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LABORATORY OF ORNITHOLOGY CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA, NEW YORK
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
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LABORATORY OF ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY
Gift of
ornell University Library
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DATE DUE
Cornell University
Library
The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022529691
TO THE
BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
BY
WILLIAM ALANSON BRYAN,
CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY IN THE MUSEUM.
HONOLULU, H. L: BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS. IgOl.
FOREWORD.
THE following preliminary key to the birds of the Hawaiian possessions is based on a study of the collection of birds in the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum; which institution now possesses the most representative collection of the Hawaiian avifauna extant. ‘The collection at this time num- bers upwards of six hundred specimens, embracing the famous Mills collection, a series of skins collected by Mr. Palmer for the Rothschild museum, a valuable colle@tion made by Mr. R.C. L. Perkins, together with collections by Messrs. W H. Hall, F. Gay, A. F. Judd, and others. To the above collection almost daily additions are now being made through the efforts of the Museum’s skilled collector, Mr. A. Seale.
By the Hawaiian possessions it is intended to include all of the chain composed of some twenty or more islands lying in the central North Pacific ocean, stretching over an area extending from about 150° West Longitude to 175° East Longitude, and from 18° to 30° North Latitude.
Though following the scheme usually adopted by systematic zoologists in the making of ana- lytical keys there is some slight difference in the arrangement of the text. Since it may be necessary for persons not entirely familiar with keys to make use of the following pages, it might be well to say that the fundamental characters are used for the separation and identification of species instead of lengthy and oftentimes misleading detailed descriptions. To facilitate this, dichotomous antithesis is strictly adhered to, so that there are but two alternatives; the specimen must conform to the characters given, for example, under a, or the whole matter under a,—that is, the sub-heads b, bb, c, cc, etc., (if there are any) must be passed over until aa is arrived at, which is of equal value with and the only alternative of the division a. If it is settled that the specimen corresponds with the characters given under aa, the next step is to settle between the heads b and bb, then pass to c and ce, and so on, taking up the characters in their natural order until finally the reference page is given, where the key will be found continued. Thus the key to the higher orders will be found on the last pages of the Memoir, and will indicate the order to which the bird belongs and the page where the order is treated. Similarly the order will be broken up into families, the families into genera, and lastly the genera into species. The index letters are in bold type, and characters of equal value are placed immediately under each other, while the minor divisions are indented farther and farther to the right. Hence bb is found set in an equal distance from the left-hand margin as b; cc is still farther indented, but the same distance as c, while the body of the text extends the full distance across the page.
The measurements are, for the most part, taken from specimens in the Bishop Museum, and are given in English inches and hundredths. The length of the wing is measured from the bend (2. ¢., the carpal joint) to the tip of the longest primary. The length of the tail is from the apparent base to the tip of longest feather. The length of the culmen is the distance from the base of the upper mandible on top to the tip of the same in a straight line. This measurement, as well as all of
the more exact ones, are best taken with the dividers. The depth of the bill is a vertical line from [259] (iii)
iv Foreword.
the base of the upper mandible through both mandibles. The length of the tarsus is measured from the enlargement on the front outside of the tibio-tarsal (7. ¢., the ‘‘knee’’) joint to the more or less obvi- ous beginning of the middle toe. The middle toe is measured in a straight line along the top from the last-mentioned point to the tip of the nail.
In bringing together the key I have made free and frequent use of the catalogue of birds in the British Museum, and Ridgway’s Manual of North American Birds, together with the valuable con- tributions to our knowledge of the Hawaiian ornithology—Aves Hawaiiensis, by Messrs. Wilson and Evans, and Avifauna of Laysan, etc. I have also had at hand the published notes of Messrs. Gadow, Dole, Perkins, Stejneger, and others. In addition to the above I have had the pleasure of examining the material in the National Museum at Washington, D.C., the Philadelphia Academy of Science, the British Museum, Tring Museum, and the Jardin des Plantes. To all of these sources of information I would make grateful acknowledgement of the service they have rendered.
WM. ALANSON BRYAN.
[260]
BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
Order LONGIPENNES.—Long-winged Swimmers.’
faniultes.
With the lower mandible not longer than the upper one and only moderately compressed, while the covering of the upper mandible is made up of one solid piece (2. c., with the seams fused together, no “nail” at the tip, etc.), through which the nostrils are pierced.
Famity LARTIDA.—Gutis anp TERNS. Genera.
a. Bill rather short, and deeper at the angle than at the nasal openings; the upper mandible longer and bent down over the lower one; tail usually even (Sub- family Lavine); tarsus not roughened nor serrate behind; hind toe moderately well developed; culmen more than two-thirds the length of tarsus; nostrils linear or linear (Page 6.) Larus.
aa. Bill slender with both mandibles about equal in length; tail slightly or de- cidedly forked; angle of the lower mandible not prominent. (Sub-family Sternzxe.)
b. Tail more or less deeply forked; head without plumes at the gape; tar-
sus shorter than the middle toe and claw; outer tail feathers the longest, and pointed;
tail generally more than half the length of the wing; bill compressed and slender;
tarsus never exceeding and generally shorter than the middle toe and claw; depth of
bill at base less than one-third the exposed culmen............. (Page 7.) Sterna.
bb. Tail graduated, pointed; outer pair shorter than the next pair; middle
toe shorter than the exposed culmen; distance from the angle of the gonys to the tip of the bill less than to the gape.
c. Tail feathers not all pure white. d. Fourth pair of tail feathers from the outside the longest;
wine More Tait O.6O adipose benimeriaiesiegsudto nok beenenas (Pageg.) Anoiis. dd. Third pair of tail feathers from the outside the longest;
Wie: JeSe TN UD Ssnoctaueqawiererd(diwiesaeeeaxces ee (Page 9.) Microan’oiis. cc. Tail feathers all pure white.,.... err Te (Page g.) Gygis.
1 For the Key to the Higher Orders see last pages of the Memoir, [261] (5)
6 BIRDS OF THE HAWAI[AN GROUP.
Genus LA'RUS LINNAzAUS.
a. Head entirely white in the summer adults.
b. Primaries uniform pale grey, with no black, and fading gradually into white at the tips (larger, wing more than 16.00). Head, neck, tail and under parts white; mantle grey; the scapulars and secondaries white at their tips. Female smaller, often considerably so. . Adult in winter: Mottled and streaked with pale brown on the head and neck; back and under parts also mottled. /mmature: The mottling on the upper surface gradually disappears and for a short time the bird ap- pears to be a creamy white. Young: Both the upper and under surface streaked and mottled with ash-brown on a paler ground color; the feathers of the mantle margined with buffish white which produces a creamy appearance; upper and under coverts rather boldly marked with brown (Saunders). Length about 25.00-28.00, wing 16.25- 18.00 (17.12), tail 7.00-7.50, culmen 2.30-2.70, tarsus 2.40-2.78 (2.57), middle toe with claw 2.35-2.75 (2.55). Had. Bering Sea and adjacent waters northward to Point Barrow; southward in winter to Japan (Ridgway). Kauai,’ Maui.
1. I. barrovianus} Ripcw. Point Barrow Gull.
bb. Primaries marked with distinct white tips and dark (black) subtermi-
nal spaces; the two outer primaries with a distinct grey wedge on the inner web in the summer adults; depth of bill through the angle .50 or more; mantle blue-grey or dark pearl-grey in adults. : c. Larger, length 20.00-23.00, culmen 1.65-2.15, smantle-darker grey
than in the following species; scapulars and secondaries broadly tipped with white; the outer primary with a large portion of black; the first, chiefly black with about 2.00 of the terminal portion white; the second, with a small grey wedge basally; the third, fourth and fifth, black with white tips and increasing grey wedges; bill, bright yellow with an irregularly shaped spot of intense carmine near the tip of the lower mandible, and a dark spot or bar usually anterior to this on one or both mandi- bles. Female smaller and duller in color. Adult in wenter: Like the above but head and neck streaked with greyish brown. /mmazture: Autumn birds of the second year show grey on the mantle; upper tail coverts begin to show grey at their bases; tail feathers more uniform umber brown than before, though the coverts are whiter; under parts whitish brown without distinct spots; bill yellower at the base. Young: Much darker brown throughout; no signs of grey on the secondaries nor the basal portion of the inner primaries, the paler inner webs being nearly dull brown; tail coverts
2'The single specimen in the Museum collection is one of two taken on the island of Kauai by Mr. Francis Gay. Both specimens were taken late in the autumn months, While neither specimen agrees as closely with the descriptions at hand as would be desirable, I have seen fit to refer them to darrovianus, believing thein to be immature birds of that form. ‘This is probably the undetermined species mentioned by Kittlitz. The following measurements are taken from the Museum specimen No. 9305: Length 25.50, culmen 2.00, tail 6.50, tarsus 2.85, toe 2.75; locality, Kauai, H.1.; date, 1899, autumn. ‘There is also a specimen in the cabinet of St. Louis College, Honolulu, taken on Maui py Brother Matthias. ap
3 Larus glaucus, Briinn, from Laysan (Dr, Schaurnsland); Hawaii a in Auk, Vol, XVII., p. 201);
262
LARID, rf
broadly and closely barred; tail feathers umber brown with dull white tips; bill brownish basally, black terminally; tarsi and toes brown; wing 15.00-16.75, depth of bill at the angle .60-.75, tarsus 2.00-2.60, middle toe and claw about 2.10. Had. Western North America, wintering on the Pacific coast. Hawaiian Islands (accidental;
one specimen in St. Louis College cabinet). ; 2. JW. californ'icus Lawr. California Gull.
cc. Smaller, length 18.00-20.00; mantle lighter grey; bill with a black band in adult. Adw/¢: Bill greenish yellow, crossed near the end by a distinct black band; tip sometimes orange; feet pale yellow. /mmature: Head slightly streaked; mantle grey with a few brown feathers about the bend of the wing; outer primary without indication of a white spot; tail feathers white with the remains of the broad dark subter- minal band. Young: Above brownish dusky varied with dull buffish white; quills black- ish, the shorter ones greyish basally with white tips; bill blackish, paler at the base; wing 13.25-15.25, culmen 1.55-1.75, depth of bill at angle .50-.65. “fab. Whole of North America. Hawaiian Islands (accidental; one specimen in St. Louis College cabinet). 3. VL. delawaren'sis Orp. Ring-billed Gull. aa. Head uniform black or dusky in summer adults; lower parts, rump ard tail pure white; mantle grey; tarsus not longer than the middle toe and claw; wing more than 10.00 (culmen more than 1.00); bill reddish brown, with a darker subterminal band; head and upper part of the neck plumbeous black with a conspicu- ous elongated white patch both above and below the eye; lower parts white with a rosy blush in freshly killed birds; the secondaries broadly edged with white; primaries all tipped with white and all bluish grey next the shafts on the upper part, except the outermost which has the outer web black and some white on the inner web, with a black subterminal bar. Female similar. Adult winter: Like above with the head white, spotted and mottled with blackish on the upper surface. /mmature: Similar, but with a larger proportion of black in the primaries. Length 13.50, tail 4.25, tarsus 1.47, toe with claw 1.50, culmen 1.25, depth of bill at gonys .32, wing 11.25. ad. Interior of North America from Iowa northward, breeding; south to Middle America and Western
South America to Peru. Maui.t 4. LL. franklin'ii Sw. & Rico. Franklin’s Gull.
Genus STERNA LINNAUS.
a. Crown black in the breeding plumage (more or less varied with white in winter); wings rarely over 12.00; both webs of the outer tail feathers white at the base. b. Mantle, back of neck, rump, upper tail coverts and all the tail feathers
except the outer ones (streamers) uniform sooty black; forehead and superciliary stripe white; supercclary stripe not reaching back over the eye; under parts white with a greyish tinge on the abdomen; bill and feet black. Wenter adult: Like above except
4The above description and mieasurements are based on the single w/n/er specimen in the cabinet of St. Louis College, Oahu. he specimen was taken by Brother Matthias on Maui, and is the first record of the species being taken here. :
[263]
8 BIRDS OF THE HAWAITAN GROUP.
with white flecked through the black of lores and crown. Young: Brownish black above, darkest on the upper wing coverts; outer tail feathers almost as sooty black as middle ones, except towards their tips. Aalf-fledged birds: Feathers of the mantle are blackish with broad white tips. Length 15.00-17.00, wings 11.75-12.00, tail 7.00- 7.50 (forked for more than 3.00), tarsus .95-1.00, toe .g9—-1.05, culmen 1.80~-1.85, depth of bill .45-.48, gonys .85. ad. Tropical and juxta-tropical seas. Hawaiian Islands. Pl. XVI., 9153, 9155. 5. S. fuligino'sa Gmer.. Sooty Tern. bb. Back, rump, tail coverts, wing coverts, outer edge of secondaries and
tail feathers, except the outer pair, dark sooty grey; crown, lores and nape black; primaries chiefly smoky grey with the white wedges on the inner webs; wings never less than 10.00; under parts and forehead, white; whzte superciliary stripe extending back over the eye. Wronter adult: Similar to the above, but showing more white in the forehead. Young: Mantle with more brownish tinge of grey; head mottled black and white; wing 10.75, culmen 1.60, tarsus .85, toe 1.15. fad. Central Pacific Océan.
Laysan, etc. 6. S. luna'ta (PEALE). Grey-backed Tern.
aa. Crown always white, sometimes with a brownish tinge; nape, orbit and ear coverts black; mantle pale grey; in front of the eye a black triangular patch, the point of which does not reach to the base of the bill; from the eyes.a black band ex- tending about the back of the head; band broadened and more or less prolonged down the back of the neck; neck and under parts white; mantle and rump pearl grey; shafts of the primaries white; outer primary with the outer web blackish, streak next the shaft on the inner web blackish or greyish black. Wnter adult:° Similar, with less black about the head. /mmature: Similar to the above, but there is a brownish tinge to the back of the nape, the wing coverts are ash-grey, and a dark line runs along the carpal joint (Saunders). Young: Forehead and crown buffish white with a black streak which becomes confluent on the nape; feathers of the mantle and tail grey, barred with ash-brown and tipped with buff. Length about 13.25-13.50, wing 9.50-10.00, tail 3.90-4.40, bill 1.25-1.40, tarsus .75-.80, toe .g5-1.00. Vad. Southern and Western Pacific Ocean, north through Polynesia generally, the Philippine Islands and China. Its range appears to depend in a great measure upon the existence of coral islands of a certain size, and is probably still more extensive (Saunders). Kauai;
accidental. 7. §. melanau'chen Temm.
5A September bird from Laysan Island has the head and neck dark sooty brown, lighter sooty brown below, extending back to the abdomen and over the flanks; belly white; tail uniform blackish brown, both inner and outer webs tipped with dirty white; upper tail coverts, rump, and greater wing coverts uniform with the tail; lesser wing coverts darker, edged with fulvous or whitish; edge of wing white, under wing coverts stone-grey. J,ength about 14.75, wing 10.25, tail 5.25, tarsus .go, toe 1.05, bill 1.25, gonys .45, depth of bill 135. AS may be seen by the above the bill pattern is totally different from adult /u/ig7nosa as well as some slight variation in all of the other measure- ments. It was with difficulty that the specimen was made out fw /iginosa.
6 The two specimens in the Museum were taken at Mana, Kauai, by Mr. A. F. Judd during the winter of 1892-3. Both have the white foreheads assumed by this species, while the remainder of the plumage is badly worn. This seems to be the first record of this species being taken in the Hawaiian Islands. ‘The above measurements are taken from these specimens. ‘The S. berg7i of Dole has never been noted from Hawaii since his early reference to it, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1869, p. 306. Bergii is, in general appearance, somewhat similar to melanauchen, though the former is much the larger (length .20-.21, wing 14.25, bill 2.05).
[264]
LARIDA. 9
Genus ANOUS Leacu.
Plumage uniform sooty brown, becoming hoary on the forehead and top of the head (larger, wing 10.30-11.00); crown and forehead lavender-grey. Summer adult: Forehead nearly white at the base of bill, passing to lavender-grey, which becomes lav- ender on the hind neck; primaries and tail feathers nearly black. Adult female: Simi- lar, but a trifle smaller and with a weaker bill. Young similar. Length 13.00-16.25, wing 10.30-11.00, culmen 1.70-1.75, tarsus .go-.93, tail 5.90-6.25, toe 1.52-1.55, depth of beak .40. Hab. Tropical and juxta-tropical seas, wide-ranging. Hawaiian Islands.
Pl. XVI., 7903, 9157; XVII., 7900. 8. A. stol'idus’? (Linn.). Noddy.
Genus MICROANOUS Saunpe_ers.
Middle toe and claw shorter than the exposed culmen, bill slender and long; the distance from the angle of the gonys to the tip of the bill greater than to that of the gape; lores deep black; cheeks decided plumbeous; nape, shoulders and tail, dull lav- ender grey; lower parts dark sooty brown; forehead and crown dull greyish white in- clined to a silvery white. Young. Similar but browner. Length about 13.00, wing 8.75-9.00, tail 5.25, tarsus .80, middle toe 1.30, culmen 1.50-1.85 (Laysan specimen with darker lores), depth of bill .32. A/aé. Hawaiian Islands.
Pl. XVII., 9164, 9165. 9. M. hawaiien'sis Rorus. Hawaiian Tern, Noi'o.
Genus GYGIS (Ji'jis) WAGLER.
Middle toe and claw shorter than the exposed culmen; bill black, stout at the base and sharply pointed; pure white except a narrow ring about the eye which is black; toes slender, middle toe abnormally long, webs deeply excised (stouter, tail more pointed); shafts usually brownish. Young like above. Length 12.00-13.00, depth of bill .40, wing 9.50, tail 4.25-5.00, tarsus .45-.50, middle toe with claw 1.10, culmen 1.80. fab. Central Pacific generally. Laysan, etc.
Pl. XVII., 7892. Io. G. alba kittlitz'i Hart. White Tern.
7A specimen of séolidus in the Museum series (Coll. No. 1309), which varies somewhat from the typical form, is minutely described by Mr. Seale in his ‘‘Field Notes on the Birds of Oahu, H. I.,” Occasional Papers of the B. P. Bishop Museum, Vol. 1., No. 2. p. 35.
[265]
IO BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
Order TUBINARES.—Tube-nosed Swimmers.
Families.
Nostrils opening from the anterior end of horizontal nasal tubes.
a. Tubes widely separated by the intervening culmen; wings narrow and long;
birds of Jarwe dimensioie.4515220eiscideonssieesuneees (Page 10.) Diomedeide. aa. Both nasal tubes united; no intervening culmen; birds of medium or Stra eee: Ca ae Ree eRe REA ey aT eee eR AREER Sees (Page to.) Procellariide.
FamMiLy DIOMEDEID A.— ALBATROSSES. Genus.
Sides of the lower mandible without sulcus (a longitudinal groove); tail short and rounded and not more than one-third the length of the wing; base of upper diviston of the bill wide and closely jotned by the lateral division...... (Page 10.) Diomed’ea.
Genus DIOMEDEA Linn&vus.
Culmen slightly concave; bill somewhat compressed. Lateral division of the bill narrower at the base than in the middle. (Sub-genus Phebasiria, Reich.)
a. Abdomen sooty brown (wings never more than 21.00, smaller and bill more slender); dark sooty brown above; bill dark brown; under wing coverts and auxilia- ries sooty brown; sexes similar. Young: Similar to adult, but with sides of head white; upper tail coverts whitish. Length about 29.00-36.00 (33.00), wing 19.50, tail 5.60, bill 4.00, tarsus 3.40, toe 4.90. ab. North Pacific Ocean. Laysan, ete.
PI. XVIII., 8742. mu. D. nigripes Ann. Black-footed Albatross. aa. Abdomen white (bill rather slender); upper tail coverts white; under wing coverts blackish brown and white mixed; wings and back blackish brown; tail brown. Female similar. Young similar to adult. Length about 32.00, wing 19.00, tail 6.00, culmen 4.50, tarsus 3.60, toe 4.75. //ab. Gardner, Lisianski and Laysan. Pl. XVIII., 8746. 12. D. immutab/ilis Rorus. Gooney.
Famity PROCELLARIIDAY.—PErReELs. Genera. Common characters as above (with thirteen or more secondaries); bill shorter than tarsus; tail feathers 12 to 14 in number.
a. Of medium or small size (wing less than 15.00); weg more than 7.00; cul-
men more than half as long as the middle toe and claw. (Sub-family Fudmarine.) [ 266]
PROCELLARHD/AZ. a
b. Partition between the nostrils very thin, ¢. e., narrower than the width of a single nostril and within the nasal tube; depth of the bill at the shallowest part more than one-fourth the length of the lower mandible measured along the stde; tarsus not compressed. c. Wing more than twice the length of the tail; tail moderate, rounded (12 feathers); nasal tubes directed straight forward (claw of hallux small, .ro); nail of lower mandible making up more than one-third the length of the mandible measured along the side. Plumage and size differing among species..(Page 11.) A¥strela'ta. ee. Wing less than twice the length of the tail; tail of 12 feathers long and cuneate, being graduated for a third of its length; nail of the lower mandible making up less than a third of the length of the mandible measured along the side; plumage dark; nasal tubes fleshy at ends and directed forward and upward..(Page 12.) Bulwer‘ia. bb. Partition between the nostrils thick, t. e., thicker than the outer edge of one of the nostrils; the partition scarcely, if any, shorter than the outer edges of the tubes; tarsus compressed and with a ridge on the front edge; space between the end of the nasal tubes and the base of the unguis (nail on the tip of upper mandible) more than the length of the latter (nostrils at least partially visible from above; wings less than 15.00).
d. Nostrils elevated above the line of the culmen when viewed from the side; nasal tubes elevated and inflated anteriorly; under wing coverts dusky; iene weve eveurieeenihiterteeweero hier oeeenheeas (Page 12.) Prio’finus.
dd. Nostrils not noticeably elevated above the line of the culmen when viewed from the side; compressed anteriorly and narrower than at the base; edge of nostrils entirely visible from above (under wing coverts white or else lower
parts Witsley) vse eaantioee Mae seee tenudaseeeee re teest (Page 13.) Puffinus. aa. Wing less than 7.00; tarsus not perceptibly longer than middle toe and claws to7! forked, or ak least eimargiate..e+. soe ese os (Page 13.) Oceano’droma.
GENUS ZESTRELATA Bonaparte.
Exposed portion of inner web of primaries beneath dark; bill wide at the gape; under parts mostly white; crown and back of the head dark; upper tail coverts uniform with the back; tail dusky (outer feathers sometimes mottled with white); awxzliartes and under wing coverts mostly white tnwardly, nargined with dark.
a. Larger and darker above; under tail coverts greyish dusky, very abruptly white beneath the surface; upper parts, including hind neck and upper tail coverts, uniform brownish slate, darker on the wings and tail, and nearly black on the head; the feathers of the hind neck and upper tail coverts (the latter very abruptly) white beneath the surface; forehead, lores, cheeks and entire lower parts white; the sides
and longer tail coverts sometimes barred with dusky; wing 11.80-12.00, tail 5.50-5.75 : [267] : iis:
12 BIRDS OF THE HAIWAIIAN GROUP.
(graduated for about 2.40), culmen 1.22, tarsus 1.40, middle toe with claw 1.78. Aad. Middle Pacific from Hawaiian Islands to Galapagos (Ridgway). (No specimen in
Museum.) 13. AY. pheopyg'ia Sarv. Dark-rumped Petrel.
aa. Smaller and paler above; upper tail coverts ashy-grey, much less abruptly white beneath the surface (bill stouter); lavger, under wing coverts mostly dark, feathers of the back distinftly edged with grey; under parts white, except along the sides of fore breast. Female similar. Young: Smaller, with the under tail coverts as long as or longer than the tail feathers; upper back and tail coverts much more broadly edged with blue-grey; whole aspect of the back lighter; less blue-grey on the sides of fore breast. Length 11.15-14.00 (12.75), wing 7.40-8.60, tail 3.20-4.70, culmen 1.02—-1.10, tarsus I.10- 1.15, middle toe 1.40-1.50, inner toe 1.15-1.20. fab. North Pacific Ocean. Laysan, etc. The following table will show the variation in measurements of young fledged birds
and adults :— Juvenile (June rg). Adult (September ),
Male. Female. Male. Female. Length......eee eens I1.50 II.I5 «+++ 12.50 14.00(?) Wing eres eceeeceees 7.50 FAO cree 8.60 8.75 PT ail ee tap ig tare toca tee arve teehee 3.70 2:20 nade 4.45 4.70 CUlMet.< sac sewn ca 1.08 T.02 vere 1.10 I.10 TARSUG<s0ivsxaxdeee TAR T.I5 eee 1.15 1.15 Middle toe.....---.. 1.50 I.4O veee 1.40 1.50 Inner toe ....-++---- 1.20 T.15 sees 1.15 1.15 Pl. XIX., 7907, 7908. 14. AY. hypoleu'ca Sarv. Bonin Petrel
Genus BULWE'RIA Bonaparte.
