleristera] vinacea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 476.—Reicnensacu, Syn. Av.
Novit., Columbariae, 1851, fig. 3384 (error 3389).

Tympanistria vinacea RercHENBacH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv.

Chloroenas vinacea BuURMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 292 (northern
Brazil).—Scutecet, Mus. Pays-Bas., iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 78, part
(‘“‘Amerique meridionale.’’)

[Chloroenas] vinacea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 53 (Guiana).

Ch{loroenas] vinacea REICHENBACH, Vollst. Naturg. Columbariae, i, 1861, 68, pl.
257b, fig. 3384 (Guiana); ii, 1862, 172.

Columba bicolor (not of Scopoli, 1786 2) ViemLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
xxvi, 1818, 345 (French Guiana; new name for C. vinacea Temminck, pre-
occupied?).

Columba plumbea (not of Vieillot, 1818) Satvin, Ibis, 1886, 173 (British Guiana).—
BERLersce, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 103 (Curagao).—Pzters, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1892, 113, in text (Curacao).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,
323, part (Rio Capim, n. e. Brazil?; Carimang River, Dutch Guiana; Cama-
cusa, Roraima, Bartica Grove, and Ourumle, British Guiana).

Columba purpureotincta Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 38, Sept. 19,
1888, 594, footnote (Demerara, British Guiana; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—
Beruerson and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 117 (Maipures, Venezuela;
e. Ecuador; upper Amazons; descr.; crit.).—Brriepscu, Novit. Zool., xv,
1908, 295 (Cayenne).

CNGNAS CHIRIQUENSIS Ridgway.
CHIRIQUI PIGEON.

Similar to @. purpureotincta but with longer bill, wing, and tail
(the first relatively more slender), color of head and neck more
vinaceous, and inner webs of remiges wholly grayish brown; similar
also to G@. nigrirostris but bill very much more slender, upper parts
more purplish (less olivaceous) brown, inner webs of remiges without
cinnamomeous (woodbrown) tinge, and color of under parts darker.

Adult (male?).—Forehead and anterior portion of crown between
vinaceous-drab and brownish drab, passing into deep brownish drab
on, posterior part of crown, occiput, and hindneck, the latter trans-
versely spotted (a pair of subterminal spots on each feather) with
purplish vinaceous or light vinaceous-lilac;> rest of upper parts dark
olive-brown or dark bister, passing into more purplish brown (nearly
light seal brown, somewhat tinged with bronzy) on rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail,’ the primaries darker and more grayish brown;
sides of head and neck, foreneck, and chest plain vinaceous-drab or
deep brownish drab, passing into deep vinaceous-buff or avellaneous
on chin and upper throat and into brownish drab on breast and more
posterior under parts, the under tail-coverts dark vinaceous-drab,

« = Myristicivora bicolor (Scopoli) Bonaparte.

5 These spots are probably not always present, as they are an inconstant feature in
other forms of this genus.

¢ This purplish hue is more pronounced in freshly grown feathers, and a few such
occur among the posterior scapulars and proximal greater wing-coverts.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 333

tinged with ‘brighter or clearer vinaceous-drab; axillars and under
wing-coverts nearly concolor with breast, but slightly tinged with
cinnamon; under surface (inner webs) of remiges grayish brown; bill
black; legs and feet pale brownish (probably purplish red in life) ;
length (skin), 272; wing, 153; tail, 119; exposed culmen, 13; tarsus,
20; middle toe, 23.5.4

Western Panama, (Chiriquf).

Ginenas chiriquensis Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, June 29, 1915, 139
(Chiriqui, Panama; coll. U. §. Nat. Mus.).)

Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson.

Ectopistes Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 362. (Type, as fixed by Swainson, 1827,
Columba migratoria Linnzus.)

Trygon > (not of Cuvier, 1817) Bream, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 495.
(Type, Columba migratoria Linnzus.)

Rather large arboreal pigeons (ength about 300-460 mm.) with tail
very long, graduated for more than half its length, the rectrices
(twelve in number) narrowed terminally and obtusely pointed; wing
long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries
by half the length of wing, the first and second primaries (from out-
side) longest; tarsus very slightly longer than middle toe (without
claw), and sexes distinctly different in color of under parts.

Bill relatively small, the length of exposed culmen about equal to
distance from its base to anterior angle of eye, or to length of lateral
toes; greatest depth of bill equal to much less than one-third the length
of exposed culmen, the maxillary unguis very slightly arched basally
and the gonydeal angle not prominent; nasal operculi very tumid;
frontal antia forming a minute double point, very slightly anterior to
malar antia. Wing long and very pointed, the longest primaries
exceeding distal secondaries by about half the length of wing, the
first and second primaries (from outside) longest; outermost primary
sinuated or slightly narrowed apically. Tail about as long as wing,
graduated for more than half its length, the rectrices (twelve in
number) becoming narrower terminally, especially the middle ones,
which are obtusely pointed, the lateral ones becoming successively
gradually broader at tip and less attenuated; the two middle pairs
about equal in length. Tarsus slightly longer than middle toe
(without claw), the extreme upper portion feathered in front, the
acrotarsium with two longitudinal rows of large, partly transverse,
partly hexagonal scutella, the planta tarsi covered with minute
roundish or hexagonal, rather indistinct, scales; middle toe very
slightly shorter than tarsus (the proportional length about 1 to 1.03);
inner toe slightly longer than the outer, its claw reaching to beyond
base of middle claw, that of the outer toe extending only to base of

@ One specimen (the type). b Tpvyav, the turtle dove. (Richmond.)

pod

3834 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

middle claw; hallux rather slender, about as long (without claw)
as basal phalanx and half of second phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head, neck, and under parts
soft and blended; bare orbital space moderately extended beneath
eye, narrow above. Adult male with head (except lower throat),
hindneck, and rump bluish-gray, the under parts russet-vinaceous
anteriorly passing through a lighter and more pinkish hue, into white
posteriorly, the upper parts gray and grayish-brown, blotched with
black on proximal wing-coverts, etc., the primaries edged with
cinnamon; inner webs of lateral rectrices with a spot or bar of black
preceded by another of cinnamon-rufous; sides of neck glossed with
metallic bronzy purple; adult female with anterior under parts
grayish-brown or drab, instead of vinaceous.

Range.—Deciduous forest region of eastern North America.
(Monotypic; the single species now extinct.)

ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIUS (Linnzus).

PASSENGER PIGEON.

Adult male.—Head, including nape, plain bluish-gray (dark gull-
gray to nearly slate-gray), paler on chin and upper throat; hind-
neck similar, but glossed, superficially, with golden or coppery bronze,
the sides of neck brilliant golden-bronze changing to metallic purple-
bronze; back slate-gray, more or less tinged with grayish-brown or
olive-brown; scapulars and proximal secondaries grayish-brown
(hair brown to light olive-brown), some of the former with a large
oblong or elliptical black spot (mostly concealed) on outer web, the
proximal posterior scapulars also with inner web more or less broadly
edged with black; proximal wing-coverts similar in color to scapulars, ,
but usually slightly (often distinctly) more grayish, passing on distal
coverts into slate-gray, the proximal coverts sometimes with a few
small elongated black spots or streaks; distal secondaries dull brown-
ish black or dusky, usually narrowly edged terminally with paler;
alulz, primary coverts, and primaries dark grayish-brown or dusky,
the last (except outermost) narrowly margined with dull whitish,
the edgings on outer web growing much broader basally, and often
vinaceous-tawny or orange-cinnamon, at least in part; lower back
and upper rump clear bluish-gray (deep to dark gull-gray), pass-
ing into more brownish-gray on upper tail-coverts; middle pair of
rectrices darker brownish-gray passing into dusky terminally; next
pair with outer web light gray, inner web white, the next three paizs
similar but with white of inner web passing into pale gray basally,
the outermost with outer web white—all (except middle pair) with a
sub-basal or post-median roundish black spot on inner web, preceded
by a spot of cinnamon-rufous; lower throat, foreneck, chest, breast
and sides plain russet-vinaceous or vinaceous-fawn color, passing into

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 335

white on abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts; axillars and
proximal under wing-coverts clear light bluish-gray (gull-gray or light
gull-gray), the distal under wing-coverts slate-gray; bill black; iris
scarlet or scarlet-vermilion; bare orbital space livid flesh color; legs
and feet lake-red, or pinkish-red ;* length (skins), 361-459 (412); wing,
196.5-214.5 (204.9); tail, 173-211 (193.5); culmen, 15-18 (16.7);
tarsus, 26-29 (27.4); middle toe, 26.5-29.5 (27.7).°

Adult female.—Distinctly duller in plumage than the adult male,
the head more brownish-gray, the back, scapulars, and proximal
secondaries more decidedly brownish, the scapulars and wing-coverts
more numerous spots or more heavily spotted with black; the vina-
ceous-fawn color of the foreneck and rest of under parts replaced by
light drab, passing into pale, drab-gray on breast and sides, and
metallic gloss of hindneck and sides of neck less brilliant; iris orange
or orange-red; bare orbital space pale grayish-blue; legs and feet paler
lake-red than in adult male; length (skins), 290-428 (352); wing,
175-210 (198.1); tail, 141.5-194.5 (176.6); culmen, 15-18.5 (16.9);
tarsus, 25.5-28.5 (27.1); middle toe, 25-28.5 (26.6).°

@ Fresh colors of specimens bought in Washington Market, Mar. 26, 1870.

b Twenty-three specimens. ¢ Seventeen specimens.

mae Miad
: : ; 0SO le

Locality. Wing. | Tail. Pose Tarsus.| "460,

men.
MALES.

One adult male from New Brumswick...........-.-------62+-- 206 193 16 28 27.5
One adult male from Moaine.......- 2.2.0. eee eee eee eee eee 205.5 209.5 16.5 28.5 28.5
Two adult males from Massachusetts. ..... Peer --| 206 199.7 16.7 28 26.5

Two adult males from New York........ ages --| 205.5] 189 17.5 28.2 28.2
Two adult males from Pennsylvania 203.2) 193.7 17.5 27.5 27

One adult male from Georgia....... --| 207 182. doesiagek 28.5 28.5
Two adult males from Indiana............-. waa --| 202.5] 198.5 17.2 26.7 23

Five adult males from Wisconsin. aires aeee --| 209 187.5 16.8 28 27.9
Two adult males from Minnesota.......- aise --| 201.5} 199.5 16.2 28. 2 27.5
Two adult males from Indian Territory. . emaciee --| 203.7] 186.5 15 28.5 28.5
One adult male from Nebraska.......-.-..-- --| 201 202 17.5 26.5 27.5

One adult male from Montana? (Pack River) 205 200 16.5 26.5 26.5
One adult male from “‘California”...........-..- eee e eee ee eee 200 203 16.5 27.5 27.5
FEMALES.
One adult female from northern Ontario (Moose Factory). ...-. 193 172 17 26 25
One adult female from Quebec (Chambly)..........-.------++- 205 175 16 27.5 28.5
One adult female from New York....-.... ststeia --| 200 180.7 17 27.2 26.5
One adult female from New Jersey.....--...--.2--2 2. eee eee eee 210 194.5 16 27.5 25
One adult female from Pennsylvania..........---..--2--02-2e- 205.5 | 183 17.5 27 26.5
One adult female from Maryland sey --| 196 186 17 28.5 26.5
One adult female from District of Columbia.................-. 175 154.5 16.5 25.5 25.5
One adult female from North Carolina............----------+-- 195 168 16 27 27.5
One adult female from Kentucky............ : --| 185 M15) 17.5] 285 27
Two adult females fr6m Indiana... 205.1 | 177 17.2| 28.2 27.7
One adult female from Michigan..........--.-------0--+--22--+ 197 181 18 27 26

Two adult females from Wisconsin............-----
One adult female from Washington (Puget Sound). .

198.5) 175 16 25.7 26
205 175 16 27.5 28.5

336 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young (sexes alike) —Somewhat like the adult female but scapu-
lars, wing-coverts, and feathers of foreneck and chest tipped with
dull whitish, and primaries broadly margined with cinnamon or
avellaneus, the shorter quills with distal portion of outer webs almost
wholly of this color; iris pinkish cream color or brownish with an
outer ring of red; legs and feet pale pinkish brown to pale dull
salmon-pink, the scutella more brownish.

Now extinct, the last living specimen having died in the Cincinnati
Zoological Garden, September 1, 1914. Formerly perhaps the most
numerous of all birds, inhabiting practically the whole forested area
of eastern North America, breeding northward to middle western
Mackenzie (Fort Norman), Keewatin (Severn River; Fort Churchill,
prior to 1845), northern Ontario (Moose Factory), Quebec (Point de
Monts; Chambly), northern Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia,
southward to Kansas, northern Mississippi, Kentucky, and Pennsyl-
vania; migrating southward to the Gulf coast (Florida to Texas),
casually to Cuba (near Havana), eastern Mexico (Puebla; Jalapa and
Orizaba, Vera Cruz), and Guatemala (near Guatemala City) ?; west-
ward, regularly, along the Missouri River to eastern Montana and to
western Texas (Frio Canyon, Tom Green County, 1881), accidentally
to Nevada (West Humboldt Mts., Sept. 10, 1867), Wyoming (Horse-
shoe Creek, 40 miles west of Laramie, Sept. 16, 1859), eastern Oregon
(Pack River, June 17, 1861), western Washington (Puget Sound, June
29, 1859), and British Columbia. Accidental in British Islands (six
records), France, Austria, Norway, Russia, and Bermudas.

[Columba] macroura Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 164, part (as based
on Palumbus migratorius Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, 23, pl. 23).

Ectopistes macrourus Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, Feb. 26, 1906, 44 (dis-
cussion of nomenclature on p. 43).

Ectopistes macrura Covzs, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, July 29,
1878, 628 (Pembina and Turtle Mt., North Dakota, May-July; Rocky Mts.,
lat. 49°, Aug. 23).

E{ctopistes] macrura JonpAN, Man. Vertebrates, 4th ed., 1884, 116.

[Columba] canadensis Linnazus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12,1, 1766, 284 (=female; based on |
Turtur canadensis Brisson, Orn., i, 118).—Guetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789,
785.—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 618.

Columba canadensis Temmincr, Cat. Syst., 1807, 141; Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin.,
i, 1813, 346.—Vremxot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 377.

Ectopistes canadensis CovEs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, April, 1880, 100, in text.

[Columba] migratoria Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 285 (=adult male;
Canada and South Carolina; based on Palumbus migratorius Catesby, Nat.
Hist. Carolina, i, 23, pl. 23; etc.).—Gmguin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 789.—
LatTHaM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 612.

Columba migratoria Temminck and Knrr, Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11,
pls. 48, 49.—Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 102, pl. 44, fig. 1.—Tsmmincx,
Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1818, 346; Man. d’Orn., iv, 1840, 309.—Viemor,
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 369.—SrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
xi, 1819, 93,—Bonaparts, Ann, Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 120—AupDUBON,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 837

Edinb. Journ. Sci., xii, 1831, 473; Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 319, pl. 62; v, 1839,
551.—Novrratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 629; 2d ed.,
1840, 761.—YarnreEwt, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 272 (Westhall, Fifeshire,
Scotland, accidental).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 112 (Cuba).—
Wuuis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst., 1858, 284 (Nova Scotia; ‘‘sometimes very
_ abundant”),

Columba ... migratoria Forster, Philos. Mag., xii, 1772, 398 (Severn R., Keewatin).

C[olumba] migratoria Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 486.—Bona-
PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 264 (Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn.,
1826, 123).

Ectopistes migratoria Seipy, Nat. Libr., Pigeons, 1835, 177, pl. 19.—Bonaparte,
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 194; Birds Am.,
oct. ed., v, 1842, 25, pl. 285.—Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 87 (Bermudas?).—
Hourois, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 37 (Bermudas, accidental) —Barrp,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 600; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
448.—Gunpacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 348 (Havana, Cuba); 1861, 416
(Cuba); 1874, 300 (Cuba).—Coorrer and Sucxiey, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 218 (Fort Laramie, Wyoming; Milk R., Montana),—
Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 8 (int. Brit. America); 1863, 121 (Fort Carlton,
Saskatchewan R.; Fort Norman, lat. 65° N., Mackenzie R.; flight)—Vzr-
Rit, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 151 (Oxford Co., Maine, common sum-
mer res.).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 122 (Brit.
Columbia).—Coorer, Orn. Calif., 1870, 509 (Puget Sound).—_Rmeway, Bull.
Essex Inst., v, 1873, 178 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada, 1 spec., Sept. 10,
1867); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 596 (West Humboldt Mts.); Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., iii, 1880, 195; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 459—Bairp, Brewer,
and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 8368.—Couzs, Birds North-
West, 1874, 387 (mouth of Big Sioux R.; above mouth of Little Yellowstone
R.; Turtle Mt., Red R., etc., North Dakota; range; habits; synonymy). —
GRINNELL (G. B.), in Ludlow’s Rep. Recon., 1876, 83 (Missouri R., Montana,
July).—Sancnzz, Anal, Mus. Nac. Mexico, i, 1878, 104 (Valley of Mexico;
Puebla; Jalapa; Orizaba)—Mzarns, Bull. Essex Inst., xii, 1881, 128 (Hud-
son Highlands, New York, resident).—NzruRuineG, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 174 (s. e. Texas; abundant in Sept. and Oct., 1881)—Rex, Bull.

* U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 224 (Bermudas, 2 specs., 1 on Oct. 24, 1863).—
Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 245 (Moose Factory, n. Ontario,
Aug. 16, 1860).

Efctopistes] migratoria Kryszruine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixii,
198.—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 382 (Illinois).

[Ectopistes] migratoria Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 59.—Gunpiacu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 302 (Cuba).—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 24.

Efctopistes] migratorius Rutcuensacu, Volls. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 81, pl.
249, figs. 1377-1379.—Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 471—Maxmran, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1858, 423 (descr., habits, etc.) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,
1884, 566.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887 (and 2d ed., 1896), 212.

Ectopistes migratorius Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 216 (Bermudas).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (vic. New York City).—DreLanp
and Gersz, Orn. Europ., ii, 1867, 12.—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 370;
2d ed., 1882, no. 543; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 99 (crit. nomencl.),—
Bamp, Brewer and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, pl. 57, fig. 4.—
d’Hamonvute, Ois. Europ., 1876, 42 (England; Norway; Russia).—Dat-
atzisH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 144 (6 British, 1 Norwegian, and 1

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——22

338

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Austrian record).—Tuompson (F. G.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 122
(breeding in confinement).—BatcHELpER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882,
151 (Great Falls, New Brunswick, breeding)—Mznrziam, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vii, 1882, 238 (Point de Monts, Quebec, rare visitant)—SaunpExs,
ed Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1882, 26—AmzRican ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 315; 3rd ed., 1910, 148.—
Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 153 (Manitoba, common summer resid.).—Cory, Auk,
iv, 1887, 113 (West Indian references and localities); Birds West Ind., 1889,
214; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97 (Cuba).—Liovp, Auk, iv, 1887, 187 (Frio
Canyon, Tom Green Co., Texas; ‘immense roost” in winter of 1881).—Brew-
ster, Auk, vi, 1889, 285-291 (habits and geog. range).—Ripeway, Orn. Iili-
nois, i, 1889, 497.—Cuarxe, Auk, vii, 1891, 322 (Fort Churchill, Kewatin,
prior to 1845).—Tuompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 522 (localities in
Manitoba).—Bznopire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (i), 1892, 132 —Sazvaport,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 369 (Fort Dufferin, Manitoba; District of
Columbia; Lyons Falls, Adirondack Mts., and Big Otter Lake, New York;
Grantville, Massachusetts; etc.).—Gavuxt, Auk, xii, 1895, 80 (breeding at
Hickory, Aitkin Co., Minnesota, in 1894; last record for Glen Ellyn, Illinois,
Sept. 4, 1892)—Dzanz, Auk, xii, 1895, 298 (additional records for Illinois
and Indiana); xiii, 1896, 81 (recent Illinois and Wisconsin records), 234 (habits
in confinement); xiv, 1897, 316 (Oregon Co., 8. Missouri, flock of 50 in 1896;
headwater of Au Sable R., Michigan, a few nesting in 1896; e. Chippewa Co:,
Missouri, a few in 1896); xv, 1898, 184 (w. shore Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin,
several flocks Aug. 14, 1897; near Lake Butte des Morts, Wisconsin, flock o!
25 last of August, 1897; near Cook, Johnson Co., Nebraska, flock of 75-10(
Aug. 17, 1897); xxv, 1908, 181-183 (habits, etc., in confinement).—Dunn,
Auk, xii, 1895, 389 (Chicago, Illinois, 1 spec. Sept. 3, 1891; near Liverpool,
Indiana, flock of 15 April 8, 1894, and 1 spec. March 14, 1894; Berrion Co.,
Michigan, flock of about 20, May 27, 1894).—CHapman, Auk, xiii, 1896, 341
(Englewood, New Jersey, 1 spec. June 23, 1896).—Hotuster, Auk, xiii,
1896, 341 (Delavan Lake, s. Wisconsin, 1 spec. Sept. 8, 1896); Wilson Bull.
no. 12, 1897, 4 (same occurrence).—Burns, Wilson Bull., no. 12, 1897, 1
(Chester Co., Pennsylvania, none seen since previous to 1882); xii, 1910, 47-46
(status in e. Pennsylvania).—Jonnson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 88 (Lewis Co., New
York, flock of about 300, May 22, 1896).—Jonzs, Wilson Bull., no. 22, 1898,
61 (Lorain Co., Ohio, not recorded since about 1883).—Ruoaps, Auk, xvi,
1899, 310 (recent Pennsylvania records).—CoBEaux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 2%
(s. Saskatchewan, in migration)—Bzyrr, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-96
(1900), 98 (Louisiana; formerly occasional visitant in severe winters).—SaL
vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 240 (Puebla, Jalapa, and
Orizaba, Vera Cruz; near City of Guatemala?).—Fizemine, Auk, xx, 1903
66 (recent records, chiefly Canadian)—Wavynz, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 61 (nea
Charleston, South Carolina, Nov. 21, 1885).—TavERNER and Swatss, Wilsor
Bull., no. 60, 1907, 91 (Point Pelee, Ontario, extirpated about 1882).—Mc
Connex, Wilson Bull., no. 65, 1908, 214 (great destruction by storm in n

“Michigan; “thousands” near St. Clairsville, Belmont Co., Ohio, in Sept.

1898).—Macxay, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 261 (status in e. Massachusetts in 184!
and 1848).—Craie, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 408-427 (expressions of emotion).—
Wnieut (A. H.), Auk, xxviii, 1911, 427-449 (early records).—Hopexr, Auk
xxix, 1912, 169-175 (results of efforts to ascertain, present existence of species).—
Pennocx, Auk, xxix, 1912, 238 (Herkimer Co., New York, breeding ix
1878).—Cooxz, Auk, xxix, 1912, 539 (near Q’u Appelle, Saskatchewan.
July, 1859; near Lobstick R., Alberta, Aug. 22, 1859).—AtiEn (G. M.), Auk
xxx, 1913, 24 (Essex Co., Massachusetts, last seen in 1888),—HaTHAWAY

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 339

Auk, xxx, 1913, 553 (Rhode Island data; last seen in State Sept. 25, 1888).—
Suuretpt, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 358-362, pl. 34 (osteology).

[Ectopistes} migratorius Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 235, no. 9281.—Couzs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 226.—Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 76.—ForpEs and RoBin-
son, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 137 (Soldiers’ Home, [District of] Columbia;
Nebraska).—RertcHensacu, Syn. Av., Columbariae, 1847, figs, 1377-1379;
Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv; Tauben, i, 1862, 81, pl. 249, figs. 1877-1379; ii,
1862, 176.

[Ectopistes migratorius] Wricut (A. H.), Auk, xxviii, 1911, 346-366 (early records).

Columba (Ectopistes) migratoria Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 363.

Trygon migratoria Baru, Handb. Natiirg. Vig. Deutschl., 1831, 495; Naumannia,
1855, 286; Végelf., 1855, 258.

Turtur migratorius SCHLEGEL, De Dierent., 1864, 305.

Peristera migratoria ScutEGrL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 142
(Philadelphia; New Jersey; Rockport, Ohio; Wisconsin).

Columba histrio MiutEr, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 134 (new name for C. migratoria
Linneeus).

Columba ventralis Mutter, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 134 (new name for C. canaden-
sis Linneus).

Trygon gregaria BrnuM, Naumannia, 1855, 286; Végelf., 1855, 258.

Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte.

Zenaidura Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, xl, Jan., 1855, 96. (Type, by original
designation, Columba carolinensis Linnzeus.)

Zenzdura (emendation) Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 226.

Perissura® Capanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1856, 111, 112. (New name to replace
Zenaidura Bonaparte, on grounds of purism.)

Rather small arboreal pigeons (ength about 235-340 mm.) with
tail less than three-fourths as long as wing (in Z. yucatanensis) to as
long as or longer than wing (in Z. macroura), strongly graduated, con-
sisting of fourteen relatively narrow and tapering rectrices; tarsus not
longer (sometimes slightly shorter) than middle toe (without claw);
second or second and third primaries (from outside) longest, the first
(outermost) longer than fifth, sometimes equal to third; a small
black subauricular spot, black spots on proximal secondaries, and a
black bar across middle portion of lateral rectrices.

Bill small and slender, the length of exposed culmen about equal
to that of outer toe (without claw) and about four times the greatest
depth of bill, the maxillary unguis very slightly arched, the gonydeal
angle not prominent; frontal feathering forming an obtuse angle
(antia) little in advance of nasal operculum, the malar antia extend-
ing slightly farther, the mental antia falling slightly short of anterior
end of nasal operculi, the latter moderately broad and tumid. Wing
rather long, pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal second-
aries by about half the length of wing; second or second and third
primaries (from outside) longest, the first (outermost) longer than
fifth, sometimes equal to third. Tail more than two-thirds (nearly
three-fourths) as long as wing to a little longer than wing, graduated

6“Von repiooés tiberviel, tther das gewohnliche Maass hinaus.”” (Cabanis.)

340 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

from about one-third to one-half its length, the fourteen rectri
becoming narrower distally, the middle ones, at least, obtus:
pointed. Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than middle toe withc
claw (the proportion being 1 to 1 to 88 to 1), the upper portion (
cluding tibio-tarsal joint) entirely bare, the acrotarsium covered
a single row of broad transverse scutella, the planta tarsi with sm
hexagonal scales; lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, t
claw of the inner reaching about to base of middle claw, the outer t
a little shorter; hallux (without claw) about as long as basal phala
and half of second phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head, neck, and under pa
soft and blended; bare orbital space moderate, broadest beneath ey
Coloration plain, the proximal secondaries (sometimes adjace
wing-coverts and scapulars also) spotted with black; rectrices (exce
middle pair) with a black band across post-median portion, t
apical portion paler gray than basal portion, sometimes white;
small black subauricular spot; adult males with head, neck, and an
rior under parts more or less vinaceous and sides of neck glossed wi
metallic purple.

Range.—Temperate and tropical North America, including W:
Indies. (Three, possibly four, species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ZENAIDURA. *

a. Secondaries not tipped with white.

b. Tarsus less than 24 mm.; under parts not darker nor more reddish than vinaceo
fawn color, fading into pinkish buff to buffy white on under tail-cove
apical portion of lateral rectrices white. (Zenaidura macroura.)

c. Smaller (wing averaging less than 141 in males, less than 133 in females; i
averaging less than 124 in males, less than 112 in females); coloration dee
(chest vinaceous-fawn color in adult males), the upper parts browner.

d. Bill and feet smaller (culmen averaging 13.3 in male, 12.7 in female; tar
averaging 19.9 in male, 19.6 in female; middle toe averaging 19.9 in mz
19.2 in female); occiput and hindneck less extensively bluish gray in mz
(Cuba; Isle of Pines; Haiti; Jamaica.)
Zenaidura macroura macroura (p. 34
dd, Bill and feet larger (culmen averaging 16.4 in male, 15.4 in female; tar
averaging 22.6 in male, 21.4 in female; middle toe averaging 22.6 in me
22.1 in female); occiput and hindneck more extensively bluish gray
male. (Clarion Island, Western Mexico.) °
Zenaidura macroura clarionensis (p. 34
cc. Larger (wing averaging more than 146 in males, more than 139 in femal
tail averaging more than 138 in males, more than 120in females); colorat
paler (chest light vinaceous-fawn color in adult males), the upper parts |
brownish, *
d. Color of forehead and superciliary region (in adult male) not conspicuou
darker than that of chest.

e. Coloration averaging slightly darker, with upper parts browner; averag
slightly smaller (wing averaging 147.2 in male, 139.6 in female). (Hur
region of eastern North America.)

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (p. 34

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 841

ee. Coloration averaging slightly paler, with upper parts more grayish; averag-
ing slightly larger (wing averaging 149.4 in male, 142.3 in female).
(Arid region of western North America, northward in the interior to
Mackenzie.).........-.----+++ Zenaidura macroura marginella (p. 347).
dd. Color of forehead and superciliary region (in adult male) conspicuously
darker than that of chest (forehead, etc., bright fawn color or sayal brown,
chest light vinaceous-fawn color). (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.)
Zenaidura macroura tresmariee (p. 351).
* bb. Tarsus 27 mm. or more; under parts, including under tail-coverts, bright
mikado brown or deep orange-cinnamon; distal portion of lateral rectrices
gray. (Socorro Island, western Mexico.).....-. Zenaidura graysoni (p. 352).

aa. Secondaries broadly tipped with white. (Yucatan.)
Zenaidura yucatanensis (p. 353).

ZENAIDURA MACROURA MACROURA (Linneus).
CUBAN MOURNING DOVE.

Adult male.—Forehead and superciliary region fawn color to deep
avellaneous, usually paler on anterior portion of forehead, passing
into dull slate-gray, neutral gray, or mouse gray on occiput (more or
less extensively) ;* hindneck brownish gray or grayish brown (nearly
hair brown), the lateral portions (sometimes also lower posterior
portion) highly glossed with metallic purple (bronzy light rosolane
purple) or purplish bronze; back, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, wing-
coverts, and proximal secondaries grayish brown (deep drab to deep
buffy brown), the rump similar but usually grayer, passing into slate-
grayish laterally; proximal secondaries, usually also proximal greater
coverts, with a greater or less‘number of rather large subquadrate and
roundish black spots; distal secondaries, primaries, primary coverts,
and alule neutral gray to deep neutral gray, the primaries narrowly
edged with white, these edgings broader on outermost quills; middle
pair of rectrices similar in color to back, etc., but usually rather
grayer, sometimes darkening terminally; next pair grayer (some-
times nearly pure neutral gray or slate-gray), with a more or less
distinct (usually oblique) dusky bar across middle portion of inner
web; third pair similar but with the dusky (or black) bar more
distinct, extending across more or less of outer web (the bar more
or less A-shaped), and the apical portion of the feather paler gray;
fourth and fifth pairs with the black bar broader, extending entirely
across both webs, and with the gray of apical portion passing into
grayish white terminally; sixth pair similar to fifth but apical portion
mostly white; seventh (outermost) pair similar but with outer web
entirely white; general color of underparts vinaceous-fawn color,
deeper (sometimes nearly fawn color) on foreneck and chest, becoming
much paler (deep pinkish buff to pale buff) on chin and upper throat,
posteriorly passing, through light pinkish cinnaman on abdomen

@Sometimes this gray color invadea the posterior portion of the crown and upper
nape.

342 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and pinkish buff on anal region. to cartridge buff on longer under ta
coverts; sides of head similar in color to forehead and supercilia
region but sometimes slightly paler, relieved by a small spot of blac
glossed with blue, immediately beneath posterior end of auricul
region; sides and flanikes (underneath wings), axillars, and under win
coverts clear bluish gray (between gull gray and light gull gray
bill black, the rictus lake red (in life), the tumid nasal valves som
what glaucous; iris dark brown; base orbital space pale blue, ting
above eye with pale green; legs and feet lake red; length (skins
259-298 (287); wing, 129.5-142 (135.7); tail, 112.5-133.5 (123
exposed culmen, 12.5-15 (13.3); tarsus, 18.5-21.5 (19.9); middle tc
18.5-21.5 (19.9).¢

Adult male in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage but gray
occiput and hindneck obscured or even replaced by a superficial wa:
of olive-brown, the color of chest, etc., less vinaceous, inclining mo
to fawn color.

Adult female. —Similar to the adult male but coloration dulle
less vinaceous below, where passing into or tinged with light dr:
on foreneck and chest; black spots on proximal secondaries and win
coverts larger and more numerous, the outermost scapulars sometim
with a few black spots or broad streaks; metallic gloss on sides .
neck more restricted and less brilliant, and black subauricular sp
smaller and without blue gloss; length (skins), 233-286 (251); win
128-133 (129.9); tail, 96-110.5 (104.1) ; exposed culmen, 12-13.5 (12.7
tarsus, 19-21 (19.6); middle toe, 17.5-20.5 (19.2).°

4 Nineteen specimens. b Twelve specimens.
Ex- eae
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. aes
ulmen 8
MALES.
Fight adult males from Cuba.......... 0... c ee eee cece cence eee 135.3 | 121.1 13.1 19.8 2
Nine adult males from Isle of Pines...........-..........22205- 135.1} 123.5 13.5 20 1
Two adult males from Haiti..........0.2.2..0..ceeee eee ee eee 140.2°} 128 13.5| 205] 2
Ten adult males of Z. m. clarionensis.. parte i se ale taielavs cpeceeate 140.6] 120.7 16.4 22.6 2
Twenty-four adult males of Z. m. saidaineiits. isla erotaiteovanatotincteyg ua 147.2 | 142.3 13.6] 20.6 2
Twenty-nine adult males of Z. m. marginella...............-.-- 149.4 | 138.4 13.7 20 2
One adult male of Z. m. tresmariz..: 2.22... cc cece eee 144 126 14 19.5 2
One adult male of Z. graysoni.........2...002 cco cece cee eee ee 156 135 16 27.5 2
“One adult male of Z. yucatanensis...........00.02002. cece eee eee 152 108.5 15 22.5 2
FEMALES, :
Hight adult females from Cuba.......... 2... cece cece cece e cee e 130.1 | 102.8 12,7 19.7 1
Four adult females from Isle of Pines.............22.22-..20205 129.5] 106.5 12.6 19.4 1
Hight adult females of Z. m. clarionensis..............2202022-- 132.9] 111.6] 15.4] 214 a
Fifteen adult females of Z. m. carolinensis..............-...22-- 139.6 | 120.4 13 19.6 1
Ten adult females of Z. m. marginella...........2.00002-2-cc00e 143.2 | 127.3 13.8 19.2 1
Two adult females of Z. graysoni...........20ccccccc eee c en caeee 148 125.7 16.2] 27 2

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 343

Young.—Much duller in coloration than the adult female, the
general color more grayish brown (paler and more buffy brown below),
the feathers of foreneck and chest, as well as the scapulars (sometimes
interscapulars also) and wing-coverts margined terminally (more or
less distinctly) with paler; no black subauricular spot; remiges and
rectrices much as in adult female, but the former more brownish and
distinctly though narrowly edged terminally with paler.

Greater Antilles: Cuba (Banca; Holguin; Trinidad; Remédios;
Nipe Bay; Nueva Sofia; Guamé; El Guamé; Mariél; Aguada de Vasa-
jeros; Bayata; San Cristébal; Guanajéy; Figuabas); Isle of Pines
(Nueva Gerona; Bocarona; Hospital; Los Indios; Rio Santiago;
Bibijagua); Haiti (Le Coup and Gautier, Haiti; La Vega and Rio
Camoa, Santo Domingo) ; Jamaica (Spanishtown); Porto Rico? Also
occurring, in winter, along the coast of Central America, from British
Honduras (Toledo District, Oct. 17) to Panama (Divala, Nov. 11, 16;
Verégua, date not recorded).

[Columba] macroura Linnzxvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 164, part (based on Long-
tailed Dove, Columba macroura Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, i, 15, pl. 15; and
Palumbus migratorius Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 23, pl. 23, the latter=
Ectopistes migratorius). ;

Zenaidura macroura Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 355, part.—
AMERICAN OnniITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no.
816, part.—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 112 (West Ind. references; descr.; range);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 213; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, part (Cuba; Isle
of Pines; Haiti; ‘Porto Rico”).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892,
291 (mear Trinidad, s. Cuba, breeding; habits; crit.)—Mrnrcavx, Rev.
Frang. Orn., no. 2, 1909, 31 (Figuabas, e. Cuba).—Verritt (A. E. and A. H.),
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 357 (La Vega, Santo Domingo).

Zlenaidura] macroura Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 213, part.

Zenaidura macroura macroura AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List,
3d ed., 1910, 148 (extralimital).

[Columba] carolinensis (not of Linnzeus) Lataam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 613, part.

Columba carolinensis D’Orxieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 176
(large ed., p. 129).—Bryrant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 96 (Santo
Domingo).—Sunpeval1, fv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869, 601 (‘‘Porto Rico”).

Zenaidura carolinensis Satu4, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 235 (Santo Domingo).—
Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 604, part (Cuba.)—Barrp, Brewer,
and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 383, part (West Indies).—Cory,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 154 (Gautier, Haiti), Birds Haiti and San
Dom., 1885, 129 (Le Coup, Haiti) —Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 338,
part (Haiti) Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 374, part (San
Cristobal, Cuba; Haiti) —Curisty, Ibis, 1897, 335 (Rio Camoa, near La Vega,
Santo Domingo).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902,
242, part (Cuba; Haiti).

[Zenaidura] carolinensis ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132, part.—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 23 (Cuba; Santo Domingo;
“Porto Rico”).—SHarpz, Hand-list, i, 1899, 76, part.

344 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Zenzxdura carolinensis Cours, Birds North-West, 1874, 389, part {in synonymy)

Perissura carolinensis CaBants, Journ, fiir Orn., 1856, 111 (Cuba; habits).—Gunz
LACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 298 (Cuba; habits).

[Perissura] carolinensis Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba); Repert
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 301.

[Columba] marginata Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 286 (America; founde:
on Columba cauda longa Edwards, Av., 15, pl. 15, and Turtur americanu

. Briss, Orn., i, 102)—Gmuuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 791.—LatTHam
Index Orn., ii, 1790, 614.

Columba marginata BonnatERR:E, Tabl. Enc. Méth., Orn., i, 1790, 256.—Virn
tot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 386.

Efctopistes] marginatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 471.—Harriavs, Syst. Verz.
1844, 98.—ReicHEnBaAcH, Syn. Av., 1847, figs. 1380-1382; Av. Syst. Nat,
1852, p. xxv.

[Ectopistes] marginata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 236, no. 9282.

Zenaidura carolinensis marginata Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, Feb. 2¢
1906, 44 (crit. nomencl. on p. 43).

Zenaidura macroura bella Patmer and Ritey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, Marcel
5, 1902, 33 (Mariel, Cuba; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Banes and Zaprry, Am
Nat., xxxix, 1905, 197 (Isle of Pines, resident).

ZENAIDURA MACROURA CLARIONENSIS (Townsend).
CLARION ISLAND MOURNING DOVE.

Very similar in coloration to Z. m. macroura, but bill and feet mucl
larger; coloration more uniform, the upper parts browner, gray o
sides and flanks more restricted, and adult male with bluish gray o
hindneck and occiput more extended.

Adult male—Length (skins), 248-308 (282); wing, 136-145.
(140.6); tail, 96-130 (120.7); exposed culmen, 15-18.5 (16.4)
tarsus, 21.5-23.5 (22.6); middle toe, 21.5-23.5 (22.6).¢

Adult female—Length (skins), 257-283 (272); wing, 131-13
(132.9); tail, 103-119.5 (111.6); exposed culmen, 14.5-16 (15.4)
tarsus, 20-23 (21.4); middle toe, 21.5-22.5 (22.1).®

Clarion Island, Revillagigedo group, western Mexico.

Zenaidura clarionensis TowNSEND, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, Sept. 9, 1890, 18
(Clarion Island, Revillagigedo group, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—
Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 378—AntTHony, Auk, xv
1898, 318.—Roruscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 87, 105.-
Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 244.

[Zenaidura] clarionensis SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 76—Forses and RoBINsoN
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 137.

@ Ten specimens, > Eight specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 845

ZENAIDURA MACROURA CAROLINENSIS (Linneus).
MOURNING DOVE.

Similar to Z. m. macroura, but decidedly larger; upper parts
averaging less brownish, the under parts paler (less deeply vinaceous),
especially posteriorly, the under tail-coverts often nearly white.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 271-341 (821); wing, 138-153
(147.2); tail, 120-162.5 (142.3); exposed culmen, 13-15 (13.6);
tarsus, 19.5-22 (20.6); middle toe, 19-22.5 (20.5).#

Adult female.—Length (skins), 225-297 (273); wing, 135-146
(139.6); tail, 96.5-137 (120.4); exposed culmen, 12-14 (13); tarsus,
19-21 (19.6); middle toe, 18.5-21 (19.7).°

Eastern North America, chiefly in Sonoran and Lower Transition
life-zones; breeding northward to New Brunswick (Hampton;
Milkish; Glenwood, St. Johns Valley; Frederickton), Nova Scotia,
southern Maine, Ontario (Hamilton; Point Pelee), Michigan (Mason
Crawford, Alcona, and Oscoda counties), Wisconsin, and eastern
Minnesota, westward to the edge of the Great Plains, and southward
to the Gulf coast and Bahamas (New Providence, Abaco, Andros,

« Twenty-four specimens. b Fifteen specimens.
Locality. Wing.| Tail, | posea | Tarsus. a
lculmen ta
MALES.

Five adult males from Bahamas.........-.----+--2eee-eeee eee 145.4] 132.6 14,1 21 19.9
Two adult males from Florida..-.....2...-...202.ceeeeeeeeeeee 148.7 | 134.2 14 20 21
Three adult males from South Carolina.............22.------2- 148.3 | 156.7 14 21 20.7
One adult male from Tennessee..........-.--.----ee ee ee eee eee 151 147 13.5 20 21
Two adult males from Virginia............----.22222-ceeeeeeee 141.5] 139.2 13.2 20.5 19.7
Three adult males from Maryland...........-.....-.2-2----6 148.7 | 146.8 13 20.3 21
Five adult males from District of Columbia.............-...--. 148 146 13.5 20.7 20.8
Two adult males from Pennsylvania..........-----2--222-22006 148 143.5 13.2 20 20.2
One adult male from Illinois...........-..22.-22 2-022 eee cece eee 146 133 14 20 20.5

FEMALES.
Two adult females from Bahamas................2--.02-eeeeee 142.5] 105.2 13 20.2 19.2
Two adult females from Florida.............-...2-0--------2+- 137.5 | 113.5 13 19.2 19.5
Two adult females from South Carolina....................2.-- 141 119.2} 13.5 19.5 19.7
One adult female from Virginia..............222-2. 20 -e eee eee 146 136.5 13 20.5 21
One adult female from Maryland.................22-.02--.2-0- 137 126.5 13 19.5 19.5
One adult female from New Jersey.........----.----2eee eee eee 135.5 | 116.5 |..-..... 20 19.5
Two adult females from Indiana................--.22-+2-+0-.06 138.5} 123.5 12.5 19,7 | ccccinase
One adult female from Illinois. .............2--.2.-.22 ee eee ee 139 121.5 12 19
Two adult females from Minnesota. ................22--.2200-- 138.5 | 129 13.5 19,2 19.2
One adult female from Missouri.................-.---222--2000+ 144 124 13 19.5

846 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Great Bahama, Long, Little Exuma, and Eleuthera islands); occa
sional in the Bermudas, straggling to Quebec (Godbout) and acci
dental on coast of Labrador (Red Bay, 1 spec., Sept. 7, 1891)
Resident, regularly, from Potomac and Ohio Valleys southward
occasionally farther northward, but partially migratory beyon
United States, occurring occasionally during winter along the Gul
and Caribbean coasts of Mexico and Central America, in Tamaulipa
(Galindo, Oct. 1), Vera Cruz (Miradér, Oct.; Orizaba; Jalapa), Chi
apas (Gineta Mts., Jan.), and Panamé (Divala, Nov. 26).

[Columba] carolinensis Linnzvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 286 (Carolina; base:
on Turtur carolinensis Catesby, Car., i, 24, pl. 24).—Gmenin, Syst. Nat., i
pt. 2, 1789, 789.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 613, part.

Columba carolinensis Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 141; in Temminck and Knip

: Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11, pl. 50; Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 355, 487.-
Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 91, pl. 43, fig. 1_—SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.
xi, 1819, 96.—Bonapartse, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 119.—Dzsmarzs1
Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 358.—Lzsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 474.—Aupuzon
Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 91, pl. 17; v, 1839, 555.—Nurratu, Man. Orn. U.S, an
Can., Land Birds, 1832, 626; 2d ed., 1840, 758.

C[olumba] carolinensis Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, 264
Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826 [124].—Maxioan, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858
425 (Wabash R., Indiana; Cannon Ball R., N. Dakota).

Ectopistes carolinensis BoNaPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41.—AuDUBoN
Synopsis, 1839, 195; Birds Am., oct. ed., v, 1842, 36, pl. 286.—Manrrtens
Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 216 (Bermudas).

[Zenaidura] carolinensis Bonaparte, Consp., Av., ii, 1857, 84.—SHarrz, Hand
list, i, 1899, 76, part.—Forszs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900
187, part (Cleveland, Ohio).

Zenaidura carolinensis Bair, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 604, part (easter
localities); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 451, part.—ReritcHensBacu, Tauben
i, 1862, 19, pl. 249, figs. 1880-1382——Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.
ix, 1862, 127 (Maine)—Lawrences, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (vic
New York City).—McIuwrairs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 91 (Hamilton
Ontario).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripéway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874
383, part, pl. 58, fig. 2—Brewsrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 145 (Ritchi
Co., West Virginia; habits)—LawrENce, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1876, 4
(Gineta Mts., Chiapas, Jan.).—Rip@way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 460
part.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 338, part—Cours, Check List
2d ed., 1882, no. 544, part—CuamBrratn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882
105 (Hampton, New Brunswick, June, 1880; Rothesay, New Brunswick
Sept. 30, 1881; Milkish, New Brunswick, Oct. 17, 1881).—Merriam, Bull
Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 238 (Godbout, Quebec, Oct. 10, 1881, and Jun
6, 1882).—Rerp, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 225 (Bermudas, severa
occurrences).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 374, part (Eas
Hampton, Massachusetts; New Haven, Connecticut; Waukegan, Illinois; Dis
trict of Columbia; Aiken, South Carolina; Melbourne, Florida).—Sanvin an
Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 242, part (Gineta Mts., Chiapas).—
TAVERNER and Swatezs, Wilson Bull., no. 60,1907, 9 (Point Pelee, Ontaric
sometimes wintering),

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 847

Zlenaidura] carolinensis Ripeway, Ann, Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 382 (Illinois).—
Covzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 568, part.

Zenaidura carolinensis carolinensis Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., xix, Feb. 26,
1906, 44 (crit. nomencl. on p. 43).

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 368; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 148 part.—Cuanery,
Auk, xxvii, 1910, 273 (Mason Co., Michigan, breeding)—Townsrnp (C. W.),
Auk, xxix, 1912, 19 (Glenwood, St. Johns Valley, New Brunswick; 1 pair
breeding).

[Zenzdura] carolinensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 226, part.

Zenxdura carolinensis VeRritt, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (s. Maine;
breeding?).—Covers, Check List, 1873, no. 371, part; Birds North-West,
1874, 389, part—Muarnsg, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 37 (lower Hudson
Valley, New York; rare winter resident); Bull. Essex Inst., xii, 1881, 128
(Hudson Highlands, resident).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880
(Cat. N. Am. Birds), 195, part.

Trygon carolinensis Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 258.

Peristera carolinensis SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873,
142 (Carolina; Rockport, Ohio; Wisconsin).

Turtur carolinensis SCHLEGEL, De Dierent., 1864, 206.

Ectpiestes [lapsus] carolinus Wiis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859),
284 (Nova Scotia).

Chamaepelia carolinensis GizBEL, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 633.

Zenaidura macroura (not Columba macroura Linnzeus) Rineway, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 355; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 499.—Ammrican
OrnitHoLogists’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 316,
part.—Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 350 (Abaco I., Bahamas); Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 97, part (Abaco and Eleuthera islands, Bahamas).—THompson,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 523 (Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie, and
Qu’ Appelle, Manitoba, breeding)—Macxkay, Auk, xiv, 1897, 228 (Nan-
tucket, Massachusetts; 3 specs.).—Moors, Auk, xvii, 1900, 177 (Fredericton,
New Brunswick, Oct. 14, 1899).—Norron, Proc. Portl. Soc. N. H., ii, 1901,
152 (Red Bay, Labrador, 1 spec., Sept. 7)—Woop and Frotsinenam,
Auk, xxii, 1905, 46 (Crawford, Alcona, and Oscoda counties, Michigan).—
Townsenp (C,. W.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 336 (crop contents).—TavERNER and
Swaxzes, Wilson Bull., no. 60, 1907, 91 (Point Pelee, Ontario; sometimes
wintering).—Rogserts, in Wilcox’s Hist. Becker Co., Minn., 1907, 170
(common).—ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xxv, 1908, 234 (Barnstable, Massachusetts,
Dec. 6, 1903).—Craie, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 398-407 (expressions of emotion).

Zlenaidura] macroura Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 218, part.

Zenaidura macrura Bonunote, Ibis, 1903, 298 (New Providence, Andros, and
Little Exuma islands, Bahamas; descr. nest and eggs).

Columba fusca MiitER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 134 (new name for C. carolinensis
Linneeus).

[Perissura] marginata (not Columba marginata Linneus) Heine and ReIcHeNow,
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 278 (South Carolina; Georgia).

ZENAIDURA MACROURA MARGINELLA (Woodhouse).
WE! *""~ MOURNING DOVE.

Similar to Z. m. carolinensis but averaging slightly paler, upper
parts slightly grayer, and size slightly larger.

348 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male—Length (skins), 264-337 (298); wing, 142-156.i
(149.4); tail, 121-158 (138.4); exposed culmen, 12.5-14.5 (13.7)
tarsus, 19-21.5 (20); middle toe, 18.5-22 (20.2).%

Adult female.—Length (skins), 251-310 (281); wing, 132.5-15:
(148.2); tail, 117-158 (127.3); exposed culmen, 13-15 (13.8); tarsus
18-20.5 (19.2); middle toe, 18.5-20.5 (19.3).°

a Twenty-nine specimens. b Ten specimens.
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed Tarsus,| Middl
MALES,

One adult male from Mackenzie. 146 138.5{ 14.5] 20 20.
Two adult males from North Dakota 144.5] 1287} 13.5 20 20.
Two adult males from Idaho.............-..-- 144.2 | 128.2] 18.2) 20 20
Three adult males from Utah “ 147.5 | 138.8 13.7 20 20.
Two adult males from Nevada.............-.-e cece eee e eee e ne ee 144.2 | 135.7 13.5 20 20.
One adult male from eastern Oregon............-...-00eeee eee 146 [.......- 14 19 21
Five adult males from California.............2..--..-ceeeeeeeee 148.3 | 141.3 13.5 19.9 20.
One adult male from San Clemente I., California............... 146 133 14 19.5 20.

One adult male from southern Lower California (different sub-
species?)............6. ee 144 124 4 20 21
Four adult males from Arizona............++++ 147.4 | 145.7 14.2 20.4 20.
Five adult males from New Mexico........... 146.3 | 137.2 13.4 20, 2 20
Two adult males from western Texas.... 149.2 | 136 13.5 20 20.
One adult male from Sonora........0...2- cece eee eee e cence eres 156.5 | 158 13 20.5 19

FEMALES.

One adult female from Wyoming ..........-..-..--seeeceeeeeee 146 133.5 14 19 20
One adult female from Utah........ 144 132 14.5 18.5 18,
Three adult females from California 145.7} 124.3 13.8 20. 2 19,

One adult female from southern Lower California (different
SUDSPOCIOS?) (ais ciciais on sawce cect cutee ai cismamiac cata nwciias sameness 124 ALE: Vexcveane 19 19
Two adult females from Arizona 138.5 | 121 13.5 18,2 19
Two adult females from New Mexico 138 117.2 13.2 18.7 19
One adult female from Chihuahua. ......... 6... cece eee eee 152 158 15 20 19.

The specimens from the Cape San Lucas district of Lower California seem to represen
a distinct form, but unfortunately only three specimens have been examined, and thes
are in winter plumage. Compared with specimens of Z. m. marginella taken at th
same season, these examples from southern Lower California are altogether of browne
coloration, and I strongly suspect that they represent an easily distinguishable loc:
form.

The existence of another very distinct form peculiar to the humid coast district «
Oregon and Washington is indicated by three very poor specimens in the series exar
ined. The adult male of this form is characterized by a very saturated coloratiot
the under parts as deeply colored asin Z. m. macroura and Z. m. clarionensis, and th
color of the forehead, anterior portion of crown, and sides of crown and occiput (supe:
ciliary region) darker than in any other form of the species, being, in a, winter specimer
deep fawn color approaching mikado brown. This form, which I separate, provi
ionally, aa Zenaidura macroura caurina (provisional type, No. 22540, coll. U. S. Na
Mus., Oregon; T. R. Peale, collector), most resembles in coloration of the head Z.n
iresmariz, but the under parts are more deeply colored and the chin, instead of bein
buffy white, in contrast with the adjacent color, is light pinkish cinnamon.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 349

Arid region of western and interior North America, from eastern
edge of the Great Plains to the Pacific Coast (except humid coast
district of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia) ;2 north-
ward, regularly, to Manitoba (Qu’ Appelle), Saskatchewan, and
interior of British Columbia, rarely to Mackenzie (Hay River, Great
Slave Lake); southward through Mexico, in States of Sonora (Guay-
mas; Huerachi; Hermosillo; Ysleta; Opodepe; La Chumata), Chi-
huahbua (Colonia Garcia), Nuevo Leén (Pasqueria Grande; Topo Chico;
Hacienda de las Escobas; Hacienda de los Trevifios), Tamaulipas
(Aldama; Sota la Marina; Tampico; Tamesi), San Luis Potosi (Plains
of San Luis Potosi), Guanajuato, Aguas Calientes, Zacatecas (Jeréz),
Jalisco (Las Canoas; Zapotlin; Zacoalco; Bolafios; Guadalajara),
Durango (Rio Sestin) ; Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Escuinapa), Colima (Plains
of Colima), Mexico (Huipulco), Puebla (Huehuetlin; Atotonilco; San
Miguél Molino), Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Cérdova), and Oaxaca (Oaxaca
City; Tehuantepec; Télea; Le Parada; Villa Alta), and Territory of
Tepic (Garapatos, near Amatlén de Cajias), and, at least during mi-
gration, Guatemala (E] Rancho, Zapata; Duefias; San Martin, Quezal-
tenango), Honduras, Nicaragua (Realejo; Chinandega; San Rafédel del
Norte; Sucuy4), and Costa Rica (San José; Volcan de Irazti; Volcén de
Miravalles; San Mateo; Alajuela; San Lucas; Bebedero; Azah4r de
Cartago; Escazi; El Hogér; La Hondura; Buenos Aires), to western
Panamé (Calobre; Volc4n de Chiriqui). Lower California (Rosério;
Santa Ana; Comondt; La Grulla).

Ectopistes carolinensis (not Columba carolinensis Linnzeus) Pzatz, U. 8S. Expl.
Exped., Birds, 1848, 189 (Oregon and San Francisco Bay).—WoopuHousE,
in Rep. Sitgreaves’s Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 92 (Indian Territory; Texas;
New Mexico).—NewsBerry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. iv, chap. i,
1857, 92 (California; Oregon).—HzErmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv,
no. 2, 1859, 60 (California).

Zenaidura carolinensis ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 309 (Cor-
dova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 305 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 391 (Talea,
Oaxaca).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 604, part (western
localities; crit.); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 21 (Ta-
maulipas; Ringgold Barracks, Texas; San Elizario; Colorado R., California);
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 451, part—KEnneERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., x, no. 3, 1859, 33 (Texas to Arizona).—Sciarer and Savin, Ibis,
1859, 222 (Dueiias, Guatemala; habits).—Coorer and Sucxiey, Rep. Pa-
cific R. R. Surv., xii, book ii, pt. iii, 1860, 218 (Fort Steilacoom, etc., Wash-
ington).—Tartor, Ibis, 1860, 227 (Honduras).—Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1866, 93 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, summer resid.); Check List, 2d ed.,
1882, no. 544, part.—DressER, Ibis, 1866, 24 (s. Texas).—LAWRENCcE, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 139 (Volcan de Irazu and San Jose, Costa Rica); ix,
1869, 207; Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 304 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa); Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 44 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas).—Brown, Ibis, 1868,

© Specimens from the coast district, from Oregon northward, probably represent a
different form, as already noted.

350 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

423 (Vancouver I.).—Franrzrus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 372 (Costa Rica).—
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 217 (Calobre, Veragua, Panama); (7
This, 1889, 377 (Cozumel I., Yucatan).—Coorer, Orn. Calif., 1870, 512.-
Barrp, Brewer, and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 383, part.—
Hensuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 10 (Utah, breeding up to 8,000 ft.).-
Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 43 (San José, Costa Rica, Dec.—-May).-
Rieway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 460, part.—Bztpine, Proc. U. §
Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 344 (Guaymas, Sonora).—Nuttme, Proc. U. 8. Nat
Mus., vi, 1884, 389 (Sucuya, Nicaragua).—Satvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
xxi, 1893, 374, part (Brownsville, Corpus Christi, and Hidalgo, Texas; Hol
lister and San Diego Co., California; Ysleta, Sonora; Atotonilco and Sai

* Miguel Molino, Puebla; Pesqueria Grande, Topo Chico, Hacienda de la
Escobas, and Hacienda de los Trevifios, Nuevo Leon; Aguas Calientes; plain
of San Luis Potosi; Aldama, Sota Ja Marina, Tampico, and Tamesi, Tamauli
pas; Zapotlan, Zacoalco, and Bolafios, Jalisco; Jerez, Zacatecas; Huipilcc
Mexico; Oaxaca City, Villa Alta, and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Duefias, an
San Martin, Quezaltenango, Guatemala; Cozumel I.; San Jose, Costa Rica
Calobre and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama).—UnpErwoop, Ibis, 1896, 44
(Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.
Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 242, part (Ysleta, Guaymas, and Huerachi, Sonora
Topo Chico, etc., Nuevo Leon; Aldama, etc., Tamaulipas; plains of Sa
Luis Potosi; Bolafios, Guadalajara, etc., Jalisco; Aguas Calientes; Guana
juato; Valley of Mexico; Huehuetlan, Huipulco, etc., Puebla; Jalapa an
Cordova, Vera Cruz; La Parada, Talea, Villa Alta, etc., Oaxaca; Cozumel I.
Duefias, etc., Guatemala; Honduras; Sucuya, Nicaragua; San Mateo, Ala
juela, San Lucas, Azahar de Cartago, Bebedero to Miravalles, etc., Cost:
Rica; Divala, etc., Panama).—Grrrorp, Condor, xi, 1909, 84, 85 (habits i
captivity).—CarrikerR, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 396 (Escazu, Mira
valles, El Hogar, and La Hondura, Costa Rica).

[Zenaidura] carolinensis SctaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132, part.—
Sarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 76, part—Forsrs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp
Mus., ii, 1900, 187, part (Brownsville, Texas; Panama).

Z[enaidura] carolinensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 568, part.

Zengidura carolinensis carolinensis THAYER and Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
xix, Feb. 26, 1906, 18 (Opodepe and La Chumata, north-centr. Sonora, breed
ing); Condor, ix, 1907, 136 (Rosario and Santa Ana, Lower California, Nov.
March).

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE
Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 368, part; Check List, 8rd ed., 1910, 148, part.—
GRINNELL (J.), Biota San Bernardino Mts., 1908, 57 (San Bernardino Mts,
California, up to 6,500 ft.)—Swarta, Rep. Mam. and Birds Vancouver I.
1912, 26 (Alberni, 1 spec., June 14). :

[Zenzdura] carolinensis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 226, part.

Zenxdura carolinensis ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 140 (Fort Hays
w. Kansas; nesting habits)—Couzs, Check List, 1873, no. 371, part; Bird
North-West, 1874, 389, part-——Rmeway, Orn. Fortieth Parallel, 1877, 59
(Sacramento, California; localities in Nevada and Utah); Proc. U. 8. Nat
Mus., iii, 1880, 195—Mzrruz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 158 (Fo1
Brown, Texas, resident).

Ectopistes marginellus Woopnouss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, no. 3, 185!
104 (Cross Timbers, north fork of Canadian River, Oklahoma); in Rep. Sit
greaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 93 (Cross Timbers; descr.).

[Zenaidura] marginella Bonararre, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 85 (California).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 351

Zenaidura macroura marginella Mearns, Auk, xxviii, Oct., 1911, 490, in text.—
Ame=Rican OrnitHo.oaists’ Union Commrrren, Auk, xxix, 1912, 381.
Zenaidura macroura (not Columba macroura Linnzeus) AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
aists’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 316, part.—(?) AN-
tHoNY, Auk, iii, 1886, 164 (Washington Co., Oregon, common in summer).—
Frrrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 174 (Huehuetlan, Puebla).—
Braxe, Auk, iv, 1887, 329 (Santa CruzI., California, breeding).—Zr.epoén,
Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 128 (San Mateo and Faldas de Irazu, Costa
Rica).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 1889, 277 (Cape San
Lucas district, Lower California, in winter; Comondu, breeding; La Grulla,
from coast to 8,200 ft., breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—CHarmaN, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 134 (interior of Brit. Columbia).—Currrie, Auk,
vii, 1890, 333 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Dec., Jan.); Expl. Zool. Merid. ©. R.,
1893, 53 (Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica) —Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am.
Birds, (i), 1892, 139, part—(?) Kermopg, Prov. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 43
(Vancouver I., Okanogan, Chilliwack, Brit. Columbia; Metlakalta I. s.

Alaska).

Z[enaidura] macroura Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 213, part.

Zenaidura macroura macroura Mater (W. Dz W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xx1,
Nov. 24, 1905, 344 (Escuinapa, s. Sinaloa, Nov.); xxii, 1906, 163 (Rio Sestin,
etc., n. w. Durango).

(2) [Columba] nevia Guutin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 777 (Mexico; based on
Hoilotl seu Columba Hernandez, Hist. Nov. Hisp., 26, cap. lvi; nas mexi-
cana Brisson, Orn., i, 100; Pigeon sauvage du Mexique Buffon, Hist. Nat.
Ois., ii, 525).—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 601.

(?) Columba nzvia Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 643 (synonymy;
erit.). ‘

(?) Columba nevia Viewxot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 365.

‘ZENAIDURA MACROURA TRESMARIZ Ridgway.

TRES MARIAS MOURNING DOVE.

Similar to Z. m. carolinensis, but adult male with forehead, anterior
and lateral portions of crown, and supra-auricular region (sides of
occiput) bright fawn color, approaching sayal brown, conspicuously
deeper than color of chest; chin buffy white, abruptly contrasted with
adjacent light vinaceous-fawn color, and with back and distal wing-
coverts darker. (Adult female not seen.)

Adult male.—Length (skin), 275; wing, 144; tail, 126; culmen, 14;
tarsus, 19.5; middle toe, 20.5.%

Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre Island), Tepic, western Mexico.

Zenaidura carolinensis Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902,
242, part (Tres Marias Islands).

Zenaidura macroura (not Columba macroura Linnzus) Netson, North Am. Fauna,
no. 14, 1899, 36 (Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands).

Zenaidura macroura tresmariz Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27,
1915, 107 (Maria Madre Id., Tres Marias group; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

@Qne specimen (the type; no. 156700, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Maria Madre Island,
Tres Marias group, May 5, 1897; Nelson and Goldman).

352 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ZENAIDURA GRAYSONI Lawrence.
SOCORRO MOURNING DOVE.

Adult male.—Forehead and anterior half of crown pecan brown,
deepening into vinaceous-russet on sides of crown and occiput (super-
ciliary and supra-auricular regions); posterior half of crown and
occiput slate-gray, the hindneck similar but slightly browner (nearly
neutral gray); rest of upper parts light bister brown or drab-brown,
the proximal larger wing-coverts and secondaries with a few large
roundish spots of black; alula and primary coverts dark grayish
brown, the primaries similar but darker, narrowly edged with paler,
the edgings more distinct and dull whitish on the two outermost pri-
maries; four middle rectrices deep grayish brown, the second pair
with a blackish band across inner web and part of outer web; remain-
ing rectrices becoming successively grayer, with the black post-
median band more distinct (and extending quite across outer web,
except on outermost rectrix), the gray of terminal portion decidedly
lighter than that of basal portion, the outermost rectrix with distal
portion of outer web dull white, the proximal portion light gray;
suborbital, auricular, and malar regions and under parts plain bright
mikado brown or deep orange-cinnamon, paler on chin and upper
throat; sides of hindneck glossed with metallic purple; a small sub-
auricular spot of glossy blue-black; outer portion of sides and flanks,
axillars, and under wing-coverts plain slate-gray; bill black; legs and
feet pale brownish (lake red in life?); length (skin), 306; wing, 156;
tail, 135; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 27.5; middle toe, 26.%

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but slightly duller in color,
especially the posterior portion of head and neck, where the gray is
less pure and less strongly contrasted, and metallic gloss on sides of
neck less brilliant; length (skins), 283-306 (294.5); wing, 147-149
(148); tail, 120-131.5 (125.7) ; exposed culmen, 16-16.5 (16.2); tarsus,
27; middle toe, 24-24.5 (24.2).°

Young.—Much duller in coloration than the adult female, the
occiput, etc., dull grayish brown instead of gray, the under parts
duller, wing-coverts and scapulars narrowly (and rather indistinctly)
margined terminally with lighter, more buffy, brown or cinnamon,
and without black subauricular spot or metallic gloss on sides of neck.

Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, western Mexico.

Zenaidura graysont Baird, ms., Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1871,
17 (Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.;
=young); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 304 (habits),—Grayson, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 299.—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, $12 (crit.).—Barep,
Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 382.—TowNsEND
(C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 135 (descr. adult female).—Satva-

@ One specimen. 6 Two specimens.

o

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 353

port, Cat, Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 378.—Anruony, Auk, xv, 1898, 316.—
SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 137.

Zlenaidura] graysoni Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 213.

[Zenaidura] graysoni SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 76.—Forspres and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 137.

Zenzxdura graysont Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 195; Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 461.

ZENAIDURA YUCATANENSIS Lawrence.
YUCATAN MOURNING DOVE.

In coloration almost precisely like Zenaida yucatanensis but under
tail-coverts light pinkish cinnamon instead of light russet-vinaceous,
and with longer tail.»

Adult male.—Forehead, sides of head (including superciliary region),
and neck (except hindneck), clear fawn color, paler and more buffy on
chin, passing into vinaceous-fawn on foreneck, chest, and under parts
generally, where slightly paler and more buffy (nearly light pinkish
cinnamon); a conspicuous spot of black, glossed with metallic blue,
immediately beneath but partly posterior to lower posterior end of
auricular region; fawn color of forehead becoming somewhat darker
on crown, where passing into brownish gray on occiput, nape, and
hindneck, the last glossed, especially on lower and lateral portions,
with metallic purple; back, scapulars, proximal wing-coverts and
secondaries, and median portion of rump, plain deep drab or dull
buffy brown, passing into a decidedly more grayish hue on distal
wing-coverts, alule, and primary coverts, the sides of rump, abruptly,
neutral gray; proximal secondaries and larger wing-coverts with large
semi-rounded spots of black, those on secondaries more elongated; distal
secondaries dusky, very narrowly edged with paler and very broadly
tipped with pale gray passing into white on edges; primaries dusky nar-
rowly edged with paler, these edgings more distinct and white on larger
quills; middle pair of rectrices deep drab, becoming grayer basally
crossed by an indistinct irregular band of dusky about one-third the
distance from tip; second pair dull neutral gray, crossed by a broad,
irregular, band of black; third pair similar but with apical portion
lighter gray; fourth, fifth, and sixth pairs similar, but with the black
band increasing in width and the apical portion growing paler until
that of the sixth is far the greater part white; seventh pair like sixth,
but outer web entirely white except a narrow black space next to
shaft where the band on inner web crosses the latter; sides and
flanks (underneath wings), axillars, and under wing-coverts plain

@ In form and coloration this bird (of which only the type is known) is so exactly
intermediate between Zenaidura macroura marginella and Zenaida yucatanensis (though
in coloration very much nearer the latter) that I am convinced that it is merely a
hybrid of these two species.

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16—23

354 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

light gray (between light neutral gray and gull gray); bill black;

legs and feet light brownish (probably lake, red in life); wing, 152;

tail, 108.5; exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 22.5; middle toe, 20.¢
Yucatan (Mérida).

Zenaidura yucatanensis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, 1869, 207
(Merida, n. Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripe-
way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 382.—Sauvin, Ibis, 1874, 312 (crit.).—
Sancupz, Anal. Mus. Nac. Mex., i, 1878, 105.—Ripeway, Auk, i, 1884, 96
(crit.)._Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 373, footnote.—Satvin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 242, footnote.

[Zenaidura] yucatanensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 236, no. 9284.—SHarpz, Hand-
list, i, 1899, 76.

Z{lenaidura] yucatanensis Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 213.

Chamaepelia yucatanensis GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 636.

Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte.

Zenaida Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41. (Type, by tautonymy, Z.
amabilis Bonaparte=Columba zenaida Bonaparte.)
Zenxda (emendation) Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 226. ;
Stenuroena ReicHensacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 20. (Type, by
monotypy, Zenaida stenura Bonaparte.)
Platypteroena ReicHenBacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 20. (Type
by monotypy, Zenaida pentheria Bonaparte=Z. ruficauda Bonaparte.)
Rather small arboreal or semiterrestrial pigeons, closely resem-
bling Zenaidura, but with tail not more than two-thirds as long as
wing, graduated for not more (usually less) than one-fourth its length.
Bill small and slender, the exposed culmen not longer (usually
shorter) than lateral toes (without claws), its greatest depth equal to
little more than one-fourth the length of exposed culmen, the maxil-
lary unguis rather distinctly arched and with basal portion slightly
but distinctly elevated, the gonydeal angle rather prominent; frontal
feathering advancing as far as or slightly beyond malar antia, the
mental antia extending about as far as anterior end of nasal oper-
culum, the latter moderately large and distinctly tumid. Wing
moderate or rather large, moderately pointed, the longest primaries
exceeding distal secondaries by a little less than two-fifths the length
of wing; first or second primary (from outside) longest, the first
(outermost) always longer than fourth, its inner web sometimes dis-
tinctly sinuated or emarginated terminally. Tail about two-thirds
as long as wing, graduated for not more (usually less) than one-fourth
its length, composed of fourteen rectrices, which are moderately to
very slightly narrowed terminally, their tips rounded. Tarsus dis-
tinctly (but.slightly) longer to very slightly shorter than middle toe
(without claw), its upper portion (together with tibio-tarsal joint)
naked, the acrotarsium covered by a single series of large, transverse
scutella, the planta tarsi with small hexagonal scales; lateral toes

@ One specimen (the type; only example known).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 355

decidedly shorter than middle toe, the claw of inner toe reaching to
base of that of middle toe, the outer toe slightly shorter; hallux
about as long as basal phalanx and half of second phalanx of middle
toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage and coloration almost precisely °
as in Zenaidura. Plumage of head, neck, and under parts soft and
blended; bare orbital space moderately large, much broader beneath
eye; rectrices (except middle pair) with a broad post-median bar of
black, the apical portion cianamon-rufous or pale gray, or nearly
white, in contrast with the darker gray or brown of basal portion;
a black subauricular spot, and black spots on proximal secondaries;
head, neck, and under parts more or less vinaceous or cinnamomeous,
and sides of neck glossed, with metallic purple or bronze, especially
in adult males.

Range.—West Indies (including Florida Keys), Yucatan, and
greater part of South America. (About nine species.)

[Norr.—If Zenaidura yucatanensis Lawrence should prove to be
really a distinct species, and not a hybrid of Z. macroura and Zenaida
yucatanensis Salvadori, unquestionably Zenaida and Zenaidura can not
be separated generically, since the former is in every way exactly
intermediate between the two groups. In that case, Zenaidura
yucatanensis would become Zenaida yucatanensis, and hence Z.
yucatanensis Salvadori would require a new name, which I accord-
ingly suggest should be Zenaida zenaida salvadorii.]

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ZENAIDA.

a. Secondaries broadly tipped with white.
b. General color brown above, more or less vinaceous below.

c. Posterior under parts (including under tail-coverts) vinaceous-fawn color or
vinaceous-brown, like anterior parts (the longer under tail-coverts some-
times partly gray).

d. Head, neck, and under parts not darker than vinaceous-fawn color; upper
parts much lighter brown. (Zenaida zenaida.)
e. Hindneck not grayish.

J. Color of head and neck duller (nearly fawn color). (Florida Keys, Ba-
hamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac, Jamaica,
and Haiti.).........-..-.-.------- Zenaida zenaida zenaida (p. 357).
Jf. Color of head and neck brighter sayal brown or cinnamon. (Mona,
Porto Rico, Desechio, Culebra, Vieque, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and
Bt CHOI. etscase om cauestewecenuls Zenaida zenaida lucida (p 361).

ee. Hindneck distinctly grayish. (Coast of Yucatan.)
: Zenaida zenaida yucatanensis (p. 362)
dd. Head, neck, and under parts deep russet; upper parts much darke.

brown. (Grand Cayman Island.) -....-.... Zenaida spadicea (p. 362).
ce. Posterior under parts white, in conspicuous contrast with color of anterior por-
tions. (Lesser Antilles and St. Croix.) ............ Zenaida aurita (p. 363).

bb. General color bluish gray. (Jamaica; extinct.)..... Zenaida plumbea (p. 366).
aa. Secondaries not tipped with white.

356 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

b. Under tail-coverts pale buff or buffy white; distal portion of lateral rectrices
white. (Colombia, including Pearl Island, Bay of Panama, to Chile, Argen-
tina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, etc.).....------- Zenaida auriculata (p. 366),

bb. Under tail-coverts deep vinaceous-fawn color to dull orange-cinnamon; distal

portion of lateral rectrices dull vinaceous-cinnamon. (Zenaida ruficauda.)
c. Larger (wing 151, tarsus 23); color of under tail-coverts more rufescent. (Cen-

tral Colombia.)........-------- Zenaida ruficauda ruficauda (extralimital).¢
cc, Smatler (wing less than 145; tarsus less than 22); color of under tail-coverts
less rufescent.

d. Larger (wing 130-143.5 in adult male); distal portion of lateral rectrices
deeper vinaceous-cinnamon. 7
e. Coloration deeper, more brownish above, more vinaceous below. (Interior
districts of Colombia and Venezuela.)

Zenaida ruficauda robinsoni (extralimital),6

ee. Coloration paler, less brownish above, less vinaceous below. (Arid coast

district of Venezuela; islands of Margarita, Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire,

Grenada, and Carriacou.)..-.-. Zenaida ruficauda vinaceo-rufa (p. 370).

dd. Smaller (wing 122.5-129.5 in adult male); distal portion of lateral rectrices

paler vinaceous-cinnamon. (British Guiana and southward to lower
Amazon Valley; Province of Pernambuco, eastern Brazil?).

Zenaida ruficauda jessiez (extralimital). ¢

@ Z[enaida] ruficauda Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 857, 83 (Colombia; coll. Brit.
Mus.; ex Gray, manuscript).—Zenaida ruficauda Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxi, 1893, 387, part (Bogota and Medellin, Colombia).—(?) Zenaida castanea Bonaparte,
Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 946.—Zenaida bogotensis Lawrence, Auk, ii, Oct., 1885, 358
(Bogota, Colombia; coll. G. N. Lawrence).

I am not entirely satisfied that Z. bogotensis Lawrence is really the same as Z. ruji-
cauda Bonaparte, the type of which is in the Paris Museum. It is possible that Z.
ruficauda is the same as the form which is here named Z.r. robinsont, in which case the
form above characterized under the name Z. r. ruficauda would have to be named
Zenaida ruficauda bogotensis. . I have not seen any specimens of this group having’the
wing nearly as long as 162 mm. (6.30 inches), the measurement given by Salvadori for
the type and another specimen of Z. pentheria Bonaparte.

b Zenaida ruficauda (not of Bonaparte) Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,
387, part (Merida, Venezuela); Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 154 (Honda,
Colombia).—Zenaida ruficauda vinaceorufa Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix,
April, 1902, 118 (Altagracia, Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela).—Zenaida
ruficauda robinsoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915, 107 (Honda,
Colombia; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

¢ Zenaidajessiex Riker, MS. Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 33, Aug. 6, 1888,
527 (Diamantina, lower Amazon, Brazil; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 389.—(? Zenaida vinaceorufa (not of Ridgway?) Salvadori, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 389, part (Quonga, Takutu, and Aunai, British Guiana).

Specimens from Quonga and Annai, British Guiana, have the distal portion of the
lateral rectrices deeply colored, as in Z. r. ruficauda and Z. r. vinaceorufa, but are
otherwise like typical Z. r. jessiex, including absence of bluish gray on occiput. An
adult male from Boa Vista, Rio San Francisco, Province of Pernambuco, eastern
Brazil, is considerably grayer above, has the occiput distinctly bluish gray, and may,
in reality, represent a different form.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 857

ZENAIDA ZENAIDA ZENAIDA (Bonaparte).
ZENAIDA DOVE.

Adult male.—Pileum cinnamon-drab, paler and inclining more or
less to fawn color on forehead and passing into deep fawn color lat-
erally (on superciliary and supra-auricular regions), and into dull
snuff brown on hindnéck; rest of head and neck fawn color, fading
into pale buff or buffy whitish on chin and extreme upper throat,
and relieved by two small spots or streaks of glossy blue-black im-
mediately above and beneath the posterior portion of the auricular
region, the uppermost spot sometimes obsolete; sides of lower neck
brilliantly glossed with metallic reddish purple and violet; general
color of upper parts snuff brown to buffy brown or deep wood brown,
the inner webs of inner row of proximal secondaries mostly black,
forming a series of conspicuous large oblong spots, the proximal
middle wing-coverts and outer webs of some of the other proximal
secondaries also usually with a few much smaller roundish black
spots; alulae, primary coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries dull
grayish black or blackish gray, more or less distinctly edged- with
paler, the secondaries broadly tipped with white (most widely on
outer webs), the innermost primaries tipped with grayish and margi-
nal terminally with white, all the primaries very narrowly but usually
very sharply edged with white; tail crossed by a subterminal band
of black (this usually less distinct, sometimes obsolete, on middle
pair of rectrices), the terminal portion pale gray on outermost rectrix,
deeper gray on the others, the gray gradually deepening, and usu-
ally becoming more tinged with brown, toward the middle rectrices,
which are brown terminally, the basal portion passing from deep
gray (slate-gray) on outermost rectrix to brown on the middle ones;
fawn color of foreneck passing into light russet-vinaceous or deep
vinaceous-fawn color on chest, breast, abdomen, anal region, and
under tail-coverts (the vinaceous hue varying considerably), the
under tail-coverts sometimes passing into pale gray on terminal
portion; sides and flanks (beneath wings), axillars, and under wing-
coverts clear bluish gray (gull gray to deep gull gray); bill black; iris
deep brown; bare orbital space pale grayish blue; legs and feet lake
red; length (skins), 234-301 (264); wing, 144-164 (156.1); tail, 77-99
(88.2); exposed culmen, 13-16 (14.1); tarsus, 22.5-26 (24.5); middle
toe, 21-24.5 (22.3).¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but color of head, neck,
and under parts duller (less vinaceous), the pileum dull olive-brownish

«¥orty specimens.

358 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fading into buffy brown on forehead, the foreneck and chest nearly
wood brown; metallic gloss on sides of neck less brilliant and of
more restricted area, and supra-auricular black spot or streak usually
absent; flanks more extensively gray, and gray tips to rectrices
rather shorter; length (skins), 223-281 (241); wing, 141.5-159 (151.7);
tail, 81-93 (86.8); exposed culmen, 12.5-15.5 (14.2); tarsus, 21-25
(23.8); middle toe, 20-23 (21.5). ¢%

Young.—More brownish than the adult female, the general color
of upper parts olive-brownish, that of under parts dull light russet
or russet-brown; wing-coverts, scapulars, and proximal secondaries
narrowly margined terminally with pale russet or cinnamon.

Florida Keys, Bahamas (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry,
Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Cat, Concepcién, Watling,
Rum Cay, Long, Caicos, Great Inagua, Auguilla, Highburn Cay,
Stranger Cay, and Moraine Cay islands); Cuba; Isle of Pines; Grand
Cayman; Little Cayman; Cayman Brac; Haiti; Jamaica.

a Eighteen specimens.

Ex-
: Locality. Wing. | Tail. | POSP4 | Tarsns.| Middle
men.
MALES.
Sixteon adult males from Bahamas. -.........-2.-20-.2-00-200+ 156. 4 89. 2 14.4 24.6 22.5
Hight adult males from Cuba-.....--.- 157.7 92.4 14.5 24.7 21.8
Two adult males from ‘Isle of Pines .... 150 83 13 23.2 21.7
One adult male from Grand Cayman......... -| 156 83.5 15 25.5 24.5
One adult male from Little Cayman.................0..-2222-- 149.5 87.5 15 24 24
Two adult males from Cayman Brac............--22.-2--2206- 151.7 87 15.7 25.2 23. 2

Six adult males from Jamaica edad -| 159.8 91.3 14.4 24.5 22.2
Four adult males from Haiti............-. 2... cece eee eee eee 155. 2 89.2 13.9 23.9 21.7
Forty adult males of Z. z. zenaida ......-22.2-222-02-2eeee eee ee 156.1 88. 2 14.1 24.5 22.3
Twenty-four adult males of Z. z. lucida 153.6 90. 8 14.8 24.7 22.3
Three adult males of Z. z. yucatanensis 152.3 94.8 14.3 24,5 22.8

FEMALES.

Seven adult females from Bahamas...............2.222222.200- 156. 2 87.9 14.9 24,2, 21.8

Two adult females from Cuba.....---...2--2022 2 cece ee eee eee ee 150 87.5 14.5 23.7 21.2
One adult female from Grand Cayman...............2.....2.- 146 83.5) 18 24,5 21.5
One adult female from Cayman Brac. covets -| 141.5 81.5 12.5 21 20
Five adult females from Jamaica...............20222.22ecee eee 151.1 88.8 13.7 24 21.6
Two adult females from Haiti.....................222. eee eee 146.7 82 13.7 23 21

Eighteen adult females of Z. z. zenaida abies -| 151.7 86.8 14.2 23.8 21.5
Eight adult females of Z. z. lucida ...........02222.2222. -| 148.2 89.5 14,2 23.6 20.9
One adult female of Z. z. yucatanensis 146.5 99. 5 14.7 24.5 21.7

e ¢ ¢

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 359

(??) Clolumba] meridionalis @ Latuam, Suppl. Index Orn., ii, 1801, p. lx (based
on Southern Pigeon Latham, Synopsis Birds, Suppl., ii, 270; ‘‘New Hol-
land”; alleged types, from Jamaica, now in coll. Liverpool Mus., fide Forbes
and Robinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, 1898, 36; ii, 1900, 137).

Columba meridionalis Vintttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 346; Tabl.
Enc. Méth., i, 1823, 376—Dzsmarest, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 371.—
Lesson, Compl. Buffon, Ois., viii, 1837, 74; 2d ed., 1838, 289.—BonaparTE,
Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 91—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 641.—
Forzes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, 1898, 36 (‘‘type’’ in coll.
Liverpool Mus.; crit.). «

C[olumba] meridionalis Wacizr, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. dub., 16.

Phaps meridionalis Reicuznsacu, Tauben, i, £861, 39.

[Phaps] meridionalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 245, no. 9430.

[Zenaida]. meridionalis Suarez, Hand-list, i, 1899, 76, part (Bahamas; Florida
Keys; Antilles)—Forsers and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 137
(Jamaica; types of Southern Pigeon var. A. Latham, Gen. Hist. Birds, viii,
1822, 28).

