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| CoRNELL 


UNIVERSITY 
LIBRARY 


LABORATORY 
OF ORNITHOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


Tn 


MANUAL 


OF THE 


VERTEBRATES 


OF THE 


NORTHERN UNITED STATES, 


INOLUDING 


THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, AND NORTH OF 
NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE, EXCLUSIVE 
OF MARINE SPECIES. 


BY 


DAVID STARR JORDAN, Pu.D., M.D. 


PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN INDIANA UNIVERSITY. 


THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 


CHICAGO: 


JANSEN, McCLURG & COMPANY. 
1880. 


COPYRIGHT, 
JANSEN, MoCLURG & COMPANY. 
A. D. 1876, 


COPYRIGHT, 


JANSEN, MoCLURG & COMPANY. 
A.D. 1878, 


DONNELLEY, LOYD & 00., OHIOAGO. 


PREFACE 


This book has been written to give collectors and students 
who are not specialists, a ready means of identifying the families, 
genera and species of our Vertebrate Animals. In deference to 
the uniform experience of botanists, and in view of the remarkable 
success achieved by Dr. Couns, in the application of the method to 
Ornithology, the author has adopted the system of artificial keys. 

To keep the book of a size convenient for field use, class and 
ordinal characters have been abbreviated, since they do not lie 
directly within the purpose of the work; generic characters have 
been confined to the “key,” under the head of each family, 
while for specific characters, only such points have been gen- 
erally retained, as are distinctive as well as descriptive. The 
same necessity has led to the suppression of many of the doubt- 
ful or nominal “ species,” which still encumber our systematic 
works, and to the omission of synonymy and references to auth- 
orities, excepting in cases of recent or original changes of 
nomenclature. 

Use has been freely made of every available source of infor- 
mation, and it is believed that the present state of our knowl- 
edge is fairly represented. A list of the principal papers which 
have proved useful in the preparation of this work may be found 
on page 363. 

The writer is under deep personal obligations for assistance, 
criticism and advice, to many persons, among whom I may 
especially mention Dr. Exxior Covuxzs, Prof. E. D. Copz, Dr. 
THEODORE Gru, Prof. H. E. Copenanp, Mr. E. W. Nexson, Mr. 
B. H. Van Vuecx, Mr. C. H. Gruperr and Dr. A. W. Brayton. 

The present edition is from the same stereotype plates as the 
second. From the latter it differs in some changes of nomencla- 
ture, in the correction of occasional errors, and in other minor 


respects. A few additional species are included in the Addenda, 
8 


4 PREFACE. 


In the preparation of the second edition, it was “ found necessary 
to entirely recast the account of the Fishes, in order to include 
the results of recent investigations in that department. The 
author has availed himself of this opportunity to substitute for 
the artificial keys in the previous edition, a series of generic 
diagnoses, which, while serving the purpose of a ‘key,’ also serve 
to express the true relations of the species.’ The author regrets 
that this change can not in the present edition be extended to all 
the groups included in the work, as well as to the Fishes. 
D. 8. J. 
Buioomineton, Inp., Nov., 1879. 


SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., EXPLAINED. 


4.=Incisor teeth. 
c.=Canines. 
pm.=Premolars. 
m.=Molars. 
Thus “i. #3” indicates two incisor teeth on each side in the 
upper jaw, and one on each side in the lower. 
“Toes 5-4” implies fore feet five-toed, hind feet four-toed. 


Other signs are as used in Birds. 


II.—Breps. 

L,=Length in inches (along back from tip of bill to end of 
longest tail feather); thus, “LL. 74” means, length 74 inches. 

#.=Extent (spread of wing) measured in inches. 

W.=Length of wing (from bend of closed wing—carpal joint— 
to tip of longest feather) in inches. 

7.=Length of tail in inches (¢.¢., actual length of the longest tail 
feather.) 

B.=Length of bill in inches (measured along culmen from tip to 
frontal feathers.) 

Hd.=Length of head in inches (measured with dividers from 
base of bill to nape.) 

7Ts.=Length of tarsus in inches (measured in front.) 

Tel.=Length of middle toe with its claw. 

The measurements given in the descriptions are understood to 
represent a fair average adult male; a variation of one-sixth, or 
more, in absolute length is nothing unusual; relative lengths, as of 
wings and tail, are much more constant. To save space I have 
preferred to say “L. 6,” to saying “L. 54 to 64.” 
é=Male. 
9=Female. 


6 SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 


>=More than, longer than, or more than equivalent to. 
<=Less than, in its various senses. 
= —Sign of equivalence. 

The toes are numbered 1, 2,8,4; 1 being the hind toe, or 
hallux; 2 the inner anterior toe; 3 the middle toe; and 4 the 
outer toe. 


III.—REpPri.es. 


L.=Length in inches. 

Sc. or Scales=Number of longitudinal rows of scales exclusive 
of the ventral series. 

G.=Number of ventral plates, or gastrosteges, counted along the 
belly, from the throat to the vent. The figures given in the 
descriptions are intended to be average, the actual number 
being quite variable. 

U.=Number of pairs of sub-caudal plates, or urosteges, counted 
from the vent to the tip of the tail. 


IV.—FIsHEs. 
D.=Dorsal fin. 


2d D.=Second dorsal fin. 
P.=Pectoral fins. 
V.=Ventral fins. 

A.= Anal fin, 

¢.=Caudal fin. 
B.=Branchiostegals. 


Roman numerals used with the above abbreviations indicate 
the number of spines or ¢narticulate rays in a fin. Arabic numer- 
als indicate the number of soft rays. In a fin contaiming both 
spines and soft rays, a comma (,) separating the numerals indicates 
that the two kinds of rays are continuous, or more or less 
connected. A dash (—) indicates their separation. Thus, “D, X, 
12,” describes a single dorsal fin with 10 spines and 12 soft rays; 
“D, X—12,” indicates two dorsal fins—the first of 10 spines, the 
second of 12 soft rays; “D, X—I, 12,” would indicate the 
presence of a single spine in the second dorsal. 


The posterior soft ray of the dorsal and anal fins is usually 
split to the base. It should be counted as one ray and not as two. 


SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETO. 7 


Lat. l.=Lateral line, z.¢., the number of scales contained in its 
course. When the lateral line is obsolete, “lat. 1.” signifies 
the number of scales in a row from the head to the base of 
the caudal fin. Thus, “lat. 1.36” means that there are 36 
scales in a row along the sides from the head to the caudal. 

In all cases the number of rays or scales, as given in the 
descriptions, is intended to represent a fair average, and a vari- 
ation of one-sixth, or even more, in either direction need not 
surprise the student. Generally the spines and scales are more 
constant in their numbers than the soft rays, and the fewer of 
either, the less variable. 


Depth in length=The greatest depth of the body as contained in 
the distance along the side from the snout to the base of the 
caudal. 

Head in length=The distance from the snout along the cheeks to 
the extremity of the opercle, as contained in the distance 
from the snout to the base of the caudal. 

Hye in head=Its longitudinal diameter as contained in the length 
of the side of the head. 

As above stated, these measurements, as given in the descrip- 
tions, are intended to be the average of living adults, and must be 
applied to young specimens or preserved ones with caution. 

Young fishes are always much more elongated than adults, and 
the eye is proportionally much larger. 

A fin is said to be “Jong” when it has a long base, or is many- 
rayed. A “fAdgh” fin is one in which the individual rays are 
elongated. 


PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF AUTHORS 
CITED IN THIS VOLUME. 


.= Agassiz. 
pie . A. Allen. 
Auct.=Auctorum (of Authors.) 
Aud.=Audubon. 
Aud. & Bach.= Audubon & 
Bachman. 
Bd.=Baird. 
B. & G.—Baird & Girard. 
Bartr.—Bartram. 
Beauv.=Palisot de Beauvais. 
Bi.& Schn.=Bloch & Schneider. 
Bodd.=Boddaert. 
Bon., or Bp.=C. L. Bonaparte. 
Brev.=Brevoort. 
Brinn.=Brinnich. 
Cab.=Cabanis. 
Cass.—Cassin. 
Coop.=Cooper. 
Cuv.=Cuvier. 
C. & V.=Cuvier and Valen- 
ciennes, . 
Daoud, =Daudin. 
Dek.=Dekay. 
Desm.=Desmarest. 
Dum.=Dum¢éril. 
Hrxl.=Erxleben. 
Fitz.=Fitzinger. 
Forst.=Forster. 
@rd.=Girard. 
Gin., or Gmel.=Gmelin. 
Gray (Birds)=G. R. Gray. 
Gray (Mam.é& Rept.) =J.E.Gray. 
Gthr.=Giinther. 
Hald.=Haldeman. 
Holbr.=Holbrook. 
Iilég.=Mlliger. = 


Kirt.—Kirtland. 
Lac.=Lacepéde. 
Lafr.=Lafresnaye. 
Lath.=Latham. 
Latr.=Latreille. 
Lawr.= Lawrence. 
LeC.=LeConte. 
Less.—Lesson. 
LeS.=LeSueur. 
Licht.=Lichtenstein. 
L.=Linneus. 
Mitch.=Mitchill. 
Nutt.= Nuttall. 
Poall.=Pallas. 
Raf.=Rafinesque. 
Retch.= Reichenbach. 
Rich.=Richardson. 
Ridg.= Ridgway. 
Sab.—Sabine. 
Sav.=Savigny. 
Schi.=Schlegel. 
Scl.=Sclater. 

H. Smith=Hamilton Smith, 
Steph.=Stephens. 
Stor.—Storer. 
Strickl.—Strickland. 
Sund.=Sundevall. 
Sw.=Swainson. 
Temm.=Temminck. 
Towns.=Townsend. 
Val.=Valenciennes. 
Vieill., or V.=Vieillot. 
Vig.=Vigors. 
Wagl.=Wagler. 
Walb.=Walbaum. 
Wils.= Wilson. 


** Names of Authors not in the above list are usually 


written in full. 


8 


VERTEBRATE ANIMALS 


OF THE 


NORTHERN UNITED STATES.’ 


VERTEBRATA. 


(The Vertebrates.) 


The Vertebrates are, in popular language, “animals 
with a back-bone.” They are distinguished from all 
other animals, says Prof. Huxley, “by the circumstance 
that a transverse and vertical section of the body 
exhibits two cavities, completely separated from one 
another by a partition. The dorsal cavity contains the 
cerebro-spinal nervous system; the ventral, the alimen- 
tary canal, the heart, and, usually, a double chain of 
ganglia, which passes under the name of the ‘sympa- 
thetic’ A vertebrated animal may be devoid of 
articulated limbs, and it never possesses more than two 
pairs. These are always provided with an internal 
skeleton, to which the muscles moving the limbs are 
attached.” 

Without further discussion of this great group of 
animals, we will proceed at once to the consideration of 
the classes. Of existing vertebrates, we here recognize 

9 


10 VERTEBRATE ANIMALS. 


eight classes. These are: —1. Mammatia, or Mammals; 
2. AvEs, or Birds; 3. Reprii1A, or Reptiles; 4. Barracu1a, 
or Batrachians; 5. Pisces, or True Fishes; 6. Exasmo- 
BRANCHII, or Selachians; 7. MARSIPOBRANCHLI, or Myzonts; 
8. Leptocarpi, or Lancelets. 

Of these classes, two, Hlasmobranchii and Leptocardii, 
are represented by marine forms only, and do not, 
therefore, come within the scope of this treatise. 

The relations of the classes of Vertebrates may be 
recognized by the following analysis, taken, in part, 
from Prof. Gill’s “Arrangement of the Families of 
Fishes.” Only the most obvious characters are here 
referred to, although others, less striking, are often of 
greater taxonomic value. 


CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES. 


* Respiration never performed after birth by means of branchiz. 


+ Exoskeleton developed as hair (rarely obsolete); warm blood; 
heart with four cavities; diaphragm complete; two occipital 
condyles; viviparous; young developed from a minute egg, 
and nourished for a time by milk secreted in the mammary 
glands of the mother. - + +  . Mammatra, 

tt Exoskeleton developed as feathers; warm blood; heart with 
four cavities; diaphragm incomplete; a single occipital 
condyle; oviparous; young hatched from a comparatively 
large egg; no mammary glands. . i A 7 AVES. 

++} Exoskeleton developed as scales, or bony plates; cold blood; 
heart with three cavities (four in Crocodilia); a single 
occipital condyle; oviparous (or rarely ovoviparous); young 


hatched from a rather large egg. ‘ ; . REprruia. 
** Respiration performed by gills for a part, or the whole, of life; 
cold blood. 


¢ Skull more or less developed, with the notochord not continued 
forwards beyond the pituitary body; brain differentiated 
and distinctly developed; heart developed and divided 
into at least an auricle and ventricle. 


VERTEBRATA. 11 


a. Skull well developed and with a lower jaw; nostrils paired, 


b. No median rayed fins; limbs not developed as rayed 
fins, but, if present, having the same skeletal elements 
as in the higher vertebrates; skin usually naked; 
respiration in the adult chiefly, or entirely, accom- 
plished by means of lungs, the branchie rarely 
persistent. ss , ; .  . Barracura. 


6b. Rayed fins present on oe line of the body; limbs 
developed as rayed fins; at least one pair being always 
present; respiration by means of branchie throughout 
life; lungs not developed. 


c. Membrane bones (operculum, etc.) developed in con- 
nection with the skull; gills free; the branchial 
openings a single slit on each side; exoskeleton 
usually of scales, or plates, never placoid; eggs 
small and numerous. : F . . Pisces. 


cc. Skull without membrane bones; gills not free; the 
branchial openings slit-like, usually several in 

number; exoskeleton placoid, never of scales, but 

usually composed of calcified papille of various 

styles; eggs few and large. . ELASMOBRANCHIL. 

aa. Skull imperfectly developed and with no lower jaw; 
a single median nostril; paired fins undeveloped, with 

no shoulder girdle nor pelvic elements; gills purse- 
shaped; skin naked. y - MaRsIPOBRANCHII. 

tt Skull undeveloped, with the notochord persistent and extend- 
ing to the anterior end of the head; brain not distinctly 
differentiated; heart none, LEPTOCARDII. 


12 MAMMALS. 


Class +.—flammalia. 


(Zhe Mammais.) 


A Mammal is a warm-blooded, air-breathing vertebrate, 
having the skin more or less covered with hair; vivipar- 
ous; embryo developed from a minute egg, and provided 
with an amnion and allantois; young nourished for a 
time after birth by milk, secreted in the mammary 
glands of the mother; respiration never by branchie, 
but after birth by lungs, suspended freely in the thoracic 
cavity, which is completely separated from the abdominal 
cavity by a muscular septum (the diaphragm); heart 
with four cavities; a complete double circulation. The 
peculiarities of the skeleton are too numerous to be 
noticed in this connection. 

The following key to the Orders and Families of 
Mammals which occur within our limits (omitting the 
Seals and the Cetaceans, all our members of which 
groups are marine), is mostly taken from Prof. Gill’s 
“Arrangement of the Families of Mammals.” It has 
been thought best not to give here any separate account 
of the different orders, as, in the abundance of literature 
on that subject, it seems unnecessary. 


ORDERS OF MAMMALIA. 


* Young not born until of considerable size and nearly perfect 
development, deriving its nourishment, before birth, from 
the mother through the intervention of a placenta; a well 
developed corpus callosum. (MOoNOoDELPHIA.) 


+ Brain with a relatively large cerebrum, overlapping much, or 
all, of the cerebellum and olfactory lobes. (EpUCcABILIA.) 


MAMMALS. 13 


$ Anterior and posterior limbs and pelvis well developed; 

femur and humerus not exserted beyond the common 
integuments of the body. 

a. Feet with developed claws; canines specialized; molars, 

one or more, sectorial, adapted for cutting; incisors 

4; chiefly carnivorous. . Carntvora, A, 

aa. Feet with hoofs; molars mostly with grinding surfaces; 

incisors various; no tusks; developed toes, four or 

fewer; chiefly herbivorous. 7 . Uneurata, B. 

tt Brain with a relatively small cerebrum, leaving behind much 

of the cerebellum exposed, and, in front, much of the 

olfactory lobes. (INEDUCABILIA.) 

b. Canine teeth present, in some form; incisors not $ nor $. 

e. Anterior limbs adapted for flight; ulna and radius 

united; bones of hand and fingers much elon- 

gated, supporting a thin, leathery skin, extending 

along sides of body to the posterior limbs; 

mamme pectoral. ‘ 2 CurIRorreRa, C. 

ec. Limbs all adapted for walking; ulna and radius not 

united; hand normal; mamme usually abdomi- 


nal. : A F Insrcrrvora, D. 
bb. No canine teeth; incisors $, rarely $, chisel shaped; 
limbs adapted for walking. , Ropentia, E. 


** Young born when of very small size and incomplete develop- 
ment, never connected by a placenta to the mother; corpus 
callosum rudimentary. (DmpELPHIA.) . Marsupran, F. 


A. FAMILIES OF CARNIVORA. 


* Intestinal canal provided with a cecum; feet digitigrade; toes 


5-4. 
+ Teeth 28 to 30; head broad; snout short; claws sharp, 
retractile. : e ‘ . Fema, 1. 
tt Teeth 38 to 46; snout tongs claws bluntish, non- 
retractile. ‘ ‘ : ‘ . Cana, 2. 


** Intestinal canal without a coecum; feet plantigrade, or, if not, 
toes 5-5. 


14 MAMMALS. 


¢ Teeth less than 40; body rather slender; feet often more or 
less perfectly digitigrade. é . 5 MustELIDé, 3. 

tt Teeth 40 or 42; body stout; feet completely plantigrade. 
a. Tail rudimentary; teeth 42; lower jaw with three true 
molars; body very large and heavy. .  Unrsipa, 4. 
aa. Tail well developed; teeth 40; lower jaw slender, with 


two true molars; body moderately stout. 
Procyonip&, 5. 


B. FAMILIES OF UNGULATA. 


* Toes paired (artiodactylous); horns solid, deciduous; teeth 34 
or 82. CERVID, 6. 


C. FAMILIES OF CHIROPTERA. 


* Snout not appendaged; tail inclosed in the membrane, or only 
the last joint exserted. . : . VESPERTILIONIDA, 7. 


D. FAMILIES OF INSECTIVORA. 


* No external ear; fore feet greatly Sad ae ria for 


digging; limbs very short. , ‘ TALPIDA, 8. 
** An external ear; feet normal; hind feet usually longest. 
Soriciwz, 9. 


E. FAMILIES OF RODENTIA. 


* Incisors 3; tail well developed. 
+ Hair forming a fur, without spines. 


a. Tail broad, flat and scaly; feet webbed; molars 44; 
body stout and heavy. . . . Casroripas, 11. 


aa. Limbs very short, about equal; fore claws much enlarged; 
large external cheek pouches; body thick-set and heavy; 


molars ##  . . . . . G@Eomyma, 12. 
aaa. Tail and hind legs excessively elongated, the latter 
adapted for leaping; molars $$  . Zapopipa, 13, 


aaaa. With none of the preceding combinations, 


FELID.—1. Ff) 


b. Molars $3 or #4; no foramen (as in the next); tail 
lane tone and hairy; (squirrels, etc.) Scronmpaz, 10. 


bb. Molars 3:3 to $:43 zygomatic process of upper jaw with 


a fancy (rats and mice). ‘ . Moura, 14. 
++ Fur with stiff ee basis toes with long, curved 
claws. 3 3 .  SPaLacopoprips, 15. 


** Incisors $; the middle upper incisors large, grooved, the outer 
ones small; teeth 28; tail very short; ears long. 
Lzporiw4, 16. 


F. FAMILIES OF MARSUPIALIA. 


* Tail long, prehensile, nearly naked; feet plantigrade; incisors 
£4; teeth 50. . . . .  . Dmeneswpma, 1% 


ORDER A.-CARNIVORA. 


(The Flesh-Haters or Fere.) 


FAMILY I.—FELIDA. 
(The Cats.) 


Digitigrade Carnivora with the toes 5-4; claws com- 
pressed, very sharp, retractile; palms and soles hairy, 
with naked pads under each toe and the ball of the foot. 
Body compact; head short, broad androunded. Dentition 
1. 3:3; c. 4:4; pm. $3 or 3:3; m.44=30 or 28; canine teeth 
long and sharp; teeth all strongly trenchant; tongue with 
short, retrorse papille. General aspect cat-like. A well- 

_ known group comprising about fifty species, found in all 
parts of the world excepting Australia and its islands. 


* Premolars $°3, anterior upper one very small; tail at least half 
as long as the body (exclusive of head and neck); fur compact 
and glossy; earsnottuftedl. . . . . «. Fens, 1. 

*t Premolars $4, (anterior upper one wanting); tail less than 

half length of body proper; ears triangular, tufted. Lynx, 2, 


16 MAMMALS. 


I. FELIS, Linneus. Carts. 


1. F. concolor, L. American PanrTHer. CovuGar. 
Puma. Above tawny brownish yellow; a wash of dark- 
er along dorsal line; dirty white below; large; body 4} 
feet long. Whole continent of America, N. to lat. 50° 


to 60°. 
2. LYWX, Rafinesque. Wuip Cars. 


1. L. canadensis, (Desm.) Raf. Canapa Lynx. Feet 
very large, densely furred beneath in winter, concealing 
the small, naked patches; tail black at tip; no distinct 
bars on inner side of legs; much larger than the next, , 
with larger feet and longer fur. N. A. 

2. L. rufus, (Guldenstadt.) Raf. American WILD 
Cat. Inner sides of legs with dark cross bands; tail 
witha black patch at end above, preceded by half rings. 
U. §. and northward. 


FAMILY II.—CANIDA. 
(The Dogs.) 


Digitigrade Carnivora with blunt, non-retractile claws; 
toes 5-4. Muzzle more or less elongated. Dentition typi- 
cally i. 3:3; c. 4:4; pm. $4; m. $2=42; canines large, 
rather blunt. Both hemispheres. 

* Tail comparatively short; upper incisors distinctly lobed ; pupil 
circular. fae pe Me a a Cants, 1. 


** Tail comparatively long and ushy upper incisors scarcely 
lobed; pupil elliptical; body more slender. 


+ Tail with soft fur and long hair; muzzle long. . Vuupns, 2. 


++ Tail with a concealed mane of stiff hairs, and without soft 
fur; muzzle shorter. . . . .  . URocyon,3. 


MUSTELID4.—ni. 17 


1. CANIS, Linneus. Wotves. 


1. €. fupus, L. Woxr. Color exceedingly variable: 
northward it is chiefly gray, southward more and more 
blackish and reddish, till in Florida black wolves pre- 
dominate, and in Texas red ones. N. A. and northern 
parts of the Old World. (C. occidentalis, Auct.) 


2. VULPES, Brisson. Foxus. 


1. V. vulgaris, Fleming. Rep Fox. Cross Fox. Sitver 
Fox. Brack Fox. Chiefly red, with black feet and ears; 
tip of tail white. A single species, widely variable in 
color, as indicated by the common names. N. Am. 


Europe (V. fudvus, Auct.) 


3. UROCYON, Baird. Gray Foxss. 


1. YU. cinereo-argentatus, (Schreb.) Coues. Gray 
Fox. Chiefly gray; fur dusky or fulvous, hairs hoary at 
tip; tip of tail usually dark. Penn. §., W. to the Pacific. 


FAMILY ITI.—MUSTELIDA. 
(The Weasels.) 

Carnivora either plantigrade or digitigrade, with the 
toes 5-5. Molars 4:4 (rarely 4:4); the upper and the last 
lower one tubercular; no coecum. Most species provided 
with glands near the anus which secrete a fetid liquid. 
Some are strictly carnivorous while others are rather om- 
nivorous. Size usually medium or small. They are found 
in all parts of the earth excepting the Australian region. 


* Last or true molar of upper jaw short, small, transversely elon- 
gated; toes short; claws retractile. (MusTELIN2.) 

+ Teeth 38; body slender; feet digitigrade; tail rather long; low- 

er first molar with aninternal tubercle, . Musre.a, 1. 


18 MAMMALS. 


+} Teeth 34; body slender; feet digitigrade; tail usually long; 


sectorial tooth without internal tubercle. . Purorrvus, 2. 
++ Teeth 388; body stout; feet sub- a ame tail as long as 
head, very full and bushy. Bee -  Guto, 3. 


** True molar of upper jaw very large, beeen tubercu- 
lar; fore claws much lengthened, for digging. (MELINZ.) 


a. Body short and stout; tail very short; teeth 32. TaxipEa, 4. 


*** True molar of upper jaw quadrangular, wide, very large, with 
an outer cutting ridge; claws non-retractile, fore claws 


lengthened, fossorial. (MEPHITIN2.) . 
b. Snout pointed; colors black and white; fetid glands highly 
developed; teeth 34. : : , Merpaitis, 5. 


**** True molar large, quadrate; teeth 36; body elongated; toes 
palmate, adapted for swimming. (Lutrimvz.) Lurra, 6. 


1. MUSTELA, Linnzeus. Martens. 


1. M. americana, Turton. Sapte. Pine Marren. 
Chiefly reddish yellow, clouded with black; legs and 
tail, blackish; length less than two feet. Maine to 
Oregon, and northward. 


2. M. pennantii, Erxleben. Fisazr. Buack Car. Color, 
variable ; belly, legs, tail, and hind parts chiefly black; 
length more than two feet. Northern N. A. 


2. PUTORIUS, Cuvier. WeaseEts. 


1. P. vulgaris, Cuvier. Least WrasEt. Liver-brown, 
white beneath; usually white in winter; tail never 
really black at tip ; body 6 to 7 inches long. N. U.S. 
and northward, also Old World. 

2. P. ermineus, Cuvier. Common WeasreL. Ermine. 
Colors various; tip of tail usually black; white in 
winter, northward. Length of body 8 to 11 inches. 


URSIDA.—IV. 19 


N. Am. and Old World, abundant. (P. noveboracensis, 
cicognantt, etc., of authors.) 
3. P. vison, Gapper. Common Minx.  Brownish 


chestnut ; tail black or nearly so; length of body 15 
to 20 inches. N. A. . 


3. GULO, Storr. WotveErtnes. 


1. G. luscus, (L.) Sabine. Wotverinr. Dark brown; 
legs and beneath black. N. U.S. and N. 


4. TAXIDEA, Waterhouse. BapceErs. 


1. T. americana, (Bodd.) Baird. American BapcEr. 
Chiefly grayish. Wisconsin, N. and W. 


5. MEPHITIS, Cuvier. Sxunxs. 


1. M. mephitica, (Shaw) Baird. Common: Sxunx. 
Usually black with tip of tail, dorsal stripes and nuchal 
patch white; sometimes all black or even nearly all 
white. Mexico to Arctic regions, an abundant and fa- 
miliar species. (JZ. chinga, Tiedemann.) 


6. LUTRA, Linneus. Orrers. 


1. L. canadensis, Sabine. AmeErican Orrer. Liver- 
brown; length 44 feet. U.S. 


FAMILY IV.—URSIDA. 
( The Bears. ) 


Plantigrade Carnivora having the body thick and 
clumsy. Tailrudimentary. Teeth 42; molars broad and 
tuberculated, according with the omnivorous diet. Species 
few and widely distributed,—in North America, there are 
probably but three, although many have been described, 
the Polar Bear Thalarctos maritimus, the Grizzly Bear, 
Ursus horribilis, and the following. 


50 MAMMALS. 


7. URSUS, Linnzus. Berars. 


1. U. americanus, Pallas. Brown, Biack or CIN- 
namMon Berar. Color, size, etc., exceedingly variable, 
but the several forms or varieties intergrade perfectly. 


N. Am. 


FAMILY V.—PROCYONIDA. 
(The Raccoons.) 

Plantigrade Carnivora of moderate size, with the body 
comparatively slender and the tail well developed. Teeth 
40. Snout more or less elongated; no coecum. Genera 
two,—Nasua, the Coatimundi of Mexicc, and the follow- 
ing, all American. 


1. PROCYON, Storr. Raccoon. 
1. P. /otor, (L.) Storr. Common Raccoon. “Coon.” 


Grayish white; hairs black-tipped; tail with black rings. 
U.8.; abundant. 


ORDER B.—UNGULATA. 


(The Hoofed Mammais). 


FAMILY VI.—CERVIDA. 
(The Deer). 

Horns deciduous, solid, developed from the frontal 
bone, more or less branched, covered at first by a soft, 
hairy integument, known as “velvet”; when the horns 
attain their full size, which they do in a very short time, 
there arises at the base of each a ring of tubercles known 
as the “burr; ” this compresses and finally obliterates the 


CERVIDA.—V1L 21 


blood-vessels supplying the velvet, which dries up and is 
stripped off, leaving the bone hard and insensible; the 
horns or “antlers” are shed annually, the separation of 
the “beam” from its “pedicel” taking place just below 
the burr ; the antlers are wanting in the female (except- 
ing in the Reindeer) but they are usually present in 
the male. Herbivorous; stomach in four divisions, of 
the ordinary ruminant pattern. Dental formula, i. $:9; 
c. (usually) $:9; pm. 3:3; m. 2:3. A widely distributed 
family. 
* Horns (in males only) very broadly palmated to the tip; nose 
very broad, entirely hairy except asmall naked spot between, 


nostrils. ‘ ‘ ‘ ALCE, 1. 
** Horns (in both sexes) broadly palmated at tip; nose entirely 
hairy, é .  .  . RANGIFER, 2. 


*** Horns (in males only) fauniea: more or less; rarely sub-pal- 
mated; nose naked and moist. 

+ Horns large, curving backward, with the snags all directed 
forward, one of them immediately above the burr; tail very 
short; hoofs broad and rounded; size very large. 

CERvvs, 3. 

tt Horns smaller, curving forward, the first snag short, at some 
distance above the base, and like the others curving 
upward; tail rather long; hoofs rather elongate; size 
smaller. - 3 : 3 s - ‘ Cariacvs, 4, 


1. ALCE, Hamilton Smith. Exxs. 


1. A. americanus, Jardine. Moosz. AMERICAN ELE. 


Largest of our Cervide, reaching the size of a horse. 
Maine and N. N. Y. to Oregon and N. 


2. RANGIFER, Hamilton Smith. REINDEER. 


1. R. caribou, Aud. & Bach. Woopianp CaRrtrzovu. 
ReInvDEER. Maine to Hudson’s Bay and Lake Superior; 
perhaps the same as the Reindeer of Europe (A. 
tarandus.) 


22 MAMMALS. 


8. CERVUS, Linneus. DEER. 

1. @. canadensis, Erxleben. “American ELK.” 
Wapirt. Chestnut red, grayish in winter; size nearly 
equal to that of the Moose. Alleghany region of Penn. 
and Va., Wis. (near Green Bay, Van Vieck,) Yellow- 
stone region and W. 


4. CARIACUS, Gray. Rep DzEr. 


1. €. virginianus, (Bodd.) Gray. Virernta DEER. RED 
Derr. General color chestnut red, grayish in winter. 
Maine to Rocky Mountains and 8., abundant in many re- 
gions. 


ORDER C.—CHIROPTERA. 


(The Bats.) 
FAMILY VII.—VESPERTILIONIDA. 
(The Ordinary Bats.) 


Insectivorous Bats with the snout not appendaged, or 
merely with two lateral excrescences. Wing membranes 
ample. Tail completely enclosed in the interfemoral 
membrane or only the last joint exserted. 

* Cheeks without excrescences; ears moderate, 


+ Incisors $3. . oe ee) 6 VESPERTIIO, 1. 
thIncisors$#$-006.0¢«.¢«.¢«.@¢«.~€02 ATALAPHA, 2. 
** Cheeks with two large excrescences; ears excessively large, 
an inch high; teeth 86,133. . . Corynorurnus, 3. 


1. VESPERTILIO, Linneus. Trrrcau Bars. 
> Scotophilus, Leach. 


* Teeth 38; molars ¢-§; species with thin wings and ears. (Ves- 
pertilio.) 
1. V. subulatus, Say. Litrtu Brown Bar. Face 


VESPERTILIONID&.—VILI. 23 


small, fox-like, with high forehead and pointed snout; 
ears large, oval, twice the height of the erect tragus; 
wings naked; interfemoral membrane naked except at 
base, face whiskered; color dull olive-brown. L. 3; E. 
9; T.13. N.Am.; abundant every where. A smalland 
very variable species. (V. lucifugus, Le C.) 

** Teeth 36; molars $3. (Vesperides.) 


2. V. noctivagans, LeC. Sitver Buack Bat. Tragus 
almost as broad as high, scarcely one-third height of ear; 
femoral membrane entirely though scantily furred; fur 
long and silky, black, usually with silvery tips to the 
hairs. L. 34; E.12; T. 13. U.S. generally. 

*** Teeth 34; molars $2; stouter species, with thicker wings and 
more leathery ears. (Vesperugo.) 

3. V. georgianus, F. Cuvier. Groreia Bat. Tragus 
slender, erect, half the height of the auricle; upper in- 
cisors about equal in size; femoral membrane one-third 
furred; dark reddish brown, brighter forwards. L. 3; 
E. 9; T.14. Maine to Texas; chiefly southward. 

#e&* Teeth 82; molars $43 stout species. (Vesperus.) 

4. V. fuseus, Beauv. Carotina Bat. Dusky Bart. 

Tragus never pointed, nearly half as high as auricle; 
wings naked; interfemoral membrane furred at base; 
ears more or less turned outward; upper lateral incisors 
small, scarcely visible. L.3 to 4; E.12; T. 13. U.S; 
a widely diffused species. (V. carolinensis, Geoff. St. 
Hilaire.) 


2. ATALAPHA, Rafinesque. Rep Bats. 
* Teeth 30; molars #4; upper incisors small; wings naked and 
interfemoral membranes nearly so. (Mycticejus.) 
1. A. crepuscularis, (Le C.) Coues. Twiticur Bat. 
Ears small, wide apart; a small wart above eye; fur 


24 MAMMALS. 


rather scanty; dark fawn color above, passing into 
brownish below; L. 34; E.9; T.14. Penn. to Mo., and 
S.W. : 
** Teeth 32; molars ga. upper incisors stout; interfemoral mem- 
brane hairy above, and wings with furry patches (Laszurus.) 
2. A. noveboracensis, (Erxl.) Coues. Rep Bar. Fur 
long and silky, reddish brown, mostly white at tip; lips 
and ears not edged with black; a whitish tuft at base 
of thumb; L. 33; E. 12; T. 1%. U.S., every where. 
An abundant species, readily known by its reddish color. 


3. A. cinereus, (Beauv.) Coues. Hoary Bar. Rich 


chocolate - brown, overlaid with white; lips and ears 
marked with black; L.5; E.14; T. 24. U.S., rather 
northward, rare. (V. pruinosus, Say.) 


3. CORYNORHINUS, Harrison Allen. Brg-Earnp Bars. 


1. €. macrotis, (Le C.) H. Allen. Big-Earep Bat.- 
Blackish, fur soft and long; L. 33; E. 11; T. 13. Va. to 
Missouri region and 8. 


ORDER D.—INSECTIVORA. 
(The Insect Haters.) 


FAMILY VIII.—TALPIDA. 
(The Moles.) 


Body stout, thick, and clumsy, without visible neck. 
Eyes rudimentary, sometimes concealed. No external 
ears. Limbs very short; feet greatly expanded and 
provided with strong claws, adapted for digging; anterior 
limbs much larger than posterior. Scapula as long as 
humerus and radius together. Canines usually present. 


SORIOID #.—IX. 95 


Fur compact, soft and velvety. Found on both conti- 
nents. 


* Nose elongated, not fringed; nostrils superior or lateral; tail 
short. 


+ Teeth 36; nostrils partly superior; tail nearly naked. 
ScaLops, 1. 
tt Teeth 44; nostrils lateral; tail densely hairy. Scapanus, 2. 
** Nose elongated, fringed at end with a circle of long fleshy 
projections; nostrils terminal; tail nearly as long as body; 
teeth 44, - ‘ : ‘ : ConDYLURA, 3. 


1. SCALOPS, Cuvier. Surew Moxzs. 

1. §. aquaticus, (L.) Fischer. Common Motz. Dark 
plumbeous, paler below; feet full webbed; eyes not 
covered by skin. E.U.S.; an abundant and well known 
species. 

2. §. argentatus, Aud. & Bach. Prarrrze Motz. 
Silvery plumbeous; said to be larger and more silvery 
than the preceding. Ohio and W., chiefly in the prairie 
region. 


2. SCAPANUS, Pomel. Hatry-Tartep Morzs. 


1. S. brewer, (Bach.) Pomel. Harry-Tamzep Moz. 
Dark plumbeous, with brown gloss. E. U.S. 


3. CONDYLURA, Wliger. Srar-nosep Motzs. 
1. €. cristata, (L.) Desmarest. Srar-nosep Motz. 
Blackish. U.§., chiefly northerly, from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific. 


FAMILY IX.—SORICIDA. 
(The Shrews.) 

Mouse-like Insectivora, with the eyes and external 
ears distinctly developed. Muzzle elongated. Feet 
normal, not fossorial; the fore-feet mostly smaller than 
the hind ones. Teeth 18%22, no canines. The most 


2 


26 MAMMALS. 


abundant and widely distributed family of the Insecti- 

vora. The assumed specific distinctions in this family 

are utterly worthless, and it is at present impossible to 
characterize the species. The following are the best 
known. (See Addenda.) 

* Ears large; auricle directed backwards; tail about as long as 
the body; upper anterior incisors with a second basal hook, 
and an angular process on the inner side near the point. 

Sorex, 1. 

** Ears small, concealed by the fur; tail not longer than head; 
auricle directed forwards; upper anterior incisor without 
above-mentioned hook and process. 7 . Barina, 2. 


1. SOREX, Linnzus. Surews. 

1. §. platyrhinus, (Dek.) Wagner. Common SHREW. 
A small, long-nosed, large-eared species, of a chestnut 
color, having the tail much shorter than head and body; 
said to be abundant in the Eastern and Middle States. 

2. §. eooperi, Bach. WustTERN Surew. Still smaller; 


color light chestnut; tail nearly as long as head and 
body. New England, N. and W. 


2. BLARINA, Gray. Suort-Tarep Surews. 


1. B. brevicauda, (Say) Baird. More Surew. Tail 
less than one-third length of head and body; color 
brownish gray. E.U.S8., the common species. 


ORDER E.— RODENTIA. 
(The Rodents or Glires.) 
FAMILY X.—SCIURIDA. 
(The Squirrels.) 
Rodents with the molars §:§ (upper anterior often 
deciduous), the last 4 of nearly equal size; a distinct 
postorbital process of frontal bone; tibia and fibula 


SCIURIDZ.—x. 27 


distinct. Species of rather small size, widely distributed. 

The variations in color, etc., are extremely great, and 

the number of well-defined species is very much less 

than was once supposed. 

* A densely furred membrane extending along the sides between 
the anterior and posterior limbs; tail depressed, flattened, 


densely furred; permanent molars 5-5 above. 


: ScruropTerves, 1. 
** Sides without membrane for “ flying.” 


+ No cheek pouches; tail bushy, at least as long as body; ears 
long; no black stripes along the back. . ScruRus, 2. 
++ Cheek pouches present. 


t Back with 3 to 5 distinct black stripes; tail shorter than 
body, not bushy; cheek pouches well developed. 
Tamias, 3. 


tt Not as above; body rather slender, squirrel-like; cheek 
pouches well developed; claw of thumb rudimentary 
or wanting. F ‘ SPERMOPHILUS, 4. 


ttt Body large, thick-set, depressed; cheek pouches shallow; 
thumb rudimentary, armed with a small flat nail, not a 
claw; soles naked. ‘ ‘ .  ARctomys, 5. 


7. SCIUROPTERUS, F. Cuvier. Firyinc SQurrreEts. 
< Pteromys, Cuvier. 


1. S. volucella, (Pall.) Geoff. Common Fiyine 
SqurrrEL. Yellowish brown, creamy white below. N. 
Am., abundant. (P. volucella, etc., authors.) 


2. SCIURUS, Linnzus. SQuiRRELs. 


1. S. niger, Linn. Fox Squrrrer. Upper molars 
permanently 4; tail very large and bushy; general color 
rusty gray, varying from almost white, through various 
shades of rusty red to jet black, the latter color rare 
northward, reddish and orange shades predominating 
westward; L. 26; T. 14. E. U.S., very abundant in the 


28 MAMMALS. 


Mississippi region. Leading varieties are: var. niger, 
the Southern form, gray to black with the ears and nose 
white; var. cinereus, the Eastern form, with short ears, 
scarcely longer than the fur; and var. Zudovicianus, the 
Western form, with high ears and a prevailing tinge of 
orange red. 

2. §. carolinensis, Auct. Gray Squirret. Biack 
SquirreL. Upper molars 5; varies from grizzly yellow- 
ish gray to pure jet black; L. 24; T.13. N. Am., E. of 
the plains, abundant. 


3. S. hudsonius, Pallas. Rep SquirREL. CHICKAREE. 
Chiefly rusty red, back with a wash of brighter red; 
L. 14; T. 63. N. Am., rather northerly; abundant. 


3. TAMIAS, Tlliger. Grounp SquiRRELs. 


1. T. striatus, (L.) Baird. Carrpmenn. Grounp Squir- 
REL. Back and sides with five black stripes; L. 11; T. 
44, Maine to Va., and westward; abundant. 


4. SPERMOPHILUS, Cuvier. GoPHERs. 


1. §. tridecemlineatus, (Mitch.) Aud. & Bach. 
Srripep Gopnrer. Dark brown, with light stripes 
alternating with lines of dots, about thirteen in all; L. 
10; T.4. Prairies; Ark. to the Saskatchawan. 

2. 8. franklini, (Sab.) Rich. Gray Goruzr. Yellow- 
ish gray, mottled with brown; L. 15; T. 53. Prairies; 
Til. and northward. 


5. ARCTOMYS, Schreber. Marmors. 


1. A. monax, (L.) Gmel. Woopcuuck. Grounp Hoe. 
Grizzly gray, varying to chestnut and blackish. Hud- 
son’s Bay to Va., and westward; common. 


GEOMYIDZ.— XI. 29 


FAMILY XI.—CASTORIDA. 
(The Beavers.) 

Aquatic Rodents of large size, having the molars 
rootless, #4, or £4; fore feet with five distinct toes and 
claws; tibia and fibula distinct; no postorbital process. 
A small family, containing but two existing genera, 
Haplodontia of our N.W. coast, and Castor. 

* Molars 44 above; hind feet webbed; tail broad, flat, and scaly. 


Castor, 1. 
1. CASTOR, Linnzeus. BrEavers. 


1. C. fiber, L. Braver. Mexico to the Polar Sea; 
now being rapidly exterminated. (C’. canadensis, Kuhl.) 


FAMILY XII.— GEOMYIDA. 
(The Pouched Gophers.) 

Cheek pouches large and distinct, opening outside of 
the mouth. Molars 4:4; incisors large and thick; skull 
heavy; temporal bones enormously developed. Limbs 
about equal, the fore claws, five in number, very large; 
tibia and fibula united. Body thick-set and clumsy. 

Genera two, Geomys and Thomomys, all North Ameri- 
can, and chiefly inhabiting the central plains; habits 
nocturnal and subterranean. 

* A large groove near the middle of each upper incisor; crown 


of molars elliptical. ss ‘ . : ‘ Gzomys, 1. 
1. GEOMYS, Rafinesque. Poucnep GoPruHERs. 

1. G. bursarius, (Shaw) Rich. Pocker Gopusr. Red- 
dish brown, with plumbeous tinge. Prairies, Wis. and 
Tils., westward. 

FAMILY XIII.—ZAPODIDA. 
(The Jumping Mice.) 

Hind legs greatly elongated, adapted for taking long 

leaps; fore legs short. Tail very long. Molars 44; 


30 MAMMALS. 


tibia and fibula united. Contains, probably, but a single 
species, inhabiting the Northern U. &., related to the Old 
World Jerboas. 


1. ZAPUS, Coues Jumpine Micz. 
= Jaculus, Wagler. 


1. Z. hudsonius, (Zimmermann) Coues. Yellowish 
brown. U.S., chiefly northward; variable. 


FAMILY XIV.— MURIDA. 


(The Mice.) 

Incisors 3; molars usually 3:3; anteorbital foramen a 
vertical slit, widening above and bounded externally by 
a broad plate of the upper maxillary; coronoid and 
condyloid processes of lower jaw well developed. A 
large family, found in all parts of the globe, some of the 
species (Mus) being cosmopolitan, having accompanied 
man in his migrations through the ages; all are of small 
size, the muskrat being one of the largest, and many are 
smaller than any other quadrupeds, except the Shrews. 
* Incisors laterally compressed; molars rooted. (MuRIN#&.) 

+ Molars with three tubercles in transverse series; soles naked; 

tail long, scaly ; (Old World species, introduced in America.) 
Mos, 1. 
tt Molars complicated, with two tubercles in transverse series; 
soles usually hairy; (New World species.) 
a. Ratlike; size large; ears large, rarely naked. Nrotoma, 2. 
aa. Mouse-like; size small. 


b. Incisors not grooved; ears very large; feet and lower 


parts usually white. . .  HEspPrrRomys, 8. 
bb. Size very small; upper incisors grooved longitudinally. 
along their anterior surface. . OcuHEToDon, 4. 


** Incisors very broad; molars rootless (except in Hvotomys). 
}¢ Tail not specially compressed; teeth not grooved. 


MURIDA.—XIv. 31 


¢. Molars rooted; coronoid process of lower jaw, not reaching 
level of condyle; ears overtopping the fur. Evoromys, 5. 


ce. Molars rootless; coronoid process as high as condyle; ears 
more or less concealed. : ‘ ¥ ARVICOLA, 6. 


tt Upper incisors grooved; root of lower incisor ending 
abruptly opposite the last molar; ears large. 
Synaptomys, 7. 


tH Tail scant-haired, vertically flattened; hind feet partly 
webbed; size large. e. ® mS FIser, 8. 


7. MUS, Linneeus. OLtp Wortp Rats anv Mick. 

1. M. decumanus, Pallas. Brown or Norway Rat. 
Tail nearly an inch shorter than head and body, grayish 
brown above; paler below; feet dusty white; fur mixed 
with stiff hairs; cosmopolitan; introduced into America 
about 1775, and now the commonest species. 

2. M. rattus, L. Buack Rat. Tail not shorter than 
head and body; sooty black, plumbeous below; feet 
brown; introduced about 1544, but now being supplanted 
by the preceding. 

3. M. alexandrinus, Geoff. Roor Rat. WaHits- 
Beturep Rat. Introduced in the Southern States. 

4. M. musculus, L. Common House Movsz. Cosmo- 
politan; every where too well known. 


2. NEOTOMA, Say. & Ord. Woop Rats. 


1. MW. floridana, S. & O. Woop Rar. Tail scantily 
hairy, scarcely as long as body without head; feet 
entirely white; L.14; T.6, or less. S. U.S, N. to 
Mass. and Ills. 


3. HESPEROMYS, Waterhouse. Wutrr-FooTEeD Micz. 


* Fur soft and glossy; lower parts white; soles naked, or slightly 
hairy; tail closely hairy; ears large. (Vesperimus.) 


1. H. leucopus, (Raf.) LeC. DEER Mouss. WuitE- 


82 MAMMALS. 


FOOTED Movsz. Yellowish brown; tail distinctly bicolor, 
about as long as head and body; hind feet more than 
inch. N. Am.; abundant. 

2. H. michiganensis, (Aud. & Bach.) Wagner. Mucut- 
aan Movs. Tail little longer than body without head, 
bicolor; hind feet less than # inch; dark brown; a 
darker dorsal band; L. 3, or less, to base of tail. Upper 
Miss. Valley to Mich., etc. 

3. H. aureolus, (Aud. & Bach.) Wagner. Rep Movsz. 
Yellowish cinnamon, bright especially on ears; belly not 
pure white. Pa. to IIls., and 8. 


** Soles naked; tail scant-haired. about as long as head and body; 
ears small. (Oryzomys.) 


4: H. palustris, (Harlan) Baird. Rick-rreLtp Movss. 
Blackish and ashy above, becoming paler below; fur 
harsh, but compact; a large rat-like species. S. States, 
N. to N. J. and Kas. 


4. OCHETODON, Coues. Harvest Mice. 
< Reithrodon, Baird. 
1. 0. humilis, (Aud. & Bach.) Coues. Harvest Mouse. 
Tail shorter than head and body; appearance decidedly 
mouse-like. U.S&., southerly, N. to Iowa. 


5. EVOTOMYS, Coues. Lone-EaRED Micx. 
< Arvicola, Bd. 

1. E. rutilus (Pall.) var. gapperi, (Vigors) Coues. Lone- 
EARED Mouse. Color chestnut; ears prominent; a 
brownish dorsal band; size of common mouse. North- 
ern frontier, S. to Mass. 


6. ARVICOLA, Lacepede. Firtp Micz. 


* Back upper molar with two external triangles and a posterior 
crescent; middle upper molar with two internal triangles; 
front lower molar with three internal and two or three lateral 
triangles; size large. (Myonomes.) 


SPALACOPODID4.— XV. 33 


1. A. riparius, Ord. Mzapvow Movusz. Fore claws 
not longer than hind claws; tail one-third length of 
head and body, or more. U. §.; generally abundant. 

** Back upper molar with one exterior triangle and a posterior 
trefoil; middle upper molar with one internal triangle; front 
lower molar with two internal and one external triangle; 
fore claws not larger than hinder; fur ordinary; size 
medium. (Pedomys.) 

2. A. austerus, LeC. Tail one-third length of head 
and body, or less. Western States, E. to Michigan. 

*** Teeth as in Pedomys; fore claws larger than hinder; fur 
dense, silky, mole-like; size small. (Pdtymys.) 

3. A. pinetorum, LeC. Prye Mouse. Tail about one- 
fourth length of head and body. E. U.S. : 


7. SYNAPTOMYS, Baird. Coorrr’s Movuss. 


1. S. cooperi, Baird. Head short and heavy; fur soft 
and long. W. States, E. to Ind. 


8. FIBER, Cuvier. Musxrats. 


1. F. zibethicus, (L.) Cuv. Muskrat. Musquasn. A 
well-known aquatic animal, the largest of our Murida. 
N. Am.; every where. 


FAMILY XV.—SPALACOPODIDA. 
(The Poreupines.) 


Body more or less armed with spines. Molars rooted, 
44. Toes 4-5 in ours, sub-equal, with long, com- 
pressed, curved claws; soles warty. Muzzle hairy; 
upper lip without a groove; chiefly arboreal; nearly all 
are South American. The above characters apply rather 
to the sub-family Cercolabinw, to which our genus 
belongs, than to the whole family. 


34 MAMMALS. 


1. ERETHIZON, ¥. Cuvier. American PorcuPrineEs. 


1. E. dorsatus, (L.) F. Cuvier. Wairz-aa1rep Porcu- 
ping. Dark brown, spines chiefly white. N. Am., 8. to 
Mexico. 


FAMILY XVI.— LEPORIDA. 
(The Hares.) 


Incisors $, the extra pair in upper jaw small, and 
placed behind the principal pair, which are grooved in 
front; molars §:§. A single well-known genus, widely 
distributed. 


1. LEPUS, Linneus. Harzs. 


* Fur white in winter. 


1. L. americanus, Erxleben. Wautrr Ragpir. Norra- 
ERN Hare. Size large; hind feet longer than head; 
ears about equal to length of head; fur, in summer, 
cinnamon brown, in winter, becoming white at the 
surface, plumbeous at base, with a broad median band 
of reddish brown. Wooded districts, New England to 
Minn., and §. to Va., along the Alleganies. 


** Fur never white. 


2. L. sylvaticus, Bachman. Gray Rasszir. Size 
small; hind feet not longer than head; ears two-thirds 
length of head; gray above, varied with black, and more 
or less tinged with yellowish brown; below white. U.S. 
eastward; less northerly than the preceding. Two 
Southern species, J. palustris, Bach., the Marsh Rabbit, 
and ZL. aquaticus, Bach., the Water Rabbit, abound in 
8. Ills. (WVedson.) 


DIDELPHIDIDZ.— XVII. 35 


ORDER F.—MARSUPIALIA. 
(The Marsupials.) 


FAMILY XVII.— DIDELPHIDIDA. 
(The Opossums.) 
Marsupial mammals of small size, with the teeth i. $4, 
c. 4:4, pm. #3, m.¢4. Feet five-toed, plantigrade, claws 
5-4. Tail usually very long, nearly naked, covered by a 


scaly skin, with a few scattered hairs, prehensile. All 
the species are American. 


1. DIDELPHYS, Linnzeus. Opossums. 


1. D. virginiana, Shaw. Common Opossum. Dirty 
white; legs dark; L. 385; T.14. N.Y. to Rocky Moun- 
tains, rather southerly; common. 


36 BIRDS. 


Class TI. — Abes. 


( The Birds.) 


A Bird may be defined as an air-breathing vertebrate 
with a covering of feathers; warm blood; a complete 
double circulation; the two anterior limbs (wings) 
adapted for flying or swimming, the two posterior limbs 
(legs) adapted for walking or swimming; respiration 
never effected by gills or branchie, but, after leaving 
the egg, by lungs which are connected with air cavities 
in various parts of the body. Reproduction by eggs, 
which are fertilized within the body and hatched 
externally, either by incubation or exposure to the heat 
of the sun; the shell calcareous, hard and brittle. 

Much more might be added, but the obvious distinction 
is this: — All Birds have feathers, and no other animat 
has feathers. 

The classification of this group, as of most others, is 
still in an unsettled condition. Strictly speaking, the 
existing members of the class are so closely related that 
they might, with propriety, be combined into one order, 
which, by Prof. Gill, has been named Eurniprpura. At 
present, however, the term “order” may be applied to 
the groups so designated below, without thereby implying 
any such structural differences as exist. between the 
“orders” of Reptiles or Fishes. 

We now proceed to an artificial key to the 


ORDERS OF BIRDS. 


* Toes 8: twoinfront,one behind. . . . Prcarra, H. 
** Toes 8: all in front; toes cleft or semipalmate. Liuacona, M. 


BIRDS. 3T 


*** Toes 4: two in front, two behind. 
Bill cered and hooked. ‘ ‘ -  Psrrracr, I. 
Bill lengthened, not cered nor hooked. Prcari#, H. 
*#*€* Toes 4: three in front, one behind. 
I. Toes not webbed at all, cleft to the base, or with the basal 
joints immovably coherent. 
a. Hind toe inserted on a level with the rest and generally 
longer than the shortest anterior toe. 
. Claw of hind toe at least as long asthat of middle toe. 
+ Bill without cere, never very strongly hooked; outer 
toe not versatile. . ‘ 2 ‘ PassEREs, G. 
tt Bill with cere, strongly hooked; outer toe usually 
versatile; claws very sharp and strong. RarTorEs, J. 
6b. Claw of hind toe shorter than that of middle toe. 
$ Bill stoutish; nostrils opening beneath a soft, swollen 
membrane (shrunken in drying). CoLuMBz, K. 
tf Bill tenuirostral, very slender; secondaries 6, very 
short. Humming-birds. ‘ . Picaria, H. 
aa. Hind toe elevated above the level of the rest, and usually 
shorter than the others. 
¢. Bill fissirostral—culmen very short, but gape very wide 
and deep, reaching to below eyes. .  Prcarr#, H. 
cc. Bill lengthened, not fissirostral. 
d. First primary emarginate, or else about as long as 
second. F ae ‘ ‘ Limico.a, M. 
dd. First primary not sala much shorter than 
second. . . . . ALECTORIDEs, O. 
II. Toes syndactyle — without sein but with the outer and 
middle toes coherent half their length. . Picarza, H. 
III. Toes semipalmate; two or three of them joined at base only 
by evident movable webbing. 
e. Hind toe inserted on a level with the rest. 
f. Tibie feathered below. 
g. Bill cered and hooked; claws sharp and strong. 
RapTores, J. 
gg. Bill not cered and hooked; nostrils opening beneath 
asoft, swollen membrane. . . CoLumBa, K. 


88 BIRDS. 


ff. Tibie naked below. a ee Heropronss, N. 


ee. Hind toe inserted above the level of the rest, and usually 
shorter than any of the others. 


h. Tibi feathered below. 


t. Nostrils perforate; head more or less naked. 


RapToreEs, J. 
#. Nostrils imperforate. : 


j. Bill fissirostral — gape wide, reaching to below eye. 
Pricart#, H. 


jj. Bill stout, not fissirostral ; nostrils scaled or feathered. 


GaLuine, L. 
hh. Tibie naked below. 


k. Nostrils perforate. tA we oe ALECTORIDES, O. 
kk. Nostrils imperforate. 
1, Head bald; tarsus reticulate. . HErRopronss, N. 


W. Head feathered; tarsus usually scutellate. 
Lricoua, M. 


IV. Toes lobate, webbed at base or not, but conspicuously 
bordered on sides by plain or scalloped membranes. 


m. Tail rudimentary; legs set far back. . Pyaoropss, 8. 
mm. Tail perfect; a horny frontal shield. © ALECTORIDES, O. 
mmm. Tail perfect; forehead feathered, without horny shield. 


LimicoLa, M. 
V. Toes palmate; three front toes full-webbed. 


n. Bill curved upwards; legs elongated. . Limiconm, M. 
nn. Bill lamellate, mostly flattish and furnished at tip with a 
decurved nail. ; : ‘ LAMELLIROSTRES, P. 

nnn. Bill not recurved nor lamellate. 
o. Hind toe not lobate; wings long and pointed; tail well 
developed. ‘ “ : , LonerPennes, R. 
oo. Hind toe lobate; wings and tail short. Pyaoropzs, 8. 
VI. Toes totipalmate; all four full-webbed. Stz@anopovzs, Q. 


G FAMILIES OF PASSERES. 


I. Oseines. Each side of tarsus covered with a plate, undivided 
in most of its length and meeting its fellow in a sharp ridge 


BIRDS. 39 


behind (in a few cases, back of tarsus without ridge, and formed 
of a few scutellee distinct from those lapping over the front); first 
primary short, spurious or wanting, if present, not more than 
two-thirds of the longest; musical apparatus highly developed. 
* Primaries 10; the first short or spurious. 
+ Tarsus booted; rictus with bristles. 
a. Middle toe quite free from inner; birds of moderate size, 
length more than 6. 

b. Wings moderate, not reaching when folded beyond the 
middle of tail, and not more than one-third longer 
than tail; tip of wing formed by 3d to 6th quill; no 
blue. é a s P Turpipa, 18. 

bb. Wings very long, ers reaching beyond middle of 
tail, and more than half longer; tip of wing formed 
by 2d to 4th quills; ours chiefly blue. SaxrcoLipa, 19. 

aa. Middle and inner toes connected at base; small, length 
less than 5. ‘ : - ° 3 . SyLvimpa, 20. 
tt Tarsus scutellate in front. 


ce. Nostrils concealed by tufts of antrorse, bristly feathers. 


d. First primary not more than half length of second; bill 
not notched; length less than 8. 


e. Bill as long as head; wings pointed, much longer than 


tail. 7 F . SITTIDA, 22. 
ee. Bill much shorter than oe wings about as long as 
tail. - % P ‘ . Parva, 21. 


dd. First primary more — ‘half length of second; bill 
usually notched, the bristly nasal feathers branched to 
their tips; large, length more than 8. CorviD&, 35. 

ec. Nostrils exposed (rarely slightly overhung). 

f. Bill distinctly notched near its tip, often hooked. 

g. Tail longer than wings; general color gray or ashy- 
brown. 
h. Bill very stout, compressed, strongly notched, toothed 
and abruptly hooked at tip; large, length 8 to 9. 
LantIp&, 32. 
2h. Bill more slender, not deeply notched nor abruptly 
hooked; length8to10. . . Turpma, 18. 


40 BIRDS. 


hhh. Bill very slender, not strongly notched nor hooked ; 

small, length 4 to 5. z SYLVIID&, 20. 

gg. Tail shorter than wings; general color olivaceous; 
bill stout, notched and hooked; length 44 to 64. 


VIREONIDA, 31. 
ff. Bill not at all notched. 


z. Rictus with bristles; quills not barred, the tail longer 
than wings; large, length 9 or more. TuRDID#, 18. 
éz. No rictal bristles; wings and tail barred or undulated, 
usually about equal in length, the latter of rounded 
feathers; small, length 6 or less. 
TROGLODYTIDA, 24. 
att. No rictal bristles; tail about as long as wings, scan- 
sorial,—its feathers rigid and acute, not barred; bill 
long, decurved; length 5to6. . CERTHIIDA, 23. 
#* Primaries 9; the first about as long as second. 

¢ Bill fissirostral, — triangular, depressed, about as wide at base 
as long; its wide, deep gape twice as long as the culmen, 
reaching to opposite the eyes; no rictal bristles; wings 
very long and pointed. . . . MHIRuNpDINIDA, 29. 
tt Bill tanagrine, — stout, conic, its outlines convex, the tomia 
with one or more lobes or nicks near the middle; nostrils 
very high; plumage brilliant, chiefly red (4) or yellow (9). 
TANAGRIDA, 28. 
ttt Bill conirostral,—stout at base, and more or less conic; 
nostrils high up; tomia more or less evidently angulated 
near the base (2. ¢., “corners of mouth drawn downward.” ) 
j. Bill truly conic, much shorter than the head, usually 

notched at tip, or with bristles at the rictus. 
FRINGILLIDA, 33. 
jj. Bill conic, but lengthened more or less, about as long as 
head (except in Dolichonyx and Molothrus, the Bob-o- 
link and Cowbird); no notch at the tip or bristles at the 


rictus. . . Icrerma, 34. 
tHtt Bill not as above, wih the ‘tonite straight, or very gently 
curved. 


k. Conspicuously crested; bill triangular, depressed, notched, 
and hooked; tail tipped with yellow; secondaries (in 
full plumage) with red, horny tips. . AmPELIDs, 30. 


BIRDS. 41 


kk. Nostrils concealed by bristly feathers; tarsus scutellate 
behind; hind claw long and nearly straight; inner 
secondaries lengthened. .  .  «  ALAUDIDA, 25. 
kkk. No crest; nostrils exposed; tarsus strictly “ oscine.” 

i. Hind claw much elongated, twice as long as middle claw, 
with its toe much longer than middle toe and claw; 
pill very slender; longest secondary nearly equal to 
primaries in closed wing. ‘ Moraci.uipZ, 26. 

Wi. Hind claw not specially elongated, not twice as long as 
middle claw; inner secondaries not lengthened. 

m. Bill stout, compressed, notched, and abruptly hooked 
at tip; general color olivaceous, tail not blotched 
with white or yellow. ‘ .  VIREONIDA, 31. 

mm. Bill various, notched or not, but little, if at all, 
hooked; colors often brilliant. SyuvicoLis, 27. 


II. Clamatores. Outside of tarsus covered with a series of plates 
variously arranged, lapping entirely around in front and 
behind to meet in a groove on the inner side; primaries 10. 

n. First primary lengthened, often longest, always more than # 
length of the longest; bill broad, depressed, tapering to a 
point which is abruptly hooked; rictal bristles numerous; 
nostrils overhung but not concealed; tail not tipped with 
yellow. a a TYRANNIDA, 36. 


H. FAMILIES OF PICARILA. 
I. Feet zygodactyle (two toes in front, two behind) by reversion 
of outer toe; (hallux wanting in Picoides.) 


a. Tail scansorial, of 12 rigid, acuminate feathers, of which the 
outer pair are short and concealed; bill stout and straight; 


nasal tufts usually developed. . . . Purcrpa, 42. 
aa. Tail not scansorial, of 8 to 10 long, soft feathers; bill de- 
curved; no nasal tufts. é F 5 . CucuLma, 41. 


II. Feet syndactyle, by cohesion of outer and middle toes; tibize 
naked below; bill stout and straight, longer than head. 
ALCEDINIDZ, 40. 
III. Feet neither zygodactyle nor syndactyle; wings long and 
pointed. 


42 BIRDS. 


b. Bill tenuirostral, very slender, much longer than head; secon- 
daries very short, 6 in number: plumage compact. 
TROCHILIDA, 39. 
bb. Bill fissirostral, much shorter than head; secondaries more 
than 6. ° 
c. Rictal bristles present; middle claw pectinate; plumage 
lax, variegated; length 8 or more. CAPRIMULGID&, 37. 
cc. No rictal bristles; plumage compact, of blended colors; 
tail feathers (in ours) spinous; length 6 or less. 
CYPSELID&, 38. 


I. FAMILIES OF PSITTACI. 


I. Cere feathered, concealing the nostrils; plumage coarse and 
dry, chiefly green. . . . «. «.  . ARIDA, 43, 


J. FAMILIES OF RAPTORES. 


I. Hind toe on a level with the rest, more than half length of 
outer toe, and with a large claw; claws strong, sharp, much 
curved; nostrils imperforate; head mostly feathered; bill 
strongly hooked. 

a. Hyes directed forwards in consequence of the great lateral 
expansion of: the cranium, and surrounded by a disk of 
radiating bristly feathers. a ar StTRiaipa#, 44. 

aa. Eyes lateral; no complete facial disk. . Fanconrpa, 45. 

II. Hind toe elevated, not more than half length of outer toe; 
claws weak and little curved; nostrils perforate; head mostly 
naked; bill little hooked. : 3 . CatTHaRTIDa, 46. 


K, FAMILIES OF COLUMBA. 
I. Head small, feathered (except sometimes a circumorbital ring); 
feathers loosely inserted. an z CoLUMBID, 47. 

L. FAMILIES OF GALLINA. 


I. Head unfeathered, with wattles and caruncles; a tuft of bristly 
feathers on breast; tarsus spurred in 4; plumage iridescent; 
large, 36 or more. ‘ ‘ ‘ : MELEaAGRIDa#, 48. 


II. Head feathered, plumage not iridescent; size much smaller. 


BIRDS. 43 


Tarsus partly or entirely feathered, as is also the nasal 
groove; sides of neck usually with bare skin or pecul- 
iar feathers. 3 ‘ : ‘TETRAONIDA, 49. 


Tarsus and nasal groove unfeathered; no peculiar feathers 
on neck, ‘ : ede . . PERpicipa, 50. 


M. FAMILIES OF LIMICOLA. 


I. Toes lobate; tarsus notably compressed; body depressed. 
PHALAROPODID#, 54, 
II. Toes not lobate; tarsus not specially compressed. 

* Legs exceedingly long; tarsus as long as tail; bill much 
longer than head, slender, acute, and curved upwards; fect 
4-toed and palmate, or 3-toed and semipalmate. 

RECURVIROSTRIDA, 53. 


** Bill usually shorter than head, pigeon-like, the broad, soft 
base separated by a constriction from the hard tip; head 
sub-globose, on a short neck; tarsus reticulate; toes 3 
(except in Sguatarola). . 8 . CHarapropaé, 51. 

¥** Bill usually longer than head, mostly grooved, not con- 
stricted, softish to its tip; tarsus scutellate; toes 4 (except 
in Oalidris). - j ‘ ‘ 5 ScoLopacipa, 55. 

*#** Not as above; bill hard, either compressed and truncate, 


or acute; feet 4-toed and cleft, or 3-toed and semipalmate. 
HaMaToropip&, 52. 


N. FAMILIES OF HERODIONES. 


I. Bill long, straight, acute; middle claw pectinate. ARDEIDZ, 56. 


II. Bill curved downwards, or else flat and spoon-shaped. 
TANTALIDA, 57. 


0. FAMILIES OF ALECTORIDES. 


I. Very large; length 36 or more, with excessively long neck and 
legs; toes shorter than tarsus; bill contracted at the middle. 
Grorps, 58. 


II. Smaller, length 18 or less, with comparatively short neck and 
legs; toes as long as tarsus; bill not contracted. 
: Ratiipa, 59. 


44 BIRDS. 


P. FAMILIES OF LAMELLIROSTRES. 
I. Neck and legs moderate; tibie feathered; bill not decurved. 
ANATIDz, 60. 
Q. FAMILIES OF STEGANOPODES. 
I. Bill longer than tail; many times longer than head, with the 
gular pouch enormous; wings long. . PELECANID#, 61. 


IL. Bill about as long as head, shorter than tail, which is fan- 
shaped, of rigid feathers; wings short. 
PHALACROCORACIDA, 62. 


R. FAMILIES OF LONGIPENNES. 


I. Nostrils not tubular, perforate; bill with a continuous covering. 
Larin&, 63. 


S. FAMILIES OF PYGOPODES. 
I. Feet palmate; tail developed; head closely feathered. 
CoLYMBID&, 64. 


II. Feet lobate; tail undeveloped; head usually with naked loral 
strip and peculiar feathers. . .  .  Poptcrerma, 65. 


ORDER G.—PASSERES. 
( Passerine Birds.) 


Toes always 4; feet fitted for perching; the hind toe 
always on a level with the rest, its claw at least as long 
as that of middle toe, and often much longer; joints of 
toes respectively 2, 3, 4, 5, from first to fourth; toes 
never versatile; wing coverts comparatively few, chiefly 
in two series. Tail feathers 12, primaries 9 or 10. 
Musical apparatus more or less developed. Sternum of 
a certain uniform pattern. Nature altricial. 

This group comprises the great majority of all Birds, 
and they represent the “highest grade of development, 
and the most complex organization of the class; their 


TURDID.A.— XVII. 45 


high physical irritability is co-ordinate with the rapidity 
of their respiration and circulation; they consume the 
most oxygen and live the fastest of all birds.” (Cowes.) 


FAMILY XVIII.—TURDIDA. 
(The Thrushes.) 


Primaries 10, the first short or spurious; bill generally 
rather long, not conical, usually with a slight notch near 
the tip; nostrils oval, not concealed, but nearly or quite 
reached by the bristly frontal feathers; rictus with 
bristles, which are well developed in most of our species; 
tarsus in typical species, “booted,” 7¢.¢., enveloped in a 
continuous plate, formed by the fusion of all the scutellee 
except two or three of the lowest; in other species dis- 
tinctly scutellate. Toes deeply cleft, the inner one free, 
the outer united to the middle one, not more than half 
the length of the first basal joint. 

A large family of more than two hundred species, 
found in most parts of the world, and embracing quite a 
wide variety of forms. Nearly all of them are remark- 
able for their vocal powers. Their food consists of 
insects and soft fruits. 

Our species fall into three strongly marked sub-families, 
of which the Mimine have been often associated with 
the Wrens, and the Myiadestinew with the Wax Wings. 

I. The Turpin, or Typical Thrushes, have the tarsus 
booted, the first primary spurious, and the wings longer 
than the tail. They build rather rude nests, sometimes 
plastered with mud, and they lay four to six greenish or 
bluish eggs, either plain or speckled. All sing well, and 
some of them most exquisitely. Our species are usually 
referred to the typical genus, Zirdus, but we have here 
separated the Wood Thrushes, as a group of full generic 


46 BIRDS. 


value (Hylocichia), as suggested by Prof. Baird. (Hist. 
N. Am. Birds, page 4.) 

II. The Miminz#, or Mocking Thrushes, have the 
tarsus scutellate (sometimes booted in Gadeoscoptes), the 
first primary scarcely spurious; the rictal bristles better 
developed, and the tail relatively longer, in our species 
longer than the wings. These birds have a brilliant and 
varied song, but all of them are plainly clad. All are 
American. 

iI. Myzapsstin.2, the Fly-Catching Thrushes, have 
been usually associated with the Ampelidw, but their 
affinities are rather with the thrushes, as Prof. Baird has 
shown. All are American,—the single species within 
our limits is a rare straggler from the West. 

* Tarsus booted; wings longer than tail. (TurRDINz#.) 


+ Breast spotted; length 84, orless. . . Hynocrcana, 1. 
{t Breast unspotted; (in ours) reddish or banded with black; 
length 94, or more. ‘ : : TURDUS, 2, 


** Tarsus scutellate in front Gcutella rarely obsolete); wings (in 
ours) shorter than tail. (Mrmrna.) 


} Bill about as long as head, sometimes much longer, straight 
or curved, not notched. ; . ' Harpornyncuvs, 3. 


tt Bill much shorter than head, notched at tip. 
a. Tarsus distinctly scutellate; ours ashy, with black and 


white. 5 - s Minus, 4. 
aa. Tarsus feebly sseibeltahes —e lead-colored; crissum 
chestnutred. . 2... ‘ Garzoscorres, 5. 


*** Tarsus booted; wings about equal to tail; bill short, much 
depressed, notched and hooked; color ashy. (MYraDESTIN 22.) 
Myrapesrss, 6. 


7. HYLOCICHLA, Baird. Woop Tarususzs. 
< Turdus, Linn. 


1. H. mustelina, (Gm.) Bd. Woop Turusn. Cinnamon 
brown, brightest on the head, shading into olive on the 


TURDIDAl.— XVIII. 47 


rump; breast with large, very distinct dusky spots; L. 
8; W. 42; T. 3. E.U.S., in woodland; our largest and 
handsomest thrush. An exquisite songster. 


2. H. pallasi, (Cab.) Bd. Heruwrr Turuss. Olive 
brown above, becoming rufous on rump and tail; breast 
with numerous, rather distinct, dusky spots; a whitish 
orbital ring; L. 7; W. 33; T.23. N. Am., migrating 
early. 

3. H. swainsoni, (Cab.) Bd. Oxive-BackED THRUSH. 
Swatnson’s Turusu. Uniform olive above; breast and 
throat thickly marked with large, dusky olive spots; 
breast and sides of head strongly buffy-tinted; a con- 
spicuous buffy orbital ring; L.74; W.4; T.3. N. Am. 

4. H. alicie, Baird. Gray CurrKrep Turusu. ALICE 
Turusy. Similar to the preceding, of which it is 
probably a variety, but without ring about eye, or any 
buffy tint about head. E. N. Am., ranging more 
northerly. 


5. H. fuscescens, (Steph.) Bd. Tawny Turvusu. 
Witson’s Turuso. Very. Uniform tawny above; 
breast and throat washed with brownish or pinkish 
yellow, and marked with small indistinct brownish spots; 
L. 74; W. 44; T. 34. E. N. Am., frequent, a fine 
songster. 


2. TURDUS, Linneus. TuRUsHEs. 
* Sexes similar; breast not spotted nor banded; throat streaked ; 
bill notched. (Planesticus, Bon.) 

1. 7. migratorius, L. Rosin. American Rep Breast. 
Olive gray above; head and tail blackish; throat white, 
with black streaks; under parts chestnut brown; L. 93; 
W. 54; T. 44. N. Am., abundant. 


** Sexes unlike; throat unstreaked; male with a black collar; bill 
not notched. (Hesperocichla, Bd.) 


48 BIRDS. 


2. T. nevius,Gm. Orecon Rosin. Vartep THRUSH. 
Slate color, orange brown below; L. 92; W. 5; T. 4. 
Pacific slope, accidental in Mass., N. J., and L. I. 


3. HARPORHYNCHUS, Cabanis. Mocxine TarusHEs. 


1. HW. rufus, (L.) Cab. Brown Turusu. Sanpy 
Mocxine Brrp. TurasuEer. Cinnamon red above; 
lower parts thickly spotted; bill nearly straight, shorter 
and much less curved than in many other Harporhynchi, 
five species of which occur in the U. S. beyond the 
Rocky Mountains; L. 11; W. 4; T. 54. E. U.S, 
abundant. A brilliant songster. 


4. MIMUS, Boie. Mocxine Brrps. 


1. M. polyglottus, (1..) Boie. Mocxine Brrp. Ashy 
brown above; wings blackish, with white wing bars; 
tail blackish, outer feathers white; L.94; W. 44; T. 5. 
U. &., chiefly southerly; N. to Mass., lowa, ete. A 
renowned songster. 


5. GALEOSCOPTES, Cabanis. Cat Birps. 
< Mimus, Boie. 
1. G. carolinensis, (L.) Cab. Cat Brrp. Dark slate 


color; crown and tail black; crissum brownish chestnut; 
L. 83; W. 33; T. 4. U.S., every where. 


6. MYIADESTES, Swainson. Fry-Carcuine Turusnes. 


1. M. townsendi, (Aud.) Cab. Townsmnn’s SoniTarre. 
Ashy gray, paler below; wing bands buffy; tail blackish; 
whitish ring about eye; young with reddish spots; L. 8; 
W.44; T.44. Rocky Mountains and westward, straying 
E. to Chicago. (Welson.) An exquisite songster. 


SYLVIID Al. XX. 49 


FAMILY XIX.—SAXICOLIDA. 
(The Stone Chats.) 

Characters similar to those of the Thrushes, but the 
wings longer and very much pointed, reaching, when 
folded, beyond the middle of the short tail. Tarsus 
“booted;” first primary spurious. A family scarcely 
distinct from Turdide, of about twelve genera and one 
hundred species. They are chiefly Old World birds, but 
two genera occurring in America. Ours are rather small 
(less than seven), with oval nostrils and bristles about 
the rictus. 


* Chiefly or partly blue; tarsus not longer than middle toe and 
claw; bill stout. F : : . ‘ : Srarr, 1. 


1. SIALIA, Swainson. Buus Brrps. 


1. S. sialis, (L.) Haldeman. Common Brive Biro. 
Bright blue above, throat and breast reddish brown, 
belly white; 9 usually duller with a brownish tinge on 
back; young, as in others, spotted; L. 63; W. 4; T. 3. 
E. N. Am., abundant; breeds every where. 

2. §. mexicana, Sw. WustERN Buiur Brrp. Head, 
neck all around and upper parts generally, blue; back 
with more or less chestnut; breast and sides reddish 
brown, otherwise bluish below; size of last. Pacific 
Slope, E. to Iowa (accidental.) 

3. §. arctica, Sw. Rocky Mountain Bive Birp. 
Rich greenish blue; belly white; 9 with pale drah, 
instead of blue, on breast, etc.; size of others, or smaller. 
Central Table lands chiefly, E. to Missouri R. 


FAMILY XX.—SYLVIIDA. 
(The Sylvias.) 
Primaries 10, the first short but scarcely spurious. 
Bill slender, depressed at base, notched and decurved at 


3 


50 BIRDS. 


tip. ictal bristles conspicuous; nostrils oval, over- 
hung by a few bristles or a feather. Tarsus booted or 
scutellate. Basal joint of middle toe attached its whole 
length externally, half way internally. A large family 
of nearly six hundred species of small birds, chiefly of 
the Old World, where they take the place filled in 
America by the Sylvicolide. To this family belongs 
the European nightingale. Our species fall into two 
sub- families, Regulince and Polioptiline, each repre- 
sented by its typical genus. 

* Tarsus booted; wings longer than tail. : .  Reeuuos, 1. 
** Tarsus scutellate; wings not longer than tail. Potzoprra, 2. 


7. REGULUS, Cuvier. KincGLerts. 


1. R. satrapa, Licht. GoLtpEN-CrowNEep KINGLET. 
Olivaceous; crown with a yellow patch, bordered with 
black, orange red in the center in $; extreme fore- 
head and line over eye, whitish; vague dusky blotch at 
base of secondaries; a tiny feather over each nostril; L. | 
4; W. 24; T. 12. N. Am. 


2. R. ealendula, (L.) Licht. Rusy-Crownep KineGLet. 
Olivaceous; crown with a scarlet patch in both sexes, 
wanting the first year; no black about head; no nasal 
feather; L. 44; W. 24; T. 12. N. Am. 


2. POLIOPTILA, Sclater. Gwnat CarcHErs, 


1. P. cerulea, (L.) Sclater. Buiur-Gray Gwar 
Catcuer. Clear ashy blue, brightest on head; whitish 
below; 4 with forehead and sides of crown black; outer 
tail feathers chiefly white; L. 44; W. 2; T. 24. U.5S., 
chiefly southerly; N. to Mass. and L. Mich. Noticeable 
for its sprightly ways and squeaky voice, “like a mouse 
with the toothache;” but really a fine singer. 


PARIDAl.— XX. 51 


FAMILY XXI.— PARIDA. 
(The Titmice.) 

Primaries 10, first short; wings rounded; not longer 
than the rounded tail. Bill much shorter than head, not 
notched nor decurved at the tip; loral feathers bristly, 
and nostrils concealed by dense tufts. Tarsus scutellate, 
longer than middle toe and claw. Toes much soldered 
at base, widened beneath into a sort of palm. Plumage 
lax, little variable. 

Small birds, less than seven inches long, resembling 
the Jays in several respects, restless, noisy, and scarcely 
migratory. Species seventy-five or more, chiefly of the 
Northern hemisphere, and abounding in both continents. 
* Qonspicuously crested; chiefly lead gray, paler below. 

: LoPHorHangs, 1. 
*& Not crested; crown, chin and throat black or brown. Panuvs, 2. 


7. LOPHOPHANES, Kaup. Turrep Tirmice. 


1. L. bicolor, (L.) Bon. Turrep Tirmovuss. Fore- 
head alone black; whitish below; sides washed with 
reddish; L. 64; W. 34; T. 34. E. U.S., southerly; N. 
to L. I. and L. Mich.; abundant in woodland and 
remarkable for its loud, ringing notes. Three other 
species occur in the 8. W. 


2. PARUS, Linneus. CHICKADEES. 


1. P. atricapillus, L. Tirmousz. Brack-Capprp 
Cnickaper. Grayish ash; wings and tail plain with 
- whitish edging; crown, nape, chin and throat black; 
no white superciliary line; L.5; W.24; T.23. N.Am.; 
abundant. 

Var. carolinensis, (Aud.) Coues. SouTHERN CHIcKA- 
DEE. Smaller; tail feathers not noticeably white-edged. 
E. U. 8.3 southerly. 


52 BIRDS. 


2. P. hudsonicus, Forster. Hupsontan CHICKADEE. 
Olive brown; crown browner; some pale chestnut below; 
no white superciliary line; L. 5; W.23; T. 23. British 
America; S. to Mass. 


FAMILY XXII.—SITTIDA. 
(The Nuthatches.) 

Primaries 10, the first spurious. Wings long and 
pointed, much longer than the broad soft tail. Bil] not 
notched, rather slender, straight, nearly as long as head. 
Loral feathers bristly; nostrils concealed by dense tufts. 
Tarsus scutellate, shorter than middle toe and claw. 
Tongue acute, barbed. Body depressed; plumage lax, 
but less so than that of the Titmice. Active, nimble 
little birds, running up and down trees, and hanging in 
every conceivable attitude, the head down as often as 
up. Species twenty-five or thirty, in most parts of the 
world. 


1. SITTA, Linnzeus. NutTHatcHes. 


1. S. carolinensis, Gm. Wuuite- Brien Nursatcs. 
“Sap Sucker.” Ashy blue above, white below; crissum, 
etc., washed with rusty brown; crown and nape black, 
unstriped; middle tail feathers like the back, others 
black, blotched with white; 9 with less or no black on 
the head; L. 54; W. 34; T. 2. U.8.; abundant every 
where. 

2. §. canadensis, L. Rep-Beturep Nuruatcu. Ashy 
blue, brighter than the preceding, rusty brown below; 
crown glossy black (4), or bluish (9), bordered by white 
and black stripes; L. 44; W. 22; T. 14. U.S. and 
northward. 

3. §. pusilla, Lath, Brown-Hrapep Noraarcn. 
Ashy blue; crown clear brown, a whitish spot on nape; 


TROGLODYTIDAl.— XXIV. 53 


pale rusty below. L. 4; W. 24; T. 1}. South Atlantic 
States. 


FAMILY XXIII.—CERTHIIDA. 
( Creepers.) 

Primaries 10, first less than half second. Bill slender, 
as long as head; without notch or bristles, decurved. 
Tarsus scutellate, shorter than middle toe. Claws all 
very long, curved and compressed. Wings about as long 
as tail; tail feathers pointed, with stiffened shafts, almost 
wood - pecker like, and used for support in the same way. 
A small family of a dozen species, widely distributed. 
Habits similar to those of the Nuthatches, but the voice 
different, being small and fine. (The above diagnosis 
does not strictly apply to some foreign birds usually 
placed in this family.) 


7. CERTHIA, Linnzeus. Brown CREEPERS. 


1. €. familiaris, Linn. Brown Creeper. Plumage 
dark brown, much barred and streaked; rump clear 
tawny; L. 54; W. 22; T. 23. N.Am. and Europe. A 
curious little bird, recognizable at once by the scansorial 
tail. 

FAMILY XXIV.— TROGLODYTIDA. 
(The Wrens.) 

Primaries 10, the first short but hardly spurious. 
Wings rounded, usually about as long as the graduated 
tail. Bill more or less slender, usually elongated, not 
notched in any of our species. Nostrils oval, unbristled, 
overhung by a scale-like membrane. No rictal bristles. 
Loral feathers bristly. Tarsus scutellate. Lateral toes 
nearly equal; middle toe usually united to half the basal 
joint of inner toe, and to the whole of the basal joint of 
the outer, or more. Quills barred in most of our species, 


54 BIRDS. 


A large family of small birds, chiefly belonging “to 
Tropical America. Genera about sixteen; species one 
hundred or more. “Our species are sprightly, fearless 
and impudent little creatures, apt to show bad temper 
when they fancy themselves aggrieved by cats or people, 
or any thing else that is big or unpleasant to them; they 
quarrel a good deal, and are particularly spiteful towards 
martins and swallows, whose homes they often invade 
and occupy. Their song is bright and hearty, and they 
are fond of their own music; when disturbed at it they 
make a great ado with noisy scolding. Part of them 
(Cistothorus) live in reedy swamps and marshes, where 
they hang astonishingly big globular nests, with a little 
hole on one side, on tufts of rushes, and lay six or eight 
dark colored eggs; the others nest any where.” (Dr. 
Coues.) They are all plainly colored, being chiefly 
brown. All are insectivorous, and most of them 
migratory. 

* Back nearly uniform in color, a conspicuous white superciliary 
line; outstretched feet falling far short of end of tail. 

THRYOTHORUS, 1. 

** Back barred crosswise, sometimes obscurely so; no conspicu- 


ous superciliary line; bill shorter than head; hind claw 
shorter than toe. 


t Tail about as long as wings. oe . 'TROGLODYTES, 2. 
t} Tail much shorter than wings. 5 . ANORTHURA, 3. 
*** Back streaked lengthwise, at least on shoulders; hind claw 
as long as the toe; tail barred. : , CistotTHorus, 4. 


1. THRYOTHORUS, Vieillot. Mocking WRENS. 


* Tail not longer than wings, its feathers reddish brown with fine 
black bars. (Z'Aryothorus.) 


1. 7. ludovicianus, (Gm.) Bon. CarotinaA Wren. 
Clear reddish brown, brightest on rump; tawny below; 


TROGLODYTID.Al.— XXIV. 55 


L. 6; W. 23; T. 24. E.U.S8., southerly; N. to Penn.; 

not migratory. A remarkable singer. 

** Tail longer than wings, its feathers mostly black. (Thryomanes.) 
2. T. bewickii, (Aud.) Bon. Brwicx’s WREN. Grayish 

brown; two middle tail feathers barred; L. 54; W. 24; 

T. 24. U.S., southerly; N. to Penn. 


2. TROGLODYTES, Vieillot. Wrens. 


1. T. aedon, Vieill. Housz Wren. Brown, brightest 
behind; rusty below; every where more or less waved 
with darker, distinctly so on wings, tail, etc.; L. 5; W. 
2; T.2. E.U.S8.; abundant every where; very variable. 
T. domesticus, (Bart.) Coues. 


3. ANORTHURA, Rennie. WiNTER WRENS. 


1. A. troglodytes, (L.) Coues. WintTER WREN. Deep 
brown, waved with dusky; belly, wings and tail strongly 
barred; L. 4; W. 13; T. 14. N. Am.,, northerly; U. &., 
in winter, not common. (7. hyemalis, Vieill.) 


4. CISTOTHORUS, Cabanis. Marsu Wrens. 
* Bill about half as long as head; no white superciliary line. 
(Cistothorus.) 

1. C. stellaris, (Licht.) Cab. Suorr-Bittzep Marsa 
Wren. Dark brown, head and back darker; entire 
upper parts with white streaks; L. 44; W. 12; T. 12. 
E. U. S., in marshes; rather rare. 