Plumage entirely dusky sooty brown, darker on the upper parts (smaller); under tail coverts falling short of the end of the tail by more than .50; the greater wng coverts lighter brown on their edges, forming a quite well defined patch; quills nearly black. Downy young: uniform dark sooty brown. Length about 10.00, wing 7.75, tail 4.50, culmen .go, tarsus 1.20. ab. North Pacific Ocean. Laysan, Kauai,
French Frigates, Hawaii (Mills). Pl. XIX., 8768. 15. B. bul'weri (Jarp. & SELBY). Bulwer’s Petrel.
Genus PRIO'FINUS Homer. & Jaco.
Tail long, cuneate; under surface of body white; feathers of the head and upper plumage not edged with white; back, greater wing coverts and primaries entirely deep sooty brown with slaty brown beneath; feathers of the back edged with paler brown; sides of the neck greyish, mottled; under tail coverts dusky; auxiliaries dusky. Length 317.50 219.00, wing 11.25-12.00, tail 6.00, culmen 1.50-1.55, tarsus 1.75, middle toe 2.15-2.25. f/ab. North Pacific Ocean. Laysan, Kauai, etc.
Pl. XIX., 7928, 16. P. cunea'tus ey Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Unu kane. 268
PROCELLART DE. 13
Genus PUFFINUS Brisson.
a. Lower parts uniform dusky black (wing never over 10.00); bill deep black; uuder wing coverts deep sooty black (darker); primaries and tail feathers black. Length about 15.00, wing 9.10, tail 3.75, culmen 2.25, tarsus 1.70, middle toe 2.00. Flab. Central Pacific Ocean. French Frigates, Laysan.
Pl. XIX., 7942. 17. P. nativita'tis Srreers. Christmas Island Shearwater. aa. Lower parts uniform white including auxiliaries and the central under tail coverts; primaries dark beneath; head, neck and back, including wings and tail, a very uniform black; the edge of the feathers sometimes brownish; flanks and outer under tail coverts blackish; border of under wing coverts blackish. Length 14.60, wing
9.25, culmen 1.30, tail 3.45, tarsus 1.80, toe 2.20, depth of bill at base .50. Had. Kauai. Pl. XIX., 9307. 18. P. new'elli® Hensnaw.
Genus OCEANO'DROMA REICHENBACH.
Plumage sooty black; upper tazl coverts more or less white; base of all the tail feathers white except the centre pair (tail not deeply forked; longer of the upper tail coverts tipped with black. Length about 8.75, wing 5.90, tail 2.75, tarsus .82, middle toe .95, tibia 1.60, culmen .58.° //ad. Central Pacific Ocean. Kauai, French Frigates,
Niihau(?). 1g. O. cryptoleucu'ra.”° Hawaiian Storm Petrel, Oeoe.
Order STEGANOPODES.—Totipalmate Swimmers.
Families.
a. Tail cuneate (or rounded); web between the toes only slightly emarginate;
no terminal hook to the bill."' b. Middle tail feathers greatly elongated; whole head feathered; bill con- ical, compressed and pointed; nostrils plainly visible..(Page 14.) Phaéthon’tide.
8 The description is taken from a specimen given to the Museum by Mr. Francis Gay, April 17, 1900 (B. P. B. M. No. 9307). During the interval between the writing and the publication of the description Mr. Henshaw has described a specimen taken by Mr. M. Newell (Brother Matthias), which seems to be the same as the Kauai specimen in the Museum. I therefore withdraw my manuscript name (with due apology to Mr. Gay) in favor of Mr. Henshaw's published name. See Auk (1900), Vol. XVII., p. 246. The locality of Mr. Henshaw's type is at fault. It doubtless is a misprint and should be Waihu Valley, Island of Maui, in the place of '‘Waihu Valley, Island of Mani.”
9Female in the collection taken by Mr. A. F. Judd on Kauai during the winter of 1892-93, from which the above measurements were taken.
loDr. Schauinsland, in his list of the birds of Laysan Island, adds 0. /uligzvosa (Gm.) to the Hawaiian fauna. It can be easily dis- tinguished from O. cryptoleucura by its larger size (length .10, wing 7.50) and having the upper tail coverts the same color as the back.
II Since the preparation of the above I have a list of the birds obtained on Laysan by Dr. Schauinsland, Director Stadt. Museum, Bremen, in which he gives Phalacrocorayx plagicus, Pall. ‘The species may he identified by the following: The upper mandible terminating in a dis- tinct hook ; farsus longer than the hind toe and claw, with a small, scarcely noticeable gular sac; bill slender with outline straight; tail much longer than the wing, graduated and composed of twelve feathers; culmen less than 2.50; feathers on the lower jaw projecting forward be_ yond the anterior angle of the eye; head and neck rich glossy silky violet black; more purplish towards the head, becoming silky dark green on the lower parts. Breeding plumage: Neck and rump ornamented with very narrow white feathers. }owug: Uniform brownish dusky. Length 25.00-29.00, wing 9.50-10.60. Had. Coast of Asia from Kamschatka to South China, from Alaska to South Mexico(?). (Hawaiian Islands, Laysan.—Dr, Schauinsland.)
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14 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
bb. Middle tail feathers not greatly produced; no external nostrils; head partly feathered; bill thick through the base................. (Page.14.) Sulide. aa. Tail deeply forked; webs between the toes deeply emarginate; tarsus very
short, not longer than the hind toe and claw; wing and tail exceedingly long. (Page 15.) Fregat/ide.
Famity PHAETHONTIDA.—Troric Brirps.
Genus. Characters the same as for the family..............- (Page 14.) Pha’éthon.
Genus PHA'ETHON Linnavus.
Plumage very close and satiny; general color white, usually tinged with pink or salmon color, with some black on the upper parts.
a. Outer web of primaries white to the base; elongated tail feathers carmine with black shafts; a black comma-shaped patch on the side of the head, starting at the cor- ner of the mouth and prolonged backward behind the eye; inner secondaries with a black band down the middle; flank feathers with a greyish black shaft stripe; feet black; at the base of toes yellow; bill red. Female similar. Very young have the whole back, head and wings white barred with black. Length 30.00-36.00, culmen 3.50-3.70, depth of bill .85-1.05, wing 12.50—-13.00, tail without middle feathers 5.00, with middle feathers 16.50-20.00, tarsus 1.15-1.20. ab. Central Pacific and Indian Ocean. Laysan, etc.
Pl. XX., 8554, 9715. 20. P. rubricaud’'a Bopp. Red-tailed Tropic Bird. aa. Outer primaries with the outer web black for the greater portion of its length; elongated tail feathers white or apricot color; black on outer web of first pri- mary falling short of the tip by an inch or more; basal two-thirds of both mandibles more or less blackish horn color; black on the side of the head much as in P. rubv7- cauda; a black band along the wing formed by the black tips of the median wing coverts; innermost secondaries and scapulars with a very broad oblique black band; shaft of long tail-feather black above, white below. Length 23.00-28.00, wing 10.50- 11.00, culmen 2.00, depth of bill .70, tarsus .75, middle toe 1.40, tail without plume 4.50, tail with long feathers 16.50-18.00. Had. Inter-tropical seas. Hawaiian Islands. Pl. XX., 9895, 9896, 7599. 21. P. leptu'rus Lacer. & Daun. White-tailed Tropic Bird.
Famity SULIDAD.—GaAnners.
Gents.
Charatters the same as for the familys iiss 04.0000 ¢aeas (Page 14.) Sula.
Genus SULA Brisson.
Bill sub-cylindrical and tapering to a point, the extremity of which is slightly curved; whole of lower jaw together with the throat and chin naked. Young: Upper
parts unicolor. (Sub-genus Sz/a.) [270
PREGA TITd2h. a
a. Plumage of the head and neck, as well as most all of the upper parts, pure white.
b. Greater part of tail feathers brownish black; naked skin of the face and throat blackish (blueish in life); neck and body entirely white; primaries, secondaries together with most of the tail, brownish black; wing coverts white. }owng: Head, neck and upper parts plain dark brown; part of the neck streaked with white. Mestlings covered with white down: Length 25.00-29.00, wing 15.00-17.00, tail 8.25—10.00, culmen 3.60-4.25, depth of bill 1.40-1.60, tarsus 2.25, middle toe 3.25. //ab. Central Pacific Ocean. Laysan, French Frigates, Midway, etc.
Pl. XXI., 7933. 22. S. cy'anops Sun». Blue-faced Booby. bb. Zadl pure while; outer web of primary feathers hoary grey; outer webs of secondaries and their coverts hoary; smaller wing coverts white like the rest of the body; all more or less rich white and tinged with buff; feet reddish. Young: Above sooty brown, hind neck and lower parts light smoky grey (plumage extremely variable). Length 23.00-27.00, wing 15.00, tail 6.75-7.25, culmen 3.40-3.50, depth of bill 1.40. flab. Inter-tropical seas. Niihau, Oahu, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigates, etc. Pl. XXI., 7933. 23. §S. pisca'tor (Linn.). Red-footed Booby. aa. Plumage of the upper parts untform deep sooty brown, head, neck and chest deep sooty brown like the back; lower parts white; tail and wings uniform with the back. Young. Nearly uniform sooty brown, paler beneath. Length 30.00-31.00, wing 15.50, tail 7.50, tarsus 1.80, culmen 4.00 (4.2592). Mab. Tropical seas. Niihau,
Laysan, etc. Pl. XXI., 8752. 24. S$. sula Linn. Booby.
FamMILy FREGATID 4.—Man-o’-war Birv. Genus.
Characters for the genus same as for the family....... (Page 15.) Frega'ta.
Genus FREGATA CvuvIER.
Culmen more than 4.25; bill long and strongly hooked at the extremity, both mandibles being curved downward. A/a/e: Breast and sides sooty black and culmen strong; feathers of the head, back and scapulars elongated, pointed, and a glossy oil- green with a bronze sheen (no white on the flanks); gular pouch scarlet orange (fading). Female: Breast and sides white; culmen longer (5.00); head and neck not so glossy; back of the neck, lesser and median wing coverts brown with paler margins. Young, both sexes: ead and neck as well as upper half of chest white with an occa- sional rusty feather about head and sides; upper breast dark sooty brown; otherwise as in the female. Length 37.50-41.00, wing 23.00-25.00, tail 15.00, tarsus .65. Had. Tropical and sub-tropical seas. Hawaiian Islands.
a5. F. a'quila Linn. Man-o’-war Bird, Iwa.
[aya]
16 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GRUUF.
Order ANSERES.—Lamellirostral Swimmers.
Family. Only one family. Chara@ters same as for the order....(Page 16.) Anatidz.
Famity ANATIDAY.—Ducxs, GEESE, Ere. Genera. a. Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw.
b. No trace of teeth (lamelle) along the side of lower mandible; distinct tooth serrations along the upper edge (Sub-family M/ergzn@); culmen shorter than tarsus; bill narrow and peculiar.......-.. sees e errr eee (Page 17.) Mergan’ser.
bb. A very distinct row of teeth along the side of the lower mandible, in addition to the series along the upper edge. (Sub-family Azatne.)
c. Hind toe narrowly lobed; neck shorter than the body; a colored speculum on the wing. d. Bill not spatulate (upper wing coverts not blue, more usually dark grey;) tail feathers rather narrow and pointed at the tips.
e. Zazl moderate with the centre pair of feathers not very long and tail graduated for less than one-third its total length; bill rather broad and about the leath of the’ lead...acscsceeeseae ress eaawee as ean ee (Page 17.) Anas.
| ee. Zaz/ long, with the central pair of feathers very long and pointed; culmen longer than the middle toe (speculum broader than the light band at phe tip ck the Seca aries ju ytiaeseaseuyesees tad aeeasescedee: (Page 18.) Darfila. dd. Bill spatulate, z.¢., broad at the end and narrower at the base; upper wing coverts blue (no soft membrane on the sides of the bill towards the tip). (Page 18.) Spat’ula. ec. Hind toe with a broad membranous lobe (Sub-family Fuliguline); feathers on the lores not reaching beyond posterior border of nostrils; graduation of the tail much more than the length of the bill from the nostrils; distance from anterior end of nostrils to tip of bill much greater than the same place to loral feathers. (Page 18.) Charitonet’ta. aa. Tarsus equal to or longer than the middle toe without the claw; neck mod- erately long, no cere on the bill. (Sub-family Azserzne.) f. Serrations on the cutting edge of upper mandible vistble from the outside for the greater portion of the length of the tomium; bill very stout, its depth through the base more than equal to the length of the culmen; color of adult
either white or bluish with black primaries.............-....-4. (Page 19.) Chen. [272]
ANA TLDS, iF
ff. Serrations on the cutting edge of upper mandible not vist- ble from the outside, except at the base; tomium almost straight; bill moderate but strong. g. Ich of feet not deeply excised, i. ¢., cut away from back along both sides of the middle toe...........-..+45- (Page 19.) Branta. gg. Web of the feet deeply excised. (Page 19.) Nes ochen. Genus MERGANSER Brisson.
Distance between nostrils and nearest feathers on the sides of upper mandible decidedly less than the depth of the upper mandible at base; feathering on sides of base of upper mandible projeting far forward, forming a very decided though obtuse angle. Adu/t male: Head dull greenish black, the occiput with a long pointed crest; neck and sides of chest dull brownish buff or light cinnamon streaked with black; other lower parts mainly white, usually tinged with cream color (Ridgway). female. Head and neck reddish brown, darkest on the crown; back scapulars and small wing coverts umber brown; edge of the feathers paler; a white patch on the wing; under parts white. Length 20.00-25.00, wing 8.60-9.00, culmen about 2.50, tarsus 1.80-1.90, middle toe 2.40. fab. Northern portion of northern hemisphere, breeds northward. Hawaii,’* Oahu.
26. M. serra'tor (LinN.). Red-breasted Merganser. Genus A'NAS Linas.
Culmen shorter than the middle toe; central tail feathers but slightly curled, some specimens not at all.
a. No white ring around the eye;'’ speculum greenish blue; ander tail coverts in fully fledged male(?) more or less blackish, edged and mixed with chestnut; rump blackish, with varying amount of chestnut; abdomen with pale greyish chestnut ground streaked and spotted with blackish; neck and breast of the same chestnut as the under tail coverts, with oval blackish centres to the feathers of the chest, which become mere streaks on the neck, most numerous on the chin (one specimen with less black on the chin); lesser wing coverts dark grey, with some paler edges; under wing coverts white; feet orange; speculum edged with a band of black followed by a white one (variable in width in front), behind by a black band followed by a white one equal to or wider than the black. Female similar. Length ¢ about 18.50 (Seale), wing g9.10-9.50, tail 3.50, culmen 1.80, tarsus 1.35, middle toe 2.10, depth of bill .68-.70; 9 wing 8.50, tail 3.60, bill 1.80, tarsus 1.38, toe 2.00. fab. Hawaiian Islands.
Pl. XXII., 9168, 9424. 27. A. wyvillia'na Sci. Hawaiian Duck, Koloa maoli. aa. Ring of white feathers about the eve; centre pair of tail feathers but little curled at the tips. .J/a/e: General color of plumage rufescent; head and nape with a 12 Mr. Henshaw reports the taking of two specimens near Hilo, November 1899. See Auk, Vol. XVIIL.. p. 203. Lam also informed that
it has been taken on Oahu. 13 Dr, Schauinsland’s list adds -1. doseas, Linn., from Laysan. It is distinguished from other Hawatian ducks by having no white ring
about the eye, and with the speculum greenish blue. Tength 24.00. It is hardly possible hat the Doctor has confused this with the much smaller form which is indigenous to Laysan.
MFMoirRs B. P. B. MUSEUM, VOL, I., No. 3.—2. [273]
18 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
greenish lustre, especially on the nape; throat mixed with a few white feathers; back, fore neck, breast and flanks with dark rufescent markings. Female: Similar, but differs in having more white on the chin; the upper throat much duller; some of the upper and under tail coverts paler rufescent with dusky marks or bands; speculum blackish in female. Length ¢16.00-16.50, wing 7.10-8.00, tail 3.30-3.50, tarsus 1.25—-I.55,
culmen 1.38-1.50, toe 1.80-2.00. AYab. Laysan Island. Pl. XXII., 8745. 28. A. laysanen'sis’ Rorus. Laysan Teal.
Genus SPATULA Bore.
Longer scapulars with a white band along the centre part; abdomen deep chest- nut; head and upper portion of the neck deep glossy green; lower neck, breast and outer scapulars white; rump and upper tail coverts dark glossy green with pale edges; upper wing coverts and outer edge of the two longest scapulars pale blue. Female: General color of upper parts brown, each feather edged with a broad reddish margin; throat reddish and unspotted. Young similar to adult female. Length 17.00-21.00, wing 9.00-10.00, culmen 2.60—2.90, width of bill at end 1.10-1.20, at base .60, tarsus 1.40-1.50. /Zab. Northern hemisphere. Hawaiian Islands. (No specimen in Museum. )
29. S. clypea'ta (Linn.). Shoveller.
Genus DAFILA STEPHENS.
Tail feathers not barred across; centre tail feathers blackish, lateral ones grey with pale whitish margins; head dark, hair brown; a narrow band at the tip of the last row of wing coverts cinnamon (larger, culmen 1.85—2.25); anterior part of the sides of neck, breast and abdomen greyish white; the breast with very narrow, brown, zigzag bars; head and upper neck hair brown, with a faint gloss on the sides of the occiput. Zale: Length 26.50-30.00, wing 11.10, tail 7.50-9.50, culmen 2.08, tarsus 1.80. Female: Smaller; tail feathers blackish, barred irregularly across with whitish or ochraceous; above greyish dusky varied with irregular bars of yellowish white or pale ochraceous, each feather, except on throat, streaked with blackish. Male in first breeding plumage has pale margin to the wing coverts, and most of the feathers of the rump are broadly barred. Young male similar to adult female. Aas. Northern hemi- sphere southward. Hawaiian Islands.
30. D. acu'ta Linn. Pintail, Koloa mapu. Genus CHARITONET'TA Srenecer. ,
Head and upper half of the neck rich metallic green with a purplish gloss on the crown; with a patch of white extending from behind the eye across the occiput; lower neck, lower parts, secondaries and scapulars white; back and upper parts black. Female: Head and neck brown with faint gloss, a white patch on cheeks and ear coverts; upper parts blackish brown, darkest on rump; under parts white tinged more
14Dr. Schauinsland's list gives Neéfion crecca, Linn., Querqguedula ciriia, Clangula albeola, Linn., and Mareca americana (Gmel.), from Laysan Island. ‘These references are interesting additions to the Hawaiian birds, and are of value in the study of distribution 8
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MINALL ILO, 19
or less with brownish grey. Length about 12.50, wing 6.25, tail 2.45, culmen 1.15,
tarsus 1.12, toe 2.00, depth of bill 60. 77a. North America. Maui." 31. C. albe'ola (Linn.). Buffle-head.
Grnus CHEN (Ken) Bors.
Adult with the whole head and at least part of the neck white as well as the re- maindcr of the plumage, except the primaries and their coverts; bill a deep purplish (in life) with a white nail; primaries black. vue: Head, neck and upper parts pale greyish, the feathers of the latter with whitish edges, and striped medianally with darker, especially wing coverts and tertiaries; rump, tail coverts, tail and lower parts plain white. Length 23.00-28.00, wing 14.50-17.00 (16.36), culmen 2.55—2.70, tarsus 2.80-3.25 (3.01), middle toe 2.00-2.50 (2.34). Mab. Western America, breeding in Alaska, migrating south. Hawaiian Islands. (No specimen in the Museum.)
32. C. hyperbore'us® (Pars.). Lesser Snow Goose.
Genus BRANTA Scopo.t.
Bill and feet entirely black at all ages; tail coverts white; tail and quills uni- form black; upper parts brownish, the feathers with lhghter tips.
a. Head partly white, a white triangular patch on the cheek usually meeting on the throat; lower parts deep brownish or brownish grey (often not much paler than the upper parts) abruptly defined against the white of anal region; (smaller size, wing less than 16.00, culmen less than 1.25;) tail feathers usually 14 to 16 in number. Length 23.00-25.00, wing 13.60-14.00, culmen .g5~-1.15, tarsus 2.40-2.75. /7ab. Pacific coast of North America, breeding at Norton Sound, southin winter. Hawaiian Islands."’
33. B. canaden'sis minima Ripcw. Cackling Goose. aa. Head entirely black; middle of the neck encircled by a broad white collar, interrupted only behind; no chestnut on the breast; upper tail coverts very long; upper parts nearly uniform dark sooty brown; lower parts dark sooty slate, not dis- tintly if at all contrasted with black of chest, but abruptly defined against white of anal region. Young: Similar to adult but collar indistinct or obsolete; the larger wing coverts broadly tipped with white. Length 22.00-29.00, wing 12.70-13.50, cul- men 1.20-1.35, tarsus 2.20-2.50. /7ab. Western Arctic America, south in winter along the western Pacific coast. Maui." 34. B. nigricans (Lawr.). Black Brant.
Genus NES'OCHEN Satvap.
Head and throat black, which color extends a little below the eve and down the neck; side of neck tawny buff, becoming lighter towards the lower parts; upper sur-
15 ‘Ihe specimen from which the above is taken is one in the St. Louis College cabinet. Brother Alfred, the curator, informs me it was taken on Maui by Brother Matthias during his sojourn there.
16 Hon. Walter Rothschild (through Palmer) /w /7/t.; also adds -lnser albifrons gambeli (Hartl.) from Hawaii.
17 Hon. Walter Rothschild, /» ///, Kauai.
18 Specimen in St. Louis College cabinet taken on Maui by Brother Matthias; also Hon. Walter Rothschild, /» ///2.
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ree
20 BIRDS OF LTAHls FIANAITAN GROOT.
face dull dark umber, the feathers edged or barred with whitish; rump dusky black; abdomen and under tail coverts white. Fvma/e: Black extends farther down on the side of the head and neck; bill and feet black. Length about 23.00, wing 15.00, bill
1.75, tarstis 3,00, toe 3.25, tail 6.75. J7ab. Hawati. 35. N. sandvicen'sis (Vic.). Hawaiian Goose, Nene.
Order HERODIONES.—Herons, Ibises, Ete.
Famtiltes.
a. Bill much curved, long and with nasal groove, linear and produced almost to the tip of the bill. (Sub-order /ézdes.) Bill almost cylindrical, slender and narrower than deep towards the tip, and curved downward for nearly the whole length:
(Page 20.) Ibid‘ide.
aa. Bill practically straight; sides of upper mandible without any groove; hind
toe inserted on a level with the anterior ones; the middle toe with its claw pectinate (toothed) on the inner edge (Sub-order Herodi7); bill lance-shaped or compressed Sid POUMCd et tS cou Sebasradinnrabowbe: omen canoe seae (Page 21.) Arde‘ide.
Famity IBID TIDA.—Inises. Genus.
Anterior aspect of the tarsus plated; head never more than moderately crested and not very noticeable; chin, lores and base of cheeks bare, but the latter feathered to beyond the anterior line of the eye; claw of the middle toe nearly straight. Head of the adult wholly feathered except lores.. ............ ...(Page 20.) Pleg’adis.
GrNnus PLEG'ADIS Kuup.