Zenaida meridionalis Lowe, Ibis, 1911, 145 (Cayman Brac).

Clolumba] zenaida Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 30 {southern
part of Florida).

Columba zenaida Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 53 (Havana, Cuba); Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 119; ii, 1828, 441; Am. Om., iii, 1828, 23, pl. 17, fig. 2—
Nourraz, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 625; 2d ed., 1840, 757.—
Avvuson, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 354, pl. 162; v. 1839, 558; Synopsis, 1839, 191;
Birds Am., oct. ed., v, 1842, 9, pl. 281.—D’Orsteny, in La Sagra, Hist. Nat.
Cuba, Ois., 1839, 177 (large ed., p. 130).

Peristera zenaida ScHuEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 140
(Jamaica).

[Zenaida] zenaida Bonaparts, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 82.

Zenaida zenaida Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 355; Auk,
viii, 1891, 336 (New Providence I.), 337 (Cat I.; Watling I.), 338 (Rum
Cay).—AMERICAN OrnitHoLocists’ Unton, Check List., 1886 (and 2d ed.,
1895), no. 317; 3d ed., 1910, 149.—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 113 (synonymy,
descr., geog. range); viii, 1891, 297 (Caicos Islands, Bahamas), 351 (Inagua,
Bahamas), 352 (Anguilla); Birds West Ind., 1889, 214; Cat. West Ind. Birds,
1892, 97, 188 (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry, Eleuthera, New Provi-
dence, Andros, San Salvador or Cat, Concepcion, Watling, Rum Cay,
North Caicos, Grand Caicos, East Caicos, and Great Inagua islands, Bahamas;
Cuba; Tsle of Pines; Grand Cayman; Little Cayman; Cayman Brac; Jamaica;
Haiti).—Norturop, Auk, viii, 1891, 76 (Andros I.).—Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892,

@ This name has been adopted by Messrs. Forbes and Robinson for the species on
the ground that specimens alleged to be Latham’s types, preserved in the Liverpool
Museum, prove to be the species known as Zenaida zenaida Bonaparte. The speci-
mens in question, however, are not the types of Latham’s Columba meridionalis of 1801,
which was based on a specimen in Mr. Swainson’s collection, but are the types of
Latham’s Southern Pigeon var. A, described in the General History of Birds, viii, 1822,
28, and consequently have nothing to do with the determination of C. meridionalis.
Furthermore, the description of the latter does not at all correspond in some respects
with the characters of Z. zenaida but agrees much better with those of Z. aurita, as
the following will show:

“Size of a Turtle; length 10 inches; general color of the plumage deep reddish
brown; a little paler on the breast; from thence all beneath is pale reddish white.”

860 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

123 (Jamaica, common resid.).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892,
292 (near Trinidad, s. Cuba; notes).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (i),
1892, 143.—Fieip, Auk, x, 1894, 123 (Jamaica, common).—CueERRI®, Contr.
Orn. San Dom., 1896, 24.—Forszs ond Ronrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i,
1898, 36 (crit.).--Banas, Auk, xvii, 1900, 286 (Nassau, New Providence).—
Au.en (G. M.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 123 (Stranger Cay and Moraine Cay, Baha-
mas).—Ritzy, Auk, xxii, 1905, 354 (New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat,
Watling, and Long islands, Bahamas).—Menzcavx, Rev. Frang. d’Om.,
no. 2, 1909, 31 (Figuabas, e. Cuba).—Verriy (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 357 (Santo Domingo).—Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
vii, 1911, 416 (Great Inagua, Watling, and Abaco islands, Bahamas; varia-
tions of plumage).—Worturneton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 450 (Great
Inagua, Acklin, Watling, Andros, and Abaco islands, Bahamas).

Z{enuida] zenuida Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 213, part.

Zenaida zenaida zenaida Banas and Zaprprey, Am. Nat., xxxix, April, 1905, 197
(Isle of Pines).

Zenuida amabilis Bonavarte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41 (based on Audubon,
pl. 162); Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 97 (Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; crit.);
Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 82 (Cuba; Florida; Bahamas).—Gossz, Birds
Jamaica, 1847, 307; Naturalist’s Soj. in Jamaica, 1851, 174.—RzIcHENBACH,
Syn. Av., 1847, fig. 1412; Syn. Av. Novit., Columbariae, 1851, pl. 255, figs.
2867, 2868.—CaBanis, Journ. ftir Orn., 1856, 111 (Cuba; habits).—Barrep,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 602 (Florida ?); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 449.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (Bahamas; hahits).—
Atprecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 55 (Bahamas); 1862, 204 (Jamaica).—
Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 80 (Jamaica); Rev. List Birds Jamaica,
1910, 18.—Gunoptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 416 (Cuba; crit.); 1874, 298
(Cuba; habits); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 301.—Barrp, Brewer,
and Rweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 379, pl. 58, fig. 3—Cory, Birds
Bahama Js., 1880, 138; Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 128 (Puerta Plata
and Magua, Santo Domingo); Auk, vi, 1889, 32 (Cayman Brac).—Ripeway,
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 462.—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no.
545.—Satvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 382 (San Cristobal and
Monte Verde, Cuba; Jamaica).--BonHote, Ibis, 1899, 517 (New Providence,
Bahamas).

[Zenaida] amabilis Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba).—Gray, Hand-
list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9350.—Sctatrer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873,
132.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 24.

Zlenaida] amabilis Retcuensacg, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, 1861, 21, pl. 255,
figs. 2867, 2868, pl. 254, fig. 1412 (Florida Keys; Bahamas; Cuba).—Nrwton
(A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 114.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,
1884, 569.

[Zenzda] amabilis Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 226.

Zenada amabilis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 372.—Rimeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 195.

Zenaida richardsoni Cory, Auk, iv, Jan., 1887, 7 (Little Cayman, south of Cuba;
coll. C. B. Cory); iv, 1887, 114 (Little Cayman); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892,
138, in text.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3861

ZENAIDA ZENAIDA LUCIDA Noble.

PORTO RICAN DOVE.

Similar to Z. z. zenaida but with color of head and neck brighter
(sayal brown or cinnamon, rather than fawn color). |

Adult male.—Length (skins), 251-288 (264); wing, 140-159 (153.6);
tail, 80-100 (90.8); exposed culmen, 13-16.5 (14.8); tarsus, 23-27
(24.7); middle toe, 20.5-23.5 (22.3).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 243-280 (259); wing, 145-155.5
(148.2); tail, 84-95 (89.5); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14.2); tarsus,
22.5-25 (23.6); middle toe, 20.5-23.5 (20.9).°

Easternmost Greater Antilles (Mona; Desechio; Porto Rico;
Culebra; Vieque; St. Thomas; St. Johns; Tortola; Virgin Gorda; St.
Croix) and Sombrero, St. Eustatius, and Antigua, Lesser Antilles.

Zenaida amabilis (not of Bonaparte) Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 253 (St.
Croix; habits).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 378 (St. Thomas).—
GunpuacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 312 (Porto Rico); 1878, 161, 186 (Porto
Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 346 (Porto Rico).—LawReEnce,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864, 98 (Sombrero).—Sunprvatn, Gfv. K. Vet.-Ak.
Férh., 1869, 601 (Porto Rico).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,
382, part (Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Virgin Gorda). :

Zenaida zenaida Cory, Auk, vii, 1890, 375 (Tortola; Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891, 47
(Antigua; St. Eustatius); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, 138, part (Mona;
Porto Rico; Tortola; Virgin Gorda; St. Croix; St. Eustatius; Antigua).

Columba zenaida (not of Bonaparte) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 256
(Porto Rico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 191 (Porto Rico).

Zenaida zenaida lucida Nosiz, Proc. New England Zool. Club, v, Oct. 4, 1915,
101 (St. Croix; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).

@ Twenty-four specimens. b Hight specimens.
oe Mid
‘. ‘ . pose iddle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. cul- Tarsus, toe.
men,
MALES.
“

Two adult males from Mona Island..............-....------+-- 153 85 1 | 23.5 23.2
Ten adult males from Porto Rico..........--.-------20--0-- 02+ 153.2 92.8 14.9 24.6 22
One adult male from Desechio Island..............2--.--.--+-- 155 87.5 15 D3 laa caeig
One adult male from Culebra Island..........-...-.22.---220-+ 158.5 94 14.5 24.5 23
Three adult males from Viequo Island. .... sin eicisichacln, eich ghnvereneesss 155.2] 94.5 15 24.7 22.8
One adult male from Tortola. ..........0.-0220e sence eee eee ee 159 87.5 14.5 26.5 23
Two adult males from Virgin Gorda..........--.-----------0-- 149.5 92.5 14 25.7 22.5
Four adult males from St. Croix. .....--..-20-.0--02-eee eee eee 150. 2 86.2 14.7 24.7 22

FEMALES.
Five adult females from Porto Rico...........-..--------20+--5+ 147.2 88.7 14.4 23.2 21.5
One adult female from St. Thomas.........-.....-----------++- 149 92 13.5 23.5 23.5
One adult female from St. Johns. ...-....-..------+--e2e eee eee 145 86 14 25 22.5
One adult female from St. Croix.........-.-.2-. 2-22 e eee eee 155.5 95.5 14 24 22

362 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ZENAIDA ZENAIDA YUCATANENSIS (Salvadori).

SALVADORI’S DOVE.

Similar to Z. 2. zenaida but general coloration very slightly paler (?),
and with hindneck distinctly grayish.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 264-281 (270); wing, 147-156 (152.3);
tail, 92-94.5 (93.2); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14.3); tarsus, 24-25
(24.5); middle toe, 22.5-23.5 (22.8).%

Adult female.—Length (skin), 255; wing, 146.5; tail, 86.5; exposed
culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 24; middle toe, 21.°

Coast and islands of Yucatan (Sil4m; Progreso; Rio Lagartos;
Cozumél Island; Holbox Island; Mugeres Island).

Zenaida amabilis (not of Bonaparte) Bovoarn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 458
(Yucatan).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 458, footnote; Ibis, 1889,
377 (Holbox and Mugeres Islands, Yucatan; crit.), 91 (Holbox and Mugeres
I.), 92 (crit.), 93 (distribution).

Zlenaida] amabilis Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 213, part (Yucatan).

[Zenaida] amabilis Satvin, Ibis, 1890, 89 (Holbox and Mugeres I., Yucatan).

Zenaida yucatanensis Sauvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 384 (Rio
Lagartos, n. Yucatan; coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 245 (Rio Lagartos, Progreso, Cozumel I., Holbox I.,
and Mugeres I., Yucatan).

[Zenaida] yucatanensis Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 77—ForBes and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 137.

ZENAIDA SPADICEA Cory.

BAY DOVE.

Similar to Z. 2. zenaida, but coloration very much darker.

Adult male.—Forehead walnut brown or roods brown, passing into
deep burnt umber on crown and occiput; sides of head (including
superciliary and supra-auricular regions) deep russet, passing into
light cinnamon or deep cinnamon-buff on chin and upper throat and
into purplish russet or deep pecan brown on chest and other under
parts, including under tail-coverts; a subauricular spot of glossy blue-
black or steel blue; lower sides of neck brightly glossed with metallic
purple and violet (changing to violet-blue); general color of upper
upper parts bister or warm-sepia brown, the inner webs of inner row
of proximal secondaries black (except terminally), the proximal mid-
dle wing coverts with a few small black spots; distal greater wing-
coverts more grayish brown; aluesx, primary coverts, primaries, and
distal secondaries dull black or grayish black, the last broadly tipped
with white, the primaries very narrowly edged with dull whitish and
more distinctly margined terminally with the same; tail crossed by
a subterminal band of black, this broader on lateral rectrices, nar-
rower on middle pair (where sometimes obsolete), the terminal por-

2 Three specimens; one of them said to be female but undoubtedly a male.
> One specimen.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 868

tion (except on middle pair of rectrices) neutral gray, slightly paler
than the gray of basal portion; sides and flanks (beneath wings),
axillars, and under wing-coverts neutral gray; bill black; legs and
feet light brownish (lake red in life); length (skins), 246-262 (254);
wing, 145.5-151 (148.2); tail, 85-93.5 (89.2); exposed culmen, 13-
13.5 (18.2); tarsus, 23.5-24 (23.8); middle toe, 21.5-23 (22.3).¢
Grand Cayman, south of Cuba; Little Cayman?
Zenaida spadicea Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 498,502 (Grand Cayman, south of
Cuba; coll. C. B. Cory); iv, 1887, 114; Birds West Ind., 1889, 215; Cat. West
Ind. Birds, 1892, 9, 97, 129—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,
383, footnote.—Nicot, Ibis, 1904, 587 (Grand Cayman; crit.)—Lowe, Ibis,
1909, 341 (Little Cayman; crit.); 1911, 145 (Grand Cayman; Little Cayman).
[Zenaida] spadicea SHanps, Hand-list, i, 1899, 76—Forses and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 187.
ZENAIDA AURITA (Temminck and Knip).
MARTINIQUE DOVE.

Adult male.—Pileum and nape soft brown (walnut brown or roods
brown) paler (fawn color |to light mikado brown or nearly avellaneus
on forehead; sides of head and upper neck, together with foreneck,
cinnamon (clearer in front), passing into white or buffy white on
chin and upper throat; chest, breast, and anterior portion of sides
dull russet-vinaceous to light grayish vinaceous, passing into pale
grayish vinaceous posteriorly, the lower abdomen, anal region, and
under tail-coverts white or creamy white; sides (beneath wings),
axillars, and proximal under wing-coverts pale bluish gray (gull gray),
the distal under wing-coverts darker (deep gull gray); a subauricular
spot, or streak, of glossy blue-black or steel blue, and, usually at least,
a much smaller one on upper edge of auricular region; sides of neck
brilliantly glossed with metallic reddish purple and: violet, changing
to blue; general color of upper parts snuff brown, the proximal
secondaries and larger coverts with roundish or oblong black spots,
these usually margined posteriorly with white; alule, primary
coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries dull grayish black or dusky,
more or less distinctly, though very narrowly, edged with paler, the
secondaries broadly tipped with white, the primaries margined
terminally with dull whitish or pale grayish; tail crossed by a sub-
terminal (postmedian) band of black, this narrower and less distinct
(sometimes obsolete) on middle pair of rectrices, the terminal.portion
of the lateral rectrices passing from white, or grayish white, on the
outermost to deep gray on next to middle pair, the basal portion of
all deep gray with outer portion of outer web, more or less extensively,
brown, except on outermost rectrix, which is usually edged with
white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet lake red (in life); length,
234-301 (267) ; wing, 141-165.5 (152.3); tail, 88.5-111 (95.2) ; exposed

«4 Three specimens.

364 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

culmen, 13-17 (14.8); tarsus, 24-27 (25.4); Iniddle toe, 19.5-24.5
(22.4).¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish-
able, but usually (?) with the subauricular spot or streak smaller;
length (skins), 232-298 (266); wing, 136.5-159 (148.1); tail, 81.5-
99 (90.7); exposed culmen, 13-15.5 (14.2); tarsus, 23.5-27 (25.1);
middle toe, 19.5-23.5 (21.8).°

Young.—Coloration decidedly duller than in adults; brown of head,
chest, etc., much less vinaceous; brown of upper parts lighter, the
wing-coverts, scapulars, and proximal secondaries narrowly and
indistinctly margined terminally with paler, and black spots on wings
less sharply defined and without white posterior margin.

Lesser Antilles (Anguilla; St. Bartholomew; Saba; St. Eustatius;
St. Christopher; Barbuda; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Domin-
ica; Martinique; Santa Lucia; St. Vincent; Balliceaux Island, near St.
Vincent; Bequia; Canonén; Unién Island; Mustique; Carriacou;
Grenada; Barbados); St. Croix and Virgin Gorda, eastern Greater
Antilles.

[Columba martinicana| Var. 8. Gustin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 781 (based on
Columba martinicana Brisson, Orn.,i, 103, no. 14; Pigeon roux de Cayenne
Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., ii, 526; Pl. Enl., no. 141).—Latuam, Index Orn., ii,

1790, 595.
a Twenty-seven specimens. b Twenty specimens.
Ex- r
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | PS | Parsus,| Middle
men,
MALES
One adult male from Saba........2..-2.-.. cece eee cece cee e eee 154 96 16 26.5 24.5
Two adult males from St. Eustatius.............222--2222226-- 145.5 93 14 24.7 2.5
One adult male from St. Christopher... . ----[ 165.5] 111 14 25.5 24
Three adult males from Barbuda.......-....2....2.2222222002+ 156.3| 95.3] 14.8] 26.7 22.7
Six adult males from Antigua......---2......0.00202 2.22 e eee 151.1 94.1 14.2 25.7 22,2
Six adult males from Dominica noes wee STL 94 14.9 25 247
One adult male from Martinique.....-......... ~---| 145 88.5 15 24 21.5
Three adult males from Santa Lucia.... 158.7 98. 7 16 24.8 22.3
One adult male from Bequia.....--...-........ 146 96 15 27 pz)
Two adult males from Grenada................ 154 94.7 14.7 25 23.2
One adult male from Barbados.......... 202.2222 ...cccee cece ee 142 93 15.5] 24.5 21
FEMALES.
One adult female from Virgin Gorda 89 13 23.5 21.5
Four adult females from Barbuda... 89.9 14.4 24,4 20.7
Four adult females from Antigua..... 90.5 14.1 25.9 22.1
One adult female from Guadeloupe. .. 90 13.5 24 22.5
Four adult females from Dominica... . 95.7 14.5 26.5 22,7
One adult female from Santa Lucia... 92.5 |........ 24 20.5
One adult female from St. Vincent ... 88.5 14.5 25 21.5
Two adult females from Grenada. .. 86. 2 14.2 25.2 22.5
Two adult females from Barbados..................2200seeeeee 88. 2 14.5 24, 2 21.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 365

Columba aurita Temmencx, Les Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11, 60, pl. 25,
not pl. 25 bis? (Martinique).—Tremmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813,
247, part (Martinique).—SrrrHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1809, 51, part.

Zlenaida] aurita Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 475, excl. syn. ,

C[olumba] aurita Temuincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1818, 467 (‘‘America
australi”).

[Zenarda] aurita RetcHenBacu, Syn. Av., 1847, figs. 1413, 1414.—Gray, Hand-
list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9357.—Suarpsr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 76.—Forpes and
Ronmrson, Bull. Livernodl Mus., ii, 1900, 137. z

Zenaida aurita Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 380 (Anguilla; Mont-
serrat; Dominica; Barbados; Mustique, Grenadines; Grenada).—Nicot1;
This, 1994, 563 (Carriacou, Grenadines).—LoweE, Ibis, 1909, 306 (Barbados).

Zenaida zenaida aurita Riwey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., xlvii, Nov. 8, 1904 (281)
(Barbuda; Antigua; crit.) —CiarK (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii,
1905, 260 (Barbados; St. Vincent; Grenadines; Grenada; habits; descr. nest
and eggs).

(?) Columba leucoptera (not of Linnzus) Vizrttor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
xxvi, 1818, 351, part.

C[olumba] castanea WactER, Syst. Av., 1827, 256, Columba, sp. 77 (Martinique).

Pleristera] castanea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 476.

Zlenaida] castanea Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 213.

Zenaida castanea Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 10, 97, 138 (St. Croix; St.
Eustatius; Barbuda; Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Marti-
nique; Santa Lucia; St. Vincent; Bequia; Canonan; Union; Carriacou; Gren-
ada; crit.).

[Zenaida] martinicana Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ti, 1857, 82 (Martinique;
coll. Paris Mus.).—Scrater and Saxnvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 132.—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 24.

Zenaida martinicana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 97 (Martinique;
crit.).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 171 (Dominica; ‘Porto Rico”),—LawRENCcE,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 66 (Dominica), 196 (Balliceaux I., near St.
Vincent), 241 (Barbuda); i, 1879, 275 (Grenada; habits), 360 (Martinique),
487 (Barbuda; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Vincent;
Grenada).—SciatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 765 (Montserrat); 1889,
326 (Dominica); 1892, 499 (Anguilla); Cat. Vertebr. Anim., 8th ed., 1882, 455
(Union I., Grenadines) —Aten, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, %, 1880, 169 (Banta
(asia lo inienase, Ibis, 1882, 492 (Montserrat; habits)-Cony, Auk, iv,
1887, 114 (synonymy; descr.; range); viii, 1891, 48 (St. Croix; Guadeloupe);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 214.—Wetts, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 624
(Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Verrit (G. E.), Trans. Conn. Ac.
Arts and Sci., viii, 1892, 323 (Dominica; habits).

Zlenaida] martinicana Retcuenpacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 21,
pl. 254, figs. 1413, 1414 (Martinique).

Columba (Zenaida) martinicana SunpEvaut, Civ. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869, 585
(St. Bartholomew). x

Chamaepelia martinicana GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 634.

Zenaida bimaculata Gray, List Birds Brit. iis; Golumbes; 1856, 47 (Barbados;
coll. Brit. Mus.). ©

Zen{ aida] bimaculata BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 97 (*Bertruda”"—Bar-
bados).

[Zenaida] bimaculata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9351.

Zenaida amabilis (not of Bonaparte) Frmpsn, Ibis, 1889, 489 (Barbados; habits).

366 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ZENAIDA(?) PLUMBEA Gosst.

PLUMBEOUS DOVE.

Adult.—General color bluish gray (‘bluish lead color’), the sec-
ondaries black, tipped with white, and the lateral rectrices tipped
with white.

Jamaica (extinct).¢

Zenaida? plumbea Gosse, Illustr. Birds Jamaica, 1849, pl. 85.—ReicHEenBacs,
Syn. Av. Novit., Columbariae, 1851, pl. 245, fig. 2590.

Zenaida plumbea Bonararte, Compt. Rend., x1, 1855, 24 (crit.).

Zlenaida] plumbea Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 114.

[ Metriopelia] plumbea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 76.

Mfetriopeleia] plumbea ReicHEnBAcEH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 18,
pl. 245, fig. 2590; ii, 1962, 194.

[Chamaepelia] plumbea GrieBEt, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 635.

ZENAIDA AURICULATA (Des Murs).

TEMMINCE’S DOVE,

Adult male.—¥orehead, anterior portion of crown, and sides of
crown and occiput light cinnamon-drab to ecru-drab; sides of head
similar, passing into dull white, vinaceous-white, or dull pale grayish
vinaceous on chin and upper throat, and into purplish or grayish
vinaceous-fawn color on foreneck and chest, this passing posteriorly,
through amore pinkish hue, into pale vinaceous-buff on flanks and abdo-
men, the anal region and under tail-coverts pale cream-buff to buffy
white; axillars and proximal wing-coverts pale bluish gray (gull
gray), the distal under wing-coverts deeper gray; posterior portion
of crown and occiput (sometimes part of nape also) gray (dark gull
gray to neutral gray), passing into grayish brown on hindneck; a
subauricular spot of glossy blue-black (or black glossed and with steel
blue), and a streak of the same along upper margin of auricular re-
gion; side of lower neck brilliantly glossed with metallic reddish purple
changing to golden bronze, the lower hindneck more faintly glossed;
back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and proximal secondaries hair brown
to grayish olive-brown, the distal wing-coverts, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and middle rectrices more or less grayer (the last, however,
sometimes quite concolor with back), the upper rump sometimes
decidedly gray; a few of the proximal larger wing-coverts and two
innermost secondaries each with a rather large roundish or ovate spot
of black on outer web; alule, primary coverts, primaries, and distal
secondaries grayish dusky (deep to dark neutral gray), the primaries

@ This bird, which is known only from an unpublished colored drawing by a Mr.
Robinson, seems to be one of the many West Indian species which have become ex-
tinct. It was apparently still existant in Gosse’s time, and was known to the woods-
men of Jamaica as the ‘‘Blue Partridge.”’

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 867

(and sometimes distal portion of secondaries) very narrowly edged with
much paler gray or whitish and more broadly but less sharply mar-
gined terminally with lighter brownish gray; rectrices (except middle
pair) with more than basal half slate-gray or dark dull gray (tinged
with brown toward middle ones), the terminal portion pure white on
outermost rectrix, gradually becoming more and more gray toward
pair next to middle ones, the terminal portion of which is light gray
(sometimes with outer web partly white); separating the darker gray
of proximal portion from the white or light gray of distal portion is a
band of black, which becomes narrower, and less developed on outer
webs, toward outer rectrices, the two outermost of which (on each
side) having little if any black on outer webs, that of the outermost
being almost wholly white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet lake
red; length (skins), 223-280 (255); wing, 127.5-158.5 (146.9); tail,
80.5-107 (90.7); exposed culmen, 14~-17.5 (14.6); tarsus, 19-23.5
(22.3); middle toe, 19-24 (21.8).¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but coloration slightly
duller, the head, neck and under parts less pinkish or vinaceous, occiput
less bluish gray (often grayish brown, like back), and metallic reflec-
tion on sides of neck less brilliant or less extended; length (skins),
221-261' (246); wing, 131-151.5 (142.5); tail, 79-100 (87.8); ex-
posed culmen, 14-16 (14.7); tarsus, 19.5-22.5 (21.3); middle toe,
19.5-23.5 (21).°

« Twenty-three specimens. b Nineteen specimens.

mae Middl
: A a pose iddle

Locality. Wing. Tail. cul. Tarsus, toe.

men,
MALES.

Ten adult males from central Ecuador. 150.4 | 100.3 15.2 22.4 22.5
Five adult males from Peru............-..-- 146.1 97.9 15.6 23 22. 2
Two adult males from Chile. a 153.5 96. 2 14.5 23 21.7
Two adult males from Bolivia 144.2 87.7 14 22.5 21.2
Three adult males from southern Brazil..........-.---.--++..-- 132.8 79.3 14.3 20.3 19.3

One adult male from Uruguay....-.....-----.0ceeeeeeeeeeeeeee 147.5} 88 14,5 21 20

FEMALES.

One adult female from Colombia (Castillo).........--.......--- 139 85.5 |.-----4- 21.5 21
Nine adult females from central Ecuador...........-----.-.--- 147.3 93. 4 14.9 21.3 21.1
Two adult females from Pert..........2.-0. eee cece eee eee eens 137 91.7] (15) 21.7 21.5
Five adult females from Bolivia........--.-.--2+---- eee ern 135.8 82.3 14.5 20.7 20.8

One adult female from southwestern Brazil (Chapada, Matto-

GTOSSO) « caicisniisciewissisininicmnetcinininnid ae og sveaewionerne euaeececesis 138 79.5 14.5 21 20.5
One adult female from Uruguay ..........0---2-eeescee cee e eens 141 87, 14.5 22.5 20.5

Besides differences of size there are slight variations of color which seem to distin-
guish specimens from separate geographic areas; but the series examined is too small as
respects the cis-Andean region to justify an attempt at subdivision of the species.

368 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

From Pearl Islands, Bay of Panam4, southward through Colombia
(Castillo), Ecuadér (Quito; Cumboya, near Quito, 7,500 ft.3 La Con-
cepcién, Quito; Cajabamba, Chimbo, 11,000 ft.; Huigra, Chimbo,
4,000 ft.; Ambato; Riobamba plain, Chimbo; Guayaquil; Sicél;
Cuenca; Ibarra; Puntilla de Santa Elena), Peru (Arequipa; Islay;
Calacali Bay; Catarindos Valley; Tambo Valley; Macate; Hacienda
Llagueda; Menucocho; Carapata, Lake Titicaca), and Bolivia (Reyes;
Santa Cruz de la Sierra; Puerto Suarez; Hachapampa; Aguairendo;
Caiza; San Lorenzo) to Chile (Coquimbo; Province of Santiago;
Rio Beneno; Rio Pilmaiquen), Brazil, south of Amazon River
(Mexiana Island; Paré; Cearé; Chapada, Mattogrosso; Fernando
Noronha Island), Argentina (Mendoza Bay; Conchitas; Chirilcay;
Tucum4n; Punta Lara; Quilne), Uruguéy (Montevidéo; Concepcién),
and Paragu4y (Puerto Bertoni, upper Rio Parané).

Columba aurita Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., 1813, 247, 467, part.—Srz-
pHENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 51, part.

Clolumba] aurita Licutenste1n, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 66 (Montevideo, Uruguay;
no descr.; based on Pigeon brun tacheté Azara, Apunt. Parag., 322).—
Waeter, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. 70 (syn. emend.).—Tscuun1,
Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844, 306 (Peru).

Columba aurita Darwin, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, 1841, 115.—Tscuunr, Fauna
Peruana, Aves, 1844, 275. i

Zenaida aurita Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843, 115 (Chile).—Tscuvnr,
Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1844, 45.—Hartiaus, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847,
20.—MacFartanE, Ibis, 1887, 202 (Coquimbo, Peru).

[Zenaida] aurita Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 97 (crit.).

Columba (Zenaida) aurita Burmeister, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 160 (Mendoza Bay,
Argentina). ‘

Columba maculata (not of Gmelin, 1789) VizrttotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
Xxvi, 1818, 367; Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1823, 376—Burmeister, La Plata
Reise, i, 1861, 306.

[Zenaida] maculata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 82.—Gray, Hand-
list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9352.—SciaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Motr., 1878, 132.

Zenaida maculata BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 302 (Brazil; Para-
guay); La Plata Reise, ii, 1861, 497.—ScuaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1867, 591 (Mexiana I., Brazil); 1868, 143 (Conchitas, Argentina);
1874, 678 (Peru); 1879, 639 (Bolivia).—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 276, 450.—
LayarD, Ibis, 1873, 395 (Para, Brazil)—Hupson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1874, 170 (Patagonia).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1876, 163 (Chirilcay, Argentina).—
Ber.erscu and Taczanowsgl, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 575 (Guayaquil,
Ecuador).—Barrows, Auk, i, 1884, 275 (Concepcion, Uruguay).—Grsson,
This, 1885, 282 (Uruguay).—Aten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1876, 355
(Carapata, Lake Titicaca, Peru); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.., ii, 1889, 105 (Bolivia).—
Scta1eR and Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 141.—SHarrs and Riper,
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xx, 1890, 479 (Fernando Noronha I.).

Zlenaida] maculata‘*Retcuensacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae., i, 1861, 21, pl.
257, fig. 1429; ii, 1862, 164.

Chamaepelia maculata G1EBEL, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 634.

Peristera maculata ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, 1873, 141.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 369

Columba meridionalis (not of Latham) Kine, Zool. Journ., iv, 1828, 92 (Straits of
Magellan).

[Chloroenas] meridionalis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 52.

Ch{loroenas] meridionalis RetcHensaca, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 61.

Phaps meridionalis Retcuensacs, Vollist. Naturg., Columbariae, ii, 1862, 166.

Peristera auriculata Des Murs, ‘in Gay’s Hist. Nat. Chile, Orn., i, 1847, 381 (cen-
tral Chile).—Hartiaus, Naumannia, 1853, 221.

Columba auriculata Des Murs, in Gay’s Hist. Nat. Chile, Orn., i, 1847, pl. 6.

Zen[aida] auriculata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 97 (Chile; crit.).

[Zenaida] auriculata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 82 (Chile; Patagonia).—
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9353.—Hzinz and ReicHenow, Nom.
Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 284 (Chile).

Zlenaida] auriculata Retcaenpacn, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, 1861, 21, pl.
245d, figs. 3529, 3580 (Chile; Patagonia).

Zenaida auriculata Puuzetn, Novara Reis., Vog., 1865, 109.—SciaTeR, Proc.
Zool, Soc. Lond., 1867, 330, 339 (Chile); 1870, 665 (Chile)—Sciarrer and
Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 989 (Peru); 1868; 176 (Tambo, Peru),
570 (western Peru).—TaczanowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 555 (centr.
Peru); 1880, 213 (0. Peru).—Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,
384 (Pearl Island, Bay of Panama; Fernando Noronha I.; Mexiana I.,
Ceara, Para, and Mattogrosso, Brazil; Hachapampa, Bolivia; Tucuman,
Conchitas, Punta Lara, and Quilne, Argentina; Sical, Ecuador; Arequipa,
Catarindos Valley, and Islay, Peru; Prov. Santiago, Coquimbo, Rio Beneno,
and Rio Pilmaiquen, Chile); Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xii, 1897, 32
(Aguairendo, Caiza, and San Lorenzo, s. Bolivia)—Scnatow, Zool. Jahrb.,
Sup., iv, Heft 3, 1898, 671 (Santiago, Chile)—Satvapori and Festa, Boll.
Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1900, 35 (Cuenca, Ibarra, La Concepcion, and Quito,
centr. Ecuador; Puntillo de Santa Elena, w. Ecuador; crit.)—THayrer
and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 147 (Pearl Islands?; crit.).

Chamaepelia auriculata GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 633.

Zen{aida] hypoleuca Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 97 (‘‘America centrali”).

Zlenaida] hypoleuca Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 83 (ex Gray, manu-
script; coll. Brit. Mus.)—Reicuenspacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i,
1861, 22, ii, 1862, 164.

Zenaida hypoleuca Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbee, 1856, 48 (Pearl Is.).—
Bonaparte, Icon. Pig., 1857, pl. 134.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1858, 460 (Ecuador); 1860, 97 (Calacali Bay, Peru).

[Zenaida] hypoleuca Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9355.

(?)Zenaida noronha Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbee, 1856, 47 (Fernando
Noronha I., Brazil; coll. Brit. Mus.).—PrtzeLn, Orn. Bras., 1871, 276, foot-
note.—RiptEy, Zoologist, 1888, 44.

(?)Zen[aida] noronha Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 946, 1949.

(?)[Zenaidaknoronha Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9354.

(?)[Chamaepelia] norouha GizBeL, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 635.

(?)Zenaida innotata Hartiaus, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, 1851, 74 (Chile).

Zenaida virgata Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 24 (Puerto Bertoni,
upper Rio Parana, Paraguay; see Arrib4lzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires, vii, 1902, 338, 383).

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——24

370 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ZENAIDA RUFICAUDA VINACEO-RUFA (Ridgway).

CURACAO DOVE.

Similar to Z. r. ruficauda* but decidedly smaller and coloration
paler.

Adult male.—Forehead (broadly), sides of crown and occiput, sides
of head and neck, and under parts, between light grayish vinaceous
and pale purple-drab, fading on chin and upper throat into dull white
or pale vinaceous-buff, becoming somewhat more pinkish posteriorly,
the under tail-coverts nearly vinaceous-fawn color; crown, occiput,
and nape light bluish gray (between light neutral gray and gull gray),
the hindneck more brownish gray or grayish brown; a subauricular
spot or streak of glossy blue-black (or black glossed with steel blue)
and a streak of the same along upper margin of auricular region;
sides of lower neck brightly glossed with metallic coppery bronze or
golden, the lower hindneck more faintly glossed with the same; back,
scapulars, wing-coverts, and proximal secondaries, grayish brown
(deep drab to grayish drab or light hair brown), the rump, upper tail-
coverts, and middle rectrices similar but usually decidedly more gray-
ish, especially the upper rump; distal wing-coverts and secondaries
brownish gray, very narrowly edged with paler; proximal secondaries
and greater wing-coverts with a few large roundish or oblong spots
of black; alule, primary coverts, and primaries, and distal second-
aries dull blackish gray or dusky, the last very narrowly edged with
whitish and margined terminally with paler brownish gray or grayish
brown; tail crossed by a subterminal band of black (indistinct, some-
times obsolete, on middle rectrices and wanting on outer web of out-
ermost pair), the terminal third (approximatly) of four or five outer
rectrices (on each side) light pecan brown or dull vinaceous-tawny,
paler toward the outermost rectrix, the outer web of which is wholly
pale dull light vinaceous-cinnamon, like distal portion of inner web;
the distal portion of second and third, or second, third, and fourth
rectrices (from middle) grayish brown or brownish gray, the prox-
imal portion of all (except middle pair) darker brownish gray or
grayish brown; bill black; iris deep brown; bare orbital space light
blue or grayish blue; legs and feet lake red; length (skins), 210-260
(233); wing, 129.56-143.5 (134.1); tail, 80-99 (85.9); exposed cul-
men, 13.5-16 (15.3); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.1); middle toe, 20-22.5
(21.1).

Adult female-—Similar to the adult male but coloration of head,
neck, and anterior under parts duller, the occiput, etc., less distinctly
(sometimes not at all) grayish, the forehead, foreneck, etc., less vina-
ceous, black markings on sides of head less strongly or not at all
glossed with blue, and metallic reflection on sides of neck less brilliant

@ See p. 356. b Twenty specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 371

or more restricted in area; length (skins), 211-234 (223); wing,
123-182 (128.1); tail, 77.5-88.5 (80.7); exposed culmen, 13-15
(13.9); tarsus, 19-21 (20.1); middle toe, 20-21 (20.3). ¢

Young.—Very different in coloration from adults, except remiges
and rectrices; wing-coverts and scapulars margined terminally (more
or less distinctly) with paler, the lesser and middle coverts sometimes
with a small medio-terminal wedge-shaped streak of dull white;
ground color of foreneck and chest dull light buffy brownish (some-
times intermixed with dusky), the feathers with paler terminal mar-
gins and narrow (sometimes wedge-shaped) mesial streaks; no me-
tallic reflections on sides of neck.

Islands near coast of Venezuela (Margarita; Aruba; Bonaire;Curacao;
Grenada; Glovers Island, near Grenada; Carriacou); and arid coast
district of Venezuela (Mérida; El] Trompillo, Carababo; Tocuyo; San
Feliz; San German de Upata).

Zenaida ruficauda? (not of Bonaparte) Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii,
1884, 176 (Curagao).

Zenaida vinaceo-rufa Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, sig. 11, Sept. 1, 1884,
176 (Curagao Island, Dutch West Indies; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Harrert,

« Ten specimens.

Locality. Wing. | Tail. aoa Tarsus.| Middle
culmen S
MALES,
One adult male from Bogota, Colombia (type of Z. bogotensis

Lawrence=Z. rufictuda Bonaparte?) ...............-----200- 151 87.5 15 23 23
Three adult males from Tolima and Honda, Colombia (Z. r.

TODENSONA) wate clsca ho oa ciaicsmininis eiainis Grain aid desislareiz eis ea bieeeereoee care 133 88 15 21.7 21.3
Two adult males from interior of Venezuela (Z. r. robinsoni)...| 130 83.7 13.5 21.2 19.7
One adult male from British Guiana (Z. r. jessiex#?)............] 125 ee er 21 19
Three adult males from Diamantina, lower Amazon (Z. r.

JOSSIES) waco caotannnatonwneee coed eae asecmeeteuneaais as eee 126.8 74.2 13.7 19.8 20.7
One adult male from Boa Vista, Pernambuco, Brazil (Z. +.

JOSRCH?) a sioresiacisasiacisa saltiness Hemmcisseh wowislbalacle wacinsicicisie.s 135.5 86.3 14.3 21 21.2
Six adult males from coast district of Venezuela (Z. 7. vinaceo-

MUG) rc spcicle anctafcrataraizitis stesciewlatars Raretermreraiirenlencauameeemacebiind 135.2 87.7 14.9 21.4 21.1
Three adult males from Margarita I., Venezuela (Z. r vinaceo-

PUIG) sccm odeasinscaeamdeamsbiskewascenerasy cadealscmecie eee 133 85. 2 14.5 21.2 21.2
One adult male from Bonaire I. (Z. r. vinaceo-rufa)...........- 137 86.5 14.5 21 22
Two adult males from Aruba I. (Z. r. vinaceo-rufa).............| 182.5 87 (16) 20.7 21.5
Three adult males from Curacao I. (Z. r. vinaceo-rufa).. -| 130.8 81.2 14 20.7 20. 2
Two adult males from Grenada (Z. 7. vinaceo-rufa)..........--. 135.7 (88) 14.2 21.5 22

FEMALES,
Three adult females from coast district of Venezuéla (Z. 1.

VINACCOR UIA) oes. Sic ecient ccmsanteits aosenincacemernneaes 129 80 14.3 20. 2 19.8
One adult female from British Guiana (Z. r jessiee#?)...........| 123 73 13 19 18.5
Three adult females from Curacao (Z. 7. vinaceo-rufa).. ---| 126.3 78.8 13.5 20 20.7
One adult female from Bonaire (Z. 1. vinaceo-rufa)............. 123 79 14 20.5 20. 5
One adult female from Carriacou (Z. r. vinaceo-rufa)........... 128 83 14.5 19 21
Two adult females from Grenada (Z. r. vinacco-rufa)........... 132 84.2 13.7 20. 5 20

S

3872 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ibis, 1893, 304 (Aruba I.; crit.), 324 (Aruba; Curagao; Bonaire; crit.; habits),
334 (Bonaire; habits)—Rosrnson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 658
(Margarita I., Venezuela).—Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 198
(Aruba), 205 (Curagao), 210 (Bonaire), 240 (Margarita I.).—Satvaport, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 389, part (Curacao; Grenada; Grenadines; Vene-
zuela?).

[Zenaida] vinaceo-rufa SuarrE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 77 (Venezuela?; Curacao;
Grenada; Grenadines)—Forsrs and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
1900, 137.

Zenaida vinaceo rufa Peters, Journ. fir Orn., 1892, 113 (Curacao).

Zenaida vinaceorufa BerterscH, Journ. fir Orn., 1892, 95 (Curacao; crit.), 97
(description), 102 (distribution) —Ciarx (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xxxii, 1905, 261 (Grenada; Carriacou; crit.; habits; descr. nest and eggs). —
Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, 189 (Grenada; Grenadines; Curacao).

(?) Zenaida ruficouda vinaceorufa? Bertersch and Harterr, Novit. Zool., ix,
April, 1902, 118 (Altagracia and Caicara, Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; crit.).

Zenaida ruficauda vinaceorufa Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 305 (Aruba; Cura-
¢a0; Bonaire).¢

Zenaida rubripes Lawrence, Auk, ii, Oct., 1885, 357 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles;
coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); vi; 1889, 21 (Grenada).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 115;
Birds West Ind., 1889, 216—Wetts, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 624;
List Birds Grenada, 1886, 7.

[Zenaida] rubripes Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 24 (Grenada).

Engyptila wellsi (not of Cory) Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 625
(Grenada).

Genus NESOPELIA Sundevall.

Nesopelia > SuNDEVALL, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., ii, 1873, 99. (Type Zenaida
galapagoensis Gould.)

Similar to Zenaida but bill relatively larger and distinctly decurved;
tail relatively much shorter (less than three-fifths as long as wing),
much less graduated, and consisting of only twelve Gnstead of four-
teen) rectrices, and wing-coverts conspicuously streaked or spotted
with white and black.

Bill moderately large, the exposed culmen longer than lateral toes
(without claws), slightly but distinctly decurved, with horny terminal
portion relatively long (that of. maxilla equal to or greater than
distance from its base to base of nasal operculum) ; greatest depth of bill
equal to width, decidedly less than one-third length of exposed culmen;
frontal feathering advancing as far as or very slightly beyond malar
antia, the mental antia reaching about as far as anterior end of nostrils.
Wing moderate, pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal
secondaries by a little more than one-third the length of wing; first
and second, or first, second and third, primaries (from outside) equal
and longest, the outermost with inner web rather strongly incised
subterminally. Tail less than three-fifths as long as wing, slightly but
decidedly rounded, consisting of twelve moderately broad rectrices.
Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe (without claw), its upper

@ May be Z. r. robinsoni. 5 Nnoos, insula [+ nédea, a dove].

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 878

portion (together with tibio-tarsal joint) entirely naked, the acro-
tarsium with a single row of broad, transverse, slightly oblique,
scutella, the planta tarsi covered with small hexagonal scales; lateral
toes much shorter than middle toe, the claw of each falling decidedly
short of base of middle claw, the inner toe slightly longer than the
outer; hallux rather small, scarcely longer than basal phalanx of
middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage rather firm, that of head, neck,
and under parts not perfectly blended; bare orbital space rather large.
Upper parts brown, the wing-coverts conspicuously spotted with black
and streaked or spotted with white; tail crossed by a subterminal band
of black; a pale auricular stripe, margined above and below by a
black line; under parts vinaceous-brownish.

Range.—Confined to the Galapagos Islands, off Ecuador. (Mono-

typic.)
NESOPELIA GALAPAGOENSIS GALAPAGOENSIS (Gould).
GALAPAGOS DOVE.

Adult male.—Pileum dull bister brown, somewhat paler and more
vinaceous (nearly hays brown or natal brown) on forehead, the hind-
neck more olivaceous brown; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
middle rectrices olive-brown (the first usually rather browner), some
of the more posterior feathers of the back (especially laterally) with
spots of black; scapulars black laterally, with a median streak of
white, or white and olive-brown, the more anterior ones with the
median stripe broader, less white (sometimes wholly brown), and
tipped with brown; outer webs of wing-coverts mostly black, the inner
webs white next to shaft, light olive-brown or grayish brown toward
edge, producing a conspicuous streaked and spotted appearance,
the distal coverts (especially greater coverts) with outer webs mostly

white, or white and pale gray, producing a rather conspicuous elongated
patch on the closed wing; proximal secondaries with a large black spot
on each web; alulae, primary coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries
dull grayish black or dusky, very narrowly edged with paler, the prima-
ries, however, narrowly but sharply edged with white and margined
terminally with light brownish gray or grayish brown; tail crossed by
a subterminal band of black, broader on lateral rectrices, narrower
toward middle pair, on which the black band may be either very
distinct or obsolete; lateral reotrices decidedly more grayish ‘than
middle ones, and with the gray of terminal portion slightly paler
than that of basal portion; auricular region dull whitish or pale
brownish, margined both above and below by a streak of black;
lower sides of neck brightly glossed with metallic reddish purple and
golden bronze; malar region and anterior under parts dull vinaceous-
brown or sorghum brown, fading into avellaneus or pale vinaceous-buff

374 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

on chin, deepest on chest, passing into a paler and more grayish hue
posteriorly, the under tail-coverts brownish gray, with larger coverts
dusky beneath surface; axillars and under wing-coverts bluish gray
(dark gull gray or neutral gray); bill black; iris brown; bare orbital
skin cobalt blue or light violet-blue (in life); legs and feet red (dark
coral red to lake red); length (skins), 188-232 (217); wing, 121.9-138
(130.4); tail, 55.6-79 (68.9); exposed culmen, 16-19 (17.5); tarsus,
20.8-26.5 (24.6); middle toe, 21-24.1 (22.5).%

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but color of anterior
under parts less strongly purplish or vinaceous, metallic gloss on
sides of neck more restricted and somewhat less brilliant, and size
smaller; length (skins), 182-226 (199); wing, 115-123 (120.4);
tail, 59-76 (66); exposed culmen, 15-17 (15.8); tarsus, 21-23.5 (22.3);
middle toe, 18.5-21 (19. 8).°

Galapagos Islands, except Wenman and Culpepper. (Abingdon,
Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Charles, Gardner near Charles,
Chatham, Daphne, Duncan, Hood, Gardner near Hood, Indefatigable,
James, Jervis, Narborough, Seymour, and Tower islands).

Zenaida Galapagoensis Goutp, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, Birds, 1841, 45, pl. 46
([Charles Island?] Galapagos group).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columba,
1856, 48 (“‘Chili?®’).—Scrater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323
(Indefatigable and Bindloe islands, Galapagos).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xii, 1890, 116 (Indefatigable, Duncan, James, and Hood islands,
Galapagos).

Z[enaida] galapagoensis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 475.

@ Twenty-four specimens. b Seventeen specimens.
Locality. Wing. | Tail. ead Tarsus.| Middle
culmen ta
MALES.
Two adult males from Duncen Island..........--.---------00+- 131.5 74.2) 16.5} 24.2 21.7
Six adult males from Indefatigable Island.................----- 128.5 68.8 18 24.7 22.9
Four adult males from Hood Island...........-..-2-2-------+-+ 136.2 75.1 18 25.1 21.9
Two adult males from Tower Island.....-.....--..2.2.------6- 134.5 70 17 25.5 23.5
One adult male from James Island............-------02.ee-22 ee 133.5 72 17 25 22
Five adult males from Chatham Island.............2..22.-2.-- 123.7 59.2 17.5 23.4 22,7
One adult male from Albemarle Island..................22...- 125 68.5] 17.5] 26.5 p23
Two adult males from Bindloe Island .................2..2---- 134.5] 68.7] 17.2] 25.2 22
One adult male from Abingdon Island.....................---- 136 79 16.5 24 22.5
Two adult males from Wenman Island (N. g. ersul).........-. 140.5 78.7 19.5 2% 2.2
FEMALES,
Four adult females from Indefatigable Island.................. J19.5 63.2 16.3 22.2 19.7
Four adult females from Hood Island...............-.002-..005 121.2 68 15.7 22.9 20, 2
Four adult females from James Island..........--2.2...2....005 121.1 67.9 15.6 21.9 19.5
Three adult females from Bindloe Island...............-....... 119.8 66.3 15.5 22 19.3
One adult female from Abingdon Island ................0....0- 118 63 16 23 21
One adult female from Daphne Island...................-2002- 121 65 15.5 22,5 19
Two adult females from Wenman Island (N. g. ewsul).......... 128.5 68.5 16.5 23.2 20.7

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 375
a
[Zenaida] galapagoensis RetcHENBACH, Syn. Av., 1847, figs. 1415, 1416.—Gray,
Hand-list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9356.
[Zenaida] galapagensis Scuater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 182.
Zenaida galapagensis Sauvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1876, 499 (Charles,
Indefatigable, Bindloe, and James islands).
Columba (Zenaida) galapagensis SUNDEVALL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Yaad 1871, 125

(James I.).

Columbigallina galapagoensis Des Murs and Prévost, Voy. ‘‘Venus,’’ Ois., 1849,
270, pl. 8.

Geophaps galapagéensis RetcHENBacH, Syn. Av. Novit., Columbariae, 1851, pl.
227; fig. 2484,

Zenaida gallopagoensis Hartuaus, Journ. fir Orn., ii, 1854, 170.—Bonaparre,
Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 98 (crit.); Coup d’ Gil Ordre Pig., 1855, 42, 58;
Consp. Av., di, 1857, 83. ;

Zlenaida] gallopagoensis ReicHENBACH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861,
22, pl. 254, figs. 1415, 1416; pl. 227, fig. 2484.

Columba gallopagoensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 946.

Nesopelia gallopagoensis SUNDEVALL, Met. Nat. Av. disp. Tent., 1878, 99.

Peristera gallopagoensis ScHuEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873,
140.

Nesopelia galapagensis Roruscump and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 112
(Abingdon I., Galapagos).

Nesopelia galapagoensis Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 390 (Inde-
fatigable and Bindloe islands; ‘“‘Chile’’).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
xix, 1896, 614 (Albemarle, Duncan, Charles, Hood, Chatham, Indefatigable,
James, Tower, and Bindloe islands; synonymy, descr., etc.).—GrrForD,
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 6, part (Abingdon, Albe-
marle, Barrington, Bindloe, Charles, Chatham, Daphne, Duncan, Gardner
near Charles, Gardner near Hood, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Jervis, Nar-
borough, Seymour, and Tower islands; habits, etc.), 111, part (measurements).

Nesopelia galapagoensis galapagoensis RotHscerp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi,
Aug., 1899, 183 (Albemarle, Duncan, Charles, Hood, Chatham, Indefatigable,
James, Tower, Bindloe, Jervis, Abingdon, and Gardner islands; crit.); ix,
1902, 411 (Barrington, Daphne, and Seymour islands; crit.; habits; descr.
nest and eggs), 418 (Galapagos, except Wenman and Culpepper islands).—
Snoperass and HELLER, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., v, 1904, 262 (Charles, Hood,
Chatham, Barrington, Indefatigable, Duncan, Jervis, James, Albemarle,
Narborough, Abingdon, Bindloe and Tower islands; habits; descr. nest and
eggs).

N{esopelia] galapagoensis galapagoensis RoruscuitD and Hartert, Novit. Zool.,
vi, 1899, 203 (Galapagos).

[Nesopelia] galapagoensis Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 77, part.—Forzpes and
Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 138 (Indefatigable, Chatham, and
Charles islands).

[Chamaepelia] gallopagoensis GrzBEL, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 634.

NESOPELIA GALAPAGOENSIS EXSUL Rothschild and Hartert.
LARGER GALAPAGOS DOVE.

Similar to N. g. galapagoensis, but larger and slightly darker in
color.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 218-233 (225.5); wing, 139-142
(140.5); tail, 75.5-82 (78.7); exposed culmen, 19.5; tarsus, 26;
middle toe, 24-24.5 (24.2).%

876 BULLETIN 5), UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female—Length (skins), 193-199 (196); wing, 126-131
(128.5); tail, 68-69 (68.5); exposed culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 23-23.5
(23.2); middle toe, 20-21.5 (20.7).¢

Wenman and Culpepper Islands, Galapagos Archipelago.

Nesopelia galapagoensis exsul Roruscnip and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug.,
1899, 184 (Culpepper and Wenman Islands, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Tring
Mus.); ix, 1902, 418 (Wenman and Culpepper Islands).—Snoperass and Hz1-
Ler, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., v.1904, 263 (Wenman and Culpepper Islands; crit.),

Nlesopelia] galapagoensis exsul Rorascmip and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi,
1899, 203.

[Nesopelia] galapagoensis subsp. exsul Forpes and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.,
ii, 1900, 138 (reprint of orig. descr.).

Nesopelia galapagensis exsul Roruscnitp and Harter, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899,
108 (Culpepper Island, Galapagos).

[Nesopelia] galapagoensis SuHarpPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 77, part.

Nesopelia galapagoensis GirrorD, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. 1, 1918,
6, part (Culpepper and Wenman Islands), 111, part (measurements),

Genus MELOPELIA Bonaparte. 2

Melopelia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 98; Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 81.
(Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Columba meloda Tschudi.)
Melopeleia (emendation) RzicHEnBacs, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 22.

Medium-sized or rather small arboreal or semi-terrestrial pigeons
(ength about 235-315 mm.), similar to Zenaida, but with relatively
longer and less strongly rounded tail, consisting of only twelve (instead
of fourteen) rectrices, these broader terminally; much less (instead
of much more) than basal half of tail overlaid by the coverts; with
bare orbital space larger anteriorly, involving a considerable part of
the lores; without black spots on wings, but with a conspicuous white
patch involving distal coverts.

Bill moderately long, relatively slender, the exposed culmen longer
than distance from its base to posterior angle of eye (about equal to
outer toe, without claw), its greatest depth equal to much less than
one-fourth the exposed culmen, the horny terminal portion relatively
very short, that of maxilla but little more than half as long as the
straight, constricted basal portion, very slightly arched basally,
the gonydeal angle only slightly prominent; antia of frontal feather-
ing decidedly posterior to malar antia, the mental antia about even
with anterior end of nostrils; nasal operculum relatively small, but
broad and distinctly tumid. Wing rather large, pointed, the longest
primaries exceeding distal secondaries by slightly more than one-third
the length of wing; second and third primaries (from outside) longest,
the first longer than fourth, the longer primaries rather pointed at
tips, none with inner webs sinuated. Tail two-thirds«s long as wing,
or slightly more, consisting of twelve rectrices, of which only the
middle pair are appreciably narrower terminally, moderately rounded

@ Two specimens, from Wenman Island. (Culpepper Island specimens not seen.)

S BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 877

(the graduation equal to less than half the length of exposed cul-
men), less than the basal half overlaid by the coverts. Tarsus
about as long as middle toe without claw, or slightly shorter, rather
stout, the upper portion together with lower end of tibia completely
bare, the acrotarsium with an outer row of large transverse scutella,
the inner side with a row of similar but more hexagonal scutella, the
planta tarsi with small, and for the most part indistinct, hexagonal
scales; lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, both with their
claws ‘falling slightly short of base of middle claw; hallux relatively
small and slender, its length (without claw) slightly exceeding length
of basal phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head, neck, and chest blended;
bare orbital space rather large, especially an teriovly, where coulinued
im a narrow strip entirely across lores to the rictus. A black sub-
, auricular spot and paler apical area on lateral rectrices, as in Zenaida
and Zenaidura, but wings without any black spots and distal wing-
coverts with outer webs white, forming a conspicuous longitudinal
patch on wing; upper parts plain grayish brown, under parts plain
grayish, the head, neck, and chest more or less vinaceous-drab;
lateral rectrices crossed by a post-median black band, the basal por-
tion deep or dark gray, the apical portion pale gray or grayish white.

Range.—Southern border of United States to Costa Rica; Bahamas
and Greater Antilles; Peru and northern Chile. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MELOPELIA.

a. Smaller (wing 142-171.5; tail $4.5-121.5); whitish tip to lateral rectrices relatively
much broader; anal region white. (Melopelia asiatica.)

6. Smaller and more deeply colored, the neck and chest more buffy brownish; adult
male averaging wing 156.3, tail 103.4, culmen 19.7, tarsus 24.7, adult female
averaging wing 151.4, tail 98.1, culmen 19.3, tarsus 23.7. (Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti;
Inagua; Old Providence I.; lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward
through lowlands of eastern Mexico, to western Costa Rica; occasional in south-
ern Florida and Louisiana.).........-...-- Melopelia asiatica asiatica (p. 378).

bb. Larger and paler, the neck, chest, etc., more grayish; adult male averaging

wing 164.3, tail 114.7, culmen 22.5, tarsus 25.5, adult female averaging wing
158.9, tail 105.6, culmen 22, tarsus 24. (Southern New Mexico to Lower
California and southward to States of Guerrero and Puebla, Mexico.
“Melopelia asiatica mearnsi (p. 382).
aa. Larger (wing 175, tail 127 mm.); whitish tips to lateral rectrices relatively much
shorter; anal region gray. (Coast district of Peru and northern Chili.)
Melopelia meloda (extralimital).¢

@Columba meloda Tschudi, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., ix, pt. i, 1843, 385
(w. side of Andes in Peru); Fauna Peruana, Aves, 184446, 44, 276, pl. 29.—[ Melopelia]
meloda Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 81—Melopelia meloda Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond.,*1867, 330, 339 (Chile); Taczanowski, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 241;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 395.— M[elopeleia] meloda Reichenbach,
Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 23, pl. 254 (clix), fig. 1418 (Tacna, Peru; Chile).—
Zenaida souleyetiana Des Murs, in Gay’s Hist. de Chile, i, 1847, 380, pl. 7.— Melopelia
souleyetiana Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 81, in text.

78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

" MELOPELIA ASIATICA ASIATICA (Linneus).

WHITE-WINGED DOVE.

Adult male.—Forehead fawn color, usually somewhat paler ante-
iorly, passing into a much darker hue (sometimes approaching dark
vurple-drab) on crown and occiput, which in fresh plumage shows
_ purplish or vinaceous “bloom”; hindneck similar in color to occiput
ut somewhat lighter; back, scapulars, proximal secondaries, and
ring-coverts plain deep buffy brown, light sepia, or saccardos
mber, the middle pair of rectrices (sometimes longer upper tail-
overts also) similar, sometimes more decidedly brown; distal
ring-coverts mostly white, forming a conspicuous elongated patch
rom bend of wing to extremity of greater coverts, the latter with
iasal portion gray, as are also the coverts along inner margin of the
7hite area; alule, primary coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries
(ull black, the outer webs of secondaries broadly edged with white
listally, the primaries very narrowly edged with white (except
vasally) and margined terminally with light or pale brownish gray;
ump light slate-gray or dark gull gray, usually more or less tinged
vith buffy brown (sometimes more brown than gray), the upper tail-
overts either wholly brown or mixed brown and gray; rectrices
except middle pair) slate-gray very broadly tipped (for about one-
ourth their length on innermost to about one-third on outermost)
vith very pale gray to grayish white, and crossed by a band of slate-
lack or blackish slate between the paler and darker areas; a sub-
wbital spot of blue-black or black glossed with steel blue; sides of
1eck glossed with metallic reddish bronze to greenish bronze; sides
if head and neck, throat, foreneck, chest, and upper breast (sometimes
vhole breast) wood brown (more or less deep), paler (sometimes dull
vhitish) on chin and upper throat, passing (sometimes rather ab-
‘uptly) into pale gray (gull gray to pale neutral gray) on posterior
inder parts, including under tail-coverts, the anal region white, or
rearly so; sides and flanks (beneath wings), axillars, and under wing-
soverts deeper gray (gull-gray or pale neutral gray); under surface of
sail slate-black broadly tipped with white or grayish white; bill black;
ris orange to orange-red or coral red; bare orbital space pale grayish
slue to campanula blue; legs and feet lake red; length (skins), 252-
313 (275); wing, 144.5-166 (156.3); tail, 97-115 (103.4); exposed
sulmen, 18-22.5 (19.7); tarsus, 23.5-26 (24.7); middle toe, 23-26.5
(24.7) 4

Adult female—Similar to the adult male and sometimes not dis-
tinguishable but usually slightly duller in color, the purplish hue of
yeciput and hindneck less pronounced, or wanting, rump less bluish

@ Forty specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 3879

gray, and metallic gloss on sides of neck less distinct; length (skins),
235-288 (262); wing, 142-161 (151.4); tail, $4.5-106.5 (98.1); exposed
culmen, 17. 5-21.5 (19.3); tarsus, 22-25.5 (23.7); middle toe, 22-25
(23.6) .¢

Young.—Much grayer than adults, the hindneck and back mouse
gray, the foreneck and chest drab-gray; scapulars and smaller wing-
coverts narrowly and indistinctly margined with paler; feathers of
foreneck and chest with narrow, indistinct, paler shaft-streaks;
black subauricular spot small, and metallic gloss on sides of neck
absent.

Eastern Cuba (Santiago de Cuba; Guanténamo; Holquin); Great
Inagua, southern Bahamas; Haiti (San Cristébal and Puerta Plata,

@ Thirty-one specimens,

Ex- :
3 ‘ osed. Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Bee Tarsus.| "459,
men.
MALES.
One adult male from Bahamas (Inagua) 152 103.5 19.5 25 ‘ 24,5
Three adult males from Cuba he 159.5 98.3 19 25.2 | » 24.8
Seven adult males from Jamaica..........--.--2--22--02e eee eee 154.9 | 103.1 19.8 24.6 24.6
Two adult males from Haiti...............2..---222--2- 22222 ee 159.2 | 103.5 19 25.2 25

* Two adult males from Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea..| 160.5} 107.5] 19 24 24.2
Nine adult males from Costa Rica... tite 156.3 | 101.5 19.5 24.8 24,3
Three adult males from Nicaragua. . ere 158.7 | 105.5 21.5 24.5 24.5
One adult male from Guatemala.............---.---------+---- 154 103 20 25 26

Nine adult makes from Yucatan...........-..-.------------+-+ 156.4] 103.6 19.7 24.3 24.9
One adult male from Campeche. . 149 101 19 22.5 23.5
One adult male from Tamaulipas 154 106 20 24 23.5

Three adult males from Texas (lower Rio Grande Vailey) .....| 157.7] 110.2 20.5 24.8 24.7
Thirty adult males of Mf. a. mearnsi.....-.......22---220-2---- 164.3] 114.7 22.5 25.5 26.2

FEMALES.
Four adult females from Cuba........-..---+---------2eeee eee 150.5 95.5 17.9 23.4 22.7
Six adult females from Jamaica.........-.......0-22--2e cee e eee 152.7 96. 8 19.4 23.8 23.5
One adult female from Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea..} 152 101 18 23.5 23
Five adult females from Costa Rica.......-...---------------+- 153.2 97.1 19 23.5 24.1
Two adult females from Nicaragua. ......-......----2--------- 154.5 99.2 20.2 24.7 24.2
One adult female from Guatemala-........ weoneesen| D569 102.5 20 24.5 24.5
Seven adult females from Yucatan.......... ---| 149.6 99.4 20.2 23.9 23.5
Two adult females from Oaxaca (Tehuantepec). oars -.-| 150 103 20 23.5 24
One adult female from Tamaulipas..............-.--2--2--2--- 150 103 20 23.5 24
Two adult females from Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley) ....| 147 94.5 18.2 22.5 24
Nineteen adult females of M. a. mearnsi.........--2---2-20-0-- 158.9 | 105.6 22 24 24.4

So far as I am able to judge after a very careful comparison of specimens from Central
America with those from the Greater Antilles, there is not even an average difference
in either size or coloration between the two series. The individual variation is very
considerable in both lots, but it seems to me impossible to satisfactorily distinguish
the continental from the island birds, as a whole.

.

380 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

santo Domingo); Jamaica (Kingston; near Spanishtown; Trelawney;
Aoneague; Port Antonio; Priestman’s River); Old Providence Island,
Yaribbean Sea; and lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas (Brownsville;
‘ort Brown; Hidalgo; near Carrizo; 12 miles south of Del Rio; Rio
jrande City) southward through Tamaulipas (Matamoros; Miér;
[ampico), Vera Cruz (Cérdova;* Jalapa)*; Oaxaca (Tehuantepec
‘ity; La Parada; * Juchitan;* Juchatengo; + Tapana)*, Campeche
Jaina), Yucatan (Chichen-Itza; Sisil; Tekanto; Mérida; Izamél;
Yozumél Island; Mugeres Island); Camp Mengel, Quintana-Roo;
Juatemala (Duefias; San Gerénimo; near Tecpém; El Rancho,
Zacapa; San José, Solol4é; Voleén de Fuego above San Diego),
Jalvadér (La Union; La Libertéd), Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro;
Jomayagua), Nicaragua (San Raféel del Norte; Chinandega; Ometepe;
Jan Juan del Sur; Sucuy4) to western Costa Rica (Miravalles; Cerro
le Santa Maria; Guanacaste; Bolsén; Bebedero; Tenério; La Palma
le Nicoya; Bagaces; San Lucas; San Mateo; Santo Domingo de San
Mateo; San José; Turrticares; Pozo Azil de Piris); Panamé??®
Jecasional in southern Florida (Kissimmee, Nov., 1896; Key West,
Vov. 14, 1888), Louisiana (Grand Isle, May, 1894, and Aug., 1895;
Venice, 1 pair, Nov. 20, 1910), and south-central Texas (San Antonio;
Serrville, Kerr County, Nov. 25, 1910; Boerne, Kendall County).

[Columba] asiatica Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 163 (‘‘East Indies’’; based
on Turtur indicus fuscus Edwards, Birds, 76, pl. 76; Columba subfusca media
Browne, Jamaica, 468); ed. 12, i, 1766, 281.

Melop lia asiatica AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union CommirTez, Auk, xxv,
July, 1908, 368, part; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 150, part.—Carrixer, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 397 (Santo Domingo de San Mateo, Bolson, Tenorio,
Cerro Santa Maria, Miravalles, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Guanacaste, Turrucares,
and Bebedero, Costa Rica).—Lacry, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 207 (Kerrville,
Texas, 1 spec., Nov. 25, 1910; Boerne, Texas, 1 or 2 specs.).

Melopelia asiatica asiatica AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commitee, Auk,
xxix, July, 1912, 381.

M[elopelia] a[siatica] asiatica Peters, Auk, xxx, 1913, 372, footnote, in text.

[Columba] leucoptera Linnaus, Syst. Nat.,, ed. 10, i, 1758, 164 (America; based on
Turtur indicus fuscus Edwards, Birds, 76, pl. 76; Columba subfusca media
Browne, Jamaica, 468); ed. 12, i, 1766, 281.—GmEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789,
773.—LatHam, IndexeOrn., ii, 1790, 595 (‘‘India et Carthagena americana’’).

Columba leucoptera McCatt, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vi, 1853, 18 (Rio Grande, Texas).

Zenaida leucoptera GRay, List Gallinz Brit. Mus., 1844, 14 (West Indies).—SciaTER
and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 223 (Duefias, Guatemala; Omoa, Honduras.)—Tay-
Lor, Ibis, 1860, 227 (Pacific coast and Comayagua, Honduras).

@ Specimens from these localities not seen; they may, possibly, be referable to
M. a. mearnsi.

> There is a specimen in the collection of the Carnegie Museum labeled Naté,
Joclé, Panama (no. 20777; Heyde and Lux, collectors); but this is evidently referable
:o the larger and grayer form from western Mexico, and if really from Panama must
aave been a cage bird; indeed its appearance suggests its having been kept in con-
finement. °

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 881

(?)Zenaida leucoptera Sctatur, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 309 (Cordova, Vera
Cruz); 1858, 305 (La Parada, Oaxaca).

[Zenaida] leucoptera RutcHEnBACH, Syn. Av., [1847], fig. 1417.

Turtur leucopterus Gosst, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 304; Naturalist’s Soj. in Jamaica,
1851, 174.

[Melopelia] leucoptera Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 81, part (Antilles;
Jamaica; Texas)—Gunopuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba).—Gray,
Hand-list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9361, part.—ScLtater and Satvin, Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 133, part.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed.,.1886),
24 (Cuba; Haiti; Jamaica)—Suarps, Hand-list, i, 1899, 77, part.—Forsxrs
and Rosrson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., ii, 1900, 138, part (Jamaica; ‘‘Panama;”’
Matamoros, Tamaulipas). ,

Melopelia leucoptera Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 603 (Tamaulipas);

Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 21 (Tamaulipas); Cat. N.

Am. Birds, 1859, no. 450, pait.—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 61

(Omoa, Honduras).—SciaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 80 (Jamaica);

Rev. List Birds Jamaica, 1910, 19.—Gunb.acn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 178

(Cuba; crit.); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, Orn., i, 1866, 301; Contr. Orn.

Cubana, 1876, 137 (e. Cuba; habits; descr. eggs); ed. 1895, 165 (e. Cuba;

habits). —ALBRECcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 204 (Jamaica).—Lawrencer, Ann.

Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 189 (San Jose, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 207 (Merida,

Yucatan); Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 44 (Tehuantepec City,

Oaxaca).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 372 (Costa Rica).—Coorer,

Orn. Calif., 1870, 515, part (Rio Grande Valley).—SciatEr and Satvin, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 838 (coast of Honduras).—Scuiecet, Mus. Pays—Bas,

iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 152, part (Jamaica).—Couzs, Check List, 1873,

no., 373, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 546, part; Birds North-West, 1874, 387, in

text, part—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874,

876, part—Sennetr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878,

47 (near Brownsville and at Hidalgo, Texas; habits; nest and eggs).—

Merri, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 157 (Fort Brown, Texas; descr.

nest and eggs).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am.

Birds), 195, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 464, part; Auk, xiv, 1897,

88 (near Kissimmee, Florida, 1 spec., Nov., 1896).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8.

Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 408 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; voice); vi,

1883, 878 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; voice), 389 (Sucuya, Nicaragua),

395 (Omotepe, Nicaragua).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 459

(Yucatan; habits)—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 131 (Puerta

Plata, Santo Domingo); Auk, iv, 1887, 115 (West Indian localities and refer-

ences), 180 (Old Providence I., Caribbean Sea); viii, 1891, 351 (Inagua,

Bahamas); Birds West Ind., 1889, 216; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97 (Great

Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti)—American ORNITHOLOGISTS’

Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no 319, part.—Ze.epén, Anal.

Mus. Nac. ©. R., i, 1889, 127 (San Mateo, Costa Rica)._Satvin, Ibis, 1889,

877 (Mugeres and Cozumel islands, Yucatan).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 246

(Key West, Florida, 1 spec., Nov. 14, 1888); ix, 1892, 123 (Jamaica; habits).—

BenpireE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (i), 1892, 145, part.—Atrwater, Auk, ix,

1892, 233 (San Antonio, Texas).—SatvaporI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,

392, part (Jamaica; Hidalgo and Brownsville, Texas; Tampico, Tamaulipas;

Juchatengo and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Izamal, Cozumal I., and Mugeres I.,

Yucatan; San Jose Solola, Volcan de Fuego above San Diego, Duefias, and

San Geronimo, Guatemala; La Libertad, Salvador; San Pedro, Honduras;

382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Costa Rica).—Frenp, Auk, xi, 1894, 123 (Jamaica).—Cuernre, Contr. Orn.
San Dom., 1896, 24.—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 287
(Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; habits; voice)—Bryer, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for
1897-99 (1900), 98 (Grand Isle, Louisiana, May, 1894, and Aug., 1895).—
Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iil, 1902, 245, part (Matamoros
and Tampico, Tamaulipas; Juchitan, Juchatengo, Tapana, Tehuantepec,
and La Parada, Oaxaca; Chichen-Itza, Merida, Izamal, Mugeres I., and
Cozumel I., Yucatan; San Jose Solola, Volcan de Agua, Duefias, and San
Geronimo, Guatemala; Omoa, San Pedro, and Comayagua, Honduras; La
Libertad, Salvador; Omotepe, Sucuya, and San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua;
San Jose, San Mateo, La Palma de Nicoya, San Lucas, Bebedero, Bagaces,
and Miravalles, Costa Rica; Jamaica)—DzarBorN, Pub. 125, Field’ Mus.
N.H., 1907, 79 (El Rancho and near Tecpam, Guatemala) —BryeEr, ALLISON,
and Korman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 440 (Grand Isle, Louisiana, May, 1904, and
Aug., 1895).—Verrimt (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909,
357 (Santo Domingo).—McArtrx, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 274 (Venice, Louisiana,
1 pair, Nov. 20, 1910).

Uf[elopelia] leucoptera Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 114.—Couss,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 569, part.—_Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 214, part. :

Uf[elopeleia] leucoptera RetcHensacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 22,
pl. 254 (clix), fig. 1417, pl. 255, fig. 2869, part (Jamaica; Texas); ii, 1862, 164

[Melopeleia] leucoptera Cours, Key to N. Am. Birds, 1872, 226, part.

Melopeleia leucoptera Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 373, part.

Chamaepelia leucoptera GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 634, part.

Columba aurita (not of Temminck, 1808-11) Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin.,i,
1813, 247, 467, part.

Melopelia asiatica australis Peters, Auk, xxx, July, 1913, 372, footnote (Cerro de
Santa Maria, Costa Rica; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).

Columba trudeautt AUDUBON, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1844, 352, pl. 496 (Texas).a—
Cazot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1844, 183 (Yucatan).

[Zenaida] trudeaut RetcHenBacu, Syn. Av. Novit. Columbariae, 1851, fig. 2869.

Melopelia asiatica trudeaui Mearns, Auk, xxviii, Oct., 1911, 490, in text, part.—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommrtTEE, Auk, xxix, 1912, 381, part.—
Peters, Auk, xxx, 1913, 372 (Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo; crit.).

MELOPELIA ASIATICA MEARNSI Ridgway.

WESTERN WHITE-WINGED DOVE.

Similar to M. a. asiatica but averaging decidedly larger and colora-
tion paler and grayer, the foreneck and chest light drab to hair brown
instead of fawn color, the back, etc., hair brown to deep drab.

Adult male.—Length (skins) , 274-313 (286) ; wing, 152-171.5 (164.3);
tail, 101.5-121.5 (114.7); exposed culmen, 18.5-23.5 (22.5); tarsus,
23.5-26.5 (25.5); middle toe, 24-27.5 (26.2).

@ The precise locality was unknown to Audubon; but since both his description
and colored plate agree better with the smaller, more deeply colored Eastern form,
the type almost certainly came from the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

b Thirty specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 383

Adult female——Length (skins), 250-295 (280); wing, 150-170
(158.9); tail, 95-116 (105.6); exposed culmen, 19.5-24 (22); tarsus,
22-26 (24); middle toe, 23-26 (24.4).¢

Southwestern New Mexico (Guadalupe Canyon), southern Arizona
(Phoenix; Santa Cruz River; Big Sandy Creek; Fuller’s Ranch; Fort
Bowie; Cienega; 5 miles south of Nogales), southern Lower California
(Cape San Lucas; San José del Cabo; La Paz; Santa Ulalia, 8,000
ft.; Agua Verde; Victoria Mts.; San Fernando; Comondt; Soledad),
and southward through Sonora (Hermosillo; Guaymas; Alamos),
Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Jalisco (Bolafios; Zapatlin; Guadalajara), Zaca-
tecas (Jeréz), Aguas Calientes, Nuevo Leén (Pesqueria Grande;
Hacienda de las Escobas; Panaguslin; Rio de Monteréy; Rio de Gilla),
San Luis Potosi, Tepic (Tepic; San Blas) and Colima (Plains. of
Colima; Manzanillo) to Guerrero (Acapulco; Iguala; Tierra Colorada),
Mexico (near City of Mexico) and Puebla (Atlixco; Atotonilco); Tres
Marias Islands (Maria Madre Island). Accidental in southwestern
Colorado (Wet Mountain Valley, Sept., 1899) and western Washing-
ton (Puyallup Valley, Nov. 7, 1907). -

(2?) [Columba] hoilotl 6 Gmutin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 777 (Mexico; based on
Hoilotl Ray, Av., 63, no. 13; Columba montana mexicana Brisson, Orn., i,

. ¢ Nineteen specimens.

Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | Po8ed | Tarsus, Middle
men,
MALES,
One adult male from Guerrero..........22..02.c00eceeeeeeeeees 163 | 111 23.5] 24.5] 26
Two adult males from Colima...,........-....2222--eeeeeeeee ee 159 112 22 24.7 25.5
Two adult males from Sinaloa.............2-.222eeeeeee eee eee 166.5} 113.2 21.2 24.7 25,7
Two adult males from Tres Marias Islands.............-..--.-- 166 119.5 19.2 25 26.7
Two adult males from Sonora..........2.2...202222. cece ee eee ee 162.2 | 108.7 22 24.7 25.2
Ten adult males from Lower California..............-....----- 161.8} 112.6 21.7 24.6 25.3
Seven adult males from Arizona. ............22.22.-220eeee eee 163.7] 1082] 22.9] 24.9 25.9
Three adult males from New Mexico..........-..----2-2-+22--+ 163.8} 110.7 22.7 24.7 24.3
Forty adult males of M. a. asiatica..........20222-.02022 eee ee 156.3 | 103.4 19.7 24.7 24.7
‘ FEMALES.

One adult female from Colima.............--.-----2--022e2e eee 161 109 20.5 23 25
One adult female from Sinaloa......-.....2---- 2 eee eee eee eee 162.5] 116 19.5 25.5 25.5
Seven adult females from Lower California...................-. 160.1} 110 22 24.2 24.3
Eight adult females from Arizona.............-----22+--2222- 155.5 | 100.1 22 23.7 24.2
Two adult females from New Mexico............-.---.--.+---- 165.7} 105.5 23.7 24.2 24,7
Thirty-one adult females of M. a. asiatica............22+-.--0-+- 151.4 98.1 19.3 23.7 23.6

6 Although this name has been frequently cited as possibly applying to the present
species, there is really little if any reason for doing so. Brisson’s description is as
follows: ‘‘Columbam Romanam magnitudine feré adequat. Per universum corpus
colore rufo in purpureum vergente tingitur, exceptis tectricibus alarum minoribus
candidis. Rostrum & pedes coccinei.”’ [Etc.]

There being, apparently, no other name exclusively applicable to this form, I take
pleasure in dedicating it to Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, who first recognized it as different
from the typical form but unfortunately used for it the name trudeaui, which proves
to be a synonym of asiatica.

384

%
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

130; White-shouldered Pigeon Latham, Synopsis Birds, ii, pt. 2, 624, no. 27;
etc.—Laraam, Index Om., ii, 1790, 601.—Bowararts, Consp. Av., ii,
1857, 59.

(2?) Columba hoilott Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 243.—Vizmxzor,

Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 353 (Mexico).—DzsMAREST, Dict. Sci.
Nat., xl, 1826, 373.—Sazvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 640 (among
doubtful species).

(2?) Columba] hoilotl WacuERr, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. releg. 4 [275].:
Zenaida meloda (not Columba meloda Tschudi) LicutEensTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus.

Berol., 1854, 83 (Mexico).

Columba leucoptera (not of Linnzeus) Hermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii,

1852, 271 (Guaymas, Sonora).—Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Surv. Great Salt
Lake, 1852, 326 (New Mexico).

Melopelia leucoptera Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 305 (Cape San Lucas,

Lower California)—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 178 (near City of
Mexico).—Couss, Ibis, 1865, 165, in text (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 93 (Fort Whipple); Birds North-West, 1874, 387, part
(synonymy in footnote); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 83 (‘‘head of Cub
Creek, Jefferson County,’’ Colorado??); ‘Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 546,
part.—Coorrr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 515, part (Cape San Lucas).—ScHuEcEL,
Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 152, part (Mexico; Cape San
Lucas).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874; 305 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa;
Colima; habits; voice; descr. nest)—Bairp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist.
N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 376, part, pl. 58, fig. 4 Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, viii, 1883, 32 (Tucson, Gila R., Yuma, etc., Arizona); Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., xli, 1902, 79 (Cape Region of Lower Calif.).—Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, 428 (Acapulco, Guerrero).—Bexpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v,
1883, 544 (Cape San Lucas district)—Amenican ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union,
Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 319, part. —Frerrari-PErez, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 175 (Atlixco, Puebla).—Scorr, Auk, iii, 1886, 421
(Pinal Co., Arizona, up to 3500 ft.).—Cooxz, Birds Colorado, 1897, 73 (record
of Coues’, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 83 very doubtful); Bull. 44, Col.
Agric. Exp. Sta., 1898, 160 (Colorado; ‘‘two small flocks’’; no locality nor
date); Bull. 56, 1900, 203 (Wet Mt. Valley, Colorado, 1 spec., Sept., 1899).—
Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 1889, 277 (Victoria Mts., San
Fernando, Comondu, Soledad, etc., Lower California; descr. nest and eggs).—
BenpvireE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (i), 1892, 145, part—Antuony, Auk, xii,
1895, 187 (San Fernando, Lower California) —Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxi, 1893, 392, part (Fullers, Arizona; La Paz and Cape San Lucas,
Lower California; Alamos, Sonora; Pesqueria Grande, Hacienda de los Escobas,
Panaguslin, Rio de Monterey, and Rio de la Gilla, Nuevo Leon; Tepic and
San Blas, Tepic; Bolafios and Zapatlan, Jalisco; Jerez, Zacatecas; Aguas
Calientes; Valles, San Louis Potosi; Acapulco and Tierra Colorada, Guerrero;
Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 789 (central
Mexico; fresh colors of unfeathered parts; voice, etc.).—Sanvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 245, part (Alamos and Guaymas, Sonora;
Pesqueria Grande, Hacienda de las Escobas, Panaguslin, Rio de Monterey,
and Rio Gila, Nuevo Leon; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Tepic and San Blas, Tepic;
Bolafios, Guadalajara, and Zapatlan, Jalisco; Acapulco and Tierra Colorado,
Guerrero; Tres Marias; Guanajuato; Aguas Calientes; San Luis Potosi; Atlixco
and Atotonilco, Pueblo; Valley of Mexico).—Bowzes, Auk, xxv, 1908, 82;
Condor, x, 1908, 129 (Puyallup Valley, Washington, 1 spec., Nov. 7, 1907).—
Visner, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 281 (Pima Co., Arizona, up to 4000 ft., resident).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 385

{ Melopelia] leucoptera Bonaparts, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 81, part (Mexico).—
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9361, part, —Soraren and Satvin, Nom.
Av. Neotr., 1873, 133, part. _Suanrz, Hand- list, i, 1899, 77, part.

NU[elopeleia] lewcoptera RelonENnsAcu, Vollat. Nature., Columbarize, i, 1861, 22,
part (Mexico).

Melopeleia leucoptera Couzs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 93 (Fort Whipple,
Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 373, part.

[ Melopeleia] leucoptera Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 226, part.

Melopelia asiatica trudeaut (not Columba trudeautt Audubon) Mragns, Auk,
xxviii, Oct., 1911, 490, in text, part—American OrnirHotoaists’ UNION
CommitrEE, Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 368.

Melopelia asiatica (not Columba asiatica Linneeus) AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Unron, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 150, part.—Rarusun (8. F.), Auk, xxviii,
1911, 493 (Puyallup, 25 miles s. e. of Seattle, Washington, 1 spec., Nov. 11,
1907).

Melopelia asiatica mearnsi Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915,
107 (five miles north of Nogales, Arizona; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

Genus STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte.

Streptopelia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 63. (Type, Columba risorta
Linnzus.)

Medium-sized or rather small arboreal or semiterrestrial Pigeons
(length about 270-295 mm.), with small bill (exposed culmen shorter
than lateral toes), tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw (the
upper portion entirely bare), tail more than two-thirds as long as
wing, slightly rounded, bicolored, and very plain coloration, relieved
by a conspicuous nuchal band of ‘black margined above by white.