** Bill slender, about as long as head; a conspicuous white super- 
Ciliary line. (Telmatodytes, Cab.) . 

2. C. palustris, (Wilson) Baird. Lone -Bitrep Marsa 
Wren. Clear brown; back with a black patch contain- 
ing white streaks; otherwise unstreaked above; crown 
blackish; Tump brown; L. 5; W. 2; T. 12. U. 8; 


nhwwen And Ia man Awe nena 


56 BIRDS. 


FAMILY XXV.— ALAUDIDA. 
(The Larks.) 

First primary very short or entirely wanting. Tarsus 
seutellate in front and behind (a character singular 
among Oscines.) Bill short, of various forms in different. 
species; nostrils concealed by tufts of antrorse feathers. 
Hind claw very long and nearly straight. Inner secon- 
daries lengthened and flowing. A group of about one 
hundred species, chiefly Old World birds, but a single 
genus belonging to America; many of them are 
renowned as vocalists. 


* Primaries 9; a little tuft of lengthened black feathers over each 
ear (sometimes obscure in 2.) . F . EREMOPHILA, 1. 


7. EREMOPHILA, Boie. Hornep Larks. 
= Otocorys, Bonap. 

1. E. alpestris, (Forst.) Boie. Suorz Lark. Pinkish 
brown, thickly streaked; a crescent on breast and strip 
under eye black; white below; chin, throat, and line 
over eye more or less yellow; @ with less black; winter 
birds grayish, with the markings more obscure; L. 74; 
W. 44; T. 3. N. Am. and Europe; common. A 
pleasant singer. [Z. cornuta, (Wilson) Boie.] 


FAMILY XXVI.— MOTACILLIDA. 
(The Wagtazis.) 

Primaries 9, first about as long as second; inner 
secondaries enlarged, the longest one about as long as 
the primaries in the closed wing. Bill shorter than the 
head, very slender, straight, acute, notched at tip. Feet 
large, fitted for walking; hind claw long and nearly 
straight, inner toe cleft; basal joint of outer toe united 
with middle one. Rictal bristles not conspicuous; 
nostrils exposed. 


SYLVICOLIDA.— XXVII. 57 


A group of about one hundred species, mostly of the 
Old World, connecting the Alaudide with the Sylvi- 
colide. Most of them are terrestrial. They have a 
habit (shared by various others) of moving the tail up 
and down, as if “balancing themselves on unsteady 
footing;” hence the name “ Wagtail.” 


* Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw; outstretched feet 
falling much short of end of tail. . . . Awnruus, 1. 


1. ANTHUS, Bechstein. TirtarKs. 


1. A. ludovicianus, (Gm.) Licht. Brown Lark. Tir- 
Lark. Prprr. Dark brown, slightly streaked; superciliary 
_line and under parts buffy; breast and sides streaked; 
- outer tail feathers more or less white; L. 64; W. 34; T. 
3. N. Am.; generally abundant. (The Missouri Sky 

lark, Neocorys spraguet, is a near relative.) 


FAMILY XXVII.—SYLVICOLIDA 
(The Warblers.) 

Primaries 9; inner secondaries not enlarged, nor the 
hind toe long and straight, as in Alaudidw and Motacil- 
lide. Bill usually rather slender, notched or not; the 
commissure not angulated at base, as in Pringillida, 
nor toothed in the middle, as in our Tanagridw; the 
end not notched and abruptly hooked, as in Vireonida 
and Lantide,; the gape not broad and reaching to the 
eyes, as in Hirundinide. 

Our warblers are small birds; all (except Zcteria which 
may not belong here) are less than six and a half inches 
in length, and very many are less than five. The rictus 
is generally bristled, but in several of our genera it is 
not. The colors are usually brilliant and variegated, but 
the sexes are unlike, and the variations due to age and 
season are great, so that the study of the species is 


58 BIRDS. 


often very difficult. Many of the Warblers are pleasing 

songsters, but none exhibit any remarkable powers in 

that line. All are insectivorous and migratory. 

This family consists of more than a hundred species, 
chiefly North American, and embraces quite a wide 
variety, so that the group can perhaps be only distin- 
guished negatively. The Sylvicolide grade perfectly 
into the Tanagride and Cerebide, and probably the 
three families, and perhaps the Fringillide, also, should 
be merged into one. Our species are divisible into 
three very distinct sub - families, indicated below. 

I. Bill slender, not hooked, as high as wide at base, with short 
pristles not reaching much beyond nostrils, or none; wings 
longer than tail (except Geothlypis); length 64 or less. True 
Warblers. (SYLVICOLIN&.) 

* Tail feathers, some or all of them blotched with white. 

+ Rictus with evident bristles. 
t Targus shorter than middle toe and claw; entirely black 
and white, streaked. . ene Mnioriura, 1. 
tt Tarsus not shorter than middle toe and claw. 
a. Hind toe decidedly longer than its claw; bill acute, 


scarcely notched ; bluish, throat and middle of back 
with yellow. : +.  CHLoRIs, 2. 
aa. Bill very acute, etehea. perceptibly decurved, so 
that the gonys is lightly concave; rump and under 
parts chiefly yellow. . . PERrasogiossa, 6. 
aaa. Warblers without above characters. DEnpRaica, 7. 
tt Rictus without evident bristles. 

b. Whole head and neck bright yellow; bill notched, half 
inch or more long. .  .  .  Protonorarta, 3. 
bb. Whole head and neck not yellow; bill acute, not 

notched nor bristled, less than half inch long. 
HELMINTHOPHAGA, 5. 
** Tail feathers yellow on inner webs; outer webs dusky; 
plumage chiefly yellow, iy Ss ; Denpraca, 7, 


SYLVICOLID4.—XXVIL. 59 


*** Tail feathers all unmarked; same color on both webs. 


¢. Conspicuously streaked below; head plain or with two 
black stripes; legs long. s os @ & Srorvs, 8. 


cc. Not streaked below. 


ad. Wings about as long as tail; chiefly yellow below; 
crown (of 6) black or ashy; legs strong. 
GErOoTHLYPIs, 10. 


dd. Wings decidedly longer than tail. 


é. Bill not notched, half inch or more long; head plain 
or with four black stripes. . Hx.MirHErus, 4. 


ee. Bill less than half an inch long. 


f- Bill notched; wings more than 24; crown plain or 
with black. . F OPoRORNIS, 9. 


#f. Bill not notched, nor bristled, very acute; wings less 
than 24; crown plain or with a bright spot. 
HELMINTHOPHAGA, 5. 


II. Bill rather stout, not notched, hooked nor bristled; tail longer 
than wings; length 7 to8. Chats. (IcTERIN#.) 
Icrerta, 11. 


III. Bill depressed, broader at base than high, notched and some- 
what hooked, with strong rictal bristles half the length of 
bill; wings longer than tail; length 54 or less. Fly-catching 
Warblers. (SETOPHAGINA.) 


a. Bill fully twice as long as wide at base; tail feathers un- 
marked, or blotched with white. . Wrisonta, 12. 


aa. Bill scarcely twice as long as wide at base; tail marked 
with orange or yellow. 3 ; . SEtopHaga, 13. 


1. MNIOTILTA, Vicillot. Creeping WaARBLERS. 


1. Mf. varia, (L.) Vieill. Brack anp Waitt CREEPER. 
Entirely black and white, streaked; crown with a broad 
white stripe; white wing bars; 2 grayer; I. 5; W. 22; 
T. 24. HE. U.S.; a neat bird, with some of the habits of 
a Nuthatch, 


60 BIRDS. 


2. CHLORIS, Boie. BiuE YELLow- BackEpD 
‘W ARBLERS. 
=Parula, Bonaparte. 
= Sylvicola, Sw. (Preoccupied in Mollusks.) 

1. €. americana, (L.) Jor. Biuz YELLow-Backep 
Wareier. Clear ashy blue; back with a large golden- 
green patch; yellow below, belly white; a brown band 
across breast; white wing bars. 9 obscurely marked; L. 
43; W. 24; T. 2. Miss. Valley and E. One of our most 
elegant species, inhabiting tree-tops. 


3. PROTONOTARIA, Baird. GotpEen Swamp WARBLERS. 

1. P. citrea, (Bodd.) Bd. Prornonorary WarsLeEr. 
GoLpDEN-HrapEp Warsirr. Front and lower parts 
brilliant yellow; back, wings, etc., olivaceous; bill long; 
L. 54; W. 3; T. 24. U.S&., southward; N. to Wabash 
Valley, in bushy swamps, rather rare, one of the most 
beautiful of our birds. 


4. HELMITHERUS, Rafinesque. Swamp Waxsers. 

1. H. vermivorus, (Gm.) Bon. Worm-Eating Swamp 
Wanrsier. Olive gree head yellowish, with four black 
stripes; buffy below; @ similar; L. 54; W. 3; T. 24. E. 
U.5S.; N. to L. Erie. 


5. HELMINTHOPHAGA, Cabanis. Worm-Eatine 
Warsiers. (See Addenda.) 
* Tail feathers conspicuously blotched with white. 

1. H. chrysoptera, (L.) Bd. Brus Go.pENn-WINGED 
Warsier. Ashy blue; forehead, crown and wing bars 
bright yellow; throat and broad stripe through eye, 
black, white below; ? duller; L. 5; W. 24; T. 24. S.E. 
States, rather rare; N. to Green Bay; a beautiful species. 


2, H. pinus, (L.) Bd, Buuz-Winexp YEtLow Wars- 


SYLVICOLID 4.-—XXVIt. 61 


. LER. Olive yellow; crown and all under parts bright 
yellow; wing bars whitish; loral strip black; 9 similar; 
L. 44; W. 2g; T.2. S.E. States, N. to N.Y. A hand- 
some bird, like a miniature Protonotaria. 

** Tail feathers without white blotches. 

3. H. ruficapilla, (Wils.) Bd. NasuvittE Warster. 
Olive green, ashy on head and neck; crown patch bright 
chestnut, more or less concealed; bright yellow below; 
lores and orbital ring pale; 9 duller, crown patch obscure; 
L. 48; W. 24; T.2. E.U.S., frequent. 


4. H. celata, (Say.) Bd. Oranee-CRowNED WARBLER. 
Olive green, never ashy on head; crown patch orange 
brown, more or less concealed; greenish yellow below; 
¢ duller, sometimes without crown patch; L. 43; W. 243 
T. 2. Miss. Valley, 8. & W.; rare E. 


5. H. peregrina, (Wils.) Cab. TENNESSEE WARBLER. 
Olive green; no crown patch; white or slightly yellowish 
below; L. 44; W. 22; T. 12. E.U.S., not common. 


6. PERISSOGLOSSA, Baird. Frincep Toneve 
WaRkBLERS. 

1. P. tigrina, (Gm.) Bd. Caps May Warster. 
Olivaceous above with darker streaks; rump and sides 
of neck bright yellow; yellow below, much streaked with 
black; crown black or nearly so; ear coverts orange 
brown, a white wing patch; ¢ duller, with no black or 
reddish about head; L. 53; W. 22; T. 2. E. U. 8S, 
rather rare. A fine species with a peculiar structure of 
the tongue, which is somewhat as in Coerebide. 


7. DENDRECA, Gray. Woop Wars.ers. 
A large genus comprising about thirty species of 


brightly colored little birds, all American, and very 
abundant in the United States during the migrations. 


62 BIRDS. 


Our species, though well marked, are often difficult to 
determine when not in full plumage. The tail feathers 
are always marked with white or yellow, and the bill is - 
but moderately pointed, notched and with evident 
bristles at the rictus. 

The following artificial analysis, partially borrowed 
from Coues’ key to the genus, will generally enable the 
student to distinguish specimens. 

* Tail feathers edged with yellow; plumage chiefly yellow. 


estiva, 1. 
** Tail feathers blotched with white. 


¢ A white blotch on the primaries near their bases; no wing 
bars. . . . ‘ i : .  cerulescens, 2. 


+t No white blotch on primaries; wing bars, if present, not white. 


White below; crown and wing patch more or less yellow. 
pennsyluanica, 6. 
Yellow below; sides reddish-streaked; crown reddish. 


palmarum, 15. 
Yellow below, sides black-streaked. 


Back olive with reddish spots. . . . adéscolor, 12. 


Back ashy. . A . ‘ ‘ kirtlandé, 11. 
ttt No white blotch on primaries; wing bars or wing patch 

white. 
Rump yellow: —crown clear ash; yellow and streaked 
below. ee eee maculosa, 4. 
—Crown with yellow spot; white and 
streaked below. - coronata, 3. 

‘tt Rump not yellow. 


Crown with orange or yellow spot; throat orange or yellow. 
blackburnia, 9. 

Crown black; no distinct yellow any where; much streaked, 
striata, 8. 

Crown blue or greenish, like the back; no definite yellow. 
cerulea, 5. 

Crown chestnut, like the throat; no definite yellow; buffy 
below. a ee RR OR et ae castanea, 


SYLVICOLID.Ai.—_ XXVI. 63 


Crown bluish or yellowish, not as above—some yellow. 


Throat black (sometimes obscured by yellow tips to 
feathers); outer tail feather white-edged.  v¢rens, 13. 


Throat yellow; —back ashy blue; cheeks black. 

dominica, 10. 

—back yellowish olive; cheeks same. 
pinus, 14. 

We copy from Coues’ key the following valuable 

Draenostic Marxs. OF WARBLERS IN ANY PLUMAGE. 
A white spot at base of primaries. . é : cerulescens, 2. 
Wings and tail dusky, edged with yellow. : -  @stiva, 1. 
Wing bars and belly yellow. ‘ a discolor, 12. 
Wing bars yellow and belly pure white. - pennsylwanica, 6. 
Wing bars white and tail spots oblique, at end of two outer 


feathers only. : 3 - é 3 * - pinus, 14. 
Wing bars brownish ; tail cigs square at end of two outer feathers 
only. . F F palmarum, 15. 
Wing bars not alder (%); ite nice parts yellow; back with 
no greenish. . ‘ : . kértlandi, 11. 
Tail spots at end of seaatee all the fenton, and no definite yellow 
any where. a - eerulea, 5. 
Tail spots at middle of neal § ‘the fathers rump and belly 
yellow. . . - +  «  macutosa, 4. 
Rump, sides of breast (stl ni crown with yellow; throat 
white. . 5 3 coronata, 3. 

Throat definitely yellow; belly white; hack with no greenish. 
dominica, 10. 


Throat yellow or orange; crown with at least a trace of a central 
yellow or orange spot, and outer tail feather white-edged 
externally. , a - : ' : blackburnia, 9. 

Throat, breast and sides black, or with black traces (seen on part- 
ing the feathers); sides of head with diffuse yellow; outer 
tail feather white-edged externally. . . .  vérens, 18. 


With none of the foregoing special marks. 
striata 8 or castanea 7. 


64 BIRDS. 


1. D. estiva,(Gm.) Bd. Summer WarRBLER. GOLDEN 
Warsier. Chiefly golden yellow; back olive yellow; 
breast and sides with orange brown streaks; quills 
dusky, edged with yellow; 9 similar, scarcely streaked; 
L. 54; W. 24; T. 24. America; every where abundant. 


2. D. ewrulescens, (L.) Bd. Briack-THrRoatep BLuE 
WarsBLeR. Rich gray blue, with a few dusky streaks 
on back; throat, sides of head, neck and sides of body 
black, otherwise pure white below; quills black, edged 
with blue; @ dull olive greenish, obscurely marked, known 
‘by the blotch on the primaries; L. 54; W. 22; T. 24. 
E. U.S.; an elegant species, not uncommon in woodland. 


3. D. coronata, (L.) Gray. YELLOw-RumMPED WaRB- 
LER. Myrr~te Warsier. Bluish ash above, streaked 
with black; white: below with large blackish streaks; 
crown patch, rump and sides of breast bright yellow, 
there being four definite yellow places; 9 and young 
brownish, with less yellow on breast and head; L. 53; 
W. 38; T. 24. U.S., very abundant. The earliest 
migrant. 

4. D. maculosa, (Gm.) Bd. Biack anp YELLOW 
Warsiter. Macnorta Warsier. Back black, with 
olive skirtings; rump yellow; head clear ash; a white 
stripe behind eye; sides of head black, under parts 
(except the white crissum) rich yellow, with black streaks 
which are confluent on breast; 9 similar, more olivaceous, 
with much less black; L. 5; W. 23; T. 24. E.U.S. 
A brilliant little bird, common in woodlands. 

5. D. cerulea, (Wils.) Bd. CaRuLEAN Wars ter. 
Bright blue with black streaks; white below; breast and 
sides with bluish lines; @ not streaked, greenish above, 
slightly yellowish below; L. 44; W. 23; T.2. E.U.S.; 
N. to Niagara Falls; rather rare. A dainty species. 


SYLVICOLID #.—XxvI. 65 


6. D. pennsylvanica, (L.) Bd. Cuusrnut - Sep 
WanrsLer. Blackish above; much streaked; crown 
clear yellow; black patch about eye; pure white below; . 
a line of bright chestnut streaks along sides; wing patch 
yellowish (never clear white); 2 similar but with less 
chestnut and black; L. 5; W. 24; T. 24. E. U.S; 
abundant, especially northward. A pretty species. 


%. D. castanea, (Wils.) Bd. Bay-BreasrEp WaRBLER. 
Autumn Warsier. Back black and olive; thickly 
streaked; forehead and sides of head black enclosing a 
deep chestnut crown patch; chin, throat and sides, dull: 
chestnut, otherwise pale buffy below; ? more olivaceous 
with less chestnut; young scarcely distinguishable from 
striata; L.5; W. 3; T. 24. E.U.S. Not very common. 


8. BD. striata, (Forst.) Bd. Brack-PoLtt Wareer. 
Black and olivaceous, almost every where streaked; whole 
crown pure black; @ more olivaceous, slightly yellowish 
below; rather large; L. 52; W. 3; T. 24. EH. U.S.; the 
last to migrate. “When the Black- Polls appear in 
force, the collecting season is about over.” (Cowes.) 


9. D. blackburnie, (Gm.) Bd. Orancr- THROATED 
Warsiter. BuiacksuRNIAN WaRBLER. HEMLOCK 
Wareter. Black above with whitish streaks; crown 
patch, superciliary line, sides of neck and the whole 
throat brilliant orange or flame color, fading into yellow- 
ish on the belly; ¢ similar, but olive and bright yellow 
instead of black and orange; L. 54; W. 22; T. 224. E. 
U.S.; abundant among the tree-tops. The most brilliant 
species. 

10. BD. dominiea, (L.) Bd. YELtow-Turoatep WaRs- 
ter. Ashy blue; throat bright yellow; belly white; 
cheeks black; superciliary line white or yellowish in 
front; L. 5; W. 24: T. 24. Southern States; N. to 


66 BIRDS. 


Penn., Central Indiana and Kansas; rare northward. 
A neat, plain species, with the habits of a creeper. 

Il. D. kirtlandi, Bd. Kirtiann’s WarsLer. Ashy 
blue above; yellow and streaked below; lores black; L. 
54; W. 22; T. 22. Ohio and the Bahamas. Two or 
three specimens known. 

12. D. discolor, (Vieill.) Bd. Prarrre Warsizr. Olive 
yellow; back with a patch of red spots; forehead, 
superciliary line, wing bars and under parts bright 
yellow; streaked below; sides of head with black; 9 
similar; L. 43; W. 24; T. 2. E.U.S., N. to Mass. and 
Ills.; chiefly in evergreen thickets. An elegant species. 

13. D. virens, (Gm.) Bd. Buack-Turoatep GREEN 
Warsier. Clear yellow olive; sides of head rich 
yellow; whole throat and breast jet black, the color 
extending along the sides; otherwise whitish below; 
and winter birds with the black interrupted or veiled 
with yellowish; L. 5; W.24; T.24. E.U.S.; abundant. 


14. D. pinus, (Wils.) Bd. Pinz-Creeping WARBLER. 
Yellow olive above; under parts and superciliary line 
yellow; no sharp markings any where; more grayish; 
L. 52; W. 3; T. 24. E. U. S. N. to Mass. and L. 
Superior; abundant in evergreen forests. 

15. D. palmarum, (Gm.) Bd. Yuttow Rep- Pou 
Warster. Patm Warsier. Brownish olive above, 
somewhat streaked, rump brighter; crown bright chest- 
nut; superciliary line and under parts yellow with brown 
streaks; no wing bars; @ similar; L. 5; W. 22; T. 24. 
E. N. A.; abundant; terrestrial; less beautiful than 
most of the group. 


8. SIVRUS, Swainson. Wartrr TurusHes. 


1. §. auricapillus, (L.) Sw. GortpEn-CrownEp 
TurusH. Oven-Birp. Bright olive green, white 


SYLVICOLID 4.—X XVII. 67 


below, sharply spotted on breast and sides, after the 
fashion of the Thrushes; crown orange brown, with two 
black stripes; L. 64; W.3; T. 24. U.S.; abundant in 
woodland, spending most of its time on the ground, like 
the other species of this genus, and the next two; re- 
markable for its loud, ringing song, and its curious oven- 
shaped nest; the largest of the true Warblers. 


2. S. nevius, (Bodd.) Coues. Water Waerait. WaTER 
Taurus. Dark olive brown above, pale yellowish 
beneath; thickly spotted every where with the color of 
the back; a yellowish superciliary line; bill about a half 
inch long; feet dark; L.6; W.3; T. 24. N. Am; 
abundant in low thickets; moves its tail like a Wagtail. 


3. S. motacifla, (Vieill.) Bon. Laras-Brrtep Water 
TurusH. Same general color as last, but white or pale 
buffy below, and less sharply spotted; bill much larger, 
about 2 inch; feet pale; larger; L. 64; W. 34; T. 24. 
BE. U.S., scarce; N. to Mass. (Allen) and N. Wis. 
(Jordan.) (S. ludovicianus, authors.) 


9. OPORORNIS, Baird. Nimpie WaARBLERS. 


1. 0. agilis, (Wils.) Bd. Connecticut WarsieEr. 
Olive green, ashy on head; throat and breast brownish 
ash, otherwise yellow below; no sharp markings; in fall 
more olivaceous; L. 52; W. 3; T. 24. E. U.S, rare; a 
shy, quiet bird. 


2. 0. formosus, (Wils.) Bd. Kentucky WaRBLER. 
Clear olive green, bright yellow below; crown and sides 
of head and neck black, with a rich yellow superciliary 
stripe, which bends around the eye behind; L. 52; W. 3; 
T. 24. E.U.S., chiefly southerly, N. to Wis. and Conn.; 
in low thickets, not generally common; a handsome and 
active species. 


68 BIRDS. 


10. GEOTHLYPIS, Cabanis. GRrounp WARBLERS. 


1. G. trichas, (L.) Cab. Marytanp YELLow THROAT. 
Brack - MaskEp GrounD WARBLER. Olive green; fore- 
head and broad mask extending down sides of head and 
neck jet black, bordered behind with clear ash; under 
parts yellow, clear on throat and breast; 9 obscurely 
marked, without black mask and with less yellow; L. 44; 
W. 24; T. 24. U.S., abundant in thickets; a pretty 
bird with a lively song. 


2. G. philadelphia, (Wils.) Bd. Movurnine Warsier. 
Bright olive, clear yellow below; head ashy; throat and 
breast black, the feathers usually ashy-skirted (as 
though the bird wore crape, hence “Mourning Warb- 
ler”); @ and ¢ not in full plumage almost exactly like 
O. agilis, but the tail as long as wings; L. 53; W. 24; 
T. 24. E.U.S., rather rare, in dense thickets. 


11. ICTERIA, Vieillot. YEttow-Breastep Cuarts. 


1. /. virens, (L.) Bd. Yettow-.Breastep Cuat. 
Olive-green; throat and breast bright yellow; belly 
abruptly white; lores black, a white superciliary line; 
wings and tail plain; tarsus almost booted; L. 74; W. 
34; T. 34. U.S., southerly; N. to Mass. and Wis. (Cope- 
land.) A loud, quaint songster, often placed with the 
Vireos, but having little affinity with any of our groups. 


712. WILSONIA, Nuttall. Fuy-Carcarinc WaRrsers. 


= Myiodioctes, Audubon. 

1. W. mitrata, (Gm.) Bon. Hoopzep Fry - Carcuine 
Warsier. YeLtow-Maskep Warster. Bright yellow- 
- olive, crown and neck all around jet black, enclosing a 
broad golden mask; under parts from the breast bright 
yellow; tail with white blotches; ¢ olive instead of 


\ 


TANAGRIDA.— XXVIII. 69 


black; L. 5; W. 23; T. 24. EH. U.S., southerly; N. to 
L. Erie; a singular species. 

2. W. pusilla, (Wils.) Bonap. Green Biack-CaPrep 
Fry-Carcuineg WaRsBLER. Clear yellow-olive; crown 
glossy black; forehead, lores, sides of head and entire 
under parts bright yellow; wings and tail unblotched; ? 
with less black; L. 42; W. 24; T. 24. U.S.; abundant. 

3. W. canadensis, (L.) Aud. Canapa Fry-Catcuine 
Wareter. Bluish ash; crown speckled with black; 
under parts (except white crissum) clear yellow; lores 
black, continuous with black under the eye, and this 
passing as a chain of black streaks down the side of the 
neck and encircling the breast like a necklace; wings 
and tail plain; @ similar, with less black; L. 54; W. 232; 
T.24. E.U.S., to the Missouri, frequent. One of the 
handsomest Warblers. 


18. SETOPHAGA, Swainson. American ReEpsTaRrts. 


1. S. ruticilla, (L.) Sw. Repsrarr. Black; sides of 
breast and large blotches on wings and tail orange-red; 
belly white, reddish tinged; ¢ olive, similarly marked 
with reddish yellow; L. 54; W. 23; T. 24. H.U.S, 
very abundant. A handsome and active Fly-Catcher. 


FAMILY XXVIII.—TANAGRID. 
(The Tanagers.) 

Primaries 9; bill usually conical, sometimes depressed 
or attenuated, the culmen curved; cutting edges not 
much inflected, sometimes toothed, notched or serrated; 
tarsus scutellate. Isegs short; claws long; colors usually 
brilliant. A large family of three hundred or more 
species, confined to the warmer parts of America, and 
embracing a wide diversity of forms. Some have slender 
bills and are scarcely distinguishable from the Warblers. 


70 BIRDS. 


Others, like our Pyranga, have stout conical bills and are 
very closely related to the Finches. The single North 
American genus has a stout, sparrow - like bill, notched 
at the tip, and more or less evidently toothed or lobed 
near the middle of the upper mandible. 


1. PYRANGA, Vieillot. Fire Tanacers. 


1. P. rubra, (L.) Vieill. Scarter Tanacer. ¢ brilliant 
scarlet; wings and tail black, no wing bars; ¢ clear olive 
green; clear greenish yellow below; L. 74; W. 4; T. 3. 
. U. S.; abundant in woodland; a respectable songster. 

2. P. estiva, (L.) Vieill. Summer Rep Birp. 4 
bright rose red throughout; wings a little dusky; ¢ dull 
brownish olive, dull yellowish below; no wing bars; bill 
and feet paler than in P. rubra, size of last. E.U.S., 
chiefly southerly; N. to N. J. and Ills.; abundant. 


FAMILY XXIX.— HIRUNDINID. 
(The Swallows.) 

Primaries 9; bill “ fissirostral,” ¢.e., short, broad, tri- 
angular, depressed, the gape wide and about twice as 
long as the culmen, reaching to about opposite the eyes. 
Wings very long and pointed, the first primary usually 
longest, and twice as long as the last; secondaries very 
short. Tail more or less forked. Feet weak; tarsus 
scutellate, shorter than middle toe and claw. Plumage 
compact, and more or less lustrous. 

A very natural family of about one hundred species, 
found all over the world. All are strong on the wing, 
insectivorous, and usually migratory. 

* Plumage above more or less lustrous blue-black or green; no 
tarsal tuft nor recurved hooks on outer primary. 


+ Tail deeply forked; outer feathers attenuate and blotched with 
white... + +  .«  .  «  Hirenpo, 1. 


HIRUNDINIDA.—XXIX. 71 


tt Tail scarcely forked ; rump and forehead not colored like the 
back. . ‘ s P ‘ . PETROCHELIDON, 8. 


ttt Tail somewhat fiotkedt , unblotched; rump and forehead 
colored like the back. 


a. Lustrous green or violaceous; pure white below; length 


less than 64. : : ‘ .  TacHycInera, 2. 
aa. Lustrous blue-black; ¢ paler and whitish below; length 
more than 64. ‘ . 5 .  PRoene, 6. 


** Plumage brownish-gray; scarcely lustrous and without shades 
of blue or green. 


d. A little tuft of feathers on tarsus at base of hind toe; edge of 
wing smooth. * «© « »* » « Corrnn,4, 


bb. Outer web of first primary more or less saw-like, with a 
series of minute recurved hooks; no tarsal tuft. 
STELGIDOPTERYX, 5. 


7. HIRUNDO, Linneus. Swatiows. 

1. H. erythrogastra, Bodd. Barn Swattow. Lustrous 
steel-blue, pale chestnut below; forehead and throat 
deep chestnut; an imperfect steel-blue collar; tail very 
deeply forked; L. 7; W. 5; T. 43. N. Am., abundant; 
breeding in colonies about barns, etc. 


2. TACHYCINETA, Cabanis. Wuitre-BELLIED SwALLows. 

1. T. bicolor, (Vieill.) Coues. Wuitr- BeLiiep Swat- 
tow. Lustrous green, pure white below; ? duller; L 
64; W. 5; T. 22. N. Am., abundant about water, 
nesting in trees, ete.; a handsome swallow. 


8. PETROCHELIDON, Cabanis. Ciirr SwaLiows. 

1. P. lunifrons, (Say ) Cab. Criry Swatitow. EAvE 
Swattow. Lustrous steel blue; forehead, sides of head, 
threat, rump, etc., of various shades of chestnut; a blue 
spot on breast, belly whitish; L. 54; W. 43; T. 23. N. 
Am., abundant, formerly nesting in cliffs, but now under 
the eaves of barns, etc. 


72 BIRDS. 


4. COTYLE, Boie. Bank Swattows. 

1. €. riparia, (L.) Boie. Bank Swattow. Sanp 
Martin. Dark gray, not iridescent, white below, a 
brown shade across the breast; L. 42; W.4; T.2. N. 
Am., abundant, breeding in holes in sandbanks, etc. 


5. STELGIDOPTERYX, Baird. Rovas-WincEp 
SwaLows. 

1. S. -serripennis, (Aud.) Bd. Roven-WincEp 
Swattow. Brownish gray; wing hooks weak in 9; L. 
53; W. 44; T. 23. U.S., not common, rare eastward, 
breeding in banks, etc. 


6. PROGWNE, Boie. Martins. 

1. P. subis, (L.) Bd. Purrtz Martin. Lustrous 
blue-black throughout; ¢ duller, whitish and streaky 
below; bill stout, almost hooked; L. 74; W. 6; T. 34. 
N. Am., abundant. (P. purpurea, Auct.) 


FAMILY XXX.— AMPELIDA. 
(The Chatterers.) 

Primaries 10, or apparently 9, the first sometimes 
tudimentary and displaced; bill stout, triangular, de- 
pressed, decidedly notched and hooked, with the gape 
very wide. Nostrils overhung by membrane covered 
with bristly feathers. Tarsus short, with the lateral 
plates more or less subdivided, and often scarcely oscine 
in character; lateral toes nearly equal. As here con- 
stituted, a small group of six or eight species, the 
Myidestine usually brought into this connection being 
really Zurdidw, as shown by Prof. Baird. There are 
two sub- families, bearing but little resemblance to each 
other, — Ptilogonydinw, of the warmer parts of N. 
America, and Ampelinw, of the ‘northern parts of both 
hemispheres. 


VIREONID #.— XXXL 73 


The Ampeline constitute a single genus of three 
species. All are crested birds with a soft plumage of a 
handsome cinnamon drab color; the ends of the secon- 
daries, and sometimes of the tail feathers, also, are 
tipped with horny appendages, looking like red sealing- 
wax. ; 

The tail is short and square, much shorter than the 
long wings, and in our species it is tipped with yellow. 
The Wax Wings are migratory and gregarious, feeding 
on insects and soft fruits. Their voices are weak and 
wheezy, and they can scarcely be considered as songsters. 


7. AMPELIS, Linnzeus. Wax Wines. 


1. 4. garrulus,L. Bonzm1an Wax Wine. NortHern, 
Wax Wine. General color an indescribable silky, ashy 
brown with a red tinge; front and sides of head shaded 
with purplish cinnamon; a black band across forehead 
around head; throat black; crissum chestnut red; two 

‘broad white wing bars; L. 74; W. 44; T. 3. Northern 
regions, S. in winter in large flocks to the Great Lakes; 
an interesting and beautiful bird, 

2. A. cedrorum, (Vieill.) Bd. Czpar Brrp. CHERRY 
Birp. SourHERN Wax Wine. Similar but smaller and 
less cinnamon-tinged, chin black; strip across face black, 
bordered above by whitish; belly yellowish; crissum‘ 
white; no wing bars; ? with the wax-like appendages 
small or wanting; L. 64; W. 32; T. 24. E.U.S., 
abundant. 


FAMILY XXXI.— VIREONID. 
(The Vireos.) 
Primaries 10, or apparently only 9, the first being 
sometimes rudimentary and displaced. Bill shorter than 
head, stout, compressed, decidedly notched and hooked. 


4 


74 BIRDS. 


Rictus with bristles. Nostrils exposed, overhung by a 
scale, reached by the bristly frontal feathers. Tarsus 
scutellate; toes soldered at base for the whole length of 
basal joint of middle one, which is united with the basal ° 
joint of the inner and the two basal joints of the outer; 
lateral toes usually unequal. 

A rather small family, comprising sixty or seventy 
species of small olivaceous birds, all American. The 
coloration is usually blended and varies little with age 
or sex. All are insectivorous, and many of them are 
remarkable as songsters. 

Concerning the “ nine-primaried ” species, Prof. Baird 
remarks: “In V. flavifrons, in which the outer primary 
is supposed to be wanting, its presence may be easily 
appreciated. One of the peculiar characters of this 
species consists in a narrow edging of white to all the 
primary quills, while the primary coverts (the small 
feathers covering their bases, as distinguished from what 
are usually termed the wing coverts, which more properly 
belong to the forearm or secondaries) are without them. 
If these coverts are carefully pushed aside, two small 
feathers considerably shorter than the others will be dis- 
closed, one overlying the other, which (the under one) 
springs from the base of the exposed portion of the 
long outermost primary, and lies immediately against its 
outer edge. This small feather is stiff, falcate, and 
edged with white like the other quills, and can be 
brought partly around on the inner edge of the large 
primary, when it will look like any spurious quill. The 
overlying feather is soft, and without light edge. 

In the other Vireos, with appreciable spurious or short 
outer primary, a similar examination will reveal only one 
small feather at the outer side of the base of the exterior 
large primary. 


VIREONID Al.—-XXXI. 75 


In all the families of Passeres, where the existence of 
nine primaries is supposed to be characteristic, I have 
invariably found, as far as my observations have extend- 
ed, that there were two of the small feathers referred to, 
while in those of ten primaries but one would be 
detected.” 

* Wings long and pointed, ¢ or more longer than the tail; first 
primary very small or apparently wanting, less than $ length 
of second. < «oe : - ‘ VIREOSYLVIA, 1. 


** Wings relatively short and rounded, not one-fourth longer 
than the tail; first primary % or more length of second; bill 


stout. . & S&S « « 4% ® & VIREO, 2. 
1. VIREOSYLVIA, Bonaparte. Lone -WinGEp VIREos. 
< Vireo, Vieillot. 


* Slender species, the bill slender, light horn color, pale below; 
commissure straight and culmen relatively so; no wing bars 
nor conspicuous orbital ring; feet weak. (Vireosylvia ) 

+ Primaries apparently 9. 
1. V. olivacea, (L.) Bon. Rep-Evrp Virro. GRrEEn- 

_ LET. Olive green, crown ashy, edged on each side with y 

blackish; a white superciliary line, and below this a 

dusky streak; white below, somewhat olive shaded; eyes , 

red; L. 6; W. 34; T. 24. E.U.S., very abundant in 

woodland; an energetic songster. 


2. V. philadelphica, Cassin, PHiLADELPHIA GREENLET. 
Dull olive green, becoming ashy on crown; no black 
lines on head; a whitish superciliary line; below faintly 
yellowish, fading to white on throat, etc.; L. 42; W. 23; 
T. 22. H.U.S., scarce. 

tt Primaries evidently 10. 

3. V. gilva, (Vieill.) Cass. Warsiine Virro. Colors 
exactly as in the preceding, but the spurious quill 
evident; L. 54; W. 22; T. 24. HE. N.A., frequent; an 
exquisite songster, nesting in tall trees in cities, etc. 


76 BIRDS. 


** Stout species; the bill short and stout, blue-black; both culmen 
and commissure decidedly curved; a pale stripe running from 
bill to and around eye; white wing bars; quills blackish, 
mostly edged with white; feet stout. (Lanivireo, Bd.) 


+ Primaries apparently 9. 

4. V. favifrons, (Vieill.) Baird. Yr rtow-THroarep 
VirEo. Rich olive green above, becoming ashy on 
rump; bright yellow below; belly white; superciliary 
line and orbital ring yellow; L. 532; W. 3; T. 2. 
E. U.S., abundant; a brightly colored species. 

tt Primaries evidently 10. 

5. V. sofitaria, (Wils.) Baird. Briog-HEapEep VirEzo. 
SouitarY GREENLET. Bright olive green; crown and 
sides of head bluish ash; stripe to and around eye white, 
a dusky line below it; white below, somewhat washed 
with pale yellow; L. 53; W. 3; T. 24. U.S, in wood- 
land, frequent; a stout, handsome species. 


2. VIREO, Vieillot. Suorr-WincEep VIREos. 


1. V. noveboracensis, (Gm.) Bonap. Wuuire-Eyrp 
Virzo. Bright olive green, white below; sides and 
crissum bright yellow; pale wing bars; stripe from bill 
to and around eye, yellow; eyes white; L.5; W. 234; 
T. 24. E.U.S., in thickets; a sprightly bird, with a loud 
and varied song. 

2. V. belli, Aud. Brtu’s Virzo. Olive-green, yellow 
below, chin and superciliary line whitish; wing bars 
whitish; L. 44; W. 24; T.2. Western, E. to Ills. and 
Neb. Resembles V. gilva. 


FAMILY XXXTI.—LANIIDA. 
(The Shrtkes.) 
Primaries 10, the first short (rarely wanting); bill hawk- 
like, very strong, the upper mandible toothed and ab- 


FRINGILLID&.—XXXIU, 77 


ruptly hooked at the tip; both mandibles distinctly 
notched. Wings short, rounded. Tail long. Tarsus 
scutellate on the outside as well as in front. Sexes alike. 

Species about 100, found in most parts of the world, 
remarkable for their energy and pugnacity. 


* Rictus with bristles; nostrils concealed by bristly tufts; colors 
black, white and gray. : . ea Lantus, 1. 


1. LANIUS, Linnzeus. Surixzs. 
(Collurio, Vigors.) 

1. L. borealis, Vieill. Great Norturrn Surixke. 
Butcuersirp. Clear bluish ash above; black bars % 
on side of head not meeting in front, interrupted . 
by a white crescent on under eyelid; rump and shoulders 
whitish; wings black; white below, waved with blackish; 
L. 94; W.44; T. 42. Northern regions, S in winter to 
Ohio R. and Potomac. 

2. L. ludovicianus, (L.) var. exeubitoroides, (Sw.) 
Coues. LogerruEapD Surike. Clear ashy blue; a 
whitish superciliary line; black bars on sides of head 
meeting across forehead; no crescent on under eyelid; 
white below scarcely or not dark-waved; L. 84; W. 43 : 
T. 4%. Western, E. to L. Michigan and Ohio R. (See 
Addenda.) 


FAMILY XXXIII.— FRINGILLIDA. 
(The Finches.) 

Primaries 9. Tarsus strictly oscine. Bill mostly 
shorter than head, robust, of a conical form, with the 
commissure more or less abruptly angulated near its 
base; in other words, the “corners of the mouth drawn 
down.” This feature is usually unmistakeable, and it is 
almost the only character pertaining to all the members 
of the family. Even this is also shared by the Lcterida, 
which, however, may generally be distinguished by the 
greater length and slenderness of the bill, 


78 BIRDS. 


A very large family, the most extensive in Ornithology, 
comprising about one hundred genera and five hundred 
species, found in nearly every part of the world, except 
Australia. They are especially abundant in North 
America, where about one-eighth of all the birds are 
Fringillide. “Any one United States locality of aver- 
age attractiveness to birds, has a bird-fauna of over two 
hundred species, and if it be away from the sea-coast, 
and consequently uninhabited by marine birds, about 
one-fourth of the species are Sylvicolide and Fringil- 
lide together, the latter somewhat in excess of the 
former. It is not easy, therefore, to give undue promi- 
nence to these two families.” (Cowes.) 

All the Finches are granivorous, feeding chiefly on 
seeds, but not rejecting either berries or insects; nearly 
all sing, and some most delightfully; most of them are 
plainly clad, a streaky brown being the prevailing tint, 
but others are among the most brilliantly colored birds. 
Among these latter only are the changes in plumage 
strongly marked. 

The following key to the genera is apout as artificial 
as it well could be, but a more natural one would be less 
easy of application. The characters here assigned are 
seldom truly generic. 

* Species of large size; length at :east more than 7}. 
¢ Tail longer than wings. 
a. Conspicuously crested, chiefly red or rosy-tinted; bill very 
large, reddish. . i ‘ . CARDINALIS, 28. 
aa. Not crested; black or brown with chestnut on sides; 
wings and tail with white; bill moderate, black. 
PIPILo, 24. 
aaa. Not crested, head mostly black; no white on tail. 


; ZONOTRICHIA, 13, 
tt Tail shorter than wings. 


b, Bill very large and stout. (‘‘Grosbeaks.”) 


FRINGILLIDA.— XXXII. v6!) 


¢. Black and white (s) or brown, streaked (9); under wing 


coverts rosy or yellow. .. . GonrIAPHEA, 20. 
cc. Rosy red (6) or gray with brownish yellow on head and 
rump (2)... : . + PINIcoLa, 2. 


cece. Bill greenish yellow, as rie as tarsus; wings and tail 
black; secondaries mostly white. HEsPERIPHONA, 1. 


bb. Bill moderate or small. 
d. White, with black on wings and tail, or washed with 
clear brown; hind toe elongated. PLECTROPHANES, 7. 
dd. Streaked above ; head en tail about as long as 
wings. . ‘ ZONOTRICHIA, 13. 
** Species of medium or ami size; lenistty Ut or less. 
}¢ Mandibles long and much curved, their points crossed; colors 


chiefly redorolive . . . . . . Loxm,4 
tt Hind claw straightish, twice as long ag middle claw; colors 
black, white and brown. ‘ .  PLECTROPHANES, 7. 


ttt With neither of the preceding combinations. 


¢. No where decidedly spotted or streaked (sometimes appear- 
ing mottled owing to the darker centers of the feathers). 
f. Blackish, or ashy; belly and one to three outer tail feath- 


“ers white; bill pale, without ruff. .  Junoo, 17. 
ff. Yellow, more or less; base of bill with a small ruff; no 
blue; young brownish. : * CHRYSOMITRIS, 6. 


Sff. Chiefly or entirely blue (4), greenish or plain brown (9). 


g. Length more than 6; iad with chestnut or whitish; 
bill stout. : : .  Gourraca, 21. 


gg. Length 5 to 6; gonys stenatly with a dusky stripe. 
CYANOSPIZA, 22. 


ee. Some where or every where decidedly spotted or streaked. 
h. One or more outer tail feathers partly or wholly white. 

t. Hind claw very long and nearly straight; colors black 
and white or brown. . .  PLecrropHangs, 7. 

zi. Hind claw not specially elongated. 
j. Bend of wing with chestnut; crown and breast 

streaked; tail much shorter than wings. 

Poacetzs, 10. 


80 BIRDS. 


ij. No chestnut on wing; breast unstreaked; head with 
black, white and chestnut; tail nearly as long as 
wings. . . F , Cuonpestss, 12. 
hh. Tail feathers rigid, acute, almost scansorial; small 
streaked marsh-sparrows with yellow-edged wings. 
Ammopromvs, 11. 
Ahh. Tail feathers more or less rounded and soft, none of 
them white. 
k. Wings decidedly longer than tail. 
i. With crimson or clear (not rusty) red; a ruff at base 
of bill. 
m. Crown crimson; throat dusky. . aroruus, 5. 
mm. Crown, chin, throat and often whole plumage 
washed with red. . . 6 of CaRPODACUS, 3. 
d. With definite yellow some where. 
n. Bases and edges of quills and tail feathers yellow; 
bill acute. ‘ ‘ ‘ CHRYSOMIYRIS, 6. 
nn. Rump sulphur yellow; bill with a small ruff. 
ANGIOTHUS, 5. 
nnn. Edge of wing and superciliary line or spot at 
least, yellow or yellowish; no ruff. 


o. Breast yellow; throat patch or streaks black, 


bill bluish. . . 2 7 Euspiza, 19. 
oo. Breast buffy or streaky; wings less than 24; 
tail feathers narrow. . AmmMmopromus, 11. 


ooo. Breast streaked; wings more than 24; inner 
secondaries nearly as long as primaries. 
PassERCULUS, 9. 
il. With no definite crimson nor yellow any where. 
p. Introduced birds, not streaked below; throat black 
in 4. . - F ‘ Passer, 8. 
pp. Native birds, much streaked below. 


q. Inner claw reaching at least half way to tip of 
middle claw ; tail, wings, etc., with much 
chestnut red; wings more than 8; no ruff, 

PASSERELLA, 18. 


FRINGILLID&.—XXXIII. 81 


gq. Olivaceous; no black nor chestnut; wings more 
than 8; secondaries not lengthened; a ruff at 
base of bill. . gof Carpopacus, 3. 
qqq. Inner secondaries lengthened, about as long as 
primaries; wings less than 3; no ruff. 
PASSERCULUS, 9, 
kk. Wings little if any longer than tail. 


r. Tail feathers very slender, rather stiff and sharp 


pointed. é . is . Ammopromvs, 11. 
ar. Tail feathers not rigid and sharp pointed. 
s. Sharply streaked below. . . Metosriza, 15. 


ss. Not streaked below (when adult.) 
it. Crown chestnut in adult (streaky in young); no 
yellow. 
u. Tail rounded; length about 52; wings and tail 
less than 23; sharply streaked above. 
Me tospiza, 15. 
wu. Tail forked; length 5 to 64; wings and tail 


24 to3: tarsus$to# SPIZELLA, 14. 
é¢. Crown not chestnut in adult, often partially so 
in young. 


». Head striped ; length more than 6; tarsus 
more than 4. s .  ZONOTRICHIA, 13. 


vo. Length less than 6; bend of wing yellowish. 

: Prvucaa, 16. 

7. HESPERIPHONA, Bonaparte. Evrnina GrospeEaks. 

1. H. vespertina, (Coop.) Bon. Evrenine GrossEak. 

Olivaceous; crown, wings, tail and tibia black; forehead 

and crissum yellow; bill very large, yellowish; L. 8; W. 
41; T. 24. Western, E. to Ohio, etc. 


2. PINICOLA, Vieillot. Pine GrospEaks. 


1. P. enucleator, (L.) Vicill. Pine GrospeaK. 4 
chiefly red; white wing bars; 9 ashy gray with brownish 
yellow on head and rump; L. 84; W. 44; T.4. North- 


ward, 8. in winter; in pine woods, etc, 


82 BIRDS. 


3. CARPODACUS, Kaup. Purrtz Fincuss. 


1. C. purpureus, (Gmel.) Gray. PurpLe Fincu. Every 
where streaky; ¢ flushed with red, most intense on the 
crown, fading below and behind; 2 olive brown with 
no red; bill stout; L. 6; W. 34; T. 24. U.S., a fine 
songster. 


4. LOXIA, Linneus. CrosspiLis., 


1. L. /eucoptera, (Gmel.) Wuirte WincEp Crosssitt. 
4 rose red; white wing bars; 9 brownish olive, speckled 
with dusky; rump yellow; L. 64; W. 33; T. 23. North- 
ern, S. in winter. 

2. L. eurvirostra, L. Rep Crossprtt. 4 brick-red; 
wings unmarked; 2 brownish olive; L. 6; W. 34; T. 23. 
Northern regions and pine woods; S. in winter. 


5. AGIOTHUS, Cabanis. Linners 


1. £. linarius, (L.) Cab. Rep Pott Linner. Crown 
crimson in both sexes; throat, breast and rump also rosy 
in 6; much streaked above; chin blackish; L. 52; W. 3; 

"T. 24. Northern, S. in winter, in flocks. 

2. £. flavirostris, (L.) var. brewsteri, Ridgway. Brews- 
TER’s Linnet. No red on crown or breast; rump rosy in 
4; yellow in 9; L. 53; W. 3; T. 23. Mass., lately dis- 
covered. 

6. CHRYSOMITRIS, Boie. GoLprincuEs. 
* Sexes alike; plumage thickly streaked every where; no black 
on head; bill very sharp. (Chrysomitris.) 

1. C. pinus, (Wils.) Bon. Pinz Linner. Plumage 
streaky brown, suffused with yellow in the breeding 
season; bases of quills and tail feathers yellow, much 
as in the female Redstart; L. 42; W. 23; T. 2. N. 
An. rather northward. but liable to “turn up” any where. 


FRINGILLIDA.— XXXII. 83 


** Sexes unlike; scarcely or not streaked; adult 4 with black on 
crown, wings and tail. (Astragalinus, Cab.) 

2. €. tristis, (L.) Bon. Yetiow Birp. TuistLE Birp. 
Am. Gotprincn. ¢@ rich yellow; rump whitish; wing 
bars white; white spot on each tail feather; @ more 
olivaceous; fall plumage pale yellow brown; young 
variously ochraceous, with yellow or not; L.5; W. 33 
T.2. N.Am.; every where. 


7. PLECTROPHANES, Meyer. Loneaspuns. 
* Bill small, with a ruff; hind claw long but curved. (Plectro- 
phanes.) 

1. P. nivalis, (L.) Meyer. Snow Buntine. Snow 
Fiaxe. In breeding season, pure white, with black on 
back, wings and tail; bill and feet black; in U.S. usually 
bill pale, and white of body clouded with clear, warm 
brown; L. 7; W. 44; T. 3. Northern, S. in winter to 
Ohio R.; a beautiful bird. 

** Bill larger, without ruff; hind claw nearly straight. (Centro- 
phanes, Kaup.) 

2. P. lapponicus, (L.) Selby. Laritanp Lonespur. 
4 with head and throat mostly black; a chestnut collar; 4 
back black and streaky, whitish below; outer tail feathers 
with white; legs and feet black; 9 and winter birds with 
less black; L. 64; W.4; T. 22. Northern, S. in winter 
to N. Y. and IIls. 

3. P. pietus, Sw. Painrep Lark Buntine. 6 with 
head and upper parts mostly black; collar and under 
parts rich fawn color; legs pale; 9 duller. Northern, S. 
in the interior to Ills. and Kans.; rare. (See Addenda.) 


8. PASSER, Brisson. Hovust Sparrows. 
= Pyrgita, Cuvier. 
1. P. domesticus, L. Enetisu Sparrow. 6 chestnut 


84 BIRDS. 


brown above, thickly streaked; ashy below; throat, lores 
and chin black; @ duller, without black; feet small; L. 
- 6; W. 2; T. 24. Introduced from Europe; abundant 
in the large cities. 

2. P. montanus, Auct. EvrorpEAN TREE Sparrow. 
“ Distinguished by the chestnut crown, and the similarity 
of both sexes and the young.” Introduced with preced- 
ing, and abundant in St. Louis (Dr. J. C. Merrill), and 
perhaps other places. 


9. PASSERCULUS, Bonaparte. Savanna Sparrows. 


1. P. savanna, (Wils.) Bon. Savanna Sparrow. 
Sharply streaked; streaks on back blackish; superciliary 
line and edge of wing yellowish; L. 53; W. 22; T. 2. 
N. Am., abundant on plains and shores. 

2. P. princeps, Maynard. Ipswicu Sparrow. Streaks 
on back sandy brown, not sharply defined; superciliary 
line white in front; L. 6; W. 34; T. 24. Mass., lately 
discovered. 


10. POECETES, Baird. Grass Sparrows. 


1. P. gramineus, (Gm.) Baird. Bay-Wincep Bunr- 
inc. Grass Sparrow. Grounp Birp. Thickly streaked 
every where; slightly buffy below; L. 6; W. 8; T. 24. 
N. Am., abundant in fields, etc., and known at once by 
the chestnut bend of wing and white outer tail feathers. 


11. AMMODROMUS, Swainson. SuorE SraRRows. 
* Bill stout; tail feathers acute but notrigid; crown with a medium 
light stripe; inland species. (Coturnéculus, Bon.) 
1. A. passerinus, (Wils.) Baird. YxEtitow-Winerp 
Sparrow. Much streaked above; feathers edged with 
bay; breast buffy, unstreaked; wings and tail short; edge 


PRINGILLID 4@.—XXxXut. 85 


and bend of wing and line over eye yellow; L.5; W. 
23; T.2. U.S., in fields; notes sharp, grasshopper-like. 

2. A. hens/owi, (Aud.) Baird. Hrnstow’s Sparrow. 
Smaller; more yellow above; breast, etc., with some 
sharp black streaks; L. 5; W..24; T. 24. E. U.S., 
scarce; N. to Mass. 


3. A. lecontei, (Aud.) Baird. LeConrn’s Sparrow. 
Intermediate between the preceding and the next; bill 
small, blue-black; back with rufous; tail feathers very 
sharp and slender; breast unspotted, a broad buffy 
superciliary stripe; L. 43; W. 24; T. 24. Chicago, Ills. 
(#. W. Nelson) to Texas and N. W.; very rare. 

** Bill long and slender; tail feathers sharp and rather stiff; sea- 
shore Sparrows. (Ammodromus.) 

4. A. maritimus, (Wils.) Sw. Sra-Srpz Fincn. Olive 
gray; back obscurely streaked; a yellow spot over eye; 
L. 6; W. 24; T. 2. Salt marshes, Atlantic coast. 


5. A. caudacutus, (Gm.) Sw. Suarp-Tarrep Frincu. 
Back sharply streaked; no yellow spot over eye, a 
bright buff superciliary stripe; L. 5; W. 24; T. 1}. 
Atlantic coast. 

Var. nelsoni, Allen. Netson’s Suarp-TAaILeD FIncn. 
Shores of Lake Michigan about Chicago; common. 
(Z. W. Nelson.) 


12. CHONDESTES, Swainson. Lark Sparrows. 


1. €. grammica, (Say:) Bon. Larx Fincn. Streaked 
above, ashy below; crown and ear coverts chestnut, 
blackening on forehead, with whitish median and super- 
ciliary stripes; black lines through and below eye; and 
a conspicuous black line on each side of the white 
throat; a black pectoral spot; middle tail feathers like 
back, the rest blackish, white tipped; L. 64; W. 33; T. 


86 BIRDS. 


3. Western, E. to Ohio; abundant on prairies and river 
bluffs; a fine songster. 


13. ZONOTRICHIA, Swainson. WuttE-CRowNED 
SPARROWS. 


1. Z. leucophrys, (Forst.) Sw. Wuitr-CrowNneEp 
Sparrow. Streaked above, with but little chestnut; 
crown with a broad white median band, a narrow black 
one and a white one on each side of it; no yellow any 
where; throat like breast; young with the crown chiefly 
rich brown; L. 7; W. 34; T. 34. N.Am.; less common 
than the next. 


2. Z. albicollis, (Gm.) Bon. Wauirn-Taroatep Spar- 
now. Prasopy Brrp. Much chestnut streaking above; 
crown black, with white median and superciliary stripes;* 
spot over eye and edge of wing always yellow; ashy 
below, whitening on throat; ? duller; L.7; W. 3; T. 
34. E. N. Am.; an abundant and handsome sparrow. 


3. Z. querula, (Nutt.) Gambel.. Brack -HoopEp 
Sparrow. Crown, face and throat jet black; no yellow; 
@ with less black; L. 74; W. 34; T. 34. Missouri 
region, E. to Minn. 


14. SPIZELLA, Bonaparte. Cutprrine Sparrows. 


1. §. monticola, (Gm.) Baird. Tree Sparrow. 
Streaked above; crown chestnut; bill black above, 
yellow below; neck, line over eye and under parts ashy 
gray; a dark pectoral blotch; white wing bars; L. 64; 
W. 3; T. 3. N.Am.,, chiefly northerly; U.S. in winter. 


2. §. pusilla, (Wils.) Bon. Firip Sparrow. General 
color of preceding, but paler and duller; bill pale; wing z 
bands rather obscure; LL. 54; W. 24; T. 24. E.U.S., 
abundant. [S. agrestis, (Bart.) Coues.] 


FRINGILLIDM, — XXX. 87 


3. §. soeialis, (Wils.) Bon. Curpry. Harr Birp. 
Streaked above, with much dull bay; crown chestnut; 
bill, forehead and streak through eye black; ashy below; 
L. 54; W. 22; T. 24. N. Am., every where. [S. 
domestica, (Bart.) Coues.] 

4, §. pallida, (Sw.) Bon. Cxiay-CoLorep Sparrow. 
Still smaller; pale brownish yellow, streaked with black; 
crown grayish, with median stripe. S. Ills. and W. 


15. MELOSPIZA, Baird. Sone Sparrows. 


1. M. melodia, (Wils.) Baird. Sone Sparrow. Much 
streaked above, and on breast and sides; crown with an 
obscure pale median stripe; below white, pectoral streaks 
often forming a blotch; L. 64; W. 23; T. 3 U.S, 
every where; a well-known songster. [M. fasciata, 
(Gmel.) Scott.] 

2. M. palustris, (Wils.) Baird. Swamp Sparrow. 
Crown chestnut; wings strongly tinged with chestnut; 
breast and below with few streaks or none; tail shorter 
than in the Song Sparrow; L. 52; W. 24; T. 24. H.U. 
S., in low thickets. 

3. M. lincoln, (Aud.) Baird. Laincouy’s Finca. 
Every where thickly, narrowly and sharply streaked; 
breast with a broad band of pale buffy or yellowish 
brown; sides washed with the same; L. 53; W. 24; T. 
24. N. Am., rare eastward; a shy species quite unlike 
the others. 


16. PEUCAEA, Audubon. Sumter SPARROWS. 


1. P. estivalis, (Licht.) Cab. Bacuman’s FIncu. 
Much streaked above, ashy below; yellow on bend of 
wing but none on head; L. 6; W. 24; T. 24. Southern, 
N. to Illinois. 


88 BIRDS. 


17. JUNCO, Wagler. Snow Birps. 
1. J. Ayemalis, (L.) Scl. Snow Birp. ¢ more gray- 
ish; L. 64; W.3; T.3. E. N. Am., every where abund- 
ant, mostly seen in winter. (See Addenda.) 


18. PASSERELLA, Swainson. Fox Sparrows. 


1. P. iliaea, (Merrem) Sw. Fox Sparrow. Ashy 
above, overlaid and much streaked with rusty red, which 
becomes bright bay on rump, tail and wings; white 
below with large arrow-shaped spots and streaks; numer- 
ous on breast; feet stout, with long claws; L. 7; W. 33; 
T.3. EH. N. Am.; migrating early; one of the hand- 
somest streaked sparrows. 


19. EUSPIZA, Bonaparte. Biack-Turoatep Buntines. 


1. E. americana, (Gm.) Bon. Brack-TuHRoATED 
Bunting. Grayish and streaked above; wing coverts 
chestnut; line over eye, maxillary stripe, edge of wing, 
breast and part of belly yellow; throat patch black; 
otherwise white below; @ with little chestnut, and the 
black reduced to a few streaks; L. 62; W. 34; T. 22. 
Meadows, etc., Conn. to Kansas, chiefly westward; a 
handsome bird with sleek plumage, and a peculiar, but 
scarcely musical song. 

2. £. townsendi, (Aud.) Bon. TownsEnp’s Buntine. 
Upper parts, head, neck, etc., slaty blue; no chestnut, 
and little yellow or black. Smaller, a doubtful species. 
Only one specimen known from E. Penn. 


20. GONIAPHEA, Bowdich. Brack-HrapEp GrosBEAKs. 
= Hedymeles, Cabanis. 

1. G. ludoviciana, (L.) Bowdich. Rosk-Breasrep 

Grospeak. 6 with head, neck and upper parts mostly 

black, with white on rump, wings and tail; belly white; 


PRINGILLID#.— XxX xiii. 89 


breast and under wing coverts of an exquisite rose-red; 
bill very stout, pale; ¢ olive brown, much streaked, with 
the under wing coverts saffron yellow; head with whitish 
bands; L. 84; W.4; T. 34. E.U.S., abundant; perhaps 
our handsomest bird, and one of our most brilliant 
songsters. 


21. GUIRACA, Swainson. BLvuE GRosBEAks. 


1. G. cerulea, (L.) Sw. Buiuz GrospzaK. ¢@ rich 
blue; feathers about bill, wings and tail, black; wing 
bars chestnut; 2 yellowish brown, with whitish wing 
bars; L. 7; W. 34; T. 23. Southern, N. to N. Y. and 
Wis.; a fine songster. 


22. CYANOSPIZA, Baird. Inp1cgo Brrps. 


1. @. cyanea, (L.) Baird. Inpico Birp. ¢ Indigo 
blue, clear on head, greenish behind; ? plain warm % 
brown, obscurely streaky, known from other small spar- 
rows by a dusky line along the gonys; L. 52; W. 3; T. 
23. EH. U.S., abundant in summer; a tireless songster. 

2. C. ciris, (L.) Baird. Nowpargit. Parnrep Bunt- 
ing. head and neck blue; under parts, etc., vermillion; 
shoulders, etc., green; 9 green, yellowish below; L, 54. 
Southern, N. to §. Ills. (WVedson.) 


23. CARDINALIS, Bonaparte. CarpinaL GROSBEAKS. 
1. C. virginianus, (Brisson) Bon. CarpinaL GRosBEAK. 
Rep Birp. Clear red, ashy on back; chin and forehead 
black; crest conspicuous; @ ashy brown, more or less 
washed with red; L. 8$; W.4; T. 44. E. U.S8., south- 
erly, N. to Mass. and N. Wis.; abundant. A brilliant 
songster, much sought as a cage bird. 


24. PIPILO, Vieillot. Townrr Buntines. 
1. P. erythrophthalmus, (L.) Vieill. Cuzwink. Marsa 


90 BIRDS. 


Rozin. Black, belly white; sides chestnut; outer tail 
feathers, primaries, and inner secondaries with white; ? 
clear brown instead of black; L. 84; W. 34; T.4. E. 
U. S., abundant every where. 


FAMILY XXXIV.—ICTERIDA. 
(The Orioles.) 

Primaries 9; bill with the commissure angulated, as in 
Fringillide, but usually lengthened, rarely shorter than 
head, straight or gently curved, without notch or rictal 
bristles; culmen usually extending up on the forehead, 
dividing the frontal feathers. Legs stout, tarsus strictly 
oscine. Plumage usually brilliant or lustrous, predom- 
inant color generally black, often with red or yellow; 
females usually different, smaller in size, brown or streaky 
in the lustrous species, and yellowish or dusky in the 
brightly colored ones. Notes usually sharp, often richly 
melodious, in other cases harsh. 

Genera about twenty, species one hundred, all Ameri- 
can, some of the short-billed forms scarcely distinct from 
Fringillide; others are as closely related to Sturnide 
(Old World Starlings) and Corvide. There are three 
sub-families, of which Agelwince includes most of our 
species. Icterince includes Icterus, while Scolecophagus 
and Quiscalus belong to Quiscaline. 

I. Tail feathers rigid, acute; middle toe and claw longer than 


tarsus; black and whitish (4) or brownish, streaked (¢); bill 
short, finch-like. .  . .  Dottenonyx, 1. 


II. Feathers of crown bristle- toed tail short, its feathers acute; 
yellow below, a black breast patch; bill long. STuRNELLA, 5. 


III. Lateral claws elongated; black or brown, yellow on head and 
neck; length more than8. . . #XANTHOCEPHALUS, 4. 


IV. With none of the above combinations of characters. 
* Length at least more than 7. 


ICTERID A.— XXXIV. 91 


{ Bill horn-blue, very acute; black or olivaceous, with orange 
or yellow. : ‘ ‘ IcTERus, 6. 


+t Bill blackish ; iumage every where streaked; usually a 
rusty tinge on throat and bend of wing. 
9 of AcELAUs, 8. 
ttt Bill jet black; plumage in ¢ black, in ¢ duller, streaky, or 
‘plain brown. 


¢ Glossy black; bend of wing red, bordered by buffy and 
whitish. . .  . 6 0f AGELzUS, 3. 

tt Black; head and ~— rich lustrous brown. 
é of Motorrus, 2. 
ttt Iridescent black throughout; wings scarcely longer 
than tail; length more than 10. ‘ Quiscauus, 8. 


ttt Black, often obscured by brownish or rusty; no red or 
yellow; wings longer than tail; length 9 to 10. 


ScoLECOPHaGUS, 7. 
** Length less than 7. 


a. Dusky gray brown; bill blackish, shortened, finch-like. 
¢ of MoLorarus, 2. 
aw. Black with chestnut or orange (4), or else olive and yellow- 
ish (9); bill acute, bluish or brown. . .  Icrerus, 6. 


7. DOLICHONYX, Swainson. Boso.inxKs. 


1. BD. oryzivorus, (1..) Sw. Bosommnx. ReEEp Brrp. 
Rice Birp. ~ in Spring black, neck buffy, shoulders and 
rump ashy white, back streaky; @ and fall ¢ yellowish 
brown, streaked above, —dull yellow birds, resembling 
sparrows but known by the acute tail feathers; LL. 74; 
W.4; T.3. E. U.S., abundant in meadows northward, 
where, in the breeding season, it is our merriest and most 
delightful songster. Retiring southward in the fall, it 
fattens in the rice swamps and becomes a “game bird.” 


2. MOLOTHRUS, Swainson. Cow Birps. 


1. M. ater, (Bodd.) Gray. Cow Birp. 4 iridescent 
black, head and neck glossy brown; 2 much smaller, 


92 BIRDS, 


dusky brown; L. (3) 8; W. 4; T. 3. U.S. abundant; 
noted for its parasitic habits. [M. pecoris (Gmel.), Sw.] 


3. AGELAUS, Vieillot. Rep-Wine Buack Braps. 


1. A. pheniceus, (L.) V. Rep-Winerp Srar.ine. 
Swamp Brack Brrp. @ glossy (not iridescent) black, 
lesser wing covers scarlet, with buffy and paler edgings; 
Q@ dusky, streaked; L. 9; W. 5; T. 4. U.5S., every 
where abundant. 


4. XANTHOCEPHALUS, Bonaparte. Yuttow-Heapep 
Buack Brrps. 

1. X. icterocephalus, (Bon.) Baird. Yrttow-Heapep. 

Buiack Birp. 4 black with white wing patch; head and 


neck rich yellow; 9 smaller, browner, with less yellow; 
L.10; W. 53; T. 43. ‘ Southwestern, E. to L. Michigan. 


5. STURNELLA, Vieillot. Mrapow Larks. 


1. §. magna, (L.) Sw. Merapow Lark. Brownish 
and much streaked above; chiefly yellow below, a black 
crescent on breast. L. 10; W.5; T. 34. U.S.; very 
abundant. (S. neglecta, Aud., is the Western variety, 
Illinois S. and W., with “a much sweeter song,” and 
some slight differences of plumage.) 


6. ICTERUS, Brisson. AmERICAN ORIOLES. 


1. 1. baltimore, (L.) Daudin. BatrimorE ORI0LE. 
GonpEN Rosin. Fire Birp. Black; bend of wing, ; 
rump, most tail feathers, and under parts from the breast 
orange of varying intensity; @ duller, olivaceous and 
yellow; L. 72; W. 32; T. 3. E.U.S., abundant; noted 
for its elaborate hanging nest. 


2. L spurius, (L.) Bon. Orcuarp Oriotz. ¢ black; 
rump, bend of wing and lower parts deep chestnut; ? 


CORVIDAl.— XXXV. 93 


yellowish olive, quite small; young yellow, with various 
black or chestnut traces; L. 7; W. 34; T. 3. E. U.S, 
rather southerly. 


7. SCOLECOPHAGUS, Swainson. Rusty Biack Brrps. 


1. S. ferrugineus, (Gm.) Sw. Rusry Grackiz. Rusry 
Buiack Birp. ¢@ glossy black and rusty in autumn; ? 
dusky, lustreless; bill slender; L. 93; W. 43; T. 4. 
E. U.S. 

2. §. eyanocephalus, (Wagl.) Cab. Brewesr’s Biack 
Birp. ¢ black with green lustre, head glossed with 
purple; 9 dusky; L. 10; W. 54; T. 44. W., E. to Ils. 
and Wis. 


8. QUISCALUS, Vieillot. Crow Buiack Brrps. 


1. Q. purpureus, (Bartr.) Licht. Crow Brack Brrp. 

¥PureLe Grackiz. Iridescent black, lustre on head 

purplish, on body bronzy; L. 13; W. 54; T. 54. E. U. 
S., abundant. 


FAMILY XXXV.— CORVIDA. 
(The Crows and Jays.) 

Primaries 10; first about half length of second; nostrils 
usually concealed by tufts of bristly feathers, which are 
branched to their tips. Bill long and strong, usually 
notched, commissure not angulated. Tarsus oscine, its 
sides undivided and separated from the scutella in front 
by a groove which is either naked or filled in with small 
scales. Voice usually harsh and unmusical. 

Birds of large size, the largest of the Oscines, found 
almost every where. Genera about forty; species one 
hundred and seventy-five. Our two sub- families, 
Corvine, the Crows, and Garruline the Jays, are usually 
readily distinguishable. 


94 BIRDS. 


* Tail much shorter than the long, pointed wings. (Corvine.) 
} Plumage glossy black, . . .  . Corvus, 1. 
** Tail longer than the short, rounded wings. (Garruline.) 


} Conspicuously crested; chiefly blue; quills black-barred. 
CyanurRus, 3. 


tt Iridescent black and white; tail much longer than wings. 
Proa, 2. 


ttt Chiefly gray, no blue; tail scarcely longer than wings. 
PERISOREDS, 4. 


7. CORVUS, Linneus. Ravens. 

1. €. corax, L. Raven. Feathers of throat stiffened, 
elongated, narrow and lanceolate, their outlines very 
distinct; L. 25; W. 17; T. 10. N.Am., chiefly north 
and westward; rare H. of the Mississippi. Also European. 
(C. carnivorus, Bartr.) 

2. €. americanus, Aud. Crow. Feathers of throat 
short, broad, obtuse, with their webs blended; gloss of 
plumage purplish violet; head and neck scarcely lus- 
trous; L. 20; W.13; T.8. KE. N. Am., chiefly eastward; 
abundant. (C. frugivorus, Bartr.) 

3. €. ossifragus, Wilson. Fis Crow. Gloss of 
plumage green and violet, evident on head and neck; 
L. 16; W.11; T. 7. New England to Florida, chiefly 
southern, and found only along the coast. (C. maritimus, 
Bartr.) 

2. PICA, Cuvier. Maaprtres. 

1. P. melanoleuca (Vieill.) var. hudsoniea, (Sab.) Coues. 
Maerrz. Lustrous black; belly, shoulders, and wing- 
edgings white; L.19; W. 83; T. 13, much graduated. 
Western, E. to L. Michigan. 


3. CYANURUS, Swainson. Buvur Jays. 


1. C. cristatus, (L.) Sw. Brun Jay. Blue; collar 
and frontlet black; grayish below; wings and tail clear 


TYRANNID®.— XXXVI. 95 


blue, barred; outer tail feathers and secondaries tipped 
with white; L. 12; W. 54; T. 53. N.E.Am., abundant. 


4. PERISOREUS, Bonaparte. Gray Jays. 


L. P. eanadensis, (L.) Bon. Canapa Jay. WuiIskEy 
Jack. Ashy gray with blackish and whitish markings; 
L. 102; W. 53; T. 6. Northern, 8. to New England in 
Winter. 


FAMILY XXXVI.—TYRANNIDA. 
(The Flycatchers.) 

Primaries 10; first more than ? length of second, and 
one or more of them often attenuate; bill broad, triangu- 
lar, depressed, abruptly hooked and notched at tip, with 
long rictal bristles; commissure nearly straight; nostrils 
small, usually partly concealed. Tarsus “clamatorial,” 
the scutella extending around its back. Feet small, for 
perching. Mouth capacious; notes simple, often pleas- 
ant; changes of plumage slight; ours mostly olivaceous. 

A large family of eighty genera, and more than three 
hundred species; all American and mostly tropical. All 
are insectivorous, most of them pre-eminently so; they 
are, therefore, in our latitude, migratory. 

* First primaries evidently attenuate; crown with concealed bright 
red or yellow crest (in adult). 

+ Tail widely forked, about twice as long as wings. 

Miuvouvs, 1. 

++ Tail nearly even, shorter than wings. . TYRANNUS, 2. 
** Kirst primaries not obviously attenuate; crown plain, some- 

times crested. 

} Wings edged with chestnut, not much longer than tail; length 

8 or more. . e ‘ Myrancaus, 3. 
$+ Wings not chintaat sand 3 not anaeh longer than tail; tarsus 
longer than middle toe and claw; bill black; length 64 
tot. . c o. Bas : . Sayornis, 4 


96 BIRDS, 


ttt Wings longer than tail; tarsus shorter than middle toe and 
claw; bill not all black; length 6 or ore. Contopus, 5. 


ttt+ Wings not much longer than tail; middle toe and claw not 
longer than tarsus; bill mostly pale below; length 84 or 
less. . 5 . z z 5 - EMPIDONAX, 6. 


7. MILVULUS, Swainson. Fork-Tainep FLYCATCHERS. 


1. M. forticatus, (Gm.) Sw. Scissor-Tatt. Ashy, 
tail, shoulders, sides, etc., with much red; L. 13; W. 5; 
T. 8. S. W., N. to Kansas, straying to New Jersey. 

2. M. tyrannus, (L.) Bon. Forx - TarLep FLYCATCHER. 
Larger, no red, tail still more elongate. Tropical, stray- 
ing to N. J. and La. 


2. TYRANNUS, Cuvier. Kine Birps. 


1. T. carolinensis, (L.) Baird. Kina Birp. Burs 
Martin. Blackish ash, white below; tail black, white - 
tipped; L. 83; W. 4%; T. 33. U.S. chiefly eastward; 
abundant. “Destroys a thousand noxious insects for 
every bee it eats!” (Cowes.) 

2. T. verticafis, Say. Arkansas Fiycatcuer. Belly 
yellow; tail white-edged. Western, straying to N. J. 


&. MYIARCHUS, Cabanis. CresTED FLYCATCHERS. 


1. M. erinitus, (L.) Cab. Great Crestep FLycaTcHEr. 
Scarcely crested; olivaceous, yellow below, with bright 
chestnut on wings and tail; L. 82; W.4; T.4. H.U. 
S., chiefly southerly, N. to N. Wis. A handsome bird, 
“noted for the habitual use of cast-off snake skins in 
the structure of its nest.” 


4, SAYORNIS, Bonaparte. Puwxns. 


1. S. fuscus, (Gm.) Baird. Pzwes. Puasr. Prwrr. 
Olive brown, head and tail darker; yellow below, more 


TYRANNID 43.—_XXXVI. Of 


or less; L. 7; W.34; T.3}. E.U.S., abundant; known 
by its black bill. 


5. CONTOPUS, Cabanis. Woop Prewezzs. 


1. €. borealis, (Sw.) Baird. Ox1ve-Sipep FrycaTcHEr. 
Rictal bristles short, one-fourth length of bill; tuft of 
white cottony feathers on sides very conspicuous; middle 
line of belly distinctly and abruptly white; otherwise 
olive brown, paler or yellowish below; L. 74; W. 44; 
T. 3. Northern, S. to N. Y. 

2. €. virens, (L.) Cab. Woop Pewez. Rictal bristles 
half length of bill; cottony tuft inconspicuous; wing 
bands whitish or rusty; olive brown above; pale or 
yellowish below; lower mandible usually pale; L. 63; 
W. 33; T. 3. U.S., very abundant. 

3. C. richardsoni, (Sw.) Bd. Wrxstern Woop Prwee. 
Darker; bill dusky below. N.W., E. to Wis.; nearly 
like the preceding, but the notes afid nesting different. 


6. EMPIDONAX, Cabanis. Last FLyYcATCHERS. 


1. E. acadicus, (Gm.) Baird. Smaru Green-CRESTED 
Frycatcuer. Clear olive green, wing bands buffy; 
whitish becoming yellowish below; yellowish ring about 
eyes; bill pale below; primaries nearly an inch longer 
than secondaries; 2d, 3d and 4th primaries nearly equal, 
and much longer than 1st and 5th; 1st much longer than 
6th; L.6; W. 3; T. 22; Ts.2; Tcl.4. E. U.S., frequent. 

2. E. traiflii, (Aud.) Baird. TrRarui’s FiycatTcuer. 
Olive brown, duller than preceding; bill pale below; 
5th primary about as long as 4th, Ist not much longer 
than 6th; middle toe 2 length of tarsus; longest primary 
% inch longer than secondaries; L. 53; W. 22; T. 24; 
Ts. 2; Tcl. 3. U.S. 


5 


OF BIRDS. 


3. E. minimus, Baird. Last Frycarcarr. Olive ' 
gray; bill blackish below; wings like preceding, but 
longest primary but 4 inch longer than secondaries; 
middle toe half as long as tarsus; bill less than 4 inch; 
L. 5; W. 23; T. 24. E.N. Am., abundant. 


4. E. flaviventris, Baird. Yerttow-Beturp Fty- 
CATCHER. Clear olive green; yellow below, becoming 
bright yellow (not merely yellowish as in the others) on 
the beily; first primary about equal to sixth; feet as in 
acadicus; .bill yellow below; L. 54; W. 22; T. 24. 
E. U.S. 


ORDER H.—PICARLA. 


(Picarian Birds.) 

Hind toe small, sometimes wanting, occasionally ele- 
vated; its claw shorter than that of middle toe (with rare 
exceptions); 3d and 4th toes often with less than the 
normal number of joints; 2d and 4th toes sometimes 
versatile. Wing coverts larger and in more numerous 
series than in the Passeres. Primaries 10, first rarely 
short; tail feathers 10 (8 to 12). Musical apparatus 
imperfect. Sternum non-passerine. Tarsus never oscine. 
Nature altricial. A highly diversified group, the mem- 
bers of which have little in common except their want 
of resemblance to other birds. 


FAMILY XXXVII.—CAPRIMULGID. 
(The Goatsuckers.) 

Bill very short, “fissirostral,” the gape exceedingly 
deep and wide, reaching to below the eyes, and usually 
with prominent rictal bristles. Wings long and pointed; 
secondaries lengthened. Plumage long and loose, owl- 
like. Tail feathers 10. Feet very small; tarsus short, 


CYPSELIDAl.— XXXVIIL 99 


partly feathered; toes slightly webbed at base, the hind 
toe somewhat elevated. Genera fourteen; species one 
hundred or more, widely diffused; chiefly insectivorous. 
* Tail rounded; rictal bristles very long. . ANTROSTOMUS, 1. 
** Tail forked ; rictal bristles inconspicuous. . CHORDEILES, 2. 


1. ANTROSTOMUS, Gould. WautrProorwitts. 


1. A. voeiferus, (Wils.) Bon. Wuiproorwitt. Nicur 
Jar. Grayish, much variegated; pectoral bar and ends 
of outer tail feathers white (¢) or tawny. (9); rictal 
bristles unbranched; L. 10; W. 6; T. 5. E. U.S, 
abundant, nocturnal; noted for its “solemn and pro- 
phetic” ery. 

2. A. earolinensis, (Gm.) Gould. CaucKwILL’s Wipow. 
More reddish; rictal_bristles with lateral filaments; L. 
12; W.9; T. 63. Southern, N. to Ills. (Vedson.) 


2. CHORDEILES, Swainson. Nigur Hawks. 


1. €. virginianus, (Gm.) Bon. Nieur Hawk. Buri 
Bat. Blackish, variegated; a large wing spot, bar 
across tail, and V-shaped blotch on throat— white in 4, 
tawny or obscure in 9; L. 94; W. 8; T. 5. U.S; 
abundant. [C. popetue, (Vieill.) Bd.] 


FAMILY XXXVIII.—CYPSELIDA. 
(The Swifts.) 

Bill fissirostral, as in Caprimulgide and Hirundinide. 
Wings very long, thin and pointed; secondaries very 
short. Feet small, weak; hind toe often elevated or 
otherwise turned; toes completely cleft. No rictal 
bristles. Tail feathers 10; plumage compact. In most 
species the salivary glands are highly developed, and 
their secretion is used as a glue in the construction of 


100 BIRDS. 


the nest; species of Cudlocalia thus form the edible 
bird’s nest. Small birds of the warmer parts of the 
world, bearing a superficial resemblance to Swallows, but 
structurally very different, being closely related to the 
Humming Birds. Genera six or eight; species about 
fifty. 
* Tarsus bare, longer than middle toe; tail feathers with the 
shafts spinous, projecting beyond the plumage. 
CuzTuRA, 1. 


1. CHATURA, Stephens. Cnimney SwaLiows. 


1. @. pelagica, (L.) Baird. Cmimnry Swirr. Sooty 
brown; throat paler; L. 54; W. 5;°T. 2. E. U.S, 
abundant. QAbardanke WR. © har 


FAMILY XXXIX.— TROCHILID. 
(The Humming Birds.) 

Bill subulate, usually longer than the head, straight or 
curved; tongue capable of great protrusion. Wings 
long and pointed, the secondaries short, only six in 
number; tail of ten feathers. Feet very small, with 
sharp claws. Smallest of all birds and among the most 
brilliantly colored. Genera seventy - five; species three 
hundred or more, thus forming one of the largest families 
in Ornithology. All are American, and most of them 
tropical, but our common species ranges far into British 
America. 


* First primary not attenuate, bowed or curved inwards. 
Trocuivs, 1. 


1. TROCHILUS, Linneus. Rusy-Turoatep Hummine 
Brrps. 

1. T. colubris, L. Rusy-THroatrp Hummine Brirp. 

4 metallic green above; a ruby-red gorget; tail deeply 

forked, uniform purplish; 9 without red, the tail vari- 


CUCULID®.—XLI. 101 


egated; L. 33; W. 12; T. 14; B. 2. HE. N. Am; 


abundant in summer. 


FAMILY XL.— ALCEDINIDA. 
(4 we Kingfishers.) 

Head large; bill long, straight and strong, usually 
longer than head; gape deep, tomia not serrate. Wings 
long; tail short. Legs quite small; feet syndactyle— 
the outer and middle toes united to their middle, a con- 
tinuous sole beneath; tibia naked below. Tail feathers 
twelve. Species about one hundred, chiefly of the tropical 
parts of the Old World and Australia. Many of them 
feed upon fishes, and nearly ail are remarkable for their 
brilliant coloration. 

* Head crested. . ‘ ‘ 5 ; . CERYLE, 1. 


1. CERYLE, Boie. KinerisuErs. 
> Ispida, Swainson. 


1. €. aleyon, (L.) Boie. Bztrep Kinerisoer. Ashy 
blue above, a bluish band across breast; white below; 
@ with sides and band across belly chestnut; tail barred 
with white; L.13; W.6; T. 34; B. 2, or more. N. 
Am.; every where. 


FAMILY XLI.—CUCULIDA. 
(The Cuckoos.) 


Bill compressed, lengthened, decurved; usually with- 
out rictal bristles or nasal tufts. Tail long and soft, of 
eight to twelve feathers. Tongue not extensible. Feet 
zygodactyle, by reversion of fourth toe. Species about 
two hundred, in various parts of the world. 

* Plumage lustrous olive gray or drab; arboreal. | Coccyaus, 1. 


102 BIRDS. 


1. CocCYGUS, Vieillot. Ammrican Cuckoos. 


1. @. americanus, (L.) Bon. YELLOw-BILLED Cuckoo. 
Bill yellow below; wings with much cinnamon red; 
middle tail feathers like the back; outer ones black with 
broad white tips; L. 12; W. 54; T.6. U.S. 


2. @. erythrophthalmus, (Wils.) Baird. Biack-BiLLEp 
Cuckoo. Bill chiefly black; wings with little or no’ 
reddish; tail feathers all brownish, obscurel~ whitish at 


tips; L. 114; W. 5; T, 64 E. U.S. 


FAMILY XLII.— PICIDA. 
(T he Woodpeckers.) 


Bill stout, usually straight, with the tip truncate or 
long, flattish, barbed, capable of great protrusion, adapted 
for securing insects (except in Sphyrapicus); hyoid appa- 
ratus peculiar, its horns generally quite long, curving 
around the skull behind. Feet zygodactyle, outer toe 
permanently reversed; hind toe present (except in Pico- 
ides); claws compressed, sharp and strong. Tail feathers 
12, rigid and acuminate, outer part short, concealed; tail 
never forked; nasal tufts usually present. 

Chiefly arboreal; all (except Sphyrapicus, which is 
truly a “Sap-Sucker,”) are pre-eminently insectivorous 
and hence they are of the greatest service to the farmer. 
Voice loud and often harsh. Colors generally bright, 
the male at least having almost always red on the head; 
sexes usually slightly different. Species two hundred 
and fifty, abundant almost every where. 

*Conspicuously crested; length 18 or more. 


— Bill dark. ; . 5 : Hytotomus, 1. 
— Bill and nasal feathers pale. 7 CAMPEPHILUS, 2. 
** Not crested; toes 3 only, hallux wanting. .  Prcorpss, 4. 


*** Not crested; toes 4, length less than 14. 


PICID.—XLIL 103 


+ Tongue obtuse, brushy; ridges on upper mandible running 
into the tomia; belly with some yellow. Spnyrapicus, 5. 


tt Tongue acute, barbed; ridges on sides of upper mandible 
reaching the tip; no Coe a (in ours) with round 
white spots. ji . é .  Picus, 3. 


ttt Tongue acute, barbed; Alive on siaed of upper mandible 
wanting or indistinct. 


} Back barred. 
a. Belly with round black spots; feathers of wings and tail 
yellow or orange beneath. e F CotaPTzs, 8. 


aa. Belly unspotted, tinged with red or yellow; no yellow 
onquills .  . : . _. CENTURUS, 6. 


t+ Back not barred; body — blue-black ; rump, second- 
aries, and ander parts white; head and neck red in adults, 
grayish in young. . ‘i . MELANERPES, 7. 


7. HYLOTOMUS, Baird. Buack Woopcocks. 


1. H. pileatus, (L.) Baird. Pitzatep WooppEckEr. 
Loecock. Black; white streak down neck; crest and 
cheek patch scarlet in ; cheeks and front of crest black 
in?, L.18; W. 93; T. 7%. N:Am.; in heavy timber. 


2. CAMPEPHILUS, Gray. Tvory-BittEp WoopPEcKEERS. 


1. @. prineipalis, (L.) Gray. Great Ivory- Bittep 
Wooprrecker. Black with white markings; crest scarlet 
in ¢, black in 9; L. 21; W.11; T. 8. Southern, N. to 
S. Ills. 


8. PICUS, Linnzus. Srorrep WoopPECcKERS. 


1. P. borealis, Vieill. Rxep-CockapED WoopPEcKER. 
Black and white, spotted and crosswise banded, but not 
streaked; a red line on each side of head in 4; L. 83; 
W. 44; T. 34. Southern States in swamps, N. to Penn. 