Adult with head, neck and lower portions uniformly chestnut; upper parts metallic green bronze and purple, most brilliant on upper surface of wings and tail; lores lake-red in life, turning brown in skin, or somewhat reddish brown; feathers sur- rounding the base of the bill white. Young: With lower parts greyish brown. Length about 19.00-26.00, wing 9.30-10.80, culmen 3.75-6.00, tarsus 3.00-4.40, middle toe
% . Z . ‘ . 2.10-2.85. fab. Tropical America in general, west coast from Lower California to Oregon. Hawaiian Islands.'” (No specimen in Museum.)
36. P. guarauna (Linn.). White-faced Glossy Ibis.
19 Professor Brigham informs me that specimen ‘found on Molokai, which the natives said was a ‘malihini’ or stranger, and portions of which were placed in the colle¢tion of the socicty....’' (Dole, Hawaiian Annual, 1879, p. 41) was one taken by himself froma flock of five during September or October, 1865. The ‘fragments’ were subsequently sent to Professor Baird at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington LD. ¢., and have since been lost track of. Professor Brigham has since satisfied himself that the specimen was Plegadis, "This record a
in connection with the immature bird collected by Mr. Knudsen on Kauai in 1872, seems to confirm Mr. Ridgway's belief that P. enarauna is an accidental visitor to the islands from the west coast of America.
[276]
MRD ETT. Ls ae
FamiLty ARDEIDA.— Herons.
Genera.
With the tail composed of 12 feathers; claws rather short and strongly curved (tail feathers stiffer than the coverts); (Sub-family Ardez’n@;) bill only moderate, never equal to the length of the middle toe and tarsus combined; bill without distinct serrations on the upper mandible; upper mandible with notch near the tip.
a. Culmen longer than the tarsus, the latter longer than the middle toe. (Page 21.) Demiegret'ta. aa. Culmen shorter than middle toe and about equal to tarsus, plumage of young and old very different; bill thick, z.¢., culmen rarely more than four times as long as the depth of billat basewensescs sesveenesesgevavseees (Page 21.) Nycti’corax.
Genus DEMIEGRETTA Buyru.
General color above and below deep blackest slate, the feathers almost black; feathers of the upper breast elongated like those of the middle back, both paler slaty grey; abdonien and vent feathers tinged with ashy white; a pure white streak down the centre of the throat. /ema/e similar. Young: Paler and more sooty brown. JT Azte form: Exactly similar to the grey form, only white. //ad. Malay Peninsular and islands to Australia, Islands of the Pacific, Fiji, Samoa, etc., north to bay of Corea. Hawalian
Islands(?).’° 37. D. sacra (GMEL.). Sacred Heron.
Genus NYCTI'CORAX Srepuens.
Prevailing color, bluish grey in adult, brownish and striped longttudinally with white in the young; gonys nearly straight; culmen and tarsus about equal (Sub-genus Nycticorax); base of forehead and eyebrow white; no chestnut on the back and tail; no white on the back; under tail coverts white, as well as the under sides of the body, with a delicate shade of grey, especially on the neck and chest; back and crown glossy black green; wings dove color; head with two or three long slender white plumes, in the breeding plumage. Female: Similar to adult male both summer and winter. J oun: Light brown above, tinged with cinnamon, most marked on the wing quills; each feather of the body with a white tear-shaped shaft stripe; quills with small white tips; sides of head and neck and entire lower parts striped white and greyish brown; throat whitish. Length 23.00-26.00 (25.00), wing 11.60-12.50, tail 4.10-4.75, culmen 2.70-3.35, tarsus 2.72-3.05, middle toe 3.10-3.45, depth of beak .85-.95. ab. Wide-
20'The reference which President Dole makes (Hawaiian Annual, 1879, p. 52) to this species is the oly ucecunt of ils ever being seen in the Islands. Since he speaks of it as ‘‘common all over the group,” and “when in full plumage the long feathers of the crest and back are blackish purple, and from the back of the head three long feathers of the purest white hang,” ctc.. itis quite probable that the bird de- scribed is the common whi. : [277]
ie BIRDS OF THE HAWAITAN GROUP.
ranging form in suitable localities, North America southwards. Hawaiian Islands The following table of measurements are from specimens in the Museum:
Males. Females.
Adult. Adult. Juvenile. Adult. Adult. Juvenile. Wings sree cseevees 12.50 12.10 I1.60 «+++ 12.50 12,00 11.50 Tail ssmewas aes 4.60 4.70 4.50 «+++ 4.10 4.75 4.50 Culmen......ee eee 3.25 3.30 3.10 ees 3.35 3.00 2.70 TALSUS sees eee eens 2.95 3.05 285 wees 3.05 3.00 2.72 Middle toe ......-. 3.45 3.45 3.20 sees 3.40 3.40 ae Depth of bill...... 85 95 B50 tees 80 95 82
38. N. nycticorax neevius* (Bopp.). Black-crowned Night Heron, Auku kohili Pl. XXIITI., 5584, 9170.
Order PALUDICOLA:.—Rails, Coots, Ete. Fanuly. First primary longer than the seventh; wings less than 10 inches (except i1 Porphyrio), toes very long and slender, with “scallops” along the side in Fudzca,; tai usually quite rudimentary...-... 0-65. e eee e eee ee eee ees (Page 22.) Rallidz
Famity RALLIDAL.—Ralts, GALLINULES AND CooTs. Genera.
a. No enlarged shield-like process extending over the front part of the head (Sub-family Rallzneg;) middle toe and claw exceeding the length of the tarsus; sec ondaries practically equal to the primaries in length, or falling short of them by les: than the length of the hind toe and claw.
b. Tail feathers very soft and entirely hidden at the ends by the covert: CHa WAT y-< Soe eG SEGRE Ate Seeks bee AEN EMERY 4 eag ie SAatins (Page 23.) Pen’nula bb. Tail feathers not decomposed but ordinary and evident with no whit: secondary quills, the inner toe without the claw longer than the culmen; plumag variegated; wings feebly developed and not as long as the tarsus and toes combined
(Page 23.) Porzan‘ula aa. An enlarged frontal shield.
c. Toes without lobes or flaps. (Sub-family Gallinuline.) d. Nostrils oval, in a distinct nasal depression; frontal shiek rounded; wings nearly three times the length of the tarsus..(Page 23.) Gallin’ula dd. Nostrils rounded; no nasal depression; plumage blue (win; coverts ordinary); primaries much longer than secondaries. .(Page 24.) Porphy’rio
21’ The Hawaiian Auku seems not to differ from the American sub-species by any constant character.
[278]
RALLIDA:. 23
cc. Toes provided with conspicuous lateral lobes or flaps; primaries about equal to secondaries. (Sub-family Pudicne.)...........(Page 24.) Fuliica.
Genus PEN'NULA Do.Le.
General color above dark ruddy brown with darker centres to the feathers, pro- ducing a somewhat mottled appearance; wing coverts like the back and very much elongated; quills blackish with rusty brown outer edges; tail feathers blackish, com- pletely hidden by the feathers of the rump; head more uniform brown with a ruddy tinge; sides of the face like the top of the head; throat and under surface of the body dark vinaceous ruddy, a trifle paler shade on the throat. (Measurements from the two mounted specimens in the Museum from Mills collection.) Length about 5.50, wing 2.70 do., tail .75 do., tarsus 1.00, 108, toe (?) .85, culmen .75-.76, depth of bill
.30 do.’ Hab. The uplands of Hawaii; rare or extinct. 39.. P. ecauda'ta® Kinc. Sandwich Rail, Moho.
Grnus PORZAN'ULA Fronawk.
Upper parts generally sandy brown with black centres to the feathers; somc- times white in the centre of the back or rump; wing coverts uniform with the back except for the black streaks; sides of the head, throat and breast dark ashy grey; flanks and under tail coverts sandy brown, like back, with occasional white spots; under wing coverts sandy buff; wing and tail feathers brown with sandy margins. Length about 6.00, wing 2.18-2.25, tail 1.00-1.10, culmen .65-.80, middle toe 1.10-1.30. Had. Laysan.
Pl. XXIV., 7911, 7912. 40. P. palm'eri Frou. ‘Laysan Rail.
Genus GALLIN'ULA Brisson.
Uniform plumbeous, sides of body streaked with white; base of lower mandible red vermilion like shield; bill tipped-with greenish yellow. Male: General color of the back dark olive brown refleéting ruddy brown; head and neck blackish fading into slate-grey on the upper neck and under parts. Wernter adult: Similar, but frontal shield smaller. Young: Sooty black more or less mixed with white below. Adults in the
22 Mr. Wilson, doubtless in error, gives total length about 13.00, wing 6.00, tarsus 3.25, middle toe with cl.w just under 3.00, culmen .75.
23 Mr. Scott B. Wilson, in discussing the genus Pennula (Aves Hawaiiensis, p. 171-178) finds grounds for the making of three species—two species in addition to the typical P. ecaudaia. His description of P. sandvicensis (Gmel.) is based on the drawing executed by Mr. W. W. Ellis jn 1779, to which Mr. Wilson appends Latham's description which is as follows: ‘Size small; bill dusky ash color; general color of the plum- age pale ferruginous; the feathers on the upper parts darkest in the middle; tail short, hid by the upper coverts; legs dusky flesh color. Inhabits Sandwich Isles. Was also found on the island of 7anna, \ut the plumage is darker on the upper parts and the bill and legs yellow- ish.—Sir Joseph Banks.” The Ellis drawing is only the crudest suggestion of the general form of a Pennula, while Latham’s description is very meagre; and since there seems not to be a single example in any museum, and ‘‘no example of the Sandwich Rail has been met with within human memory,” it is quite possible that the drawings and description could have emanated from, and therefore should be referred to, the well known extinct and exceedingly rare ecaudala of King (1785). Pennila wilsons is based ‘on the so-called ‘Sandwich Rail’ in the Leiden Museum.” ‘The original description by Dr. O, Finsch is here appended. ‘'Schlegel's type in the Leiden Museum: Upper parts dark ruddy brown with blackish centres to the feathers of the back and wings, producing on these parts well marked longitudinal stripes: head and neck somewhat lighter and uniform ruddy brown like the sides of the head and neck; under parts uniform rusty brown shading into vinous red, a little darker on the flanks; middle of chin somewhat lighter; anal region and lower tail coverts dark vinous red forming a well marked darker patch; primaries blackish very narrowly margined with brown on the outer webs; broad and lax upper tail coverts with very narrow light rusty brown apical margins, showing as lighter undulations; bill and feet light horny brown (as far as can be judged greenish in life). Sea and habitat unknown.” Measurements (/, c. Finsch); Total length 50 mm., wing 73 mm., culmen 19 mm.,, tarsus 30 mi., tibia 7 mm., middle toe and claw 35 mm. ‘ :
o [279]
24 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
autumn and winter have white on the abdomen and under wing coverts. Length about 14.00, wing 6.75, tail 1.50, culmen and shield 2.00, tarsus 2.25-2.50, toe 3.00, hind toé
1.25. fab. Hawaiian Islands. Pl. XXIV., 9745. 41. G. sandvicen'sis Streets. Hawaiian Gallinule, Alae.
Genus PORPHY'RIO Brisson.
Thighs purplish brown; inner secondaries black (with no distinct patch of blue on the throat); under surface uniform bluish except the under tail coverts which are white; general color of back black; primaries black; frontal plate, bill, legs and feet red. Length 17.25, wing 14.50, tail 4.00, culmen and shield 2.70, tarsus 3.35, toe 4.00. Ffab. Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea. Oahu; introduced.
42. P. melano'tus Newr. Alae awi.
Genus FU'LICA Linx aus.
General color above and below slaty grey; under tail coverts black, the lateral ones white with the inner half of the feather black; outer secondaries broadly tipped with white, one specimen with under parts suffused with whitish, and flank stripes wanting in all the specimens in the colle&tion; quills blackish brown; back browner. Length 16.25, 15.60, 16.25; wing 7.00, do., do.; tail 2.10, 2.20, 2.30; culmen including shield . 2.25, 2.05, 2.10; tarsus 2.25, 2.15, 2.20; toe 3.25, do., do. Aad. Hawaiian Islands.
Pl. XXIV., 9432. 43. F. alai PeaLe. Hawaiian Coot, Alae keokeo.
Order LIMICOL.—Shore Birds.
Families.
a. Naked portion of the thigh much more than the length of the middle toe; tarsus more than twice the length of the middle toe; nasal groove not extending be- yond half the length of culmetessssexesaacgaciwes (Page 26.) Recurviros'tride.
aa. Naked portion of thigh less than the length of middle toe; tarsus less than twice the length of the middle toe.
b. Toes with distin@ly scalloped web, and with a serration along the edge of the planta-tarsi as in the grebes................., (Page 25.) Phalaropo‘dide. bb. Toes without scalloped webs and no serrated edge to the planta-tarsi; nasal groove extending along the greater part of the upper mandible. c. Front of tarsus covered with a continuous row of transverse scutule. d. Bill slender; exposed culmen longer than middle toe without the claw; end of bill with a more or less rounded or sometimes expanded tip.
(Page 26.) Scolopac‘ide,
24 A partial albino (Museum No. 8708) was collected on Maui by Mr. G. P. Wilder, November 4, 1899,
[280]
PHALAROPODID. 1. 25
dd. Bill stout and pointed, culmen arched toward the tip, very pointed and wedge-shaped at the tip; or, exposed culmen equal to or shorter than the Middle twe without Clie caw yw. cine ee ie GG eeweeeueds (Page 29.) Aphriz‘ide.
cc. Front of tarsus covered with small irregular or hexagonal scales in front and behind, and with the dentrum or end of the upper mandible enlarged; bill shorter that “the fAveUSs o4e4eeeeceee cde dapeacaeieeed es (Page 28.) Charadiide.
Famity PHALAROPO'DIDA.—PHALAROPES. Genera.
a. Bill slender, almost cylindrical, not widening towards the end; nostrils sepa- rated from the loral feathers by a space equal to the depth of the upper mandible at thes basGcw cya oye? OL ameter Se es (Page 25.) Phalaropus.
aa. Bill broad, flattened, somewhat widened toward the end; nostrils somewhat
separated from the loral feathers by a space less than the depth of the upper mandible at the bas@.< sadc¢eaeseenenenns paseo .. . ..(Page 25.) Crymo’philus.
GENtuS PHALAR'OPUS Brisson.
Web between middle and outer toes extending to or beyond the second joint of the latter; lateral membrane of all the toes distin@ly scalloped. (Sub-genus Phadla- ropus.) Adult female in summer: Above dark plumbeous, the back striped with ochreous buff; wings dusky, the greater coverts broadly tipped with white; lower parts white; chest and sides of neck rufous. .4da/¢ male in summer: Similar to the female, but colors duller, the rufous confined to the sides of the neck and less distinct; the chest chiefly mixed with white or greyish. [ter plumage - Forehead, supercilliary stripe, sides of head and neck with lower parts generally pure white; top of head grey- ish; upper parts chiefly greyish; under parts for the most part white. Length 7.00, wing
4.10, tail 1.90, culmen .88, toe.go. fad. Arctic regions; southward in winter. Kauai. .44. P. loba'tus® (Lixy.). Northern Phalerope.
Genvus CRYMO'PHILUS VIEILLor.
Summer female: Fore part of head deep plumbeous black; hind neck plain cinnamon and plumbeous; sides of head white; sides of neck and entire under parts vinous chestnut; general color of back sandy buff, streaked with black centres to the feathers; lesser wing coverts slaty blue with whitish edgings. J/a/c: Similar to the female, but less brightly colored; the head sandy brown streaked with blackish like the back; a good deal of white on the under surface of the body and throat. Wale cn winter: Bluish grey above; wings more dusky than in summer, but still retain the white markings; head, neck and lower parts pure white, with the occiput and space about the eye dark plumbeous. Young: Top of head, hind neck, back and scapulars
25 The only specimen in the Museum was one shot by Mr. A. F. Judd on Kauai during the winter of 1892~93. ‘This seems to be the first record of P. Jobatus appearing in Hawaii [281]
26 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
dull black, the feathers edged with ochraceous; wing coverts, rump and upper tail coverts plumbeous. Length about 7.75, wing 5.00, tail 2.10, tarsus .80, culmen .80,
toe .82. Mab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere. Hawaii, Maui.’° 45. Crymo'philus fuleca'rius (Linn.). Red Phalarope.
Famity RECURVIROS’TRIDAN.—StILTs AND AVOCETS.
Genus. With the hind toe absent; toes with scarcely any web, and divided to the base; bill sestly Stralelt (peewee akeesuereeoomiasessaee (Page 26.) Himan’topus.
GENuS HIMAN'TOPUS Brisson.
Under surface of the body white; head and neck behind black, with no complete white collar on the latter; forehead white; ear coverts and sides of face black; back of neck and upper parts, including wings, black with a deep gloss; tail light grey tipped with black. Length about 15.00, wing 8.75-9.50, tail 3.25-3.30, culmen 2.80-3.10,
tarsus 4.75, middle toe 1.80. Yad. Hawaiian Islands. Pl. XXV., 9429. 46. H. knud'seni Steyn. Hawaiian Stilt, Kukuluaeo.
Famity SCOLOPACIDA.—SnIPEs, SANDPIPERS, ETc.
Genera.
a. Back of tarsus with continuous row of transverse scutulee (7. ¢., square plates); bill straight. Ears situated decidedly posterior to the eye (not underneath it’’); plum- age varying with the seasons. (Sub-family 7reng7nw.)
b. Hind toe present. c. No web between the anterior toes; bill but slightly if at all widened at the tip; exposed culmen longer than the middle toe and claw....(Page 27.) Trin’ga. cc. Middle toe united to one or both of the lateral toes by a membrane; tail not more than half as long as the wing. d. Tail longer than the exposed culmen; wing more than 4.50; axillaries uniform greyish or dusky; no web between the middle and inner toe. (Page 27.) Heteracti'tis. dd. Tail shorter than the exposed culmen; wing more than 7.00; terminal portion of both mandibles smooth and hard.......... (Page 27.) Limo’sa. Die dling Toe Shseniv22i54ecrek Gaseesrcowween ys (Page 28.) Cal'idris. aa. Back of tarsus covered with hexagonal scales. (Sub-family Mamzne.) (Page 28.) Nume'’nius.
26 A specimen in fine winter plumage is in the collection made by Brother Matthias, on Maui, which is now in the St. Louis College cabinet, Honolulu. From this specimen the above description and measurements are taken. (See also Henshaw, Auk, XVII., p. 203.) Dr Schauinsland lists this species from Laysan Island. ,
27 Mr, Henshaw adds Gallinago delicata (Ord.), from Hawaii.
| 282]
SCOLOFPACII A, 3, BF
Genus TRINGA Linn&us.
Middle tail feathers longer and more pointed than the rest; tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw; exposed culmen not longer than the tarsus, and less than half as long as the tail (Sub-genus Acéo'dromas); wing more than 4.50; rump and tail coverts plain brownish black; shaft of all the quills white for a portion of its length. Adult male: General color above sandy rufous streaked with black down the centre of the feathers; lesser wing coverts dull brown; primary coverts blackish; crown of head bright sandy rufous streaked with black; lores and a distinct eyebrow white with a narrower streak of blackish; under surface of body white; the chin unspotted; the throat and fore neck tinged with rufous and minutely spotted. /ema/e similar. Winter: Much browner than the summer plumage without the rufous except on the head Young: With more rufous on the upper parts than the old birds. Length 7.75, wing 5.10, tail 2.10, culmen .go, tarsus 1.20, middle toe 1.10. AYad. Far north, breed-
ing in Alaska, migrating south. Oahu,’* Maui, Laysan. 47. TT. acumina'ta” (Horsr.). Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.
Genus HETERACTI'TIS SresneGER.
General color abave uniform ash-greyish with slightly indicated hghter margins; nasal grooves more than half as long as the exposed culmen; lower back, rump and upper tail coverts: purer grey; wing coverts like the back; lores blackish. Winter: Under surface of the body white with ash-grey shade over the fore neck and chest; sides of flanks and chest also ashy grey. Female similar. Swnmer: Above plain brownish gray varied with dusky; lower parts white tinged with grayish on the fore neck; fore neck streaked; rest of lower parts barred with dusky. Jowng- Above brownish grey, the feathers margined with buff or pale ochraceous and finely mottled transversely with greyish. Length 10.50-12.00, wing 6.40-6.75, tail 2.90-3.00, culmen 1.50-1.70, tarsus 1.25-1.32, toes 1.25-1.30. /7adb. Pacific coast of America, southward, wide-ranging.
Hawatian Islands. Pl. XXV., 9159. 48. H. incanus (GmeEr.). Wandering Tatler, Ulili.
Genus LIMO'SA Brisson.
Wing without white patch; with the tail distin@ly barred; upper tail coverts white with brownish or dusky markings; under parts, head and neck plain cinnamon color; general color over the back blackish mottled with chestnut red; wing coverts greyish varied with dusky shaft streaks and whitish margins. I ?v/cr- Head, neck and lower parts whitish, darkest on the chest, streaked with dusky about the head and neck; breast and sides of body with a few shaft streaks and bars of brownish grey.
28’The Museum’s specimen of 7. acuminata was taken by Mr. A. F. Judd in Moanalua valley near Honolulu. I have examined a specimen taken on Maui by Brother Matthias which is now in the St. Louis College cabinet. Dr. Schauinsland includes it in his list from Laysar. 29 Tringa americana, Cass, is added by Dr. Schauinsland’s list of birds from Laysan; also 7. maculata, Vieill, from Hawaii (Hensh.).
[283 ]
a5, BIRDS OF THE HAIVATIAN GROUP
Female: Similar to male but larger. Young: Above, including wing coverts, buffy greyish or dull clay color irregularly varied with dusky; lower parts dull buffy whitish shaded across chest with deeper greyish buff. Length 14.60-16.00, wing 8.25-9.15, culmen 3.17—4.70, tarsus 2.00-2.45, middle toe 1.10-1.33---.+..++555 Fab, Coasts of Eastern Asia and across to Alaska, migrating south in winter to New Zealand and
Australia; Lower California, casual in winter (Ridgway). Kauai.*° 49. JL. lappon'ica bau'eri (Naum.). Pacific Godwit.
Genus CAL'IDRIS Cuvier.
Winter: General color above light ashy grey with more or less distinct hoary edges to the feathers and blackish shaft stripes; under parts white. Summer. Differs from the winter in being mottled and not uniform; greater wing coverts broadly tipped with white; above light rusty, mottled and spotted with blackish on the feathers; head, neck and chest light rusty. Spring: Above light greyish coarsely spotted with black, streaks of black on the neck. Joung-: Similar to winter adult but not so uniform above. Only seen in winter plumage in Hawaii(?). Length about 8.00, wing 4.80-' 4.90, tail 2.25-2.30, tarsus .95, middle toe .73, culmen .go-1.00. fab. Nearly cosmo- politan. Hawaiian Islands.
50. C. arena'ria (Linn.). Sanderling, Hunakai.
Genus NUME'NIUS Brisson.
Feathers of the thighs terninating tn long bristle-like points, quills with whitish or rufous on the inner edge; a central longitudinal pale band down the crown, with the sides of the crown blackish brown forming a broad band down the sides of the latter; auxilliaries pale cinnamon barred with wide stripes of dark brown; upper parts sooty brown and buff; tail coverts uniform cinnamon buff; lower parts dull buff; cheeks, neck and breast streaked with brown. Fema/e similar. Length about 17.00, wing 9.00-9.25, tail 3.75, culmen 2.95-3.25, tarsus 2.15-2.35. Hab. Most of the islands of the Pacific. Hawaiian Islands.
Pl. XXV., 9752. 51. N. tahitien'sis (GmxEL.). Bristle-thighed Curlew, Kioea.
Famity CHARADRIIDA.—P Lovers. Gents.
With no spur and no facial wattles; wing less than 8.00; plumage without metallic tint; head not crested; no hind toe.............. (Page 28.) Charad'rius.
Genus CHARAD'RIUS Linnaivus.