Bill relatively small, the exposed culmen shorter than lateral toes
(about as long as distance from its base to middle of eye), strongly
constricted medially and basally (the unguis distinctly arched basally
and gonydeal angle prominent), the horny terminal portion occupying
about one-third its total length; antia of frontal feathering decidedly
posterior to malar antia (the latter slightly anterior to middle of
nasal operculum), the mental antia about midway between frontal
antia and tip of bill; nasal operculum rather small, moderately
tumid. Wing rather large, pointed, the longest primaries exceeding
distal secondaries by a little more than one-third the length of
wing; second and third primaries (from outside) longest, the first
(outermost) a little longer than fourth, and with inner web slightly
incised subapically. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing,
slightly rounded (its graduation less than length of exposed
culmen), more than its basal half overlaid by the coverts; rectrices
twelve, not tapering, their tips broadly rounded. Tarsus relatively
rather short (about one and a half times as long as exposed culmen),
moderately stout, the upper portion, including tibio-tarsal joint
naked, the acrotarsium with a single row of large, rather indistinct,

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——_25

386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

transverse scutella, the planta tarsi with small hexagonal, rather
indistinct, scales; lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe,
their claws falling short of base of middle claw; hallux relatively
short, but little longer than basal phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration —Plumage soft, with velvety surface, that
of head, neck, and under parts blended; bare orbital space rather
large, continued anteriorly in a narrow strip, across lores to rictus.
Upper parts plain buffy brown, purplish brown, or brown and gray,
relieved by a black bar across nape, margined above (sometimes
below also) by a narrow line of white or gray; under parts more or
less vinaceous, sometimes with posterior portions more or less white.

Range.—Africa, southeastern Europe, southern Asia, Japan, Indo-
Malayan Archipelago, etc. (About fourteen species.)

STREPTOPELIA RISORIA (Linnzus).

RINGED TURTLE DOVE.

Adult male.—Pileum and nape vinaceous-buff to tilleul-buff; across
the upper hindneck a narrow band of black, narrowly margined along.
upper edge by white; hindneck, back scapulars, wing-coverts, and
proximal secondaries plain avellaneous to dull light cinnamon, the
rump similar but duller, passing into light buffy drab or drab-gray
on upper tail-coverts and middle rectrices; alule, primary coverts,
primaries, and distal secondaries drab, light drab, or grayish drab,
indistinctly edged with paler; under parts, including axillars and
under wing-coverts, pale vinaceous-buff or dull pinkish buff, fading
into buffy white on chin and under tail-coverts and on sides of head
gradually deepening into color of pileum; lateral rectrices buffy
white terminally, grayish drab basally, the whitish tip becoming
gradually broader to the outermost rectrix, on which it occupies
about half the inner web and the whole of outer web; bill blackish or
dark horn color; iris orange; legs and feet pinkish red or light lake
red; length (skin), 272; wing, 161-162.5 (161.7) ; tail, 112-115 (113.5);
exposed culmen, 14.5-16.5 (15.5); tarsus, 20.5-22 (21.2); middle toe,
23-24 (23.5).¢

Adult female——Similar to the male in coloration, but slightly
smaller; length (skin), 293; wing, 154; tail, 112; exposed culmen,
13; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 24.5

Native country unknown, but domesticated nearly throughout the
world. Introduced into and naturalized in Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica,
and St. Bartholomew. (Of the wild species, this bird most nearly

a Two specimens. b One specimen, not sexed, but probably a female.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 387

resembles S. decaocta,* which differs chiefly in its more grayish
coloration.)

[Columba] risoria Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 165 (India; based on
Turtur indicus Aldrovandus, Orn., vol. 15, c. 9; Willughby, Orn., 134; Ray,
Av. 61, no. 3; Albin, Av. 3, p. 42, pl. 45); ed. 12, i, 1766, 285.—GuzLm,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 787.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 607.

Columba risoria Temmincxk, Cat. Syst., 1807, 140; Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 323,
481.—BonnaTERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth.; Orn., 1790, 248, pl. 82, fig. 1—Tum-
MINCK and Knrp, Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11, pl. 44.—Viemtot, Nouv.
Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 377.—Sreruens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819,
71.—HorsFiEtp, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1821, 183 (Java).—Lzsson, Traité
d’Orn., 1831, 473, part (Tonga Islands); Compl. Buffon, Ois., viii, 1837, 48,
part; 2d ed., 1838, 282, part.—Sunprvauu, @iv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869,
586 (St. Bartholomew; introduced).—Guutiver, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1879, 489 (blood corpuscles).

Peristera risoria Bots, Isis, 1828, 327.

Turtur risorius Setpy, Naturalists’ Libr., Pigeons, 1835, 170, pl. 17.—RricHEN-
BACH, Syn. Av., 1847, figs: 18365, 1866.—Marou, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1868, 302 (Jamaica; introduced).—Swinuokz, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871,
397 (near Great Wall, China).—ScHiece1, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Colum-
bae), 1878, 125.—Srzgnecer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 428, pl. 22, fig. 4
(outer rectrix).—Sazvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 414, footnote.—
ScHatow,‘Journ. fiir Orn., 1901, 410 (Kashgar).

T[urtur] risorus Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 117.

‘Turtur risoria Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 120 (Santo Domingo; St. Bartholomew;
Cuba; Jamaica; introduced); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 124.

[Streptopelia] risoria Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 18, 219, part; Coup
d’@il Ordre Pig., 1855, 31, 57, part; Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 65, part.—REIcHEN-
BAcH, Tauben, i, 1861, 74, part, pl. 247, figs. 1365, 1366; ii, 1862, 175.—
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 239, no. 9328, part—Hzinz and ReicHEenow,
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 277.

Streptopelia risoria Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 11 (Panama;
introduced).

Columba alba (not of Gmelin, 1789 6) Temminck and Kyrie, Pigeons, i, fam.
seconde, 1808-11, 102, pl. 46.—Trmmincxg, Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 333, 484.—
Sterpens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 70.—Dzsmarest, Dict. Sci. Nat.,
xl, 1826, 351.

Columba risoria var. cicurat. a WAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. 93.

Columba risoria var. 8. WAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, species 93.

Columba visoria domestica Temminck, PI. Col., i, 1839, Tabl. Méth., p. 81.

Columba nisoria [lapsus] Scuatow, Journ. fir Orn., 1877, 196 (Isola Madre and
Isola Bella, Lago Maggiore, Italy).

@Columba decaocta Frivaldsky, Balkényi Természett. Utazdsrél, 1838, 30, pl.
viii.—Turtur decaocta Dresser, Ibis, 1903, 90.—Turtur douraca Hodgson, in Gray’s
Zool. Misc., 1844, 85 (Nepal, India; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.); Salvadori, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 430.—Peristera ridens Brehm (C. L.), Vogelf., 1855, 257.—
Turtur ridens Brehm (C. L.), Naumannia, 1855, 286.—?Peristera intercedens Brehm
(C. L.), Vogelf., 1855, 258 (n. Africa).— Turtur intercedens Brehm (C. L.), Naumannia,
1855, 268.—Streptopeleia intercedens Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, ii,
1862, 175.— Turtur stoliczke Hume, Stray Feath., ii, 1874, 519 (Kashgar, Turkestan).—
Columba risoria (not of Linnzus) of many authors.—Turtur risorius and Streptopelia
risoria of authors. (Southeastern Europe to Japan, India, and Ceylon.)

b = Myristicivora bicolor (Gmelin) Bonaparte.

888 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus SCARDAFELLA Bonaparte.

Scardafella Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 24; Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857,
85. (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Columba squamosa Temminck=Scar-
dafella ridgwayi Richmond.)

Micropelia @ Heinz, in Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 283,
(New name for Scardafella Bonaparte, on grounds of purism.)

Very small arboreal or semi-terrestrial pigeons (length about
190-225 mm.) with tail as long as or longer than wing, with lateral
and middle pairs of rectrices shorter than the intermediate ones
(S. inca) or else (S. ridgwayi) with all except the shorter lateral
pair approximately equal in length, the rectrices (twelve in num-
ber) all relatively narrow and more or less tapering terminally,
the plumage with conspicuous crescentic bars of blackish.

Bill relatively small and slender, the exposed culmen much shorter
than tarsus, the middle portion distinctly constricted vertically;
frontal feathering with antia about even with or slightly anterior to
malar antia, the mental antia extending slightly beyond anterior
end of nostril; nasal operculum rather small, moderately tumid.
Wing rather short, much rounded, the longest primaries exceeding
distal secondaries by a little more than one-fourth the length of
wing; second, second and third, or second, third and fourth, pri-
maries (from outside) longest, the first (outermost) shorter than
fifth (S. inca) or nearly equal to third (S. ridgwayi); outermost
primary moderately bowed, the inner web slightly incised subapi-
cally. Tail very slightly shorter to decidedly longer than wing,
consisting of twelve rectrices, of which the outermost pair are short-
est (about four-fifths as long as the longest), the remainder sub-
equal or, in 8. inca, the middle pair much shorter (about midway
in length between the longest and shortest, all the rectrices relatively
narrow and more or less tapering toward their harrowly rounded
tips. Tarsus longer than middle toe, its extreme upper end feathered
in front, the acrotarsium with a single series of very broad trans-
verse scutella, the planta tarsi with small, very indistinct, hexagonal
scales, its inner side with small short feathers on upper portion
(in S. ridgwayt extending downward for half the length of tarsus,
or more); lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, the inner
with claw reaching to or slightly beyond base of middle claw, the
outer slightly shorter; hallux shorter than lateral toes, its length,
without claw, about equal to length of basal and half, or more, of
second phalanx of middle toe.

% Mixpés, small; wédea, a dove. (Richmond.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 389

Plumage and coloration—Plumage of under parts blended (as to
texture) but feathers distinctly outlined by blackish terminal mar-
gins; bare orbital space rather narrow, not continued across lores
to rictus. Upper parts grayish brown, conspicuously squamated
with black, the primaries blackish or blackish and chestnut; under
parts whitish or pale grayish vinaceous, more or less barred or
squamated with blackish; lateral retrices blackish, with apical
portion white; under wing-coverts black or black and cinnamon-
rufous.

Range.—Northern Mexice (including adjacent border of United
States) to Nicaragua; Colombia to Venezuela and Brazil. (Two
species.)

The purely American genus Scardafella presents a very close
resemblance in form, size, and even coloration to the Indo-Malayan
and Australian genus Geopelia Swainson; but the latter possesses
fourteen (instead of twelve) rectrices, the tail is strongly graduated
(the outer pair of rectrices only a little more than half as long as the
middle pair), has the outermost primary abruptly attenuated termi-
nally, and the feet relatively much stouter.*

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SCARDAFELLA.

a. Smaller (wing 85-96 mm.); outer webs of distal primaries extensively chestnut
basally; outer webs of wing-coverts not distinctly (if at all) white; posterior
under parts buffy. (Southwestern border of United States to Nicaragua.)

; Scardafella inca (p. 390).

aa. Larger (wing 96-98 mm.); outer webs of distal primaries wholly black; outer webs

of wing-coverts distinctly white; posterior under parts white. (Scardafella
ridgwayt.)

6. Black tips to feathers much broader. (Coast district of Colombia and Venezuela.)

Scardafella ridgwayi ridgwayi (extralimital).5

bb. Black tips to feathers much narrower. (Hastern Brazil, south of Amazon River.)

Scardafella ridgwayi brasiliensis (extralimital).¢

@ Only the type species, G. striata (Linnzeus), has been examined in this connection.

b Columba striata (not of Linneus) Jacquin, Beitr., 1784, 34, part (Venezuela);
Gmelin, Syst, Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 788, part (Venezuela).— Columba squamosa (not of
Bonnaterre, 1790, nor Temminck, 1811) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 94 (Ciudad Bolivar, Vene-
zuela).—Scardafella squamosa Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 464, part
(Valencia, Venezuela; Trinidad) and of other authors ex Venezuela and Trinidad.—
Scardafella ridgwayt Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, no. 1090, Aug. 12, 1896,
660 (Margarita I., Venezuela; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit.
Zool., ix, 1902, 119 (Altagracia, etc., Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; crit.).—S[cardafella]
s[quammata] ridgwayt Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 93 (geog. range).

¢ Columba squamosa (not of Bonnaterre, 1790) Temminck and Knip, Pigeons, i,
fam. seconde, 1808-11, 127, pl. 59 (Brazil); Pig. et Gallin., 1813, 336, 484.—Chaeme-
pelia squamosa Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 361.—Columbina squamosa Gray-
List Galline Brit. Mus., 1844, 18.—Geopelia squamosa Hartlaub, Syst. Verz., 1844,
98; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 133.—C[hamzpelia]

890 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

SCARDAFELLA INCA (Lesson).

INCA DOVE.

Adult male-—General color of upper parts grayish. brown (grayish
drab to light hair brown, passing into pale écru-drab on forehead, the
wing-coverts paler grayish brown, sometimes approaching dull grayish
white, especially on distal coverts; each feather of crown, occiput,
hindneck, back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-
coverts rather broadly margined terminally with sooty black, pro-
ducing a conspicuous barred or scaled effect; alule dull black with
chestnut shafts; primary coverts chestnut, broadly margined termi-
nally with black; primaries chestnut, with termmal portion dark
grayish brown, this increasing in extent on outer webs of outermost
quills; distal secondaries chestnut broadly edged and ‘tipped with
dusky, the more proximal ones mostly dusky, with pale edgings;
middle pair of rectrices grayish brown, usually tipped or terminally
margined with dusky; second pair similar but with tip more exten-
sively dusky, the third with still more of dusky and, usually, with
more or less admixture of white on terminal portion; remaining
rectrices dull black or dusky passing into grayish brown basally and
broadly tipped with white, the white increasing in extent toward
the outermost, on which it occupies approximately the distal half of
inner web and two-thirds, or more, of outer web; sides of head and
neck, foreneck, and chest pinkish pale écru-drab to dull pale grayish
vinaceous, passing into dull white on chin and upper throat and
into very pale buff or cream-buff on posterior under parts, the feathers
(except on chin and throat, rarely foreneck also) margined terminally
with sooty black, the bars thus formed broadest on sides and flanks,
narrowest (often very narrow, sometimes obsolete) on chest and
foreneck; proximal under wing-coverts dusky grayish brown or sooty
blackish, the remainder chestnut, occasionally margined terminally
with black; bill blackish; iris dull orange to bright red; legs and feet
pale flesh color to carmine-pink; length (skins), 193-222 (205); wing,

squamosa Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 473.—Oena squamosa Reichenbach, Av. Syst.
Nat., 1852, p. xxv.—[Scardafella] sywamosa Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 85 (Bra-
zil).—Scardafella squamosa Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 464, part (Rio
Grande do Sul, Bahia, Ceara, Pernambuco, and Jose Dias, Brazil).—Columbula
squamosa Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 298.—[Micropelia] squamosa
Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 283 (Brazil).—Columba squam-
mata Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 474 (Brazil).—Scardafella squammata squammata
Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 92 (Goyaz, Brazil; crit.).—Scardafella r[idgwayi]
brasiliensis Beebe, Zoologica, i, no. 1, Sept. 25, 1907, 21, figs. 5c, 6c (Brazil; coll. Am.
Mus. N. H.).—[Scardafella] brastliensis Brabourne and Chubb, Birds South Am., i,
Dec., 1912, 17 (s. e. Brazil).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 391

86-96 (90.7); tail, 85-103 (93.7); exposed culmen, 11-14 (12,5);
tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.8); middle toe, 14-16 (15.1).%

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish-
able, but usually(?) with the dusky bars on under parts somewhat
narrower; length (skins), 190-221 (206); wing, 87.5-95.5 (90.1);
tail, 85-102 (93.2); exposed culmen, 11.5-13.5 (12.4); tarsus, 15-
16.5 (15.7); middle toe, 13.5-16 (15).°

Young.—Similar to adults but anterior under parts slightly paler
and less vinaceous, dusky bars on under parts narrower and (usually)
much less distinct, and wing-coverts and posterior scapular with a
subterminal mottling of pale grayish buffy.

Southern Texas (Laredo; El Paso; Columbus; Hidalgo; casual or
occasional at Corpus Christi, Austin, San Antonio, and Kerrville),
southern Arizona (Tucson; Phoenix), and Lower California (La Paz),
and southward through Mexico, in States of Sonora (Rio Mayo;
Nacosari; Opodepe; La Chumata; Guaymas), Chihuéhua (Tamas-
achic), Nuevo Leén (Rodriguez; Calderita; San Augustin; Vaqueria
Topo Chico; Rio de la Gilla), Tamaulipas (Nuevo Laredo; Aldama;
Tames{; Hidalgo; Altamira), San Luis Potosi (Soledid), Puebla (Hue-
xotitla; Altotonileo), Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Cérdova; Catemaco;

@ Twenty specimens. b Twenty-nine specimens.

hae : | 2x Middle

ocality. Wing. |} Tail. | posed | Tarsus. toe.

culmen
MALES,

One adult male from Texas.............2..2. 22 ee eee eee cece ees 94 101 ll 16 15

One adult male from New Mexico.........--.--.-----e0eee eee 86 90.5 say 15 14
Four adult males from Arizona. .... 90. 4 93.5 11.9 15.9 15.1
One adult male from Sinaloa.............222.--.000-- ssee] 85 85 12 15 14.5

One adult male from southern Tamaulipas wee] OL 89 13 15.5 15

Two adult males from Vera Cruz..........-...---++ ----| 90.5 94.2 13 16 15

One adult male from San Luis Potosf............... weoe| 94.5 89.2 12 16 15
Five adult males from Oaxaca..........2-.--22222eeeeee eee eee 89, 2 90. 5 13 15.9 15.6

Five adult males from Guatemala 93.3 98.3 12.5 15.9 15
Three adult males from Honduras. . 89 91.8 12.5 15.8 14.7
Five adult males from Nicaragua...............02--22 eee ee eee 91.5 96.2 13.1 15.9 15.2

FEMALES.

Five adult females from Arizona..........4....2222-220200-202+ * 89.5 91.4 12.3 15.6 14.5

One adult female from Sinaloa...... 88 94 1L.5 16.5 14
One adult female from Nuevo Leén. 94 99 12 16 15.5
Two adult females from Tamaulipas eos], “OL 93 12.5 15.7 15.7
One adult female from Vera Cruz......---.--.2--0022--eeee eens 88.5 88 12 1b 15.5
Two adult females from San Luis Potosi........--..-----+-+--+ 92 100.5} 12.2 15.7 15.5
Three adult femalesfrom Oaxaca wl ELF 91.7 13.2 15.7 15.7
Two adult females from Guatemala, 93, 2 94,7 12.2 16 15.2
One adult female from Honduras 88.5 91.5 11.5 15.5 13.5
Two adult females from Nicaragua. 89.5 92 13 15.5 14.2

While individual variation is considerable in a series from any locality, there is
apparently none correlated with geographic range. All the characters attributed to
8.1. dialeucos break down completely when the full series is compared.

392 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

La Antigua; Plan del Rio), Mexico (near City of Mexico; Chimalpa;
Ixtapalapa; Coapa; Culhuacén), Aguascalientes, Jalisco (Hacienda El
Molino; Bolafios; Tonila), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Presidio de Mazatlén),
Guerrero (Acapulco; Soled4d), and Oaxaca (Putla; Tehuantepec City,
and Territory of Tepic (Santiago), Guatemala (Duefias; Choctim;
Petén; Gualén; San Gerénimo; El Rancho, Zacapa), Salvadér (La
Libertéd), and Honduras (Chamelicén; San Pedro) to Nicaragua
(Chinandega; Volcin de Chinandega; San Gerénimo; Sucuy4; San
Juan del Sur; Matagalpa).

Columba squamosa (not of Temminck) Lacnrenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog.,
1830, 3; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 58 (reprint).

Columba squamosa Wacuzr, Isis, 1831, 519 (Mexico).

[Chamaepelia] squamosa Licnranstein, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854, 83.

Scardafella squamosa Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 605 (Caderita,
Nuevo Leon, Mex.); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 22
(Calderita, Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 452.

Chamzpelia inca Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 211 (Mexico).—Gray, List
Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 51 (Mexico).

Cham[zpelia] inca Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 24 (crit.).

[Scardafella] inca Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 85 (Guatemala).—Gray,
Hand-list, ii, 1870, 240, no. 9340.—ScratrR and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,
1878, 188.—SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 81—Forses and Rosson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 141 (Laredo, Texas; Bolafios, Jalisco; Guatemala).

Scardafella inca Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 24 (Mexico; Guatemala),—
ScnateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 309 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 391
(Oaxaca; descr. egg); 1864, 178 (near City of Mexico).—Moorz, Proc, Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1859, 61 (San Pedro, Honduras; Peten, Guatemala).—SciaTer
and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 223 (San Pedro, Honduras; Peten,
Guatemala).—Satvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 45 (Duefias, Guatemala;
habits).—Tavyior, Ibis, 1860, 227 (Honduras; habits) —REIcHENBACH, Tau-
ben, i, 1862, 19, pl. 250, fig. 1393, pl. 253, fig. 1410.—Exz1or; New and Unfig.
N. Am. Birds, pt. 7, 1867 (vol. ii), pl. 37 and text.—Burcner, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas).—Barrp, in Cooper’s Orn. Calif.,
1870, 519 (Rio Grande Valley, Texas).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rieway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 387, pl. 58, fig. 7; special ed., 1875, colored
plate facing p. 387._Lawrencz, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 305 (Ma-
zatlan, Sinaloa); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 44 (Tehuantepec City,
Oaxaca).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 195; xiv, 1891, 471
(Chamelicon, Honduras); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 466.—Covzrs, Check
List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 549.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 428 (Aca-
pulco, Guerrero).—Nuttive, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 389 (Sucuya,
Nicaragua).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d
ed., 1895), no. 321; 3rd ed., 1910, 151.—Frrranri-Perez, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., ix, 1886, 175 (Huexotitla, Puebla).—Atrwarer, Auk, ix, 1892, 233
(San Antonio, Texas).—Benpirz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (i), 1892, 153.—
Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 465 (La Paz, Lower California;
Laredo, Hidalgo, and Corpus Christi, Texas); Nacosari, Rio Mayo, and
Guaymas, Sonora; Rio de la Gilla, San Augustin, Vaqueria, and Topo Chico,
Nuevo Leon; Tamasachic, Chihuahua; Santiago, Tepic; Bolafios and Tonila,
Jalisco; Mazatlan, and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Acapulco and Soledad,
Guerrero; Puebla; Tampico, Tamesi, Aldama, and Nuevo Laredo, Tamauli-
pas; Aguas Calientes; Plains of San Luis Potosi: Chimalpa, Ixtapalapa,
Coapa, Culhuacan, Atotonilco, and near City of Mexico, Mexico; La Antigua
and Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz; Putla and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca; Choc-
tum, Duefias, and San Geronimo, Guatemala; La Libertad, Salvador; Chi-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 393

nandega and El Volcan de Chinandega, Nicaragua).—Jouy, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xvi, 1893, 789 (San Luis Potosi; Guadalajara, Jalisco; fresh colors of
unfeathered parts).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1897-99 (1900), 219
(San José, Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman,*Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii,
1902, 248 (Mexican localities and references; San Geronimo, Choctum,
Duefias, and Peten, Guatemala; San Pedro and Chamelicon, Honduras; La
Libertad, Salvador; Volean de Chinandega and Sucuya, Nicaragua).—
Dearzorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 80 (El Rancho and Gualan,
Guatemala).—VisHEer, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 281 (Tucson, Arizona, summer
res.).—Lacry, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 207 (Kerrville, Kerr Co., Texas, rare;
rather common at San Antonio).

Sc{ardafella] inca Rercuensacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 19, pl.
250, fig. 1393, pl. 253, fig. 1410.

S[cardafella] inca Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 570.—Ripeway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 216.

Scardafella inca inca Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii, June 9, 1905, 152, in
text.—Tuayer and Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, 1906, 18 (Opodepe
and La Chumata, Sonora).

[Scardafella] squamosa var. inca CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 227.

Scardafella squamosa . . . var. inca Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 375.

Geopelia inca ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 133.

[Micropelia] inca Hewes and Retcuenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 283
(Mexico).

Scardafella inca dialeucos Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii, June 9, 1905, 152
(boundary line between Honduras and Nicaragua, 180 miles from Pacific
coast; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).

Genus CH4AMEPELIA Swainson.

Columbigallina (not of Oken, 1817) Bouin, Isis, 1826, 977. (Type, Columba pas-
serina Linneus.)

Columbogallina (lapsus) Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1897-99 (1900), 219.

Chemepelia Swarnson, Zool. Journ., iii, Dec., 1827, 361. (Type, as fixed by
Gray, 1841, Columba passerina Linnzus.)

Chamepelia (emendation?) Lusson, Traité d’ Orn., 1831, 474.

Chamzpelia (emendation) Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 380, in index.

Chamaepelea (lapsus) TscHup1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-6, 45.

Chamepelia (emendation?) Jarpinz, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1849, 79.

Chamaepeleia (emendation) ReicuenBacH, Avium Syst. Nat., 1850, p. xxiv.

Chamapelia (lapsus) Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 10.

Chaemepilia (lapsus) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 301.

Chamzopelia (emendation) ScuatEeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 178.

Chamezpilea (lapsus) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 257.

Chamaepeleia (emendation) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 606; Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, 12, no. 453.—Rzicuensacu, Vollst. Naturg., Colum-
bariae, i, 1861, 15.

Chamepeleia (emendation) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., iv, 1870, 65.

Chamee pelia (lapsus) Frror, Fam. Science and Fanciers’ Journ., n.s., v, 1878, 86.

Camaepelia (lapsus) Inzrine, Ann. Estad. Rio Grande do Sul, 1900, 146.

Chemepella (lapsus) Banes, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292.

Chemapelia (lapsus) ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxiv, 1907, 46, in index.

Talpacotia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xi, 1855, 22; Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857,
79. (Type, by tautonymy, Columba tal pacoti Temminck,)

Pyrgitoenas ReicHENBACH, Vollsat. Naturg. Columbariae, i, 1861, 13. (New name
for Chamepelia Swainson.)

894 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Leptopelia 4 Hztnz, in Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 283,
(Substitute for Talpacotia Bonaparte, rejected on grounds of purism.)
Columbina (not of Spix, 1825) Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 58.

Very small terrestrial pigeons (length about 136-180 mm.) with
outermost primary broad, not attenuated at tip, but fourth (from
outside) with a projecting lobe or point at about middle of inner
web; tail less than two-thirds to three-fourths as long as wing, decid-
edly rounded, but with relatively broad rectrices; bill very small,
the exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw,
and with primaries partly cinnamon-rufous.

Bill relatively small, the exposed culmen decidedly shorter than
middle toe without claw (in most species little if any longer than outer
toe without claw), not decurved terminally, the distance from ante-
rior end of nasal groove to tip always shorter than from same point
to base of nasal operculum; point of frontal feathering about on line
with malar antia, the mental antia about on line with anterior end of
nasal operculum or slightly anterior to it. Wing moderate, with
-rounded tip, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by
one-fifth to one-fourth the length of wing; third, third and fourth,
or fourth primaries (from outside) longest, the first (outermost) usu-
ally longer, sometimes shorter, than fifth; outermost primary broad
(sometimes broadest subapically), more or less strongly bowed, not
attenuated terminally; inner web of fourth primary (from outside)
with a large projecting lobe or point in middle portion. Tail less
than two-thirds to very nearly three-fourths as long as wing, decidedly
to strongly rounded, the rectrices (twelve in number) relatively
broad, with broadly rounded tips. Tarsus slightly longer than mid-
dle toe without claw, its upper frontal portion bare scarcely to the
tibio-tarsal joint, the acrotarium with a single series of broad trans
verse scutella, the planta tarsi smooth or with very indistinct (prac
tically obsolete) small hexagonal scales, sometimes (in C. talpacot
and C. rufipennis) with a line of short feathers along each side fo:
upper half (more or less); lateral toes decidedly shorter than middl
toe, the inner with claw reaching to base of middle claw, the oute
slightly shorter; hallux decidedly more slender than lateral toes
about as long as basal and half of second phalanx of middle toe, o
slightly more.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head, neck and under part
blended in some species, that of head, neck and chest scale-like i
others; bare orbital space restricted, broader beneath eye, not con

@Aertés, delicate; wéera, a dove (Richmond).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 895

tinued across lores. Color grayish brown or more or less vinaceous
(or else cinnamon-brownish), the wing-coverts with spots (more or
less numerous) of black or violet-blackish; primaries for greater part
cinnamon-rufous, at least on inner webs, the under wing-coverts and
axillars also sometimes cinnamon-rufous but sometimes black; rec-
trices without distinct white tips. Sexes distinctly different in color,
the females much duller than males.

Range.—The whole of tropical and subtropical America, including
West Indies but excluding Galapagos Islands; north to southern bor-
der of United States. (Five species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CH#MEPELIA.%

a. Sides of tarsus completely bare of.feathers; axillars and under wing-coverts chest-
nut-rufous. (Chxemepelia.)
b. Neck and chest squamated. (Chxemepelia passerina.)
c. Larger (wing averaging more than 85 mm.).
d. Darker, with upper parts more brownish.
e. Slightly darker, the back, etc., grayish brown; adult male with vinaceous
of under parts averaging deeper. (South Atlantic and more eastern
Gulf States, north to South Carolina, casually to New Jersey, etc.)
Chzemepelia passerina passerina (p. 398).
ee. Slightly paler, the back, etc., more brownish olive; adult male with
vinaceous of under parts averaging slightly paler. (Guatemala to
Costa Rica; occasional in Yucatan; Panama?) cc
Cheemepelia passerina neglecta (p. 407).
dd. Paler, with upper parts more grayish; adult males with vinaceous of under
parts lighter, more pinkish. (Southern Texas, southern Arizona,
southern Lower California, and southward to British Honduras and
northern Guatemala)....... Chzemepelia passerina pallescens (p. 402).
ce. Smaller (wing averaging less than 85 mm.).
d. Coloration darker, the upper parts inclining to olive-brown.
e. Larger (wing averaging 83 mm.) (Socorro Island, western Mexico.)
Chemepelia passerina socorroensis (p. 406).
ee. Smaller (wing averaging 76 mm.). (Central Colombia.)
Chemepelia passerina parvula (extralimital).®

« Thanks to the recent careful revision of this genus by Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd (Ann.
Carnegie Mus., viii, 1913, 507-603), but little trouble has been encountered in its
treatment here. Mr. Todd’s paper is such a thoroughly excellent example of pains-
taking, conscientious, systematic work that I find myself unable to disagree with his
conclusions except ina matter of mere detail (see p. 429).

Acknowledgments are due Mr. Todd for his courtesy in allowing me to use his
measurements and thus saving me considerable time and trouble.

b Chemepelia passerina parvula Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, May 8, 1913, 544
(Honda, Colombia; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

“0

896 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

dd. Coloration paler, the upper parts more grayish.

e. Crown, occiput, and hindneck grayish brown (more or less suffused with
vinaceous in adult male), nearly concolor with back. (Western
Colombia.)....-..-------+- Cheemepelia passerina nana (extralimital),¢

ee. Crown, occiput, and hindneck bluish gray in adult male, contrasting with
color of back. i
f. Crown, occiput, and hindneck without distinct squamations, the bluish
gray tinge less pronounced.
g. Larger (wing averaging 84.5 mm.); coloration brighter. (Western
Ecuador; western Peru?)
Chemepelia passerina quitensis (extralimital),6
gg. Smaller (wing averaging 79 mm.); coloration darker or duller.
(Guianas, Amazon Valley, and eastern Brazil north of
Bahia.).......-.-- Cheemepelia passerina griseola (extralimital).¢
Jf. Crown, occiput, and nape with distinct squamations, the ground color
more distinctly bluish gray in adult males.
g. Vinaceous areas of adult male inclining to lavender-grayish.

h. Under tail-coverts extensively white; bill yellow at base (in life),
(Caribbean coast district of northern Colombia and Venezuela;
Leeward Islands.)...... Chzemepelia passerina albivitta (p. 408).

hh. Under tail-coverts with much less of white, the white more grayish;
bill olive at base (in life). (Southern Lesser Antilles, from
Grenada to St. Vincent and Barbados.)
Cheemepelia passerina antillarum (p. 411).
gg. Vinaceous areas of adult males not inclining to lavender-grayish.

h. Larger (wing averaging 80 mm. or more, tail averaging 56 mm. or

more).
4. Bill with not more than terminal half black.
j. Basal half and more of bill red (lake red or carmine-pink in
life). (Porto Rico and southward to Santa Lucia.)
Chemepelia passerina trochila (p. 412).
4j. Basal half or more of bill orange or yellow in life.
&. Coloration darker. (Jamaica.)
Cheemepelia passerina jamaicensis (p. 421).
kk. Coloration paler. (Cayman Islands, south of cuba.)
Chzemepelia passerina insularis (p. 417).
ii. Bill wholly black, or with a little red at extreme base only.
j. Coloration darker, the upper parts more brownish.
(Cuba; Isle of Pines; Haiti).
Cheemepelia passerina aflavida (p. 415).

@Chemepelta passerina nana Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, May 8, 1913, 546
(Jimenez, Rio Dagua, w. Colombia; coll. Carnegie Mus.).

b Chemepelia passerina quitensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, May 8, 1913, 547
(Zambiza, 6 miles n. e. of Quito, Ecuador; coll. Carnegie Mus.).

¢ Columbina griseola Spix, Avium Sp. Nov. (Av. Bras.), ii, 1825, 58, pl. 75a, fig. 2
(Amazon River; coll. Munich Mus.).—Chamepelia griseola Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1870,
277.—Columbigallina passerina griseola Hellmayr, Abh. K. Bayer. Ak. Wiss., ii, Kl.
xxii, 1906, 697, part —Columbina passerina griseola Allen, Auk, xxv, 1908, 306, in text.—
Chemepelia passerina griseola Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1913, 548 (monogr.).

7
J

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 397

jj. Coloration paler, the upper parts more grayish. (Bahamas,
except Great Inagua; Bermudas.)
Chemepelia passerina bahamensis (p. 418),
hh. Smaller (wing averaging 78.5 mm., tail averaging 52mm.). (Great
Inagua Island, Bahamas; Mona, Island, near Porto Rico.)
Chemepelia passerina exigua (p. 420).
bb. Neck and chest immaculate. (Chaemepelia minuta.)
c. Coloration darker. (Greater part of South America.)
Chemepelia minuta minuta (extralimital).¢
cc. Coloration paler. (Southeastern Mexico to west-central Colombia.)
Chemepelia minuta elzodes (p. 422).
aa. Sides of tarsus with a line of minute feathers; axillars and under wing-coverts
(at least the proximal ones) black. (Talpacotia.)
b. Remiges blackish, without chestnut.
c. Upper parts vinaceous-gray. (Western Ecuador and northwestern Peru.)
Cheemepelia buckleyi (extralimital).?
cc. Upper parts vinaceous-chestnut. (Cisandean South America, from French
Guiana to eastern Peru, Paraguay, and northern Argentina.)
Cheemepelia talpacoti (extralimital).¢

[Columba] minuta Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 285 (‘Santo Domingo;”’
based on Turtur parvus fuscus americanus Brisson, Orn., i, 116, pl. 8, fig. 2).—Goura
minuta Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, pt. i, 1819, 137.—Chamexpelia minuta Gray,
List Galline Birds Brit. Mus., 1844, 15, excl. syn. part; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxi, 1893, 481, part (South Am. localities and references).—Chemepelia minuta
minuta Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1913, 573 (monogr.).—[Columbigallina] minuta
Dubois, Synopsis Avium, ii, 1902, 764, part—Columba grisea Bounaterre, Tabl. Enc.
Méth., i, 1792, 252 (Cayenne).—Columbina grisea Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S.
Am., i, 1912, 18.—Peristera chalcostigma Reichenbach, Syn. Av., Columbariae, Novit.
Suppl., 1851, pl. 2458, figs. 3533, 3534.—Chamzpelia griseola (not Columbina griseola
Spix) Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 389 (excl. syn.),
and various authors.—Ch[amaepelia] amazilia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 78
(Peru; coll. Paris Mus.).

b Chamepelia buckleyt Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 21 (Santa
Rita, w. Ecuador; coll. Salvin and Godman); Taczanowski, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886,
245, Tables, p. 102; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi; 1893, 484, pl. 10, fig. 2.—
Chemepelia buckleyi Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1913, 580 (monogr.).—Columbi-
gallina buckleyt Dubois, Synopsis Av., ii, 1902, 764.—Columbina buckleyi Brabourne
and Chubb, Birds 8. Am., i, 1912, 18.

¢ Columba talpacoti Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Pigeons, i, fam. trois.,
1808-11, 22, pl. 12 (South America; coll. Paris Mus.).—Goura talpacoti Stephens,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 136.—Columbina talpacoti Gould, in Darwin’s Zool. Voy.
“Beagle,” iii, Birds, 1841, 116; Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., i, 1912, 18.—
Chamaepelia talpacoti Hartlaub, Syst. Verz., 1844, 99.—Chamz pelia talpacoti Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 485.—Chamiaepeleia talpacoti Reichenbach, Av. Syst.
Nat., 1852, p. xxiv.—Peristera talpacott Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae),
1873, 136.—Columbigallina talpacott Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 211.—[Lepto-
pelia] talpacoti Heine and Reichenow, Nom: Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 283.—Chemepelia
talpacoti Todd, Ann. Carnegie. Mus., xiii, 1913, 582 (monogr.).—Columbina cabocolo
Spix, Av. Bras., ii, 1825, 58, pl. 75a, fig. 1 (Brazil; coll. Munich Mus.).—[Chemepelia]
cinnamomina Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 349.—Chamaepeleia cinnamomina

898 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

bb. Remiges partly chestnut or rufous. (Chemepelia rujipennis.)
c. Coloration darker. (British Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia, northward to

Guatemala, Yucatan and Vera Cruz.)
Cheemepelia rufipennis rufipennis (p. 424).

cc. Coloration paler. (Lowlands of southwestern Mexico, northward to southern

Sinaloa.
) Chzemepelia rufipennis eluta (p. 429).

CHZMEPELIA PASSERINA PASSERINA (Linnzus).

FLORIDA GROUND DOVE.

Adult male.—Forehead, anterior portion of crown, sides of head and
neck, and under parts light grayish vinaceous, more or less paler on
chin and upper throat, deepening into pinkish light purple-drab on
chest, and passing into brownish gray posteriorly, the under tail-
coverts more or less distinctly paler on margins; feathers on sides of
head and neck and lower throat narrowly margined with darker, those
of foreneck and chest more broadly or more distinctly margined, and
with a central broadly cuneate spot of dusky; posterior portion of
crown, occiput, and hindneck bluish gray (more or less dark), the
feathers narrowly margined with dusky; back, scapulars, proximal
secondaries, anterior lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts
plain grayish brown (hair brown to deep drab); wing-coverts (except
more anterior lesser coverts) similar in color to chest, etc., passing
into a more grayish hue (nearly drab-gray) on greater coverts, the
more proximal coverts with spots (the more posterior ones cuneate
and oblique) of metallic blackish purple or violet; distal secondaries
dull brownish black, narrowly edged distally with paler; alule and
primary coverts dull black, the latter with basal half chestnut; pri-
maries chestnut or chestnut-rufous, with terminal portion and outer
webs (except basally) of longer quills dull black, the shorter (proximal)
primaries tipped and edged with black; middle rectrices brownish
gray or grayish brown, the rest dull black, the outermost ones more
or less distinctly margined terminally (especially on outer web) with
whitish; axillars and under wing-coverts bright chestnut or rufous-
chestnut; bill coral red or orange-red, dusky at tip; iris orange-red;
legs and feet flesh color or pink; length (skins), 160-181 (169); wing,

Reichenbach, Tauben, i, 1861, 15, pl. 253, fig. 3359, pl. 256, fig. 1424.—[ Talpacotia]
cinnamomea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 78.—Goura cinnamomea Schlegel, De
Dierent., 1864, 208.—[ Talpacotia] godina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 79 (Brazil;
Bolivia; coll. Paris Mus.).—Talpacotia godint Bonap&rte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855,
220.—Talpacotia godinae Burmeister, Syst Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 297.—Chamezpelia
godina Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1870, 450.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 399

84-89 (86); tail, 59-65 (62); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus,
15-17 (16).

Adult female.—Entirely similar in pattern of coloration to the adult
male but head, neck, and under parts drab-grayish instead of vina-
ceous, bluish gray of occiput, etc., replaced by grayish brown, and
chestnut on outer webs of primaries more restricted, these appearing
wholly dull blackish or dusky in the closed wing; length (skins), 155-
179 (166); wing, 85-88 (86.5); tail, 55-63 (60); exposed culmen,
11.5-12 (11.7); tarsus, 15-17.5 (15.8).¢

@ Ten specimens.

Ex-

Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
culmen
MALES.

Ten adult males of C. p. passerina.............- 86 62 11.5 16
Twenty adult males of C. p. pallescens . ales eal 87. 59.5 11.4 15.6
Ten adult males of C. p. socorroensis........2...2..02e cece cece eee eeeeees 83 56 11.5 16
Ten adult males of C. p. neglecta... 0.22.22. c cece eee eee eee eee eee 87 56 11.5 16.1
Two adult males of C. p. parvula.. ase core ea] ¥6 54.5 10. 2 15
Seven adult males of C. p. nana......-..22--.--.. Pere | 78 56.6] 1 16
Ten adult males of C. p. quitensis.........-.-.-- see --| 84.6 58.8 ll 16.3

Six adult males of C. p. griseola. 2.1.22... eee eee ne cee eee eee eee ee 79 55 10.7 16
Ten adult males of C. p. albivitta...........20 0222 e cece eee ence ee eee 80 53 11.2 16
Ten adult males of C. p. antillarum. 80 56 12 16.8
Eighteen adult males of C. p. trochila --| 80 57.5 1 16
Ten adult males of C. p. jamaicensis.........2.2.02cecececeee ee --] 82 56 11 15.5

Six adult males of C. p. insularis.......2--2-22 2222 c cece eee ee ence ee 82 57 11.1 15.6
Ten adult males of C. p. aflavida....-....22. 2.0.22 eee cee cece eee eens 81 58 11.2 15.6
Ten adult males of C. p. bahamensis. Bees ----[| 815] 56 10.8 15.6
Twelve adult males of C. p. etigua.......2 2-222 e ence eee eee eee eee 78.6 | 52.5 10.9 15

FEMALES,

86.5 60 11.7 15.8
86.5) 59 1L5 15.7

Ten adult females of C. p. passerina
Ten adult females of C. p. pallescens......-.

Nine adult females of C. p. socorroensis 82 56 11.5 16.2
Ten adult females of C. p. neglectd.......-.02-.2 2-222 cece eee cence ee eee 86 57 11.7 15.6
One adult female of C. p. parvila.......-- 00200022 een eee e eens 73 51 11 15
One adult female of C. p. nana 74 55 ll 16
Ten adult females of C. p. quitensis 83.5 56.5 11 16.3

Four adult females of C. p. griseola are 76 51.5 10.6 16
Ten adult females of C. p. albivitta.......-..-..20 2. ce ee eee cece ee eee 79 53.5 11.1 15.7

Ten adult females of C. p. antillarum.........2.222.-20 eee cece eee eee 79 55 12 16.7
Sixteen adult females of C. p. trochila.........-..-222200-0-22e eee eeee eee 80 56 11.3 15.7

” Ten adult females of C. p. jamaicensis. . 82 56 11.3 15.5

Three adult females of C. p. insularis... ests 81 57 il 15
Ten adult females of C. p. aflavida...... Pee 83.5] 57 | 116 15.4
Ten adult females of C. p. bahamensis..........-..-0000 0022s e eee eee eee 82 56.5] 11 15.4

Nine adult females of C. p. etigua....-.-.-.- 0220-22 e eee eee cee e eee eeee 78.6) 538.1] 10.7 15

400 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young.—Similar to the adult female, but feathers of back, scapu-
lars, and wing-coverts narrowly margined terminally with paler, the
middle wing-coverts with a median streak of rusty, the greater coverts
edged with rusty, the dark wing-spots without metallic gloss, and
squamations of chest, etc., much less distinct.

Florida, including Keys (Indian Key; Boca Grande Key; Mar-
quesas Keys; Boca Grande Key; Big Pine Key; Vaca Key; Summer-
land Key; Key West; Cedar Key; Key Largo), South Carolina, and
westward near the Gulf coast through Alabama (Hale, Autaga, and
Montgomery counties) to Louisina;% occasional or casual northward
to North Carolina (Cape Hatteras; Buncombe County), Virginia
(Lynchburg, Nov. 4, 1900), District of Columbia, Maryland (Broad
Creek, Oct. 14, 1888), Pennsylvania (Lancaster County, in 1844),
New Jersey (Camden), New York City (two records), and Tennessee
(between Harrison and Kingston).

[Columba] passerina Linnzvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 165, part (based essen-
tially on Turtur minimus guttatus Catesby, Nat."Hist. Carolina, i, 26, pl. 26;
South Carolina; cites also Turtur minimus guitatus Sloane, Jamaica, ii, 305,
pl. 261; Turtur barbadensis minimus Ray, Av., 184; Columba sylvestris minima
brasiliensis Ray, Av., 62; Picwipinima Marcgrave, Brazil, 204).6—Guetm,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 787, part.—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 611, part.

Columba passerina Barton, Frag. Nat. Hist. Pa., 1899, p. vi (near Philadelphia,
accidental).—Trmmincx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 144, part.—Wison, Am. Om., vi,
1812, 15, pl. 46, figs. 2, 3.—Virttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818,
401, part (Florida; Georgia; South Carolina); Gal. Ois., i, 1825, 333, part, pl.
196.—Bonaparts, Aun, Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826 (1828), 120, part.—Witson
and Bonaparte, Am. Orn., Jameson ed., ii, 1831, 304.—Nutrazn, Man,
Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 635; 2d ed., 1840, 767.—AupDUBoN,
Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 471, pl. 182; v, 1839, 558; Synopsis, 1839, 192; Birds Am.,
oct. ed., v, 1842, 19, pl. 283.—Grruarp, Naumannia, 1854, 193 (Florida);
1855, 383 (Georgia).

C[olumba] passerina Forster, Cat. An. N. Am., 1771, 11.—Bonararts, Journ.
Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., iv, pt. ii, 1825, 265 (crit.); Obs. Wilson, 1826, [124].

Goura passerina StePHENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, pt. i, 1819, 183 (South Carolina,
etc.); xiv, pt. i, 1826, 296.

Chamepelia passerina Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41.

Chamzpelia passerina HEERMANN, Cat. Ool. Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853,
23 (Georgia).—_Burmueister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 296, footnote
(North America).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, pp. xliv, 606,
part (Washington, D. C.; Liberty Co., Georgia; Cape Florida, Indian Key,
and Amelia I., Florida; crit.); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 453, part.—
Newton, Ibis, 1859, 254, in text (crit.).—TurnBuLL, Birds E. Penn. and *
N. J., 1869, 43 (Camden, New Jersey, 1 spec.).—LisHart, in Mombert’s
Authent. Hist. Lancaster Co., Pa., 1869, 512 (Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania,

@ Louisiana specimens not examined. .

5 The reference to Marcgrave, however, as pointed out by Todd (Ann. Carnegie
Mus., viii, 1913, 521) pertains clearly to Scardafella ridgwayi brasiliensis, and therefore,
so far as Chemepelia is concerned, Linngeus’ species includes only the North American,
Jamaican, and Barbados forms; and the specific name, passerina, was explicitly
ners to the North American form by Bonaparte in 1855, as shown by Todd (t. ¢,
p- 533).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 401

Ispec., 1844).—Coorsr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 516, part (Florida; habits; range).—
ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 342 (e. Florida), 392 (faunal range).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Rweway, Hist. N. Am, Birds, iii, 1874, 389, part, pl.
58, fig. 6 Cougs, Birds North-West, 1874, 390, footnote (part); Check List, 2d
ed., 1882, no, 547.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 340; ed. 1881 and
2d, 1895, 245 (Sea Islands, South Carolina to Key West)—Brown (N.C.),
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 12 (near Montgomery, Alabama).—Kriver,
Field Notes, 1879, 55 (Key West, Florida; New Jersey, Nov.).—Riweway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 195; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 465.—
Bauey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 41 (Georgia, breeding).—
Carrns, Orn. and Ool., xii, 1887, 6 (Buncombe Co., North Carolina, acci-
dental).—Satvaport, Cat, Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 473 part (Beaufort
Co., South Carolina; Tarpon Springs, St. Augustine, Titusville, and Cedar
Keys, Florida)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902,
250, part (Florida; crit.)—Nicotx, Ibis, 1904, 590 (Charlotte Harbor, Flor-
ida.)

Clhamzpelia] passerina Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 20 (crit.).—Couzs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 569.

Chlamexpelia] passerina Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 21 (crit. on type
locality).

[Chamaepelia] passerina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 77, part (Florida; Geor-
gia; Carolina; Louisiana).

[Chamezpelia] passerina Fores and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 141,
part, Florida).

Chemepelia passerina Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 49, part
(“North America’’).

[Chemepelia] passerina Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 239, no. 9336, part (‘North
America’’).

[Chamzxpeleia} passerina CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 227, part.

Chamzpeleia passerina Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 374.—GrinNnELL (G. B.),
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 147 (New York City, accidental).

Chamepelia passerina Cours and Prentiss, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1861
(1862), 414 (District of Columbia, accidental).—E.uior, Stand. Nat. Hist.,
iv, 1885, 247, in text, part.

Chameepelia passerina Firor, Familiar Science and Fancier’s Journ., n. 8., v,
1878, 86 (Virginia, accidental; Georgia and Florida; descr.; ha its).

Chemepelia passerina passerina Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, May 8, 1913, 524
(monogr.).

Columbigallina passerina AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886,
no. 320, part.— Baker, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, 268 (Micco, Florida;
food).—A[very], Am. Field, xxxiv, 1890, 584 (Hale Co., Alabama; not
breeding?).—Ripeway, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1889 (1891), 358 (Broad
Creek, Maryland, Oct. 14, 1888).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1892, 148.—Warne, Auk, ix, 1892, 72 (late breeding in South Carolina).—
Hartenrt, Ibis, 1893, 304, in text (crit.)—Suuretpt (P. W.), Auk, xviii,
1901, 192 (Lynchburg, Virginia, Nov. 4, 1900).

Clolumbigallina] passerina Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 215, part; 2d ed.,
1896, 585.

Plyrgitoenas] passerina REICHENBACH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 13,
part, pl. 266, figs. 2875-2878, pl. 256, figs. 1419-1420 (Cape Hatteras; South
Carolina; Georgia; Florida; Alabama; Mississippi; Louisiana; ‘‘Kentucky’’).

Chamaépelia purpurea Maynarp, Am. Exchange and Mart, Jan. 15, 1887, 33;
Feb. 5, 1887, 69 (‘continent of North America’’)—Patmer (W.), Osprey,
v, 1901, 148, in text (reprint of orig. descr.).

Clolumbigallina] passerina purpurea BeRuerscu, Journ. fiir Orn., xl, 1892, 97,
footnote (crit.)—HartTert, Ibis, 1893, 304, in text (crit.).

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16—26

402 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Columbigallina passerina terrestris Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, no. 1,
Dec. 29, 1892, 293, in text (“eastern North America’’); Handb. Birds E. N.
Am., 1895, 190 (deser.; habits); ed. 1912, 285.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Unton Comurrren, Auk, xi, 1894, 47; xix, 1902, 333 (crit.); xx, 1903, 360
(crit.); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 320.—Sronz, Birds E. Penn. and N. J.,
1894, 84 (Camden, New Jersey, and Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, acciden-
tal)—Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 364 (Aucilla R., n. w. Florida).—Ruoaps,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 476 (between Harrison and Kingston, Ten-
neasee, 1 spec.).—Scorr, Bird Studies, 1898, 76 (descr.; habits).—Buyzr,
Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 98 (Louisiana, resident).—Fowier,
Auk, xxiii, 1906, 399 (Key West, Boca Grande Key, Marquesas Keys, Big
Pine Key, Vaca Key, and Summerland Key, Florida; habits)—Bryzr,
Attison and Korman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 440 (Louisiana, rare).—Earton, Birds
New York, 1910, 389 (New York City, two records).

Clolumbigallina] passerina terrestris Rroaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896,
215, 591.

[Chamzpelia] terrestris SaarPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 81.

Chamezpelia terrestris Lows, Ibis, 1907, 114, 116, 117, in text (crit.); 1908, 110
(crit., etc.).

Chemepelia passerina terrestris AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ComMITTEE,
Auk, xxvi, July, 1909, 297; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 150.—Pumrp, Auk,
xxvii, 1910, 317 (St. James I., South Carolina, 1 pair)—Waywne, Contr.
Charleston Mus., i, 1910, 66 (South Carolina; habits)—Gozsan and Hotz,
Auk, xxxi, 1914, 220 (Autagaand Montgomery counties, Alabama, breeding).

CHZMEPELIA PASSERINA PALLESCENS Baird.
MEXICAN GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. p. passerina but averaging decidedly paler, the upper
parts more grayish brown (nearly drab-gray), the adult male with
head, neck, and anterior under parts decidedly lighter and less red-
dish vinaceous (inclining more to light grayish vinaceous) and with
bluish gray of occiput, etc., lighter; basal portion of bill red, instead
of yellow or orange, in life.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 155-178 (166); wing, 83-91(87); tail,
57-63 (59.5); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 15-16 (15.6).2

Adult female.—Length (skins), 153-172 (162); wing, 84-90(86.5);
tail, 57-62 (59); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 15-16 (15.7).°

«Twenty specimens. b Ten specimens.
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus,
culmen
MALES.

Five adult males from southern Texas (Brownsville).............-.---- 90 60.6 11.7 15.7
Five adult males from southern Arizona (Tucson)...................65- 86.2 57.4 11.5 15.7
Five adult males from southern Lower California (Cape San Lucas)....| 85.4 60. 6 11.5 15.5
Two adult males from Vera Cruz........ 2.222222 e cece eee e enc ee eee e eens 86.5 59.5 11.2 15.5
One adult male from Chiapas... 2.2.2.2... ccc cece cee cece e eee e eee eeene 87 58 11.5 15.5
One adult male from Campeche. ........ 2.22... cece eee eee ce cece eens 85 60 11 15.5

FEMALES,
Three adult females from Southern Texas (Brownsville)...............- 87.7 58.7 11.3 16
Two adult females from southern Arizona (Tucson)..................05 85 60 12 15.5
Two adult females from Cape San Lucas. ..........202...cecceceeececes] 88 60 11.5 16
One adult female from Vera Cruz........... fa etm dete Sk Sd oe 89 60 1.5] 15
Two adult females from Chiapas... ......-.-.-- cece cece eee eee cece ene ee 86.5 57 11.2 15.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 403

Southern Texas (Brownsville; Fort Brown; Hidalgo; Lomita
Ranch; Satz Ranch, Cameron County; Carrizo; Laredo; Seguin; Rio
Grande City; Fort Clark; Eagle Pass; Houston; New Braunfels; San
Antonio; Medina R.; Corpus Christi, breeding), southern Arizona
(Tucson; Phoenix; Camp Lowell; Fort Yuma; Fort Mojave; Flor-
ence; Riverside; Calabasas; Fort Verde; Santa Cruz R., west of Pata-
gona Mts.; 25 miles west of Ehrenberg; Tumacacori; Big Sandy Creek;
Pima Indian Agency; San Pedro R.; Huachuca Mts.), and Lower
California (Cape San Lucas; San José del Cabo; La Paz; San Ignacio;
Triunfo; Santa Ana; Santa Anita; Sierra de la Laguna; Comondt;
Margarita Island), and southward through Mexico in States of
Sonora (Hermosillo; Alamos; Guaymas; Bacoachi; Santa Rosa;
Opodepe), Chihuéhua, Nuevo Leén (Linares; Monterey; Monte-
morelos; Allende; Cerro de la Silla), Tamaulipas (Victoria; Sierra
Madre above Victoria; Matamoros; San Fernando; Camargo; Jua-
mave; Aldama; Tamesi; Sota la Marina; Tampico; Rio Pilén), Du-
rango (Chapala), Jalisco (La Barca; Zapotlin; Barranca Veltran),
Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Culiacin; Escuinapa), Guerrero (Iguala; Dos
Arroyos; Chilpancingo), Morelos (Cuernavaca), Mexico (Espatlan;
Chimalapa; Axotla; Ixtapalapa; Coapa; Mexicalcingo; Culhuacan),
Puebla (Chietla; Acatlin), Vera Cruz (Miradér; Cérdova; Orizaba;
Jalapa; Codtepec; Salina Cruz; San Andres Tuxtla), Oaxaca (Tehu-
dntepec; mts. near Santo Domingo), Tabasco (Rio Macuspana), Chi-
apas (Comitén; Tuxtla Gutierrez), Campeche (Campeche), and Yuca-
tan (Temax; Ticél; Tekanto; Peto; Chichen-Itza; Cozumél Island;
Holbox Island; Mugeres Island) and Territory of Tepic (San Blas;
Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena islands, Tres Marias), to British
Honduras (Manatee District; Manatee Lagoon; Orange Walk) and
northern Guatemala (Gualén; Lake Amatitl4n). Occasional or casual
in California (Monterey; San Francisco, May, 1870; San Gabriel, Los
Angeles County, several; Banning, Riverside County; San Pasqual,
San Diego County; Pescadero, San Mateo County).

Columba passerina (not of Linnzeus) RozmeEr, Texas, 1849, 461 (New Braunfels,
Texas).—STEPHENS, Incidents of Trav. in Yucatan, 1868, 475 (Yucatan).
Chamzpelia passerina McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 220 (Rio Grande,

bet. Matamoros and Camargo, Tamaulipas).—Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1857, 205 (San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz); 1859, 369 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz), 391 (Oaxaca).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 606, part
(Matamoros, Tamaulipas; La Paz, Lower California; crit.); Rep. U. S. and
Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 22 (Matamoros); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 453, part.—Couzs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 93 (Fort Yuma,
Arizona; La Paz, Lower California; crit.); Am. Nat., viii, 1873, 323 (Tucson,
Arizona; late nesting); Birds North-West, 1874, 390, footnote, part.—CoorEr,
Orn. Calif., 1870, 516, part (Fort Yuma; Fort Mojave).—Barrp, BREWER,
and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 389, part (Monterey, California;
w. U.S. and Mexican references; crit.), 522 (San Francisco, California, 1 spec.,
May, 1870; San Gabriel, Los Angeles Co., California, several).—HEnsHaw,

404 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Rep. Expl. W. 100th Merid., v. Zool., 1875, 483 (Camp Lowell, Arizona;
s. w. U. 8. references; habits).—Sancnez, Anal. Mus. Nac. Mexico, i, 1878,
105 (Matamoros; Yucatan).—Mzrrmt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 158
(Fort Brown, Texas, resident).—Sznnetr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog.
Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 48 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas; descr. eggs);
v, 1879, 424 (Lomita Ranch, Texas).—Rweway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii,
1880, 195, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 465, part.—HoLTEerHorr,
Am. Nat.,.xv, 1881, 216 (Tucson, Arizona, breeding).—Sumicurast, La
Naturalesza, v, 1881, 231 (Mexico).—Nrurune, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,

* vii, 1882, 175 (Houston, Texas).—BrewsTerR, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii,
1883, 32 (Tucson, Arizona; crit.).—Bexprna, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883,
344 (Guaymas, Sonora).—StepHens, Auk, ii, 1885, 229 (Caborca, Sonora).—
Benners, Orn. and Ool., xii, 1887, 69 (Laredo, Texas).—Rovirrosa, La
Naturaleza, vii, 1887, 380.(Rio Macuspana, Tabasco).—Sa.vin, Ibis, 1889,
377 and 1890, 89 (Holbox, Mugeres, and Cozumel islands, Yucatan).—Sat-
vaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 473, part (Camp Lowell and Tucson,
Arizona; Brownsville, Cameron Co., Hidalgo, and Corpus Christi, Texas,
“California”; San Jose del Cabo, La Paz, and Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali-
fornia; Matamoros, Tampico, Tamesi, Soto la Marina, Aldama, and Sierra
Madre above Victoria, Tamaulipas; San Blas, Tepic, Zapotlan, Jalisco;
Chapala, Durango; Chilpancingo, Guerrero; Chietla, Puebla; Epatlan,
Chimalapa, Axotla, Coapa, Mexicalcingo, Ixtapalapa, and Culhuacan,
Mexico; Coatepec, Vera Cruz, Salina Cruz, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Monte-
morelos, Nuevo Leon; Santa Rosa, Sonora; Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Tres Marias
islands; Holbox, Mugeres, and Cozumel islands, and Peto, Yucatan; Orange
Walk, British Honduras).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
ili, 1902, 250, part (Texas to Lower California; Mexican localities and refer-
ences).

Chzemepelia passerina Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 49, part
(Mexico).—LawrENcE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 44 (Tehuantepec
City, Oaxaca).

[Chamzxpelia] passerina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 77, part (descr. from
Mazatlan specimen!).—SciaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 133
part.—Forses and Rosison, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 141, part
(Brownsville, Texas).

Chamxopelia passerina ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 178 (near Mexico
City).

[Chamzpeleia] passerina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 227, part (Cape San
Lucas).

Peristera passerina SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35, 1873, 135, part (Cape San
Lucas; Texas).

Pyrgitoénas passerina REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 162, part (Mexican references),

Columbigallina passerina Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 581, 583
(Cozumel Is,, Yucatan).—AmeErican OrnirHotoaists’ Unton, Check List,
1886, no. 320, part.—Scort, Auk, iii, 1886, 421 (Tucson, Florence, and River-
side, Arizona).—Brcxuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 657 (Medina R.,
Texas).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 110 (Eagle Pass, Texas).—
Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 233 (San Antonio, Texas).

Clolumbigallina] passerina Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 215, part.

Chamzpelia var. pallescens Barry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301 (Cape San
Lucas).

Chamzpelia passerina? var. pallescens Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 305
(Cape San Lucas, Lower California; coll. U. §. Nat. Mus.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 405

Chamepelia passerina var. pallescens Batrp, in Cooper’s Orn. Calif., 1870, 517
(Cape San Lucas).

Clhamexpelia] plasserina] pallescens? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 569.

Chamezpelia passerina pallescens Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 548.—
Rmweway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 544 (Cape district, Lower Cali-
fornia)—THayrr and Banes, Condor, ix, 1907, 136 (Santa Ana, Lower
California) —Smrrx, Condor, xi, 1909, 63 (Cuernevaca, Morelos).

[Chamzpelia] pallescens Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 81.

Chamzpeleia passerina . . . var. pallescens Cours, Check List, 1873, no, 374-a.

Chamezpelia pallescens LAwRENCE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 275, part
(Tres Marias islands; Cape San Lucas).—Sancuez, Anal. Mus. Nac. Mex.,
i, 1878, 105 (Mazatlan; Tres Marias).

C[hamzxpelia] pallescens Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 114, 115, 116, 117, in text (crit.); 1908,
111 (crit., etc.), 545, in text (color of bill in fresh specimens).

Chemepelia pallescens Lawzunce, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 305 (Mazatlan;
Tres Marias; habits).

Chemepelia passerina pallescens HowEtt, Bull. Biol. Surv. no. 29, 1907, 31 (Texas;
food).—Drarsorn,Field Mus. Orn. Series, i, 1907, 80 (Gualan and Lake
Atitlan, Guatemala) —American OrnitHoLoaists’ Union Comuirres, Auk,
xxvi, 1909, 297; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 150.—Visuxr, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 281
(Pima Co., Arizona, summer resident).—Pumims, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75
(Matamoros and San Fernando, Tamaulipas).—Wtarp, Condor, xiv, 1912,
53 (near Tucson, Arizona).—Wierr, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, 44
(San Gabriel, Los Angeles Co., Banning, Riverside Co., and San Pasqual,
San Diego Co., California)—Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1913, 534
(monogr.).

Clhemepelia] p[asserina] pallescens Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 416 in
text.

Columbigallina passerina pallescens FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix,
1886, 175 (Acatlan and Chietla, Puebla)—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 594.—Bzcxuaw, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 637 (Bexar Co., Texas).—
Norris, Orn. and Ool., xiv, 1889, 59 (Santa Cruz Valley, near Tucson,
Arizona).— AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Union Commirrer, Suppl. to Check
List, 1889, 8 (no. 820a); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 320a, part; Auk, xvi,
1899, 108; xx, 1903, 860 (crit.)—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
ser, 2, 1889, 278 (Cape district, Comondu, and Santa Margarita I., Lower
California); Zoé, ii, 1891, 188 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California; habits).—
Maynarp, Eggs N. Am. Birds, 1890, 54 (geog. range; descr. eggs).—Towns-
END (C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 187 (Cape San Lucas).—Srone,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 204 (Tekanto and Ticul, Yucatan), 212
(Orizaba, Vera Cruz).— KEELER, Zoé, i, 1890, 299 (Colorado R., California).—
Raoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 112 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breed-
ing), 114 (Tucson, Arizona).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1892, 150,
part (Rillito Creek, near Tucson, Arizona)—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus.
N.H., viii, 1896, 287 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan); x, 1898, 36 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz);
Color Key N. Am. Birds, 1903, 126.—Netson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899,
37 (Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena islands, Tres Marias group; crit.).—
Price, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 91 (near Yuma, Arizona).—Bren-
INGER, Condor, iii, 1901, 45 (Pima, Indian Agency, Arizona).—BaILey
(Florence M.), Handb. Birds W. U. S., 1902, 143.—GrinneEtt, Pacific Coast
Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 31 (Monterey, Fort Yuma, San Francisco, San Gabriel,
and Pescadero, California) —Brewstrr, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902,
79 (Sierra de la Laguna, La Paz, San Jose del Cabo, etc., Lower California;
references; habits).—StzrHEens, Condor, v, 1903, 77 (Big Sandy Creek and

406 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bill Williams R., and Ehrenberg, Arizona).—Osaoop, Condor, v, 1903, 129
(Sulphur Spring, near Wilcox, Cochise Co., Arizona).—SwakTH, Pacific Coast
Avifauna, no. 4, 1904, 5 (Huachuca Mts. and San Pedro R., Arizona); Condor,
vii, 1905, 25 (Papago Indian Reservation, Arizona; habits) Miner (W,
De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 343 (Escuinapa, Sonora).—BEEBE,
Two Bird Lovers in Mexico, 1905, 185, 386 (Barranca Veltran, Jalisco).—Cotz,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 117 (Chichen-Itza and San Ignacio, Yuca-
tan).—Bamsy (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 385 (near San Blas, Tepic).—
Howe, Bull. Biol. Surv., no. 25, 1906, 22 (Texas; food).—THAYER and
Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, 1906, 18 (Opodepe, Sonora).—Lams,
Condor, xii, 1910, 76 (Las Marietas I., Mexico).

Clolumbigallina] passerina pallescens Ripaway, Man. N, Am. Birds, 1887, 586;
2d ed., 1896, 591.

Columbogallina passerina pallescens Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1897-99
(1900), 219 (La Paz, Lower California).

[Columbigallina passerina] var. pallescens DuBois, Synopsis Avium, ii, 1902, 763,
part. :

Columbigallina passerina pallascens KaEpina, Condor, vii, 1905, 111 (San Jose del
Cabo, Lower California).

.CHEMEPELIA PASSERINA SOCORROENSIS (Ridgway.)

SOCORRO GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. p. passerina and C. p. neglecta, but wing shorter and
coloration decidedly darker and more brownish, especially the adult
female. é
Adult male.—Length. (skins), 147-164 (156); wing, 81-85 (83); tail,
52-58 (56); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 15-16.5 (16).?
Adult female.—Length (skins), 155-163 (159); wing, 81-84 (82);
tail, 53-59 (56); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 16-17 (16.2).*
Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, western Mexico; accidental or
casual on Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre Island)® and on main-
land near Mazatlan, Sinaloa.®
Chamepelia pallescens (not C. passerina var. pallescens Baird) LawrEncz, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 275, part (Socorro I.).—Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xiv, 1872, 300, part (Socorro I.).

Chemepelia pallescens LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,ii, 1874, 305, part (SocorroI.).

Clolumbigallina] passerina socorroensis Rroaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept. 27, 1887,
586 (Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, w. Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); 2d
ed., 1996, 591.

Columbigallina passerina socorroensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed.,
1896, 614.—TownseEnp (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 185 (Socorro I.).—
Antuony, Auk, xv, 1898, 316 (Socorro I.).—Karpine, Condor, vii, 1905, 111
(Socorro. I.)

[Chamzpelia] socorroensis SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 81.

Chamezpelia socorroensis Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902,
252.—Lowe, Ibis, 1908, 112.

@ Ten specimens.

5 It is quite possible that both these specimens are wrongly labeled as to locality,
and are in reality from Socorro Island. Grayson collected at all three places and may
have made an error in labeling.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 407

[Columbigallina passerina] var. socorroensis DuBois, Synopsis Avium, ii, 1902, 764.

Chemepelia passerina socorroensis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1913, 543 (monogr.).

Chamezpelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnzus) Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxi, 1893, 473, part (Socorro I.).

CH/MEPELIA PASSERINA NEGLECTA Carriker.
CENTRAL AMERICAN GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. p. passerina but color of upper parts browner, base of
bill red instead of yellow or orange, and adult male with vinaceous
of head and neck averaging deeper, and wing-coverts more exten-
sively vinaceous; similar also to C. p. paillescens but coloration
decidedly darker.

Adult male.—Length (skins) 146-172 (161); wing, 85-89 (87); tail,
53-60 (56); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 16-16.5 (16.1).¢

Adult female—Length (skins), 154-173 (163); wing, 84-89 (86);
tail, 52-60 (57); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.7); tarsus, 15-16.5
(15.6).¢

Central America: Guatemala (Duefias; San Gerénimo; Toyab4j,
Quitché; Panajachal, 5,000 feet; Santa Maria, near Quezaltenango),
and southward through Honduras (mouth of Rio Rom4n) and Nicar-
agua (Sucuy4; Ometepe; San Raféel del Norte; San Juan del Sur;
San Carlos; Matagalpa) to western Costa Rica (Tenério; Coralillo;
Miravalles; Bagaces; Bebedero; La Palma de Nicoya; Esparta; Pigres;
Alajuela; San José; Cartago; Los Cuadros de Irazd); casual or occa-
sional in Yucatan (Mérida; Chichen-Itza; San Ignacio).

(?)Chamezpelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) Scuater and Savin,
Ibis, 1859, 223 (Duefias, Guatemala; habits)—Sanvin and Scrater, Ibis,
1860, 45 (Guatemala; habits)—Sanvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 547,
part (Guatemala).—Oartzs, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., i, 1901, 101, part
(Duefias, Guatemala).

Chamepelia passerina LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 189 (San Jose and
Cartago, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 207 (Merida, Yucatan).—Franrzius, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1869, 371 (Costa Rica).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist.
N, Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 389, part (Central American references).—Bovucarp,

@ Ten specimens.

Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus,
‘Jeulmen
MALES,

One adult male from Guatemala (Duefias).........2...... eee cece eee 87 55 11 16
One adult male from Honduras. ..........---- 2222022 eee ee eee ence eens 86 56 12 16.5
Two adult males from Nicaragua..............2..02 cece cece eee eens 88 58 1.5 16
Six adult males from Costa Ricd.......-... eee ee cece eee eee e nese eens 86.8 55.7 11.4 16.2

FEMALES.
One adult female from Honduras. ...........2-.0-0.-seeee seers sense eee 84 60 11.5 16
Three adult females from Nicaragua.....-......--2.--0eeeeeeee eee e enone 85.7 55.7 11.7 15.5
Bix adult females from Costa Rica........-..02.eccccereeecennewecenenes 86.2 | 57 11.9 45,7

408 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 43 (San Jose, Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Cat,
Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 28.—Nurine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 408
(La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 378 (San Juan del Sur, Nicara-
gua), 389 (Sucuya, Nicaragua), 396 (Ometepe, Nicaragua).—Rmeway,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 502 (San Jose, Costa Rica).—Satvaporr, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 473, part (Panajachal, 5,000 ft., Santa Maria and
Duefias, Guatemala?; San Jose and Irazu district, Costa Rica).—Unpzr-
woop, Ibis, 1896, 447 (Volcan de Miravalles and Bagaces, Costa Rica).—
Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 250, part (Merida,
Yucatan; Duefias, San Geronimo, Panajachal, and Santa Maria near Quez-
altenango, Guatemala?; Sucuya, Ometepe, Lake Nicaragua, San Juan del
Sur, and San Carlos, Nicaragua; San Jose, Cartago, Bebedero, Miravalles,
Alajuela, Volcan de Irazu, and La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica).

[Chamzpelia] passerina ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 133, part.

Peristera passerina ScuieGEet, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 135,
part (Costa Rica).

(?)Chaémepelia passerina Boucarp, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. 8., xxv, 1878, 24
(Guatemala; habits); Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 14.—Ropriaunz, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Salvador, iv, 1910, 282 (Guatemala).

Columbigallina passerina ZELEDGN, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 112 (Costa
Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127 (San Jose, Costa Rica).—Catvo,
Apunt. Geog. Estad. e Hist., 1887, 88 (Costa Rica).—Cuerrig, Auk, vii, 1890,
333 (San Jose, Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 329 (San Jose).

Clolumbigallina] passerina pallescens (not Chamepelia passerina var. pallescens
Baird) Rmeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 586, part (Central America);
2d ed., 1896, 591, part (Central America); Condor, vii, 1905, 154, in text
(Pigres, Costa Rica).

Columbigallina passerina pallescens Richmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893,
528 (San Carlos, Nicaragua).—AmERIcaN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check
List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 320a, part (Central America).

(?)Columbogallina passerina pallescens Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1897-99
(1900), 219 (Amatitlan, Guatemala).

[Columbigallina passerina] var. pallescens DuBois, Synopsis Avium, ii, 1902, 763,
part (Central America).

Chemepelia passerina pallescens AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List,
8d ed., 1910, 150, part (Central America).

[Chamepelia] pallescens Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 81, part (Central America).

Chxemepelia passerina neglecta CarRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, Sept. 7, 1910,
398 (Esparta, Costa Rica; coll. Carnegie Mus.).—Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
viii, 1913, 540 (monogr.).

(?)Chamzpelia granatina (not of Bonaparte) Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 39
(Panama).

(?)Plyrgitoenas] albivitta ReicHEnBacH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 14,
part (‘“‘Mittel-amerika”),

CHA:MEPELIA PASSERINA ALBIVITTA (Bonaparte).

CURAGAO GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. p. pallescens but smaller; bill pale yellow or orange
yellow (except tip); posterior under parts decidedly paler, the under
tail-coverts mostly white; adult male with vinaceous of head, neck,
and anterior under parts tinged with lavender-gray; adult female
slightly browner above and much more whitish below.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 409

Adult male-—Length (skins), 137-157 (147); wing, 76-82 (80);
tail, 50-58 (53); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.2); tarsus,"15-17 (16).%

Adult female—Length (skins), 136-155 (145); wing, 75-81 (79);
tail, 51-58 (53.5); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.1); tarsus, 15-16.5
(15.7).4

. Caribbean coast district of Colombia (Bonda, Minca, Santa Marta,
and Sierra Nevada, Santa Marta; Paramo de Macotama; Carte-
gena; Tierra Bomba, and Bay of Tesco, near Cartagena; Sabanilla;
Barranquilla; Bucaramanga?) and Venezuela (Caracas; Ciudad
Bolivér; Agua Salada, Ciudéd Bolivér; La Guaira; Tocuyo, Estado
Lara; Carupano; El Callao; Caicaré; Cumané; Cariaco Peninsula;
Margarita, Tortuga, Los Hermanos, Orquilla, Blanquilla, and Los
Testigos islands) and islands of Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire. Trini-
dad? Tobago?

(?)Chamaepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) LicuTenstrin, Nom.
Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 82, part (Colombia).

Chamezpelia passerina Scuotr, Rep. Lieut. Michler’s Exp. Isth. Darien, 1861,
247, in text, part (Tierra Bomba and Bay of Tesco, near Cartagena, Colombia).

Chamzpelia passerina Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 383 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—(?)Bzr-
LEpscH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 317 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—Ripaway,
Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 177 (Curacao).—Peters, Journ. fiir Orn.
1892, 113 (Curacao; habits)—Sazvaporl, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,
473, part (Venezuela; Trinidad).

[Chamzpelia] passerina ScuateR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 133, part.—
ForBes and Rozinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 141, part: (Cumana,
Venezuela; Trinidad).

Columba passerina (not of Linneus) SunpEVaLL, fv. Kongl. Vet.-Ak. Forh.,
1869 (1870), 586, part (Venezuela; crit.).

Peristera passerina Martin, Bericht Reise Nederl. Westindien, 1887,—(Curagao;
Bonaire).

Columbigallina passerina ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 56 (Carupano,
Venezuela)..-BERLEPScH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 69, 97, part (Curacao; crit.),
102, part (Curacao, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Tobago).—Harrert,
Ibis, 1893, 326, in text (Bonaire).—Rosinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895,

@ Ten specimens.

Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
culmen
MALES.

Five adult males from Colombia... .........202..2002. cee eee eee eee eee 80.8 53.8 11.3 16.3
Two adult males from Venezuela...............22- 22222222 76 52.5 ll 15.5
One adult male from Margarita Island..............2222222..2----22005- 82 53 12 16.5
Two adult males from Curagao............0222.22 ee eee eee eee eee eee eee 79 52 10.8 15.5

FEMALES,
Five adult females from Colombia............-.-.----.000ceeeee eee e eee 79.4 55 11 15.6
Three adult females from Venezuela..........--.-2. 22. ee eee ence eee eee 7 52.7 11 15.8
One adult female from Margarita Island.................--..20.2.222 0. 80 51 12 15.5
One adult female from Cura@a0.......-2-- 2.22222 ence eee ee eee eee eeeee 80 51 u 16

410 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

43, 154, part (Barranquilla, Colombia), 21, 164 (Curagao); Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xviii, 1896, 659 (Margarita I., Venezuela), 682 (Guanta, Venezuela),
683 (La Guaira, Venezuela).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896,
659 (Margarita I.; crit.).—Paexes, Auk, xiv, 1897, 366 (Cumana, Cumanacoa
and San Antonio, Venezuela).—Rosinson and Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xxiv, 1901, 167 (La Guaira, Venezuela; descr. nest and eggs).—CLARK
(A. H.), Auk, xix, 1902, 261 (Margarita I.).

(2)Chlamepelia] granatina Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 21 (Bogota,
Colombia); Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 77 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Paris Mus.).
(?)Chamepelia granatina SctaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 163 (Bogota,
ex Bonaparte; crit.). Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 296, foot-

note (crit.).

Chamzpelia granatina Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 195 (Cartagena,
Colombia; habits); Rep. Lieut. Michler’s Exped. Isth. Darien, 1861, 246
(Cartagena).

Clhamzpelia] granatina Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii,
1874, 390, in text (Colombia; crit.).

[Chamaepelia] granatina Heine and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
283 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).

Columbigallina passerina granatina ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, Aug. 25,
1900, 128 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia); xvi, 1905, 280 (Bonda; descr. nest
and eggs).—BERLEPscH and HarteRrt, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 118 (Altagracia,
Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela; crit.).

Clhemepelia] passerina granatina CaARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 398,
in text (crit.).

Columbigallina passerina var. granatina Dusois, Synopsis Avium, ii, 1902,
763, part.

Chlamaepelia] albivitta Bonapartsz, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 21 (Cartagena, Colom-
bia), 220 (descr.); Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 77 (Cartagena, Colombia; coll. Paria
Mus.).

Chamaepelia albivitta Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 296 (crit).

(?)Chamepelia albivitta Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 94 (Chachachacare I., Trinidad).—
Frnscua, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 554 (Trinidad, ex Taylor).

Clhamezpelia] albivitta Barrp, Brewnr, and Rieway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii,
1874, 390, in text (Venezuela; crit.).

Plyrgitoénas] albivitta Retcounsacu, Vollst. Naturg:, Columbariae, i, 1861, 14,
part (Cartagena, Colombia).

[Chemepelia] albivitta Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 240, no. 9340 (Cartagena).

Chemepelia passerina albivitta Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, May 8, 1918, 551
(monogr.).

Columbigallina passerina pallescens (not Chamepelia passerina var. pallescens
Baird) Banos, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 132 (Santa Marta, Colombia).

Columbigallina passerina perpallida Hartert, Ibis, ser. 6, v, July, 18938, 304
(Aruba I., Dutch West Indies; coll. Tring Mus.; also Curacao I.; habits;
crit.); 825 (Curacao), 334 (Bonaire; habits); Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 305 (Aruba;
Curacao; Bonaire).—Rosinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 166 (Curagao}—
Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 552 (Margarita I.; crit.).

[Columbigallina passerina] perpallida BerLerscu and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix,
1902, 119, in text (crit.).

C[lolumbigallina] p[asserina] perpallida Riuey, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxix, 1905,
171-172, in text (crit.).

[Chamzpelia] perpallida Suarrr, Hand-list, ii, 1899, 82.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 411

Chamepelia perpallida Lows, Ibis, 1907, 114 (Blanquilla I., Dutch West Indies;
crit.); 1908, 114 (crit., etc.); 1909, 814 (Los Testigos Islands, near Trinidad;
crit.), 322 (Cariaco peninsula, Venezuela), 327 (Los Hermanos Islands, Vene-
zuela); Nat. on Desert Islands, 1911, 158 (Blanquilla I.; habits).

Chemepelia passerina perpallida Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 198
(Aruba), 205 (Curagao), 210 (Bonaire), 218 (Orchilla), 220 (Tortuga), 223
(Blanquilla), 227 (Orquilla), 230 (Los Testigos), 240 (Margarita).

Chamexpelia passerina perpallida Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 552 (Curacao, Bonaire, Aruba,
Margarita, Blanquilla, and Los Hermanos Islands; crit.).

Columbigallina perpallida Lows, Nat. on Desert Islands, 1911, 159 (Blanquilla).

Coiumbigallina passerina var. perpallida Dusois, Synopsis Avium, ii, 1902, 764
(Aruba; Bonaire; Curagao).

Columbina perpallida BrasouRNE and CuusB, Birds South Am., i, 1912, 18
(Aruba; Bonaire; Curacao).

Columbina griseola (not. Columba griseola Spix) BraBourNE and Cuuss, Birds
South Am.,i, 1912, 18, part (Venezuela).

CHZEMEPELIA PASSERINA ANTILLARUM (Lowe).

ANTILLEAN GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. p. albivitia but slightly darker, the upper parts
(especially wing-coverts) averaging slightly more grayish, the pos-
terior under parts with much less of white, the bill blackish with base

olive or olive-brownish in life.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 147-166 (155); wing, 78-82 (80); tail,
53-58 (56); exposed culmen, 11.5-13 (12); tarsus, 16.5-17.5 (16.8).¢
Adult female.—Length (skins), 145-156 (150); wing, 76-81 (79);
tail, 51-60 (55); exposed culmen, 11.5-12.5 (12); tarsus, 16-17.5

(16.7) .%
@ Ten specimens.
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
lculmen.
MALES.

One adult male from Grenada.................2 022 eee eee eee eee eee ees 80 58 12 16.5
Two adult males from Carriacou.........--..--2 222202 eee eee eee eee eee 80.5 56.5 12,2 16.7
One adult male from Union..............222 0.0222 n cece cece eee eee 82 55 11.5 17
One adult male from Bequia.........-.2- 22-2 eee eee eee eee eee eee ee 80 54 12 16.5
Three adult males from St. Vince lt. ...-....---..2 222-2. e eee cence eee 79.3 55.7 11.7 16.7
Two adult males from Barbados............-22-200002eeecec eee eee eens 80.5 57 12.5 17.2

FEMALES.
Two adult females from Grenada...........-.2 2-2. eee e cence eee eee eens 78.5 | 55 12 17
Two adult females from Carriacou............----2-222-2 eee eee eee eee 79 53.5] "12 16.5
One adult female from Mustique. ..........2 2.02. cece eee eee eee eee eres 78 53 12 17.5
Two adult females from Bequia.............02 2-22 e eee ee eee eee eee eee 77.5 53.5 12,2 16
One adult female from St. Vincent. ...........2....02 eee eee eee eee ee eee 80 58 11.5 16
Two adult females from Barbados..............0.eeeeee ee eeec eee eeeenee 80.5 56 12 17.2

4192 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Southernmost Lesser Antilles: Grenada; Grenadines (Carriacou,
Canonén, Unién, Mustique, and Bequia); St. Vincent; Barbados.