2. P. villosus, L. WHarzy Wooprrcker. Bie Sap- 
Sucker. Spotted and lengthwise streaked, but not 


104 BIRDS. 


banded; back black with a long white stripe; outer tail 
feathers wholly white; L. 9; W. 5; T. 34; a scarlet 
nuchal band in g only. U.S.; every where. 

3. P. pubescens, I. Downy Wooprrckrr. LitTLE 
Sap-Sucker. Much smaller; outer tail feathers black 


and white, barred, otherwise precisely like the other; 
L. 64; W. 33; T. 2%. U.8.; every where. 


4. PICOIDES, Lacepede. Turee-Torp WooppEcKkErs. 


1. P. areticus, (Sw.) Gray. Buack-Backep Woop - 
PECKER. Black and white; crown yellow in 4, plain in 
9; back uniform black; L. 9; W.5; T. 32. Northern, 
S. to U.S. in winter. 

2. P. americanus, Brehm. Banpep THREE- ToED 
Wooprrckrr. Back with a white lengthwise stripe; 
otherwise as above; L. 8; W. 44; T. 34. Aretic, S. in 
winter to New England. 


5. SPHYRAPICUS, Baird. Sap-Suckinc WoopPEcKERS. 
1. 8. varius, (L.) Baird. YEtLow-BELLizp Woop- 
PECKER. Black and white above; black on breast; 
chiefly yellowish below; white wing patch; crown red in 
adult, chin scarlet in 6; L. 84; W. 43; T. 34. U.S, 
abundant. 
6. CENTURUS, Swainson. Rep-BELLIED WoopPEcKERs. 
1. C. carolinus, (L.) Bon. Rep-BrEttrep Woop- 
PECKER. Grayish, much barred above with black and 
white; crown and nape crimson in %, crown ashy in 9, 
belly reddish-tinged; L. 93; W. 5; T. 34. E. U.S, 
rather southerly; N. to N. Wis. 
7. MELANERPES, Swainson. Rep-HrapEep Woop- 


PECKERS. 
1. M. erythrocephalus, (L.) Sw. Rep-Heapep Woop- 


ARID4.— XLIO. 105 


PECKER. L. 9; W. 54; T. 33. U.S., E. of the Rocky 
Mts.; abundant. 


8. COLAPTES, Swainson. FLIcKErs. 

1. @. auratus, (I..) Sw. Goipen-Wincep Woop- 
PECKER. Hicu-Horer. Yarup. Head ashy, with red 
nuchal crescent; back olivaceous, barred with black; rump 
white; below pinkish brown shading into yellowish, a 
black crescent on breast and numerous round black spots; 
shafts and under surfaces of quills golden yellow; 4 with 
a black maxillary patch; L. 124; W. 6; T. 44. E. U.S, 
abundant. 

Var. mexicanus, (Sw.) Snow. Rep-SHaFTEeD FLICKER. 
Quills with orange red instead of golden; maxillary 
patches in g red instead of black; no nuchal crescent; 
no yellowish on belly. Western, E. to Kas., etc. Runs 
into the preceding, through C. hybridus. Baird. 


ORDER I.—PSITTACL 
(The Parrots.) 


Bill enormously thick, cered at base and strongly 
hooked. Feet zygodactyle by reversion of outer toe, 
tarsus reticulate. Tongue short, fleshy; upper jaw un- 
usually movable. Altricial. Plumage often brilliant. In 
all warm regions; species three hundred and fifty-four, 
nearly half of which are American. 


FAMILY XLIII.— ARID. 
(The Macaos.) 
Parrots with the head not crested, and the tail long, 
wedge-shaped or graduated. (Baird.) 


* Culmen rounded; face entirely feathered except a curve about 
the eye; tail shorter than wings. “ « Conurus, 1. 


106 BIRDS. 


7. CONURUS, Kuhl. Parroquets. 


1. 6. earolinensis,(L.) Kuhl. Carotina PARRoQuet. 
Green; head and neck yellow; face red; wings with blue 
and yellow; bill white; L. 13; W. 74; T. 6. Southwest- 
ern, formerly N. to the Great Lakes; now nearly exter- 
minated. 


ORDER J.—RAPTORES. 
(The Birds of Prey.) 


Bill powerful, cered at base, strongly hooked at the 
end. Feet never zygodactyle ; fourth toe sometimes 
versatile; claws long and sharp; hind toe well developed, 
rarely elevated; tibia, and often tarsus, feathered. 
Primaries 10; tail feathers 12 (with rare exceptions). 
Altricial, but young downy at birth. Carnivorous birds, 
generally of large size and great strength, found in every 
part of the world. 


FAMILY XLIV.—STRIGIDA. 
(The Ovls.) 

Head very large, shortened lengthwise and greatly 
expanded laterally; the eyes directed forwards and 
partly surrounded by a disk of radiating feathers of 
peculiar texture; loral feathers antrorse, long and dense; 
feathers on the sides of forehead often elongated into 
ear-like tufts. Plumage very soft and lax, rendering the 
flight almost noiseless; its colors blended and mottled so 
as to render minute description difficult. External ear 
very large, often provided with a movable flap. Outer 
toe versatile; claws very sharp, long and strong. Eggs 
nearly spherical, pure white. Chiefly nocturnal. Sexes 
colored alike, 9 usually the larger. Owls are found in 
every part of the globe, and most of the species have a 


STRIGIDZ.—XLIV. 107 


wide range. Their habits are so well known that I need 
not dwell upon them here. Genera about forty; species 
one hundred and fifty. 
* Tarsus naked or scant-feathered, facial disk perfect; no ear- 
tufts; middle claw pectinate; iris black. ; Strix, 1. 
** Tarsus fully feathered. 
t Head with evident “ear-tufts;” iris yellow. 
$ Tail about 4 of wing; bill Biekisie length more than 18. 


Bugo, 6. 

{ Tail about half length of wing; length less than 18. 
a. Bill pale; length less than 12... : 2 Scors, 5. 
aa. Bill dark; length more than 12. . . ‘i AsIO, 2. 


tt Head without evident “ ear-tufts.” 


b. Tail about 4+ a of wing; iris aia length less than 
12. . . 3 NyctTate, 4. 
6b. Tail about # of wing; Sap 18 or more. 


c. Pure white, with dark markings; toes concealed by long 
feathers ; facial disk incomplete; bill black ; iris yellow. 


Nyorsa, 7. 

ce. Grayish, much barred; facial disk complete; bill yellow; 

iris black or yellow. . . .  . Sy¥RNIUM, 3. 

bbb. Tail about # of wing; bill acti iris yellow; length 
about 16. . . Surnta, 8. 

*** Tarsus long, sparsely hilar facial disk anes middle 
claw simple. . : ‘ : é : . SPEOTYTO, 9. 


¢ 


7. STRIX, Linneus. Barn Ow1s. 


1. S. flammea, (L.) var. pratincola, (Bon.) Ridg. Barn 
Own. Face elongated; reddish or tawny, much vari- 
egated; L. 17; W. 13; T. 53. U. &., rather southerly. 


2. ASIO, Brisson. EarEp Owls. 
(Otus, Cuvier.) 
1. A. otus, (L.) Less. Lone-EHarep Owx. Ear 
tufts well developed, of 8 to 12 feathers; outer primary 


108 BIRDS. 


only emarginate; much variegated; L. 15; W. 12; T. 6. 
U.S. 


2. A. brachyotus, (Gm.) Macgil. Suort-HarEp OwL. 
Ear tufts small and inconspicuous; two outer primaries 
emarginate; L. 15; W. 12; T. 6. U.S. and Europe. 
(Brachyotus palustris, Auct.) 


8. SYRNIUM, Savigny. Barrep Ow1s. 
* Tris black; 5 outer primaries emarginate. (Syrnium.) 

1. §. nebulosum, (Forst.) Boie. Barrep Own. Toes 
not concealed; olive brown, barred with white above; 
breast barred; belly streaked; L. 18; W. 14; T.9. E. 
N. Am., common. 

** Tris yellow; 6 outer primaries emarginate. (Scotdaptew.) 

2. S. cinereum, (Gmel.) Aud. Great Gray Owt. 
Toes concealed by long feathers; cinereous brown above, 
waved with white; breast streaked, belly barred; largest 
of all our owls; L. 30; W. 18; T. 12. Northern, S. in 
winter to N. States. 


4. NYCTALE, Brehm. Srarrow Owns. 


1. MW. tengmalmii, Gm. var. richardsonii, (Bon.) Ridg. 
Trenematm’s Ow. Nostrils sunken, elongated, opening 
laterally; tail more than half wing; general color choco- 
late brown, variegated; L.10; W. 74; T. 43. Northern, 
S. to N. U.S. 

2. N. acadica, (Gm.) Bon. Saw-Wuer Own. Nos- 
trils prominent, nearly circular, opening anteriorly; L. 
8; W. 53; T. 23. U.S., rather northerly. 


5. SCOPS, Savigny. Screzcu Owt1s. 
1. S. aso, (Iu.) Bon. Screzcn Owr. Rep Owt. 
Grayish, speckled and barred, or else with the grayish 
replaced by bright reddish; these two different styles of 


FALCONID A.— XLV. 109 


plumage bearing no relation to age, sex or season; L. 
10; W. 7; T. 34. U-.S., abundant. 


6. BUBO, Dumeril. Great Hornep Ow s. 


1. B. virginianus, (Gm.) Bon. Gruat Hornep OWL. 
Black, gray and buffy, variously mottled and barred; 
usually a whitish half-collar; ear tufts large, their feathers 
mostly black; L. 22; W. 16; T. 10. U.S., abundant; 
one of the strongest and most untamable of the Owls. 


7. NYCTEA, Stephens. Great Snow Owts. 


1. W. seandiaca, (L.) Newt. Snowy Own. Pure ‘ 
white, more or less barred with blackish; L. 23; W. 173; 
T. 10. Northern, S. in Winter; one of the handsomest 
of Owls. (WV. nivea, Auct.) 


8. SURNIA, Dumeril. Hawk Owts. 

1. §. ulula, (L.) Bon., var. hudsonica, (Gm.) Ridg. | 
Hawk Owt. Day Own. Brown, much speckled and 
barred; L. 16; W.9; T. 7. Northern, 8. to Wis. and 
Mass. 

9. SPEOTYTO, Gloger. Burrowine Ow ts. 


1. S. eunicularia, (Mol.) var. hypog@a, (Bon.) Coues. 
Burrowing Owt. Brownish, much spotted and varie- 
gated. L.10; W. 73; T.4. Fla. and Western Plains, 
living in the holes of prairie dogs. 


FAMILY XLV.—FALCONIDA. 
(The Falcons.) 
Eyes lateral, eyelids provided with lashes, usually a 
projecting bony eyebrow; no complete facial disk. Toes 
always naked, and usually tarsus also; hind toe not 


elevated. Head fully feathered (except in the Old World 


110 BIRDS. 


Vulturinc), no ear tufts. Base of stout, strongly hooked 
bill, not hidden by feathers. Claws very strong and sharp. 
Plumage usually of blended colors, barred or streaked; 
changes considerable; 9 usually the larger. Genera fifty, 
species three hundred, abounding every where. Their 
habits are too well known to require description here. 


I. Tarsus feathered to the toes. 
a. Tarsus entirely feathered; tail12ormore. . Aguina, 12. 


aa. Tarsus with a narrow unfeathered strip behind ; tail less 
than 12. : 3 : S ‘ ‘ ARCHIBUTEO, 11. 
II. Tarsus reticulate all around. 


b. Upper mandible toothed; under notched; nostrils circular. 
Fatoco, 1. 


bb. Tail widely forked; outer feather twice as long as middle 
ones; colors black and white. ‘ é Navc.Ervs, 3. 


bbb. Claws all of same length, rounded beneath; tibial feathers 
close; plumage compact, without after shafts. Panprov, 2. 


bbbd. Tail emarginate, and outer feather not longer than middle; 
head and tail white in adult. ‘ ‘4 . Exanvs, 5. 


III. Tarsus scutellate in front only (occasionally “ booted.” ) 


c. Toes not webbed at all; neck feathers lanceolate, white in 
adult . F .  Hattagtos, 18. 


cc. Toes somewhat webbed at base. 


d. Nostrils circular; tail less than $ length of wing. 
Ictrnra, 4. 


dd. Nostrils oval; tail more than $ length of wing. 
e. Tarsus feathered about half way down in front, the 


feathers scarcely separated behind. 7 ASTorR, 7. 
ee. Tarsus feathered less than one-third down in front, the 
feathers widely separated behind. . AccrIPITER, 8. 


IV. Tarsus scutellate in front and behind. 
Sf. Face with a slight ruff; tarsus twice length of middle toe; 
upper tail coverts white. : A 5 Crrous, 6. 
Sf. No ruff; 3 or 4 outer primaries emarginate; rump not white. 
Borso, 10. 


FALCONID #.— XLV. 111 


fff. No ruff; 4 primaries emarginate; tail coverts white; tail 
black. , : 2 a os ‘ .  Asrurra, 9. 


1. FALCO, Linneeus. Fancons. 
* First primary only emarginate on inner web; 2d longest, 1st 
shorter than 4th; tarsal plates small; sexes colored alike. 

¢ Tarsus not longer than middle toe, scarcely feathered below 

joint. (Falco.) 

1. F. communis, Gm. PEREGRINE Fatcon. Duck 
Hawk. Blackish ash with paler waves; below whitish, 
barred; black cheek patches; L. 16; W. 13; T. 7. U. 
S., not common. 

tt Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, feathered for some 

distance. (Hverofaico, Cuv.) 

2. F. sacer, Forst. Gyrratcon. Tarsus feathered 
half way down, with only a bare strip behind; white or 
ashy with dark markings; L. 24; W.16; T.10. Northern 
regions of both continents; var. islandicus, 8. to U.S. 
in winter. (2. gyrfalco, L.) 

3. F. mexicanus, Licht. Lanier Fatcon. Tarsus 
feathered 4 way down; general color brown; L. 18; W. 
14; T.8. S. W., E. to Ills. 

** Two primaries emarginate; tarsal plates enlarged in front, 
appearing like scutella. 

+ Tarsus about equal to middle toe; basal joints of toes without 

transverse scutella. (salon, Kaup.) 

4. F. eolumbarius, L. Piceon Hawk. AMERICAN 
Merun. Ashy blue or blackish above, variegated 
below; L.13; W. 8; T.5. U.S. 

tt Tarsus longer than middle toe; basal joints of toes with 

transverse scutella. (Tinnunculus, Vieill.) ae 

5. F. sparverius, L. Sparrow Hawk. Rusty- 
Crownep Fatcon. Back tawny; wings bluish and 
black; seven black blotches about head; tail chestnut, 


112 BIRDS. 


with a broad black band in 4, and a narrow terminal one 
of white; below white or tawny; L. 11; W. 7; T. 5. 
U. S., abundant. 


2. PANDION, Savigny. Ospreys. 

1. P. haliaetus, (L.) Savigny. Osprey. Fis Haws. 
Dark brown; head, neck and under parts mostly white; , 
feet very large; L. 24; W. 20; T. 10. U.S.; feeds on 
fishes. 


3. NAUCLERUS, Vigors. Swattow-Taitep Kirss. 


1. W. fureatus, (L.) Vig. Swatrow-Tartep Kure. 
Lustrous black; head, neck and lower parts white; W. 
17; T. 14. Southern, N. to Penn. and Minn. 


4. ICTINIA, Vieillot. Broz Kirss. 

1. / subce@rulea, (Bart.) Coues. Muississrprr Kirs. 
Chiefly lead blue, wings with chestnut; L. 15; W. 12; 
T. 63. Southern, N. to Penn. and Wis. (J. mississip- 
piensis, Auct.) 


5. ELANUS, Savigny. Wutre-Tattep Kirss. 


1. E. glaueus, (Bartr.) Coues. Brack - SHoULDERED 
Kitz. L. 17%. Southern, N. to 8. Ills. (2. leucurus, 
Auct.) 


6. CIRCUS, Lacepede. Marsa Harriers. 


1. €. eyaneus (L.) var. hudsonius, (L.) Coues. Mansi 
Harrier. Pale bluish or brown; rump and under parts 
whitish; L.18; W.15; T.9. N.Am., abundant. 


7. ASTUR, Lacepede. GosHawkKs. 


1. A. palumbarius, (L.) var. atricapillus, (Wils.) Coues. 
Gosnawk. Slate blue with white superciliary stripe; 
tail with four dark bars; L. 24; W.14; T.11. Northern, 
S. to U.S. in winter. 


FALCONIDA.— XLV. 11: 


8. ACCIPITER, Brisson. Hawks. 
= Nisus, Cuvier. 

1. A. fuscus, Gm.) Bon. Suarp-Suinnep Hawk. 
“Piazon Hawk.” Bare portion of tarsus in front. 
longer than middle toe; tarsus “booted” in 4; general 
color dark brown; L. 12; W.7; T.6. U.S8., abundant. 


2. A. cooperi, Bon. CuickEN Hawk. Bare tarsus 
shorter than middle toe; L. 18; W.10; T.8 N.Am. 


9. ASTURINA, Vieillot. Gray Hawks. 


1. A. nitida, (Lath.) var. plagiata, (Schl.) Coues. Gray 
Hawk. L.18; W.10; T. 73. Mexican, straying to S. 
Ills. 

10. BUTEO, Cuvier. Buzzarps. 
* 4 outer primaries emarginate on inner web. (Buteo.) 

1. &. borealis, (Gm.) Vieill. Hen Hawz. Rep-Tartep 
Buzzarp. Dark brown; much barred and streaked; tail 
bright chestnut red above; L. 23; W. 154; T. 84. U.S., 
common. 

2. B. lineatus, (Gm.) Jard. Rep-SHovtperEep Buz- 
ZARD. Dark reddish brown, variegated; bend of wing 
orange brown; L. 22; W.14; T. 9. Smaller than the 
preceding, although nearly as long. E. N. Am., abundant. 


** 3 outer primaries emarginate on inner web. (Craairex, Gould.) 


3. B. swainsoni, Bon. Swatnson’s Buzzarp. Gray, 
variously streaked, usually a dark area on throat and 
breast; tail with six or more narrow dark bars; variable; 
L. 20; W. 16; T. 83. Western; EH. to Ind. and Mass. 

4. B. pennsylvanicus, (Wils.) Bon. Broap-WINGED 
Hawk. Brown above, whitish or fulvous below, variously 
streaked and barred; conspicuous dark cheek patches; 
tail with broad dark bands alternating with narrower 


114 BIRDS. 


pale ones, white-tipped; L. 18; W. 11; T.%. E.U.S.; 
a stout, handsome, though small hawk. 


11. ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm. Saquirre, Hawks. 


1. A. /agopus, (Brunn.), var. saneti-johannis, (Gm.) 
Ridg. Roven-Lzccrp Hawk. Brack Hawk. Chiefly 
whitish but sometimes entirely black; L. 24; W.18; T. 
10. N. Am. 


12. AQUILA, Mohring. GotpEN Eacuzs. 


1. A. chrysaetus, (L.) GotpEN Eacuz. Glossy purplish 
brown; head and neck golden brown; quills blackish; 
L. 36; W. 25; T.16. N. Am., chiefly northerly. 


13. HALIAETUS, Savigny. Bap Eaauzs. 


1. H. leucocephalus, (L.) Savigny. Bap Eager. Dark 
brown; head, neck and tail white (after the third year); 
L. 36; W. 25; T. 14. N. Am., every where; feeds on 
fishes. “A piratical parasite of the Osprey, otherwise 
notorious as the emblem of the Republic.” (Coues.) 


FAMILY XLVI.—CATHARTIDA. 
(The New World Vultures.) 


Head and part of neck bare. Eyes lateral, not over- 
hung; ears small. Bill lengthened, weak and but little 
hooked; nostrils perforate. Wings very long and strong, 
giving a strength and grace of flight scarcely excelled. 
Hind toe short, and elevated; front toes long, some- 
what webbed, with rather weak and straightish claws. 
Large turkey-like raptores, without the strength and 
spirit of the hawks and owls; “ voracious and indiscrimi- 
nate gormandizers of carrion and animal refuse of all 
sorts, hence efficient and almost indispensable scavengers 
in the warm countries where they abound.” (Coues.) 


CATHARTID&.—XLVI. 115 


Two species, the Condor and the California Vulture, are 
among the largest birds of flight in the world. All are 
American, the Old World Vultures (Valturine) being 
Vulture -like hawks. Genera five; species six or eight. 
* Wings very long, primaries reaching to end of tail or farther; 


skin of neck not corrugated; a tuft of bristles in front of 
eye. R F ‘ ‘ : : .  Raroeryrazus, 1. 


** Wings short, scarcely reaching middle of tail; skin of neck 
corrugated; no bristles in front of eye. . CaTHARISTA, 2. 


1. RHINOGRYPHUS, Ridgway. Turkey Buzzarps. 
< Cathartes, Illiger. 


1. BR. aura, (L.) Ridg. Turkey Buzzarp. Black, 
lustrous above; skin of head and neck red; L. 30; W. 
22; T. 12. N. Am., abundant, southward. 


2. CATHARISTA, Vieillot. Carrion Crows. 


1. ¢. atrata, (Bartr.) Gray. Carrion Crow. Uniform 
dull black; L. 24; W. 17; T. 8. N.C. to Mexico; 
rarely straying northward. 


ORDER K.—COLUMBA. 
(The Doves.) 


Bill straight, compressed, the horny tip separated by 
a constriction from the soft part. Nostrils opening 
beneath a soft, tumid membrane. Frontal feathers 
sweeping in a strongly convex outline across base of 
upper mandible; tomie meeting. Hind toe on a level 
with the rest (except in Starncenas, etc.), the others 
usually not webbed. Tarsus mostly scutellate in front, 
elsewhere reticulate, the plates soft. Head small. 


116 BIRDS. 


Plumage soft, compact, the feathers very loosely inserted. 
Altricial; monogamous. 


FAMILY XLVII.—COLUMBIDA.: 
(The Doves.) 

Wings long, pointed. Tail never forked, of 12 or 14 
feathers; male with the neck iridescent. Species about 
three hundred, found in most regions, but most abundant 
in the East Indies. Besides the following, quite a num- 
ber of species occur in the Southern States. The com- 
mon domesticated dove (Columba livia) is a fair type of 
the family. 


* Tarsus feathered at the suffrago, shorter than the lateral toes; 
tail very long, wedge-shaped, of 12 feathers. Ectoristas, 1. 


** Tarsus entirely bare, longer than the lateral toes. 


+ Tail long, pointed, of 14 feathers; length more than 10. 
ZENZEDURA, 2. 


++ Tail short, rounded, of 12 feathers; length less than 8. 
CHAMAPELIA, 3. 


1. ECTOPISTES, Swainson. PassencER PigEons. 

1. E. migratorius, (1..) Sw. Witp Piczon. Bluish with 
reddish and violet tinges, reddish below; L. 17; W. 74; 
T.8. N.A., abundant; gregarious. 


2. ZENADURA, Bonaparte. Mournine Doves. 


1. Z. carolinensis, (Iu.) Bon. Mournine Dove. TurtTLE 
Dove. Carotina Dove. Brownish olive, glossed with 
blue and wine color; plumage with metallic lustre; L. 
12; W. 52; T. 62. U.S., abundant. 


8. CHAMAEPELIA, Swainson. Grounp Doves. 


1. .C passerina, (L..) Sw. Grounp Dovz. Grayish 
olive, with bluish gloss; L. 64; W. 34; T. 22. Southern, 
N. to Washington, D.C. 


MELEAGRID4.— XLVIIL. 117 


ORDER L.—GALLIN 2. 
(The Gallinaceous Birds.) 

Bill short, stout, convex, horny, not constricted; nostrils 
scaled or feathered, cutting edge of upper mandible over- 
lapping. Head often partly or wholly naked, sometimes 
with fleshy processes. Legs moderate, stout; hind toe 
elevated (excepting in Cracide, etc.), smaller than the 
other toes, sometimes wanting. Tarsus broadly scutellate 
(sometimes feathered), occasionally spurred in the males; 
claws blunt, not much curved. Wings short, strong, con- 
cave; tail various, sometimes wanting, often immensely 
developed. Precocial, often polygamous. 

A large order comprising the various kinds of domesti- 
cated fowl as well as the chief game birds of most 
countries. 


FAMILY XLVIII.— MELEAGRID. 
(The Turkeys.) 

Large birds, with the head and neck unfeathered, 
covered with scattered hairs, and more or less caruncu- 
late. Bill moderate; nostrils bare; forehead with an 
elongate fleshy process. Tarsus spurred in male; hind 
toe elevated. Tail nearly as long as wing, truncate, of 
more than twelve feathers. Breast of male mostly with 
a tuft of long bristles. Genus one; species two. Mf. 
ocellatus, of tropical America, and the common Turkey. 


1. MELEAGRIS, Linneus. TurKEys. 


1. M. gallopavo, L. Witp Turney. Glossy, coppery 
black; L. 48; W. 21; T. 183. Canada to Rocky Moun- 
tains, and south to Mexico, hecoming extinct eastwards. 
The domestic Turkey is descended from a Mexican 
variety. 


118 BIRDS. 


FAMILY XLIX.—TETRAONIDA. 
(Lhe Grouse.) 


Nostrils and tarsus densely feathered. Toes usually 
naked. Tail various with sixteen to twenty feathers. 
Usually a naked strip over eye; sides of neck often with 
a bare patch or lengthened feathers, or both. Genera 
seven; species fifteen; chiefly North American. 

* Toes naked. 
+ Tarsus feathered to the toes. 
¢ Tail of 16 feathers; colors dark. F , . Canace, 1. 
tt Tail of 18 feathers. 
a. Neck without peculiar feathers; middle tail feathers pro- 


jecting. .. . . .  PEpIacETEs, 2. 

aa. Neck with peculiar, Rais lanceolate feathers above 

a large, bare, bright-colored patch. . Cuprponta, 3. 

tt Tarsus feathered about half way; tail of 18 soft, broad 
feathers. ‘ : : ; ‘: i Bonasa, 4. 

** Toes feathered; winter pinmage pure white. . lLagopvs, 5. 


1. CANACE, Reichenbach. AmERiIcan GROUSE. 
< Tetrao, L. 


1. €. canadensis, (L.) Reich. Sprucz Parrripes. 
Canapa Grousg. Black above with plumbeous mark- 
ings; mostly black below with white spots; tail with an 
orange brown terminal band; ? smaller, black interrupted 
or streaky; L. 16; W. 62; T. 53. Spruce swamps, N. 
U.S. and Northward. 


2. PEDIECETES, Baird. Suarpe-Tartep Grouss. 


1. P. phasianellus, (L.) var. columbianus, (Ord.) Coues. 
Snarp-TaiLep Grouse. Chiefly yellowish brown and 
white; sexes alike; L. 18; W. 82; T. 5. Illinois to 
Colorado, N. and W. 


PERDICIDA.—L. 119 


3. CUPIDONIA, Reich. PINNATED GROUSE. 

1. €. cupido, (L.) Baird. -Prarriz Hen. Prarriz 
Cuicxen. Sides of neck with a tuft of long pointed 
feathers, beneath which is a patch of bare, red skin, 
capable of great inflation; black, tawny and white, barred 
and streaked; IL. 17; W.9; T. 44; 9 smaller. Prairies, 
etc., Martha’s Vineyard to La. and N.; nearly extermin- 
ated eastward. 


4. BONASA, Stephens. Rurrep Grousz. 


1. B. umbellus, (1..) Stephens. Parrriver (North.) 
Pueasant (South.) Crested; sides of neck with a ruff 
of soft dark feathers; variegated, reddish or grayish 
brown, with-blackish and pale; L. 18; W. 74; T. 7. E. 
U.S., abundant in woodland. 


5. LAGOPUS, Vieillot. Prarmigans. 


1. L. alous, (Gm.) Aud. Wuire Prarmican. WILLOw 
Grouse. Fore parts cinnamon brown, variegated with 
blackish; in winter pure white; bill stout; L. 16; W. 8; 
T. 5. British America; N. U. S. (rarely, in winter.) 


FAMILY L.— PERDICIDA. 
(The Partridges.) 

Nostrils unfeathered, protected by a naked scale; 
tarsus bare and scutellate, circumorbital space usually 
not bare; in most respects similar to the Grouse, but 
smaller. Our species are crested (excepting the com- 
mon Quail) and Western or Southwestern. 


7. ORTYX, Stephens. Bos-WuirTzs. 


1. O. virginianus, (L.) Bon. Quai (North.) Part- 
RipGE (South.) Bos-Wuite. Forehead, line through 
eyes, chin and throat white, brownish yellow in 9; 


120 BIRDS. 


crown dark; plumage generally chéstnut red, barred 
and streaked; L. 9$; W. 5; T. 3. E. U.S., and West 
Indies; W. to Plains. 


ORDER M.—LIMICOLA. 
(The Shore Birds.) 


Tibia more or less naked below (sometimes very 
slightly); legs, and usually neck also, elongated; hind 
toe free and elevated, often wanting. Head globose, 
abruptly sloping to the base of the bill, completely 
feathered (except in Philomachus 8); gape short; bill 
weak, flexible, more or less soft-skinned, and therefore 
sensitive, blunt at tip, without hard cutting edges— 
fitted for probing in the mud; nostrils slit-like, surround- 
ed by soft skin, never feathered; body never strongly 
compressed or depressed; nature precocial. 

Birds of medium or small size, more or less aquatic; 
found in most regions; very abundant in America. 


FAMILY LI.—CHARADRIIDA. 
(The Plovers.) 

Head rather large, nearly globose; bill of moderate 
length, shaped somewhat like a pigeon’s bill, with a 
constriction behind the horny terminal portion; nasal 
fosse lined with soft skin, through which the slit -like 
nostrils open. Wings long and pointed, usually reaching 
beyond the tip of the short tail, sometimes spurred. 
Toes usually three, with basal web; tarsus reticulated; 
tibiz naked below. Sexes similar, but seasonal changes 
of plumage great. Species sixty or more, in most parts 
of the world. 

* Plumage speckled; black below in breeding season. 


CHARIDRIUD#.—LI. 121 


+ Hind toe present, very short. . . . S@uaTarona, 1. 
tt Hind toe absent. ‘ : . . OARADRIODS, 2. 
** Plumage not speckled; head sath neck with dark bands in the 
breeding season; toes8. . . . «. £AMararitis, 3. 


1. SQUATAROLA, Cuvier. Wauisttinc PLovers. 


1. S. helvetica, (L.) Cuv. Buack-BxELurep Piover. 
Ox-Eyr. Grayish, speckled; black below in breeding 
season, at other times white; L. 114; W. 7%; T. 3; B. 
14; Ts. 2. In most parts of the world. 


2. CHARADRIUS, L. GotpEn PLovers. 


1. C. fulvus (Gm.) var. virginicus, (Borck ) Coues. 
Gotpen Proven. Frost Brrp. Dark and grayish 
above, profusely speckled, some of the spots bright 
yellow; black below in breeding season, at other times 
grayish; L. 103; W. 7; T. 3; B.1; Ts. 12. N. Am, a 
well known game bird. 


3. AGIALITIS, Boie. Rine-N«Eck PLOvVERs. 
* Bill black, rather long; L. 8 or more. 

1. £. vociferus, (L.) Cass. Kitpzmr Piover. Brown; 
rump bright orange brown; tail with black, white, and 
orange; two black bars across breast, and one above the 
white forehead; L. 9}; W. 63; T. 34. N.Am., abund- ‘ 
ant in the Miss. Valley. 

** Bill black-tipped, short and stout; L. 7 or less. 

2. 4. semipalmatus, (Bon.) Cab. Rina-NxEcKk PLovEr. 
Dark ashy brown; black bands broad; feet semipalmate;_ 
L.7. N. Am. 

3. 4. melodus, (Ord) Cab. Prrrne Piover. Very 
pale ashy brown, clear white below; dark bands narrow 
and faint; toes slightly webbed; L. 62. HE. N. Am. 
abundant along the coast. 

6 


122 BIRDS. 


FAMILY LIIl.—HHMATOPODIDA. 
(Lhe Turnstones.) 

Bill hard, acute, or truncate; nasal fossz short, broad, 
and shallow. Legs short, stout, brightly colored. Genera 
two, not much alike; species six or eight; in most parts 
of the world. 

* Toes 3, webbed at base; tarsus reticulate, shorter than the trun- 


cate, compressed, almost woodpecker-like bill. 
Hamatorvs, 1. 


** Toes 4, not webbed; tarsus scutellate in front, as long as the 
sharp, pointed bill. é é 5 ” .  MSTREPSILAS, 2. 


1. HAEMATOPUS, Linnzus. Oyster CATCHERS. 


1. H. palliatus, Temminck. Oyster Catcomr. Ashy 
brown and blackish, mostly white below; L. 18; W. 10; 
T. 44; B. 3. Coasts. 


2. STREPSILAS, Linnzus. TuURNSTONES. 


1. S. interpres, (L.) Illiger. Turnstonr. Variegated; 
black, white, brown, and chestnut above; mostly white 
below; no reddish in winter; L. 84; W. 6; T. 24. 
Cosmopolitan; abundant. 


FAMILY LITI.— RECURVIROSTRID. 
(The Avocets.) 

Legs excessively long. Bill very slender, long, acute, 
often recurved. Genera three, species eight; in most 
parts of the world. Himantopus is said to have the 
longest legs relatively of any bird. A 
* Toes 4, full webbed; bill recurved, flattened, tapering to a needle- 


like point; ee beneath thickened as in ducks; swim- 
mers. . . ‘ . Recurvirostra, 1. 


** Toes 38, saenipcecales pill nearly straight, not flattened. 
HiImanrTorus, 2. 


PHALAROPODID#.—LIV. 123 


7. RECURVIROSTRA, Linneus. Avocets. 
1. BR. americana, Gm. Avocer. BuiveE Srockine. 


White, marked with black and cinnamon; legs blue; L. 
18; W. 8; T. 33. U.S. 


2. HIMANTOPUS, Brisson. Sriuts. 
1. H. nigricollis, Vieillot. Srimur. Lone SHanxs. 


Lawyer. Glossy black, white below, legs pink; L. 15; 
W.9; T.3; Ts. 4. U.S. 


FAMILY LIV.—PHALAROPODIDA. 
(The Phalaropes.) 

Snipe-like birds with the toes lobed, as in the coots 
and grebes, but the lobes narrower. Swimmers; body 
depressed and the under plumage thick as in the Ducks. 
Tarsus much compressed. Three species representing 
as many genera; of northern regions of both hemis- 
pheres, southward in winter. 

* Bill flattened; membranes scalloped. . .  Pxavarorts, 1. 
** Bill subulate; membranes scalloped. : 3 Losrrgs, 2. 
%* Bill subulate; membranes plain. . SrEcanopous, 3. 


1. PHALAROPUS, Brisson. Rrp PHALAROPES. 


1. P. fuliearius, (L.) Bon. Rep Paazarorr. Variega- 
ted above, purplish chestnut below; young white below; 
L. 8; W. 5; T. 22; B.1. Northern Am. 


2. LOBIPES, Cuvier. Nortaern PHALAROPES. 


1. L. Ayperboreus, (L.) Cuv. NorTHern PaanaRorr. 
Grayish black, variegated; rump and under parts white; 
sides of neck with chestnut stripe. Northern regions. 


3. STEGANOPUS, Vieillot. PHaLaRopxs. 
1. §. wilsoni, (Sab.) Coues. Wutson’s PaaLaRoPE. 


124 BIRDS. 


Ashy above, variegated; rump and under parts white; 
sides of neck with a black stripe which changes to chest- 
nut below. Northern regions. 


FAMILY LV.—SCOLOPAGIDA. 
(The Snipe.) 


Bill elongated, usually longer than the head; if short 
not plover-like, being soft-skinned throughout (hard 
when dry); nasal grooves narrow channels ranging 
from half to nearly the whole length of the bill; 
sides of lower mandible usually also grooved; nostrils 
narrow exposed slits; head feathered. Wings usually 
thin and pointed; tail short and soft; tibiae rarely 
entirely feathered. Tarsus never entirely reticulate and 
usually scutellate in front and behind; hind toe present 
(except in Calidris); front toes cleft or slightly webbed; 
size medium or small. Sexes alike or female slightly 
larger ; seasonal changes in plumage often strongly 
marked. Eggs usually four, placed with the small ends 
together in a slight nest or depression in the ground; 
notes various; mostly migratory or gregarious. Genera 
fifteen or more, species about ninety; chiefly of northern 
regions, but some species in most parts of the world. 


* Toes 3. ? 3 7 F 3 fs ‘ Caxrpris, 8. 

** Toes 4. 
t Tarsus scutellate in front only; bill slender, decurved, very 
much longer than the head. . . . WNumentvs, 15. 


tt Tarsus scutellate in front and behind. 
¢ Feet semipalmate; toes somewhat webbed at base. 
@ Tail barred crosswise, with light and dark colors. 
6. Gape not reaching beyond base of culmen. 


¢. Culmen furrowed; length less than 12. 
MacrorHaMPuts, 4, 


SCOLOPACID.4.—LYV. 125 


og. Culmen unfurrowed; length more than 12. 


: Lrvosa, 9. 
bb. Gape reaching beyond base of culmen. 


d. Length more than 9. 
e. Bill longer than head. . . «. Toranus, 10. 
ee. Bill not longer than head. 
Jf. Tail more than half the length of wing. 
AcTITURUS, 13. 
Jf. Tail less than half the length of wing. 
Paritomacuyes, 12. 
dd. Length less than 9; second toe unwebbed. 
g. Bill grooved nearly to tip; back not speckled with 
white; adult with black spots below. 
TRINGOoIDEs, 11. 


gg. Bill grooved about half way to tip; back speckled 
~ with white, not spotted below. . Toranus, 10. 


aa. Tail not barred. 


i. One minute web; primaries mottled with black. 


Tryneitss, 14, 
hh. Feet with two plain webs. 


é. Bill about as long as head. . . EREUNETES, 6. 
#2. Bill much longer than head. . Micropanama, 5. 
$f Toes not webbed at all. 
j- First primary attenuate; bill eee longer than head; 
culmen grooved. A . ScoLopax, 2, 
jj. First three primaries eer bill as in Scolopaa. 


PHILOHELA, I. 
ij. Primaries not attenuate. 


k. Bill straight, about twice as long as head. 


GALLINAGO, 3. 

kk. Bill straight, much shorter than head; primaries 
mottled with black. . - Tryneitss, 14. 
kkk. All other Sandpipers. ‘ é ‘ TRINGA, 7. 


1. PHILQHELA, Gray. Amurican Woonpcocgs. 
1. P. minor, (Gm.) Gray. American Woopcock. 


126 BIRDS. 


Variegated, black, brown, gray, and russet; below warm 
brown; eye high and far back; L. 11; W. 5; B. 3; T. 
1}. E. U.S., in swamps, etc. 


2. SCOLOPAX, Linnzus. EvrorzaAn Woopcocgs. 


1. S. rusticola, L. Evrorzran Woopcock. General 
appearance of Philohela, but a third larger. European; 
accidental on our Atlantic coast. 


8. GALLINAGO, Leach. Swipe. 


1. G. wilson, (Temm.) Bon. American SnrPE. WIz- 
son’s Snipz. Back varied with black and bay; crown 
black, with a pale median stripe; bill straight, very long; 
L. 11; W. 5; B. 24; leg naked, 3; T. 24. EH. U.S, 
abundant. 


4. MACRORHAMPHUS, Leach. Rep-Brerastep SNIPE. 


1. M. griseus, (Gm.) Leach. Gray Snipz. Brown- 
Back. Blackish and grayish; breast bay in summer; 
bill long nearly as in Gallinago; L. 11; W. 53; T. 24. 
North America; abundant coastwise. 


5. MICROPALAMA, Baird. Sritr SANDPIPERS. 


1. M. himantopus, (Bon.) Baird. Stitt Sanpprirer. 
Blackish, marked with chestnut, etc.; ashy gray in win- 
ter; bill nearly as in Gallinago; L. 9; W. 5; T. 24. N. 
Am., not abundant. 


6. EREUNETES, Uliger. Sanv-Puups. 


1. E. pusillus, (L.) Cass. SemipatmaTep SANDPIPER. 
Perr. Plumage various, usually pale, white below; 
small; L. 64; W. 32; T. 2. N. Am.; abundant along 
beaches. 


SCOLOPACID.=.—LV. 127 


7. TRINGA, Linneeus. SanppPriPEers. 
* Bill, tarsus, and middle toe with claw, of about equal length. 
(Actodromas.) 

+ Upper tail coverts (except the lateral series) black or dark 
brown ; throat with an ashy or brownish suffusion and 
dusky streaks. 

1. 7. minutilla, Vieill. Lzasr Sanprirzr. PEEp. 
Smallest of the Sandpipers, resembling Hreunetes, but 
the feet different; L.6; W. 34; T.2. N.Am., abundant. © 

2. T. bairdii, (Coues) Scl. Barrp’s Sanppiprer. Colors 
of preceding but larger; throat but little streaked; L. 7 
to 74; W. 4%; T. 24; B. g America, rare EH. of the 
Mississippi R. 

3. T. maculata, Vieill. Pecrorat Snips. Jack SNIPE. 
Grass Snipz. Crown unlike neck; throat ashy-shaded — 
and sharply streaked; L. 9; W. 54; B. 14. N. Am., 
abundant. 

++ Upper tail coverts white, with or without dusky marks; throat 
sharply streaked, with little if any ashy suffusion. 

4. T. fuscicollis, Vieill. Wutite-Rumprp Sanp- 
pirer. L. 74; W. 43; T.23. E. U.S., abundant along 
the coast. 

** Bill, tarsus, and middle toe, obviously not of equal length. 

+ Tarsus shorter than middle toe; tibiz feathered. (Arquatelia.) 

5. T. maritima, Briinnich. PurpLe Sanppirrr. Ashy 
black with purplish reflections; feathers with pale edg- 
ings; lower parts, etc., mostly white; bill nearly straight; 
L.9; W.5; T. 22; B.1}4. Atlantic Coast. 

tt Tarsus not shorter than middle toe; tibisee bare below. 

a. Bill slightly decurved, much longer than tarsus. (Pelédna.) 

6. T. alpina (1.) var. americana, Cass. Am. DuNLIN. 
Ox-Birp. Brack-Betirep Sanppirer. Chestnut 
brown above; feathers black centrally; belly, in summer, 


128 BIRDS. 


with a broad black area; L. 9; W. 5; T. 24; B. 12. 
N. Am. 
aa. Bill perfectly straight. (Tringa.) 
%. T. eanutus, L. Rosin Snipz. Rep- BReastep 
SanppiPrr. Brownish black, brownish red (robin - like) 
below; L. 11; W. 64; T. 24. Atlantic Coast; abundant. 


8. CALIDRIS, Cuvier. SanpERLines. 


1. €. arenaria,(L.) Ill. Sanpertine. Ruppy PLover. 
Variegated; form of 7. canutus, but the hind toe want- - 
ing; L. 8; W. 5; T. 24; B. 1. N. Am.; abundant 
coastwise. 

9. LINOSA, Brisson. Gopwits. 


1. £. fedoa, (L.) Ord. Great Marsiep Gopwit. 
Magtin. Cinnamon brown, variegated above, nearly 
uniform below; tail barred; no pure white; L. 16 to 22; 
W. 9; T. 33; B. 44. U.S., abundant along shores. 


2. L. hudsonica, (Lath.) Sw. Brack - Tarren Gopwrr. 
Brownish black and reddish, more or less variegated 
above and below; some white; tail black, white at base; 
L. 15; W. 8; Ts. 24; B. 34. N.Am., rather northerly. 


10. TOTANUS, Bechstein. Tatriurs. 
* Toes with two sub-equal webs; legs dark or bluish. (Sym- 
phemia.) 

1. T. semipalmatus, Gmelin. WitLet. SEMIPALMATED 
TattLeR. Grayish, variegated; L. 12 to 16; W. 74; T. 
3; B. 24. U.S., common coastwise. 

** Toes with the inner web very small; legs yellow. (Glottis, 
Nilsson.) 

2. T. melanoleucus, Gm. GREATER TELL-TaLE. YEL- 
Low SHanks. Srone Syipz. Ashy brown, variegated; 
bill very slender; legs long; L. 124; W. 74; T. 34; B. 
24. N. Am., frequent. 


SCOLOPACID4.—LYV. 129 


3. T. flavipes, Gm. Lusszr Tern-Tatz. YELLow 
Spans. Colors as in preceding; smaller; legs longer; 
L. 11; W. 63; T. 24; B. 13. U.S., abundant. 

*** Toes with inner web rudimentary; legs blackish. (Rhya- 
cophilus, Kaup.) 

4, T. solitarius, Wilson. Sorirary Tatrter. Olive 
brown, streaked and speckled with whitish above; below 
white, breast with dusky suffusion; bill straight and 
slender; L. 9; W. 5; T. 24; B. 13. U.S, abundant 
about secluded ponds, etc. 


71, TRINGOIDES, Bonaparte. Sporrep SANDPIPERS. 
1. T. macularius, (L.) Gray. Tie-Up. Trrrer- Tarn. 
Sporrep SanprirperR. Lustrous drab above, varied with 


black; pure white below, with round black spots in 
adult; L. 8; W.4; T.2; B.1. U.S., every where. 


12. PHILOMACHUS, Mohring. Rurrs. 


1. P. pugnax, (L.) Gray. Rurr (3). REEvE (9). Male 
in breeding season with a great ruff, and the face bare; 
without these characters; L. 10; W. 7; T. 22; B. 1}. 
European; accidental on our coasts. — 


13. ACTITURUS, Bonaparte. Upianp SANDPIPERS. 

1. A. bartramius, (Wilson) Bon. Upianp PLover. 
Dark grayish, variegated; L. 138; W. 7; T. 4; B. 14. 
U.S., abundant in fields, ete. 


14. TRYNGITES, Cabanis. Burr-BrEAsTeD SANDPIPERS. 


1. T. rufescens, (Vieill.) Cab. Grayish, reddish below; 
quills with white and finely mottled with black; L. 8; 
W. 54; T. 24. U.S., with the last, but not common. 


15. NUMENIUS, Linnzus. CuRLEWSs. 


1. NW. longirostris, Wils. Lone-Bittep CurtEw. 
9 


130 BIRDS. 


SickLe Bru. Reddish gray, variegated; L. 24; W. 12; 
T.4; B.5to9. U.S., frequent. 


2. W. hudsonicus, Lath. Jack Curtew. Similar, but 
paler; L.18; W. 9; T. 34; B. 3or4. U.S., and north- 


ward. 


3. N. borealis, (Forst.) Lath. Esquimaux CurRLEW. 
Doven Birp. More reddish; L. 15 or less; W. 84; T. 
3; B. 24. U.S., northwards. 


ORDER N.—HERODIONES. 
(The Herons and Storks.) 

Birds usually of large stature, with compressed body, 
Jong legs and a very long “S-bent” neck; tibia naked 
below; toes long and slender, cleft or slightly webbed, 
the hind toe comparatively long and (usually) not ele- 
vated, provided with a large claw. Wings broad, 
rounded. Tail short. Head narrow, gradually contracting 
to the stout base of the bill, which is long and mostly 
hard and acute, with sharp cutting edges; lores, orbital 
space, and often whole head naked. Plumage with 
powder-down tracts (explained below); altricial. 


FAMILY LVI.— ARDEID. 
(The Herons.) 

Large birds with the bill straight, longer than the 
head, compressed, acute, with sharp-cutting edges; 
upper mandible grooved; nostrils linear; lores naked, 
the bill appearing to run directly to the eyes; rest of 
head feathered; parts of the body with “powder-down 
tracts,”— strips of short, dusty, or greasy down-like 
feathers, usually three pairs of these strips, 7. e., on the 
back above the hips, on the belly under the hips, and 


ARDEID2.—LVI. 131 


on the breast; usually long plumes from the back or 
head in the breeding season. Wings broad. Tail very 
short. Tibiz largely naked below; toes long and slen- 
der, hind toe on a level with the rest, middle claw 
pectinate. Sexes usually colored alike. Species nearly 
one hundred; in most parts of the world, abundant in 
the warmer regions. 
* Tail of 12 feathers; usually a crest or train in the breeding 
season; lateral toes more than half length of tarsus. 
+ Tibia bare two inches or more. 
} Length 36 or more. 
a. General color bluish or ashy brown. F ARDEA, 1. 
aa. Color white at all times. . . : HERODIAS, 2. 
tt Length 24 or less. 
bd. Color white at all times; legs black and yellow. | 
GaRZETTA, 3. 
bb. General color bluish (young white), legs black or bluish. 


Fiorma, 4. 
tt Tibia bare one inch or less. 


c. Tarsus shorter than middle toe and claw. 
d. Bill more than thrice as long as high. . Burorupss, 5. 
dd. Bill not four times as long as high. NyorrarpsEa, 6. 
ec. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw; bill more than 


half an inch deep at base. . . NycrHEropivs, 7. 
** Tail of 10 feathers; nocrest nor train; lower neck bare behind; 
length less than 30. 


e. Length more than 18; tawny, much streaked. Boraurvs, 8. 

ee. Length less than 18; glossy blackish or chestnut. 

ARDETTA, 9. 
1. ARDEA, Linnzeus. Herons. 

1. A. herodias, L. Grear Bruz Heron. Grayish 
blue, marked with black and white; back of head crested 
in breeding season; tibia and edge of wing chestnut 
brown; L. 48; W. 20; T. 7; B. 53; Ts. 643; 9 much 
smaller. U.S8., common. 


132 BIRDS. 


2. HERODIAS, Gray. Great Waite Eerers. 


1. H. egretta, (Gm.) Gray. Great Waitr Ecrer. 
Wuitrt Heron. Pure white; head without lengthened 
feathers; back in breeding season with a long train; L. 
40; W. 1%; B. 5; Ts. 6. U.S., chiefly southerly. 


8. GARZETTA, Bonaparte. Lirrnn Wurre Eerets. 


1. G. candidissima, (Jacq.) Bon. Snowy Eerer. Pure 
white; head and neck with long plumes in breeding 
season; L. 24; W. 12; B. 3; T. 4. Southern and middle 
States; abundant. 


4. FLORIDA, Baird. Lirttx Brur Herons. 


1. F. c@rulea, (L.) Baird. Lirttz Biuzr Heron. 
Slaty blue; young white; head with elongated feathers; 
no dorsal plumes; L. 24; W. 12; B. 3; Ts. 4. U. 8.5 
abundant, southerly. 


5. BUTORIDES, Bonaparte. GREEN Herons. 


1. B. virescens, (L.) Bon. Grezn Heron. Crown, 
back and wings lustrous dark green; neck purplish cin- 
namon; crested; back with lengthened feathers; L. 18; 
W. 7; B. 24. U.S., abundant. 


6. NYCTIARDEA, Swainson. Nigar Herons. 


1. W. grisea (L.) Steph., var. navia, (Bodd.) Allen. 
Qua Birp. Squawk. Nieur Heron. Bluish gray, 
crown and shoulders glossy green; no peculiar feathers 
save two or three long, white occipital plumes; young 
speckled, very different; L. 24; W. 14; B. 3; Ts. 3. 
U.S., frequent. 


7. NYCTHERODIUS, Auctorum. YELLOw-CROWNED 
Nigut Herons. 
1. WV. violaceus, (L.) ——. YELLOW-CRowneED NicHT 


TANTALID2.—LVIL. 133 


Heron. Grayish plumbeous; crested; back with long 
plumes; crown, etc., tawny or white; young speckled; 
size of last; B. 22; Ts. 32. U.S. 


8. BOTAURUS, Stephens. Brrrzrns. 

1. B. minor, (Gmel.) Boie. Inpian Hun. Sraxe 
Driver. Birrern. Tawny brown of various shades, 
excessively variegated every where; dark patch on each 
side of neck; L. 23 to 28; W.12; T. 44; B.3. U.S, 
abundant. 


9. ARDETTA, Gray. Least Birrern. 


1. A. exilis, (Gm.) Gray. Luasr Birrern. 4 chiefly 
glossy greenish black above, brownish yellow below, 
neck and shoulders with chestnut; 9? with purplish 
chestnut instead of black; L.14; W.5; T. 13; B. 12. 
U.S., rather rare. 


FAMILY LVII.—TANTALIDA. 
(The Ibises.) 

Stork -like birds, usually of large size, with the head 
more or less bare of feathers when adult; neck and legs 
long; body small. Wings large and rounded. Tail 
very short. Tibia bare for some distance; toes 4; hind 
toe lengthened and low down. Genera four; species 
fifteen; swamps and lakes of warm regions. Sexes alike. 
Allied to the Storks (Cicontide) of the Old World. 

* Tarsus reticulate; bill very stout, tapering, decurved. 


Tantaus, 1. 
*# Tarsus scutellate in front; bill grooved, curved (curlew-like.) 
¢Clawscurved. . . «. «. | + . #Eupocmns, 2. 


tt Claws nearly straight. . . . «. FALcINELLDUS, 3. 
1. TANTALUS, Linneus. Woop Istszs. 


1. T. loculator, L. Woop Izis. White; quills, tail 
and primary coverts black; bare part of head and neck 


134 BIRDS. 


bluish; L. 48; W. 20; B. 9. Southern States, N. to 
Ohio and Colorado. 


2. EUDOCIMUS, Wagler. Isisxs. 
1. E£. albus, (L.) Wutre Isis. Pure white, wings 
with black; L. 24; W. 11; T. 4; B. 7. Southern States, 
N. to L. I. 


3. FALCINELLUS, Bechstein. Gtossy Isisus. 


1. F. igneus, Auct. Guiossy Isis. Rich dark chest- 
nut, with greenish and purplish on head; L. 24; W. 11; 
T. 4; B. 43. S. States, N. to N. England. 


ORDER O.—ALECTORIDES. 
(The Cranes and Rails.) 


Tibia naked below; neck, legs and feet much as in 
Herodiones, except that the hind toe is small and ele- 
vated, and provided with a small claw. Bill various, 
usually lengthened; head fully feathered or else exten- 
sively bald. Body more or less compressed. Wings 
short, rounded, concave. Tail very short and small; size 
various. 


FAMILY LVIII.—GRUIDA. 
(The Oranes.) 

Very large birds with the head and neck extremely 
long. Wings large. Tail short. Head more or less 
naked, with scattered hair-like feathers. Plumage 
mostly compact. Bill as long or longer than head, 
straight and slender; tibie extensively naked; tarsus 
scutellate; toes rather short; hind toe highly elevated. 
Genera three; species fourteen, of various parts of the 
world. : 


RALLID.—LIX. 185 


7. GRUS, Linneus. CRANES. 


1. G. americanus, (L.) Ord. Waits on Wuoorine 
Crane. Adult pure white with black on wings; bare 
part of head very hairy; young grayish, the head 
feathered; L. 50; W. 24; T. 9; Ts. 12; B. 6. U.S., 
rather southerly. 

2. G. canadensis, (L.) Temm. Brown or Sanp- Hin 
Crane. Plumbeous gray, never whitening; head 
sparsely hairy; smaller. U.S., chiefly S. and W. 


FAMILY LIX.— RALLIDA. 
(The Raiis.) 

Birds of medium or small size, with compressed bodies 
and muscular legs. Wings and tail short. Hind toe 
short’ and elevated; front toes very long. Bill various, 
rather short. Plumage blended. Sexes alike. Species 
about one hundred and fifty, of most parts of the world. 
* Forehead feathered; no frontal plate. (RaLLINa.) 

+ Bill decurved, longer than head. . . . Ratzoes, 1. 

tt Bill straight, shorter than head. . . . Porzawa, 2. 
** Forehead covered with a broad, horny, frontal plate. 

} Toes scarcely or not lobate. (GALLINULINZ.) 

a. Nostrils linear; tarsus less than 2. E GaALLINULA, 8. 
aa. Nostrils nearly circular; tarsus about 2. PorpHyrio, 2. 
tt Toes lobate, edged with broad flaps. (Funicina.) Fuuica, 5. 


7. RALLUS, Linneus. Rats. 


1. R. Jongirostris, Bodd. CiaprrR Rat. Satr- 
Water Marsa Hen. Olive brown, variegated with 
ashy; dull reddish brown below; L. 14 to 16; W. 6; T. 
24; B. 23; @ smaller. Salt marshes; rather southerly. 

2. R. elegans, Aud. Kine Ram. FRresa-Warter 
Marsa Hen. Brownish black, with chestnut below 


136 BIRDS. 


and on wing coverts; much brighter colored than the 
last, and rather larger. U.S., fresh-water marshes. 

3. R. virginianus, L. Virernta Ratu. Colors exactly 
as in A. elegans; much smaller; L. 10; W. 4; T.14; B. 
14. U.S., frequent. 


2. PORZANA, Vieillot. Lirriz Rats. 

1. P. carolina, (L.)V. Carorina Rat. Sora. “Or- 
TOLAN.”  Olive-brown, variegated; face and middle 
line of throat black; breast slaty gray; back streaked; 
belly barred; L. 9; W. 44; T. 2. U.S., not rare. 

2. P. noveboracensis, (Gm.) Cass. YxEttow Ratt 


Variegated above; L. 6; W. 34; T. 14. E. U.S; not 


common. 


3. P. jamaicensis, (Gm.) Cass. Buack Ratu. Blackish; 
L. 53. S. Am., etc. rarely in U.S. 


3. GALLINULA, Brisson. GALLINULES. 


1. G. galeata, (Licht.) Bon. Forma GaLLinuLe. | 


Brownish olive above, grayish black on head and below; 
bill, frontal plate and ring around tibia red; L. 15; W. 
73; T. 34; Ts. 2. S. States, straying northward. (Mani- 
towoc, Wis. Jordan.) 


4. PORPHYRIO, Temminck. Purrre GALLINULEs. 


1. P. martinica, (L.) Temm. PurRrLe GaLLiNnuLces. 
Olive green; head and below purplish blue; crissum 
white; bill mostly red; L. 12; W. 7; T. 3. S. States, 
N. to Maine. 

5. FULICA, Linnzeus. Coors. 

1. F. americana, Gm. Coot. Mup Hen. Dark slate 
color or sooty; bill brownish; L. 14; W. 8; T.2. U.5., 
abundant in reedy swamps; swims well. 


ANAID A.— LX. 187 


ORDER P.—LAMELLIROSTRES. 
(The Anserine Birds.) 

Bill lamellate, ¢.¢., furnished along each cutting edge 
with a regular series of tooth-like processes, which cor- 
respond to certain laciniate processes of the fleshy tongue, 
which ends in a horny tip; bill large, thick, high at base, 
depressed towards the end, membranous except at the 
obtuse tip which is occupied by a horny nail; no gular 
pouch. Head high, compressed, with sloping forehead; 
eyes small. Feet 4-toed (excepting some Flamingoes), 
palmate ; hind toe small, elevated; tibia feathered in 
Anatide, bare below in the Flamingoes. Wings strong, 
short. Legs short (except in Phoenicopteride, where 
excessively elongated); precocial; swimming birds. An 
important and familiar order, comprising nearly all the 
“Water Fowl” which are valued in domestication or as 
game’ birds. There are two families, Phanicopteride 
the Flamingoes, and the following: 


FAMILY LX.—ANATIDA. 
(The Ducks.) 

Characters of bill, etc., as given above. Body heavy, 
flattened beneath. Head large; eyes small. Tail 
various, usually short, of 14 to 16 feathers, the lower 
coverts being long and full. Feet short, anterior toes 
full-webbed. Sexes usually quite unlike (excepting 
among the Swans and Geese.) Species one hundred and 
seventy - five, of all parts of the world; migratory. The 
sub - families are indicated below. 


* Lores naked; adult entirely white; large birds; Swans. (Cre 
NINZ.) F : g : 3 ; ‘ Cyanvs, 1. 


** Lores feathered ; tarsus entirely reticulate; Geese. (ANSERIN2!.) 
a. Bill and legs not black; colors white, bluish, etc. ANSER, 2. 


138 BIRDS. 


aa. Bill and legs black; neck black. 2 ‘ BRaNnta, 3. 
*** Lores feathered; tarsus scutellate in front; Ducks. 
+ Bill depressed; the lamelle simple, bluntish. 


¢ Hind toe simple, not bordered by membrane. “River 
Ducks.” (ANATINZ.) 


b. Head crested; tip of bill formed sales by the nail; 


colors brilliant in ¢. . ; . Ar, 11, 
bb. Bill very much widened fia the tip; speculum 
green. 3 .  .  Spatura, 10. 


bbb. Head not eeu: pill not ntl widened towards tip. 
c. Tail wedge-shaped, at least length of wing. 
6 of Darina, 5. 
ec. Tail less than half length of wing. 
ad. Speculum white; wing coverts chestnut. 
CHAULELASMDS, 6. 
dd. Speculum violet, bordered with black and white. 
Awas, 4. 
ddd. Speculum greenish purple, bordered by black, white 
and buff; crown streaked; tail feathers acute. 
¢ of Darixa, 5. 
dddd. Speculum green. 
e. Wing coverts mostly white; crown whitish. 
Mareca, 7. 
ee. Wing coverts sky-blue; head of ¢ plumbeous or 
purplish. ‘ : F QUERQUEDULA, 8. 
eee. Wing coverts plain ashy; head of male chestnut 
with green band. : : : NETTION, 9. 
tt Hind toe lobed (bordered by membrane.) “Sea Ducks.” 
(FULIGULINZ.) 
h. Cheeks bristly; colors black and white (or gray.) 
CamprTroLamus, 16. 
hh. Tail pointed, longer than wings (in adult); bill black 
and orange. . é ‘ . Harewpa, 15. 
hhh. Tail rounded; the feathers tif narrow, exposed nearly 
to their bases, the upper coverts being very short. 
ERISMATURA, 20. 


ANATIDZ.—LX. 139 


hhhh. Ducks with none of the above peculiarities. 


z. Upper mandible gibbous at its unfeathered base; black 
or brown. 5 ‘ . penis, 19. 


4z. Upper mandible not gibbous where unfeathered. 
j. Nail at tip of bill narrow and distinct. 


k. Head black or brown; nostrils sub-basal; bill 
longer than tarsus. ‘i ‘ 3 Fourx, 12. 


kk. Head reddish or brownish, without white; nos- 
trils nearly median; bill longer than tarsus. 
Ayruya, 18. 


kkk. Head black or gray, with white; nostrils nearly 
median; bill about as long as tarsus. 
BucEpHa.a, 14. 


jj. Nail broad, scarcely distinct. 
i. Feathers extending on culmen and partly on sides 


of upper mandible. . ‘ SomarTeria, 18. 
iW. Feathers not extending on culmen; bill small, 
much tapering. : Hisrrronicus, 17. 


+t Bill narrow, nearly cylindrical; the lamelle acute, recurved, 
like saw-teeth ; usually crested. Fish Ducks. (MrRarna.) 


m. Bill not black; tarsus more than half the length of middle 
toe. . Mzrevs, 21. 


mm. Bill black; tarsus half length of middle toe. 
LopHopyTEs, 22. 


7. CYGNUS, Linneus. Swans. 
> Olor, Wagler. 


1. €. buecinator, Rich. TromprreR Swan. Tail 
(normally) 24 feathered; bill without yellow spot, longer 
than head; nostrils sub-basal; L. about 50. Miss. 
Valley, W. and N. 

2. €. columbianus, (Ord.) Coues. Wuisttine Swan. 
Tail 20 feathered; bill with a yellow spot, not longer 
than head; nostrils median; L.50. N.Am. (C. ameri- 
canus, Sharpless.) 


140 BIRDS. 


2. ANSER, Linnzus. Grxse. 


1. A. albifrons, Gm., var. gambeli, (Hartl.) Coues. 
Waitr-Frontep Goosz. Sprckie-Birz. White or 
gray, blotched with black; back dark; head and neck 
grayish brown; forehead white in adult; claws pale; 
lamellz usual; L. 27; W.17; T. 6; Ts. 3. N. Am. 

2. A. cerulescens, L. Buiur Goosr. Size and form of 
next, but plumage ashy, varied with dark brown. N. 
Am., rather rare. 


3. A. hyperboreus, Pallas. Snow Goosz. Adult pure 
white or washed with reddish; wings with black; claws 
dark; aes bluish; lamelle very prominent; L. 30; W. 
19; T. 64; B. 24. 


8. BRANTA, Scopoli. Brant GEEss. 
= Bernicla, most authors. 

1. B. bernicla, (L.) Brant Goosz. Head, neck, front, 
quills, and tail, black; white patch on neck; white on 
rump, crissum, etc.; back brownish gray; Li. 24; W. 
13; T.5; B.14. Northern States; in winter to Carolina. 

2. B. eanadensis, (L..) Witp Gooss. Canapa Gooss. 
Grayish brown, paler below; head and neck black; 
white throat patch, extending on sides of head; tail 
black; upper coverts white; L. 36; W. 20; T. 74; B. 2. 
N. Am., abundant; U.S. in winter. 


4. ANAS, Linnzus. Ducks. 


1. A. boschas, L. Matiarp Duck. Tame Duck. 4 
head and upper neck rich glossy green, a white ring 
below; breast purplish chestnut; speculum violet; wing 
coverts tipped with black and white; ¢? duller, chiefly 
dull ochraceous, streaked with dark brown; L. 24; W. 
12. Am., abundant; commonest westward. Original 


ANATID 2.—LX. 141 


of the common Domestic Duck; various hybrids of this 
species with others are described. 

2. A. obscura, Gm. Buack Duck. Size of mallard 
and resembling the 9, but darker; no decided white 
except under the wings. H. U.S., common. 


5. DAFILA, Leach. Pinta Ducks. 


1. D. acuta, (L.) Jenyns. Pin-Tam. Spric- Tarn. 
é dark brown with purplish gloss; sides of neck with 
long white stripes; tail cuneate when developed, central 
feathers much projecting; ? speckled and streaked; tail 
shorter; L. 24; W.11; T. 9 or less. N. Am. 


6. CHAULELASMUS, Gray. Gapwa ts. 


1. C. streperus, (L.) Gray. GapwaLu. 4 barred, black 
and white, wing coverts chestnut, greater coverts black, 
speculum white; ¢ with similar markings; L.22; W. 11. 
N. Am. 

7. MARECA, Stephens. WupGrEons. 

1. M. penelope, (L.) Bon. Europzan Wipcxon. 
Head and neck reddish brown; top of head brownish 
white; sides of head with green traces; L. 22; W. 11; 
T. 5. Europe; accidental in America, Wis. (Humlien) 
and Atlantic Coast. 

2. M. americana, (Gm.) Steph. AmERican WipGEON. 
Batppatr. Head and neck grayish, speckled; colors 
more emphatic; sides of head with bright green patch. 
N. Am., abundant. 


8 QUERQUEDULA, Stephens. Brun WincEp TEats. 


1.-Q. discors, (L.) Steph. Broz Wincep TraL. 6 
head and neck blackish plumbeous, darkest on the 
crown; a white crescent in front of eye; under parts 


142 BIRDS. 


thickly spotted; 9 quite different, known by the wings; 
L. 16; W. 7; T. 3. E.U.S., to Rocky Mts. 


9. NETTION, Kaup. Gremn-Wincep Txats. 


1. W. carolinensis, (Gm.) Kaup. GRrEEn-WINGED 
Tat. A white crescent on sides in front of wings; 
shoulders plain; L. 15; W. 74; T. 34. N. America, 
common. 


10. SPATULA, Boie. SHOvVELLERS. 


1. S. clypeata, (L.) Boie. Suovetter. Spoon- Bini 
Duck. $ head and neck green; wing coverts blue; 
speculum green; 9 with similar bill and wings; L. 20; 
W. 93; B. 232. N. Am. 


11. AIX, Swainson. Woop Ducks. 


1. A. sponsa, (L.) Boie. Woop Duck. Summzr 
Duck. Crested; @ head iridescent green and purple, 
with white stripes and a forked white throat patch; 
breast rich brownish; ¢ duller, head mostly gray; L. 20; 
W. 94; T.5. U.S. frequent; nesting in trees. 


12. FULIX, Sundevall. Fiocxine-Fow.. 
< Fuligula, Authors. 

1. F. marifa, (L.) Baird. Bie Scaup Duck. Bru 
Birt. Rarr Duck. Speculum white; no ring about 
neck; back and sides whitish, finely waved with black; 9 
face white; markings less distinct; L. 20; W. 9. N. 
Am. 

2. F. affinis, (Eyton) Baird. Lesser Scaup Duck. 
Similar, but smaller; L. 16; W. 8. N. Am., rather 
southerly. 

3. F. colfaris, (Donovan) Baird. Rine-Necxep Duck. 


Speculum gray; an orange brown collar about neck; 9 
without collar; L. 18; W. 84. N.Am. 


ANATID .—LX. 1438 


13. AYTHYA, Boie. Canvas-Back Ducxs. 

1. A. ferina (L.) var. americana, (Eyton) Allen. Rep 
Heap. Pocuarp. ¢ head and neck chestnut with red 
reflections; back mixed silvery and black; the dark 
waved lines unbroken; @ duller; bill shorter than head, 
two or less, bluish, the nail dark; L. 20; W.10. N. Am., 
abundant. 

2. A. vallisneria, (Wilson) Boie. Canvas- Back Duck. 
Head more dusky; black wavy lines on back broken, the 
whitish predominating; bill as long as head, 24 or more, 
dusky. N. Am.; especially coastwise in winter. 


14. BUCEPHALA, Baird. Goxprn- Eves. 


Clangula, Authors. 


1. B. elangula, (L.) Gray. GotpEn-EyvE. Garror. 
é head puffy, glossy green with some white; upper parts 
black; white continuous on outer surface of wing; 9 
head duller, snuff-colored and scarcely puffy; L. 16 to 
19; W. 8to 9. N. Am. and Europe. 

2. B. islandica, (Gm.) Baird. Barrow’s GoLtpen-Eys. 
Similar; gloss of head purplish; white of wing divided 
by dark bar; more white on head; larger. N. U.S. and 
N.; rare. 

3. B. albeofa, (L.) Baird. Dipper. Burrir-Hzap. 
Burrer-Batut. Spirit Duck. 4 with head very puffy 
and iridescent; a large white ear patch; L.16; W.7; 9 
small, dark gray; head scarcely puffy. N. Am, 
abundant. 


-15. HARELDA, Leach. Lone-Taitep Ducks. 


“LA. glacialis, (L.) Leach. Sourn-SouTHERty. OLp 
Wire. Lone-Tamep Duck. Reddish brown, nearly 
white in winter; tail very long; @ quite different, no 


144 BIRDS. 


white on wing; L. 20; W- 9; T.8, orless. N. Am. 
and Europe; chiefly northern and coastwise. 


16. CAMPTOLAEMUS, Gray. Prep Ducks. 
1. €. labradorius, (Gm.) Gray. Lasrapor Dock. 
8 chiefly black and white; ¢ plumbeous; L. 24; W. 9. 
Coast, chiefly northern; scarce. 


17. HISTRIONICUS, Lesson. Hartequin Ducks. 


1. H. torquatus, (L.) Bon. Hariequin Duck. ¢ leaden 
bluish, much varied; speculum violet and purple; ? dark 
brown, etc. Atlantic Coast, Am. and Europe. 


18. SOMATERIA, Leach. E1pEer Ducks. 


1. S. mollissima, (L.) Leach. EipEer Duck. 4 in 
breeding dress, white; under parts, rump, quills, and 
crown patch black; ¢ reddish brown, streaked; bill with 
long, club-shaped, frontal processes extending in line 
with culmen; L. 24; W.12. Arctic regions; S. to New 
England in winter. (S. dresseri, Sharpe.) 

n 2. S. spectabilis, (L.) Leach. Kine E1pEr. ¢ chiefly 

black; front parts, etc., white; frontal processes broad, 
squarish, out of line of culmen; slightly smaller. Nor- 
thern regions; 8S. to N. Y. 


19. EDEMIA, Fleming. Surr Ducks. 


* Bill not encroached upon by frontal feathers; tail 16-feathered; 
no white on wings. (Gdemia.) 

1. &. americana, Sw. American Buiack Scorer. 6 
entirely black; 9 sooty brown, paler below and on throat; 
L. 18 to 24; Ww. 10. N. Am., all coasts. 

** Bill broadly encroached upon by frontal feathers; a large 
white wing patch. (Melanetta.) 


2. &. fusea, (L.) Sw. Ve.ver Scorer. Waits 


ANATID A.—LX. 145 


Winerp Surr Duck. ¢ black; white spot under eye; 
Q sooty brown, rather larger. Shores of Europe and N. 
Am. 


*** Bill narrowly encroached upon by frontal feathers; no white 
on wings; tail 14-feathered. (Pelionetta.) 

3. &. perspicillata, (L.) Fleming. Surr Duck. S#a 
Coot. é black, with white spot on forehead and nape; 
¢ sooty brown; white patch on lores and cheeks; size of 
first. Coasts. 


20. ERISMATURA, Bonaparte. Srirr Tartep Ducks. 

1. E. rubida, (Wils.) Bon. Ruppy Ducx. Chiefly 
brownish or tawny (reddish in perfect plumage), con- 
siderably waved and dotted; crissum white; L.17; W. 6. 
N. Am., frequent. 

2. E. dominica, (L.) Eyton. San Domingo Duck. 
Smaller and redder; forehead and chin black; L. 134; 
W. 64. S. America and W. Indies; accidental N. (Wis., 
Kumlien, L. Champlain, Cabot.) 


21. MERGUS, Linneus. MERGansERs. 

1. M. merganser, L. Meraansrr. GoosaNnpER. Fisn 
Duck. @ black and white above, salmon-colored below; 
head glossy green, scarcely crested; 9 smaller, ashy gray; 
head brownish; nostrils median; L. 24; W. 11. N. Am., 
common. ; 

2. M. serrator, L. Rep-Breastep Mercanser. Fisa 
Duck. Similar, but smaller and more crested; $ with 
throat reddish brown, black-streaked; wing with two 
black bars, instead of one as in last; nostrils sub-basal; 
L. 20; W. 9. N. Am., abundant. 


22, LOPHODYTES, Reichenbach. Crestep Divers. 
1. L. eucullatus, (L.) Reich. Hooprp MzreansEr. 


se 7 


146 BIRDS. 


SHELpRAKE. Black and white; sides chestnut in 4; @ 
duller and grayish; crest high and compressed; nostrils 
sub-basal; L. 19; W.8. N.Am., common. 


ORDER Q.—STEGANOPODES. 
(The Totipalmate Birds.) 


Feet totipalmate; hind toe lengthened, scarcely ele- 
vated, united by a web to the other toes; tibise feathered 
Bill various, horny, never lamellate, cutting edges often 
serrate; nostrils very small or abortive; a prominent, 
naked, gular pouch; tarsus reticulate; altricial. 

We here omit the families Sulide (Gannets) and 
Tachypetide (Frigate Birds) as they are exclusively 
marine. One species of the Southern family Plotide, 
(the Darters) Plotus anhinga, L., the Snake Bird or 
Water Turkey of the Southern swamps, sometimes comes 
up the Miss. R. to S. Ills. 


FAMILY LXI.—PELECANID. 
(The Pelicans.) 

Large fish-eating birds, with very long bills which 
end in a claw-like hook; the broad space between the 
branches of the lower jaw occupied by a huge membran- 
ous sack; nostrils abortive; wings very long; tail very 
short; gregarious; sexes alike. Genus one; species six; 
found in most warm regions. 


1. PELECANUS, Linneus. PELICcANS. 


1. P. trachyrhynchus, Lath. Wuirs Perican. Chiefly 
white, some black and yellowish; L. 60; W. 24; B. 12. 
N. Am., abundant S. and W., often inland. : 


PHALACROCORACID i.—LXII. 147 


FAMILY LXII.— PHALACROCORACIDA. 
(The Cormorants.) 

Bill about as long as head, nearly terete, strongly 
hooked, the cutting edges uneven; gular pouch small. 
Wings short. Tail very large, almost scansorial, of very 
stiff feathers, often used with the aid of the legs, which 
are set far back, as a support for the body; a nasal 
groove but nostrils abortive. Colors in both sexes 
lustrous, iridescent black; in the breeding season usually 
with long, white, filamentous plumes; many species 
crested. Genus one; species twenty-five; of most 
regions. 


7. GRACULUS, Linneus. CorRMmoRANTS. 

2. G. dilophus, (Sw.) Gray. Dovusim-CrestEp Cor- 
MoRANT. Glossy greenish black; back and wing coverts 
coppery gray; adult with two curly black lateral crests; 
sac convex or straight - edged behind, orange; L. 33; W. 
13; T. 7; tail of 12 feathers. N. Am.; our commonest 
species. 

2. G. mexicanus, (Brandt) Bon. Mexican Cormor- 
ant. Gular sac orange, white-edged; L.24. S.W.,N. 
to Ills. 

3. G. carbo, (L.) Gray. Norraern Cormorant. Tail 
of 14 feathers; sac heart-shaped behind; L. 36. North- 


ern and coastwise. Bn Retiuut Krak Smad 


rr 
es a 


ORDER R.—LONGIPENNES. 
(The Long-Winged Swimmers.) 


Feet palmate; tibia feathered; legs near center of 
equilibrium; hind toe elevated, small, often wanting. 
Bill usually long, horny, not serrate nor lamellate; nos- 


148 BIRDS. 


trils developed; no gular pouch. Wings very long and 
pointed. Tail well developed; altricial; powers of flight 
remarkable; food chiefly fishes. There are two families, 
Laride, below described, and Procellaride, the Petrels, 
which we here omit, all our numerous representatives 
being strictly maritime. 


FAMILY LXIII.— LARIDA. 
(The Gulis.) 

Long- winged birds, with the nostrils not tubular; 
bill various. Hind toe small and elevated, but less so 
than in the Petrels. General color usually white, with 
a darker mantle of a pearly bluish tint, and commonly 
with some black markings. Sexes alike in color, but the 
plumage varying much with age and season. Genera 
about twelve (Cowes), sixty (European authors); species 
ninety; abounding about all large bodies of water. Of 
the genera admitted below, Pagophila, Rissa, and 
Chreecocephalus may properly be considered as sections 
of Larus, while Gelochelidon and Thalasseus are perhaps 
sub - genera under Sterna. 

* Bill hooked (epignathous) — rarely not hooked, and the tail even. 


+ Bill with a sort of cere; middle tail feathers exserted; Jegers. 
(LESTRIDINA.) » 5 r j . STERCORARIUS, 1. 


+t Bill not cered; general color usually white with a darker 
mantle. Gulls. (Larin#.) 
a. Hind toe rudimentary, without a developed claw. Rissa, 3. 
aa. Hind toe perfect, provided with a claw. 
6. Tail even. 
ce. Tarsus black, rough; webs incised; plumage white. 
Pagorui.a, 4. 
cc. Tarsus not black; lower plumage white in adult. 
d. Head white—if dark below, head not whitish (spe- 
cies of large size; never rosy-tinted below; the 
head never with a dark hood.) Lanrvs, 2. 


LARID Ai.—LXIIl. 149 


dd. Head dark—if dark below, head whitish (small or 
slender species, with a black hood in the breeding 
season, and the white under parts then pinkish or 
rosy-tinted.) . i . CHRa@COCEPHALDUS, 5. 


bd. Tail forked; bill black, yellow-tipped. . Xxma, 6. 


¥* Bill paragnathous (mandibles even) ; tail forked (in our species); 
Terns. (STERNINZ.) 


e. Toes full-webbed; colors chiefly white, with a black cap at 
most seasons and the quills silvery dusky, with a long 
white stripe. 

f. Feet black; forehead without white crescent. 


g. Not crested; bill stout, scarcely longer than tarsus. 
GELOCHELIDON, %. 


gg. Crested; bill slender, much longer than tarsus. 
THALASSEDS, 8. 


Sf. Feet not black; back pale, nocrest. . . STERNA, 9. 


ee. Toes not full-webbed; color quite dark. 
HyprocHetmoy, 10. 


*** Bill hypognathous—the lower mandible much the longer, 
compressed like aknife-blade. Skimmers. (RHYNCHOPINZ.) 
Ruyncnors, 11. 


1. STERCORARIUS, Brisson. J aGErs. 
= Lestris, Authors. 

1. S. pomatorhinus, (Temm.) Lawr. Pomarine 
Jacrr. Chiefly blackish, colors varying with age; 
middle tail feathers broad to the tip, projecting about 
four inches; L. 20; W.15. Northern, U.S. in winter. 

2. §. parasiticus, (Briinn.) Gray. Parasitic Jaenr. 
General color dark brown; middle tail feathers acuminate, 
projecting 4 inches; L.18; W.13. Northern, U.S. in 
winter. 

3. §. buffoni, (Boie) Coues. Lone Tartep Jaczr. 
Similar, but still smaller; tail feathers filamentous, pro- 
jecting 8 or 10 inches. Northern, U. 8. in winter. 


150 BIRDS. 


2. LARUS, Linneus. Guts. 
* Primaries without any black. 
_ 1. L. glaueus, Brinn. Guavcous Gutu. Ice Gut. 
Bureomaster. Bill yellow with red spot on lower 
mandible; large; L. 30; W. 18. Arctic regions; S. in 
winter. 

2. L. leucopterus, Faber. Wuite-W1neEp GuLL- 
Similar but smaller; L. 23; W.17. Same region. 

** Primaries crossed with black (adult), or all black (young). 

3. L. marinus, L. Grear Briack-Backep GULL. 
Corrin-Carrizr. SappiLe-Back. Mantle blackish slate 
color; largest of our Gulls; L. 30 or more; W. 18; feet 
‘flesh colored.. N. Atlantic, S. in winter. 

4. L. argentatus, Briinn. Hzrrine Guit. Common 
Gut. Mantle grayish blue; large, 22 to 27; W. 18 or 
less; feet flesh colored. N. Am., abundant. 

5. L. delawarensis, Ord. Rine-Bittep Gui. Plum- 
age like preceding; feet olivaceous; webs yellow; bill 
yellowish, a black band at the tip; size moderate; L. 
20; W.15. N. Am., abundant. 


8. RISSA, Leach. Kirrrwaxzs. 

1. R. tridactyla, (L.) Bon. Kitriwaxe Gui. Mantle 
dark grayish blue; hind claw a minute knob; L. 16 to 
18; W.12. Northern, U.S. in winter. 

3. PAGOPHILA, Kaup. Ivory GuLts. 

1. P. eburnea, (Gm.) Kaup. Ivory Gutis. Adults 
pure white; young spotted; L. 16 to 20; W. 12. North- 
ern, rarely to U.S. in winter. 

5. CHRECOCEPHALUS, Eyton. Rosy Guits. 


1. C. atricilla, (L.) Lawr. Buack - Hapep or Laveu- 
ina Guu. Tarsus 4 longer than middle toe and claw; 


LARID#!.—LXI. 151 


large; bill and feet dusky carmine; L. 16 to 19; W. 12 
to 13. U.5S., coastwise. 

2. €. franklini, (Rich.) Bruch. Franxzrn’s Rosy 
Gutu. Tarsus about as long as middle toe and claw; 
bill and feet carmine; bill usually with a black mark; 
medium; L. 14 to 16; W. 11. U.S., chiefly W. of the 
Miss. R. 

3. €. philadelphia, (Ord) Lawr. Bonaparte’s Guu. 
Tarsus about as long as middle toe and claw; bill dark 
“or black, slender, tern-like; small; L. 12 to 14; W. 10. 
N. Am., abundant. 


6. XEMA, Leach. Forx-Taiep Guts. 


1. X. sabinef, (Sab.) Leach. Forxep-Tam Gut. 
Chiefly white, a black hood and collar; L. 14; W. 11. 
Northern, 8. in winter to N. Y. 


7. GELOCHELIDON, Brehm. Gut.-Brttep TERnNs. 

1. G. anglica, (Montagu) Bon. Marsn Tern. Bill 
black, very short and stout; L. 15; W.12. E.U.S., 
not abundant. 


8. THALASSEUS, Boie. CRESTED TERNS. 


1. T. caspius, (Pallas) Boie. Caspian Tern. Pri- | 
maries without white band; bill red; much the largest 
of the Terns; L. 20 or more; W.17; T. 6, not much 
forked. Northern, S. in winter; scarce. 

2. T. regius, Gamb. Royau Tern. Bill orange; L. 
18 or 20; W. 15; T. 8, deeply forked; much smaller than 
the last but nearly as long. Atlantic Coast. 


3. T. eantiacus, (Gm.) Boie. Sanpwicn Tern. Bill 
black, yellow at tip; L. 16; W. 124; T. 6. Europe and: 
Am.; rare on our coast. 


152 BIRDS. 


9. STERWNA, Linneus. Common TERNS. 


1. S. hirundo, Auct. Common Tern. Sra SwaLtow. 
Wison’s Tern. Bill red, blackening towards tip; tail 
mostly white; outer web of outer feather darker than 
inner; L. 14} (13 to 16); W. 10 (94 to 112); T. 6 (5 to 
7.) Coasts of Europe and America; abundant. (S. 
wilsont, Lawr.) 


2. S. forsteri, Nuttall. Forster’s Tern. Larger; 
tail longer and wings shorter; inner web of outer tail 
feather darker; W. 94 to 104; T. 64 to 8. N. Am, 


common. 


3. 8. macrura, Naumann. Arctic Tern. Bill carmine 
throughout; plumage as in hirundo, but darker below; 
L. 14 to 17; W. 10 to 12; T. 5 to 8; smaller than 
hirundo, but tail proportionally much longer. Northern 
regions, 8. to U. 8. 


4. §. paradisea, Auct. Roszate Tern. Bill black, 
usually orange at base below; mantle very pale; some - 
what rosy-tinted below; L. 12 to 16; W.9 to 10; T. 5 
to 8. Atlantic Coast, abundant. (8. dougalli, Mont.) 


5. §. portlandica, Ridgway. Porruanp Tern. Near 
the preceding, but mantle as in Airundo; the rump 
white instead of pearly; feet blackish; under parts pure 
white; L. 124; W.92; T. 5 or more. Lately discovered 
in Maine and Mass.; but two specimens known. 


6. S. superciliaris, (Vieill.) var. antillarum, (Lesson) 
Coues. Least Tern. Bill yellow, usually tipped with 
black; a white frontal crescent between cap and bill; 
shafts of two or more outer primaries black above; very 
small; L. 8 or 9; W. 64; T. 2 to 33. U.5S., chiefly 
abundant coastwise. 


LARID.—LXIII. 153 


10. HYDROCHELIDON, Boie. Buack Terns. 


1. H. /ariformis, (L.) Coues. Buack Tern. Head, 
neck and under parts black (in full plumage); wings 
and tail above plumbeous like the back; crissum white; 
small; L. 10; W.8 to 9; T. 34. N.Am., chiefly inland. 
[ZZ fissipes, (L.) Gray.] 

2. H. nigra, (L.) Gray. Waite-Wincep Brack TERN. 
Wings whitening along border of fore-arm; tail and 
upper tail coverts white. Straggler from Europe, a 
single specimen lately taken on Lake Koshkonong. 
(Ludovic Kumlien.) (H. leucoptera, (Meisn.) Boie.] 


11. RHYNCHOPS, Linnzus. Skimmers. 


1. #. nigra, L. Buack Swimmer. Curwatsr. Glossy 
black; white below; lower mandible about an inch 
longest, compressed like a knife-blade, obtuse at end; 
L. 16 to 20; W. 15; T. 5, sharply forked. Coast, 
abundant southward. 


ORDER 8.—PYGOPODES. 
(The Diving Birds.) 

Feet palmate or lobate; tibiae feathered, buried in the 
skin nearly to the heel joint, hence the legs are set very 
far back, and the birds are scarcely able to walk at all 
on land; hind toe small, elevated, often wanting. Nos- 
trils developed; bill of various forms, horny, not lamellate 
nor serrate; no gular pouch. Wings very short, scarcely 
reaching the base of the very small or rudimentary tail. 
Swimmers, many of them noted for their powers of div- 
ing. We here omit the three-toed family of Aucipa, 
the Auks, they being strictly maritime and mostly 
northern. The twenty-one known species all occur in 
America. 


154 BIRDS. 


FAMILY LXIV.—COLYMBIDA. 
(The Loons.) 