No hind toe. Adult summer: General color above mottled with black, golden and ashy chin, throat and lower parts dull dusky black; a frontal band and long eye-
30'he specimen from which the above description was taken is in the possession of Mr. Francis Gay and was secured by him on the island of Kaua ‘The measurements are, length 17.00, wing 9.00, tail 3.00, culmen 4.10, tarsus 2.25, middle toe 1.50(?), A fine winter specimen is in St. Louis College cabinet, Dr. Schauinsland also records Limosa nove-sealandi@, Salv., from Laysan.
[284]
CHARADRHD-E. 29
brow white or buffy white; wing feathers black with white shafts. ddu// winter: With no black on under parts, which are whitish on the throat and belly and light brownish streaked with grey elsewhere, more streaks on the chest; usually less yellow above than in summer. Jowng: Similar to adults but with more golden above; crown blacker. Length 9.85-10.00, wing 6.35-6.65, tail 2.65-2.90, culmen .85~1.00, tarsus 1.60-1.92 (1.70), toe 1.20-1.32, depth of bill .25. A7aé. Breeding in Northern Asia and Alaska, southward to Polynesia. Hawaiian Islands. The following table of meas- urements is taken from specimens in the Museum series:
Male. Male. Male. Male. Male. Female. Memale. Kemale. Length .....-. 0... 9.90 9.85 10.00 9.75 10.00 10,00 10.00 10.00 Wing -- eee sees eens 6.65 6.40 6.50 6.55 6.35 6.45 6.75 6.50 Tail...-....-e.eee) 2.90 2.80 2.80 2.72 2.80 2.65 2.80 2.75 Culmen .....-..... 98 .98 ~~ 1.00 90 1.00 85 .go .O7 "Tarsus eas cesses eas 1.85 1.92 1.70 1.60 1.70 1.70 1.76 1.75 TOG ce ee eee eee evens 1.25 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.32 1.25 1.30 1.25 Depth of bill....... 2 .26 125 25 .26 25 26 26
52. C. domin'‘icus fulvus*' (Guri..). Pacific Golden Plover, Kolea. Pl. XXV., 9397, 9897.
Famiry APHRIZIDA.—Surr Birps anp TuRNSTONES. : Genus.
Nasal grooves not more than half the length of the upper mandible; tail slightly fended; terminal Wali of the bill potted «..0...sss000acaas (Page 29.) ArenaTia.
Genus ARENA'RIA Brisson.
Head white and streaked with black, or head blackish brown; throat white, followed by a broad black band. Fal/ adult male: General color above black mixed with chestnut or partly chestnut feathers; entire rump pure white; upper tail coverts black, longer ones white; quills black with white shafts; crown of head and hind neck white; lores white; sides of neck, fore neck and breast black; throat white; abdomen white. Female: Duller all over and with less chestnut. Wnter: Above nearly uni- form dusky brown, edges of feathers ashy brown; head uniform brown like the back; hind neck and side of neck ashy mottled with dusky centres. } vung: General color above dusky brown; throat and under surface of body white. Length about 8.00, wing 5.60-5.95, tail 2.40-2.50, culmen .88-.90, tarsus .95-1.05, toe 1.05, depth of beak .30. Hab. Cosmopolitan. Hawaiian Islands.
Pl. XXV., 8726, 9174. 53. A. inter'pres” (Linn.). Turnstone, Akekeke. 31 Mr. Henshaw adds Sgvatarola sguatarola (I,inn.) from Hawaii. (auk, XVIL, p. 202.
32It is probable that 4. /uferpres (Linn.) and 4. melanocephala (Vig.) both visit the islands. However, I have seen no specimens of the latter that have been taken in the group. [285]
30 BIRDS OF THE HAWAITAN GROUP.
Order GALLINA.—Gallinaceous Birds.
Families.
Hind toe rather small and short, less than half the length of the outer toe and inserted above the level of the middle toe. (Sub-order Phaszanz.)
a. Head entirely feathered, tarsus without spur....(Page 30.) Tetraon‘ide. aa. Head partly naked, tarsus with spur......... (Page 30.) Phasian‘ide.
Famity TETRAONIDA.—OQvaits, Erc.
Genus.
Tarsi and nasal fosse naked; wings less than 6.00 (Sub-family Perdzcne); cutting edge of lower mandible somewhat serrate; first wing quill shorter than the seventh; tail shorter than the wing; wing not more than 5.50; plumage much varied; tail more than two-thirds the length of wing; crest lengthened and distinct from the feathers of Me eremiivedsden acco cide gusasegaweieuesss (Page 30.) Lophor'tyx.
Genus LOPHOR'TYX Bonaparte.
Crest black; throat uniform black in the adult males; flanks olive brown or greyish streaked with chestnut. J/a/e: Belly with black scale-like markings and a central patch of chestnut. Aemal/e: Prevailing color smoky greyish or brownish. Young: Above finely mottled brownish; throat and abdomen dull whitish. Length about 9.50, wing 4.35-4.70, tail 4.10-4.70, tarsus 1.20-1.25. Had. California and Oregon. Hawaiian Islands; introduced.
54. IL. californica (SHaw). California Partridge.
Family PHASIAN ID AY.—PHEasants. Genus.
Head feathered except about the eyes; tail lengthened and graduated, the feathers tapering to a point; sexes different. (Sub-family Phasznine.) (Page 30.) Phasia‘nus. Genus PHASIA'NUS Linnaus.
a. Under parts fiery copper chestnut. JZa/e; A white ring about the middle of the neck; the neck metallic green; the breast with metallic coppery and purple reflec- tions. female: With all the tail feathers barred with blackish and dirty white on a brownish ground. Length 20.00 in the female to 30.00 in the males; wing 8.50-10.50, tail rr.00-20.00. ffab. China. Hawaiian Islands; introduced.
a oe torqua'tus GmreL. Ring-neck Pheasant. 286
PERISTERIDA. 31
aa. Under parts dark green; no white ring about the neck; throat and side of the neck with a purplish gloss; top of the head bronze green; the lower neck and mantle dark green varied with buff lines which follow the shape of the feathers; lesser wing coverts greenish slate; larger wing coverts as well as the lower feathers of the mantle with bright ferric ochraceous markings; rump greenish. /ema/e: Feathers of the mantle almost entirely black in the middle, with sometimes a shaft stripe of rufous and green tip to the feathers; feathers to the mantle and nape indistin&tly tipped with dark green; under parts light buff; all the feathers of the chest, breast, sides and flanks strongly marked with black. Length 24.00-29.00, wing 8.20-9.65, tail 10.00-14.00,
tarsus 2.20-2.70, toe 2.50. Aah. Japanese Islands. Oahu; introduced. 56. P. versi'color® Viriit. Japanese Pheasant.
Order COLUMB.— Pigeons.
Family.
Tarsus almost as long or longer than the middle toe; tail feathers twelve or more. (Page 31.) Peristeride.
FamiLy PERISTERID2.—Grounp Pictons, Ere. Genus. Without metallic spots on the wings; tail rather broad; tarsus naked on the upper parts; neck with a dark collar. (Sub-family 7urturzvw.) Same characters for Che Senin detaddasavesweerhekideiaeteigcens aes eases (Page 31.) Turtur.
Genus TURTUR SE .py.
Feathers of the hind neck bifurcated (forked at the tip); black with white ter- minal spots (Sub-genus Sfz/opelza); under tail coverts grey; upper parts, back, rump, etc., light brown edged with lighter brown; top of head blue grey; back of neck vin- ous; lower parts rich vinous, lightest on the chin and abdomen; outer wing coverts lead-grey; outer pair of tail feathers black tipped with broad white band. Female similar. Young; Paler and duller all over. Length 12.50-13.00, wing 6.00-6.25, tail 5.00-5.50, tarsus .go-1.00, toe 1.20. “/ad. China. Hawaiian Islands; introduced.
57. T. chinen'sis (Scor.). Chinese Turtle Dove. 33 Hybrids between the two species of pheasants here given frequently occur. The numerous attempts to introduce game birds into the
islands have met with varied success, so that “wild” turkey, chickens, guinea fowls, pea fowls, etc., are not infrequently met with.
[287]
32 BIRDS OF THE HAIVAIAN GROUP.
Order RAPTORES.—Birds of Prey.
Famultes. Head entirely feathered; no web between the inner and middle toe; lind toe with large sharp claw.
a. Eyes lateral, not surrounded by disks of radiating feathers; outer toe not reversible. (Sibordler Paras}... iescuv a oerseses ee ees (Page 32.) Falcon‘ide. aa. Eyes surrounded by disks of radiating feathers; both eyes directed forward; cere concealed by loral and frontal feathers (Sub-order S/rages); facial disks distinct and extending as far above the eye as below it; inner toe decidedly shorter than the outer one; first quill shorter than the third............... (Page 33.) Bubon‘ide.
Famity FALCON IDA.—Farcons, Hawks, Ere. Gencra.
Nostrils not circular, nor linear and oblique; with the upper end of the nasal opening the anterior one (Sub-family Accprtrine); tail not forked; front of tarsus covered with large transverse scutulz; claws grooved beneath; cutting edge of upper mandible not notched; tip of upper mandible produced into a conspicuous hook.
a. Face encircled by a ruff of short stiffened feathers, as in the owls. (Page 32.) Circus. aa. Face not encircled by a ruff; tail not more than two-thirds the length of the wing; primaries exceeding the secondaries by much more than the length of the tarsus in front; wings more than four times as long as the tarsus...... (Page 33.). Buteo.
Grnus CIRCUS Lac&kpEDE.
Male: Above dull blue-grey, darker and inclined to brownish on the head, back and scapulars; the neck somewhat mottled with buffy white; facial ruff ashy grey; chin whitish; throat, sides of neck and breast dull greyish; rest of under parts white; tail bluish grey; upper tail coverts white. Female: Above dusky brown; head and neck streaked; the lesser wing coverts spotted; feathers of rump edged with rusty; facial ruff buffy white streaked with dark brown; tail ashy grey with five bars of dark brown, the interspaces more or less rufous; under surface of body buffy white with broad streaks of brown on the breast, thighs and abdomen. Young: Above ashy brown or blackish brown with rufous margins to the feathers; wing coverts spotted with deep rusty; ear coverts uniform bright dark brown; feathers of the disks browner; lower
parts rich rusty ochraceous, paler posteriorly. Length 19.50-24.00, wing 12.90-16.00, [288]
BUBONID-AF. 33
tail 8.80-r10.50, tarsus 2.85-3.25, middle toe 1.20-1.55. //ab. Whole of North America, southward; accidental in Hawaiian Islands. (No specimens in the Museum. ) 58. C. hudson'ius (Linn.). Marsh Hawk. Genus BUTEO Cuvier.
Upper parts, back, head and upper tail coverts blackish brown; secondaries and wing coverts like the back; all with paler margins, and with some tawny rusty; throat white; sides of breast brown mottled with white; black shafts to all the dark feathers; abdomen, tibia and under tail coverts white with faint brownish markings; quills blackish above; from the notch to the base of inner web white with faint brownish bands varying in size and extent; tail, general color brownish with bands of smoky brown and dull ash-grey. Female: Larger and similar (one specimen shows indistinct bands of brownish and tawny on the wing coverts and back). Young. Darker above, more rusty edgings to the feathers of the sides and back of the neck; throat with narrow shaft stripes; breast and under parts with more brown than white; thighs brown with rusty; under tail coverts whitish with cross bars of brown slightly edged with ochraceous rusty. Length about 15.50. Measurements taken from three specimens: Wing 9.50, 10.60, 11:75; tail 5.50, $60, 6.40% tarsus 2.60, 3.40, 2,60; eulmen T.1O, 1.25, 1.30; toe 1.90, 1.75, 2.10. (The last set of measurements are from the female.) fad. Hawaii.
PL. XXVI., 5521. 59. B. solita'rius** PEALE. Hawaiian Hawk, Io.
FamiLty BUBONIDA.—OwL.s. Genus. Sharacters ae S1ven. tor the tamiby 24 deine tee ee ee eee (Page 33.) Asio.
Genus A'SIO Brisson.
Light bands on quills less than ten in number; under surface of quills barred across with brown; tips entirely brown; face more or less fulvescent with brownish black; ear tufts short; ground color varying in individuals from tawny ochraceous to buffy white relieved by dark brown stripes; wings mottled with dusky and ochraceous; tail ochraceous and buffy; outer feathers lighter. Young; Above dark sepia brown, the feathers broadly tipped with buff; face uniform brownish black; lower parts wholly plain dull buffy tinged with smoky greyish anteriorly. Had. Hawaiian Islands. The following measurements seem to justify the separation sub-specifically of the Hawaiian form from the larger North American bird:
Sex. Length. Wing. Tatl. Tarsus. Toe. Culmen. B.P.B.Museum No. 9,835. é 13.25 11.15 5-40 1.35 1.60 1.10
No. 10,067. g 14.00 11.80 5.50 1.35 1.58 1.12 No. 1,284. = 14.25 II.20 5-55 1.38 1.55 1.08 No. 9,272. é 14.00 11.50 5-45 1.36 1.55 1.10
Pl. XXVI., 9835. 60. A. accipitri‘nus sandvicen'sis® (Brox.). Hawaiian Owl, Pueo.
34 There are some uncertain references to ‘‘Pandion solitarius” which are with difficulty reconciled with the habits of the species given above. A fish-hawk (Pandion) may yet be taken in the group. 35 To correspond with the form usually adopted sandwichenszs is changed to sandvicensis,
Memoirs B. P. B. MUSEUM, VOL. I., No. 3.—3. [289
34 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
Order PASSERES.—Perching Birds.
Familtes.
Tarsus compressed behind, forming a comparatively sharp edge, or else hind claw longer than its digit and straight, the enveloping membrane (z.e., tarsal sheath) divided into not more than three longitudinal segments which may be either cut up into transverse segments or fused into continuous plates. (Sub-order Oscznes.)
a. Posterior half of the tarsus not compressed but rounded and divided into dis- tinct segments like the anterior half...............- cee (Page 35.) Alau’dide.
aa. Posterior half of the tarsus compressed with the lateral plates forming a sharp ridge.
b. No bastard primary (z.e., the first primary obsolete), the outer primary falling short of the wing by less than the length of the hind toe without the claw; bill of various forms but with a well developed operculum; tongue a more or less modified tubular brush. A very heterogeneous family embracing the greater part of the Hawaliat passerine avi-taund. isvssedavewwereeasannes (Page 39.) Drepan‘idide.
bb. Tenth or outer primary present, but varying in length.
c. Primaries apparently only nine, the tenth being exceedingly rudi- mentary; tip of the bill not hooked; bill straight and cone-shaped. Bird sparrow-like. d. Wing less than 2.40; nostrils placed high on the bill nearer the
eulmen than the tomivi@s<<<4.24624420949644083 Gece eeGews (Page 39.) Ploce‘ide. dd. Wing more than 2.48; bill notched and with a few bristles at the oape: inne sparroweniiiai esac ayetepedssenen ss (Page 38.) Fringill/ide.
cc. Primaries obviously ten, or else the bill hooked; tarsus longer than the middle toe with claw. e. Tarsus more or less distin@ly scutulate in front. f. Tail feathers normal, but not especially long; nasal feathers erect or inclined backward; nasal bristles either present or wanting.
g. No nasal bristles; nasal feathers inclined back- ward somewhat; first primary minute, not reaching to the tip of the wing coverts; white patch on the wing at base of primaries.............. (Page 37.) Stur’nide.
gg. Nasal bristles present.
h. Large birds; wing more than 4.00. (Page 35.) Cor’vide.
hh. Small birds; wing less than 4.00. i. First primary not over .30; bill slender
and notched near the tip; nasal openings not pronounced....(Page 58.) Sylviide. ; [290] .
ALAUDIDA—CORI TIDAL. 35
ii. First primary more than a third the length of the second; bill rather broad and flat; nasal bristles extending forward for Hale the temeth wt (he elie sncioiea seen exuscreees< (Page 36.) Muscicapide.
ff. Tail feathers long, graduated; tail longer than the
wing; nostrils basal in an unossified groove; first primary about half the length of the second; with or without auxiliary plumes............. (Page 56.) Meliphag‘ide. ee. Tarsi not divided into scutule in front except at extreme
lower portion; with few rectal bristles. j. Wing less than 3.00; small brown
birds; young not spotted (See i., page 34)...... cece ee eeee (Page 58.) Sylviide. jj. Wing more than 3.00; the young SOE (69h ee SOROS SIS Le aGh psi eeu eamwmedaatans (Page 59.) Tur'dide.
Famity ALAU’DIDA.—Larks. Genus. Wing falling short of the tail by more than the length of the tarsus; hind claw very long; culmen shorter than the middle toe; first primary rudimentary; plumage Sei ll Trewin nese we Canna ereeeegeee ses (Page 35.) Alau‘da.
Genus ALAU'DA Linnats.
The feathers with blackish centres, everywhere producing a streaked appear- ance; the scapulars and lower mantle with greyish edges to the feathers; chest tawny buff streaked with black; outer tail feathers white with some dusky along the inner web. Winter: Plumage more tawny. Young: More tawny than the winter adults, with more white above and black streaks changing to subterminal spots of dark brown. Length about 7.50, wing 4.35—-4.55, tail 2.90-3.05, culmen .45-.50, tarsus .95. ad.
Europe and Asia. Hawaiian Islands; introduced. 6x. A. arven'sis Linn. Skylark.
Famity COR’VIDA.—Crows, Erc. Genus.
Bill without a distinct subterminal notch at the tip; hind toe strong; wing fall- ing short of the tip of the tail by less than the length of the tarsus; nostrils concealed by bristles; first primary long as secondaries (Sub-family Corezv@); tarsus longer han -Culmeie-<an lead awese wos Mae Ree wate ga Hameo odes (Page 35.) Cor’vus.
Genus COR'VUS Linnaeus.
Head deep brown or blackish; back lightest on the tertiaries and secondaries, and grey-brown on the primaries; rump and tail blackish brown uniform with mantle; primary shafts brown above, below more whitish brown. Length r8.00-20.00, wing 13.00, tail 7.75-8.50, culmen 2.20-2.40, depth of bill 1.00-1.10, tarsus 2.50-2.65,
toe 2.10-2.30. Hfab. Hawaii.
Pl. XXVI., 6599. 62. C. hawaiien'sis PEALE. Hawaiian Crow, Alala. ; [zor]
36 BIRDS OF THE HAWATAN GROUP.
Famity MUSCICAPID AY.—FLy-caTCcHERs. Genus.
Bill broad, soft, rather flat, slightly hooked at the tip, and furnished with numer- ous rectal bristles which reach beyond the middle of culmen; culmen keeled; wing falling short of the end of the tail by about the length of the tarsus; wing longer than the tail; bill at base not as broad as the length of the hind toe without the claw; the second primary a half inch shorter than the third. Peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.
(Page 36.) Chasiem’pis.
Genus CHASIEM'PIS Casanlis.
FIG. I. C. SANDVICENSIS.
a. Young of all species: Wing coverts spotted with tawny ochraceous; throat ochraceous; base of lower mandible lighter without black or white on the throat. b. Browner above, ochraceous of throat and tail coverts deeper; head not so ochraceous. (See description of adult C. sandvzcenszs.) bb. Lighter, more ochraceous above, throat and upper tail coverts rusty ochraceous. (See description of adult C. gayz and C. sclaterz.) aa. Adult of all species: Wing coverts spotted with white; black or white or both on the throat; lower mandible dark; tail coverts white.
c. Above bluish grey. Adult: Above uniform dark smoky grey; up- per tail coverts pure white; wing coverts blackish, with greater and lesser coverts tipped with white forming two fairly distinct bars across the wing; quills blackish with grayish fulvous edges tipped with white; lores and superciliary stripe whitish or buffy white; centre of throat white surrounded by buffy and buffy grey feathers, form- ing a more or less distinct pectoral girdle; sides of the body greyish white with wash of rusty; abdomen and under tail coverts white; white on outer web of tail feathers narrow and extending along the edge for the greater part of its length; white tip about .35 broad. Young: Deep tawny buff or ochraceous about the rump, head and neck; under tail coverts tawny; wing bands rusty. Length 5.25-5.50, wing 2.55-2.95, tail 2.35-2.60, culmen .45-.50, depth of bill .16, width .22, tarsus .80-.89, toe .65. Yad. Kauai.
Pl. XXVII., 6657, 9410. 63. C. scla'teri Ripcw. Apekepeke. cc. Above brownish. d. White tips to the outer tail feathers, usually longer than .50;
white tip and outer edging of the secondaries neither wide nor prolonged. Adult: [292]
STURNIDA. af
Above brown tinged with rufous; upper tail coverts white; forehead, lores and super- ciliary stripe white; wing coverts black with white spots; primary coverts blackish; primaries brown with rusty or buffy white edges; feathers of the throat black tipped with white, which is conspicuous in older birds; chest and sides of the body reddish brown, sometimes with white tips; abdomen and under tail coverts pure white; outer edge of outer pair of tail feathers whitish for most of their length; inner web white for at least .40. Jutermediate plumage: Forehead, lores and superciliary stripe rusty white; upper parts similar to adult, usually more rusty; upper tail coverts white with ochraceous tinge; wings as above; throat white, followed by a sooty black patch, and this in turn by rufous brown as in adult; rest of lower parts similar to adult. Young: Tawny ochraceous brown above; head tawny with darker centres to the feathers; upper tail coverts ochraceous; primaries and tail feathers showing ochraceous; wing coverts brown tipped with ochraceous; under parts rusty, buff and grey passing to whitish grey on the abdomen. Length 5.50-5.75, wing 2.70-2.75, tail 2.40-2.65, culmen .47—.53, depth of bill .20, width .18, tarsus .g0, toe .63. Hab. Hawaii. Pl. XXVII., 9923, 9924. 64. C. sandvicen'sis® (GmEL.). Hawaii Elepaio. dd. White tips to outer pair of tail feathers usually less than .50; white tips and edgings to the secondaries quite pronounced; above brownish (feathers with bluish bases) washed with tawny ochraceous, especially about the head; tail coverts white; wing coverts brownish black forming a well defined bar; lesser coverts tipped less regularly with white; primaries brown with buff edges; forehead rusty ochraceous; lores and about the eyes white; chin white; throat black with more or less white tips (not so conspicuous as in sazdvicensis); breast with some reddish brown; ab- domen white. Jntermediate plumage: Similar to young, but showing brownish black in the throat, and more or less white in the wing and tip of the tail. Young; Above, tawny ochraceous brown, most ochraceous on the sides and back of the neck; upper tail coverts tawny ochraceous; forehead, lores, chin, throat and chest tawny ochraceous; abdomen white; under tail coverts tawny; wing coverts and primaries brown with ochraceous edges, larger wing coverts sometimes showing white tips forming a less conspicuous bar than in adults. Length 5.50-6.00, wing 2.55—-2.65, tail 2.50-2.55, culmen .40-.45, tarsus .g5-1.00, toe .60. //ab. Oahu. PI, XXVII., 9252, 9258, 9255, 9259, 9260, 9407. 65. C. gayi WiLtson. Oahu Elepaio.
Famity STUR’NIDZ2A.—Sraruines, Minas, Ere.
Genus.
Hind claw stronger than the claw of the middle toe; in prepared skins the feet reach almost to the end of the tail; bill somewhat curved; culmen less than the tarsus fH ently tchan ale see ormenenaadidads fyane wRenees (Page 38.) Acridothe’res.
36 With the material at hand it is impossible to separate the two forms which are supposed to occur on the island of Hawaii,
[293]
38 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
Genus ACRIDOTHE'RES Vieru1or.
With a bare patch of yellow skin below and behind the eye; lower mandible black at the base; with white on the base of primaries forming a speculum; no black on breast and abdomen; above vinous brown with an ashy shade, as is also the breast and sides of the body; abdomen and under tail coverts white; head and neck blackish. Female similar. Length 9.50, wing 5.50, tail 3.45, tarsus 1.40. fad. Indian Penin- sula. Hawaiian Islands; introduced.
66. A. tristis (Linn.). False Mina.
FamiLy FRINGILLIDA.—Sparrows, FIncHEs, Erc.
Genera.