[Columba] passerina Lannaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 165, part (citations of
Ray and Willughby); ed. 12, i, 1766, 285, part.—Gmeu, Syst. Nat., i,
pt. ii, 1789, 787, part.

Chamexpelia passerina Schompurcx, Hist. Barbados, 1848, 681 (Barbddos).—
SctateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 175 (Barbados),—Lawrencz, Proc,
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 196 (St. Vincent); i, 1879, 276 (Grenada), 277 (Grena-
“dines), 487, part (St. Vincent and Grenada).—Lasrer, Ibis, 1880, 43 (St.
Vincent).—Frmpen, Ibis, 1889, 490 (Barbados; habits)—Satvaportr, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 473, part (Grenada; Bequia; Mustique; St. Vin-
cent; Barbados).—Oatrzs, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., i, 1901, 101, part (Bar-
bados).—Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 115, in text, part (Grenada; crit.).

[Chamzpelia] passerina Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886),
24, part.

Columbigallina passerina Cory, Ibis, 1886, 472 (Barbados); Auk, iv, 1887, 116,
part; Birds West Ind., 1889, 217, part; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, part
(Bequia; Canonan; Carriacou; Grenada; Barbados).—Wetts, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 625 (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eggs); Auk, xix,
1902, 344 (Carriacou; habits).—Beruzrsca, Journ. fir Orn., 1892, 97, part
(Grenada; crit.), 102, part (Grenada; St. Vincent; Barbados).

Chemepelia trochila (not of Bonaparte) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columba,
1856, 50 (Barbados).

[Chemepelia] trochila Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 240, no. 9337 (Barbados).

Clhamexpelia] trochila Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 305, in text (crit.).

Columbigallina passerina trochila Rimy, Smithson. Misc. Coll., quart. issue,
xlvii, 1904, 281, part (St. Vincent; Grenada; measurements; crit.).—CLaRK
(A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 262 (Barbados; St. Vincent;
Grenada; Grenadines; habits; descr. nest and eggs), 302 (Barbados), 303 (St.
Vincent), 304 (Grenadines), 306 (Grenada).

Chamezpelia antillarum Lows, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxi, no. cxliv, July 1,
1908, 109 (Barbados; Grenada; St. Vincent; coll. P. R. Lowe); Ibis, 1909, 306
(Barbados; crit.).

Chemepelia passerina antillarum Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, May 8, 1913,
555 (monogr.).

CHAMEPELIA PASSERINA TROCHILA (Bonaparte).

MARTINIQUE GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. p. antillarum but coloration darker, the upper parts
more olivaceous gray, remiges with more rufous-chestnut on outer
webs, and basal two-thirds (more or less) of bill red (lake red or
crimson) in life; adult male with vinaceous of head, neck, and chest

deeper, without lavender-pray tinge, and with wing-coverts more
decidedly vinaceous.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

413

Adult male.—Length (skins), 167-171 (169); wing, 77-83 (80);
tail, 53-63 (57.5); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.1); tarsus, 15-17

(16).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 155-166 (160); wing, 77-85 (80);
tail, 51-62 (56); exposed culmen, 11-12.5 (11.3); tarsus, 15-17.5

(15.7).?

Lesser Antilles north of St. Vincent (Santa Lucia; Martinique;
Dominica; Guadeloupe; Desirade; Antigua; Barbuda; St. Barthol-
omew; St. Christopher; St. Eustatius; Montserrat; Saba; Anguilla;
and easternmost Greater Antilles (St. Croix; Anegada; Virgin Gorda;
Tértola; St. John; St. Thomas; Culebra; Vieques; Porto Rico).

Columba passerina (not of Linneus) Fauipere, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya

Handl., vii, 1786, 253 (St. Bartholomew ).—Temmincrk, in Temminck
and Knip, Pigeons, i, 1808-11, Colombi-gallines, 24, part, pls. 13, 14
(Porto Rico); Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 425, part (Porto Rico).—
Leprv, Voy. Iles Teneriffe, Trinite, etc., ii, 1810, 39 (St. Thomas; St. Croix;
Porto Rico)—Viemxot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 401, part
(Martinique)—Drsmarust, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 308, part (Porto
Rico).—Lrsson, Compl. Buffon, Ois., viii, 1837, 12, part (Porto Rico).—
Bryant, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 191 (Porto Rico); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
x, 1866, 257 (Porto Rico).—Sunprvauu, (fv. Kongl. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869
(1870), 586, part (St. Bartholomew), 601 (Porto Rico)—Gunpiacg, Journ,
fir Orn., 1874, 308 (Porto Rico).—Lawrencz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879,

450 (Guadeloupe).
@ Highteen specimens. b Sixteen specimens.
Ex-
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
lculmen
MALES.
Two adult males from Dominica...........-....2222 2.2202 ce cece eee eee 80 58 11.2 16.5
Two adult males from Santa Lucia............2222222-22 2 ceeeeee eee ee 78.5 | 58 12 16.5
Two adult males from Guadeloupe...............22 22.00 cece cece e eee 81 62 10.7 15.7
Two adult males from Antigua...........2020.20c0eceeceec eee eee reece 80 55 u (15.5)
Two adult males from Barbuda. .......... 22.0... ce cece eee eee e eee 77.5 56 10.5 15.5
One adult male from St. Christopher.....-.....22222222222--eeeeeeee ee 81 63 il 16
One adult male from St. Eustatius.................00 020222 80 56 u 5
One adult male from St. Johms..........22. 2-0 eee eee eee cece cence ees 81 55 10.5 15.5
Two adult males from St. Thomas...............2222.022 eee eee eee eee 81.5 58 11.2 15.5
Three adult males from Porto Rico.... 2.2.22... 2-2 ee cee eee eee eens 80 55.7 11.3 16.5
FEMALES.

Two adult females from Dominica...............-- 22-22 e cece eee cece eee 81.5 57.5 12 16
Two adult females from Santa Lucia...............-0 eee ee ee eee eee eee 83.5 61 12.2 17.2
Two adult females from Antigua. .......-......222-00s cece cence eee e eee 78.5 58 il 15.5
Two adult females from Barbuda..........-...-2..2.2ceeeeeeeeeeeeee | 79.5 | 55 any 15.7
One adult female from St. Eustatius. ............-..2022. eee cece ee eee 78 56 1 15
One adult female from Anogada......-...0.- eee e eee ee cece eee eee een ee[ee scenes 55 11 16
Three adult females from St. Thomas...........-..-.ee eee e ee eee eee eee 78.7 53 1 15
Three adult females from Porto Rico..........02.ceeeee eee e cee e eee eens 80.3 54.7 11 15.3

414 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Chamezpelia passerina Brxuo and Esprnosa, Zool. Gart., xii,'1871, 348 (Porto
Rico).—Gunptacx, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1878, 161, 186
(Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 349 (Porto Rico; hab-
its). Lawrence, Forest and Stream, ix, 1877, 345 (Dominica); Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 67 (Dominica; deacr. nest), 237 (Antigua), 241 (Barbuda);
i, 1879, 360 (Martinique), 460 (Guadeloupe), 487, part (Barbuda; Antigua;
Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique)—AtLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v,
1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).—Rieway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 172
(St. Thomas).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 326 (Dominica), 395
(Santa Lucia); 1892, 500 (Anguilla)—Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxi, 1898, 473, part (Santa Lucia; Dominica; Guadeloupe; St. Christopher;
Tortola; Anguilla; Virgin Gorda; St. Thomas; Porto Rico).—Oarss, Cat.
Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., i, 1901, 101, part (St. Croix).—Nucotz, Ibis, 1904,
570 (Dominica), 572 (Montserrat), 576 (St. Croix; St. Thomas).—Lowz, Ibis,
1907, 116, in text, part (Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Christopher;
Dominica; crit.).

[Chamzpelia] passerina Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 24,
part. :

Peristera passerina ScHuEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbe), 1878, 185,
part (St. Thomas).

Columbigallina passerina Cory, Ibis, 1886, 474 (Desirade); iv, 1887, 96 (Marti-
nique); Auk, v, 1887, 96 (Martinique), 116, part; vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada),
375 (Tortola; Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua), 48 (St. Croix; St.
Christopher; Guadeloupe); Birds West Ind., 1889, 217, part; Cat. Birds
West Ind., 1892, 97, part (Porto Rico; Tortola; Virgin Gorda; Anegada; St.
Croix; St. Bartholomew; St. Eustatius; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Desirade;
Dominica; Martinique; Santa Lucia), 155 (St. Bartholomew).—Bzruepsca,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 102, part (Santa Lucia; Martinique; St. Thomas).—
Verri, Trans. Conn. Ac. Arts and Sci., viii, 1893, 324, 349 (Dominica). —
BownpisH, Odlogist, xvi, 1900, 72 (Vieques I.); Auk, xix, 1902, 361, part
(Porto Rico; nesting habits).—Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 276, in text
(St. Thomas).—Dvusors, Synopsis Avium, ii, 1902, 763, part.

Columba passeris Knox, Hist. Acc. Isl. Dominica, 1791, 28 (Dominica; habits).

Cham[epelia] trochila Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 21 (Martinique).

Ch{amaepelia] trochila Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 21, 220 (Martinique;
descr.); Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 77 (Martinique; coll. Paris Mus.).

Champelia trochila Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 253 (St. Croix; St. Thomas;
habits; crit.), 375 (St. Croix), 377 (St. Thomas).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1860, 378 (St. Thomas).—SctaTER, Ibis, 1862, 289 (Martinique).—
SemPER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 653 (Santa Lucia; habits).

Chamaepelia trochilia BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 296, footnote
(Martinique; crit.).

Plyrgitoenas] trochila ReicHEnsBacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 14
(Martinique).

Chamzopelia trochila Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 171 (Porto Rico; St. Thomas; crit.).

Chamzpelia trochilea ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 266 (Santa Lucia).

Columbigallina passerina trochila Ritzy, Smithson. Misc. Coll., xlvii, Nov. 8, 1904,
281 (Barbuda; Antigua; St. Bartholomew; St. Christopher; St. Eustatius;
Guadeloupe; Dominica; measurements; crit.).—VERRILL, Addition to Avif.
Dom., etc., 1905, [16, 23] (Dominica).

Chamezpelia passerina trochila CuarK (A. H.), West Ind. Bull., xi, no. 3, 1911, 183
(Santa Lucia).

Chemepelia passerina trochila Topp, Ann, Carnegie Mus., xiii, 1913, 558 (monogr.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 415

C[olumbigallina] passerina socorrensis? (not C. p. socorroensis Ridgway) Hartert,
Ibis, 1893, 305, in text (Porto Rico).

Chamepelia portoricensis Lowe, Ibis, 9th ser., ii, Jan., 1908, 108 (Guanica, Porto
Rico; coll. P. R. Lowe).

C[hamzpelia] portoricensis Lowe, Ibis, 1908, 545, in text (St. Thomas; crit.).

Chamezpelia jamaicensis (not of Maynard) Lows, Ibis, 1908, 111, part (St. Thomas;
St. Christopher; Dominica; crit.).

CHAMEPELIA PASSERINA AFLAVIDA (Palmer and Riley).
CUBAN GROUND DOVE.

Intermediate in coloration between C. p. antillarum and C. p.
trochila, but color of bill (in life) very different from either, being
black to base, where washed or tinged with crimson.

Adult male—Length (skins), 156-178 (165); wing, 77-86 (81);
tail, 55-61 (58); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11.2); tarsus, 15-16.5
(15.6).%

Adult female.—Length (skins), 160-166 (164); wing, 81-85 (83.5);
tail, 54-60 (57); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.6); tarsus, 15-16 (15.4).¢

Cuba (Havana; Pindr del Rio; Trinid4d; Guam4; El Cobre; Hol-
guin; San Diego de los Bafios; Remédios; La Catchina near Tagua;
Monteverde; Guanajéy; Santiago de Cuba; Guantanamo Bay;
Figuabas), Isle of Pines (Jicaro; Hospitél; Nueva Gerona; San
Juan; Callebonita; McKinley; Santa Barbara), and Haiti (Jacmel,
Le Coup, and Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Catare, Honduras, Sanchez,
San Cristébal, La Vega, Maniél, Fuerte Resoli, Santa Domingo, and
Puerta Plata, Santo Domingo). Casual on Grand Cayman and in
Jamaica (Spanishtown).

[Columba] passerina Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 285, part (Santo Do-
mingo, ex Brisson).

Columba passerina TemmiIncK, in Temminck and Knip, Pigeons, i, 1808-11,
Colombi-gallines, 24, part, pls. 13, 14 (Santo Domingo); Hist. Nat. Pig. et
Gallin., i, 1813, 425, part (Santo Domingo); Pl. Col., i, Tabl. Méth., 1838,
81.—VierttoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 401, part (Santo Do-
mingo); Gal. Ois., i, 1825, 333, part, pl. 196 (Santo Domingo).—Herarngz,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1834, 110 (Haiti).—Ritrer, Reise nach Haiti, 1836,

@ Ten specimens.

Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus
culmen
MALES,

Five adult males from Cuba......-....0-2.00- eee ec eee e eee ence eee ee ees 82, 4 59.4 11.5 15.9
Two adult males from Isle of Pines......-..-..------:eee eee eee eee eee ee 81.5 59 ll 15.5
Three adult males from Haiti... .-....2-2. 6-22 eee e cece e eee eee ee eee ees 79,7 55.3 10.8 15.3

FEMALES.
Seven adult females from Cuba..........---- 222 eee eee e ee eee ee eee ween 83.6 56.7 11.8 15.5
Two adult females from Isle of Pines.....-...------.2+seesceeeeee eens 84 57 1.5 15
One adult female from Haiti. .....-..0. eee ence eee e eee eee eee eee eens 82 56 il 16

416 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

156 (Haiti).—Lzsson, Comp]. Buffon, Ois., viii, 1837, 12, part (Santo Do-
mingo); ed. 2, 1838, 272.—D’Orsreny, in La Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois.,
iii, 1839, 131 (Cuba).—DEwny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38, part (Cuba).—

' Pory, Mem. Real. Soc. Econ. Habana, (2), vii, 1848, 104 (Cuba); Mem. Hist.
Nat. Isla de Cuba, i, 1851, 427 (Isle of Pines).—LzmsBrye, Aves de la Isla de
Cuba, 1850, 132 (Cuba).—Tuznemann, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 154 (Cuba;
descr. eggs).—SaussurE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1859, 121 (Haiti).—Bryanr,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 96 (Santo Domingo).—SunDEvaL, (fy.
Kongl. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869 (1870), 586, part (Haiti; crit.).—Gunptacu,
Anal. Hist. Nat., 1873, 146 (Cuba; habits).

[Chamaepelia] passerina Licurenstein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 82, part
(Cuba).

Chamaepelia passerina CaBANis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 111 (Cuba; habits).—
Saxi#, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 236 (Santo Domingo).—Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—GunpLacu, in Poey’s Repert.
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1865-66, 300 (Cuba; habits); Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 296
(Cuba; habits); Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 7, 13, 136 (Cuba; habits; descr.
eges), 279 (synonymy).—Bairp, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xli, 1866, 188,
part (Cuba); Ibis, 1867, 276 (Cuba).—PE.zELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 277, footnote,
part (Santo Domingo).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 154 (Haiti);
Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 127.—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo
Domingo).—Satvaport1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 473, part (Port-au-
Prince, Haiti; Santo Domingo; San Cristobal, Cuba).—Cumisry, Ibis, 1897,
335 (La Vega, Santo Domingo; habits)—Mrnrcavux, Rev. Frang. d’Om.,
i, no. 2, 1909, 31 (Figuabas, e. Cuba).

[Chamezpelia] passerina Gunpiacs#, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba).—SchaTER
and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 133, part.—Cory, List Birds West Ind.,
1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 24, part (‘‘Antilles,’’ part).

Pyrgitoenas passerina REICHENBACH, Tauben, 1862, 162, part (Santo Domingo)..

Peristera passerina ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 25 (Columbae), 1873, 135,
part (Haiti).

Columbigallina passerina Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 116, part; viii, 1891, 298, 294 (Santo
Domingo; Cuba); ix, 1892, 272 (Havana and San Diego de los Baiios, Cuba);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 217, part; Cat. West. Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, part (Cuba;
Isle of Pines; Haiti; Santo Domingo).—CHaprman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
iv, 1892, 292 (Trinidad, s. Cuba; crit.) —GunpLacu, Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895,
164 (Cuba; descr.; habits)—CHrrriz, Field Mus. Orn. Ser., i, 1896, 24
(Santo Domingo).

Chamepelia passerina Menrcavx, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., xv, 1909, 238 (Cuba).

(?) Chamzpelia hortulana WiizttemBerc, Naumannia, ii, pt. ii, 1852, 56 (Haiti).

Columbigallina passerina aflavida Parmer and Rey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv,
March 5, 1902, 23 (San Diego de los Bafios, Cuba; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—
Banes and Zaprey, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 197 (Callebonita, Hospital, Jucaro,
and San Juan, Isle of Pines).—Rzap, Oélogist, xxviii, 1911, 3, 16 (McKinley,
Isle of Pines). i

Columbigallina aflavida Maynarp, Cat. Birds West Ind., sec. app., 1903, 35
(Cuba).

Chamzpelia aflavida Lows, Ibis, 1907, 116, in text (crit.).

Clhamexpelia] aflavida Lowe, Ibis, 1909, 341 (Grand Cayman, 1 spec.).

Chemepelia passerina aflavida Reap, Bird Lore, xiii, 1911, 44 (McKinley, Isle of
Pines); xv, 1913, 45 (Santa Barbara, Isle of Pines),—Topp, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., viii, 1913, 561 (monogr.).

Chamexpelia axantha Lowe, Ibis, Jan., 1908, 114 (new name for C. p. aflavida
Palmer and Riley, rejected on ground of purism; crit., etc.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 417

CHAIMEPELIA PASSERINA INSULARIS (Ridgway.)

CAYMAN ISLAND GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. p. aflavida but bill extensively pale colored basally
(reddish in life, yellowish in dried skins) and adult male with the
vinaceous areas slightly less purplish.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 168-174 (171); wing, 80-84 (82); tail,
55-60 (57); exposed culmen, 11-12 (11.1); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.6).%

Adult female.—Length (skins), 159-165 (162); wing, 78-83 (81);
tail, 55-60 (57); exposed culmen, 11-11.5 (11.2); tarsus, 15.°

Grand Cayman Island, south of Cuba. (Also Little Cayman and
Cayman Brac?.)

Columbigallina passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) Cory, Auk, iii,
1886, 502 (Grand Cayman); iv, 1887, 116, part; vi, 1889, 32 (Cayman Brac);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 217, part; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, part (Grand
Cayman; Little Cayman; Cayman Brac), 139, part (crit.).

Chamepelia passerina Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 473, part
(Grand Cayman).—Nico1t, Ibis, 1904, 585 (Grand Cayman; crit.). #
Columbigallina passerina insularis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 36,
Aug. 6, 1888, 574 (Grand Cayman, south of Cuba; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.;
ex Townsend, manuscript).—Cory, Birds West Ind., 1889, 297 (Grand Cay-
man; Cayman Brac; crit.).—Bzriepscn, Journ. fir Orn., 1892, 98, in text

(crit.).—Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 305, in text (crit.). :

[Chamzpelia] insularis SHarPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 82.

Chamepelia insularis Lowe, Ibis, 1908, 113 (crit., etc.).

Columbigallina insularis Maynarp, Cat. Birds West Ind., 1903, 7 (Grand Cayman).

Chamzpelia passerina insularis Lows, Ibis, 1907, 116, in text (Cayman islands;
crit.).

Chemepelia passerina insularis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1913, 564
(monogr.).

Chamezpelia jamaicensis (not of Maynard) Lowe, Ibis, 1908, 111, part (Cayman
islands; crit.); 1909, 341 (Grand Cayman; crit.); 1911, 145, part (Grand
Cayman; references).

@ Six specimens. b Three specimens.
. Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
culmen
FEMALES.
Three adult females from Grand CayMan........ccce senescence cece eee ee 81 57 11.2 15
Two adult females from Little Cayman (C. p. instilaris?).........--.-+- 81.5 54.5 10.5 15

The status of specimens from Little Cayman is doubtful, owing to paucity of material
examined.

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——27

418 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CHZMEPELIA PASSERINA BAHAMENSIS (Maynard).
BAHAMA GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. p. aflavida but coloration slightly paler, posterior
under parts with more of white, and bill with less of reddish at base,
often wholly black.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 155-176 (165); wing, 79-84 (81.5);
tail, 53-60 (56); exposed culmen, 10-12 (10.8); tarsus, 15-16 (15.6).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 146-170 (154); wing, 81-84 (82);
tail, 53-59 (56.5); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11); tarsus, 15-16
(15.4).

Bahamas (Great Bahama; Abaco; Little Abaco;’ Biminis;? Berry
Islands; Eleuthera; New Providence; Andros; Cat Island; Concep-
cién; Watling Island; Rum Cay; Long Island;? Green Cay; Acklin
Island; Plana Cay; Maragauna; Miraporvos;? Caicos Islands; Cur-
rent Island;’ Bird Rock; Great Guana Cay; Great Sale Cay;? Elbow
Cay;? Moraine Cay;? Stranger Cay *) and Bermudas. Accidental on
east coast of Florida (Enterprise) ?

Chamoepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linneus) JaRpiINz, Contr. Orn.,
1849, 79 (Bermuda).—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 6 (Bermuda).—
Rew, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 225 (Bermuda, abundant resident;
habits, etc.).

Chamezpelia passerina Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 120 (Bahamas),—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 55 (Bahamas).—Barrp, Am. Journ. Sci.
and Arts, xli, 1866, 188, part (Bahamas); Ibis, 1867, 276, part (Bahamas).—
Wattace, Geog. Distr. Anim., ii, 1876, 135 (Bermuda).—Cory, Birds

@ Ten specimens.

Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
culmen
MALES,

One adult male from Abaco Island.........-.--------00ee ee eee eee eee ee 84 55 10.5 U5
Three adult males from New Providence Island............--.---.-++++ 80.7 56 10.7 15.3
Two adult males from Eleuthera Island ...............2..0-. 22002 eee eee 82 56 11.7 16
Two adult males from Rum Cay.........22 22 ece cece eee cee eet eeeeeeee 81.5 56 soi 16
Two adult males from Bermudas...........2..000000ccceceeeeeeeeeeeees 81 57 10 15

FEMALES.
One adult female from Abaco Island.............000..0eee eee e ee ee eens 84 58 ll 16
Three adult females from New Providence Island....................-. 82.3 57.3 10.8 15.5
One adult female from Eleuthera Island................20220220eeee eens 84 53 12 15.5
One adult female from Green Cay............ 22222 ee eee eee cece ee 81 57 15 15
One adult female from Watling Island...............2..2002.c22ecee eee 81 57 11.5 15.5
One adult female from Rum Cay............0... 02. cce eee ecececeeeceees 81 55 1 16
Two adult females from Bermudas..............2..222.cceceeeececeees 82 57 10.5 15.2

6 Specimens from these islands have not been compared. Taken as a whole, this
is the least satisfactory of all the recognized forms of the species. It is very close to
C. p. aflavida and may, possibly, have to be united to that form, (See Mr. Todd’s
remarks in Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, pp. 570, 571).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 419

Bahama Is., 1880, 189, part (Miraporvos Is.; Bahamas in general); ed. 2, 1890,
inserted page (Bahamas; crit.).—Jennines, John Hopkins Univ. Circ., vii,
no. 63, 1888, 39 (New Providence I.; Abaco I.).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds,
1889, 39, part (Bermuda).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 473,
part (Bermuda).—Oartss, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus., i, 1901, 101, part (Ber-
muda).—Bonuorz, Auk, xx, 1903, 177 (Bird Rock, Bahamas). |

[Chamexpelia] passerina Sciater and Sarvin, Nom. Av, Neotr., 1873, 133, part.—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 24, part—For3es and
Rosson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 141, part (Bermuda).

Chamepeleia passerina Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 228, part.

Columba passerina (not of Linneus) Buanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 287 (Bermudas).—Jonzs, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, 36, 70 (hab-
itg).—Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 216 (Bermudas).—GopeT, Bermuda,
1860, 194 (Bermuda; habits).

Columbigallina passerina Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 116, part; viii, 1891, 294 (New
Providence I.), 295 (Berry Islands), 296 (Bimini Islands), 297 (Caicos Islands),
298 (Abaco I.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 217, part; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892,
97, part (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis, Berry, Eleuthera, New Providence,
Andros, San Salvador, Concepcion, Watling, Rum Cay, Green Cay, Plana
Cay, Acklin, Maragauna, North Caicos, East Caicos, and Grand Caicos islands,
Bahamas); ix, 1892, 48 (Maragauna I.).—Mms, Canad. Rec. Sci., ii, 1887, 352
(Green Turtle Cay, Abaco I.).—Norturop, Auk, viii, 1891, 76 (AndrosI.; New
Providence I.; habits)—Cuapman, Am. Nat., xxv, 1891, 530 (Bahamas).—
Nurtine, Bull. Labr. State Univ. Iowa, tii, 1894, 40 (Egg I.), 203 (Eleuthera
I.).—Prentiss, Auk, xiii, 1896, 239 (Bermudas; habits).—Bonnote, Ibis, '
1899, 517 (New Providence I.; habits); 1903, 299 (New Providence «nd
Little Abaco islands; habits; crit.).

Chamepelia bahamensis Maynarp, Am. Exchange and Mart, Jan. 15, 1887, 33;
ii, no. 6, Feb. 5, 1887, 69 (Nassau, New Providence I., Bahamas; coll. C. J.
Maynard?); Birds E. North. Am., 1895, 252 (Nassau, New Providence; Baha-
mas in general; Enterprise, e. Florida?; habits, crit.)—Patmer (W.),
Osprey, v, 1901, 148 (reprint of orig. descr.).—Lowz, Ibis, 1908, 112 (crit.,
etc.).

[Chamexpelia] bahamensis SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 81.

Clhamzpelia] bahamensis Lowe, Ibis, 1908, 545, in text (color of bill, etc.).

Clolumbigallina] passerina bahamensis Ripgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 586;
2d ed., 1896, 592.

Columbigallina passerina bahamensis Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887,
574, in text (crit.); Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco I.), 336 (Eleuthera I.), 337
(Cat I.; Watling I.), 338 (Rum Cay), 339 (Green Cay; Concepcion I.),—
Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 124, in text (crit.).—Verruu (A. H.), Osprey, v, 1901,
85 (Bermudas; crit.); Am. Journ. Sci., (4), xii, 1901, 64 (Bermuda).—VzER-
ri (A. E.), Osprey, v, 1901, 174, in text (Bermudas; crit.).—PALmMER and
Rizr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, 1902, 34, in text (Bahamas; crit.).—
Auten (G. M.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 123, 133 (Elbow Cay, Great Guana Cay,
Moraine Cay, Stranger Cay, Great Sale Cay, and other wooded islands; descr.
nest).—Riuey, Auk, xxii, 1905, 354 (New Providence, Cat, Watling, and
Long islands); in Shattuck’s Bahama Islands, 1905, 352, 362 (Great Bahama,
Abaco, Little Abaco, Bimini, Berry, New Providence, Andros, Green Cay,
Eleuthera, Current, Cat, Concepcion, Rum Cay, Watling, Long, Acklin,
Plana Cay, and Bird Rock islands).

Clolumbigallina] bahamensis Cory, Birds West Ind., 1889, 297, in text (crit.).

Columbigallina bahamensis Banas, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 286 (New Providence,
Current, and Eleuthera islands).—Mayrnarp, Cat. Birds West Ind., 1903, 7.

420 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Columbigallina passerina var. bahamensis Dusors, Synopsis Avium., ii, 1902, 764.

Chemepelia passerina bahamensis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 391 (geog.
range), 416 (Blue Hills, New Providence I.; crit.); viii, 1913, 568 (monogr.),—
Worruineton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 450 (New Providence, Cat,
Watling, Andros, and Abaco islands).

Columbigallina bermudiana Banes and Brapiez, Auk, xvili, July, 1901, 250
(Hamilton, Bermuda; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).—VERRILL, Osprey, v, 1901,
174, in text (crit.).

Columbigallina passerina var. bermudiana Dusots, Synopsis Avium, ii, 1902, 764.

Columbigallina passerina bermudiana AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Com-
mitree, Auk, xix, 1902, 318 (Bermudas).—Cuarman, Color Key N. Am-
Birds, 1903, 126, 268 (descr.).—Bownirc, Am. Nat., xxxviii, 1904, 557 (Ber.
mudas; habits).—Rxep, North Am. Birds’ Eggs, 1904, 150 (nesting).

Chamepelia bermudiana Lows, Ibis, Jan., 1908, 113 (crit., etc.).

Chemepelia passerina bermudiana AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ComMITTEE,
Auk, xxvi, July, 1909, 297 (crit.); Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 150.—CHapman,
Handb. Birds E. North Am., 1912, 285 (reprint of orig. descr.),

CHAMEPELIA PASSERINA EXIGUA (Riley).
INAGUA GROUND DOVE.

Sunilar to C. p. bahamensis but decidedly smaller, coloration still
paler, and bill always (?) wholly blackish.

Adult male—Length (skins), 142-147 (144); wing, 76-82 (78.6);
tail, 51-55 (52.5); exposed culmen, 10.5-11.5 (10.9); tarsus, 14.5-
15.5 (15).¢

Adult female—Length (skin), 148; wing, 77-83 (78.6); tail, 51-
58 (53.1); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.7); tarsus, 14.5-15.5 (15).¢

Islands of Inégua, southern Bahamas, and Mona, near Porto Rico.

Columbigallina passerina (not Columba passerina Linneeus) Cory, Cat. West
Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, part (Great Inagua I., Bahamas; Mona I., near Porto
Rico).—Bowpisu, Auk, xix, 1902, 361, part (Mona I.; nesting habits).

Columbigallina passerina exigua Ritey, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxix, no. 1418,
Sept. 30, 1905, 171 (Mona Island, near Porto Rico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Chamezpelia exigua Lowe, Ibis, 1908, 114 (crit., etc.).

Chemepelia passerina exigua Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, Oct., 1911, 391,
392 (geog. range), 417 (Great Inagua I.; crit.); viii, 1918, 571 (monogr.).—
Wortnineton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 403, 450 (Great Inagua).

« Twelve specimens. b One specimen. ¢ Nine specimens.
F Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.
culmen.|
MALES.
Seven adult males from Inagua Island...............20222.00ecceeeeeee 79.6 53.7 10.9 15
Five adult males from Mona Island................2.-.2222222eeeeeeeee 77 51.6 10.9 15
FEMALES.
Five adult fomales from Inagua Island.-............200.--ce.eeceeeeeee 79.6] 54 10.5 15
Four adult females from Mona Island. ...........0 0.0... ccc c cee eee c ee 77,2 52 10.9 14.9

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 421

CHZMEPELIA PASSERINA JAMAICENSIS (Maynard).
JAMAICAN GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. p. aflavida but bill extensively light colored basally
(yellow to orange in life), the adult male darker, with upper parts
slightly browner, bluish gray of occiput, etc., darker, duller, and
more restricted, and vinaceous of neck, chest, etc., decidedly more
intense.

Adult male.—Length (skin), 152; wing, 80-85 (82); tail, 53-59
(56); exposed culmen, 10.5-12 (11); tarsus, 14-16 (15.5).?

Adult female.—Length (skin), 154-162 (158); wing, 79-85 (82);
tail, 52-58 (56); exposed culmen, 10-12 (11.3); tarsus, 15-16 (15.5).

Jamaica (Kingston; Spanishtown; Trelawney; Hope Gardens;
Port Antonio; Lucea; Priestman’s River).

[Columba] passerina Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 165, part (Jamaica, ex
Sloane); ed. 12, i, 1766, 285, part (Jamaica) —Gueruin, Syst. Nat., i. pt. ii,
1789, 787, part (Jamaica).

Columba passerina Browne, Civil and Nat. Hist. Jam., ed. 2, 1789, Index No. iii,
[30] (Jamaica).—Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 38, part (Jamaica).
Chamzpelia passerina Gray, List Gallinz Brit. Mus., 1844, 14, part (J amaica).—
Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 311; Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jam., 1851, 173.—
Hartiave, Ibis, xli, 1848, 405 (Jamaica).—ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1861, 80 (Jamaica; crit.); Rev. List Jam. Birds, 1910, 19; Handb. Jamaica,
1910, 614.—A.BRecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 204 (Jamaica).—Marca, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 302 (Jamaica; habits)—Barrp, Am. Journ. Sci.
and Arts, (2), xli, 1866, 188, part (Jamaica); Ibis, 1867, 276, part (Jamaica).—
PELzeELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 277, footnote, part (Jamaica).—Barrp, BREWER,
and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 389, part (Jamaica).—SaLvapDor1,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 473, part (near Spanishtown, Jamaica).—
Oates, Cat. Birds, Eggs Brit..Mus., i, 1901, 101, part (Jamaica).—SaLvin

and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1902, 250, part (Jamaica; crit.).

Chlamaepelia] passerina BonaParts, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 77, part (Jamaica).

[Chamezpelia] passerina SctaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 133, part.—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 (and rev. ed., 1886), 24, part.—SnHarrz,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 81 (Jamaica)—Forpes and Rozrnson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, 1900, 141, part (Jamaica).

Chemepelia passerina Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbz, 1856, 49, part
(Jamaica).

[Chemepelia] passerina Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 239, no. 9336, part (Jamaica).

Chemepelia passerina passerina AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGisTS’ Union, Check List,
ard ed., 1910, 150.

Plyrgitoenas] passerina RutcHenBacs, Volist. Naturg., Columbariz, i, 1861, 13,
part (Jamaica).

Peristera passerina SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35, 1873, 135, part (Jamaica).

Columbigallina passerina. Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 116, part; Birds West Ind., 1889,
217, part; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, part (Jamaica) —Brruepscn, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1892, 97, footnote, part (Jamaica).—Scorr, Auk. ix, 1892, 124 (Ja-
maica; habits)—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 292 (Jamaica;
crit.).—Fietp, Auk, xi, 1894, 123 (Jamaica).—Dusors, Synopsis Avium, ii,
1902, 763, part (crit.).

@ One specimen. + Ten specimens.

429, BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Chamepelia trochila (not of Bonaparte) Newron, This, 1859, 253, part (Jamaica;
crit.).

Pyrgitoenas trochila RutcHENBaAcH, Tauben, 1862, 162, part (Jamaica).

Columbigallina jamaicensis Maynarp, App. to Cat. Birds West Ind., 2d ed., 1899
(=1900), 34 (Jamaica; coll. Boston Soc. N. H.); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1903, 7
(Jamaica).

Chamepelia jamaicensis Lows, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxi, 1908, 110, in text
(crit.); Ibis, 1908, 111, part (Jamaica; crit.); 1911, 145, part (Jamaica).
Chemepelia passerina jamaicensis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1893, 566

(monogr.).

CHAMEPELIA MINUTA ELZODES Todd.

PLAIN-BREASTED GROUND DOVE. ~

Similar to CO. m. minuta* but coloration darker, especially the
upper parts, the back browner or more olivaceous.

Adult male—F¥orehead and anterior portion of crown light bluish
gray, paler and more or less tinged with very pale vinaceous anteri-
orly, deepening on posterior crown and occiput into deep grayish brown
(deep to dark hair brown), the hindneck more grayish, sometimes
decidedly bluish gray; back, scapulars, proximal secondaries, rump,
and upper tail-coverts plain deep grayish brown (deep hair brown to
nearly olive-brown); wing-coverts paler and more grayish brown,
more or less tinged with vinaceous, some of the lesser coverts (near
center of lesser covert area) and proximal secondaries (on outer webs),
with spots of metallic blue-black or dark steel blue, those on proximal
secondaries more or less cuneate and oblique; distal secondaries
dusky grayish brown, very narrowly edged with paler; alule dull
sooty blackish; primary coverts with basal half (approximately)
chestnut-rufous, the terminal portion dull blackish; primaries
mostly chestnut-rufous, but terminal portion and greater part of
outer web (except on innermost quills) dull black or blackish, this
extending to base on three or four outer quills; middle pair of rectrices
deep brownish gray to grayish brown, the remaining rectrices brown-
ish gray basally and at tip, the intermediate portion black, this
black band growing much broader toward lateral rectrices, on which
not more than the basal third is gray, while the gray tip is margined,
especially on outer web, with white; sides of head and neck, and
under parts pale vinaceous-drab to deep vinaceous-drab, lighter and
clearer (more vinaceous) on side of forehead (from base of bill to
above eye), fading into vinaceous-whitish on chin and upper throat,
and into buffy white on center of abdomen, the flanks tinged with
grayish brown; under tail-coverts grayish brown or brownish gray,
rather broadly, but not sharply, margined with whitish; axillars,
under wing-coverts, and under surface of remiges (except terminal
portion) rufous-chestnut or chestnut-rufous; bill olivaceous or horn

S See p. 397.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMBRIGA. 493

color, darker terminally; iris pink; legs and feet flesh color; length
(skins), 140-152 (147); wing, 71-78 (74); tail, 48-55 (50.5); exposed
culmen, 10-11 (10.6); tarsus, 15-16 (15.6).¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but the vinaceous-drab
of head, neck, and under parts replaced by light drab or drab-gray,
fading into white on chin, upper throat, and abdomen, the wing-
coverts without vinaceous tinge, the greater coverts edged with
whitish, the whole pileum and hindneck grayish brown or’ drab
(paler on anterior portion of forehead) ; length (skins), 145-162 (151);
wing, 71-79 (74); tail, 47-52 (50); exposed culmen, 10-11 (10.7);
tarsus, 15-16 (15.4).2 :

Young.—Similar to the adult female, but wing-coverts, scapulars,
proximal secondaries, and upper -tail-coverts margined terminally
with paler, the interscapulars and feathers of lower rump with nar-
rower and less distinct paler terminal margins; flanks and under tail-
coverts suffused with pale buffy brown.

West-central Colombia (Bogoté; Bucaramanga; Ocaiia; Herradura),
Panamé (Panama Railway; Sabana de Panamé; Gattin; Rio Indio
near Gattn; Corozél), and southwestern Costa Rica (Buenos Aires
de Térraba; Paso Reél, Boruca); reappearing in Guatemala (Retal-
huleu; Los Amates, Yzab4l), British Honduras (Toledo District;
Manatee District), Campeche (Campeche), Tabasco (Montecristo),
and Vera Cruz (Atoy4c).

(?) Chamzpelia minuta (not Columba minuta Linneus?) RercHensacn, Syn.
Avium, Columbariae, 1847, pl. 256, figs. 1422, 1423.

Chamzpelia minuta Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 481, part
(Atoyac, Vera Cruz; Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Panama; Bogota, Colombia).—
SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 252, part (Atoyac,
Vera Cruz; Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Panama).

[Chamzxpelia] minuta SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 82, part (Mexico to Panama).

Columbigallina minuta DuBois, Synopsis Avium, ii, 1902, 764, part (8. Mexico;
Central America).—THayver and Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906,
214 (Sabana de Panama).

Chemepella minuta Banes, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 288, 292 (Paso Real, Costa Rica).

Chamepelia minuta Drarzorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907 , 80 (Los Amates,
Guatemala).—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 399 (Buenos Aires de
Terraba, Costa Rica; habits).

Chamepelia minuta Ropricugz, Anal. Mus. Nac. Salvador, iv, 1910, 282 (Guate-
mala).

Chemepelia amazilia (not of Bonaparte) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe,
1856, 50, part (Colombia).

Chamezpelia amazilia ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 30 (Bogota, Colom-
bia).—Sc.aTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 370 (Panama).—
(?) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 383 (Ocafia and Herradura, Bucaramanga, Colombia).—
(?) Berzepscsg, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 319 (Ocafia and Herradura, ex Wyatt).

Chamzpelia granatina (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N.Y., vii, 1862,
333 (Panama R. R.).

‘ @ Ten specimens.

424 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Peristera griseola (not Columbina griseola Spix) ScuteaEt, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no,
35 (Columbae), 1873, 135 (Guatemal&).

[Chamzxpelia] griseola Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 183, part
(Colombia; Panama).

Chemepelia minuta elxodes Topp, Ann. Carnegie, Mus., viii, May 8, 1913, 578
(Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. Carnegie Mus.).

CHAMEPELIA RUFIPENNIS RUFIPENNIS (Bonaparte).

: RUDDY GROUND DOVE.
Adult male-—Pileum gray or brownish gray (dark or deep gull
gray to neutral gray or light neutral gray), becoming much paler
on forehead (which is sometimes tinged with pale vinaceous), pass-
ing into more vinaceous gray on nape, this into cinnamon-brown,
walnut brown, or roods brown on back and scapulars, the wings,
rump, and upper tail-coverts (especially the first) brighter (deep
pecan brown to vinaceous roods brown); outer webs of exterior
scapulars and innermost secondaries (sometimes some of proximal
greater coverts also) with an oblique bar of black, some of the
smaller proximal coverts occasionally with small black spots; alule,
primary coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries chestnut-rufous
or rufous-chestnut, tipped with grayish brown or dusky, this occu-
pying most of outer web on the first, elsewhere most extended on
longer primaries, narrowest (sometimes obsolete) on secondaries;
middle pair of rectrices similar in color to rump, etc., sometimes
becoming grayish brown or dusky distally; remaining rectrices dull
black distally, cinnamon-brownish basally, the black increasing in
extent toward the outermost rectrix, which has only the extreme
basal portion brownish or grayish, one or more of the outer rectrices
being margined terminally with light cinnamon-brownish or russet-
vinaceous, especially on outer web; sides of head (including super-
ciliary region and sides of forehead) pale grayish vinaceous, fading
into dull white or vinaceous-white on chin and upper throat, deep-
ening into dull russet-vinaceous, or light grayish russet-vinaceous,?
on under parts, deepest on under tail-coverts; axillars and proximal
or central under wing-coverts dull black, the rest of under surface
of wing chestnut-rufous, the coverts sometimes suffused or ter-
minally margined with dusky, the remiges (especially longer pri-
maries) with tips grayish brown; bill horn color, grayish brown, or
olive, darker terminally; iris red or pink; legs and feet flesh color;
length (skins), 152-182 (165); wing, 83.5-94 (89.2); tail, 57-69.5
(63.2); exposed culmen, 12-18.5 (12.8); tarsus, 15-17.5 (16.4);
middle toe, 15-17 (16.3).

@There is no color represented in ‘‘Color Standards and Color Nomenclature”
which very closely approximates the color of the under parts in the adult male of
this species, though sometimes army brown is very close to the color of the under
tail-coverts.

’ Fifty-three specimens.

<

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 425

Adult female.—Similar in pattern of coloration to the adult male,
but general color of upper parts buffy brown to light olive-brown
(duller and sometimes more grayish on pileum), the under parts
buffy drab ‘or buffy drab-gray on foreneck and chest, fading into
white or buffy white on abdomen, chin, and upper throat; proximal
greater and middle wing-coverts freckled or margined (sometimes
broadly) at tip with whitish; length (skins), 143-183 (165); wing,
83.5-92 (87); tail, 55-66.5 (61); exposed culmen, 11.5-13.5 (12.5);
tarsus, 15-17 (16); middle toe, 14.5-16.5 (15.7).

@ Thirty-seven specimens.

Locality. Wing. | Tail. oa Tarsus. oe
é iculmen is
MALES.
Two adult males from Trinidad. .............0..-e2eee seen eee 90.2} 63.7} 125] 16.5 17
One adult male from Tobago 92 68.5} 125] 16 16
Three adult males from Margarita Island, Venezuela........... 89.3 61.3 12.7 15.7 15.8
One adult male from Venezuela. .......--..eee ee ee ee eee eee ee 89 63.5 13 16 16
Five adult males from eastern Colombia (Santa Marta)....---- 87.8 58.4 12.6 |. 16.4 16.1
Five adult males from middle Panama (Canal Zone)......-... 88.2 63.5 12.9 16.4 16.8
Six adult males from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama....-- 90. 6 65.8 13.3 16.2 16.2
Two adult males from Saboga Island, Bay of Panama......... 91.5 69 13.2 17 17
Five adult males from Costa Rica............----2002e:eeee eee 89.8; 61.2) 12.7) 16.3 16.2
Three adult males from Honduras...........-----22--+--2200-+ 88.5 63.8 12.7 16.5 16
Four adult males from Guatemala... 89.9 63. 1 12,1 16.5 16
One adult male from Chiapas.... 91 66 12 16 16
Six adult males from Yucatan..............-22.02e0ee0eeeeee 39.2] 623] 133] 166] 164
One adult male from Campeche..............-.22--22 eee eee 92.5 64 12.5 17 16.5
One adult male from Tabasco........--.----22--2- eee eee eee ee 87 62 13 16.5 15
Two adult males from Oaxaca...........2..2-2e eee ee eee eee eee 86.7 61.2 12.2 16.2 16.5
Five adult males from Vera Cruz.......--...2.----2--222 22220 89. 8 64.4 12.9 16.8 16.6
Two adult males from Colima (C. r. eluta).....-..----.-----+-+ 88. 2 62. 2 11.5 16.2 16
Five adult males from Sinaloa (C. r. eluta).-..---.------------ 87.9 63.2 12 16.4 15.3
FEMALES, ‘
One adult female from Tobago...-..--..2--2.022see eee eee eee 91 63 12 16 15.5
One adult female from Venezuela. . 88 56 12.5 16.5 16
Three adult females from Colombia 87.7 61.3 12.7 16.3 15.8
Five adult females from middle Panama (Canal Zone)........- 85.9 62.8) 12.4 15.8 15.6
Three adult females from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama..| 86 63. 8 13 16.3 15.8
One adult female from Saboga Island, Bay of Panama......... 88 64 12 16.5 16.5
Five adult females from Costa Rica......-.....-..--------2-0++ 86.5 58. 6 12.2 16.1 15.7
Three adult females from Honduras..........-.------+---+--+- 89.5 63.5 12.8 16.2 15.7
Two adult females from Guatemala.........-...-.------+--+6- 87.7 59.2 12.7 16.2 15.7
Two adult females from Chiapas.......-....-.--+--.0---eeeeeee 86.2 58.2 12 15.7 15.7
Five adult females from Yucatan.......-...2.2-.0------0-eceee 87.5 59 12.7 15.9 15.5
Two adult females from Tabasco......---..2-.-+-00seeeeee eee 87.7 61.7 12,2 15.7 15.5
Two adult females from Vera Cruz......-.-0---002e eee cee eens 86 64,2 12.7 16.2 15.7
Two adult females from Guerrero ( C.r. eluta).......-...--+--- 84.2 59.5 12.2 15.7 15.7
One adult females from Sinaloa (C. r. eluta)....--.------2---++ 87.5 53 12.5 16°5 15

426 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration, according
to age, between adult male and female.

Young male.—Similar to the adult female, but general tone of
coloration slightly more rufescent, especially on wing-coverts and
under parts, the former without whitish on tips or terminal margins.

Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Orizaba;
Huatusco; Omealca; Potrero; Buena Vista; Motzorongo; San Andrés
Tuxtla; Tlalcotalpam; Atoyéc; Playa Vicente), Oaxaca (Tixtepec;
Putla?), Tabasco (Teapa; San Juan Bautista), Chiapas (Tonalé %;
Yajalon; Huehuetén), Campeche (Campeche), Yucatén (Teméx;
Tekanto; Izal4am; Peto; Buctzotz; Mérida; Chichen-Itza; Cozumél
Island), and Quintana-Roo (Xcopen; Camp Mengel), and southward,
through Guatemala (Duefias; Retalhuleu; Amatitlan; Petén; Gualan;
Los Amates, Yzabél; El Paraiso; near Virginia Plantation), Sal-
vadér (La Libertad), British Honduras, Honduras (Comayagua; San
Pedro; San Pedro Sula; Céiba; Truxillo), Nicaragua .(Chinandega;
Matagalpa), western Costa Rica (Orosi, Cachi; Barranca de Punta
Arenas; Punta Arenas; Miravalles; La Palma de Nicoya; San José;
Las Trojas de Alajuela; Pigres; Boruca; El Pozo del Rio Grande;
El Pozo de Térraba; Brunka, Térraba Valley; Buenos Aires), Panamé
(Calobre, Chitra, and Mina de Chorcha, Verégua; Divala, David, and
Bugaba, Chiriqui; Gatén, Lion Hill, Chepo, and Rio Indio, Canal
Zone; San Miguél and Saboga islands), Colombia (Cartagena; Buca-
ramanga; Barranquilla; Honda; Magdelena Valley; Savanilla; Bonda,
Cienega, Chirua, Masinga Vieja, La Concepcién, and Sierra Nevada,
Santa Marta; Ocafia; Medellin, Antioquia; Bogota; Pueblo Viejo,
Cauca Valley), and Venezuela (Caracas; San Esteban; Cumanacoa;
San Antonio, Bermudez; Altagracia, Caicaraé, La Unién, and Ciudad
Bolivar, Orinoco Valley; Valle; Margarita Island) to Guianas,
Trinidéd, and Tobago. :

Chamaepelia talpicoti (not Columba talpacoti Temminck) Jarpinz, Ann. and Mag.
N. H. (2), xx, 1847, 374 (Tobago).

Chamaepelia talpacoti HartLavs, Isis, xli, 1848, 407 (Tobago).

Chamaepelia talpacott Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 94 (Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela).

Ch[amaepelia] rufipennis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 22 (Cartagena,
Colombia; crit.).

Chamaepelia rufipennis Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 359 (Comayagua,
Honduras), 369 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859,
61 (San Pedro, Honduras; Peten, Guatemala).—Sciater and Satvin, Ibis,
1859, 223 (Comayagua); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 370 (Lion Hill, Panama;
crit.); 1868, 629 (San Esteban, Venezuela); 1879, 544 (Medellin, Antioquia,
Colombia; descr. nest).—Tayzor, Ibis, 1860, 227 (Comayagua, Honduras).—

Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. 1867, 159 (David, Panama); 1870, 217
(Chitra, Calobre, Bugaba, and Mina de Chorcha, Panama); Ibis, 1889, 378

+ Specimens from these localities have not been examined. They may represent
C.r. eluta.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 497

(Cozumel I., Yucatan).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 372 (Orosi, Costa
Rica).—Wvartt, Ibis, 1871, 383 (Ocafia, Bucaramanga, and Magdalena Valley,
Colombia).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 43 (Punta Arenas,
Costa Rica); 1888, 459 (Yucatan).—Sancuuz, Anal. Mus. Nac. Mex., i, 1878,
105 (Yucatan).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 178 (Sierra. Nevada de
Santa Marta, Colombia); ‘Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1902, 253, part (David,
Chitra, Calobre, Bugaba, Divala, Chepo, Lion Hill, Punta de Sabana, and
San Miguel I., Panama; San Jose, Las Trojas, Orosi, Punta Arenas, and La
Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Chinandega and Matagalpa, Nicaragua;
Comayagua, Truxillo, and San Pedro, Honduras; Retalhuleu, Dueiias,
Paraiso, and Peten, Guatemala; La Libertad, Salvador; Brit. Honduras;
Tekanto, Merida, Chichen-Itza, Izalam, Buctzotz, Peto, and Cozumel I.,
Yucatan; Teapa, Tabasco; Tonala, Chiapas; Putla, Oaxaca?; Potrero, Ome-
alca, Huatusco, Playa Vicente, Atoyac, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—ZzLEDON,
Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 28——Bzruepsce, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 317
(Bucaramanga, Colombia).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 39 (Tobago).—
Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1898, 487, part (Trinidad; San
Esteban, Venezuela; Santa Marta, Medellin, and Bogota, Colombia; Bugaba,
Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Lion Hill, and Chepo, Panama; Costa Rica;
Chinandega and Matagalpa, Nicaragua; La Libertad, Salvador; El Paraiso,
Duefias, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Brit. Honduras; Izalam, Peto,
Buctzotz, and Cozumel I., Yucatan; Tonala, Chiapas?; Teapa, Tabasco;
Putla, Oaxaca?; Atoyac, Huatusco, and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz).—Lav-
RENCIO, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient., vii, 1894, 221 (tierra caliente of Vera
Cruz).—Satvapor! and Fzsta, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 339,
1899, 9 (Punta de Sabana, Panama).—Datmas, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, xiii,
1900, 144 (Tobago).—Prnarp, Vogels van Guyana, 1908, 340 (Guiana; descr.;
habits; crit.).

[Chamexpelia] rufipennis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 207 (Merida,
Yucatan).—Sciater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neoitr., 1873, 133, part.—SHarpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 82, part. ,

Chemepeliarufipennis Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 51, part (Trini-
dad; ‘‘west coast of America;’’ Colombia).—Ernst, Primer Annuario Esta-
distico (Caracas), 1877, 310 (San Esteban, Venezuela).—DrarBorn, Pub. 125,
Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 80 (Los Amates and San Jose, Guatemala).—Cory,
Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 240 (Margarita I., Venezuela).

Chamapelia rufipennis ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 19 (Bogota, Colom-
bia).

Chamepelia rufipennis Sumicurast, La Naturaleza, v, 1881, 231 (Potrero and
Omealca, Vera Cruz).—Roprievez, Anal. Mus. Nac. Salvador, iv, 1910, 282
(Guatemala). :

Chlamaepeleia] rufipennts RetcHENBAcH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861,
16 (Cartagena, Colombia); ii, 1862, 163 (Central American references).

Chaemepilia rufipennis LawRENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 301 (Panama
R. R.).

Chamepelia rufipennis Lioraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 366 (Trinidad; descr.;
habits).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 178 (David, Panama).

Chemepella rufipennis rufipennis Banes, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292 (Boruca, Pozo del
Rio Grande, and Barranca de Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).

Chemepelia rufipennis rufipennis CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 399
(Pigres, Punta Arenas, Cachi, Miravalles, El Pozo de Terraba, Boruca, and
Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; habits)—Prrers, Auk, xxx, 1913, 373 (Camp
Mengel, Quintana Roo).—Tonp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1913, 586 (monogr.).

428

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Chamepelia talpacoti rufipennis Nurtine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 12,

1882, 408 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica).

[Talpacotia] rufipennis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 79 (Cartagena,

Colombia; coll. Brit. Mus. and Paris Mus.).

Talpacotia rufipennis BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 297 (Colom-

bia).—Bonaparts, Icon. Pigeons, 1857, pl. 121 and text (Colombia; crit.).—
Miter, Reisen-in Mexico, iii, 1865, 589 (Mexico).—Sousa, Mus. Nac.
Lisbona, Columbe, 1873, 21 (Cartagena, Colombia, references).

Peristera rufipennis Scutecrt, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 25 (Columbae), 1873, 136

(Guiana; Caracas, Venezuela; Colombia; Guatemala).

[Leptopelia] rufipennis Herne and Reicurnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 283

(Costa Rica; Caracas, Venezuela).

Columbigallina rufipennis Zeuep6n, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 112 (Costa

Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127 (Las Trojas, Costa Rica)—
Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 581 (Cozumel I., Yucatan);
x, 1888, 584 (Truxillo, Honduras); Condor, vii, 1905, 154, in text (Pigres,
Costa Rica).—Sronz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 204 (Tekanto,
Yucatan)—Cuerrm, Expl. Zool. 0. R., 1891-2 (1893), 53 (Brunka,
Terraba Valley, Costa Rica).—Cory, Auk, x, 1893, 220 (Tobago).—Cuap-
MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 74 (Trinidad; notes),—Rosinson,
Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 117, 154 (Barranquilla and Honda, Colombia);
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 660 (Margarita I.)—Puetrs, Auk, xiv,
1897, 366 (Cumanacoa and San Antonio, Venezuela).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., xii, 1898, 132 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club,
ii, 1900, 19 (Loma del Leon, Panama); Auk, xviii, 1901, 25 (San Miguel L.,
Panama), 257, in text (crit.), 358 (Divala, Panama).—Atten, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 128 (Bonda, Masinga Vieja, and Cienega, Santa Marta,
Colombia); xvi, 1905, 280 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs).—Dusots, Synopsis
Avium, ii, 1902, 764—Berunescu and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 119
(Altagracia, Caicara, Ciudad Bolivar, and La Union, Orinoco Valley, Vene-
zuela).—Crarx (A. H.), Auk, xix, 1902, 261 (Margarita J.).—HEeLLMayr,
Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 47 (Caparo and Seelet, Trinidad; Cumanacoa,
Venezuela; Tobago; Bogota, Colombia; crit.)—Cotz, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1, 1906, 117 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; habits; descr. nest; food).

Columbigallina rufipennis rufipennis Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix,

July, 1903, 142 (Ceiba, Honduras).—Tuaver and Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., xlvi, 1905, 148 (San Miguel and Saboga islands, Panama, crit.).

Chemepelia rufipennis eluta (not Columbigallina passerina eluta Bangs) Topp,

Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1913, 590, part (Campeche; La Vega, Chichen-
Itza, Merida, Tekanto, Temax, and Cozumel I., Yucatan; San Juan Bautista,
Tabasco; Huehuetan and Yajalon, Chiapas; Tuxtepec, Oaxaca; Achotal,
Buena Vista, San Andres Tuxtla, Motzorongo, Orizaba, and Tlalcotalpam,
Vera Cruz; Puebla). j

Chemepelia rufipennis nesophila Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, May 8, 1913,

590, footnote, in text (Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama: coll. E. A. and O.
Bangs).¢

@ The specimens upon which Mr. Todd based the above tentative name are, as he
remarks, conspicuously different from ordinary females of C. r. rufipennis; but they
are so closely similar to immature males of that form that I strongly suspect error in
the determination of sex by the collector. An adult female from Saboga Island (the
reddish-tinted specimens being from San Miguel Island) is precisely like adult females
from the mainland.

BIRDS-OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 429

CH2ZMEPELIA RUFIPENNIS ELUTA (Bangs).

VINACEOUS GROUND DOVE.

Similar to C. ¥. rufipennis but coloration paler, the adult male with
general color of upper parts approaching brownish drab, the under
parts nearly pale vinaceous-drab, the occiput light neutral gray, pass-
ing into much paler gray on forehead; adult female rather deep drab
or grayish buffy brown, the chest deabaerey,

Adult male.—Length (skins), 162-183 (173); wing, 85-91.5 (88);
tail, 56.5-67 (62.9); exposed culmen, 11.5-12.5 (11.9); tarsus, 15-
17.5 (16.3); middle toe, 14-16.5 (15.7).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 161-175 (168); wing, 82-87.5 (85.3)
tail, 53-60.5 (57. 3); exposed culmen, 12-12.5 (12.3); tarsus, 15-16.5
(15.7); middle toe, 14.5-15.5 (15).°

Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (Acapulco; Tierra
Colorada; Engido Nuevo), Colima (Hacienda Magdelena; Plains of
Colima) and Sinaloa (Los Robles, near Rosario; Los Latos; Escui-
napa), and Territory of Tepic (Santiago) ;° Putla, w. Oaxaca?; Tonal&
Pacific coast of Chiapas? 4

? Chamepelia rufipennis (not Talpacotia rufipennis Bonaparte) Satvaponrt, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 487, part (Santiago, Tepic; Tierra Colorado and
Acapulco, Guerrero; Putla, Oaxaca?; Tonal4, Chiapas?).—Satvin and Gop-
man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 253, part (Los Robles and Escuinapa,
Sinaloa; Santiago, Tepic; Acapulco and Tierra Colorada, Guerrero; Putla,
Oaxaca?; Tonala, Chiapas?).

Columbigallina rufipennis eluta Banas, Auk, xviii, July, 1901, 358 (Escuinapa, s.
Sinaloa, w. Mexico; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).—Muzr (W. De W.), Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 343 (Escuinapa).

Clhamzxpelia] rufipennis eluta Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii,
1902, 254, in text (crit.).

Chemepelia rufipennis eluta Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., viii, 1918, 590, part (Aca-
pulcoand Engido Nuevo, Guerrero; Plains of Colima; Las Robles, Escuinapa,
and Los Latos, Sinaloa).

@ Seven specimens.

6 Three specimens.

¢ After carefully examining a very large series of specimens of this species from
Mexico and Central America, I have concluded that the most logical course is to
restrict this form to specimens from the tierra caliente of southwestern Mexico. It
is true that some specinfens from Yucatan and other parts of southeastern Mexico are
very nearly as pale as those from Guerrero, Sinaloa, etc., but they are always appre-
ciably different; and considering that from the same localities come specimens that
can not be distinguished from typical C. r. rufipennis, whereas all specimens from the
western coast district are extremely uniform in their pale coloration, it seems to me
best to revise the respective ranges of these two forms as above. It isa great pleasure
to be able to say that this is the only instance in which my studies of the genus lead
me to a different conclusion from Mr. Todd's. is

@ Specimens from Putla and Tonalé not seen by me, but I think it very likely that
the range of C. r. eluta may extend along the arid Pacific coast district as¥ar as Chiapas.

430 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Genus CLARAVIS Oberholser.

Peristera (not of Rafinesque, 1815), Swanson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 360. (Type,
Columba cinerea Temminck=FPeristera pretiosa Ferrari-Perez.)

Claravis? OBERHOLSER, Proc..Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 203. (New name
for Peristera Swainson, preoccupied.)

Small arboreal or semi-terrestrial Pigeons (length about 180-240
mm.) with outermost primary abruptly attenuated terminally; tail
nearly three-fourths as long as wing, truncated; planta tarsi without
scales, and frontal antia decidedly posterior to malar antia.

Bill relatively small and slender, the exposed culmen decidedly
shorter than tarsus (slightly longer than outer toe without claw), its
greatest depth equal to about one-fourth the length of exposed cul-
men, the maxillary unguis faintly arched basally, the gonys not
distinctly prominent basally; nasal operculum relatively short and
broad, moderately tumid; frontal antia reaching but little beyond
base of nasal operculi, much posterior to malar antia, which is oppo-
site middle of nasal operculum, the mental antia reaching to decid-
edly beyond anterior end of the same. Wing moderately large,
rather pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries
by about one-third the length of wing; third primary (from outside)
longest, but second and fourth very little shorter, the first (outer-
most) shorter than fifth, its terminal portion abruptly and exces-
sively attenuated.’ Tail nearly three-fourths as long as wing, trun-
cated or very slightly rounded, the rectrices appreciably broader api-
cally, their tips broadly rounded. Tarsus as long as middle toe without
claw, the extreme upper portion in front feathered, the acrotarsium,
with asingle series of broad, rather indistinct, transverse scutella,the
planta tarsi without obvious scales, except on upper portion, where
very indistinct; lateral toes much shorter than middle toe, the mner
toe with claw reaching to base of middle claw, the outer a little shorter;
hallux (without claw) about as long as basal phalanx and half of
second phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage soft and blended, except scapa-
lars, wing-coverts, and tail-coverts; bare orbital space very narrow,
obvious only beneath eye.

Range.—Southern Mexico ‘to southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, and
Peru. (Three species.)

.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CLARAVIS.

a. Upper parts gray. (Adult males.)
b. Tail entirely black; under tail-coverts slate-gray. (Southern Mexico to Peru,
Bolivia, and Paraguay.)...............05 Claravis pretiosa, adult male (p. 431).

@ “From clara (clarus) and avis.” (Oberholser.)
b Asin the genus Lepiotila.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 431

bb. Tail with lateral rectrices extensively white distally; under tail-coverts white.
c. Foreneck and chest gray. (Southeastern Brazil.)
Claravis godefrida, adult male (extralimital).¢
ce. Foreneck and chest deep chocolate. (Southern Mexico to Venezuela and
Peru.)......-....-.205-+---------Claravis mondetoura, adult male (p. 435).
aa. Upper parts brown. (Adult females and young.)
6. Lateral rectrices without white tips; under tail-coverts cinnamon or cinnamon-
brown.....-.........---.--Claravis pretiosa, adult female and young (p. 481).
bb. Lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white, light grayish brown, or light cinna-
mon; under tail-coverts buffy.
ec. Lateral rectrices tipped with light cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, the middle
portion purplish brown; wing-bands grayish buffy; wing 122 mm.
Claravis godefrida, adult female and young (extralimital).
ec. Lateral rectrices tipped with white to pale grayish brown, the middle
portion dark purple; wing-bands grayish brown; wing 110-118 mm.
Claravis mondetoura, adult female and young (p. 435).
CLARAVIS PRETIOSA (Ferrari-Perez).
BLUE-GROUND DOVE.

Adult male.—General color plain bluish gray, the upper parts
between dark gull gray and slate-gray, darkest (nearer slate-gray) on
back, fading into pale gull gray to nearly pure white on forehead, the
under parts much paler gray (gull gray to pale gull gray), deepening
into deep to dark gull gray on under tail-coverts and posterior flanks,
fading into white on chin and upper throat; wing-coverts and inner-
most secondaries with a greater or less number of black spots, mostly
roundish or transversely oval in form, but those on greater coverts
much larger and more in form of broad transverse bars; alule,
primary coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries dusky (dull dark
neutral gray), the last more or less broadly edged with light bluish
gray; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices concolor with back,
etc., sometimes darker distally; axillars and under wing-coverts
light bluish gray; bill (in life) grayish green or grayish olive-green,
usually more yellowish terminally and darker on culmen; bare
orbital space pale grayish olive-green; iris red or pink to yellow;
legs and feet flesh color; length (skins), 182-230 (207); wing, 107.5-
118 (112.8); tail, 70-82.5 (76.2); exposed culmen, 12.5-15.5 (14);
tarsus, 16.5—-19.5 (18.1); middle toe,. 17-20 (18).°

Adult female.—General color of upper parts light olive-brown or
deep buffy brown to deep cinnamon-brown or prouts brown, becoming

@ Columba godefrida Temminck, Les Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11, 125
(Brazil; coll. Paris Mus.).—C[olumba] godefrida Temminck, Les Pigeons, i, 1808-11,
Table, p.ii.—Columba geoffroyi Temminck, Les Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11,
pl. 57 (name on plate only).—Peristera geoffroyi Gray, List Gallinz Brit. Mus., 1844,
16; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 494.—P[eristera] geoffroyi Reichenbach,
Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 24, pl. 266, figs. 2870, 2871 (3), pl. 257, fig. 1430
(2).—Chamaepelia geoffroyt Hartlaub, Syst. Verz., 1844, 91—Columba geofroti
Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pigeons et Gallin., i, 1813, 297 (Brazil).—Peristera trifasciata
Reichenbach, Syn. Av., 1847, fig. 1430 (Brazil; =female),

6 Thirty-six specimens,

432 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

paler (and usually more grayish) on forehead, and passing into
cinnamon-brown or russet on upper tail-coverts and middle rectrices;
primaries, etc., as in adult male, but distal secondaries edged with
pale grayish brown instead of bluish gray; wing-spots chestnut or
bay (instead of black), the larger ones margined posteriorly by pale
cinnamon-buff or whitish; foreneck and chest light drab to dull
tawny-olive, passing into white on chin and upper throat and into
very pale gray, tinged with pale buffy brown, on lower breast, etc.,
the under tail-coverts russet or mikado brown (the shorter or more
anterior ones often more grayish or intermixed with gray); axillars
and under wing-coverts light bluish gray; length (skins), 186-214
(200); wing, 104-118 (110.9); tail, 71-80.5 (75.1); exposed culmen,
12.5-14.5 (13.8); tarsus, 16-22 (18.2); middle toe, 16.5-19.5 (18).

Young.—Similar to the adult female, but scapulars and wing-
coverts margined terminally with pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff,
wing-spots smaller and indistinct, and feathers of foreneck and
chest with paler margins.

Immature male.—Similar to the adult male, but with admixture of
grayish brown feathers (of young plumage), especially on upper parts.

@ Twenty-three specimens.

Ex- asia
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. mags
culmen 4 se
“MALE.
Three adult males from Vera Cruz......+2.22.-.ceeeeee eee eeeee 113.3 73.2 14 18.3 18.2

Three adult males from Oaxaca... 113.7 73.5 15.2 18.7 19
One adult male from Campeche......... agg --| 108 73.5 13.5) 17.5 18.5
Two adult males from Guatemala...........2...-0s eee eee eee 114.5 78.2 12.7 18.2 18.7

One adult male from Honduras. ........-..22.seee eee e eee wees 78 15 18.5 18
One adult male from Nicaragua.... wise ai rt) 14.5 19 19
Seven adult males from Costa Rica..........-.2-..-.--- eee ee ee 113.5 76.3 14.1 18.7 17.4
Five adult males from Pamama....-.......02.-2.2-+-00- eee eee 110 75.5 14 18.6 18.3

Eight adult males from Colombia. 112.4 Wit 2) Wy 17.7
One adult male from Venezuela... siseepse Sn ccciees --| 109 72 13.5 16.5 W
Two adult males from western Brazil (Chapada, Mattogrosso) .| 113.2 79.2 13.7 17.5 18

Two adult males from Bolivia.............220-.eeeeeeee eee e ees 113.5] 75.7{ 13.5) 18 17.5
FEMALE.

One adult female from Puebla........-222...-0e0ee eee e cece eee 114 74 wo}, 19 18.5
76.5 14.5 18.5 18.7

73 14 is | 18
site <5 e 7 13.5 18 © 17.5
Five adult females from Costa Rica...--.......--002..eeeeeeeee 111.6] 76.6] 13.5] 193 18.4
One adult female from western Panama.......-..--.......e00- 104 71.5 13 18.5 17.5
Two adult females from middle Panama (Canal Zone)... -| W15{ 75 14 18.5 18.7
Five adult females from Colombia... .............-...-+ -| 109.6] 75.2] 188) 17.4 17.3
Two adult females from Venozuela............0.eeeeeeececeeeee 108.5 | 75.5] 13.5] 16.5] - 17.2
One adult female from western Brazil (Chapada, Mattogrosso).| 112 7 13 17.5 17.5

Notwithstanding the very extensive geographic range of this species, I am unable to
make out any variation of coloration or dimensions which can be correlated with
locality; in other words, the individual variation, which is considerable, seems to be
greater than the geographic variation. The few adult females seen from Mexico all
have the chest much less brown, or more grayish, than many of those from more

southern localities, though among the latter are specimens which in this respect
exactly match the Mexican birds.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 433

Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico), Vera
Cruz (Cérdova; Potrero near Cordova; Orizaba; Jalapa; Playa Vicente;
Otatitlin), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), San Louis Potosi (Jilitla), Mexico
(near City of Mexico)?, Oaxaca (Tixtepec; Santo Domingo), Cam-
peche (Apazote), and Yucatan (Chichen-Itza; Camp Mengel, Quin-
tana Roo), and southward through Guatemala (sources of Rio de la
Pasién; Yzab4l; Retalhuleu; Mont4gua Valley; Rio Manégua; Choc-
tim), Honduras (Omoa; Truxillo; Céiba; La Pita), British Honduras
(Belize; Orange Walk), Nicaragua (Volcén de Chinandega; Rio San
Juan; Rio Escondido; Los Sébalos), and Costa Rica (San José; San
Sebastian de San José; Tres Rios; Naranjo de Cartago; Birris de
Cartago; Laguna deCartago; Bonilla; Turrialba; Talamanca; Guapiles;
Barranca; Gulf of Nicoya; Miravalles; Pigres; Las Trojas de Alajuela)
to Panama (Calobre, Calovévora, and Mina de Chorcha, Veragua;
Bugaba and Divala, Chiriqui; Tabernilla, Rio Cana Quebrada, Lion
Hill, Sabana de Panamé, and Bahio, Canal Zone); also, nearly the whole
of tropical South America, from Colombia to Peru, Guianas, Trinidad,
southern Brazil, northern Paraguay (Rio Pilcomayo), northern Argen-
tina (Tucum4n) and Bolivia.

Columba cinerea (not of Scopoli, 1786 ¢) Temmmncx, Les Pigeons, i, 1808-11, 126,
pl. 58 (Brazil); Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 299 (Brazil); Pl. Col.,
livr. 44, 1824, pl. 266.—ViEmot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 366
(Brazil); Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1823, 382.—SrepHEens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi,
1819, 83.—Lxsson, Compl. Buff., Ois., viii,.1837, 44; 2d ed., 1838, 281.

C[olumba] cinerea Temuincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 477.—Waauzr,
Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. 85; Isis, 1829, 745. _Tacxopr, aa 8
Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. 1, 1844, 305 (Peru).

Peristera cinerea SWAINSON, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 360.—Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., Columbee, 1856, 52 (Cayenne: Brazil; Rio Ucayali, e. Peru).—Bur-
MEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 303.—Sctatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1856, 309 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 391 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz);
1864, 178 (near City of Mexico).—Bonaparts, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 944
(Mexico).—Sciater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 61 (Omoa,
Honduras); 1864, 370 (Lion Hill, Panama); 1867, 753 (Xeberos, e. Peru);
1873, 306 (e. Peru); 1879, 544 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia).—Moorz,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 61 (Omoa, Honduras).—Lawrencz, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., vii, 1862, 301 (Lion Hill, Panama); ix, 1868, 138 (Gulf of Nicoya, Costa
Rica)—Frantzrus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 371 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 560 (Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1870, 217 (Calovevora, Mina de Chorcha, and Bugaba, w. Panama);
Ibis, 1874, 99 (Guatemala).—PrtzELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 278 (crit. in foot-
note).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays.-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 138 (Brazil;
Colombia; Panama; Costa Rica).—Cananis, Journ. fir Orn., 1874, 230
(Cantogallo, s. Brazil) —Taczanowsx1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 329
(Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 253.—Nutrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi,
1883, 408 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).—BrRuerscu and TaczaAnowskI, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 575 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; fresh colors of bill, etc.).—

@ An undetermined species, said to be from Luzon, Philippine Islands.
1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——28

434 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

TaczANowsxI and Bertepscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 111 (Yaguachi,
Ecuador).—BERLEPscH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 34 (Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay),
124 (Paraguay); 1889, 319 (Tarapoto, n. e. Peru).—Ze.epOn, Anal, Mus. Nac.
C. R., i, 1888, 127 (Las Trojas de Alajuela and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa
Rica).—Rmeway, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 584 (Truxillo, Honduras),—
Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 106 (ower Rio Beni, Bolivia); v,
1898, 149 (Chapada, Mattogrosso, w. Brazil)—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxi, 1893, 491 (Tampico, s. Tamaulipas; Yucatan; sources of Rio de
la Pasion, Yzabal, Choctum, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Belize and Orange
Walk, British Honduras; Volcan de Chinandega, Nicaragua; Barranca, Costa
Rica; Mina de Chorcha, Calovevora, and Lion Hill, Panama; Remedios,
Antioquia, Colombia; Venezuela; Quonga and Ourumel, British Guiana;
Cayenne, French Guiana; Rio Ucayali, e. Peru; Balzar Mts., w. Ecuador;
Rio Copiru, Bahia, and Chapada, Mattogrosso, Brazil); Boll. Mus. Zool., etc.,
Torino, xv, 1900, 14 (Carandasinlio, Mattogrosso, w. Brazil).—CHapman,
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 74 (Trinidad).—Korntaswatp, Journ. fir
Orn., 1896, 391 (S%o0 Paulo, s. Brazil).—Unprrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 447 (Volcan
de Miravalles, Costa Rica).—Inrerine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 401
(Piracicaba, S40 Paulo, s. Brazil); iv, 1900, 163 (Cantogallo and Novo Friborgo,
Sao Paulo), 282 (measurements of eggs)—Hartert, Novit. Zool., v, 1898, 504
(Chimbo, n. w. Ecuador).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc.,
Torino, xv, 1900, 35 (Foreste del Rio Peripa and Vinces, w. Ecuador).—
GoopFEttow, Ibis, 1902, 228 (Santo Domingo, n. w. Ecuador; habits; fresh
colors of bill, etc.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Center.-Am., Aves, iii,
1902, 255 (Tampico, s. Tamaulipas; Cordova, Playa Vicente, and Jalapa,
Vera Cruz; City of Mexico; Yucatan; Belize and Orange Walk, Brit. Hon-
duras; sources Rio de la Pasion, Yzabal, Choctum, and Retalhuleu, Guate-
mala; Omoa and Truxillo, Honduras; Volcan de Chinandega, Los Sabalos,
Rio San Juan, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Las Trojas, Alajuela, San Jose,
Naranjo de Cartago, Talamanca, Tres Rios, Turrialba, Barranca, and Gulf of
Nicoya, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Mina de Chorcha, Bugaba, Divala, and
Lion Hill, Panama; Colombia to Brazil and Peru).

[Peristera] cinerea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 75 (Brazil).—Przei,
Orn. Bras., 1870, 451.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 241, no. 9364.—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 133.—Smarpz, Hand-list, i, 1899, 82.—
Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 142 (‘‘ Vale of Mexico;”
Panama; Trinidad; Brazil).

Pleristera] cinerea RetcHensBac#, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 23, pl. 256,
figs. 10, 1425, 1426 (Brazil).

Clhamaepelia] cinerea Hartiavus, Syst. Verz., 1844, 99.

Claravis cinerea ReisER, Denkw. Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 88
(coast of Piauhy, n. e. Brazil).

(?)Peristera ustulata Licatenstzin, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 83 (Brgzil; coll.
Berlin Mus.).—Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 944 (Mexico).

Peristera pretiosa FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, Sept. 28, 1886, 175
(Jalapa, Vera Cruz; new name to replace Columba cinerea Temminck,
preoccupied).

[Peristera] pretiosa SHarrr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 82 (Mexico).

Claravis pretiosa OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 203.—
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 15 (Lion Hill, Panama); Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 142 (Ceiba, Honduras).—ALLEN, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 128 (Minca, Cacagualita, and Mamatoca, Santa Marta,
Colombia).—Brruerscy and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 119 (La Union
and La Pricion, Orinoco Valley, Venezuela).—InERNG, Rev. Mus. Paulista,
vi, 1904, 341 (Paraguay).—Hetimayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 47 (Chaguara-
mas and Laventilla, Trinidad; crit.); xv, 1908, 93 (Rio Aragua and Goyaz,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 435

Brazil)—Co.z, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 118 (Chichen-Itza, Yuca-
tan).—Tuayer and Banes, Bull. Mus Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 214 (Sabana
de Panama).—Drarsorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 79 (Montagua
Valley, Guatemala).—Bzruerscu, Novit. Zool., ix, 1908, 295 (Cayenne).—
DasBENeE, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 194 (Tucuman, Argentina).

Claravis pretiosa pretiosa CaRnikER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 400 (Bonilla,
Pigres, San Sebastian de San Jose, San Jose, Laguna de Cartago, La Estrella
de Cartago, Talamanca, Alajuela, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Guapiles, El Hogar,
and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; crit.)—Prters, Auk. xxx, 1913, 373
(Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo).

Chamaepelia plumbea Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1902, 27 (Paraguay).

Chamaepelia cruziana (not Columba cruziana Prévost and Knip) Lyncn ARRIBAL-
zaca, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, vii, 1902, 339.

Claravis pretiosa livida Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii, June 9, 1905, 153 (Rio
Cauca, n. w. Colombia; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).

CLARAVIS MONDETOURA (Bonaparte).

MONDETOUR’S GROUND DOVE.

Adult male.—General color of upper parts slate-gray, fading into
grayish white or pale gull gray on forehead, the back, scapulars, rump,
and upper tail-coverts (especially the first) somewhat darker and less
bluish gray (deep neutral gray); outer webs of proximal secondaries
crossed by a broad subterminal band of violaceous black, margined,
more or less distinctly, both anteriorly and posteriorly, by a narrow
line of pale bluish gray, the proximal greater coverts with a similar,
but usually somewhat narrower, band, the proximal smaller coverts
sometimes with a few similar but smaller markings; alule, primary
coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries deep brownish gray (some-
times, however, scarcely different from color of back); rectrices
(except middle pair) extensively grayish white distally, the white
increasing in extent to the outermost rectrix, on which it occupies at
least the distal half; chin and upper throat white; lower throat, fore-
neck, and chest (sometimes upper breast also) uniform deep chocolate
to diamine brown, passing into’ slate-gray on lower breast, sides, and
flanks; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts white or buffy
white, the last sometimes tinged or suffused with pale gray; axillars
and under wing-coverts deep grayish brown to dull blackish brown;
bill black; iris pink, pinkish white,* straw color,® or yellow;® legs
and feet blood red or burnt carmine;® length (skins), 182-241 (213);
wing, 107-117 (112.4); tail, 66-83.5 (77.6); exposed culmen, 12.5-
13.5 (13); tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.8); middle toe, 19.5-21 (20.3).°

Adult female.—General color of upper parts olive-brown or sepia-
brown, lighter or more grayish brown on wing-coverts, the primaries,
etc., deep grayish brown; wing spots or bands semi-metallic dark
purple (corinthian purple to dark perilla purple) instead of violet-
black; rectrices (except middle pair) dull black or brownish black

« According to M. A. Carriker, jr.

6 According to W. W. Brown, jr. (According to H. Whitely, the legs and feet in
the Peruvian bird are lead color!)

¢ Seven specimens,

436 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

distally and tipped with pale grayish brown, both the subterminal
black and the terminal pale grayish or brownish, increasing in width
toward the outermost rectrix, on which they are both broader and
paler (sometimes dull white) and the black extends nearly if not
quite to the extreme base; forehead and malar region mikado brown
or cinnamon, fading into dull white to light cinnamon on chin and
upper throat (sometimes whole throat); foreneck and chest deep
drab to buffy brown or light olive-brown, passing into rather deeper
brown on sides and flanks and into pale buff to buffy white on abdo-
men, the under tail-coverts more deeply buffy; axillars and under
wing-coverts olive-brown to sepia-brown or nearly vandyke brown;
length (skins), 194-220 (207); wing, 110-118 (114.3); tail, 71.5-82.5
(76.4); exposed culmen, 12.5-15 (13.8); tarsus, 21.5-23.5 (22.4);
middle toe, 18.5-21.5 (20.6).“

@ Five specimens.

Ex-

Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| Middle
culmen toe.
MALES,
Two adult males from Mexico (Vera Cruz?)...-.--...---eee-0e 109. 2 72 13 21.7 19.7
Two adult males from Costa Rica..........0..ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 115.5] 81 13 21.2) 20.7
Three adult males from western Panama (Boquete, Chiriquf)..} 112.5 79 13 22.2 20.3
FEMALES.
One adult female from Costa Rica. ........-2.--e.eeeeee ee ee eee 110 74 13.5 215 18.5
Two adult females from western Panama (Boquete)........... 112 75.7 14.2 22.5 21.2
One adult female from central Colombia (Bogotd) ............. 117 74 14 21.5 20.5
Three adult females fron Venezuela (near Merida)...-......... 114.8 76.4 13.8 22.4 20.6

Both Salvadori (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 496) and Salvin and Godman (Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 257) call attention to the fact that Mexican and Guatemalan
specimens differ from South American ones in having ‘‘the under wing-coverts black,
with no admixture of cinnamon-rufous.’”’ The last named authors remark that while
“it is possible that the Central American form is distinct from that inhabiting South
America,” they ‘‘have not as yet seen a specimen from Costa Rica,’’ and assume that
there is a gap in the geographic range of the species. While I have not been able to
examine an adult male from any South American locality, I have, however, seen
specimens from not only Costa Rica but western Panamé4, (Chiriquf) also, and am able
to state that all of these (five males, altogether) have the axillars and under wing-
coverts uniform dark grayish-brown (not black), like two adult males from Mexico, and
that all the Central American birds therefore differ in this respect from South American
ones.

The two adult males from Mexico (definite localities not known), while agreeing
with the five examples from Costa Rica and western Panamé in color of the axillars and
under wing-coverts and coloration in general, differ from them in having the color of
the back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts decidedly darker and browner, the
color of these parts being fuscous to nearly chaetura drab instead of deep neutral gray.
Both specimens, however, retain traces of the young plumage (the secondaries of the
first plumage having not yet been replaced), and the differences noted may, therefore,
be owing to difference of age.