Bill long, strong, tapering, acute, wholly hard; nostrils 
linear. Head densely and evenly feathered, without ruffs 
or naked spaces; eye large. Feet 4-toed, palmate; tar- 
sus reticulate, strongly compressed. Wings comparatively 
long and strong. Tail short, but well developed. Back 
of adult with small spots; precocial. Genus one; species 
three. Birds of large size, with strong powers of flight, 
and pre-eminent in swimming and diving, but scarcely 
able to walk; they are migratory, breeding northward, 
but coming §. in winter; the voice is singularly sharp 
and wild. 


7. COLYMBUS, Linnzeus. Loons. 
= Hudytes, Mliger. 


1. @. torquatus, Briinn. Great Norrazrn Loon. 
Diver. Black; breast and below chiefly white; head 
and neck iridescent, green and violet; a patch of white 
streaks on each side of neck and on the throat; back 
with many white spots; L. 36; W. 14; Ts. 3; B. 3, 
Northern Hemisphere; whole U. 8. in winter. (C. 
glacialis, L.) 


2. C. arcticus, L. Biack -THRoateD Diver. Similar, 
but head and neck behind bluish or hoary gray; fore- 
neck purplish black, with a crescent of white streaks; 
L. 28; W. 12; B. 24. Northern hemisphere, not 
common in U.S. 


3. @. septentrionalis, L. -Rep-Turoatep Diver. 
Blackish, chiefly white below; head and neck mostly 
bluish gray; throat with a large chestnut patch; L. 27; 
W.11; B.2. Northern hemisphere. 


Not ane ty tot Pr, meg 9h 


PODICIPIDAl.—LXV. 155 


FAMILY LXV.— PODICIPIDA. 
(The Grebes.) 

Bill usually slender, rarely stoutish; lores naked; 
head often with crests, ruffs or ear tufts in the breeding 
season. Back not spotted; under plumage lustrous, 
mostly white. Wings very short. Tail rudimentary. 
Feet four-toed, lobate, the toes webbed at base; toes 
flattened, provided with flat claws resembling human 
nails; tarsus scutellate, compressed. Genera two; 
species about twenty; in all parts of the world, chiefly 
about fresh waters. 


* Bill slender, straight, rather acute; loral strip narrow; head in 
breeding season with conspicuous crests or ruff. 


Poptcers, 1. 
** Bill stout, somewhat hooked; loral strip broad; no ruff nor 
crest. . : ie Z ; . PopILYMBUS, 2. 


1. PODICEPS, Latham. COrxstEp GREBES. 


= Colymbus, Iliger. 

1. P. eristatus, (L.) Lath. Crestep Gresre. Upper 
parts generally dark brown; crest black; throat and 
sides of head white, becoming reddish on the ruff; pri- 
maries brown; secondaries mostly white; silky white 
below, not mottled; L. 24; W. 84; B. 2. Northern 
hemisphere; U. 8S. in winter. 


2. P. holbolli, Reinhardt. Rep-Neckep Gress. Upper 
parts brown; front and sides of neck rich brownish red; 
throat and sides of head ashy; crests and ruffs not large; 
below silvery ash, spotted or mottled; L. 18; W. 8; B. 
13. N. Am., U.S. in winter. 


3. P. cornutus, (Gm.) Lath. Hornep Gresz. Dark 
brown; head glossy black; a brownish yellow band over 
eye and behind; fore-neck and breast brownish red; bill 


156 BIRDS. 


compressed, black, tipped with yellow; crests and ruffs 
very large; L. 14; W. 6; B. 32.: Northern hemisphere, 
abundant. 

4. P. auritus, (L.) var. ealifornicus, (Heerm.) Coues. 
Earzep Grese. Orest in the form of ear tufts; front of 
neck black; bill depressed; L.12. Western, E. to Ills. 


2. PODILYMBUS, Lesson. Das-Cuicx. 


1. P. podiceps, (L.) Lawr. Dinpapprr. Heti-Diver. 
Water Witce. Pirp-Bittep Grepe. Chiefly brown - 
ish gray; silvery ash below; bill bluish, with dark band; 
young and winter plumage different, but the bird 
resembles nothing else; L. 14; W.5; B.1. Whole of 
America, abundant. (Podiceps carolinensis, Lath.) 


REPTILES. 157 


Class IGE. — Reptilia. 
(The Reptiles.) 


A Reptile is a cold - blooded, air - breathing vertebrate, 
having the exoskeleton developed as horny or bony 
plates, never as feathers or hair. Limbs, when present, 
usually adapted for walking, rarely for swimming, 
scarcely ever for flying. An incomplete double circula- 
tion, the ventricular septum being usually imperfect or 
wanting; no metamorphosis; oviparous, rarely ovovi- 
viparous, the eggs relatively large and usually with a 
leathery skin. Various important anatomical distinc- 
tions exist, but the Reptiles are obviously separated 
from the Birds by the absence of feathers, and from the 
Batrachians by the presence of scales, and by the absence 
of gills after leaving the egg. 

Besides the three following orders, a fourth (Croco- 
DILIA), is represented by two species Alligator mississip- 
piensis, Daudin, and Crocodilus americanus, Seba, in our 
Southern States. 


ORDERS OF REPTILIA. 
* Body covered with square imbedded shields; vent roundish or 
longitudinal, plaited; bones of skull soldered together. 
+ Body short, depressed, enclosed between two bony shields, 
from which the head, limbs and tail may be protruded; 
no teeth. ; é - : .  Tssroprnata, T. 
** Body covered with imbricated scales; vent a cross-slit; bones 
of skull separate; jaws with teeth. 


¢ Mouth not dilatable; bones of mandible united by a bony 


suture in front; limbs 4—rarely rudimentary. 
Lacerta, U. 


158 REPTILES. 


tt Mouth very dilatable; bones of mandible united by liga- 
ments; limbs wanting or represented only by short spurs 
on the sides of the vent. . 3 3 . Opxrp1, V. 


T. FAMILIES OF TESTUDINATA. 


* Carapace firm, not flexible at the margins, not greatly depressed ; 
both shields with well-developed horny plates. 

+ Toes short, bound together by the integument; legs and feet 
short, club-shaped; carapace very convex; plastron cover- 
ing nearly all of under surface of body; caudal shields 
united; claws blunt, 5-4; terrestrial. TESTUDINIDA, 66. 

++'Toes well developed, spreading, and in aquatic species 
webbed; claws usually 5-4. 

$ Shell highest at about the middle, usually somewhat de- 
pressed, the margin flaring outwards; epidermal plates 
of the large plastron 12 in number. . Emypib&, 67. 
t}{ Shell highest behind the middle; margin of carapace 
turned rather downward or inward; plates of plastron 
%, 9 or 11—never 12; size small. . CINOSTERNIDA, 68. 
ttt Shell highest anteriorly; carapace flaring outward, its 
margin toothed bebind; plastron small, cross-shaped 
with 12 plates and three accessory ones on each side; 
jaws powerful, strongly hooked; neck and tail long, 

the latter with a crest of tubercles; size large. 
CHELYDRID&, 69. 
** Much depressed; carapace and plastron covered with a leathery 
skin, and flexible at the margins; no horny plates; fleshy 

lips; snout prolonged; toes 5-5, but claws 3-3. 

TRIonycHIDz, 70. 


U. FAMILIES OF LACERTILIA. 
* Tongue thick, convex, attached at its base to the gullet; scales 
usually more or less spinous. . , . Ieuanrpa, 71. 
** Tongue flat, elongate, bifid at the end; scales never spinous. 
+ Limbs rudimentary, concealed beneath the skin; sides with 
a longitudinal fold. : . , . ANeUIDA, 72. 
++ Limbs four—well developed. 


¢ Scales of the belly rounded, arranged in quincunx order. 
Scrncrpz, 74, 


REPTILES. 159 


tt Scales of the belly quadrate, arranged in cross-bands; 
throat with two cross-folds. 3 : . Tera, 7. 
V. FAMILIES OF OPHIDIA. 


* Both jaws fully provided with small teeth; no poison fangs; 
no rattle; no anal appendages; no ante-orbital pit; not 
venomous. ¥ F ‘ r 3 ‘ CoLuBRIDz, 75. 

** Upper jaw with enlarged, erectile poison fangs, otherwise tooth- 
less; a deep pit between eye and nostril; venomous. 

CroTaLipé, 76. 

*k* Upper jaw with small, permanently erect poison fangs; no 
ante-orbital pit; color red, with black rings; somewhat 
venomous. so. eel) Earipa, 5. (b.) 


ORDER T.—TESTUDINATA. 
(The Turtles.) 

Reptiles with the body enclosed between two more or 
less developed ,boriy shields, which are usually covered 
by horny epidermal plates, but sometimes (Trionychide, 
Sphargidide) by a leathery skin. The carapace (upper 
shield) and plastron (lower shield) are more or less united 
along the sides. The neck and the tail are the only 
flexible parts of the spinal column, and these, together 
with the legs, can usually be retracted within the box 
made by the two shields. The bony part of the carapace 
is formed by the dorsal and sacral vertebra, and the ribs 
co-ossified with a series of overlying bony plates, usually 
accompanied by a marginal row. The dorsal vertebre 
have their ends flattened and immovably united by car- 
tilage, and all of them, except the first and last, have 
their neural spines flattened horizontally so as to form 
the median line of plates. On either side of this series 
is a single row of ossified dermal plates overlying the 
ribs and corresponding in number to the developed ribs 
of which there are usually eight pairs. 


160 REPTILES. 


No traces of a true sternum have been discovered 
(Huxley). The plastron consists of membrane bones, of 
which there are usually nine pieces —four pairs and a 
single symmetrical median piece. These correspond 
neither in number nor position with the overlying 
derma] plates. 

The skull is more compact than that of the other Rep- 
tiles. There are no teeth, but the jaws are encased in 
horny sheaths, usually with sharp cutting edges; the eye 
is furnished with two lids and a nictitating membrane as 
in the Birds; the tympanic membrane is always present, 
although sometimes hidden by the skin. Respiration is 
effected by swallowing air. 

The order Testudinata is divided by Prof. Agassiz into 
two sub-orders:—Amypz, comprising the Land and 
Fresh Water Turtles, with retractile feet that may be 
used for walking; and CHELonti, the Sea Turtles, with 
flipper-like feet used chiefly for swimming. Of the 
latter, several species occur on our coast, but we here 
omit them. 


FAMILY LXVI.— TESTUDINIDA. 
(The Land Tortotses.) 


Carapace strong, thick, ovate, generally very convex 
and falling off abruptly at both ends; caudal shields 
united into one; plastron very broad, covering the 
whole under surface, the anterior part sometimes mov- 
able on a transverse hinge. Legs and feet club - shaped; 
toes firmly bound together by the integument, only the 
blunt claws being exserted. 

Herbivorous Turtles, entirely terrestrial, inhabiting the 
warmer parts of both continents; about twenty species 
are known. 


EMYDID.£2.—LXvti. 161 


1. TESTUDO, Linneus. Lanp Torrorsss. 
> Xerobates, Agassiz. 

1. 7. carolina, L. Carorina “Gopuer.” L.15. 8S. 
States, N. to N. C.; burrows in the ground like a wood - 
chuck. 

FAMILY LXVII.—EMYDIDA. 
(The Pond Turtles.) 

Carapace ovate, broadest behind, the margin having a 
tendency to flare outward, highest near the middle, 
usually rather depressed, rarely strongly convex; plastron 
covering the whole under surface, its plates twelve in 
number; sometimes the anterior lobe (and rarely the 
posterior also) movable on a transverse hinge, enabling 
the animal to completely close the shell. Toes broadly 
webbed in the aquatic species; scarcely webbed in the 
others. Jaws never hooked and pointed, as in allied 
families. They feed largely upon animals,. but they 
rarely catch active prey. They do not bite except under 
much provocation. Species seventy or eighty, widely 
distributed, inhabiting marshes, ponds, and the shores of 
still streams; a few are strictly terrestrial. 

* Carapace short, very high and strongly convex; plastron united 
to the carapace by a more or less cartilaginous suture and 
divided by a transverse hinge into two or more movable 


pieces; the anterior one, the smaller; toes scarcely webbed; 

terrestrial. é ‘ F , A E ‘ Cistupo, 1. 

** Carapace somewhat elongated, considerably arched; plastron 

immovable; toes short, with a small web; feet more nearly 

equal, and habits less aquatic than in the succeeding groups; 
species of small size. 

a. Shell more or less carinated, without round spots; upper jaw 

deeply notched and arched downward. . CHELOPUS, 2. 

aa. Shell not carinated, black, usually with round, yellowish 

spots; upper jaw slightly notched, its edges nearly straight. 

Nanemys, 3. 


162 REPTILES. 


*** Carapace rather depressed ; plastron wide, flat, movable upon 
the carapace and also upon a transverse hinge; anterior 
lobe somewhat smaller than the posterior, which is emargi- 
nate behind; toes webbed. ‘ . ao Emys, 4, 

**k* Carapace rather flat; plastron wide and flat, as is also the 
bridge connecting it to the carapace; toes broadly webbed; 
hind-legs much stouter than fore-legs; larger species, deci- 
dedly aquatic. 

+ Upper jaw not notched in front; carapace more or less strongly 
keeled or tuberculated. . . . Mazacoctemmys, 6. 

+t Upper jaw notched in front; shell not keeled in adult. 
t Horizontal alveolar surfaces of jaws not divided by a longi- 
tudinal ridge; stripes on neck, tail, legs, etc., bright red 
(in our species); head with yellow lines; large plates of 
carapace plain; marginal plates with bright red mark- 
ings; a small tooth on each side of notch in upper jaw; 
shell never keeled. ‘ - ‘ ‘ CuryseEmys, 5. 
tt Horizontal alveolar surfaces divided by a longitudinal 
ridge, running parallel with the cutting edge; stripes on 
legs, etc., usually yellow, never bright red; large plates 
of carapace often variegated; traces of a keel usually 
evident, at least in the young. : .  Psgupemys, 7. 


1. CISTUDO, Fleming. Box Turtizs. 

1. €. clausa, (Gm.) Common Box Turtiz. Colors 
very variable, chiefly blackish variegated with yellowish; 
N.Y. to Mo. and S. in dry woods. 

Var. triunguis, (Ag.) Cope. TureE-Torp Box Turriz. 
Hind-feet mostly 3-toed, paler. Southern, N. to Penn. 

2. €. ornata, Ag. NortuEern Box Turriz. “Shell 


round, broad, flat, without keel, even when young.” 
Iowa and W. 


2. CHELOPUS, Rafinesque. Woop Turruzs. 


* A deep notch in upper jaw, with a lengthened tooth on each 
side of it; lower jaw strongly arched upwards. (Calemys, Ag.) 


EMYDID.Al.—LXVL. 163 


1. €. muhlenbergii, (Schweigger) Cope. MunLENBERG’s 
Tortoisr. Brown with yellowish markings; plastron 
black with yellowish central blotch; an orange spot on 
each side of neck; shell somewhat carinated; L. 44. 
E. Penn. and N. J. 

** Upper jaw broad at end, arched downward, with a notch at 
tip; just behind the tip the horny sheath slants inward so 
that the width of the jaw is less than that of. the forehead; 
edge of lower jaw straight, excepting the tip which is strongly 
upcurved. (Glyptemys, Ag.) , 

2. €. insculptus, Le C. Woop Tortotss. Shell car- 
inated, its plates marked with concentric strie and radi- 
ating lines; plastron with a black blotch on each plate; 
L. 8. U.S., E. of Ohio, in woods and fields. 


3. NANEMYS, Agassiz. SpEcKLED TorrToisEs. 


1. MW. guttatus, (Schn.) Ag. Sprecktep Torrorsz. 
Black, dotted more or less with orange, these spots rarely 
obsolete; plastron yellow, blotched with black; shell not 
carinated; L. 44. E.U. S., W. to N. Ind. (Leveite); 
abundant. 

4. EMYS, Brogniart. Tortoiszs. 


1. E. meleagris, (Shaw) Ag. Bianpine’s TorToIsE. 
Jet black; usually with yellowish spots; plastron yellow- 
ish with black blotches; head with yellow spots; L. 8. 
Wisconsin to Alleghanies, in moist woods and fields. 


5. CHRYSEMYS, Gray. ParntED TuRTLEs. 


1. C. picta, (Herm.) Ag. Paintep Turtitz. Mup 
Turtite. Greenish black; plates margined with paler; 
marginal plates marked with bright red; plastron yellow, 
often blotched with brown; L. 8. E. U.S., one of the 
most common turtles. 


Var. marginata, Ag. Plates of carapace alternating 
or in quincunx, the lateral rows out of line with the 


164 REPTILES, 


middle one, instead of forming sets of three as in the 
eastern form; lateral plates with strong concentric striae. 
W.N.Y. and W., common. C. oregonensis, (Holb.) Ag., 
without red markings, occurs in Minn. and W. 


6. MALACOCLEMMYS, Gray. Marsu Turtizs. 
* Lower jaw spread out into a spoon-shaped dilatation; head with 
a horny skin; inland turtles. (Graptemys, Ag.) 

1. M. geographicus, (LeS.) Cope. Mar Turtitr. Dark 
olive brown with greenish and yellow streaks and retic- 
ulations, especially distinct on neck, legs and edges of 
carapace; plastron yellowish; carapace strongly notched 
behind and usually decidedly keeled. Miss. Valley, E. 
to N.Y. 

2. M. pseudogeographicus, (Holbr.) Cope. LeSurvur’s 
Map Turtte. Much like the preceding but grayer, the 
markings on the shell paler, less distinct and in larger 
pattern; keel of carapace stronger, each plate of the 
vertebral series with a blackish projection behind, which 
is more or less imbricated over the succeeding plate; 
plastron yellowish, marbled with blackish; head, neck 
and legs with bright yellow stripes. Wis. to Ohio and 
5. W. 

** Sheath of jaws straight, the cutting edges smooth; salt-marsh 
turtles. (Malacoclemmys.) 

3. M. palustris, (Gmel.) Sart-Marsa Turtie. 
Driamonp- Back. Greenish or dark olive; plates, both 
of carapace and plastron, with concentric dark stripes. 
N. Y. to Texas, along the coast. 


7. PSEUDEMYS, Gray. TERRAPINS. 
* Jaws serrated. (Ptychemys, Ag.) 
1. P. rugosa, (Shaw). Rep-Bz.irep Terrapin. Dusky, 
with red markings above; marginal plates with much 
red; plastron red or partly yellowish; neck, etc., with 


CINOSTERNID.—LXVIIL. 165 


yellow stripes; variable; N. J. to Va., an elegant turtle, 
known by the serrated jaws, 
** Jaws not serrated. (Truchemys, Ag.) 

2. P. hieroglyphica, (Holbr.) Hizrogiypuic Turtie. 
Shell smooth, depressed; olive brown with broad reticu- 
lated, yellowish lines; plastron dingy yellow; head very 
small. EH.U.S. 

3. P. troostii, (Holbr.) YEtLow-Betiiep TERRAPIN. 
Greenish - black, lateral plates with horn-colored lines 
and spots; plastron dull yellow, with large, black blotches; 
throat with greenish stripes; shell never keeled. Miss. 
Valley, N. to Ils. 


4. P. elegans, (Wied.) Exzraanr Terrapin. Brown 
with yellowish wavy lines and blotches; a blood-red band 
on each side of neck; plastron yellow with a dusty 
blotch on each plate. Ills. to Rocky Mountains. 


5. P. seabra, (L.) Cope. Rouen Terrapin. Dark 
brown, with yellow stripes; plastron yellow with small 
black blotches in front; carapace wrinkled. Va. to Fla. 


FAMILY LXVIIi.— CINOSTERNID. 
(The Cinosternoid Turtles.) 


Carapace rather long and narrow, the outline usually 
rising gradually from the front to a point beyond the 
center of the shell, then abruptly descending; the bulk 
of the body therefore thrown backward; margin of the 
carapace turning downward and inward rather than out - 
ward; plastron proportionally large, covered with 7, 9 or 
11 horny plates, the anterior pair coalescing into one; 
anterior, and sometimes also posterior lobe of plastron, 
often movable upon the fixed central portion; head 
pointed; jaws usually strong. 

Turtles of small size, chiefly American. 


166 REPTILES. 


* Anterior and posterior lobes of plastron nearly equal, both freely 
movable and capable of closing the shell; posterior lobe 
emarginate behind, its angles rounded; carapace without 
traces of keelin adult. .  . . . CZINosTERNUM, 1. 


** Posterior lobe of plastron narrower and longer, truncate behind, 
its angles rather pointed; lobes of plastron little movable, 
incapable of closing the shell; carapace more or less carin- 
ated, at least when young; head very large, with strong jaws. 

AROMOCHELYS, 2. 


7. CINOSTERNUM, Wagler. Satu Box Turtiss. 
. > Thrynosternum, Ag. 
1. €. pennsylvanicum, (Bosc.) Bell. Smarty Mup 
TurtLe. Shell dusky brown; head and neck with light 


stripes and yellow dots; anterior dorsal plate nearly as 
broad in front as long; L. 4. N.Y. to Fla. and W. 


2. AROMOCHELYS, Gray. Musk Turt es. 
= Ozotheca, Agassiz. 

1. A. odoratus, (Latreille) Gray. Musz Torttz. 
Stink-Por. Shell dusky, clouded, sometimes spotted; 
head very large with strong jaws; carapace with traces 
of a keel, but the plates not imbricated in the adult; 
anterior dorsal plate nearly twice as wide as long in 
front; a yellow stripe from snout, above eye, down the 


side of neck and another below eye; a strong musky odor; 
L.6. E.U.S., abundant. W. to Indiana. (Leveite.) 

2. A. carinatus, Gray. Lirr.e Musk Turtiz. Plates 
of carapace overlapping more or less, each one edged 
with black and marked with radiating stripes; neck 
unstriped. Lower Mississippi region. (Gontochelys 
minor, Ag.) 


FAMILY LXIX.— CHELYDRIDA. 
(The Snapping Turtles.) 
Shell high in front, low behind; bulk of body thrown 


TRIONYCHID Al.—LXX. 167 


forward; head and neck very large; jaws strongly 
hooked, and exceedingly powerful; tail long, strong, 
with a crest of horny, compressed tubercles; plastron 
small, cross-shaped, covered with twelve plates; bridge 
very narrow. 

Large turtles of great strength and voracity, chiefly 
aquatic; two of the three species are American, the 
third (Platysternwm) is from China. Their fierceness is 
well known; when angry they elevate the body, and, in 
biting, throw themselves forcibly forward. 

* Head rough, covered with soft skin; tail with two rows of 


large scales beneath; ridges of carapace disappearing with 
age; jaws moderately hooked. . a 8 CuELypRA, 1. 


** Head very large, covered with smooth, symmetrical plates; 
tail with many small imbricate scales beneath; carapace very 
strongly three-keeled; jaws very strongly hooked. _ 

MacrRocHELYs, 2. 


1. CHELYDRA, Schweigger. Snavrrne TURTLES. , 


1. €. serpentina, (L.) Schw. Common SNaprine 
TurtLe. Canada to Equador, every where abundant. 


2. MACROCHELYS, Gray. ALiicator SNAPPERS. 
= Gypochelys, Ag. 
1. M. lacertina, (Schw.) Mussissipr1 Snapper. Gulf 
States, N. to Illinois; “perhaps the most ferocious, and, 
for their size, the strongest of reptiles.” 


FAMILY LXX.— TRIONYCHID. 
(The Soft-Shelled Turties.) 

Body flat, nearly orbicular; carapace not completely 
ossified, the ribs projecting freely towards the outer 
extremities; marginal ossicles rudimentary; carapace 
and plastron covered by a thick leathery skin which is 
flexible at the margins. Head long and pointed with a 


168 REPTILES. 


long, flexible, tubular, pig-like snout! heck long. Feet 
broadly webbed; toes long, 5-5, but the claws only 3-3. 
Aquatic, carnivorous and voracious; species about 30, 
in both hemispheres. 
* Nostrils terminal, crescent-shaped; a prominent longitudinal 
ridge projecting from each side of septum. AsPmonEcrss, 1. 
** Nostrils rather under the tip of snout; nasal septum with- 
out an internal longitudinal ridge on each side. Amypa, 2. 


7. ASPIDONECTES, Wagler. Sorr-SuEtiep TURTLES. 

1. A. spinifer, (LeSueur) Ag. Common Sorr- SHELLED 
Turtie. Carapace olive brown with dark spots; plastron 
nearly white; head and neck olive green with light 
and dark stripes; legs and feet mottled every where 
with dark; male with the tubercles on the front of the 
carapace smaller than in the female, the body also longer 
and the tail extending considerably beyond the margin 
of the carapace. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi, 
abundant. 

2. A. nuchalis, Ag. CUMBERLAND TuRTLE. A marked 
depression on either side of the keel, which is dilated 
and triangular anteriorly; spines and tubercles on cara- 
pace largely developed. Cumberland and Upper Tenn. 
Rivers. 

2. AMYDA, Agassiz. LeaTuERY TURTLES. — 

1. A. mutica, (Les.) Ag. LzatHery Turtiz. A 
depression along median line of carapace; no spines nor 
tubercles along anterior margin nor on back; feet not 
mottled below. Upper Mississippi and Great Lakes. 


ORDER U.—LACERTILIA. 
(The Lizards.) 
_ Reptiles not shielded, with the body usually covered 


IGUANID..—LXXI. 169 


with overlapping scales; mouth not dilatable; tongue 
free; jaws always with teeth. Limbs four, distinct, 
rarely rudimentary and hidden by the skin; a pectoral 
arch developed. Feet usually with five digits, the 
phalanges normally 2, 3, 4,5, 3 or 4. Tail usually long 
and in many cases very brittle, readily broken by a 
slight blow; this is owing to a thin, unossified, trans- 
verse septum, which traverses each vertebra. ‘The 
vertebra naturally breaks with great readiness through 
the plane of the septum, and when such lizards are 
seized by the tail, that appendage is pretty certain to 
part at one of these weak points” (Huzley). Vent a 
cross slit; urinary bladder present. The great majority 
of the numerous species belong to tropical and sub- 
tropical regions. 


FAMILY LXXI.— IGUANIDA. 
(The Iguanas.) 

New World lizards of various habits; the tongue short 
and thick and the eyes diurnal with round pupils; scales 
imbricated, those on the belly small and rhombic. Feet 
for walking; toes unequal. Tail with more or less dis- 
tinct whorls of scales, which are commonly spinous. 
Warmer parts of America. Genera about sixty; species 
one hundred and fifty, or more. (Gray.) 


* Body moderately depressed; head broad, not spinous; ventral 
plates not keeled. . . . .  ScELororvs, 1. 


** Body much depressed; head seed with stout spines. 
PHRYNOSOMA, 2. 


7. SCELOPORUS, Wiegmann. Tree Swirts. 
= Tropidolepis, Cuvier. 

1. S. undulatus, (Harlan) Pine Tree Lizarp. 
Swirt. Greenish, bluish, or bronzed, with black, wavy 
cross bands above; throat and sides of belly usually with 

8 


170° REPTILES. 


brilliant blue or green; dorsal scales rather large, cari- 
nated; tail slender; L.?%. U.S., in pine forests, etc.; 
abundant southward; varies greatly in color. 


2. PHRYNOSOMA, Wiegmann. Hornep Toaps. 


1. P. douglasi, Bell. Hornep Toap. Txeeurxin. No 
row of large spines along sides of belly; ventral scales 
smooth. Central and Western parts of U. S. south- 
westward occurs P. cornutum (Harlan) Gray, with a row 
of stout lateral spines, and carinated ventral plates. 


FAMILY LXXII.—ANGUIDA. 
(The Glass Snakes.) 

Limbs rudimentary, hidden under the skin; body, 
therefore, snake-like in form, but the general aspect 
lizard-like. Through ignorance of the boundaries of 
this family, I am unable to characterize it. 


1. OPHEOSAURUS, Daudin. Gtass Snaxas. 

1. 0. ventralis, (L.) Daud. Grass Snake. Body 
serpentiform; a conspicuous lateral fold; no external 
limbs; tail very brittle, asin most lizards; dusky and yel- 
low with narrow black streaks. Tenn. to Kansas and §. 


FAMILY LXXITI.— TEIDA. 
(The Teguesins.) 

New World Lizards; head pyramidal, with regular 
many-sided shields; scales of back granular or carinated; 
throat scaly, usually with a double collar. Warmer 
parts of America; genera 12; species about 40. 


7. CNEMIDOPHORUS, Wiegmann. TaRracurras. 
1... sexlineatus, (L.) D. & B. Srx-Linep Lizarp. 
Olive, with 3 or 4 yellow streaks on each side; abdomen 


SCINCID .— LXXIVv. 171 


silvery; length 6 to 9 inches. S. E. Va. to Ills. and 
Mexico. 
FAMILY LXXIV.—SCINCIDA. 
(The Skinks.) 

Head subquadrangular; regularly shielded; body fusi- 
form or subcylindrical, often with longitudinal stripes; 
limbs 4, various. Genera 50; species 150; in most parts 
of the world. 

* Ear large; its front edge dentate; lower eye-lid scaly. 


EvmeEcEs, 1. 
¥* Har very large, circular, its front edge rounded; lower eye-lid 
with atransparent disk. . . e .  OLtIagosoma, 2. 


1, EUMECES, Wiegmann. Bivx Tals. 
= Plestiodon, Auct. 

1. E. fasciatus, (L.) Buiur-Taitep Lizarp. Blackish, 
with fine yellowish streaks, middle one forked on the 
head; tail mostly blue; old specimens sometimes red- 
dish olive, obscurely striped; head reddish; L. 8 to 11. 
U.S., E. of the Rocky Mts.; abundant 8.; very variable. 


2. E. septentrionalis, (Baird) Cope. NortuErn SKINK. 
Olive, with four dark stripes above; sides with two 
narrow white lines margined on each side with black. 
Minnesota to Nebraska. . 

3. E. anthracinus, (Baird) Cope. Coat SINK. 
Black (?). Alleganies, from Penn. 8S. 


2. OLIGOSOMA, Girard. Mocos. 


1. 0. laterale, (Say.) Grd. Grounp Lizarp. Chest- 
nut color; on each side a black lateral band, edged with 
white; abdomen yellowish; tail blue below; head short; 
small and slender; L. 5. Southern States, abundant; N. 
to Illinois. (Velson.) 


172 REPTILES. 


ORDER V.—OPHIDIA. 


(The Serpents.) 


Reptiles, not shielded, with an epidermal covering of 
imbricated scales, which is shed as a whole and replaced 
at regular intervals. Mouth very dilatable, the bones of 
the lower jaw separate from each other, only united 
by ligaments. Limbs wanting, or represented by small 
spurs on the sides of the vent; vent a transverse slit. 
Various anatomical characters distinguish the snakes, 
but the elongated form and absence of limbs separate 
them at once from all our other Vertebrates, excepting 
the Lizard Opheosaurus, and this is not in any other 
respect, snake-like. 


FAMILY LXXvV. (a2)— COLUBRID. 
(The Colubrine Snakes.) 

Both jaws fully provided with teeth, which are conical 
and not grooved; head covered with shields; no poison 
fangs; no spur-like appendages to vent; belly covered 
with broad band-like plates (gastrosteges); tail conical, 
tapering; sub-caudal plates (urosteges) arranged in 
pairs. 

A very large family comprising nearly one hundred 
genera, and upwards of four hundred species, found 
in nearly every part of the world, but most abundant in 
warm regions. They differ from the HJlapide of the 
Southern U. S. and southward, in the want of erect 
poison fangs; from the Crotalide, in having both jaws 
fully provided with teeth, and the absence of erectile 
poison fangs; and from the Boide and their relatives in 
the want of the spur-like rudimentary posterior limbs. 

The following key is entirely artificial, and in the 
consideration of the species, I have generally omitted 


COLUBRID .—LXXV. 173 


characters taken from the cephalic plates as not available 
for my purpose. 
* Dorsal scales carinated. 

¢ Anal plate entire. 

a. Rows of scales 19 to 21; ventral plates (gastrosteges) 140 to 
170; general color 3 light stripes on a darker ground; 
sides usually with spots; mostly viviparous. 

Eourznta, 5. 
aa. Rows of scales 29 to 37; gastrosteges 200 to 240; general 
color whitish with a triple series of dark blotches. 


Prryopuis, 7. 
anal plate bifid. ; 


6. Rows of scales 15 to 17. 


¢. Tail about one-third of total length; gastrosteges 150 to 
160; urosteges 100 or more; color clear golden green. 

CycLopuis, 9. 

ec. Tail much less than one-third of total length; gastro- 

steges 125 to 130; urosteges 60 or less; color brown or 

reddish. 

d. With one or two faint grayish dorsal stripes and 

usually a broken dusky band along sides; small 

species: rows of scales 15 to 17; loral plate absent; 


anteorbital present. . , ‘i STORERIA, 4. 
dd. No dorsal stripe; rows of scales 17; loral plate 
present; anteorbital wanting. é Hapza, 16. 


bb. Rows of scales 19 to 21. 

e. Gastrosteges 180 to 170; general color usually 3 or more 

dark bands on a lighter ground; size large. 
TROPIDONOTUS, 2. 
ee. Gastrosteges 130 to 140; general color brown with many 
obscure black cross-blotches, distinct on neck; belly 
salmon red with a row of black spots on each side; 
size small. : 3 ‘ . | 'TROPIDOCLONIUM, 3. 


bbb. Rows of scales 23 to 29. 
f. Form short and stout; snout prominent, acute, recurved 
and keeled, forming a sharp ridge; head flattened 
when angry; gastrosteges 125 to 150. Hzrrropon, 1. 


174 REPTILES. 


ff. Snout not recurved and keeled; species of large size. 


g. Gastrosteges 130 to 155; general color 3 series of dark 
blotches on a lighter ground, sometimes simply 
barred or uniformly dark or reddish; aquatic. 

TROPIDONOTUS, 2. 


gg. Gastrosteges 200 to 235; general color brown or black, 
sometimes with quadrate blotches; abdomen usually 
blotched; terrestrial . . . CoxuseRr, 8. 

** Dorsal scales smooth. 


$ Anal plate entire; gastrosteges 175 to 200° color black, brown 
or red, more or less variegated. 


h. Rows of scales 21 to 25; loral plate present. 
OpHIBOLUs, 12. 


hh. Rows of scales 19; no loral plate. . . Osckona, 13. 
tt Anal plate bifid; scales in 13 to 17 rows. 


é. Gastrosteges 170 to 210; scales in 17 rows; snakes very 
large or very long—ours lustrous pitch black in color 
when adult. ‘ ‘ ; .  Bascantom. 6. 


zt. Gastrosteges less than 170; sans of medium to small size. 
j. Scales in 13 rows; gastrosteges 120 to 185; brown, salmon 
color or yellowish beneath. . CaRPHOPHIopS, 18. 

jj. Scales in 15 to 17 rows. 


k. Color black, unstriped; a distinct yellowish ring about 
neck; gastrosteges 140 to 160. . Drapopuis, 11. 


kk. Color clear bright green; no collar; gastrosteges 130 
to140. . . . .  Lrope.tis, 10. 


kkk. Color brownish, with black dei: no collar; gastro- 
steges 115 to 125. ‘ 2 é . Virernta, 17. 


ttt Anal plate bifid; scales in 19 rows; gastrosteges, 170 to 185. 
1. Bluish black with squarish red spots on the blanks; abdomen. 


red with black spots. a> ; FARANoTA, 14. 
Ww. Blue-black, with three red lines; abdomen yellowish with 
aseries of dark spots. . . . . ABasTorR, 15. 


1. HETERODON, Beauvais. Spreapinac ADDERs. 
1. H. platyrhinus, Latreille. Biowine Virezr. Hoe- 


\ 


COLUBRID.Al.—LXXV. 175 


Nosr Snake. Brownish, with about 28 dark dorsal 
blotches, besides lateral ones and half rings on the tail; 
sometimes uniform black. Vertical plate longer than 
broad, about equal to occipitals; L. 30; G. 125 to 150; 
scales 25. E. U.S., abundant. <A very variable species; 
when angry it depresses and expands the head, hissing 
furiously, thus exhibiting a very threatening appearance, 
but it is perfectly harmless. 


2. H. simus, (L.) Holbrook. Hog-Noszep Snaxe. 
Dorsal blotches about 35; ground color usually paler or 
yellowish brown; vertical plate much longer than occip- 
itals, broader than long; G. 130; scales 23 to 27, usually 
25. Southern, N. to Ills. and Wis. 


2. TROPIDONOTUS, Kuhl. Water Snakes. 
* Scales in 23 to 29 rows. (Werodia, B. & G.) 

1. T. sipedon, (L.) Holbr. Watrr Snake. Water 
AppER. Brownish; back and sides with each a series of 
large, square, dark blotches alternating with each other; 
rarely uniformly dusky; scales 23; G. 130 to 150; L. 30 
to 50. E.U.S., abundant; aquatic. 

Var. erythrogaster, (Shaw) Cope. Ruzp- BE.irep 
Warer Snake. Uniform red-black above; copper-color 
below; head elongated. Michigan to Kansas and 8S. 

Var. woodhousei, (B. & G.) Cope. Scales in 25 rows. 
Mo. to Texas. 

2. T. rhombifer, Hallowell. Hotsroox’s WatTER 
Snake. Brown, with black quadrangular blotches; 
scales in 27 rows. Mich., Ills. and 8. 

** Scales in 19 to 21 rows. (Regina, B. & G.) 

3. T. rigidus, (Say) Holbr. Srirr Snax. Greenish 
brown; two brown dorsal bands; abdomen yellowish, 
spotted; outer row of scales smooth; scales 19; G. 130 
to 170; L. 24. Penn. to Ga. 


176 REPTILES. 


4. T. leberis, (L.) Holbr. Leatuer Snax. Chestnut 
brown; a yellow lateral band and three narrow black 
dorsal stripes; scales all carinated; scales 19; G. 140 to 
150; L. 24. U.S., chiefly eastward. 

5. T. grahami, (B. & G.) Cope. Granam’s Swarr, 
Brown; a broad yellowish lateral band; scales all strongly 
carinated; head slender; abdomen unspotted; scales 
19 (to 21%); G. 160; L. 20. Mississippi Valley, N. to 
Michigan. 


3. TROPIDOCLONIUM, Cope. Litrim Rep Swaxes. 

1. 7. kirtlandi, (Kenn.) Cope. Kirruanp’s Snaxe. 
Head shiny black; vertical plate broad; scales 19, all 
carinated; G. 115 to 140; L. 8. Ohio to Ill; a hand- 
some little snake. 


4. STORERIA, Baird and Girard. Rep- Bretirep Snaxus. 
= Ischnognathus, Dum. & Bibron. 

1. S. occipitomaculata, (Storer) B.& G. Rep-Beiiep 
Snake. Grayish or chestnut brown, usually showing a 
paler vertebral band bordered by blackish dots; obscure 
dots on side; occiput with three pale blotches (very 
constant); belly salmon red; scales 15; G. 120 to 125; 
L. 12. U.S., chiefly eastward; abundant. 

2. §. dekayi, (Holbr.) B. & G. DrKay’s Brown 
Snake. Grayish brown; a clay-colored dorsal band, 
bordered by dotted lines; grayish below; body thickish, 
tapering towards the small head; scales 17; G. 125 to 
130; L.12. E. U.S. 


5. EUTANIA, Baird and Girard. Garrzer Snaxzs. 


* Body very slender, elongated; tail nearly one-third of total 
length; scales in 19 rows. 


1. E. saurita, (L.) B.& G. Ripanp Snake. Swirt 


COLUBRID ..—LXXV. 117 


Garter Snake. Brown with three yellow stripes; 
light, clear brown, below the lateral stripes; tail usually 
more than 4 of length; colors bright; G. 150 to 160; L. 
36. U.S., chiefly E. of the Alleghanies. 


2. E. faireyi, B. & G. Farrim’s Garrer Snake. 
Blackish, with three greenish yellow stripes; body rela- 
tively stout; tail less than 4 length; space below bands 
same color as above; G. 165 to 180; L. 30. Miss. 
Valley, N. to Wis. 


3. E. proxima, (Say) B.&G. Say’s Garrer Snaxe. 
Blackish, dorsal stripe brownish yellow; lateral stripes 
greenish; tail 2 of total length; sides colored like back; 
G. 165 to 175; L. 35. Miss. Valley, N. to Wis. 


** Body stouter; tail shorter, about + of total length; scales 19. 


4. E. radix, Baird & Girard. Hoy’s Garrer Snake. 
Black with three narrow yellow lines; scales very rough, 
the outer row broad; colors deep; head short; G. 150 to 
160; L. 25. L. Michigan to Oregon. 

5. E. sirtalis, (L.) B. & G. Common Garrer Snaxe. 
Srripep Snake. Olivaceous, dorsal stripe narrow; lat- 
eral stripes rather broad but not conspicuous ; colors 
generally duller than in the other species, lateral rows 
of spots more or less distinct; G. 130 to 160. N. Am., 
every where; our commonest snake; very variable. 
Prominent varieties are: 

Var. ordinata, (L.) Cope, has the stripes duller and 
the spots more distinct, 85 in number. Chiefly north- 
eastward. 

Var. dorsalis, (B. & G.) Cope, has the dorsal stripe 
broad, and a row of distinct spots above the lateral stripe. 
N. Am., every where. 

Var. parietalis, (Say ) Cope, has the stripes dull 


178 REPTILES. 


greenish and the spaces between the lateral spots vivid. 
brick red. Ind. (Jordan) and W. 


6. BASCANIUM, Baird and Girard. Brack SNaKxs. 

> Coryphodon, Dumeril et Bibron. 

1. B. constrictor, (L.) B.& G. Buack Snake. Lus- 
trous pitch black, greenish below, chin and throat white; 
young olive with rhomboid blotches; large, rather 
slender; scales 17 (rarely 19); G.170 to 200; L. 50 to 
60. EH. U.S., common E. and 8. 


7. PITYOPHIS, Holbrook. Pine Snaxus. 


1. P. mefanoleucus, (Daud.) Holb. Pine Swaxn. 
Burtt Snake. White, with chestnut brown blotches 
which are margined with black, besides other markings; 
scales 29; G. 220 to 230; L.60. Pine woods; N. J. to 
Ohio and southward. 

2. P. sayi, (Schlegel) B. & G. Wusrrrn Prinz Snake. 
Whitish or reddish, with many dark blotches and spots; 
scales usually 25; G. 220 to 230; L. 40 to 70. Western, 
E. to Wis 


8. COLUBER, Linnzus. Racers. 
> Scotophis, B. & G. 

1. €. guttatus, L. Sporrep Raczr. Red brown with 
a dorsal series of large, red, dark-edged blotches; belly 
checkered with black; scales 27; G. 210 to 230; L. 50. 
Virginia and 8. 

2. C. obsoletus, Say. Pitot Snake. Racer. Lustrous 
black, some scales white-edged; vertical plate longer 
than broad; scales 27; G. 235; L. 50 to 75. Mass. to 
Ills. and Texas; one of our largest snakes. (C. aile- 
ghamiensis, Holbr.) 


COLUBRID Al.—LXXV. 179 


3. €. vulpinus, (B. & G.) Cope. Fox Snaxx. Light 
brown, with quadrate, chocolate-colored blotches; verti- 
cal plate broader than long; scales 25; G. 200 to 210; 
L. 60. Mass. to Kansas and Northward. 

4. €. emoryi, (B. & G.) Cope. Emory’s Racer. Ashy 
gray with transverse brown blotches; vertical plate 
elongated; 6 or 8 median rows of scales only carinated; 
scales 29; G. 210 to 220; L. 40 to 50. Ills. to Kansas 
and Texas. 


9. CYCLOPHIS, Giinther. Summer Snaxezs. 
Leptophis, B. & G. 

1. C. e@stivus, (L.) Giinther. Summer Green Snare. 
Head conical, neck very small; bright clear green, yel- 
lowish below; scales 17; G. 150 to 160; L. 30. Southern, 
N.to N. J. and Ills., abundant in the mountains; a most 
exquisite little creature. 


10. LIOPELTIS, Fitzinger. Gruen Snaxus. 


1. L. vernalis, (DeKay) Jan. Green Snake. Grass 
Snake. Spring Snake. Head elongate, neck slender; 
eyes very large; uniform deep green (bluish in spirits), 
yellowish below; scales 15; G. 180 to 140; L. 20. E. 
U. &., chiefly northerly; a beautiful species. 


71. DIADOPHIS, Baird and Girard. Rine-Neckep 
SNAKES. 


< Ablabes, D. & B. 


1. D. punctatus, (L.) B.& G. Rine-Neckep Syaxe. 
Head depressed; eye rather large; blue-black above, 
bright pale orange below (yellowish in spirits); each 
plate usually with a black spot; yellowish occipital ring 
conspicuous; scales 15; G. 140 to 160; L. 15. Whole 
U.S. 


180 REPTILES. 


Var. amabilis, (B. & G.) Cope, is slender, with 180 or 
more gastrosteges; below darker and more spotted, 
Western, E. to Ohio. 


2. D. arnyi, Kenn. Arny’s Rine-Neckep Swnakz. 
Lead black; belly spotted and mottled with black; 
occipital ring narrow, scales 17. Ills. to Kansas. 


12, OPHIBOLUS, Baird and Girard. Kine Snaxezs. 
< Coronella, Laurenti. 
< Lampropeltis, Auct. 


1. 0. getulus, (L.) B.& G. Cuain Snake. THUNDER 
Snaxz. Black with narrow yellowish lines forking on 
the flanks, each fork embracing a large black spot; belly 
checkered; scales 21; G. 210 to 225; L. 50. Maryland 
to La., E. of the mountains; variable; represented west- 
ward by 


Var. sayi, (Holbr.) Cope. Kine Snake. Lustrous 
black, many scales with a whitish spot in the center. 
Alleghany to Rocky Mts., abundant, N. to IIls.; a hand- 
some species. 


2. 0. doliatus, (L.)B.&G. Rup Snaxz. Corn Snake, 
etc. Red with twenty to twenty-five pairs of black 
rings, each set enclosing a yellowish one; head red; 
scales 21; G. 180 to 210; L. 30 to 50. Md. to Kansas 
and §.; exceedingly variable, running by degrees into 
the following variety, extremes of which bear little 
resemblance to the typical doliatus. 


Var. triangulus, (Boie) Cope. Minx Snake. Hovse 
Swaxze. Sporrep ApprEr. Grayish, with three series of 
brown, rounded blotches bordered with black, about fifty 
of them in the dorsal row; an arrow-shaped occipital 


COLUBRIDAl.—LXXv. 181 


spot; scales, etc., as in preceding. Va. to Iowa, and 
northward; very common. [Coronella eximia, (DeKay) 
Jan.] 

3. 0. calligaster, (Say) Cope. Kzunwnicotr’s Cain 
Snake. Light olive gray, with about sixty quadrate, 
chestnut colored, emarginate blotches on back and two 
rows of smaller ones on each side; scales in 25 rows. 
Ills. to Kansas. (O. evansi, Kenn.) 


13. OSCEOLA, Baird and Girard. Scarier SNaKEs. 


1. 0. elapsoidea, (Holbr.) B. & G. Scarier Snake. 
Brilliant red, with about fifteen pairs of jet black rings 
on body and three on tail, each pair enclosing a white 
ring; the black rings tapering towards the sides, the 
white ones spreading; resembles closely O. doliatus; 
scales 19; G. 175 to 180; L. 20. Va. to Fla. 


14. FARANCIA, Gray. Horn Snaxzs. 
< Calopisma, D. & B. 


1. F. abacura, (Holb.) B. & G. Rep-BELLizp Horn 
Snaksz. Blue-black with red lateral spots; eyes small; 
scales 19; G. 175; L. 36. Southern, N. to Ills. (Wed- 


son.) 


15. ABASTOR, Gray. Rep-SipEep Snakgs. 


1. A. erythrogrammus, (Daudin) Gray. Rep-LinEep 
Snake. Blue-black; sides with three red lines; eyes 
very large; nostrils in the middle of nasal plate; scales 
19; G. 180; L. 25. Southern, N. to Ills. (Welson.) 


16. HALDEA, Baird & Girard. Brown SNAKES. 
= Conocephalus, 1). & B. 
1. H. striatula, (L.) B.& G. Brown Snake. Head 


182 REPTILES. 


elongated, on a small neck; reddish gray, salmon red 
beneath; scales 17; G. 125 to 130; L.10. Va. to Texas. 


17. VIRGINIA, Baird and Girard. Brown Snaxkus. 


1. V. valerie, B. & G. Vareria Brianry’s Snakn. 
Head elliptical; body slender; brownish with minute 
black dots, often in two rows; yellowish beneath; scales 
15; G. 120 to 180; L. 12. Md. to Ills. and 8. 


2. V. elegans, Kenn. Kerwnnicotr’s Brown Snake. 
Scales much narrower; uniform olivaceous above; yel- 
lowish beneath; scales 17. S. Ills. to Ark. 


18. CARPHOPHIOPS, Gervais. Worm SNAKES. 
= Celuta, B. & G. 


1. C. amenus, (Say) Cope. Grounp Snaxz. Glossy 
chestnut brown; belly salmon-red; head very small; 
vertical plate broad; nasal plate large, pierced by the 
nostril; scales 13; G. 120 to 130; L. 12. Mass. to Ils. 
and 8. 

2. C. helene, (Kenn.) Cope. Heten TENNIson’s 
Snax. Lustrous chestnut- brown, flesh color beneath; 
snout short and narrow; a single pair of frontal plates; 
scales 13. S. Ills. to Miss. 

3. C. vermis, (Kenn.) Cope. Worm Snake. Purplish- 
black, two pairs of frontals, as in C. amcenus; belly 
flesh color, color extending on sides; scales 13; larger 
than the others. Missouri to Kansas. 


FAMILY LXXV. (4.)— ELAPIDA. 
(The Harlequin Snakes.) 

Venomous snakes, provided with two or more perman- 
ently erect, grooved fangs in the upper jaw, and usually 
a series of smaller teeth behind them; scales not carin- 
ated; head usually quadrangular, with flat crown and 


CROTALIDA.—LXXVI. 183 


short muzzle; no loral plate. Genera 15; species about 
50, chiefly East Indian, a few inhabiting the warmer 
parts of America. 
* Anal plate entire; urosteges two-rowed; scales in 15 rows. 
Exaps, 1. 
7. ELAPS, Schneider. Har equin SnakzEs. 


1. E. fulvius, (L.) Cuv. Beapv Snax. Jet black, 
with about 17 broad crimson rings, each bordered with 
yellow, and spotted below with black; a yellow occipital 
band; tail with yellow rings; L. 30; G. 200 to 215; U. 
32. Va. to Ark.and 8S. A beautiful snake, mild in dis- 
position and apparently harmless, although provided with 
venom-fangs. Resembles Osceola and Ophibolus. 


FAMILY LXXVI.—CROTALID. 
(The Crotalid Snakes.) 

Upper jaw destitute of solid teeth, but provided 
with an erectile, grooved poison-fang on each side in 
front; a deep pit between eye and nostril. Tail often 
provided with a rattle, composed of horny rings of modi- 
fied epidermis. Urosteges generally undivided, at least 
anteriorly. Scales carinated in all our species. Species 
50, more or less, all American, and renowned for the 
deadliness of their venom. 

* Tail with a rattle. 
+ Top of head covered with small, scale-like plates, larger ones 
in front; size large; rattle large. .  Crorarous, 1. 
++ Top of head with 9 large plates; size small; rattle small. 
CaupIsona, 2. 
** Tail without a rattle; general color chestnut, variegated. 
ANCISTRODON, 3. 


1. CROTALUS, Linnzus. RatTLesnakEs. 
1. 0. horridus, L. Banprp or Nortruern Rattie- 
SNAKE, Sulphur brown of various shades, with two rows 


184 REPTILES. 


of confluent, brown, lozenge-shaped spots; tail black; 
a light loral line with a dark patch beneath; scales 23 to 
25; G. 165 to 170; L. 40 to 60. U.S., chiefly eastward 
and southward, in rocky places; rapidly becoming ex- 
tinct; several other species occur southwestward. (C. 
durissus, Auct.) 


2. CAUDISONA, Laurenti. Massassauaas. 
= Crotalophorus, Gray. 

1. €. tergemina, (Say) Cope. Massassauca. Prarrre 
Rattiesnake. Brown or blackish with about seven 
series of deep chestnut blotches, sometimes entirely 
black; scales 25; G. 140 to 150; L. 30. Prairie region, 
E. to the Alleghanies; abundant in grassy fields where 
not exterminated. 


3. ANCISTRODON, Beauvais. CoprERHEADS. 
> Toxicophis, Troost. 
< Trigonocephailus, Holbr., ete. 

1. A. contortrix, (L.) B.& G. Corprrnzap. Hazel 
brown; top of head bright coppery, back with a series 
of fifteen to twenty-five dark blotches having something 
the form of an inverted Y; yellowish below with dark 
blotches; scales 23; G. 150 to 160; J. 35 to 40. E.U.S., 
chiefly southerly. 

2. A. atrofuseus, (Troost) B.& G. Hiestanp Moc- 
casin. Cotronmouts. Dusky above, with smoky gray 
blotches; tail black; belly white, blotched with black 
and minutely punctate; upper lip white; scales 25; G. 
130 to 140; L. 25. Mts. of Tenn. and N. C. and South. 

8. A. piscivorus, (Holbr.) Cope. Watrr Moccasin. 
Greenish brown with dark vertical bars; scales 25; G. 
140; L. 30. Aquatic; southern, probably not in our 
limits. 


BATRACHIANS. 185 


Class TW .—wBatvachia. 


(The Batrachians.) 


Cold-blooded Vertebrates, allied to the fishes, but 
differing in several respects, notably in the absence of 
rayed fins, the limbs being usually developed and func- 
tional, with the skeletal elements of the limbs of 
Reptiles; toes usually without claws. 

The Batrachians undergo a more or less complete 
metamorphosis; the young (“tadpoles”) being aquatic 
and fish-like, breathing by means of external gills or 
branchiz; later in life, lungs are developed and (except- 
ing in Proteida) the gills disappear. Skin naked and 
moist (rarely having imbedded scales) and used to some 
extent as an organ of respiration. Heart with two 
auricles and a single ventricle. 

Reproduction by means of eggs which are of com- 
paratively small size, without hard shell, developed in 
water or in moist situations. 

The Batrachians differ more from the Fishes in 
appearance than in reality, and they are sometimes 
combined into one group (Ichthyopsida), the Birds and 
Reptiles constituting another (Sauropsida). 


ORDERS OF BATRACHIA. 
* Body short, depressed ; tail wanting in the adult; four developed 
limbs, ihe posterior being much enlarged. . AwnuRa, W. 
** Body lengthened, with a distinct tail; hind limbs if present 
not specially elongated. 
+ With no external gills or branchie when adult; eyelids 
present. . . « «© « «  «  URODELA, X. 


186 BATRACHIANS. 


++ External branchie and gill clefts persistent through life; no 
eyelids. . . . «. «.  .  .  Prorema, Y. 
W. FAMILIES OF ANURA. 
* Fingers and toes tapering or cylindrical, not dilated into a disk 
at their tips. 
+ Upper jaw with teeth; toes completely webbed. 


a. No spur at the heel; fingers often webbed; chiefly aquatic. 

Ranipa, 77. 

aa. One of the bones of the heel forming a sharp, flat-edged 
spur; fingers scarcely webbed; chiefly terrestrial. 

ScaPHIOPIDa, 78. 

tt Jaws toothless; toes webbed; skin more or less warty; ter- 


restrial. =. - . . Buronma, 80. 
** Fingers and toes dilated a at their ~ forming a viscous disk; 
arboreal. ‘ F - .  Hyziwa, 79. 


X. FAMILIES OF URODELA. 
* No spiracles or openings in the sides of the neck in the adult. 

4 Sides (in our species) with a row of round red or yellowish spots 
which are bordered with black (these very rarely obsolete) ; 
belly dotted with black; tarsus and carpus ossified; verte- 
bre opisthocceelian (not biconcave). PLEURODELIDA, 81. 

tt Spots, if any, not as above. 

+ Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous; tongue much smaller and 
more extensively free than in the next. 
a. Vertebre concave behind only (opisthoccelian.) 
DxssmMognaTHIDé, 82. 
aa. Vertebre biconcave (amphiccelian.) 
PLETHODONTID, 83. 
tt Carpus and tarsus ossified; vertebre amphiccelian; tongue 
large, thick, papillose, attached by its base, with a narrow 
free margin; salamanders usually of large size and dark 


colors. . : $ 3 . AMBLYSTOMID, 84. 
** With a spiracle or scsi opening in each side of the neck: 
size large. 
b. Limbs well developed; toes 4-5. . . Mernoromipa, 85. 


bd. Limbs rudimentary; toes 2-2 or 3-8. . AMPHIUMIDs, 86. 


RANIDA.—LXXVI. 187 


Y. FAMILIES OF PROTEIDA. 


* Hind legs present; both jaws with teeth; form salamander-like. 
PrRoTeip#, 87. 


** Hind legs wanting; upper jaw toothless; form eel-like. 
SmRENIDs, 88. 


ORDER W.—ANURA. 
(The Tattless Batrachians.) 

Body nearly or quite naked, short and broad; all four 
limbs present; tail wanting in the adult; young (tadpole) 
fish-like, with broad head, external branchiz, a long tail, 
no limbs and no teeth; the intestinal canal very long, 
adapted for a vegetable diet; from this form by degrees 
it develops into the adult animal which is always more 
or less Frog-like. 


FAMILY LXXVII.—RANIDA. 
(The Frogs.) 

Tailless Batrachians with the tongue adherent in front 
and more or less free behind; fingers four, toes five, 
both commonly webbed; ear well developed, jaw and 
usually vomer, with teeth; chiefly aquatic. Genera 
fourteen, species about fifty; very abundant in tropical 
America. 


* Vomerine teeth present; no finger opposed to the others; tongue 
nicked behind; toes full-webbed. .  «  Rawa, 1. 


1. RANA, Linneus. Frogs. 
* Back with large distinct spots arranged in more or less regular 
rows; back with two conspicuous yellowish folds. 

1. RB. halecina, Kalm. Lxoparp Frog. Common 
Frog. General color greenish, often bright, sometimes 
brassy, with many pale-edged dark spots which lie in 
two irregular rows on back; usually two large spots 


188 BATRACHIANS, | 


between eyes; legs barred above; belly pearly or yel- 
lowish, each side of back with a well-marked fold. N. 
Am., the commonest speciés. 


2. R. palustris, Le Conte. PicKEREL Frog. Brownish 
with the spots square, in four rows; young golden green; 
body with two glandular folds on each side; slender. E. 
U.S. 

** Back with small dark spots or none. ‘ 

3. RB. clamitans, Merrem. Green Frog. Spring 
Frog. Bright green, darker on the flanks, every where 
spotted with blackish; color sometimes rather brown 
than green; white below; glandular folds conspicuous; 
size moderate. U.S.,E. of the mountains. (&. horico- 
nensis, Holbr. &. fontinalis, Le C.) : 

4, R. catesbiana, Shaw. Bui Froa. Greenish, of 
varying shades, with numerous small, indistinct darker 
spots, head usually of a very bright pale green; glandu- 
lar folds little marked; very large, a foot or more long 
when adult. E.U.S., common; well noted for its rich 
bass notes. (R. pipiens, Auct., not of L.) 

5. R. temporaria, (L.) var. sylvatica, (Le C.) Gthr. 
Woop Frog. Color reddish brown; a dark band on each 
side of the head through eye and ear; quite small. E.U.S. 
common; scarcely aquatic, (R. cantabrigensis, Baird, 
the Cambridge Frog, from E. Mass., N. and W. is another 
variety of this European species.) (See Addenda.) 


FAMILY LXXVIII.—SCAPHIOPID. 
(The Spade Foots.) 
Terrestrial frogs having the heel provided with a more 
or less developed spur. Genera three; species ten or 
more. In Europe, America, and Australia. 


* Toes completely webbed; forehead and crown bony, rough; 
skin slightly tuberculate. Scapuiorus, 1. 


HYLIDAL.—LXXIX, 189 


1. SCAPHIOPUS, Holbrook. Spapz Foors. 


1. S. Aolbrookii, (Harlan) Baird. Sorrrary SpapE 
Foor. Heel with a sharp-edged spur; olive brown, a 
pale yellow streak on each side. E. U. S., not very 
common; burrows in the ground. (J. solitarius, Holbr.) 


FAMILY LXXIX.—HYLIDA. 
(The Tree Frogs.) 

Arboreal frogs of small size, having the fingers and 
toes more or less dilated into disks at their tips; ear well 
developed. Genera ten; species sixty; found in most 
parts of the world; noted for their shrill voices. 


* Disks round, conspicuous; fingers somewhat webbed; skin 
roughened. ye oH »  .  .  . Hymna, 1. 


** Disks small; fingers not ected, 


+ Toes webbed only at base or not at all; tympanum distinct. 
CHOROPHILUS, 2. 


++ Toes broadly webbed; tympanum indistinct. . Acris, 3. 


7. HYLA, Laurenti. Trex Frogs. 

1. H. versicolor, LeConte. Common TREE Toap. 
Green, gray or brown, with irregular dark spots; below 
yellow or white; fingers one-third webbed; exceedingly 
variable. E.U.S., very abundant. 

2. H. pickeringii, Holbrook. PickERine’s TREE Toap. 
Yellowish brown with dusky rhomboidal spots and lines 
sometimes arranged in the form of across. E. U.S. 

3. H. andersonii, Baird. ANDERSON’S TREE TOAD. 


Deep pea-green; sides with irregular yellow spots. a 
purplish band on sides of head. N. J. to S. C., rare 


2. CHOROPHILUS, Baird. Latrte Tree FrRoes. 
1. @. triseriatus, (Wied.) Baird. Trez Frog. E. U.S. 


190 BATRACHIANS. 


3. ACRIS, Dumeril and Bibron. Cricket Frogs. 

1. A. gryllus, (Le C.) var. erepitans, (Baird) Cope. 
Cricket Frog. Brownish above; middle of back and 
head bright green; a dark triangle between the eyes; 
sides with three oblique blotches; a white line from eye 
toear. E. U.S. (the typical gryd/us southward.) 


FAMILY LXXX.— BUFONIDA. 
(The Toads.) 

Mazxillaries toothless; toes webbed, not dilated at their 
tips; ear well developed; skin usually warty. Genera 
three, species thirty; in every part of the world except 
Australia. Most of them belong to the familiar genus, 
Bufo. 

7. BUFO, Laurenti. Toans. 

1. B. lentiginosus, Shaw. American Toap. Brown- 
ish olive with a yellowish vertebral line and some 
brownish spots; adults very warty; young nearly smooth. 
U.S., very common, variable; the northern form is var. 
americanus (Le C.) Cope. 


ORDER X.—URODELA. 
(The Salamanders.) 

Body naked, elongated, subcylindrical; four limbs 
developed; tail persistent, usually much longer than 
broad, terete or compressed; no external branchize when 
adult. 


FAMILY LXXXI.— PLEURODELIDA. 
(The Newts.) 


Vertebree concave behind only (opisthoccelian); carpus 
and tarsus ossified. I am unable to characterize this 
family further. 


DESMOGNATHID #.—LXXXII. 191 


* Tongue small, thick, oval, attached by nearly its whole inferior 
surface ; toes 4-5, outer and interior on hind foot rudimentary; 
our species spotted. 2 3 : : Di=mycrruus, 1. 


1. DIEMYCTYLUS, Rafinesque. Sprorrep Newts. 
> Notophihalmus, Raf. 


1. D. viridescens, Raf. Svrorrep Trrron. New. 
Ever. Err. Above olive green of varying shades; 
lemon yellow below; each side with a row of several 
rather large vermillion spots, each surrounded by a black 
ring; back with a pale streak; belly, etc., with small 
black dots. E. U. S., abundant E. of the Alleganies; in 
ponds and brooks.. 


2. D. miniatus, Raf. Rep Err. Rep Ever. Color 
vermillion red of varying shade, paler or yellowish below; 
markings precisely as in the foregoing; same range, but 
found away from water, under stones, etc.; comes out 
after rain. Perhaps a variety or state of the preceding, 
at least Prof. Cope so considers it. 


FAMILY LXXXTI.— DESMOGNATHIDA. 
(The Desmognaths.) 

Vertebre opisthoccelian; carpus and tarsus cartilagin- 
ous; no crests or other dermal appendages developed at 
the breeding season. Genus one; species three; all of 
the Eastern U.S. In external characters, this family is 
scarcely distinguishable from the next, but the skeletal 
distinctions are quite numerous. They are, however, too 
technical for our present purpose. “The examination of 
the skeleton of species of this genus utterly changes the 
impressions produced by a consideration of the external 
characters. It may be stated as characteristic of the 
Batrachia in general, that their affinities can not be deter- 
mined without study of the skeleton.” Cope. Proc. 
Phil. Ac. Nat. Se. 1869, 113. 


192 BATRACHIANS, 


1. DESMOGNATHUS, Baird. Dusky SALAMANDERS. 


1. D. ochrophea, Cope. YxELLOw Dexsmoenaru. 
Brownish yellow with a brown shade on each side; a 
yellowish dorsal band; back with a few spots; belly 
unspotted; tail rounded; % with lower jaw toothless 
behind; costal folds 14; size small; scarcely aquatic. 
Allegany Mountains, N. Y., southward. 


2. D. fusea, (Raf.} Baird. Dusky SaLaMANDER. 
Brown above, with gray or purplish spots or shades, 
becoming blackish with age; marbled below; eyes 
prominent; tail compressed and keeled, as long as head 
and body; costal folds 14; larger. Mass. to Ohio and 
S.; one of the commonest species in springs and brooks; 
remarkable for its activity and strength. 


3. D. nigra, (Green) Baird. Brack SaLaMAaNDER. 
Uniform black; tips of tail, jaws, etc., brown; tail com- 
pressed and finned; costal folds 12. Penn., S. in the 
mountain springs; the largest Eastern Salamander. 


FAMILY LXXXIII.— PLETHODONTIDA. 
(The American Salamanders.) 


Vertebre amphiccelian; carpus and tarsus cartilagin- 
ous. Various other distinctive characters are given by 
Prof. Cope, but we omit them here as not available for 
our present purpose. Genera eleven; species thirty; 
nearly all North American. 

*The tongue attached by a band running from its central or 
posterior pedicel to the anterior margin; premaxillaries 2. 

+ Toes 4-4, small, ashy above, spotted below. 

HeEmrpactyiium, 1. 

++ Toes 4-5; colors dark; spotted or banded. Piersopon, 2. 


** Tongue free all around, attached by its central pedicel only; 
toes 4-5, all free. 


PLETHODONTID.2.—LXXXIII. 193: 


+ Premaxillaries united ; color yellow or red, spotted or striped. 
SPELERPES, 38. 


t+ Premaxillaries 2; color purplish gray or salmon color, un- 
spotted. . we 8 : .  .  GyRINoPHILts, 4. 


1. HEMIDACTYLIUM, Tschudi. Four-Toxrp Sana- 
MANDERS. 


1. H. seutatum, (Schl.) Tsch. Four-Tozp Sataman- 
DER. Ashy brown above; snout yellow; silvery below, 
with dots like ink spots; tail slender, nearly twice the 
length of the body; head blunt. R. I. to IIls., and S. 
(S. melanosticta, Gibbes.). 


2. PLETHODON, Tschudi. Prztaoponrts. 


1. P. erythronotus, (Green) Baird. Rep-Backep 
SaLamMAnpDER. Plumbeous above, often with a broad 
red dorsal band; belly marbled; body very slender; tail 
cylindric; inner toes rudimentary; costal folds 16 to 19. 
E. U.8., common. [P. cinereus, (Green) Cope, variety 
without red dorsal band.] 

2. P. glutinosus, (Green) Baird. Viscip Sataman- 
per. Black, usually with gray lateral. blotches and 
smaller dorsal spots; stout; tail rounded; inner toes well 
developed. E.U. S&., chiefly terrestrial, like the pre- 
ceding. 


3. SPELERPES, Rafinesque. Cave SaLAMANDERS. 


1. S. bilineatus, (Green) Baird. Two-Srripzp Sara- 
MANDER. Yellow with a dark line along each side of 
the back; belly unspotted; tail not keeled; costal folds 
14; small. Maine to Wis. and S. 

2. §. longicaudus, (Green) Baird. Cavz SaLaMANDER. 
Lemon yellow; sides with many small black spots; a 
median dorsal series; belly spotless; tail. keeled, very 


9 


194 BATRACHIANS. 


long, spotted or barred with black; costal folds 13; large. 
Maine to Minn. and S., abounding in the caves of Ky. 
and Ind. 


8. S. ruber, (Daudin) Gray. Rep Triton. Vermil- 
ion red, with black or brown spots; head wide; costal 
folds 15 or 16; large; variable. Maine to Nebraska and 
S. (Pseudotriton, Baird.) 


4. GYRINOPHILUS, Cope. Purple SALAMANDERS. 


1. G. porphyriticus, (Green) Cope. Purpre Saxa- 
MANDER. Uniform purplish gray above; head broad; 
tail rounded at base, not finned; large; aquatic. Alle- 
gany Mountains, N. E.andS. [Spelerpes salmonea (Stor.) 
Gray.] “The only one of our Eastern Salamanders 
which attempts self defense. It snaps fiercely but harm- 
lessly and throws its body into contortions in terror.” 


(Cope.) 


FAMILY LXXXIV.—AMBLYSTOMIDA. 
(The Amblystomas.) 


Vertebree amphiccelian; carpus and tarsus ossified; 
digits 4-5, without webbing; tongue thick; size gener- 
ally large and color dark. Genus one, species nineteen; 
probably all American, and very abundant in the South- 
ern and Western parts of the U.S. The larvae which 
reach a large size, and even breed before the gills are 
absorbed, have long been considered as forming a separ- 
ate genus, Siredon, supposed to be allied to Mecturus. 


1. AMBLYSTOMA, Tschudi. Bia SALAMANDERS. 


* Folds of tongue radiating from behind; costal folds 10 to 12; 
fourth toe with 4 phalanges. 


¢ Costal grooves 10. 
1. A. talpoideum, (Holbr.) Gray. More SaramanpER. 


AMBLYSTOMID#.—LXXXIV. 195 


Blackish brown, gray-speckled; tail short, compressed, 
24 in length; head very broad; body short and squat. 
Southern, N. to §. Ills. 

tt Costal grooves 11. 

t¢ Sole with one indistinct tubercle, or none. 

2. A. opacum, (Gravenhorst) Baird. Opaqur Sata- 
MANDER. Black above, with bluish gray bars; belly dark 
blue; no dorsal furrow, no enlarged pores on the head; 
tail 24 in total length; body stout. Penn. to Wis. and 8. 
A handsome species. (S. fasciata, Green.) 

3. A. punctatum, (L.) Baird. Larex Sporrep Sata- 
MANDER. Black above with a series of round yellow 
spots on each side of the back; body broad, depressed 
and swollen; skin punctate with small pores, from which 
exudes a milky fluid (Cope); two or three clusters of 
enlarged pores on head; a strong dorsal groove; tail 24 
in length; large. U.S., E. of the Rocky Mountains. 
(A, venenosa and subviolacea, Auct.) 

4. A. conspersum, Cope. SmattER Sprorrep Sata- 
MANDER. Lead colored, with one or two series of small 
yellow spots along sides; no dorsal groove; skin smooth; 
tail 24 in length; small. Penn. to Ga. 

tt Sole with two distinct tubercles. 

5. A. bicolor, Hallowell. Two-CoLorEp SALAMANDER. 
Olive brown, yellowish below, rising in blotches on the 
sides; a few large yellowish spots above; limbs banded; 
tail yellow with brown spots. New Jersey. 

ttt Costal grooves 12. 

a. Large species; sole with two distinct tubercles. 


6. A. tigrinum, (Green) Baird. Tiger SALAMANDER. 
Chiefly brown with many yellow spots, about as large as 
the eye; body thick and strong; the head comparatively 
Tong and narrow; tail shorter than head and body; color 


196 BATRACHIANS. 


varying from uniform brown to yellow, but usually 
spotted. U.S., E. of the Rocky Mountains. (A. 
ingens, Hallowell.) 

%. A. xiphias, Cope. Lone-Tartep SaLamanpEr. 
Yellow-olive with brown reticulating bands; head small, 
blunt; tail very long, much longer than the head and 
body. Ohio. 

aa. Small species; sole with one indistinct tubercle or none. 

8. A. jeffersonianum, (Green) Baird. JEFFERson’s 
SaLaMANDER. Olive brown or blackish, usually with 
pale or bluish spots, but sometimes uniform plumbeous. 
Va. to Ind. and N., variable; several varieties are recog- 
nized by Prof. Cope. 

** Folds on tongue radiating from the median longitudinal furrow; 
costal folds 12; size small. 

9. A. microstomum, Cope. Smatu-MovutnEp Satza- 
MANDER. Lead-colored, usually with gray shades and 
specks; head small, short, broad; body slender; -skin 
very smooth and slippery; lower jaw projecting. Ohio 
to Kansas and 8. 


FAMILY LXXXV.— MENOPOMIDAL. 
(The Menopomes.) 

Salamanders of large size, having the form of Ambly- 
stoma, but with an orifice on each side of neck persistent 
during life; no external gills; legs well developed; toes 
4-5; aquatic. Genus one; species two, Menopoma 
fuscum, Holbr., of the head waters of the Tennessee, 
and the following: 


1. MENOPOMA, Harlan. HELiBenpers. 


1. M. alleghaniense, Harlan. Hetisenper. Bie 
Water Lizarp. Blackish; length 14 to 2 feet. Mis- 
sissippi Valley to N. C. and S 


PROTEID 4l.— LXXXVII. 197 


FAMILY LXXXVI.— AMPHIUMIDA. 
(The Congo Snakes.) 

Salamanders of large size, having the body elongated 
almost serpentiform; limbs rudimentary with two or 
three toes each; a spiracle on each side of neck as in the 
preceding family; aquatic. Genera two; the three-toed 
Mureenopsis (M. tridactylus) and the two-toed Amphi- 
uma. Species two, inhabiting the ditches and streams 
of the warmer parts of the U.S. 


1. AMPHIUMA, Linnzeus. Two-Torp Conco SNAKEs. 


1. A. means, L. Ooneo Snaxe. Dusky; limbs very 
small, each with two toes. Southern States, N. to N. C. 


ORDER Y.—PROTEIDA. 
(The Proteans.) 


Tailed Batrachians, provided with bushy external gills 
which are persistent during life; lungs more or less 
developed and functional, hence these animals are truly 
amphibious. 


FAMILY LXXXVII.—PROTEID. 
(The Mud Puppies.) 


Salamanders of medium or large size, provided with 
bushy external gills, and having the branchial clefts 
remaining open through life; teeth well developed. 
Genera two. Proteus inhabitating caves in S. W. 
Austria (Carniola), and Necturus of the fresh waters of 
the U. S. Proteus is blind and has the toes 3-2. 
Necturus has the eyes well developed, though small, and 
the toes 4-4. 


198 BATRACHIANS. 


1. NECTURUS, Rafinesque. Mup Purriss. 
= Menobranchus, Harlan. 


1. NW. lateralis, (Say) Baird. Msnoprancuus. Mup 
Puppy (North). Water Doe (South). Doe Fisu. 
Brown, more or less spotted; young with traces of a 
lateral band; dusky below; gills large and bushy, bright 
red, forming three tufts on each side; head broad, de- 
pressed; tail much compressed. E. U. S., chiefly north- 
ern and west of the Alleganies, especially abundant in 
the Great Lake Region; reaches a length of eight inches 
to two feet. (M. maculatus, hyemalis, etc., of authors.) 
Another species. V. punctatus, (Gibbes) Cope, occurs in 
&.C. 

FAMILY LXXXVIII.—SIRENIDA. 
(The Sirens.) 

Body elongated, eel-like; external branchiz persistent; 
no posterior limbs, not even a vestige of pelvis; head 
flattened; snout obtuse; mouth narrow, the lower jaw 
with teeth all around, the upper toothless; eye very 
small, (Cuvier.) Genera two, species two,—Pseudo- 
branchus striatus, (LeC.) of Georgia, a small species 
with small gills, and the following: 


7. SIREN, Linnzus. Srrens. 


1. S. /acertina, L. Great Siren. Reaches a length 
of three feet. Southern, N. to N. C. and §. Ills. 


FISHES. 199 


Class W.— Pisces. 
(The Fishes.) 


A fish is a cold-blooded vertebrate, adapted for life in 
water, having the limbs developed as fins, the fingers 
and toes being represented by cartilaginous rays con- 
nected by membrane (in rare cases limbs rudimentary or 
wanting); exoskeleton usually developed as scales or 
bony plates (skin rarely naked); one or more fins on the 
median line of the body, composed of rays connected 
by membrane. Skull developed, containing a brain of 
several differentiated ganglia; a distinct lower jaw. 
Heart with an auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb; 
respiration by means of branchiz, which consist (typi- 
cally) “of bony arches attached to the hyoid bone, to 
which the filaments of the gills are attached, generally 
in a row upon each, and having their surface covered 
by a tissue of innumerable blood vessels. The water 
taken in at the mouth passes among the filaments of the 
gills and escapes by the gill openings towards the rear; 
in its progress through the filaments of the gills the 
water imparts to these the oxygen of the air which it 
contains. The blood is sent to the gills by the heart, 
which thus answers to the right side of the heart of 
warm-blooded animals, and from the gills it is sent to an 
arterial trunk lying along the under side of the vertebral 
column, which distributes the blood through the body of 
the fish” (Cuvier); branchie free, gill openings a single 
cleft on each side. In most fishes there is a membran- 
ous air bladder immediately beneath the back -bone, 
answering homologically to the lungs of the higher 


200 FISHES. 


vertebrates; in a few Ganoids the air bladder is cellular, 
and more or less functional and connected by a glottis 
with the cesophagus; in most of the soft-rayed Teleo- 
cephati there is a slender duct connecting the air bladder 
with the alimentary canal; in the Acanthopteri and others 
this is wanting. Reproduction by eggs of small size, 
which are fertilized generally after exclusion; a few are 
ovoviviparous. 

As here characterized, the class Pisces includes the 
Teliosts and Ganoids, of authors, and excludes the 
Sharks and Skates and their allies, as well as the Lam- 
preys and Lancelets, which differ from the true Fishes 
more than the latter do from the Batrachians. 

The following key includes not only the families of 
fresh water fishes described in this work, but also all of 
the families of Fishes represented on the Atlantic Coast 
of the U.S. The names of those families which are ex- 
clusively marine are printed in italics, and no further 
reference is made to them. A student, therefore, who 
traces a fresh water fish to any of them will understand 
that there is an error on his part or mine. The key is, 
of course, purely artificial, and does not, in most cases, 
give true family distinctions, for instance: 

With 5 to 9 detached finlets behind dorsal and anal; dorsals 2; 
scales small or none. : : Scombrida, the Mackerels. 
does not imply that all Scombride possess those charac- 
ters, nor, indeed, that all possessing them are Scombride,; 
but that all fishes in the region here covered, which show 
those peculiarities, are to be referred to that family. 


Sus-Crass I. Tail homocercal (caudal fin rarely wanting); optic 
nerves simply crossing, without chiasma; arterial bulb simple, 
with two opposite valves at its origin; air bladder, if present, 
not cellular; exoskeleton typically of scales, either ctenoid or 
cycloid. . . . . .  . ‘TELEOSTEI, page 201. 


FISHES, 201 


Sup-Cuass II. Tail heterocercal; optic nerves forming a chiasma; 
arterial bulb with several rows of valves; air bladder fre- 
quently cellular and ae like; exoskeleton typically of bony 
plates. 3 3 ‘ GANOIDEI, page 212. 


ORDERS OF TELEOSTEI. 
Gills pectinated—of the ordinary sort, not tuft-like. 


I. Maxillaries normally developed and normally distinct from 
each other; gills not in the axils; typical fishes (characters 
too various to be here summarized). . TELEOCEPHALI, Z. 

II. With 4 to 8 long barbels about the mouth, the longest of 

which is a continuation of the incomplete maxillary; 
subopercle wanting; ventrals abdominal; usually an adi- 
pose fin and dorsal and pectoral spines; skin naked or 
with bony plates; chiefly in fresh water. 

NEMATOGNATHI, AA. 

III. Maxillaries rudimentary or wanting; scapular arch free 

from skull; body elongated, serpentiform, with a long 
dorsal and anal, which meet around the tail; no ventral 
fins; scales small or none; jaws with teeth; chiefly 
marine. . ; o. 8 APODES, BB. 


IV. Carpal bones stincosied: fining a kind of arm which sup- 
ports the pectorals, in the axils of which are the small gill 
openings; ventrals jugular, with 4 or 5 soft rays; body 
scaleless or tuberculate; head very large; marine. 

PEDICULATI, page 211. 


V. Intermaxillaries immovably united with the maxillaries, 
skin rough, often covered with spines or ganoid plates; 
ventral fins wanting; marine. PLECTOGNATHI, page 212. 

** Gills small, tuft-like, largest at their free tips; body covered 
with bony plates; mouth small, toothless, at the end of the 
long snout; no ventral fins; marine. 

LoPpHOBRANCHII, page 212. 


Z. SUB-ORDERS OF TELEOCEPHALI. 
I. Body flat, unsymmetrical; both eyes on the upper or colored 
side; ventrals jugular. . . HxrTERosomMATA, page 208. 
II. Bones of snout prolonged into a long tube which bears the 
short jaws attheend. . . #HEsMmiBRANcHu, page 209. 


202 FISHES. 


III. With two or more free spines in place of first dorsal; ventrals 
sub-abdominal, of a stout spine and a small ray; small fishes 
scaleless or with bony plates. . HEMIBRANCHII, page 209. 


IV. Dorsal fins two, distinct, small, the first of 4 to '7 spines; ven- 
trals abdominal; teeth feeble or wanting; scales cycloid, 
silvery, . . . .  .  .  PERCESOCES, page 208. 


V. With the first rays of the dorsal, or the whole first dorsal, of 
simple — usually stiff spines; first ray of ventral usually 
inarticulate (spinous dorsal forming a hump in Cyclopterus; 
a lamellated sucking disk in Hcheneis, etc., wanting altogether 
in Aspidophoroides and Gobiesox). ACANTHOPTERI, page 208. 

VI. Fin rays soft and articulated (excepting occasionally one or 
two in dorsal or anal); no ventral spines; scales when pres- 
ent, usually cycloid. 

* Ventrals jugular; dorsal and anal long, often divided. 


ANACANTHINI, page 208. 
** Ventrals abdominal. 


+ Mouth entirely toothless; abdomen not serrated; lower 
pharyngeals falciform, tooth-bearing; no adipose fin; 
head naked; fresh water. . JEVENTOGNATHI, page 211. 

tt Body elongated, scaly; a series of keeled scales along sides 
of abdomen; lower pharyngeals united (as in Labride); 
no air duct; no adipose fin; no ventral serratures; one 
or both jaws or else pectoral fins greatly elongated; 
chiefly marine. . , SYNENTOGNATHI, page 209. 


+++ Head more or less scaly (naked in Amblyopsis, the Cave 
Blind Fish); both jaws fully provided with teeth; lower 
jaw usually longest; dorsal far back, nearly opposite 
anal; no adipose fin, ventral serratures, nor peculiar 
scales; chiefly fresh water. ; Hapiomt, page 209. 
ttt Soft-rayed fishes showing none of the above combina- 
tions of characters; head naked ; adipose fin or abdominal 

serratures often present; dentition and habitat various. 
IsosPonDYLI, page 210. 

**«* Ventrals entirely wanting. 
t Jaws with teeth; vent at the throat; body oblong; cave 
fishes. 5 F . Hap_omt, page 209. 
tt Jaws toothless ; sat ne body serpentiform. 

ANACANTHINI, page 208. 


FISHES. 2038 


FAMILIES OF ACANTHOPTERI. 


1. With 5 to 9 detached finlets behind dorsal and anal; dorsals 
two; scales small or none. .  Scombrida, the Mackerels. 


2. Upper jaw prolonged into a “sword”; teeth feeble or wanting; 
scaleless; sizelarge. . . Xdphiida, the Sword-Fishes. 


3. Tail ending in a sharp point; no caudal nor ventrals; teeth 


strong. p ‘ ‘ a Trichiurida, the Hatr-Tails. 

4. First dorsal on the top of head, modified into a lamellated 

sucking disk. ; i .  Heheneidide, the Remoras. 

5. Ventral fins completely united, sometimes forming a sucking 
disk. 

— Dorsals two, distinct; body scaly or not. . Gonrmpa, 96. 


— Dorsal single; spinous dorsal enveloped in skin, forming a 
hump in the adult; scaleless, tuberculate. 
Cyclopterida, the Lump-Suckers. 


— Dorsal single; body elongated; scaleless; small fishes often 
parasitic in shells of Mollusks. Liparidida, the Sea Snails. 

6. Ventral fins wide apart, with a sucking disk between them; 
dorsal spineless, on the tail. Gobzesocida, the Pike-Suckers. 


4%. With a stout, sharp spine on each side of tail; body much com- 
pressed. é , : : Acanthurida, the Surgeons. 


8. With several unconnected spines in place of the first dorsal. 
— Tail with a keel on each side. Carangide, the Pilot Fishes. 


— Anal fin preceded by two free spines; body compressed and 
elevated. 3 % ‘ Carangida, the Pilot Fishes. 


— Tail not keeled; jaws toothless; body very long and slender. 
Ammodytide, the Sand Launces. 


— Tail without a keel; jaws with teeth. 
Body long; snout elongated. Hlacatida, the Crab-Haters. 
Body short, compressed; snub-nosed. 
Stromateida, the Harvest Fishes. 
9. With none of the preceding combinations. 


* With two distinct dorsal fins—rarely slightly connected by 
membrane at the base. 


{ Body with developed scales or bony plates, large or small. 


204 FISHES. 


1. Small fresh water fishes (1 to 6 inches long); elongated 
or fusiform, often brightly colored; the fins —espe- 
cially the pectorals—well developed ; anal spines one or 
two; branchiostegals 6. .  ErxHerostomatTis, 89 


2. Pectoral fins very long, reaching at least to anal, with 3 
detached appendages or else several connected, forming 
an additional fin: cheeks mailed; head bony. 

Triglide, the Gurnards. 

3. With 7 or 8 filiform appendages on each side below the 
pectorals; cheeks not mailed. 

Polynemida, the Thread-Fishes. 


4, Throat with two long barbels. Mullide, the Surmullets. 
5. Dorsal spines only two; scales minute, imbedded in the 


skin. 5 . % Rhypticide, the Soap Fishes. 
6. Ventrals abdominal; body elongated; scales cycloid; 
teeth stout. . : Sphyrenide, the Barracudas. 


4. With none of the above combinations; ventrals mostly 
thoracic. 


a. Some or all of opercular bones, more or less serrated 
or spinous. 
b. With teeth on the vomer. 
c. First dorsal low and weak of 8 spines; scales small; 


one or more minute spines in front of anal; 
teeth strong. . Pomatomida, the Blue Fishes. 
cc. Dorsal spines stout; scales ctenoid; no free anal 
spines. 
d. Ventrals 1-5; branchiostegals usually 7. 
e. Cleft of mouth horizontal or oblique; scales 
firm. 


— Anal spines 2, sometimes obscure. 
Prercip#, 90. 


— Anal spines 3, distinct. . Lapracms, 91. 

ee. Cleft of mouth nearly vertical; scales large, 
deciduous. Chilodipterida, the Apogons. 

dd. Veutrals 1-7; branchiostegals 8; anal spines 4. 
Berycida, the Berycoids. 