Depth of bill at base less than the length of hind toe with claw, and less than two-thirds the length of the tarsus.
a. Gonys slightly convex; a light brownish spot on speculum at base of quills. (Page 38.) Passer. aa. Gonys not appreciably convex; no light spot or speculum at base of quills; wing less than five times as long as the tarsus; first quill decidedly longer than the fourth; depth of bill at base about equal to the length of culmen. (Page 38.) Carpod’acus. Genus PASSER Brisson.
Brownish above; the back streaked with black; wing with two white bands; under parts pale greyish or greyish white. Zale: With black throat continued over the chest; ear coverts dull grey; top of head greyish with a large patch of bright chestnut on the sides. Female: With the throat not black; back streaked or mottled with blackish; a pale superciliary stripe; cheeks dingy brown like the ear coverts; browner than the male. Young: Both sexes resemble the adult female but are whiter below, especially on the throat. Length 5.50-6.25, wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.45—-2.50. Tab. Europe, America, etc. Hawaiian Islands; introduced; common.
67. P. domesticus Linn. European House Sparrow.
Genus CARPOD'ACUS Kaup.
Sides of body streaked or always with well defined shaft lines of brown, and with - a distinct eyebrow; tail not decidedly shorter than wing; not distin@tly emarginated (Sub-genus Burrica); crown of head not broadly streaked; abdomen ashy white streaked with brown; general color above light ashy brown slightly streaked with darker brown. AZale: Rump, lores, forehead, throat and breast crimson. Female: General color above brown slightly mottled with dusky centres to the feathers; upper tail coverts like the back; crown similar and more or less mottled; lores ashy white;
under surface white broadly streaked with dusky brown. Length about 5+25-5-50, . [294] . .
PLOCEIDAA—DREPANIDID/AE. 39
wing 3.10, tail 2.35, culmen .40, depth of bill .30, tarsus .75, toe .50. Hab. Western
part of North America. Hawaiian Islands; introduced. 68. C. mexica'‘nus obscu'rus McCatit. House Finch, ‘Rice Bird.”’
Famity PLOCEIDAY.—WEAVER BirDs.
Genus.
The first primary short, not longer than the primary coverts (Sub-family Viduine); tail about equal to the wing; centre feathers somewhat produced and pointed, but the tail itself wedge-shaped and not greatly graduated; bill swollen and rounded; culmen strongly arched; tail moderately long, never exceeding the wing by as much as the tarsus with the middle toe and claw............ (Page 39.) Mu'nia.
Genus MU'NIA Hopcson.
Legs dark; under tail coverts buffy white; throat deep chestnut; sides of body oculated with black and white spots; tail from above greyish olive yellow; rump feathers plain with lighter edges; general color above warm chocolate brown with nar- row whitish shaft lines, the lower back waved with dusky brown cross bars; quills dusky brown. Adult female similar to the male in color. Young: Nearly uniform reddish brown; upper tail coverts more yellowish brown; wing coverts like the back; ‘crown of head and sides of face like the back; under parts of the body deep sandy brown; feet and bill paler. Length 4.40-4.55, culmen .45, wing 2.15-2.30, tail 1.60-
1.80, tarsus .60. Hab, Malayan Peninsula. Hawaii, Maui, Oahu; introduced. 69. M. niso'ria (TeEmm.). Chinese Sparrow.
FamMiLy DREPAN IDIDA).—Honey-suckErs. Genera.
a. Bill very strong, deep and hawfinch-like in form; depth of bill at base about equal to (never less than) hind toe without the claw; culmen not longer than hind toe with the claw, and never shorter than .50. Length never less than 5.15.
b. Upper mandible longer than the lower by at least .10; both gonys and culmen strongly curved; plumage in adult males yellow on the throat.
c. Wing not exceeding 3.10; culmen strongly curved (parrot-like) and exceeding the lower mandible by the length of the hind claw; yellow super-loral stripe. (Page 53.) Pseudones'tor. cc. Wing more than 3.10; culmen curved but not exceeding the lower
mandible by more than the length of the hind claw (except rarely in Psz¢tactrostra). d. Back without any back shaft streaks; head yellow; upper
mandible light colored. e. Head, neck and chest bright gamboge yellow; primaries
40 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
ee. Head and neck in the male yellow, female olive green; edge of primaries slightly yellow olive; feet light brown (in the skin). (Page 53.) Psittaciros'tra. dd. Back with more or less distinct blackish or brownish shaft streaks; upper mandible horn-color; feet black or bluish black. (Page 54.) Telespi’za. bb. Upper mandible exceeding the lower by not more than .10; bill oy wide and deep; depth not less than .58, and width not less than .38.
f. Wing more than 4.00; bill bluish grey; gonys Strasht or very slightly decurvedsss.0sccuswexnanes (Page 55.) Rhodacan'this.
ff. Wing less than 4.00; bill dull flesh color and very thick and clumsy? ponye curves ss seoe ee neens (Page 56.) Chlor‘idops.
aa. Bill of various forms but never deeper nor broader than .30; or, if so, very
long and much decurved. g. Culmen, cutting edge of mandibles and gonys
all perceptibly decurved, except in Heterorhynchus wilsont where the gonys is straight (where curve of bill is questionable, culmen more than .50).
h. Culmen very long ‘and remarkably curved; culmen never less (usually much more) than .7o.
i. Upper mandible at least one-third its length longer than the lower mandible; color never red or black. (Page 51.) Heterorhyn’chus. ii. Upper mandible not one-third longer than the lower mandible; tip of the wings falling short of the tip of the tail (in the skin) by less than the length of the tarsus. j. Bill light vermilion (becoming de- cidedly paler in old skins); primaries and tail feathers black. (Page 42.) Vestia'ria. jj. Bill for the most part black or blackish brown; lores black or brownish black. k. Plumage chiefly olive; prima- ries never edged or tipped with whitish; bill sicklelike. (Page 50.) Hemigna’thus. kk. Plumage chiefly black; pri- maries edged or tipped with whitish. 1. With yellow feathers over the rump in adults; under tail coverts elongated and loose-webbed; bill less curved. (Page 41.) Drep’anis. ll. With no yellow in the plu- mage at any age; bill much stronger and much more curved; under tail coverts ROH csp oh eae Memmi hese eae creas ..(Page 42.) Drepanoram’phus.
DPREPANIDIDAS, 4I
hh. Culmen not very long nor remarkably curved; both of the mandibles of practically the same length. m. With a more or less prominent crest; leneth more tha 6.40.ssavaseasseoeswens (Page 43.) Palme'ria. mim. Without crest; adult birds either crimson or yellowish olive; length less than 6.50. n. General color crim- son, or with more or less red cast to the plumage; bill and feet black or blackish. (Page 43.) Himati’one. nn. General color yel- lowish olive or olive grey; upper mandible brown or bluish slate at the base. o. The bill but slight- ly curved; culmen more than .75; wing more than 2.95; bill bluish slate. (Page 46.) Viridon‘ia. 00. The bill curved; culmen less than .75; wing less than 2.95; upper mandible brown. (Page 44.) Chlorodrep‘anis. gg. Bill practically straight, or where questionable
less than .50; wing less than 3.40. p. Bill bluish horn
at the base (finch-like), sometimes slightly crossed at the tip; feet black or blackish. q. Lores not black; neck above and below nearly uniform in color; crown never gamboge yellow.
(Page 48.) Lox’ops. qq. Lores_ black;
color of neck above and below different; crown gamboge yellow in adults. (Page 48.) Chrysomit’ridops.*’ pp. Bills of various
forms, but not bluish horn at the base; feet brown or pinkish in life. r. Breast, wings and tail black, with red on under parts; length 5.50....... (Page 44.) Cir‘idops. tr. The breast,
wing and tail not black; no red in the plumage; length less than 5.50.
s. Larger; the wing more than 2.30; outer primary (first primary wanting) as short or shorter than the hhh trom the witerosortewkaeressaweeesekesntdes vaen (Page 46.) Oreomy’za.
ss. Smaller; wing less than 2.30; outer primary equal to the fifth from the outer; bill slender, very
slightly decurved; never more than .55.............. (Page 46.) Rothschild’‘ia.* Genus DREP’ANIS Temmincx.
With yellow on the rump and upper tail coverts; both mandibles practically the same length and strongly curved; culmen more than equal to the tarsus in length;
37 Included under the genus Lovops,; see page 48. 38 United with the genus Chlorodrepanis, the single species thereby becoming Chlorodiepants parva (Stejn.).
[297]
42 BIRDS OF THE HAWAITAN GROUP.
body, both above and below, fine deep black; rump, upper tail coverts, under tail coverts, thighs, lesser wing coverts and margin of the wing fine rich yellow, “crocus yellow” (Wilson); primary coverts white; tail feathers blackish, showing a little dull white for .50 along the shaft of the outer pair; primaries black with the outer edge, for its distal third, white; secondaries black tipped with white. Sexes and young: Length about 8.00, wing 4.00-4.15, tail 2.65-2.90, chord of culmen 1.62-1.70, depth of bill .30,
width .30, tarsus 1.15, toe .75. //ab. Hawaii. 70. D. paci'fica (GMEL.). Mamo.
Genus DREPANORHAM'PHUS RoruscuHILpD.
FIG. 2. D. FPUNEREA,
With the upper and lower parts fine deep black, with no yellow on the rump; base of the upper mandible yellow or whitish; tail and inner edge of primaries deep black; outer edge of primaries smoky black at base, passing to whitish and forming a white conspicuous patch. Female: Similar, but with a shorter bill. Length about 8.00, wing 3.90—-4.00, tail 2.55~2.80, chord of culmen 1.85-2.15, depth .32, tarsus 1.10-
1.20, toe 1.00. ab. Molokai. Pl. XXVII., 6696. 71. D. fune'reas’? (NEwTon). Perkins’ Mamo.
Genus VESTIA'RIA FLEMING.
FIG. 3. V. COCCINE.A.
Bill curved; about the same length as head; bill and feet vermilion in life, dry- ing whitish; general color uniform scarlet vermilion including scapulars and lesser wing
39I take pleasure in adopting the new generic name for D. funerea (Newton) proposed by the Hon. Walter Rothschild in his ‘“Avifauna of Laysan, ete.” (Part III., p. 163). While it is unfortunate that the single example of this genus could not have been left as a species of the old and well known genus Drepanis, the facts are the form differs from it sufficiently to warrant the change,
[298]
DREPANIDIDAL. 43
coverts; tertiaries tipped with white; wing and tail feathers deep black. Female similar. Young. All the vermilion parts grey, with some greenish and gallstone yellow; feathers with black tips, and vermilion showing here and there. Length 6.00, wing 2.87, tail 2.00,
tarsus 1.00-1.12, culmen .g7-1.10. Aad. Hawaiian Islands, throughout the group. Pl. XXVIII., 9792, 9342, 9338, 9333, 9340, 9348, 9899. 72. V.coccin'ea Forster. Tiwi.
Genus PALME'RIA RoruscuHiLp.
—— Swe Ze
FIG. 4. P. DOLEI.
Forehead and crown covered with long lanceolate feathers forming a linear crest which rolls forward over the base of the beak; crest grey in front, darker on the crown; occipital feathers lanceolate, elongated and tipped with bright scarlet orange; feathers of the back blackish with silvery shaft stripes and tipped with scarlet orange; tail and wing feathers black, the former tipped (?), the latter narrowly margined with whitish; throat dirty silver grey; breast like the back. Young: Brownish grey above, with some black feathers showing orange tips; breast showing smoky grey; under tail coverts whitish. Length 6.50-6.75, wing 3.30-3.50, tail 2.65-2.80, culmen .70-.75,
depth of bill .25, tarsus 1.10-1.20, toe .80. ab. Molokai, Maui. Pl. XXVIII., 6595, 6596. 73. P. dolei#? (Witson).
Genus HIMATI'ONE Cazanis.
BrP,
F
\ /
es,
an O.B™. r-
4
a
FIG. 5. C. STEJNEGERI. H. SANGUINEA. Cc. PARVA. O. BAIRDI.
a. General color above dark crimson (blood red), richest on the head and neck; primaries black, faintly edged with ashy; secondaries with crimson buff; tail feathers black; throat, breast and sides uniform with the back; abdomen white. Female: Slightly lighter than the male(?). Young: General color brown, washed with ful- vous or buff; with buffy margins to the wing coverts; lower parts similar to upper; with or without crimson feathers here and there, varying with age. Length 5.15-5.25, wing 2.70-3.00, tail 2.05-2.15, culmen .65-.70, depth of bill .15, tarsus .75-.80, toe .70. Flab. Hawaiian Islands, throughout the group.
Pl. XXVIIL., 7996, 9803, 9322, 9898, 9309, 9324. 74. H. sanguin'ea (GmMEL.). Apapa'ne,
4° The above species was named in honor of Hon. S. B. Dole, and not a ‘wine jar” as the erroneous spelling doli? would make it,
[299]
Ad BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
aa. Head, throat and breast bright scarlet vermilion, richest on the head; abdo- men grey-brown; under tail coverts lighter brown; upper tail coverts a lighter shade of vermilion than the head; primaries brownish black edged with buffy; secondaries brown edged with buffy and vermilion. Female: Similar, but paler. Young: Dull brown above and light ash on the under parts. Lighter than HA. sanguznea, and with a shorter bill. Length about 5.25, wing 2.48-2.65, tail 2.25-2.40, culmen .50-.55,
depth of bill .20, tarsus .80-.85, toe .70. fab. Laysan. 75. H. freethi Rorus. Taysan Honey-eater.
Genus CIR'TIDOPS WIL1son.
Breast, wings, tail and forehead black; occiput and upper part of mantle silvery grey, shading into smoky grey-brown on the mantle; lower breast, rump, upper tail coverts and median wing coverts bright scarlet; under tail coverts rich brown. Sexes and young unknown. Length about 5.50, wing 3.30, tail 2.20, culmen .4o, tarsus .75, toe .70, hallux with claw .65. Aad. Hawaii.
76. C. anna (DoLe). Ulaaihawane. Genus CHLORODREP'ANIS PERKINS.
Upper parts olive; lower parts more or less olive or yellow; bill curved; first primary wanting; second primary equal to or longer than the third and fourth; nasal opercula overhung at the base by a few weak bristles; fifth quill equal to or longer than the first. Young: Duller and very similar in color, usually greyish olive on
the back. a. Wing never less than 2.35, bill perceptibly decurved.
‘b. Adults larger in size with stronger bills; beak not less than .60; wing in males not less than 2.55.
c. With scarcely a trace of black on the chin at the base of the lower mandible; lores blackish with a yellowish super-loral stripe; scarcely a trace of black at base of upper mandible; upper parts olive green, yellowest on the rump; forehead yellower olive than the crown; primary coverts, wing and tail feathers brown edged with olive; lower parts golden green, almost lemon yellow; bill strongest of the seven species. Hema/e very similar. Length about 4.50-4.85, wing 2.62-2.70, tail 1.62-1.70, culmen .72-.75, depth of bill .25, tarsus .92, toe .7o. Had. Kauai.
Pl. XXIX., 9396. 77. C. stejneg’eri (Winson). Kauai Amaki‘hi. ec. With a fairly distinct, narrow, ill-defined, blackish band about the base of the beak; lores blackish; yellow super-loral stripe not reaching quite to the
base of the beak. d. Trifle larger; tarsus .82-.95; centre of breast yellower; upper
parts dark olive green, yellowest on the rump, darkest on the head; lower parts fine yellow, yellowest on the chest; thighs grey; wing coverts, wing and tail feathers
brownish black edged with olive. Femalv: Above greyish olive, greyest on the head, [300]
DREPANIDID. 45
showing most yellow on the upper tail coverts and outer edge of primaries and tail
feathers; with a whitish yellow super-loral stripe; lower parts grey washed with yel-
low. Length 4.50-4.70, wing 2.45 ( 9 wing 2.75?), tail 1.75-1.95, culmen .60-.70, depth of bill .16, tarsus .80-.95, toe .65. //ab. Maui.
78. C. wilson'i (Rorus.). Maui Amakihi.
dd. Trifle smaller; tarsus .75-.82; centre of breast more olive
yellow. Length about 4.50, wing 2.40-2.60, tail 1.65-1.95, culmen .55-.65, depth of
bill .16, toe 60. AZaé. Molokai. 79. C. kalaa'na (Wiison)*. Molokai Amakihi.
bb. Adults averaging smaller in size; with weaker bills; beak not more than .60; wing not more than 2.60. e. Above yellowish green, yellowest on the rump; bright yellow on the chest.
f. Abdomen showing more white; rump not so decided yellowish olive; wing coverts, primaries and tail feathers edged with olive green; edge of wing yellowish; under wing coverts white; lores, together with a scarcely percepti- ble streak over the base of the upper mandible, blackish; super-loral stripe indistinct yellow. female: Grey olive green, greyest on the head; more tawny on the rump; wings and tail edged with olive; secondaries outer edge at tip white; median and greater wing coverts tipped with white or ochraceous white; greyish on the throat with more or less wash of yellow passing to tawny white on the breast, and fulvous on lower flanks. Young males: Showing more yellow and olive on the under parts. Length 4.75-5.10, wing 2.45-2.60, tail 1.70-1.80, culmen .56-.60, depth of bill .16,
tarsus .80, toe .86. Aad. Oahu. : 80. C. chloris (Cazs.). Oahu Amakihi.
ff. Back olive yellow, becoming decided yellow olive on the rump; less olive below; lores greyish sooty; super-loral stripe less strongly con- trasted with the adjacent parts. Female: Back quite olive grey, yellowest on the rump; lores darkest; super-loral stripe quite distinct; lower parts yellowish grey with olive. Length 4.20-4.40, wing 2.35-2.50, tail 1.70-1.80, culmen .60, tarsus .75-.85,
toe .65. Zab. Lanai. 81. C. chloridoi'des® (Witson). Lanai Amakihi.
41 Differing but slightly from typical C. chlor’s and Mr. Wilson’s proposed Lanaz species C. chloridoides. Selected specimens froma short series of spring birds (May to June) show the following fairly constant differences. Ma/es: Under parts of kalaana more olive and golden than in chloridozdes, which in turn is less lemon yellow than in typical chloris,; color of feet and beak similar; kalaana duller olive yellow above than chloris, which is duller than chloridoides which is decidedly yellowish olive on the rump; lores of kal/aana blackest, chloridoides “next, while chlorts is decidedly greyish sooty; super-loral stripe most extensive in salaana, brightest in chloris, and least contrasted with the adjacent parts in chloridoides. With the females kalaana is lightest olive grey above, quite light over the upper mantle and differing from chloris, which is deeper, and from ch/or7doddes in being less olive grey; rump and tail coverts of alaana grey with but slight olive cast; chlorts is tawny olive, while chloridozdes is olive green; lores of kalaana smoky grey, not differing from chloris, but lighter than chloridoides where t hey are sooty; super-loral stripes in ka/aana yellower and more noticeable than in chloris, and less so than in chloridoides which is quite a de- cided yellow; below, ka/aana greyish olive white with yellow wash; chloris with more grey and less yellow; chloridoides yellowish olive. Hence, male kalaana has the under parts more olive and golden, duller olive yellow above ; lores blackest; super-loral stripe more extended; ot herwise similar to chloris, Female: Lighter olive grey above, quite light over the mantle; rump similar to upper mantle; lores smoky grey; super-loral stripe more noticeable than in chloris ; below, greyish olive washed with yellow; differing least from chloris. Both kaiaana and chloridoides seem to be species of only sub-specific value.
42 See note to C. kalaana.
[301]
46 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
ee. Above yellowish olive with faint indication of orange(?)
—not noticeable on old faded specimens—which is strongest on the rump; primaries and tail quills brownish edged with olive; lores and a narrow line over the forehead blackish; lower parts yellowish olive. /emade: Duller than the male, with ashy cast to the upper parts; lower parts paler. Young. Similar to female. Length 4.40-4.60, wing 2.45-2.60, tail 1.65-1.80, culmen .50-.55, tarsus .85-.90, toe .65. Hab. Hawaii. 82. C. virens*® (GmeEL.). Hawaii Amakihi.
aa. Wing less than 2.30; bill but slightly decurved; smallest of the Hawaiian
birds; bill more slender than in typical Chlorodrepanis; upper parts more uniform yellow. dale: Above, head, mantle and outer edge of wing and tail quills yellowish, brighter than an olive yellow; rump yellowest; below uniform yellow with but slight greenish tint. Female: Similar in size but much greener both above and below, with the under parts much duller, fading into greyish olive on sides of the abdomen. Young similar to female. Length 4.00-4.25, wing 2.20-2.30, tail 1.45-1.55, culmen
.50-.53, tarsus .75-.80, toe .55. Hab. Kauai. : oe a : a 83. C. parva (STEJN.).
Genus VIRIDON'IA RoTHSCHILD.
Bill straight or but slightly curved, high and strong at the base, more atten- uated towards the tip, and sharp; fourth and fifth primaries about equal, second shorter than the seventh; tail rather short; sexes similar; above olive green, showing more yellow on the forehead, chin and upper tail coverts; under parts more yellowish olive, greener than the upper parts and with a faint ochraceous cast; tail blackish brown with yellowish olive margins; under surface of wing dark ash with dusky white quills. Wing 2.80-3.00, tail 1.70-1.75, culmen .70, tarsus .83-.86, toe .73-.75, depth
of bill .23. Aad. Hawaii. 84. V. sagittiros'tris Rorus.
Grenus OREOMY'ZA STEJNEGER.
Under mandible straight, or at least not perceptibly curved; plumage soft and fluffy; tarsus covered in front with four, five or six scales; nasal operculum slightly overhung at the base by tiny feathers; tip of the wing formed by the third, fourth,
43 Mr. Rothschild (Avifauna of Laysan, Part III., page 129) gives Oreomyza perkinsi as a new species from Hawaii, describing it as fol- lows: “Adult male: Above light olive green (Ridgway Nom. Colors, Pl. X., No. 18), brighter on the ramp; quills black edged with oil green; below olive yellow; vent greenish white; thighs dirty white; under wing coverts white with a yellow tinge; lores black; iris dark brown; legs and feet greyish brown; soles of feet yellowish-flesh color; upper mandible dark brown with paler base; lower mandible grey. Total length about 5.5 inches; wing 2.6, tail 1.7, tarsus 0.85, culmen 0.63. One male, Puulehua, Hawaii, September 25, 1891.’’. In commenting on the specimen in the Tring Museum Mr. Rothschild states that the ‘remarkable specimen has a long but straight bill............ The coloration is that of Chlorodrepants Virens.... 2.00.00 and that it might be a hybrid between Oreomyza mana and Chlorodrepanis virens.” The B. P. Bishop Museum series, embracing many recently collected specimens, show v7rens with beaks approaching the straight form, though none that are to be confounded with the Oreomyza type; while fine old males of Orcomyza mana are much more highly colored than has been usually sup- posed. The only chara¢ler in Mr. Rothschild’s description which seems to be of specific value, when compared with the Museumi series, is the length, which is given as almost an inch longer than the average of either muna or virens. Since the author fails to call attention to this point it may possibly be a typographical error. Mr. Henshaw informs me he has taken nothing that conforms with the description, and as Mr. Perkins has not met with the bird the status of the species is somewhat doubtful.
44 At the suggestion of my friend Professor H. W. Henshaw we have made a careful study of the alcoholic material in the Museum, and find the tongue of farva to be distinctly tubular in form; a fact which alone would at once remove it from the genus Oveomyza, and which at the same time indicates its affinity with the tube-tonged Ch/lorodrepanis group. My observations of the bird alive, while collecting on Kauai, convince me that its habits are those of the Chlorudrepanis rather “ of Oreomyza.
302]
DREPANIDIDA. 47
fifth, or by the fourth, fifth and sixth feathers, the second shorter than the sixth; first primary obsolete. a. Plumage not red. b. Under parts not yellow or greenish yellow; culmen about .50, tail about 1.85.
c. Bill light colored; breast white or buffy white. dale: Above clear olive grey faintly washed with olive green, which is most marked on the rump; nearly white on the chin, becoming olive buffy on the breast; more yellowish on the abdomen, with the sides of the body light smoky olive grey; lores and forehead buffy white. Female: Similar, but duller. Young: With forehead, lores, superciliary stripe and throat white. Length 4.40-4.65, wing 2.50-2.75, tail 1.75-1.85, culmen .42-.50, depth of culmen .20, tarsus .78-.85, toe .55. fad. Kauai.