Adult females from Venezuela and Colombia appear to be not different from Central
American ones,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 437

Young.—Similar to the adult female but upper parts browner (the
upper tail-coverts deep snuff brown), wing-coverts (especially the
proximal greater and middle coverts) margined terminally with pale
‘buffy brown or brownish white, wing-spots much less distinct and
dull dusky brown, and under parts minutely freckled.

Southeastern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Orizaba;
Omealca; Jocuila), and southward through Guatemala (Calderas,
Volcin de Fuego, 7,000-8,000 ft.), Costa Rica (Birris de Cartago;
Cot de Cartago; Estrella de Cartago; Volcan de Irazti, 8,000 ft.;
Volcén de Turrialba), Panam4 (Boquete; Volcin de Chiriqui, 3,000
to 7,000 ft.), Colombia (Bogota), and Ecuadér (Monji; San Raféel;
Juna) to Peru (Huasampilla; Rio Cadena) and Venezuela (Caracas;
Culata near Mérida, 3,000 meters).

Peristera mondetoura Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 765, 957; xliii, 1856,
944, 949 (Caracas, Venezuela); Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, 248; Icon. Pig.,
1857, pl. 126, figs. 1, 2—ReicuHensacu, Tauben, i, 1862, 164.—Lawrence,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 189 (Birrfs de Cartago, Costa Rica; crit.).—
Frantzivus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 371 (Costa Rica).—ScLaTer, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, 780, 783 (Huasampilla, Peru).—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 99
(Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; crit.).—Sumicurast, La Naturaleza, v, 1881,
232 (Omealca and Jocuila, Vera Cruz).—Taczanowsk1 and Berurpscu, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 111 (San Rafael, Ecuador).—Zetep6n, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 112 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127
(Cot de Cartago, Costa Rica).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 251,
Tables, p. 102.—AxLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 151 (Bogota, Colom-
bia; crit.)—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 495 (Jalapa, Vera
Cruz; Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; Colombia; Venezuela; Monji and Juna,
Ecuador; Huasampilla, Peru).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, ili, 1902, 256 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Calderas, Volcan de
Fuego, Guatemala, 7,000-8,000 ft.; Birris, Cartago, and Volcan de Irazu,
Costa Rica; Boquete and Volcan de Chiriquf, 3,000-7,000 ft., Panama; Colom-
bia; Venezuela; Ecuador; Peru).—Brruerscu and StotzmMann, Ornis, xiii,
1906, 125 (Rio Cadena, Peru).

[Peristera] mondetoura Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 242, no. 9366.—ScraTEeR and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 133.—SHarpz, Hand-list, i, 1899, 82.—
Forzses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 142.

Claravis mondetoura OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1892, 203.—
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 23 (Boquete and Volcan de
Chiriqui, 3,000-7 ,000 ft., Panama).—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910,
401 (Cartago, La Estrella de Cartago, Volcan de Irazu at 8,000 ft., and Volcan
de Turrialba, Costa Rica).

(?) Clolumba] melancholica Tscaupt, in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. i,
1844, 306 (Peru).

Peristera lansbergii ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 139
(Caracas, Venezuela; coll. Leyden Mus.).

Peristera lansbergi Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 455 (crit.)—SHarpr, Ibis, 1875, 50, foot-
note.

438 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus LEPTOTILA Swainson.

Leptotila Swatnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 349. (Type, monotypy, Pleristera]
rufaxilla Selby=Columba rufawilla Richard and Bernard.)

Leptoptila (emendation; not Leptoptilos Lesson, 1831 nor Leptoptilus Strickland,
1841) Gray, List. Gen. Birds, 2d ed., 1841, 75.

Leptopila (emendation) Scutece, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. = (Columbae), 1878,
158.

Homoptila Satvaport, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, vi, 1871, 131. (Type, H.
decipiens Salvadori—Leptoptila ochroptera Pelzeln.)

Engyptila SunpEvatt, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1873, 156. (New name for
Leptotila Swainson).

Zichmoptila Covss, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, no. 1, 1878, 48.
(Type, Columba jamaicensis Linnzeus. )

Medium-sized or rather small ground pigeons (length about 210—
331 mm.), with terminal portion of outermost primary abruptly
attenuated, tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe (without claw),
lateral rectrices tipped with white, without spots on wing-coverts,
and with axillars and under wing-coverts cimnamon-rufous.

Bill relatively small and slender (exposed culmen shorter than
lateral toes), its depth through thickest part less than one-third the
length of exposed culmen, the contracted basal portion occupying
more than half its length. Wing moderately large, moderately con-
cave beneath, much, rounded, the longest primaries exceeding distal
secondaries by more than length of tarsus; third, third and fourth,
or fourth primaries (from outside) longest, the first equal to or
shorter than seventh, the outermost strongly bowed or arched,
much narrower than the rest, and with the terminal third abruptly
attenuated. Tail about two-thirds to three-fourths as long as wing,
decidedly to strongly rounded, the rectrices relatively broad and
with rounded tips. Tarsus exceeding middle toe (without claw) by
one-fifth to one-fourth its length, rather slender, the acrotarsium
covered with a single series of broad transverse scutella, the acro-
tarsium smooth; tibio-tarsal joint and lower portion of tibia entirely
naked; lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, the inner with
claw reaching to or slightly beyond base of middle claw, the outer
slightly shorter; hallux much shorter, little if any more than half as
long as middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage quite normal (except in shape
of outermost primary; frontal feathering advancing but little upon
base of maxilla, its antia forming a double-rounded point on the same
vertical line as the malar antia, the feathering of chin extending less
than halfway from malar antia to tip of mandible. Coloration wholly
immaculate, plain brownish above, paler and more vinaceous below,
becoming white on abdomen and under tail-coverts, the pileum some-
times bluish gray, the forehead sometimes whitish, the neck (except
in front) sometimes glossed with metallic purple or bronze; axillars
and under wing-coverts always cinnamon-rufous, and lateral rectrices
always tipped with white.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 489

Range.—Northern Mexico (including Rio Grande Valley in Texas)
and southward to Peru and Argentina; Jamaica, Grand Cayman, and
Grenada, only, in West Indies. (About twenty species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF LEPTOTILA.

a, Hindneck glossed with metallic purple, bronze, or green.
b. Inner webs of remiges with much of vinaceous-cinnamon or dull cinnamon-
rufous.
c. Forehead (extensively) and whole throat white.
d. Flanks and posterior portion of sides white, like abdomen and under tail-
coverts; outer webs of primaries grayish brown.
e. Larger (wing 146-162, tail 97-117); white tips to lateral retrices broader

(JaMalea,) ssccocdesaseesceseteate eens Leptotila jamaicensis (p. 441).

ee. Smaller (wing 136-143, tail 86.5-97.5); white tips to lateral retrices
narrower. 7

jf. Upper parts much darker and browner; chest much paler vinaceous.

(Grand Cayman, south of Cuba.)...........-+ Leptotila collaris (p. 443).

Jf. Upper parts much paler and grayer or more olivaceous; chest deeper
vinaceous. (St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea.)
Leptotila neoxena (p. 444).
dd. Flanks and posterior portion of sides pale vinaceous, like chest; outer webs
of primarizs rufescent brown (except distally). (Yucatan.)
Leptotila gaumeri (p.445).
ce. Forehead pale vinaceous-grayish to pale wood brown or vinaceous-buff.
(Leptotila verreauzt.)
d. Inner webs of remiges dull cinnamon-rufous or vinaceous-cinnamon for
greater part, this extending quite to shaft on basal portion.
e. Smaller (wing averaging less than 140 mm.); white tips to lateral rectrices
longer; occiput and hindneck without bluish gray; forehead paler.

f. Coloration much less brown, the upper parts grayish olive-brown (very
light snuff brown) to hair brown, the forehead, foreneck, and chest
more or less grayish pale vinaceous or pale vinaceous-gray.

g. Upper parts more brownish (grayish olive-brown, rarely light snuff
brown); forehead and chest more vinaceous; under tail-coverts
white or but little tinged with buff. (Venezuela and adjacent
islands, through eastern and central Colombia, Panama, and Costa
Rica to extreme southwestern Nicaragua.)

Leptotila verreauxi verreauxi (p. 446).
gg. Upper parts more grayish (hair brown); forehead and chest more
grayish; under tail-coverts usually strongly buffy. (Western Co-

lombia to northwestern Peru.)
ie Leptotila verreauxi occidentalis (extralimital).2
ff. Coloration much browner, the upper parts olive-brown to bister, the
forehead, chest, etc., cinnamon-drab to fawn color. (Eastern Costa
ICA Nia heehee ss oe oy Socks Leptotila verreauxi riottei (p. 450).

@ Leptotila verreauzi occidentalis Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxxi, Art. xvi,
July 23, 1912, 142 (San Antonio, alt. 6,600 ft., Western Andes, Cauca, Colombia;
coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Specimens from western Ecuador are appreciably darker
than those from western Colombia and Peru, which are, apparently, identical in
coloration.

440 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

ee. Larger (wing averaging much more than 140 mm.); white tips to lateral

rectrices shorter; occiput and hindneck suffused with bluish gray;

forehead darker. (Bolivia.) Leptotila verreauxi megalura (extralimital). a

dd. Inner webs of remiges dull cinnamon-rufous or vinaceous-cinnamon

only toward edges. , (Western shores and islands of Lake Nicaragua.)

Leptotila verreauxi nuttingi (p. 450).

bb. Inner webs of remiges merely edged (more or less indistinctly) with dull
cinnamon-rufous or cinnamomeous. (Leptotila fulviventris.)

c. Forehead and anterior under parts more strongly vinaceous; posterior under
parts more strongly buffy. (Yucatan to southern Vera Cruz and British
Honduras, and adjacent parts of Guatemala and Chiapas.)

Leptotila fulviventris fulviventris (p. 451).
ce. Forehead and aie under parts less strongly vinaceous (more grayish);
posterior under parts less buffy.
d. Under parts darker, upper parts more grayish; smaller (wing averaging 146.5
in male, 143.8 in female). “(Mexico in general, except Yucatan, etc.,
+ north to southern Texas, south to northern Nicaragua.)
Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera (p. 453),
dd, Under parts paler, upper parts more brownish; larger (wing averaging 151.9
in male, 149.3 in female). (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.)
Leptotila fulviventris capitalis (p. 456).
aa. Hindneck not distinctly, if at all, glossed with metallic purple, etc.

b. Upper parts grayish brown to olive-brown or bister.

c. Occiput and nape grayish brown to olive-brown or bister, nearly concolor with

back, etc.

d. Chest gray.

e. Occiput and nape grayish brown (hair brown, deep drab, or benzo brown).
(Leptotila cassint.)

j. Paler, the chest more purely gray, breast much less strongly vinaceous,
upper parts and lateral under parts less brownish. (Panama and adja-
cent portion of northern Colombia.)..Leptotila cassini cassini (p. 456)

ff. Darker, the chest less purely gray, breast more strongly vinaceous,
upper parts and lateral under parts more brownish. (Costa Rica to
Guatemala.)..........------ Leptotila cassini cerviniventris (p. 458).

ee. Occiput and nape rufescent brown (pecan brown to verona brown).
(Western Panama and western Costa Rica.).Leptotila rufinucha (p. 460).
dd. Chest not gray (more or less vinaceous).

e. Inner webs of remiges rufous-cinnamon or vinaceous-cinnamon only
toward edge; middle of crown bluish gray; under parts with less of white,
thevinaceous of chest more extended; back, etc., more brownish. (Guianas
to Amazon Valley and Colombia.)....Leptotila rufaxilla (extralimital).>

4 Leptoptila megalura Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 640 (Tilotilo,
Yungas, Bolivia; coll. Salvin and Godman); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi,
1893, 556, pl. 13.

6 Columba rufaxilla Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i, 1792, 118
(Cayenne).—Peristera rufaxilla Selby, Naturalists’ Libr., Pigeons, 1835, pl. 24.—
[Leptotila] rufaxilla Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 349.—Leptotila rufazilla Ber-
lepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 118 (Maipures, etc., Orinoco Valley).—
[Leptoptila] rufaxilla Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 78, part.—Leptoptila rufacilla
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 591 (Mexiana I., lower Amazon);
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1898, 551.—Leptopila rufavilla Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 160 (Brazil; Surinam).—Engyptila rufazilla

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 441

ee. Inner webs of remiges cinnamon or rufous-cinnamon quite to the shafts;

middle of crown brownish gray; under parts more extensively white,

vinaceous of chest more restricted; back, etc., more olivaceous. ‘(Island

of Grenada, Lesser Antilles,).............--.-- Leptotila wellsi (p. 461).

ce. Occiput and nape (also hindneck) slate-gray, in strong contrast with brown of

back, etc. (Southeastern Mexico to northern Colombia).

Leptotila plumbeiceps (p. 462).

bb. Upper parts deep cinnamon-brown to dull chestnut or auburn (the pileum
and nape slate-gray). (Coiba Island, western Panama.)

Leptotila battyi (p. 464).

LEPTOTILA JAMAICENSIS (Linnzus).
JAMAICAN DOVE.

Adult male.—Forehead and anterior portion of crown white, pass-
ing into bluish gray or occiput and nape, which are glossed with
metallic bronze, bronze-green, or purple; hindneck and sides of neck
bright metallic coppery bronze or purple, passing through bronze-
green into bluish green or greenish blue on extreme lower portion
of hindneck; rest of upper parts olive-brown, faintly glossed with
bronze, the extreme upper back sometimes glossed with dark purple
or coppery bronze, the brown of upper parts becoming somewhat more
grayish posteriorly; alule, primary coverts, and primaries dark gray-
ish brown, the primaries (especially the longer ones) edged distally
with pale brown or cinnamon; middle rectrices concoler with back,
etc. (or sometimes more grayish), the other rectrices deep gray or
brownish gray becoming more or less darker subterminally and
tipped with white, this becoming gradually broader toward the
outermost rectrix, the outer web of which is narrowly edged with
white; malar, suborbital, and auricular regions very pale pinkish
gray (nearly pallid quaker drab or pallid mouse gray) passing into
white on chin and throat; foreneck and chest very pale grayish
vinaceous or pinkish pale vinaceous-fawn, passing into white on
lower breast and more posterior under parts; axillars and under
wing-coverts dull cinnamon-rufous or mikado brown, the under
surface of remiges similar but slightly paler, passing into brownish |
gray distally; bill black; iris whitish with an outer ring of reddish;
legs and feet lake red; length (skins), 272-331 (812); wing, 146-162

Sundevall, Av. Nat. disp. Tent., 1873, 100.—Engyptila rufaxilla Salvin, Ibis, 1886,
174 (Brit. Guiana).—Columba frontalis Temminck and Knip, Pig., i, fam. trois.,
1808-11, 18, pl. 10 (Guiana).—Columba jamaicensis (not of Linnaeus) Temminck,
Pig. et Gallin., i, 1818, 411, 495, part.—Peristera jamaicensis Selby, Naturalists’ Libr.,
Pigeons, 1835, 207, part.—[Leptoptila] dubust Bonaparte, Consp. Av., li, 1857, 74
(Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; coll. Paris Mus.)—Leptoptila dubusi Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 198 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru).

Only two or three examples of this species have been examined. Its geographic
range is so extensive that it probably requires subdivision.

4492 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(156.7); tail, 97-117 (110.7); exposed culmen, 15-17.5 (16.5); tarsus,
29-32.5 (30.7); middle toe, 22.5-25 (23.6).%

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distin-
guishable but usually with the forehead less purely white (tinged
with bluish gray), metallic gloss of neck somewhat less bright, and
color of foreneck and chest less pinkish (more grayish) ; length (skins),
263-317 (295); wing, 151-160 (153.9); tail, 99.5-114 (105.8); exposed
culmen, 15.5-17 (16.1); tarsus, 28-31 (29.4); middle toe, 23-24 (23.2)?

Jamaica (near Spanish Town; Priestmans River; Moneague; St.

Mathews Parish).

[Columba] jamaicensis Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 283 (Jamaica; ex.
Brisson, Orn., i, 134).—Gmzuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 782.—LarHam,
Index Orn., ii, 1790, 595.

Columba jamaicensis BonnatERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., 1790, 236.—Tzmuincx, Pig.
et Gallin., i, 1813, 411, part.—Viemxor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818,
398.—Drsmarest, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 307, part—Dznwy, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1837, 39.

Clolumba] jamaicensis Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 495, part
(‘America Australi’’).

Col [umba] jamaicensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 99.

Goura jamaicensis StzrHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 126.

Peristera jamaicensis Seupy, Nat. Libr., v, Pigeons, 1835, 207, part.—Gosse,
Birds Jamaica, 1847, 313; Naturalist’s Soj. in Jamaica, 1851, 173.—Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Columb, 1856, 53.—Anprecut, Journ. fir Orn., 1862,
204.

[Leptoptila] jamaicensis Rercuensacu, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv; Tauben, i,
1861, 24.—Bonaparre, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 73; Icon. Pig., 1857, pl. 119.—
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 242, no. 9379.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 133.—Suarpz, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87.—Forses and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 145.

L{eptoptila] jamaicensis RercENBAcH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 24.

Leptoptila jamaicensis Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 302.—Scrarer and
Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 60.—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxi, 1893, 557._SciaTer, Revised List Birds Jam., 1910, 19. .

Leptopila jamaicensis SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas. iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 158,

part (Jamaica).

@ Nine specimens.

b Seven specimens.

Ex- <
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| Middle
culmen 3
MALES.
Nine adult males of L. jamaicensis.......... 2.02 e eee seen ween 156.7} 110.7 16.5 30.7 23.6
Two adult males of L. collaris...........00..000ccece seen eee eeee 140.5] (94) 16.5 30.7 23.7
One adult male of L. neorend........... 22.22 e cee eee eee eee 140 86.5 joe.e--e- 30 22
Five adult males of L. gawmeri ....-......2...22222-20202ee eee 144.1 95 17.3 28.9 23
FEMALES.
Seven adult females of L. jamaicensis ............00000-20eeeeee 158.91 105.8] 16.1] 29.4 23,2
Two adult females of L. collaris......2..-.00.c00..eeee cece eens 136.2 95.7 16.5 29.5 23
One adult female of L. neotend......--- 22222-0222 e cece ee ece eens 136) fecisnrciion 15 380 23

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 443

El[ngyptila] jamaicensis Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 114.—

Engyptila jamaicensis Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 550; Ibis, 1890, 91, part
(Jamaica).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 111 (synonymy; descr.; range); Birds West
Ind., 1889, 212; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97—Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 123
(habits).—Frexp, Auk, xi, 1894, 123.

[Engyptila] jamaicensis Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 23.

Columba] rufaxilla (not of Richard and Bernard) Waater, Syst. Av., 1827.
Columba, sp. 66, part. ;

Peristera rufavilla Sevpy, Jardine’s Naturalists’ Libr., v. 1835, pl. 24 (see p. 207),

[Leptoptila] rufaxilla Re1cHENBACH, Tauben, i, 1861, 25, part.

Per [istera] albifrons BonaPaRTE, Compt. Rend., x1. 1855, 99 (crit).

[Leptoptila] albifrons Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 74 (“Mexico;’? “Cuba,;”"
coll. Paris Mus.2).

Lfeptoptila] albifrons Ruicuensacu, Vollst, Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 26,
part (“Cuba”).

Leptopila albifrons ScutecEeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 160
(“Cuba”).

LEPTOTILA COLLARIS (Cory).
GRAND CAYMAN DOVE.

Similar to L. jamaicensis but wing and tail decidedly shorter, color
of upper parts darker and browner, and white tips to lateral rectrices
much shorter.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead and anterior part of crown white,
passing into slate-gray on posterior part of crown, the occiput darker
and more brownish (dusky drab), faintly glossed with purplish
bronze; hindneck and sides of neck vinaceous-brown, brightly glossed
with metallic reddish bronzy purple (this extending to sides of chest),
the lower portion of hindneck glossed with greenish bronze or bronze-
green; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, proximal secondaries, rump, and
upper tail-coverts plain olive-brown to nearly mars brown, the
alule, primary coverts, and primaries darker, the last edged distally
with dull whitish to pale rusty; middle rectrices deep grayish brown
or fuscous, the other rectrices more grayish (between slate color and
deep neutral gray) becoming darker (dull blackish slate) subterminally
and tipped with white, this about 10-12 mm. long on outermost pair,
decreasing in extent and more grayish toward middle pair; auricular
region dull ecru-drab, passing into much paler anteriorly (on sub-
orbital and malar regions) and dull white on chin and throat; foreneck
and chest pale grayish vinaceous, passing into bufly white on lower
breast and more posterior under parts, the sides faintly tinged with
pale grayish vinaceous; axillars, under wing-coverts, and under
surface of remiges (except terminally) rufous-cimnamon or mikado
brown; bill black; iris white or gray; legs and feet red.

Adult male.—Length (skin), 259;° wing, 138-143 (140.5); ¢ tail,
94;° exposed culmen, 16.5;° tarsus, 30-31.5 (30.7);° middle toe,
23.5-24 (23.7).°

@ See Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 545, footnote.
b One specimen.
¢ Two specimens,

444 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.—Length (skins), 229-270 (249.5); wing (one speci-
men), 136.2; tail, 94-97.5 (95.7); exposed culmen, 16-17 (16.5); tar-
sus, 28-31 (29.5); middle toe, 22-24 (23).%

Island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba.

Engyptila collaris Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 498 (Grand Cayman I., south of
Cuba; coll. C. B. Cory); iv, 1887, 112; Birds West Ind., 1889, 213; Cat. West
Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, 129, 139.

Leptoptila collaris Sanvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 559, footnote.—
Lowe, Ibis, 1911, 145 (Grand Cayman).

[Leptoptila] collaris Suarrn, Hand-list, i, 1899,-87—Forses and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 145.

LEPTOTILA NEOXENA (Cory).

ST. ANDREWS ISLAND DOVE.

Similar to Z. collaris but general color of upper parts lighter and
more grayish brown, and hindneck and sides of neck with ground
color less reddish brown and the metallic gloss less reddish purple,
chest rather deeper pale grayish vinaceous, and distal secondaries
distinctly edged with paler (except toward base); similar also to
L. gaumeri, but upper parts darker and decidedly browner, and color
of chest darker, more grayish.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead and anterior portion of crown white,
or grayish white, passing into slate-gray on posterior portion of crown,
the occiput darker and glossed with metallic purple; hindneck and
sides of neck grayish brown, brightly glossed with metallic purple
(this extending to sides of chest), the lower hindneck glossed with
metallic bronze-green; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, proximal sec-
ondaries, rump, and upper tail-coverts clear olive-brown to grayish
olive-brown or brownish olive; alule, primary coverts, primaries, and
distal secondaries dark grayish brown or fuscous, the secondaries and
primaries narrowly but distinctly edged distally with pale brownish
or dull whitish; middle rectrices grayish brown (nearly hair brown),
the other rectrices more grayish (dull slate color) basally, passing into
slate-blackish distally, and tipped with white, this about 9 mm. wide
(at widest part) on outermost rectrix, gradually becoming narrower
toward middle rectrices; malar and suborbital regions pale grayish
vinaceous, the auricular region similar but slightly darker; chin
and throat dull white or buffy white; foreneck, chest, and upper breast
dull pale grayish vinaceous; rest of under parts white, tinged with
pale pinkish buff on sides and flanks; axillar’s, under wing-coverts,
and under surface of remiges (except terminal portion of the last)
rufous-cinnamon or mikado brown; bill black; legs and feet pale
brownish (purplish red in life 2).

@ Two specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 445

Adult male.—Wing, 140;-: tail, 86.5; exposed culmen (bill broken);
tarsus 30; middle toe, 22.¢

Adult female.—Wing, 136; tail (imperfect); exposed culmen, 15;
tarsus, 30; middle toe, 23 .2

‘St. Anarews Island, Caribbean Sea.

Engyptila neoxena Cory, Auk, iv, July [separates issued May 28], 1887, 179, 181
(reprint, p. 3) (St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea; coll. C. B. Cory).
Leptoptila neorena Satvavont, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 559, footnote.
[Leptoptila] neorena Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87.—ForsEs and Rosinson,

Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 145.
LEPTOTILA GAUMERI (Lawrence).
GAUMER'S DOVE.

Similar to L. jamaicensis but upper parts much lighter or grayer,
primaries strongly tinged with russet (except distally), metallic gloss
of neck usually less reddish (more bronzy and greenish), vinaceous of
foreneck and chest decidedly deeper and extended backward along
_ sides, and size decidedly smaller (except bill).

Adult male.—Forehead and anterior portion of crown white, pas-
sing into gray on hinder crown and occiput, this usually more or less
glossed with metallic purple or bronze; whole hindneck and sides
of neck (except laterally) metallic bronzy purple or purplish bronze,
becoming more golden, greenish, or even bluish on extreme lower
portion of hindneck; rest of upper parts plain grayish brown, more
brownish anteriorly (sometimes approaching light bister, but usually
more nearly deep drab), light olive-brown or hair brown posteriorly,
the middle rectrices sometimes still grayer (mouse gray); distal sec-
ondaries narrowly edged with pale cinnamon or brownish white; pri-
maries darker grayish brown, indistinctly edged with pale brownish,
these edgings passing into whitish on distal portion of longer quills;
chin and throat white passing into pale vinaceous-fawn on malar and
suborbital regions, sides of neck, foreneck, and chest, fading gradually
into white on abdomen, posterior flanks, anal region, and under tail-
coverts; rectrices (except middle pair) slate-gray passing into dark
slate or slate-blackish subapically, and tipped with white, this in-
creasing in width toward the outermost rectrix, which is narrowly
edged with white; axillars, under wing-coverts, and inner webs of
remiges (except apically) plain cinnamon-rufous; bill black; legs and
feét pale brownish (lake red or pinkish in life); length (skins), 255-
277 (267); wing, 137-148.5 (144.1); tail, 91.5-97.5 (95); exposed cul-
men, 17-17.5 (17.3); tarsus, 28.5-29 (28.9); middle toe, 22.5-23.5 (23).5

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and probably not always
distinguishable, but usually (?) slightly duller in coloration.¢

@ One specimen.

b Five specimens.

cIn the considerable series examined most of the specimens are of undetermined
sex, and there are none which are marked as female. There are, however, some
specimens which are appreciably duller in color than any of the five males, and these
are probably females.

446 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Yucatan (Silém; Izam4l; Mérida; Cozumél Island; Mugeres Island;
Holbox Island).

Engyptila gaumert Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ili, no..5, Jan., 1885, 157
(Silam, Yucatan; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Satvin, Ibis, 1885, 193 (crit.)._

Leptoptila gaumeri Sauvavonrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 557 (n. Yucatan;
Cozumel, Mugeres, and Holbox Islands, Yucatan).—Satvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 261 (Silam, Izamal, and Merida, n. Yuca-
tan; Holbox, Mugeres, and Cozumel Islands).

[Leptoptila] gawmert Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 86.—Forses and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 145 (Yucatan).

Leptoptila jamaicensis (not Columba jamaicensis Linnzeus) Sciater, List. Vertebr.
Anim., 8th ed., 1888, 457 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan).

Engyptila jamaicensis Satvin, Ibis, 1885, 193 (Cozumel I.; crit.); 1889, 378 (Hol-
box, Mugeres, and Cozumel Islands; crit.); 1890, 91, part (Holbox, Mugeres,
and Cozumel Islands). :

LEPTOTILA VERREAUXI VERREAUXI (Bonaparte).
VERREAUX’S DOVE.

Adult male.—Forehead pale grayish vinaceous to vinaceous-buff,
deepening into dull light brownish vinaceous to light, slightly vina-
ceous, fawn color on superciliary and supra-auricular regions, and
passing into a slightly more grayish hue on anterior portion of crown;
posterior part of crown and occiput varying from hair brown to
drab-brown, the hindneck similar but lighter, more or less brightly
glossed with metallic purple or purplish bronze, intermixed with
bronze-green or sometimes even bluish green on extreme lower por-
tion; rest of upper parts light grayish olive-brown to light sepia or
snuff brown (more rarely), the alule, primary coverts, and primaries
dusky grayish brown, the last narrowly edged distally with paler;
middle rectrices concolor with back, etc., or slightly paler and more
grayish, the others growing gradually darker and more grayish
toward the outer pair, which are deep slate-gray or slate color basally,
passing into black subterminally and broadly tipped with white, the
succeeding three or four (on each side) also tipped with white, but
this decreasing in extent and more and more tinged with brownish
toward the middle pair; malar, suborbital, and auricular regions,
foreneck, sides of neck, and chest pale grayish vinaceous to nearly
light vinaceous-drab, the breast and sides paler and more pinkish,
fading into white or buffy white on abdomen and anal region, the
under tail-coverts nearly pure white (sometimes tinged with pale
cream-buff on outer webs of outermost coverts), the flanks more or
less tinged or suffused with light wood brown or brownish buff; axil-
lars, under wing-coverts, and under surface of remiges dull cinnamon-
rufous (pecan brown), the distal portion of remiges grayish brown;
bill black; iris straw yellow to orange or orange-red; bare orbital
space light blue (sky blue to cobalt blue); legs and feet purplish red;
length (skins), 235-295 (264); wing, 125-145 (134); tais, 91.5-109.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 447.

(100.7); exposed culmen, 14-18 (15.9); tarsus, 25.5-31.5 (27.7); mid-
dle toe, 21-26 (24.2).¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and apparently not always
distinguishable but usually with coloration slightly duller, the fore-
head, neck, and chest less vinaceous (the latter more often pale
vinaceous-drab), and metallic reflections on hindneck less often (?)
purple, usually (?) bronzy or bronze-greenish; length (skins) , 245-288
(268); wing, 129-143.5 (135.3); tail, 94-109 (101.9); exposed cul-
men, 15-17.5 (15.9); tarsus, 25.5-29.5 (27.3); middle toe, 20.5-25
(23.2).°

« Twenty-nine specimens. b Thirty specimens.
«| eee Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. £08,
lculmen 8
MALES.

Oneadult male from southwestern Nicaragua (L. v.nwitingi)....| 141 107 15 30.5 24.5

One adult male from eastern Costa Rica (L. v. riottei).. ----| 140 111 17 29.5 24
Five adult males from western Costa Rica............. ----| 142.8] 104.5 16.7 | 30.1 24.3
Four adult males from middle Panama (Canal Zone).......-.- 135. 2 99.7 16 24.4 23.5

One adult male from central Colombia (Bogota).....--.-..---- 187 103 14 30 25
Eight adult males from eastern Colombia (Santa Marta)....... 133.9 99.6 15.6 27.5 23.5

Nine adult males from Venezuela..........----2---+-0--+ 134.9] 102.1 15.7 27.2 23.4
Two adult males from Margarita Island (“L. v. insularis’’)....| 130 98.2 16° 26.2 22.5
Two adult males from Aruba Island (“L. v. insularis”)........ 129 98.5 17.5 27.5 23

One adult male from Cura¢ao (“L. v. insularis’’).......--0-.05- 143 103.5 16 27.5 23
One adult male from Tobago.........-....----- 130.5 | 105 16 29 22.5
One adult male from Trinidad... iia dasies ---.| 187 103 16.5 28 23.5
One adult male from western Colombia (LZ. v. occidentalis)...... 136 101 18 30.5 26
Three adult males from western Ecuador (L. v. occidentalis)....| 183.7 | 101.7 16.8 31 26
Two adult males from Peru (L. v. occidentalis) ....-.--...-.---- 135 106.2 16.7 29.5 25. 2
One adult male from Bolivia (ZL. v. bolivianus)..........-..--++ 144 103 15.5 28.5 24,5
FEMALES.
One adult female from southwestern Nicaragua (L. v. nuttingi)..| 145.7 | 104 17.5 31 25
One adult female from southwestern Nicaragua (L. v. verreauzi).| 143 103 16 27.5 23.5
Three adult females from western Costa Rica........ --+-]| 141.5 |- 107.7 16 28.8 23.7
Two adult females from middle Panama (Canal Zone).......... 135.7 | 104 16.2 28 23.2
One adult female from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama..... 135 101.5 17 28 24.5
Seven adult females from eastern Colombia (Santa Marta)...... 135.8 | 101.1 15.7 27.2 22.9
Ten adult females from Venezuela......-..-.---.-.----2-222eee- 134.3} 102.2] 15.5] 26.9 22.5
Two adult females from Margarita Island (LZ. v. insularis’’)....| 181 98 16.5 26 22
Two adult females from Testigos Islands (“ L. v. insularis””)....| 181.2 97 15.5 27.2 22.7
One adult female from Curagao (LZ. v. insularis’’).......2.-..- 131 98 17 27 23
One adult female from Trinidad...............eseceeee econ eee 137 103 16.5 28.5 23.5
Six adult females from western Ecuador (L. v. occidentalis)..... 134.2 | 102.2 17.6 30.1 25.8
One adult female from western Peru (L. v. occidentalis)...-.... 136 108 17.5 29.5 26
Three adult females from Bolivia (L. v. bolivianus).....-....... 145.7 | 104.3 17.5 27.8 23.5

Apart from their shorter wing and tail, I can see no difference between examples of
this species from Margarita and other islands off Venezuela and mainland examples;
and considering the great range of individual variation in measurements I do not
think the supposed island form (Z.. v. insularis) worth recognizing. A larger series of
island specimens might, however, prove the supposed form to be valid: Specimens
from the interior of Venezuela are appreciably darker, and may require subspecific
separation,

+448 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young.—Coloration much duller than in adults. Scapulars and
wing-coverts narrowly margined terminally with paler brown; chest,
etc., light grayish brown, the feathers narrowly margined with pale
buffy brown; no metallic gloss on hindneck.

Extreme southwestern corner of Nicaragua (San Juan del Sur) and
southward through western Costa Rica (Volcén de Miravalles; Bolsén;
Bebedero; La Palma de Nicoya; Barranca; San Lucas; San Mateo;
Pigres; Lagarto; Buenos Aires; Paso Real; El Pozo de Térraba; Pozo
Azil de Pirris; Boruca; Dota; Santa Maria de Dota; Alajuela; Las
Trojas; San José; Cartago; Volcan de Irazi), Panamé (Santa Fe, Calo-
bre, and Cordillera de Tolé, Verégua; Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion Hill,
Gattin, Puerto Bello, and near Panamé, Canal Zone; San Miguél and
Saboga islands, Bay of Panama), central and.eastern Colombia (Bo-
gota; Bonda, Don Diego, Santa Marta, and Sierra Nevada, at 2,000
feet, Santa Marta; Medellin, Antioquia) to Venezuela (San Antonio
and Cumanacoa, Bermudez; Sierra de Carabobo and El Trompillo,
Carabobo; San German de Upata; Maripa, Rio Caura; Orope and
Encontrados, Zilia; Rio Aurare; Tocuyo; Cariaquito; San Esteban;
Upata; Las Quiguas; Mérida; Cafia Guanoco; Altagracia, Orinoco
Valley; Margarita Island; Los Testigos Islands) to islands of Curagao,
Aruba, Bonaire, Trinid4d, Monos near Trinidad, and Tobago. Gui-
anas ? :

Leptoptila verreauxit Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 99 (Colombia; crit.).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 333 (Isth. Panama); ix, 1868, 187
(San Jose, Dota, and Barranga, Costa Rica).—Sciater and Sarvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 320, part (Panama); 1870, 782 (Merida, Venezuela);
1879, 544 (Retiro and Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia).—Satvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, 159 (Santa Fe de Veragua, Panama); 1870, 217 (Calobre and
Bugaba, w. Panama).—F rantzius, Journ, fiir Orn., 1869, 371 (Costa Rica).—
Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 43 (San Jose, Costa Rica).—Sanvin
and Gopmay, Ibis, 1880, 178 (Minca, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 2,000 feet,
Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 260, part (San Jose, Barranca,
Dota, Miravalles, Alajuela, San Lucas, Bebedero, Las Trojas, San Mateo,
Cartago, Volcan de Irazu, and La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Santa Fe,
Calobre, Bugaba, Cordillera de Tole, Divala, Lion Hill, and San Miguel I.,
Panama; Colombia; Venezuela; Trinidad; Guiana?).—BrERLEpPscH, Journ. fiir

Orn., 1884, 319 (Ocafia, Colombia).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 40 .

(Tobago).—Satvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 548, part (San Jose,
Costa Rica; Santa Fe, Cordillera de Tole, Bugaba, and Lion Hill, Panama;
Medellin and Minca, Colombia; Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; Trinidad; Quonga,
Brit. Guiana?).—Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 305 (Aruba), 324 (Curagao), 334
(Bonaire).—Unprerwoop, Ibis, 1896, 447 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa
Rica).—Datmas, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, xiii, 1900, 144 (Tobago).—Banes,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 23 (Bogaba, Panama); Auk, xxiv, 1907,
292 (Boruca, Paso Real, and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica).—LoweE, Ibis,
1907, 552 (Margarita I., Venezuela; crit.).—Brssx, Zoologica, i, 1909, 73 (Cafia
Guanoco, Venezuela). :

L{leptoptila] verreauzi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 73 (Colombia; coll.
C. L. Bonaparte).—ScLatER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 60
(syn.; distr.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 449

[Leptoptila] verreauat Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 248, no. 9383.—Sciater and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neoti., 1873, 183.—Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 86, part.—
Forzes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 144 (Tobago; Panama).

Leptotila verreauxi Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 383 (Ocafia, Colombia).—Banas, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 182 (Santa Marta, Colombia); xxii, 1909, 29, 30,
in text (Bolson, Costa Rica); Auk, xviii, 1901, 25 (San Miguel I., Panama).—
Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 128 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colom-
bia); xvi, 1905, 279 (Bonda; descr. nest and eggs). —BERLEPscH and HarTERT,
Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 118 (Altagracia, etc., Orinoco Valley, Venezuela;
crit.).—Tuayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 148 (San
Miguel and Saboga islands, Panama).—Ripeway, Condor, vii, 1905, 154, in
text (Pigres, Costa Rica).—Hztimayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 47 (Laventilla,
Point Gourde, and Seelet, Trinidad; crit.) —Brruepscu, Novit. Zool., xv,
1908, 295 (Cayenne).—Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 198 (Aruba),
210 (Bonaire), 221 (Los Testigos Islands).—CarrikEer, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
vi, 1910, 401 (Pigres, San Jose, Bebedero, Pozo Azul, Bolson, Miravalles,
San Mateo, El Pozo de Terraba, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, w. Costa Rica;
habits).

Lleptoptila] verreauxit Rercnensacs, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 25; ii,
1862, 164.

Peristera verreauxi Liotaup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 369.

Engyptila verreauxi Nurtine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 408 (La Palma de
Nicoya, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 378 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua).—Rineway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 498 (Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica), 502 (San
Jose, Costa Rica); vii, 1884, 173 (Trinidad).—ZELEeD6n, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
viii, 1885, 112 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127 (Las Trojas,
San Jose, San Mateo, and Cartago, Costa Rica).—CueErrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 329
(San Jose, Costa Rica); Expl. Zool. Merid. C. R., 1893, 53 (Lagarto, Costa
Rica).—Cory, Auk, x, 1893, 220 (Tobago).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
vi, 1894, 74 (Trinidad; Monos I.).

Peristera brevipennis Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbae, 1856, 54, part (Trini-
dad).—BonararteE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 945.

Peristera rufaxilla (not Columba rufaxilla Richard and Bernard) Gray, List Birds
Brit. Mus., Columbae, 1856, 54, part (spec. b.).

Leptoptila albifrons (not of Bonaparte) ScuaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1864, 370 (Panama; crit.).

Leptopila jamaicensis (not Columba jamaicensis Linneus) ScuueGEeL, Mus. Pays-
Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 158, part (Bogota, Colombia; Caracas,
Venezuela).

Peristera jamaicensis JARDINE, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xx, 1847, 374 (Tobago).

[Peristera] jamaicensis GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 67, part.

Leptotila insularis Ricomonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12, 1896, 659
(Margarita Island, Venezuela; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Cnarx (A. H.), Auk,
xix, 1902, 261 (Margarita Island).

[Leptoptila] insularis Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 144
(reprint of orig. descr.).

Leptotila verreauxi insularis Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 305 (Aruba; Bonaire;
Curagao; crit.).

Leptotila verreauxi riotiet (not Leptoptila riottei Lawrence) THAYER and Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, Sept., 1905, 148, in text, part.

1957°—Bull. 50, pt. 7—16——29

450 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LEPTOTILA VERREAUXI RIOTTEI (Lawrence).
RIOTTE’S DOVE.

Similar to L. v. verreauxi but coloration much darker, the upper
parts much browner (olive-brown to bister), the foreneck and chest
cinnamon-drab to fawn color. :

Adult male.—Length (skin), 268; wing, 140; tail, 111; exposed cul-
men, 17; tarsus, 29.5; middle toe, 24.7
* Eastern Costa Rica (Navarro; Bellavista? >).

Leptoptila riottei Lawrences, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, 1868, 137 (Navarro,
e. Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Frantzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869,
371 (Costa Rica).

Leptoptila riotit Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 312 (crit.).

Peristera riottei GIzBEL, Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 67.

Leptotila verreauxi riotte) THayer and Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi,
Sept., 1905, 148, in text, part.

Leptoptila verreauxi (not of Bonaparte) Sarvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893,
548, part (in synonymy).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
iii, 1902, 260, part (Navarro, Costa Rica; Bellavista, Costa Rica?).

LEPTOTILA VERREAUXI NUTTINGI Ridgway.
OMETEPE DOVE.

Similar to L. v. verreauxi but with much less of vinaceous-russet
(or cacao brown) on inner webs of remiges, this color forming merely
a broad edging, at the widest part not more than one-fourth the width
of the web; upper parts browner (but much lighter brown than in
L. v. riottet).

Adult male.—Length (skin), 260; wing, 141; tail, 107; exposed cul-
men, 15; tarsus, 30.5; middle toe, 24.5.°

Adult female.—Length (skin), 260; wing, 147.5; tail, 104; exposed
culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 31; middle toe, 25. ¢

In the coloration of the inner webs of the remiges this form is pre-
cisely intermediate between L. verreauai and L. fulviventris; since,
however, specimens of the latter from northern Nicaragua have no
more of the cinnamomeous or vinaceous coloring on the inner webs
of the remiges than those from extreme northern localities, actual
intergradation, while not improbable, is by no means proven. In

@ One specimen (the type), from Navarro, on the Caribbean slope. Only one other
example seen by me; this being a specimen collected by Boucard, but without
locality and with sex undetermined.

b According to Carriker, Bellavista is another name for Agua Caliente (sometimes
called Hervidero), ‘‘a small village, situated on a river of the same name [Agua Cali-
ente], about 4 miles south of Cartago, and at a considerably lower altitude (about
3,800 feet).”” I have not seen a specimen of this species from Agua Caliente, but think
that specimens from that altitude on the Caribbean slope probably represent this
form. Navarro, the type locality, is “‘on the Caribbean slope,’’ south of the Rio
Reventazén, “at an altitude of probably 2,500 to 3,000 feet.” ©

¢ One specimen,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 451

case intergradation between the two supposed species should actually
be found to exist, the northern forms would have to be called Lepto-
tila verreauxi fulvifrons, Leptotila verreauat brachyptera, and Leptotila
verreauxi capitalis.
Western. shore of Lake Nicaragua (Sucuy4) and island of Ometepe,
in Lake Nicaragua.
Engyptila verreauxi (not Leptoptila verreauxi Bonaparte) Nurrine, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 389 (Sucuya, Nicaragua), 396 (Ometepe, Nicaragua).
Leptotila verreauxi nuttingi Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27,
1915, 107 (Ometepe, Nicaragua; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

LEPTOTILA FULVIVENTRIS FULVIVENTRIS (Lawrence).
BUFF-BELLIED DOVE.

Adult male.—Forehead pale vinaceous-buff to pale vinaceous-fawn
color, deepening posteriorly, through a more grayish hue on crown,
into light brownish drab on occiput and nape, which are faintly
glossed with bronze or purple, the brownish drab passing laterally
into nearly vinaceous-drab on supra-auricular region; hindneck
lighter and more olivaceous, brightly glossed with metallic purple
and bronze; rest of upper parts plain olivaceousdrab, the extreme
upper back faintly glossed with bronze or bronze-green; alule,
primary coverts, and primaries deep grayish brown, very narrowly
and indistinctly edged with paler, the edgings on distal portion of
longer primaries more distinct and whitish; middle rectrices nearly
concolor with back, sometimes slightly darker subterminally and
paler terminally, the rest brown or grayish brown basally, dull brown-
ish black subterminally and white at tip, both the white and the
black increasing in extent toward the outermost rectrix, the outer
web of which is narrowly edged with white; loral, suborbital, and

auricular regions, sides of neck, foreneck, and chest dull light vina-
ceous-fawn color, fading into nearly white on chin and upper throat,

deepest on foreneck and upper chest (where approaching light
cinnamon-drab or light pinkish cinnamon-drab), passing into a
lighter and more pinkish hue (light vinaceous-fawn or light vinaceous-
buff) on breast, this passing into light pinkish cinnamon or pinkish
buff on inner portion of sides and flanks (which are more brownish,
more or less wood brown or avellaneous, outwardly), the abdomen,
anal region, and under tail-coverts very pale buff or buffy white, the
last often suffused with pinkish buff, especially on shorter (more
anterior) coverts; axillars and under wing-coverts rufous-brown
(mikado brown or pecan brown); under surface of remiges deep
grayish brown, the edges of inner webs paler for proximal half (more

452 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

or less) and tinged with cinnamomeous; bill black; iris yellow to
orange-yellow; bare orbital space pale grayish blue, sometimes tinged
with red; legs and feet lake red; length (skins), 265-284 (275); wing,
142-145 (143.7); tail, 98-103 (101.5); exposed culmen, 15.5-17 (16.1);
tarsus, 28-31 (29.4); middle toe, 22-26 (24.2).¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distin-
guishable,? but usually(?) somewhat duller in coloration, especially
the foreneck and chest, which are somewhat darker and less vina-
ceous; length (skins), 255-275 (263); wing, 129.5-143 (137.8); tail,
93-108 (98.1); exposed culmen, 15-17.5 (16.4); tarsus, 27-29 (28.1);
middle toe, 22-24.5 (23.3).°

Young.—Very different in coloration from adults. Above olive-
brown, including pileum, the interscapulars, scapulars, wing-coverts,
remiges, and upper tail-coverts margined terminally with light rusty
brown or cinnamon, the feathers of rump with pale buffy brown
terminal margins, the greater wing-coverts and proximal secondaries
sometimes with mesial streaks of light rusty brown or cinnamon;
foreneck and chest grayish brown or drab, the feathers margined
terminally with pale buffy; rest of under parts pale brownish buffy,
darker laterally, paler (pale dull buff to dull buffy white on center
of abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts).

Yucatan (Mérida; Chichen-Itza; Buctzotz; Izamal; Tem4x; Tizi-
min), Tabasco (Montecristo; Tlapa), Campeche, southeastern Vera

© Four specimens.
6 If determination of sex by collectors can always be trusted.
¢ Nine specimens.

Ex- ‘
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| Middle
culmen aa
MALES.
Three adult males from Yucatan....-..-...-.--.-s eee eee eee eee 143.3 | 101 ° 16.3 28.8 23.7
One adult male from eastern Chiapas (Teopisca)............... 145 108 15.5 31 26
One adult male from British Honduras................. anes 141 108 16 28.5 22
Thirty-two adult males of L. f. brachyptera.........-.....2-.20- 146.5 | 107.2] 16 30.1 24.3
Five adult males of D. f. capitalis.. 0.00.2... eee e eee eee eee 151.9 | 105.7 17.6 31.8 24,2
FEMALES. .
One adult female from southern Vera Cruz (San Andres Tuxtla).| 129.5 95.5 17 28.5 23
One adult female from Tabasco (Montecristo)................-. 136 95 16 27 a
Four adult females from Yucatan..........-.22--.cccceee seen es 140.2} 989] 167] 28.4 23.6
One adult female from eastern Chiapas (Huehuetan)........... 133 94.5 15 27.5 23
One adult female from northeastern Guatemala (Toyabaj,
QuiChs) seitierwsacca ats stiacewl ves cee macteat see buat cmendentee 140 94.5 17 27.5 23
Twenty-seven adult females of L. f. brachyptera................ 143.8 | 103.8 16,2 29. 4 24,1

Three adult females of L. f. capitalis... 2.20... 0... c cece cece eee 149.3 | 108 18.2] 30.3 24.8

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 4538

Cruz (San Andrés Tuxtla), northern Chiapas, (Huehuetén; Teo-
pisca), northern Guatemala (Toyabéj, Quiché), and British Hon-
duras (near Manatee Lagoon).

Leptoptila albifrons (not of Bonaparte, 1854) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix,
1869, 207 (Merida, Yucatan).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 459
(Yucatan; crit.; habits).

Peristera albifrons NeHRKORN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 69 (Yucatan; descr. eggs).

Leptoptila fulviventris Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, no. 9, May 29,
1882, 287 (Yucatan; coll. State Univ. Kansas).—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc,
Lond., 1883, 435 (crit.) —REIcHENow and ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883,
407 (reprint of orig. descr.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
iii, 1902, 259 (Buctzotz, Izamal, Tizimin, and Merida, Yucatan).

Engyptila fulviventris Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iv, 1885, 272 (crit.).

Lepiotila fulviventris fulviventris Coun, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, Nov., 1906,
118 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check
List, 3d ed., 1910, 149 (extralimital).

[Leptotila] brachyptera subsp. fulviventris Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, 1900, 144.

Engyptila vinaceifulua Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, no. 9, Dec., 1885,
270 (Temax, Yucatan; coll. G. N. Lawrence).¢

Leptoptila brachyptera Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 545, part
(Merida, Buctzotz, Tizimin, and Izamal, Yucatan; crit.).

Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896,
287 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).

LEPTOTILA FULVIVENTRIS BRACHYPTERA (Salvadori).

SENNETT’S DOVE.

Similar to L. f. fulviventris, but coloration less buffy below (often
with little if any buff), the under tail-coverts nearly (sometimes
quite) pure white; forehead less vinaceous (more grayish), neck and
chest usually less vinaceous.®

« The type is an albinistic specimen of L. f. fulviventris.

5 There is much variation in all these characters in a large series of specimens,
and it is not unlikely that a further subdivision of the species may be required.
The dullest-colored specimens—that is; those with least vinaceous tinge to neck
and chest and with forehead distinctly grayish—are those from southern Texas,
Nuevo Leon, and northern Tamaulipas; those from the western parts of Mexico as
far south as Oaxaca and in western Chiapas being, on the average, intermediate in
coloration betweenthe Rio Grande specimens and L. f. fulviventris from Yucatan,
etc. Specimens from Nicaragua are about the most vinaceous ones in the entire
series, quite as much so as the most brightly colored birds from Yucatan, and have
the upper parts decidedly browner than in a great majority of more northern examples,
but differ from LZ. f. fulviventris in much whiter posterior under parts. The series of
specimens from Nicaragua is, however, much too small to warrant separation on their
evidence alone.

454 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Adult male.—Length (skins), 265-311 (281) ; wing, 140-158 (146.5);
tail, 96-113 (107.2); exposed culmen, 14-17.5 (16); tarsus, 27.5-33
(30.1) ; middle toe, 22.5-26 (24.3).4

Adult female.—Length (skins), 250-300 (276); wing, 135-152.5
(143.8); tail, 94.5-114.5 (103.3); exposed culmen, 14.5-17 (16.2);
tarsus, 27-31 (29.4); middle toe, 22-25 (24.1).°

Southern Texas (Brownsville; Fort Brown; Hidalgo; Lomita
Ranch) and southward over nearly the whole of Mexico (except south-
eastern coast district, from southern Vera Cruz to Yucatan and
northern Chiapas), in Tamaulipas (Forlén; Victoria; Linares; Sota la
Marina; Camargo; Rio de la Cruz; Aldama; Tampico), Vera Cruz
(Playa Vicente; Jalapa; Orizaba; Miradér; Rivera; Pasa Nueva;
Cuesta de Misantla; Codtepec; Atoydc; Sochiapa; Vega del Casadero),
Puebla (Metlaltoyuca; Rancho del Ahuehuete), San Luis Potosi,
Nuevo Leén (Monteréy; Montemorelos; Rio Salada; Hacienda de las
Escobas; Rio de la Gilla; Pesqueria Grande), southern Sonora
(Alamos), Durango (Chacalé), Sinaloa (Matzatlén; Escuinapa),
Jalisco (Barranca Veltrin; Lake Chapala), Tepic (San Blas; Santiago),
Michoacén (Los Reyes) Colima (Manzanillo; Santiago; Rio de la

@ Thirty-two specimens. b Twenty-seven specimens.
Hae Wing. | Tail aa Tarsus.| Middle
culmen., toe.
MALES.
Nine adult males from southern Texas........-..-..------.-+- 149.7 {| 110.4 16 30.1 4.7
Four adult males from Tamaulipas. ... w-s-{ 144.2] 104.6 16.3 29.9 24.5
Two adult males from Nuevo Leon.-...... ----| 150.7] 107.7 16.2] 31.5 25
One adult male from southern Sonora....-....--.-...---.-20-- 141 102 15 27.5 22.5
Two adult males from Durango...........--..------- eee eee ee 143.5 99 15 28.7 23
One adult male from Michoacan. . ----| 142 108 15 29 23.5
One adult male from Colima... 22. ... 22... eee e ee eee eee 142.5 | 106 |.....-.. 31.5 23.5
Two adult males from Oaxaca.....-.----2-22.cee ee cee eee e eens 145.5 | 110 15.5 30.5 24
Five adult males from middle and northern Vera Cruz......... 143.6 | 107.3 16.1 30.4 24.3
One adult male from western Chiapas (Tuxtla Gutierrez)...... 148 103 15.5 29 2B
Three adult males from Guatemala. 146.2] 100.8 16.3 29.5 24.3
One adult male from Nicaragua............22.22002cec cece aces 153 113 17 32 26
FEMALES,
Ten adult females from southern Texas................-22..... 147.4} 106.7 }* 15.9 28.9 23.7
Two adult females from Tamaulipas............-...2.22..222-- 142.7] 105 16.2 29.7 24
Three adult females from Nuevo Leon 145.5 | 101.5 16.5 29.7 23.3
One adult female from Jalisco..............-00022.cceeeeeeeee 1885 | 96 fesnaneee 29 23.5
One adult female from Sinaloa................0..2.20.00. ‘seeds 136 99.5] 17 31 24.5

One adult female from Colima. ...
Two adult females from Guerrero.

137 94.5 16 28.5 22
140 100.5 15.5 29.5 24

One adult female from Oaxaca... 2.2.2... 2.2.00 cece eee ee eee ee 139 99.5 16 29.5 Pa)
Two adult females from middle and northern Vera Cruz....... 144.7] 107 16 29,2 7
One adult female from Puebla..............2...cccccceeeeeeees 146 105 17 30 3
One adult female from San Luis Potosi 145 108 17 29 24
Two adult females from Nicaragua.........-.-.....2--ceeeecee 138 102.5] 17 27 22.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 455

Armeria), Guerrero (Tlapa; Acapulco), Oaxaca (Tehudntepec; Santa
Efigénia; mountains near Santo Domingo) and western Chiapas
(Tonalé; Tuxtla Gutierrez), through Guatemala (Duefias; Amatitlan;
Rio Manégua; San José; San Gerénimo; Retalhuleu; Barranca Honda;
Tolim4én; Panajachél; Los Amates, Ysab4l; Tecp4ém; Patuldl), Sal-
vadér (La Libertéd), and Honduras to northern Nicaragua (Mata-
galpa; Chinandega; Volcén de Chinandega). Accidental or occasional
on Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.

Peristera jamaicensis (not Columba jamaicensis Linneus) Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., Galline, 1844, 15, part (spec. g, Mexico).

(?) Leptopila jamaicensis ScuteceL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873,
158, part (Mexico).

(?) Z[enaida] amabilis (not of Bonaparte) McCaxt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851,
220 (bet. Matamoros and Camargo, Tamaulipas).

Leptoptila albifrons (not of Bonaparte, 1854) Sctatrr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1857, 214 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, 368 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 391 (Playa
Vicente, Vera Cruz); 1864, 178 (near City of Mexico).—Sciater and Sanvin,
This, 1859, 222 (Duefias, Guatemala; habits); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
370, part (Guatemala); 1870, 838 (coast of Honduras).—LawREence, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 305, part (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; habits; descr. nest
and eggs); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 44 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuan-
tepec City, Oaxaca).—Covzs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 82 (Hidalgo,
Texas).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 219 (Amatitlan
and San Jose, Guatemala).

L{eptoptila] albifrons RetcHEnBacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 26, part
(Mexico).—SciatTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 60 (Mexico;
Guatemala).

[Leptoptila] albifrons Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 242, no. 9380.—ScLaTEer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 133.

[Peristera] albifrons Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 242, no. 9380 (Mexico).—GIEBEL,
Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 65, part.

Aichmoptila albifrons Cours, in Sennert, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr., iv, 1878, 49 (Hidalgo, Texas; habits)—Brewer, Ibis, 1878, 488 (s.
Texas; descr. eggs).—Merrrit, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 158 (Fort
Brown, Texas; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Ripa way, in MERRILL, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 158 (synonymy).

Engyptila albifrons Coves, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, April, 1880, 100; Check
List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 542.—Ripeaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 195;
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 463.—American OrwnirHotocists’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, no. 318.—FreRrrari-PEREz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,
175 (Rancho del Ahuehuete, Puebla)—Brnpirg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,
1892, 144.

E[ngyptila] albifrons Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 567.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 214; 2d ed., 1896.

Leptoptila brachyptera Satvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 545, part
(Mexico; coll. Brit. Mus.; ex Pertstera brachyptera Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., Columbe, 1856, 54=nomen nudum; Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas;
Rio Salada, Monterey, Hacienda de los Escobas, Pesqueria Grande, Rio de la
Gilla, and Montemorelos, Nuevo Leon; Sota la Marina, Aldama, and Tam-
pico, Tamaulipas; Cuesta de Misantla, Misantla, Coatepec, Atoyac, Jalapa,
Vega del Casadero, Playa Vicente, and Sochiapa, Vera Cruz; Sonora; San Blas,
Tepic, and Santiago, Tepic; Lake Chapala and Beltran, Jalisco; Santiago,
Colima; Acapulco, Guerrero; Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Duefias,

456 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

San Geronimo, Retalhuleu, Barranca Honda, Toliman, and Panajachel, Gua-
temala; La Libertad, Salvador; Chinandega and Volcan de Chinandega, Nica-
ragua).—SaLvin and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 257 (localities
cited under Salvadori).

[Leptoptila] brachyptera Forzes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900,
144 (Mexico; Honduras). ~

Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List,
2d ed., 1895, no. 318; 3rd ed., 1910, 149.—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
x, 1898, 35 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Mer (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N.H.,
xxi, 1905, 343 (Escuinapa, etc., Sinaloa)—DEaRBorN, Pub. 125, Field
Mus. N. H., 1907, 79 (Los Amates, Lake Amatitlan, Lake Atitlan, near Tec-
pam, Patulul, and San Jose, Guatemala).—Puities, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75
(Rio de Ja Cruz, Tamaulipas).

L{eptotila] fulviventris brachyptera Ripcway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 214,

Leptotila fulviventris brachytera AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ComMMITTEE,
Auk, xii, April, 1895, 167.

[Leptotila] fulviventris (not of Lawrence) SHarpPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 86.

LEPTOTILA FULVIVENTRIS CAPITALIS (Nelson).
TRES MARIAS DOVE.

Similar to L. f. brachyptera but under parts much paler (the fore-
neck and chest pinkish pale ecru-drab instead of dull light vinaceous-
fawn color to pale brownish drab), back, etc., more brownish (than
in Mexican specimens of L. f. brachyptera), and averaging larger.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 280-301 (292); wing, 150-153 (151.9);
tail, 101.5-109 (105.7); exposed culmen, 17-18 (17.6); tarsus, 31-33
(31.8); middle toe, 23-25 (24.2).%

Adult female——tLength (skins), 275-290 (283); wing, 147-151
(149.3); tail, 99-106 (103); exposed culmen, 17.5-18.5 (18.2); tarsus,
30-31 (30.3); middle toe, 24-25.5 (24.8).®

Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre Island), western Mexico.

Leptoptila albifrons (not of Bonaparte, 1854) Lawrence, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xiv, 1871, 274 (Tres Marias Islands); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 305,
part (Tres Marias; habits).

Leptoptila brachyptera (not of Salvadori ex Peristera brachyptera Gray) SALVADORI,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 545, part (Tres Marias; crit.).

Leptotila capitalis Newson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Jan. 27, 1898, 6 (Maria

- Madre Island, Tres Marias group, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

[Leptoptila] capitalis SHarpr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 86.

Leptoptila capitalis Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 259
(Tres Marias).

> [Leptoptila] brachyptera- subsp. capitalis Forses and HomNeON, Bull. Liverp.
Muzs., ii, 1900, 144 (reprint of orig. descr.).

LEPTOTILA CASSINI CASSINI (Lawrence).
CASSIN’S DOVE.

Adult male.—Forehead pale gray to grayish white, passing, through
deeper gray (gull gray or light gull gray) on crown, into hair brown,
deep drab, or bronze-brown on occiput and nape, the hindneck much

2 Five specimens, 6 Three specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 457

grayer and with lower portion sometimes faintly glossed with
bronzy or purplish ; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts plain olive-
brown, the remaining upper parts similar but usually somewhat less
brownish; lateral rectrices darker (nearly black distally), the outer-
most (one to three pairs) tipped with white; malar, suborbital, and
auricular regions drab-gray to pale mouse gray, passing into pale
purplish gray on neck and chest, this into olive-brownish on flanks
and outer portion of sides; lower abdomen creamy or pinkish white
(the middle under parts usually more or less tinged with pale vina-
ceous) ; anal region and under tail-coverts white, the latter with outer
webs gray or olive-brownish; axillars and under wing-coverts cinna-
mon-rufous, the proximal portion of inner webs of remiges tinged with
the same; bill black; bare loral space and posterior angle of bare
orbital space, dull crimson, the rest of orbital space gray; iris pale
grayish yellow to sulphur yellow; legs and feet lake red; length
(skins), 238-256 (247); wing, 128-137.5 (132.8); tail, 83-90 (87.1);
exposed culmen, 14-16 (14.6); tarsus, 29.5-33.5 (31.3); middle toe,
23-25 (24).4

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, and usually(?) quite
indistinguishable, but sometimes with coloration slightly duller;
length (skins), 233-255 (244); wing, 129-136 (132.4); tail, 79.5-91
(85.7); exposed culmen, 14-16.5 (14.9); tarsus, 29-32.5 (30.6);
middle toe, 23-24.5 (23.9).

Young.—Very different in coloration from adults. General color
of upper parts essentially as in adults but wing-coverts, sécondaries,
and proximal primaries more or less distinctly margined terminally
with russet or cinnamon; feathers of occiput and nape with shaft-
streaks (more or less distinct) of cinnamon or light rusty; foreneck
and chest dull brown, the feathers margined terminally with pale
cinnamon or brownish buffy; otherwise much as in adults.

Panam4& (Montafia del Vermejo and Sané, Verégua; Volc4n de
Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Laguna del Pita; Cana; Gattn,

@ Ten specimens. + Ten specimens.
‘| Ex- *
Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| Middle
‘culmen 8.
MALES,
Ten adult males from middle Panama (Canal Zone)........-.- 132.8] 87.1 14.6 31.3 24
Twenty-four adult males of L. c. cerviniventris ...........2-+-- 132.2 86.7 15 31.2 24,2
FEMALES.
One adult female from northern Colombia (Turbo)............- 135 86.5 |....-.-- 30.5 23.5
Ten adult females from middle Panama (Canal Zone).......... 132.4 85.7 14.9 30. 6 23.9
Twenty-one adult females of L. c. cerviniventris ...........-.-- 130.8 | 84.5 15.1} 31 23.8

458 BULLETIN. 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Rio Indio near Gattin; Cerro Azdl at 1,000 ft.; Lion Hill), and adja-
cent portion of northern Colombia (Turbo; Rio Truando).

Leptoptila verreauxi (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860,
175 (Turbo and Rio Truando, Colombia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
vii, 1862, 333 (Rio Truando).

Leptoptila cassini Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 94 (line of Panama
R. R., coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Newron, Ibis, 1868, 230 (crit.).—Sarvm,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 217 (Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, w.
Panama).—Row.ey, Orn. Misc., iii, pt. xii, 1878, 79, pl. 93 (nest and eggs).—
Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 560, part (Lion Hill; Montafia
del Vermejo, Veragua, Panama).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii,
1900, 15 (Loma del Leon, Panama).—Saivin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1902, 262, part, pl. 68, fig. 1 (Montaifia de Vermejo, Lion Hill, and
Laguna del Pita, Panama; Turbo and Rio Truando, n. w. Colombia).

Lf{eptoptila] cassint ScuateR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 60.

[Leptoptila] cassini Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 243, no. 9887.—ScuaTer and Satvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 124, part.—Suarrr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87, part.—
Forses and Roginson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900 (Panama).

L{eptoptila] cassini cassini Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, March 10, 1909, 30,
in text.

LEPTOTILA CASSINI CERVINIVENTRIS (Sclater and Salvin).
VINACEOUS-BREASTED DOVE.

Similar to L. ¢. cassini but coloration decidedly darker throughout,
the neck and chest less purely gray, under parts browner laterally,
breast, etc., more strongly (and usually more extensively) vinaceous
fawn color, and upper parts browner (the occiput and nape olive-brown
to nearly natal brown) ; dark phase distinguished from that of L. ¢.
cassini, by more deeply or extensively vinaceous fawn colored breast.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 239-271 (253) ; wing, 126-139 (132.2);
tail, 77-96 (86.7); exposed culmen, 13.5-16 (15), tarsus, 29-34 (31.2);
middle toe, 22.5-26 (24.2).¢

Adult female—Length (skins), 231-269 (248); wing, 124.5-188
(130.8); tail, 72-99 (84.5); exposed culmen, 13.5-16.5 (15.1); tarsus,
29-32 (31); middle toe, 22-25 (23.8).°

& Twenty-four specimens. b Twenty-one specimens.
Locality Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| Middle
: culmen. Wes
MALES.
Twelve adult males from Costa Rica.............-.-22200ceee0- 132.9] 86.4 15.3} 31.5 24.4
Six adult males from Nicaragua.............6.0002-ceeeeceeee ee 131.3 86.2 15,2 31.2 94.5
Three adult males from Honduras.............22....2200eee2ee 134.3] 887] 138) 30.5 24.2
Three adult males from British Honduras.............-.....+- 129.2] 86.8 14.5 31.2 23.3
FEMALES,
Ten adult females from Costa Rica.........222....00222eeeeeeee 131.2 86.1 15.7 31.2 23.9
Seven adult females from Nicaragua...................22200ee- 129.8] 80.5 14.6| 30.8 24.1
Two adult females from Honduras..............22.2222200eceee 131.7 86.5 15.2 30.5 22.7
Two adult females from British Honduras.....................| 181.5 88, 2 14,5] 31 23.2

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMBRICA, 459

Costa Rica (Rio Sfcsola, Talamanca; Pacuare; Turrialba; El
Hogér; Cuabre; Guapiles; Juan Vifias; Jiménez; Bonilla; Tucur-
riqui; Carrillo; Cachf; San Carlos; Cartago; San José; Siquirres;
Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; Cerro de Santa Maria; Volcén de Mira-
valles; Tenério; La Vizégua), and northward through Nicar-
agua (La Libertéd, Chontales; San Emilio on Lake Nicaragua; La
Vizigua; Rio Coco; Rio Escondido; Rio Grande; Savalé and Trema,
Matagalpa; San Rafael del Norte; Pefia Blanca), and Honduras
(Truxillo; Yaruca) to British Honduras (Cayo; Toledo District;
Manatee District; forest near Manatee Lagoon) and Guatemala
(Choctiim, Vera Paz; between Cob4n and Chiséc).

Leptoptila cerviniventris Scuater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 59
({Choctum] Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvaport,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 561 (Cayo, Brit. Honduras; Choctum, Guate-
mala).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 263, pl. 67,
fig. 2.

Lleptoptila] cerviniventris ScLateR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 60.

[Leptoptila] cerviniventris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 248, no. 9385.—ScLaTER
and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 134.

Leptotila cerviniventris Boucarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 15.

Lfeptotila] cassini cerviniventris Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, March 10,
1909, 30, in text.

Leptoptila cassinti (not of Lawrence, 1867) LawRENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868,
137 (San Jose and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica)—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1869, 371 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica).

Leptopila cassintt ScHtEcEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 159
(‘‘Mexico”).

Leptoptila cassini Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 43 (San Carlos, Costa
Rica; descr. eggs).—Unpbrrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 447 (Volcan de Miravalles,
Costa Rica; habits)—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 560, part
(Costa Rica).—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 262,
part (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; San Jose, Tucurriqui, Pacuare, Jimenez,
San Carlos, Miravalles, Cartago, and Carrillo, Costa Rica).

[Leptoptila] cassint SctatrR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 134, part.—
Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87, part.

Peristera cassini GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 66, part.

Engyptila cassini Zerepd6n, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 112 (Costa Rica);
Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127 (Pacuare and Jimenez, Costa Rica,).—
Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 523 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).

Engyptila vinaceiventris Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, sig. 87, Aug. 6, 1888,
583 (Truxillo, Honduras; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 523 (Rio Escondido).

Leptoptila vinaceiventris Sauvapori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 561 (La
Libertad, Chontales, Nicaragua).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1902, 263 (Truxillo, Honduras; La Libertad, Rio Coco, and Rio
Escondido, Nicaragua).

[Leptoptila] vinaceiventris SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87 (Honduras; Nicara-
gua).—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 145.

Leptotila cassini vinaceiventris Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, July 30, 1906,
102 (Volcan de Miravalles and Juan Vifias, Costa Rica; crit. ): xxii, 1909, 30
(Tenorio, Cerro Santa Maria, and La Vijagua, n. Costa Rica) _—CARRIKER,
Ann. Carmegie Mus., vi, 1910, 402 (Bonilla, Jimenez, Tenorio, La Vizagua,
Cachi, Cerro Santa "Maria, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Guapiles, El Hogar,
Cuabre, and Rio Sicsola, Costa Rica; crit.).

460 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

LEPTOTILA RUFINUCHA (Sclater and Salvin).
RUFOUS-NAPED DOVE.

Closely resembling L. cassini casini and L. c. cervinwentris, but
color of occiput and nape different (pecan brown to verona brown,
instead of olive-brown or drab), and forehead decidedly darker gray.

Adults (séxes alike).—Forehead and anterior portion of crown light
gray (nearly pale mouse gray), usually slightly paler anteriorly and
darker posteriorly; occiput and nape light tawny-brown (pecan
brown to verona brown); hindneck grayish brown (hair brown to
nearly benzo brown); rest of upper parts plain olive-brown, the pri-
maries darker; two outer rectrices (on each side) brownish black
tipped with white, the next blackish brown; malar, suborbital, and
auricular regions pale ecru-drab to drab-gray, passing into light
mouse gray or pale quaker drab on lower throat, foreneck, sides of
neck, and chest, this fading into dull white on chin and upper throat
and, posteriorly, passing into slightly browner gray suffused with
light vinaceous-fawn or vinaceous-buff, the central portion of lower
breast and upper abdomen nearly pure light vinaceous-fawn or
vinaceous-bufi; lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts
white, the latter with outer webs of exterior row grayish; sides and
flanks strongly tinged or suffused with olive-brown; axillars and
under wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous; bill black; bare skin of lores and
orbital region crimson or lake red; iris white; legs and feet pale
brownish. (lake red in life).

Adult male.—Length (skins), 210-264 (243) ; wing, 122-140.5 (133.1);
tail, 78-90.5 (85.1); exposed culmen, 13.5-16 (14.8); tarsus, 28.5-33
(31.3); middle toe, 22.5-25 (23.6).

Adult female.—Length (skins), 231-264 (248); wing, 129-136
(132.4); tail, 81-87.5 (84.7); exposed culmen, 14-16.5 (15); tarsus,
30-33.5 (31.3); middle toe, 23-26 (24.4).

Western Costa Rica (El Gener4l; Alajuela; Las Trojas; La Can-
deliria;* Tambér; Pigres; Boruca; Pozo del Rio Grande; Pozo Azil
de Pirris; Palm4r, Boruca; El Pozo de Térraba; Pozo del Pitdl;
Buenos Aires; Lagarto) and western Panam4 (Divala, Bugaba,
Boquete, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui; Verigua).

@ Fifteen specimens. b Eleven specimens.
‘ Ex. Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. toe
lculmen is
MALES,

Fourteen adult males from Costa Rica...........--.esceseeeees 133 85. 2 14.7] 311 23.6
One adult male from western Panama (Divala, Chiriqui)...... 134 83 15.5 | 33 23

FEMALES,
Ten adult females from Costa Rica..............00.eceeeeceeee 132.5] 84.6] 15 31.4 24.3
One adult female from western Panama (Divala).............- 131.5 85.5 15 30.5 24.5

¢ According to Carriker (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 403, 404) this locality is probably
an error.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 461

Leptoptila rufinucha Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 162 (‘‘Vera-
gua,” i. e., Bugaba, Chiriqui, w. Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman).—
Sarvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 562 (Volcan de Chiriqui and
Boquete, Chiriqui, w. Panama).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1902, 264, pl. 68, fig. 2 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Las Trojas, Alajuela,
La Candelaria, Pozo Pital, Tambor, and Pirris, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chi-
riqui, Bugaba, and Divala, Panama).—Banes, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292 (Bo-
ruca and El Pozo, s. w. Costa Rica).

[Leptoptila] rufinucha ScuatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 134.—
SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87.

Leptotila rufinucha Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 403 (Las Trojas,
Pigres, El General, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica; habits).
Engyptila rufinucha ZeLvev6n, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 112 (Costa Rica);
Anal. Mus. Nac. C. ‘R., i, 1888, 127 (Pozo Azul, Las Trojas, and Alajuela,
Costa Rica).—CHERR1E, Expl. Zool. Merid. C. R., 1893, 53 (Palmar, Lagarto,

Boruca, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica).

LEPTOTILA WELLSI (Lawrence).
GRENADA DOVE.

Adult female.-—Forehead buffy vinaceous-white or very buffy pale
vinaceous-fawn. color, passing, through light mouse gray on anterior
portion of crown, into dark hair brown or fuscous on occiput and
nape, this into lighter grayish brown or olive-brown on hindneck;
rest of upper parts plain brownish olive, faintly but distinctly glossed
with bronze-green, the alule, primary coverts, and primaries more
decidedly brownish (less olivaceous); tail concolor with back, etc.,
the lateral rectrices passing into dull black distally, the outermost
margined at tip with white; malar, suborbital, and auricular regions,
foreneck, and upper chest pinkish vinaceous-buff, the rest of under
parts (including chin and upper throat) white, passing into pale
pinkish buff laterally, the flanks suffused or intermixed with pale buffy
brown, the under tail-coverts tinged with pinkish buff, the outer webs of
lateral coverts edged with buffy brown; axillars and under wing-
coverts light cinnamon, the under surface of remiges similar, passing
into brown terminally; bill black; iris pale buff; legs and feet pale
(red in life?); wing, 124; tail, 82; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 32.5;
middle toe, 23.2

Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles.

Engyptila wellsi Lawrence, Auk, i, April, 1884, 180 (Grenada; coll. U. 8. Nat.
Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 624 (Grenada; crit.).—Cory, Auk, iv;
1887, 111 (synonymy; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 212; Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 10, 97, 134.—West1s, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 624; List
Birds Grenada, 1886, 7.—Ciarx (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905,
262.

[Engyptila] wellsi Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 23.

Leptoptila wellsi Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 559 (Grenada).

[Leptoptila] wellst SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87.—ForBEs and Rosinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 145.

@The adult, male not seen. It is probably not materially if at all different in
coloration from the adult female.
6 One specimen (the type, and the only example seen).

462 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LEPTOTILA PLUMBEICEPS (Sclater and Salvin).
BONAPARTE’S DOVE.

Adult male.—Forehead grayish white or pale bluish gray, passing,
through deeper bluish gray, into slate-gray on crown, occiput, and
nape, the hindneck duller or more brownish gray (usually lighter
than occiput and nape); rest of upper parts plain olive-brown, some-
times inclining to warm sepia or bister, especially on back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts, the extreme upper back and lower hindneck some-
times faintly glossed with purple; alule, primary coverts, and pri-
maries dusky; rectrices (except middle pair) with the brown passing
into dusky subterminally, the three outer pairs tipped with white,
this, together with the blackish subterminal area increasing in width
to the outermost rectrix; malar, suborbital, and auricular regions,
lower throat, foreneck, and chest, vinaceous-buff, passing into white
on chin and upper throat, more or less shaded with gray on sides of
neck, and posteriorly, passing, through a more pinkish hue on breast,
into white on lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, the
longer of which have the outer web more or less broadly edged or
clouded with brownish gray; sides and flanks (underneath wings) light
buffy olive-brown; axillars and under wing-coverts cinnamonrufous,
the proximal portion of inner webs of remiges similar but paler and
duller; bill black; legs and feet light brownish (red in life) ; length(skins),
239-284 (257); wing, 129-145 (137.8); tail, 84-98 (89.8); exposed cul-
men, 15—17.5 (16); tarsus, 27-32 (30) ; middle toe, 22.5-26.5 (24.4).¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, and perhaps not always
distinguishable, but usually (%) with coloration of head, neck and
chest duller, the forehead more distinctly gray (less whitish), the
color of neck and chest much duller (inclining more to drab or light
cinnamon-drab); length (skins) , 239-261 (250); wing, 128-144 (133.6);
tail, 81-96 (87.3); exposed culmen, 14.5-18 (15.5); tarsus, 27.5-31
(29.6); middle toe, 22.5-25 (23.7).°

@ Sixteen specimens. b Seven specimens.

j ' a || exe Middle

Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed Tarsus.| "tog,

MALES,

Five adult males from Vera Cruz.....-....-2.-0-2-2eeeeeeeeees 141.5 93.1 16.5} 30.8 25,4
Three adult males from Tabasco...........-..-----+---eeeeeees 136.3 88.5 16 30.3 24.5
Two adult males from British Honduras........-...--..-----5+ 133 80.5 15.7] 28.5 23.2
One adult male from Honduras, ............-022 22s s eee eee nee ee 139 88 16 29 23.5

One adult male from Nicaragua............. See deemed sceveccs 141 89.5 16 30.5 25
Four adult males from Costa Rica........--222.0seeeeceeeeeees 135.5 | 87.4] 15.5) 29.6 23.6

FEMALES,

One adult female from Tabasco...............ceeeeceeeeceeenee 144 96 18. 31.5 24.5
Two adult females from Honduras............22..00scceeeceees 131.8 82 14.7 29 24.5
Three adult females from Costa Rica...........2..cceeeeeeeeeee 128, 7 87.3 15,2 30, 2 23.2

One adult female from Colombia (Rio Zapata)................. 140 89.5 15.5 | 27.5 2B

Some Mexican and Guatemalan specimens are considerably darker in coloration
than those from British Honduras and southward, but the series is not sufficiently
large to show whether subspecific separation of a southern form is desirable. A speci-
men from Colombia (Rio Zapata) is, so far as I am able to see, precisely like examples
from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, etc.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 463

Young.—Coloration very different from that of adults. Scapulars
and wing-coverts margined terminally with bright rusty or tawny,
the greater and middle coverts sometimes with distal portion exten-
sively of this color; hindneck nearly concolor with back, the sides
of neck lighter brown with tawny margins to feathers (more or less
distinct); foreneck and chest light tawny-olive, passing into pale
buffy on posterior under parts. (Described from Mexican specimens,
in which a considerable portion of the adult plumage has appeared,
the crown and occiput being mostly deep gray, as in adults.)

Southeastern Mexico, in southern Tamaulipas (Tampico), Vera
Cruz (Cérdova; Miradér; Buena Vista; Motzorongo; Atoy4c; San
Andrés Tuxtla; Vega del Casadero), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), and
Tabasco (Teapa; Frontera) and southward, through Guatemala
(Chocttéim, Vera Paz; between Cobén and Chiséc; Los Amates,
Yzab4l), British Honduras (Orange Walk; Cayo; near Manatee
Lagoon), Honduras (San Pedro; Céiba), and Nicaragua (Rio Escon-
dido) to western Costa Rica (Bolsén; Las Trojas; Pigres; Pirris;
El Pozo del Rio Grande); Colombia (Rio Zapata).

Leptoptila rufaxilla (not of Richard and Bernard) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1837, 113 (Mexico; descr.).—Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856,
309 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; crit.)—Satvin and Scrater, Ibis, 1860, 402 (tierra
caliente of Guatemala).

Leptoptila plumbeiceps SctateR and Satvin, Proc. Zoel. Soc. Lond., June 1,
1868, 59 ({Choctum] Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Sat-
vapbor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 550 (Tampico, Tamaulipas; Atoyac,
and Vega del Casadero, Vera Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco; Valley of Mexico; Cayo
and Orange Walk, Brit. Honduras; Choctum, Guatemala).—Satvin and
Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 261, pl. 67, fig. 1 (San Pedro,
Honduras; etc.).

Lleptoptila] plumbeiceps SctateR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 60.—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1871, 16 (crit.).

[Leptoptila] plumbeiceps Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 243, no. 9386.—SciateR and
Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 133—GirBet, Thes. Orn., ii, 1875, 468.—
Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 86.—ForBzs and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.,
ii, 1900, 144 (Choctum, Guatemala).

Leptopila plumbeiceps ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873,
160 (Mexico).

Lepitotila plumbeiceps Boucarn, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 15 (Vera Paz).—
Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 142 (Ceiba, Honduras); Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, 1909, 29 (Bolson, n. w. Costa Rica)—DEARBOoRN,
Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 80 (Los Amates, Guatemala).—CaRRIKER,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 402 (Bolson, Costa Rica).

Peristera plumbiceps Giese, Thes. Orn., ii, 1875, 468.

Leptoptila bonapartii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, Feb., 1871, 15
(Mexico; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 312 (crit.=L. plumbeiceps
Sclater and Salvin).

[Leptoptila] bonapartet GieBeL, Thes. Orn., ii, 1875, 468.

[Peristera] bonapartei GieBEL, Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 66.

464 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LEPTOTILA BATTYI Rothschild.

BATTY’S DOVE.

Adults (sees alike).—Pileum and nape plain slate-gray, fading into
pale gray (gull gray) on anterior portion of forehead, and passing on
hindneck into more brownish gray; rest of upper parts plain deep cin-
namon-brown or brussels brown to auburn, the alule, primary coverts,
and primaries dusky grayish brown, the last narrowly edged distally
with paler; middle rectrices concolor with back, etc., the others
brown basally, brownish black subterminally or terminally, the two
or three outermost tipped with brownish white, both the terminal
white and subterminal black increasing in width toward the outer-
most rectrix; malar, suborbital, and auricular regions, and sides of
throat pale brownish drab or vinaceous-drab to dull vinaceous-gray,
passing into slate-gray on sides of neck, this passing into pale brown-
ish drab on median portion of foreneck, the chest more pinkish
(pinkish ecru-drab), becoming paler and more pinkish or buffy pink-
ish on breast; abdomen and anal region buffy white; flanks mixed
pale buffy brown and pale pinkish buff; axillars and under wing-
coverts russet or light chestnut; bill black; iris ight yellow or green-
ish yellow; legs and feet pale brownish (red in life ?).

Adult male.—Length (skin), 253; wing, 135; tail, 83.5; exposed
culmen, 18; tarsus, 33; middle toe, 26.¢

Adult female—Length (skin), 240; wing, 132; tail 85; exposed
culmen, 15; tarsus, 30.5; middle toe, 24.2

Coiba Island, western Panamé (Pacific side).