FISHES. 205 


bb. No teeth on the vomer; anal spines 1 or 2; lateral 
line usually running up on the caudal fin. 
Scianipas, 94. 
aa. Edges of opercular bones entire. 
f. Scales well developed, not enlarged along lateral line; 
chin often with barbels; no free spines. 
Sctenida, the Maigres. 
ff. Scales minute; no barbels. 


g. Body more or less compressed and elevated; scales 
sometimes enlarged along lateral line; usually 
2 free anal spines. Carangida, the Pilot Fishes. 
gg. Body long and low; no free spines nor lateral 
shields. . F - « Goditida, the Gobdies. 
tt Body entirely scaleless. 
h. Body more or less depressed; eyes high up on the broad 
head; caudal usually rounded. 

t. Dorsal with 4 spines; ventrals jugular, 1,5; mouth 
vertical. ‘ 7 Uranoscopida, the Star Gazers. 
at. Dorsal with 3 spines; ventrals jugular I, 2; mouth 

broad, with conical teeth. 
Batrachida, the Toad Fishes. 
zz. Dorsal spines 6 or more; veutrals thoracic; cheeks 
mailed (¢. ¢., the sub-orbital bone extending back- 
ward over the cheek, articulating with the pre- 


opercle). 
— Spinous dorsal shortest, its middle rays highest; 
head without barbels. : ‘ Corr, 95. 


— Spinous dorsal longest, notched, its first rays highest ; 
head with many fleshy slips. 
Hemitripteride, the Sea Ravens. 
hh. Body greatly compressed; the eyes lateral or anterior; 
fins often filamentous; tail usually slender, the caudal 
fin widely forked. 


j. A series of bony shields along base of second dorsal. 
Zenida, the John Dories. 
J. No bony shields; usually two free anal spines. 
Carangida, the Pilot Fishes 


206 FISHES. 


** Dorsal fin single, not divided to its base. 
k. Fresh water species. 
i. Ventrals I, 5; dorsal spines 5 to 12; vent normal. B. 6. 
m. Teeth on vomer; anal spines 8to9. CENTRARCHIDZ, 92. 
mm. No teeth on vomer; anal with 2 (or 1) spines, the 


second very strong. s 2 6 ScranipH, 94. 
mmm. No teeth on vomer; no lateral line; dorsal with 
five spines; anal with three. , ELAssoMIDa, 92 (5). 


UW. Ventrals 7-rayed; dorsal spines 3; vent jugular. 


APHODODERID, 93. 
kk. Marine species. 


1. Cheeks mailed (as in Cottéda, etc.) 
n. Body covered with bony, keeled plates; no dorsal 


spines. . . «. Agonide, the Sea Poachers. 
nn. Body with ordinary scales; spinous dorsal many- 
rayed. . 4 Scorpaniday the Sea Scorpions. 


2. With. broad, cutting, incisor-like front teeth, or with 
crushing, molar-like lateral teeth or both; scales rather 
large; usually a recumbent free spine in front of the 
dorsal fin; lower pharyngeals not united. 

o. Opercular bones entire; vertical fins not much scaly. 
Sparide, the Sea Breams. 
oo. Preopercle denticulated; soft parts of vertical fins 
densely scaly. . Pimelepterida, the Fat-Fins. 

&. Body much compressed and elevated; the soft rays of the 
vertical fins covered high up with ctenoid scales; teeth 
villiform; body often dark-banded. 

p. Dorsal with less than 10 spines, separated by a notch 
from the soft part; spinous dorsal scaleless. 
Ephippide, the Moon Fishes. 
pp. Dorsal undivided, with 10 or more spines, scaly 
throughout; fins often filamentous. 
Chatodontida, the Chetodonts. 

4, Ventrals wanting; scales minute; body high, much 
compressed. ; Stromateida, the Harvest Fishes. 

5. Ventrals jugular, few-rayed or wanting; body long and 
low; dorsal fin very long, occupying most of the back, 
at least half of it and sometimes all composed of flexible 
spines; scales small or none; usually an anal papilla. 


FISHES. 207 


q. Ventrals present. 
7. Dorsal with both spines and soft rays. 
Blenniida, the Blennies. 
rr. Dorsal composed of spines only. 
8. Lateral line usually present and sometimes dupli- 
cated; head conic; compressed; pyloric ceca 
present. 3 Stichaida, the Snake Blennies. 


ss. No lateral line; ventrals I, 1; no pyloric ceca; 
teeth, small, acute. Xtphidiontida, the Gunnels. 


qq. No ventral fins. 
t. Gill openings wide; scales rudimentary; cleft of 
mouth not vertical; teeth strong. 
Anarrhichadida, the Wolf Fishes. 
#. Gill openings moderate; no scales; cleft of mouth 
nearly vertical ; dorsal of spines only; body almost 
eel-like. .  Cryptacanthida, the Ghost Fishes. 
6. With none of the preceding combinations. 
u. Ventrals jugular, 4rayed; dorsal very high and long. 
Bramida, the Winged Dolphins. 
uu. Ventrals thoracic, I, 5. 
». Dorsal of 50 or more rays running from head to tail; 
the spinous part not differentiated. 
Coryphenide, the Dolphins. 
wo. Dorsal shorter, the two sorts of rays different. 


w. Lateral line interrupted. 
a. Scales ctenoid; dorsal spines 13; depth more 
than half length. 
Pomacentrida, the Demoiselles. 


ax. Scales cycloid; dorsal spines 9; depth less than 
half length. . Labride, the Wrasse Fishes. 

ww. Lateral line continuous. 
y. Opercle or preopercle or both distinctly serrated. 
gz. Spinous dorsal longer than the soft part, of 18 
spines which are tipped with little mem- 


branous appendages; scales cycloid. 
Labrida, the Wrasse Fishes. 


208 FISHES. 


ez. Dorsal spines 8, very low, nearly equal and 
scarcely connected; snout blunt. 
Stromateida, the Harvest Fishes. 


eza. With neither of the preceding combinations. 


a. No teeth on vomer. 
Pristipomatide, the Red Mouths. 


aa. Teeth on vomer. 


b. Canines present; branchiostegals 7. 
Serranide, the Sea Bass. 


bb. No canines; branchiostegals 6; eyes 
large. . Priacanthide, the Big Hyes. 
yy. Opercular bones with entire edges. 
c. Dorsal with nine to 20 spines; anal III, 8 or 
more; lips large, fleshy. 
Labrida, the Wrasse Fishes. 


ce. Dorsal with 9 spines; anal IIT, 7. 
* Gerrida, the Gerroids. 
FAMILIES OF ANACANTHINI. 
* Ventrals jugular, sometimes rudimentary. 


+ Caudal fin developed as a separate fin; lateral lime continuous. 
Gapipa, 97. 


++ Caudal fin not separate, dorsal and anal confluent around the 
tail. 
+ Ventral fins developed, 4rayed.  Lycodida, the Hel Pouts. 


tt Ventral fins replaced by a pair of bifid filaments. 
Ophidiida, the Cusk Hels. 


** Ventral fins entirely wanting. 
a. Vent remote from the head. Ammodytide, the Sand Launces. 
aa. Ventat the throat; sizesmall. Ferasferide, the Fierasfers. 


FAMILIES OF HETEROSOMATA. 
* Pectoral fins well developed. . Plewronectide, the Flounders. 
** Pectoral fins wanting or rudimentary. . Soleid@, the Soles. 
FAMILIES OF PERCESOCES. 


* First dorsal with 5 to 7 flexible spines; body elongated; sides 
with a distinct silvery band. . ‘ ATHERINIDA, 99. 


FISHES. 209 


** First dorsal with 4 stiff spines; body compressed: no lateral 
band. .  . .  . Mugilide, the Mullets. 


FAMILIES OF HEMIBRANCHII. 


* Bones of head moderately produced; ventral fins of a stout 
spine and a rudimentary ray; dorsal preceded by free spines; 
scaleless, naked or with bony plates; an oblong, silvery, 
naked area in front of pectorals. . GASTEROSTEID, 98. 


** Bones of head much produced, forming a long tube which 
bears the short jaws at the end; ventral fins without spine. 

+ Body compressed; no teeth; scales small; dorsal fins two; 

first with spines. : . Centriscida, the Snipe Fishes. 


++ Body greatly elongated; teeth present; no scales; no dorsal 
spines; middle rays of caudal produced into a long fila- 
ment. . F : Fistulariida, the Trumpet Fishes. 


FAMILIES OF SYNENTOGNATHI. 


* Jaws one or both elongated into a long beak. 
+ Both jaws elongated; no finlets; size large. 
Belonida, the Gar- Fishes. 


t+ Lower jaw only elongate, or else dorsal and anal with 
detached finlets, as in the Mackerels. 
Scomberesocide, the Sauries. 


** Jaws moderate; pectorals elongated, nearly as long as body, 
used for “ flying.” .  . Hxocetide, the Flying Fishes. 


FAMILIES OF HAPLOMI. 


* Snout depressed and elongated, its length more than half the 
greatest depth of body; jaws, vomer, palate and tongue armed 
with strong, hooked teeth ; = elongated, sub-terete; size 
large; in fresh water. : wo Esocr#, 102. 


** Snout rounded and rather short, its length being less than half 
the greatest depth of body; teeth moderate; size small. 


+ Vent jugular, in front of pectorals; eyes often undeveloped; 
ventrals small or wanting; cave fishes. AMBIyvorsrD2, 103. 


++ Vent normal: eyes present; ventrals well developed. 
4 


210 FISHES. 


¢ Margin of upper jaw formed laterally by maxillaries; lateral 
line inconspicuous; small dusky fishes of muddy brooks; 
usually a black bar at base of caudal. UmsBripa, 101. 
tt Entire margin of upper jaw formed by intermaxillaries; 
head depressed; small fishes of brackish or fresh waters, 
often barred or striped with black. 
CYPRINODONTID#, 100. 
FAMILIES OF ISOSPONDYLI. 
* Body entirely scaleless; deep sea fishes. 
+ No adipose fin; throat with a long barbel; pectorals rudi- 
mentary. . . . . Stomiatida, the Stomiatotds. 
++ An adipose fin; no barbel; belly with phosphorescent spots. 
Scopelida, the Scopelids. 
** Body scaly; head naked ; scales sometimes small and imbedded, 
sometimes large and deciduous. 
} An adipose dorsal fin; belly rounded. 
a. Margin of upper jaws formed by intermaxillaries alone. 
b. Scales cycloid; deep sea fishes. 
Synodontide, the Synodonts. 
bb. Scales ctenoid; fresh water fishes; no teeth on vomer or 


palate. é ‘ é F : Prrcopsips, 104. 
aa. Lateral margins of upper jaw formed by maxillaries; 
scales cycloid; in all waters. ‘ SaLmMonips#, 105. 


tt No adipose dorsal; lateral margin of upper jaw formed by 
maxillaries which are usually composed of three pieces; 
scales rather large. 
c. Abdomen compressed to an edge which is serrated; lateral 
line obsolete; teeth very small or wanting; in all waters. 
CLUPEIDs, 107. 
ec. Abdomen compressed but not serrated; jaws, vomer and 
tongue with strong teeth; scales large, silvery; body 
compressed ; lateral line well developed; fresh water. 
Hyopontipz, 106. 
ccc. Abdomen rounded; teeth various; marine. 
d. Upper jaw longest. 


e. Lower jaw toothless; sides with bright silvery band. 
Engraulide, the Anchovies. 


FISHES. 211 


ee. Both jaws with bands of villiform teeth; roof and floor 
of mouth with coarse patches. 
Albulida, the Lady Fishes. 
dd. Lower jaw longest. 
f. No gular plates; no lateral line; anal short. 
Dussumierida, the Round Herrings. 


of. A narrow bony plate between branches of lower jaw 
(much asin Amia). . Hlopide, the Jew Fishes. 


FAMILIES OF EVENTOGNATHI. 


* Pharyngeal teeth in small number (not more than 7) and com- 
paratively large; dorsal with 7 to 12 rays (in American spe- 
cies); mouth moderately or not protractile; lips scarcely or 
not enlarged; species mostly of small size (2 to 15 inches) 
Dace and Minnows. : : % i CYPRINID&, 108. 

** Pharyngeal teeth very numerous, small; mouth very protrac- 
tile, roundish when protruded, with enlarged, fleshy lips; 
dorsal with 11 to 40 rays; species often of large size. Suckers. 

CaTosTomIp&, 109. 


AA. FAMILIES OF NEMATOGNATHI. 
* Margin of upper jaw formed by intermaxillaries only; maxil- 
lary rudimentary, forming the base of a long barbel. 
SrLuriws, 110. 
BB. FAMILIES OF APODES. 
* Gape moderate; stomach ordinary; gill openings narrow. 
+ Scales rudimentary; dorsal beginning at a considerable dis- 
tance behind head; fishes of shores or fresh waters. 
ANGUILLIDA, 111. 
tt Scaleless; dorsal beginning close behind base of pectorals; 
deep sea fishes. . Leptocephalida, the Conger Fels. 
** Gape of mouth enormously wide, leading to an excessively 
distensible stomach; tail band-like, tapering toa fine fila- 
ment. : : 3 .  Saccopharyngide, the Gulpers. 


FAMILIES OF PEDICULATI. 
* Head very broad; depressed. 


+ Skin smooth, slimy; teeth strong, card-like; dorsal VI—8, 
or more; the first three spines isolated, tentacle-like, on 
the head, Lophiide, the Fishing Frogs. 


912 FISHES. 


tt Skin with conical tubercles; teeth villiform; dorsal I—4; 
the spine tentacle-like, retractile into a cavity beneath a 
prominent protuberance on forehead. 

Maltheida, the Sea Bats. 
** Head high, compressed; teeth card-like. 
: Antennariide, the Diablos. 


FAMILIES OF PLECTOGNATHI. 
* Jaws modified into a sort of beak, without distinct teeth. 
+ Both jaws divided by a median suture (teeth fused into two 
in each jaw); belly greatly inflatable. 
Tetrodontida, the Puffers. 
++ Jaws without median suture; belly scarcely or not inflatable. 
¢ Body scarcely compressed, spinous, with a distinct caudal 
fin. : 2 ‘ : Diodontida, the Box Fishes. 
+} Body much compressed, very short, truncate; the vertical 
fins more or less confluent. 
Orthagoriscide, the Globe Fishes. 
** Jaws with distinct teeth. 
a. Front teeth incisor-like; 1 to 3 dorsal spines; no carapace. 
Balistida, the File Fishes. 
aa. Teeth slender; no dorsal spines; body enveloped in a box- 
like carapace, formed of hexagonal bony plates; snout, 
bases of fins and tail free, covered with skin. 
Ostraciontide, the Trunk Fishes. 


FAMILIES OF LOPHOBRANCHII. 


* Tail prehensile, without caudal fin; body abruptly contracted 
at base of tail; head crested, out of line of axis of body. 

Hippocampide, the Sea Horses. 

** Tail not prehensile, with a developed caudal; body gradually 
tapering; direction of head in a line with axis of body. 

Syngnathide, the Pipe Fishes. 


ORDERS OF GANOIDEI. 


* Skeleton bony; body scaly; air bladder cellular, lunglike 
(HyoganorwE!). 


+ Scales cycloid; snout short, broad. . CycLoaaNnomet, CC. 


FISHES. 918 


++ Scales ganoid, diamond-shaped, enamelled plates; snout 
lengthened, depressed. ‘ . RaomBocanowe!, DD. 


** Skeleton chiefly cartilaginous; body naked or with 3 to5 rows 
of bony ‘bucklers; vertical fins with fulcra. (CHONDROGAN- 
OIDEI.) 


¢ Mouth terminal, broad; lower jaw, maxillaries and palate 
with many minute, deciduous teeth. SrLAcHostomt, EE. 


tt Mouth narrow, inferior, toothless. - CHonproste!, FF. 


CC. FAMILIES OF CYCLOGANOIDEI. 


* A broad bony plate between branches of lower jaw; vertical 
fins without fulcra; dorsal fin very long of more than 40 
rays; body stout. , F F .  .  Amiman, 112. 


DD. FAMILIES OF RHOMBOGANOIDEI. 
*Vertical fins with fulcra; dorsal short, far back, of less than 12 
rays; body elongated. .  .  .  Leprposrers#, 113. 
EE. FAMILIES OF SELACHOSTOMI. 
* Skin naked; snout produced into a flat blade; opercle with a 
long flap. . ‘ j 7 - .  Ponyopontipa, 114. 
FF. FAMILIES OF CHONDROSTEI. 


* Body with 5 rows of bony shields (rarely deciduous); snout 
produced; four barbels in front of mouth. 
ACIPENSERID&, 115. 


214 FISHES. 


Sub= Class. — Teleostei, 
(The Bony Fishes.) 


Skeleton more or less ossified; tail homocercal; optic 
nerves simply crossing, without chiasma; arterial bulb 
simple, with two opposite valves at its origin; air 
bladder, if present, not lung-like; body usually scaly, 
sometimes covered with naked skin or bony plates; 
membrane bones (opercles, etc.) developed in relation to 
the skull. This group comprises the great majority of 
recent fishes. 


ORDER Z.—TELEOCEPHALI 
(The Typical Fishes.) 


This order again comprises the vast majority of recent 
fishes, and is characterized rather negatively, as wanting 
the peculiarities of the other orders than as having any 
positive distinctions of its own. The maxillaries are 
normally developed and distinct from each other, never 
forming the base of a long barbel. The gills are pecti- 
nated and of the ordinary pattern, and the gill-openings 
are in front of the pectorals and never very narrow; the 
subopercle is present. The scales are (when present) 
very rarely ossified, and are generally either ctenoid or 
cycloid. This group includes the Acanthopterygians 
and Malacopterygians of Cuvier, and the nearly cor- 
responding Ctenoidei and Cycloidei, Physoclysti and 


ETHEOSTOMATIDA®.— LXXXIX. 215 


Physostomi of later writers; but however different the 
extremes of each (as Percoids and Cyprinoids) may be, 
the intervening forms are too closely related to render 
it possible to characterize them as distinct orders. 


SUB-ORDER.—ACANTHOPTERI. 


(The Spiny-rayed Fishes.) 


FAMILY LXXXIX.—ETHEOSTOMATID. 


: (Lhe Darters.) 

Fresh water fishes of small size, closely related to the 
Percide, but so peculiar in many respects that it seems 
preferable to consider them as forming a distinct family. 
Dorsal fins two, generally connected by membrane at the 
base, the second and often both dorsals high and large; 
anal usually well developed, with one or two spines; 
pectorals (except in one or two species) very large and 
broad, often reaching beyond base of anal; caudal large, 
rounded or slightly forked; scales ctenoid, sometimes 
absent on neck or belly, or both; head usually more or 
less scaly; teeth well developed on jaws and usually 
on vomer; branchios. 6; air bladder rudimentary; “ sub- 
orbital arch incomplete.” Colors often very bright; 
species of Peecilichthys and Diplesium being the most 
brilliantly colored fresh water fishes known; sexual differ- 
ences usually recognizable, the females being as a rule 
duller in color and more speckled or barred. In most 
species there is a dark streak from eye to snout, and 
often a dark vertical bar below the eyes. Genera seven- 
teen, or fewer; species about sixty, all belonging to the 
U.S. and Mexico, east of the Rocky Mountains, being 
most abundant in the Mississippi Valley, where almost 
or nearly all the genera may be found in the same stream. 


916 FISHES. 


Most of them prefer clear running water, where they 
lie on the bottom concealed under stones, darting when 
frightened or hungry with great velocity for a short 
distance by a powerful movement of the fan-shaped 
pectorals, then stopping as suddenly. They rarely use 
the caudal fin in swimming, and they are never seen 
moving or floating freely in the water like most fishes. 
‘When at rest they support themselves on their extended 
ventrals and anal. Pleuwrolepis, unlike the others, pre- 
fers a sandy bottom, where, by an almost instantaneous 
plunge, it buries itself in the sand and remains quiescent 
for hours at a time, with only its eyes and snout visible. 
All are carnivorous, and, in their way, voracious. All 
are of small size, the largest (Percina) reaches a length 
of about eight inches, while the smallest (Jicroperca), 
which is the smallest spiny-rayed fish known, barely 
attains a length of an inch and a half. 

* Lateral line complete; body much elongate, subcylindrical, 
pellucid, with at least the entire ventral region naked. 


a. Body entirely naked, except the caudal peduncle and the 
lateral line; dorsal fins high, well separated, equal to the 
anal fin and to each other; a single anal spine; head en- 
tirely scaleless; mouth large, with vomerine teeth, the 
upper jaw protractile. Bo ek AMMOCRYPTA, 1 

aa. Body covered above with small, thin, imbedded scales, the 
ventral region entirely naked, the dorsal scales obscure but 
present; dorsal fins small, wide apart; one anal spine*; 
cheeks and opercles scaly; mouth large, with vomerine 
teeth, the upper jaw protractile. : PLEUROLEPIS, 2. 

** Lateral line complete; body less elongate, entirely scaly, or 
with definitely naked areas on throat, neck, or ventral line. 

+ Second dorsal little, if any, larger than anal; the dorsal fins 
distinct, the first the longer and usually the larger; body 
little compressed ; two distinct anal spines. 


* In the genus Ioa, two anal spines: see p. 404. 


ETHEOSTOMATIDAl.— LXXXIX. 217 


6. Upper jaw not protractile; vomerine teeth present. 
ce. Mouth narrow, inferior, overlapped by a tapéring, trun- 
cate, more or less “ pig-like’”’ snout; ventral plates pres- 
ent, or, if fallen, a naked strip; body elongated; cheeks 
and opercles scaly; size largest of all the darters. 
PERCcINA, 3. 


cc. Mouth wider, terminal, the upper jaw being but little 
longer than the lower. 


d. Ventral plates developed, or, if fallen, middle line of 
belly with a naked strip. 

e. Body and head elongate; the vertebre in increased 

number, more than 20 in front of anus; well-devel- 

oped teeth on vomer and palatines; dorsal spines 12 

to 15; fins never tuberculate. . ALVORDIUS, 4. 

ee. Body and head shortened; vertebree fewer, less than 

20 in front of anus; a few minute teeth on vomer 

and none on palatines; dorsal spines 10 to 12; 

S colors brilliant, the male in Spring with the lower 

fins tuberculate. . F ‘ : Ericosma, 5. 


dd. Ventral plates not developed; middle line of belly 

scaled like the sides. . .  Haproprerus, 6. 

bb. Upper jaw protractile, a distinct furrow separating it from 
the skin of the forehead. 

f. Noventral plates; posterior ventral region scaled ; anterior 
region largely naked; vomer well toothed; head and 
body stout and heavy; cheeks and opercles scaly; anal 
fin (in adult males ?) ee elevated, reaehing to base 
of caudal fin. . i F : Imostoma, 7. 


ff. Ventral plates well developed, or, if fallen, a naked strip; 
vomer with a few minute teeth; palatines naked; body 
rather slender, with rather narrow head and small sub- 
inferior mouth; cheeks naked; opercles scaly; anal fin 
not enlarged. : . ; : RaxEooryprTA, 8. 


tt Second dorsal considerably larger than anal fin; no ventral 
plates, the middle line of the belly always covered with 
small scales like those of the sides. 


g. Upper jaw protractile. 


218 FISHES. - 


h. No teeth on vomer or palatines; mouth small, contracted, 
subinferior ; head short and thick, with swollen cheeks; 
spinous dorsal rather long; maaillary non-protractile; 
anal spines aia body elongated, little compressed. 

Drr.esrom, 9. 
hh. Vomerine teeth ents dorsals contiguous, but distinct; 
the spinous dorsal short; maa. protractile; the mouth 
rather small, horizontal, sitiniacion 

4. Anal spines two, well developed; the first the longer. 
UxLocentRA, 10. 
#z. Anal spines obscure and undifferentiated from the soft 
rays. . . . .  Bonrosoma, 11. 

gg. Upper jaw not protractile: 

j. Gill membranes broadly connected across breast ; 
scales large; cheeks and opercles scaly; mouth small, 
horizontal, subinferior (as in Boleosoma); caudal pe- 
duncle rather slender. . . . #Nanostoma, 12. 

gj. Gill membranes nearly free; body rather short, 
deep, strongly compressed ; scales small; cheeks naked ; 
mouth rather large, oblique (as in Pecdlichthys); caudal 
peduncle deep. . ‘ F ‘ NortHonotvs, 18. 

rt* Lateral line incomplete or wanting; no ventral plates; upper 
jaw not protractile; second dorsal larger than anal; vomer 
with teeth. 
k. Lateral line present on anterior part of body; anal spineg 
two. 
7. Lateral line nearly straight. 

m. Spinous dorsal fin well developed, two-thirds or more 
the height of the second; the spines graduated, never 
ending in little fleshy knobs; lateral line extending 
more than half the length of the body; mouth moder. 
ate, the upper jaw usually a little the longer; gill 
membranes free... < Fi Pacrmuicatuys, 14. 

mm. Spinous dorsal low and small, the spines subequal, 
scarcely half the height of the soft rays, in males end. 
ing in little fleshy knobs; gill membranes connected ; 
body elongated, compressed. . Erneosroma, 15. 


ETHEOSTOMATID 2.—-LXXXIX 219 


WZ. Lateral line curved upward over the pectorals. 
n. Jaws about equal; body elongated. . BoLEIcHTHys, 16. 
kk. Lateral line incomplete; anal spine feeble. (See Addenda, 
p. 405.) o % F 2 << -  VATLLANTIA. 
kkk. No lateral line; dorsal fins small, subequal, well separated ; 


mouth small, with nearly equal jaws; scales large; size 
smallest of all spiny-rayed fishes. . Muicroperca, 1%. 


1. AMMOCRYPTA, Jordan. Sanv-prv=rs. 


1. A. beanii, Jordan. Bran’s Darrer. Body very 
slender; general form and appearance of Pleurolepis; 
dorsal fins very high; color translucent, with a golden 
lateral band; dorsal fin with large black spots; D. X— 
10; A.I,9; lat.1.65. Lower Mississippi; a remarkable 
species. 

2. PLEUROLEPIS, Agassiz. Pr.uuctp Darrers. 

1. P. pelfucidus, (Baird.) Ag. Sanp Darter. Depth 6. 
to 8 in length; body nearly cylindrical; head elongated, 
pointed; scales small, finely dotted, far apart, and deeply 
imbedded; fins small; color pinkish white, pellucid in 
life, with a series of small, squarish, olive (blue) blotches 
along back, and another along sides, the spots connected 
by a gilt line; D. X—9; A. I, 6; length 2 to 3 inches. 
Ohio Valley, in sandy streams; one of the most interest- 
ing of our fishes. 


8. PERCINA, Haldeman. Loa Prrcuzs. 
=Pileoma, DeKay. 

1. P. caprodes, (Raf.) Girard. Loe Pzrcu. Hoe Fisu. 
Rock Fisa. Salmon yellow or greenish, with about 
fifteen transverse dark bands from back to belly, these 
usually alternating with shorter and fainter ones reach- 
ing about to lateral line; a black spot at base of caudal; 
belly with a row of enlarged plates, shed at some 


220 FISHES. 


seasons; neck above scaly; D. XIII—12; A. II, 10. 
Great Lakes and Western Streams, abundant, EH. to L. 
Champlain; the largest of the Darters, reaching a length 
of six or eight inches. (P. zebra, semifasciata, nebulosa, 
and bimaculata of authors.) 


2; P. manitou, Jordan. Manitou Darter. Head 
notably shorter and broader than in P. caprodes; mouth 
smaller and less inferior; fins larger; lateral bars shorter 
and more blotch like, not meeting their fellows across 
the back; space in front of dorsal fin entirely naked; 
D. XV—14; A. II, 10. Indiana (Lake Manitou) to 
Wisconsin. 


4. ALVORODIUS, Girard. Buack-sipep Darrters, 
(Ztheostoma, Agassiz—not of Raf.) 

1. A. aspro, Cope & Jor. Brack-stpEp Darrsr. 
Brenny Darrer. Head long, pointed, 4 in length; depth 
5 to 53; belly with a series of caducous plates along the 
middle line (shed at some seasons.) Straw yellow, with 
dark tesselations and about seven large blotches along the 
sides, partly confluent, thus forming a moniliform band; 
D. XIII, to XV—12; A.TI,9. Ohio Valley, Great Lakes 
and eastward; one of the most curious and elegant of 
all the Darters. (A. aspro, Cope & Jor. ? Alvordius 
and Hadropterus maculatus, Grd. Etheostoma blen- 
nioides, Ag.) 

2. A. variatus, (Kirt.) Jor. Ssrerpzep Darter. 
Head shorter; sides with broad, brownish shades; 
ventral shields much larger; D. XII—13; A. II, 9; lat. 
1.53. Penn. (#. peltatum, Stauff.) 

3. A. macrocephalus, Cope. Lone-HEapED DarrTeEr. 
Head much elongated, 34 in length, the snout much 
longer than the eye; cheeks and opercles naked; colora- 


ETHEOSTOMATID A.— LXXXIX. 221 


tion nearly that of A. aspro; scales quite small; 
D. XV—13; A. II, 11; lat.1.77. Headwaters of Ohio 
River. 


4. A. phoxocephalus, (Nelson) Cope & Jordan. Suarp- 
NoseD Darter. Body slender, compressed; head 4 in 
length, very long, narrow and tapering, the snout very 
acuminate, scarcely longer than eye; mouth large, with 
the jaws about equal; cheeks, opercles and neck with 
small scales; coloration as in the other species except 
that the spots on the sides are nearly square and rather 
small; a small black spot at the end of the lateral line; 
D. XTI—13; A. II, 9; lat. 1.68. Indiana to Tennessee 
and Kansas, a singular species known at once by the 
coloration and the form of the head. 


5. ERICOSMA, Jordan. GitpED Darrers. 


1. E. evides, Jordan & Copeland. Body rather short 
and deep; head heavy, 44 in length; mouth moderate, 
the lower jaw the shorter; cheeks, neck above, and throat 
naked; opercles with a few rather large scales; body with 
about seven broad transverse bars, black in the female, 
of a dark rich metallic blue-green in the male, the inter- 
spaces between the bars creamy in the female, bronze 
red in the male; belly chiefly yellow; cheeks orange red; 
dorsal orange with a black spot; vertical fins chiefly 
orange; anal somewhat dusky; ventrals blue-black; 
males with the ventral and anal fins tuberculate in the 
Spring; D. XI—10; A. II, 9. A most beautiful species, 
as yet known only from the rapids of White River, above 
Indianapolis. (2. nigrofasciatum, Ed. I., not of Agassiz.) 


6. HADROPTERUS, Agassiz. CRrawl-A-BOTTOMS. 
(Hypohomus, Cope.) 
1. H. aurantiacus, (Cope) Jordan. Orancr Darter. 


222 FISHES. 


Bright yellow, with a black lateral band formed of con- 
fluent spots in front; a few brown spots on back; fins 
plain; D. XV—15; A. II, 11; sizelarge. Tennessee R. 


2. H. tessellatus, Jordan. Head broad and heavy; 
mouth large; cheeks and opercles naked, or nearly so; 
D. X—12; A. TI, 8. Allegheny River. 


7. IMOSTOMA, Jordan. Bic-HEapED Darrers. 

1. L. shumardii, (Grd.) Jor. Body stout and heavy 
forward, compressed behind; head blunt, broad and thick, 
34 in length; mouth large, the jaws nearly equal; belly 
naked anteriorly, scaly behind; cheeks, opercles and 
neck scaly; breast naked; anal fin large, in males much 
prolonged, reaching caudal; color dark, vaguely blotched 
with darker; spinous dorsal with a large black spot be- 
hind, a smaller one in front; a strong suborbital bar; D. 
X—15; A. II, 11; ‘lat. 1.56. Indiana to Illinois and 
Arkansas. 


8. RHEOCRYPTA, Jordan. Rirriz Darrers. 

1. RB. eopelandi, Jordan. CoprrLanp’s Darter. Body 
rather slender; head rather long and narrow, 44 in length; 
mouth small, subinferior; cheeks naked; opercles with 
a few scales; color yellowish, with oblong black spots 
along the lateral line, smaller than in the species of 
Alvordius. D. XI—10; A. II, 9; lat. 1.56. Rapids of 
White River, with Hricosma evides, a small and rather 
plain, but graceful species. 


9. DIPLESIUM, Rafinesque. Green-Sipzep Darrers. 
=Hyostoma, Agassiz. 

1. D. blennioides, (Raf.) Jordan. Gremn-SimeEp 

Darter. Olive green and tessellated above; sides with 

a series of about seven double transverse bars, each pair 


ETHEOSTOMATID 4.—LXXXIX. 223 


forming a Y-shaped figure; these are joined above, 
making a sort of wavy lateral band; in life, these mark- 
ings are of a clear deep green; sides sprinkled with 
orange dots; head with olive stripes and the usual dark 
bars; first dorsal dark orange brown at base, blue above, 
becoming pale at tip; second dorsal and anal of a rich 
blue green with some reddish; caudal greenish; young 
specimens much duller, but the peculiar pattern is 
unmistakable; body stout; head short and thick; D. 
XII to XITI—13; A. II, 8; length 3 inches. Penn. to 
Kas. and 8., abundant in Indiana, one of the handsomest 
of fishes. [H. cymatogrammum, (Abbott) Cope.] Z. 
blennioperca, Cope.) 


10. ULOCENTRA, Jordan. Spucxs. 


1. U. atripinnis, Jordan. Buack-Finnep Darrer. 
Body rather stout; head extremely short and deep, 44 in 
length of body; the snout very short and abruptly rounded 
mouth small, with equal jaws; cheeks and opercles scaly; 
fins large; head black above; about eleven indistinct, 
bar-like blotches along the sides; fins chiefly black; D. 
XII—10; A. II, 7% Cumberland River. 

2. %U. simotera, (Cope) Jordan. Snus - NosEp 
Darters. Body short and thick; head very short and 
blunt; a series of square dark green blotches along sides 
and another on the back; spotted above with red; belly 
saffron; soft dorsal chiefly blood-red; first dorsal orange- 
margined; D. X—11; A. II, 7; lat. 1.52; length 3 inches. 
Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. 


11. BOLEQSOMA, DeKay. Txrssettatep DarrTErs. 
> Arlina and Estrella, Grd. 
* Lat. 1. 40 or less; cheeks naked. 
1. B. effulgens, (Grd.) Cope. Caudal peduncle 


224 FISHES. 


thick, not contracted; cheeks naked; snout blackish; D. 
IX—13; A. II, 8; lat. 1.40; caudal rounded. Maryland 
to N.C. 


2. B. vexillare, Jor. Hicn-Finnep Darter. Sim- 
ilar to the preceding, but with the second dorsal very 
short and high and scales very large; head black; D. IX 
—10; A. I, 8; lat. 1.34. Rappahannock R., Va, 


** Lat. 1. more than 40. 


3. B. olmstedi, (Storer) Ag. TESsELLATED Darter. 
Fins stouter and higher than in the next; depth 54 in 
length; head 44; olivaceous, fins barred; back tessel- 
lated; a black streak forward, and another downward 
from eye; cheeks and opercles scaly; neck and throat 
bare; D. IX—14; A. I, 8; lat.1.50. New England to 
Wisconsin; abundant eastward. (B. tessellatum, DeK.) 


4. B. atromaculata, (Grd.) Jor. Neck and throat scaly; 
fins very high; spinous dorsal with a large black spot at 
base. Eastern streams. 


5. B. nigrum, (Raf.) Jor. Jounny Darter. Paler and 
more distinctly tessellated; brownish yellow; upper 
surface dotted with brown, the spots forming a few dark 
bars on back; a dark line from eye to snout; and some- 
times a bar below eye; smaller and slenderer than the 
preceding, with smaller fins; eye as long as the narrow, 
pointed snout; cheeks, neck and throat naked; opercles 
sealy; D. IX—12; A. 1, 8 to I, 10; lat. 1. 45. EH. U.S., 
abundant, west of the Alleganies. (B. brevipinne, Cope.) 


6. B. wsopus, Cope. Caudal peduncle contracted; 
dorsal outline curved; fins high; brownish, with spots on 


back and sides; D. VII—14; A.10; lat.1.47. Allegheny 
River, Penn. 


ETHEOSTOMATID Al.— LXXXIX. 225 


12. NANOSTOMA, Putnam. Zonep Darrers. 


1. NW. zonalis, (Cope) Jor. Zonzp Darter. Oliv- 
aceous, golden below; six dark brown quadrate spots 
along the back, connected by alternating spots with a 
brown lateral band from which eight narrow bands en- 
circle the belly; lower fins yellow with brown spots; 
spinous dorsal with a crimson band; a series of crimson 
spots on base of soft dorsal; black spot on opercle, occi- 
put and base of pectorals; black bars downward from 
eye and forward; D. XI—12; A.II, 7; lat.1.52. Indiana 
to Tenn. 


13. NOTHONOTUS, Agassiz. Buiuz-Breasrep DartErs. 


1. M. maculatus, (Kirt.) Ag. Trovur Darter. Body 
moderately elongate, deep and compressed, head 4 in 
length; depth 4%; head long and rather pointed; mouth 
pretty large; jaws equal; dorsal fin elevated, the longest 
rays reaching caudal; olive, sides with rather large spots 
of brilliant carmine; vertical fins more or less barred 
with red and white; D. XII, 13; A. II, 8; lat. 1. 60. 
Mahoning River, Ohio, a rare and handsome species. 


2. NW, camurus, (Cope) Jor. Buiuz-Breastep Darrer. 
Body stout, head short, with the muzzle abruptly decurved, 
so that the upper jaw is the longer, and the mouth some- 
what inferior; dark olive; head blackish above; breast 
and throat deep blue; sides greenish, sprinkled with 
carmine spots, much as in a trout; series of olivaceous 
lines along the rows of scales; vertical fins chiefly crimson 
at base, then yellow, with a bright blue or black edging, 
in 2 merely speckled; lateral line nearly complete; D. 
XII—138; A. II, 8; lat. 1.52; length 24 inches. Ohio 
Valley, not common, one of the handsomest of our fishes; 
the coloration is often quite dark, 


226 FISHES, 


3. NW. sanguifluus, (Cope) Jor. Slender; muzzle not 
decurved; black, with scattered crimson spots; breast 
blue; fins crimson without dark margin; D. XIIJ—13; 
A. II, 9; lat. 1.58. Cumberland River. 


4. N. vulneratus, (Cope) Jor. Stout; muzzle not 
decurved; back not arched; pale, with dark olive cross- 
bars and some crimson spots; first dorsal with red spots; 
second dorsal and caudal dark-margined; D. XIV—13, 
A. II, 8; lat.1. 53. French Broad R. 


5. NW. rufilineatus, (Cope) Jor. Stout; head, etc., as 
in the preceding; back arched; coloration pale, with 
narrow dark lines enclosing spaced, quadrate, red-brown 
spots; belly orange; throat blue; fins largely orange, 
with a broad vermillion border and a narrow black edge; 
D. XI—13; A. IT, 8; lat. 1.45. French Broad River. 


14. PECILICHTHYS, Agassiz. Rarrzow Darrzrs. 
= Astatichthys, Le Vaillant. 


1. P. ewruleus, (Stor.) Ag. Buuz Darter. Rain- 
sow Fis. Broz Jounny. Olivaceous, tessellated above, 
the spots running together into blotches; back without 
black lengthwise stripes; sides with about twelve indigo 
blue bars running obliquely downward, most distinct 
behind, separated by rich orange interspaces; caudal 
deep orange, edged with bright blue; anal orange, with 
deep blue in front and behind; soft dorsal chiefly orange, 
blue at base and tip; spinous dorsal crimson at base, 
then orange, with blue edgings; ventrals bluish, often 
deep indigo blue; cheeks blue; throat and breast orange, 
these two shades very constant; ? much duller, with but 
little or no blue or orange, the vertical fins barred or 
checked; colors fade in alcohol; body short and stout; 
head large; D. X—12; A. II, 7; lat.1. 45; length 2 to 3 


ETHEOSTOMATIDA).—LXXXIX. 227 


inches. Mississippi Valley, abundant; the most gaily 
colored of all the Darters. 

2. P. spectabilis, Ag. Streep Bruz Darter. Like 
the preceding and equally brilliant, but larger and more 
compressed, and more elongate; back with distinct black- 
ish stripes along the rows of scales, pattern of coloration 
similar, but the colors having a clear or bleached appear- 

, ance; with the other, but less abundant; often found in 
muddy water where P. variatus never ventures. 

3. P. jessie, Jordan and Brayton. SourHzern Buiur 
DarrEer. Cheeks scaly above—not entirely naked as in 
the two preceding species; lateral line extending to end 
of second dorsal—farther than in either of the preceding 
species; chestnut colored above, with squarish blotches 
of a dark, clear blue on the sides; fins mottled with chest- 
nut or golden; D. XII—12; A. II,9. Tennessee River. 


15. ETHEOSTOMA, Rafinesque. Strirrp Darrurs. 
(Catonotus, Agassiz.) 
* Head entirely scaleless; lateral line short; lower jaw longest. 

1. E. flabellaris, Raf. Fan-Tattep Darrer. Oliva- 
ceous, dusky above; sides with obscure dusky bars; each 
scale with a brownish spot, these sometimes forming 
series of longitudinal lines but never very distinct ones; 
head narrow; mouth oblique; body rather slender; fins 
strongly barred; D. VIII—12; A. II, 8; length 24 inches. 
Great Lakes and streams from N. Y., 8. and W., abund- 
ant. (Z. linsleyi, H. R. Storer. Oligocephalus humer- 
alis and Catonotus fasciatus, Girard.) 

2. E. lineolata, (Ag.) Jor. Srripep Darrer. Oliva- 
ceous, each scale with a black spot, hence the body with 
a series of fine dotted longitudinal lines which are very 
distinct above; some (??) further marked with dark cross 


228 FISHES. 


bars; D. VITI—12; A. II, 8. Great Lakes and Missis- 
sippi Valley, rather northward; body deeper and colors 
much brighter than in the preceding, of which it is 
probably a variety. 

** Head scaly; lateral line nearly complete; jaws equal. 

2. E. sqguamiceps, Jordan. Body elongate; head large, 
34 in length; jaws shorter than in #. flabellaris; cheeks, 
opercles, neck and throat densely scaly; lateral line 
wanting only on about ten scales; colors dark; fins barred; 
D. X—12; A. II, 7. Ohio Valley. A curious species, 
in some respects intermediate between Htheostoma and 
Nothonotus. 


16. BOLEICHTHYS, Girard. Rep-Sipep Darrers. 

> Hololepis, Agassiz. 

1. B. fusiformis, (Grd.) Jordan. Fustrorm Darrer. 
Lateral line on 12 scales, reaching middle of first dorsal; 
head 3}in length; yellowish brown; spotted; D. VIII— 
9; A. II, 7; lat.1.52. Charles R., Mass. 

2. B. erochrous, (Cope) Jordan. Rxrp-Si1pEp Darter. 
Lateral line extending to middle of first dorsal on 12 to 
16 scales; head 4 in length; sides with dusky band, 
interrupted by red dots; D. IX—10; A. TI, 7; lat. 1. 44, 
New Jersey. 

3. B. eos, Jordan & Copeland. Sunrisz Darter. 
Body slender, elongate, with long caudal peduncle; 
mouth small; lateral line to end of first dorsal on 22 to 
26 scales; head 4 in length; dark olive with about ten 
dark dorsal blotches, and as many dark blue or blackish 
bars along the sides; the belly and interspaces between 
these bars are of a clear vermillion; first dorsal bright 
blue, with a broad median band of crimson; other fins 
mostly barred; D. IX—11; A.II, 7; lat. 1.58. North- 


PERCID.4.— XC. 229 


western States, Northern Ohio to Minnesota; abundant; 
a most brilliant species. 


17. MICROPERCA, Putnam. Least DarrTErs. 


1. M. punctulata, Putnam. Least Darter. Greenish 
olive, sides with irregular dark bars and zigzag markings; 
dusky lines along the rows of scales; a dark shoulder 
blotch; a black streak forward from eye and a vertical 
bar below it; D. VI to VII—9 to 12; A. II, 5 or 6; 
length 14 inches. Western States. 


FAMILY XC.—PERCID. 
(The Perches.) 

Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with 
rather small, strongly ctenoid scales; opercular bones 
mostly serrated; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer 
and palatines; mouth slightly oblique; dorsals two, dis- 
tinct, both well developed; ventrals thoracic I, 5; anal 
with one or two spines; branchiostegals seven; air bladder 
present, moderately developed; intestinal canal with a 
few pyloric coeca. Carnivorous fishes of moderate or 
rather large size, chiefly of the rivers of the Northern 
Hemisphere. As here restricted, a small family of about 
five genera and fifteen species. 


* No canine teeth among the villiform ones; body compressed. 
Prrca, 1. 


** With strong canine teeth; body elongated. ST1zosTETHIUM, 2. 


7. PERCA, Linnzeus. PERcuEs. 


1. P. americana, Schranck. Common YELLOW PERCH. 
Olivaceous, sides yellowish, with broad dark bars; head 
31 in length; depth about the same; D. XIII—14; A. 
Il, 7; lat. 1.63. Fresh waters E. U.S., chiefly north- 
ward and eastward, [P. flavescens (Mit.) Cuv.] 


230 FISHES. 


2. STIZOSTETHIUM, Rafinesque. Piru Prrcuns. 


* Pyloric cceca three only, subequal, all long, about as long as the 
stomach ; soft dorsal nearly as long as spinous dorsal; body 
more or less compressed. (Stdzostethiwm.) 


1. S. vitreum, (Mitch.) Jordan & Copeland. Watt- 
Evyep Pixs. “Satmon.” “ Dory.” Gass - Eyz. YELLow 
Prix. Body slender, becoming compressed with age, 
the back not especially depressed; dorsal spines high, more 
than half length of head; eye 44 to 5 in head. General 
color a heavy olive, finely mottled with brassy; a large 
black spot on last rays of spinous dorsal, the fin other- 
wise nearly or quite unmarked; D. XIII—1; 21; A. II, 
12; lat. 1.90. Size very large; this species reaches a 
length of nearly three feet, and a weight of 20 to 30 Ibs. 
Great Lake region and some Atlantic streams, north to the 
Fur Countries; an abundant and valued food-fish. (Zuci- 
operca americana, Cuv.) 


Var. salmoneum, (Raf.) Jor. Buon Pree. “WHITE 
Satmon.” Body shorter, thicker and deeper, with slen- 
derer caudal peduncle; mouth smaller; eye larger; dorsal 
spines lower, 24 in head; coloration bluer, with silvery 
instead of brassy mottlings; fin coloration darker; young 
pale, with traces of vertical bars; D. XIV—1, 20; A. 
IT, 13; lat. 1.95. This species or variety is very similar 
to the preceding, but it is distinguished at sight by the 
fishermen, and seems to rarely attain a length of more 
than afoot. Lake Erie, Ohio River, and South. 

** Pyloric cceca 4 to 7, unequal, all small (shorter than the 
_ stomach ;) soft dorsal much shorter than spinous dorsal; 
body thick, cylindric, depressed forwards, (Oynoperca, Gill 
& Jordan.) 

2. §. canadense, (Smith) Jor. Savezr. Sanp Prez. 
Gray Pike. Body little compressed, broad across the 
back and rather depressed; cheeks, top of head, etc., 


LABRACIDA).—XCL. 931 


usually thickly scaled; colors rather paler and more 
translucent than in S. vitrewm, the shades less blended; 
olive gray, sides pale orange with much black mottling, 
the black gathered into several definite dark areas; spin- 
ous dorsal with two or three rows of round black spots; 
a large black blotch at base of pectorals; dorsal XII—1, 
17; A. ITI, 12; lat. 1. 95; size not large; length 12 to 15 
inches. Ohio River and Great Lake region to Upper 
Missouri; a strongly marked species. (Z. grisea, DeK., 
L. borea, Grd.) 


FAMILY XCI—LABRACIDA. 
(The Bass.) 

Percoid fishes with the general characters of the pre- 
ceding family, but having three anal spines, the verte- 
bree and the spines of the dorsal reduced in number, 
generally nine or ten of the latter; teeth on the tongue 
in our species. Genera fifteen; species thirty-five. Mostly 
of northern regions, the majority of them marine, often 
entering rivers. 


* Base of tongue with a patch of teeth; scales on head cycloid; 


dorsal fins not connected. : : F .  Roccvus. 1. 
** Base of tongue toothless; scales on head ctenoid; dorsal fins 
united at base; second anal spine enlarged: . Moronz, 2. 


7. ROCCUS, Mitchill. Srripzp Bass. 
< Labrax, Cuvier. 
* Body little compressed; depth less than + of length; teeth on 
tongue in more than one patch; chiefly marine. (Roccus.) 

1. RB. lineatus, (Bl. & Schn.) Gill. Srriezp Bass. 
Rock Fisu. Silvery or yellowish, with seven or eight 
longitudinal bands; D. IX—1, 12; A. III, 11; lat. 1. 62. 
Atlantic Coast, entering rivers. 


** Body much compressed; depth more than + of length; teeth 
on tongue in a single patch; fresh waters. (Lepibema, Raf.) 


232 FISHES 


2. RB. chrysops, (Raf.) Gill. Wauirz Bass. Srripzp 
Lake Bass. Silvery, with six or more dark stripes, 
sometimes “so interrupted and transposed as to appear 
like ancient church music.” D. IX—1, 12; A. III, 13; 
lat. 1. 55. Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi Valley and 
N. (Labrax multilineatus, notatus, albidus and osculatit 
of authors.) 


2. MORONE, Mitchill. Wuutre Bass. 
< Labrax, Cuvier. 

1. M. americana, (Gmel.) Gill. Wuirz Perce. Whit- 
ish, usually faintly striped; depth 3 in length; D. IX—I, 
12; A. III, 9; lat. 1.50. Atlantic Coast, abundant also 
in fresh water ponds, etc., coastwise; variable. (LZ. mu- 
cronatus, rufus and pallidus, of authors.) 


2. M. interrupta, Gill. Snort -Srripep or YELLow 
Bass. Silvery, with interrupted black stripes; D. 
IX—1, 13; A. ITI, 9. Mississippi Valley, chiefly south- 
ward. (Z. chrysops, Grd., not of Gill.) 


FAMILY XCII.—CENTRARCHIDA. 
(The Sun Fishes.) 


Percoid fishes with a single dorsal fin, either continu- 
ous or deeply divided, with five to thirteen spines; anal 
fin large, with three to nine spines; ventrals thoracic, I, 
5; body oblong, more or less elevated, sometimes much 
compressed; opercular bones feebly if at all serrated, 
often with entire edges; scales scarcely ctenoid, some- 
times cycloid; cleft of mouth more or less oblique; 
branchiostegals 6; villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and 
usually on palatines; many species with a small super- 
numerary bone lying behind the maxillary and parallel 
with it; others with a more or less prolonged flap extend- 


CENTRARCHID.AS.—XCIi. 233 


ing backwards from the upper angle of the opercle; 
nearly all with a black spot at this point, which also 
covers the flap if the latter is developed; colors usually 
brilliant, chiefly olive green, with spots or shades of blue, 
yellow, orange or violet. Fresh water fishes; many of 
them build nests which they defend with much courage, 
all are carnivorous, voracious and “gamey.” Genera 
about sixteen; species sixty; all American, and most 
abundant in the Mississippi Valley, every where forming 
a characteristic feature of our fish-fauna. The genera 
are quite well known, and most of them are firmly estab- 
lished; but the species of some groups, particularly 
Xenotis and Lepomis are in a state of almost inex- 
tricable confusion. 


* Dorsal fin much more developed than anal fin (the base of the 
former 14 to 3 times that of the latter), the soft parts of the two 
fins about equal, of 8 to 14 rays, and ending at the same verti- 
cal behind. 


+ Body elongate, not greatly compressed ; spines little developed, 
those of the anal fin, three in number, small and weak; 
those of the dorsal, ten, low, the eighth and ninth quite short, 
so that there is a deep notch between the spinous and soft 
parts of the dorsal, almost breaking the continuity of the 
fin; caudal emarginate; operculum emarginate behind, 
ending in two flat points; mouth very large, the lower jaw 
longest; palatine teeth well developed; tongue and ptery- 
goids toothless; gill-rakers long and stout, armed with 
teeth; supplemental maxillary bone well developed (M7- 
croptering). MicroprTervs, 1. 

t+ Body comparatively short and deep, compressed ; anal spines 
well developed; dorsal with strong spines, which are con- 
tinuous with the soft rays, or at least not deeply notched 
(Lepomina). 

a. Tongue and pterygoid bones conspicuously armed with 
teeth; mouth large, lower jaw longest; maxillary bone 
broad and flat, with a strong supplemental ossicle behind 


234 FISHES. 


it; palatine teeth well developed; gill-rakers long and 
strong, provided with coarse teeth ; form stout and heavy. 


b. Operculum emarginate behind; anal spines 5 to 7. 
e. Caudal fin emarginate; scales ctenoid. 


d. Tongue with a single median patch of teeth; anal 

spines normally 6; dorsal 10or11. AMBLOPLITES, 2. 

ce. Caudal fin rounded behind; scales cycloid; anal spines 

normally 5. . .  .  . AcANTHARCHUS, 8. 

bb. Operculum ending behind in a convex “flap,” black in 
color, anal spines 3; dorsal 10; caudal emarginate. 

Cuanopryttus, 4. 

aa. Tongue and pterygoid bones toothless; mouth moderate or 

small. 

d. Operculum ending behind in an entire convex process or 
flap, which is always more or less black; dorsal fin 
not notched; dorsal spines normally 10; anal spines. 
8, the soft rays in each fin about 10 in number; caudal 
fin emarginate. 

e. Maxillary with a supplemental bone; gill-rakers long, 
stout, dentate; mouth rather large, the lower jaw 
protruding; palatine teeth present; spines low; flap 
small. . - 2 2 ? ‘ APomortis, 5. 

ee. Maxillary without supplemental bone; mouth rather 
small, with subequal jaws. 

f. Lower pharyngeal bones comparatively narrow, with 
the teeth all conic and sharp, the outer short and 
small, the inner long and pointed. 

g. Gill-rakers of anterior branchial arch more or less 
elongate, ossified, beset with small teeth. 

Lzpomtis, 6. 

gg. Gill-rakers undifferentiated, all short, thickish, 

weak, unossified, provided with but few weak 

teeth; no palatine teeth; opercular flap always 

large, often greatly developed; coloration bril. 

liant; spineslow. . ‘ 7 XeEnomT1s, 7. 

of. Lower pharyngeal bones with the teeth or most of 

them rounded or truncate above, z.¢., teeth paved; 


OENTRARCHID4.—XcIr. 935 


palatine teeth little developed, or more usually 
wanting. 

h. Lower pharyngeals narrow, formed as in Lepiopo- 
mus, the teeth rounded, not truncate above; gill- 
rakers rather long and slender; spines rather 
high. +.  .  .  XYSTROPLITEs, 8. 

hh. Lower pharyngeals broad, concave, with large 
truncate teeth close together; gill-rakers short 
and thick, more or less strongly dentate; spines 
high. . 6 5 ‘ Evpomoris, 9. 

dd. Operculum emarginate behind, ending in two flat points, 
with a dermal border ; caudal fin rounded behind; gill- 
takers in small auniber, long and strong, dantate; 
species of small size and brilliant coloration. 


h. Dorsal fin angulated, the middle spines longer than 
some of the posterior ones; supplemental maxillary 
wanting (? or rudimentary); anal spines 3; dorsal 

Mesogonistivs, 10. 


hh. Dorsal fin continuous; supplemental maxillary bone 
well developed. 


z. Dorsal spines 9; anal 3. .  Enneacanracs, 11. 
zt. Dorsal spines 8; anal 4. 2 HEMIoPuitses, 12. 


itt. Dorsal spines 10; anal 4; anal fin with an elongate 
basis, its anterior rays being advanced. 
CopELanpra, 13. 


** Dorsal and anal fins about equal in extent, the soft portions 
of the latter longest and most posterior, the two fins being 
obliquely opposed; lower jaw longest; supplemental max- 
illary bone present; palatine teeth present; operculum 
emarginate behind; gill-rakers setiform, very long, finely 
dentate, in large number (20 to 30 of the large ones on an- 
terior branchial arch); fins large, the soft rays of the dorsal 
and anal each with 14 to 18 rays; caudal fin emarginate; 
scales not strongly ctenoid (Centrarchine). 


j. Spinous dorsal longer than soft part, the spines about 12 in 
number, not rapidly graduated; anal spines normally 8; 
body deep; mouth moderate. . Crentrarcuvs, 14. 


236 FISHES. 


jj. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, the spines 5 to 8 in 
number, rapidly graduated; anal spines normally 6; body 
compressed and rather elongate; mouth large. 


Pomoxys, 15, 


1. MICROPTERUS, Lacepede. Buack Bass. 


> Huro and Grystes, C. & V. 
= Calliurus, Raf. (not of Agassiz.) 


1. M. pallidus, (Raf.) Gill & Jor. Larez-Mournsp 
Brack Bass. Oswxco Bass. Dull olive green, more 
or less spotted when young but not barred; usually with 
an irregular dark lateral band, and three oblique stripes 
on opercles; ends of caudal fin blackish, these markings 
growing obscure with age; 3d dorsal spine twice as high 
as first; notch between spines and soft-rays deep; eight 
rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal; anal fin 
somewhat scaly; mouth very wide; D. X,12; A. III, 10; 
lat. 1.65 to 70. Great Lakes and rivers of the West and 
South, abundant in most regions, and, like the next, 
highly valued as a food fish. [Muro nigricans, C. & V. 
G. nobilior and nigricans, Agass., IZ. floridanus (Le8.) | 


2. M. salmoides, (Lac.) Gill. Smati-MoursEp Brack 
Bass. Moss Bass. Dark green; young brighter and 
more or less barred and spotted, but without lateral 
band; tail yellow at base, then black, and edged with 
white; opercle with oblique olivaceous streaks; third 
dorsal spine half larger than ‘first; dorsal notch rather 
shallow; scales smaller than in the preceding—eleven 
rows between lateral line and dorsal; mouth smaller; 
anal nearly scaleless; D. X. 13; A. YII, 11; lat. 1.70 to 
80. Great Lakes and streams from L. Champlain 8. and 
W.; common in N. Y. and in most regions west of the 
Alleganies; introduced eastward. [G. fasciatus, (Les.) 


CENTRARCHIDAl.—XOu. 237 


Ag. C. obscurus, DeK. (young.) M. achigan, (Raf.) Gill, 
etc., etc.] 


2. AMBLOPLITES, Rafinesque. Rock Bass. 
< Centrarchus, Cuvier. 

1. A. rupestris, (Raf.) Gill. Rock Bass. Goaerz 
Eyre. Rep Eryx. Depth about half length; head more 
than one-third; eye nearly four in head, very large; 
cheeks scaly; front convex; longest dorsal ray two-thirds 
depth of head at front of orbit; brassy olive with golden 
green and blackish markings; a dark spot at base of 
each scale, which is conspicuous after death, giving a 
striped appearance; D. XJ, 11; A. VI, 10; lat. 1. 42; L. 
8. Great Lakes and rivers west of the Alleganies; an 
abundant species. [A. wneus, (C. & V.) Ag. A. ichthe- 
loides, (Raf.) Ag.] 

2. A. eavifrons, Cope. Depth 24 in length; mouth 
larger, muzzle more projecting, the front therefore con- 
cave, cheeks nearly naked; eyes still larger, 3 in head; 
longest dorsal ray equal to depth of head at front of 
orbit; silvery, dusted with dark points; scales with dark 
shades; D. X, 12; A. VI, 11; lat. 1.38. Roanoke R. 


3. ACANTHARCHUS, Gill. Bass Sun Fisuzs. 
< Centrarchus, Baird. 

1. A. pomotis, (Baird) Gill. Mop Sun Fisa. Ellip- 
tical; mouth large; dark greenish olive, with dull yellow- 
ish markings and longitudinal dusky streaks; opercles 
with dusky radiating bars; D. XI, 12; A. V,12; L. 5. 
Muddy streams coastwise, N. Y. to 8. C. 


4. CHANOBRYTTUS, Gill. Wan Mourus. 
Calliurus, Ag. 
1. €. gulosus, (C. & V.) Gill. Brack Sun Fisn, 
Dark olive green above; sides greenish and brassy with 


238 FISHES. 


blotches of pale blue and bright coppery red—the latter 
shade predominating; belly bright brassy yellow, pro- 
fusely mottled with bright red; lower jaw chiefly yellow; 
iris bright red, as in most Sun Fishes; opercular spot as 
large as eye, black, bordered with copper color; three or 
four wide dark red bands radiating backwards from eye 
across cheeks and opercles, separated by narrow pale 
blue ones; upper fins barred with black, orange and blue, 
the former color predominating, lower fins blackish; 
a few small faint black spots on last rays of dorsal; dorsal 
spines moderately high, very stout, the longest as long 
as from snout to middle of eye; head 23 in length; depth 
24; eye as long as snout, 4 to 5 in head; mucous pores 
about head very large; body very robust, broad forwards, 
compressed behind; nape rounded; a depression over 
eye, the snout projecting, and forming an angle; fins 
rather low, with stout spines; mouth very large, with 
strong teeth, the maxillary bone very broad and flat, 
reaching to posterior margin of eye; tongue with one or 
more conspicuous patches of teeth; teeth on palatines; 
scales large; D.X,10; A. ITI, 9; lat. 1. 40. Great Lakes 
South and West; a fine large species having the appear- 
ance and dentition of Ambdoplites, but with three anal 
spines and a rounded operculum as in Apomotis. (Ch. 
charybdis, Cope, O. melanops, Grd.) In spirits, the 
coloration is very dark. 


2. C. viridis, (C. & V.) Jordan. Rzap-Eyzp Bream. 
War-Mourn Percn. Very similar to C. gulosus, but 
differently colored—olive green, with blackish spots on 
the scales, and more or less reticulated; form somewhat 
more slender; fins, etc., the same; Virginia to Florida. 
(C. gillii, Cope.) 


CENTRABCHID®.—xXcn, 939 


5. APOMOTIS, Rafinesque. Rep Evzs. 
(Telipomis, Raf., Bryttus, Cuv. & Val.) 

1. A. cyanellus, (Raf.) Jordan. Buiux-Srotrrep Sun 
Fis. Dark clear olive-green, each scale with a blue 
spot and more or less of gilt edging, the body thus 
appearing more or less striped along the rows of scales; 
colors variable, golden olive, green or even almost blue; 
cheeks with bright blue horizontal stripes; body more or 
less sprinkled with irregular dark dots; vertical fins 
marked with green and blue and more or less edged 
with pale orange; usually a distinct black dorsal spot; 
opercular spot small, with brassy edgings; depth 23 in 
length, head 24; dorsal spines low and stout; lat. 1. 48; 
L. 4 to6. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley and W., abundant. 
(C. longulus and C. formosus, Grd., C. mineopas et mel- 
anops, Cope.) 

2. A. phenax, Cope & Jordan. Olive-green; body much 
deeper and more compressed than in A. cyanellus; depth 
24 in length; spines higher; opercular flap rather long; 
mouth smaller, the jaws nearly equal; lat. 1. 43, the 
scales therefore larger. New Jersey. Resembles Lepo- 
mis rather than Apomotis. : 


6. LEPOMIS. Rafinesque. Sun Fisnzs. 
(Lepomis, Ichthelis and Pomotis, Raf.) 
* Palatine teeth present; usually no black blotches on last rays of 
dorsal and anal. 

1. L. macrochirus, Raf. CHarn-Sipep Sun F isa. 
Bright steel blue, with many bronze orange spots, which 
cover nearly the whole surface, so arranged that the -~ 
ground color forms a series of vertical chain-like bars, 
very conspicuous in life; vertical fins mottled with 
bronze, and usually more or less edged with pale orange; 


240 FISHES. 


no black dorsal spot; no distinct blue cheek stripes, but 
sides of head shaded with purplish; body rather elon- 
gate; head somewhat acute; opercular spot small; depth 
24 in length; head nearly 3; lat. 1.42; L.3 to 4. Ohio 
Valley. A small species and one of the handsomest; 
extremely hardy in aquaria, and perhaps the most vora- 
cious of the Sun Fishes. (JZ. nephelus, Cope.) 

2. L. bombifrons, (Ag.) Jor. Rounp-Facep Sun Fisu. 
Light brown; fins pale, unspotted; belly and sides dotted 
with golden orange; head much broader, deeper and 
shorter than in any other species; the profile being ex- 
ceedingly prominent, the forehead strongly arched, and 
the greatest depth immediately over the opercle; flap 
very short and small; soft rays of dorsal much higher 
than spines; depth 24 in length, head nearly 3. Ten- 
nessee R.; rare. (May be a Xenotis.) 

3. L. anagallinus, Cope. Rupv-Srorrep Sun Fisa. 
Dusky bluish, with greenish mottlings; sides with many 
distinct, rather large, salmon-red spots; belly bright 
salmon-red; opercular flap rather large, with a very wide 
red margin, which entirely surrounds the black; some- 
times a black dorsal spot; spines rather high; depth 24 
in length; scales large; lat. 1. 33 to 36. Arkansas to 
Tenn. and Kas.; a small, highly colored species. 

4. L. oculatus, Cope. Coloration reddish, unspotted; 
body short and deep; head short; caudal peduncle and 
fin one-third length (more than one-third in Z. anagal- 
linus,) opercular flap large, with a round black spot as 
large as eye, surrounded by a broad white margin. Min- 
nesota. 

5. L. auritus, (L.) Raf. Lone-Earep Ponp Fisu. 
Rep-Taitep Bream. Sun Percy. Dusky olive; belly 
and vertical fins largely red; sides of body largely blue, 


CENTRARCHID 4.—XOIL. 241 


with rusty red spots; blue stripes on head; spines rather 
short; body rather elongate; opercular flap very long, 
longer than any in other species except the southern 
Xenotis failax, and extremely narrow. Maine to Ala- 
bama, east of the Alleghenies, abundant; the only long- 
eared Sun-fish occurring in New England. A large 
handsome species, known at once by the peculiar ear-flap. 
L.6tol0. (L. rubricauda, appendiz, etc., of authors.) 


** No palatine teeth; dorsal spines very high; amore or less dis- 
tinct black blotch on last rays of dorsal and anal. (Heléoperca 
Jor.) 

6. L. pallidus, (Mit.) Gill & Jor. Buus Sun Fisu. 
CoprER-NosED Bream. Olive green, adults dark; young 
more or less silvery, often uniformly so in spirits; a more 
or less distinct purple lustre in life; sides with undulat- 
ing, sometimes chain-like, transverse bars, most con- 
spicuous in the young; a@ black spot on base of’ dorsal 
and anal behind; no blue stripes on cheeks; no red 
on fins; opercular flap moderately long and wide in 
adults, without pale edge, very short in young; body 
deep, compressed, caudal peduncle rather slender; head 
3 in length; depth about 2; dorsal spines very long; 
D. X, 11; A. ITI, 10; lat.1.40 to 45; L. 8. Great Lakes 
to Delaware R. (Addott) and 8., abundant. A large and 
very variable species, but almost always recognizable by 
the characters above emphasized. (ZL. ardesiacus, L. 
megalotis, and L. purpurascens, Cope, Ichthelis incisor, 
Auct.) Adult specimens are often nearly orbicular and 
have the belly coppery red. 


%. L. ischyrus, Jordan & Nelson. A large, heavily- 
built species, similar to the preceding but with larger 
mouth, shorter spines and different coloration; top of 
head flat and short; opercular flap large, with a wide 

h 


249 FISHES. 


pale margin entirely surrounding the black; cheeks with 
wide blue bands; lower jaw, etc., dull leaden blue; belly 
and lower fins chiefly orange. [Illinois River. 


8. L. obscurus, (Agassiz) Jor. Briuz-Moutaep Sun 
Fisu. A heavily-built, dark-colored species, chiefly blue 
and coppery red in life; no blue stripes on cheek; lower 
jaw dark leaden blue; opercular spot large, without dis- 
tinct pale margin. Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. 


7. XENOTIS, Jordan. Loneg-EARED Sun FIsHEs. 


1. X. megalotis, (Raf.) Jor. Broz anp Orance Sun 
Fish. Sun Percn. Brilliant blue and orange, back 
chiefly blue, belly entirely orange, the orange forming 
irregular, longitudinal rows of spots, the blue in wavy 
vertical lines along the edges of the scales; fins with the 
rays blue and the membranes orange; ventral and anal 
shaded with dusky blue, appearing blackish when folded; 
Jjlap very large, with a broad pale edge which is pink 
behind, and bluish in front; lips blue; cheeks with bright 
blue and orange stripes; top of head and neck blackish; 
eyes bright red; spines very low, lower than in any other 
species of this genus; the longest dorsal spine shorter than 
JSrom snout to middle of eye; occiput depressed; profile 
high and strongly curved; depth more than half length; 
head with flap, a little less; eye 14 in flap; pectorals not 
reaching vent; lat. 1.40. Great Lakes and Upper Mis- 
sissippi River. A brilliantly colored species. (P. nitidus, 
Kirt.) 

2. X. sanguinolentus, (Ag.) Jor. Buioopy Sun Fisu. 
Similar, but rather more elongate; the spines notably 
higher and the blue cross-bars much more distinct. Ten- 
nessee and South, perhaps a variety. 


CENTRARCHID 4.—XCIl. 243 


3. X. aureolus, Jor. GitpEp Sun Fisu. Pale olive, 
young almost translucent; sides and fins profusely 
speckled with golden orange, forming bars or chains; 
orange below; cheeks with narrow blue horizontal lines; 
no dorsal spots; jlap moderate, rather narrow, narrowly 
bordered by light; forehead regularly convex, the bulk 
of the body thrown forward; dorsal spines moderate; 
pectorals nearly reaching anal; ventrals elongate; head 
3 in length, depth 24; eye = flap, 4 in head; lat. 1. 42. 
Ohio Valley and W., abundant, frequenting’small streams 
in company with the next species and with Apomotis 
cyanellus. 


4. X. lythrochloris, Jor. Rep anp GREEN Sun Fisu. 
Form af Apomotis, the body more elongate than usual 
in Xenotis; spines very low; green above with blue 
spots; belly, cheeks and fins generally blood red; cheeks 
with blue lines; opercular flap very long, entirely black, 
without any pale margin. Ohio Valley, a peculiar species 
frequenting small brooks; size small. (JZ. auritus, Raf., 
not of L.) 


5. X. inseriptus, (Ag.) Jor. Buiuzn-Green Sun Fisa. 
Dark olive green, with blue shades; many scales marked 
each with a short horizontal black line, like a pencil mark, 
these forming faint stripes along the sides of the back; ° 
cheeks with blue lines; opercular flap moderate, rather 
narrow, directed quite obliquely upwards, bordered above 
and below by pinkish; spines long; depth 24 in length. 
A small handsome species, abundant in the Valley of the 
Ohio and 8. 

6. X. peltastes, (Cope) Jor. A small deep-bodied 
species, with large scales; caudal fin and peduncle more 
than one-third the total length; golden brown; sides 
somewhat spotted; belly and vertical fins largely orange; 


244 FISHES. 


flap rather long, with a wide red border; lat. 1.35. Mich. 
igan to Illinois. 


8. XYSTROPLITES, Jordan. Sun Fisuzs. 


1. X. heros, (B. & G.) Jor. A species bearing much 
resemblance to Lepomis pallidus, having the same 
general coloration, the black dorsal spot, the high spines, 
etc., but with the pharyngeal teeth more or less paved, and 
with the opercular flap broadly tipped with pale scarlet. 
Lower Mississippi Valley. Pomotis notatus, Ag., from 
Tennessee is probably the same species. 


9. EUPOMOTIS, Gill & Jordan. Ponp Fisuzs. 
(Pomotis, Auct. not of Raf.) 
1. E. pallidus, (Ag.) Gill & Jor. Parez Sun Fisa. 


General color olivaceous, with faint darker bars; spines 
high; general form, color and appearance of Lepiopomus 
pallidus, but the mouth larger, the opercular flap broadly 
tipped behind and below with scarlet, and the lower 
pharyngeals very broad, concave, covered with large, 
paved teeth. The gill-rakers are comparatively short 
and weak. Illinois to Georgia and Louisiana. 


2. E. aureus, (Walb.) Gill & Jordan. Common Sun 
Fiso. Pumpkin Seep. Bream. Depth more than half 
length; greenish olive above, sides orange - spotted; 
orange yellow below; cheeks orange with blue wavy 
streaks; ear-flap rounded, broadly edged with scarlet 
below and behind; lower fins orange, upper orange- 
spotted; spines rather high; D. X,10; A. III, 9; lat. 1. 
37. Great Lakes and streams, chiefly northward and E. 
of the Alleganies; our most familiar species. (P. ma- 
culatus, auritus and vulgaris of authors.) 


CENTRARCHID4.—XCII. 245 


10. MESOGONISTIUS, Gill. Buack-BanpEp Sun FisuEs. 


1. M. chastodon, (Baird) Gill. Biack-BanpEp Sun 
Fisu. Suborbicular; depth about half length; spines 
long, longest equal to distance from snout to preopercle; 
eyes large, three in head; dirty straw color, clouded with 
olive; sides with four to six well-defined black vertical 
bars running up on the fins; first through eye, last at 
base of tail; D. X,11; A. III, 12; lat. 1.28; 1.3. New 
Jersey to Maryland, in sluggish waters; a small, hand- 
some species, known at once by its peculiar coloration. 


11. HEMIOPLITES, Cope. Four-Srinep Sun Fisuzs. 


1. H. simulans, Cope. Four-Srinep Sun Fisu. Head 
24 in length, depth 24; eye 33 in head; bright olive, with 
dusky stripes; sides and cheeks with purple reflections; 
D. VII, 11; A. IV, 10; lat.1.30. James R., Va. Re- 
sembles £’. obesus. 


12. ENNEACANTHUS, Gill. Nine-Sprnep Sun FisHes. 
* Dorsal and anal moderately elevated in ¢. 


1. £. obesus, (Baird) Gill. Sprorrmp Sun Fisa. 
Depth about half length; dark olive green, with eight 
strong black cross bars and purplish spots; lateral line 
usually incomplete; cheeks with lines and spots; oper- 
cular flap velvet black, bordered with purple; a dark 
bar below eye; D.IX,10; A. ITI, 10; L.3. Streams 
coastwise from Mass., southward; a handsome little fish. 


2. E. margarotis, Gill & Jordan. Brur-Sporrep Sun 
Fiso. Body without definite blackish cross-bars, in 
males covered with round bright sky-blue spots; a pearly- 
blue spot on opercle; body more elongate than in the 
others; lateral line complete; D. IX, 10; A. ITI, 9; lat. 
1,30. New Jersey to N. C. abundant. 


246 FISHES. 


** Dorsal and anal fins greatly elevated, in ¢ reaching middle of 
caudal. 

3. E. pinniger, Gill & Jordan. Larer-Finnep Sun 
Fisu. General color of preceding; body and fins in 
males with brilliant blue spots; size larger; lateral line 
complete; D. IX, 10; A. III, 10; lat. 1. 33. Neuse 
River, N. C. 


13. COPELANDIA, Jordan. CoPpELANDIA. 


1. €. eriarcha, Jordan. A species similar in appear- 
ance to Hnneacanthus margarotis, but with a different 
number of spines, a rather more elongate body and a 
more advanced anal, which is reached by the ventral 
spines; D. X, 9; A. IV, 8. Menomonee River, near 
Milwaukee, Wis.,—the only specimens known collected 
by Dr. P. R. Hoy; a singular and interesting species, 
connecting Hnneacanthus with Centrarchus. 


14. CENTRARCHUS, Cuvier. Mawny-Spinep Bass. 


1. C. irideus, (Bosc) C.& V. Sarnine Bass. Bright 
green with dark spots; vertical fins mottled; dorsal with 
black spot behind, which is sometimes ocellated with 
orange; body deep, depth half length; fins comparatively 
low; the ventral spine less than half length of head and 
not reaching vent; D. XI, 12; A. VII, 14; lat.1. 44. 
Illinois to Va. and South, chiefly in lowland streams. 


2. C. macropterus, (Lac.) Jordan. Lone-Finnep Sun 
Fisu. Similar, but more elongate, depth less than half 
length; ventral spine more than half length of head and 
reaching to about the fourth ray of anal; mouth and eye 
larger than in C. irideus; fins much higher; D. XII, 12; 
A. VIII, 14; lat. 1.43. With the preceding but less 
abundant. 


ELASSOMID4.—XCII. 247 


15. POMOXYS, Rafinesque. Grass Bass. 
* Dorsal spines normally 7; body much elevated; depth half 
length. (Hyperistius, Gill.) 

1. P. nigromaculatus, (LeS.) Grd. Grass Bass. Carico 
Bass. Depth 2 in length; head nearly 3; snout pro- 
jecting, forming an angle with the descending profile; 
mouth large, very oblique, but smaller than in the next; 
fins very large; anal larger than dorsal; bright olive 
green and silvery; sides and fins much mottled; the 
anal fin nearly as much variegated as the dorsal; D. VII, 
15; A. VI, 18; lat.1.41; L.8. Great Lakes to Delaware 
R. (Addoz) and 8. W.; a handsome fish. [P. hexacanthus, 
(C. & V.) Ag.] 

** Dorsal spines normally 6; body less elevated; depth about 
one-third length. (Pomomwys.) 

2. P. annularis, Raf. Bacuztor (Ohio R.) New 
Licut (Ky.) Crappie (St. Louis). Depth two-fifths to 
one-third length, scarcely greater than length of head; 
olivaceous, silvery below; sides with irregular clusters of 
dark spots; the lower part of the sides, and the anal fin 
usually plain; D. VII, (V to VII) 15; A. VI, 17; lat. 1. 
43 (39 to 48), L. 10. Mississippi Valley, a food fish of 
some value; abundant and exceedingly variable. (P. 
storerius, nitidus, intermedius, protacanthus and brevt- 
cauda of authors.) 


FAMILY XCII. (0.)—-ELASSOMID. 
(The Hlassomes.) 

A provisional group framed for the reception of a 
single species whose affinities are at present uncertain. 
It includes small fishes similar in appearance to Centrar- 
chide, but without lateral line, and the fins little devel- 
oped; the scales cycloid, the upper jaw extremely 
protractile and both jaws armed with strong teeth; no 


248 FISHES. 


vomerine teeth are apparent, and the number of branch- 

iostegals appears to be but five. The vent is normal in 

its position. Vertebree 28. Pharyngeals as in Aphodo- 
derus, separate, with sharp teeth. 

Its nearest relationships appear to be with the Aphodo- 
deride. Two fossil genera, lately described by Prof. 
Cope, Hrismatopterus and Amphiplaga, are perhaps 
allied to Hlassoma. 

* Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw the longer; jaws apparently 
with but one row of stout conical teeth; dorsal spines five; 
anal spines three; branchiostegal membranes broadly con- 
nectéd across the chest; body elongate, compressed; caudal 
fin rounded; cheeks and opercles scaly ;. bones of head entire. 

Exassoma, 1. 


1. ELASSOMA, Jordan. Eassomes. 


1. E. zonata, Jordan. Head 3 in length; depth 34; 
olive green, finely punctate, sides with eleven dark verti- 
cal bands; adistinct round black spot behind the shoulder, 
D.IV,10; A.III, 6; length of specimens known, one inch. 
Lower Mississippi region and 8. W.; specimens seen 
from Arkansas and Texas. 


FAMILY XCIII.—_APHODODERID. 
(The Pirate Perches.) 

Vent anterior, usually in front of the ventral fins; dor- 
sal fin single, high, with but three or four spines; ventrals 
thoracic, without spines and with seven soft rays; pre- 
orbital, preopercle and other bones of head strongly 
serrated; teeth on jaws and palate; scales ctenoid; 
branchiostegals six; coecal appendages about twelve; 
air bladder simple. 


APHODODERID4.—XCIII. 249 


The two species known inhabit lowland waters, and 
are remarkable for their voracity and for their nocturnal 
habits. The unusual position of the vent (as in Ambly- 
opside) distinguishes them widely from the Percoid 
fishes. 

The relations of this group are obscure. It much re- 
sembles the Haplomi, and is perhaps as near to Umbride 
as to Centrarchidw. Although the vent is normally 
jugular, specimens occur with the vent variously poster- 
ior. On specimens with the vent between the ventral 
fins, the genus Asternotremia, Nelson was based. Others 
have the vent even farther back. From the observations 
of Prof. S. A. Forbes, it appears that in this group the 
position of the vent is not a generic character—not even 
specific, and that the four nominal species, Aphododerus 
sayanus and A. cookianus, and Asternotremia isolepis and 
A. mesotrema, are to be reduced to one species of one 
genus. 


1. APHODODERUS, LeSueur. Prrate Percuss. 


1. A. sayanus, (Gilliams) DeK. Pirate Prrca. 
Head 33 in length; depth 32; greenish olive; a sub- 
orbital bar, and dark bars at base of caudal; caudal 
rounded; lower jaw longest; D.IV, 11; A. II, 7; lat. 1. 
50 to 55; length 5 inches. N. Y. to La., in brooks near 
the coast; also throughout Mississippi Valley in sloughs 
and bayous. 


Nots.—The position of the vent in this family varies with age; 
the young having the vent behind the ventrals, the adult in front 
—the difference being due to the prolongation of the rectum. 


Le) 
Or 
oO 


FISHES. 


FAMILY XCIV.—SCLENIDA. 
(The Maigres.) 

Body compressed, often elongate, covered with ctenoid 
scales; lateral line continuous, often running up on the 
caudal fin; teeth in villiform bands, sometimes with 
canines; vomer and palate toothless; opercles weakly if 
at all serrated; bones of skull moro or less cavernous, 
with muciferous system highly developed; chin usually 
with pores or barbels; lower pharyngeals distinct, except 
in Haploidonotus and its relatives, where they are 
firmly united (pharyngognathous) as in the Labride; 
dorsals two, distinct or slightly connected, the soft part 
most developed; vertical fins usually scaly; ventrals 
I, 5, thoracic; anal spines generally 1 or 2; air bladder 
large and often complicated (rarely wanting); stomach 
ceecal, with a few pyloric appendages. 

Chiefly marine, in temperate and warm regions, the 
following only in fresh water. Genera about twenty; 
species one hundred and ten, numerous on our coasts: 

* Lower jaw shorter, received within the upper; both jaws fully 
provided with teeth; no canines; lower pharyngeals united. 
(HarLomonotin2.) 


+ Body moderately elevated; depth about one. third length; 
caudal double-truncate, slightly prolonged behind. 
Haptoronortts, 1. 


+t Body greatly elevated at the shoulders; depth nearly half 
length; caudal truncate, is _ EvurycHELITHUS, 2. 


1. HAPLOIDONOTUS, Rafinesque. Bupsiers. 
= Amblodon, Raf. 

1. H. grunniens, Raf. Sueepsazap (Lakes). WuitTE 
Percs. Gronter. Drum. Depth 3 in length; head 3}; 
back elevated forwards, and much compressed; spines 
strong; first anal spine short; the second very large, 


COTTIDZ.—xXOv, 251 


attached to a stout bone; grayish silvery, dusky above; 
scales rather large and irregularly placed, punctate with 
black; D. IX—I, 30; A. II, 7; lat. 1.54. Great Lakes, 
Mississippi Valley, etc., abundant. (Corvina oscula and 
C.. grisea, of authors.) Three other species of this genus 
have been described but their validity is extremely 
doubtful. Southward this species is considerably valued 
as food, but in the Great Lakes its flesh is ill-scented 
and worthless. The large “ear-bones” of this species 
are marked with a rude “ Z,” and are highly valued by 
Wisconsin boys as “lucky stones.” 


2. EUTYCHELITHUS, Jordan. Lake Huron Drums. 


1. E. richardsonii, (C. & V.) Jordan. MaasHEcanay. 
Lake Drum. Head and shoulders much elevated; pro- 
file very steep; eye moderate; mouth rather large; the 
lower jaw rather projecting; head nearly one-third of 
length; depth about one-half; anal spine stout (single?), 
one-third shorter than the soft rays; pectorals pointed, 
much longer than the ventrals; opercular bones all finely 
serrated; greenish with dark bands on the back; D. 
IX —I, 29; A.1I, 7%; lat.1.54. Lake Huron. (I retain 
this genus with much doubt. No specimens except the 
original type are known, and this may have been merely 
a monstrosity of the ordinary Haploidonotus grunniens.) 


FAMILY XCV.—COTTIDA. 
(The Sculpins.) 

Fishes with the cheeks mailed (7. ¢., the suborbital bone 
extending backward over the cheeks, articulating with 
the preopercle); head broad, usually not externally bony, 
but always more or less spinous; eyes high up, near 
together; body sometimes scaly, or with a series of bony 
plates, naked in all our species; dorsals usually two, 


252 FISHES. 


soft dorsal largest; pectorals large, without detached 
rays; ventrals thoracic, near together, usually imperfect, 
but developed in all our species; air bladder usually 
absent. Generaabout twenty; species about 70. Mostly 
of the shores of northern regions; several small species 
abounding in the fresh waters of Europe, Asia and North 
America. In habits these fresh water species bear a 
strong resemblance to the Etheostomoids. All of them 
are singular looking fishes, and many of the marine 
species are hideous in appearance. 

Oxzs.—In the measurements given below, the total length of the 


body is understood ¢nelusive ofthe caudal fin, not to’ base of caudal 
as in other cases. 
* Second dorsal moderately elevated, not remote from the first; 
preopercle with 1 to 8 spines. 
+ No teeth on the palate (pharyngeal teeth present, as usual); ven- 
trals 1, 3; size small (length 2 to 3 inches). URanrmpna, 1. 
tt Palate with teeth; ventrals 1,4; size usually larger (length 
3 to 6 inches). 
{ Skin smooth, excepting usually a small patch of minute 
spines in the axils of the pectorals. | PotamocotTtvs, 2. 
tt Skin beset, especially above the lateral line, with small 


hooked prickles; preopercle armed with a strong sharp 
spine, curved like a cow’s horn; back sub-carinate; caudal 


peduncle slender. . - ; . Tavurmsna, 3. 
*** Second dorsal very high, widely Setuentaa from the first; pre- 
opercle with 4 needle-like spines. . ‘ TRIGLOPsis, 4. 


1. URANIDEA, DeKay. Muitixr’s Taumes. 
< Cottus, Girard. 
* Slender, fusiform species; depth 6 to 64 in length, 

1. U. gracilis, (Heckel) Putnam. Mitier’s Tuums. 
Lirttz Star Gazer. Tips of pectorals reaching fourth 
ray of second D., and first of anal; head 4 in total 
length; eye 4 in head; grayish, mottled. D. VIII—16; 


COTTID Z.—XCV. 258 


A. 11 or 12. New England and New York; the common 
Eastern species, found “quiescent” under stones, after 
the manner of the Darters. (U. guiescens, DeK.) [U. 
boleoides (Grd.), from Vermont, is said to be slenderer, 
and with larger fins. U-. formosa, (Grd.) from stomachs 
of Lota, in deep water, L. Ontario, is more elongate, with 
shorter fins; it needs further examination. U. gobioides, 
(Grd.) is larger, much stouter and with larger mouth. It 
is from La Moille R., W. Vt.] 


2. U. kumlieni, Hoy. Kumuimn’s Cotrus. A slender 
species, with the head 3% in length (without caudal); 
pectorals falling just short of anal; preopercular spine 
large, directed upwards and backwards, not much hooked; 
dorsals and anal high; D. VI—17; A.12. Lake Michi- 
gan—in deep water. 


** Stouter; depth about 54 in total length. 


2. U. viscosa, (Haldeman) Cope. Strppery MiLLER’s 
Tuums. Pectorals scarcely reaching second dorsal; 
head 44 in total length; eye 5 in head; body sub- 
cylindrical, covered with a viscid skin; dusky, mottled; 
D. VIII—17; A. 12. Streams of Penn., Md., Va., ete. 
frequent, often found in caves. (C. copet, Abbott.) 