Pl. XXIX., 9402. 85. O. bairdi Steyn. Akikihi.
ec. Bill dark colored; below, whitish buff on the throat, becoming greener and greyer on the lower breast; lores sooty; abdomen and under tail coverts white with a yellowish wash; primaries and quills brownish. Femade: Similar, but duller in color. Young: Similar, but showing more buffy white about the base of the bill and lores. Length 4.25-4.50, wing 2.60, tail 1.80-1.90, culmen .50, depth of bill .20, tarsus .85-.90, toe .70. Hab. Hawaii. _ Pl. XXIX., 6664. 86. O. mana’ (WILsoN). bb. Under parts, throat, etc., greener or yellower; bill and tail relatively longer.
d. Yellowish olive green above; yellow of the forehead extending farther back onto the crown; crown and entire upper parts, including the edge of outer web of primaries and tail feathers, light yellowish green; primaries and tail feathers brownish black; lower parts, including edge of wings, lemon yellow; sides of body yellowish olive. Female: Similar to adult male, but less bright yellow below (Roths- child). Quzte young: Greyish olive above, tail showing the most olive shade; median and greater wing coverts tipped with buffy white, forming two distinct bands across the wing; below, greyish white showing some yellow. Length about 4.50, wing 2.30, tail 1.95, culmen .50-.55, depth of bill .18, tarsus .92, toe .65. //ab. Lanai.
87. O. monta’na (Wi1tson). Alauhiio.
dd. Olive green above, yellow of the forehead more restricted.
e. Broad dusky loral mark; bill stronger; color deeper olive brown; more golden beneath. <Adu/t male: Somewhat similar to adult C. chlorzs, but with the olive upper plumage darker, though tinged with yellow; forehead brighter than the crown, and with an obvious though ill-defined yellowish streak over the eye; lores brownish black; chin, cheeks, auriculars and throat clear golden yellow, which color pervades the breast and belly, becoming very pale, almost white on the
45 See note following Chlorvdrepants virens, page 46.
[303 ]
48 BIRDS OF THE HAWAITAN GROUP.
abdomen; lower tail coverts pale yellow; wing coverts with distinct whitish marks of considerable size. Female: Very unlike the male above described; streak over the eye and under parts yellowish white; sides of breast and flanks washed with olive grey; above, olive; the greater wing coverts with large greenish white tips. Young: Quite young birds and nestlings are much like the females, but are browner above and of a mottled appearance. Length 4.50-5.00, wing 2.60-2.81, tail 1.85-2.00, tarsus .80-.86,
culmen .60-.65 (Rothschild). //ad. Oahu. 88. O. macula'ta Cas.
ee. Loral mark not so pronounced; greener above and paler yellow below; bill a trifle slenderer; forehead, lores, cheeks, chin and under parts bright lemon yellow; upper parts olive green, yellowest on the upper tail coverts; sides of body washed with olive; quills and tail feathers brown externally, edged with olive. Female: Similar to the male, but duller above and below. Young. Above grey with an olive tinge, more greenish grey on the rump; indistinct whitish super-loral stripe; throat and centre of body light buffy grey, greyer on the sides, with a faint wash of yellow; a distinct whitish buff band formed by the tips of the greater wing coverts. Length 4.50-4.65, wing 2.40-2.50, culmen .45-.50, depth of bill .15, tarsus
.82-.85, toe .65. Hab. Maui. Pl. XXIX., 6684, 6685. 89. O. new'toni (Rorus.).
aa. Plumage rich scarlet; bill and feet light; head all round, back and lower parts bright rich scarlet, darkest on the back, purest scarlet on the throat; upper man- dible brownish grey above, darkest near the tip; under mandible whitish yellow; tar- sus light brown in skins, pink in life. Aema/e: Back and head brownish grey with a mixture of brownish dull scarlet, most apparent on the head and rump, outer edge of wing and tail feathers; under parts greyish white tinged with salmon and dull scarlet. Young males have more or less strong mixture of ferruginous brown or rufous above, washed with deep brown along the sides of the body, more obvious in younger indi- viduals. ‘Length 4.95-5.20, wing 2.60, tail 2.05-2.20, culmen .53-.55, depth of bill .17,
tarsus .85-.90, toe .70. fab. Molokai. Pl. XXVIII., 6681, 8089, 8088. 90. O. flam'mea (Witson). Kakawahie.
Genus LOXOPS Casanis.
FIG. 6. LL. COCCINEA.
Bill short and finch-like; culmen much shorter than the tarsus; wing moderate length, falling considerably short of the tail, and not equal to the length of the tail
and tarsus combined; bill bluish grey. [304]
DREPANIDIDZE. 49
a. General color red, foxy or orange; no black on lores or forehead.
b. General color above, scarlet orange, dullest on the mantle; wing coverts, wing and tail feathers brownish black edged externally with dull scarlet orange; below, uniform scarlet orange, brighter than the back. Female: Greyer on the crown; loral region dusky whitish; back greyish with olive tinge, olive most pronounced on the rump and edge of wing and tail feathers; chin grey; breast greyish olive, greyer on the sides of body. Young: Similar to female; bill paler than in adults. Length 4.25- 4.60, wing 2.40-2.50, tail 1.85-2.05, culmen .42, depth of bill .20, tarsus .77-.79, toe .60. flab, Hawaii.
Pl. XXVIII., 6648, 6642. or. VL. coccin’ea (GmEL.). Akep’a. bb. General color above, orange or foxy.
c. Uniform orange, brightest on the breast; more yellow orange on the rump; primaries and tail feathers blackish brown edged with orange, like the back. Female: Similar, but duller. Young: Back of head and mantle decided grey with slight olive tinge; rump and breast more olive; sides greyer olive, very similar to young of Z. coccinea. Length about 4.50, wing 2.60, tail 2.00, culmen .40, depth of bill .20, tarsus .80, toe .67. Hab. Maui.
Pl. XXVIIL., 6638. 92. I. ochra’'cea Rorus. ce. Body, red foxy; lores blackish; wings and tail olive brown; wing
coverts, quills and tail red-edged; inner edge of quills and under wing coverts white; bill short, triangular, conic; tip straight, acute, whitish; feet brown; tarsus nine lines (Grey’s description). Gould says “that the whole of the plumage is rich rusty red deepening into brownish red on the back........ Length + inches, bill 4, wing 24,
tail 2, tarsus #.” Hfab. Oahu. 93. IL. rufa‘ (Biox.).
aa. With lores, a ring about the eye, and forehead smoky black; crown gam- boge yellow fading into rich olive and passing into olive green on the mantle and wing coverts; rump, tail coverts and edge of tail feathers brighter yellowish olive; edge of primaries like the back; lower parts, including the sides of head, bright gamboge yel- low, passing to olive yellow on the sides of the body; thighs smoky grey; wings and tail blackish brown. Female: Similar, except more green in the yellow, and with loral region not as well defined. Young: Greyish green above, grey with a very faint yellowish green wash below; sometimes smoky tips to the feathers; lores and forehead not well defined; bill lighter. Length 4.50-4.60, wing 2.40-2.50, tail 2.00-2.15, cul-
men .43-.45, depth of bill .20, tarsus .85, toe .60. //ad. Kauai. Pl, XXIX., 9353, 9361. 94. I. ceruleiros'tris’ (Witson). Ou holowai.
46 Since the above description was written I have had the pleasure of examining the Zovops in the British Museum collections and quite agree with Mr. Rothschild in separating the Oahu species; and with Mr. Wilson in placing westenholmti, Roths., as a synonym of L. rufa
(Blox.). 47 Should be held sub-generically distinct from the other three members of the genus on account of the stronger bill, smoky loral patch
and general color which is always different from typical Loxops.
MeEmorrs B, P. B. MusEuM, VoL. I., No. 3.—4. [305]
50 BIRDS OF THE HAWAHAN GROUP.
Genus HEMIGNA’'THUS LICHTENSTEIN.
FIG. 7. H. OBSCURUS.
Bill very long, slender and curved, with the tongue as long as the bill;. feet reaching to the tip of the tail (in the skin); tip of the wings falling short of the tip of the tail by less than the length of the hind toe and claw.
a. Back dull olive greeny ...--.4.... species has very inconspicuous plumage; the whole upper surface and wing feathers on the outside are dull olive green, the inner webs of the flight feathers dull brown. The under surface is light but still dull; throat and centre of the abdomen, as well as the under tail coverts, pale buff. A bright yellow superciliary stripe is very conspicuous, especially as dire@ly underneath it from the beak to the eye there is a dark brown streak. The bow-shaped, curved bill, which terminates in a very fine, almost hair-like point, is exa@tly half as long as the body, and the under mandible is three lines shorter than the upper. The whole length, from the point of the bill to the end of the tail is 7 inches, bill 134, tail 134, tarsus 11 lines, middle toe and claw g lines (Excerpt from Rothschild’s translation of Lichtenstein’s description). ab. Oahu; rare or extinct. (No specimens in the Museum.)
95. H. lichtensteini*® Wizrson. Kipi. aa. Yellowish olive green above; under parts yellower.
b. Smaller size; bill shorter; above all over a beautiful bright olive green with a yellowish cast, yellowest on the rump, and with a distinct yellow mark over the eye; throat, sides of face and breast duller olive green than the back, fading into dis- tinct whitish on the abdomen and under tail coverts, varied only with an olive wash; primaries and tail feathers brown with olive on the outer edges; lores smoky black; wings falling short of the tip of the tail by less than .50 (inthe skin). Female: Above, greyish olive green; more olive green on the rump; lores blackish, above which is a pale superciliary stripe; chin whitish or greyish white with a yellowish tinge, becom- ing yellower on the chest and under parts, with olive tinge along the sides. Young. Similar to female. Length 6.25-6.50, wing 3.00-3.15, tail 1.80-1.85, chordof culmen 1.25-1.38, tarsus .87-.92, toe .80-.85, depth of bill .20, width of bill .25. Aad. Hawaii.
Pl. XXIX., 9421. . 96. H. obscur'us (Guet.). Akialoa. 48 Since the first reference in Gray’s synonomy (Cat. Birds Trop. Isds., p. 9) for Drepanis (Hemignathus) cllisiana is given “‘Certhia obscura
(nec Gmel.) Vieill. Ois. dor. t.53?”. I prefer to consider that it is the reference to the exact place in the volume cited that Gray was in doubt about, and that he did not intend questioning the name Certhia vbscura. That being the case Drepants (Hemignathus) ellisiana will become a
synonym of Hemignathus obscurus, Hence it seems that Mr. Wilson’s name AH. /ichtensteint should stand,
[306]
DREPANIDIDA:. oF
bb. Larger size, bill and wing longer.
c. Chord of culmen not less than 1.95, averaging 2.15; above, bright olive yellow, yellowest on the rump; on crown and forehead the feathers have dark centres with olive edges which give a “scaled” appearance to the region; a distinct superciliary stripe; under parts from chin to tail yellow with an olive tinge; wings and tail brown edged with olive on the outer webs; lores black. Female: Quite differ- ent from the male; above, grey with an olive tinge; rump yellowish olive; head scaled as in the male; super-loral line dingy yellowish white; lores black; throat greyish white; breast yellowish white with an olive green wash. Young: Have less yellow below and over the eye, scarcely any olive on the back, which is greyish; scales on the crown less noticeable. Length 7.00-7.50, wing 3.40-3.55, tail 2.10-2.25, chord of cul- men 1.95-2.35, tarsus 1.05-1.10, toe 1.00. ad. Kauai.
Pl. XXIX., 8130. 97. H. pro’cerus Cas. Kauai Akialoa. ec. Chord of culmen not exceeding 1.95(?). Above, yellowish olive
green somewhat mixed with greyish brown on the head where the bases show through Quills dark brown edged with the color of the back; rectrices the same. Below, yellowish olive green much less bright than on the back and with little yellow in it, shading into olive buff on the vent, and with a brown pale shade on the throat, etc. Length 6.00 inches in the skin, wing 3.30, tail 2.10, tarsus 1.93, chord of culmen 1.90, Female: Smaller, more greenish olive, and less bright; superciliary stripe faint and greenish. Chin, throat and middle of abdomen buffish yellow (From Rothschild’s
description). Had. Lanai. 98. H. lanaien'sis Rorus. Lanai Akialoa.
Genus HETERORHYN'CHUS RorsscHILp.
Vi \
FIG. 8. H. AFFINIS. FIG. 9. “H. WILSONI.
Upper mandible much longer than the lower; tongue not as long as the upper mandible. a. The under mandible curved; smaller size. b. Head yellow; no decided superciliary stripe. c. Color of the forehead bright deep gamboge yellow, not extending
over the crown, sharply defined from the greyish olive of the neck and back; wings
and tail blackish brown with olive outer edges to the feathers; lores black, and con- [307]
52 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIHAN GROUP.
nected by a narrow black band across the forehead; throat and chest rich gamboge yellow; abdomen whitish with a yellowish cast; flanks olive grey; edge of wing yel- lowish. Female: Above, olive green, a yellowish super-loral stripe; lores dusky grey; chin and throat yellow; centre of lower parts pale yellow; sides olive grey. Young. ‘Similar to female. Length 5.00-5.25, wing 2.95-3.00, tail 1.80-1.95, chord of culmen .95-1.05, tarsus .85-.90, toe .75-.80. Hab. Maui. Pl. XXIX., 6620. 99. H. affi'nis Rorus. cc. Gamboge yellow of the forehead more or less indefinable from the fine olive yellow of the back into which it gradually merges, olive yellow purest on the rump; primaries and tail feathers brown edged with the olive of the back; lores and a narrow line above the bill a deep black; throat, breast and sides of the head a bright gamboge yellow, brighter than the forehead; breast with a slight olive tinge; abdomen and under tail coverts white. Female: Above, grey with an olive cast, most pro- nounced on the head and rump. Below, dusky white, greyest on the sides of the body and throat. Young: Similar to females, the males showing yellow on the throat at an early age. Length about 5.50, wing 2.85-3.20, tail 1.85-2.05, culmen .g5~-1.10, tarsus .go, toe .80. Hab. Kauai. Pl. XXIX., 6633, 6636. 100. H. hanape'pe (Wi1son). Nukupu'u. bb. Head green; a very distinct superciliary stripe. MJale shecimen in Parts Museum: Above, olive green, darker and more olive on the back; lighter, more green on the head, wing and tail coverts; lores and line behind the eye brownish black. Across the forehead and above the eyes conspicuous orange yellow superciliary stripe; Quills deep brown, outer web edged with greenish yellow; chin, throat and upper breast bright orange yellow; abdomen yellow and fading into pale greenish grey on the vent and under tail coverts. Adult female or immature male tn the Frankfort Museum: Above, dull brownish olive tinged with greenish on the top of the head, rump and upper tail coverts and on the edge of the quills and tail feathers. Lores dusky; a somewhat ill-defined but distinct superciliary stripe; sides of the head and throat yellowish. An immature male in the Leiden Museum is somewhat similar to the Frankfort specimen. Length 5.50, culmen 1.10, wing 2.95, tarsus .76, tail 2.9(?). (Condensed from Rothschild’s descriptions in Avifauna of Laysan, etc.) Had.
Oahu; extinct. ror. H. 1lu'cidus (Licut.).
aa. Gonys of under mandible straight and strong at the base; above, olive green, brightest on the rump, and yellowest on the head; lores black; below rich gam- boge yellow on the chin, gradually fading into olive yellow on the sides of the abdomen and under tail coverts; under wing coverts with yellowish shade of white; quills and pri- maries brown edged with olive. /vma/e: Above, greenish olive grey, with olive bright-
est on the rump; throat and breast pale yellow shading into greyish white, with olive [308] =
DREPANIDID 4. 53
infusion on the belly and flanks. Young duller and greyer. Length 5.50-5.75, wing
3.20-3.35, tail 1.85-2.00, culmen .85~-1.03, tarsus .go-.96, toe .85. Aah. Hawaii. Pl. XXIX., 6632, 6630. 102. H. wil'soni” Rorus.
Genus PSEUDONES’TOR RoruscHILp.
. “os
xy
FIG. 10. P. XANTHOPHRYS.
Upper parts with grey bases to the feathers, and greenish olive ends, giving the back a somewhat greenish grey cast, more inclined to olive on the rump; broad super- loral stripe light yellow; lores dusky, extending backward through the eye; breast canary yellow; abdomen yellowish white; greyish olive on the flanks; under tail coverts with a yellowish tinge; upper mandible blackish; lower mandible whitish; bill strongly hooked; gonys much curved. Female and young: Duller above; yellow of throat not so pronounced. Length 5.15-5.50, wing 2.70-2.90, tail 1.75-1.90, culmen .65-.85, depth of bill .55-.65, tarsus .85-.87, toe .80. Hab. Maui.
Pl. XXIX., 6607. 103. P. xantho’phrys Rorus.
Grenus PSITTACIROS’TRA TEmMINcK.
FIG. II. P. PSITTACEA.
Head and upper neck, all around, a rich light gamboge yellow, sharply defined against the greenish grey of the mantle and olive grey of the chest; rump olive green; tail and primaries dusky brown edged with olive green; olive on the sides and flanks; abdomen and under tail coverts whitish grey; bill and feet pink; upper mandible ex- ceeding the lower usually by about .15. female: Upper parts, including head and neck, uniform olive green; greyish on the neck; under parts greyish white, washed with yellow; under tail coverts white. Young: Similar to the female, but more uniform grey above and below, except the abdomen, which is whitish; bill dark. Length 6.30-
49 The above characters are sufficient to separate w7/son? from its fellows, sub-generically at least, if not entitling it to generic rank.
[309]
54 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUFP.
6.60, wing 3.80-4.00, tail 2.50-2.60, culmen .55-.60, tarsus .87-.90, toe .go—.95. Had.
Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Hawaii, Oahu.°*° Pl. XXIX., 6612. -r04. ~P. psitta'cea (Gmet.). On’.
Genus LOXIOI'DES. OvustTaer.
Head and neck to the mantle, and breast to the middle of the body, uniform bright gamboge yellow; back and upper coverts ashy grey, decidedly ashy on the rump; wing coverts, primaries and tail feathers dusky brown or blackish edged with yellowish olive; abdomen and under tail coverts dusky whitish with a bluish cast. Female: Similar, but with the yellow showing a brownish wash; with a greenish cast to the under parts. Length about 7.50, wing 3.55-3.75, tail 2.55-265, depth of bill
.60, tarsus .g5-I.00, toe .75. fab. Hawaii. 105. VL. bailleu'i Oust. Pali'la.
Genus TELESPI'ZA WILson.
FIG. 12. T. CANTANS.
Head all around, neck and under parts to the middle of the abdomen bright yellow, brightest on the head; back bright olive yellow with varying blackish shaft streaks; rump grey with some olive cast at times; webs of primaries and tail feathers brown; secondaries blackish edged with yellowish olive; wing coverts deep brown broadly edged with yellowish olive; bill horn color. /mmature: Feathers of the head deep brown with yellowish edges; upper surface with centre of feathers deep brown or blackish edged with light brown; rump uniform brown; tail and primaries brown edged with olive yellow; throat and breast yellow with brown shaft stripes; centre of the abdomen white; sides and under tail coverts brown, or olive brown, and with brown shaft stripes. Young: Similar to immature birds, except yellow reduced to the slight- est tinge about the head and wings. Length 6.25-6.50, wing 3.25-3.40, tail 2.55-2.60, culmen .65-.70, depth of bill .47—.50, tarsus .g5-1.00, toe .95. AZad.5' Laysan.
Pl. XXIX., 8731. 106. T. can'tans’' Witson. Laysan Finch.
5°¢In October, 1899, I saw a specimen in the bushes up Moanalua valley which I believe to have been the above species, though of course I cannot be positive of the identity. Since the preparation of the above, Mr. Rothschild (Birds of Laysan, Part III:, page 193) has separated the Oahu form from the Hawaii bird, giving the principal differential character as ‘having the middle of the breast and belly, the feathers of the tibia and under tail coverts whitish ; whereas, the adult males of the Hawaii bird “have the under parts olive green merging into whit. ish only in the middle of the lower abdomen.” The name given to ‘the Honolulu Ou” is Pszttacirostra olivacea, Roths.
51 With a good series of birds before me I am unable to separate canéans, Wilson, from flavissima, Roths. The latter seems to be only fully mature specimens of the former, and in a plumage which requires some time for the individualto assume. Dire@tor Wm. T. Brigham also informs me that specimens brought from Laysan and kept in his aviary for a long time passed through several of the intermediate stages on the way from cantans to flavissima before they were accidentally killed.
[310]
DREPANTIDID A, 55
Genus RHODACAN’THIS RoruscHILp.
* Z
FIG. 13. R. PALM’ERI.
a. Head, throat and under parts throughout rich scarlet orange; breast purer ‘orange tinge; under tail coverts and flanks showing some grey; mantle brown; rump orange brown; tail and wing feathers brown, with some orange brown; wing and tail feathers brown with orange brown edgings to the outer webs; bill bluish grey. Female: Above, greenish olive with dark grey bases to the feathers; more olive on the rump and upper tail coverts; tail and wing feathers with olive edges; breast showing grey as the under color, with yellowish olive edges, yellowest on chin and upper breast; centre of the breast whitish with but faint yellowish wash; flanks greenish yellow. Young: Similar to females; young males brighter below. Length about 7.50, wing 4.20-4.40, tail 2.90-3.00, culmen .80-.85, depth of bill .58-.61, tarsus 1.00-1.05, toe 1.00. ffab. Hawaii.
Pl. XXIX., 6603, 6601. 107. R. palm'eri Rorus. aa. Head, neck and under parts generally apple yellow, brightest and richer on the head and neck, and greener on the under parts; upper parts ashy green, becom- ing bright green on the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts. Wings and tail dull blackish brown, feathers externally margined with green; bill blue-brown; legs grey; iris brown. Total length about 7.50, culmen .72, wings 3.80, tail 2.50, tarsus 1.00. Adult female: Differs from the male in being much greener and duller in color, only the forehead being yellow; the crown similarly colored to the back; under parts dull yellowish green. Palmer obtained a small series in the district of Kona at the same place where #. palmeri was first collected. The smaller size and yellow head of the adult male serves to distinguish this species very easily from the much larger R. palmeri with its orange red head in the adult male. Neither Wilson nor Perkins met with this bird (Rothschild in Part III., Avifauna of Laysan, etce.). Aad. Hawaii. 108. R. flav'iceps Rorus.
[311]
56 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
Genus CHLO'RIDOPS WItson.
FIG. 14. C. KONA.
female: Above, decided olive green, more olive on the upper tail coverts, and with dark centres to the feathers of the head, producing a scaled appearance; under parts of the abdomen and flanks yellowish olive; under tail coverts whitish; quills and tail feathers brown with olive edgings on the outer web; bill extremely thick and clumsy. (Male probably brighter?) Length 6.00-6.50, wing 3.30-3.45, culmen .70,
depth of bill .70, width of bill .60, tarsus .85-.g0, toe .85. Mab. Hawaii. 10g. C. ko'na Witson.
FamiLy MELIPHAG ID A).— HoneEy-EaTERS. Genera.
With no white feathers about the eye; nostrils operculate; first primary about half the length of the second; secondaries three-fourths the length of the wing; tip of the wing formed by the fourth, fifth and sixth primaries. (Sub-family Weliphagine.)
a. Smaller; wing less than 5.00; tail black or brownish black; with or without Heviutdl (Hones Gana Gaaee nesses ethene dake, . (Page 56.) Moho.
aa. Larger; wing more than 5.00; tail brown or greenish brown.
(Page 58.) Cheetop'tila. Genus MOHO Lesson.