Leptoptila battyi Rotuscump, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xii, no. Ixxxiv, Dec. 30,

1901, 33 (Coiba Island, Panama; coll. Tring Mus.).—Sanvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves; iii, 1902, 264 (Coiba Island).

Genus GEOTRYGON Gosse.

Geotrygon Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 316, footnote. (Type, by monotypy,
G. sylvatica Gosse=Columbigallina versicolor Lafresnaye.)

Medium-sized terrestrial Pigeons (length about 265-310 mm.) with
acrotarsium scutellate; bill stout, its length (from frontal feathering)
equal to length of first two phalanges of middle toe; and with feathers
of pileum elongated, those of forehead slightly stiffened, hairlike,
those of frontal antia forming a double point (on each side of meso-
rhinium).

Bill stout, the exposed culmen about as long as first two phalanges
of middle toe, or lateral toe (without claw), both culmen and gonys
strongly arched. Wing very concave beneath, much rounded, the
longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by a little more than
length of tarsus; third and fourth primaries (from outside) longest,

@ One specimen.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 465

the second and fifth, only slightly shorter, the first and sixth about
equal (or the first slightly shorter), the first (outermost) strongly
bowed or arched. Tail slightly less than three-fifths as long as wing,
truncated at tip, the rectrices broad and rather rigid. Tarsus longer
than the middle toe (without claw) by between one-fourth and one-
third its length, the acrotarsium with distinct, broad, obliquely trans-
verse scutella, the planta tarsi smooth, the tibio-tarsal joint and
extreme lower end of tibia (except in front) naked; lateral toes about
equal in length (but the inner one somewhat stouter than the outer) ;
hallux incumbent, slightly longer (without claw) than basal phalanx
of inner toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Feathers of pileum elongated (especially
on nape), but broad and blended, those of the forehead hairlike,
somewhat stiffened; orbital region bare; head, neck, and under parts
grayish, glossed with metallic gold and ‘purple, posterior under parts
and primaries chestnut, back, scapulars and smaller wing-coverts
dark maroon-purple glossed with violet, the posterior upper parts
dusky glossed with bluish green or bronze; bill black.

Range.—Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)

GEOTRYGON VERSICOLOR (Lafresnaye).
CRESTED QUAIL-DOVE.

Adutt male.—Stiffened, hairlike feathers of forehead dull black
or grayish black; rest of pileum, together with nape, drab, becoming
lighter and grayer (pale neutral gray) on lateral and anterior portions;
hindneck and sides of neck bright metallic bronze or bronze-green
(sometimes tinged with coppery bronze), the feathers grayish beneath
surface; upper back and anterior scapulars semimetallic dark purple
with violet reflections, changing to chestnut in certain lights, the
lesser and middle wing-coverts similar but more or less tinged with
chestnut, especially toward edge of wing; greater coverts dull metallic
bronze, the secondaries darker and more decidedly greenish; outer-
most smaller coverts, outer webs of alule, distal half (approximately)
of outer webs of primary coverts and greater part of primaries
chestnut or chestnut-rufous, the primaries with terminal portion
(extensively on inner webs) dusky, the extreme basal portion of outer
webs also sometimes dusky; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail semi-
metallic dull blackish green or olivaceous black, glossed with bronze-
green; suborbital, malar, and auricular regions light cinnamon or
dull cinnamon-buff, the anterior portion of malar region and upper
portion of auricular region more grayish (sometimes decidedly gray) ;
chin and throat dull pale cinnamon suffused or intermixed with light
gray; sides of throat, foreneck, chest, breast, upper abdomen, and
sides light neutral gray, the foreneck and chest strongly glossed with

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——380

466 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

greenish bronze to purplish bronze; flanks and under tail-coverts
chestnut, the anal region and lower abdomen similar but paler;
axillars and under wing-coverts rufous-chestnut or deep cinnamon-
rufous; bill blackish; iris blood-red;* bare orbital space gray, the
edge of eyelids scarlet;* legs and feet pale flesh color, the front of
tarsus and top of toes pink; length (skins), 268-311 (289); wing,
159-167.5 (162.3); tail, 85-103 (92.7); exposed culmen, 20—21.5 (20.9);
tarsus, 34-37.5 (35.5); middle toe, 25-29.5 (26.6).?

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distin-
guishable, but usually (?) with posterior under parts paler (dull
buffy cinnamon rather than chestnut), the under tail-coverts some-
times passing into pale pinkish buff on margins, smaller wing-coverts
with more or less of deep grayish brown or olive intermixed with the
purple and chestnut, the larger wing-coverts and secondaries deep
grayish brown or olive, slightly glossed; length (skins), 266-298
(282); wing, 147-167 (156.2); tail, 82-98 (90.2); exposed culmen,
19.5-22.5 (20.5); tarsus, 34-36 (34.9); middle toe, 25.5-27.5 (26.6).°

Jamaica (Spanishtown; Moneague; Cuna Cuna; near Bath; Port-
land; Priestmans River; St. Anns).

Columba cristata (not of Gmelin, 1789)¢ Tremminck, Les Pigeons, i, fam. seconde,
1808-1811, 20, excl. syn., pl. 9 (‘‘iles des Amis, dans la mer del Sud’’).—
Trmuinck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 108—STEPHENSs, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 40.

Clolumba] cristata Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 449.

C[olumba] cristata WacuEr, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. 14.

Pleristera] cristata Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 476, Appendix, p. 24.

Peristera cristata Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 56.

Gleotrygon] cristata REICHENBACH, Syn. Av., Columbariae, 1851, pl. 259, fig. 2599;
Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv; Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 33, pl. 227,
figs. 2482, 2483, pl. 259, fig. 2599. os

Geotrygon cristata Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, 300.—Satvin, Ibis,
1878, 448; Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 551.—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 116 (syn-
onymy; descr.): Birds West Ind., 1889, 218; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892,
10, 97, 129.—Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 125 (habits)—Sanvaport, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 573 (St. Anns and Spanishtown, Jamaica).—ScLaTER,
Revised List Birds Jam., 1910, 19.

[Geotrygon] cristata Bonararte, Compt. Rend., x1, 1855, 220; xliii, 1856, 943; Coup
d’Giil Ordre Pig., 1855, 34, 58; Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 70.—Gray, Hand-list,
ii, 1870, 243, no. 9391.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 134.—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 24.—Forsrs and RosBinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 146.

Starnoenas cristata SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1878, 164.

Columba pacijica (not of Gmelin, 1789) ¢ Visitor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi,
1818, 347 (Iles des Amis).—Latuam, Gen. Hist. Birds, viii, 1823, 44, part.—
Lzsson, Compl. Buffon, Ois., viii, 1837, 82; 2d ed., 1838, 291, part.

Columbigallina versicolor LarrEsNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1846, 321 (Jamaica; coll.

Paris Mus.).
@ Gosse, Birds of Jamaica, p. 316, footnote. 4= Rollulus roulroul (Perdicide).
> Ten specimens. ¢=Globicera pacijica (Gmelin) Bonaparte.

¢ Six specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 467

Geophaps versicolor Dzs Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 8, March, 1847, pl. 47.—
ReicHEenBacu, Syn. Av. Novit., Columbariae, 1851, pl. 227, figs. 2482, 2483.

[Peristera] versicolor Gray, Gen. Birds, Index, 1849, 115.

[Geotrygon] versicolor SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 88.

Geotrygon sylvatica Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 316 (Jamaica; habits); Illustr.
Birds Jamaica, 1849, pl. 84; Naturalist’s Soj. in Jamaica, 1851, 173.—
Ausrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 204.—SciaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1865, 239; List Vertebr. Anim., 8th ed., 1883, 458.—H 1, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1867, 190.

[Peristera] sylvatica Gray, Gen. Birds, Index, 1849, 111.

Genus OREOPELEIA Reichenbach.

Oreopeleia REIcHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852,p.xxv. (Type, Columba martinica
Linneus.)

Oropeleia (emendation) Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1854, 140.

Oreopelia (emendation) Gray, List Spec. Birds Brit. Mus., pt. iv, Columbe, 1856,
51.—BurmeEister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, pt. 2, 1856, 306.

Medium-sized to rather small terrestrial Pigeons (length about 190-
360 mm.), resembling Geotrygon, but with much smaller and weaker
bill, no distinct (Gf any) tomial notch, distinctly rounded tail, and
feathers of occiput and nape not elongated, those of forehead not
hairlike nor stiffened.

Bill usually small and weak, the exposed culmen but little longer
than first phalanx of middle toe (except in O. mystacea, in which it
is longer than first and second phalanges combined), the culmen and
gonys slightly to moderately convex or arched; tomial notch indistinct
or obsolete. Frontal antia extremely variable; in O. caniceps, O. mon-
tana, O. martinica, and all the continental species except O. veraguensis
and O: violacea, forming a single acute angle on middle line of the meso-
rhinium, the apex of which is much anterior to the malar antia (in O.
montana and O. martinica extending as far as or slightly beyond the
mental antia); in O. chrysia, O. mystacea, and O. violacea forming
a short obtuse point on each side of the mesorhinium and but very
little in advance of the malar antia, O. veraguensis being similar but
with the frontal antia broader, more rounded, and with the median
indentation less distinct or hardly obvious. Wing moderately to
rather strongly concave beneath, much rounded, the longest pri-
maries exceeding distal secondaries by a little more than one-third
to less than one-fifth the length of wing; third to fifth, or second to
fifth, primaries (from outside) longest, the first (outermost) shorter
than fifth, sometimes shorter than sixth or even shorter than sev-
enth; outermost primary moderately broad, more or less strongly
bowed, not attenuated terminally, but with inner web more or less
distinctly incised near middle portion (except in O. albifacies and
other large continental species, in which the cutting away of the
margin is indistinct or obsolete). Tail about three-fifths as long as
wing, more or less distinctly rounded, the rectrices twelve in number.

468 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tarsus much longer than middle toe (without claw), the latter slightly
more than two-thirds to more than four-fifths (in O. chrysia) as long
as tarsus; acrotarsium with asingle row of broad, transverse scutella
(those on upper portion sometimes fused), the planta tarsi usually
smooth but sometimes (in O. caniceps, O. chrysia, and apparently 0.
mystacea and O. bourcieri) with more or less distinct small hexagonal
scales; tibio-tarsal joint, including extreme lower portion of tibia
(all round), bare; lateral toes about equal in length or inner one
slightly longer than the outer, the claw of inner toe reaching about to
base of middle claw or (in O. montana, O. martinica, O. violacea, and 0.
veraguensis) falling short of the latter; hallux decidedly longer than
basal phalanx of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration—Plumage essentially normal, but some
species (0. albifacies, O. chiriquensis, and O. bourciert) with feathers of
neck distinctly outlined or scale-like, others (O. caniceps and 0.
veraguensis) with plumage of forehead rather full and dense; orbital
region (more or less extensively) naked. Coloration exceedingly
variable, but always plain, except head, which usually shows a dark
(black or chestnut) submalar streak; some species with upper parts
glossed with metallic green, purple, or violet; sexes alike (or essen-
tially so) in most species, but very dissimilar in O. montana and
O. martinica.:

Range.—West Indies (including Bahamas), Florida Keys, and
southern Mexico southward to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia,
and Peru. (About 20 species.)

It is almost certain that this group, as above characterized, requires
subdivision; but I have been unable to divide it satisfactorily, not-
withstanding the marked differences in details of structure among the
various species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF OREOPELEIA.2

a. Inner webs of remiges with at least an edging of vinaceous-cinnamon or dull cinna-
mon-rufous on proxinal portion.
b. Sides of head, throat, foreneck, and chest plain slate-gray; rump glossed with
metallic blue. (Cuba.)............22..222202200- Oreopeleia caniceps (p. 470).
bb. Sides of head, throat, etc., not slate-gray; rump not glossed with metallic blue.
c. Tail with more or less of rufous-chestnut, or else no white stripe on side of head.
d, A white stripe on side of head, involving anterior portion of malar region.
e. Rump chestnut, glossed with metallic purple; lesser wing-coverts chest-
nut. (Bahamas, Cuba, and Haiti; Jamaica?; Porto Rico?; occasional on
Florida Keys.)....-........0..cecee-eeee- Oreopeleia chrysia (p. 471).
ee. Rump olive or olive-brown, not glossed; lesser wing-coverts grayish-brown
to olive-brown. (Oreopeleia mystacea.)

J. Under parts paler, with much white or pale buff posteriorly. (Culebra
and St. Johns, Greater Antilles; Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat,
Guadeloupe, Grand Terre, Dominica, Martinique, and Santa Lucia,
Lesser Antilles.).............. Oreopeleia mystacea mystacea (p. 474).

@ Based on adults only.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 469

Jf. Under parts darker (more tawny), with little if any white or pale buff
posteriorly. (Saba, Lesser Antilles.)
Oreopeleia mystacea sabe (p. 476).
dd, No white stripe on side of head.
e. Posterior under parts not pure white; no white on axillars or under wing-
coverts. :

jf. Upper parts chestnut; foreneck and chest russet-vinaceous, brownish

vinaceous or vinaceous-fawn color. (Adult males.)

g. Larger (wing 144.5-159, averaging 156.1; coloration of under parts
averaging much darker, more purplish anteriorly, more tawny or
ochraceous posteriorly). (Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique,
Santa Lucia, and St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.)

Oreopeleia martinica, adult male (p. 476).

gg. Smaller (wing 131-149.5, averaging 139.7; coloration of under parts

paler, less purplish anteriorly, more buffy posteriorly. (Cuba, Isle

of Pines, Haiti, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Grenada, and tropical conti-

nental America, from southern Mexico to Paraguay, Bolivia, and

POPs) areca sistem wile are Oreopeleia montana, adult male (p. 478).

ff. Upper parts olive, olive-brown, or fuscous; foreneck and chest olive-
brown to buffy brown. (Adult females and young.)

g. Larger (wing 143-159, averaging 148.3); coloration averaging darker,
especially the under parts.

Oreopeleia martinica, adult female (p. 477).
gg. Smaller (wing 127-145, averaging 136.6); coloration averaging lighter,
especially the under parts....Oreopeleia montana, adult female
(p. 479).
ee. Posterior under parts pure white; axillars and proximal under wing-
‘ coverts white. (Oreopeleia violacea.)
jf. Forehead and cheeks less vinaceous; purple or violet gloss on back less
distinct. (Southern Brazil.)
Oreopeleia violacea violacea (extralimital).¢
Jf. Forehead and cheeks more vinaceous; purple or violet gloss on back
more pronounced. (Colombia to Nicaragua.)
Oreopeleia violacea albiventer (p. 484).
cee. Tail without trace of rufous; a white stripe on side of head, starting at rictus
(but not involving anterior portion of malar region). (Eastern Costa
Rica to middle Panama.)...........-. Oreopeleia veragueusis (p. 486).
aa. Inner webs of remiges without any rufous.
b. A black subauricular streak.
c. Chest bluish gray.
d. Pileum and nape grayish, the forehead white or buff.
e. Forehead buff; wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts chestnut.
(Costa Rica and western Panama.)....Oreopeleia costaricensis (p. 487).

2 Columba violacea Temminck, Les Pigeons, i, fam. trois., 1808-11, 67, pl. 29 (““Nou-
veau monde”; coll. Paris Mus.).—Peristera violacea Gray, List Galline Brit. Mus.,
1844, 55.—Pl[eristera] violacea Reichenbach, Syn. Av. Columbariae, Novit., 1851, pl.
257 b, fig. 3391 (lege 3386).—[Geotrygon] violacea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 72
(Brazil).—O[reopeleia] ? violacea Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861,
33, fl. 257, fig. 3386.—Oreopelia violacea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 279, 451 (Ypanema,
Brazil).—Geotrygon violacea Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 565, part(Bahia,
Brazil).—Starnoenas violacea Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873,
165 (Surinam; Temminck’s type; Brazil).—{Oropelia] violacea Heine and Reichenow,
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 289.

470 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ee. Forehead white; wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts grayish
brown or olive-brown. (Costa Rica and western Panama.)
Oreopeleia lawrencei (p. 489).
dd. Pileum and nape russet. (Middle Panama.)..Oreopeleia goldmani (p. 490).
ec. Chest cinnamon or rufous-cinnamon. (Costa Rica and western Panama.)
Oreopeleia chiriquensis (p. 491).
bb. No black subauricular streak; feathers of neck strongly individualized (sharply
outlined and imbricated). (Oreopeleia albifacies.)
ce. Chest more grayish (deep avellaneous or wood brown). (Southeastern Mexico
to Nicaragua.).............- Bcc caieie Oreopeleia albifacies albifacies (p. 493).
cc. Chest more tawny or cinnamomeous. (Southwestern Mexico.)
Oreopeleia albifacies rubida (p. 495).

OREOPELEIA CANICEPS (Gundlach).
GRAY-HEADED QUAIL-DOVE.

Adults (sexes alike)—Forehead grayish white, gradually deepen-
ing into dark gull gray on posterior crown, occiput, and nape, which
are sometimes (in fresh plumage) very faintly glossed with metallic
purple; hindneck greenish gray or grayish green, with pronounced
bronze-green gloss, changing to purplish; back and scapulars metal-
lic dark violet-purple (nearly mulberry purple), passing into dark
violet-blue or bluish violet (more rarely slightly greenish blue) on
rump, the upper tail-coverts deep greenish gray, more faintly glossed
with greenish or bluish; anterior lesser wing-coverts similar in color
to back and scapulars, the rest, together with middle coverts, mostly
dark grayish brown or olive, glossed with bluish green; alule, pri-
mary coverts, greater coverts, and secondaries dusky grayish brown
or olive, without distinct, if any, metallic gloss; tail darker and less
brownish (nearly deep to dark neutral gray), very faintly or not at
all glossed; sides of head nearly similar in color to occiput, etc. (but
without purplish gloss), fading into paler gray on chin and upper
throat, deepening into darker and slightly more brownish gray (be-
tween neutral gray and dark neutral gray to nearly mouse gray)
on foreneck and chest, where more or less brightly glossed with light
bronze-greenish or purplish; breast, sides, and upper abdomen lighter
and more bluish gray (dark gull gray laterally, paler, postero-medially)
the center of lower abdomen more or less buffy; flanks, anal region,
and under tail-coverts deep cinnamon, the last rather deeper (mikado
brown), tipped or terminally margined with paler (ight cinnamon-
buffy); axillars dark slate-gray or slate color basally and terminally,
pale cinnamon or cinnamon-buff subterminally; under wing-coverts
pale cinnamon or deep cinnamon, the under primary coverts tipped
with gray; bill carmine basally, horn color terminally; iris vermilion;+
bare orbital space gray, the edge of eyelids more reddish; legs and
feet dull reddish white.¢

& According to Gundlach.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 471

Adult male.—Length (skins), 261-296 (276); wing, 144.5-156
(151.6); tail, 83.5-95 (90); exposed culmen, 11.5-14.5 (12.6); tar-
sus, 32-37 (34); middle toe, 22-25.5 (23.8).%

Adult female.—Length (skin), 272; wing, 155; tail, 93.5; exposed
culmen, 14.5; tarsus, 35.5; middle toe, 22.°

Cuba (Remédios; Cayo Yaguajusta; San Cristébal).

Columba caniceps GunpLacn, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1852, 315 (Cuba);
Journ. fir Orn., 1870, 282.

Geotrygon caniceps CaBants, Journ. fir Orn., 1856, 110 (Cuba; habits).—Guwnp-
LACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 416 (crit.); 1862, 189 (crit.); 1874, 295 (habits);
Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 135 (habits; descr. eggs); Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895,
163 (habits; descr. eggs).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 180.—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 118 (synon-
ymy; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 219; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 10,
97, 128.—Sanvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1898, 574 (San Cristobal,
Cuba).

[Geotrygon] caniceps GunDLacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336; Rept. Fis.-Nat. Cuba,
i, 1866, 300.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 243, no. 9399.—SciaTErR and SaLvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 184.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 24.—
Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 88.—Forses and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.,
ii, 1900, 146.

O[reopeleia] caniceps RetcHenBAcH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 32; ii,
1862, 165, Novit., pl. 1, fig. 7.

OREOPELEIA CHRYSIA (Bonaparte).
KEY WEST QUAIL-DOVE.

Adult male.—Pileum and nape cameo brown or walnut brown, but
this overlaid, except on forehead, by metallic green and purple;
upper hindneck metallic coppery bronze, the lower hindneck metallic
green passing into blue or greenish blue on extreme lower portion;
back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts deep reddish brown (prus-
sian red) highly glossed with metallic purple, changing to blue or
greenish blue on extreme upper back; rest of upper parts deep red-
dish brown (nearly prussian red), much duller (nearly buffy brown)
on greater wing-coverts, proximal secondaries, and tips of primaries;
a broad white stripe originating at malar antia and extending back-
ward, beneath eye, to end of auricular region; beneath this a narrow
stripe of chestnut or walnut brown; chin and upper throat white,
passing into pale vinaceous-drab, tinged with pale vinaceous, on
lower throat, foreneck, sides of neck, chest, and breast, fading into
buffy white on abdomen, the sides and flanks tinged with brown;
under tail-coverts dull buffy whitish, passing into light buffy brown-
ish on basal portion (mostly concealed); under surface of wing
cinnamon-rufous; tip of bill horn color, the basal portion carmine; ¢
iris carmine ¢ or orange-yellow;? eyelids carmine;° legs and feet flesh

a Six specimens. ¢ Audubon. :
6 One specimen. @ Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d’Orn., no. 2, 1909, 30.

472 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

color, the scutella carmine or lake red; length (skins), 273-311 (28:
wing, 150-159 (153.7); tail, 91-102 (95.4); exposed culmen, 14.5-1f
(16.7); tarsus, 27.5-29.5 (28.8); middle toe, 23-25.5 (23.8).%

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but reddish brown stv
malar stripe somewhat duller or less intense, middle and grea’
wing-coverts, posterior scapulars, and edges of rectrices grayish brov
and color of under parts somewhat darker, especially on che
length (skins), 270-299 (280); wing, 150.5-159.5 (153.8); tail, 89.
103 (95.2); exposed culmen, 15-17.5 (16.3); tarsus, 27-30.5 (28.!
middle toe, 21-23.5 (22.7).5

Young.—Very different in coloration from adults. Above rufot
cinnamon or pecan brown, the scapulars, interscapulars, and wir
coverts narrowly tipped or terminally margined with cinnamon-bu
the pileum and hindneck duller (more brownish) with indistin
very narrow lighter tips to the feathers, the forehead light grayi
brown; a dull white malar-subocular stripe, as in adults; forene
and chest grayish brown or drab, the feathers margined with d
cinnamon; rest of under parts mostly pale grayish buffy.

Bahamas (Great Bahama, Eleuthera, and New Providence island:
Cuba (Guamé; Guanténamo; Holguin; Manatél; San Diego de ]
Bafios), Isle of Pines (Nueva Gerona; Paladito), and Haiti (Puer
Plata, Aguacate, Cuya, Cayo Levantado, and Saman4 Bay, San
Domingo); Jamaica?; Porto Rico?; occasional on Florida Keys (K
West; Sept. 15, 1889, Oct. 20, 1897, and Nov. 12, 1897).

Columba montana (not of Linneus) Temmincg, Cat. Syst., 1807, 144; Pig.
Gallin., i, 1813, 395, 492; Les Pigeons, i, fam. trois., 1808-11, 10, pl. 4
AvupuBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 382, pl. 167; Synopsis, 1839, 192; Bi
Am., oct. ed., v, 1842, 14, pl. 282.—Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. 8: and Ca
Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 756.

Zenaida montana Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41.

Columba martinica (not of Linneus) Temmincx, Les Pigeons, i, 1808-11, 12, ¢

5, 6 (‘Porto Rico”); Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 400 (‘‘Porto Rico”)
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 96 (Santo Domingo).

a Twelve specimens. 6 Hight specimens.
: : ; Ex- Mid
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. tot

iculmen

MALES,

Three adult males from Bahamas...............2...22..0020005 151 94.8 16.8 29 4
Five adult males from Cuba......2.220 00.20.22 eee een cece eee 154.4 94.6 16.4 29 4
Two adult males from Isle of Pines. ...-. 2.2.2.2 20200.022ecceee 152 95 17.2) 28.2 ‘
Two adult males from Haiti........ 22.02.00... cecee cence eens 157.5] 98.5} 165] 285 é

154 92 15 30.5
154 93, 4 16.4 28.2
One adult female from Isle of Pines. .....-..........02. eee eee 151.5 | 108 17 29

One adult female from Haiti.... 2.2.2... 2... cece cence eee 155 100 16.5 27.5

Oe CMC Cy

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 473

C[olumba] martinica Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 493 (‘‘ America
australiore”’). :

[Geotrygon] martinica (not Columba martinica Linnzus) BonaPartE, Consp. Av.,
ii, 1857, 72.—Gunob.aca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba).—SciaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 134.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed.,
1886, 24.

Geotrygon martinica CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 108 (Cuba; habits).—Gunp-
uacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 416 (Cuba; crit.); 1874, 293 (Cuba; habits),
818 (Porto Rico); 1878, 161, 186 (Porto Rico); Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876,
138 (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 347;
Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 161 (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs).—Covgs, Check List,
1873, no. 376; 2d ed., 1882, no. 550.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 141 (New
Providence I.); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 133 (Puerta Plata, Santo
Domingo); Auk, iv, 1887, 119 (synonymy; descr.; range); viii, 1891, 350
(Great Bahama and Eleuthera islands, Bahamas); Birds West Ind., 1889,
220; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 10, 97 (Great Bahama, Eleuthera, and New
Providence islands, Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto
Rico).—Rmeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 195; Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 467.—Maynarp, Birds Eastern N. Am., 1881, 341.—AmERICAN
OrnirHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 322.—
Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 90 (Key West, Florida, Sept. 15, 1889).—Bznprrg,
Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, (i), 1892, 153.—CHErRin, Contr. Orn. San Dom.,
1896, 24 (Aguacate, Santo Domingo).—Bonuotr, Ibis, 1899, 517 (New Provi-
dence).—VErRRitt (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 357
(Cayo Levantado, Samana Bay, Santo Domingo).

G[eotrygon] martinica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 571.—Rimeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 216.

Oreopeleia martinica Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 944.—Barp, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858 607 (Key West, Florida); Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 454.—Gunptac#, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 299.—Barrp,
Brewer, and Rweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 393, excl. syn. part,
pl. 58, fig. 1. j

O[reopeleia] martinica Reicuenpacu, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 31
(not fig. 1432, err. 1531).

[Oreopeleia] martinica Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 242, no. 9376.

[Oropelia] martinica Hurnze and Rercusnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 285
(Cuba).

Goura martinica ScHLEGEL, De Dierent., 1864, 208.

Geotrygon chrysia BonaParte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 100 (Florida; crit.); Consp.
Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 72, in text under G. martinica; Compt. Rend., xl, 1855,
100; Coup d’ceil Ordre Pig., 1855, 35.—Satvapvort, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxi, 1893, 571 (Cuba; Santo Domingo).—Amerrican ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
Commrrrez, Auk, xiv, 1897, 126; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 151.—BrewsteER,
Auk, xv, 1898, 185 (Key West, Florida, Oct. 20 and Nov. 12, 1897).—Banes
and Zarpry, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 198 (Isle of Pines) —Mrnercavx, Rev.
Frang. d’Orn., i, no. 2, 1909, 30 (Guantanamo and Manatel, Cuba).

G[eotrygon] chrysia Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 216.

[Geotrygon] chrysia SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87.

[Geotrygon] chrysea Forsrs and Rozinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 146.

Columba chrysia BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 307.

Peristera mystacea (not Columba mystacea Temminck and Knip) Gray, List Birds
Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 55, part (specs. a, b., Santo Domingo).

Columba mystacea (not of Temminck) Lemsuyen, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850,
76.—GuUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 282 (identifies C. mystacea of Lembeye
with “C. martinica” =Oreopeleia chrysia).

474 BULLETIN 50, UNITED SFATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. .

OREOPELEIA MYSTACEA MYSTACEA (Temminck).
BRIDLED QUAIL-DOVE.

Adult male.—Pileum and nape, together with lores and upper half
of auricular region, plain grayish brown (deep hair brown to chaetura
drab), darker posteriorly, where usually more or less glossed with
metallic green, often paler or more brownish on forehead; hindneck
(superficially) bright metallic green or bluish green, the sides of neck
similar but usually more bronzy green; back, scapulars, wing-coverts
secondaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and middle rectrices olive-
brown, the back glossed with dark bronzy purple, especially on upper
part; alule, primary coverts and primaries chestnut, tipped with
olive-brown, the distal secondaries chestnut basally; rectrices (except
middle pair) chestnut passing into deep olive-brown terminally; a
broad stripe of white extending from (and including) malar antia
across side of head, beneath lores and bare orbital space, to end of
auricular region; broad space beneath this, pointed anteriorly but
gradually widening posteriorly, similar in color to pileum but more or
less paler; chin and upper throat dull white; foreneck brown (dull
snuff brown to fawn color) sometimes faintly glossed with metallic
green, passing into vinaceous-fawn on upper chest, this passing,
through light vinaceous-fawn on breast, into white or buffy white on
abdomen and anal region; flanks dull ochraceous-buff to cinnamon-
buff, intermixed with cinnamon, sayal brown or mikado brown on
outer (lateral) portion; under tail-coverts deep cinnamon or sayal
brown to mikado brown passing into pale cinnamon-buff terminally;
axillars and under wing-coverts dull chestnut or rufous-chestnut, the
under surface of remiges similar but paler, passing into grayish brown
distally or terminally; bill light colored (reddish or pinkish in life?);
iris yellowish white * or brown ;® legs and feet pale brownish in
dried skins (flesh color or reddish in life?); length (skins), 244-297
(274); wing, 156.5-170 (164.9); tail, 81-94.5 (87.2); exposed culmen,
18-20.5 (19.2); tarsus, 31-35.5 (33.5); middle toe, 24.5-27.5 (26.3). ¢

a W. B. Richardson (specimen from Martinique). ¢ Nineteen specimens.
+ W. W. Brown, jr. (specimen from Santa Lucia).
Locality. Wing. | Tail. beet Tarsus.| Middle
culmen 3
MALES,
One adult male from Culebra....... 2.2.2.0... 0... cece eee eens 168 94.5 19.5 32.5 27
One adult male from St. Croix. ....... 2222.00.22... cc cence eee 156.5 | 87 19.5] 38 26
One adult male from Antigua..............00 02.00 c cece cee eee 167 90 20 34 26.5
Ten adult males from Guadaloupe...............2..02.20.ee eee 165 86.1 19 33.3 26.4
Two adult males from Dominica...................2..222200008 168, 2 89.5 20.5 34.7 26.2
Two adult males from Martinique....................002.00008 161.2 83 19.2] 383.7 25.7
Two adult males from Santa Lucia................00... cece oes 166. 2 84.5 18.5 33 25.7
FEMALES,
One adult female from Guadeloupe......... 22... cece eee ce cece leecee ccc lecccenes 19 31 25
One adult female from Saba (type of O. m. sabsx).............05 166 89 20.5 32 26

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 475

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, and apparently not always
distinguishable, but usually (?) with coloration slightly duller; length
(skin), 275; wing, (defective); tail, (defective); exposed culmen, 19;
tarsus, 31; middle toe, 25.¢

Lesser Antilles (Barbuda®; Antigua; Montserrat’; Guadeloupe;
Grand Terre’; Dominica; Martinique; Santa Lucia) and Culebra and
St. Croix of Greater Antilles.

Columba mystacea TemmincK, Les Pigeons, i, fam. seconde, 1808-11, 124, pl. 56
(‘‘America’’; coll. Leyden Mus.); Hist. Nat., Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 275.—
VirittoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 355.—SHaw, Gen. Zool.,
xi, 1819, 56.—Lzsson, Compl. Buffon, Ois., viii, 1837, 62; 2d ed., 1838,
286.—GULLIVER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1844, 10 (blood-corpuscles); 1875,
489 (blood-corpuscles).—Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 307.

Col[umba] mystacea Hearne, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1834, 110 (‘‘ Port au Prince,

Haiti’).

C[olumba] mystacea Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 473 (‘‘America
australi’’).

Col{umba] mystacea Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 40 (Santa Lucia;
crit.).

Pleristera] mystacea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 476—RuicnenBacu, Syn. Av.
Novit., Columbariae, 1851, pl. 257), fig. 3387 (err. lege 3382).

[Geotrygon] mystacea BonaParte, Compt. Rend., x1, 1855, 100, part (Santa Lucia),
220; xliii, 1856, 943; Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 71 (Santa Lucia; ‘‘Bogota”).—
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 248, no. 9394.—ScLarer and Savin, Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 134.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 24 (Guade-
loupe; Santa Lucia).—SHarrsr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 88.—ForBzs and Rosin-
son, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 146.

Geotrygon mystacea SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 163 (‘‘Santa Fe de
Bogota”); 1871, 267 (Santa Lucia); 1879, 765 (Montserrat)—LaWwRENcE,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 460 (Guadeloupe), 487 (Guadeloupe).— ALLEN,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).—Cory, Ibis, 1886, 475
(Grand Terre); Auk, iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique), 117 (synonymy; descr.;
range); viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua), 48 (St. Croix); Birds West Ind., 1889, 218;
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 10, 97 (Barbuda; Antigua; Montserrat; Guade-
loupe; Grand Terre; Dominica; Martinique; Santa Lucia).—Satvaport,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 572 (Guadeloupe; Montserrat).—VeRRI
(G. E.), Trans. Conn. Ac. Arts and Sci., viii, 1892, 325 (Dominica; habits),—
Ciark (A. H.), West Ind. Bull., xi, no. 3, 1911, 183 (Santa Lucia).

Ofreopeleia] mystacea RetcHEnBacH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 32,
part, pl. 257, fig. 3382 (Santa Lucia; “Santa Fe de Bajota’”’).

Starnoenas mystacea SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 164
(“St. Dominique”; type of Columba mystacea Temminck).

Geotrygon sp. inc. Grispaz, Ibis, 1882, 492 (Montserrat; habits).

@ One specimen.
» Specimens from these islands not seen by me.

476 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

OREOPELEIA MYSTACEA SAB (Riley).

SABA QUAIL-DOVE.

Similar to O. m. mystacea but under parts much more deeply colored,
the foreneck and upper chest rufescent brown (between roods brown
and verona brown), the under parts of body almost wholly buffy
cinnamon, only the center of the abdomen pale buffy; color of
pileum and nape much browner, and suborbital stripe, as well as
chin and upper throat, light buff instead of white.

Adult female—Length (skin), 287; wing, 166; tail, 89; exposed
culmen, 20.5; tarsus, 32; middle toe, 26.%

Island of Saba, Lesser Antilles.

Geotrygon sabe Riey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Feb. 21, 1903, 13 (island of
Saba, Lesser Antilles; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

OREOPELEIA MARTINICA (Linnzus).

MARTINIQUE QUAIL-DOVE.

Similar to O. montana, but much larger and coloration darker,
especially on chest.

Adult male-——Upper parts deep chestnut or brick red, deepening
into rich purplish chestnut on back, scapulars, hindneck, and occi-
put, where faintly glossed with metallic purple, passing into vina-
ceous-fawn color on forehead, the posterior portions somewhat
lighter chestnut; sides of head with a line or narrow stripe of dull
chestnut along lower edge of bare orbital space and an elongated
patch of vinaceous-chestnut involving posterior half (approximately)
of malar region and lower portion of auricular region, the space
between, extending from anterior portion of malar region to upper
portion of auricular region, buff-pinkish—these markings not sharply
defined, and sometimes rather indistinct; chin and throat deep pink-
ish buff or light pinkish cinnamon, passing into russet-vinaceous or
deep brownish vinaceous (more rarely deep vinaceous-fawn color)
on foreneck and chest, the remaining under parts ochraceous-cinna-
mon to ochraceous-buff, the under tail-coverts cinnamon or sayal
brown, margined terminally with paler; axillars and under wing-
coverts deep rufous-tawny to hazel; bill yellowish horn color (red or
reddish in life); iris yellow,® golden,® orange, * or brown;? legs and
feet red (in life); length (skins), 222-282 (264); wing, 144.5-157

@ One specimen (the type). cA. H. Verrill.
oF, A. Ober. @W. W. Brown, jr., and H. S. Branch.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 477

(151.6); tail, 76-89 (82.1); exposed culmen, 10.5-16.5 (13.4); tarsus,
30-36.5 (33.5); middle toe, 24-30 (27.5).¢
Adult female-—Forehead (extensively) sayal brown or mikado
brown; rest of upper parts olive-brown to nearly clove brown, faintly
glossed with greenish bronze, the superciliary and supra-auricular
regions tinged with color of forehead; chin and throat pale buff or dull
pale ochraceous-buff; foreneck and chest light olive-brown to dull
buffy brown, passing into buff, cinnamon-buff, or buffy cinnamon on
rest of under parts, usually more or less intermixed with pale grayish
brown or olive, especially on under tail-coverts, which sometimes
incline toward light rufous-cinnamon; length (skins), 230-277 (251);
wing, 143-159 (148.3); tail, 73.5-91 (82); exposed culmen, 12-15
(13.4); tarsus, 29.5-36 (32.9); middle toe, 24.5-30 (26.2).°
Central Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa
Lucia, and St. Vincent).
[Columba] martinica Linnavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 283 (Martinique; based
on Columba violacea martinicana Brisson, Orn., i, 129, pl. 12, fig. 1)—Gme.in,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 781.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 595.
Columba martinica VinttLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 399.
Goura martinica StePHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 132, part.
(?) Peristera martinica SeuBy, Jardine’s Naturalists’ Libr., v, Pigeons, 1835, 209,
pl. 25 (West Indies).
(2) Oreopeleia martinicana Ruicuensacu, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv.
[Geotrygon] martinica ScLavER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 184.—SHarpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 87—Forpes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900,
145 (Fonds St. Jacques, Santa Lucia).

@ Seventeen specimens. + Eleven specimens.
Ex- <
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle
culmen ey
MALES.
Three adult males from Guadeloupe. .......-..-.--2---. eee eee 155 85 13.2 33 27.7
Seven adult males from Dominica.........-...22-.--2-22.2-0-- 151.7 82 12.9 32.9 27
Two adult males from Martinique............-.2..2-22. 222222. 149.2 78 15 33.5 27,2
Four adult males from Santa Lucia...........-2.....22--22 2-2 150. 6 83.1 13.5 35 27.9
One adult male from St. Vincent..........----..222--+-2202.ee 150 78 13.5 33 26
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Guadeloupe.............-..------e-0-s 153 80.5 14.7 33 26.2
Five adult females from Dominica.............-.-----------065 147.6] 81.2] 129) 319 26.5
Twoadult females from Martinique..............--.-.-.-.----- 146.2 82 14.2 33.7 27
Two adult females from Santa Lucia.......-...-.-.-2-2---2202- 147.5 79 12.5 34.2 26
Two adult females from St. Vincent...........-.---.--++-ese-- 139 75 11.7 29 24

The type of Geotrygon martinica digressa Bangs, from Guadeloupe, is an excep-
tionally large specimen and unusually pale-breasted, though in the latter respect it is
exactly matched by one from Dominica. It is almost certainly an adult male (not
a female, as determined by the collector), and two other adult males from Guadeloupe
are in .every respect similar to specimens from Martinique, Dominica, and other
islands.

478 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Geotrygon martinica Sauvavort, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 570 (Guade-
loupe; Dominica; Santa Lucia; Martinique).

G[eotrygon] martinica martinica Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii, June 9, 1905,
158, in text. .

Columba] cuprea Wacter, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. 76 (Martinique; based
on Columba violacea martinicana Brisson, Orn., i, 129, pl. 12, fig. 1; Pl. Enl.,
pl. 162; etc.).

Pleristera] cuprea SuLsy, Jardine’s Naturalists’ Libr., v, Pigeons, 1835, pl. xxv.—
Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845; 476.—(?) Rurcuenpacs, Syn. Av., 1847, fig. 1439.

Columba montana (not of Linnzeus, 1758) Lesson, Compl. Buffon, Ois., viii, 1837,
6, part; 2d ed., 1838, 270.

Pleristera] montana Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 476.

Geotrygon montana Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 67° (Dominica;
habits; descr. eggs), 196 (St. Vincent; habits); i, 1879, 360 (Martinique;
habits), 487 (Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Vincent).—Atzen,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia)—Cory, Ibis, 1886, 473
(St. Vincent); Auk, iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique); viii, 1891, 48 (Guadeloupe);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 219, part; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97 (Guade-
loupe; Dominica; Martinique; Santa Lucia; St. Vincent).—Scrarter, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia).—Verritt (G. E.), Trans. Conn,
Ac. Arts and Sci., viii, 1892, 324 (Dominica; habits; descr. nest and eggs;
fresh colors of unfeathered parts).—Ciarx (A. H.), Auk, xx, 1905, 262, part
(extinct on St. Vincent); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 263, part (St.
Vincent); West Ind. Bull., xi, no. 3, 1911, 183 (Santa Lucia).

Geotrygon martinica digressa Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii, June 9, 1905,
153 (Guadeloupe Island, Lesser Antilles; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).

OREOPELEIA MONTANA (Linnezus).
RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE.

Similar to O. martinica, but decidedly smaller and lighter in color.

Adult male-—General color of upper parts chestnut or rufous-
chestnut, fading into cinnamon-rufous on forehead, the wings some-
what lighter and more cinnamomeous, especially on distal portion of
primaries, the hindneck and back (sometimes nape and occiput also)
faintly glossed with metallic reddish purple; a broad stripe of pinkish
cinnamon (more or less deep), involving anterior portion of malar
region and extending beneath bare orbital space, to (sometimes
across) auricular region; beneath this (except anteriorly) a broad
stripe or elongated patch of chestnut or rufous-chestnut, confluent
posteriorly with the similar color of the hindneck; chin and throat light
pinkish cinnamon, the former paler, sometimes buffy whitish; fore-
neck and chest vinaceous-fawn color to mikado brown (more rarely),
fading, through light vinaceous-cinnamon or buff-pink on breast, into
warm buff (more or less deep) on more posterior under parts, the
sides and flanks tinged more or less with buffy cinnamon or clay
color, the under tail-coverts paler buffy cinnamon or dull cinnamon-
buff, fading into buff on margins; axillars and whole under side of
wing dull light cinnamon-rufous or pecan brown; bill purplish red
to blood red, the tip brownish or dusky; bare orbital space, legs, and

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 479

feet purplish red to pale lake red; iris ocher yellow, orange, dusky
orange, brownish orange, or reddish brown; length (skins), 207-27&
(229); wing, 131-149.5 (139.7); tail, 64.5-89 (77); exposed culmen,
10-13.5 (12.3); tarsus, 26-31 (27.9); middle toe, 19-26 (23.8).%

Adult female.—Very different in coloration from the adult male.
Upper parts light olive-brown or deep drab to dark brownish olive or
deep sepia brown, becoming much paler and more rufescent (wood
brown to dull cinnamon) on forehead and superciliary region, the
back, etc., faintly glossed with greenish bronze (at least in fresh
plumage); suborbital and auricular regions and anterior portion
of malar region similar in color to forehead and superciliary region,
darkening below into darker cinnamon-brownish, forming a more or
less distinct elongated patch; chin and throat buffy white to deep
pinkish buff or pale cinnamon-buff; foreneck and chest dull cinnamon
to deep cinnamon, buffy wood brown, dull snuff brown, or bister,
fading into buff (more or less deep) on abdomen, the flanks more or
less suffused or intermixed with color of chest; under tail-coverts dull
buffy, passing into paler buff or buffy white on margins, often with a
deeper buff mesial streak; axillars and under wing-coverts mostly
light dull buff to cinnamon-buff, the under surface of remiges rufous-
cinnamon or light mikado brown, passing into light grayish brown
terminally; length (skins), 187-260 (229); wing, 127-145 (136.6);
tail, 65-84 (73.7); exposed culmen, 8-13.5 (11.2); tarsus, 25-29.5
(27.4); middle toe, 21-25.5 (23.2) .®

a Highty-six specimens. b Fifty-five specimehs.

Locality Wing. | Tail. ance Tarsus.| Middle

: culmen.| ‘| toe.

MALES

Tenadult males from Cuba........--------- +202 eee eee eee eee 142.1 79.5 11.6 27.7 23. ¢
Three adult males from Isle of Pines...............2--.200200-- 143.2 78.3 11.8 27.8 23.5
Nine adult males from Haiti........-.....-2.2. 000. e eee ee eee 142, 2 79.9 11.1 29.1 23.6
Ten adult males from Jamaica.........-..--.---------+--- eee ee 142.2 77.9 11.3 29.1 24.€
Six adult males from Porto Rico............+------++2--+-c0ees 140.2 77.2 11.5 27.9 24.2
Four adult meles from Grenada........-20eees----eerne ne seniees 143 75,1. 11,7) 2.5 24.4

One adult male from tierra caliente of Mexico (Vera Cruz?)....} 146 82 ll 26.5 22

One adult male from Tabasco........-----2----. cee eee eee ee eens 141 73 13 28.5 24

One adult male from Sinaloa..........-.----+--- +22 eee eee ee eee 143 86 1 29 26
Three adult males from Guatemala........--.-.--.----+----+-- 140.7 76.7 W.2] 28 23.1
Seven adult males from British Honduras..........-----.----- 138.6 74.7 11,4 27.9 23.4
Four adult males from Nicaragua.........-.-------+0---eeeeeee 138.5 74.9 11.6 29 24,4
Six adult males from Costa Rica.........-.-.00-+-eeeee eee eee 137.2} 72.6] 11 28.5 23. §

Seven adult males from Panama..........-----+---+--+e--+- eee 136.8 72.1 11.2 28 24
Fiveadult males from Colombia...........---------+----eee eee 135, 2 72,2 11.9 27.4 23.8
Twoadult males from Venezuela......-..-------+222 ee eeeee eee 137.2] 72.5 | 10.7 28 23.5
Fiveadultmalesfrom Brazil. .......-.-..--2-+2-e eee ee eee eee eee 135. 8 76.4 10.5 27.4 23.1

Oneadult male from western Ecuador .......------------------ 131 70.5) 10.5 | 26 19
Oneadult male from Bolivia... .-..-sreeeseeee eerste ee eres renee 136 14. DB" asiciomeais 27 it

480 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young male.—Very different in coloration from adults. Pileum,
hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and remiges
olive-brown, paler and slightly cinnamomeous on forehead; inter-
scapulars, scapulars, and proximal secondaries with a terminal,
broadly triangular spot of rufous-cinnamon or mikado brown,
margined anteriorly by a more or less distinct bar of darker olive-
brown, or dusky; upper tail-coverts and rectrices tipped with
rufous-cinnamon, the former with a subterminal bar of dusky; wing-
coverts rufous-cinnamon or mikado brown, passing into olive-brown
basally; remiges edged, more or less distinctly, with rufous-cinnamon;
under parts mostly pale brownish buff, the chest dull rufous-cinnamon
or mikado brown.

Young female.—Upper parts, including wing-coverts, dark olive-
brown or brownish olive, faintly glossed with bronze-greenish;
wing-coverts tipped with light russet or mikado brown, producing a
conspicuous transverse spotting, the scapulars more narrowly tipped

(Footnote continued from page 479.)

Locality. Wing.| Tail. ood Tarsus,| Middle
culmen, és
FEMALES.
One adult female from Cuba............002 0. eens eee ee eee eee ee 135.5 75 12 26.5 22.5
Threeadult females from Isle of Pines «of BZ BS 11.8, 27 23.5
Nineadult females from Haiti.............. --| 138.9] 73.6 10.2] 27.9 23.6
Fiveadultfemales from Jamaica............2-02 0. sees eee eee 140.2 77 11.8 27.7 23.3
Oneadultfemalefrom Porto Rico...........2--22--22e-0eee22- 139 81 12 28 23.5
Four adult females from Grenada... --| 189.4 75.1 11.9 28. 4 2.7
Two adult females from Vera Cruz.......-...-----222--222e22--- 137.5 72.7 10.2 26.7 23.2
One adult female from Tabasco. .......---------- 222-22 seen eee 141 76 11 27 24.5
One adult female from Guatemala.........-.. 137 71.5 11 27.5 2
Twoadult females from British Honduras. ... 136 75.2 10.7 26 21.7
Five adult females from Nicaragua......... Ose, --| 133.9 72.1)- 11.3 27.3 22.9
Twelve adult females from Costa Rica........-.....-.-2------- 135.2] 72.2 11.1 27.4 23.2
Three adult females from western Panama.............-.------ 136, 2 71.5 9.3 26.7 22.3
Three adult females from Colombia ee --| 185.2 72.2 11.1 27.4 23.2
One adult female from Venezuela............-.----22- 22 ee eee 132 79 12 26.5 22
Two adult females from Bolivia................22000ceee sees eee 128.5 | 70.5 |....-.-- 26 21.5

While convinced that subdivision of this species, to a greater or less extent, will
eventually be required, I am not able, even with a very considerable amount of
material, to make out satisfactorily any well-defined forms. Few other land birds
have so extensive a geographic range; for, while many species inhabit practically the
whole extent of continental tropical America, this occurs also in many of the West
India islands. The series examined is, however, very meager from certain parts of
the range of the species, and many more specimens from such localities will be neces-
sary to determine the question of subspecific division. The individual variation, both
in measurements and coloration, is very considerable in any locality, and this, of course,
must be taken into account. As may be seen from the above measurements, speci-
mens from British Honduras and southward average decidedly smaller than those from
Mexico and the West Indies,

1

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 481
8

with the same; under parts pale brownish buff to dull buffy white,
the foreneck and chest grayish brown, with feathers more or less
distinctly tipped (broadly) with pale cinnamon or pale russet.
Greater Antilles and whole of continental tropical America. Cuba
(San Diego de los Bafios; Hato Jicarito; Trinidad; Monte Verde;
Guam; San Pablo; San Cristébal; Figuabas; Guanténamo). Isle of
Pines (La Vega; Pasadita; Callebonita). Haiti (Puerta Plata, La
Vega, Saman4é, Sanchez, Catare, Almercén, and La Cafiita, Santo
Domingo). Jamaica (near Spanishtown; Moneague; Trelawney; St.
Anns; New Castle; Metcalf Parish; Priestman’s River). Porto Rico
(Maricao; Caguas; Aibonito). St. Thomas. Vera Cruz (Cérdova;
Jalapa; Orizaba; Vega del Casadero; Potrero, near Cordova; Mirador;
Motzorongo). Sinaloa (Arroyo de Limones, 3500 ft.). Tabasco
(Teapa). Yucatan (Teméx). British Honduras (Orange Walk;
Toledo District; Manatee River; near Manatee Lagoon). Guatemala
(Choctfim; Savana Grande; near Puerto Barrio). Nicaragua (Volcan
de Chinandega; La Viz4gua; Chontales; Pefia Blanca; Rio Coco; La
Libertad; Savalé and Tuma, Matagalpa). Costa Rica (Angostura;
Orési; San Carlos; Birris de Cartago; Cerro de Santa Maria; El
Gener4él; Volcén de Miravalles; Cenosta Mana; Savanilla de Pirris;
Pozo Azil de Pirris; El Pozo del Rio Grande; El Pozo de Térraba;
Boruca; Buenos Aires; Tenério). Panamé (Volcén de Chiriquf,
Boquerén, Boquete, and Divala, Chiriqui; Veragua; Cana and San
Pablo Station, Canal Zone). Colombia (Bogotaé; near Honda, To-
lima; Rio Lima, near Pavas; Bonda, Don Diego, Don Amo, La
Tigrera, and Las Vegas, Santa Marta). Venezuela (upper Rio Caura;
Lagunita de Aroa; San Julian; Margarita Island). British Guiana
(Demerara; Bartica Grove; Camacusa; Merumé Mts.; Roraima, 3500
ft.). Dutch Guiana (Suriném). French Guiana (Cayenne). Trini-
dad. Brazil (Rio Capim; Pardé; Diamantina, near Santarém; Per-
nambuco; Tara, Rio Amazonas; Humaytha, Rio Madeira; Rio Puris;
upper Rio Negro; Mucuri; Caravellas; Belmonte; Porto Seguro; Mari-
batanas; Bahia; Chapada, Matto Grosso; Santa Catarina; Taquara,
Rio Grande do Sul; Sao Paulo, Iguapa, Cantogallo and Novo Fri-
bourgo, Sdo Paulo). Paraguéy (upper Rio Paran4). Bolivia dower
Rio Beni). Peru (Rio Ucayali; Apollo; Tilotilo; Monterico; Cococho;
Tarma; Rio Cadena; Safiaca). Ecuadér (Guayaquil; Valle de Za-
mora; Valle del Rio Santiago; Foreste del Rio Peripa).
[Columba] montana Linnazvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 163 (Jamaica; based on
Columba minor fulva Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 119, pl. 119; Sloane, Jamaica,

ai, 304, pl. 261, fig. 1; Perdizx montana Ray Aves., 183); ed. 12, i, 1766, 281.—
GmMeEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 772.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 594.

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——-31

482

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
s

Columba montana Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 395 (Jamaica;

Cayenne).—Bonnarerre, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 231, pl. 76. fig. 2.—
Verio, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 396 (Santo Domingo; Ja-
maica).—Maximiuian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 479.—D’ ORBIGNY, in
La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 178 (large ed., p. 131).—Brvanr,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 191 (Porto Rico); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 257
(Porto Rico); xi, 1867, 96 (Santo Domingo).

Columba] montana Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 492 ( America

calidiore”’).

Goura montana SterHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 180. ; .
Peristera montana Gray, List Galline Brit. Mus., 1844, 15; List Birds Brit. Mus.,

Columbee, 1856, 55 (Jamaica; Santo Domingo; Mexico; South America).—
HarriauB, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 20.—Reicuensaca, Syn. Av.
Novit., Columbariae, 1847, fig. 1432.—Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 375.

Pleristera] montana Cazanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 744.
Geotrygon montana Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 320; Naturalist’s Soj. Jamaica,

1851, 173.—Bonaparts, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 100 (6. U. S.; Bahamas;
“Bermuda”; Porto Rico)—Casanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1856, 109 (Cuba;
habits)—Scniater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 309 (Cordova, Vera Cruz);
1857, 19 (Bogota, Colombia); 1859, 368 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1861, 80 (Jamaica);
Rev. List Birds Jamaica, 1910, 19.—Sazz#, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857,
235 (Santo Domingo; habits)—Atprecut, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 204 (Ja-
maica).—Tayrtor, Ibis, 1864, 171 (Porto Rico; habits) —ScuatTer and Satvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 198 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 591 (upper
Rio Negro and Para, Brazil), 753 (e. Peru); 1873, 306 (e. Peru); 1879, 640
(Appollo and Tilotilo, Bolivia); Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1867, 78, 79—LawRENce,
Ann, Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 135 (Angostura, Costa Rica); Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., i, 1879, 276 (Grenada; descr. nest and eggs), 487, part (Grenada).—
Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 371 (Orosi, Costa Rica).—Sumicurast,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 560 (tierra caliente of Vera Cruz).—Sa.vin,
Ibis, 1870, 217 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama); 1886, 174 (Bartica Grove,
Camacusa, Merume Mts., and Roraima, 3500 ft., Brit. Guiana).—BEr.epscu,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 248 (Santa Catarina, s. Brazil; synonymy; crit.); 1887,
124 (Paraguay); Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 296 (Cayenne).— Taczanowsk1, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 556 (Monterico, centr. Peru); 1882, 48 (Cococho, n. e.
Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 260.—Gunbtac#, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 294
(Cuba; habits); Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 135 (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs);
Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 162 (habits; descr. eggs).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, 43 (San Carlos, Costa Riea)—Brrierscu and Inerine,
Zeitschr. Orn., 1885, 178 (Taquara, etc., Rio Grande do Sul, s. Brazil).—
Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 132 (Puerta Plata and Samana, Santo
Domingo); Auk, iv, 1887, 118 (synonymy; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889,
219; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 97, part (Cuba; Isle of Pines; Jamaica; Porto
Rico; Haiti; Grenada).—Wetzs, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 625 (Grenada;
habits; descr. nest and eggs).—ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. B., i, 1888, 127
(Angostura and Birris de Cartago, Costa Rica).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., ii, 1889, 106 (lower Rio Beni, Bolivia); v, 1898, 149 (Chapada, Maitto-
grosso, Brazil); xiii, 1900, 128 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia).—Scorr,
Auk, vi, 1889, 160 (Key West, Florida, Dec. 10, 1888); ix, 1892, 124 (Jamaica;

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 483

descr. nest and eggs)—AmERICAN OrniTHoLocists’ Union CommiTrre,
Auk, vii, 1890, 62; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 822.1; 8d ed., 1910, 151.—
Riser and Cuapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 162 (Diamantina, lower Amazon).—
Benvire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds (i), 1892, 154.—CHapman, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 293 (San Pablo, s. Cuba; habits); iv, 1894, 74 (Trini-
dad).—Satvapont, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 567 (Vega del Casadero,
Vera Cruz; Temax, Yucatan; Orange Walk, Brit. Hond.; Choctum and
Savana Grande, Guatemala; Chinandega and La Libertad, Nicaragua;
Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama, and San Pablo Station, Panama; San Cristobal,
Cuba; Jamaica; La Vega and Puerta Plata, Santo Domingo; Grenada; nu-
merous South American localities) —CHErriz, Contr. Orn, San Dom., 1896,
24.—KoEnIcswaLp, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 391 (So Paulo, s. Brazil).—
Unprrwoon, Ibis, 1896, 447 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica).—InERiIne,
Revista Mus. Paul., iii, 1899, 404 (Iguapa, Sao Paulo); iv, 1900, 163 (Canto-
gallo and Novo Fribourgo, Séo Paulo), 283 (descr. eggs); vi, 1904, 342 (Para-
guay).—SaLvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1900,
86 (Valle del Zamora and Valle del Rio Santiago, e. Ecuador; Foreste del
Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).—Baneas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 23
(Boquete, Panama, 4,000 ft.); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292 (Boruca and El Pozo
de Terraba, Costa Rica).—Berierpsca and Stronzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1902, 44 (Tarma, centr. Peru); Ornis, xiii, 1906, 125 (Rio Cadena and
Safiaca, Peru).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., iii, 1902, 265
(Key West, Florida; Mirador, Vega de Casadero, Cordova, Jalapa, and Potrero,
Vera Cruz; Temax, Yucatan; Orange Walk, Brit. Honduras; Choctum and
Savana Grande, Guatemala; La Libertad and Chinandega, Nicaragua;
Angostura, Orosi, Savanilla de Pirris, San Carlos, Birris de Cartago, and
Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica; Divala, Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui, and
San Pablo Station, Panama; Ecuador; Amazonia; Guiana; Brazil; West
Indies).—Gorxp1, Ibis, 1903, 479, in text, 499 (Rio Capim, n. e. Brazil) —
Banos and Zaprry, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 197 (Isle of Pines).—CharKk
(A. H.), Auk, xx, 1905, 262 (extinct on St. Christopher); Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xxxii, 1905, 263, part (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—
Muer (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 343 (Arroyo de Li-
mones, s. Sinaloa).—Hetimarr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 407 (Humaytha,
Rio Madeira, Brazil)—Sneruiace, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 22 (Rio Purus,
w. Brazil); Boll. Mus. Goeldi, v, 1908, 68 (Rio Purus).—Mernecaux, Rev.
Frang. d’Orn., i, no. 2, 1909, 30 (Figuabas and Guantanamo, e. Cuba).—
Verrmu (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 357 (Santo
Domingo; habits)—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 404 (Pozo
Azul, Buenos Aires, Tenorio, El General, Cerro Santa Maria, El Pozo de
Terraba, and Boruca, Costa Rica, crit.; habits; descr. nest)—DAaBBENE,
Orn. Argent., 1910, 410 (upper Rio Parana).

[Geotrygon] montana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 72.—Gunbiacg, Journ. fir
Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba); 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1878, 161 (Porto Rico).—
ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 184.—Cory, List Birds West
Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 24.SHarps, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87—Forpes and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 145 (Mexico; Jamaica; Cayenne;
Bahia, Brazil).

Gleotrygon] montana Ripaway, Man. N. i, Birds, 1887, 217.

Geotrygon montanus Satvin and ScrateEr, Ibis, 1860, 401 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).

Oreopeleia montana ReicHENBACG, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv.—PELZELN, Orn.
Bras., 1870, 279 (crit. in footnote), 451.

484 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Ofreopeleia] montana Retcuensacn, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861, 31, pl.
266, figs. 2882, 2883 (Jamaica; Cuba; Key West; localities in Brazil); ii,
1862, 165.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rieway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii,
1874, 393.

[Oreopeleia] montana Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 242, no. 9874.

Oreopelia montana Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 306.—CaBanis,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1874, 230 (Brazil).

[Oropelia] montana Heine and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 285
(Rio Grande do Sul, s. Brazil; Cuba).

Starnoenas montana ScuLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 165
(Surinam; Brazil).

[Columba martinicana] 8 Guztin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 781, part.

(?) Columba martinica (not Linnzus?) TemMIncK and Knipe, Pigeons, i, fam. trois.,
1808-11, pls. 5, 6.—Trmmincx, Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 400, 433.

(?)C[olumba] martinica Licutenstern, Vérz. Doubl., 1823, 66.

Geotrygon cayennensis Bonararte, Compt. Rend., x1, 1855, 100 (St. Thomas; crit.),

(?) Starnoenas cuprea (not Columba cuprea Wagler, 1827) ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-
Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 165 (Maribitanas, Brazil; Demerara;
Surinam).

Geotrygon
(Panama).

2 Schater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 370

OREOPELEIA VIOLACEA ALBIVENTER (Lawrence).

WHITE-BELLIED QUAIL-DOVE.

Similar to O. v. violacea,* but color of forehead and cheeks more
vinaceous and purple or violet gloss on back more pronounced.

Adult male.—Forehead pale ecru-drab, tinged with pinkish or
vinaceous; crown, occiput, and nape dark purple-drab glossed with
purple-bronze, passing into vinaceous-gray laterally and anteriorly;
hindneck deep brownish brightly glossed with metallic purple or violet,
the back deep chestnut or chestnut-brown glossed with metallic
purple or violet; rest of upper parts, including remiges and tail,
chestnut-brown, bay, or dull chestnut, the primaries rather lighter
or clearer chestnut; sides of head dull vinaceous-grayish, much paler
and more vinaceous (like color of forehead) anteriorly and beneath
bare orbital space, passing into dull vinaceous-lilac on foreneck and
chest, the remaining under parts immaculate buffy white, becoming
more pinkish buffy anteriorly; axillars and proximal wing-coverts
white, or mostly white, the distal under wing-coverts dull chestnut
or deep vinaceous-russet, the under surface of remiges wholly clear
vinaceous-russet; bill brownish (in dried skins); legs and feet pale
brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 213-235 (224); wing, 136-

@ See p. 469. Specimens of the South American form have not been available for
comparison, and the differential character are therefore taken from Messrs. Salvin and
Godman, in Biol. Cent.-Am., Aves, ili, 265.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 485

150 (142); tail, 72-92 (79.9); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.8);
tarsus, 25-27 (26); middle toe, 21.5-23 (22.1).4
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but coloration much duller;
scapulars, greater wing-coverts, alulez, primary coverts, and terminal
portion of primaries olive-brown instead of chestnut; metallic gloss
on back much less distinct, sometimes coppery bronze instead of
purple or violet; crown, occiput, and hindneck decidedly brown, with
metallic gloss very faint or altogether absent; foreneck and chest dull
buffy grayish, with little if any vinaceous tinge, and distal under wing-
coverts brown instead of vinaceous-russet; length (skins), 210-245
(227); wing, 135-146 (139.7); tail, 73.5-85 (79.5); exposed culmen,
13.5-14.5 (14); tarsus, 25-26:5 (25.8); middle toe, 21-21.5 (21.2).
Young.—Above olive-brown, passing into dull chestnut on upper
tail-coverts and tail, the interscapulars, scapulars, at least some of
the wing-coverts, and proximal secondaries, rather broadly tipped or
terminally margined with russet or cinnamon and with a subterminal
bar of dusky; crown, occiput, and nape dusky brown, the first, at
least, with rusty brown tips to the feathers; foreneck and chest
grayish brown or brownish gray, the feathers broadly tipped with
cinnamon and with a rather broad subterminal bar of darker grayish
brown, or dusky; otherwise, much as in adult female; bill brownish;
iris brown.®
Nicaragua (Pefia Blanca), Costa Rica (Tenério; Volcin de Mira-
valles; Angostura, in valley of Rio Reventazén, 2,000 ft.), Panamaé
(Lion Hill; Cerro Azil, 1,000 ft), and Colombia (Cacagualito and
Don Diego, Santa Marta).
Geotrygon violacea? (not Columba violacea Temminck and Knip, 1808-11) Law-
_ RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1872, 477 (Lion Hill Panama; crit.; descr.
adult male).

Geotrygon violacea Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 565, part
(Panama).—Unprrwoop, Ibis, 1896, 447 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica;

habits).
@ Five specimens. b Three specimens.
Ex- .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. mone
‘culmen 8.
MALES,
One adult male from Nicaragua (Pefia Blanca)...-.......--.-- 142 7 15 26 22.5
Three adult males from Costa Rica........-.-----222-.e2e eee 144 81 14.7 26.3 22
One adult male from Panama (Lion Hill?)................---- 136 79.5 15 25 22
FEMALES.
One adult female from Costa Rica.........2..20222.- eee eee e eee 138 80 14 26 21
One adult female from middle Panama (Cerro Azul).......-...- 135 73.5 13.5 25 21.5
One adult female from Colombia (Don Diego, Santa Marta)..... 146 85 14.5 26.5 21

¢ Mrs. H. H. Smith.

486 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Geotrygon] violacea SctarrR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 184, part.—
Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 87, part (Costa Rica).

Geotrygon albiventer Lawnence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 108 ({Lion Hill]
Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 185 (Angos-
tura, Costa Rica).—Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 371 (Costa Rica).—ZEtE-
pén, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127 (Costa Rica) —Satvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 265 (Angostura and Volcan de Miravalles,
Costa Rica; Lion Hill, Panama).—Bawnes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, 1909,
30 (Tenorio, Costa Rica).

[Oreopeleia] albiventer Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 242, no. 9377.

Gleotrygon] v[tolacea] albiventer Hettmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 384, in text
(crit.).

Geotrygon violacea albiventer CanRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 404 (Tenorio
and Miravalles, Costa Rica; crit.).

G[eotrygon] albiventris Sctarer and Savin, Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1868, 78, in
text (Panama).

OREOPELEIA VERAGUENSIS (Lawrence).
VERAGUA QUAIL-DOVE.

Lighter phase.

Adulis (sexes alike).—¥Forehead white, passing into gray on middle
of crown, this into dark purplish gray (vinaceous-slate) on occiput
and nape, which are faintly glossed with purple; hindneck and rest
of upper parts dark olive-brown, becoming more grayish posteriorly
(the tail and primaries deep brownish gray), the hindneck and back
faintly glossed with bronze (more brightly on hindneck), the extreme
upper back glossed with purplish; a broad white stripe extending
from beneath the lores to end of auricular region; a broad malar
stripe of dark brownish gray, merging posteriorly into the olive of
sides of neck; chin and median portion of throat white, more or less
tinged with brown posteriorly; rest of neck, together with chest,
plain olive or deep brownish gray, glossed (most strongly on sides of
neck) with bronze or bronzy purple, the color of chest passing gradu-
ally into light brownish gray on breast and anterior portion of sides;
flanks and posterior portion of sides light buffy cinnamon, the
abdomen and anal region pale cream-buff to buffy white; under tail-
coverts deep brownish gray, broadly tipped with pale buffy cinna-
mon or cinnamon-buff; axillars and under wing-coverts buffy cinna-
mon; bill black; iris straw-yellow to pale gray; bare orbital space
‘‘purplish blood red”’; legs and feet pinkish blood red.

Dark phase.

Similar to the lighter phase, but coloration much darker, the fore-
head buffy to light pinkish cinnamon, the flanks, etc., deep cinna-
mon or sayal brown, the whole neck, chest, and breast strongly
glossed with purple.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 4847

Adult male.—Length (skins), 209-245 (230); wing, 127-135 (132);
tail, 71-76.5 (74.5); exposed culmen, 15.5-18 (16.8); tarsus, 34-37
(35.6); middle toe, 23-26.5 (25.1).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 213-217 (215); wing, 130-131
(130.5); tail, 66-70 (68); exposed culmen, 17.5-18 (17.8); tarsus,
33-36 (34.5); middle toe, 25.5—26.5 (26).°

Eastern Costa Rica (El Hogar; Cuébre; Rio Reventazén; Tala-
manca) and western and middle Panam& (Verégua; Montafia de
Vermejo; Agua Dulce; Cascajal, Coclé; Puerto Bello).

Geotrygon veraguensis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1867, 349
(Veragua; coll. J. K. Merritt)—Sctarer and Savin, Exotic Orn., 1869,
78._Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 328 (crit.), pl. 12—Satvapor1, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxi, 1893, 575 (Montafia de Vermejo and Agua Dulce, Panama).—
Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 267 (Talamanca,
Costa Rica; Agua Dulce and Montafia de Vermejo, Panama).—CaRRIKER,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 405 (Rio Reventazon, Cuabre, and El Hogar,
Costa Rica; crit.; habits).

[Geotrygon] veraguensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 243, no. 9401.—SHarre, Hand-
list; i, 1899, 88.—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 146.

Geotrygon rufiventris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1875, 90 (Tala-
manca, e. Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.;=dark phase).—RowWLzy,
Orn. Misc., iii, pt. xii, 1878, 77, 78, pl. 92.—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac.
C. R., i, 1888, 127 (Costa Rica).—Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1902, pl. 70.

OREOPELEIA COSTARICENSIS (Lawrence).
COSTA RICAN QUAIL-DOVE.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead buff or pinkish buff; crown, occi-
put, and nape deep slate-gray, tinged with olive-greenish, becoming
paler and more bluish gray anteriorly (next to buff of forehead) and

a Seven specimens. b Two specimens.
Ex- ,
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. wae
iculmen 8.
MALES.
Three adult males from Costa Rica........-...---+---0--00--+- 181.5 74,5 16.5 85. 2 25
One adult male (?) from Costa Rica (type of Geotrygon rufiven-

tris LAWIENCS). ccse sews aedisecpies Heroes sieelgrinneresase cm tecccs 133 42 [oweisrretee 35.5 25.5
One adult male from Veragua, western Panama (type ol G.

‘PeHAPUENGIS) |= a). wsaciescissecinae aeeweeedeReeeeteeeeese=eeeteds 127 72 16 35 25
One adult male from Cascajal, Cocle, middle Panama.......... 135 72 17.5 37 24
One adult male from Puerto Bello, middle Panama.........-.. 134.5] 72 18 36 26

FEMALES.
One adult female from Costa Rica....-...-.--..--++--+-++--++- 130 66 18 33 25.5
One adult female from Cascajal, Cocle, Panama........-.-----. 131 70 17.5] 36 26.5

488 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

on supra-auricular region; hindneck more greenish than pileum,
with a soft gloss of bronze-green in certain lights; rest of upper parts
deep reddish brown, deeper (hessian brown) on back, scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts, lighter (between prussian red and
cameo brown) on middle and greater wing-coverts, the primaries
and distal secondaries grayish dusky; four middle rectrices dark red-
dish brown, the remainder grayish dusky or dusky gray (darker sub-
terminally) tipped with dull light gray; malar and suborbital regions
white, tinged with buff anteriorly, passing into gray on auricular
region; beneath this white and gray area a conspicuous line of black,
extending from side of middle throat to beneath lower end of auric-
ular region; chin and upper throat dull white; foreneck, sides of
neck, and chest deep gull gray slightly darker, and tinged with semi-
metallic olive-green laterally, fading into paler gray on breast;
median portion of lower breast, abdomen, and anal region very pale
buff, the under tail-coverts similar but with basal portion of the
feathers brownish gray or grayish brown; sides olive-brown, the
flanks light buffy grayish brown; axillars and under wing-coverts
grayish brown; bill dusky, the basal portion of tomia and mandible
carmine;¢ iris dark brown; bare orbital space carmine; * legs and
feet carmine, soles of toes whitish.# :

Young.—Conspicuously different in coloration from adults. Fore-
head dull whitish, more or less tinged with rusty brown or cinna-
mon; crown, occiput, and hindneck dusky gray, faintly glossed with
bluish green or bronze-green; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail- °
coverts, proximal secondaries, and some of wing-coverts dull chest-
nut or bay, indistinctly though rather broadly barred with dusky,
the feathers sometimes narrowly tipped with cinnamon or pale
rusty; foreneck and chest distinctly barred with dusky brownish gray
and pale cinnamon or dull cinnamon-buff, the remaining under parts
also more or less vermiculated, or freckled, with cinnamon-buff pre-
dominating on center of abdomen.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 240-285 (251); wing, 136-145 (140.5);
tail, 72-82.5 (78.6); exposed culmen, 12-15.5 (13.3); tarsus, 38-43
(40.6); middle toe, 28-32 (30.2).°

@ José C. Zeledén, manuscript. b Twelve specimens.
Ex- *
Locality. _| Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. rr
iculmen m
MALES.
Nine adult males from Costa Rica. .........022 02. eceeceeeeeees 141.9 79.6 13.4 40.6 30.2
Three adult males from western Panama (Chiriqui) ........... 136 75.5 13 40.8 30.3

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 489

Adult female.—Length (skins), 247; wing, 137; tail, 79; exposed
culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 41.5; middle toe, 28.¢
Highlands of Costa Rica (Burgos de Irazi; La Estrella de Cartago;
Azahér de Cartago; Cerro de la Candelaria; Las Cruces de Cande-
laria, 3,000-4,000feet; Escazi; Rancho Redondo; Carrillo; Turrialba;
Cariblanco de Sarapiqu{; Cordillera de Talamanca, 7,000feet; Tenério;
Cachi) and western Panama (Boquete; Volcén de Chiriqu{, 7,000-
10,000 feet).

Geotrygon costaricensis Lawruncs, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, 1868, 136
(Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869,
371 (Las Cruces de Candelaria, Costa Rica)—Row.try, Or. Misc., iii, pt.
xi, 1877, 43-46, pl. 87.—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 43 (Cerro
de la Candelaria, Costa Rica, 3,000-4,000 ft.; habits) —Ripeway, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 498 (Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica), 502 (San Jose, Costa
Rica).—Zeuepdén, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127 (Rancho Redondo,
Costa Rica).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 24 (Boquete
and Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,000-10,000 ft., Panama); Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
xix, 1906, 102 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; crit.)—Satvapor1, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 577 (La Candelaria, Costa Rica).—Sanvin and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 267 (San Jose, Las Cruces de Can-
delaria, Candelaria Mts., Volcan de Irazu, Azahar de Cartago, La Estrella
de Cartago, Turrialba, Carrillo, and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica).—Car-
RIKER, Ann. Carmmegie Mus., vi, 1910, 406 (Burgos, La Estrella, Volcan de
Turrialba, Cachi, Irazu, Escazu, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, and Cordillera
de Talamanca, 7,000 ft., Costa Rica; crit.).

[Geotrygon] costaricensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 243, no. 9400.—Scrater and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 134.—SHarps, Hand-list, i, 1899, 88.—
Forzes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 146.

Gleotrygon] costaricensis Sauvin, Ibis, 1874, 328, in text (crit.).

Geotrygon lawrencii (not of Salvin, 1874) Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1902, 266, part (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama).

OREOPELEIA LAWRENCEI (Salvin).

LAWRENCE'S QUAIL-DOVE.

Resembling O. costaricensis, but forehead grayish white (instead of
buffy), hindneck duller and more grayish green, back dull dark pur-
ple (anthracene purple) instead of purplish hessian brown, and
wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-brown (instead of
chestnut-brown).

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead very pale bluish gray or grayish
white anteriorly passing, through deeper bluish gray, into greenish
. deep neutral gray on occiput and nape; hindneck and extreme upper
back semimetallic deep olive, abruptly defined against a dark pur-
plish brown (semimetallic anthracene purple) triangular area covering
the interscapular region; scapulars, rump, and proximal secondaries
plain deep grayish olive, the wing-coverts similar but more brownish
(olive-brown), the upper tail-coverts both darker and browner; alule,

@ One specimen (from western Panama),

490 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

primary coverts, primaries, and distal secondaries grayish dusky,
the longer primaries narrowly and indistinctly edged with paler
beyond their emarginations; four middle rectrices nearly concolor
with upper tail-coverts, the remainder deep neutral gray, crossed
by a broad subterminal band of darker; malar and suborbital regions,
chin, and throat grayish white to pure white; a line or narrow stripe
of black extending beneath suborbital and auricular regions, and a
shorter and less conspicuous one from anterior margin of bare orbital
space to rictus; foreneck and chest clear bluish gray (deep gull gray)
becoming lighter and more bluish on breast; abdomen very pale buff
of buffy white; flanks buffy brown or wood brown, becoming some-
what darker on sides and axillars; under wing-coverts grayish brown;
bill red basally (in life), black terminally, with a broad pale streak
on gonys; iris red; legs and feet reddish (in life).

Young.—Very different in coloration from adults. Above dark
olive, the interscapulars, scapulars, wing-coverts, etc., margined
terminally with pale wood brown and with a narrow subterminal
bar or crescentic line of dusky, the pileum narrowly barred with the
same; foreneck, chest, and breast distinctly barred with light buffy
brown or wood brown and dusky; otherwise, much as in adults.

Adult male.—Length (skin), 258; wing, 141; tail, 80; exposed cul-
men, 13.5; tarsus, 43; middle toe, 27.5.%

Adult female—Length (skin), 253; wing, 141; tail, 81; exposed
culmen, 138; tarsus, 39; middle toe, 28.4

Costa Rica (Cariblanco de Sarapiquf; Tenério; Carrillo) and
western Panam4é (Calobre and Sante Fe, Verégua).

Geotrygon veraguensis (not of Lawrence) Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,

159 (Veragua).

Geotrygon lawrencii Satvin, Ibis, 3rd ser., iv, Oct., 1874, 329, pl. 12 (Calobre,
Veragua; coll. Salvin & Godman>b)—Satvapor!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi,
1893, 576 (Calobre, Veragua, Panama).—SaLvin and GopMAN, Biol.Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1902, 266, part pl. 69 (Santa Fe and Calobre, Veragua, Panama).—
CaRRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., iv, 1908, 302 (Carrillo, Costa Rica).—Banes,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, 1909, 30 (Tenorio, n. w. Costa Rica).

[Geotrygon] lawrencet SHarpx, Hand-list, i, 1899, 88.—Forsres and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 146.

Geotrygon lawrencei CARRIKER, Ann, Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 406 (Cariblanco de
Sarapiqui, Tenorio, and Carrillo, Costa Rica).

OREOPELEIA GOLDMANI (Nelson).
GOLDMAN'S QUAIL-DOVE.

Somewhat resembling O. lawrencei, but pileum and nape deep russet-
brown (paler on forehead), broad malar-suborbital stripe buff instead
of white, hindneck brown instead of grayish green, and upper parts
except back) browner.

@ One specimen, b Type now in collection of the British Museum.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 491

Adult male.—Crown, occiput, and nape deep russet-brown,
passing into fawn color or light mikado brown on forehead, where
the feathers are white basally; hindneck grayish brown, faintly
glossed with purple and bronze; interscapulars dark semimetallic
purplish brown (nearly anthracene purple); rest of upper parts olive-
brown to natal brown, the alule, primary coverts, and primaries
grayish dusky; a broad malar-suborbital-auricular stripe light pink-
ish cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, the auricular portion suffused or
_intermixed with brown; beneath this (except anteriorly) a line or
narrow stripe of black; chin and throat white, passing into clear
bluish gray (between deep gull gray and light neutral gray) on fore-
neck, chest, and breast; abdomen white to pale buff, minutely
freckled with grayish, the feathers grayish beneath surface; axillars,
sides, and flanks light olive-brown; under tail-coverts gray or
brownish gray, minutely freckled with darker, sometimes indistinctly
margined terminally with paler; under wing-coverts deep grayish
brown; bill black (in dried skins); legs and feet brownish (in dried
skins); length (skins), 269-285 (278); wing, 139-144.5 (142.1);
tail, 81-90 (85.5); exposed culmen, 13-15 (14); tarsus, 38-43.5 (40.5);
middle toe, 30-31.5 (30.9) .¢

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and perhaps not always
distinguishable, but usually (%) with the gray of foreneck, chest, and
breast duller (sometimes nearly mouse gray); length (skins), 269-
279 (274); wing, 141-145 (143); tail, 84-88 (85.8); exposed culmen,
15-17 (15.7); tarsus, 39.5-40 (39.8); middle toe, 29.5-31.5 (30.7).°

Eastern Panamé (Mount Pirri, at 5,000 feet; Cana).

Geotrygon goldmani Netson. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Coll., vol. 60, no. 3,
Sept. 27, 1912, 2 (Mount Pirri, 5,000 feet, e. Panama; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

OREOPELEIA CHIRIQUENSIS (Sclater).

CHIRIQUI QUAIL-DOVE.

Adult male-—Pileum slate-gray, darker (nearly slate color) poste-
riorly and medially, paler (deep gull gray) laterally, the forehead still
‘paler, at least anteriorly; general color of upper parts auburn or dull
chestnut, darker and faintly glossed with purplish on upper back,
duller on hindneck, the lower portion of which is usually somewhat
olivaceous and faintly glossed with greenish; alule, primary coverts,
and primaries dull blackish brown or dusky, the primaries more
brownish, sometimes tinged with chestnut, the distal quills in-
distinctly edged with paler beyond their emarginations; a broad
stripe on side of head, extending from (and including) malar antia
beneath bare orbital space to beyond end of auricular region, cinna-
mon to pale cinnamon-buff anteriorly, paler cinnamon to dull whitish

@ Four specimens. b Three specimens.

492 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

in middle portion, light grayish on auricular region, the post-auricular
narrow and pointed extremity white, this stripe margined along lower
edge (except anteriorly) by a line or narrow stripe of black, the
anterior end of which is nearly beneath anterior angle of bare orbital
space; chin and upper throat dull buffy white to pale cinnamon-buff
deepening into deep rufous-cinnamon (mikado brown to pecan brown)
on foreneck, chest, and sides, this passing on abdomen into pale
cinnamon-buff or dull pinkish buff, the flanks and under tail-coverts
light snuff brown to cinnamon-brown; axillars and under wing-coverts
brown, more or less tinged with chestnut; under surface of remiges
grayish brown; bill black; iris brownish orange;* bare orbital space
red;? legs and feet purplish red;* length (skins), 269-308 (283); wing,
137.5-159 (149.2); tail 83-92.5 (87.8); exposed culmen, 13.5-15 (14);
tarsus, 40-43.5 (41.5); middle toe, 29.5-32.5 (31.3).®

Adult female—Similar to the adult male and often not distinguish-
able, but usually with color of chest slightly darker and gray of
pileum very slightly duller; length (skins), 262-319 (285); wing,
141-155 (150.2); tail, 75-95 (87.8); exposed culmen, 13.5-16 (14.8);
tarsus, 39-43 (41); middle toe, 29.5-32.5 (30.6).°

Young.—General color of upper parts (including pileum) van-
dyke brown, the crown and occiput darker, the wing-coverts some-
times more rufescent; wing-coverts and scapulars with a subterminal
broad bar or transverse spot of dusky; under parts much as in adults
but foreneck, chest, and sides broadly barred with dull black or
dusky. ‘

Costa Rica (Cervantes; La Estrella de Cartago; Azah4r de Cartago;
El Zarcero de Alajuela; Volcién de Irazi; Ujarris de Térraba; Cerro
de Santa Maria; La Candelaria; Tarrazi, Dota Mts.) and western
Panamié (Boquete, Volcin de Chiriqui, David, and Boquerén, Chiriqui;
Chitra, Castillo, Calovévora, and Calobre, Verégua).