3. U. franklini, (Ag.) Jordan. FRanxurn’s Corrus. 
Pectorals scarcely reaching second dorsal; first dorsal 
scarcely lower than second; head 3% in total length; eye 
41 in head; D. VIII—17; A. 12. S. and E. shores of 


L. Superior. 


4. U. hoyi, Putnam. Hoy’s Buri-Heap. Body small, 
short and thick; head 34 in length, without caudal; pre- 
opercle with a prominent, sharp, straight spine directed 
backwards; below this a prominent spine directed down- 
wards, and one or two minute spines still lower; mouth 


254 FISHES. 


contracted, with the lower jaw projecting; eyes very 
large 32 in head; ventral fins long, reaching about to 
vent; D. VI—15; A. 11; L. 24. Lake Michigan — in 
deep water. 


2. POTAMOCOTTUS, Gill. Buoss. 


1. P. meridionalis, (Grd.) Gill. Cave Buri-Hzap. 
Goruin. Bros. Murrite-Jaws. Head 3% in length; 
depth 5; width of head 33; P. reaching beyond begin- 
ning of soft dorsal, to anal; preopercle with a stout erect 
spine and twosmaller ones below; mouth wide; palatine 
teeth unusually strong; lateral line very distinct, chain- 
like, sometimes vanishing behind, and sometimes not. 
Grayish, mottled, three cross blotches on back; D. VI to 
VIITI—16; A.12o0r13; V.1,4. N.C. to Ala., Tenn., 
and Ind., abounding in many of the streams issuing from 
the caves in the limestone region; the largest species 
of the genus, reaching a length of 6 inches. (C. merid- 
tonalis, Grd. P. caroline, Gill., P. zopherus, Jor.) 


2. P. richardsonif, (Ag.) Gill. Lake SupErior MIt- 
LteR’s Tuums. Pectorals shorter than head, scarcely 
reaching second dorsal; depth 6 in total length; head 
44; eye 54 in head; vent near the middle of total length; 
D. VITI—18; A.14. L. Superior; one of the largest 
species. 

3. P. bairdii, (Girard) Gill. Barrp’s Buiu- Heap. 
Pectorals long, reaching beyond beginning of anal; 
depth 6 to 64 in total length; spinous dorsal very low, 
with a black bar; head 4} in length; eye 4 in head; 
D. VI to VII—16; A.13. Ohio, ete. 

4. P. alvordii, (Grd.) Gill. Similar to the preceding but 
stouter, with the pectorals rather shorter, and the dorsal 
spines higher, 7 or 8 in number; color dark, variegated; 


COTTID Ai.—XCvV. 255 


spinous dorsal with two black spots; D. VII—16; A. 13. 
Rivers, Mich. to Ills. and Minn. 


5. P. wilsoni, (Grd.) Gill. Wu son’s Buiu- Heap. 
Rather larger than the last; spinous dorsal higher; and 
the upper rays of the pectoral fins branched; Pennsyl- 
vania to Indiana, 


3. TAURIDEA, Jordan & Rice. Cow- Facrp 
ScuLpPins. 


1. 7. spilota, (Cope) Jordan & Rice. Ricx’s Scunrin. 
Head and body elongate, depressed; head 33 in length; 
without caudal; body abruptly contracted opposite base 
of anal, forming an extremely slender caudal peduncle; 
head very broad and flat, as broad as long; the profile 
rising rapidly from occiput to dorsal, which runs along a 
sort of keel; eyes close together, entirely superior; pre- 
opercular spine extremely large, hooked backwards, and 
slightly spiral, giving to the physiognomy a wonderful 
resemblance to that of a cow; three spines hooked down- 
wards below the large one, the lower concealed; base 
of opercle with a strong spine directed downwards; head 
smooth; space above lateral line behind head covered 
with small stiff prickles, visible as small black specks 
when the skin is dry; no spines in the axillary region; 
coloration quite unlike that of our other Cottoids; pale 
brown, finely speckled and mottled with darker; belly 
white; D. VIII—17; anal 12; ventrals I,4. Lake Michi- 
gan and tributaries—in deep water. (Cottopsis ricet, 
Nelson; Uranidea spilota, Cope.) This species has 
been thus far referred to as a Cottopsis, but it has little 
affinity with C. asper. Cottopsis has essentially the 
character of Potamocottus, but the skin above is densely 
villous, covered thickly with short velvety projections. 


256 FISHES. 


In Yauridea, the prickles are much less numerous, 
but are longer and stiffer. The coloration and form of 
the body are essentially the same in Cottopsis and Pota- 
mocottus, in Tauridea, quite different. Perhaps these 
three genera should all rather be considered as sub- 
generic sections of Uranidea. 


3. TRIGLOPSIS, Girard. axe Scurrrns. 
= Ptyonotus, Ginther. 

1. T. thompsoni, Grd. DEEP Water Lax Scurry. 
Body elongate; depth 7 in total length; head 34; eyes 
very large, 4 in head; D. VI—18; A.15. Great Lakes 
(L. Ontario, L. Michigan) in deep water; till lately 
known only from remains found in the stomachs of Lake 
Trout and Ling.1 


FAMILY XCVI.—GOBIIDZ. 
(The Gobdies.) 

Body elongated, low, naked or scaly; dorsals two, 
sometimes united, the spines flexible and less developed 
than the soft rays; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals 
1, 5 (rarely 1, 4), sometimes united, forming a disk; gill 
openings narrow; teeth generally small; a prominent 
papilla near the vent, as in the Blennies; air bladder 
usually wanting; no pyloric appendages. Genera thirty; 
species three hundred and twenty-five. Of the seas of 
temperate and tropical regions, found on the bottoms 
near the shore. A few species inhabit both salt and 
fresh water. 

* Body naked; ventrals united. ‘ < : Gozrosoma, 1. 


i Norz.—- The number of species of fresh water Cottoids as here 

given is much too great, as not more than seven of them are 
certainly distinguishable. The current genera might with little 
violence be all reunited to Cottus. 


GADID 4.— xcovii. 257 


1. GOBIOSOMA, Girard. Naxrp Gosizs. 


1. G. molesta, Grd. Dusky brown; head 3$ in 
length; D. VII—12; A.12. Coast of Texas, entering 
rivers. A single specimen in the Museum of Comp. 
Zodlogy from the Ohio R., near Louisville (Putnam.) 


SUB-ORDER.—-ANACANTHINI. 
(The Jugular Fishes.) 


FAMILY XCVII.—GADIDA. 
(The Cod Fishes.) 

Body elongated, covered with small smooth scales; 
dorsal fins 1, 2 or 3, occupying most of the back; rays 
of posterior part well developed; vertical fins never 
entirely united:(as in some related families); ventrals 
jugular, usually several-rayed; gill openings wide; air 
bladder usually present; no pseudobranchie; pyloric 
coeca usually in large numbers (30 or more in Lota). 
Genera about twenty-five; species about seventy. An 
important family, found chiefly in the northern seas; a 
single genus inhabiting the lakes and larger streams of 
the northern parts of Europe and America. 

* Chin with a barbel; dorsals 2; anal single; teeth villiform. 
Lora, 1. 
1. LOTA, Cuvier. Linas. 


1, L. maculosa, (LeS.) Cuv. Line. Burzor. Laks 
Lawyer. Ext-Pour. Laks Cusx. Dark olive, thickly 


_ marbled with blackish; yellowish or dusky beneath; head 


broad, depressed; body sub-cylindrical in front, com- 

pressed behind; upper jaw (usually) longest; D. 13—76; 

A. 68; V.7; length 14 to 24 feet. Great Lakes and 

streams of New England, north to the Arctic Circle, 
17 


958 FISHES. 


abundant; rather rare in the Miss. Valley. A curious fish, 
rarely used for food, although the livers are said to be 
delicious. [Z. maculosa, (Les.) Cuv. L. compressa, 
(Les.) and Z. brosmiana, Storer. L. inornata, DeK., 
ete.] The common European species (L. vulgaris, 
Cuv.) seems to be the same, but the American name, 
maculosa, is the older. 


SUB-ORDER.—HEMIBRANCHL. 
(The Half-Gilled Fishes.) 


FAMILY XCVIII.—GASTEROSTEIDA. 
(The Sticklebacks.) 

Small fishes with the body elongated and compressed; 
caudal peduncle very slender; mouth large, with the cleft 
oblique; villiform teeth on jaws and pharyngeals; bran- 
chiostegals three; opercles unarmed; sub-orbital bone 
articulated with the preopercle (as in Cottidw, with 
which these fishes were formerly associated); skin naked 
or with bony plates; dorsal preceded by two or more 
isolated spines; ventrals abdominal, of a stout spine, 
accompanied by a rudimentary ray; air bladder simple; 
a few pyloric cceca. Genera about five; species twenty- 
five or less, in fresh waters and arms of the sea in north- 
ern Europe and America. 

* Dorsal with 2 to 6 free spines. 

+ Sides mailed; aserrated bony ventral cuirass and usually a, 

bony caudal keel; dorsal spines not in a right line. 
GASTEROSTEUS, 1. 
tt Sides naked; no caudal keel; ventral cuirass reduced, not 

serrated. 

t+ Dorsal spines not in a right line when erected, the anterior 
ones highest; ventral plates 2—not on median line; 
caudal peduncle very slender. .  . APELTES, 2. 


GASTEROSTEID 4.—XCVII. 259 


tt Dorsal spines in the same line, the lowest in front; ventral 
plate single, on the middle line of abdomen; caudal 


peduncle stouter. 3 . - Eveatia, 3. 
** Dorsal spines 7 or more; sides wailed or not; dorsal spines 
not in a right line. i : . F 3 PyeostEvs, 4. 


1. GASTEROSTEUS, Linneus. Mai.ep StTiIcKLEBACKS. 


1. G. noveboracensis, C.& V. New York SrTIcKie- 
Back. Maine to Cape Hatteras, coastwise; sometimes 
ascending streams. 


2. APELTES, DeKay. Naxep SrickLEBacks. 
< Gasterosteus, L. 


1. A. quadracus, (Mitch.) Brevoort. Four-Sprvep 
SrickLEBack. Abundant, with the preceding. 


2. EUCALIA, Jordan. Nesr-Buripine STICKLEBACKS. 


1. E. ineonstans, (Kirtland) Jordan. Broox SrickiE- 
BACK. Ouro StickLtEBack. Head about 34 in length; 
depth nearly 4; spines rather low; ventral spine about 
equal to eye; color olivaceous, marbled with darker; 
males in spring jet black, finely punctate; D. III to 
V—I, 10; A.J, 10; length 24 inches. Ohio to Minne- 
sota and Kansas, chiefly northward; abundant in sluggish 
streams; an interesting species, remarkable for its pug- 
nacity and for its nest-building habits. 

Var. pygmoa, (Agassiz) Jordan. Lax SuPErior 
Srickiesack. Depth 32 in length; head 33; caudal 
peduncle short and stout; body shorter and deeper than 
in the preceding; vent much nearer tip of caudal than 
snout; color similar; D. III or IV—I, 6; A.I,6. L. 
Superior. 

“Var. cayuga, Jordan. Cayuga Lake STICKLEBACK. 
Head 34 in length; depth 44; spines all high; caudal 


260 FISHES. 


peduncle slender; vent much nearer snout than tip of 
caudal; D. IV—I, 10; A. I, 10. Cayuga L., N.Y, 
dredged in deep water (Wilder). Probably this and the 
preceding are varieties of the variable H. inconstans. 
Length 13 inches. 


4. PYGOSTEUS, Brevoort. Many-Sprnep STICKLEBACK. 


1. P. occidentalis, (C. & V.) Brevoort. Trn-Sprnep 
SrickitEBack. Coastwise, abundant; sometimes ascend- 
ing streams. 


Var. nebulosus, (Ag.) Jordan. Many-Srinep Laxr 
SrickLEpack. Head 34 in length; ventral spine long; 
caudal keeled; sides not mailed; silvery, much clouded 
with olive; D. IX—10; A. I, 8. Great Lakes (not 
distinct from preceding except in its fresh-water habits.) 


2. P. mainensis, (Storer) Brev. Marne SricKLEBACK. 
Sides with a serrated plate; body banded; D. VII—I, 9; 
A. 1,8. Kennebec R., Maine. 


SUB-ORDER.—PERCESOCES. 


(The Silversides.) 


FAMILY XCIX.—ATHERINIDA. 
(The Stlwersitdes.) 

Body elongated, more or less compressed, covered 
with rather small cycloid scales; sides with a bright 
distinct silvery band in all known species; dorsal spines 
flexible and feeble; teeth small, numerous. Small, car- 
nivorous fishes of warm regions, usually swimming in 
schools near the shore; a few species in permanently 
fresh water. Genera about five; species forty-five. 


OYPRINODONTID.#.—C. 261 


Besides the following strictly inland species, the common 
Dotted Silverside [Chirostoma notatum (Mitch.) Gill] 
ascends rivers from the sea. 

* Mouth very oblique; the upper jaw plane above, concave within; 
the lower jaw correspondingly convex, the protractile inter. 
maxillaries forming a peculiar roof-like beak. 

LaBipestaes, 1. 


1. LABIDESTHES, Cope. River SILvERSIDES. 


1. L. sieculus, Cope. Sitver Sxip-Jack. River 
SitversipE. Depth 6 in length; head 44; eye 3} in 
head; anal long, nearly one-third of length of body; 
scales small; pale olive, translucent, dotted with black, 
the silver lateral band very distinct; D.ITV—11; A. I, 23; 
lat. 1.75; length 3 to4 inches. Western streams and 
ponds, Mich. to Ills. and Tenn.; abundant where found, 
but not noticed till comparatively lately. A very slender 
and elegant species of delicate organism. The peculiar 
“duck-like muzzle” is said to resemble that of some 
Cyprinodonts, especially the Central American Belone- 
sow. 


SUB-ORDER.—HAPLOMLI. 
(The Toothed Minnows.) 


FAMILY C.—CYPRINODONTID. 
(The Cyprinodonts.) 

Head and body scaly; no barbels; margin of upper 
jaw formed by intermaxillaries only; teeth in both jaws 
and on pharyngeals well developed; dorsal fin far back; 
caudal usually rounded; no adipose fin; lateral line rudi- 
mentary; air bladder simple; no pyloric cceca; head 
more or less flattened above, the lower jaw usually 
longer; sexes commonly unlike, the female larger; anal 


262 FISHES. 


of male often modified into a sword-shaped intromittent 
organ; chiefly viviparous. 

Small fishes of fresh or brackish waters in both con- 
tinents; most abundant in warm regions. Genera twenty- 
five; species one hundred and twenty. A recently dis- 
covered Cyprinodont (Protistius, Cope) from 8. A. is 
said to have a rudimentary spinous dorsal fin, indicating a 
close relationship between this family and the Percesoces. 

Our numerous species are not well known, and the 
current genera are but indifferently characterized. One 
species (Girardinus formosus) from §. C. and Florida is 
said to be the smallest known vertebrate. The species 
here mentioned are carnivorous surface swimmers; many 
southern species feed on mud and slime. 


* Intestinal canal short, but little convoluted; bones of each 
mandibilary firmly united; carnivorous species; anal fin not 
modified into an intromittent organ; ventrals present. 


+ Teeth in asingle series, incisor-like, notched; dorsal nearly 
over ventrals; body stout and deep. CyPRinopon, 1. 


tt Teeth all pointed, in bands. 
a. Dorsal fin beginning in advance of anal. 
bv. Branchiostegals6. . . . «. #MHyYpRARGYRA, 2. 
bb. Branchiostegals 5. i ‘ ‘ , Fonpvuwts, 3. 


aa. Dorsal beginning directly opposite anal; both fins large; 
branchiostegals 4; coloration peculiar. Kenisma, 4. 


aaa. Dorsal beginning behind origin of anal; branchiostegals 
5B... ewe) ZYGONECTES, 5. 


1. CYPRINODON, Lacepede. Mummicuoges. 
1. €. variegatus, Lac. The common coastwise species, 
entering streams. 


2. HYDRARGYRA, Lacepede. May Fisuxs. 


1. H. majalis, (Bloch & Schn.) C.& V. The common 
eoastwise species—largest of our Cyprinodontide. 


CYPRINODONTID2.—C. 268 


3. FUNDULUS, Lacepede. Kiiurisuus. 


1. F. diaphanus, (Les.) Ag. Barren Kuiirisu. 
Spring Mummicuoe. Sides silvery olive, with twelve 
to fifteen distinct, narrow, blackish, vertical bars; head 
rather narrow; D. 13; A. 13; lat. 1. 42. Coastwise, 
abundant, but ascending streams to their sources, hence 
found in clear springs as far inland as Mich. (Cope), 
Wisconsin (Copeland), Illinois, Colorado (Yarrow), 
etc. [2. multifasciatus, (Les.) Val.] 

2. F. menona, Jordan & Copeland. Similar but larger, 
and the vertical bars bluish white on a darker ground. 
D. 12; A.10; lat. 1.48. Rock River, Wis. | 

3. F. heteroclitus, (L.) Gthr. A common species of 
the coast, ascending streams; D. 11; A. 11; lat. 1. 35. 

4. F. nigrofasciatus, (LeS.) C. & V. D.10; A.9; lat. 
1. 33; males with numerous silvery cross bars; females 
with black ones. With the preceding. 


4. XENISMA, Jordan. Stup Fisuzs. 

1. X. eatenata, (Storer) Jordan. Srup Fisa. May 
Fiso. Pale steel blue, sides with series of bright bronze 
spots, forming very distinct longitudinal streaks; head with 
bright green stripes; 9 dull; throatand bars on dorsal and 
anal bright orange; D.14; A.15; lat.1.47; length 6 
inches. Tenn. R.; one of the handsomest of the family. 
(X. steliifera, Jor., from Alabama River, with the spots 
not in rows, is a still more brilliantly colored species.) 


5. ZYGONECTES, Agassiz. Tor Mrinnows. 


< Haplochilus, Giinther. 
* Body elongate, rather slender. (Zygonectes.) 


264. FISHES. 


1. Z. notatus, (Raf.) Jor. Buack-Stped Kivurmisa. 
Tor Minnow. Depth 44in length; head4; head broad, 
depressed; clear pale olive with a few dots above; a 
wide purplish-black band along sides from snout through 
eye to caudal, its margin usually serrated; D. 9; A. 11; 
lat. 1. 34; length 24 inches. Miss. Valley; abundant 
(Z. pulchellus and tenellus, Grd., #’. aureus, Cope, Z. 
olivaceus, Ag., etc.) 

** Body short, deep, much compressed. (Mierdstius, Gill.) 

2. Z. nottii, Agassiz. Srrirep Top Minnow. A 
broad band and several dotted lines along sides; the 
darker continuous bands alternating with fainter inter- 
rupted ones; males transversely banded; silvery below. 
Mississippi Valley and Southern streams. 

3. Z. melanops, (Cope) Jordan. Yellowish brown; 
belly golden; a black spot below eye; fins dotted; D. 6; 
A. 8; lat. 1. 31. Neuse R. to Illinois. 

4. Z. dispar, Ag. Srzipep Minnow. Depth 43 in 
length; head 33; the width of interorbital space ¢ length 
of head; the width between the eyes above nearly twice 
as great as below; snout broadly rounded; fins small; 
D. 7; A. 9; lat. 1. 34; color bluish, each scale with a 
bronze spot forming very regular longitudinal lines, 
which are very distinct; males with dark cross bars; 
very small; L. 14. Rivers and lakes of Indiana and 
Illinois, a singular and handsome species, 


FAMILY CI—UMBRID 2. 
(The Mud Minnows.) 

Small fishes like the Cyprinodonts in most respects, 
but with the mouth different; margin of upper jaw 
formed by the intermaxillaries mesially and by the max- 
illaries laterally; head and body scaly; no lateral line; 


UMBRID.—CI. 265 


scales moderate, cycloid; lower jaw longest; dorsal far 
back; caudal fin rounded; gill openings wide; teeth 
villiform, on jaws, vomer and palatines. Genus one (or 
two); (Melanura has never been properly distinguished 
from Umbra); species two, Umbra crameri of Austria 
and the following. Both are found in sluggish brooks 
in mud or among weeds. “A locality which, with the 
water perfectly clear, will appear destitute of fish, will 
perhaps yield a number of mud fish on stirring up the 
mud at the bottom and drawing a seine through it. 
Ditches in the prairies of Wisconsin, or mere bog-holes, 
apparently affording lodgment to nothing beyond tad- 
poles, may thus be found filled with Melanuras.” 
(Baird.) 


1. MELANURA, Agassiz. Mop Mrinnows. 
< Umbra, Giinther. 


1. M. limi, (Kirtland) Agassiz. Mup Minnow. Mup 
Dace. Doe Fisu. Depth about 4 in length; head 33; 
head rather large, flattish above; greenish or dark olive; 
sides with narrow pale bars, often obscure; a distinct 
black bar at base of caudal; D. 14; A. 9; V. 6; lat. L. 
35; length 2 to 4 inches. Lake Champlain to Minne- 
sota, chiefly northward and westward; most abundant in 
Wisconsin; rare in Ohio Valley; usually associated with 
Hucalia inconstans. 


2. M. pygm@a, (DeK.) Baird. Eastern Mup Min- 
wow. Dark brown with whitish longitudinal streaks and 
no trace of cross bars; body less compressed than in M. 
limi; head broader, less depressed, with larger eye; 
snout shorter; profile more gibbous; D. 13; A. 7; lat. 1. 
85. New York to S. C., only in Atlantic streams. 


12 


266 FISHES. 


FAMILY CII.—ESOCIDA. 
(The Pikes.) 

Body elongated, sub-cylindrical, with rather small 
scales; margin of upper jaw formed by intermaxillaries 
mesially and by the maxillaries laterally; mouth very 
large; jaws elongate, depressed; teeth strong, hooked, 
unequal, on intermaxillaries, vomer and palatines; dorsal 
short, opposite anal; gill openings wide; air bladder 
present. Voracious fishes of the fresh waters of north- 
ern regions, two or three of the species reaching a large 
size. With a single exception (2. lucius, L. the Pike 
of Europe and Asia) all the species belong to the U. 8. 

Genus one; species six or seven; the following seem 
to be well characterized; many others have beén de- 
scribed and some of them may be good, but that has yet 
to be proven. 


1. ESOX, Linneus. Press. 

* Lower half of cheeks as well as opercles bare; branchiostegals 
17% to 19; species of very large size, dark-spotted on a lighter 
ground. (Muskallunges.) 

1. E. nobilior, Thompson. MuskaLtuner. GRrxaT 
Prxz. Cheeks as well as opercles half bare; grayish 
with round black spots; a magnificent fish, reaching a 
length of 6 feet; B. 18; D. 3,17; A. 3, 15; lat. 1. 155. 
Great Lakes, etc. (Z. estor of some authors.) 

** Lower half of cheeks scaly; of opercles bare; branchiostegals 
15 or 16; species of large size, whitespotted on a darker 
ground. (Pikes.) 

2. E. lucius, L. Grear Lake Pree. Norruern 
PicxerEL. Cheeks entirely scaly; depth 7 in length; 
head 33; olive gray; sides with round yellowish spots as 
large as peas; each scale with a shining V-shaped mark 
opening downwards; B. 15; D. 20; A. 17; lat. 1, 122 


ESOCID4.—CII. 267 


Great Lakes and headwaters of the Mississippi. A fine 

species reaching a length of 3 to 4 feet. (ZH. estor, 

lucioides, boreus, etc., of authors.) 

*** Cheeks and opercles scaly; branchiostegals 12 to 15; species 
of moderate or small size, reticulated or barred with dark 
green on a lighter ground—sometimes plain. (Pickerels.) 


+ Branchiostegals 14 to 16; snout prolonged; front of eye nearly 
midway in head. 

3. E. reticulatus, LeSueur. Common Eastern Pick- 
EREL. GREEN Pike. Head 34 in length; the snout 
much prolonged; front of eye about midway in head; 
eye more than three times in snout; green, sides with 
a network of brown streaks; B.14to 16; D. 16 to 18; 
A. 15 to 17; lat. 1.120 to 130. Streams of Atlantic 
States abundant, but not found far in the interior; 
smaller, than the preceding, but much larger than the 
next. 
tt Branchiostegals normally 12; front of eye nearer tip of snout. 


4, E. eypho, Cope. Hump-Back PICKEREL. Resembles 
£. salmoneus, but may probably always be known by 
the elevated back and broad swollen ante-dorsal region. 
Colors usually plain or somewhat reticulate. Western 
States. 


5. E. americanus, Gmelin. BanpEep PIcKEREL. 
Trout PickEREL. Head 33 in length, the snout much 
shorter than in the preceding; eye much nearer snout 
than opercular margin, its diameter less than 3 in snout; 
dark green; sides with about twenty distinct blackish 
curved bars, scarcely reticulated; B.12; D.13; A. 13; 
lat. 1.100; length scarcely a foot. Atlantic streams, with , 
the preceding. (HH. niger, scomberius, fasciatus and 
ornatus of authors.) (Represented S. of Va. by Z. ra- 
venelti, Holbr.) 


268 FISHES. 


6. E, salmoneus, Raf. Larrie Pickeren. Western 
Trovr Pickrren. Size and general form of preceding 
or slenderer; olivaceous green above; white below; sides 
with many reticulations and curved streaks, instead of 
bars; a black streak in front of eye as well as below; 
B.12; D. 13; A.14; lat. 1.112. Western streams, abund- 
ant in the Ohio Valley. (Z. wmbrosus, Kirtland.) 
Resembles reticudatus more than americanus. 


FAMILY CIII.—AMBLYOPSIDA. 
(The Cave Fishes.) 


Fishes with the ventral fins rudimentary or wanting; 
the vent jugular, in front of the pectorals, and the eyes 
sometimes rudimentary and concealed under the skin; 
margins of upper jaw formed by intermaxillaries alone; 
head naked; body with small, cycloid scales, irregularly 
arranged; no lateral line; villiform teeth on jaws and 
palate; dorsal far back, opposite anal; stomach crecal, 
with pyloric appendages; some (and probably all) vivi- 
parous. 

Fishes of small size living in subterranean streams and 
ditches of the central and southern U. 8. Three genera 
and four species are “all of the family yet known, but 
that others will be discovered and the range of the 
present known species extended is very probable. The 
ditches and small streams of the lowlands of our South- 
ern Coast will undoubtedly be found to be the home of 
numerous individuals, and perhaps of new species and 
genera, while the subterranean streams of the central 
portion of our country most likely contain other species.” 
(Putnam.) 

* Eyes rudimentary, concealed under the skin; body colorless. 


Ventrals present, small. . . .  AMBLyopsis, 1. 
Ventrals entirely wanting. . . TyPHLicuTuys, 2. 


AMBLYOPSID.—CIII. “269 


** Eyes well developed; body colored; no ventrals. 
CHOLOGASTER, 3. 


1. AMBLYOPSIS, DeKay. Larerr Brinn Fisu. 


1. A. speleus, DeKay. Buinp Fisn or tor Mam- 
motu Cave. Head 3 in length; D. and A. equal, well 
developed; head and body with papillary ridges; scales 
small; colorless; D. 10; A. 9; V.4; P.11; length 2 to 
5 inches. Subterranean streams of Ky. and Ind., Mam- 
moth Cave, Wyandat Cave, etc, 


2. TYPHLICHTHYS, Girard. Smati Burnp Fisu. 


1. 7. subterraneus, Grd. General character of Am- 
blyopsis, but the head rather blunter and broader for- 
wards; D.7 or 8; A. 7 or 8; P. 12; length 2 inches or 
less, Subterranean streams in Ky,, Tenn., Ala, 


8. CHOLOGASTER, Agassiz. Ditcu Fisuus 


1. @. cornutus, Ag. Head 3 inlength; eye moderate, 
well developed; snout with two horn-like projections; 
yellowish brown, dark above; sides with three dark lines, 
becoming dots on the tail; middle rays of C. dark, fins 
otherwise uncolored; D.8 or 9; A.8 or 9; P. 12; length 
2 to 24 inches. Ditches in a rice field, Waccamaw, S.C. 
Three specimens known. 


2. €. agassizii, Putnam. Head 4 in length; eyes 
larger; uniform light brown, otherwise as above; length 
1 to 2 inches. Subterranean streams in Tenn. and Ky. 


270 FISHES. 


SUB-ORDER.—ISOSPONDYLL 
(The Trout-like Fishes.) 


FAMILY CIV.—PERCOPSIDA. 
(The Trout Perches.) 


Body covered with moderate-sized ctenoid scales; head 
naked; no barbels; opercles well developed; gill open- 
ings wide; an adipose fin; jaws with villiform teeth; no 
teeth on vomer or palate; margin of upper jaw formed 
by intermaxillaries alone; branchiostegals six. A single 
genus and one or two species inhabiting the fresh waters 
of the northern U.S. Interesting little fishes, with the 
general characters of Salmonide, but having the mouth 
and scales decidedly Perch-like. 


1. PERCOPSIS, Agassiz. Trout PERcHES. 

1. P. guttatus, Ag. Depth 4} in length; head 33; 
silvery, almost pellucid; upper parts with rounded dark 
spots made up of minute dots; D. 11; A. 7; L. 10; 
Great Lakes; Ohio R. (Jordan); Potomac R. (Baird); 
Delaware R. (Addot#.) 


FAMILY CV.—SALMONIDA. 
(The Trout.) 

Head naked, body scaly, no barbels; margin of upper 
jaw formed by intermaxillaries mesially and by maxil- 
laries laterally; adipose fin present; belly rounded; air 
bladder large, simple; pseudobranchiz present; pyloric 
appendages usually numerous; eggs falling into the 
cavity of the abdomen before exclusion. Fresh waters 
of northern regions, many species periodically descend- 
ing to the sea; a few permanently marine. 

Genera sixteen; species one hundred and sixty. The 


SALMONID&.—CV. 271 


variations due to age, sex and food are very great, and 
have led to the establishment of a great number of nomi- 
nal species in all the leading genera, particularly in 
Salmo. 


* Jaws with evident teeth. 
+ Dorsal moderate, of less than 20 rays; teeth strong, on jaws, 
vomer and tongue. 


$ Scales small, often imbedded in the skin; lat. 1. 100 or 


more. . . ‘ ‘i ‘é z ‘ F Samo, 1. 
t+ Scales moderate, deciduous, not imbedded; lat. 1. 60 to 70. 
OsMERUS, 2. 


tt Dorsal very high of 20 or more rays; teeth small. 
THYMALLUS, 3. 
** Teeth wanting or reduced to slight roughnesses; scales rather 
large, loose. . . ’ ‘i 5 ~ .  Corzconus, 4. 


1. SALMO, Linnzus. Satmons. 
(ce For Revision of this group see Addenda, page 355. 


* Anadromous species, running up from the sea into fresh water 
to spawn; the young remaining there for a time, then return- 
ing to the sea where they remain except during the season 
of reproduction; upper jaw in males moderately if at all 
hooked. (Salmo.) 


1. S. salar, L. Great Sea Satmon. No red spots; 
young (known as Parr, or Smoit) with dusky cross bars; 
males in the spawning season with the lower jaw strongly 
recurved and hooked; body covered with black and red 
patches; others silvery, with small black dots; eleven or 
twelve scales in a transverse series from behind the adi- 
pose fin obliquely forward to the lateral line; D. 14; A. 
11; lat. 1.120. Northern Europe and America, S. to 
Cape Cod. 


2. §. guinnat, Rich. Cotumspra River Satmon, known 


272 FISHES. 


by the large number of anal rays (16), has been lately 

introduced into Eastern streams. 

** Species not anadromous, living entirely in fresh water or only 
occasionally passing down to the sea. (Trout.) 

{ In flowing fresh water, retiring to deeper places in winter ; 

red-spotted. 

3. S. fontinalis, Mitchill. Brook Trout. Sprcxiep 
Trout. Mouth wide; teeth moderate; body olivaceous, 
variegated with blackish, with numerous red spots; 
lower fins usually orange with black and white marginal 
bands; dorsal with black spots; colors variable; young 
barred; D. 12; A. 12; lat. 1. 200. A well known and 
beautiful fish, in clear brooks from the French Broad R. 
to the Arctic regions. 

tt In deep rivers or lakes, ascending shallow streams to spawn. 

a. Red-spotted. 

4. §. oquassa, Grd. Biuz-Backx Trout. Oguassa. 
Slender, “the most graceful of all the trouts;” blue or 
bluish above; sides and below silvery in female, orange 
in male; sides spotted with orange in both sexes; upper 
fins bluish, bordered with orange; lower fins fiery orange, 
margined with white. Oquassa L. and other lakes in 
Maine. 

aa. Black-spotted. 


5. §. sebago, Grd. Smpaco Laxe Trour. Union 
River Trout. Every where black-spotted; scales quite 
large; D. 14; A. 10; V.10; lat. 1.115. Sebago L., 
Union R., and other waters in Maine. (8. gloveri, Grd.) 

ttt Trout living in deep fresh water lakes, coming to the shores 

to spawn in shallow water; never entering running brooks 
or passing to the sea. 

6. §. namaycush, Bloch. Macxinaw Trout. GREAT 
Laxz Trout. Stout; head very large, 33 in length; 


SALMONID.A.—CY. 278 


bones of head strong; posterior point of juncture of 
opercle and sub-opercle much nearer the upper end of 
the gill opening than to the lower anterior angle of the 
sub-opercle; teeth strong; fins large, the caudal deeply 
forked; color grayish, more or less spotted, varying much 
with circumstances; D. 13 to 14; A. 12; V. 9; lat. 1. 
220; length 2 to 6 feet. All the Great Lakes, north to 
the Arctic Sea; a fish of much firmer flesh than the next. 
(S. amethystus, Mitch.) 


v7. §. siscowet, Agassiz. Siscowxzr. L. Superior 
Trout. Stout; head smaller, 44 in length; posterior 
point of junction of opercle and sub-opercle nearer to 
the lower anterior angle of sub-opercle than to the upper 
end of gill opening; fins and teeth well developed but 
weaker than in 8. namaycush; ventrals farther back; 
caudal less forked; flesh fat and not firm; grayish, with 
round white spots and markings; D.12 to 14; A. 12; 
lat. 1. 200. L. Superior, L. Huron. 


8. §. confinis, DeK. Lax Trout or New York. 
Blackish, with gray spots; body unusually short and 
thick. Lakes of Central and Western N. Y.; a doubtful 
species. 

9. S. symmetrica, Prescott. WINNIPISEOGEE TROUT, 
Grayish and brown above, marbled with darker; white 
below; body unusually slender and symmetrical. Lake 
Winnipiseogee; also a doubtful species. 


2. OSMERUS, Linneus. SmeE.rts. 


1. 0. mordax, (Mitch.) Gill. Common Smetr. Head 
4 in length; eye 4 to 44 in head; teeth stout, especially 
large on the tongue; transparent greenish, a silvery band 
along sides; scales very loose; D. 11; A. 15; lat. 1. 66. 


18] 


274 FISHES. 


Coast, Nova Scotia to Virginia; also “Jand-locked” in 
fresh water ponds in Maine, etc. (0. viridescens, Mitch ,) 

Var. spectrum, (Cope) Jordan. Lanp-Lockep Smenr 
Head 44 in length; eye large, 3 in head; depth 84 in 
length. Wilton Pond, Maine. 

Var. abbottii, (Cope) Jordan. Axssorr’s Smtr. Head 
42 in length; eye 44 in head; depth 7 in length; colors 
dark; lat. 1. 68. Cobessicontic L., Maine. 


3. THYMALLUS, Cuvier. Gray tnas. 


1. T. tricolor, Cope. Micuiaan Gravina. Depth 
4% in length; head about the same; purplish gray, silvery 
below; dorsal with rosy markings and rows of green or 
blue spots; D. 27; A. 13; lat. 1. 97. Waters of the 
north parc of the S. peninsula of Michigan; a beautiful 
fish. 


4. COREGONUS, Linneus. Waite Fisuus. 


§ Lower jaw longest; Ciscoes. (Argyrosomus, Agassiz.) 
* Body sub-fusiform; depth 4 to 5 in length. 


1. C. artedi, LeS. Lake Herring. Micnican 
Herring. Head 43 in length (44 to 54); depth 4 (32 to 
43); eye 4 in head; maxillary 3} to 32; mandible 24; 
scales rather large and loose; bluish above, silvery on 
sides and below; D. 12; A. 13; lat. 1. 76; length 12 
to 18 inches, Great Lakes, etc., very abundant; a 
shallow water species. (Coregonus albus, clupeiformis, 
lucidus, harengus, etc., of authors.) 

Var. sisco, Jordan. Cisco or Laker TIPPECANOE. 
Head 44; depth 44; eye 33 in head; maxillary 34; man- 
dible 24; longest dorsal ray three times length of shortest; 
steel blue above, sides silvery but without the clear luster 
of C. hoyt, finely punctate; D. 11; A. 13; lat. 1. 84. 
Lakes of Indiana and Wisconsin, living in deep water 


SALMONID&.—CV. 275 


except at the spawning season; very close to the preced- 
ing, of which it is probably a variety, but the habits are 
more like those of the next. 


2. €. nigripinnis, (Gill) Jor. Buack Fin. Head 4} in 
length; depth the same; eye 4in head; body compressed; 
fins blackish, darker than in the others; D. 12; A. 12; 
lat. 1.80; length 16 to 18 inches; a much larger fish 
than the preceding. Lake Michigan, in deep water. 


** Body elevated; depth about 3 in length. 


3. €. tullibee, Rich. Tuxirpez. Head 4} in length; 
D. 15; A. 15; lat. 1.77. L. Superior and N. 

§ Upper jaw projecting beyond the lower; “White Fish.” (Core- 
gonus.) 

4. €. hoyi, (Gill) Jor. Cisco or Laxe Micatean. 
Head 4 in length; depth 44; eye large, 32 in head; max. 
illary 22; mandible 2; longest ray of dorsal four times the 
length of the shortest; upper jaw somewhat projecting, 
the mouth appearing much as in Coregonus; bluish 
above, sides lustrous silvery, more brilliant than in any 
other species; D.11; A. 12; lat. 1.74; length 8 inches. 
Smallest and handsomest of the Ciscoes, in the deep 
waters of the Upper Lakes. 


_ 5. &. elupeiformis, (Mitch.) Lake Waits Fisn. Depth 
34 in length; head small, 54; eye 4 in head, about as 
long as snout; form varying much with age, sex and 
food; the back generally elevated, and the sides com- 
pressed; pale olive above; sides white; D. 13; A. 13; 
lat. 1. 75 to 86. Great Lakes and bodies of water tribu- 
tary to them, north to the Arctic Sea. (This species 
seems to be Mitchill’s Salmo clupeiformis, and the latter 
specific name will perhaps have to supersede albus.) 
(C. sapidissimus, latior, richardsonii, etc., of authors.) 


276 FISHES. 


Var. otsego, (DeWitt Clinton.) Orsnco Lake Wurre 
Fisu. A form, said to have smaller scales, and dusky 
lateral stripes, and to be peculiarly excellent for food, 
found in Otsego Lake, N.Y. (=C. clupetformis.) 


Var.? novangliw, (Prescott.) .Suap-Warrer. <A 
slender, short- headed form, found in L. Winnipiseogee, 
N.H. (=C. quadrilateralis.) 


Var.? neohantoniensis, (Prescott.) Wuurine. A lit- 
tle known species or variety found also in Lake Winni- 
piseogee. (=C. labradoricus, Rich.) 


6. €. guadrilateralis, Rich. Mznomonzrz Wuite 
Fisa. Body much more slender, its depth 5 in length; 
snout compressed, projecting; maxillary very short and 
small, less than one-fifth the length of head, not reaching 
toeye; D.14; A.13; lat.1.88. Great Lakes and north- 
ward, easily distinguished from the preceding. 


%. €. couesii, Milner. Carer Mountain WHitE 
Fisu. Form/of preceding, but mouth inferior and upper 
jaw produced in a cutaneous appendage; D. III, 12; A. 
IV, 10; lat. 1. 88. Upper Missouri region and perhaps 
occurs in Minnesota. A curious species, more unlike the 
typical Coregonus than the species of Argyrosomus are. 
The genus Argyrosomus is not a good one and should 
be reunited to Coregonus. Several other species of 
Coregonus have been described from within our limits, 
but I do not think them valid. 


FAMILY CVI.—HYODONTID. 
(The Moon Hyes.) 
Body much compressed, covered with large, silvery 
cycloid scales; head naked; margin of upper jaw formed 
by intermaxillaries mesially and, by maxillaries laterally; 


HYODONTID #.—CVI. QTT 


no barbels; no adipose fin; lateral line distinct; abdo- 
men not serrated, compressed; moderate sized teeth on 
jaws, vomer, sphenoid, hyoid, pterygoid and palatine 
bones; tongue with large teeth; head short, deep; eye 
very large; gill openings wide; one pyloric appendage; 
air bladder simple. Three species, inhabiting our West- 
ern Streams and the Great Lakes. 


1. HYODON, LeSueur. Moon Evus. 
* Belly scarcely carinate; dorsal rays 12. (Hyodon.) 

1. H. tergisus, LeSueur. Moon Ey. Sinver Bass. 
ToorHep Herrine. Depth 34 in length; head 43; 
snout rounded, shorter than the large eye, which is 3 in 
head; scales largest on the flanks; pale olivaceous above, 
sides brilliantly silvery; D. 3,12; A. 30; V. 7; lat. 1. 
59; length 1 foot. Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley, 
abundant; one of our most beautiful fresh water fishes; 
variable; it has been described under many names. 


2. H. selenops, Jordan & Bean. Sovuruern Moon 
Eyx. Body elongate, not greatly compressed; depth 4 
in length; belly in front of ventrals transversely rounded 
(very slightly carinated in H. tergisus); head 44 in 
length; eye very large, 24 in head; D.3,12; A. 27. 
Cumberland River and South. 

** Belly strongly carinated both before and behind ventrals; dorsal 
fin, very small, of nine rays; (Hlattonistius, Gill & Jor.) 

3. H. chrysopsis, Rich. GotpEN Moon Evz. Body 
deep, closely compressed; depth 3} in length; head 44; 
eye moderate, 34 in head; pectorals much shorter than 
in the other species, nearly as long as head, about reach- 
ing ventrals; length of longest dorsal ray half greater 
than base of fin (about equal to it in the other species); 
D. 3, 9; A. 31; lat. 1.58. Minnesota and northward. 


278 FISHES. 


FAMILY CVIIL—CLUPEIDA, 
(The Herrings.) 


Body scaly; head naked; abdomen compressed to ar 
edge and sharply serrated; margin of upper jaw formed 
by intermaxillaries mesially and maxillaries laterally; 
maxillaries composed of three pieces which are some- 
times movable; teeth usually minute or wanting; dorsal 
moderate; anal often very long; scales usually large and 
loose; no lateral line; gills well developed; posterior 
part of tongue usually provided on each side with a row 
of conspicuous “gill-rakers;” gill openings wide. 

‘In most seas, many species entering fresh water to 
spawn, a few remaining permanently. As here restricted, 
there are about twelve genera, and one hundred and 
twenty species. Many are highly valued as food fishes. 
The mouth in Dorosoma is so peculiar, that it is prob- 
ably best to regard that genus as forming a distinct 
family (Dorosomatide). 


* Upper jaw not projecting beyond the lower. (CLUPEINZ.) 

+ Teeth wanting, or on tongue only (rarely a few weak teeth in 
jaws) no dorsal filament; scales regularly arranged, not 
ciliated; upper jaw emarginate. 

{ Depth 33 in length; cheeks higher than long; preopercle 
with avery short horizontal process. . . Atosa, 1. 


tt Depth 3% to 32 in length; cheeks longer than high; pre- 
opercle with an oblong horizontal process. 
Pomo.osts, 2. 


** Upper jaw projecting beyond the lover. (DoROSOMINZ.) 


a. Body compressed, deep; last ray of dorsal filamentous; 
mouth toothless, + + 4  «  «  Dorogoma, 3. 


7, ALOSA, Cuvier. Swaps. 


1. A. sapidissima, (Wilson) Storer. Common Suan. 
Head 44 in length; eye 5 in head; bluish, sides silvery; 


CLUPEID &.—CVII. 279 


scales large; D. 18; A. 21; V. 9; lat. 1.68. Newfound- 
land to Florida, entering rivers; also lately introduced 


into Western streams; a valuable food fish. (A. presta- 
bilis, DeK.) 


2. POMOLOBUS, Rafinesque. GasPEREAUS. 


1. P. pseudoharengus, (Wils.) Gill. ALzwirr. Gas- 
PEREAU. Spring Herring. Head 4 in length; eye 4 
in head; bluish, sides iridescent; D.18; A. 18; V, 9. 
Newfoundland to Florida, entering rivers, sometimes 
land-locked in ponds; acommon food fish, (A. tyrannus, 
DeK. A. cyanonoton, Stor., etc., etc.) 

Var. /acustris, Jordan. Cayuca Lake Swap. Head 
4 in length; body much heavier forward than in the 
others; depth of head 4} in length of body; eye large, 
longer than snout, 3 in head; scales large, loose; caudal 
peduncle in its narrowest place not half wider than eye; 
steel blue, punctate; sides silvery; D. 15; A. 19; lat. 1. 
45; 33 scutes in all, 13 behind ventrals. Cayuga L., 
N. Y., dredged in deep water. (Same as preceding.) 


2. P. echrysochloris, Raf. Onto GotpEN Saap. SKIP 
Jack. Head 4 in length; eye 4} in head; body ellipti- 
cal, much compressed; scales large, high, rather firm; 
depth of head 54 in length of body; caudal peduncle 
about twice width of eye; brilliant blue with green and 
golden reflections, silvery below; D.18; A. 18; lat. 1. 55; 
17 scutes behind ventrals. Ohio R. and lower Mississippi; 
a handsome species. Jaws with distinct teeth. 


3. DOROSOMA, Rafinesque. GizzaRp Swaps. 
= Chatoessus, Cuvier. 


1. D. cepediana, (LeS.) Gill. Hickory Swap. 
Gizzarp Swap. Head 4 in length; depth 22; origin of 


280 FISHES. 
dorsal behind ventrals, nearer snout than caudal; uni- 
form bluish gray; often with a dark shoulder blotch; D. 
13; A. 82; lat. 1.55. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras, 
chiefly marine, but often land-locked in ponds, where it 
becomes D. insociabile, Abbott. 


Var. heterura, (Raf.) Jor. Onto Gizzarp Sap. 
THREAD SHap. Head 34 in length; depth 2% to 3in 
length; dorsal about midway, slightly behind ventrals; 
dorsal filament nearly one-fourth length of body; bluish, 
sides bright silvery. Ohio R. and lower Mississippi, 
apparently not descending to the Sea; also escaped into 
the Great Lakes. The difference between the curve of 
the ventral and dorsal outlines is greater in heterura 
than in the Eastern variety. 


SUB-ORDER—EVENTOGNATHI. 
(The Carp-like Fishes.) 
FAMILY CVIII.—CYPRINID. 
(The Minnows.) 

Head naked, body scaly (except in Meda, etc.); mar- 
gin of upper jaw formed by intermaxillaries alone; 
mouth toothless; lips much less developed than in the 
Catostomoids; barbels two to four (absent in most of our 
genera and not large in any); lower pharyngeal bones 
well developed, falciform, nearly parallel with the gill 
arches, each provided with one to three series of teeth 
in small number, rarely more than seven on each side; 
belly usually rounded, rarely compressed, never serrated; 
gill openings moderate, separated by a narrow isthmus; 
no adipose fin; dorsal fin (in all our species) short, with 
less than ten rays; air bladder usually large, commonly 
divided into an antorior and a posterior lobe, rarely 


OYPRINIDZ.—CVIII. 281 


wanting; stomach without appendages, appearing as a 
simple enlargement of the intestines. 

Small fishes of the fresh waters of the Old World and 
of North America. Genera about one hundred and fifty, 
species seven hundred to one thousand; excessively 
abundant where found, both in individuals and in species, 
and from their great uniformity in size, form and color- 
ation, constituting one of the most difficult groups in all 
Natural History in which to distinguish species, Ours 
are mostly of smaller size than those of the Old World, 
several of the larger European types being represented 
in America by Catostomoid forms. Our largest species, 
Semotilus bullaris, rarely attains a weight of three or 
four pounds, and a length of nearly eighteen inches. 
The smaller Hybopses and Hemitremie scarcely reach 
a length of two inches. 

The spring or breeding dress in many genera is 
peculiar. Often the top of the head, and sometimes the 
whole dorsal region also, is covered in the males with 
rows of spinous tubercles, outgrowths from the epider- 
mis, and usually the skin of the muzzle is then swollen and 
charged with pigment. In Semotilus and Ceratichthys 
these tubercles are quite large and cover the front and 
sides of the head; in Pimephales and Hyborhynchus 
they are placed entirely on the front of the obtuse snout; 
in Campostoma the whole dorsal region, and sometimes 
the whole body, is rough with large tubercles; in Luai- 
lus, Cliola, Lythrurus, Telestes, and Minnilus, the 
prickles are quite small and crowded on the upper sur- 
face of the head and neck. 

In some genera, the males in spring are adorned with 
bright tints of red, which give these little fishes a 
temporary brilliancy scarcely surpassed even by Trouts 
or Darters. In Zua«ilus, Lythrurus, Campostoma and 


282 FISHES. 


Semotilus, the red appears chiefly as pigment in the 
membranes of some or all of the fins, the sides of the 
body being usually more or less flushed; in Rhinichthys 
and Gila, the black of a portion of the lateral band 
usually changes to red; in Chrosomus, and Phoxinus, 
the pigment lies mostly in the skin of the belly, and 
in Minnilus it is chiefly about the head and the bases 
of the fins. In Pimephales and Hyborhynchus, black 
pigment is deposited in the skin of the head, and in the 
species of the sub-genus Photogenis, satin - white pig- 
ment occurs in the fins. So far as is known to me, 
species of Hemitremia, Hybognathus, Coliscus, Phena- 
cobius, Hxoglossum, Ericymba and some species of 
other genera show no special variations in the breeding 
season. 


Nore.—Young Cyprinide usually are more slender than adults 
of the same species, and the eye is always much larger; they also 
frequently show a black lateral stripe and caudal spot which the 
adults may not possess. Spots on the fins are generally charac- 
teristic. 

The student will find it necessary from the first to examine very 
carefully the teeth of these fishes, as the genera, as now accepted, 
are largely based on dental characters. The pharyngeal. bones in 
the smaller species can be removed by inserting a pin (or better, a 
small hook) through the gill-opening, under the shoulder-girdle. 
The teeth should be carefully cleaned with a tooth-brush, or better, 
a jet of water, and when dry may be examined by any sort of hand 
magnifying-glass. In most cases a principal row of four or five 
larger teeth will be found, in front of which is a set of one or two 
smaller ones. The two sides are usually but not always sym- 
metrical. Thus, “teeth 2,4—5, 1,” indicate two rows of teeth on 
each side, on the one side, four in the principal row and two in 
the lesser, on the other side five in the main row and one in the 
other. “Teeth 4—4” indicates a single row of four on each 
pharyngeal bone, and so on. 

In most of our genera, these teeth —or the principal ones, are 
“ yaptatorial,” that is, hooked inward at the tips. A “grinding” or 


CYPRINID.4.—CVIII. 283 


“masticatory” surface is an excavated space usually at the base 
of the hook. Sometime when no masticatory surface is present a 
lateral bevel of the edge of the tooth much resembles such a sur- 
face, and should be carefully examined. In young individuals of 
many species the edges of the teeth are more or less crenate or 
serrate. This condition is permanent in the Southwestern genus 
Cyprinella and in Notemigonus. 

* Native species; fins without serrated spines; dorsal fin short, 

of less than 10 rays. 


+ Dentary bones slender, arched and widely separated except at 
their symphysis; lower jaw not three-lobed. 

$ Air-bladder suspended in the abdominal cavity and sur- 

rounded by many convolutions of the long alimentary 

canal, which is six to nine times the length of the body; 

(Campostomatina.) 

Teeth in the principal row 4—4, with oblique grinding 
surface and no hook; mouth inferior; lips sheathed, 
the upper protractile; sexual differences very greai, the 
males covered with large tubercles in spring. 

CampostoMa, 1. 
t{ Air-bladder above the alimentary canal and contiguous to 
the roof of the abdominal cavity. 

b. Rudimentary dorsal ray forming a sort of spine separated 
from first developed ray by a membrane; head short; 
mouth small, inferior; upper jaw protractile; teeth 4— 
4, with grinding surface, not strongly hooked; aliment- 
ary canal elongate, two or three times length of body; 
males with very large tubercles on the snout; (fins 
short; a black spot on front of dorsal about half way 
up; scales in front of dorsal small.) 

c. Lateral line incomplete; body short; head round. 

PIMEPHALES, 2. 


ce. Lateral line complete; body rather elongate. 
‘ HyBorHyNcHts, 3. 


bb. Rudimentary ray at beginning of dorsal, not spine-like, 
firmly attached to the first developed ray. 


d. No barbel at the angle of the mouth. 
e. Teeth 44, cultriform, without hook, and with oblique 


984 FISHES. 


grinding surface; alimentary canal elongate, four 
times the length of body or more; premaxillaries 
projectile; lips attenuate, without sheath; scales 
large. 
f. Lateral line almost wanting; mouth oblique; dor- 
sal in front of ventrals.. . . Coxiscus,.4. 
ff. Lateral line complete; mouth horizontal; dorsal 
over ventral. . . . MHysoanaruus, 5. 
ee. Teeth raptatorial, more or less strongly hooked; ali- 
mentary canal usually short, about as long as body 
(in Notemigonus and Chrosomus somewhat elongate.) 


g. Lateral line complete (rarely obscure or wanting on 
the last five or six scales.) 
h. Teeth in the principal row 4—4. 
z. Teeth with masticatory surface developed. 

j. Dorsal fin beginning above some part of base 
of ventrals; anal basis short, its rays seven 
to nine. 

k. Teeth 4-4; scales normal. § Hupsonrus, 6. 


kk. Teeth 2, 44, 2; scales closely imbricated. 
Luxus, 7. 
ij. Dorsal fin beginning entirely behind ventrals, 
between ventrals and anal; anal elongate, of 
ten to twelve rays; (small, elongate species 
with the mouth oblique, the teeth 2, 4—4, 2, 


and a black svot at base of dorsal fin in front.) 
Lyrarourus, 8. 


7. Teeth without masticatory surface. 

1. Lips thin, normal; opercular and mandibul- 
ary bones without externally visible muc- 
ous chambers. 

m. Dorsal fin beginning entirely behind 


CYPRINID.2&.— CVIIL. 285 


ventrals; body elongate, with the 
mouth oblique, terminal and the head 
more or less pointed; scales large; 
anal basis somewhat elongate, the rays 

‘usually 10- teeth usually 2, 44, 2. 
Minnitvs, 9. 
mm. Dorsal fin beginning over ventrals; body 
rather shorter, but similar as to form, 
form of head, mouth, scales, etc.; anal 
basis rather short; the rays usually 8. 
ErrsEma, 10. 
il. Suborbital, interopercle and base of mandible 
much dilated, cavernous, crossed by muc- 
ous channels, (readily seen under any cir- 
cumstances by looking at the head of the 
fish from below); snout thick; mouth 
small, inferior; teeth 1, 4—4, 0; dorsal 
over ventrals. . . $Ericymaa, 11. 
i. Lips thick, fleshy, the lower enlarged be- 
hind; mouth small, inferior; teeth 44; 
dorsal fin beginning anterior to ventrals; 
elongate species,resembling young Suckers. 
PHENACOBIUS, 12. 
hh. Teeth in the principal row 5—5 or 4—5; dorsal 

entirely behind ventrals. 

n. Anal basis not elongate, of nine or fewer rays; 
teeth entirely without masticatory surface, 
two-rowed. 

o. Mouth normally large and oblique; scales 
small; (a very large group embracing a very 
wide variety of forms; the typical Western 
species are very large, with somewhat the 
aspect of Hsox, with large mouth, depressed 
head, arched back and very slender caudal 
peduncle; the Eastern species are small, but 
typically have very large oblique mouths 
and brilliant coloration in the spring; no 
black spot at the base of the dorsal in front.) 

TELESTES, 13. 


286 FISHES. 


(00. Semotilus corporalés with a black spot at the 
base of the dorsal in front, and 8. bullaris a 
large species with large scales, have the bar- 
bel so minute as to be easily overlooked; 
they may therefore be looked for here.) 

SEMoTILUs, 18. 
(000. Phoxinus margaritus, with small scales, a 
small, horizontal mouth, and short, rounded 
head, has the lateral line so nearly com- 

plete that it may be looked for here.) 
Puoxinvs, 16. 
nn. Anal basis elongate, of 12 to 15 rays; teeth 
5—5, with grinding surface and the edges cre- 
nate-serrate; belly sub-carinate; body deep, 
much compressed, with small head, small, 
oblique mouth, and the lateral line greatly 

decurved; alimentary canal elongate. 
Notemiconus, 14. 
gg. Lateral line incomplete or wanting. 


p. Dorsal behind ventrals; scales very small; mouth 


oblique. 
q. Teeth 4—5 or 5—5, with grinding surface; ali- 
mentary canal elongate. Curosomus, 15. 


qq. Teeth 1 or 2, 5—4, 1 or 2, without grinding sur- 

face; alimentary canal short; body short and 

thick. . x . 4 .  PxHoxrus, 16. 

pp. Dorsal over ventrals; scales large; teeth 4—5, 

(rarely 4—4) with grinding surface; alimentary 

canal short. . F .  Henrrremia, 17. 

dd. Maxillary provided with a small—otten very minute 
—barbel; alimentary canal short; teeth hooked. 


7. Premaxillaries projectile, the skin of the lip separ- 
ated by a groove from that of the forehead. 


s. Teeth two-rowed, the principal row 4—5, without 
grinding surface; barbels minute, just above 
the angle of the mouth; size large, dorsal fin in- 
serted more or less backwards. SEmoriuus, 18. 


CYPRINID &.—CVIIL. 287 


ss. Teeth in the principal row 4—4; the barbel at the 
extremity of the maxillary. 

t. Teeth with developed grinding surface; dorsal 
fin directly over ventrals; scales large; head 
broad, much depressed, nearly flat above, re- 
sembling the head of a Cyprinodont. 

Piaty@orro, 19. 

ti. Teeth without grinding surface; dorsal fin be- 
ginning over, slightly before or slightly behind 
ventrals; head not flattened. CERATICHTHYS, 20. 

rr. Premaxillaries not projectile, the skin of the lip 
- continuous with that of the forehead; teeth 2, 4—4, 

2, without grinding surface; dorsal behind ventrals; 

barbel terminal; scales very small; mouth more or 

less inferior. . i a RaInicutuHys, 21. 

tt Dentary bones straight and flat, united throughout their 

length; mandible much incurved, tongue-like, a lobe on 

each side of it at base; air bladder normal; bones of head 

not cavernous; intermaxillaries not projectile. (Hxoglos- 
sine.) 

u. Teeth 1, 4—4, 1, hooked, without grinding surface; dorsal 

slightly behind ventrals; no barbels. §Exoeiossum, 22. 

** Species introduced from the Old World; dorsal very long and 

anal short, each preceded by a stout spine which is serrated 
behind. 

». Mouth without barbels teeth compressed, 4—4. (Carassiine.) 

Carassius, 23. 

oo. Mouth with four tone barbels; teeth molar 1, 3—3, 1, (Cy- 

prinine.) . a ‘ F . ; Cyprinus, 24. 


1. CAMPOSTOMA, Agassiz. Sronz Lueazrs. 


1. €. anomala, (Raf.) Ag. Sronn Luecrur. Srone 
Rotter. Brownish, with a brassy luster above, the 
scales more or less mottled with dark; a black vertical 
bar behind opercle; iris usually orange-red; dorsal and 
anal each with a dusky cross-bar about half way up, the 


288 FISHES. 


rest of the fin olivaceous, or in spring mates fiery orange; 
males in spring with many rounded tubercles on head, 
and usually the whole upper surface—in no other genus 
are these nuptial appendages so extensively developed— 
scales deep, rather small and crowded anteriorly; intes- 
tinal canal six to nine times the total length of the body, 
its numerous convolutions passing above and around the 
air-bladder, an arrangement found in Campostoma alone 
among all the Vertebrates; D. I, 8; A. I, 7; lat.]. 50 to 
55; L. 4 to 8; herbivorous. Mississippi Valley, every 
where abundant; one of the most curious and interesting 
of American fishes. [C. dubiwm, (Kirt.) Cope. (. cal- 
lipteryx, gobioninum, etc., Cope.] 


2. PIMEPHALES, Rafinesque. Rounp-HEapsp 
MInnows. 

1. P. prome/as, Raf. Fat-Heap. Brack Heap. 
Head almost globular, black in adult males; snout in ¢ 
with several large tubercles; body very short and deep; 
scales crowded; eye small; mouth very small and short; 
a large black dorsal blotch; males dusky; females oliva- 
ceous; D. 1,7; A.I, 7; lat. 1.46; L. 2%. Ohio Valley 
to Upper Missouri. Known at sight, as it resembles 
nothing else. 


3. HYBORHYNCHUS, Agassiz. Buunt-Nosap Minnows. 
1. H. notatus, (Raf.) Ag. Buunt-Nosep Minnow. 
Brownish or bluish, a dusky shade along sides, sometimes 
forming a caudal spot; a distinct black spot on middle 
of front rays of dorsal; head short; snout in spring 
males with disproportionately large tubercles, usually 
fourteen in all; no distinct barbel at each angle of the 
mouth; scales in front of dorsal small and crowded; 
D. 1,8; A. 1.7; lat. 1.45; L.3 to 4. N. Y. to Tenn., 
Wis., and Mo.; very abundant in the Ohio Valley. 


CYPRINID 43.—OVIII. YRO 


2. H. superciliosus, Cope. Head broader; a distinct 
barbel at each angle of the mouth; scales on sides high 
and narrow. With the preceding, of which it is perhaps 
a variety. 


4. COLISCUS, Cope. Coxtscus. 


1. €. parietalis, Cope. Silvery; D.I, 7; A. I, 8; lat. 
1. 42. Missouri. 


5. HYBOGNATHUS, Agassiz. Biunt-JawEp MInnows. 


1. H. nuchalis, Ag. Buunt-JawEep Minnow. Sub- 
orbital bones broad and short, not long and narrow as 
in the next; head 42 in length; eye small, shorter than 
snout, 4 to 44 in head; depth 44 in length, about equal 
to length of head; D. I, 8; A.J, 8; lat. 1. 38; L. 24. 
Ohio Valley and W. This and the next may be readily 
known from the Hybopses, which they strongly resemble 
externally, by the peculiarities of the intestines. 


2. H. argyritis,Grd. SruvEry Minnow. Olivaceous 
green above, sides clear silvery with bright reflections; 
fins unspotted; eye large, longer than muzzle, 3 to 4 in 
head; depth 44 in length; scales in front of dorsal quite 
large; lateral line decurved; head large, upper jaw 
heavy; D.I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 38; L.5. N.J.to 8. C. 
and W. to the Upper Missouri; abundant in the larger 
streams; one of our handsomest dace. (H. osmerinus, 
Cope, not in the least different.) 


3. H. regius, Grd. Royan Minnow. Head 5 in 
length; mouth small; bright silvery; D.1,9; A. I, 9; 
L. 7; lat. 1. 38. Maryland and Virginia; a species 
similar to the preceding but apparently much larger; 
the two need further comparison. 


290 FISHES. 


6, HUDSONIUS,* Girard. Minnows. 
* Mouth inferior, horizontal, small (rarely oblique, and the teeth 
4—4); dorsal over or in front of ventrals. 

+ Teeth two-rowed; body elongate, silvery, the head contained 
5z to 6 times in total length, including caudal fin; dorsal 
fin beginning in front of ventrals; grinding surface of teeth 
often more or less distorted or even obliterated. (Hudsondus, 
Grd.) 

1. H. storerianus, (Kirt.) Grd. Srormr’s Mrynow. 
Silvery, scales with black dots, forming a dark lateral 
stripe; snout blunt, about as long as eye; depth 5 in 
length; D.I, 8; A. I, 7; lat. 1.41. Great Lake region, 
etc. 

2. H. fluviatilis, Grd. Spawn-Eatzr. Silvery, often 
with dark shades; snout much shorter than eye, bluntly 
rounded; depth 4 in length; D. I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 38; 
teeth usually 2, 4—4, 2. Lakes and rivers; abundant 
eastward. (Huds. fluviatilis, Grd.) 

3. H. amarus, (Grd.) “Smut.” Very similar, 
but paler and with the snout much less decurved, less 
blunt than the two preceding species; D. I, 7; A. I, 8; 
lat. 1. 38; teeth usually 1,4—4,1. Penn. to Ga. (#. 
phaénna, Cope.) 

4+ Teeth 4—4; body shorter, small; head larger, 44 to 5 in length, 
with caudal fin; dorsal fin beginning over ventrals; small 
species, usually without bright colors. 


$~ Mouth inferior or horizontal, small. 
a. Lateral line 43 to 45; a spot on dorsal fin in front. 


4. H. tuditanus, Cope. Form, coloration and dentition 
of Hyborhynchus notatus, but with the alimentary canal 


*The name Hybopsis, usually applied to this genus, was apparently based 
on a species of Ceratichthys, Alburnops,also sometimes used,on species of 
Luailua. 


CYPRINID.,—CVILL. 291, 


short, and the dorsal spine not distinct; olivaceous; 
scales black edged; 27 scales in front of dorsal fin. In- 
diana; a species unknown tome. _ 


aa, Lateral line 36 to 37. 


5. H. spectrunculus, Cope, Hye large; head broad 
and flat; a plumbeous lateral band and black caudal spot; 
fins reddish; A. I, 9. Tennessee River. 


6. H. stramineus, Cope. Srraw-CotorEp Minnow. 
Mouth small; snout very obtuse; body rather stout; 
coloration pale; 12 to 15 large scales in front of dorsal; 
a small, pale, insignificant species. Common in our 
Western streams. 


aaa. Lateral line 31 to 33. 


%. H. procne, Cope. Scales large; caudal peduncle 
contracted and slender; dorsal region compressed and 
elevated; muzzle very obtuse; a plumbeous lateral band 
over black pigment; D.I, 8; A. I, 7. Pennsylvania 
N.J., etc., common; one of the smallest species. — 

8. H. missuriensis, Cope. Form stout, with large head 
and thick caudal peduncle; twelve scales before dorsal; 
colors rather pale; D. 1, 8. Missouri, etc. 

9. H. microstomus, (Raf.) Jordan. Lone -HEapxp. 
Minnow. Head elongated; a silvery band along sides 
and a series of black dots along lateral line; depth § in 
length; caudal peduncle not abruptly contracted; pec- 
torals long, nearly reaching ventrals; D.1,8; A. 1, 7; 
lat. 1. 38. Va.toKy. (H. longiceps, Cope.) 

10. H. volucellus, Cope. Lone-Finnzp Minnow. 
Head flattened, elongate, 33 in length; pectoral fins 
unusually long, reaching to ventrals; caudal peduncle 
slender; olivaceous, a dusky lateral band. Michigan and 
Wisconsin. 


292 FISHES. 


+4 Mouth larger, oblique; the jaws about equal. 
b. Lateral line 35. 

11. H. fretensis, Cope. Body compressed and elong- 
ate, as in the genus Wotropis ; lateral line decurved; 
seventeen rows of scales in front of the dorsal; a broad 
plumbeous shade on sides. Mich. to IIl. 

bb. Lateral line 44. 


12. H. hematurus, Cope. Rep-Tatep Minnow. 
Lateral line nearly straight; colors dull; sides not sil- 
very; a dusky spot at base of caudal; caudal fin dull, 
brick-red; anal short, I, 7. Tributaries of Lake Michigan. 
** Teeth 1,4—4, 1; dorsal fin inserted just behind ventrals; fins 

and lower parts with milk-white pigment in spring, never 
red; dorsal with a large black spot on the last rays, about 
half-way up (an important feature). (Photogenis, Cope.) 

18. H. galacturus, (Cope) Jor. Mirxy-Tartep Sarner. 
Bluish above, sides bright silvery, with bright reflections; 
base of caudal fin largely yellowish, or cream-color; 
teeth rarely serrate; head 44 in length; depth 43; mouth 
large, nearly horizontal; body slender, more elongated 
and less compressed than in the next; scales smooth and 
firm, usually with dusky edges; D.I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 
40; L. 5. Cumberland River and S., abundant. Re- 
sembles the next, but larger, and with a larger mouth. 


14. H.ana/ostanus, (Girard) Jor. Sriver Fin. Leaden 
silvery; fins satin white in the breeding season; dorsal 
with a conspicuous black spot, as in the preceding; head 
4 in length, rather short and deep; ‘mouth rather small, 
very oblique, yet the lower jaw received within the upper 
in the closed mouth; body much compressed; depth 32 
in length; D. I, 8; A I, 8; lat. 1. 35 to 40; L. 34. Teeth 
usually more or less serrate. Caytiga L., N.Y. (8S. Z. 
Gage), to N. J., Va., and Ind., abundant. In full breed- 
ing dress one of the most exquisite of all our fishes. 
L. kentuchiensis, Kirt., not of Raf. 


CYPRINIDZ.— CVI. 298 


7. LUXILUS, Rafinesque. SHINERs. 


(=Hypsilepis, Baird.) 
(=Plargyrus, Girard.) 
*Teeth 2, 4—4, 2; fins with red pigment, but no white. (Lusilus.) 
t Dorsal over ventrals; body deep, with very high scales. 

1. £. cornutus, (Mitch.) Jordan. Common SuinzEr. 
Rep-Finnep Sainer. Roveu-Hzap. Rep-Fin. Adult: 
deep steel blue or olivaceous above, with golden verte- 
bral and lateral bands, very conspicuous in life; sides 
silvery, rosy in males in spring; fins plain olivaceous or 
somewhat dusky, becoming crimson in spring; young 
olivaceous and silvery, not closely resembling the adult; 
depth 3 to 5 in length, greater than length of head in 
adults; head large; mouth moderately oblique, the 
lower jaw not projecting; lateral line much decurved; 
D. I, 8; A. I, 9; lat. 1. 40 to45; L.6. U.S. from Maine 
to the Rocky Mountains, everywhere abundant, and 
extremely variable. The adults may be known at once 
by the high and narrow exposed surfaces of the scales; 
the young often need close attention. (Plargyrus typi- 
cus, Grd.; Z. chrysocephalus, Raf.; L. diplemius and 
plargyrus, Kirt.; Leuciscus frontatis, Ag., a stout variety 
from the Great Lakes.) 

2. L. selene, Jor. Sirver Sarner. Smaller and 
much more elongate, depth 43 in length; head short and 
stout, about the same; eye 3 in head, very large; lateral 
line little decurved; scales large, much less narrowed 
than in Z. cornutus; dorsal high; D.I, 8; A. I, 7; lat. 1. 
40; bluish above; sides silvery. Lake Superior. 

+ Dorsal distinctly behind ventrals; body elongate; lower jaw 

longest. 


294 FISHES. 


3. L. coecogenis, (Cope) Jordan. Repv-CuEEKeEn! 
Suiner. Steel blue, sides silvery; dorsal, caudal, and 
pectorals red in the male; adults of both sexes with the 
upper jaw, base of dorsal and a vertical streak down the 
cheeks, bright orange red, the latter mark appearing 
like a brand; dorsal and caudal with a broad dusky bar; 
slimmer than cornutus ; depth 44 in length, about equal 
to length of head; mouth very oblique, the lower jaw 
projecting (excepting in tuberculate males); D. I, 8; A. 
I, 9; lat. 1.42. Tributaries of the Tennessee R., abund- 
ant; a beautiful and very distinct species. 

44+ Dorsal behind ventrals; mouth small; scales little 
imbricated. 

4. L. lacertosus, Cope. A large dull-colored species 
with broad, deep head, 4 in length, and large scales; 
mouth wide; eye large; silvery, dusky above. Tennessee 
River. 

5. L. plumbeolus, Cope. Body compressed, elongate; 
lower jaw projecting; color uniform silvery; A. I, 9; lat. 
1. 89; teeth 2,4. Great Lakes. 


6. L. chalybeus, Cope. Piamy Mrxnow. Muzzle 
flat; head 4in length; caudal peduncle abruptly slender, 
lateral band very distinct, shining black; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 
36. Penn., N. J.; one of the smallest of the Oyprinide; 
length 14 inches; (resembles Hemitremia bifrenata.) The 
males in the spring are brilliantly colored. the lower parts 
being largely orange. 

”, L. pabricroceus, Cope. Crimson Fai Kiso. A 
small, rather deep-bodied species having somewhat the 


CYPRINID.= CVI. 295 


form of a Minnilus; lower jaw rather longest} 19 rows 
of scales in front of the dorsal; lat. 1. 38; coloration 
most brilliant; clear greenish and silvery; males brown- 
ish orange above; lateral band, chin and snout largely 
vermilion; sides red or yellowish. Tennessee and 
Savannah Rivers. Abundant in the clear mountain 
streams and below waterfalls. Several other similar 
brilliantly colored species occur farther south. 


8. LYTHRURUS, Jordan. Rev-Frvs. 


1. L. eyanocephalus, Copeland. Buioxz-Hzapxep Rzp- 
Fin. Hoy’s Rep Fisn. Body short, stout and deep, 
the depth 4 in length; the axis of the body being half 
nearer the ventral than the dorsal outline; head very 
short and deep, 44 in length; mouth large, very oblique; 
D. I, 8; A.J, 12; lat.1.46. Head bright glaucous blue 
in males in spring; sides and fins chiefly crimson, the 
black dorsal spot conspicuous; teeth 2, 4—4, 2. South- 
ern Wisconsin; near the next but much more chubby, 
with somewhat the aspect of Pimephatles. 

2. L. diplemius, (Raf.) Jordan. Rep-Fin. Bright 
steel blue, with purplish shades, silvery below; a large 
black spot on the anterior rays of dorsal in front; fins 
otherwise unicolor, plain olivaceous in 9, brilliant brick 
red in spring males; scales with more or less dark edg- 
ing; nuptial tubercles minute, very numerous, whitish, 
chiefly on the upper surface of head; body much com- 
pressed; back elevated; head deep, rather obtuse; depth 
32 in length; D. 1,9; A. I, 10; lat.1.44; L. 3. Western 
streams, generally abundant; an exceedingly brilliant 
fish in the breeding season; known at all times by the 
dorsal spot and compressed body, with large fins and 


296 FISHES, 


long caudal peduncle. (Rutilus ruber, Raf.) (Not Leu- 
ciscus diplemius, Kirt.) 


3. L. ardens, (Cope) Jordan. Sovurnzrn Rep- Fin. 
Colors similar, but red on sides more conspicuous; head 
rather pointed, with the mouth still more oblique; depth 
5 in length; D. I, 9; A. I, 11; lat. 1.50. Cumberland 
and Roanoke Rivers. (Aspect more of Votropis.) 


9. MINNILUS, Rafinesque. Rosy -Faczep Mrnnows. 


(=Winnilus, Raf.; Alburnellus, Girard.) 


1. M. rubrifrons, (Cope) Jordan. Rosy-Facep Mrn- 
now. Olive above, with a clear green lustre; sides sil- 
very; a dark vertebral line; forehead, opercular region, 
base of dorsal, etc., flushed with red in spring; upper 
surface of head minutely tuberculate in males at that 
season; head rather pointed, about 34 in length; depth 
44; eye about 4 in head; D. I, 8; A. I, 10; lat. 1. 38; 
L. 3 or less. Ohio Valley, abundant; an elegant little 
fish, well distinguished from WV. rubellus by the smaller 
size, deeper body and much longer head, as well as by 
peculiarities of form. 


2. MH. dilectus, (Grd.) Jordan. DxtzctasLe Minnow. 
Intermediate between the preceding and the next; 
smaller than rubellus and more thick-set; head=depth, 
about 5 in length; eye longer than snout, 3 in head; 
coloration of the others; D. I, 8; A. I, 11; lat. 1. 42; L. 
33. Ohio R., (New Albany, Dr. Sloan) to Arkansas R. 
and 8. (Type of Alburnellus.) 

8. M. rubellus, (Ag.) Jordan. Rosy Minnow. Light 
olive, with brilliant clear green lustre; a dark vertebral 
line, and dark edges to the dorsal scales; sides brilliantly 
silvery, the lustre overlying a plumbeous lateral shade; 


CYPRINID.—CVILI. 297 


forehead, etc., rosy in spring; sides sometimes rosy 
tinted; golden dorsal and lateral stripes, conspicuous in 
life as in most silvery species; head short, somewhat 
pointed, 5 in length; depth 54 to 54; eye 4 in head; 
D. I, 8; A. I, 10; lat. 1. 38; L. 4 to 5. Great Lakes and 
Ohio Valley; abundant in the larger streams; even more 
graceful in form and delicate in coloration than the pre- 
ceding. 

4. M. dinemus, (Raf.) Jor. Emzratp Minnow. Color- 
ation exactly as in M. rubellus, but the body very 
slender and less compressed, more elongated than in any 
other of our Cyprinide, the depth being only from one- 
sixth to one-seventh of the length; head 43 in length; 
eye 34 in head; fins as in preceding; L.4 to 5. L. Mich- 
igan and Ohio Valley, in the larger streams, like the 
others, “going in flocks.” (A. jaculus and A. arge, 
Cope.) (This is Rafinesque’s “Emerald Minnow,” the 
type of his genus Minnilus. This species and the two 
preceding are not very well separated.) 

5. HM. micropteryx, (Cope) Jordan. Smatu-Finnep 
Minnow. Resembles M. rubrifrons, but the fins all very 
low, the ventrals scarcely reaching to the line of the 
middle of dorsal; head 44 in length; depth 54 to 52; 
lat. 1. 39; L. 3. Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. 


6. M. photogenis, (Cope) Jor. Watirn-Evep Suiner. 
An extremely variable species, differing from all of the 
preceding in the less posterior position of the dorsal, 
and in the rather more compressed form; depth 44 to 7 
in length; head 4 to 44 in length; eye 34 in head, large 
and white; olive green; no red pigment; sides silvery; 
male minutely tuberculate about the head in spring; 
dorsal fin beginning much nearer caudal than end of 


198 FISHES, 


auzzle; D. I, 8; A. I, 10; lat. 1. 40. Streams of the 
\llegheny region from Penn. 8. (Photogenis leucops, 
Yope.) 

%. M. telescopus, Cope. Similar, but more slender 
usually), and the mouth more oblique; dorsal still less 
osterior, midway between snout and origin of caudal; 
ea green; dorsal scales dark-edged; sides silvery; eye 
irger, 2% in head; D. I, 8; A. I, 10; lat. 1.38. Tennes- 
ee River; perhaps a variety of the preceding. 


8. M. Iirus, Jordan. Sreei.—Sipep Minnow. 
maller than any of the preceding, and very slender ; 
ae depth 43 in length; the head small, 44; scales very 
mall, and very thin, so that young specimens appear 
aked; the scales in front of dorsal, 25 in number, 
specially small; fins small; dorsal far back; head in 
ring males strongly tuberculate, and the fins red; 
olor, very pale transparent green; sides with a very 
istinct metallic steel-blue band; D. I, 8; A. I, 10; lat. 
45; L. 24. Tennessee and Alabama Rivers; a strongly 
iarked species, related to the genus Lythrurus, but the 
‘eth are sharp-edged. 

10. EPISEMA, Cope & Jor. Wuirz-CuHEEKED SHINERS. 
Photogenis, Cope—in part; H’'pisema, Cope & Jordan.) 
1. E. ariomma, (Cope) Jor. Bia-Eyep S#rner. 
eneral appearance of WV. rubellus, but larger, reaching 
length of nearly 5 inches; eye very large, 24 in head, 
latively larger than in any other of our Minnows; head 
rge; bluish above, sides bright silvery; D. I, 8; A. I, 9; 
t. 1. 40. White R., Indiana, abundant, but not yet 
cognized elsewhere. 


2. E. scabriceps, (Cope) Jor. Rovcu-HzapxEp SHINER. 


CYPRINIDZ.~-OVII. 299 


‘ad flattish above; mouth little oblique; greenish, sides 
aden silvery; D. I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 38. Ohio Valley. 


3. E. leucioda, (Cope) Jor. Head 44 in length; eye 
oderate, 34 in head; olive, scales above dark-edged; 
des silvery with a purple band; muzzle and base of 
orsal red in males; a black spot at base of caudal fin; 
. 1, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 39. Tennessee River. 


711. ERICYMBA, Cope. Ericymsas. 


1. &. 6uecata, Cope. Siiver-Movtaep Dacz. 
longate; depth nearly 5 in length; head 4; eye large, 
in Head; olivaceous above, sides brilliantly silvery, a 
irrow vertebral line, and a lateral chain of brown dots; 
oper jaw rather large, its profile angulated; mucous 
iannels in lower jaw very conspicuous; J). I, 8; A. I, 85 
t. 1. 33; L. 5. Obio Valley, Penn. to Kentucky. 
id Illinois, abundant. A beautiful little fish singularly 
stinguished from all our other species by the cavernous 
mes of the head. 


12. PHENACOBIUS, Cope. PHENACOBIES. 
(=Sarcidium, Cope.) 
1. P. uranops, Cope. Head 42 in length; body very 
ng and slender, nearly cylindric; isthmus very wide; 
iest naked; eyes large, high up, 3} in head; depth 64; 
as very thick, tuberculate; pale, a darker lateral streak; 
. 1, 8; A. I, 7; lat. 1.60. Tennessee R. 


2. P. teretulus, Cope. Head=depth, 43 in length; 
rm stouter than in the preceding; chest scaled; lips 
icate; a dusky lateral band; D. I, 8; A. I, 7; lat. 1. 43. 
reams of W. Va. 

3. P. scopiferus, (Cope) Jor. Form comparatively 
out; depth 4 in length; head not large, 42 in tength; 


300 FISHES, 


lower lip developed only on the sides of the jaw asa 
conspicuous lobe; thorax naked; D. I, 8; A. I, 7 3 lat. 1. 
44, Missouri to Illinois. (P. teretudus, var. liosternus, 
Nelson.) , 


73. TELESTES, Bonaparte. Lone-Jawzp Sunes: 

* Scales very small; mouth large, very oblique, the lower jaw 
projecting and considerably compressed; form elongate; size 
small. (Clinostomus, Grd.) 

1. T. elongata, (Kirt.) Jordan. Rep-Sipep Minnow. 
Dark bluish, mottled by paler scales; sides with a broad 
black band, the front half of which is bright crimson in 
the spring; a dark dorsal stripe; mouth very large, the 
lower jaw narrowed and projecting farther than in any 
other of our Dace; a little knob at the tip which over- 
laps the end of the upper jaw; body much elongated, 
but little compressed; depth 5 in length; head 44; eye 
moderate, about 34 in head; D. I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 70 to 
75; L.4. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, etc.; a handsome 
species. 


2. T. proriger, Cope. Lone-Jawrp Sainer. Rather 
more compressed than the preceding; and paler in color 
with larger scales; lat. 1. 60 to 65; otherwise very similar, 
perhaps a variety; D. I, 8; A. I, 7. Ohio Valley. 


3. T. estor, Jordan & Brayton. Prez Sarver. Body 
quite deep and compressed; depth 4} in length; head 
very long and large, 34 in length; mouth very large and 
oblique, even larger than in Z. elongata, lateral line 
strongly decurved; scales moderate, much larger than in 
the preceding; lat. 1. 50; D. I, 8; A. I, 8; teeth 
2, 45, 2; color bluish olive; sides silvery, bright crim- 
son in males; no dark lateral band. Cumberland and 
Tennessee Rivers. 


CYPRINID®.—CVIM. 301 


L. 7. funduloides, (Grd.) Cope. Rosy Dacz. A light 
1a dark lateral band; snout pointed; mandible shorter 
n in the preceding, less compressed; eye larger, 3 in 
id; depth 5 in length; head 44; D. I, 9; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 
Streams about Chesapeake Bay and S. 

3. T. vandoisula, (Val.) Jor. Body deeper, depth= 
gth of head, 32 in body; eye rather small, 34 in head; 
dark lateral band; sides rosy, fins orange; D. I, 9; 
I, 8; lat. 1. 53. Virginia to South Carolina. (C. 
ints, Grd. (C. carolinus, Grd.) 


14. NOTEMIGONUS, Rafinesque. GotpEn SHINERS. 
Stilbe, DeKay (preoccupied in Botany.) 
Stilbius, Gill (substitute for Stilbe.) 
Luailus, Girard (not of Raf.) 
Leucosomus, Storer (not of Heckel.) 
Plargyrus, Putnam (not of Raf.) 
Abramis, Cuvier (a closely related European genus.) 
l. WM. ehrysoleucus, (Mitch.) Jordan. Suiner. STILBE. 
EAM. Body much compressed; abdomen trenchant; 
id small, about 4 in length; depth 3 (24 to 4); lateral 
2 much decurved; scales small on the back, much 
ger below; dark steel blue or green above, sides 
rery or golden, every where with brilliant reflections, 
‘en, yellow, and red; young specimens paler, looking _ 
3 young Lua«ili, but the adults are among the largest 
the family and bear a strong resemblance to Shad, a 
sumstance which has misled many observers, and 
ong them Rafinesque; D. I, 7; A. I, 14; lat. 1. 45 to 
New England to Minnesota and S.; abundant in 
rous, ponds, and weedy streams; this species is much 
re tenacious of life than is any other of our Cypri- 
‘ds. [N. auratus, Raf. 8. chrysoleuca, (Mitch. ) 
K. A. versicolor, DeK.] 


02 FISHES. 


2. N. americanus, (L.) Jor. Sourazrn Bream. Body 
ither more elongate, still more strongly compressed; 
2ad flattish above; eyes very large, 3 in head (instead 
’ 4); anal fin much larger than in WN. chrysoleucus; 
. I, 8; A. I, 16; lat. 1.43; coloration pale; males 
ith the lower fins scarlet. Virginia to Georgia. (1. 
chanus, Jor.) 


i, CHROSOMUS, Rafinesque. Rep-Briiizp Minnows. 


1. €. erythrogaster, Raf. Curosomus. Rep-Bzt- 
ED Dac. Brownish olive, with black spots on the 
ick, a black or brown band from above the eye, straight 
‘the tail; another below, running through eye, decurved 
ong the lateral line; belly and space between bands 
‘ight silvery, brilliant scarlet red in spring males, as 
e the bases of the vertical fins; a dark vertebral line; 
males obscurely marked; D.I, 8; A. I, 9; lat. 1. 80 to 
. Penn. to Wis. and Tenn., abundant in small streams; 
ie of the most beautiful of our fishes; in high coloration 
e fins are bright yellow, and the body is minutely 
berculate. There seems to be but one well-defined 
ecies. It is the most desirable of all our minnows for 
juarium purposes, being hardy, graceful, and brilliantly 
lored. 


. PHOXINUS, Rafinesque (1820!). Euvropzan Min- 
NOWS. 

* Lateral line very short. 

1. P. neog@us, Cope. New Wor.tp Minnow. Black- 
1 above, a broad black lateral band through eye, 
coming a spot on the tail; belly white; fins dusky;, 
ad large, 34 in length; depth rather less; mouth large, 
Haque; eye large; D. I, 7; A. 1,7; L. 3; lat. 1. 77. 


aALee AME L ff NN. Da-~-L~~ D Wars. ars Wie: ae 


CYPRINID 4.—CVIII. 803 


curious fish, related to the Minnow of Europe (P. avis, 
Ag.) 

2. P. fammeus, Jordan & Gilbert. Firamina Minnow. 
Black above, silvery below; a black lateral band; belly 
flame color in spring males; body stout, depth 4 in 
length; head about the same; mouth small, oblique, the 
lower jaw projecting; scales much larger than in P. 
neogeus; lat. 1. 43; D. I, 8; A. L, 8; tubes of lateral 
line developed only on 14 scales. Elk River, Tennessee. 