FIG. 15. M. NOBILIS.
a. With no yellow pectoral tufts; tail feathers uniform blackish without any trace of white on the outer pair; crown black with a greyish cast; upper surface brown
52 Since it is doubtful if A7oho should ever have been set aside, toaccord with the Stricklandian code, and since it is certain that by the A. O. U. code Moho would stand against Acrulocercus, it is preferable to use the former name for this genus.
L312]
MELIPHAGIDA. 57
or brownish black with faint white shaft stripes on the mantle; upper tail coverts rusty brown; wing and tail feathers blackish brown; throat and neck to chest black with white shafts and bars; under wing coverts mostly white; thighs yellow; breast uniform with the back; sides of the body less rusty brown than the upper tail coverts; bill and feet black. Female: Similar to male, but smaller. Young: Differing from the adult in having the tibiz blackish instead of yellow, and with the greyish shaft stripe to the feathers of back and breast indistinct or wanting. Length 7.50-9.00 (according to tail), wing 3.70-4.00, tail 3.60-4.25, culmen 1.10~1.15, depth of bill .25, tarsus 1.25- 1.35, toe .95. ab. Kanai. Pl. XXIX., 5463. 110. M. bracca'tus (Cassin). Oo aa. aa. With yellow pectoral tufts, and more or less white on the outer pair of tail feathers.
b. With elongated yellow ear tufts, uniform in color with the few yellow feathers under the wing and the under tail coverts; a faint edge of whitish on the outer margin of the outer pair of tail feathers; remainder of tail uniform glossy black, like the primaries; crown and rump black; back, chest and abdomen black, with conspicu- ous white shafts to the feather; throat black; bill and feet black; central tail feathers with weak shafts; long and plume-like. Female similar(?). Length about 11.00, wing 4.55-4.75, tail 5.00-6.25, culmen 1.32, depth of bill .30, tarsus 1.50-1.55, toe 1.05.
fab. Molokai. rrr. M. bish’opi (Rorus.).
bb. Without elongated yellow ear tufts; tail with prominent white tips to the outer feathers.
c. With only the two outer tail feathers with white tips; head, rump, back, wing coverts and lower parts deep black with some gloss; upper mantle, lower part of the abdomen and inner edge of secondaries inclined to umber brown; tufts under the wings and under tail coverts bright golden yellow; primaries and tail feathers black; bill and feet black. Female: Similar, but smaller. Young: With no yellow beneath the wings. Length 6 12.50-10.5092, wing 4.85-4.90, tail 7.50, culmen 1.15, depth of bill .25, tarsus 1.40, toe 1.00. //ab. Hawaii.
Pl. XXIX., 5457. 112. M. nob'ilis (MERREM.). Oo. cc. All the tail feathers, except the middle pair, tipped with white. General color sooty black; tail brown, all tipped as above; centre pair somewhat nar- rower than the others and gradually diminishing to the apical third of their length into fine hair-like, or filamentous, upturned points; axille or under surface of the shoulder white; flanks and under tail coverts bright yellow; bill and legs black. Total length 12 inches, bill 1%, wing 434, tail 634, tarsus 1% (Gould). Aad. Oahu; rare or extinct. (No specimen in the Museum.)
113. M. apica'lis Goutp. Yellow-tufted Honey-eater. [313]
58 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
Genus CHAETOP'TILA ScLaTer.
Tail greenish brown; feathers of the forehead, crown and back of the neck, with whitish shaft stripe, blackish webs and tipped with olive—black predominating on the crown—most olive on the neck; lores and ear coverts blackish; an indistinct grey superciliary stripe; throat dusky white, washed with yellow; breast dingy white with black stripes; abdomen and under tail coverts with fewer stripes and more olive than the chest; flanks and upper tail coverts ochraceous black with white shafts and termi- nal spots; primaries and secondaries brown edged with olive; under wing coverts brown. Length about 13.50, wing 5.75, tail 6.65, culmen 1.25, depth of bill .31, width .45, tarsus 1.60, toe 1.15, hallux with claw 1.02. fab. Hawaii; rare or extinct.
Pl. XXX., Frontispiece. 114. C. angustiplu'ma (PEALE).
Famity SYLVIYIDA.—Warst_ers, ETc. Genus.
Bill slender, but rather wide and depressed; wing long and flat, about equal to the tail in length, with a very small bastard primary not extending beyond the wing coverts; birds not migratory; no white on the tail (Sub-family Sy/vzzn@); rectal bristles fairly well developed; wing more than 2.70; second primary longer than the fifth; upper parts brownish with greyish cast; a faint buffy white super-loral stripe; outer tail feathers more than .25 shorter than the longest pair.
(Page 58.) Acroceph/alus.
Genus ACROCEPH'ALUS Naumann.
FIG. 16. A. FAMILIARIS.
Upper parts brownish with a greyish cast, greyest on the neck; under parts buffy white including the edge of wing, and a super-loral stripe; wing and tail feathers brownish; feet black; bill horn-brown; nostrils rounded and exposed; sexes similar. Young (?). Length about 5.65, wing 2.30-2.40, tail 2.30-2.40, culmen .60, tarsus .75- .90, toe .72, depth of bill .15. Aad. Laysan.
Pl. XXVILI., 8735. r15. A. familia'ris Rotus. Miller Bird. [314]
LURDIDA. 59
Famity TURDID2.—TurusuEs, Ere.
Genus.
The young different from the adults, having the under parts spotted; tarsus for the greater part of its length without transverse scutule, being booted; bill somewhat depressed, with a few rectal bristles; gonys about one-third the length of the com- misure of the beak (Sub-family M/yadestine); inner toe about equal to the hind tee; nostrils exposed and not hidden by bristles, and situated in a wide oval groove; culmen not longer than the hind claw; second primary longer than the secondaries; bill with a distinet. subterminal notel....ic.94944 5200s ss Rea Sid (Page 59.) Pheor'nis.
Genus PHAOR'NIS SciaTer.
FIG. 17. P. OBSCURA.
a. Uniform in color above, brown or hair-brown, with faint olive wash. b. Very conspicuous buffy white mark on the outer tail feathers.
c. Wing less than 4.00; feet light flesh-color; above, dull brown with an olive cast, most pronounced on the middle of the rump and mantle; throat and lores bluish grey; chest bluish ash or grey, sometimes mottled with blackish; abdomen and under tail coverts buff-white; outer web of primaries with very dull brown edge; inner web edged so as to form a dull buffy patch at base of feathers; outer tail feathers edged with whitish or fulvous on the inner web; ends of primary coverts blackish, forming a patch. Young: Feathers above, brown with broad blackish borders to the tip, and before this a creamy buff, more or less triangular spot; feathers of lower parts ashy brown at the base, then lighter cream color and broadly bordered with blackish brown, these borders blackest and broadest on the breast (Rothschild). Length about 6.15, wing 3.35, tail 2.45, culmen .70, depth of bill .20, width of bill .22, tarsus 1.30,
toe .95, gonys .32. fab. Kauai.
Pl. XXVII., 6693. ' 116. P. palm'eri Rorus. Puaiohi. 315]
60 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
cc. Wing more than 4.00; feet dark colored; above, dull brown with a rusty olive tinge; sides of head and ear coverts tawny, always more or less mottled with rusty and grey; quills blackish, edged externally with rusty olive, which color forms a spot at the base of the inner primaries, below which the blackish tips of the greater wing coverts form a less pronounced spot; inner edge of the wing feathers without buffy patch; outer edge of each primary for almost its entire length rusty; lower parts dull smoky grey in appearance, shading into whitish on the abdomen; tail feathers like back, outer three pairs tipped with white or buffy white, pronounced on the tips and gradually fading into the ground color of the web; feet dark brown. Female similar. Young: Similar to P. obscura, but can be distinguished by the mark- ings on the outer web of primaries, the white of the tail, and the broader bill. Length 7.50-8.50, wing 4.05-4.18, tail 3.20-3.30, culmen .50-.55, depth of bill .22, width of bill .40, tarsus 1.25-1.32, toe .95, gonys .25. /fab. Kauai. Pl. XXVITI., 9385. 117. P. myadesti’na Steyn. Kamau’, bb. With no conspicuous white markings on the outer tail feathers.
d. Wing 3.50-3.75; color lighter below; a distinct black patch near the base of the outer web of inner primaries; above, olive brown with a faint wash of greyish; head darker; primaries and tail feathers brown (quills and webs practically the same color), with the edge of the outer webs rusty or rusty brown; outer web of the inner primaries and the secondaries with a distinct black patch, bordered in front and behind by the rusty edges of the feather; chin and throat pale grey, the grey pass- ing to white on the abdomen; under tail coverts buffy white; wing pattern on the inner web of primaries marked at all ages; no white on outer tail feathers. Female similar. Young: Similar to allied species, but with the wing pattern on the inner web, no white on the tail, and with the black patch on the outer edge of inner primaries as in adults. Length about 7.00-7.50, wing 3.50-3.75, tail 3.25-3.30, culmen .57-.60, depth of bill .22, width of bill .30, tarsus 1.25-1.30, toe .95, gonys .27. Afab. Lanai,
Molokai.*? Pl. XXVII., 8094, 8096. 118. P. lanaien'sis Witson. Olomau.
dd. Wing not less than 3.90; color darker below; above, dusky olive brown (fading to hair-brown—Mills specimens); forehead greyer; under parts ash-grey; white on the abdomen and under tail coverts; primaries and tail feathers brown, shaded with dusky olive; quills of tail feathers umber brown above; base of secondaries showing a rusty spot; pattern on the inner web of quills scarcely discerni- ble; bill and feet blackish; no white on the tail feathers. Female similar. Young: Spotted like young thrushes; each feather above is bordered with blackish, and before the blackish border is a more or less triangular buff spot; the feathers below are buffy white and broadly bordered with blackish brown (Rothschild).
53 The form from Molokai should probably be separated as a sub-species. No specimens from Molokai at hand.
[316]
TURDIDZ, 61
Length 6.90-8.00, wing 3.95-4.00, tail 2.85-2.95, culmen .55-.62, depth of bill .22-.25, width of bill .30-.35, tarsus 1.22-1.30, toe .97, gonys .26. Hab. Hawaii.
Pl. XXVII., 6615, 9922, 9923. 11g. P. obscu'ra (GMEL.). Omau.
aa. Upper parts olive brown, extremities of the feathers much lighter color;
tail and wings brown; bill bristled at the base; length 7.50 (Bloxham). Nothing
farther is known of this evidently extinct species than is given above, and which is
taken from Bloxham’s account of the birds secured on the voyage of the Blonde, where
it is given as “Zardus sandvicensts (var.), from Oahu.”
120. P. oahuen'sis WiLtson & Evans. [317]
KEY TO THE HIGHER ORDERS.
a. All four toes united by a web or membrane....(Page 13.) Order Steganopodes. aa. Hind toe, when present, not connected in any way with the other toes. b. Nostrils peculiarly tubular, and feet webbed....(Page 10.) Order Tubinares. bb. Nostrils not tubular, or feet not webbed.
c. Feet webbed; cutting edge of the bill dentate; bill as in ducks, geese, etc. (Page 16.) Order Anseres.
ec. Cutting edge of the bill not fringed or dentate, or else feet not webbed.
d. Toes distin&ly webbed; legs inserted well forward towards the middle of the body, which is held horizontal... ...s...<0s. «ss (Page 5.) Order Longipennes. dd. Toes not distin&ly webbed, or else tarsus longer than the tail.
e. Lower portion of thigh naked, or else bill long and with grooves ex-
tending along the sides. f. Lores naked; hind toe long and inserted on the same level with
Cie Middle Hiss ccccd etree sseeSaseediad Ghateses (Page 20.) Order Herodiones. ff. Lores feathered; hind toe, when present, never exceeding the
length of the lower mandible. g. Hind toe longer; inserted on a level with middle toe (when long as the under mandible head with frontal shield)..... (Page 22.) Order Paludicole. gg. Hind toe shorter; if present, inserted more or less above the level of the middle toesxsssnxaveaewecarncew sees woes (Page 24.) Order Limacole. ee. Lower portion of the thighs feathered; the bill, if lengthened, not
grooved along the sides. h. Bill strongly hooked, with a distinct naked cere at base of
iP Mer WAI be) 4 KeteaTS BRIERE ea eee Heo MNES (Page 32.) Order Raptores. hh. Bill not strongly hooked, and without naked cere at the base of upper mandible; or, if with a cere, it is soft and swollen in life. i. Hind toe small and elevated. (Page 30.) Order Gallinz. ii. Hind toe always well developed and on the same level with the middle one (mainly perching birds). j. With soft swollen cere at the base of upper mandible. (Page 31.) Order Columbe. jj. Without a soft swollen cere; toes, three in front, one behind, and on the same level; not united by web, and tarsus equal to or longer than
twe hind toe with clawsiusnessssee. uct eekeaveesues (Page 34.) Order Passeres. [319] (63)
TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS
IN THE HAWAHAN GROUP.
| | |
| x id =) iy NAME. i : | ‘Ss . << = in a: Sle legisits € §8,2\a lee el) eleiel4 2 B| Bi) Bas fos} ao Of oes Ww q = eis | OM 42LH qh | | Larus barrovianus .. ae Seeul oe UG. Wie’. ote laie SOU. sen! Meee, Relies californicus : ee Oe, On dla! a be a GaN atap, cadences delawarensis .. aS Pepin, Ss sal SOM. me Ee piers franklinii : Aas : Gisela Bie Madea ie lseaes . Sera ||| Peet | philadelphia .. ks SieGe). ae 'llaae eel se vel Rilibean | Sterna fuliginosa .. : aria o 0 0 0 | @ © axe ae] ei lunata .... mae Bee ara ee é i age. Agee ae ae 1 0 fo) fe) melanauchen .. ‘ eats fe pea) ee poe PE Peay ee pee | oe Anous stolidus apes eta er Gr | ee | are fo) fe) fo) | se Oo re Oo Microanous hawaiiensis . sane rob ke [wee OE Le || SO. eG fe) fe) fe) Gygis alba kittlitzi.... ee ieee ewe he | ack We | Sea aan EO | On| ws Diomedea nigripes . esas te tae pee fae ice | O | O | O] O | O immutabilis ev lee ee seen] SOFT}! gave | <gegs jp raat feta fea | Se | O o | o #fstrelata pheeopygia? . rere PE a ee Haat die astate sts, | AG dee Nt hypoleuca re sees ets wire, Fe oda’ It ek bx Reng ee ee Oo Pare Bulweria bulweri.. ; Sees ©: aes |i! see Popol eee] OR fi ead A WOR I aide. SO Priofinus cuneatus .... sat’ oe aes ee aia eae a fe) oh fe) fo) fo) Puffinus nativitatis : sees ah Hi seteet || 5teg A | aoec dh ees Meee FOR. Tavs. || SO newelli . she steele are ‘ Ons ws Wl earl ks fe} Oceanodroma castro} : vee doa Deeg cores, Ptara A Ge BIO) BON we fiona PO fuliginosa cet erreeao's ans se is a6 ae te j ive fe) Phalacrocorax plagicus . ee gee | gc Ih eae HI cae’ (|| deel NG Viale Ae vag Phaethon rubricauda... saa eee Olax fae | ea bh ee fe) fe) fe) lepturus . sees Of oe besa em] ser] Ge) ee a eat ec Sula cyanops-. oe ees a ere : net ei as bs ren ae fo) fe) fe) piscator 2 ieee ag ane % 1% fe) oer fe) O. cen aE) sula ee ee Dialers ae i ane aN ie Roe ie Baas, Bs tele o 10 Fregata aquila .... : wees Oo} 8 (6G) eG) ao] oe) ss | ® 6 Merganser serrator... jaaes ‘ee fe) ba oe at fa) ee | ee +e ae Anas boscas é sees ze a 4 aie nen | aes fe) A ne wyvilliana = are caval © | -@>] 2] Bt ee |e | laysanensis ...- ‘ sata wee one bg Be ease tel as fe) > Nettion crecca is Siete So Be oer aie ae ie eae ae fo) ee ‘ia Querquedula circia : ae ay |) sg ll a seh has fe) i
Accidental or
| eee
oo0ooco0o00
°
lomme)
°
o0o00000
1 Since the foregoing pages were in print Mr. Rothschild has published a record of the taking of a single specimen of this small gull at
Poli-hula lake, on Kauai, on March 15, 1891, by Mr. Palmer.
See Avifauna of Laysan, etc., Part III., p. 286.
2'There seems to be some reason for separating the Hawaiian form from the Galapagos form under the name .Fisfrvlata phaopreta sanduwensis, Ridgway. More material is required to thoroughly establish the sub-species. That name has been recently found to be a synonym for Oceanodroma castro
3In the text this species is given as O. crvploleucura.
(Harcourt).
MeEmorrs B. P. B. MUSEUM, VOL. I., No. 3.—5.
[321]
(65)
66 BIRDS OF
THE HAWAIIAN GROUP.
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.—Coniznued.
| | . BO i : on ° 8 . te = bo : > |B . £e Name. s _ (3a lael & BS Sits ela|#/2/8|)8 88 2 =o e428 | Be || se | ee | | oe | oo s s 3 ° 3 we) iA @ | «2 (eS Sp ae - OCR | GT 2 )H BS/O|MI/4i HA] ie = s a
| |
Charitonetta albeola.... er ite rte fe) Btah Zeta Wl eae | sebelah a fe) ici | Seat [asc fe)
Spatula clypeata... meee Sipe 6 o | oO | we fue | O | O Lee fae fae fee [ee 0
Mareca americana .... Pane aay cone, | aiie | wes spew bee fee | Of ee [ee tee 0
Dafila acuta snarls eee iss fo) o|.. fo) 0 ' 0 bas ais bs ee fo)
Chen hyperboreus .... eres Sle ad Oo Ss aa pee “esis mes fe) ae oe ares fo)
Branta canadensis minima. . see Pot we tee fee fee | O fee fwe fee fee bee 0 nigricans .- ates aioe oe Oo ey | ate | abe ee _ O jms sels fe)
Nesochen sandvicensis .... pasta fo)
Plegadis guarauna .... ae per qubar, Wh aden It cute fo) cs fe) sae |) ee) sant eee fee fe)
Demiegretta sacra.. oe ear ese TP sekey Mi cara Tecasael ll aver |p eaee ll sess lianas ll ar Pda ee oe
Nycticorax nycticorax nevius.. re) fe) fe) fe) fe) | ieee | ae ee | ae ye ie
Pennula ecaudata.. wees sees T
Porzanula palmeri .... iva when os’ '| Aver AlN aks Gee Peay Wicket Be fl
Gallinula sandvicensis .... sees fe) fe) ? fe) fe) fe) fe)
Porphyrio melanotis.... see ©) |
Fulica alai eas ieee oe fe) O ? ? Oo Ga ued
Phalaropus lobatus .... esse oe] es as 3a ae O je. ie as a _ iy | fe)
Crymophilus fulicarius .... oases fe) GO feed ao] wa bua | ve [OO | a bee | ae |S
Himantopus knudseni.. the --| of o}]o}o|of}ol].-. |
Gallinago delicata seiann hove ?
Tringa acuminata .... ate iat[ eee | AOE ake deans] OE Ae | eee Ole | Bie ee ae americana .... seas ate gh seb eae, aawe 4|) Bares HE hace MM csaaae Ms, ROP AM Sikes, || bSooga cll case TO) maculata.. wiens here ee 6 te iis ass bee 506 oe vA . are .. | 0
Heteractitis incanus wos tee fe) fe) fe) fe) fe) fe) fa) fe) fo) o | 0 fo)
Limosa lapponica baueri see ede A O- | lee |) aed ewe 8 Oe | es a aa] Gee | eee 2 JO
Calidris arenaria... ee snes O16 |«« | @ | 6 fo)
Numenius tahitiensis... eee -*| Of O9 fee) O10} 0; 0! Of «es y+. | O] O
Charadrius dominicus fulvus aaa fe) fe) ? OD a8) fo) fe) fo) fe) o}o0o;}0
Squatarola squatarola .. see eel Be Miser Page Me hsgtes aeack deagea TN aa] ae oh cea eal ales
Arenaria interpres rates eaten o ' 6 2 to We | <6 ? | oO ia | 2) 6 | 6
Lophortyx californica .. sees --| o | o ; . |
Phasianus torquatus ---- tee Wee ee: | ated eh | a versicolor areas sarah wa) wae || iae|| ee, Pare EO
Turtur chinensis... see see GO 1-00 A6o ae we 4 4S
Circus hudsonius .... poet wisp wal dovre me ew I tO Tae ee J he eae ae)
Buteo solitarius-... ee eres O
Asio accipitrinus sandvicensis .. lO} 0 0 Of O | O | Oo
Alauda arvensis... ers aie 3 ae Sah Satis fe)
Corvus hawaiiensis --.. eaels -+| 0 :
Chasiempis sclateri tees tree er ao) sandvicensis see biee -+| O gayi .- aves Hews ee ea. | ew ate Jat fe)
’ Acridotheres tristis ..-. see =| o};]o!o01.0]0]0
Passer domesticus see see @ | ac, es ka) 6
Carpodacus mexicanus obscurus “| O} O'e. | oO] o
Munia nisoria .... we eld sce fe) Or ® Sa was!] ©:
Drepanis pacifica .-.. seis aval af |
Drepanorhamphus funerea.- tee <4 jak we 2 O
Vestiaria coccinea ..-- vee -+| 0 fe) 0,0 fo) (o)
Palmeria dolei .... tas teas ij | 0 owe) OS
TABLE OF DISTARIBGTION, 67
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.—Continued. : ian nee
| |
Accidental or
NAME,
Lisiansky .
ates. wide-ranging. |
Molokai. Oahu.
Kauai. French Frig- Midway.
Hawaii. Maui. Lanai.
° ° (e) ° °
Himatione sanguinea .. eee seve] O freethi ee sea are be) Beas mee lane. |! eek A kate Bade 2 Ciridops anna - re saws eset | 7 Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri... sees chloridoides seas afd ae deen aries Mi Satan GO) wilsoni iets wis satel ass fo) | kalaana... sd ite swks sae] ee | ove di we | Oo | chloris visas a sean er Pal) ae Pee | ae fo) |
°
virens .-.. sc Bees snake eine! © parva - eee eee ses ree we a4 oe cme? Oo Viridonia sagittirostris . neon sige] 16 Oreomyza bairdi... eer eer scart espeSes otacael dese ae LN ho 7 mana «.--. wesaie aratane asia 36 | montana SNahave aes Buss a a fe) | maculata.. eiaiane Meals oe biielce Ih oe a we 8 fe) newtoni sa iia She ads oe oO i | flammea... eos Srideshd aaiel|l ew See! | een!) OO Loxops coccinea... Asians wyiaeees oO | | ochracea .- eens ote wow a Oo rufa .. eae ee" ewRe oe 4% os | Tt | ceruleirostris ...- Eade deicetell gael ts some veel eee Mba SO | Hemignathus lichtensteini. . oes wv A See | cals Sac obscurus . ie ait ab gant eee: || IO : procerus .--- aitiae eee eh eae Padi apa ptiras hh} lanaiensis .- eat Heterorhynchus affinis .... ote a hanapepe: - eva wean Pawel a ef ar ws Peal ara lucidus Seat pcre a1 ie ov, eee ieee ees BOE wilsoni .-- see ake sian] 6 Pseudonestor xanthophrys.. aire i ax’ '| 56 | | |
Psittacirostra olivacea‘ . er weine |e psittacea .--- see see oe) ? | oO Loxioides bailleui ..-- setts Asie |! oO Telespiza cantans - ters asia dae lll Mates “lea aee ule ae Rhodacanthis palmeri- - sate wees || flaviceps +--+. sae sas fo |
Chloridops kona seabed ies s,2| 6.