Geotrygon chiriquensis Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 143 (David, Chiri-
qui, w. Panama; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1858, 99 (crit.) —REICHENBACH, Tauben,
ii, 1862, 165, part —Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 159 (David, Pana-

ma); 1870, 217 (Castillo, Calovevora, Calobre, and Volcan de Chiriqui, w.
Panama).—ScuaTeEr and Satvin, Exotic Orn., pt. viii, 1868, 123, 124, pl. 62.—

aM. A. Carriker. b Eleven specimens. ¢ Ten specimens.
Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. wats
culmen rs
MALES.
Three adult males from Costa Rica...............000.eeeeeeeee 149.7 84.5 14 42.8 32
Eight adult males from western Panama. ................22.-- 149 89 14 40.9 31
FEMALES.
Six adult females from Costa Rica.........2.....ecceec0000000- 1521] 394] 14.5] 415] 314
Four adult females from western Panama....................- 147.5 85.5 15.4 40.2 29.9

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 493

Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 43 (Volcan de Irazu and La Cande-
laria, Costa Rica; habits) —Zrtepdén, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 127 (El
Zarcero de Alajuela and La Candelaria, Costa Rica).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 579 (Castillo, Calovevora, and Volcan de Chiriqui,
Panama).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 24 (Boquete and
Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama, 4500-10000 ft.); Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii,
1909, 30 (Cerro Santa Maria, n. Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 270 (Cervantes, El Zarcero de Alajuela, La
Candelaria, Volcan de Irazu, and Tarrazu, Costa Rica; David, Castillo,
Calovevora, Calobre, Volcan de Chiriqui, and Boquete, Panama).—CarrikER,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 407 (La Estrella de Cartago, Cerro Santa Maria,
and Ujurras de Terraba, Costa Rica; crit.; range; habits; descr. nest and

eggs).

G[eotrygon] chirtquensis LawrENczE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 148, 149 (crit.).

[Geotrygon] chiriquensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 243, no. 9395. = Benaae and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 134. ~Suanre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 88.—
Forzes and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 146.

Geotrygon ceruleiceps LAwRENCcE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist, N. Y., ix, 1868, 136 (Cer-
vantes, Costa Rico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); ix, 1869, 148 (crit.).—Satvin,
Ibis, 1869, 317, 319 (crit.) —Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 371 (Cervantes,
Costa Rica).

OREOPELEIA ALBIFACIES ALBIFACIES (Sclater).

WHITE-FACED QUAIL-DOVE.

Resembling O. chiriquensis, but without any trace of black line
across cheeks and with color of chest lighter and more grayish.
Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead dull white, or grayish white, pass-
ing, through pale gray on crown, into deeper gray (dark gull gray)
on occiput and sides of nape, the median portion of the latter (some-
times of occiput also) darker and more brownish; hindneck brown
(cinnamon-brown or prouts brown), the sides of neck similar, but
‘feathers with paler tips, the extreme lower hindneck faintly glossed
with olivaceous bronze; rest of upper parts chestnut, the back (espe-
cially upper portion) more or less strongly glossed with bluish violet;
alule, primary coverts, and primaries dusky grayish brown or dark
fuscous; lateral rectrices with a faintly indicated darker subterminal
band and paler tip; malar and suborbital regions pale grayish buff,
deepening into buffy avellaneous on sides of neck, where the feathers
are wood-brown except at tips, the chin and throat pale buff; lower
foreneck deep grayish buff deepening into avellaneous or wood-brown
on chest and upper breast, which are more or less tinged or suffused,
superficially, with buffy grayish; sides and flanks light buffy cinna-
mon, intermixed with sayal brown on outer edge, passing, through
lighter dull light cinnamon-buff into pale buff or buffy white on center
of abdomen; under tail-coverts dull cinnamon-buff; axillars light
brown, the under wing-coverts more rufescent (nearly russet); under
surface of remiges grayish brown; bill black; iris orange or red; legs
and feet lake red or rosy red.

494. BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young.—Above deep brown (nearly mars brown), the wing coverts
more rufescent, nearly everywhere (except on primaries, etc.) broadly
barred with dusky, the back, however, sometimes uniform brown;
pileum lighter brown, becoming still paler on forehead, sometimes
narrowly barred or lunulated with dusky; sides of neck, foreneck,
chest, and sides tawny-brown (sayal brown) narrowly barred with
dusky; otherwise much as in adults. :

Adult male.—Length (skins), 280-361 (811); wing, 144.5-161
(151.2); tail, 89-106 (95.3); exposed culmen, 14-15.5 (14.6); tarsus,
40-44 (41.2); middle toe, 29-33 (80.7).%

Adult female.—Length (skins), 280-307 (293); wing, 140-157.5
(148.7); tail, 80.5-102.5 (91.2); exposed culmen, 13-16.5 (14.8);
tarsus, 39-44 (40.7); middle toe, 29.5-33.5 (31.2).

Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz WJalapa; Codtepec;
Misantla; Cuesta de Misantla; Cordova; Potrero, near Cérdova;
Orizaba; Miradér), Oaxaca (Latani; Toténtepec; Mount Zempoilte-
pec), and Chiapas (Tumbal4), and southward through Guatemala
(Rio de la Cuesta and El Rincén, San Marcos; San Martin, Atitl4n,
Savana Grande, Volcin de Fuego, and Chocttim, Vera Paz; Sierra
delas Minas), and Honduras (Danli) to northern Nicaragua (Ocotél;
Janli; Matagalpa; Rio Coco; San Raféel del Norte; Pefia Blanca).

Peristera mexicana Gray, List Specimens of Birds Brit. Mus., part iii, 1844, 15
(Mexico; nomen nudum.)
Peristera albifacies GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 55 (Mexico; nomen

nudum),
@ Twelve specimens. > Hight specimens.
Ex- .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ue
iculmen
MALES.
Five adult males from Vera Cruz.....--...--.-.02-00222eee eens 154.3 96.8 14.9 40.9 31.6
One adult male from Guatemala.............22-.222.. 0222-02 151 106 14.5 44 32
Six adult males from Nicaragua.....-.--2.-.0-..0200- eee cee eee 149.3 92.7 14,4 41 29.7
Four adult males from Guerrero (0. a. rubida).........--....-- 155.7] 100.2 15 40. 6 30.6
FEMALES,

Two adult females from Vera Cruz........2..2.....220c2ceeeeee 148.5 96.5 16,2 40.7 31
Two adult females from Oaxaca........-.....2222-eececeee eee 155 92.2] (15) 41.7 33.2
One adult female from Chiapas......-........2.022022 sce e eee 140 80.5 13 39 31
Three adult females from Nicaragua............-..2-..2000---- 146.3 87.2 14.3 40.5 30.2
Two adult females from Guerrero (0. u. rubida)............2225 152.2 98. 2 15.2 40. 2 29.5

The series examined indicates the probable. expediancy of further subdivision of
this species. All the specimens from Guatemala and Nicaragua differ from those
from Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas in having the occiput and nape (except later-
ally) distinctly brown, as in O. a. rubida, the brown darker than in the latter, however;
but the Guatemalan specimens are more deeply colored than those from Nicaragua.
A considerably larger series of specimens is necessary, however, to decide the question.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 495

Geotrygon albifacies ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 98 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz;
coll., Verreaux); 1859, 391 (Latani, Oaxaca).—Satvin and Sciarter, Ibis,
1860, 401 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Reicuenspacu, Tauben, i, 1862, 165.—
ScLaTER and Satvin, Exotic Orn., 1868, 123, 124, pl. 62.—Satvin, Ibis, 1870,
114 (crit.); 1892, 8328 (Nicaragua).—Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi,
1893, 581, part (Jalapa, Coatepec, and Misantla, Vera Cruz; Pie de la Cuesta
and El Rincon in San Marcos, San Martin, Atitlan, Savana Grande, Volcan
de Fuego, and Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac.
Sci. for 1896-7 (1899), 219 (Coatepec, Vera Cruz).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1902, 268 (Mirador, Cordova, Orizaba, Jalapa, Coatepec,
and Cuesta de Misantla, Vera Cruz; Latani, Oaxaca; Choctum, Vera Paz,
Volcan de Fuego, Savana Grande, Pie de la Cuesta, El Rincon, San Martin,
Atitlan, and Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala; Danli, Honduras; Janli, Mata-
galpa, and San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua).

[Geotrygon] albifacites Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 248, no. 9396.—ScnarER and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 1834.SHarpz, Hand-list, i, 1899, 88.—
Forges and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 146.

G[eotrygon] albifacies Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 217.

Starnoenas albifacies ScHtEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 164
(Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala).

Geotrygon caniceps (not of Gundlach) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 943,
949, part.

Geotrygon chiriquensis (not of Sclater) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 943
(Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 949.—SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 206 (Jalapa,
Vera Cruz).—SciaTeR and Savin, Exotic Orn., pt. v, 1867, 77, pl. 39.

OREOPELEIA ALBIFACIES RUBIDA (Nelson).

GUERRERO QUAIL-DOVE.

Similar to O. a. albifacies but color of foreneck and chest much more
cinnamomeous (between cinnamon and clay color), without any gray-
ish tinge or suffusion; nape and occiput (except laterally) much more
brownish (deep snuff brown or bister); chestnut of rump and upper
tail-coverts duller and somewhat lighter, and gloss on back more pur-
plish than bluish or greenish.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 324-350 (337); wing, 148.5-160
(155.7); tail, 91-106 (100.2); exposed culmen, 14-16 (15); tarsus,
38.5-42 (40.6); middle toe, 29-33 (30.6).*

Adult female.—Length (skin), 326; wing, 151-154 (152.5); tail,
95.5-101 (98.2); exposed culmen, 15~15.5 (15.2); tarsus, 39.5-41
(40.2); middle toe, 28.5-30.5 (29.5).°

Southwestern Mexico, in State of Guerrero (Omilteme; Chilpan-
cingo).

Geotrygon albifacies (not of Sclater, 1858) Satvaport, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi,
1893, 581, part (Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 4600 ft.).—Satvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1902, 268, part (Chilpancingo).

Geotrygon albifacies rubida Nutson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, Nov. 30, 1903,
151 (Omilteme, Guerrero; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

2 Four specimens, b Two specimens.

496 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

“Genus STARNCGZNAS Bonaparte.

Starnenas Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41. (Type, by monotypy,
Columba cyanocephala Linnzeus.)

Starnznas (emendation) Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 479.

Sternoenas (emendation) RricHEnBacs, Syn. Av., 1847, figs. 1445, 1446,

Perdicopelia Van per Honven, Handb. der Zool., ed. 2, ii, 1855, 680. (Type,
Columba cyanocephala Linnzeus.)

Medium-sized ground pigeons resembling Oreopeleia but with tarsus
covered, all round, with hexagonal scales (instead of transverse scu-
tella, in front and smooth behind), relatively stouter tarsus and toes,
and very differently colored head.

Bill relatively small and weak, the exposed culmen much less than
half as long as tarsus, the culmen and gonys moderately arched.
Wing relatively small, very concave beneath, much rounded, the
longest primaries exceeding distal.secondaries by decidedly more than
length of tarsus; second, third, and fourth primaries (from outside)
longest, the first (outermost) intermediate between fifth and sixth,
strongly bowed or arched. Tail less than three-fifths as long as wing,
slightly rounded, the rectrices rather broad, rounded at tips, and
rather rigid. Tarsus more than one-fourth its length longer than
middle toe (without claw), stout, covered, all round, with rather
small hexagonal scales, these larger in front, the tibio-tarsal joint and
extreme lower portion of tibia (except in front) naked; lateral toes of
equal length, reaching, with their claws, to base of middle claw, or
slightly beyond; hallux rather short, about equal in length to first
phalanx of middle toe; toes with prominent scales and conspicuous,
scalloped, pads.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage in general quite normal (much
as in the species of Oreopeleia, but the feathers rather more distinctly
outlined), except on sides of head and on neck, those of the suborbital
and malar regions, chin, and upper throat small and short, those of
sides of neck longer and scale-like (imbricated) ; frontal antia extend-
ing forward beyond middle of nasal operculi, forming a single obtuse
point on mesorhinium; orbital region naked. Coloration plain brown
above, more rufescent or vinaceous-brown below; pileum dull blue;
throat, foreneck, and median portion of chest black, the posterior
portion bordered by a line of white; a white stripe on side of head, from
chin beneath eyes to occiput.

Range.—Cuba, Jamaica (where now extirpated), and Florida Keys.
(Monotypic.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 497

STARNENAS CYANOCEPHALA (Linnzus).
BLUE-HEADED QUAIL-DOVE.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum plain grayish blue (nearly parula blue)
bordered by a band of black, this broadest from immediately behind
the eye around occiput, narrower and less distinct on sides of fore-
head; hindneck brownish drab, passing into a more vinaceous hue
on posterior sides of neck; rest of upper parts plain deep buffy brown,
becoming slightly. olivaceous posteriorly, the distal wing-coverts with
indistinct and not sharply defined paler (sometimes slightly cinna-
momeous) margins; primary coverts and primaries deep brownish
gray (nearest deep mouse gray), the outer webs of the latter narrowly
(sometimes indistinctly) edged with pale cinnamon; middle pair of
rectrices concolor with upper tail-coverts, etc., the rest of tail much
darker, with inner webs more grayish; a broad white stripe, involving
the chin and anterior portion of malar region and extending thence
beneath lores and eyes across auricular region to sides of nape, where
much narrower; beneath this a line of black, growing broader ante-
riorly and confluent with a large black area covering throat and fore-
neck, ending on median portion of upper chest in a rounded outline
bordered with white, the feathers of this white border narrowly
tipped with black, those on sides of foreneck (or anterior portion of
sides of neck) broadly tipped with grayish blue; chest and upper
breast dull vinaceous-lilac medially passing into buffy brownish later-
ally and into wood brown on sides and flanks, the lower breast and
abdomen more nearly fawn color; under tail-coverts deep buffy
brown, or light olive-brown, indistinctly margined terminally with
paler; axillars and under wing-coverts mostly light fawn color or cin-
namon; bill coral red basally, light blue or grayish blue terminally;
iris deep or dark brown; legs and feet dull pinkish white or pinkish,
the scales of tarsi deeper reddish, the scutella of toes purplish or
purplish red.

Adult male.—Length (skins), 288-345 (309); wing, 142-146.5
(144.6); tail, 99-107 (101.7); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (13.7); tarsus,
33-35 (34.1); middle toe, 23-24.5 (23.8).¢

Adult female.—Length (skins), 291-337 (313); wing, 144-147
(145.5); tail, 99.5-102.5 (100.8); exposed culmen, 13-14.5 (13.8);
tarsus, 31-34 (32.3); middle toe, 23.5-25 (24).°

Cuba (Guantanamo; Bemba; San Diego de los Bafios; Bayate,
Santiago de Cuba); Isle of Pines; formerly found in Jamaica (where

a Five specimens. b Three specimens,

32

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 716

498 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

introduced from Cuba?), but exterminated by the mungoos; acci-
dental or occasional in Florida Keys.

[Columba] cyanocephala Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 163 (“ America”;
based on Turtur jamatcensis Albin, Av. 2, p. 45, 49); ed. 12, i, 1766, 282,—
GmELin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 778.—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 608.—

Columba cyanocephala BonNaTERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 235, pl. 74, fig. 3.—
Hayes, Portraits of rare and cur. Birds, i, 1794, pl. 4. Tzmmuncx, Cat. Syst.,
1807, 141; Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 390; Les Pigeons, i, fam.
trois., 1808-11, 8, pl. 3—Vrer1ot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818,
897.—AupuUBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 411, pl. 172.— Lesson, Compl. Buffon,
Ois., viii, 1837, 5; 2d ed., 1838, 270.—D’Orzieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat.
Cuba, Ois., 1839, 174 (large ed., p. 128).—Nutratu, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can,
Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 769.

C[olumba] cyanocephala Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1818, 419.—
Waater, Syst. Av., 1827, Columba, sp. 112.

Col[umha] cyanocephala Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 102.

Columba (Lophyrus) cyanocephala Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 476.

Goura cyanocephala SterHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 125.—Scuixast,
De Dierent., 1864, 208.

Geophilus? cyanocephala Sz.By, Naturalists’ Libr., Pigeons, 1835, 216, pl. 27.

Starnenas cyanocephala Bonararte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 41,—Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Columbe, 1856, 58.—Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847,
324, footnote.—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 377.—Barrp, Brewer, and
Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 395, pl. 58, fig. 5.—AmERIcan
OrnitHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 323; 3d
ed., 1910, 151.—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 120 (synonymy; descr.; range); Birds
West Ind., 1889, 221 (Cuba); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 10, 98, 189.—Sat-
vaport!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, 613 (Cuba).—Scort, Auk, ix, 1892,
125 (Jamaica; introduced from Cuba?).—Banes and Zappry, Am. Nat.,
xxxix, 1905, 199 (Isle of Pines).

Si[arnoenas] cyanocephala RetcHenBAcH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, i, 1861,
30, pl. 257; fig. 1431, pl. 266, figs. 2879-2881.

[Starnenas] cyanocephala Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 244, no. 9412.—Covss, Key
N. Am. Birds, 1872, 227.—ScuaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873,
134.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., rev. ed., 1886, 24.—SHarpz, Hand-list,
i, 1899, 91.—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1900, 147.

[Starnoenas] cyanocephala GuNDLACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 299.

S[tarneenas] cyanocephala Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 571.—Rine-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 217.

[Starnoenas] cyanocephala Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 102, 220; Coup
d’Gil Ordre Pig., 1855, 34, 58; Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 69.—Gunpbtacz, Journ.
fiir Orn. 1861, 336, (Cuba).

Starnoenas cyanocephala CaBantis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 108 (Cuba; habits).—
Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 308 (‘‘ Venezuela”; ‘‘Brazil”).—
Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 608; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
455.—BREWwER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).—ALBRECHT,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 204 (Jamaica).—Prizeitn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 451.—
ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 35 (Columbae), 1873, 166 (Cuba).—Gunp-
LacH, Journ, fiir Orn., 1874, 291 (Cuba; habits); Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876,
132 (habits; descr. eggs); Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 159 (habits; descr. eggs).—
Maynarp, Birds, E. N. Am., 1881, 343; 2d ed.,-1896, 248.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 499

Starnznas cyanocephala Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 193; Birds Am., oct. ed., v,
1842, 23, pl. 284.

S[tarnznas} cyanocephala Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 479.

Starnenas cyanocephalus Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 551.

Sternenas cyanocephala Ruicuensacu, Syn. Av., 1847, figs. 1445, 1446; Novit.
Suppl., 1851, pl. 266, figs. 2879-2881; Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xxv.

Sturnenas cyanocephala Scum, Proc. Zool. Soc. London., 1880, 314 (Duration
of life).

Perdicopelia cyanocephala VAN DER Hoeven, Handb. Zool., ed. 2, ii, 1855, 680.

Geotrygon cyanocephala GimBEL, Thes, Orn., ii, 1875, 255.

[Columba} tetraoides Scopout, Ann. I, Hist. Nat., 1769, 125, no. 180.—GMELIN,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 772.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 594.

Columba tetracides BonnatERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 245.—Viert1o0T,
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 345.—Dzsmarsgst, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl,
1826, 370.

ADDENDA.

; Page 9.—Add to references under Cuculus canorus telephonus, after
CuarKk (A. H.):
Taayer and Banas, Proc, New Engl. Zool. Club, v. 1914, 36 (Kolyma region, e.
Siberia).
Page 17.—Add to references under Coccyzus americanus ameri-
canus:

Aten (G. M.), Auk, xxx, 1913, 25 (Essex Co., Massachusetts, May 23 and June 14,
1884, 1901, one pair breeding; Aug. 20, 1903; May 17; 1906).—VisuER, Auk, xxx,
1913, 568 (Sanborn Co., South Dakota, breeding).

Page 21.—See critical notes concerning Coccyzus euleri Cabanis
(=C. jultent Lawrence) by Hellmayr, in Novitates Zoologicae, xx,
1913, 252.

Page 31.—Add to synonymy of Coccyzus minor vincentis:

C[occyzus] minor] vicentis [lapsus] Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, 1915,
105, in text.

Page 35.—Add to references under [Coccyzus] ferrugineus:
Forzes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 40.

Page 41.—Add to references under Coccyzus erythropthalmus:
Visoer, Auk, xxx, 1913, 568 (Sanborn Co., South Dakota),

Page 50, immediately preceding first line.—Insert:

(?) Cuculus cayanus (not of Linnzus) Wacter, Isis, 1831, 524 (Mexico).
Page 51.—Add to citations of Piaya cayana thermophila:
Peters, Auk, xxx, 1913, 373 (Camp Mengel and Xcopen, Quintana Roo).
Page 55.—Add to citations of [Hyetornis] pluvialis:

Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no, 2, 1898, 43.

Page 57.—Add to references under [Hyetornis] fieldi:

Forzes and Rosson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 43.

Page 59.—Add to references under [Saurothera] bahamensis:
Forses and Rozinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 43.

Page 60.—Add to references under [Saurothera] andria:
Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 43. 4

Page 61.—Add to references under [Saurothera] merlini:
Forses and Rozinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 42 (Cuba).

Page 63.—Add to references under [Saurothera] vieilloti:

Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 18.—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp.

-Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 43.
501

502 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

Page 64.—Add to references under [Saurothera] vetula:
Fores and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.,i, no. 2, 1898, 42 (Spanishtown, Jamaica),
Page 65.—Add to references under [Saurothera] dominicensis:

Forszs and Rosmson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 42 (Las Canetas, i. e,
Las Cafiitas, Santo Domingo).

Page 73.—Insert after Geococcyx erythropygius, etc.:

[Morococcyzx] erythropygius Forses and Ropinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2,
1898, 45.

Insert after [Morococcyz] erythropygus, etc.:

M[orococcyx] e[rythropygus] erythropygus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii,
May 27, 1915, 105, in text.

Pages 75, 80.—Change Geococcyx afims Hartlaub to Geococcysz
velox (A. Wagner). It has been shown by Hellmayr (Novit. Zool., xx,
1918, 253) that the bird named, in 1836, Cuculus velox by A. Wagner
is the same species as-that named eight years later by Dr. Hartlaub
Geococcysz affinis, and not the same as G. californianus. Consequently,
the citation of Cuculus veloz, etc., on p. 79 should be transferred to p.
82, immediately preceding references to Geococcysx affinis.

Page 79.—Add to references under Geococcyx californianus:

Bunker, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, 1913, 148 (8. w. Kansas).—Bzrerotp, Auk,

xxx, 1913, 434 (bird recorded by Cooke, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 412, was a liberated
specimen.).

Page 80.—Add to references under [Geococcyx] mexicanus:

Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 45 (Nicasio, California;

Laredo, Texas; Colorado).

Page 83.—Add to references under [Geococcyz] affinis:

Forges and Roztnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 45 (Duefias, Guatemala).

Page 85.—Add to references under [Neomorphus] salvini:

Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 45.

Page 90.—Add to references under Dromococcyx phasianellus, fol-
lowing Banes, Proc. New Engl., etc.:

Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292 (Boruca, Costa Rica).

Add to references under [Dromococcyz] phasianellus:

Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 46 (Brazil).

Page 93.—To references under [Crotophaga] major add:

Forges and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 46 (Para, Brazil; Yquitos,
e. Peru; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador).

To citation of Crotophaga major TemMMINcK, etc., add:
Note (App.), p. H.
Page 96.—Add to references under Crotophaga sulcirostris:

Bunker, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, 1913, 148 (near Emporia, Kansas, Nov.,
1904).—Prrers, Auk, xxx, 1913, 373 (Santa Lucia, Yucatan; Camp Mengel,
Quintana Roo).

Page 97.—Add to references under [Crotophaga] sulcirostris:

ADDENDA. 503

Forsrs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 46 (‘San Domingo”;
Retalhuleu, Guatemala; La Palma, Costa Rica; Acajutla, Salvador; Honduras;
Valparaiso, Chile).

Page 99.—Add to references under [Crotophaga] ani:

Forses and Roxsinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2, 1898, 46 (Metcalf Parish, Ja-
maica; Santa Lucia; Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Para, Brazil).

Page 102.—Add to references under Crotophaga ani:

Dassene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, xxiii, 1912, 298.

Page 122, footnote a.—Add, after references to Ara militaris:

A[ra] m{ilitaris] miliaris Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915, 106,

in text.

Page 158.—Add to synonymy of Aratinga holochlora:

C[onurus] h{olochlorus] holochlorus Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27,

1915, 106, in text.

Page 163, in Key to the Species and Subspecies of Eupsittula.—
Another form of £. pertinax, from Colombia, has been described under
the name Aratinga xruginosa occidentalis (Todd., Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., xxviii, April 13, 1915, 81) (Rio Hacha, Colombia; coll. Car-
negie Mus.). The name should be emended to Eupsitiula pertinaz
occidentalis (Todd).

In Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xix, 1912, pp. 84, 85, are some inter-
esting critical notes by Count Salvadori on the forms of £. pertinaz,
of which (excluding £. ocularis) seven forms are recognized, all these
being accorded specific rank.

Page 181, following Grammopsittaca lineola.—Insert:
G[rammopsittaca] l[ineola] lineola Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27,
1915, 106, in text.

Page 189, footnote a.—Change Psittacula to P[sittacula] in citation
of Cabanis, and prefix Psittacula modesta to citation of Ridgway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., etc. Add to citations of Psitiacula sclateri: Ber-
lepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 108 (La Union, Rio Cauca,
Venezuela); Salvadori, Ibis, 1906, 463 (crit.).—Psittacula modesta
sclatert Allen, Auk, xx, April, 1903, 213, in text (crit.).

Page 190.—Another form of P. passerina has been separated as
Psitiacula passerina cyanophanes (Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
xxviii, April 13, 1915, 81), from the Rio Hacha, eastern Colombia
(type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).

Page 208.—Colombian specimens of Pionus sordidus have been
separated as Pionus sordidus saturatus by Todd (Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., xxviii, April 13, 1915, 81 (Cincinnati, Santa Marta, Colombia;
coll. Carnegie Mus.).

Page 224.—Add to citations of Psittacus violaceus:

Brcustein, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1793, 228, 707.—?Psittacus violaceus Kuunu,
Consp. Psitt., 1820, 96 (Guadeloupe).

504 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

Page 252.—After citations of [Psittacus] barbadensis insert:

Psittacus barbadensis Bucustern, Lathams Uebers. Végel, i, 1798, 240, 709.
Ps{ittacus] barbadensis Becuste1n, Kurze Uebers., 1811, 97.

Page 265.—After citation of L[Amazona] vittata add:

Al[mazona] v[ittata] vittata Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27, 1915,
106, in text.

Page 269.—Delete citation of Psittacus gutturalis MOLiER, etc.
This belongs under Amazona leucocephala leucocephala where it is cor-
rectly placed on page 272.

Page 286, footnote a.—Emend first reference to read:

Columba rujina Temminck, Les Pigeons, i, 1808-11, 59[123], pl. 24 (French
Guiana; ‘‘Cuba;” “St. Domingue;” ‘‘Jamaica”), and add: C[olumba] rufina
Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1818, 467 (Guiana).

Page 287, footnote a.—Before Ch[loroenas] sylvestris Reichenbach,

insert:

[Chloroenas] sylvestris BonaPaRTE, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 52.

Page 298.—To citations of Chloroenas inornata add:

Gunpb.acu, Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 128, part (Cuba; habits, etc.); Orn. Cubana,
ed. 1895, 155, part (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs).

Correct citation of Ch[loroenas] inornata REICHENBACH to read:

Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, 1861, 62, pl. 222, fig. 2582 (‘Soll einsam leben in
Mexiko, Rio Grande und Matamoras bei Camargo-Victoria”).

Following this, insert:

C[hlorenas] i[nornata] inornata Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27,
1915, 107, in text.

Insert before Chloroenas inornata exigua (last line):

C[hloreenas}i[nornata] exigua Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., May 27, 1915, 107, in
text (nomen nudum; no locality).

Page 311.—Sixteenth line from bottom, insert after SCHLEGEL:

Dierent. Amsterdam, 1872, 208.

Page 312.—Add to citations of Patigoenas leucocephala GUNDLACH:

Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 156 (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs).

Insert after Patagienas leucocephala ScLaTER, etc.:

Patagioenas laucocephala GunpLAcu, Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 129 (Cuba; habits).

Page 314.—Add to citations of Patagioenas corensis GUNDLACH:

Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 131 (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs); Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895,

158 (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs).

Page 337.—To citations of Ectopistes migratoria under GUNDLACH

add:

Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 140 (Cuba; two records); Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 170
(Cuba; two records).

After citation of Mmarns, Bull. Essex Inst., etc., add:
Repaged ed., 1881, 94.

ADDENDA. 505

Page 339.—Turtur migratorius ScHLEGEL. Page should be 205
instead of 305, and date of publication 1872 instead of 1864.

Page 339.—The earliest publication of Zenaidura BoNnaPaRTE is
Comptes Rendus, xxxix, 1854, 871.

Page 343.—To citations of Zenaidura macroura add:

GuNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 168 (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs).

To citations of Columba carolinensis add:

Tremminck, Les Pigeons, i, 1808-11, 111[175], pl. 50, part (Porto Rico; Santo
Domingo); Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 355, part (Porto Rico; Santo Do-
mingo), and insert below: C[olumba] carolinensis Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig.
et Gallin., i, 1813, 487, part.

Add to citations of Perissura carolinensis GUNDLACH:

Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 139 (Cuba; habits).

Page 346.—Correct citations of Columba carolinensis TeMMINCK
to read as follows:

Les Pigeons, i, 1808-11, 111[175], pl. 50, part (Carolina); Hist, Nat. Pig. et

Gallin., i, 1813, 355, part (Carolina).

To citations of Clolumba] carolinensis add:

Trmminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 487, part (‘America septentrionali”)

Page 347.—To citations of Z[enaiduxa] carolinensis add, as first
reference:

ReicHenBacuH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, 1861, 19, pl. 249, figs, 1880, 1882.

To citation of Mmarns, Bull. Essex Inst., etc., add:

Repaged ed., 1881, 94.

Correct citation of Turtur carolinensis ScHLEGEL, De Dierent.
to read: 1872 instead of 1864.

Page 350.—Insert, before last line:

Zenaidura marginella Bonapartr, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 96 (California; crit.).

Insert after last line:

Zlenaidura] marginella ReicHenBacH, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, 1861, 20
(‘‘Kalifornien von Juarez”).

Page 359.—To citations of Zenaida zenaida add:

Gunptacx, Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 167 (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs).

Page 360.—To citations of Zenaida amabilis under GuNDLACcH add:

Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 138 (Cuba; habits; descr. eggs).

Page 387.—Below Turtur risoria insert:

Turter risoria Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, App. (Cuba; Jamaica;

St. Bartholomew; introduced).

Page 389.—The name Columba squammata Lesson (Traité d’Orn.,
1831, 474) having priority over Scardafella ridgwayi Richmond
(1896), a fact which was unfortunately overlooked when this page
was being printed, obviously necessitates changes of nomenclature
for both forms of the South American species, 8. ridgwayi ridgwayi

506 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

becoming 8. sqyuammata ridgwayt and S. ridgwayi brasiliensis be-
coming S. sywammata squammata, as correctly given by Hellmayr in
1908 (Novit. Zool., xv, 92, 93.)

Page 396, footnote c.—Insert as second reference, Ch{amzpelia]
griseola Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 21 (Brazil; Paraguay;
crit.). Insert, after next citation: Goura griseola Schlegel, De
Dierent., 1872, 208. Plyrgitoenas] griseola Reichenbach, Vollst.
Naturg., Columbariae, 1861, 15, pl. 256, figs. 1422, 1423 (Paraguay;
Brazil; Guiana; Cumana, Venezuela).

Page 397, footnote a.—Insert in synonymy:

Columba minuta Tumminck, Les Pigeons, i, 1808-11, 28[62], pl. 16 (Para-
guay; Rio de la Plata); Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 432, part.—C[olumba]
minuta TeMMINcE, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 498 (South America).

Insert after Ch{amaepelia] amazilia Bonaparte:

Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 21 (Peru).

Insert, as last references, Plyrgitoenas] amazilia Reichenbach,
Vollst. Naturg.,-Columbariz, 1861, 15 (Peru). Cham[zxpelia] rach-
idialis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 21 (crit.).

In footnote c insert:

Chemepelia talpicoti Setpy, Jardine’s Naturalists’ Libr., v. 1835, 200, pl. 22.

Page 398, in footnote.—Insert:

[Chamzpelia] cinnamomina and Chlamzpelia] cinnamomina Bonaparte, Compt.
Rend., xl, 1850, 22.—Talpacotia cinnamomea Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl,
1855, 22.—Ch{amzpelia] godine Bonaparts, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 22, part
(includes C. rufipennis).

Insert, before Chamepelia godina Pelzeln:

Ch[amaepelia] godina RutcuenBace, Vollst. Naturg., Columbariae, 1861, 16 (Brazil;

Bolivia).

Page 431, footnote a.—Insert, before last reference:

Columba] geoffroti Temmincx, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., i, 1813, 476 (Brazil).

Page 449.—Insert, following references to Leptotila verreauai:

L{eptotila] v[erreauxi] verreauzt Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxviii, May 27,
1915, 107, in text.

Page 469, footnote.—Insert, as last reference:

Geotrygon violacea violacea Huttmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 384 (Prata, Pard,
Brazil; crit.).

8

INDEX.

bs A.
Page.
abbotti, Coccyzus .........------2---22-e eee 34
MINOW.) eicrenonmaest ey 12,30, 34
Abbott’s Mangrove Cuckoo.........-..-..--- 84
accipitrinus, Deroptyus......-......-..--+-- 224
PSICACUS isin sciatic stances 116
acuticaudatus, Psittacus.........-.......... 110
Echmoptila 438
455
AGDIOMIS i acc cmaeseoeaecemtwere van tEseee bes 275
eeruginosus, Aratinga ........-...-.-.--.---- 163
Conurus...............2-.2+4- 163, 167
Eupsittula pertinax.........- 163, 167
Psittacus
eestiva, AMazOna......-.--------- 22-22 e eee
estivalis, Chrysotis.............2-.-..2-2-6-
estivus, Psittacus..............2..--.. 217, 249, 263
affinis, Geococcyx........-.------- 75, 80, 82, 83, 502
aflavida, Cheemepelia passerina.........-.... 396,
399, 415, 416, 418, 421
Chameepelia............202--c0eeee 416
Columbigallina.............2..----- 416
passerina........-.. 416
APAPONDIG oss e ome eck oxpeseeerecweneisesices 107
(00) (2) eee ees 188
QUIANENSIS: 222s 2wenensacnere cence 190
agilis, Amazona..... = 217, 218, 221, 222, 262
Androglossa w:iis:.5-ccnsieied os Seienindingen nd 263
Chrysotis\..... scssisesieswcecese ee cia 263
PSIACUS izecceossseesticetenelcstten, 263
A TOPNGUTUG a sicidins gisaicisitisiaieisio nga eieaigisisioclorese 219
alba, Columba........-.-----2-----2--2-200- 387
albifacies, Geotrygon.........---.---------.. 495
Oreopeleia. . ---- 467,468, 470

albifacies......... 470,493,495

AMAZON. «2: ois cen ecu ees 221,257,259
albifrons. - 221, 254, 257, 259
Androglossa......-.----------+-- 257,259

POris tere os sorsor-ciesecececie seine 443, 453, 455
var., Chrysotis.......------------- 262
albilinea, Chloroenas........-----++-----+- 285, 294

Page.

albilineata, Chloroenas..........----------+--- 285
Columba. . 285, 294

albiventer, Geotrygon. .. 486
violacea. . - 486

Oreopeleia........ - 486

violacea.. 469, 484

albiventris, Geotrygon.....- - 486
albivitta, Chaemepelia....- é 410
passerina.........-..- 396,

399,403, 410, 411

Chamepelia......-.-.---2--2+---+- 410
PYTEUCODAS ys icis:sc-ceisasiareeiees ss 408, 410

ALC sais ca secacaicataieme wemide momenta ceciase es 276

amazilia, Choemepelia...........-.-------+--
Chamepelia. - .
Pyrgitoenas....
Amazon & téte jaune. . Hea 221
Amazona.... - 116,217,218
SUV As.-2 gs caesaceer --- 249
var. ochroptera-.........-.-. 253
agilis.... . 217,218, 221, 222, 262
UD UP ORS 5a ssersiersceie cess. sind Sista 221, 257, 259
albifrons......- 221, 254, 257, 259
mana........-.- 221, 256, 257, 259
. saltuensis. --- 221, 256, 259
AMAZONICA «0: 0.015 cine aceccwaaswcece 219
ALAUSINCA: 2. 202-secescesceese 219, 229, 231
augusta... we. 224
augustus...
auripalliata

auropalliata.

auropalliatus. . -. 233
autumnalis........ 219, 236, 233
autumnalis...........- 219,

234, 235, 237, 238

salvini...... 219, 235, 287, 239
BAHAMENSIS < .scesd-gccssse sie sictenorsSie-e 274
pbarbadensis. .......2.2-c-2csscseeese 221
barbadensis........... 221,

251, 258, 254

rothschildi...... 221, 253, 254

barrabandi --- 208
bouquetl.a2.2c.scsecnceccseees ems 230
caymanensis...-...........-.--.-- 273
chalcoptera-. -- 209
collaria...... 222, 267, 269
collarius....... --- 269
eyanorhyncha. - 228
diadema..... --- 238
diademata:. ..)..2522..200eesee.-0 237, 238

508 INDEX.
Page. Page,
Amazona farinosa..........0200020eeeeeeeeee 220 | ambigua, Ara..... 120, 122, 133, 134, 135
Sobeekitents 135

220, 239, 240, 241
finschi....... Arve nerena Oe 220, 244, 246
200

gerontodes.

205, 208

222, 272, 273, 274
sd Biaiciearsinte 222,
271, 273, 274
caymanensis......... 222,
271,272, 273
leucocephala........- 222,
269, 271, 272, 273, 504

222, 271, 272
273

219, 231
213

ventralis. . - 222,265, 267
versicolor..........2.-2.--2+5 219, 227, 228
thee eee cornet Stem ice seats 218

209, 219, 224

ta thland csletwebatersaide alge 224

palit Mim eaatum enema Sendie 224

- 241

viridigena. ..
viridigenalis.
vittata......

. 220, 242, 244
. 222, 265, 504
«+= 222, 264, 265

amazonica, Amazona..
Androglossa..........
Chrysotis.............
amazonicus, Androglossus.
OUPYS0UIS vance vedeniedanmweneun

PSI SOUS rsx cece sccnome
amazoninus, Psittacus.
amazonius, Psittacus

ambiguus, Ara militaris s...
Macrocercus.........

ambulatoria, Crotophaga... 102
American Vultures.........-----0-0--ceceees 279
102

17

americanus, COCCYgUS........-.--0--0-00-eeee 17,18

Il,
12, 16,17, 19, 501
10, 14, 17, 18, 21

purpurascens....--..-..----- 19

anais, Chameepelia...........2222.2202seneeee 282
andersoni, Chlorcenas rufina. . 287
Columba rufina.... 287

andicola, Bolborhynchus.... 179
Grammopsittaca...... 179
Psittacula - 179

andria, Saurothera ae 60, 501

bahamensis.

xantholora

Androglossus albifrons...-...-
amazonicus..... 219
autumnalis..... 236
levaillanti.... 248
ocbropterus.. 253
vittatus...... 265
Andros Island Cuckoo.... 60
BU 5 scan wien sien den waves 97

INDEX.
Page. 4
ANI, Greatens<cictccscremosauacasesesadedestens 92 | aracanga, Psittacus...........-.----eeee eee 1

Anodontorhynchus..........
Anodorhynchus.........

glaucus..........

hyacinthinus

martinicus...
maximiliani... -- = 118
purpurascens.............. 118,119
Anodorynchus... 117
_ Anoplorhynchus 117
antillarum, Chemepelia passerina........... 396,
399, 411, 412, 415
Chameepelia ............-2--2-2- 412
Antillean Ground Dove..........-----.--.-. 411
Aodorhyncho maximiliani augusti........... 118
Aodorhynchus..........-...2-..-00-5 117
apopheenica, Chrysotis.........-.---.....2265 257
apophoenica, Chrysotis...........-.... 257
Aprosmictus............- 107

.... 108, 118, 119, 121, 132
.. ++ 120,122, 133, 134, 135
131

castaneifrons. ..
ehloroptera

major. 128
chloropterus.....-.--...---0-.0-- eee eeee 127
(eb) 11 a ee 3 120
erythrocephala. -. 122,140
erythrura... -- 121,125
BIAUCBsccsees wacicwmeciesceyesbickinedscinye 118
gossei 121, 137, 138
gossii....... - 138
guadaloupensis ween 382

BLUR CO aio oid.o5. cis ale 8.aS,crssavssoeisisyeele es

PBMC A av aisciaicctwo ec ne dene Sercrecmsigemetieins
Hhyacinthina. «06 cess se decwcecesnee see
hy acinthinus:cc<c25-c2es-sece cee seces
NACA 0 ase oe ne sic esccissndinnssiegioaeiavepeieie 1
Militaris 1

severa..
severus.
tricolor.
Ararauna.....

118
27,131
34,135

139

Sittace. Jewecancsean 2d
Aratinga........... - 111, 160, 151,162,175
eruginosa occidentalis......... a--- 503
eeruginosus........ - 163
aureus... -- 164
brevipes. - 152,157,159
Canicularis .2.2-22ceseeseescceseceee 170
carolinensis. . --- 145,149
chloroptera....-....... 151, 152, 155
chloroptera.....- 152, 153, 155

maugei.. 152, 155
eburnirostrum. . --- Il
euops...... - 152, 160
finschi... - 152
flaviventer- --- «165
holochlora..........-...-..--..- 159, 503
152, 157, 158

- 152, 157, 158
Jeucophthalma...............---.-- 151

ludoviciana

militaris - . ‘120, 121, 122, 125, 133, 134, 135, 140, 503
mexicana........-.-- 122, 132, 133, 134
militaris.... 122, 132, 133, 508

s, ambiguus.........------+-+-- 135
pachyrhyncha....... 142
PUAN ioc ceretercccre cicisinns 128
TUDTIG CIE 5 ws cies acaresicicisss ciate cis nae ioe E 120
SOV ss sen eadonosecicas, 120, 122, 138, 139, 140

ara, Psittacus.........2.2+-c2e eee ec cece n cree 131
AYACAD LAs vie caes sis nceucmswrecoseccrsseese 119,131
aracanga, Ara.. 131
131

Marcrocercus.........----.--.--+ 131, 137
(Aracanga)........--- 131

arausiaca, Amazona........--.--..---- 219, 229, 231
Chrysotis. --- 230
arausiacus, Psittacus. . - 20
ATIN® .. 6232060255 107
Aruba Paroquet... 167
arubensis, Conurus. ... 167
eeruginosus - - --- 167

Eupsittula pertinax.........-.. 163, 167

asiatica, Columba......----.-.-.222222+-+- 380, 385
Melopelia... . 377, 380, 383, 385
asiatica._... 377, 378, 380, 382, 383

astec, CONULUS..........222...022eeeee ee ee eee 173
Eupsittula. - 162, 164,171
asteco, COMUTUS......-- 2-22. eee eee eee ween 174
Atwood, Aira scesscewicscmscancisceeeseewcnts 121, 132
augusta, Amazona..........-.....2..22 eee ee 224

510 INDEX.
; Page. Page.
augusta, Androglossa.............. Semeteeeats 224 | bahamensis, Chemepelia passerina.......... 397,
CHYSOUIS ied ccnssicmamasnereemacicmccic 224 399, 418, 420
augusti, Aodorhyncho maximiliani.......... 118 Chamepelia..........--.----+- 419
Chrysotis.....---2-------0e-e2-ee eee 224 COYY SOUS sis essnseccsguacnsaeves 274
augustus, Amazona....-.--.-++-+2+-02e-02++ 224 Columbigallina..........----.-- 419
Chrysotis......--.,.-.-2---20eeeee 224 passerina....... 419
Macrocercus.......-.-..22.-.--206 118 var... 420
Ginoohrs-v casings 2H iedeeeneets Psittacus collarius var.......... 274
Saurothera..............-.. 58, 59, 501
bairdi, Coccygus..........-02--2202eeeceenene
ZUS..
pple pee CHrySOtis. scizicce secicisncicieannncie a bair teen Gye tesansussiseeseuacel (st
sissies haiaelienianacea MONE Sei gee, | Dandtalled Pigeon. seca ceseaesnneosaseazs 288
Fi yo" See acaba a aga elaine n barbadensis, Amazona........--.-.--0.-02-05 221
Bupsittile oes cccesenecesecnceccesies 164 barbadensis 21
PSittaeus sox cea cieduge sor asesesasekts 16S) NT 251. 253 25 "
auricapilla, Eupsittula............-.2..--.5- 162 Umi
auricollis, ATa.......-2-.222.-ceeeeeeeeeeeeee 120 Psittacus....-.--++-++-+2+-0++
FREE RADE ASIA REn eitE ie z19 | Barbades, Perroquet des..
auriculata, Chamepolia.............2...222- 369 | barbarossa, Psittacus-....
Columba... -..-ccceccccccceeccee Bare-eyed Pigeon.......
Peristera ck ccccccesheneesx ovens barrabandi, Amazona..
ZONA «2225 ceesscise:cis cis
aurifrons, Brotogeris.
Psittacus .< csv osceesceess sees eee
Trichoglossus.-...-....--------++-- 113
auripalliata, Amazona ......-...---.-- 219, 231, 233
Androglossa.-........--------+- 233
CUPYSOUIS: << snd sccescawessiens’ 233
auripalliatus, Chrysotis............-.---.---. 233
aurita, Columba................-+----- 365, 368, 382
(Zenaida) . : 368
Zenaida...........2-..- 355, 359, 363, 365, 368
431412). es 365
auropalliata, Amazona.....-..-.-.-.-...-2-- 233
CHLYSOUUS 3 ccc er cerccangeaces 233
auro-palliata, Chrysotis...............--..-.- 233
auropalliatus, Amazona.........-.-...-.-.-- 233
auro-palliatus, Psittacus..................--- 233
(Amazona)......... 233 3
aurore, Papagei & téte..........2.2..2-2-22-- 148 | bella, Zenaidura macroura,
australis, Melopelia asiatica............2....- 382 | berlepschi, Columba subvinacea............. 326
autumualis, Amazona........2.....-+- 219, 236, 238 _, SOCEIIRS RUDI NBEE soe eccd= Se 027
autumnalis........... 219, bermudiana, Cheemepelia passerina.......... 420
234, 235, 237, 238 Chamepelia............-.---..- 420
Androglossa........-2222...2-0- 236 Columbigallina...........-...-- 420
Androglossus.....:..-.--2----++ 236 passerina....... 420
Chrysotis...........00..02000 236, 238 var... 420
Peiftacus ..cccccscveveeieecenss 236,238 | bicolor, Columba... -....---..-.....-ee eee ee ee 332
axantha, Chamepelia.............2.-2222005 416 Myristicivora ...........2.-..2-2--- 332, 387
aymara, Amoropsittaca...............20.-02+ 112 | bimaculata, Zenaida,..........-.-..2..2-266- 365
AP AT vs scree ae ge eee sadeeeaeck oo 112 | Bipositores...........0.....2--- ee eee eee eee ee 275
Metriopelia...............2.22.22208 281 | Black-billed Cuckoo...........-.------------ 38
Azara’s Cucko0........--.---0202020seceeeeee 35 | Blackbird, Razor-billed.................-..- 99
azarad, Siltace.....22.-22ss2ceeccs:sseereeene 121 | bleu, Guacamayo.......--..2----.-- eee ee eee 118
Aztec: Paroquet-wiccccsnmerensyeasoraeem yicee 171 | bleue, Crick & téte.......-.....-2------ 22 eee 230
aLted, CONUTUS wc.s0ccccccecuiecsectesnecess 173,174 Le Papagei & téte & gorge. ............ 213
BRB. Blue and Yellow Macaw... ......-..----+--++ 122
Blue-crowned Parrot.........-...-0---s2 eee 241
baeri, Columba plumbea. 325
Bahama Ground Dove.. 418 Blue-faced Parrot... -..----+-+2+++++2+222ee0 230
Mangrove Cuckoo. 25
Parrot wii sciese sis.cic 278
Bahaman Lizard-Cuckoo 58
bahamensis, Amazona...............2...0005 274
leucocephala.......... 222, Quail-Dove. ............-...55+ 497
271,278,274 | Blue Partridge...........2 2. eee ee eee eee eee 366

INDEX. 511

Page. Page.

bogotensis, Columba plumbea....... mapa aiae . 825 | Brotogerys notata.......2-......2-0- ee eenee 183
Vieill.subsp.n, 325 MOtAUWS syics.cccade cee ceulalacen ne 183
panychlorus.............2..---0+ 114

subcceruleus 187

tOVi i snceseuscemeeceueneeeieciete 186

tuipara........-.... anieinteisiaibiniatates 183

Brown-fronted Parakeet 163

brunneicauda, Columba nigrirostris.......-. 330

BuUCcOnid ee sa cicice sesisctciecn vecowaciamecunenres 1

buckleyi, Chaemepelia.........-.....-.---+-. 397
Chamecpelia............-.eeeeeeeee 397

Columbigallina............ 397

Columbina...... 397

Buff-bellied Dove. .... 451

puffoni, Arara......... 135

Buffon’s Macaw........---.0-.-e22ceee eee nee 134

bolivianus, Leptotila verreauxi..

Bonaire Paroquet........-
Bonaparte’s Dove......2.2-2--2-eeee eee enee
bonapartei, Leptoptila
Peristera. .
bonapartii, Leptoptila,
borealis, Cuculus........2...0.-..2eeeeeeeees
botte, Saurothera.......2..2..2.. 2.2 eee eee
Bouquet, Le Perroquet.......-.--.--.---2-+- 230
pbouqueti, Amazona. ..........-2-22222-2 eee 230
AMArOPLOSSB, 655 esc cie soc Keser sees 230
CHPYSOLIS «won -seeckasce ce stees 229, 230
PSIttaGus 0 s-..2e%0 sess sens ssesiess 229, 230
Bouquet’s Parrot.......2---2-220-eece cece eee 229
pourcieri, Oreopeleia. ..........2------+----- 468
Bout-de-Petun, Le Grand 93
brachyptera, Leptoptila............... 453, 455, 456
Leptotila fulyiventris.440, 452, 453, 456
verreauxi......--..-. 451
Poristerd..cscsssssnceescccese 455, 456
brachytera, Leptotila fulviventris........... 456
brachyurus, Psittacus.............-22.2.---- 114
branickii, Leptosittaca............-.....-+.- 111
brasiliana, Diplopterus...........---...----- 67
PIDY Oe oi od peice cies Seem mewinecien ce 67
brasiliensis, Psittaca,............--..---+-+-- 164
Psittacus.....-.-...-.-------- 164,190
amazonicus........... 221
Scardafella....-...-. Goa Sn win aie 390
ridgwayi-. .-... 389,390, 400, 506
TOApera..csc2cccsweswcscrewssis cs 66, 67
brevipennis, Peristera.......-...--.--------- 449
brevipes, Aratinga.......-....-.---..- 152, 157, 159
COMUIUS 6.02.52 scrececineweteeatecieiees 159
holochlorus.........-..... 159
WLS cave cease 159
pridgesi, Pionus.........-...--------eseeeeee 208
Bridled Quail-Dove. ...........----.2-0--5-5 474
Brotogeris.........----------+---+- 113, 114, 182, 183
BUTULOIS 6: occieisinseieiscccio'n caiesinice nines
chrysosema.
MOVIN Ol sos eecometsedecuinccaies
PUSTAVA peasccinddednodnieeaaaneceuls
JUBUMATIS soca esiciccaics ves seas cae
COVE se ccimuemecaacaasaeceemaeseneee
tupare sce: sivevzexarsmceds caedaie
BrotogeryS..-..---------0---2020 cee eee ee cee ee
chrysopogon ... 187
GOVINO. cicistecvsisine Sesiisinietiede oe 183
GUSAVE wisegeicctiecsccwscccgecneeie 183
JURA credence srsseneeeenrssmers 185

eactorum, Psittacus.........-.--.222--2.. eee 162
Carat iid acc cc ciciaid ie stesciararsssartreioicisisisieisieimeis 105, 106
Cacatuinee. .. - 105
cerulea, Sittace. - 125
ceruleus, Psittacus........ 124,125
ararauna - 124

cerulifrons, Psittacus. . ..- -- 230
Calta: sesverszsssssee 115, 201
barrabandi.. - 203
chrysopogon... 186
coccineicollaris - 206
heematotis. . - 205, 206
histrio. - 202
pileatus . - 202
DYTWID sw. Sucee vieavieacczens ace dianeclsieces 203
caica, Pionopsittacus..........2..2-22....206 202
Pionus....-. --- 202
Psittacus...........--..0e cence eeeee 201, 202
PYMB si. jostacnadicdaigacneasenaeeoxce 202
caijanus, Cuculus. “ 47
eaixana, COCCYZUS.....2....-- 22-2 eee e eee eee 43
MSCIODUS 0:55 sos co cenenceieieneaie en 43,
cajenneus, Psittacus. 183
California Cuckoo 2 17
californiana, Saurothera..........---..... 74, 78,79
californianus, Geococcyx 75, 78, 79, 80, 502
ealifornicus, GeococcyXx.....-...---2-..2--.0. 79
Calopsittacinze - 105
Calotreron. . . - 280
Cameepelia.. - 893
campestris, Columbina. - 282
canadensis, Columba. . - 3836
- 836

- 336

sieidiszeinaeseen 471

471, 495

- 467, 468, 470, 471

iy winiSroie ue awisicialisie win eis oie 170

abasSacnanuinewiney 164, 166,170

Eupsittula. . - 163,164,168

» Psittaeussc cicsscercosccne 161, 164,170
canifrons, Chrysotis. .........22-.-...00.000- 253
ochroptera var.......... 253

512

caninde, Ara

Macrocercus.......2....222---0-eees

INDEX.

capitalis, Leptoptila

caribbea, Columba...
cariboea, Columba. .

CANOLUS....---.-.---------5

Janthoenas.
Patagicenas..

Chameepelia........---.-.--.565 347
Columba....-..-- 339, 343, 346, 349, 505
Conuropsis......-.-.--------+ 146, 150
carolinensis.......-. 144,
146, 147, 148, 150
Conurus.........-.---.-++ 146, 149, 150
Cuculs si5cncvencccsncscieres 10, 14,17
Ectopistes...............00-+ 346,349
Perissura......
Peristera....-.-..02.22ceeeeeeee
Psittacus
(Conurus)..........--- 149

346, 347, 349, 350, 351, 505

carolinensis 347,350

macroura......-.----- 340,

342, 345, 347, 350, 351

carolinus, Ectpiestes.....--...-..0-+-eee-ecee 347
Carpophaga inornata.....--------+-+++---++- 298
carribea, Columba. -. 296
casasii; Crotophaga...----------------+--+-+- 97
casassi, Crotophaga........--.-----0------ee+ 97
cassasii, Crotophaga. 97
cassini, Engyptila.... 459
Leptoptila. . .. 458, 459
Leptotila . saciccic coca scaccncccacnis cee 440
cassini. 440, 456,458, 460

PeOristOra sisson cesses caweunne scsi 459

castaneifrons, Ara

Peristera.

Macrocercus (Aracanga)......-

Page,
catharina, Bolborhynchus..........-.-.-.. 178, 181
Myiopsitta.............--..02-.0.

eatharinus, Conurus..
cauce, Piaya cayansa...
caudacutus, Psittacus......-.......--
eaurina, Zenaidura macroura.........-
cayana, Piaya..-..-.....-.---------+--
cayana.

cayanensis, Coccyzus.

Pyrrhococeyx 47
cayennensis, Columba. 331
av

Cayman Island Ground Dove........
Cayman Parrot. ,
CONICISN EO ha teenie cisisiesjoeiscmcineinsideae sce,

Central American Ground Dove.../.........
Squirrel-Cuckoo...-
Centurus carolinensis..............-..-----
cerviniventris, Leptoptila...................
Leptotila....

Cheemapelia..... seco cs sueeweseeKceeR eS "398
Chemepelia....... - 283,393,395, 400
albivitta.. . 410
amazilia 423
buckleyi. . 397
cinnamomina. 397
MINUGA, occ cisdesesesesawsans 397, 423
raion 397, 422, 424
MIND seis yeceisicie sre cic nies 397
pallescens. .........2.-..-.06+ 405, 406
passerina......... 395, 401, 404, 408, 421
aflavida...........-.- 396,
399, 415, 416, 418, 421
albivitta 396,399, 408, 410, 411
antillarum............ 396,
399, 411, 412, 415
bahamensis..........- 397,

NANA... se eee eeceeeee 396,399
neglecta. 395,399, 406, 407, 408
pallescens. ........... 395,
399, 402, 405, 407, 408

parvula.... - 395,399

. passerina........... 395, 398,
399, 401, 402, 406, 407, 421
perpallida......-...-- 411
quitensis............ 396,399

INDEX. 513
Page.
Cheemepelia passerina socorroensis. .395, 399, 406,407 | Chamepelia passerina pallescens......-....
terrestris.............- 402 var. pallescens.
trochila. 396,399, 412, 414, 415 405, 406, 408, 410
rufipennis................ 394,398, 427 perpallida
Oluta... 398, 425, 426, 428, 429 trochila,
nesophila............ 428 perpallida
rufipennis............ 398, PIUMDEAL «occ ccesicncecccaes
424, 427, 428, 429 portoricensis...........-....-..- 415
SQUAM0S4A........020-- 2 eee ee eee 389 purpurea...
talpacoti.... rachidialis

talpicoti.. .
trochila,
Cheemepella...

rufipennis rufipennis.. 427
CHMOD Bac aacasnncnesarcavteseoveercencn 393
Tufipennis. 427.
chalcoptera, AMa@z0N2........-..2. cece eee 209
chalcopterus, Pionias.................-2----- 209
PHONG o:0.0:256 ose soeeiss seeerien 207, 209
chalcostigma, Peristera........-.......------ 397
Chameepelea..............-0- ee eee eee eee e eee 393
Chamepeleia. . 393
cinnamomina...............-.+ 397
passerina................ 401, 404, 419
var. pallescens....... 405
rufipennis...........-....----- 427
talpacoti. 397
Chameepelia... 393
aflavida. 416
albivitta ase, 410:
amazilia 397, 423, 506
anais.... 282
antillarum. 412
auriculata. 369
axantha... 416
bahamensis...........-.--.--.-. 419
permudiana.......-........2--- 420
buckleyi... 397
carolinensis. . 347
cinerea...... 434
cinnamomina 506
eruziana. 435
exigua... 420
gallopagoensis.................- 375

BOOMPOY 1. «2's cc cecncwcreccmsiccs

godina...

godince
granatina.......-.......-- 408, 410, 423
griseola..........-.--- 396,397, 424, 506
hortulana........--...02.. eee eee

a ~WOCR cereetic
ANSWISTISs «522 s2heccawencesteeets
jamaicensis........--.-.-.
leucoptera.. .
maculata.......-.-------+-0----
martinicana..........----...--+ 365
minuta....-.-2.2..----22 200 ee 397, 423
morouha.......--.-.---------0-- 369
pallescens........-------- 405, 406, 408
POSTING... os. cxnn cr sactinnonare 400,

401, 403, 404, 407, 408, 409,
412,414, 416, 417, 418, 419, 421
is 417

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16 —33

tufipennis............

squamosa.........-----.--
talpacoti

talplcotiiiecs:ciciscwisic spcewcesacecee
terrestris. -- 402
trochila. .. 412, 414, 422
trochilea.. -- 414

Charadriiformes..................----- 275, 276, 279
chiriquensis, Geotrygon..............- 492, 493, 495
Cinoenas..........-+.-..- 326, 332, 333
Oreopeleia........... 468, 470, 491, 493

Chiriqui Paroquet...............------------ 178
PAP OOM ici esyclieersaroee ie cmse masts 332
Quail-Dove..........--2.-2--.260-005 491

CHIT vio 6 desi sciesasiciosecsp ese gseeeeenreion 67
ehirriri, Coccy7Us..........-22--------e neces 67

283

albilinea.............. 285, 292
crissalis........... 285, 287, 292
albilineata...........2.2--20--e8e 285
284, 285

286, 287, 294

bis oisiocansearcinis egincieie 285

285, 201

fasciata........ 285, 287, 288, 202
viosc®......-.2..-- 285, 289, 292
flavirostris......... 283, 284, 286, 303, 304
flavirostris.. 286,288, 300, 303
madrensis...... 286, 301, 303
minima..... -. 286,301, 304
infuscata.......2222-2.22. eee eeeee 325
inornata . 284,285,286,288,298, 299,303,504
exigua......... 286, 297, 298, 504

OXSUL . wisciscisinsic 286, 297, 299, 300

514 INDEX.

Page.

Chlorcenas inornata inornata .. 286,298, 297, 299, 504
proxima .......... 286, 297, 299

NOCH Ke oss ice eecescevaansene 325

meridionalis. .

monilis....... 201
nigrirostris. 330
cenops..... 287

Uc ae 324

TULNS: oe oceseeesc 284, 285, 286, 307, 326
andersoni...........-----.- 287
pallidicrissa............... 286,

287, 305, 288, 306

Tufina.............-+ 286, 305, 306

sylvestris, 286, 287, 306

.-- 287, 306

Siecle eatceyaie -. 319

320

Marneedeas avenge 326, 328

cen otis mccieteeisionct 287, 504

ciaictsaitiote ieee 326, 332

.- 120, 121, 125, 127, 128

Speialersieraie 128

151, 152,155

chloroptera...... 152, 153, 155

Evopsitta ......2..2---02---00-+ 154
Psittacara.... 154,155
Sittace....... 128
chloropterus, Ara... . 127
COMUTUG we eccsisieiiec esses ~- 154,155
Macrocercus..........- 128
Psittacus........ss-20se0e0e+ 154, 209

CHOC 5. < wrsctopioisctwaninasarese tee etnedee ee! 67
chochi, Coccyzus.... 67
Diplopterus 67

67

Chrysauchcena 282
chrysea, Geotrygon.....--...- sis Vieira Siesinw 473
chrysetirus, Psittacus..........-..-2-+--00-+ 198
chrysia, Columba 473
Geotrygon....-..-------------0e- eee 473
Oreopeleia.....-.--.---.-. 467, 468, 471, 473

4

Psittacus (Caica).............. 186
‘ PSIttOVIUS . <0: eccccceccc cece 186

albifrons.

var.. 262
amazonica. .. 219
amazonicus.. 219
apopheenica................ 257
apophoenica................ 257
arausiaca.... 230
GULUSA. ene ssecscmsecaserrmessce ete 224
BUGUStllcxceis cess veesereere een se 224
augustus. . - 224
aureipalliata............22---22.00e 233
auripalliata.........2.002-2 2 eee eee 233

Page,

Chrysotis auripalliatus.......-----.---+---.- 233
auropalliata.... - 233
auro-palliata... 233
autumnalis. .. 236, 238
pbahamensis.. -- «274
bouqueti..........- 229, 230
canifrons.........-- ++ 253
caymManensis.,..,..-..2.2-.220ceeee 273
coccineifrons............-. eae t oe 244
Collaria . .ccessanvcee 269, 274
cyanocephalus..... 231
cyanops............ 229

cyanopsis..........

++ 269, 271, 2'
Subspecies: collaria...

72, 273
269

ochroptera.......---.--

peecilorhynchus.
pulveruleata. ..
pulverulentus. .

vinaceicollis
virenticeps...

zauthocephalus
cicurat. a, Columba risoria var
#

rothschildi..

238, 244, 245

264

INDEX. 515

Claravis.. .

cinereus, Coccyzus...........22.22-20- cee e eee
cingulata, Euchroura..................2.022+
Psittacula...
Urochroma....... seis eee eee eee
cingulatus, Eucinetus.............-2------6-
Psittacus .
cinnamomea, Goura.
Talpacotia.........-.--..----

cinnamomeiventris, Piaya........-....---.--
cinnamomina, Cheemepelia.............-..--
Chamepeleia

MOMGHIAB o o.oie wicca sisiseciceiesiecincesiensions
Mmondetoura...
pretiosa.......-.-..--.----
LIVIA aisjeniscev ec sa ceceenneen
pretiosa nce sssscseseeseseccies 435
Clarion Island Mourning Dove.............. 344
clarionensis, Zenaidura..........-....-.----. 344
Macroura... 340,342, 344, 348
cobaltina, Psittacara..........--....2------- 118
cobaltinus, Pionus..............-.--------++ 214
PSItacus scsi sesuct neaiccielg cindy 213
coccinea, Sittace..........---.-----2e- sees 131
coccineicollaris, Caica.....-...-.2-........66- 206
PONS us vecncianeteerniee 206
Pionopsittacus. . 206
Pionus hematotis........... 206
coccineifrons, Chrysotis 244
coccinicollaris, Pionius 206
Pyrilia heematotis...... 202, 204, 206

panamensis..............--.. 43

TUG pace Somsccesachmiees tes 43

COCCY BOS sicisiencemsecaecdsceteien detyieden sees 1,3
melanocoryphus........-.-...-...- 38
Coceygiformes.......-0-00..ceee- cece cece eens 1
(OTHER) sie onciecereruead sc nemeine 1,2,3

Cocey gluse s wis soswesexccccencanicesarnatecisces 10
Coceygon: #: ccsicisccecssarsaessasesasaasceds 10
erythrophthalmus................- 41
melanocoryphus......-...-------.- 38

erythrophthalmus.......-...-.- 18,39, 41
erythropthalmus.........-...--.-- 41
OUNCE 2 oi2 aja cewemiadinwnemcteinntaeat 21
helviventris.....-..---------+---6- 23
lansbergi-... 42
Maynardl....scc<ccccscewsmasiessecs 26
melanocoryphus..............--..- 38

Page.
Coccygus minor.........-...- 23, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33
4B

VOtUIA pecunegeuecsesesmacatesameees 64
Coceystes americanus.... . 2 17
erythrophthalmus............-.-.- 41

baiaomen, 11, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 501
americanus... 11,12, 16,17,19
julieni........... 11, 14, 19, 20
occidentalis....11,13,14,17,19
subsp. occidentalis..... 19

. 29,31,32, 33

dominicus......-2-.-2ccsascseceree 29,41
erythropthalmus . 10, 12, 38, 501

erythropyga..- ---- 70,72, 74

sen 11, 12, 41, 42
-== 20,21

Saude ciseeecisicinialemiatelela sibieie Minette 11,
17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38
abbotti........... eee eee 12,30, 34
dominic. 12, 29, 31, 32, 33
dominicensis . 29
grenadensis................. 12,33
maynardi. 11,12, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29,33
i 11, 21, 23, 24, 26, 31, 33
--- 12,26, 27, 29, 30,33

11, 22, 23, 24, 25

-+- 12,22, 29,30

Soteecneeraneeeenen 32

acide ioateleisisianemtarci sets 501

vincentis... .....12, 30,31, 33,34, 501
Subsp.b.Coccyzusdominiee 32
subsp. dominice............ 32

516

ruficapillus .

rufigularis .

seniculus. .

ceelestis, Agapornis.... 188
Psittacwl 15440 sea vsexawseccece 188,191

COPStIS i :siccccsccamss seme 188

Psittaculus... .2-<sescese0sccse2c006 188
coeruleiceps, Geotrygon.............-------+- 493
coeruleus, Anadorhynchus 125
Psittacus ararauma....-..--------- 124

INDEX.

seiSeice: 282

- 283, 290, 291, 299
iets eaie 291
var. albilinea . 294

viosce...

hoilotl...
humeralis.

inornata........-..- 297, 298, 299, 300, 303
jamaicensis...... 438, 441, 442, 446, 449, 455
lamprauchen.
leucocapilla.........-.2..ee-eeeeee
leucocephala.............-+-
leucoptera. . . 2
livia...

(Lophyrus) cyanocephala. ...
loricata

maugeus.....-. - 282
melancholica. . 47
melanoptera........-.---+---+-++- 281
meloda......-.- --- 376,377, 384

- 285, 359, 369

nigrirostris
brunneicauda.......... 330

INDEX,

414

281

282

324, 331, 332

325

325

pallescens 325

plumbea..... 324

propinqua............--- 325
Vieill. subsp. n. bogoten-

BIS sciesicic cau sia saincsiecn 325
portoricensis..............22---+-- 315
purpureotineta............-..22.-. 332
risoria.

aiaceterecats avdiginstectioimncin ne 387

are var ote dfs 387

rufaxilla 438, 440, 443, 449
rufina 286, 307, 326, 504
saiceee ameter 287

aigdinaeesaeaess 287

ecsachuwuiesemnizae 287

TUMIDS:. os ccceessscoseceivesexciss 504
SOUPATIB Ss. <ccccecce deed deemsesacece 303
Speclosas. 2 seccecesescseeass 315, 318, 319
squammata........-...----... 390, 505
squamosa..... -+-. 314, 315, 389, 392
BUTIALA stasis sinisrcos Saino awlaseaes 282, 389
subfusca media.......-.....-...-- 380
subvinacea...........--..------- 326, 328

berlepschi.............. 326

peninsularis............ 326

MUL. ons pecempocswewace 326

SY] VESITIS: esi en rrecadsenweceecnes 287

minima brasiliensis...... 400
talpacoti...............eeeeee 393, 397, 426
totragides.2: 2: c2c00c0c-cedssevecee 499

326, 330, 331, 332

ee ee 469, 485
martinicana.......-...-. 477,478

VIOSCH ows se aisesesnseascesesencee 292

visoria domestica........-...+-.--+ 387
zenaida........ 354, 359, 361
(Zenaida) aurita........-...-22.26- 368

thaihje Bie eisiteioies 375

sean metndad 365

Columbacel: wisss:c5i05cisiaie eisai siisisinieicie inn soma sie 275

Columbae....
columbiana, Piaya....--.------+0--0---eeee-
cayana.

Columbide
Columbiformes .

jamaicensis..............-.--
minuta.... 397, 423
401, 404, 408, 409, 412,

414, 416, 417, 419, 420, 421
aflavida..........-. 416

- 412,414

var. bahamensis... 420
bermudiana... 420
granatina..... 410

pallescens... 406, 408
perpallida..... 411

socorroensis 407
perpallida............ 411
rufipennis... 428
429

428

talpacoti........... 397
versicolor... 464, 466

Columbina.....

passerina griseola..........-.-.-- 396
perpallida...... 411
SQUAMOSA......2- 222 e eee eee eee 389
SEOPHANS. 2 is sia sicicrersowesisiaicicicia 282
talpacoti. . 397
Columbo corensis.. .. - 314
Columbogallina..................- 393
passerina pallescens . - 406, 408
Columboidew.............----+- 275
Columbula....... 276, 282
squamosa. . - 3890
conspicillata, Psittacula. . -- 188,191
conspicillatus, Psittaculus
CONUMN ooo sicis deca stesicicicesctaieis se Gisaibisie
COMUTOPSIS so vivccces cadadeescetauietaeseae
- carolinensis...
CONUPUS . 6 sic ontiesis concoeccissescmcies 105, 107, 150, 162
seruginosus....... --- 163,167
arubensis.........----.- 167

518

INDEX.

Conurus zeruginosus tortugensis............. corensis,

BOVE Lcesnnipane saci cemrenesuaanes

strenuus.

tovi......

tuipara.

wagleri

xanthogenius.............. 166

xantholemus............-. -- 166
Coracopsis.......... een e cece ence ree 105, 106
Coracornithes e 1
corallinus, Pionias....... spare cimexaes -- 208

PIONUS = sews ssieese espa saeeneinces 208

Subspecies: ocularis .

164,166, 170

costaricensis, Geotrygon...-.

Coua geoffroyi.......-....
IS asain wis cineninanecnsitien cents 170 | Coucou & longbec.......

cristatus, Ptiloleptus

Columbs......cscceccencnncceeees

Oreopeleia...........-..
Urochroma.............-

de la Caroline.....
catharinus... 181 des Palétuviers. ..
chloropterus......... -- 154,155 | couloni, Ara..........2-2---
-chrysogenys........-- -- 163,168 | crassirostris, Psittacula. ..
chrysophrys.........--- 163 | Crested Quail-Dove.......
eburnirostrum 171 | Crick & tete bleue.........-.

et gorge jaune...

Crossophthalmus ........-..-.--- s---+ 280, 281,320

gymnophtalmos........... 321

gymnophthalmos. 323

gymnophthalmus. -- 323

ees Deke Sy PPTy og oe Crotophaga........sesceecceceneeeee 6,90, 91

Sie: sea gunna ss ambulatoria........... 102
rubritorques.. 157
strenuus..... 159

var. brevipes. 159 97

IeterOtis oi. oeccaccsccecweee 109 97

labati. cessccecceseseseee 175 102

leucophthalmus.......... 102

154, 155
tech 163, 165, 166, 167, 168

rubritorques
rubritorquis

167 Columba....
im | Cuban Ground Dove...........-.---------++
171 Lizard-Cuckoo

Bahama Mangrove.......--...-.-+5-
Black-billed

Grenada Mangrove.
Isle of Pines.............--...-

INDEX, 519
Page. Page.
Cuckoo, Kamchatkan..............0220-0005 7 | Cuculus sonnerati........ seevawrwaxusreeeRey 6
LARSDGES, cc ecevecetecemerennexees 41 ]- 9
Mangrove.... i 21 9
Mexican Rufous-rumped 73 9
67 WOOK 5 ccccaicincisinesectaiee Ss Hace sclete'e 79, 502
43
87
Riley’s Mangrove............------- 29
Rufous-rumped. 71
Salvin’s Ground. 84
Shelley’s Mangrove..... 31 | cuneata, Columba.............-.-------+-0-
Southern Yellow-billed. 19 | cuprea, Columba...
St. Vincent Mangrove. 30 Peristera ...
Yellow-billed......... 12
Cuckoo-like Birds. ..........2.--eee sees enone 1
CuckO0S THO... ccs ccsn cane cn ccsienssceines 3,4
Cuckow, Mangrove..............2----0--e00- 22
assiueagid seme ge aac cielsbisiaictar 67
1,2,3,103 | cyaneocapillus, Psittacus.........---...--.-- 230
1,3, 4,90,91 | cyanocephala, Columba 496, 498
1, 2,103 (Lophyrus). -. - 498
Cuculinz...... 3,4, 6, 10, 42, 45, 53, 57, 66, 70, 74, 83, 86
cucullatus, Raphus......--...--..2-+-0-eeeee 277
Cructloid eats. «sacs tie savicveacseccncsecciscesdes 1
CUCULUS 20. esieccc ccciecscacecccecsccsiecseecs 4,6
americanus................ 10, 14,17, 18, 21
borealis. occ scccwisvssvcecsccsecs cs 9
COT ANUS 6 iccdie tien cecmesen dae teay 47
CATNOTIMOS oioaie sare ore sseeicrscicicairieie ata 9
Canorinus..........2------reeeeeeeee 9 | cyanocephalus, Chrysotis................200+
CANOLUS. wn 2 cscs as es eee ncncens 6, 7,9,10 Psittacus....
CANOKES sg aiccwncasewonaenas guianensis.
johansen]...........----2.+0 9 martinicensis..
telephonus. ............ 7,8,9, 501 Starnoenas...........

cayennensis, , .

dominicensis..
dominicus..........----------
erythrophthalmus...............--- 39
erythropthalma,,...........--..-+++ 39
erythropthalmus,,..............---- 19
PAlCPIGOS . 658 ocisisisjniemnsisicwicunekesees 67
PUTO so ciieSessgihsiensnceciee eee 6
intermedius...........-.------------ 6
jamaicensis...............--.--2200-
MACTOUTUS wis;5 4 se se ce boca seescneese
melanorhynchus ‘
mexicanus.......---.---------2- eee
minor.... 17,22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38

monachus,....

rostro longiore et magisrecto........ 64
rubicundus..........--------------- 52
MUEMUG, s6-:5 ows ceed asacieweiee < 42, 43, 44,45
seniculus......... 23, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38

cyanochlora, Psittacula.. .

Cyanolyseos...
cyanolyseos, Psittacus, - .
Cyanolyseus.
eyanopis, Peristera. .

Psittacula.........
cyanophanes, Psittacula passerina........... 503
cyanops, Chrysotis.........-..22..2.2-. 22. ee 229
eyanopsis, Chrysotis......-...--.---+--+++++- 229
Psittacus. - 229
Cyanopsitta 108
Cyanopsittacus 108
eyanoptcra, Psittacula.. - 190,195
cyanopterus, Psittacus. . 190, 195
cyanopyga, Psittacula -- 193,194
passerina subspecies.. 193
cyanopygia, Psittacula........ 189, 191, 192, 198, 194
cyanopygia.......... 189,
191, 192, 193
cyanopygius, Psittaculus 193
cyanorhyncha, Amazona. . 228
Chrysotis. . 228
cyanorhynchus, Chrysotis. 228
Psittacus......2--..-.22-655 228
CYONOIMNIG 2: oneleceen ence evepeeesanseascomine 277
Cyclopsittacidae...........0...2- eee eee eee 105, 106

520 INDEX.

D. Page. Page.
Deasy pts ic cicincecsiswssdwactevcestegeeeesbes 105 | Dove.........--- sadtoeenboe eeReREeeEsREeES 278
decaocta, Columba... .....2---.-..c.cceeeeee 387 Batty’s... see 404
Streptopelia.....:. s<sevccseessccescckes 387 Bay.....-2- oe 362
POR oc s\ocnisareatcreresmemteremcy 387 Bonaparte’s -- 462
decipiens, Homoptila.. - 438 Buff-bellied ......2...00.2-- eee e eee eee 451
decolor, Saurothera merlini. --- 58,61 | Cassin’s.........--. 456
deliciosa, Psittacula.......... --- 190 344
passerina............. 190,191 341
denisea, Chlorcenas.......-.-...-2-..2-2-eeee 285 370
Columba... 285 373
Deroptyus 445
443
Derotypus.... 461
devillel, Brot ger ides careeneseserves eran 390
Brotogerys : 441
Sittace..... 375
diadema, Amazona. . 238 343
Psittacus. ... - 238, 246 363
diademata, Amazona. . 237 345
Amazonia... 238 450
Androglossa. - 238 366
Chrysotis. ... 361
Ringed Turtle........ - 386
Riotte’s............-- 450
Rufous-naped........ - 460
Salvadori’s........... 362
Senneti’s............. - 458
Socorro Mourning...... - 352
St. Andrews Island... ~ a
Temminck’s.......... 366
Tres Marias 458
351
Verreaux’s 446
Vinaceous-preasted.........2......20-5 458
Diplopteris.........-.-.- 66 ‘Western Mourning.................... 347
Diplopterus 66 White-winged ... . 382
67 White-winged..........-. . 878
67 Yucatan Mourning..... 353
69 Zenaida -. 387
67 | Dromococeyx 6,85, 87
67 - 8
Deevius........- 67, 69, 70 90
(?) chochi - - 67 87
lessoni . 67 S24 varenwewenremneee 87,90
phasianellus...... 87, 89, 90, 502
viaticus......
Dodo........-------+--
domestica, Columba visoria. .
dominica, Piaya.......-.-.--
dominic, Coccyzus...........-.. Somaee
minor........-
subsp
dominicensis, Chrysotis........--...------.-
Coccygus.....-.-
Coceyzus minor .
Cuculus...
Psittacus....
Saurothera. .
domingensis, Saurothera.
dominicus, Coccygus......
Coceyzus. .
Cuculus. . -- 17,29,3:
dorsalis, Columba........... --. 803 migratorius..........--. 334, 337, 339, 343
Double Yellow-head Parrot. . - 246 | Ectpiestes carolinus......................05- 347
douraca, Columba............- . 887 | elewodes, Cheemepelia minuta.......... 397, 422, 424

INDEX.
Page.
eluta, Cheemepelia rufipennis.. 398, 425, 426,428,429 | Euchroura surda.............-022.2-20-02---
Chamepelia rufipennis................ 429 viridicauda ..
Columbigallina passerina.............. 428 | Eucinetus........ sates
rufipennis..........-.. 429 Darrabandl, .0..00cccceeererenerees
emme, Urochroma............2.--.--eeeeeee 197 cingulatus...........22--..02eee00-
Engyptila 438
AIDIMONS. ccs cc scsese ccm ewenieties 455

VORORURL sececieveresessesesscccs
vinaceifulva..............-2--22 eee
vinaceiventris..........-...0.0.00+

wellsi.
Enicognathus...............-.2.-.0eseeeeeeee
enops, COMUIUS.......----- 2-2 e ee eee ee eee
Erythauchoena..........2 2.6.22. eee eee eee
Erythrauchena.........-.---02 eee e reece eee
Erythrauchoena.-......-2.2--- 2 eee seen eee
erythrina, Columba.............22-2eseeeeees 303
erythrocephala, Ara.........2..-2..-000--- 122, 140
Psittacula brasiliensis ....... 183
erythrochlorus, Conurus..........2..-+....-5 151
erythrofrons,"Arara......----02-+eeeeeeeeee ee 110
Erythrophrys........--..--2-0-eeeeceeeeeeee 10
americanus...............---6+ 17
erythrophthalmus............. 41
seniculus...........2222-.--006 29
erythrophthalmus, Coccygon.............--+ 41
Coccygus.....-...-..2..- 19,41
Coceystes.........-...+-- 41
Coccyzus...........22-.-5 39, 41
Cuculus................-- 39
Erythrophrys........-... 41
erythropis, Psittacus........-.-...-2--+-.505 257
erythrops, Psittacus 257
erythropthalma, Cuculus...........-2...-22+ 39
erythropygius, Geococcyx..............+ 73, 502
MorococcyxX ....-.--.-.---+-- 502
Pyrrhococceyx.......-.--.--.- 72
erythropygus, Morococcyx.............-- 73, 74, 502
erythropygus 71, 73,502
erythrothorax, Columba.....-...-..-.------- 282
erythroxanthus, Psittacus.......-...-.--.+.+ 181
erythrura, Ara......00..eeee ween ee ener eee 121, 125

dilectissima.........---22.-222-065 199
hile jccsivvanessaseecsessssssese5 197
Melanonota..........-.-------- +6 198
purpurata.........------- eee ee eee 198

purpuratus..............---.---6-

pyrillus..

Conurus....

euops, Aratinga..-...-.2-....... eee seen

canicularis .

auricapilla.-.......... 0222s eee e

282

171

111, 161, 162, 163, 503
162, 164,171

«+++ 162, 164,174

ocularis.............-.. 162, 163, 167, 503

163, 166
Petzii..........008. - ‘Iz
solstitialis........ 162
weddellii-....... 162

Eurypyga.....--.- zs 87

evops, Conurus.. 155, 161

Evopsitta.. - 161
Evopsitta.........-- 150
chloroptera. -- 154

euops.. 154,161

evops. - 161

maugei. 155

pyrilia.. - 203

typus.. 161
wagleri... - 1

excellens, Diplopterus. - 69
Tapera nevia. .. 67

exigua, Cheemepelia passerina......... 397, 399, 420
Chamepelia........---ceceeeeeceneee 420
Chlorcenas inornata. .. 286, 297, 298, 504
Columbigallina passerina. . 420
exquisita, Psittacula -- 195
exsul, Chlorcenas inornata. 286, 297, 299, 300
Nesopelia galapagensis................ 376
galapagoensis......... 374,375,376

subsp........ 376

522

Psittacus..

Peristera...........-.-
Taoniaenas . ais
ferruginea, Piaya.... aia
ferrugineus, Coccyzus..........
Nesococcyx.
Psittacus....

festivus, Psittacus. ..
fieldi, Hyetornis. ..
fieldii, Hyetornis..............
finschi, Amazona.........--.--
Androglossa.

Finsch’s Paroquet.
Parrot... .

flavifrons, Psittacus.......
flavigula, Psittacula. ..
flavinuchus, Chrysotis. ..

: Psittacus.
flavirostris, Chlorcenas.........