** Lateral line almost complete. 


3. P. margaritus,(Cope) Jor. Prarty Dacz. Head 
=depth 4 in body; scales small, much crowded forwards; 
lateral line hardly complete, the tubes wanting on the 
last 3 to 8 scales; head blunt, short and rounded; mouth 
quite small, oblique, the upper jaw the longer, the lower 
jaw not compressed; color light olive; sides dusky; 
belly in summer bright crimson; D. I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 
1, 58. Teeth 2 5—4, 2; a stout-bodied species. 


17. HEMITREMIA, Cope. Hemitrremas. 

* Teeth 4—5. 

1. H. vittata, Cope. Sournern Hemirremia. Dusky; 
a black lateral band, and above this several paler and 
smaller ones, the upper running into the dorsal line; fins 
small; depth 4 in length; head 44; D. I, 8; A. I, 7; 
lat. 1. 34; L. 2. Head waters of Tennessee and Cumber- 
land Rivers. (Description from Kentucky specimens.) 

** Teeth 4—4. (Genus Chriope, Jor.) 

2. H. heterodon, Cope. Norruern Hemirremia. 
Head = depth, about 4 in length; snout “flat, rather 
pointed; back compressed, elevated; olive, a dusky 
lateral shade; D. I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1.35. Mich., Wis, 


3. H. bifrenata, Cope. Eastern Husirremisa. Head 


4, FISHES. 


depth, 44 in length; snout blunt; olive, a burnished, 
t-black lateral band of a deeper color than in any 
her small minnow; D.I, 8; A. I, 7; lat. 1.36. Mass. 
Md., abundant. 


18. SEMOTILUS, Rafinesque. Onvss. 

Dorsal fin well behind ventrals, with a black spot at base; scales 
small, crowded forwards, 45 to '70 in the lateral line. (Semo- 
télus.) 

1. §. corporalis, (Mitch.) Putnam. Common Cuus. 

ORNED Dacr. Body stout, depth 43 in length; head 

rge, 32; dusky above, especially along edges of scales; 

Jes bluish, a black lateral band in young; silvery 

‘low, sides and fins flushed with crimson in spring; 

I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 55 to 65; L. 10 to 12. New Eng- 

nd (Housatonic R., Jordan) to the Missouri region and 

; the most widely diffused of our Cyprinide, except- 

g Nocomis biguttatus. It may be known under all 

rcumstances by the large head and the peculiar dorsal 

iot. (S. atromaculatus dorsalis, cephalus, speciosus, 

c., etc., of authors.) 

‘ Dorsal very slightly behind ventrals, without black spot at 


pase in front; scales large, about 50 in lateral line, not much 
crowded forwards. (Leucosomus, Heckel.) 


2. §. bullaris, (Raf.) Jor. Fatu Fise. Dac. Roaca. 
rownish above, with blue reflections; sides silvery, 
sy in spring; depth 44 in length; head 4; D. I, 8; 
.I, 8; lat. 1. 46 to 50; largest of our Eastern Cyprinidae, 
aching a length of 18 inches. New England to Vir- 
nia, generally abundant in the rapids of the larger 
reams. (Semotilus rhotheus, argenteus and pulchellus, 
uct.; Leucosomus cataractus, Baird.) 


20. PLATYGOB/O, Gill. Fuar-Hzapep Cuuss. 


= en ™ 43 9 7 


OYPRINID ®.—CVII. 805 


slender; mouth large, the upper jaw longest; barbel 
well developed; fins large; head small and much flat- 
tened above; scales large, olivaceous; sides silvery. 
D. I, 7; A. I, 7; lat. 1.50. Minnesota north and west, 
abundant; a large species of a singular form. (Pogon- 
ichthys communis, B. & G.) 


20. CERATICHTHYS, Baird. Horny Heaps. 
(Wocomis, Girard.) 


* Mouth terminal, large; teeth 4—4 (sometimes 1, 4—4, 1); size 
large; dorsal over ventrals. 

1. @. biguttatus, (Kirt.) Girard. Hornep Cuvus. 
JeRKER. Bluish olive, sides with bright green and 
coppery reflections; a curved blotch behind the opercle; 
fins pale orange, unspotted; white below, rosy in spring; 
adult males in the spring with the top of the head very 
much swollen, elevated into a sort of crest, sometimes 
nearly one-third of an inch higher than the level of the 
neck, covered with large tubercles; a stout species, with 
large scales which are not crowded anteriorly; young 
with a dark caudal spot; head 4 in length; depth nearly 
the same; D. I, 8; A. I, 7; lat. 1. 40 to 45; L. 6 to 9. 
Penn. to Utah and §.; abundant almost every where; the 
most widely diffused of all our fresh water fishes. [C. 
biguttatus, (Kirt.) Bd., C. stigmaticus, cyclotis, etc., 
Cope.] Breeding males sometimes have a red spot on 
each side of head, hence the specific name. 

2. €. micropogon, Cope. Head short, almost exactly 
as in Lusilus cornutus; barbel small; caudal peduncle 
slender; teeth 4—4; lat. 1.40. Conestoga R.; but one 
specimen known—perhaps a hybrid. 


6 FISHES. 


Mouth sub-inferior, rather small, the upper jaw the longer; 
size not large; teeth 4—4, or 1, 44, 1. 
t Dorsal fin in advance of ventrals. 


a. Lateral line 36 to 40; head short; lips little developed; 
teeth 1, 4—4, 1. 


3. €. amblops, (Raf.) Cope & Jordan. Bic -Eyzp 
ius. Head rather broad; eye large, 3 in head, greater 
an the width of the broad interorbital space; snout 
unt; barbels well developed; mouth rather larger than 

the next; color olivaceous or bluish, sides silvery, 
ten with a dusky band; D. I, 8; A. I, 8; lat.1.38. Ohio 
alley; resembles somewhat Cliola ariomma, but has a 
ry different mouth. 


4. C. winchelli, (Grd.) Jor. Crnar Cuus. Head nar- 
wer; eye large, 3 in head, much wider than the narrow 
terorbital space; snout moderately blunt; barbels short; 
lors darker, a dark lateral stripe. Tennessee River 
d South, perhaps a variety of the preceding. (C. 
‘alinus, Cope.) 

. Lateral line 45 to 50; long, slender species, with the head 

elongate; lips more developed; teeth 4—4. 


5. €. dissimilis, (Kirt.) Cope. Sprorrep S#Hiner. 
le olivaceous, sides bright silvery, with a bluish 
eral band, widened at intervals into spots; fins immac- 
late; depth 5 in length; head 4; eye large, 34 in head; 
I, 8; A. I, 7; lat. 1. 47 to 50; L. 6. Obio Valley and 
ke region, not uncommon. 


Dorsal fin inserted distinctly behind ventrals; lips greatly 
developed; a black blotch on last rays of dorsal. 


6. €. monachus, Cope. Soxirary Cxus. Form 
mgate, as in Phenacobius; a dark caudal spot; 


CYPRINID.—CVII. 3807 


brightly colored species allied to this occur farther 
South. 


** Mouth terminal; teeth 2, 4—4, 2; size large; dorsal very 
slightly behind ventrals. (Genus Couestus, Jor.) 

%. C. prosthemius, Cope. Laxe Cuus. Depth 5 
in length, equal to length of head; eye 4 in head; 
snout blunt; mouth small; dusky above, sides plumbeous; 
lat. 1.63; L.6 to 7. Great Lakes. 


8. @. milneri, Jordan. Mitner’s Cuuzs. Depth 44 
in length, equal to head; head flattish above, with a 
broad snout which projects over the large oblique 
mouth; barbel well developed; eye large, 3% in head; 
D. I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 68; scales crowded forwards; 
colors of Semotilus corporalis, but the fins unspotted. 
Lake Superior. 


22. RHINICHTHYS, Agassiz. Lone-Nosep Dacz. 
= Argyreus, Heckel (preoccupied.) 
* Snout projecting considerably beyond the mouth; body slender, 
depth usually 5 to 6 in length; barbels evident. 

1. R. cataractw,(C.&V.) Jor. Lone - Noszp Dacz. 
Brownish, mottled, not banded; eye half the length of 
the long snout; head 34 in length; D. I, 8; A. I, 7; 
lat. 1. 63; L. 5. New England to Va. and Wis., in clear 
brooks. [. nasutus, (Ayres) Ag.] 


2. R. marmoratus, Ag. MarsiEp Dace. Brown, 
marbled; eye 24 in snout; head 44 in length; lat. 1. 70. 
Great Lakes. (Doubtfully distinct.) 

** Snout scarcely projecting; body stout; depth 4 to 5 in length; 
barbels scarcely visible. 

+ A distinct dark band from snout to caudal (red in spring.) 

3. R. atronasus, (Mitch.) Ag. Buack-Noszp Dacz. 
Dusky, belly silvery; lateral band bright crimson in 


)8 FISHES. 


ring, becoming orange in summer, black at other 
nes; fins often rosy in spring; depth 43 in length; 
iad -3%; D. I, 8; A. I, 7; lat. 1.65. New England to 
aio Valley, in clear brooks; abundant EHastward. 


4. R. obtusus, Ag. Brown-Nosep Dacz. Similar; 
les with a brown band, edged above and below with 
ler; head 4 or more in length; D. I, 8; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 
i to 70. Western streams. Usually paler than the 
eceding and more robust in form; probably a variety 
ther than a distinct species. (2. dunatus, Cope.) 

* Snout projecting; barbels quite evident; form stoutest; depth 

4¢ in length. 

5. R. meleagris, Agassiz. Head 4—4} in length; 
rbels long and distinct; snout projecting, narrowed, 
‘erlapping the lower jaw; eye small, 5 in head; D.I, 7; 
.I, 7. Illinois and Iowa. 


23. EXOGLOSSUM, Rafinesque. Stone Torzrs. 


1. E. maxillilingua, (LeS.) Haldeman. Day Cuvus. 
gr-Lirs. Nigerr Cuus. Body stout; depth 43 in 
ngth, head 4; eye small, nearly 5 in head; dorsal be- 
nd midway between snout and caudal; dusky above, 
blackish shade along caudal peduncle; D. I, 8; A. I, 8; 
t. 1.50 to 55; L.4 to6. W.N. Y. (Susquehanna basin) 
Virginia; a fish of remarkable appearance, singularly 
stinguished from all our other Cyprinidc by the three- 
bed lower jaw. 


24. CARASSIUS, Nilsson. Cructan Carps. 
1. €. auratus, (L.) Bleeker. Gotp Fisn. Orange or 
ackish, rarely pale; D. I, 19; A. I, 8; lat. 1. 26; ex- 
edingly variable in domestication. Asia; common every 


hana in annanwia enA naw noturalivad in mans nf ann 


CATOSTOMID.4.—CIX. 809 


25. CYPRINUS, Linneus. Capps. 


1. €. carpio, L. Evurorzan Carp. Olivaceous; 
D. III, 20; A. III, 5; lat. 1. 37. European, introduced 
into some eastern rivers, 


FAMILY CIX.—CATOSTOMIDA. 
(The Suckers.) 

Cyprinoid fishes of medium or large size, with the 
pharyngeal teeth in a single series, very numerous and 
closely set; intermaxillaries forming but a small part of 
the upper arch of the mouth, the maxillaries entering 
into it extensively on each side; mouth toothless, with 
fleshy lips, extremely protractile, roundish when fully 
protruded; dorsal fin long; anal short and rather high; 
no barbels; scales large; head naked; air bladder large, 
divided into two or three parts by transverse constric- 
tions. Genera twelve, Pantosteus, Cope, and the follow- 
ing; species about fifty, abounding every where north 
of Mexico; one genus (Myxocyprinus) occurs in China, 
and a species of Catostomus in Siberia; all the rest are 
North American. 

* Body oblong or elongate, with a short, sub-quadrate dorsal fin 
of 10 to 17 developed rays; anal rays uniformly 7. (Catosto- 
ming.) 

+ Mouth singular; the upper lip not protractile, greatly 
enlarged; the lower lip developed as two separate lobes; 
the lower jaw provided with a sheath. 

a. Air bladder in three parts; scales large, sub-equal; pharyn- 
geal bones and teeth ordinary; fontanelle well developed ; 
lateral line present. eo % i . QuassILaBL, 1. 

++ Mouth normal, the lower lip undivided or merely lobed— 
either tuberculate or plicate. 
b. Air bladder in three parts; lateral line present; fontanelle 
present; scales large, sub-equal; ventral rays normally, 
but not constantly. 9, 


310 FISHES. 


c. Pharyngeal bones very broad and strong; the lower 
% to 10 teeth on each side, greatly enlarged and trun- 
cate; the teeth on the upper part of the bone small, 
as usual inthe family. . . PuacopHarynx, 2. 


cc. Pharyngeal bones not especially enlarged; the teeth 
strongly compressed, of the usual type. 
Myxostoma, 8. 


bb. Air bladder in two parts. 
ad. No lateral line. . 3 . Extyzon, 5. 
dd. Lateral line imperfect. . .  Muryyrrema, 4. 
ddd. Lateral line well developed; lips tuberculate. 
e. Fontanelle distinct; no mandibulary sheath. 

Jf. Scales moderate, not crowded forwards, about 
equal over the body; body long and little com- 
pressed; head transversely concave between 
orbits, long and flattened; the physiognomy 
being therefore peculiar; ventral rays 9. 

HyYPENTELIUM, 6. 
ff. Scales small, smaller anteriorly and much 
crowded; head transversely convex between 
orbits; ventral rays normally 10. 
Catostomus, 7%. 
* Body much elongated, sub-cylindrical forwards; dorsal elongate, 
falciform, of 80 or more rays; fontanelle obliterated by the 
union of the parietal bones. (Cycleptine.) 
g. Mouth small, subinferior, with papillose lips; scales rather 
small. ; é : ; 2 . : CYCLEPTUS, 8, 
*kk Body oblong oval, compressed; dorsal elongate, elevated in 
front, of 20 or more rays; fontanelle present. (Buba- 
lichthying.) 
h. Dorsal rays about 30 in number (24 to 83); anal rays about 
10 (9 to 12); scales large. 
z. Pharyngeal bones narrow, with the teeth relatively thin and 
weak. 
j. Mouth small, inferior, protractile downwards; dorsal fin 
often greatly elevated. . . . Canpiopns, 9. 


CATOSTOMID 2.—C1X. 311 


jj. Mouth larger, sub-terminal, protractile forwards (species 
of larger size, dusky colors, with lower dorsal). 
IcutTHyosvs, 10. 


at. Pharyngeal bones strong; the teeth comparatively coarse 
and large, increasing in size downwards; dorsal fin 
moderately elevated; mouth inferior. BuBaLicuruys, 11. 


1. QUASSILABIA, Jordan & Brayton. Harz Lip Suckers. 
(Lagochila, J. & B., preoccupied.) 


1. Q. lacera, Jor. & Brayt. Hare Lie Sucker. Sruir 
Moura Sucker. Head short, 4% in body, with length- 
ened, non-protractile fleshy snout; body elongate, its 
depth about 5 in length; eye medium, set far back, the 
opercle small; fins not large;. scales, etc., as in Myzxos- 
toma; D. I, 12; A. I, 7; V. 9; lat. 1.45. Tennessee 
and Cumberland Rivers; a most remarkable species, 
bearing the same relation to the other Catostomide, that 
Exoglossum does to the other Cyprinide. It seems to 
possess real affinities with Hxoglossum. 


2. PLACOPHARYNX, Cope. PuacorHarynx. 


1. P. carinatus, Cope. Copn’s Suckzr. Resembles 
MM. anisura, but the lips and pharyngeal bones quite 
different; eye 44 in head; head 4 in length; depth 32; 
head strongly ridged above; pharyngeal bones very 
heavy, the lower 7 to 12 teeth on each side very large, 
scarcely compressed; truncate, irregularly placed; D. I, 
14; A. I, 7; lat. 1.41; head with a median ridge on top; 
a large, coarse species similar in general characters to 
Myzxostoma, but with the physiognomy approaching 
somewhat that of Ichthyobus. It is probably common 
in the Western streams, although it was not noticed 
until 1870. I have specimens from the Illinois, Wabash, 
Netroit, Falls.of the Ohio and the Scioto, and French 
Rrnad. 


812 FISHES. 


3. MYXOSTOMA, Rafinesque. Rep Hors. 
(Mouostoma et Teretulus, Raf.) 
(Ptychostomus, Agassiz.) 


* Lower lip not infolded and “a shaped;” lips distinctly pli. 
cate. 
+ Lower lip full, its posterior edge truncate or slightly rounded. 
a. Species with the body distinctly compressed, the depth 34 
to nearly 5 in length. 
6. Dorsal fin largely developed, the rays 15 to 18 in number. 


1. M. carpio, (Cuv. & Val.) Jordan. Wuire Mu.ier 
or THE Laxzs. Head rather large, 33 to 4} in length, 
broad above; mouth large, with full lips; eye rather 
large; body deep, strongly compressed; the back some- 
what elevated, the depth about 3} in length; dorsal fin 
high and large, larger than in any of the others; scales 
5—43—4,* quite large; coloration very pale and silvery, 
the lower fins white. Great Lakes, and occasionally in 
the Ohio River; a handsome and well defined species. 
bb. Dorsal fin moderate, its rays 12 to 14 in number. 

e. Caudal fin normal, the two lobes about equal and similarly 

colored. 

d. Scales large, 41 to 50 in the course of the lateral line. 

e. Head singular in form, much shortened, the muzzle very 
abruptly decurved, descending almost perpendicularly 
in front of the eye; the head wedge-shaped from be- 
hind forwards, and less so from below upwards, its 
sides subvertical and the lower cross-diameter of the 
head greater than the upper. 


2. M. euryops, Jordan. Snus-Nosep Sucker. Eye 
very large, more than one-third the length of the side 


of the head (in an individual of six inches in length); 
a 


* That is, 43 scales in the lateral line, 5 rows between the lateral line and the 
dorsal fin, and 4 between it and the ventrals. 


CATOSTOMID Al.— CIX. 813 


lips thin, very faintly plicate; width of head through the 
opercles greater than the thickness of the body; head 43 
in length; depth about the same; dorsal rays 13; scales 
6—43—5; body shortish, closely compressed, the back 
somewhat elevated, and the caudal peduncle unusually 
long in proportion; color smoky blue; lower fins white; 
size probably small. Alabama River. 

ee. Head normal in form, not as above. 

f Mouth moderate or large, not very small, nor very much 
overpassed by the muzzle; lips thick, strongly plicate; 
body stoutish, varying to moderately elongate; dorsal fin 
medium, its developed rays 12 to 14, usually 13 in number; 
scales large, about 6—45—5; lower fins in the adult red or 
orange. 

3. M. macrolepidota, (LeS.) Jordan. Rep Horsz. 
Common Mutter. Head comparatively elongate, 4 to 
5 in length; mouth large; size very large, reaching a 
length of two feet or more. U. S., east of the Great 
Plains, every where common, except in New England. 


Var. duquesnii, (LeS.) Jordan. Common Rep Horsz. 
Waits Sucker. Head quite elongate, 4 to 43 in length; 
back little elevated; body rather elongate, not greatly 
compressed; scales pretty large, 6—42 to 49—5; back 
bluish or olive; sides brilliantly silvery, with bright 
reflections; dorsal fin dusky above; lower fins bright red. 
Ohio River and Southward, very abundant, the common 
“Red Horse” in most regions. 


Var. /achrymalis, (Cope) Jordan. Southern R. Head 
a little shorter, 44 to 42 in length; form of the preceding; 
scales distinctly smaller, 7 or 8—48 to 50—6; back with 
much smoky shading. Virginia to Alabama. 


Var. macrolepidota, (LeS.) Jor. Lake Mutier. 
Eastern Rep Horsz, Head still shorter and deeper, 44 


1A 


314 FISHES. 


to 5in length; its upper profile concurrent with the curve 
of the back, which is considerably elevated; the form 
being thus somewhat elliptical; sides compressed; dorsal 
rays usually 13; coloration little silvery, the sides reflect- 
ing brownish and golden; back smoky, some of the 
scales dusky at base; scales 6—42 to 50—5. Great 
Lakes and streams Eastward, from Vermont to South 
Carolina. (P. robustus, Cope, C. oneida, DeKay.) 

4. M. aureola, (LeS.) Jordan. GotpEN Rep Horsz. 
Laxe Mouuiet. Head comparatively short, low and 
small, 5 to 54 in length; back elevated and compressed; 
depth 34 in length; mouth rather small, more or less 
overpassed by the snout; coloration bright yellowish 
brown, etc., not silvery; lower fins bright red; dorsal 
rays 13; scales 642 to 48—5; size large. Great Lakes, 
Ohio Valley and Northward. 


ff. Mouth very small, much overpassea oy the conic muzzle; head 
small, about 5 in length. 


5. M. erassilabris, (Cope) Jordan. Turck - Liprrp 
Motizt. Body flattish, the back elevated and com- 
pressed; depth 32; muzzle contracted; scales large, 5— 
44—5; dorsal rays usually 12; dorsal fin elevated in 
front, its first soft ray longer than the base of the fin; 
color silvery, with smoky shading above, some of the 
scales blackish at their bases; lower fins white; top of 
head, humeral bar-and dorsal findusky. Neuse River. 

6. Mf. conus, (Cope) Jordan. Conz-Hzaprp Sucker. 
Body flattish, the dorsal outline elevated, the form being 
like that of WZ. coregonus; head small and conic; mouth 
exceedingly small, the snout far overpassing it, the muz- 
zle being much longer than in ©. crassilabris; dorsal 
rays 14; eye large; coloration smoky above, some scales 
dusky at their bases; sides pale; lower fins white, Yad- 
kin River. 


CATOSTOMID A.—CIX. 815 


dd. Scales very small for the genus, about 9—56—8 in number; 
body moderately elongate, the depth about 4 in the length. 

7. M. albida, (Grd.) Jor. Wuuire Sucker. Head 
shortish, conic, the snout not much projecting, about 4 
in length; eye large; dorsal fin small, with about eleven 
rays, the last rapidly shortened; (characters of mouth 
unknown, but probably similar to macrolepidota and 
pecilura; it is said to be “much larger than in F. con-' 
gestus.”) Rivers of the Southwest. 
cc. Upper lobe of the caudal falcate, much longer than the lower 

(nearly an inch longer in specimens a foot long); the lobes 
similarly colored; dorsal fin falcate. 

8. M. anisura, (Raf.) Jor. Lone-Tamep Sucker. 
Body compressed; back somewhat elevated; depth 34 
in length; head conic, flattish, 54 in length; mouth very 
small, much as in aureola, which this species much 
resembles; the short high dorsal and peculiar caudal, 
however, distinguish it; D. 12—13, half higher than 
long; scales 6—46—5. Lakes and Ohio Valley. (C. 
anisurus, Raf., not of Kirt., nor of Agassiz. P. brevi- 
ceps, Cope.) 
cec. Lower lobe of the caudal very much longer than the upper 

and differently colored, the upper lobe in the adult being red, 
the inferior jet-black, its two lowermost developed rays and 
their membranes abruptly white (? in both sexes). 

9. M. pecilura, Jordan, Varincatep-Taitep Mut- 
LET. Body elongate, moderately compressed, somewhat 
elevated forwards; depth 44 in length; head about the 
same; mouth medium, the lips full; dorsal rays 13; 
scales large, 5—44—4, coloration usual except of the 
caudal fin; other fins all red, with blackish shadings; size 
small. Lower Mississippi River. 
aa. Species with the body elongate, little compressed, broad; the 

depth, about 5 in length, not very much greater than the 
thickness. 


316 FISHES. 


10. M. cervina, (Cope) Jordan. Jump-Rocks. Jump- 
inc MutiEt. Head very short, roundish above, rather 
pointed forwards, about 5 in length; cheeks sub-verti- 
cal; mouth rather large, with thick lips, which are 
strongly plicate, the folds somewhat broken up; eye 
small; fins very small, the dorsal rays 10 to 12; scales 
rather large, 6—44 to 49—5; color greenish brown, a 
pale blotch on each scale, these forming continuous 
streaks along the rows of scales; back with more or less 
distinct brownish cross-blotches; fins brownish, not 
much red; the dorsal blackish at tip; size smallest; 
length less than a foot. Virginia to Georgia, very 
abundant, a singular little species. 
++ Lower lip thin, forming a narrow, crescent-shaped border 

around the mandible. 

11. M. alba, (Cope) Jordan. Wuitze Muiier. Head 
small, five times in length; muzzle prominent, but less 
so than in I. velata; mouth moderate, back a little 
elevated; depth about 34 in length; dorsal rays 12 to 
14, its free border incised; scales 6—45—5; coloration 
very pale; lower fins white; size large; reaches a weight 
of four pounds or more. Rivers of N.C. 


12. M. thalassina, (Cope) Jordan. Green MULLET. 
Head stout, as in I. velata, rather long, 4 in length, 
flattish above, muzzle truncate, not very prominent; 
muzzle moderate; back elevated; dorsal fin long, of 14 
or 15 rays; sea-green above; white below; lower fins 
white. Yadkin River. 

** Lower lips infolded, ,-shaped, when viewed from below, with 
a distinct median crease, in which the two halves of the lip 
meet, forming an acute angle; mouth small. 

Lips plicate, the folds not broken up into papille. 
g. Dorsal rays (developed) 16 (15 to 17.) 


CATOSTOMID.Al.—CLX. 317 


13. M. velata, (Cope) Jordan. Smari-MovtaEp Rep 
Horsz. Wuuirr Noss. Body stout, deep, compressed, 
the back elevated, the depth 3 to 4 in length; head 
short, heavy, flattish and broad above, thick through the 
cheeks, 32 to 44 in length; eye rather large, midway in 
head, 4 to 5 in its length; muzzle rather prominent, 
bluntish, overhanging the very small mouth; fins very 
large; dorsal long and high, its height five-sixths the 
length of the head; pectorals nearly reaching ventrals; 
color silvery, smoky above; lower fins red; size large. 
Great Lakes to North Carolina and Alabama, ~ather com- 
mon. (P. collapsus and P. velatus, Cope.) 
gg. Dorsal moderate, with 12 to 14 developed rays 

h. Head comparatively large, about 4 in length; dorsal rays 

usually 12.- 

14. M. congesta, (Grd.) Jordan. Tuickx-HzapEp Movt1- 
tet. Head short and very wide through the opercles, 
flat above; body stout, the back somewhat elevated; 
depth 4 in length; muzzle sub-truncate, slightly project- 
ing; scales 6—40—5; olivaceous, silvery below; dorsal 
fin dusky. Missouri River and 8. (P. bucco, Cope.) 


15. M. pidiensis, (Cope) Jordan. MuvLier or THE 
Great PrepEs. Head rather long, 44 in length, flattish 
above; body elongate, more nearly cylindrical, little 
compressed; muzzle truncate; olivaceous, sometimes 
with rows of faint spots along the series of scales; dor- 
sal and caudal fins black-edged; size quite small; resem- 
bles M. cervina, but the mouth entirely different. Great 
Pedee River. 


hh. Head very small, about 5 in length; muzzle conic, much pro- 
jecting beyond the very small mouth. 


16. M. coregonus, (Cope) Jordan. Wautrz-Fisa Mut- 
tet. Broadly fusiform, the body being much com- 


318 FISHES, 


pressed, the back elevated and arched; dorsal rays 14; 
color silvery, with plumbeous shades above; lower fins 
white; size small. Catawba and Yadkin Rivers. 


tt Lips papillose, the plicee broken up by cross furrows. 


17. M. papillosa, (Cope) Jordan. Papittose MuLiEr. 
Body comparatively stout, the dorsal region somewhat 
elevated and rounded, the depth being about 4 in length, 
the head about the same; eye rather large, high up and 
well back, the preorbital space being longer than in the 
other species; top of head flat; dorsal rays 12 to 14; 
scales rather large, 6—42—5; lips well developed, deeply 
incised, almost as in Catostomus; color silvery; back 
with smoky shading; lower fins white; size large, reaches 
a length of about two feet. North Carolina to Georcia. 


4, MINYTREMA, Jordan. Srrirep Suckers. 


* Each scale with a large, square blackish spot at its base, these 
forming more or less conspicuous stripes alon~ the sides; 
body subterete, becoming deeper with age. 


1. M. melanops, (Raf.) Jordan. Sprorrep MuLieEt. 
Srrirprep SuckEr. Head 4% in length; depth about 4; 
scales very large; blackish above; sides coppery, with 
black stripes; D. I, 12; lat. 1. 47; size large; adult 
males with the sides of the head profusely tuberculate 
in Spring; young specimens of this species have no 
trace of lateral line, as in H’rimyzon; older ones (6—8 
inches) show a deepening of the furrows along the 
median series of scales; adults of 12 to 18 inches show 
a series of completely developed tubes, which, however, 
are wanting on some of the scales, especially behind; as 
E'rimyzon never shows any traces of the tubes of the 
lateral line, these peculiarities may be held to indicate 
generic distinction, and the name Minytrema is here 


CATOSTOMID At.—CIX. 819 


proposed for H. melanops. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley 
‘and South, abundant; one of our handsomest suckers, 
strangely overlooked by recent writers. This and the 
next, unlike most of our suckers, are very hardy in the 
Aquarium. 


5. ERIMYZON, Jordan. Crus Suckers. 


= Moxostoma, Agassiz (not of Raf.) 
* No stripes along the rows of scales, body rather short and deep. 


1. £. sucetta, (Lac.) Jordan. Creek Fisn. Cnus 
Suckrer. Head 4 to 4} in length; depth 2%, in adult; 
eye 5 in head; scales crowded, deeper than long; no trace 
of lateral line; dusky above, brassy on sides and below; 
very variable; young much less compressed, with black 
bands or bars, and pale lateral and vertebral streaks; 
spring males with six tubercles on head; D.I, 11; lat. 1. 40. 
New England, 8. and W., abundant. [Z. oblongus, (Mit.) 
Jor.] 

6. HYPENTELIUM, Rafinesque. Crawt-a- Bottoms. 
= Hylomyzon, Ag. 

1. H-. nigricans, (LeS.) Jordan. Stonz Rotizr. Hoa 
Sucxer. “Mup Sucxer.” Depth 43 in length; head 
4; depth of head 3 its length; eyes small, very high up 
and far back; lower fins very large; pectoral nearly as 
long as head; brownish, often beautifully marbled; D. 
I, 11; A. 8; lat.1.52. Lakes and streams from N. Y., 
S. and W., abundant; one of our most singular fishes. 
It frequents clear streams and rapids, and it is not at all 
a “mud fish,” as some writers seem to suppose. 


7. CATOSTOMUS, LeSueur. Fine-Scatep SuckErs, 
> Acomus and Minomus, Grd. 
* Lateral line with 60 to 65 scales: snout comparatively short; 
(Decadactylus, Rat.) 


820 FISHES. 


1. @. teres, (Mit.) LeS. Common Sucker. Warrr 
Sucker. Depth about equal to length of head, 4 to 44 
in length; olivaceous, sides silvery, with bright reflec- 
tions; males with the sides roseate in spring; D. I, 12; 
lat. 1. 63. U. S., abundant every where east of the 
Rocky Mountains. (C. communis, bostoniensis, teres, 
sucklit, etc., of authors.) 

** Lateral line with about 100 scales; snout much produced. 
(Catostomus.) 

2. @. longirostris, LeS. Rxep-Sipep Sucker. Lone- 
Noszp Suckur. Slender, depth less than length of 
head; sides with a bright red: band, and upper part of 
head with small tubercles in males in Spring; D. I, 10; 
lat. 1.110. Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi and North- 
ward, abundant. [C. hudsonius, LeS., C. aurora, Ag.; 
C. griseus and C. lactarius, Grd.; C. forsterianus, (Rich.) 
not C. forsterianus, Ag., which is probably C. commer- 
sonii.] 


8. CYCLEPTUS, Rafinesque. SuckERELs. 


= Rhytidostomus, Heckel. 


1. @. eflongatus, (LeSueur) Ag. Brack Horss. 
Gourp-SzEp Sucker. Missouri Sucker. Body fusiform, 
not greatly compressed; head and mouth very small; 
depth four to five in length; head 64; eye small, well back, 
6 to 7 in head; lobes of dorsal and caudal much atten- 
uated; longest dorsal rays a little longer than head; 
pectorals falcate, as long as head; anal fin small; scales 
with the exposed surfaces broad; ¢ jet black above, sides 
black with a coppery luster; snout minutely tuberculate 
in spring; 9 olivaceous; D. 30; A. 7; lat.1. 56; length 2 to 
3 feet; weight 2 to 15 tbs. Mississippi Valley, in large 
streams. A singular species, quite unlike any other. 


CATOSTOMID.4.—CIX. 321 


9. CARPIODES, Rafinesque. Carp Suckers. 


* First rays of dorsal very much elevated and attenuated, about 
as long as the base of the fin. 

+ Muzzle conic, projecting. 

1. @. velifer, (Raf.) Ag. Srzar Fisa. Sam Fisu. 
QuituBack. Sximpack. Muzzle conic, much less obtuse 
than in the next; depth 24 in length; head 33; eye 4} 
in head; color pale, scarcely silvery, as in all the species; 
D. 22; lat. 1.37. Ohio R. 
tt Muzzle very abruptly obtuse. 

a. Anterior suborbital bone sub-triangular, longer than deep. 

2. C. selene, Cope. Moon Carp-Sucker. Back 
steeply elevated; intermaxillaries far in advance of 
orbit; D. 26; V. 10; A. 8; lat. 1. 87; silvery. Great 
Lakes, abundant. 
aa. Anterior suborbital bone, much deeper than long. 

3. €. cutisanserinus, Cope. Lone-FINNED Carp 
Sucker. Mouth usual in position, the upper lip in 
advance of the nostrils, etc.; dorsal fin beginning mid- 
way of body more elevated than in any other species; 
snout with small tubercles in spring males; head 4 in 
length; depth 23; D. 26; V. 10; A. 8. Ohio Valley, 
abundant. 

4. €. difformis, Cope. Drrormep Oarr SvucKer. 
Eye very large, and well anterior; the front edge of the 
lower jaw in line with the anterior rim of the orbit, and 
the end of the upper lip reaching the line of the anterior 
rim of the orbit, the physiognomy being therefore 
peculiar in the great obtuseness of the head; insertion 
of dorsal anterior to middle of the head; D. 24; A. 8; 
V.9; lat. 1.35. Ohio River. 


** Anterior rays of dorsal scarcely filamentous, little more than 
half the length of the base of the fin. 
b. Head comparatively iarge, 34 to 4 in length, 


21 


322 FISHES. 


5. 0. bison, Ag. Burratro Carp Sucker. Muzzle 
very long, conic; eye median, large, 44 in head; body 
elongate; depth 3 in length; dorsal fin elongate, nearly 
as much so as in C. velifer; D. 28; lat. 1.40. Missis- 
sippi Valley. 

6. €. eyprinus, (LeS.) Ag. SiivEry Carp Sucker. 
Muzzle prominent, but rather obtuse; eye small, anterior, 
5 in head; depth 22 in length; longest dorsal rays about 
2 the length of the base of the fin; D. 28, or 29; lat. 1. 
40. N.Y. to Ala., Hast of the Alleghenies. 
bb. Head smaller, 44 to 5 in length. 


%. €. thompsoni, Ag. Laxn Carp Sucker. Short 
and stout; dorsal region much arched; scales narrowly 
exposed; longest dorsal ray reaching the 22d; eye small, 
54 in head; head 4} in length; depth 24; D. 28; lat. 1. 
41. Great Lakes. 

8. €. carpio, (Raf.) Jordan. River Carp Sucker. 
Body more elongate, the depth 3 in length, the head 
small, nearly 5; longest dorsal rays shortest, reaching to 
the 16th ray; eye small, anterior; D. 30; lat. 1. 36, the 
largest species, approaching Jchthyobus. Ohio Valley, 
abundant. (C. nummifer, Cope.) 


10. ICHTHYOBUS, Rafinesque. Burrao Fisx. 


(Sclerognathus, Val.) 
* Body robust, little compressed, the dorsal region not especially 
elevated. 

1. /. bubalus, (Raf.) Ag. Brown ,Burrato- Fisn, 
Depth 34 in length; head the same; eye small, 65 in 
head; depth of head five-sixths its length; opercle very 
wide, forming nearly half the length of head —convex 
and furrowed; scales very large; dull brownish olive, 
not silvery; D, 27; A. 10; lat.1.40; length (of specimen) 


CATOSTOMID.—C1X. 323 


27 inches; weight 15 ibs. Mississippi Valley (described 

from specimen from Wabash R.) 

** Body shorter, considerably compressed; the dorsal region 
elevated. (These three the young of the preceding!) 

2. L. eyanellus, Nelson. Buus Burrato. Head 3} 
in length; depth 24; eye 43 in head; longest dorsal ray 
reaching 18th; head very short, high and thick; mouth 
quite small, oblique, somewhat overlapped by the obtuse 
snout; insertion of dorsal rather anterior; steel blue, 
paler below; D. I, 30; lat. 1. 38. Illinois River. 

3. /. rauchii, Ag. “Dorsal much higher than in J. 
bubalus, all other fins much larger and scales not higher 
than long.” (Ag.) Mississippi River, Burlington, lowa. 
An unrecognized species. Specimens in my collection 
from near Burlington agree with J. cyanellus, except 
that the insertion of the dorsal is midway. 

4. I. isehyrus, Nelson. Heavy Burrato. “Thisisa 
very stout and heavily built species; depth 24 in length; 
head extremely broad between the eyes and but slightly 
convex; its length 34 times in length of body; snout 
short and rounded, opercular apparatus large; depth of 
head 14 in its length; width of head 13; eye 63 in head, 
12 in snout, 4 in interorbital space; caudal peduncle a 
little deeper than long; scales 7—37—7, nearly uniform, 
a little crowded anteriorly, finely punctate; fins all 
small; dorsal I. 27; A. I, 8; bluish-olive above, yellow- 
ish below; fins blackish.” (elson.) Rivers of Illinois. 


11. BUBALICHTHYS, Agassiz. Burrato Fisuus. 


1. B. urus, Ag. Buack Burrato. Bie-Movutazp 
Burrato. Body much less elevated and less com- 
pressed than in B. bubalinus, the back not at all 
carinated; axis of body over the ventrals about at the 


324 FISHES. 


lateral line, and but an eighth or tenth further from the 
dorsal line than the ventral; greatest depth midway of 
body over ventrals and just in advance of dorsal; depth 
34 in length; head strongly transversely convex, almost 
ridged above, less narrowed downwards than in buba- 
lus; greatest depth of head 1 in its length; interor- 
bital space 24; eye=snout 54 in head, much smaller 
than in dubalus ; snout scarcely projecting; no depres- 
sion at occiput; an almost even curve from snout to 
dorsal; head bounded by curves, therefore not trian- 
gular, thicker, larger, and less pointed than in bubalus ; 
mouth large, with a large and pappillose lower lip; man- 
dible longer than eye; scales 8—41—7; fin rays D. I, 
30; A. I, 11; dorsal not so high nor so rapidly depressed 
as in bubalus, the longest ray scarcely half the length 
of the base of the fin, reaching to the 15th, the 9th ray, 
half the height of the first; anal reaching caudal, its 
middle rays more rounded, not so much shorter than the 
first; pectorals as long as ventrals, both longer than anal 
and less than head; colors very dark; fins all black. 
Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. 


2. B. altus, Nelson. Dxxp-Bopizp Burrato. Boay 
very deep and much compressed; the back is much 
arched and the profile descends steeply in front to end 
of snout, not forming an angle with it as in many 
species of Ichthyobus; depth of body 24 in length; head 
4 in length; greatest thickness of body 12 in length of 
head; depth of head 14 in its length; width 14 in 
length; eye 5} in head, 24 in interorbital space, which is 
but little rounded; lateral line perfectly straight from 
upper edge of opercle to caudal; scales 8—35—5; dor- 
sal J. 25; A. I, 9; color in spirits, dull yellowish-olive; 
fins dusky. Illinois. (WVelson. Same as the next!) 


CATOSTOMIDAl.—CIX. 3825 


3. B. bubalus, Agassiz. Smatu-MovuraEp Burrato. 
Body considerably elevated and compressed above; the 
dorsal region sub-carinate; belly thicker; depth 23 in 
length; axis of the body above the ventrals, below the 
lateral line and nearly twice as far from the back as the 
belly; greatest depth of body at beginning of dorsal, 
which is in advance of ventrals, and a trifle nearer the 
snout than the caudal; head wide, rounded across the 
top, wider above eyes than across cheeks; interorbital 
space 2 in head; head 4 in length of body, its greatest 
depth 14 in its length; eye=snout 4 in head, much 
larger than in B. niger; mouth small, notably smaller 
than in B. niger, and with thinner lips, which are granu- 
lated and feebly plicate; mandible about equal to eye; 
pharyngeal bones very strong, with large teeth, which 
grow larger downward; intestinal canal long, longer 
than body; a decided occipital depression; head trian- 
gular in outline, viewed from the side; ante-orbital 
region strongly elevated and curved; length of top of 
head 22 in distance from snout to occiput; nostrils large; 
scales 8—40—6 in two specimens, 8—39—6 in one, 7— 
39—5 in the fourth; fin rays D. I, 28 in two, I. 29 in 
rest; A. I, 10; V.10; dorsal elevated in front and rap- 
idly declined, the seventh ray half the length of the 
third or longest; the latter reaches to the base of the 
18th ray, or more than half the base of the fin; anal 
reaching caudal, its rays rapidly shortened; pectorals 
shorter than anal, anal than ventrals, all than head. 
Mississippi Valley, abundant. (B. bubalus, Ag., not 
C. bubalus, Raf.) 


326 FISHES, 


ORDER AA.—NEMATOGNATHL 
(The Sheat Fishes.) 


Skin naked or with bony plates; no true scales; bar- 
bels always present, maxillary bone rudimentary and 
forming the base of the longest barbel; margin of upper 
jaw formed by intermaxillaries only; sub-opercle absent; 
air bladder generally present; usually an adipose fin, 
and in all our species a spine in the dorsal and pectorals; 
ventrals abdominal. Chiefly fresh water fishes, inhabit- 
ing most regions, especially abounding in South America. 
The leading family is Silurida. 


FAMILY CX.—SILURIDA. 
(Lhe Cat Fishes.) 


General characters as above given; genera one hund- 
red or more; species nearly seven hundred; a very large 
family abounding in the fresh waters of: America and 
the warmer parts of the Old World; a few are marine. 
Our species constitute a peculiar group termed by Dr. 
Gill Ichtheluri. The characters of this group are as 
follows: The body is more or less elongated, compressed. 
posteriorly, and terminating in a well-developed caudal 
fin. The skin is naked and unprovided with sucking 
cups; the head in profile presents the appearance of a 
more or less elongated cone, and is covered with a skin 
which is generally quite thick; it is more or less flat- 
tened, and broad above, and gradually becomes narrowed 
to the convex snout; there is never a casque, or helmet; 
the supraoccipital terminates in a point; there are eight 
barbels: the two maxillary, constant in the family; a 
pair in front of the posterior nasal apertures; and two 
pairs arranged in a curved line behind the lower jaw; 
the nostrils form nearly a transverse parallelogram 


SILURIDZ.— OX. 3827 


between the intermaxillaries and the eyes; the anterior 
are suboval or subcircular, and the posterior linear, with 
x raised margin, from the front of which the upper bar- 
bels originate; the eyes are generally placed in the 
anterior half of the head; the dorsal and pectoral fins 
are each provided with a stout, pungent spine. The adi- 
pose fin is developed, not rayed, and the rays of the 
Jorsal fin are few in number. The branchial apertures 
are ample, continued from the supero-posterior angles 
of the opercula to beneath the throat. The air-bladder 
is well developed. The species commonly inhabit deep 
or sluggish waters, and are very tenacious of life— 
especially those_of Amiurus. 
* Adipose fin with its posterior margin free, not connected with 
the caudal fin. 
¢ Intermaxillary band of teeth convex in front, abruptly trun- 
cate behind, without lateral backward processes; branchi- 
ostegals 8 or 9 (rarely 10 or 11); ventral fins normally with 
8 rays. 

} Supraoccipital bone prolonged backward, its apex emar- 
ginate, receiving the pointed anterior end of the second 
interspinal, thus forming a continuous bony bridge from 
the snout to the base of the dorsal; branchiostegals 8 or 
9; head elongate; mouth small, terminal, the upper jaw 
the longer; anal fin elongate, of 24 to 34 rays; caudal 
fin furcate; body elongate, more or less slender, silvery, 
covered with thin skin. ‘ r IcoTHa.Lurvs, 1. 

${ Supraoccipital bone free behind, not connected with 

the interspinal; branchiostegals normally 9 (varying 

from 8 to 11); head broad; mouth broad, terminal; 

anal fin moderate or rather long, with 15 to 27 rays; 

caudal fin usually truncate, but often more or less 

deeply emarginate or even forked; body usually 

more or less shortened, covered with a rather thick 

skin. : i : . .  Amrorus, 2. 

}+ Intermaxillary band of teeth convex in front, with a lateral 
backward extension on each side; branchiostegals nor- 


3828 FISHES. 


mally 12; supraoccipital bone free behind; head long, broad, 
and flat; mouth large, the lower jaw always the longer; 
anal fin short, of 12 to 14 rays; ventrals with 9 rays; cau- 
dal fin truncate, its numerous rudimentary rays recurrent 
above and below the caudal peduncle; number of vertebrae 
increased; body elongate, covered with thick skin. 
PELODICHTHYS, 3. 
** Adipose fin long and low, keel-like, adnate to the back, more 
or less perfectly continuous with the caudal fin; supraocci- 
pital bone free behind; branchiostegals 9; anal fin short, 
with 11 to 20 rays; caudal fin rounded, with numerous rudi- 
mentary rays recurrent on the caudal peduncle; ventral rays 
usually 9; form various, but body usually more or less 
elongate, depressed in front, compressed behind, covered 
with a thickish but semi-transparent skin; size small. 
Norouruvs, 4. 


1. ICHTHALURUS, Rannesque. CHANNEL Cats. 
* Hye small, anterior, the middle of the head being behind its 
posterior margin. 

+ Anal fin extremely elongate, its base one-third the length of 

the body; its rays 32 to 34; body slender. 

1. /. fureatus, (Cuv. & Val.) Gill. Forx-Tarep Cuan- 
NEL Cat. Head small, 4} in length, the slope from dor- 
sal to snout somewhat concave; spines long. Missis- 
sippi Valley, and Southwest. 
t+ Anal fin shorter, 84 to 4 in length; its rays 27 to 30; body 

robust, compressed. 

2. L. robustus, Jordan. Rosusr CHANNEL Cat. A 
stout, deep species, with shorter spines; dorsal region 
elevated; the profile concave. Mississippi Valley. 

** Hye large, median, the middle of the head falling before its 
posterior margin; anal short, not greatly elongate, its rays 
25 to 29. 

8. /. punctatus, (Raf.) Jor. Common Cuannen Car. 

Brus Cat. White Oat, etc. Head moderate, about 4 


SILURID2.—cx. 829 


in length; dorsal region not especially elevated; spines 
long; coloration of the others, bluish silvery, young 
spotted with olive. New York to South Carolina, West 
to the Rocky Mountains and Mexico, very abundant. 
It has been described under some twenty-three different 
specific names. [JZ. ceerulescens, (Raf.) Gill.] 


2. AMIURUS, Rafinesque. Cat FisHxs. 
* Caudal fin forked, its lower lobe the larger; upper jaw longest; 
colors more or less olivaceous or silvery. 

¢ Anal fin elongate, of 28 to 28 rays. 

a. Head rather broad; anal rays 25 or 26. 

1. A. nigricans, (LeS.) Gill. Grear Fork-Tatep 
Car. Cat Fisa or tHe Lakes. Miussisstppr Cat, 
Fioripa Cat. Great Biuz Cat. Head comparatively 
small, 43 in length, its width 5; barbels long; spines 
short and stout, serrated; body rather low and moder- 
ately stout; colors dark, mottled with paler; size very 
large. Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley and South to 
Florida, much the largest of our cat fishes, reaching a 
weight of 100 to 200 ibs. 
aa. Head narrow, decidedly longer than broad 

+ Anal rays 23 or 24. 


2. A. lupus, (Grd.) Gthr. Caudal fin deeply furcate; 
head narrow, longer than broad; anal rays 23 or 24; 
pectoral spines long and slender, dentate; barbels long; 
depth about 5 in length; body rather slender; head nar- 
rowed, its width 44 in length, being less than its length 
above; distance from snout to dorsal spine 14 to 14 in 
distance from dorsal spine to adipose fin; base of anal: 
as long as head. The species strongly resembles the 
species of Ichthelurus, and is almost intermediate 
between the two genera, the supraoccipital bone being 


880 FISHES. 


almost connected with the inter-spinal. Southwestern 
States. 

3. A. niveiventris, Cope. Similar, but the head broader, 
its width equal to its length above; distance to dorsal 
spine 14 in distance from spine to adipose fin; base of 
anal notably less than head. Neuse River, N. C. 
tt Anal fin short, of 19 to 22 rays. 

4. A. albidus, (LeS.) Gill. Wairn Cat. Caannen Cat 
oF THE Poromac. Head narrowed, very wide in adults, 
quite narrow in young, its width 4 to 5 in length of body; 
upper jaw considerably the longer; dorsal spine nearer 
adipose fin than snout; caudal deeply forked; base of 
anal fin 44 in length; A. 21. Pennsylvania to South 
Carolina, abundant. [.A. dyna, (Grd.) Gill.] 

5. A. lophius, Cope. Bic-Movuraep Cat. Head 
extremely wide, its width 33 in length, as great as the 
length of the head; upper jaw slightly the longer; cau- 
dal shallow-forked; base of anal fin 6 in length; A. 21; 
color silvery as in the preceding. Tributaries of Chesa- 
peake Bay, rather common. Very old specimens of A. 
albidus resemble A. lophius, but may be recognized by 
the characters above noted. A. lophius has the largest 
mouth of any North American Cat Fish. 

** Caudal fin rounded or slightly emarginate, usually truncate 
when spread open. 

. ¢ Anal fin very long, its base one-fourth or more the length of 

the body; of 24 to 27 rays. 
6. Head and body elongate; mouth narrow. 

6.'4. erebennus, Jordan. Goopr’s Cat. Head and 
oody elongated; the dorsal region considerably elevated; 
the head quite long and narrowed forwards; much longer 
than broad; its width in front of eye only about half its 
length; mouth rather narrow, with equal jaws; barbels 


SILURIDA.—Cx. 331 


long; adipose fin large; spines strong; dorsal fin very 
high; anal fin long and deep; caudal fin short; color 
dark; gill openings narrow. Southeastern streams; 
resembling A. nigricans, but with the caudal fin of A. 
natalis. 

bb. Heud broad; mouth wide; form stout. 


7. A. natalis, (LeS.) Gill. Yztnrow Cat. Cuussy 
Cat. Body stout and heavy, with large head; dorsal 
spine nearer snout than adipose fin; a widely diffused 
species running into many varieties. The following are 
some of the principal ones: 

Var. natalis, (LeS.) Body very short and obese, with 
short, deep, fleshy caudal peduncle, and short caudal fin, 
on which the flesh encroaches. This may be simply a 
peculiar state of individuals rather than a distinct variety. 

Var. /ividus, (Raf.) Jor. More elongate, dark colored; 
the jaws equal. Western and Southern streams, com- 
mon. (A. catus of authors.) 

.Var. eupreus, (Raf.) Jor. Similar, but yellowish 
brown, and with the upper jaw decidedly the longer; 
generally abundant. 

‘Var. ewnosus, (Rich.) Jor. Like eupreus, but green- 
ish or black in color. Great Lakes. 

Var. analis, Jor. Anal fin very large, of 27 rays, its 
base nearly 4 length of body. §. W. 
${ Anal fin moderate, of 18 to 22 rays. 

ce. Lower jaw distinctly longer than upper. 

8. A. vulgaris, (Thompson) Nelson. Lone-JaweEp 
Cat. Body rather elongate, the depth 44 to 5 in length; 
head 34; barbels long; mouth wide; head longer than 
broad; dorsal nearer snout than adipose fin; head broad 
forwards; A. 20° dark reddish brown, varying. to black. 


832 FISHES. 


ish. Great Lakes and tributaries, generally abundant. 
[A. dekayi, (Grd.) Gill.] 

Var. elurus, (Grd.) Jor. Has the head somewhat 
narrowed. forwards, the dorsal region more elevated, and 
its spine about midway of the body. Upper Mississippi 
River. 
ec. Jaws about equal, or the upper evidently the longer. 

d. Eyes well developed. 

e. Body not notably elongate. 
f. Head moderately broad; a nearly even slope from the tip 
of the snout to the elevated base of the dorsal. 

9. A. catus, (L.) Gill. Buru-Hzap. Horn Poor. 
Smaut Cat Fisu. Body rather elongate, depth 4 to 44 
in length; head broader than in the next, the front less 
steep, but its slope more uniform; body less rapidly nar- 
rowed behind; anal fin longer, its base 44 in body, the 
rays 21 or 22 in number; upper jaw distinctly the 
longer; color dark yellowish brown, varying to blackish, 
sometimes marbled, the young often quite black. Great 
Lakes to Maine and South Carolina, the common East- 
ern species. (A. atrarius, nebulosus, hoyi, etc., of 
authors.) 

10. A. marmoratus, (Holbr.) Jor. Marsiep Car. 
Body sharply mottled with brown, greenish and whitish; 
the coloration therefore singular among Cat Fishes; jaws 
equal or nearly so; depth about 4 in length; slope of 
profile very steep; dorsal fin high; the spine more than 
half length of head; dorsal spine nearer adipose fin than 
snout; barbels long; branchiostegals 10; head 34 in 
length. South Atlantic States to Illinois. 

11. A. melas, (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. Brack 
Cat. Body very stout, short and deep, the depth 34 to 
44 in length; head not very broad, rather contracted 


SILURIDA.— OX. 833 


forwards, the front steeply elevated, the body thick 
across the “shoulders,” rather rapidly narrowed behind; 
anal fin short and deep, of 18 or 20 rays, its base nearly 
five in length, the color of the rays forming a sharp con- 
trast with that of the membranes; upper jaw scarcely 
longest; size small; color almost black. Mississippi 

Valley, abundant. (A. catulus, obesus, confinis, etc., of 

authors.) 

Sf. Head very broad, the slope from snout to base of dorsal quite 
uneven, there being a more or less decided angle at the 
occiput. 

12. A. xanthocephalus, (Raf.) Gill. YELLow-HEapEp 
Cat. Head about as broad as long, its length 4 in that 
of body; dorsal nearer adipose fin than snout; anal fin 
short, its base less than one-fifth the length of the body, 
its rays usually 19; body stout and short; mouth very 
broad; colors pale, chiefly yellowish; size small. Ohio 
Valley, abundant; resembles A. natalis cupreus, but has 
a much smaller anal. 
ee. Body very elongate, slender, the head flattish and broad above. 


13. A. platycephalus, (Grd.) Gill. Furar-HeapEp 
Cat. Form slender, elongate, approaching that of Pelo- 
dichthys, the depth being 4 to 6 times in length of body; 
head broad and flat, nearly as wide as long; anal fin 
with 20 to 22 rays; the base of the fin 43 to 5 in body; 
jaws equal; branchiostegals 11; mouth very wide; dor- 
sal spine nearer snout than adipose fin; coloration some- 
what marmorate; a blackish horizontal bar at base of 
dorsal. Southern Rivers; approaches A. drunneus, but 
less elongate, and with a different mouth. 


dd. Eyes rudimentary, concealed under the skin; blind cave 
species. (Gronias, Cope.) 


14. A. nigrilabris, (Cope) Gill& Jor. Cave Cart Fisu. 


834 FISHES. 


Form, etc.sinearly. of Amiurus melas; but the eyes little 
developed; anal short, of about 19 rays. Subterranean 
stream, tributary of Conestoga River, E. Penn. 
¢tt Anal fin small, 15 to 17 rayed. 

‘g. Body short and stout. 


15. A. pullus, (DeKay) Gill. Buack Butu- Hap. 
Depth 4 in length; the head flattened, nearly as broad as 
long; mouth large; dorsal nearer adipose fin than snout; 
A. 16 or 17; color black, white below; size small. W. 
N. Y. to New England. 
gg. Body comparatively slender and eel-like. 


16. A. brunneus, Jordan. GrrEn Cat. Body very 
slender, elongate, the depth about 5} in length; head 
broad and flat, about 4 in length, the width 44; the upper 
jaw more projecting than in any other of the species 
known; profile convex, not steep; dorsal fin very high, 
% length of head, well forward, its spine nearer snout 
than adipose fin; anal fin short and high, its base 5 in 
length of body, its rays 16 to 18; pectoral spine serrated; 
color pale olive-green; a blackish horizontal bar at base 
of dorsal. The slenderest of the Amiuri, abundant in 
many Southern streams. 


8. PELODICHTHYS, Rafinesque. Mup Cats. 
(Hopladetlus, Raf.) 


1. P. olivaris, (Raf.) Gill & Jordan. Mup Cat. Body 
very long and slender, much depressed forwards, closely 
compressed behind; head very long and flat, tapering 
downwards and forwards, broadly rounded in front; 
head 34 in length, depth 6 in length; dorsal spine some- 
what enveloped in thick skin; pectoral spine very long, 
flattened, serrated behind; adipose fin high and long; 
jaws thin and flat the lower always the longer; colors 


SILURID.41.—OX. 8385 


much mottled; anal fin quite short, of 15 rays. A sin- 
gular species, reaching a very large size, abounding on 
the bottoms of our larger Western and Southern rivers. 


4. NOTURUS, Rafinesque. Stonz Cats. 
* Intermaxillary band of teeth with strong lateral backward pro- 
cesses, as in Pelodichthys. (Noturus.) 

1. W. flavus, Raf. Ye ttow Sronz Cat. Head much 
depressed and flattened, little longer than broad; bar- 
bels rather short; head 44 in length; depth 52; distance 
from snout to dorsal 8; middle of body cylindrical, some- 
what carinate above; adipose fin notched; spine of pec- 
torals roughish behind, slightly retrorse-serrate in front. 
St. Lawrence to Kentucky and Upper Missouri, abund- 
ant, the largest species, reaching a length of a foot. 


** Intermaxillary band of teeth without lateral backward pro- 
cess. (Schilbeodes, Bleeker.) 


+ Pectoral spines more or less serrate on the inner edge; adi- 

pose fin notched. 

a. Pectoral spines rather small, their internal serre feeble, less 
than half the diameter of the spine; anal rather long, of 
more than 14 rays. 

2. N. insignis, (Rich.) Gill & Jor. Marerep Sronz 
Car. Upper jaw decidedly longest; pectoral spine about 
half length of head, pretty strongly retrorse - serrate 
externally, dorsal spine much nearer anal than snout, the 
distance from snout to dorsal more than one-third the 
length; anal fin with 16 to 19 rays; body elongate; 
head flattened; dusky, a distinct black margin to dorsal 
and caudal fins; size rather large; Pennsylvania to S. 
Carolina, abundant. LW. lemniscatus, (Val.) Grd. WV. 
marginatus, Baird.] 

3. NW. exilis, Nelson. StenpDER Stone Car. A sort 
of “starved” representative of the preceding, smaller 


336 FISHES. 


and slenderer, with smaller fins; pectoral spine about 
one-third the length of the head; jaws almost equal; 
dorsal spine nearer snout than anal; distance from snout 
to dorsal less than one-third of length; anal rays 15; 
color brownish, with some darker mottlings; tip of 
dorsal black. Illinois to Kansas. 
aa. Pectoral spines very strong, curved, their internal serre very 
strong, spine-like, more than half the diameter of the spine; 
coloration variegated; a series of definite black blotches on 
the back; anal rays less than 14. 


4. NW. miurus, Jordan. Saw-Srinep Sronr Oar. 
Body moderately but not greatly elongate, the dorsal 
region more or less elevated; adipose fin continuous, 
high, interrupted by a notch which does not break the 
continuity of the fin, the rudimentary caudal rays begin- 
ning in the notch; color grayish, with four definite 
broad dorsal cross-bars; one before the dorsal, one 
behind it; one on middle of adipose fin and one small 
one behind it; top of head and tips of fins black; A. 13. 
Ohio to Iowa and Louisiana, abundant, readily known by 
its coloration and its long, rough spines. 

5. NW. eleutherus, Jordan. Free-Finnep Stone Cat. 
Similar but larger and rather stouter; the adipose fin 
divided to its very base, so that a space greater than the 
diameter of the eye intervenes between the adipose fin 
and the rudimentary rays of the caudal; anal 11 to 13; 
colors much as in NV. miuvrus. French Broad River and 
Tar River, N.C. , 
t+ Pectoral spines grooved on the inner edge, not serrated; adi- 

pose fin high and continuous. 


b. Pectoral spine very short and small, less than one-fourth the 
length of the head; head very small and narrow. 


6. NW. leptacanthus, Jor. Smatu-Sprnep Sronx Cat. 
A small, slender species, with very feeble spines, found 
in the Alabama and other Southern Rivers. 


ANGUILLID.&.—CXI. 337 


bb. Pectoral spines long and strong, entire without, grooved within, 
about half the length of the head; color pale yellowish 
brown, with dark streaks along the sides. 


%. N. gyrinus, (Mit.) Raf. Tapporz Sronz Cat. A 
“starved” representative of the next, slimmer in every 
way; head shorter and smaller; body more elongate, and 
more compressed, almost ribbon-shaped behind; barbels 
pale; anal 13. S. E. N. Y., and Eastern Penn. and N. J. 

8. W. sialis, Jordan. Cuussy Srong Cat. The 
shortest and stoutest of all the species; head short and 
very broad, nearly 4 in length; its width about the same; 
depth 44 to 54; barbels dark; yellowish, a black lateral 
‘streak and usually three dorsal ones. Ohio to Kansas, 
N. to British America, abundant. 


ORDER BB.—APODES. 
(The Eels.) 


Maxillary bones rudimentary; body serpentiform; no 
ventral fins; scapular arch free from skull; scales small 
or wanting. 


FAMILY CXI.—ANGUILLIDA. 
(The Hels.) 


Body much elongated, nearly cylindrical, covered with 
small scales; vent posterior; pectorals present; vertical 
fins confluent; sides of upper jaw formed by the maxil- 
laries; intermaxillaries more or less coalescent with the 
vomer; stomach ccecal. Genera two or three; “an 
infinite number of species have been described ”(Giin- 
ther), but the actual number can not exceed forty. In 
seas and sluggish fresh waters of all regions. 


838 FISHES. 


1. ANGUILLA, Thunberg. Hzts. 


1. A. rostrata, (LeS.) DeK. Common American EEL. 
Distance between dorsal and anal shorter than head. U. 
S., chiefly coastwise, but ascending all rivers and intro- 
duced into the Great Lakes. (A. bostoniensis, etc., of 
authors.) But one species is recognizable in the North- 
ern Hemisphere, according to a recent French writer, 
M. Dareste, who unites our species with the European 
A. vulgaris. 


AMIIDA.— CX. 339 


Sub-Class Ganoivei. 
(The Ganoid Fishes.) 


Skeleton bony or cartilaginous; tail more or less 
heterocercal; optic nerves forming a chiasma; arterial 
bulb rhythmically contractile, provided with several rows 
of valves; air bladder frequently cellular and lung-like; 
skin usually with bony plates; intestine usually with a 
spiral valve; ventral fins, if present, abdominal. Of this 
important sub-class but few species are now existing, 
and these few vary widely from one another. Of the 
earlier fossil fishes, a very large proportion are Ganoids. 


ORDER CC.—CYCLOGANOIDEI. 
(The Cycloganoids.) 


This order contains but a single species among recent 
fishes, 


FAMILY CXII.—AMIIDA. 
(The Bow-Fins.) 


Body oblong, rather.stout, covered with thick cycloid 
scales; tail heterocercal, the caudal peduncle curved 
upwards behind, “like a sled-runner;” a large bony 
buckler between branches of lower jaw; membrane 
bones of head much developed, very hard; jaws broad, 
with strong teeth in two sets, similar teeth on vomer, 
_palate and pterygoids; snout short, rounded; ventrals 
large, abdominal; dorsal very long, the ravs of nearly 


840 GANOID FISHES. 


uniform height; anal short and rather high; air bladi 
large, cellular, lung-like, communicating by a glot 
with the cesophagus; stomach large. 

A single species is found in the larger bodies of fri 
water in the U. S. from N. Y. to the plains. It 
exceedingly tenacious of life, even more so than 1 
species of Amiurus. The flesh is soft and pasty, a 


mat ndAthia Tan tinea maaan Se cxuactbes aa acanschs 


LEPIDOSTEID.Z.—CXILI. 341 


FAMILY CXIII.— LEPIDOSTEID2L. 
(The Gar Pikes.) 


Body elongated, sub-cylindrical, covered with hard, 
enamelled, lozenge-shaped, ganoid plates; snout elon- 
gated, spatulate, or beak-like; upper jaw of several 
pieces, longer than the lower, which .is formed of as 
many parts as in Reptiles; both jaws and palate armed 
with bands of rasp-like teeth, and series of larger, 
conical ones; fins with fulcra (elongated modified scales) 
in front; dorsal and anal short and placed far back, 
moderately high; vertebree concavo-convex, with ball 
and socket joints as in Reptiles; air bladder cellular, 
like the lungs of Reptiles, connected with the pharynx; 
stomach not ccecal but with numerous pyloric append- 
ages; intestine with rudimentary spiral valve; no spir- 
acles; branchiostegals three; pseudobranchie present. 
Fresh waters of N. A., from New England to the Rocky 
Mountains, S. to Central America and Cuba. Genera 
two or three (Cylindrosteus seems to us to be rather a 
sub-genus of Lepidosteus); species probably about five 
although forty have been described; until some more 
tangible distinctions are shown, we can admit but 
three.* 


*Inarecent work on these fishes, Prof. August Dumeril very laboriously 
distinguishes the following “species” among the specimens of Lepidosteus in 
the Museum at Paris: 

L. osseus, (L.) (= L. gavialis, Lac.); L, louistanensis, Dum, (= L. oxyurus, 
Raf. = Sarchirus vittatus, Raf.); L. harlani, L. ayrest, L. smithii, L. copei, L. 
lamarii, L. clintonti, L. troostii, L. piquotianus, L. lesuewrii, L. elizabeth, L. 
thompsont. L. horatii, L. milberti, L. treculii, Dumeril; and L. huronensis, Rich, 
Of Cylindrosteus, he finds C. platystomus (Raf.); C. productus (Cope); C. pla- 
tyrhyichus (DeK.); C. agassizit, OC. rafinesquet, O. bartoni, C. castelnaudii and 
O. zadocki, Dum, 

Most of these nominal species are based upon the most trifling individual 
differences, and often the right side of a specimen indicates one “species,” and 
the left another. As matters stgnd, we have no alternative but to reject them 
all, and to wait for the time when systematic writers shall. be wiser or more 
honest. 


342 GANOID FISHES. 


* Large teeth on the maxillaries in a single row; species oi 
moderate size, 2 to 5 feet long. Lepipostevs, 1. 
** Large teeth on the maxillaries in two rows; snout broad. 


depressed, about equal to rest of head; size large, length 

5 to 10 feet. . z LitHOLErIS, 2. 

1. LEPIDOSTEUS, Lacépéde. Gar Pixus. 
Sarchirus, Raf. (Young with the pectoral fins fleshy.) 


POLYODONTID2,—CXIvV. 8438 


Diamonp Fisx. Snout broad, depressed, the length of 

the cleft of the mouth being about half the length of the 

head; color olivaceous; head 3$ in length; D. 8; A. 8; 

lat. 1. 60; very large, reaching a length of 8 feet or more. 

Mississippi Valley, N. to Illinois and Ohio, abund- 

ant southward. (A. ferox, Raf LZ. adamantinus 
_ Raf.) 


ORDER EE.—SELACHOSTOMI, 
(The Spoon - Bilis.) 


This order contains but the single family Polyodontide 


FAMILY CXIV.—POLYODONTIDA. 
(The Spoon-Billed Cats.) . 


Body elongated; skin naked, with minute stellated 
roughnesses, and some bony plates about head and tail; 
mouth very wide, not inferior, but overhung by the long 
snout; minute teeth on lower jaw, maxillaries and palate, 
teeth sometimes deciduous with age; snout produced into 
a very long and spatula-like process, thin and flexible at 
its edges; no barbels; caudal with fulcra, as in Lepidos- 
teus, heterocercal, the lower lobe well developed; opercle 
with a long flap reaching to pectorals or beyond, and 
sometimes to ventrals; spiracles present; no tongue; one 
broad branchiostegal; air bladder large, communicating 
with the cesophagus; intestine with a well-developed 
spiral valve; stomach ccecal, with a broad divided pyloric 
appendage. Fresh waters of U.S. and China. Species 
two; P. folium from the Mississippi, and P. gladius 
from the Yangtsekiang. 


344 GANOID. FISHES. 


. POLYODON, Lacépéde. Duck-Birizp Cats. 


= Spatularia, Shaw. 
= Planirostra, LeSueur. 


1. P. foltum, Lacepede. Duck-BiLtEp Car. Spoo: 
Bittep Srureron. Snout nearly $ of length; opercul 
flap reaching much beyond pectorals; fins all more 
less falcate; color gray; D. 55 to 60; A. 56; length 


ACIPENSERIDA.—-CXY. 845 


* Rows of bony bucklers distinct throughout; spiracles present; 
snout rather narrow, sub-conical. : F ACIPENSER, 1. 


** Rows of bony bucklers confluent behind, entirely surround- 
ing the depressed tail; no spiracles; snout flattened, rather 
broad, shovel-shaped. - .  . SCAPHIRHYNCHOPS, 2. 


7. ACIPENSER, Linnzus. Sturczons. 
* Marine species ascending rivers; lateral shields 22 to 82. 


1. A. sturio, L. Common Sea Sturcron. Swarpr- 
Nosep Srurczon. Snout pointed, half the length of 
head; dorsal shields 11 to 13; lateral shields 26 to 31; 
D. 37 to 44 rays. Atlantic Ocean S. to Africa and West 
Indies. (A. oxyrhynchus, Mit., the American form.) 

2. A. brevirostris, LeSueur. Biunt-NosEep StuRGEON. 
Snout blunt, one-quarter length of head; dorsal shields 
8 to 10; lateral shields 22 to 28; abdominal 8 to 10; D. 
30 rays; skin with minute scattered prickles and stellate 
ossifications. Cape Cod to Fla. 

** Species of fresh water; lateral shields 33 to 38. 


3. A. maculosus, T.eSueur. Rock Sturezon. Bony 
Srurazon. Snout pointed, nearly as long as rest of 
head; head 34 in length of body; bony shields large, 
close together, 13 to 16 in front of dorsal, 33 to 38 on 
sides, 9 or 10 on abdomen, all of them rough and strongly 
radiated, with more or less hooked or incurved tips; skin 
rough; D. 37 tv 45. Great Lakes (?), Ohio R. and south- 
ward. 

4. A. pubicundus, LeSueur. Rep Srureron. Lake 
Srurczon. Head 44 in length; eye 10 in head, nearly 
midway; dorsal scutes 16 (to base of D), relatively small 
and rather distant; lateral scutes 35; ventral scutes 9; 
snout rather blunt, becoming more so with age, rather 
shorter than rest of head; barbels nearer to end of snout 


846 GANOID FISHES. 


than to eye; scutes relatively smaller, smoother and 1 
crowded than in the preceding; blackish, sides paler 
reddish; length 2 to 6 feet; D. 37. Great Lakes a 
Western Rivers. 


2. SCAPHIRHYNCHOPS, Gill. Susoven-Noszep Srtt 
GEONS. 


fod ve? 7 oe fF FF os 4 wae ow 


LAMPREYS. 347 


Clas = Vit.— Marsipobranchii, 
: (The Lampreys.) 

Skeleton cartilaginous, without ribs, limbs, shoulder 
girdle nor pelvic elements; skull imperfectly developed, 
without true jaws; a single median nostril; gills in the 
form of fixed sacs, without branchial arches; gill sacs 
typically seven on each side; mouth nearly circular, suc- 
torial; no scales; body elongated, eel-shaped; alimentary 
canal nearly straight and simple; no arterial bulb. 

(Class VI.— Exasmosrancai, the Selachians, repre- 
sented on our Atlantic Coast by many species of Sharks 
and Skates, is here omitted, as its members are exclusively 
marine, and it does not therefore come within the scope 
of this treatise. Class VIII.— Leprocarpn, the Lan- 
celets, is also omitted for the same reason. The latter 
class contains, as far as now known, but two genera, 
Epigonopterus and Amphioxus, with two or three species. 
One of these, Amphioxus caribeus, Sundevall, occurs 
along the coast of our South Atlantic States.) 


ORDERS OF MARSIPOBRANCHII. 


* Nasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating the palate. 
Hyprrroartia, GG. 


** Nasal duct penetrating the palate. _ HypERoTRETA, page 347 


GG. FAMILIES OF HYPEROARTIA. 
_* Branchial sacs seven on each side- intestine with spiral valve. 
PETROMYZONTIDA, 116. 
FAMILIES OF HYPEROTRETA. 
* One external aperture on each side of body, leading by six ducts 
to as many branchial sacs; no spiral valve; marine para- 


sites, burrowing into the bodies of other fishes. 
Myzinide, the Hag Fishes. 


348 LAMPREYS. 


ORDER GG.—HYPEROARTIA. 
(The Lampreys.) 
FAMILY CXVI.— PETROMYZONTIDA. 
(The Lampreys.) 
Body eel-shaped, naked; dorsal and anal fins long a 


Taw vaneller aandtinuanne with tha nandal+ mauth enatari 


PETROMYZONTID4&.—CXVI. 349 
2. P. nigricans, LL. Larex Biack Lamprry. Head 
very large, longer than the “chest,” 64 in length; depth 
about 13; body little compressed; dorsal fins rather low, 
distinctly separated; eyes and mouth very large; a 
depression between eyes and snout; a single bicuspid 
tooth in front.of cesophagus; mandibulary plate curved, 
with about eight pointed teeth; rest of mouth covered 
with rather large teeth disposed in oblique cross-rows, 
five or more in each row; lips fringed; L.12. Lakes 
and streams, Cayuga L., N. Y. ( Wilder), and E.; prop- 
erly a marine species. Also in Europe. (P. nigricans, 
LeS., the American form.) (Several other Lampreys 
have been described from our Eastern streams and coast, 
but they are very doubtful.) 
2. ICHTHYOMYZON, Girard. LaMPERNs. 


1. L argenteum, (Kirt.) Gir. Simtvery Lamprey. 
Head quite small, shorter than “chest,” about 10 in 
length; depth nearly the same, in adult; body stout, 
compressed; dorsal fin very high, with a shallow depres- 
sion; eyes distinct in adult, concealed in young; mouth 
small, with inconspicuous teeth; color ashy silvery, with 
numerous small black dots; larger ones above the gill 
openings; L.12. Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, E. to 
N.Y., frequent. (Ammoccetes concolor, Kirt., A. epyp- 
tera, Abbott.) 


8. AMMOCGTES. Dumerit LamMPERNs. 


1. A. niger, (Raf.) Jor. Smart Brack LAMPREY, 
Head moderate, longer than “chest,” 8% in total length; 
depth 14; body scarcely compressed except behind; 
dorsal fins rather high, slightly connected; eyes large; 
mouth rather small, one tooth with two cusps well apart 


350 LAMPREYS. 


in front of cesophagus; mandibulary plate nearly straight, 
with about eight sub-equal teeth; a few scattering teeth 
on sides of mouth; snout rounded; dark blue black, un- 
spotted, silvery below; L.8 toll. Great Lakes, Upper 
Miss. and Ohio Valley, abundant in many localities, 
ascending small brooks in the spring. 


ADDENDA. 


To page 16, after Canis lupus: 


2. C. latrans, Say. Coyotz. Prairize Wotr. This 
common species of the Western plains is said still to 
occur occasionally in Wisconsin. It is much smaller in 
size than C. lupus. 


To page 19, after MEPHITIS MEPHITICA: 
Subgenus Spilogale, Gray. 

2. M. putorius, (L.) Coues. Lirriz Srripep Sxunx. 
Black, with white patch on forehead; four parallel dor- 
sal stripes, broken behind; tail black, with white pencil 
at tip. Size very small. L.11; T. 74. Southwestern, 
said to have occurred in Wisconsin.. (Hoy.) 

On page 26, for the analysis of genera, substitute: 

* Ears ordinary; feet fimbriate; tail at least as long as head and 


body; teeth 32+29. . .  .  .  Nxosorex, 1. 
** Hars ordinary; feet not fimbriate; tail shorter than head and 
body. ‘ ‘ ‘ : Sorex, 2. 


*** Fars small, the parts alivsated Panipandlin so as to show no open 
ing and no external ear whatever; feet ordinary; tail about 
aglongas head. . . . . ~~. |  BuaRina. 


1. NEOSOREX, Baird. Warrr Surews. 


1. W. palustris, (Rich.) Coues. Back hoary black; 
belly ashy gray; largest of our shrews; L. 6; T. 24. 
British America, S. to N. H. and Mass. 


851 


852 ADDENDA. 


2. SOREX, Linneus. SareEws. 
* Teeth colored, 32—29. (Sorez.) 


1. S. forsteri, Rich. Ears small; tail 3 length of 
head and body; snout slender; L. 44; T. 13. N. U.S. 


2. §. richardsoni, Bach. Ears rather small; tail scant- 
haired; L. 4; T. 14. Wis. and N. 


3. §. platyrhinus, (DeK.) Wagn. Common SHreEw. 
Ears very large for a Shrew; tail scant-haired; color 
chestnutty; L. 33; T. 14. N. U.S. 

4. S. cooperi, Bach. Ears large; chestnut brown; L. 
33; T.14. N. U.S. 

5. S. personatus, Geoff. St. Hilaire. Ears large; 
chestnut brown; L. 23; T. 1; smallest of our Shrews. 
Penn. and §. 

** Teeth 30—18. (Mderosorex, Baird.) 

6. §. hoyi, Baird. Hoy’s Sarew. Very small and 
slender; ears large; olive brown; L. 3; T. 14. North- 
ern States. (8. thompsoni, Bd.) 


3. BLARINA, Gray. Suort-TaiLep Sarews. 


* Teeth 82-28. (Blarina.) 

1. B. brevicauda, (Say) Baird. Suort-Tartep Surew. 
Size large for a Shrew; fur short and coarse; color dark 
ashy gray; L. 44; T. 1. E. U.S, common. [B. tal- 
potdes (Gapper) Baird.] 

2. B. carolinensis, (Bach.) Bd. Smaller; leaden gray; 
L. 34; T. %. U.S., chiefly southward. 

3. B. angusticeps, Baird. Intermediate; skull usual- 
ly narrow; uniform plumbeous. L. 3}; T.1. New 
England. 

** Teeth 830—1§. (Soriciscus, Coues.) 


ADDENDA. 3853 


4. B. parva, (Say). Body stout; iron gray, with 
brown gloss; L. 34; T. %. Southern States, N. to Penn. 
[B. cinerea (Bach.) Bd.] 

5. B. exilipes, Baird. Small, fur full; feet very small; 
hoary olive; L. 24; T. 3. Southern States, N. to Ills. 
The number of species of Blarina and Sorex is still 
uncertain, and their geographical distribution has been 
little studied. 


To page 28, after Tamias striatus: 


2. T. quadrivittatus, (Say) Wagner. Missouri Cuip- 
muNE. Smaller; inter-spaces between the stripes all 
whitish (in 7. striatus, the upper interspaces are colored 
like the back); L. 8; T.4. Wisconsin (oy) and North- 
westward. 


To page 61, after Helminthophaga pinus, add: 


2. (b) A. fawreneii, Herrick. LawRENncr’s WARBLER. 
Olive green above; wings bluish gray, with two white 
bands; crown and under parts orange; a broad black 
patch from bill through and beyond eye; chin, throat 
and fore part of breast black, these patches separated 
from the loral patch by a yellow stripe; L. 44; W. 23; 
T.2. New Jersey, two specimens known. 


2. (c) H. leucobronchialis, Brewster. Wuite-TaRoat- 
ED WaRsBLER. Crown bright yellow; wing coverts 
chiefly yellow; superciliary line, cheeks and entire under 
parts silky-white, the breast tinged with yellow; nape 
ashy; upper surface otherwise olive; a narrow stripe of 
black from base of bill through and behind eye; no 
traces of black on cheeks or throat; L. 54; W. 24; T. 
13. Massachusetts, one specimen known. 


354 ADDENDA. 


To page 77, after Lanius borealis: 


2. L. ludovicianus, (L.) LogGERHEAD SHRIKE. 
Slate-colored above, the rump scarcely paler; black head 
stripe not bordered above by hoary; L. 8g; W.4; T. 43. 
Southern States, up to Illinois, etc. 


To page 83, after Plectrophanes pictus: 

*** Bill very large, turgid, without ruff; hind claw straight but 
short. (Rhynchophanes, Kaup.) 

4. P. maccownii, Lawr. Maccown’s Buntine. Crown 
and pectoral crescent black; bend of wing chestnut; 
superciliary line and under parts white; back streaked; 
outer tail feathers white, inner partly white, the white 
areas being cut squarely off; L. 64; W. 33; T. 23; B. 
nearly 3. Plains, chiefly northward, EH. to Illinois. 
(Nelson.) , 


To page 88, after Junco hyemalis: 

2. J. oregonus, (Towns.) Scl. Orzcon Snow- Brrp. 
Head, neck and breast black; back and wings with red- 
dish brown, belly white, sides brownish tinged; ¢ duller; 
L. 64; W. 3; T. 3. Rocky Mts. to Pacific Coast, stray- 
ing East to Illinois. (elson.) 


On page 105, line 5, add to the common names of C. 
auratus, the name “ Yellow Hammer.” 

On page 108: 

In Otus brachyotus, occasionally but one primary is 
emarginate; the species however differs strikingly in 
color from O. vulgaris, the under parts especially being 
less variegated. Mr. Ridgway informs me that the genus 
Asio, Brisson, should probably stand instead of Otus. 
Our species would then be called Asio otus and Asio 
brachyotus. 


ADDENDA. 355 


On page 188, after R. palustris, add: 


2. (b) A. cireulosa, Rice and Davis (sp. nov). Hoos- 
1ER Frog. Head broad; body, head and sides with the 
ground color largely predominating, and with narrow 
rings of a greenish slate color, which become larger and 
more irregular posteriorly; hind legs black, crossed with 
irregular lines of yellowish slate color; fore limbs simi- 
larly marmorate; tympanum black with pale ring; below 
chiefly yellowish white; toes very long; size medium: 
L. 34. Benton Co., Indiana, lately discovered by Mr. 
E. F. Shipman. (Abridged from Mr. Rice’s Notes.) 


On page 271: 
Genus SALMO. 


Since the part of this work referring to the Salmonide 
has been stereotyped, Professor Gill and the writer have 
been enabled to review the various species of that family 
found in the United States. Under the genus “ Saimo,” 
as defined in the text, at least four very distinct genera 
are confounded, which may be briefly diagnosed as 
follows: 


* Anal fin elongate, of 14 to 17 rays, vomer narrow, long, flat, _ 
with weak teeth, no hyoid teeth; snout in adult males in the 
spawning season in typical species greatly distorted, the 
premaxillaries prolonged, hooking over the lower jaw, 
which in turn is greatly prolonged upward and forward 
and somewhat hooked at tip; the teeth of the premaxillaries 
and of the tip of the lower jaw being then greatly enlarged ; 
a fleshy hump also developed before the dorsal fin; species, 
black-spotted. . . .« «6 «2 OncorHyncuHvs, 1. 


** Anal fin short, of 9—12 rays. 


+ Vomer flat, its toothed surface plane; teeth on the shaft of 
the vomer in two alternating rows or in one zigzag row, 
placed directly on the surface of the bone, not on a free 


356 ADDENDA. 


keel-like crest; (posterior vomerine teeth sometimes 

deciduous); species of various habit, black-spotted, the last 

rays of the dorsal and anal somewhat elongate. Samo, 2. 

++ Vomer somewhat boat-shaped, the shaft depressed and the 

teeth placed not directly on the shaft but on a raised crest, 

which is posteriorly free; a band of stout recurved 

.teeth on the hyoid bone; scales small; caudal well 

forked; dorsal and anal not elevated behind; species of 

large size, gray-spotted, not anadromous, inhabiting 

American lakes. . ‘ : - CRISTIVOMER, 3. 

t+ Vomer somewhat boat-shaped; the shaft depressed and 

entirely toothless; scales very small, in 225—250 rows; 

dorsal and anal not elevated behind; species of rather 

small size, eri¢mson-spotted, the lower fins with marginal 

bands of black and pale; not anadromous, but some- 

times descending to the sea, in salt water losing all 
markings and becoming nearly plain silvery. 

SALVELINUS, 4. 


In the following account, I include all the species thus 
far known from the waters of the United States, as the 
general interest felt in this group of fishes seems to 
render this arrangement desirable. 


1. ONCORHYNCHUS, Suckley. Hooxrp-Jaw Sa.mons. 


* Body not greatly compressed; upper jaw the longer; sexual 
peculiarities excessively developed; size large. (Oncorhyn- 
chus.) 

. 0. gorbuscha, (Walbaum) Gill & Jordan. Humr- 
Back Satmon. Scales very small, in more than 200 
transverse rows. N. W. Coast. (8. proteus, Pallas. 
S. gibber, Bloch.) 


2. 0. keta, (Walb.) G. & J. Exzwan. Scales 
medium, in 170 (155—180) rows; B. 16. N. W. Coast. 
(S. scouleri, Rich., 8. lagocephatus, Pall., S. Nee 
Suckl.) 


ADDENDA. 857 


3. 0. nerka, (Walb.) G.& J. Doe Satmon. Scales 
large, in 183 (120—140) rows; B. 13; C. feebly forked; 
form elongate, heavy forwards. N. W. Coast. (8. 
lycaodon, Pall., 8. canis, coopert and richardi, Suckley. 
S. paucidens, Rich.) 

4. 0. quinnat, (Rich.) Gthr. QuinnatT. CaLIFORNIA 
Satmon. Scales large, in 120—140 rows; B. 15; C. 
well forked; body deepest mesially, less elongate. W. 
Coast, now largely introduced into Eastern waters. (S 
argyreus, Grd., S. warreni, Suckley.) 

** Body oblong, very strongly compressed, back elevated, the 
dorsal fin posterior; mouth large, the lower jaw rather the 
longer ; sexual peculiarities moderately developed ; size 
small. (Hypsifario, Gill.) 

5. 0. kennerlii, (Suckl.) Jor. Rep Satmon oF THE 
CuiLowryuck. Scales large, in 130—140 rows. W. 
U.S. 

2. SALMO, Linneus. Saimons. 
(Fario, Val., Salar, Val., Trutta, Siebold.) 


* Anadromous salmon with the vomerine teeth little developed, 
those on the shaft of the bone few, deciduous; scales large 
(in about 180 rows); caudal fin well forked, truncate in very 
old individuals; no hyoid teeth; lower jaws hooked upwards 
in breeding males, the upper jaw being then emarginate 
or perforate. (Salmo.) 

1. S. sa/ar, L. Common Satmon (see text), When 
landlocked in inland lakes, it becomes var. sebago. (S. 
glovert, Grd., S. omiscomaycus, Walb.) 

** River salmon, with the vomerine teeth largely developed, those 
on the shaft of the bone numerous, in one zigzag row, or in 
two alternating rows, persistent; caudal little forked. 
(Salar, Val.) 


+ Hyoid bone toothless. 
a. Scales large, in 120—150 transverse rows; caudal fin 


forked, 


358 ADDENDA. 


2. $. irideus, Gibbons. Pactric Bavox Trovr. Form 
stout; head short, bluntish; mouth small, the maxillary 
scarcely reaching beyond eye. Streams W. of Sierra 
Nevada. (S. newberrii, Grd., 8. masoni, Suckl.) 

aa. Scales small, in 165—205 rows. 
b. Caudal somewhat forked; head small, conical, rather 
pointed. 