Moho braccatus .-.. Ses ee og te eal Neg DO bishopi--.- tne ee pie es es ee JO! | nobilis as ie fines sinfecs fe) | apicalis ... sees ood aaa es “ove |||aie Gl ae OP
Cheetoptila angustipluma ... vines + | |
Acrocephalus familiaris tees iaw|| Gao GR Law. ka Gi (Se We GS
Pheeornis palmeri.-- ears esas teas sees Ss fe) | myadestina greens aneiane no lanaiensis ..--- ee balan wae | : |
| |
obscura -. eee Se saeel Ors | oahuensis .«--- Waser Sc ec es ee |
4 The addition of the new Ou to the list brings the total number of species of Hawaiian birds up to 132.
[323]
INDEX AND
Accipitrinz .... Acridotheres tristis Acrocephalus familiaris .. Acrulocercus apicalis bishopi braccatus niger nobilis .. Actitis incanus .. Actodromas ROD awe ##strelata hypoleuca leucocephala pheopygia sandwicensis Akaiearooa Akakane .... Green Akapane .. Akeake Akeka Akekee seas Akekeke .... Akepa .«- Akepeuie Akialoa Kauai Lanai an Akihialoa (Sp. iden, De Akihipolena Akikihi ... Alaalai (Sp. indet. ie Alae .... awi keokeo ula Alala...- Alauda arvensis .... Alaudide. . Alauhiio’ Alauwahio.... Alawi-
Allvateoss, Black Joie.
de la Chine .
II
SYNONYMY.
Amakihi, Hawaii 5 intermediate Kauai Lanai....
Maui Molokai . Oahu ochraceous scarlet
Amakika iSEe Aniakihi). Amaui -.
Anananii .-
Anas.
boschas clypeata laysanensis sandvicensis superciliosa .- a (var.) wyvilliana Anatidze Anatinze Anauanii Anous ae fuliginosus.... hawaiiensis melanogenys niger .... pileatus spadicia stolidus .... tenuirostris
(Also No. 8 in part.)
Anser hauaiénsis hawaiensis hawaiiensis .. sandvicensis
Anseres..
Anserine ....
Anthochera srieustraluine
Ao (Sp. indet. pe Apane.. Apapane aitee Apekepeke Aphrizidz
[325]
boscas (See hike , sasets
(var. a. cidwinensiss
PAGE NO. 46 82 45 78 44 77 45 81 45 78 45 79 45 80 49 92 49 gr 61 11g 46 83 16, 17
17
17 27 18 29 18 28 17 +27 17 2 17 27 17 29 17 29 16
16 46 83 5,9
8 5 9 8 9 8 9 5 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 9 20 35 20 35 20 35 20 35 16
16
58 114 43 74 43 74 36 63 25, 29
(69)
70
Ardea ceetulea (var, y) +++ ope
exilis . grisea Ee (Herodias) sacra neevia ares nycticorax sacra vulgaris Kiss
eae eeee eves ove eoee eee anoe eene eee
Ardeidze ee oe wade
Ardeing .... Preens Pate Arenaria
aie ad Asio.... re
nceipiodaus
accipitrinus sandvicensis. .
brachyotus sandvicensis. - sandwichensis....
Atagen aquila... aquilus ..
Attagen sages
Aua a
Auku eit
Aukuu
Bee-eater, Yellow-tufted... Bernicla sandvicensis sandwichensis Booby vin Blue- faced Red-footed : . Brachyotus oe al Brant, Black : Branta + canadensis ‘minima .
(Leucopareia ) sandwichensis .
nigricans Bubonidze ieee Buffle-head .. Bulweria anjinho.. seas 5 at bulweri . columbina macgillivrayi Burrica Buteo .. . (Onychotes) s solitartine : solitarius.. ay
Calidris .... arenaria Callipela californica Carduelis coccinea Carpodacus ... frontalis jae frontalis rhodocolpus. . mexicanus obRetrs vee Certhia coccinea. obscura pacifica sanguinea ab Bae pio
ones beoe
PAGE,
21 22 22 21 22 22 21
19
33
28
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
Certhia vestiaria
eben
virens ».. veoe eae Cheetoptila .... reno etre
angustipluma .. sues Charadriidee 1... deve es Charadrius eens rete
auratus orientalis .... dominicus falyne fulvus or ne glaucopus Se hiaticula ....
“Tike C. hintiontai? Bre
pluvialis ....
taitensis
virginianus ..
xanthocheitus . Charitonetta
albeola Chasiempis .-..
dolei ....
gayi
ibidis....
ridgwayi .---
sandvicensis
(Also No. 65 in pt. )- sandwichensis : (Also Nos. 63 and 65 in pt )
sclateri ...- Chasiempsis obscura. .
sandvicensis. -
sandwichensis ...- Chen . oe . hyperborboreus
hyperborea .-. tees
hyperboreus. ..-. Chloridops
kona .. Chlorodrepanis
chloridoides
chloris
kalaana
parva
stejnegeri
virens
wilsoni Chrysomitridops - .
czeruleirostris .... Cinclus interpres. - Circus
cyaneus Redsoniise:
hudsonius Ciridops
anna. .
sp. oe eee eee Clangula albeola (See sie Cnipolegus sp. (?) B Colluricincla (?) sandvicensis. Columbee Late eet Coot, Hawaiian Corethrura obscura
sandwichensis .... evs
enone
Corvidee
Corvinze
Corvus. - : hawaiiensis
(Physocorax) hawaiiensis et
tropicus tropicus
Cracticus ater
Crake, Laysan.
Creeper, Crimson, . Great Hook- billed . Hook-billed Green Olive-green .. sites Red Hook-billed. .
Crow, Hawaiian..
Tropic
Crymophilus .. fulicarius -
Curlew, Bristle- -thighed . Otaheite - .
Cymochorea ep peiencas)
Dafila. . acuta caudacuta.... Demiegretta sacra Diomedea .-. immutabilis nigripes Diomedeidze a Pee Dove, Chinese Turtle. . Singapore.... Drepanidide. . Drepanis aurea ... byronensis coccinea ellisiana flava . funerea
(Hemignathus) ailisiaas .
) lucida
( ae
(Himatione ) ee vied
lucida
obscura
olivacea
pacifica
rufa
(Also No. ee in pt )
sanguinea --
vestiaria
(Vestiaria) coccinea Déepanorhaiiphts
funerea . Duck, Hawaiian Dysporus cyanopus
dactylatra
fiber
hernandizi
leucogaster --
PAGE.
* 34) 35
35
NO.
Gallinuline
INDEX AND SYNONYM).
Dysporus parvus piscator. . sula..
Fee-eve. ; “Hine Art Hate” : Eki-aki. Pe Flepaio, Hawai
Kaual
Oahu - : Emberiga sandwidensis (Syn. ‘athe, ).
atricapilla (Syn. indet.). Entomiza (?) angustipluma Eopsaltria sandvicensis
(Chasiempis) maculata obscura sandwichensis
(Phaeornis) obscura Ewaewa so ; Falcones Falconidz ang Finch, Crimson Hipuke seas
House
Laysan
scarlet ..
Fish Hawk (See note) «
Fly-catcher, Dusky .- Sandwich ieee ; Spotted-winged ..
‘Fou de Cayanne’’
Fregata aquila aquilus .. leucocephala . leucocephalus, et malemtent minor : asap ae strumosa
Fregatidee
Fregeta aquila :
Frigate, Patiibrstoti .- White-headed
Fringilla coccinea -
Fringillidz
Fulica
alai Les heat eee
Fulicine . Fuligulinze Fulmarine ..
Galline. . Gallinula .. chloropus .... galeata “ galeata sandvicensis a sandvicensis. . sp. ee , Gallinule, Hawaiian ..
Gambetta fuliginosa ..
[327]
15
38
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
72 PAGE, Gannet, Brown 15 masked. . tac 15 Godwit, Pacific... an BS Gooney se) Brown Paces +. 10 Goose, Cackling 19 Hawaiian .... 20 Lesser Snow ...-- 19 Sandwich Island 20 Gracula longirostra .. 57 nobilis see .. +57 Grosbeak, Parrot- billed: 54 Gull, California .. eer 7 Franklin's 7 Point Barrow : 6 Ring-billed .... 7 Gygis .. ve 5,9 alba 9 alba candida 9 alba kittlitzi .. 9 candida 9 Haakoae 14 Halizeus aquilus . 15 Haliplana fuliginosa . 8 lunata.... rae 8 Hawk, Brown . #33 Hawaiian 34, Marsh » 33 Hedienatiue. 40, 50 affinis + 52 (Also No. To2 in pt ) ellisianus .. - 50 hanapepe 52 lanaiensis .. - 51 lichtensteini . 50 lucidus “52 obscurus . 50 (Also Nos. 95, 97, 102 in pt ») olivaceus ...- + 50 (Also No. 102 in Pt ) procerus.. - 51 stejnegeri 51 wilsoni » 53 Herodii 20 Herodiones .. saws BO Heron, Black- erowued Night a 22 Sacred . 21 Heteractitis 26, 27 brevipes 27 incana . 27 incanus . 27 Heterorhynchus.... 40, 51 affinis . + 52 hanapepe 52 lucidus - 52 olivaceus 52 wilsoni .. 153 Heteroscutus brevipes 27 incanus 27
NO,
24 22
48°
Himantopus.... candidus kandseni .... knudseni: nigricollis....
Himatione aurea chlordoides chloris wa
(Also No. 7 in pt i dolei oe
dolii ..-.
flava
fraithii ..
freethi
kalaana..
maculata .
mana
montana
newtoni..-
parva .
sanguinea ...
(Also No. 82 in pt a stejnegeri
virens ...
(Also Nos. 28, "Bo, 88 i in n pt )
wilsoni Hirondelle de mer Bie Honey-eater, Hook-billed.
Laysan .. : Yellow-tufted Hoo hoo .... ees Hunakai
Hydrochelidon fuliginosum. ae
Hypoloxias aurea coccinea. .
lawi .. Ibides : Ibidide .. Ibis, White- teed | Glossy | li Saas Tiwi . liwipolena Io .. ‘ Joa
Iwa..
Iwi Iwipolena Iwipopolo
Kaao= Ao PoP: indet.). Kaio ... (Also No. 60 in pt ) Kaka (See note) Kakawahie ..
Kala
Kamao
Kamou .
Kanono (Sp. indet, ).
[328]
PAGE. NO. 26 26 46 26 46 26 46 26 46 41, 43 49 92 45 81 45 80 43 77 46 72 46 82 44 75 44 75 45 79 48 88 47 86 47 87 48 89 46 83 43 74 44 77 46 82 - 45 78 9 8 50 96 44 75 57 113 42 70 28 50 8 5 49 92 49 91 43 74 20 20 20 36 43 74 43 72 43 74 33 59 15 25 15 25 44 77 43 72 43 72 33 59 17 27 48 90 8 5 60 117 60 I17
Keke
Kioea
Kiowea..
Kipi a Kleiner voter: ies
Koae
Koae ula
Kolea fs see Koloa maoli .... psec
mapu..-.- eee eve.
moha Kukuluaeo ..
La Mouette brune
La Paille-en-Queue a bring, rouges,
de l’isle de France . Laridee ee Lark, Sky Larus barrovianus | californicus. . delawarensis franklinii glaucus niger(?)
Lauwi Le Fou blanc.... brun commune Limicole Limosa .... ‘ lapponica baueri - Linaria coccinea .... (Also No. 93 in pe 7 Longipennes Lophortyx californica Loxia pityopsittacus.. psittacea .« Dh Loxioides . bailleni bailleui Loxops aurea ... (Also No. a in os iy ceeruleirostris
(Chrysomitridops) eesrilaeseteis 49
coccinea coccineus . flammea ochracea .. rosea ....
rufa oe wolstenholmei...
Mamo... Perkins Man-o’-war Bird
MeEmorrs B. P. B. MUSEUM, VOL. I., No. 3.—6.
philadelphia (See ote e) :
. PAGE.
oe 29
28
49
54 Manuku are 51 Mareca americana (See note). : 114 Megalopterus tenuirostris. 95 stolidus. - 75 Meliphaga fasciewlata: ‘ 21 Meliphagidze . 20 Melithreptes yesiarie see 52 Melithreptus obscurus 27 pacificus .... 30 vestiarius 29 (Also No. 96 in n pt 7 46 virens Mellisuga coccinea .. 8 Merganser ... 20 Red-breasted 20 serrator ...- Merops fasciculata.... 61 niger as Sp. ove 1 Microanous...- 2 hawaiiensis.... 3. Miller Bird 4 Mina i False 112) Moha Moho. 83 (Also No. 133 in n pt _ 24 Moho ... 23 amber ui 23 apicalis a atriceps bishopi LUiemecie . 49 niger .- gI nobilis - (Also No. 113 in pai Mohoa angustipluma oer apicalis 54 braccata 104 fasciculata .. . 104 (Also No. 112 in oe ) nobilis (in part) ‘ 105 Morus parvus 105 piscator sula 92 Mud hen a (Also No. 4 in pt ) 94 Munia 94 nisoria gI nisoria punctata gi Muscicapa maculata go - obscura 92 sanduicensis .... 72 (Also No. 63 in Be i 93 sandvicensis. . ' 93 sandwichensis .... Muscicapidee 70 Mynah, House 71 Myzomela nigroventris.... 25 sanguinea [329]
INDEX AND SYNONYM).
74
Nau kane Nectarinia byronensis coccinea flava .... lucida niger sanguinea Nene , Nesochen sandvicensis Nettion crecca (See note) Noio - wee Nukupuu Numenius . australis femoralis pheeopus .... tahitiensis taitensis Nycticorax griseus nycticorax
nycticorax naevius
Oceanodroma castro cryptoleucura .. it aia ieee note)
Oeoe as
(Hstrelata bulwert hypoleuca pheeopygia-... sandwichensis ....
Olio ..6.
‘Olokele hokii popolo ..
‘Olomao
(Also No. 119 in pt )
‘Olomau
‘Omao
‘Onychoprion fuliginosa see
fuliginosus lunatus serratus..
‘Onychotes gruberi akira
solitarius
‘Oo
Oo aa
‘Oreomyza bairdi .. flammea ... maculata mana montana -newtoni .
( Rothschitdia) parva .
wilsoni ‘Ortygometra obscura. . sandvicensis. . _sandwichensis . ‘Oscines. . ‘Ospray (See ete:
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE. - 12 43
NO.
Otus brachyotus.. Ou..
holowai ‘ Honolulu ( aa note) polapalapa . Owholowai .. Owl, Short-eared Hawaiian Pakalakala Palila Palmeria dolei ... dolii mirabilis Paludicolz ; Pandion (See note) ...
( Polioaetus) ner
solitarius : Partridge, California Passer . domesticus Passeres Pelecanus aquilus fiber . F leucocephalus leucogaster palmerstoni -. parva .--. parvus sula Pennula sabe ecaudata miller millsi ... palmeri ; sandvichensis .... sandwichensis wilsoni (See note) Peristeridz Petrel, Bonin Bulwer’s .-+. shsihea Dark-rumped .... Hawaiian Storm
Salvin’s White-breasted ...
Petrodroma eae see Phebastria .. Pheenicurus nibricauda: + Pheornis .. lanaiensis.. myadestina .... myiadestina .. oahuensis oahunsis obscura see palmeri .... Phaethon .. eethereus .... atherus woes lepturus.... pheenicurus .... rubricauda..
(Also No. 117 in i )
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
Phaéthontide .... Phaeton aethereus. (Also No. 20 in Dt 7
candidus .... phaenicurus .... rubricauda .. rubricaudata rubricaudatus rubricaudus .... pais
Phalacrocorax eae (See aliposs
Phalarope, Northern « Red. a Phalaropodidee Phalaropus .... lobatus Phasianidze Phasianus .. torquatus... versicolor Pheasant, Japanese Mongolian Ring-necked Phyllornis tonganensis virens Pintail Pipi Piscatrix placid. oem piscator Planetis guttatus Plegadis pegronne Ploceidze wena Plover, Pacific Golden Pluvialis fulvus .. nih longipes Polena .-. este Poliozetus seltearigs . Porphyrio melanotus Porzanula palmeri Priofinus cuneatus Procellaria alba .. anjinho. . bulweri bulwerii. . macgillivrayi Procellariidze Pseudonestor .. xanthophrys. . . Psittacina olivacea (See note) Psittacirostra sees icterocephala olivacea (See note) psittacea Psittacopis psittacea . tees Psittirostra icterocephala . - psittacea . sandvicensis Ptiloturus fasciculatus Puaiohi..
PAGE,
- 13,14
14
- 14
14
- 14
14
- 14
14 13 25
+ 26
24, 25
* 25
25
+ 30
NO,
103
104
104 104 104 104 104 112 116
Pueo....
Puffinus . . columbianus .. cuneatus see knudseni .... nativitatis n. sp. . newelli oi
Quail, California Valley
Querquedula circia (See note). -
Rail, Laysan ee Sandwich Wingless ....
(Also No. = in pt }
Rallidze ,
Rallus acaudata . ecaudata obscura sanduicensis sandvicensis. - sandwichensis ....
Raptores
Raven .
Recurvirostride ..
nose flaviceps. - palmeri .
oe clypeata
Rice Bird . ‘i
Rothschildia parva.
Sanderling ia
Sandpiper, Sharp- tailed
ane Pectoral ‘cin cae) oe
Scarlet Bird - Snolopatle: havin whan Scolopax paeaan incana pheeopus(?) solitaris tahitiensis oe undulata . Shearwater, Black.... Christmas Island Knudsen’s Wedge-tailed Shoveller . pes Sickle-bill, Green : Sittacodes ... sant Skylark Snipe, Ash- palenedcc Sparrow, Chinese European House.. Spatula : clypeata pats Spilopelia eRe Steganopodes Sterna alba oe bergii (See note) candida ae
[331 |
Io
Io
Bri,
Sterna eos Oba. oe
fuscata .. gouldii guttata.. infuscata .... luctuosa lunata
melanie les a
nivea oahuensis (Onychoprion) serrata owhyhaensis panaya serratus. . stolida unicolor
Stilt, Hawaiian ..
Storm Petrel, FHavalian ‘
Strepsalis interpres Strepsilas interpres.... Striges .. sins Strix delicatula sandwichensis Stryx accipitrina Sturnidee of Sula bassana brasiliensis cyanops - dactylatra Sena _ fiber . : fulica fusca .... she leucogaster .. leucophzea melanops ..-- nigrodactyla ... parva . personata piscator .... piscatrix plumigula.... rubripeda rubripes sinicadvena sula Sulide . Sultana Bird .... Sylviidee .... . Tachypetes aquila, aquilus . . iehrorephalie palmerstoni Teenioptera obscura Tatare familiaris otaitensis ....
Tatler, Wandering....
Teal, Laysan ....
Telespiza .. cantans . flavissima
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE. NO. 8 5 9 8 8 s 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 6 8 Ff 9 10 8 5 8 5 9 8 8 5 8 5 9 8 9 8 26 46 13 19 29 53 29 53 + 32 33 58 + 50 96 33 60 + 34, 37 14 15 22 15 24 15 22 15 22 15 23 15 23 15 24 15 24 15 24 15 23 15 22 15 22 15 24 15 22 15 23 15 23 15 23 15 23 15 23 15 24 15 24 14 + 24 42 34, 35, 58 + 15 25 15 25 15 25 15 25 - 61 119 58 115 + 61 11g 27 48 18 28 40, 54 54 106 54 106
Tern, Grey-backed Hawaiian : Noddy Peale’s ..
Sooty White
Tetraonide
Thalassidroma bulweri sp. (?) --
Totanus brevipes fuliginosus
(Gambetta) incanus -
incanus
oceanicus ..--
pedestris
polynesiz ...
solitarius
undulatus ... Tringa
acuminata. -
americana (See Hote)
interpres
maculata (See note)
oahuensis -
Tropic Bird, Red-tailed
White- tailed Tubinares. . Turdidze
Turdus sandwichensis sandwichensis (var.) --
woahéusis ‘Turnstone Turtur chinensis .. Tyrannula obscura Uau .... sid ave Ukaka Ukeke .. Ukekeke .... Ula Ulaaihawane Ulala.... Ulili Uluaihawane . Unu kane Uwau... cae Vestiaria .. akrona coccinea evi. os A hetcrorlanchus . hoho : Viduinee .... Viridonia maculata
sagittirostris: ws
Weaver Bird Wideawake Grey.
Yellow esd, ‘Bird switlk: wes
Zapornia sandwichensis
[332]
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. 30
13 19
12 15
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27 48
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27 48
26, 27
27 47
27
29 53
27
29 53
14 20
14 21
10
35, 59
61 119
61 120
61 120
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31 37
61 119
12 13
54 104
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29 53
14 20
44 76
35 62
27 48
44 76
12 16
12 13
40, 42
50 96
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43 72
52 IOI
42 70
39
41, 46
48 88
46 84
39 69 8 5 8 6
54 104
23 39
MEMOIRS Biswor MusEUM, VOL. Y, PLATE XVI,
es
9158, 9155, Sterna fuliginosa, 9157, 7903, Anous stolidus.
Puare XVIL,
Memoirs Bisuope Mustum, Vou. |
(B92
7900, Allous stolidus,
7892, Gygis alba kittlitzi.
9164, 9165, Micronanous hawaiiensis
Memoirs Bistor Museum, Vou. T. Prats XVIII.
8742, Diomedea nigripes. $746, Diomedea immutabilis,
he
Memoirs Bishop Mustum, Vou, I. PLATE XIX,
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP. MUSEUM
7928, Priofinus cuneatus. 7008, 7907, -Estrelata hypoleuca, 9307, Puffinus newelli. 8768, Bulweria bulweri, 7942, Puffinus nativitatis.
MrMorrs Bishop Museum, Vou. T PLATE XX
oe PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM.
9895, 9896, 7955, Phaéthon lepturus. S754. 9715, Phaéthon rubricauda.
MerEnsomus Bisuop Musrum, Vou. I. PLATE XXI.
8750, Sula piscutor, 733, Sula cyanops, s752, Sula sula.
Memoirs Bisuor Musreum, Vor. I. PLATE XXII.
Y424, 91GS, Alas wy villian. S745, Anos laysanensis,
MEMOIRS BisHor Mesrem, Vou, I. ARIE SS TL
Ee
aaSd(juv.). 9170( 7), Nyeticorax nyetlicorax uevins.
MeEMorks Bistor Museum, Vor. I.
PLATE XXIV.
sy
9745, Gallinula sandvicensis. 7911, 7912, Porzanula palmeri. 9482, Fuliea alai,
MeEmorrs BisHor Museum, VoL. I.
9159, Heteractitis incanus. 8726, 9174, Arenaria interpres.
9429, Himantopus knudseni.
9397, 9897, Charadrius dominicus fulvus, 9725, Numenius tahitiensis,
PLATE XXV.
MEMOIRS BisHorp MUSEUM, Vor. I. PLATE XXXVI.
BERNICE PAU BISHOP MUSEUM.
6521, Buteo solitarius. 6599, Corvus hawaiiensis, 83h, Asio accipitrinus sandvicensis,
I PLATE XXVII.
Memoirs BISHOP MUSEUM, VOL.
= es
Acrocephatus tamiliaris.
MEMOIRS Bisnor Mrsreum, Vou. f. PLATE XXXVI.
NICE PA JAH! BISHOP MUSEUM.
9792, 9342, 9338, 9333, 9848, 9340, 9899, Vestiaria coccinea, 7996, 9808, 9322, 9898, 9309, 9324, Himatione sanguinea. 6681, 8U89, SUS8, Oreomyza flaminea, 6638, Loxops ochracea; 6648, 6642, L. coccinea. 6595, 6596, Palmeria dolei.
MEmorrs Brsuop Museum, Vor, I,
promo
6663, 6601, Rhodocanthis palmeri. S190, Hemignathus procerus. 6612, Psittacirostris psittacea, 9421, Hemignathus obscurus. 9353, 9361, Loxops eruleirostris, 6664, Oreomyza lana, 6632, 6630, Heterorhynechus wilsoni, 402, Oreomyaa baivdl, 66233, 6636, Heterorhynchus hanapepe. 6607, Psendonestor xanthrophrys. 6620, Heterorhynehus athnis 9396, CL stejnegeri.
M457, Moho nobilis. M463, Mobo braceatus,
PLATE XXEX,
S731, Telespiza cantans,
GES4, 6585, QO. newtoni.
aH
; 5
70, CWMoredrepanis parva,
MEMoms Bisuop Museum, Vou. T.
Chetoptila angustipluma.
PLATE XXX.
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