283, 284, 286, 303, 304

flavirostris . 286, 288, 300, 303

17

303

nanus Subspecies..-...... 174

fulva, Columba minor.........
fulvifrons, Leptotila verreawxi.
fulviventris, Engyptila....
Leptoptila. .
Leptotila.........

tS casas: 440, 450, 456

brachyptcra subsp ... 453
fulviventris..... 440,451, 453

fusca, Columba.........-......
fuscus, Pionus.........--------
Psittacus..............-

INDEX.

eeismeeeincteeee. 220 | galapagoensis, Geophaps

Nesopelia
galapagoensis ..... 373, 375
Zenaida......----.------ 372,374,375
shi acibemeriaacis Galapagos Dove....-----------------sseee--- 8B
Be Sesuicgincesee Galbulide 1
217, 220,224,240 | galeritus, Cuculus.......-....---+-+--++--00- 67
Haseeeuedcis 285, 291 Diplopterus.... ae |
«+++ 285, 287,288, 292 | Galliformes......-.-----.---------0e-eeeee- 275, 279
...- 283, 290,291,202 | Gallinze Peristeropodes.......-----.-.---.-.. 275
eteteearnlueteieinsaiard 291 | Galline...-..--.-------.-- ssrves, 2
disiecinaancmaties 291 | gallopagoensis, Chamaepelia.. 375
saeeierenneeee 291 Columba.... . 3
siatisisiseisiesins'e 35 Nesopelia. . 375
~--- 10,12, 34,35, 501 Peristera.. . 875
wismiciareti ata saiae 35 Zenaida....- eSpace ATS
Sissatvigaaiseieasiers. 110 | gaudens, Pyrrhura hoffmanni........-.... 177,178

ae rere 6,74, 75
Tees 75, 80, 82, 83, 502
.-. 75,78, 79, 80, 502

_ 279,281, 283, 464, 487

Geotrygon goldmani .
lawrencei. .

INDEX. 523

Sedaseeniaeirscs 469, 485, 486
486
- 486,506

Psittacard ss csescgixsesiexessaecilyenies 118
SUGA0O. sccosredscsseecie spew swew ves 118
glauciceps, Chrysotis.............22--0...0-5 245
glaucus, Anodorhynchus..........-........- 118
MacrocercuS.....-...---..-..00--00- 118

PS IttaOUs xian joi2 cis ciel sieseagtapicinie ie Ge 118

Globicera pacifica. .
Gnathosittaca. ..

godefrida, Claravis...
Columba.

godina, Chameepelia.
Talpacotia.....
godinae, Talpacotia.
godini, Talpacotia .....

Golden-crowned Parrakeet.................. 164

goldmani, Geotrygon..

Oreopeleia . .
Goldman’s Quail-Dove
gossei, Ara
Gosse’s Macaw........
gossii, Ara.........-.-.
Goura cinnamomea.

Gouride..........

gracilipes, Amazona vittata.

gracilis, Coccycua rutila. . «-- 44,45

Coccyzusa.....

granatina, Chemepelia
Chamepelia

passerina .

granatina, Columbigallina passerina

Grand Cayman Dove..........-..----020-0-+
Graydidactylus............-.-.-.eeceeneeeeee
Graydidascalus..................
Gray-headed Quail-Dove
graysoni, Zeneedura.........
Zenaidura... -
Grayson’s Parrotlet...

PAPO UES aise sicscisiersiece|dxostraisqarssaislancssoceiciaicle
gregaria, Trygon...
Grenada Dove.......-.---.----2-+-22-eeeeeee

Mangrove Cuckoo. .......--.2..-.-.
grenadensis, Coccyzus minor
grisea, Columba........-.-.-0-.-.2eee eee ee eee
Columbina....2.222226s2cscececceescees

Columbigallina passerina .

Columbina.... -- 896,397, 411, 424
396
GOUT a esiivessccse 506
Peristera. 424
Pyrgitoenas. 506
Groove-billed Ani..... 94
Ground Dove, Antillean. 411
Bahama.. 418
Blile ix wieinnscctuccSancsencions 431
Cayman Island............... 417
Central American 407
415
408
398
420
Jamaican..........-2.-.-....- 421
ini 412
402
Mondétour’s .........-.....-- 435
422
424
406
Vinaceous. . 429
Guacamayo bleu..........---2.-.- 118
guadaloupensis, Ara.........-....... 132-
Guadeloupe, Le perroquet de la. 224
Macaw ........ 131
Paroquet 175
Parrot ..-..-- - 224
Violet Macaw woe 119
guadeloupensis, Ara..... 121, 181, 132
Guaroubai: cosrseseese se esens caucieaearicenins 161
guarouba, Psittacus. .. --- 161,162
guatemalz, Amazona.... ~+- 241, 242
farinosa........- 220, 239, 241
Androglossa...
Chrysotis....
guayaquilensis, Columba -...............2---
Guerrero Quail-Dove............---.-.-----+
guianensis, Agapornis.

Psittacula

PSittactis - ise tesiseiesscmuleex

guildingi, Amazona....
Androglossa...........

524 INDEX.
Page. Page,
guildingi, Chrysotis...............0.-000005 226,227 | hoffmannii, Pyrrhura......-------+-+-+26+++ 177
guildingii, Amazona. . 219,225,227 | Hoffmann’s Paroquet........--.----+--++-+++ 1%
Psittacus........ we. 226 | Hoilotl........-0-- 22 -e eee ee ee eee ee eee c eee ee 383
GUINEA. op dcasseeciaemswens 6 seu Columba.........--02 eee ee eee eens 351
guira, Cuculus........ 6 | hoilotl, Columba.............--2----ee-ee ee 383, 384
gujanensis, Psittacus. ---. 158 | Hoitalotl 82
gundlachi, Conurus 154, 155,160 | holochlora, Aratinga............--..+...- 159, 503
euops Subspecies........ 155 holochlora........ 152, 157, 158
gustavi, Brotogeris. Bawicineretcieve sextape ch 183 | holochlorus, Conurus.......--.---.+----+4- 158, 159
BLOUSE csennweuswawianannee se ank 183 holochlorus............. 503
guttatus, Turtur minimus...............-..- 400 | Homoptila 438
gutturalis, Psittacus..............--.-- 269, 272, 504 d 438
guyanensis, Conurus..............02..eeeeees 160 | Hooded Parrot 202
Gymmopelia.... 2.22... e eee eee eee ee eens 282 | hortulana, Chamepelia............--2.22...- 416
gymnophtalmos, Columba...............-- 320,322 | hueti, Euchroura..............2-00..-222e0ee 197
Crossophthalmus... Psittacula....
gymnophthalma, Columba................
gymnophthalmos, Columba........-.....---

Crossophthalmus.........

Picazuros....

Pionus

Pionopsittacus.............
hematotis.

.. 116
275,277

hahni, Diopsittaca...........2cceeceeeeeeeees

Haitian Hyetornis
Lizard-Cuckoo
Paroquet.

Hapalopsittaca..........-.----+---+-

heinei, Gnathosittaca............
Heliopsitta........-..-00--0-05--
Heliornis...........0.esseeeseeee
helviventris, Coccygus...........
Henicognathus.............0-.-+

Heteroscenes..
histrio, Amazona.
Caica..
Columba.
Eucinetus.
Pionias..
Psittacus..

hoffmani, Pyrrhura..........-.--
hoffmanni, Conurus......-.....-

datiode Bataieie's 87

sw (mapa 177

Mwaemieminsaists 177

icterocephala, AMazona.......-....--2-eeeee 253
icterotis, Conurus.
Illinois Parrakeet.

imperialis, Amazona........-----------
Imperial Parrot.........
TInagua Ground Dove............---+--+++++-
inca, Chamepelia...........-. 0... --.eeeeeeee

390

3

387

277

infuscata, Chloroemas............-22-20202eee 325
Columba. 20.2 .0026s2.esccisnes cass 325
Macropygia 325
infuscatus, Psittacus - 209

INDEX. 525

Page

innotata, Zonaida.............. cece ween 369
inornata, Amazona... 240
farinosa. 220, 239, 240

Carpophaga..... aa. 298
Chloronas, ....c2e is seed ex aaseaseees 284,

285, 286, 288, 298, 299, 303, 504

inornata . 286, 296, 297, 299, 504

Chrysotis . mek -. 240
Columba. 297, 298, 299, 300, 303
inornatus, Psittacus........-.--..-.2...-..-- 163
insularis, Cheemepelia passerina.. 396, 399, 417
Chamepelia.......... sees “40

intercedens, Peristera............-.---------- 387
Streptopeleia...............-..- 387
387
interior, Conuropsis carolinensis...........-. 150
intermedius, Cuculus..............-...2-.--- 6
Isle of Pines Cuckoo.....-.---.------------+- 61
Part0teonsenexacaeniueeacsens 272
Pigeon. -.ndecmceseesee cn toees 299

J.
TOCATID ES 5 5. 5)5 3io;ci0icsdisic aywissoioiaiininteinininsassalninenic.niy 276
Jamaican Band-tailed Pigeon............-... 294
Dove..... gene eseedecicesineaesiasmane 441
. Ground Dove........-.-..------++ 421
Hyetornis.............2.-2002ee eee 55
63
26
174
POrOtincacacasccmexmeiemeecmeeeca 267
298
131
396
399, 421, 422
Chamepelia.............. 415, 417, 422

56

-- 442,449, 455
easgstatstas 442, 446
439, 441, 442, 443, 445
441, 442, 449, 455,

Janthoenas caribea..........2--- 2. ee eee eee

locutrix..
rufina.

jasijatere, Geophilus............-.----------+
jendaya, Eupsittula........----....-.-..--+-
jessie, Zenaida ruficauda......----.--....
johanseni, Cuculus canorus....-..----------- 9
jugularis, Brotogeris 2.2002 <.22.ve++05-2--+

Brotogerys

Page.
julieni, Coccyzus.....-.....-..2..---2200+ 14, 20, 501
americanus..........- 11,14,19, 20

K.

Kamchatkan Cuckoo.........22--22.22--+00+ 7
Key West Quail-Dove..........--.--2--22+.+ 471
L.
labati; Conuriisis ese svcececcasecesesudiesesien 175

Eupsittula (?).. 164,175

210
210
lactifrons, Chrysotis.-.... 252
levirostra, Crotophaga. . 102
leevirostris, Crotophaga. - 102
lamprauchen, Columba.....--..--..-----+-+- 296
Patagioenas.........---2------ 296
landsbergi, Coccyzus....
lansbergi, Coccygus....-....-.--------22s0006
Coccyzus....-..2.2222222026-
Peristera
lansbergii, Peristera........--.---------.-+--
Lansberg’s Cuckoo.....-.--.----------2--00+
La Petite Perruche de 1’Isle de Lugon. 197
LiATg TOUZO won 222s. s2cscesecscscscenconeacies 132
$HICOOL cc ecsccncerceceseccmeaeeecces 136
375
276
490
Oreopeleia. . 470, 489, 490
lawrencii, Geotrygon. . -- 489, 490
Lawrence’s Quail-Dove.. - 489
Le Bout-de-Petun....... 99
Le craik & téte violette-. 224
Le Grand Ara Militaire... 135
Bout-de-Petun...... 93
Le Papagei & téte and gorge bleue. 218
Le Perroquet & epaulettes jaunes.. 253
Bouquet..........-- 230
de la Guadeloupe...-. 224
Meunier de Cayenne. 220
Le petit Ara...-..-------- 222 eee ee eee eee eee ee 136

Perroquet Vert......-..-.-------.--

bonapartei .
bonapartii-....
brachyptera

526

Leptoptila capitalis

jamaicensis .

megalura ....--.--------222 eee eee 440
NCOKONG os eeeedandesedseercaieges 445
ochroptera . 438
PlUMbed oan cccecscaccaveemeecinee 324
plumbeiceps ....----.------------ 463
tiottei

riotii .

rufaxilla . .

rufinucha.

verreauxi.

VOMOAUM I aeosoecs ewes cnccescee
vinaceiventris.........-.-----+--+ 459
wellsi 461
Leptoptilos. 438
Lieptoptiisancasassencensevesesernrseccenane 438
leptorhyncha, Psittacara.......-.-.--------- 110
Leptostnet.. poncccvancaranenssmarmneeaceee 111
pranick Ul, ccccccscaxemsceccccce 111
Len tosomatidetisnsessosswccrissseececncecnam 3
Leptostoma.......------------ 2-22 e ee eee eee » 74
LOM ZICAU A eis oiessarsceiesisiein ste cin din 74,80
Leptotila.........-2-.2--++ 279, 281, 283, 430, 488, 439
batty ls a. ccuesesewscerereereeeey 441, 464
brachyptera subsp. fulviventris.... 453
capitalis..........-..--.-2---2--e-- 456
Cassini..........cce see eee eee e eens 440

cassini............ 440,456, 458, 460
cerviniventris. 440,457, 458, 459, 460

cerviniventris.........----------.+ 459
COM ATIS... soca ie cisocsiscest 439, 442, 448, 444
fulviventris...........-.-.--- 440, 450, 456
brachyptera. 440, 452, 453, 456
brachytera...........- 456
capitalis..... 440, 452, 456
fulviventris..... 440,451, 453
gaumeri......-.......-.- 439, 442, 444, 445
ATSUTAN IS. nos) spsinte drained siete sin'ge cic cio 449
jamaicensis.........- 439, 441, 442, 443, 445
439, 442, 444
441, 462, 463
acid ep ate winsieislsisisisianewientai Nate 440
-- 440, 460, 461
439, 449, 450, 506
seed 447
brachyptera............. 451

capitalis

fulvifrons.

insularis.
megalura.........-..-.-. 440
nuttingi....... 440, 447, 450, 451
occidentalis. sewscsees ox 439, 447
riottei......... 439, 447, 449, 450
verreauxi.. 439, 446, 447, 450, 506
WollSliccsenavacieteercatenatadacen 441, 461
Lesser Greon Parrot...........02--eceeneeeee 236

INDEX.

Page.
Lesser Jamaican Parrot........-....--------+ 262
Roadrunner.......--.--2+-0--22+222 = 80
‘White-fronted Parrot.........-.-.--.- 257
lessoni, Diplopterus............2.------00-0+- 67
NOVIUS (7)... seen eeeeeee 67
leucocapilla, Columba.....-....--....00--0- 312
leucocephala, Amazona..........-. 222, 272, 273, 274
leucocephala......... 222,
269, 271, 272, 273, 504
Chrysotis..........-. 269, 271, 272, 274
Columba.........--.---- 308,311,312
Patagicenas.......-.--..- 309,312, 504
leucocephalus, Amazona leucocephalus...... 272
Chrysotisvccceeossscicaicexcncies 271
Patagioenas......-.---------5 312
PSURACIS. . ccs0ic acini nra cen nened 257,
265, 267, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274
5, Psittacus........0.....0c0ee 267
7, Psittacus....... aaomeereas 257, 267
var., Psittacus. 267
Var. y, Psittacus............. 272
leucophtbalma, Aratinga.................-.+
leucophthalmus, Conurus...
Psittacus.......-..-.-----
leucoptera, Chamepelia...........--..-..-0-
Columba.........--22.2..4+
Melopeleia..........-.-.....205

Melopelia..........-..-

levaillantii, Amazona........2.-.......----

Chrysotis.
DAcmetis. cotie cise saiwosienciccnte ciara a csc cies
lilacina, Amazona. ...--..-....2-0e eee ee eee ee
Limicole..........-
lindeni, Coccyzus.......
lineola, Bolborhynchus.. -..
lineola... 179
Conurus... - - I18l
Grammopsittaca.... 181, 5038
lineola.......--.--.- 503
Myiopsitta.........-.----eeeeee eens 181
Psittacula.... 178,181
lineolata, Psittacula....-.....-.-.-.---e0e00+ 181
lineolatus, Bolborhynchus.........-.-....-+- 181
Conurus 181
lineolus, Bolborhynchus.. 181
Lithoenas.....-.-.--..- 279
Little Green Parrot 263
livia, Columba 279
livida, Claravis pretiosa.. . -. 435
Lizard-Cuckoo, Bahaman...............---- 58
60
64
63
62
locutrix, Chlorcenas 325
CONIMbs .¢ ssdcccse cea easenseecceee 325

INDEX, 527
Page.
Long-tailed Dove... ...- 2.2.2... eee e eee ee eee Macrocercus pachyrhynchus, .......... 140, 142, 143
TO PH OAMMUS sseisnc gece cebaadccaedesesaceisc severus
loricata, Columba.........-.20222eeeeeeeeeee tricolor
Lepideenas. . macrocercus, Coccyzus
Patagioonas.........2..2.-2..eeeeeee Ma@GROCIRCUS sew wevecesesens de ce eeeeeeccucewes
Dorleulusicpisieiss sensancsccciancinswern sane ween $HICOLOB<cisiaie Hen ey sdientceiecieicece
(Cyclopsitta?) micropterus. . Macropusisccecessedunese sees se leneseatiesees
LOTUS ore js cic de dindanicissctnaewenneecuecaci (0:5 0. <:) 1:
OVUM AOS sis sia vies aeigiartioriraisiniaate Montiiecteaesionle. phasianellus.......--.-
Lorine.......-.---- Macropygia infuscata. .
Louisiana Paroquet........ macroura, Columba,..,.......---.+ 336, 343, 347, 351
Louisiane, Perroquet de la... Zenaidura. . .339, 340, 343, 347, 351, 355, 505
lucida, Psittacula coolestis.. sae 188 TARTOULE wrcsanwas esc 340,
Zenaida zenaida, 855, 358, 361 341, 343, 344, 345, 348, 351
ludoviciana, Aratinga.. ... 148 | macrourus, Cuculus...........2..2-------2-- 90
Sittace......-. 148 Ectopistes. 336
ludovicianus, Conuropsis carolinensis. 147 Geo-tacco. - 85
Conurus........---- 148
Psittacus.. si: s2<cceceneceeces 148
luteolus, Psittacus.......--.---.--2-+0+e-eee- 219
luteus, Psittacus.......---.-.--.-05-++ 150, 161, 219

Sittace....-....2...-2--- eee eee eens 127,131
Macaw, Blue and Yellow 122
134
136
GOSSCS sc. csciscc cemacewe cenenandoncee 137
Guadeloupe. 131
119
125
132
140
Red, Blue, and Green.....-.-------- 125
Red, Blue, and Yellow.........---.- 128
Red-tailed Blue and Yellow........- 125
Bevere........-0- eee eee eee cece eee 138
The Red and Blue..........--.-+--- 132
Yellow-headed....-.---.------+---++ 138
Macrocercin®.........-2---0.0eeee ee eee eee eee 107
MacrocercuS......-..2------2ececeeeeeeeceree 119
ambiguus..........-.-----2.0-05 135
BTACANEA,.. 200s 2 secccnneences
(Aracanga) ambiguus...........
aracanga........--..
castaneifrons
MACA0,..-.---------
Militaris.............
PEICOLOL si asinin'scieinen 137
ALATAUNA...--. +22 2 eee eee eee 124
(Ararauna) ararauna........... 124
BUBUSUUS 24 occ ccsceesasescucccce. 118
caninds...-...-.....2.-2e-eceeee 121
chloropterus........-...-...0-06 128
GIBUCUS ose oeicicaticanceweneees 118
hyacinthinus..........-.--2-.66 118
MACAO os ce csiccce aca mncasaiccse 127,130
mexicanus.......---2.---0eeeeee 143
militaris.............22--- 122, 133, 185

major, Ara chloroptera..
Crotophaga,.......
Mangrove Cuckoo......-.--------c-ee eee eene
Cuckow...
manilatus, Psittacus.

Mmaracana, ATA,....-.-------cee een e cece ence ee
marginata, Columba,
HClOpistess .ciccswesecwacescoeses
PCriSSULD. oe ccecceccensecateceaes
Saurothera,.. -
Zenaidura carolinensis........... 344
marginatus, Ectopistes...........-----....-- 344
Geococcyx. . a 79
Psittacus........... - 198
marginella, Zenaidura............. 350, 505
macroura. ..........2.. 341,
342, 347, 348, 351, 353
SGeminexiresser tate jace 350
--- 121,125
467, 472, 478, 477, 484
478, 477, 478
etic 478
Gatisiieiens 473,477

Oreopeleia..
Oropelia..
Peristera

martinicana, Amazona.. .
Chameepelia.........-......2.2-

' (Zenaida). . 365
Oreopeleia...................-- 477
PONUCG 4 esavnse carver uiexdews 365

528 INDEX.

Page.
martinicana, 8, Columba.........--...-.006- 484
martinicus, Anadorhynchus.............-..- 125
Anodorhynchus. . 118
ATR ie ciciecdaelcisauatsnteramscleeews 125
Martinique Dove...........---.222-- 22 cece ee 363
Ground Dove... 412
Macaw
Parrots sc xsawsreiearereseesexees
Quail-Dove.
Mascarinus.....--.-
maugei, Conurus.......-.-
maugei, Aratinga chloroptera
Conus irae ores win epee dee cecsinenieescie
Evopsitta Z
Psittacara.......-.02- eee eee eee eens
Mauge’s Paroquet.........--------+--0--++--
maugeus, Columba
maximiliani, Anadorhynchus...........-.-- 118
Anodorhynchus.............-. 118
PIONS oc cece ses sveniacencvan 208
Pionus...
Psittacus....-.--.--------00- 208, 214
Maximilicus.........- - 16
maynardi, Coccygus..
Coceyzus....
minor. 11, 12, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29,33
subsp.. a 26
mayor, Crotophaga..........-
Meally Green Parrot.......-.-.2.0-eseeeeeee
mearnsi, Melopelia asiatica.....
media, Columba subfusca. .
megalura, Leptoptila
Leptotila verreauxi.......-...-..- 440
mehleri, Piaya......--..--.-- «++. 47,50
cayana... - 47,50, 51
Pyrrhococcyx. eoee 51
melacorypha, Piaya.........-..-.2...eee eee 37
melacoryphus, Coccyzus.........-.---- 10, 12, 35,37
melancholica, Columba...
melanocephalus, Psittacus...........-...---
melanocoryphus, Coccyges......-.-........-

Coccygon

Coccygus

Coceyzus
melanogastra, Piaya.....
melanonota, Euchroura. .

Psittacula. .
Urochroma.
melanonotus, Psittacula.
PSIGtACUS «2 are: d:ere'eeinsenieirnsciaece 198
Pyrrhulopsis......-..--....-.. 198
melanoptera, Columba 281
Psittacula.. 197
Urochrom ..aiss civic scenes 197
melanopterus, Psittacus.......-.-...-......- 197
Pyrrhulopsis.....- wiceciveeeeais 197
melanorhynchos, Coccyzus......-.-.-.......
melanorhynchus, Cuculus.

BiB VAhe csc ss edie miedonecelnete
melanota, Psittacula............-..2..--.065
melanotus, Psittacula. .

Psittacus.
Pyrrhulopsis.............-.....-
meloda, Columba.......--.
Melopeleia 377
Melopelia. 377
ZOUMGR ic. ss7 ssemetsiwsanerayiccisteies 384

Page.

Melopeleia. .. 2.2.2.2... een ene e eee eee eeeee 376
leucoptera......-.-------ss008 « 382,385

Ges) (100 C; eee 377

Moelopelia sjacisccscansncacscccdimmeninwe 281, 376, 377
BS1AELCD 2.5)5cici2 eccisiarcrareicisieia 377, 380, 383, 385

asiatica.

- 377,378, 380, 382, 383
australis. ........2-.2...

souleyetiana...........-----.22... 377
Melopsittacus
menstrua, Amazona
Pionus
menstrusis, Psittacus. i 212
menstruus, Pionias..........--..--002seeeees 213
Bod (3 00 1 (: ae ee 213
Pionus.....-.-....... 207, 208, 210, 212
PitACUB : wssiceusceecweeocens 206, 212
meridionalis, Chlorcenas.............-.--0-06 369
Columbine. cxvevcwscnwenn 285, 359, 369

Meunier de Cayenne...........2.2-2.2-..0085 220
ou Crick poudré.............2..2008 220
Mexican Ground Dove............--------+- 402
Green Macaw.............22.20-000- 132
PATrTOtle tas aco. acne scinisiete we'eie a seins 191
Rufous-rumped Cuckoo............. 73
Squirrel-Cuckoo. ................-.5 51
mexicana, Ara militaris........... 122, 182, 133, 134
Columba montana........---...+. 383

Microsittace....-......-
migratoria, Columba......-..-...0.05.
(Ectopistes)..........
Ectopistes......-.-.cc.eseeee

minima, Chlorceenas flavirostris. .

minimus, Turtur barbadensis. .
minor, Coccygus.

monachus, Coccycua. .

montanus, Geotrygon
monticola, Columba
Morococeyx

INDEX.
Page.
migratoria, Peristera............222-2220+e00 339 | Moroce
DEY BON 3:2ie tose Dasapescrcseisissajereidee O84 339
migratorius, Ectopistes. ---- 884, 337, 339, 343
Palumbus...............2s00+ 336, 343
PURDON ac nanauvanieaiarcca’ 16

Mourning Dove

529

Page.

accyx erythropygius 502
erythropygus - 73,74, 502
erythropygus.. 71,73, 502

mexicanus.

ROTGUE ye oi ra.scoumaeredteaware 339,505 | murinus, Psittacus..
Militaire, Le Grand Ara... 135 | Muscadivores
militaris, Ara.. 120,121, 122, 125, 133, 134, 135,140,503 | Musophagi............2.20.-2-2220eeeeeeeeee

asieiiede ae aien 122
Columba flavirostris- .

23, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32,33

Myiopsittacus...
Myristicivora bicolor...

---- 122,132, 133,503 | Musophagidee...........2.222.-22--22 eee ee eee
134,135 | Myiopsitta
122, 133, 185

orbignesia
orbygnesia
tigrina...

COCCY SPOS w\n:e:a'sieisisin die'sia ofo sinaislae spe sjereiers 23 | mystacea, Columba...
COROY ONS wes cecvasiacrencnunwianns 11, 17, 22,
23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38 283, 467, 468, 475
minor........ 11, 21, 23, 24, 26, 31, 33 -- 468,474, 476
Cuculus... 17, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38. Peristera. ~ 473,475
cayanensis.......--.--------+ 43 BLAINE eS. n eas spits eGieyeniecierrels 475
PAYA oeecdacesaewcssmemeacexsecenwed 28, 43
PSittACu Saco ccc ccwieas te eeesecsaewes 263 | neevia, Columba ..
minuta, Cheemepelia....................-- 397, 423 Piaya.....
MUDD ts sjs:c se etordedeee 397 Tapera......
Cheemepella..........2..22.2----225 423 nevia.
Chamrepeliay n1assiwancacanscxense 397,423 | neevius, Cuculus
Chamepelia...........2.---.-....-2- 423
Coccycua rutila....-....22-.2...2.2.- 44,45 8 Cuculus ..
Columba... 2.420 secececea cece 397, 423, 506 Diplopterus. 67, 69, 70
Columbigallina..............-..-. 397, 423 GeOCcoccyxX .... 2-2-2 2-2 ee eee eee ee ene 67
GOUlBs spcsnsecareasieteasnecieasies Soe | Ges, AMAZOUR 22 ~aweeseenersiaceiminsenaws 259
PIA Sesssasaussessawiwseswaascans 43, 44,45 221, 256, 257, 259
minutus, Coccygus.-...-..------+-2.-002e eee 43 Cheemepelia passerina............--- 396,399
COCCY Ate craredacesmcemetainwnsvinn 43,44 Eupsittula...........-.....22005 162,164,174
PyrrhococcyX.....-.---.----22-++- 43 Psittacara.
modesta, Psittacula...-......-..2-.2--2-

Coccyzeea..
Cuculus....-......02-...0 2222202
Myiopsitta.........2..2...0.20005
PBIUACUS » 26 se jacecieiceseiceneciacis oi
mondetoura, Claravis............-.-+-- 431,435,437 | neglecta, Cheemepelia passerina.............. 395,
Peristera.. <2. cc0.cecccucscetes 437 399, 406, 407, 408
is Riese ieanaeeriea 435 | nenday, Psittacus -
Romantic chetedicaccimeec be 291 | Neomorphus.... 6,83
ssieSsiethaittinaeedeccren siete 201 salvini. - 84,85, 502
472, 478,481,482 | neoxena, Leptotila.. - 439, 442, 444
weeps sediecagtes 478, 482,483 | nesiotes, Coceygus
Pes Weeeee eres meN eae 482
sige eyeasde wessaruewien 467,

Oreopelia
Oropelia.
Perdix..

1957°—Bull. 50, pt 7—16——34

375,376
. 374,375,376
373, 375
376

galapagoensis
subsp. exsul
gallopagoensis

530 INDEX.

Page. Page.
nesophila, Cheemepelia rufipennis........... 428 | Gincenas chiriquensis.............--.. 326, 332, 333
neoxena, Engyptila. - 445 nigrirostris...........---- 323, 326, 328, 332
Leptoptila.. -- 445 plumbea........
Leptotila ..... iaschasielsieniayoupibininotedtes 444 chapmani
NGStOP 2 csecidadancuceiiiedatanededeecasenieed 105 WocutT IX. o:c.sc02 ses ss cnaeee
pallescens
plumbea.
Nicaraguan Green Paroquet.......-......--- i
nichollsi, Chrysotis....... - 231) purpureotincta...............
Nicoclarius......-.....-..---2200--0eeeeeeee 6 | sub imacea....2. 2.22 eee eee
nigricrissa, Piaya.....
cayana.
nigrirostris, Chlorcenas. . .
Columba
Cinoenas ex, i287
nisoria, Columba - 108,109,111
nobilis, Psittacus, wine <.cccawsssseveseca cans 55
Moevia, Columba... ......eses cece ec cenneceee 351 450
noronha, Zenaida, -- 869 119
norouha, Chameepelia.........--....2----+-- 369 217
Northern Striped Cuckoo... 67 229
notata, Brotogerys....... ee 183 | .optatus, Cuculus,..ccocccscccssssvcncecaancee 6
notatus, Brotogerys...... 183 | Orange-headed Parrot........--....2..--.055 148
Psittacus......-. 183 | oratrix, Amazona...... -- 220, 249
Noticenas.......-....--+----- -- 280 oratrix......... 220, 246, 249
nuttingi, Leptotila verreauxi. 440, 447,450,451 | orbignesia, Myiopsitta........... ven 170)
Nymphicus..........-.-2--0-2-2...2-2e eee 105,106 | orbignesius, Bolborhynchus. 179
orbitula, Psittacula.. 188
0% orbygnesia, Myiopsiita.. - 13
occidentalis, Aratinga seruginosa............ 503 | Oreopeleia........---...... 279, 281, 283, 467, 468, 496
Coccygus americanus........... 19 albifacies........... -- 467, 468, 470
19 albifacies . 470, 493, 495
americanus. . 11,13,14,17,19 SU Sa 470, 494, 495
subsp..... 19 albiventer.
Eupsittula pertinax....... - 603 bourcieri.
Leptotila verreauxi... - 439,447 caniceps....
ochrocephala, Amazona.........----- sey 221 costaricensis..............+- 469, 487, 489
ochrocephala. 221, 249 chiriquensis. . 468, 470, 491, 493
Androglossa........----.2..-.. 221 chrysia...... 467, 468, 471, 473
Chrysotis weiss iis siecaicisncicein 221,251 goldmani. Sees 470,490
ochrocephalus, Psittacus . 221, 248,251 lawrencei...-.... jeeeeeces 470,489, 490
ochroptera, Amazona.........-......22.0.025 253 martinica...... 467, 468, 469, 473, 476, 478
eestiva Var........-.--- 253 martinicana............-...2----+ 477 -
Androglossa......--..--2--...255 253 montana... 467, 468, 469, 476, 478, 483, 484
Chrysotis..............---- 248, 252, 253 mystacea.......-....... 283, 467, 468, 475
ochroptera.......-..... 253 “ mystacea......... 468, 474, 476
Deptop tila. vcsesaceccsccacnences 438 Sabo: .sccneencus, 469, 474, 476
ochropterus, Androglossus...........--....-+ 253 veraguensis...........- 467, 468, 469, 486
CHYSOtIS siscicicesececscecdaeees, 248, 252 Violacea. .....ccee cee c eee eee 467, 468, 469
PSIGLA CUS ds. 2eoseeoreeeee seks 252 albiventer.........-..-- 469, 484
ochruptenus, Psittacus...............2-2-..- 252 violacea...-....-------- 469, 484
ochrurus, Psittacus.............2.2-.0ee esses 198'«|: OreOPelIe si ciaresccmisiciectcisisis tateieneeawigesica® 467
OCtopter yess priiiontirecice seceive seduicined nes 6 MONAT 5.5 <i cece eens cia daisies 484
ocularis, Conurus..............-.2------ ae 168 VIDIACEB occ, iociScasamcaraemtwaebisets 469
aeruginosus Subspecies..... 168 | Oreopsittacus.......22... 2.2... cece ee eee 103, 104
Eupsittula. 162, 163,167,502 | Ornithaptera..........222..22.22. 0202s eee eee 27
Gdicnemide. ...... 2.222222... cece ee eeeeees O76: | OMMItAUT ..o.< o.0ccesecccmesn Wesewemmcenime sie 275
Cina squamosa...-. 22.2... eee eee eee eee 300°}; OPOPelOides csi, casesworveawcaceamoacanesisein 467
Ginas mexicana, . sic ccscceasencacecinsianc ces 351 | Oropelia martinica...........22..2-.0e eee eee 473
280 montana
217 violacea
BUBUSHUS «cera aec ee eeemeneases 224 | Orthopsittaca
Ha VENGENSIS s2.5.ccewnses signees serene 229 | Osculatia.
GNONAS 5s e2ieccsvercnsemsesse rex. 2818235824; | (OMS sscieiejerrereraiadisicin cin ois creieieieicieyeisje gio nc, tRsiaS
bogotensis.......... 0... e eee eee eee 325 | Oxypelia

INDEX.

Pachynus............
pachyrhyncha, Ara......

Rhynchopsitta .

Sittace...

pachyrhynchus, Conurus...

e Macrocercus.

Psittacus....

Rhynchopsittacus. e

pacifica, Columba..........-....- 466

Globicera. .

Pale-vented Pigeon...............--.-.2---++
pallescens, Cheemepelia.

passerina........-..
399, 402, 405, 407, 408
Chamepeleia passerina, var....-. 405
Chamepelia..............- 405, 406, 408
passerina.....-..... 405
WAP wiesccice 404,
405, 406, 408, 410
VAT i ieiz.nte aie ewidts sts'aie's 404

406, 408, 410
var... 406, 408
Columbogallina passerina...... 406,408

Cnoenas plumbea.... 325

pallida, Columba... 2 6
Psittacula......... 193
cyanopyga....--------+-- 193

cyanopygia.... 189,191, 192,193

WAP eciejsieceics 193

pallidicrissa, Chlorcenas rufina. 286, 287, 288, 305, 306
Columba....... sane ap ae wie, BOE

palloris, Coccyzus minor......-..... 11, 22, 23, 24, 25
palmarum, Amazona leucocephala..... 222, 271, 272
Paloma de la montes. 287
Palumbeena..... 280
Palumbis.... 280
Palumboena..... 280
Palum Dus se s2ssiseveceevescvevevseees ae cee 280
migratorius........-.-..-22-e206 336, 343

palumbus, Columba...........--...--...-- 287, 280
Panama Cuckoo 43
Parrot......- 249
panamensis, Amazona. 251

ochrocephala... 221, 247,249
Androglossa ochrocephala Sub-
species....
Chrysotis. . .
Coccycua rutila.............---- 43
Piaya rutila.......-.-......-.-- 45
panychlora, Nannopsittaca

paradisi, Psittacus
Parakeet, Brown-fronted.........--------+-+ 163

179
Bonaire... ....----2-20ee eee nce c ones 166

asta 153
Hoffmann’s 178
Jamaican. 174

147

ieigeniere et 155

158

aia miota'stevciess 168

ra areieusinistbislaisie oes 156

DOCOMO a caamissiiatiianrde dics 159
Tovi...... 183

NW OIGPNIA ao icucdaaseannisedwseahcn 167
164

165

Purple-tailed..........---.--+-+-- 198
Parrot, Bahama.....-----.---2--+-2-eee eee 278
Blue-crowned. 241
fC0d 3. wiaisccevierieereceeeseeiete 230
faced, Green ........--.......6+ 230

headed...

Double Yellow-head. 246
Finsch’s. . - 244
Green-headed.....-.......---------6- 240
Guadeloupe. 224
GOGO sao cies ctajeg sisista ne alecieetereie cle wots 202
Amperial si. caserrerornicesenesectesios 222
Isle of Pines. - 272
Jamaican. . 267

532 INDEX.
Page.
Parrot, Yellow-winged..............------ 251,252 | Peristera auriculata
Parrotlet, Blue-fronted.....-.....-----.--005 199
GYAYSOD Sense see's eewoereessemss 193
MORIA. cxwssyaasvecnereensasmenn 191
Red-fronted........---------+-++65 200
Sonoran........-------- +2 22+ 193
Spengel’s.......--..-..------+
Parrot-like Birds
Parrots.........0-2-20ceee eee ee ee eeeee
Parrots, Typical. .....-....-0.--00----eee noes
Partridge, Blue
parvula, Cheemepelia passerina.......-.-.. 395, 399
paschia, Psittacns..0.<as<xecneecssneseeeeee os 143
Passenger PIPG0N sus ccswresevevesaweraquenn’s 334 gallopagoensis..................-.--
passerina, Cheemepelia, 395, 401, 404, 408, 421 BOOMLOV Ieee ees os cont uaitiateeeeeee 431
passerina.........- 395, 398, QPISCO AK < c.jeiccwarcna vas neisseeeeek ods 494
399, 401, 402, 406, 407, 421 intercedems.............2.2..-ceeee 387
Chameopelia......-..-.- --- 404
Chamepeleia. . 401, 404, 419
Chameepelia........ 400, 401, 403, 404, 407,

393, 400, 403, 407,

409, 412, 413, 415, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421

Columbigallina..........--....- 401, 404,

408, 409, 412, 414, 416, 417, 419, 420, 421

400

404, 408, 409, 414, 416, 421

sonmananee 185, 189, 190, 191, 503

passerina.....-..---.- 190, 191

Pyrgitocenas 401, 404, 416, 421

passerinus, Psittacus. . --- 187, 189, 190
passeris, Columba... ..

Patagizenas.......

lamprauchen.
leucocephala-...........-.-
leucocephalus
loricata. ..-
0 Ce
SQUAMOSA # <ciciceicicicacececiceisee
Patagoenas

pauli-guilelmi, Playa ..ccccccccesesveveranens
pavonicus, Dromococeyx....----------+++-+-
pavoninus, Cocey as ... ...<2.00<sieeswewenwen 87
DromococtyX......-----+--+2-e+5+ 87,90
pavua, CONUTUS...--..-.--------- eee eee eee 154, 155
PSittacus swesecasesxeaexesicasasave 154,155
peninsule, Cuculus.............--.- 222-2 eens 8
peninsularis, Columba subvinacea........... 326
Genoenas subvinacea........... 326
pentheria, Z6Naida ... ..c.2-snccaneracnnees 354, 356
Penthoceryx... 6
Perdicopell@iascsciscccsiwse teimcecacienscar seis vic 496
cyanocephala..........--.2--.-- 499
Perdix montana.......--.--.---+--2- eee eee 481
Perissura. . Bedesane aeermeseks ares eee 339
earolinensis........-.-.-.-----.+- 344, 505

MALEINAs.s.cc exemcneeces os a eewen
POTISUOES rei <jessisceseietinaisinwinje die aeisiomaaaiscinsione
albifacies. .
albifrons.............-.22.5--

migratoria. 339
Mondetoura.........-- cece ween ee 437
MONtANA. 6 ai: sc sieee ssadeseeeemeae 478, 482
MYStACOS p25 seseeeevewexcessesse 473,475
passerina........ 404, 408, 409, 414, 416, 421
plumbeiceps.........-.....2.....65 463
TOC OS Ge is.c.c.o.sieiecscizcs neisisiotsss,emvsunieiaie 430, 434

387

450

387

verreauxi .
versicolor .

Peristeroldew i... cies ccccecceiceccccnceece
Peristeromorphe.
Peristeropodes, Galline.............--..-..-
perpallida, Cheemepelia passerina............
Chameepelia.............
passerina.
Columbigallina.................--
passerina
Cen DUG aes naet scenerenedenes®
Perroquet & téte bleue, dela Guiana......... 218
de la Havane..........-..2....066 228
- 148
Martinique.........-.....- 269, 272
St. Domingue................ 264, 265
des Barbades 252
varié, de Cayenne............ 209
ventre pourpre, dela Martinique... 267
violet. .........22.20055 eeieemsaen 209

INDEX. 538
Page.
Perruche & téte jaune............2.26-0.. 20 e- 148
noir, de Cayenne............ 202
couronnée d’0r.........22 2. eee eee 164
pertinax, Aratinga..........-..0...eeee eee 165
Conurus....-........ 163, 165, 166, 167, 168
Bupsittula...........-0.---s--00e 163, 503
Psittacus
Blttaces. ccccecacenvcacecnccewencecs
Petit Ara rouge...
Perruche 4 gorge jaune d’Amerique.... 185
appelée, petit jaseuse......... 186
de Batavia....... 197 | picazuro, Columba,
de Cayenne. 183 | Picazuros gymnophthalmos.
Vieillard.........- 22
petzi, Conurus...........-..- 171
Conurus aureus subspecies.
petzii, Conurus..............2...
Eupsittaca. .
Eupsittula..
Psittacus .
SECA CE wicraicse idiaielaress greta oie drewaietemeiaicicla
POtZ’S PATOGUEL. csc scesccsxcendoacigeehane
Pezophaps solitarius. Costa Rican Band-tailed . - 292
POLOPOPIND. 2 sccccencceccesaese comer snieeses Red-billed.....-...-...- 304
POZOPOLUS oo. sears ccmnsdedecaaweccawarnoemes 299
Phaps meridionalis. .- . 294
298
305
334
296
Porto Rican Plain - 999
Purple-tinted ...... 331
Pheasant Cuckoo......-....-.2------2--206-- 87 ramier, de Cayenne - 818
PUPS sx sees cewe veuaeessesneeeseuee Red-billed......... - 800
americana... roux de Cayenne. 364
brasiliana... 326
351
316
312
328
359
359
nigricrissa.. 2... :.222s2:sssss0< 47,51 303
thermophila............ 46, 47,51, 501 292
(typica)......2.22-2.22-2eeeeee 47 309
CA VANUS. . 6. seiiccintcn saisciggeetcesiecaind 53 | +White-shouldered..............-.-..- 384
Cayonnensis.........-..--.2-.22 eee eee 53 | Pigeons.........-.----- - 275,276, 278, 279, 308
cinnamomeiventris.. 56 | Pigeon-like Birds.. 275
(Sikes 51 | pileata, Psittacula. - 202
Columbiana..........2 2.202.602 see e eee 47 | pileatus, Caica...........2..22.022ee eee eee eee 202
47
61
17
erythrophthalma........-.........---- 41 | Pionias
erythropygia.........2.-22--26-222 eee 72
FOLTUINEA. oe cecieserncw teense 35 chaleopterus.......--...-------.--.- 209
Eracl8s. os scccewiex ies eneetecereenkes 45 corallinus. 208
i flavirostris. 208
Perontodes.. 1. 2c 2cscccee cece cece 209
melanogastra......--.------.-+-- heematotis...2..2cs22ssseseneaess 205, 206
melanorhynchus -. 202
mexicana....... 210
208
213

534 INDEX.

Page,

Pionias reichenowi 210
i 217

208

209

209

Pionine 107
Pionites 115
Pionius coccineicollaris . 206
coccinicollaris - . 206
hematotis......-.-.2.22-22-20206+ 205, 206

59) wekexesees) 203)
PINUS... .2sads sees 116, 206, 207, 208, 210, 217, 218
203
208
- 202
chalcopterus........-.---------++-- 207, 209
CODAITINUS soon cnnsieemeseedeshe tote 214
208
TUSCUS: ce asiecsmucacansacraseses-sve 207, 209
hematotis
WaCOLS nc eticicriaroniiaw oaaniascncinesicicisis
maximiliani
MONSHUA aie cscecostemuian aieaumasies 213
--- 207, 208, 210, 212
rubrigularis.......-...-... 214
Subspecies: rubrigularis.. 214
pileatus... 202
purpureus 209
reichenowi.. - 210
wee 214
207, 209, 214, 216, 217
209
208
208, 503
503
209
269
209
422
colored Parrot.........- - 239
PAZOOD wisrexicsiesissicnsae - 296
Planesticus merula. . . 175
migratorius. 16
Plantain-eaters................. 2
Platycercine................... 107,112
PIGGY GOP CUS: 2:2 oo.oie idinis esidsd didsnesie scintreroreclelns 107
Platypteroena 354
Pleiodi...........--.--- 277
Plissolophidees ic ccesieccnmsececawesscaca sascce 105
plumbea, Chamepelia.........---.-....6.5 366, 435
Chlorcenas a
Columba...........
plumbea..
Lepidcenas

plumbea, Metriopeleia.
Metriopelia.

plumbeiceps, Leptopila.............----+-24+

463

Leptoptila oe. 463

Leptotila.. - 441, 462, 463
Pevisteras.cccccdeeccneescweaens 463

Plumbeous Dove.....-. - 866
plumbescens, Melopelia. - 286

plumbeus, Psittacus...

Ptiloleptis...
pluvianus, Hyetornis........-...-...2-....-- 56
Plyctolophine........- 105, 106
peecilorhyncha, Chrysotis. .- 221
peecilorhynchus, Chrysotis. . 221
Psittacus - 221
Poicephalus barrabandi-. - 28
pileatus.... - 202
poikilorynchos, Psittacus..............--.... 221
POL gtalt8 edcicscrtsa che apsjnaddessoaveadvanaeseme 107
porphyrura, Urochroma. 198
porphyrurus, Psittacus............-.--.-+-+- 198
Pyrrhulopsis..........--....-- 198
Porto Rican Dove 361
Lizard-Cuckoo 62
Parrot 263
Plain Pigeon. 299
portoricensis, Chamzpelia 415
Columba. . - 315
Prehe@asOres.. 2.2... 2. eee eee cece cence ewes 103
pretiosa, Claravis...... - 278, 430, 431, 434
pretiosa......-.-.---2...-5 435
POLSUOLS oe si cewccdoneaiiesecsaesas 430, 434
primoli, Sittace........--.---.---.--e-e eee ng
Primolius . hig
propinqua, Columba plumbea 325
CEnoenas plumbea............2-. 325
proxima, Chloroenas inornata. - 286,297,299
P§OphOtus veseces vcd encesensraccecsinstinceseas 107
Psilopsiago: - 13
Psitcacus tiriacula. - 186
sieiomeet 164
Psittacara chloroptera. ~ 154,155
cobaltina . - 4s

glauca...

Psittacids. 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 117, 119, 140, 143, 150

Psittaciformes....-.........-0..2...005 1, 2, 103, 105
Psittacine. . --- 103, 106,107
Psittacink .cjcexsexcreseesecece sexx essence 103

Psittacomorphee 103
Psittacula......... - 107, 108, 113, 114, 187, 188, 503
andicola. . 179
barraband!. ......-scccecccscccccee 203
Patavictescecsscseeeseseesseeeasce 197

INDEX. 535
Page.
Psittacula brasiliensis erythrocephala........ 183 | Psittacus accipitrinus...............2----655
CIN GUA 2 wicicsicrcinnsccaccean cewene 197 acuticaudatus .
CODIOSTS ois sis cwiaeiiew ad cmias sees sum 188, 191 ®TUgINOSUS..........2.222 2-22
coelestis.......--..---2 26 188 estivus...
tc) (6 Cee 188 agilis....
eonspicillata.......-.....--.-..- 188, 191 albifrons. . -- 256, 257, 259, 261
erassirostris.......---.-.. eases 189, 191 (Amazona) auro-palliatus.........
eyanochlora. - ie 190 amazonicus.........-.------
CYANOPIS ciecie -eaiaia spec seenictesteiare 188 brasiliensis . -
Cyanoptera........-- eee ween eee 190, 195 gutture luteo. .
cCyanopyga......-..------------- 193, 194
Pallida..c<sss<ccnssex 193
eyanopygia......... 189,191, 192, 193, 194
cyanopygia. 189, 191, 192, 193
pallida. .... 189, 191, 192, 193
var. pallida........-.. 193
eselehayaiatcibfelose ciensinisicle aie Rice sine 190 (Aratinga) byroni..............0..
Siciaieiea lew iseR a elaieleieineuiaes 195 eburnirostrum .
sistediieinilee dines 189 BFACANER- 2-2 2.eeeceeeeeeece cere
aonb aidineecatitensietitciin 186 ararauna...........-.-.. 119,123,124, 125
Sem deevsieae daaasiit Selec 190 oxruleiis 194
ey eer eer 186 coeruleus. - 124
aie arsrciniinva siavelacn este ipa eateae anne 197 arausiacus
190, 191, 192, 193, 194
178, 181
ib cvavcraasaiiais eta nase sine esata casi 181
melanonota.........2.---0--eencee 198
melanonotus...........--.------+- 198
melanoptera.............22-22.2-- 197
MOlNObR .:. is arc ridccemeemadtadercrsss 198
MelNOtUS: .....s-c2e2cucusemacene 198
MOCOSUA's gazes a dcescerceaeccses 189, 503
Sclatetinaus.c2exs0sscesyeeeseseees 503
OPbIGUIS ssa doceserreexmasdcsueys 188
Palliddwcre en ctwenescetuces vara 193
passerina........-.. 185, 189, 190, 191, 503 ‘
eyanochlora........... 190,191 bouqueti---...---22--+22.-22+-0
cyanophanes......-..... 503 brachyurus. .
deliciosa.........--.-- 190, 191 brasiliensis................2-----
passerina CRC TOMI as aye siecle recincicies aicis
viridissima ceruleus. .
vivida cerulifrons..
Subspecies cyanopyga. . caica.......-....
ubsp. vivida: (Caica) chrysopogon... 186
pileata...... cajenneus... 183
purpurata. canicularis.......... 161, 164,170
pytilia... : capite rubro ceruleoque........... 170
SCLAGET elo Se. eins eli ee om 189, 503 earolinensis........- 143,145, 149, 150, 166
spengeli. 190, 191,194, 195 148
spengleri.. -- 195 148
stictoptera - 197 caudacutus 185
SUPAB sare sieteinse cans cewan Gaeceeees 198 chalcopterus. . 209
HOW as encscc ar oededwasecscwaetanie 186 ehloropterus. - .
flavescens
A244 (a 189, 191 var. bahamensis.......... 274
NANTHOPS. sc crewenineceec ews tek oc 188 (Conurus) carolinensis............. 149
Psittaculus.......-. - 187 cruentatus 175
coelestis.. -. 188 eyaneocapillus..............22.2... 230
conspicillatus....... -. 188 eyanocephalus.................... 213
cyanopygius. -- 198 cyanogaster........-.-.22.2-222265 116
sclateri... “ 189 GY PNO LS r oss Fa tee aetadauadeden at 213
tovi.... 186 eyanolyseos 110
PUIPar ass. ses sesesicndevewsesseces 183 eyanopsis..........22-..2....000. 229

536

INDEX.

Psittacus cyanopterus.............-2.-..65

cyanorynchus .

160
241
farinosus. . 217, 220, 234, 240
ferrugineus. .. - 110

festivus... ...

guianensis.............--...- 150, 158, 160
vos 212

- 226

--- 158

- 269, 272, 504

hyacinthinus...............-.---

infuscatus...........2..000..000005
inornatus...........-...-.
jamaicensis gutture rubro
JUPULATiS. ca ceeroueeeseecensees
leucocephalus...............
269, 271, 272, 273, 274
pbariutiehenenemmae eet 267
257, 267
231, 267
dinveieRicRiacatrarais 272
150, 154
leucorhynchus.............--....25 217
ln@ovigiens ...c<.aesxreermnawers 148
luteocapillus.........2.2.02..02225 148
TOGMTS cwunenmsaeence dere neem 219
MbeUS eo esse se s-eninee Bence 150, 161, 219
macao.......... 119, 125, 127, 129, 130, 136
macrourus viridis [ete.]............ 139
genis fulvis,
[ete.]......... 165
madagascariensis 198
manilatus............ 109
marginatus 198
martinicensis cyanocephalus....... 267
maxim ent. o.< cece wasaewewses

maximus alter.
ceruleus varius, cauda

producta.............. 124
cyano-croceus........... 123
melanocephalus................... 115
melanonotus...................0.. 198

collo miniaceo...........:.. 269
gutture fusco, occidentalis.. 163

ochrocephalus.........-.....

OChLOpberis << nov ueewenverveewes 248, 252
ochruptenus...............2222..2. 252
OCHMUPUS cs ceeucedeeiennse as cove 198
ocropterus...........----.2...2.... 252
pachyrhynchus......... ....2..... 142
isi 272

272

148

Risso ioe memiinoncacacae Hae 187, 189, 190
aiciniedpdrdisielarneimain slelciaicia'vis wie'eis 154, 155

148, 163, 165, 167, 168, 173

161,171

~-» 115,202

plumbeus... ‘ 163
peecilorhynchus. 221
poikilorynchos. . 221
porphyrurus.....-...22---2..20.-8 198
pulverulentus . - 217,220, 240, 241
purpuratus........2...2.222222-. 196, 198
purpureuS.........---.-.2.2222.22- 209
pyrrhopterus. ........222-.2...205- 182
regulus........ 164
rufirostris var. B...-.-.--.-......-- 160
SAIC Yo oicse caymrepaetcirduansi ann doreersinneisie meres 267
selinoides . 209
BONS es cssisccisiesrmeanceewimmesadee 216
semiloides i. cisieescicisisccccwamnrgies 209
septentrionalis 150
S@VeruS........ 139
signatus... 263
SY vewecie ee sewemitieden ce ccinseicaies 208
smaragdinus............-.2..-2--- 110
sordidus......... 208

violaceus. .
virescens........

viridis capite albo...........22.22- 271
luteo, fronte ceerulea. 219

INDEX. 5387

Page Page.
PSIGLOVIUS Ss sce sceawreedecuaeoscag selene 182 | Pyrrhococcyx mexicanus. - 58
chrysopogon................2.00- 186 minutus. 43
subcoeruleus.............222.-+ 184, 187 43
NOVAS oot csoisin salen eee neemsedane 186 viridirostris.................-- 51
fuiparais ics Sica sonarccctcanncaee 183 | pyrrhops, Hapalopsittaca. w. 15
PLOLOCletes «occ oeccsacientenscascene aw nee 276,279 | pyrrhopterus, Psittacus.............------.- 182
ter OC ae oa siciacg sciacsade etacceecineienievaee 279 | Pyrrhulopsis.............-0-2----0-----20eee 196
Pteroclo-Columbee. 275 197
Pterocloformes......--.---..2..222.005 275, 276, 279 198
Ptloleptis.icc.ccnisccc coc caivia scree avis omteatare 53 melanopterus...............--- 197
pluvialis.. 55 melanotus... 198
ridibundus........... sa 62 | POKPPYTUCUSs eesice. cen senescinie
Ptilolepts’. ws cc veceeseredewers ds
cristatus.
pulchra, Pionopsitta.
Pullastree...........
pulverulenta, Chrysotis. . :
pulverulentus, Chrysotis. .. eee 2201 — Satidens.-.--.--------
Psittacus .. 217, 220, 240, 241 hoffmanni ............ 176,177
pumilus, Coccyzus..........2.2.2.2c2ceceeee 5 17
Punctated Cuckow.........--.2---22--02ee0e 67
67
67 497
Purple-tailed Parrakeet..........2..2.2-2.+- 198 474
tinted Pigeon 331 491
purpurascens, Anadorhynchus.............. 119 487
Anodorhynchus. .......... 118,119 465
purpurata, Euchroura va. 198 Goldman’s... 490
Psittacula.........22.22.2222002- 198 Gray-headed . 470
Urochroma................-22--- 198 Guerrero... 495
purpuratus, Eucinetus. 198 Key West... 471
Psittacus. 196, 198 Lawrence’s . 489
Pyrrhulopsis. . 198 Martinique. 476
purpurea, Chamaepelia............ 401 Ruddy..... 478
Columbigallina passerina. . .. 401 Saba......--..ee-ee eee 476
purpureotincta, Columba.............2.....- 332 Veragua.... 486
Cncenas. 326, 331, 332 White-bellied 484
purpureus, Pionus... 209 faced ........ s-+- 493
Psittacus . 209 | quitensis, Cheemepelia passerina .......... 396, 399
Pyrgitcenas......... -- 893 R
albivitta. .- 408, 410 F
amazilia. - 606 | rachidialis, Chamepelia........-.......-.... 506
PPISCO Bian aise ccwccinccinnusobeees 506 | Rain Bird......-........ eid 55
passerina.. 401, 404,416,421 | Raphi...............02..22. 0202-2222 28 275, 277, 278
troche. hoc senet tte semanas 414,422 | Raphus cucullatus............2-.22.-.2..0025 277
PYPilie wichissiaseisiawoe 113, 116, 201,202 | Razor-billed Blackbird. ..................... 99
barrabandi. .. 203 | Red-billed Pigeon..............2..22.20..002. 300
caica....... 202 Blue,and Green Macaw................ 125
hematotis.... 202 Yellow Macaw............... 128
coccinicollaris....... 202, 204, 206 and Blue Macaw 132
202, 203, 206 crowned Parrot... 242
PYTUIA ca odacutecnaseticsanacda Senet 203 DORE: PE ise mistanauiicersmncaeraiadaciand 203
pyrilia, Calica cedel cc aces ccaecusseudacumancd 203 WOBGG, PRI ose cmennaconswmusacareas 183
Chrysotis. 208 Parrotlet... 2c.cciceterccecenccs 200
203 headed Green Macaw................... 140
203 necklaced Parrot..................2...- 206
203 tailed Blue and Yellow Macaw......... 125
Psittacul a cciinicet ce ceniwhiskecbeicin 201, 203 throated Paroquet................2..2.. 156
Pypilidic<cosais-cimagetsencesemaudws 203 | regulus, Psittacus 164
pyrillus, Eucinetus. -- 203 | reichenowi, Pionias.. 210
pyropterus, Coccyzus. 17 210
Pyrrhococeyx........ 45 360
cayanus... 47 387
columbianus. . 47 387
erythropygius . 72 «+ 888, 389, 505
MOH wesc ve xeesasesesgens Slt ridgwayi.... 22... 389, 505

538 INDEX.
Page.
ridgwayi, Scardafella squammata. -- 389,506 | rufigularis, Dromococcyx..

ridibunda, Piaya........--..-
ridibundus, Coccyzus.

Cuculus.
Piaya..
Ptiloleptis.........---.--2------
rileyi, Coccyzus minor..........---.---
Riley’s Mangrove Cuckoo
Ring: DOC? scents cc ccceaaticaccecemsrisneriecte 278
Ringed Turtle Dove......-..---.-------+-++- 386
riotii, Leptoptila. . . 450
Riotte’s Dove.... 450
riottei, Leptopila.........-.------------+-- 449, 450
Leptotila verreaux.
Peristera. - 450

risoria, Columba...

var. 6, Columba.......-...-------+-06 387
risorius, Turtur. 387
risorus, Turtur. 387
Rhynchopsitta.-.-..........202 0-2 eee eee ee 109, 140

pachyrhyncha........- 141, 142, 143
Rhynchopsittacus..........--.- ---. 140
pachyrbynchus........... 143

RodGranne ras cvssivuicisaicsiesinis sisciecianie cegreia 75
Lesser.....- wee 80

robinsoni, Zenaida ruficauda. 356, 371,372
Rollulus roulroul........- as. 466
rothschildi, Amazona......... seas: 254
barbadensis..... 221, 253, 254

ochroptera. we. 254

254

254

253

tubida, Geotrygon albifacies
Oreopeleia albifacies.
rubrigena, Ara......-..---

rubrigularis, Pionus. . 214
menstruus 214

214

rubripes, Zenaida... 372
rubrirostris, Conurus- 113
rubritorques, Conurus........---.----..-.-.- 157

rufaxilla, Columba..............--- 438, 440, 443, 449

Eng pla. .nsventunemmendoueneas 440, 441

Leptopila. we. 440
Leptoptila. . 440, 443, 463
Leptotila.. 2.222.000... eee 440
Peristera.......-.-....... 438, 440, 443, 449
rufescens, Saurothera vieillotii. var.......-.. 63
ruffina, Columba............... 222-0. e eee 504
Tuficapillus, Coccyzus..........-......22.0008 67
ruficauda, Zenaida.......... 354, 356, 371
ruficauda. . 356,370

rudignlorig, Coeey tS, onus neunnexndwosnenuns 56, 57

Chioreenas ...........-. 284, 285, 286, 307, 326
rufina..............- 286, 305,306
Janthoenas
rufinucha, Engyptila..........-2.2-2---+--025
Leptoptila............22-----eeees

Leptotila. .
rufipennis, Cheemepelia

Chamapelia.........-....222---+5
Chamepelia.
Chameepelia.

Talpacotia. .

tufirostris var. 8 Psittacus.........-.-------. 160
Tufiventris, Geotrygon.-......-..-..-..2..6- , 487
Rufous-naped Dove... --. 460
rumped Cuckoo............2-.--.+++ . 2
rugirostra, Crotophaga........--..------..... 102
rugirostris, Crotophaga. = - 102
Rupicola........ - 279
rutila, Coccycua rutila. . " 43
CO ee 43

Saba Quail-Dove..........22...22-2 22 eee eee 416
Sabee, Geotrygon... 2.2... cece cece eee ece eee 476
Oreopeleia mystacea.-.......... 469, 474, 476

salleei, Amazona. - 267
Chrysotis. -- 267
PSIUACUS 6 scenes sae enneceureaie 267

salloi, Chrysotis........-.--...2-.02.00e eee eee 267

saltuensis, Amazona. . 259

albifrons.......... 221,256,259

salvadorii, Zenaida zenaida..........-..--..- 355-

Salvadori’s Dove
salvini, Amazona.

Chry sotis

Neomorphus. - 84, 85, 502
Salvin’s Ground Cuckoo..........-....--+--+

PATFOU ee aciscennsaedeaceaneusewesaee 237
Sand Grouse...........-...-.2.eee eee eee eee 279
Santa Lucia Parrot... 227
Santo Domingo Parrot..............--.--++- 265
sapphirina, Geotrygon..............--...-.++ 283
Sarcoramphe: soci coves won eyees ve ve cworanssincs 279
saturatus, Pionus sordidus.................- 503
Sanrothera nc c<cccrcesceececsues veseeceencs 5, 57, 58

INDEX.

vetula........... 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 502
vieilloti ..........-. 58, 62, 63,64, 66, 501
Saled: Pig60n. aoc se seeencenecacatecaneccine 316
Scaly-naped Pigeon. . 312
Scardafella .... 2-00 00 scs0c cece cess se 282, 388, 389
DFAS IONSIS' 6a. c54 tic ei cintc ciaiaserarsiniareia 390
MOB sa vaiccnisisciencinciviee 388, 390, 392, 393
Gialeucos..............-+-- 391, 393
INCA scsioas cides cambenoskestemars 393
WIA GWO oc nce ce acces owew 388, 389, 505
brasiliensis... 389,390, 400, 506
389, 505
- 389, 506
390, 506
SQUAM0SB........00.0-22255 389, 390, 392
Var: iNea.ccsccesscees 393
sclateri, Psittacula......... -- 189, 503
modesta 503
Psittacwls sc ccxas-tecnccceeceeinesin es 189
selinoides, Psittacus...........-.-......----- 209
semisuleata, Crotophaga...-..--.-.----..-.. 97
seniculus, Coccygus..........----------.-+ 23, 29,38
Coceyzus..--.... 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33
Cuculus......... 23, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38
Erythrophrys........-.----2-..-+. 29

senilis, Amazona.

Pionias. .

seniloides, Pionus

PSILACUS .senceeaccnezccdiccarnine se 209
‘Sennett’s Dove...........0- 022 eee eee eee eee 453
septentrionalis, Psittacus...............2-... 150
septorum, Coccyzus......--.-...---22--2-.08 67
severa, Ara

Conurus...
Macrocercus. 139
Psittacus...... 139
shelleyi, Coccyzus minor.............-....+2- 32
Shelley’s Mangrove Cuckoo 31
Short-billed Pigeon..... -- 928
signatus, Chrysotis........--.2---...-2--20- 263
PSIttACOS osc cscaccicmencremessacavntes 263

Sittace aracanga
ararauna,

devillei..
euops.. - 150, 154, 155, 160
glauca... wise ALS

hyacinthina.

jugularis.. - 185
ludoviciana . --. 148
eet --+ 127,131
142
165
171
119
BOVOL is sate dorennetcmedcceneneacsca-<e 139
SPL o. csssmueewieeanenereuondeneeds 108
i - 187°
CUP ALO oases cewca canna cecieiccmemeeamiies 183
Sly, Pionus'. ois: 02 02 0sc02sccsacnsiiccien cece 208
Psittacus. . - 208
smaragdinus, Psittacus 110
socorroensis, Cheemepelia passerina.......... 395,

Socorro Ground Dove........-..----- 406
Mourning Dove. 352
Paroquet. ..- 159

Solitaire....... - 275

solitaria, Columba... - 3803

solitarius, Pezophaps -. 277

solstitialis, Eupsittula . 162

sonnerati, Cuculus...

spadicea, Zenaida........... 355, 362, 363
speciosa, Chlorcenas............. -- 319
Columba.............-. 315,318,319
Lepideenas. ---. 3819
Lepidcenas. 316,319
Patagicenas . . - 319
Peristerasascave tii ss Be sesews tence 319

spengeli, Psittacula.. 190,191, 194,195
Spengel’s Parrotlet. . faseees 194
spengleri, Psittacula. -- 195
spilodera, Chlorcenas.............222.20...0. 320
Peristera.. - 820

spixi, Sittace 108
splendens, Macao. - ilig
squammata, Columba........... 390

Scardafella squammata....... “390, 506

540 INDEX.

Page. Page.

squamosa, Cheemepelia..............--0--++- 389 | surdus, Eucinetus.......-..........0-00ee00e 198

Chamepelia. 389-390, 392 PSILEACUS.. . 0.00.09 o0sie aie eaisincaninice ciaisie 198

Columba.....-..... 314, 315, 388, 389, 392 Pyerhilopeltsocnsscscaveancscavus one 198

Columbina............2...2-00005- 389 | swinhoei, Cuculus.........-..22-.22-22-0-005 9

Columbula. 390 | sylvatica, Geotrygon...........-....22-2-4 464, 467

COPE os vawnwccccuasareenuees 389 Peristeras o-oo (osu pensseareee eee 467
Micropelia.........-...2.2.-222.05 390

GUNG ssc vevesesceesaies exeerecess 390
PRS COONAS 15 eceess ss seen denwes 309, 312
Scardafella ---- 389,390, 392
Squirrel-Cuckoo, Central American.......... 47
Mexican. . 51
444 T.

30 | Teenismnas fasciata................2222 ee eeeee 291

225 | TAalpacotia.cn.snaannnescowen sx ai 2 ove 393, 394, 397

st. thomae, Psittacus 182 cinnamomea........-........ 398, 506

Starneenas POMINE saaisowegvedss se nceeeewes 398
Bodine. oe oa oe ssc. c2di nese sees 398
Starncenas POGING. oss. oe yeeveeeesoees oeeseeas 398
rufipennis...........-...222.... 428, 429
talpacoti, Cheemepelia................. 283, 394, 397
Chameepeleia..-.................28 397
Chamespelia................22225 397, 426
Columba.........---.22-2.-. 393, 397, 426
Columbigallina............-....... 397
MY StACOA ne naveaseaesenmencdossen 475 Columbina
violacea... 469 GOUTE.. 5.cenc owns ce enntaseancan caeee
Shonurs, Zentldan x saccwasaacnaremcnacceones 354 Leptopelia
Stemuroena ose oe cscec cose cteises ed ewes sees 354 Perils tera scie-cia.sis.sciasjeaiciscicisisiaiece ones
Sterncenas 496 | talpicoti, Cheemepelia..
cyanocephala......-..---.-...... 499 Chamepelia -.
Stictopeleia 282 | Tapera.........-.....--
Stictopelia.......... 282 brasilionsis.o cscveecceyervenexesceses
stictoptera, Euchroura. 197 DG Vilas susswassavwiersiens ride wine
Psittacula. .- 197 excellens
Urochroma. . -. 197 NPS VIAe os ionic sicine cence
stoliczke, Turtur.........--.2-..--2---022008 887 | telephonus, Cuculus...........2.---..22-2025
strenua, Aratinga holochlora. 152, 157, 158 canorus
strenuus, Conurus............2.-0.0-02eeeeee 143 | Temminck’s Dove...........-.---------02-0
159 | terrestris, Cheemepelia passerina............. 402
é 143 Chameepelia......-..-.---2-.-..0.- 402
strepitans, Columbina....................... 282 Columbigallina passerina.......... 402
Streptopeleia intercedens............-......- 387 | tetraoides, Columba ...........2.2.22-------5 499
Streptopelia 148
COCROC Asa ccceieeseenrecs cesses $87 | Thectocercus ..... 205. cc0seceees seca seesceeess 110
PISOTIA ssc isis cicistetsieisicictesstectoeried 386,387 | thermophila, Piaya............-....2..-.2-- 51
striata, Cohamba. -+ 282,389 C8yaNa ..-escsecese 46, 47, 51, 501
Geopelia.... 22... >» 282,289 | Thick-billed Parrot........-.-<+2ssssssssese0 141
striatus, Cuculus.......... Sis 9 | tigrina, Bolborhynchus. 181
Striges......... 279 Mylopsitta. 0.2.0 ceccee eee se teee 181
Strigopide. . 105 | tigrinus, Bolborhynchus...................+- 181
Strigopine... 105 | tiriacula, Psitcacus
StrIN BOP id Box Sess. eo cite ccm secelnene cased 105, 106: |) Di i@ asc. ac occa nsemee dines aeeteneeesnasens
Stringopine........ 2... ...2.0..cce eee e eee 105 | tirica, Psittacus..... in cene oe cies caientrerems
Sturncenas cyanocephala. 499 | tobagensis, Chlorcenas rufina.
Stylorhynchus Columba rufina.................-
subcceruleus, Brotogerys

Psittovius. .
subvinacea, Chlorcenas

tortugensis, Conurus eeruginosus. .

ColWMbAs. se secs cesses : Eupsittula pertinax. . 163

@necenas.. . tou, PSitta cus «ieee wissicinctrdensnecines 186
subvinacea. MR OUTY saicic oie's cisiefecinislnayzbecSicie nee neneememincinie’ 196

sulcirostra, Crotophaga.........-.....c.eseee MOUTA COS ais sexevelss $45 25 nhesveceucdonmenaease 2
sulcirostris, Crotophaga... tovi, Brotogeris...-... 2.2.2... 2... cece ee eee 186
surda, Euchroura. PNOlOPOrWSisccemacsccndnsierserewewnue 186
Psittacula... ‘ Conurus... 186
DPOCHROMIG soc iei cor ciriearnnnescumanaad Psittacula. . . 186

INDEX.

tovi, Psittaculus,

Psittacus..
Psittovius

Tovi Paroquet.........-...-...ccceeeeeeeeee
tres-marie, Amazona.............2-2--0ee eee 249
oratrix.......... 220, 247, 249
Zenaidura macroura .. 341,342,348, 351
Tres Marinas DoW). ceiccccccncncwecemsuawcnan 456
351
249
303
105
Trichoglossine . 105
Trichoglossus aurifrons. 113
Triclaria...< 225220 --- 207,116
tricolor, Ara ....... . 121, _ 137,138
Arara... 137
L’Ara 136
niahibieiDorajeicree Ss 137
137
Macrocircus......-..2-+-----e-- eee 137
Psittacus 136, 137
137
trifasciata, Peristera...........--..--.-0---0 431
trochila, Cheemepelia..........-..-...22--.-- 412
passerina. 396,399,412, 414, 415
Chameopelia................-..---- 414
Chameepelia.............2--+- 412, 414, 422
passerina. 414
Columbigallina passerina 412,414
Pyrgitcenas..........-..2.---. --- 414,422
trochilea, Chamzepelia... 414
trochilia, Chamepelia........... ae

"TOZOMS secs nyc wenseeee ess

trudeaui, Melopelia asiatica. 382, 383, ae
Zenaida.. 382
trudeauii, Columba 382,385

carolinensis. .
gregaria... &
MOISPATOP Ass wis.2.2dicis decidiseancaicaeeien
Tui-apute-juba......-- 22.22.22 ee eee e eee eee
tuipara, Brotogeris .

183

Sittace.... 183

Tuipara Tupinambis.........-...-..--.- 183
til, PSIMACUS sc cece serssaresceieemeseses “166, 182
tumultuosa, Chrysotis......-.-.-.----------- 209
tumultuosus, Pionias.......-.....-.22-----+- 209
PIONUS es scex2sedeteesceccsewsis 209

Psittacus: 3.5 5 sscejeseseecses 209

Tupinambis, Tuipara...........------------ 183
Turtur americanus. 344
barbadensis minimus 400
canadensis. ........----------2- enone 336
carolinensis......-.---.------------+ 347, 505
GOCAOCES in cies niinie seiciercc eee eee seeesicee 387
INGICHUS 6.0.0 Sees cis secaccaamesess seaakiee 387

FUSCUS's jasicaaaccesacemeseeden 380
intercedems..........-.-- sm RETRY 387
jamaicensis.............--------0-066 498
lecopterus. ..0oecicecocciiaceseaccane 381

387
387
387
VINACOUSsa02 cts seeisncaadoessaese sees 331
Tympanistria vinacea - 832
(typica), Piaya cayana..................---- 47
Typical Parrots o:. sc sscescieins 22 ven teiscceeses 106
typus, Evopsitta......--.--.2..---0s eee eee 161
U.
Urochroma........-c2-cee cece reer eeeee
batavica...
cingulata..
costaricensis.
dilectissima . 197, 199, 200
emme..... - 197
hueti - 197
huetii..... - 197
melanonota - 198
melanoptera. - 197
porphyrura.. - 198
purpurata.. - 198
stictoptera - 197
surda.......- 198
viridicauda.. - 198
wiedi.... 198
Uropeleia.......-.------- 2-2 - eee e eee eee 282
MWROP CMA vc weccrsies bigs dessa coerce ace ed 282
ustulata, Peristera... 434

variegata, GeoCoCcCyX....-...-.----.+0.--.0--
velata, Saurothera
velox, Cuculus....

veraguensis, Geotrygon.
Oreopeleia.

verreauxi, Engyptila...
Leptoptila.

sueses 487, 490
cheeses 467, 468, 469, 486
ees 449, 451
“3, 449, 450, 451, 458

Leptotila...
verreauxi. ;

Peristera.....- 449
yerreauxii, Leptoptila. 449
Verreaux’s: DOVG« icv2ecedes coos ce kizsee rages 446
versicolor, Amazona...........---.--.- 219, 227, 228
Androglossa.........--.-...-2--- 228
Columbigallina.............-... 464, 466
Geophaps........-.-----2-..e eee 467
Geotrygon......--..-...2.-2---. 465, 467
POTISCOE A so ciececencaccceeuasacse 467
PSIGACIS icc cin ices epaiencinewenei a 228
vetula, Coccygus......-..---..... evtcccceree 64
Cuculus... --+- 57, 59, 62, 64, 65
Saurothera........... 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 501

542 INDEX.
; Page Page.
viaticus, Diplopterus.....-.........22220206+ 70 | -yittata, Chrys0tisisncs2ssaserscsescnencenees 264
Ge0coceyX.:s..o0senacccecnccneecciccie 79 | vittatus, Androglossus..............-.-+----+ 265
vicentis, Coccyzus minor.......... ....--.-- 501 Chrysotis.2..cccccesnassecececeeccs 265
Vieillard, Petit 22 i
vieilloti, Saurothera............ 58, 62, 63, 64,66, 501 | vivida, Psittacula.................--.--.-- 185, 189
vieillotii, Saurothera.. 63, 66 passerina.......--.--.--.. 189
vinacea, Amazona.... 218 subsp.......-.-. 189
Chlorcenas.. 326 WIVIGS, pennvecunecaeses 189, 191
Columba .. 326, 330, 831,332 | Vultures, American..............2..22...... 279
Peristera.....-.--22-e2 eee eee eeeeeee 332 | vulturinus, Psittacus:...................22.. 116
Tympanistria. 332
vinaceicollis, Chrysotis. 269 Ww.
269 | wagleri, Aratinga...............0....000eeeee 151
Psittacus. 269 CONULUS 46... ess ccsiiceecmsnsecceene 151
vinaceifulva, Engyptila. . 453 Evopsitta.. 151
vinaceiventris, Engyptila. 459 PSibtaCaraccciaeconeticiccinsh iecinsteeeaen 151
Leptoptila...........-..--.-- 459 | weddellii, Eupsittula....................0005 162
ini ASD | -wellsl, Bngy tilt. o. semeuceccuuaatewacsvavas 372, 461
vinaceo-rufa, Zenaida.........-..------ 356, 371, 372
ruficauda.... 356,370, 371, 372
Vinaceous-breasted Dove........-------+---- 458
Ground Dove. 429
vinaceus, Psittacus. .. seve 217
DUPTRR Sc cia ose Steinke os Bee me 331
vincentis, Coccyzus minor...... 12,30, 31, 33, 34, 501 faced Quadl-Dove...............220.65 493
209, 219, 224 fronted: Parrots... cic tesnsc-snewese 254
niaycleminvemecreeger esa ees 469, 485 headed Parrot............2..--.0--.-. 27
469, 485, 486 Pigeons Ategcsecsveapeescesecs 309
506 shouldered Pigton..<.2<0.220s000e.0% 384
467, 468, 469 winged Dove..............22200020005 378
asia eeisienine ses 469,484 | wiedi, Urochroma......................----. 198
chen 469
sibneaacrnsi 469 x.
Deusen ape xanthogenia, Eupsittula pertinax........-. 163,166
SRN Ta Naa eda eat 469 xanthogenius, Conurus..............2-.--62- 166
violaceas, AMazona.........-----2-----2--2-- 224 pertinax........000. 167

violaceus, Amazona. .

Viosca’s Pigeon....
virenticeps, Amazona.. z
farinosa .

Chrysotis.
virescens, Psittacus...
virgata, Zenaida..........---.--+--+2- eee eee
viridicauda, Euchroura................-.-.--

Eucinetus.

Psittacula . «jc ociesaveeeucecem

241

Chrysotis .

viridis, Psittacus minor

viridissima, Psittacula.... -- 190
passerina............. 190

viridissimus, Psittacus....................++ 114
vittata, Amazona....... . 222, 265, 504
vitatta. 222, 268, 265, 504
Amdroglossa.........0.2-eceeee seen 265

PSITHSCUS < wcaiseos v4 cneeemeseaees 248
WOT Gisccatecaasccwainniee 253
WEP Bacioscactcecxcmcsces 253

Y.

Yellow-billed Cuckoo. ............-.-2---05++ 12
cheeked Parrot...........--+-----++ 234
headed Amazon Parrot....-.....-... 221

Macaw.....-..-------0s-see0e 138

loréd: Paitots cos: ccscseesewnieseaease 260

naped Parrot..........-----------0++ 231
shouldered Parrot...........----++++ 219
winged Parrot................02005 251, 252
yucatanensis, Chamepelia............------- 354

Zenaida 353, 355, 362

355, 358, 362

Zenaidura... 339,341,342, 353, 354, 355

Yucatan Mourning Dove.......-.--------++- 353
Z.

zanthocephalus, Chrysotis..............-..6+ 253

(40100 | eer 354

aMabiliswcn ccsccccnccweceseveeeceaes 360

INDEX. 543

Page. Page.

OND Re cacsccnie tana cxaweeeeneeanioaiad 339 | Zenaida virgata ............02-ccccesenseenee 369
carolinensis.................- 344,347, 350 yucatanensis .............-2-- 353, 355, 362
BIS YSONL oe sone yoactemmnansicanenes 353 zenaida.............-- 355,359, 360, 361, 505

; - 281,354, 355, 372,376,377 BUPA so genesis se ssecssnesseas 365
amabilis....... 354,360,361, 362, 365, 455, 505 lucida. 355, 358, 361
auriculata..................00- 356, 366, 369 Salvadori, poccewrevesececeees 355
aurita...... 355, 359, 363, 365, 368 yucatanensis -- 355,358, 362
bimaculata ..........2. 222.2 ees ee eee 365 * zenaida.... 355,357,358, 360, 361,362
bogotensis..........-..--2..0..2002 356,371 | zenaida, Columba ...........--.-.---.- 354,359, 361
castanea.. - 356,365 Perist0ray cc ceccssseacescsaxeceee se 359
Dove... ete 357 Zenaida..........---6 355, 359, 360, 361, 505
galapagensis...... 375 zenaida.. 355,357,358, 360,361,362
galapagoensis. Day SCS O00. | BONAAL: cciradaarereceerctarsy wedagesead oy 281
gallopagoensis. . 375 | Zenaidura 281,339, 340,355, 377, 505
hypoleuca.. earolinensis.. 343,346,347, 349, 350,351, 505
earolinensis.......... 347,350

® marginata............. 344

clarionensis 344

graysoni......-...-.-.--- 341,342, 352, 353

macroura.... 339,340, 343, 347,351,355, 505

12) :) by near ee 344

earolinensis.........-.... 340,

342,345, 347,350,351

caurina......-..-.--.--6- 348

elarionensis.... 340,342,344,348

macroura........----.-.- 340,

rubripes... 341,343,344, 345, 348, 351
tuficauda. ar marginella -. 841,
bogotensis.. . . ---- 356 342,347,348, 351,353
jessie... . 356,371 tresmariz.......341,342,348, 351
robinsoni. 356, 371,372 MBCIUPascessscax acacccnesseciesinses 347
tuficauda,..........-...- 356,370 marginella 350, 505
vinaceo-ruia.. 356, 370, 371,372 yucatanensis.... 339,341,342, 353, 354,355
souleyetiana....... --- 877 | zulie, Columba subvinacea.......-..--.-.... 326
spadicea.. 355, 362, 363 Cincenas subvinacea......--2..-.-262- 326
stenura... --- 3854 | Zygodactyli frugivori............22..22...2-- 2
trudeaui...... --. 382 AMDOEB ecnceiscscsccincecizotienaae 3
vinaceo-rufa.............ee eens 356, 371,372 Psittacini,.....-.2-2..2---2eeeee 103

)

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. |

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1. CUCULUS canorus.

116717

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. J

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2. GEOCOCCYX californianus.

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. VIII

1. MOROCOCCYX erythropygus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. IX

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1. NEOMORPHUS salvini.

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. X

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!. DROMOCOCCYX phasiane

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BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XI

1, ANODORHYNCHUS hyacinthinus,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7,

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ARA macao.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XIII

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RHYNCHOPSITTA pachyrhyncha.

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2. BROTOGERIS jugulatis.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XIV

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|. UROCHROMA dilectissima.

2. ARATINGA finschi.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XV

1. CONUROPSIS carolinensis.

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2. EUPSITTULA astec.

3. BOLBORHYNCHUS lincola.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XVI

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1. PYRRHURA hoffmanni.

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2. PYRILIA hzmatotis.

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3. PSITTACULA cyanopygia.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XVII

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!. PIONUS menstruus.

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2. AMAZONA albifrons.

BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XVIII

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

I. CHLORENAS fasciata.

2. CHLORENAS (?) flavirostris.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XIX

2. CROSSOPHTHALMUS gymnophthalmos.

3. CHAEMEPELIA passerina, 4, SCARDAFELLA inca.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XX

2. CENCENAS subvinacea.

3. CLARAVIS pretiosa.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XX]

|. ECTOPISTES migratorius.

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2. ZENAIDURA carolinensis.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO, 50, PART 7, PL. XXII

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3. MELOPELIA asiatica.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XXiIll

|. STREPTOPELIA risoria.

2. LEPTOTILA brachyptera.

U. & NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 7, PL. XXIV

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