3. S. tsuppitch, Rich. Brack Trout or Laxz Tanox. 
Rather slender; mouth moderate; opercle prolonged 
backwards; scales in 180 rows. Streams W. of Sierra 
Nevada. 


bb. Caudal double-rounded; head heavy, shortish, convex. 


4. S. spilurus, Cope. Bicg-Moursep Trout. Mouth 
very large, the maxillary reaching much beyond eye; 
opercle not specially prolonged; black spots most numer- 
ous posteriorly. Rocky Mountain region, Wyoming to 
Arizona. 

Var. pleuriticus, Cope. Scales small, in 200 rows; 
head carinate. Generally distributed. 


Var. spilurus, (Cope). Scales larger, in 170 rows; 
head strongly convex. Utah to Colorado, etc. 

+ Hyoid bone with an elongate band of small teeth (easily 

scraped off by careless observers). 
c. Head large and long—acuminate; hyoid teeth weak; cau- 
dal somewhat forked. 

5. 8. henshawi,G.& J.(sp.n.) Sirver Trout or Lake 
TanHor. Head little carinate; body elongate, not much 
compressed; scales in 160—184 rows. Streams of Cal. 

ce. Head comparatively short and blunt; byoid teeth rather 
strong; caudal less forked. 

6. S. stomias, Cope. Scales in 200 rows; head broad 
and flat. Upper Missouri. 


ADDENDA. 859 


%. §. clarkii, Rich. Mrssourr Trour. ConumpBia 
River Trout. Head somewhat carinate. All streams 
from Rio Grande and Basin of Utah to Upper Missouri 
and Northwestward to the Pacific. 


Var. clarkii. Scales 155—165. Streams of Oregon 
and Washington, chiefly W. of Cascade Range. (J. 
stellatus, Grd., S. brevicauda and S. gibbstt, Suckley.) 

Var. aurora, (Grd.) Scales 165—175. Streams chiefly 
E. of the Cascade Range. (S. lewist & S. virginalis, 
Grd., S. carinatus, Cope.) 


3. CRISTIVOMER, Gill & Jordan. Grear Laxze Trovts. 


1. @. namayeush, (Walb.) G. & J. Mackinaw Trovr. 
Great Laks Trout. Lonce Toeus. (See text). Scales in 
170—215 rows. Lakes, from Rocky Mountains to Maine, 
and northward. Individuals from Eastern Lakes vary 
somewhat, but can hardly be specifically distinct. Their 
scales average rather larger, the colors are often darker, 
and the gray spots sometimes tinged with red. (8. con- 
Jinis, DeKay, S. symmetrica, Prescott, 8S. toma, Hamlin, 
S. adarondacus, Norris.) 

2. G. siscowet, (Ag.) G. & J. Siscowzr. Differs 
from the preceding in the great fatness of the flesh, and 
in having all the bones of the head shortened and broad- 
ened; scales in 175—-180 rows. Lake Superior. 


4. SALVELINUS, Richardson. CHarrs. 
(Umbla, Rapp. Baione, DeKay. Salmo, Siebold.) 


+ Hyoid bone with a median band of teeth. 

a. Body elongate, slender, compressed; head quite small, 
with mouth smaller than in any other of our trouts, the 
maxillary not reaching to posterior margin of eye; cau- 
dal well forked; adipose fin small; red spots small, con- 
fined to the sides of the body. 


360 ADDENDA. 


1. S. oguassa, (Grd.) G.& J. Raneerey Lake Trovr. 
(See text.) 
aa. Body stout; head large, broad above, with large mouth, 
the maxillary reaching past eye; caudal little forked; 
adipose fin very large; red spots large, on back as well 
as on sides, 
2. §. spectabilis, (Grd.)G.& J. Pacrric Rep-Spotrep 


Trout. Streams W. of Sierra Nevada. (S. campbelli 
and S. parkii, Suckley.) 


** Hyoid bone toothless; adipose fin small. 
bo. Head very large and pointed. 

3. §. bairdii, (Suckl.) G. & J. “Dotty Varpen 
Trout.” Streams W. of Sierra Nevada. 

bb. Head large; rather bluntish. 

4. §. fontinalis, (Mitch.) G. & J. Common SpecKLED 
Trout. (See text.). D. 2,11; A.2,9. Scales in 225 
rows. Georgia (Little Tennessee River) to Lake Supe- 
rior, Hudson’s Bay, and Newfoundland; entering the sea, 
where it becomes the Canadian “Salmon Trout.” (8. 


hudsonicus Suckley, S. immaculatus Storer, S. cana- 
densis Smith, 8. hearnii Rich.) 


On page 274: 
Genus COREGONUS. 


I am indebted to Prof. James W. Milner of the U. 8. 
Fish Commission, for an opportunity to examine some of 
the manuscript of his forthcoming review of the Core- 
goni, and to study a very full series of the specimens on 
which the review is based. For many of the conclusions 
below given, I am indebted to Prof. Milner, but for the 
generic and specific diagnoses and their arrangement 
here, the present writer only is responsible. The species 
referred in the text to Coregonus, fall into four well- 
marked groups, three of which at least may at present 


ADDENDA. 361 


be regarded as genera, although they are much more 

closely related than the genera of Salmons. These 

genera or subgenera may be briefly defined as follows: 

* Premaxillaries narrow, placed more or less nearly horizontally, 
the mandible elongate, its tip about even with that of the 
upper jaw; the general outline of the muzzle therefore rather 
pointed; bones of head generally elongate. ARa@yRosomus, 1. 

** Premaxillaries broad, placed vertically or turned inward, over- 
lapping the tip of the lower jaw, the general outline of the 
muzzle therefore rather bluntish or truncate; mandible and 
bones of the head generally shortened. 

¢ Supraorbital elongate; preorbital long and narrow; mazxil- 
lary comparatively long, reaching to pupil; the small sup- 
plemental bone ovate in form, rather broad; mouth not 
verysmall .  . - +  . CorREGoNtS, 2. 
¢¢ Supraorbital short, broadly ovate, cap-like; preorbital com- 
paratively short and broad; maxillary short and rather 
broad, not reaching to the line of the eye; the small sup- 
plementary bone narrow and sharply elliptical; mouth 

very small, the snout more or less produced. 
Prosorroum, 3. 

1. ARGYROSOMUS, Agassiz. Cuiscoxs. 

* Body short, deep, compressed, shad-like; the sides strongly 
compressed; curve of the back similar to that of the belly; 
scales large, notably larger forwards, rather closely imbri- 
cated, the posterior margin little convex. (Allosomus, Jordan.) 

1. A. tullibee, (Rich.) Ag. Depth 3 in length; at 
posterior point of adipose fin equal to length of can- 
dal peduncle, 8} in length; head 4 in length, conic and 
compressed; eye 44 in head; maxillary reaching nearly 
to middle of eye; jaws equal; tongue with a patch of 
teeth; D. 2,11; A. 2, 11; lat. 1. 74, 8 rows above it and 

% below; white, each scale with a bright silvery patch, 

these forming very distinct silvery stripes along the rows 

of scales. Upper Great Lakes and N. A species of 
this type occurs also in the eastern part of Lake Erie. 


16 


3862 ADDENDA. 


** Body elongate, subfusiform, less compressed; dorsal and ven- 
tral outlines dissimilar; scales smaller, loose and uniform, 
posteriorly more convex. (Argyrosomus.) 

2. A. nigripinnis, Gill. Buack Fin. Biur Fin. (See 
text.) 


3. A. artedi, (Le Sueur) Hoy. Common Laxze Hzr- 
RING. (See text.) 


4. A. hoyi, Gill. Cisco of Lake Michigan. (See text.) 


2. COREGONUS, Linnzus. Wauits Fisues. 


* Body elongate; tongue with evident teeth. 


1. €. labradoricus, Richardson. Lake WHitine. 
Brack Cisco. Body elongate, compressed, the depth 
44 in length; head long and slender, somewhat pointed, 
4% in length; mouth moderate, reaching front of pupil; 
dorsal high in front, 2, 11; A. 2,11; lat. 1, 80—84; about 
eight rows above and seven below; fins all blackish; 
color rather dark bluish, sides silvery. Lakes from 
Northern N. Y. to New Hampshire and Labrador. (C. 
neohantoniensis, Prescott.) 


** Body stout, becoming deep and elevated with age; no teeth. 


2. €. elupeiformis, (Mitchill) Milner. Common WHITE 
Fisu. (See text, C. albus.) (C. otsego, Clinton.) 


3. PROSOPIUM, Milner. Rounp Wuarre Fisx. 


1. P. quadrilatera/e, (Rich.) Milner. Mrnomoner 
Wuite Fisu. (See text.) The Shad-waiter (C. novan: 
glic, Prescott) of the lakes of N. N. Y. and N. H., 
is apparently identical with this species. 


2. P. couesii, Milner. Cuter Mountain Waite Fis. 
(See text.) (For further Addenda, see page 403.) 


LIST OF PAPERS 


OF WHIOH USH HAS BEEN MADE IN THE PREPARATION 
OF THIS WORK. 


The following list comprises many of the books and memoirs 
which have been found useful to the author in the preparation of 
this work, It is not designed to be exhaustive, and except in the 
department of Fishes, it is not at all full. The recent elaborate 
works on Mammals and Birds render references to earlier writ- 
ingg less necessary in the study of those animals than inthe study 
of the Fishes, all the literature pertaining to the latter being, as 
yet, more or less scattering and incomplete. 

The names of the authors have been arranged in alphabetical 
order. Several of the longer or more irrelevant titles have been, 
to save space, shortened or otherwise modified. 


Agassiz (Louis). Nomenclator Zoologicus, 1842. 

Lake Superior, 1850. 

On a Collection ot Fishes from the Southern bend of the 
Tennessee River in Alabama, 1854. 

On the Ichthyological Fauna (Cyprinida) of the Pacific 
Slope, in American Journal of Science and Arts, 1855. 

Contributions to the Natural History of North America, 
Part II, North American Testudinata, 1857. 

ALLEN (Harrison), Monograph of Bats of North America, 1864. 

ALLEN (Joel Asaph), Mammals of Iowa, 1869. 

Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida, 1870. 

Bairp (Spencer Fullerton) and Grrarp (Charles), Catalogue of 
North American Reptiles, Part I, Serpents, 1853. 

Mammals of N. A., Vol. VIII, Pacific R. R. Explorations 
and Surveys, 1857. 

— Review of North American Birds in Smithsonian Miscel- 

laneous Contributions, 1864 to 1872. 
Barmp (S. F.), Brewer (Thomas M.), and Rrpeway (Robert), 
History of North Am. Birds, Vols. I, II and ITI, 1874. 
(363) 


364 LIST OF PAPERS. 


Core (Edward Drinker), A partial Catalogue of the Cold- 
Blooded Vertebrata of Michigan, 1864-1865. 

Review of Plethodontide and Desmognathide, and Review 
of Ambiystomide, in Proceedings of the Philadelphia 
Academy, 1866. 

— Cyprinide of Pennsylvania, 1866. 

——— Synopsis of the genera Hypsilepis and Photogenis, 1867. 

On Phenacobius, 1867. 

On the Fishes of the Allegheny Region of Southwest Vir- 
ginia, 1868. 

On some Etheostomine Perch from Tennessee and North 
Carolina, 1870. 

A partial Synopsis of the Fishes of North Carolina, 1870. 

Report on Reptiles and Fishes, in Hayden’s Geological 
Survey of Wyoming, for 1870. 1872. 

Check List of North Am. Batrachia and Reptilia, 1875. 

Cork (Edward Drinker) and Yarrow (Henry C.), Report on 

Fishes in Lieut. Wheeler’s Explorations, 1876. 
Couzs (Elliott), Key to North American Birds, 1872. 
Check List of Birds, 1873. 
Birds of the Northwest, 1874. 
Synopsis of the Muride of North America, 1875. 
Precursory Notes on N. Am. Insectivorous Mammals, 1877. 
Monograph of Fur-bearing Animals (Musteléda), 1877. 
Covss (Elliott) and Yarrow (Henry C.), Report on Mammals in 
Lieut. Wheeler’s Explorations and Surveys west of the 
100th Meridian, 1876. 

Covss (Elliott) and ALLEN (J. A.), Monographs of North Ameri- 
can Rodentia, 1877. 

Cuvier (George Christian Leopold Dagobert) and VALENCIENNES 
(Achille), Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 32 vols. 
1828 to 1849. 

DeKay (James E.), Natural History of New York—Fishes, 1842. 

DoumeERIL (August), Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 2 vols., 1865 
to 1870. 

GiLL (Theodore Nicholas), Numerous minor papers in the Pro- 
ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences and 
elsewhere, 1858-1865. 


LIST OF PAPERS. 365 


——— Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872. 

—— Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, 1872. 

On the genus Micropterus (Lac.), or Grystes (Auct.), 1873, 

Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North 
America in the Rept. U. 8. Fish Commissioner for 
1871-1872. 1873. 

Ichthyology of Capt. Simpson’s Explorations across the 
Great Basin of Utah, 1876. 

Scientific names of our Common Sun Fishes, in Field and 
Forest, 1877, p. 188. 

GrraRD (Charles), Monograph of the Fresh Water Cottoids of N. 
A., in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1851. 

Researches upon Cyprinoid Fishes in Proceedings of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1856. 

Explorations and Surveys for the Pacific R. R., Vol. X, 
Fishes, 1858. 

Ichthyology U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, 1859. 

Ichthyological Notices, and other papers, in the Proceed- 
ings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1859. , 


Gray (John Edward), Catalogue of Lizards in the British 
Museum, 1842. 
GuNTHER (Albert), Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes, 1858. 
Catalogue of Batrachia Salientia, 1858. 
Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum, 8 vols. 
1859 to 1870. 
HoisKoox (John Edwards), North American Herpetology. 
Ichthyology of South Carolina, 1860. 
JORDAN (David Starr) and CopELanpD (Herbert Edson), Check List 
of the Fresh Water Fishes of North America, 1876. 
JoRrpAN (D. §.), On the Fishes of North. Indiana, in Proceedings 
of the Academy of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1877. 
—— A partial Synopsis of the Fishes of Upper Georgia, in 
Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist of New York, 1877. 
Review of Rafinesque’s Memoirs on Am. Fresh Water 
Fishes, and Monographs of Szlurida, Catostomida, etc., 
in Bulletins IX, X and XII of the U.S. National 
Museum, 1877-1878. 


366 LIST OF PAPERS. 


JoRDAN (D. 8.) and Brayton (Alembert. Winthrop), On the Dis- 
tribution of the Fishes of the Alleghany region of the 
Southern States, in Bulletin XII of the U.S. National 
Museum, 1878. 

JORDAN (D.§.) and Brayton (A. W.), On Lagochila—a new genus 
of Catostomoid Fishes, 1877. 

Kirrianp (Jared Potter), Fishes of the Ohio River and its Tribu- 
taries, 1888-1845. 

Kurpart (John H.), First Annual Report Ohio State Fish Com- 
mission (descriptions by D. 8. Jordan and Chas. H. 
Gilbert), 1877. 

LeSveEvur (Charles A.), Monograph of the genus Catostomus and 
numerous other papers in early numbers of the 
Journal of the Phil. Academy, etc., 1817 to 1825. 

MUILNER (James N.), On species of Argyrosomus and Coregonus, 
and on the Grayling, in the Rept.U. S. Fish Commis- 
sioner for 1872-1873. 1874. 

NeEtson (Edward W.), A partial Synopsis of the Fishes of 
Illinois, 1876. 

Pornam (Frederick Ward), Bulletin of the Museum of Compara- 

live Zodlogy, I, 1863. 

The Mammoth Cave and its Inhabitants. 

RaFINESQvE (Constantine Samuel), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 1820, 
and numerous earlier papers, 1814 to 1820. 

Ricwarpson (John), Fauna Boreali-Amer. III, Fishes, 1836. 

Storer (David Humphreys), Synopsis of the Fishes of North 

America in Memoirs of the American Academy, 1846. 

History of the Fishes of Massachusetts, 1867. 

Suckuey (George), Monograph of the genus Salmo, 1878. 

VarLLant (Leon), Recherches sur les Poissons de eau douce de 
Nord Amerique (Etheostomatide), 1874. 


GLOSSARY 


oF THE 


Principat Trecanicat Terms 


USED IN THIS WORK. * 


Abdomen—Belly. 

Abdominal—Pertaining to the belly—said of the ventral fins of 
fishes when inserted considerably behind the pectorals, away 
from the shoulder girdle. 

Abortive—Remaining or becoming imperfect. 

Acuminate—Tapering gradually to a point. 

Acute—Sharp-pointed. 

Adipose fin—A peculiar, fleshy, fin-like projection on the backs 
of Salmons, Cat Fishes, etc., behind the dorsal fin. 

Air bladder—A sac filled with air, lying beneath the back-bone of 
fishes, corresponding to the lungs of the higher vertebrates. 

Allantots—An organ of the embryo. 

Alirices—Birds reared in the nest and fed by the parents. 

Altricial—Having the nature of Altrices. 

Alula—The feathers attached to the “thumb” of a bird. 

Alweolar surface—A. portion of the jaw of a turtle, where the 
teeth-sockets (alveola) might be expected to be. 

Amnion—An organ of the embryo. 

Amphicalian—Biconcave —said of vertebre. 

Anadromous—Said of marine fishes which run up rivers to spawn. 

Anal—Pertaining to the anus or vent. 

Anal fin—The fin on the median line, behind the vent, in fishes. 

Anal plate—The plate, immediately in front of the vent, in ser- 
pents. 

*In the preparation of this Glossary, the author has largely drawn from 

Dr. Coues’ “ Glossary of the Technical Terms used in Descriptive Ornithology,” 

in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway’s History of North American Birds, Vol. III. 


pp. 585—560. 
(867) 


368 GLOSSARY. 


Anteorbital plate—The plate, in front of the eye, in Serpents. 

Antrorse—Turned forwards. 

Anus—The external opening of the intestines. 

Arterial bulb—The muscular swelling, at the base of the great 
artery, in fishes, etc. 

Articulated—Jointed. 

Artiodactylous—Even-toed (toes 2 or 4.) 

Attenuate—Long and slender, as if drawn out. 

Auricle—The large lobe of the external ear; also, one of the 
chambers of the heart. 

Barbel—An elongated fleshy projection, usually about the head, 
in fishes. 

Basal—Pertaining to the base; at or near the base. 

Beak—The bill of birds, or (in other animals) any beak-like 
structure. 

Bend of Wing—Angle at the carpus when the wing is folded. 

Bicolor—Two-colored. 

Booted—Said of the tarsus, when its scales coalesce and form a 
continuous envelope. 

Branchie—Gills; respiratory organs of fishes, etc. 

Branchial—Pertaining to the gills. * 

Branchiostegals—The bony rays supporting the branchiostegal 
membranes, under the head of a fish, below the opercular 
bones, and behind the lower jaw. 

Bristle—A stiff hair, or hair-like feather. 

Caducous—Falling off early. 

Calcwreous—Containing or composed of carbonate of lime. 

Canines—The teeth behind the incisors—the “eye-teeth”; in 
fishes, teeth in the front part of the jaws, longer than the 
others. 

Carapace—The upper part of the shell of a turtle. 

Carinate—Keeled, having a ridge along the middle line. 

Carpus—The wrist. 

Caudal—Pertaining to the tail. 

Caudal fin—The fin on the tail of fishes. 

Caudal peduncle—The region between the anal and caudal fins in 
fishes. 

Cavernous—Containing cavities, either empty or filled with a 
mucous secretion. 


GLOSSARY. 869 


Cere—Fleshy, cutaneous or membranous covering of the base of 
the Dill in many birds, particularly the Owls, Hawks, and 
Parrots. 

Cervical—Pertaining to the neck. 

Chiasma—Crossing of the fibres of the optic nerve. 

Chin—The space between the forks of the lower jaw. 

Ciliated—F ringed with eye-lash-like projections. 

Cinereous—Ashy in color. 

Clamatorial—Pertaining to or like the Clamatores. 

Clavicle—The collar bone. ; 

Cecal—Of the form of a blind sac. 

Cecum—An appendage of the form of a blind sac, connected with 
the alimentary canal. 

Commissure—The line on which the mandibles of a bird are closed. 

Compressed—F lattened laterally. 

Condyle—Articulating surface of a bone. 

Controstral—Said of a bill like that of a Sparrow; conical in 
form and with the commissure angulated. 

Costal folds—Folds of the skin (of a Salamander) showing the 
position of the ribs. 

Crest—In birds, any lengthened feathers about the head; else- 
where, any elevated or crest-like projection. 

Crissum—The under tail coverts, in birds. 

Ctenoid—Rough-edged, said of scales when the posterior margin 
is minutely spinous or pectinated. 

Culmen—The middle line or ridge of the upper mandible in birds. 

Cuneate—Wedge-shaped; said of a bird’s tail when the middle 
feathers are longest and the rest regularly shorter. 

Cycloid—Smooth-edged; said of scales not ctenoid, but concen. 
trically striate. 

Deciduous—Temporary, falling off. 

Decurved—Curved downward. 

Dentate—With tooth-like notches. 

Dentirostral—Having the bill notched near its tip. 

Depressed—F lattened vertically. 

Depth—Vertical diameter (usually of the body of fishes.) 

Dermal—Pertaining to the skin. 

Diaphanous—Translucent. 

Digitigrade—Walking on the toes, like a dog. 

Dorsal—Pertaining to the huck. 

21 


370 GLOSSARY. 


Dorsal fin—The fin on the back of fishes. 

Emarginate—Slightly forked or notched at the tip, or sometimes 
abruptly narrowed (said of quills.) 

Endoskeleton—The skeleton proper—the inner bony framework of 
the body. 

Epignathous—Having the bill hooked. 

Hrectile—Susceptible of being raised or erected. 

Hven—(Tail) having all the feathers of equal length. 

Haoskeleton—Hard parts on the surface of the body. 

Haserted—Projecting beyond the general level. 

Facial—Pertaining to the face. 

Falcate—Scythe-shaped; long, narrow, and curved. 

Faleiform—Ourved, like a scythe. 

Fasciated—With broad colored bands. 

Fauna—The animals inhabiting any region, taken collectively. 

Ferrugineous—Rusty red. 

Fibula—The small outer leg bone. 

Filament—Any slender or thread-like structure. 

Filiform—Thread-form. 

Fisstrostral—Having the bill very deeply cleft, beyond the base of 
the horny part, as in the Swallows. 

Forehead—Frontal curve of head. 

Foramen—A hole or opening. 

Forficate—Deeply forked. 

Fosse—The grooves in which the nostrils of many birds open. 

Fossorial—Adapted for digging. 

Fulcra—Rudimentary spine-like scales extending up the fins of 
some fishes. 

Fuliginous—Sooty or smoky brown. 

Furcate—Forked. 

Fuscous—Dark brown. 

Fusiform—Spindle-shaped; tapering toward both ends but rather 
more abruptly forward. 

Gape—Opening of the mouth. 

Ganoid—Scales or plates of bone covered by enamel. 

Gastrosteges—Band-like plates along the belly of a serpent. 

Gills—Organs for breathing the air contained in water. 

Gill openings—Openings leading to or from the branchiz. 

Gill rakers—A series of structures like comb-teeth in the mouth 
of some fishes. 


GLOSSARY. 871 


Glabrous—Smooth. 

Gonys—The middle line of the lower mandible. 

Gorget—Throat patch of peculiar feathers. 

Graduated—Said of a bird’s tail when the outer feathers are 
regularly shorter. 

Granulate—Rough with small prominences. 

Gular—Pertaining to the gula, or upper fore-neck. 

Guttate—With rounded, drop-shaped spots. 

Hallua—tThe great toe—in birds, the hind toe. 

Height—Vertical diameter—practically the same as depth. 

Heterocercal—Said of the tail of a fish, when unequal—the back- 
bone evidently running into the upper lobe. 

Hirsute—With shaggy hairs. 

Homocercal—Said of the tail of a fish when notevidently unequal ; 
the back-bone apparently stopping at the middle of the base 
of the caudal fin. 

Humerus—Bone of the upper arm. 

Hyotd—Pertaining to the tongue. 

Hypognathous—Having the lower mandible longer than the upper, 
as in the Black Skimmer. 

Imbricate—Overlapping, like shingles on a roof. 

Imperforate—Not pierced through. 

Inarticulate—N ot jointed. 

Incisors—The front or cutting teeth. 

Interfemoral membrane—The membrane connecting the posterior 
limbs of a bat. 

Intermaaiilaries—The bones between the superior maxillaries, 
forming the middle of the front part of the upper jaw, in 
fishes: the premaxillaries. 

Jugular—Pertaining to the lower throat —said of the ventral fins, 
when placed in advance of the attachment of the pectorals. 

Keeled—See Carinate. 

Labials—Plates forming the lip of a serpent. 

Lamella#—Plate-like processes inside of the bill of a duck. 

Lamellate—Said of a bill provided with lamella, as in a duck. 

Lateral—To or towards the side. 

Lateral line—A series of muciferous tubes forming a radsed line 
along the sides of a fish. 

Laterally—Sidewise. 

Lobate—Furnished with membranous flaps—said of the toes of birds. 


372 GLOSSARY. 


Longitudinal—Running lengthwise. 

Loral plate—Plate between eye and mouth of a serpent. 

Lore—Space between eye and bill. 

Mailed cheeks—Having the suborbital bone extending over the 
cheeks, articulating with the preopercle (cheeks not neces- 
sarily hard or bony); said of some fishes. 

Mandible—Under jaw (or in birds, either jaw.) 

Mazxilla—Upper jaw. 

Maxillaries—Outermost or hindmost bones of the upper jaw, in 
fishes. 

Metacarpus—The hand proper, exclusive of the fingers. 

Metatarsus—The foot proper. (See Tarsus.) 

Molars—The grinding teeth; posterior teeth in the jaw. 

Moniliform—Necklace-shaped—widened at regular intervals. 

Monogamous—Pairing; said of birds. 

Muciferous—Producing or containing mucus. 

Nape—Upper part of neck, next to the occiput. 

Nasal—Pertaining to the nostrils. 

Neural—Pertaining to nerves. 

Nictitating membrane—The third or inner eye-lid, of birds, etc. 

Nuchal—Pertaining to the nape or nucha. 

Obscwre—Dark, scarcely visible. 

Obsolete—Faintly marked; little evident. 

Obtuse—Blunt. 

Occtpital—Pertaining to the occiput. 

Occipital plates—Plates on the head of a serpent, behind the 
vertical plate. 

Occiput—Back of the head. 

Ocellate—With eye-like spots, generally roundish and with a 
lighter border. 

Ocherous—Brownish yellow. 

Otd (suffiz)—Like—as Percodd, perch-like. 

Opercle, or operculum—Gill cover; the posterior membrane bone 
of the side of the head, in fishes. 

Opercular bones—Membrane bones of the side of the head, in 
fishes. 

Opercular flap—Prolongation of the upper posterior angle of the 
opercle, in Sun- Fishes, etc. 

Opisthoceldan—Concave behind; said of vertebra. 

Orbicular—Nearly circular. 


GLOSSARY. 873 


Orbit—Eye socket. 

Oscine—Musical. 

Oscine tarsus—By ellipsis, tarsus as in oscine birds; 7. ¢., its 
envelope undivided behind and forming a sharp ridge. 

Oviparous—Producing eggs which are developed after exclusion 
from the body, as in all birds. 

Ovoviviparous—Producing eggs which are hatched before exclu- 
sion, as in the Blind Fish and Garter Snake. 

Paiate—The roof of the mouth—in fishes, a part of the roof of the 
mouth, lying behind the vomer and in front of the pharyngeals 
(not to be confounded with either.) 

Palatines—Bones of the palate. 

Palmate—Web-footed, having the anterior toes full-webbed. 

Papilla—A. small, fleshy projection. 

Papillose—Covered with papille. 

‘ Paragnathous—Having the two mandibles about equal in length. 

Pectinate—Having teeth like a comb. 

Pectoral—Pertaining to the breast. 

Pectoral fins—The anterior or uppermost of the paired fins, in 
fishes, corresponding to the anterior limbs of the higher 
Vertebrates. 

Pelage—The hair of a Mammal, taken collectively. 

Pelagic—Living on or in the high seas. 

Perforate—Pierced through; said of nostrils when without a 
septum. 

Perissodactylous—Odd-toed (toes 1, 3, or 5.) 

Peritoneum—The membrane lining the abdominal cavity. 

Phalanges—Bones of the fingers and toes. 

Pharyngeal bones—Bones at the beginning of the esophagus of 
fishes, of various forms, almost always provided with teeth. 

Pharyngognathous—Having the lower pharyngeal bones united. 

Pigment—Coloring matter. ; 

Plantigrade—Walking on the sole of the foot, as do men and 
bears. © 

Plastron—Lower shell of a turtle. 

Plicate—Folded; showing transverse folds or wrinkles. 

Plumage—The feathers of a bird, taken collectively. 

Plumbeous—Lead-colored—dull bluish gray. 

Potlee—Thumb; in birds, the digit which bears the alula—corre- 
sponding to the index finger. 


8T4 GLOSSARY. 


Polygamous—Mating with more than one female. 

Precoces—Birds able to run about and feed themselves at birth. 

Precocial—Having the nature of Precoces. 

Premaxillaries—Same as intermaxillaries. 

Premolars—The small grinders; the teeth between the canines 
and the true molars. 

Preopercle—The membrane bone lying in front of the opercle and 
more or less nearly parallel with it; the “false gill covers.” 

Primary—Any one of the ten (often nine, rarely eleven) of the 
large, stiff quills growing upon the pinion or hand-bone of a 
bird, as distinguished from the secondaries, which grow upon 
the fore arm. 

Primary Wing Coverts—The coverts overlying the bases of the 
primaries. 

Projectile—Capable of being thrust forward. 

Protractile—Capable of being thrust forward. 


Pulmonary—Pertaining to the lungs. 

Punctate—Dotted with points. 

Pyloric cwca—Glandular appendages in the form of blind sacs 
opening into the alimentary canal of many fishes at the 
pylorus or passage from the stomach to the intestine. 

Quadrate—Nearly square. 

Quadrilocular—Four-chambered—said of the heart. 

Quill—One of the stiff feathers of the wing or tail of a bird. 


x 
Quincunz—Set of five arranged alternately, thus a : 


Radius—Outer bone of fore arm. 

Ray—One of the cartilaginous rods which support the membrane 
of the fin of a fish. 

Rectrices—Quills of the tail of a bird. 

Recurved—Curved upward. 

Remiges—Quills of the wing of a bird. 

Reticulate—Marked with a network of lines. 

Retractile—Susceptible of being drawn inward, as a cat’s claw. 

Retrorse—Directed backward. 

Rictal—Pertaining to the rictus, as rictal bristles. 

Rictus—Gape of the mouth. 

Rostral—Pertaining to the snout, as rostral plate. 

Rudimentary—Undeveloped. 


GLOSSARY. 875 


Ruff—A series of modified feathers. 

Scansorial—Capable of climbing. 

Scansorial tacl—Tail feathers sharp and stiff, as in the scansorial 
birds (Woodpeckers). 

Scapula—Shoulder blade. 

Scutellate—Provided with scutella; said of the tarsus when 
covered with broad plates in a regular vertical series, and 
separated by regular lines of impression. 

Scutellum—One of the tarsal plates or scutella. 

Secondaries—The quills growing on the fore arm. 

Second dorsal—The posterior or soft part of the dorsal fin, when 
the two parts are distinctly separated. 

Sectorial tooth—One of the premolars of carnivora, adapted for 
cutting. 

Semipalmate—Half-webbed; having the anterior toes more or less 
connected at base by a webbing which does not extend to the 
claws. 

Septum—A. thin partition. 

Serrate—Notched, like a saw. 

Sessile—Without a stem or peduncle. 

Setaceous—Bristly. 

Shoulder girdle—The bony girdle posterior to the head, in fishes, 
etc., to which the anterior limbs are attached. 

Soft dorsal—The posterior part of the dorsal fin in fishes, when 
composed of soft rays. 

Soft rays—Fin-rays which are branching and articulate. 

Spine—Any sharp projecting point; in fishes, those fin-rays 
which are unbranched, inarticulate, and usually more or less 
stiffened. 

Spinous—Stiff, or composed of spines. 

Spinous dorsal—The anterior part of the dorsal fin in fishes, 
when composed of spinous rays. 

Spiracles—Openings in the head or neck of some fishes and 
Batrachians. 

Spurious—Said of the first primary when less than about one- 
third the length of the second. (The student will notice that 
in Oseines the presence of a short or spurious quill indicates 
ten primaries; its absence, nine.) 

Sternum—The breast bone. 

Striate—Striped or streaked. 


876 GLOSSARY. 


Sub (in composition) — Less than; somewhat; not quite; under, 
etc. 

Suffrago—Heel joint; tibio—tarsal joint. 

Sub-caudal—Under the tail. 

Sub-opercle—The bone immediately below the opercle. 

Sub-orbital—Below the eye. 

Subulate—Awl-shaped. 

Superciliary—Pertaining to the region of the eyebrow. 

Supra-orbital—Above the eye. 

Syndactyle—Having two toes immovably united for some distance 
—as in the Kingfisher. 

Synonym—A different word having the same or a similar meaning. 

Tail—In mammals, the vertebre, etc., posterior to the sacrum; in 
birds, the tail-feathers or rectrices, taken collectively; in ser- 
pents, the part of the body posterior to the vent; in fishes 
(usually), the part of the body posterior to the anal fin. 
(Everywhere used more or less vaguely.) 

Tail Coverts—The small feathers overlapping the bases of the 
rectrices. 

Tarso-metatarsus—The correct name for the so-called tarsus of 
birds; the bone reaching from the tibia to the toes, composed 
chiefly of the metatarsus, but having at its top one of the 
small tarsal bones confluent with it. _ 

Tarsus—The ankle-bones collectively; in birds, commonly used 
for the shank-bone, lying between the tibia and the toes, the 
tarso-metatarsus. . 

Tectrices—The wing and tail coverts. 

Temporal—Pertaining to the region of the temples. 

Tenuirostral—Slender-billed. 

Terete—Cylindrical and tapering. 

Terminal—At the end. 

Tertials—The quills attached to the humerus. 

Tessellated—Marked with little checks or squares, like mosaic 
work. 

Thoracie—Pertaining to the chest; ventral fins are thoracic when 
attached immediately below the pectorals, as in the perch. 

Tibia—Shin-bone; inner bone of leg between knee and heel. 

Tomium—Cutting edge of the bill. 

Totipalmate—Having all fowr toes connected by webbing. 

Tragus—The inner lobe of the ear; the lobe opposite the auricle. 


GLOSSARY. 377 


Transverse—Crosswise. 

Trenchant—Compressed to a sharp edge. 

Truncate—Abrupt, as if cut squarely off. 

Tubercle—A. small excrescence, like a pimple. 

Tympanum—Drum of the ear; external in some Batrachia. 

Typical—Of a structure the most usual in a given group. 

Uina—The inner or posterior bone of the fore-arm. 

Ungulate—Provided with hoofs. 

Unguiculate—Provided with claws. 

Unicolor—Of a single color. 

Urosteges—The plates underneath the tail of a serpent. 

Vent—The external opening ot the alimentary canal. 

Ventral—Pertaining to the abdomen. 

Ventral fins—The paired fins behind or below the pectoral fins 
in fishes, corresponding to the posterior limbs in ¢he higher 
vertebrates. 

Ventral plates—Gastrosteges in serpents. 

Ventricle—One of the chambers of the heart. 

Versatile—Capable of being turned either way. 

Vertebra—One of the bones of the spine. 

Vertical—Up and down. 

Vertical fins—The fins on the median line of the body; the dorsal, 
anal and caudal fins. 

Vertical plate—Central plate on the head of a serpent. 

Villiform—Said of the teeth of fishes when slender and crowded 
into velvety bands. 

Viscous—Slimy ; viscid. 

Vitta—A. band of color.: 

Viviparous—Bringing forth living young. 

Vomer—In fishes, the front part of the roof of the mouth; a bone 
lying immediately behind the premaxillaries. 

Web—The vane of a feather, on either side of the rhachis or 
“stem”; also, the membrane connecting the toes. 

Zygodactyle—Yoke-toed; having the toes in pairs — two in front, 
two behind. 

Zygoma—The malar or cheek bone. 


GLOSSARY 


SPECIFIC NAMES. 


The following Glossary includes all the Specific Names men- 
tioned in this work, with the exception of words formed from 
names of persons, and of a few words whose meaning I have been 


unable to ascertain. 
wise specified : 


abacurus: Gr. checkered tail. 

acadiacus: Acadian. 

achigan: a Canadian French name 
for the bass. 

acutus: acute, 

adamantinus: like a diamond. 

aedon: Gr. a nightingale. 

ezlurus: Gr. 2 cat. 

gneus: brassy, or coppery. 

zpypterus: Gr. high-finned. 

gsopus: Gr. different-footed. 

estivalis: pertaining tosummer. 

gstivus: sunanaer. 

affinis: akin to. 

agilis: agile. 

agrestis: living in fields. 

albeolus: whitish. 

albicollis: white-throated. 

albidus: whitish. 

albifrons: white-fronted. 

albus: white. 

alecyon: haleyon—a sea-bird—during 
whose nesting there is always a 
calm. 

alexandrinus: Alexandrian (Egypt- 
jan). 

alleghaniensis: Alleghanian, 

alpestris: alpine. 

alpinus: alpine. 

altus: high or deep. 

amabilis: amiable. 

amarus: bitter (salt water), 

americanus: American. 


They are all of Latin origin unless other- 


amoenus: pleasing. 

anagallinus: color of Scarlet Pimper- 
nel. 

analostanus: Analostan Island. 

anglicus: English. 

anisurus: Gr. tail unequal, 

annularis: ringed. 

anomalus: anomalous. 

anthracinus: coal-black. 

antillarum: living in the Antilles, 

appendix: an appendage. 

aquaticus: aquatic. 

arcticus: arctic. 

arctos: Gr. a bear. 

ardens: burning. 

ardesiacus: glittering. 

arenarius: living in sand. 

arge: Gr. sluggish. 

argentatus: silvered. 

argenteus: silvery. 

argyritis: silvery. 

ariommus: Gr. big-eyed. 

artedi: to Peter Artedi, ‘“‘the father 
of Ichthyology.” 

asio: a horned owl. 

asper: rough. 

aspro: a genus of European Percoids. 

ater: black. 

atrarius: blackish. 

atratus; blackened. 

atricapillus: black-capped. 

atricillus: blackish. 

atripinnis: black-finned. 


(379) ‘ 


880 


-atrofuscus: blackish-brown. 
atromaculatus: black-spotted. 
atronasus: black-nosed. 
aura: pertaining to air. 
aurantiacus; orange. 
auratus: golden. 
aureolus: gilded. 
aurevs: golden. 
auricapillus: golden-crowned. 
auritus: long-eared. 
aurora: sunrise. 
austerus: austere. 
baltimore: to Lord Baltimore, in 

sportive allusion to his black coat 
and scarlet vest. 

bernicla: a barnacle-goose. 
bicolor; two-colored. 
bifrenatus: two-bridled (stripe 

through snout). 

biguttatus: two-spotted. 
bilineatus: two-lined. 
bimaculatus: two-spotted 
bison; a buffalo. 
blennioides: blenny-like. 
blennioperca; blenny-perch. 
boleoides: darter-like, 
borealis: northern, 
boreus: northern. 
boschas: a kind of duck. 
bostoniensis; Bostonian, 
brachyotus: Gr. short-eared. 
branta; brant. 
brevicauda: short-tailed. 
breviceps: short-headed. 
brevirostris: short-billed. 
brosmianus: like a cusk. 
brunneus: brown. 
bubalinus: buffalo-like. 
bubalus: buffalo. 
buccatus: big-jawed. 
buccinator: trumpeter. 
bucco: big-cheeked. 
pullaris: bubbling. 
bursarius;: purse-bearing. 
cxruleus: blue. 
cerulescens: bluish. 
californicus: Californian, 
calligaster: Gr. beautiful belly. 
callipteryx: Gr. beautiful-finned, 
calendulus: a little lamp. 
calvus: bald, 
camurus: decurved. 
canadensis: Canadian, 
candidissimus: most white. 


GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES. 


caninus: dog-like. 

canis: a dog. 

cantabrigensis: from Cambridge. 

cantiacus: Kentish. 

canutus: hoary. 

caprodes: Gr. like a pig. 

carbo: coal-black. 

caribeus: Caribbean. 

caribou: French Canadian name. 

carinatus: keeled. 

carnivorus: carnivorous. 

carolinensis: Carolinian. 

carolinus: Carolinian. 

carpio: a carp. 

caspius: Caspian. 

castaneus: chestnut-colored. 

cataracte: from Niagara Falls. 

cataractus: a cataract, 

catenatus: with chain-like lines. 

catulus a kitten. 

catus: a cat. 

caudacutus;: sharp-tailed. 

caudafurcatus: fork-tailed. 

caudatus: long-tailed. 

eavifrons: having the front concave, 

cayuga: Cayuga Lake. 

cedrorum: living among cedars. 

celatus; concealed. 

cephalus: Gr. big-headed. 

cervinus: tawny, like a deer. 

chetodon: a marine genus. 

chalybeeus: steel-colored. 

charybdis: asomewhat noted whirl- 
pool. 

chrysaetus: Gr. golden eagle. 

chrysocephalus: Gr. golden-headed. 

chrysochloris: Gr. golden-green. 

chrysoleucus: Gr. golden-white, 

chrysops: Gr. golden-eyed. 

chrysopsis: Gr. golden appearance, 

chrysopterus: Gr. golden-winged. 

cinereoargentatus: silver-gray. 

cinereus: asby-gray. 

circulosus: with circles or rings. 

ciris: a water-bird of some kind. 

citreus: citron-yellow. 

clamitans: screaming. 

clangula: a sharp bird’s scream. 

clausus: closed. 

clupeiformis: herring or shad-shaped. 

clypeata: shielded. 

coccogenis: Gr. scarlet-cheeked. 

coenosus: muddy. 

collapsus: slab-sided. 


GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES. 


collaris: collared. 

colubris: pertaining to a snake. 

columbarius: pertaining to a dove, 

columbianus: Columbian. 

communis: common. 

compressus: compressed. 

concinnus: handsome. 

concolor: one-colored. 

confinis: confined (in its range). 

conspersus: bespattered, 

constrictor: one that hugs. 

contortrix: contorted. 

conus: a cone. 

corax: a raven. 

coregonus: a white-fish. 

cornutus: horned. 

coronatus: crowned. 

corporalis: big-bodied. 

erassilabris: thick-lipped. 

crepitans: screaming. 

crepuscularis: pertaining to twilight. 

crinitus: long-haired. 

cristatus: crested. 

eucullatus: hooded. 

cunicularius: pertaining to a cony 
(prairie dog). 

cupido; Cupid. 

eupreus: coppery. 

eurvirostra; curved-billed. 

cutisanserinus: goose-skinned. 

eyanellus: Gr. bluish. 

cyaneus: Gr. blue. 

cyanocephalus: Gr. blue-headed. 

cyanonoton: Gr, blue-backed. 

eyclotis: Gr. rounded. 

cymatogrammus: Gr. wavy-lined. 

cypho: humpback. 

eyprinella: a small carp. 

cyprinus: a carp. 

delawarensis: Delaware. 

diaphanus: transparent. 

difformis: deformed. 

dilectus: delightful. 

dilophus: Gr. two-crested. 

diuemus: Gr. two-threaded (a lateral 
line and a lateral streak). 

diplemius: Gr. doubly-bloody. 

discolor: two-colored. 

discors; discordant. 

dispar: dissimilar, 

dissim{lis: dissimilar. . 

doliatus: sorrowful, 

domesticus: domestic. 

dominicus: from San Domingo. 


381 


dorsalis: dorsal. 

dorsatus: pertaining to the back. 

dubius: dubious. 

duquesnii: from Fort DuQuesne 
(Pittsburg). 

durissus; hard. 

eburneus: ivory. 

effulgens: shining. 

egretta: Italian—an Egret, 

elapsoidea: like Elaps, 

elegans: elegant. 

eleutherus: Gr. free, 

ellipticus: elliptical, 

elongatus; elongate. 

enucleator: one who takes the seed 
from the husk. 

eos: Gr. color of sunrise. 

erebennus: Gr. jet-black. 

eriarchus: Gr. with a large anal fin. 

ermineus: ermine. 

erythrocephalus: Gr. red-headed. 

erythrogaster: Gr. red-bellied. 

erythrogrammus: Gr. red-lined. 

erythronotus: Gr. red-backed. 

erythrophthalmus: Gr. red-eyed. 

erythrurus: Gr. red-tailed. 

estor: devourer, 

euryops: Gr. wide-faced. 

evides: Gr. comely. 

excubitoroides: like excubitor—a 
sentinel. 

exilipes: slender-footed. 

exilis: slender, 

eximius: excellent. 

falcinellus: fala—a scythe. 

fallax: deceptive. 

familiaris: familiar. 

fasciatus: banded. 

ferinus: wild. 

ferox: ferocious. 

ferrugineus: rust-colored. 

fiber: a beaver. 

fissipes: cloven-footed. 

flabellaris: fan-shaped. 

flabellatus: fan-shaped. 

flammeus: flame-colored. 

flavescens: yellowish. 

Alavifrons: yellow-fronted. 

flavipes: yellow-footed. 

flavirostris : yellow-billed, 

flaviventris: yellow-bellied. 

flavus: yellow. 

floridanus: Floridian. 

fluviatilis: living in rivers, 


882 


folium: a leaf. 

fontinalis: living in fountains. 

forficatus: deeply forked. 

formosus: comely. 

fretensis: inhabiting straits (Detroit 
River). 

frontalis: forehead prominent. 

frugivorus: eating fruits, 

fulicarius: like a coot. 

fulvus: reddish-yellow. 

funduloides: like Fundulus, 

furcatus: forked. 

fuscescens: somewhat dusky or 
tawny, 

fuscicollis: dusky-throated. 

fuscus: dusky. 

fusiformis: fusiform. 

galacturus: Gr. milky-tailed. 

galeatus: helmeted. 

gallopavo: Gallus: a cock; Pavo: a 
peacock. 

garrulus: garrulous, 

gavialis: like a crocodile, 

geographicus: map-like. 

georgianus: Georgian. 

gibber: gibbous. 

gibbosus: with rounded outlines. 

gilvus: pale yellow. 

glacialis: icy. 

gladius: a sword. 

gilaucus: glaucous. 

glutinosus: viscid. 

gobioides: goby-like. 

gobioninus: gudgeon-like. 

gorbuscha: a Kamtschatkan name. 

gracilis: slender. 

grammacus: Gr. striped. 

gramineus: pertaining to grass. 

griseus: gray. 

grunniens: grunting. 

pryllus: a cricket. 

gulosus: big-mouthed. 

guttatus: with drop-like spots. 

gyrfalco: a gyr-falcon. 

gyrinus: Gr. a tadpole. 

hematurus: Gr. bloody-tailed. 

halecinus: halec—a shad (appears in 
shad-run season). 

haliaetus: Gr. a sea-eagle. 

harengus: a herring. 

helveticus: Swiss. 

herodias: Gr. a heron. 

heros: a genus of Cichlide., 

heteroclitus: Gr. different slope. 


GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES. 


heterodon: Gr. teeth otherwise. 
heterurus: Gr. tail uneven. 
hexacanthus: Gr. six-spined. 
hieroglyphicus: Gr. marked with 
crow-tracks, 
himantopus: Gr. crook-shanks, 
hirudo: aleech, 
hirundo: a swallow. 
horiconensis: from Lake George. 
horreorum: inhabiting barns. 
horribilis: horrible. 
horridus: horrid. 
hudsonicus : from Hudson’s Bay or 
River. 
hudsonius: Hudsonian. 
humeralis: a spot on the shoulder. 
humilis: humble. 
huronensis: Lake Huron. 
hyalinus: transparent. 
hybridus: hybrid. 
hyemalis: wintery. 
hyperboreus: Gr. far-northern. 
hypogeus: Gr. underground. 
ichtheloides: like a sunfish. 
icterocephalus: Gr. oriole-headed. 
iliacus: Trojan (why?). 
immaculatus: unspotted. 
incisor; one that cuts. 
anconstans: inconstant, 
ingens: prodigious. 
inornatus: not ornamented. 
inscriptus: inscribed. 
insculptus: sculptured. 
insignis: insignificant. 
insociabilis: unsociable, 
intermedius: intermediate, 
interpres: an interpreter. 
interruptus: interrupted. 
irideus: rainbow-colored. 
ischanus: Gr. thin. 
ischyrus: Gr. stout, 
islandicus: Iceland. 
isolepis: Gr. equal-scaled. 
jaculus: something thrown. 
jamaicensis: Jamaican. 
kentuckiensis: Kentuckian. 
keta: a Kamtschatkan name. 
labradorius: Labradorian, 
labradoricus: Labradorian. 
lacertinus: lizard-like, 
lacertosus: lizard-like. 
Jacerus: torn. 
lachrymalis: pertaining to tears. 
lacustris: living in lakes, 


GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES. 


levis: smooth. 

lagopus: Gr, rough-footed, like a rab- 
bit. 

lapponicus: pertaining to Lapland. 

lariformis: shape of a gull. 

lateralis: pertaining to the side. 

latior: broader. 

latrans: barking. 

leberis: thick-skinned. 

lemniscatus: adorned with ribbons. 

leptacanthus: Gr. slender-spined. 

leuciodus: Gr. whitened. 

leucobronchialis: Gr. white-throated. 

leucocephalus: Gr. white-headed. 

leucophrys: Gr. white-crowned. 

leucops: Gr. white-eyed. 

leucopsis: Gr. white-faced. 

leucopterus: Gr. white-finned. 

leucopus: Gr. white-footed. 

leucurus; Gr. white-tailed. 

limi: pertaining to mud. 

limosus: muddy. 

lineatus: lined (with narrow stripes). 

lineolatus: finely-lined. 

liosternus: Gr. smooth-breasted. 

lirus: Gr. lily-white. 

lividus: livid. 

livius: dove-colored. 

loculator: a big-talker. 

longicaudus: long-tailed. 

longiceps: long-headed. 

longirostris: long-snouted. 

longirostrum: loug-snout. 

lophius: the fishing frog. 

lotor : one who washes (from the 
raccoon’s habit of washing his paws 
and everything else in reach). 

louisianensis: Louisianian. 

lucidus: shining. 

lucifugus: shunning the light. 

lucioides: like a pike. 

lucius: a pike. 

ludovicianus: Louisianian. 

lunatus: crescent-shaped. 

lunifrons: crescent forehead. 

lupus: a wolf. 

luscus: one-eyed (from the condition 
of Linnzeus’ unfortunate specimen). 

lycaodon: Gr. wolf-toothed. 

lynx: a wild-cat. 

lythrochloris: Gr. bloody-green. 

macrocephalus: Gr. long-headed. 

macrochirus: Gr. long-armed. 

macrolepidotus: Gr. large-scaled. 


383 


macropterus: Gr. large-finned. 
macrotis: G. large-eared, 
macrurus: Gr. long-tailed. 
macularius: spotty. 

maculaticeps: spotted-headed, 
maculatus: spotted. 

maculosus: spotted. 

magnus: large. 

mainensis: Maine. 

majalis: pertaining to May. 
manitou: Lake Manitou. 
margaritus: pearly. 

margarotis: Gr. pearly-eared. 
marginatus: margined, 

Inarinus: marine. 

maritimus: maritime. 
marmoratus: marbled. 

martes: a marten. 

martinicus: from Martinique. 
maxillilingua: Jaw-tongue. 
means: moving. 

megalotis: Gr. big-eared. 
melanoleucus: Gr. black and white. 
melanops: Gr. black-eyed or faced. 
melanostictus: Gr. black spotted, 
melas: Gr. black. 

meleagris: afowl. 

melodius: melodious. 

melodus: melodious. 

menona: Lake Menona. 
mephiticus: ill-scented. 
Merganser: diving-goose. 
meridionalis: southern. 
mesotrema: Gr. vent intermediate. 
mexicanus: Mexican. 
michiganensis: Michigan. 
micropteryx: Gr. small-finned. 
microstomus: Gr. small-mouthed. 
migratorius: migratory. 
miniatus: vermilion color. 
minimus: smallest, 

Mineopas: Lake Minneopa, Minn, 
minor: smaller. 

minutillus: minute. 
mississippiensis: Mississippian. 
missuriensis : Missourian, 
mitratus: mitred. 

miurus: Gr. curtailed; notched. 
molestus; uneasy. 

mollissimus: softest. 

monachus; solitary. 

monax: a hermit. 

montanus: pertaining to mountains 
monticolus: living in the mountains. 


384 


+ mordax: biting; snapping. 

motacilla: wag-tail. 

mucronatus: abruptly and sharply 
pointed. 

mugitans: mooing, like a cow. 

multifasciatus: many -banded or 
striped. 

joultilineatus: many-lined. 

musculus: a little mouse. 

tmustelinus: color of a weasel (foxy 
red). 

muticus: unarmed, 

nevius: with small spots. 

namaycush: Indian name. 

nasutus: long-nosed. 

natalis: with a projecting rump. 

nebulosus: cloudy. 

neglectus; neglected. 

neogeus: Gr. New World. 

neohantoniensis: New Hampshire. 

nephelus: Gr. clouded. 

nerka: a Kamtschatkan name. 

niger: black. 

nigricans: blackish. 

nigricollis: black-throated. 

nigrilabris: black-lipped. 

nigripinnis: black-finned. 

nigrofasciatus: black-barred. 

nigromaculatus: black-spotted. 

nitidus: shining. 

nivalis: snowy. 

niveiventris: white-bellied. 

niveus: snow-white. 

nobilis: noble. 

nobilior: nobler. 

noctivagans: wandering at night. 

notatus: known (as by a spot, hence 
spotted). 

noveangliz: New England. 

noveboracensis: New York. 

nuchalis: pertaining tothe nape. 

nummifer: money - bearing (nickel 
color). 

obesus: fat. 

oblongus: oblong. 

obscurus: dusky. 

obsoletus: obsolete. 

obtusus: obtuse. 

occidentalis: western. 

occipitomaculatus : 
spotted. 

ocellicaudus: ocellate spots on tail. 

ochrophzus: Gr.dark orange-brown, 

oculatus: with eye-like spot. 


back of head 


GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES. 


odoratus: odorous. 

olivaceus: olivaceous. 

olivaris: olivaceous. 

omiscomaycus: an Indian name fora 
Smolt. 

opacus: opaque. 

oquassa: Lake Oquassa, 

ordinatus: in rows (spots). 

oregonensis: Oregonian. 

oregonus: Oregonian. 

ornatus: ornamented. 

oryzivorus: rice-eating. 

osculus: small-mouthed. 

osmerinus: like a smelt. 

osseus: bony. 

ossifragus: bone-breaking. 

otsego: Lake Otsego. 

oxyurus: Gr. sharp-tailed. 

palmarum; living among palm trees. 

palliatus: cloaked. 

pallidus: pale. 

palumbarius: pertaining to pigeons, 

palustris: living among swamps. 

papillosus: paplllose. 

paradisea: of paradise. 

parasiticus: parasitic, 

parietalis: pertaining to the sides. 

parvus: small. 

passerinus: sparrow-like. 

paucidens: few-toothed. 

pecoris: pertaining to cattle. 

pelagicus: oceanic. 

pellucidus: pellucid. 

peltastes: Gr. large-scaled. 

peltatus: shielded. 

penelope: a widgeon; also the wife of 
Ulysses. 

pennsylvanicus: Pennsylvanian, 

peregrinus: wandering. 

perspicillatus: transparent, 

phaenna: translucent. 

phasianellus: a little pheasant. 

phenax: Gr. deceptive. 

philadelphia: Gr. brotherly love. 

philadelphica: Philadelphian. 

pheeniceus: crimson, 

photogenis: Gr. born of light. 

phoxocephalus: Gr. tapering-headed. 

pictus: painted. 

pidiensis: Great Pedee River. 

pileatus: capped; crested. 

pilosus: with thin hairs. 

pinetorum: living among pines, 

pinniger: large-finned, 


GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES. 


pinus: pine tree. 

pipiens: chirping ; piping. 

piscivorus: fish-eating. 

pisculentus: fishy. 

plagiatus: thievish. 

plargyrus: Gr. silver-sided. 

platycephalus: Gr. flat-headed. 

platyrhinus: Gr. flat-nosed. 

platyrhynchus: Gr. flat-nosed. 

platystomus: Gr, flat-mouthed. 

plumbeolus: lead-colored. 

pecilura: Gr. tail variegated. 

polyglottus: many-voiced. 

pomatorhinus: Gr. snout operculate. 

podiceps: a grebe. 

pomotis: a sunfish. 

porosus: porous. 

porphyriticus;: purplish. 

portlandicus: pertaining to Portland. 

prestabilis: standing first. 

pratincola; living in meadows. 

princeps: princely. 

principalis: princely. 

procne: Gr. a swallow. 

productus: produced. 

promelas: Gr. black forwards, 

proriger: having a prow. 

prosthemius: added. 

protacanthus ;: Gr. 
large. 

proteus: of many shapes. 

proximus: near. 

pruinosus: frosty. 

pseudogeographicus : not quite geo- 
graphicus. 

pseudoharengus: not quite a herring. 

pubescens: pubescent. 

pugnax: quarrelsome. 

pulchellus: pretty. 

pullus: dusky. 

punctatus: dotted. 

punctulatus: finely dotted, 

purpureus: purple. 

pusillus: weak. 

putorius: ill-scented. 

pyrgmezus: pigmy. 

quadracus: four-spined, 

quadrilateralis: four-sided. 

quadrivittatus: four-striped 

querulus: querulous. 

quiescens: quiescent. 

quinnat: an Indian name for the sal- 
mon, meaning glittering. 

radix: Root (river in Wisconsin). 


17 


anterior spine 


385 


rattus: rat. 

regius: royal, 

reticulatus: reticulate. 

rhombifer: bearing rhombs, 

rhotheus: Gr. pertaining to falls. 

rigidus: rigid. 

riparius: pertaining to shores. 

robustus: robust. . 

rostratus: large-billed or snouted, 

rubellus; reddish. 

ruber: red. 

Tubicundus: ruddy. 

rubidus: ruddy. 

rubricaudus: red-tailed. 

rubricroceus: saffron-red. 

rubrifrons: red-faced. 

rufescens: rusty-red. 

ruficapillus; rusty-crowned, 

rufilineatus: rusty-lined. 

rufus; rusty-red. 

rugosus: rough. 

rupestris: living among rocks, 

rusticola: living in the country. 

ruticilla; somewhat fiery red. 

Tutilus: fiery red, 

sacer: sacred. 

salar: a salmon. 

salmoides: like a salmon. 

salmoneus: like a trout. 

sanguifluus: blood-flowing. 

sanguinolentus: bloody. 

sapidissimus: most delicious to eat. 

satrapa: a prince (knight). 

sauritus: like a lizard. 

savanna: Savanna. 

scaber: rough. 

scabriceps: rough-headed. 

scandiacus : ascending (or Seandl- 
navian?) 

scomberius: mackerel-like. 

scopiferus: bearing a mark. 

scutatus: with scutes. 

scylla: a rock near Charybdis 

sebago: Lake Sebago. 

selene: Gr. the moon. 

selenops: Gr. moon-eye, 

semifasciatus: half-banded. 

semipalmatus: semipalmate. 

septentrionalis: northern. 

serpentinus: serpent-like, 

serrator: one that saws. 

serripinnis: saw-finned. 

sexlineatus: six-lined. 

sialis: plump. 


386 


sicculus: dry, 4. ¢., found in pools left 
by drying of streams. 
simoterus: Gr. snub-nosed. 
simulans; resembling. 
simus: Gr. snub-nosed. 
sirtalis: like a garter. 
sisco: vernacular, Cisco. 
siscowet: Indian name, 
socialis: sociable. 
solitarius: solitary. 
sparverius: pertaining to a sparrow. 
spatula: aspatula. 
speciosus: handsome. 
spectabilis: notably handsome, 
spectrum: a sight to see. 
spectrunculus: a little image. 
spelzeus: living in caves. 
spilopterus: Gr. spotted-finned. 
spilotus: Gr. spotted. 
spinifer: spine-bearing. 
spirlingulus: French eperlanule, a 
little smelt or sprat. 
sponsa: a bride. 
spurius: spurious. 
squamiceps: scaly-headed, 
stellaris: starry. 
stellatus: star-spotted. 
stelliferus: star-bearing. 
stigmaticus: Gr. spotted. 
stramineus: straw-colored. 
streperus: noisy. 
striatulus: narrowly striped. 
striatus: striated. 
sturio: a sturgeon. 
subczruleus: somewhat blue. 
subis: sudden. 
stibterraneus: underground. 
subujatus: subulate. 
subviolaceus: somewhat violet, 
sucetta: French sucet, a sucker. 
superciliaris: pertaining to the region 
over the eye. 
superciliosus: ridge above the eye. 
sylvaticus: living in the woods. 
symmetricus: symmetrical. 
talpoideus: mole-like. 
talpoides: mole-like. 
tarandus: a reindeer. 
telescopus: Gr. far-seeing 
tenellus: slender. 
teres: terete. 
teretulus; terete. 


GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES. 


tergeminus: triple. 
tergisus: polished, 
tessellatus: checkered. 
thalassinus: Gr. sea-green. 
tigrinus: tiger-colored. 
toma: name ofan Indian. 
torquatus: with a collar. 
trachyrhynchus: Gr. rough-billed. 
trichas: Gr. a kind of thrush. 
tricolor: three-colored. 
tridactylus: three-clawed. 
tridecemlineatus: thirteen-striped. 
triseriatus: three-rowed. 
triunguis: three-clawed. 
tristis: sorrowful. 
troglodytes; a wren. 
truncatus: cut off squarely. 
tuditanus: hammer-headed, 
tullibee: Indian name. 
typicus; typical. 
tyrannus: a king-bird. 
ulula: 2 bird that hoots. 
umbellus: ruffed. 
umbrosus: shady-colored. 
undulatus: wavy. 
uranops: Gr. sky-gazing. 
urus: a wild bull. 
vallisneria: eel-grass(which food im- 
proves the flavor). 
vandoisulus . French vandoise, a 
dace. 
variatus: variegated. 
variegatus: variegated. 
varius; various. 
velatus: with a large sail. 
velifer: sail-bearing. 
venenosus: venemous. 
ventralis: on the belly. 
vermis: a worm. 
vernalis: spring. 
versicolor: various colored. 
verticalis: vertical (on high). 
vespertinus: evening. 
villosus: hairy. 
violaceus: violet. 
virescens: greenish. 
virens: green. 
virginianus: Virginian. 
viridescens: greenish. 
viridis: green. 
viscosus: viscid. 
vison: ascout; spy. 


GLOSSARY OF SPECIFIC NAMES. 387 


vitreus: glassy. vulpinus: fox-like. 

vittatus: striped. xanthocephalus: Gr. yellow-headed. 
vitulus: a bull-calf, xiphias: Gr. a sword. 

vociferus: loud-voiced, zebra: zebra. 

volucella: flying, zonalis: banded. 

vulgaris: common. zonatus: banded. 


vulneratus: wounded. zopherus: Gr. dusky 


INDEX TO NAMES 


OF 


GENERA AND HIGHER GROUPS, 


WITH THEIR DERIVATIONS. 


Norsz.—In this index, names of genera recognized in this work 
are printed in ordinary type, as Dendreeca; families and higher 
groups in small capitals, as Emypip#; synonyms and sub-genera 
in italics, as Ambdlodon. In giving the etymology of terms, all 
words not otherwise designated are understood to be Greek; L. 


indicates Latin. 
in Roman characters. 


PAGE. 
Abastor: a coined name, » 181 
Ablabes: ablabes, harmless, . 179 
Abramis: L., a bream, » « 801 


Acantharchus: akantha—spine; 
archos—anal (many anal 
spines), ge 8 237 

ACANTHOPTERI: akantha—spine; 
pteron—fin, E: " 215 

Accipiter: L., 2 hawk, » 113 


Acipenser: L., a sturgeon (sharp 


fins), . . + + 845 
AOIPENSERIDA, . . « 344 
Acomus: acoined name,. . 319 


Acris; L., sharp —from the note, 190 
Actiturus: actaino —to move 
quickly; owra—tail (wagtail), 129 
Actodromas: akte—sea beach; 
dromos—a running, 
Aigialitis: atgialites — pertaining 
to the shore, 


127 


121 


Aigiothus: atgtothos —a hedge 
sparrow, . . 82 

ZHsalon: aisalon—a merlin (kind 
of hawk), . . + » 111 
Agelzus: agelaios—gregarious, 92 
Aix: aia—goat (why?), . . 142 

ALAUDID&: L., alauda—a lark 
56 


(L., laudo to praise), 


Greek words are here, for convenience, printed 


PAGE, 
Alburnellus: Dim, of Alburnus 
the Bleak (from L. albus, white)296 


Alburnops: Alburnus-like, » 290 
Alce: an elk (Scandinavian), . 21 
ALOEDINID: L,, alcedo—a King- 
fisher, . eo ot we NO 
ALECTORIDES: alektor—a cock: 
eidos—likeness,. . . . 184 
Alligator: L., one who binds, . 157 


Allosomus: allos—otherwise; soma 


body, * % 361 
Alosa: German, alse—a shad,. 278 
Alvordius; to Major Alvord, 220 


Amblodon: amblus — blunt; odon 


tooth, . . . . . . 850 
Ambloplites : amblus — blunt; 
hoplites—armed, s « » 887 
AMBLYOPSIDA: é + 268 
Amblyopsis: amblus—blunt; opsis 
vision, . . . « « « 269 
Amblystoma: amblus — blunt; 
stoma—m outh, a ue a OS 
AMBLYSTOMID&: - 194 
Amia: amia—name of some sea- 
fish, probably the bonito, 340 
AMIIDAS, . . - 339 
Amiurus: a—not; meiouros—cur- 
tailed or notched (the tail), . 3829 


389 


390 INDEX. 
PAGE. PAGE. 
Ammocecetes:  inigiaiaie ra Arlina: acoinedname, . . 223 
thesand,. . . 849 Aromochelys: aroma—odor; che- 
Ammocrypta; ammos — sand; lus—turtle, . . 166 
kruptos—hidden, .. . 219 Arquatetla: L., arcuatus — bent 
Ammodromus: ammos — sand; likeabow,. . « « “12g 


dromos—running, . . . 84 
Ampelis: ampelis—a kind of sing- 
ingbird,, . . . . 13 
AMPELIDA,. . eo 2 
Amphioxus; ampht—everywhere; 
(both ends); ozus—sharp, . 248 
Amphiplaga: amphi — every- 
where; plage—a wound, : 248 
Amphiuma: meaning unknown, 197 
AMPHIUMIDZ, . . . . 197 
Amyda: L.,aturtle(Emys) . 168 
ANAOANTHINI: @ — without; 
akantha—spine, i @ 2 B57 
Anas: L., a duck, + «6 « 140 
ANATIDA, . »  « 18% 
Ancistrodon: agkistron—a hook; 
odon—tooth, oe 184 
ANGUID: L., anguis—the “blind 
worm,” . » «+ 170 
Anguilla: L., an eel (from anguis)338 
‘ANGUILLIDA, ek oe ow BBR 
Anorthura: a— without; orthos— 
regular; owra—tail, oo. 55 
Anser: L.,agoose, . . . 140 
Anthus: anthos—a flower, or 
something bright, . 57 
Antrostomus: antron— cavern; 5 
stoma—mouth,. . . . 99 
ANURA: a—without; owra—tail, 187 
Apeltes: a—without; pelte—shield,259 
Aphododeride, . . . . 248 
Aphododerus: aphodos— excre- 
ment; dere—the neck or throat, 249 
APODES: a—without; pous — foot 
(ventralfins) . . . . 837 
Apomotis: a—without; poma— 
opercle; ous—ear, . . . 239 
Aquila; L.,aneagle,. . . 114 
Archibuteo: L., chief of buzzards,114 


Arctomys: arktos— bear: mus— 

mouse, a Gott & 28 
Ardea: L., a heron, a ook 2 LBL 
ARDEIDS, 5 - «+ 130 


Ardetta: L., alittle heron, « 133 
Argyreus: argureos—silvery, . 307 
Argyrosomus: arguros — silver; 
soma—body, @ 274-361 
ARID: from Ara, L., a macaw, 105 


Arvicola: L., living in "felas, . 32 
Asio: L.,a horned owl, from the 
asinine, ear tufts, . . 354 
Aspidonectes: aspis—shield; nek- 
tes—a swimmer, 6 + 168 
Astatichthys: astatos—never 
standing still; ichthus—fish, 226 
Asternotremia: a—not; sternon— 
breast (sternum); trema—vent 
(aperture), eo we R49) 
Astragalinus ; bia ad — the 
ankle bone, . at Tae 83 
Astur: L., a goshawk, es « 12 
‘Asturina: L., diminutive of 
Astur, . . » + 1183 
Atalapha: (atalos—tender?) ; 23 
ATHERINID&: atherine—a small 
bony fish (from ather, an ar- 
row), . « «+ 260 
Atractosteus , “atraktos — spindle; 
osteon—bone, . . . . 842 
AvzEs: L., birds, e a & 36 
Aythya: aithuia—a kind of water 
bird, i> % - + 148 
Beone: baion—a small fish, men- 
tioned by classic writers—from 
baios, small, a a oy a SE 
Bascanium: baskanos—malignant 178 
BATRACHIA: batrachos—a frog, 185 
Belonesox: L., Belone—a silver 
gar; Esoxv-apike, . . . 261 
Bernicla: Latin name(abarnacle) 140 
Blarina: a meaningless name, 26-352 
Boleichthys: bolis — dart; ichthus 


—fish, . + 228 
Boleosoma: bolis — - dart; soma— 
body, . . + 228 
Bonasa: L, a pull, from the 
“drumming,” . . . . 119 
Botaurus: L., bos-tawrus — bull 
from the “booming,” . 133 
Brachyotus: brachuotos — short- 
eared, . . - « «+ 108 


Branta: English, brant, » « 140 
Bryttus: brutto—to growl, . 289 
Bubalichthys: bowbolos — buffalo; 
ichthus—fish, . . . . 823 
Bubo:L,,ahornedowl, . . 109 


INDEX. 391 

PAGE, PAGE. 
Bucephala: bous—bull; kephale— Centurus: kenteo—to tie oura 
head, . . «© «. « «© 148 tail . 104 


Bufo: L., atoad, Bree see ve 190 
BUFONID#:. . . . . 190 
Buteo: L., a buzzard, a ya 113 
Butorides: L., bittern-like, . 132 
Oalemys: kalos—beautiful; emus 
—turtle, a pe we EG 


Calidris: L., 2 sanderling, + 128 
Oalliurus: kallos—beauty; owra— 
tail, oo oe 8 le a 886 
Oalopisma: kalos — beautiful ; 
lopisma—skin, . . ‘181 
Campephilus: kampe-— caterpillar, 
phileo—to love, » « « 103 
Campostoma: kampe — curve ; 
stoma—mouth, 287 
Camptolemus; kampte - flexible; iB 
ltaimos—throat, 8 4 144 


Canace: L., a daughter of Holus, 118 
CANIDA, a a ar 16 
Canis: L.,a dog, . .« 17-351 
CAPRIMULGID: from L., Capri- 
mulgus—goat-sucker, . . 98 
Carassius: L., a crucian carp, 308 
Cardinalis: L., cardinal, . é 89 
Cariacus; froma vernacularname, 22 
CARNIVORA: L., flesh-eating, 15 
Carphophiops: karphos—a dry 
twig; ophis—snake; ops —ap- 
pearance, . . . . . 182 
Carpiodes; L., carp-like, . 321 
Carpodacus: karpos—fruit; dakno 
—to bite . . . « . 82 
Castor: L., abeaver,. .  . 29 
CASTORIDA, E oe 29 
Catharista: kathatro—to cleanse, 115 
Cathartes : kathartes—one who 
purifies, < 4« «© & « Wo 
CATHARTIDA, . . . . 114 
Catonotus: kato—low ; notos — 
bath: «& « & «& w= & “RQ 
CATOSTOMIDZ, . . . . 809 
Catostomus: kato—low; stoma— 


mouth, 5 319 
Caudisona: L., cutie tails sono 

—tosound,. . «  « 184 
Celuta: L., celer—swift, - «+ 182 
CEuNTRARGHIDA, + 8 + 282 


Centrarchus ; kentron — spine ; 
archos—anal (many anal spines) 246 

Oentrophanes: kentron — spine ; 
phaneo—toshow, . «© 45 83 


Ceratichthys: keras—horn; ichthus 
fish, . . . .«. « « 805 
Certhia: L., acreeper wren, . 53 
CERTHIIDA, awe Re) oa 53 
CERVID#, . . « « « 20 
Cervus: L.,adeer, . . . 22 
Ceryle: kerulos—a kingfisher, 101 
Chenobryttus: chaino—to yawn ; 
bruttos—a sun fish (growler), 237 
Chetura : chaite—mane (bristle); 
oura—tail, . Pe ‘ i 100 
Chamepelia: chamai — on the 
ground; peleia—ring-dove (pel- 
elos—dusky), . . . . 116 
CHARADRIIDH, . . « . 120 
Charadrius: charadrios —a lap- 
wing or some other water-bird 
(from charadra, atorrent),. 121 
Chatoessus: chateo—to yawn, . 279 
Chaulelasmus: chaulos —loose, or 
gaping ; elasmos — a plate, or 


blade, . 2. 2 «O41 
Chelopus: chele—claw; pous — 
foot, Fi 162 


Chelydra: cheludros—a water tur- 
tle: « & «= & » w« J6e 


CHELYDRIDA, . - + 166 

CHIROPTERA: cheir—hand; pteron 
—wing, . 22 

Chirostoma : chetr — hand; stoma 
mouth, 8 8 «6 = 261 


Chloris: chloros—green, . . 60 
Chologaster: cholos — defective, 
lame; gaster — belly, (ventral 
fins) . .« 2 «© + « 269 
Chondestes : chondros — grain ; 
esthio—toeat, . . . 85 
CHONDROSTEI: chondros - — carti- 
lage; osteon—bone, . 344 
Chordeiles: choreo — to wander: 
deile—twilight, . . . 99 
Chorophilus: choros— dance 
(chorus); phileo—tolove, . 189 
Chreecocephalus : chrota— ia 
kephale—head, . “ 7 150 
Chrosomus; chros—color; soma— 
body, . .- 302 
Chrysemys : chrusos - golden $ 
emus—water-turtle, - +» 163 
Chrysomitris : chrusos — golden; 
mitra—cap, os « @ 82 


392 


PAGE. 
Circus: L., a sacred falcon which 
fliesin circles, . . . . 112 


CINOSTERNIDZ, oe  «) 165 
Cinosternum: kineo—to move; 
sternon—sternum, . 166 
Cistothorus: kistos — rock - - rose; 


therewo—to seek, . . . 55 
Cistudo: kiste—a box, « = 262 
Clangula: Latin name, clangor— 


asharp pird’s scream. . 143 
Olinostomus: klino—to incline; 
stoma—mouth, » « « 800 


Cliola: anIndianname, . . 298 
CLUPEID#: from L., clupea—a 


herring, . . 278 


Cnemidophorus: knemidophoros— 
wearing leg armor, » ~« 170 
Coccygus: kokkua—a cuckoo, 102 
Colaptes : kolapto—to strike with 
the bill, $ @ & « 6» 205 
Coliscus : kolos—adeficiency, 289 
Collurio: kKollwrton—a shrike 
(butcher) . . . 11-354 
Coluber: L.,a harmless snake, 178 
COLUBRID&, ce es LR 
Columba: L., a dove, 5 5 116 
COLUMB2: L., doves, = oe 115 
COLUMBIDA, Par wee 116 
COLYMBID&, ae 154 
Colymbus: kolumbus—a diver, 154 
Condylura: kondulos—node; oura 
—tail (from the beaded appear- 
ance when dried), . . 25 
Conocephalus: konos—cone; keph- 
ale—head, . . . «. « 181 
Contopus: kontos-spear; pous-foot, 97 
Conurus: konos—cone; owra—tail, 106 
Copelandia: dedicated to Herbert 


Edson Copeland, re 246 
Coregonus: korre— the temples; 

gonos—angle, . . . 274-360 
Coronella: L., corona—a crown, 180 
CoRVIDA, . . oe 93 
Corvina: from corvus, » « 251 
Corvus: L.,araven, . . . 94 


Corynorhinus: korune — club; 
rhin—snout, ae, jee Ihieyy is 24 
Coryphodon: koruphe — vertex, 
point; odon—tooth, . . . 1%8 
CoTtip#: L., cottus—a sculpin 
(kottos—head), .  - 251 
Cottopsis: Cottus; opsts— appear 
ance, . .« « + 255 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 
Cottus: kottoes—head (from the 
great size of that part), + 252 
Coturniculus: diminutive of ko- 
turnia—a kind of grouse. . 84 
Cotyle: kotule—a cavity or hole, 72 
Craxirex: L, crax—a gallinace- 
ous bird; rex—king, . 113 
Cristivomer: L., crista — crest ; 
vomer—vomer, . 359 
CROCODILIA: krokodetlos—a cro- 
codile . . . . «. » 15% 
Crocodilus, . . . . « 15% 
CROTALIDA, . > + 183 
Crotalophorus: krotalon—a rattle; 
phoreo—to bear, > » « 184 
Crotalus: krotalon—arattle. . 183 
CUCULID: L., cuculus—a cuckoo,101 
Cupidonia: L., cupido—the god of 


love, . . 119 
Cyanospiza: ianeos— bine? spiea 
—sparrow, . 89 
Cyanurus: kuaneos — blue: oura 
tail, . .. 94 


Cycleptus: kuklos—circle; lptos— 
slender; (i e ‘“‘small round 
mouth”), . . . . 320 

CYOCLOGANOIDEI: eycloid- ganoid 339 

Cyclophis: kwklos—circle; ophis 
—snake, a - 179 

Cygnus: kuknos—a swan, - 139 

Cylindrosteus: kulindros—a cylin- 
der; osteon—bone, .. 342 

Cynoperca: kuon—a dog; eres 
perch (from the canine teeth), 230 

Cyprinella: dim. of Cyprinus, 280 

CYPRINID#,. . . «. « 280 

Cyprinodon: kuprinos—a carp; 
odon—atooth, . . . . 262 

CYPRINODONTID&, . . . 261 

Cyprinus: kuprinos—a earp, . 809 

CYPSELIDS: L., cypselus—a swift 
(kupsele—acavern,. .  . 99 

Dafila: Latin name, . 5 < 141 

Decadactylus: dekas—ten; daktu- 
los—digit (ten ventral rays), 319 

Dendreeca: dendron—tree; oikeo— 
toinhabit, . . . «. . 61 

DESMOGNATHIDH, . . .. 191 

Desmognathus: desmos—a bond; 
gnathos—jaw, . 192 

Diadophis: dia—to divide; ophis 
—snake. woo we ae ee AD) 
DIDELPHIDID&, <a> 35 


INDEX. 393 

PAGE. PAGE: 

Didelphys: dis—two; delphus— ETHEOSTOMATID#, . . . 215 
uterus, Cale ee cane oe 35 Eucalia: ew—true; kalia—nest, 259 


Diemyctylus: meaning unknown, 191 


Diplesium: dis—two; plesion— 
nearly (dorsal fin), + + 222 
Dolichonyx: dolichos—long; onux 
—claw,. . 91 
Dorysoma: doru—lance; soma— 
body, . ee Pte “oces | Seay GOD 
DORYSOMATID&, % - 278 
Ectopistes: ektopisteos — disposed 
todepart, . . . ey ote 116 
Elanus: elanos—akite, . . 112 
ELAPipa, . - «+ 182 


Elaps: elaps—a harmless snake, 183 
ELASMOBRANOHII: elasmos—a 
Plate; bragchia—gill, . . 847 
Elassoma: elassoma—a being re- 
duced, ordiminished, . . 248 
ELASSOMIDS, . . . . 247% 
Elattonistius: elatton — smaller; 
histios—banner (dorsal fin),. 277 
Empidonax: empis — a mosquito; 
anax—a prince, gta ot ys 97 
EmMypIDa, . . . . . 161 
Emys: emus—a water tortoise, 163 
Enneacanthus : ennea — nine ; 
akantha—spine, + 2 « 245 
Episema: epi—above; sema—ban- 
ner (dorsal fin above ventrals), 298 
Eremophila : eremos — desert ; 
phileo—to love, . . 56 
Erethizon: erethizo—to irritate, 34 
Ereunetes: ereunetes—an aang 
searcher, . . 126 
Ericymba; eri—an intensive pare 
ticle; kwmba—hollow or cavity, 299 
Ericosma: er — spring-time ; kos- 
meo—toadorn, . . 221 
Erimyzon: eri—an intensive par- 
ticie; muzao—tosuck, . . 819 
Erismatopterus : ereisma—a prop 
orlever; pteron—fin, . . 248 
Erismatura: ereisma—a support, 
prop; owra—tail, . . . 145 
Esooipé, . eo oe a R66 
Esox: L. apike, . . . . 266 
Estrella: a word of euphony, 223 
Etheostoma : said by Rafinesque 
to mean “various mouths,” 
from the variety in that respect 
inthe genus as at first consti- 
tuted, . 2. « «© « « 22% 


Eudytes: eu—well; dutes—a diver, 154 
Eumeces: ewmekes—long, of good 
stature, 6 & & » WL 


Eupomotis: ew—well or true; 
Pomotis, . . " 244 
EURHIPIDURA : pie ae “ rhipis 
fan; owra—tail, eae 37 
Euspiza: eu—true; spiza—a spar- 
row, . . . 88 
Eutenia: eu—true; ‘tainia—rib- 
bon, es - 176 
Eutychelithus ; eutuches - lucky; : 
lithos—stone, . . . 251 


EVENTOGNATHI : eu—true; entos 
—within; gnathos—jaw, - 280 


Evotomys : evotos — long - eared; 
mus—mouse, . a 32 

Exoglossum: exo—outside 3 H glossa 
tongue, c 308 


Faleinellus: L. (jalan scythe, 134 
Falco: L.,a falcon, . . . 111 
FALCONID&, 7 + «© « 109 
Farancia: a word of euphony, 181 
Fario: L.,abrook trout, . . 271 


FELID2, > ep EC a me 15 
Felis: L.,acat, . . . 16 
FER: L., fera—wild, savage, 15 
Fiber: L.,a beaver, . . . 33 
Florida: Florida, one of the U. §S. 
where Herons abound, » 132 
FRINGILLIDS: from L., Fringilla 
—afinch, . . 7 6 V7 


Fulica: L., a coot (sooty), 136 
Fuligula: diminutive of Fulia, 142 
Fulix: sameas Fulica, . . 142 
Fundulus: L., fundus—bottom, 263 
GADID: L., gadus—a cod-fish, 257° 
Galeoscoptes : g alee — weasel , 
skoptes—mocker, . é 48 
GALLIN: L., Gallus—a cock, 117 
Gallinago: L., Gallina—a kind of 
wader,. . « « 126 
Gallinula: diminutive’ of Gallina, 136 
GANOIDEI: ganos—splendor, . 339 
Garzetta: a proper name, » 132 
GASTEROSTEIDA, « % % 258 
Gasterosteus: eee ost- 
eon—bone, . . 259 
Gelochelidon : jen t0 laugh ; 
chelidon—a swallow, . . 1651 
GEOMYID4, . . . « . 29 


394 INDEX. 
PAGE. PAGE. 
Geomys: ge—the earth; mus — Helioperca: helios—the sun; perke 
mouse,. . 29 —perch, 4  & @ % al 
Geothlypis: ge—the earth; " inlupis Helminthophaga: helmins—a 
awarbler(?), . 68 worm; phago—to eat, 60-353 
Gila: Gila River, where the typical Helmitherus: helmimns—a worm; 


speciesoccurs, . . . . 800 
Girardinus: to Dr. Chas. Girard, 262 
GLIRES: L., glis—a dormouse, 26 
Glottis: glottis—name of some bird,128 
Glyptemys: gluptos — sculptured; 

emus—tortoise,. . . . 168 
GOBIIDa: L., gobius—a goby, 256 
Gobiosoma: L., gobius—-a goby ; 

soma—body, ow ae fer RBM 
Goniaphea: gonos—cheeks (?); 

phaios—black, . . . 88 
Goniochelys: gonia—angle; chelus 

—turtle, . . 

Graculus: L., a jackdaw, from its 


note—gra, gra, . . - 147 
Graptenys : graptos — engravens ? 

emus—tortoise,. . , . 164 
Gronias: grone—a cavern, - 333 
GRUIDA, S #4 @ ~e 184 
Grus: L., a crane, S - 135 


Grystes: gruzo—to growl, . - 286 
Guiraca: meaningless, . . 89 
Gulo: L., gulo—a glutton, . Z 19 
Gypochelys: gups~a vulture; che- 
lus—aturtle, . . 167 
Gyrinophilus: gurinos—a tadpole: 
phileo—to love,. . 194 
Hadropterus: hadros—stout; pte- 
ron—fin, és é “ e % 221 
H#2MATOPODIDA,  « « 122 
Hematopus: haima—blood ; pous 
foot, Sw ee oe we | ARR 
Haldea: meaningless? . . 181 
Haliaetus: hals—sea; aetos—eagle, 114 


Haplochilus : haploos — single, 
simple; cheilos—alip, . 263 

Haplodontia: haploos — simple ; ; 
odon—tooth, a 29 


Haploidonotus: haploidos—cloak- 
ed; notos—back, from scales on 


dorsalfin, . . . . . 250 
HAPLOMI: haploos—simple; omos 
—humerus, > ® we ae I26E 


Harelda: L., a herald, «  « 143 

Harporhynchus : harpe—a sickle; 
rhunchos—a bill, . . . 48 

Hedymeles: hedus — sweet; melos 
—asong, . + + «© « 88 


thereuo—to seek, eax a 60 
HEMIBRANCHII: hemi—half; 


bragchia—gills, fe. ge FRBSr 
Hemidactylium: hemi — half; 

daktulos—claw, . 193 
Hemioplites: hemi—half; “hoptites 

—armed, . 245 


Hemitremia: hemi—halt; ema 
aperture (lateral line half 
way), 7 x“ ¢ 303 

Herodias: herodios—a heron, . 182 

HERODIONES, . . »«. . 130 

Hesperiphona: hesperos—evening; 
phoneo—to sing, " . . 81 

Hesperocichla: hesperos — even- 
ing; kichle—a thrush, . * Aq 

Hesperomys: hesperos— evening; 


mus—a mouse, . 81 
Heterodon: heteros > different; 
odon—tooth, we oe ge AE 
Hierofalco: L., hierax—a hawk; 
falco—afalcon, .  . 111 


Himantopus: himantop: owe—a 
kind of water-bird (crook- 
shanks), % 5 . x 4% 123 

HIRUNDINIDA, . . . - vil) 


Hirundo: L., a swallow, . “ vel 
Histrionicus: L., a harlequin, 144 
Hololepis: holos—entirely; naa 
a scale, : 228 
Hopladelus: hopleis — ‘armed; " ae- 
los—visible, P a 334 


Hucho: a Latinized name, (Ger. 
Hecht, apike) . . . . 271 


Hudsonius: Hudson River, 290 
Huro: Lake Huron, . a . 236 
. Hybognathus: hubos — gibbous; 
gnathos—jaw, * 289 
Hybopsis: hubos—gibbous ; A ovels 
—face,, . 290 
Hyborhynchus : naubaa - aibbous: Z 
rhunchos—snout, .  . 288 
Hydrargyra: hudor — water ; ar- 
guros—silver, . . . 262 
Hydrochelidon : hudor — ayatee ; 
chelidon—swallow, ,_. 153 
Hydrophtlox: hudor—water; nites 
—flame, : + 292 


INDEX. 395 
PAGE. PAGE, 
Hyla: hule—forest, . . . 189 Ischnognathus:  ischnos — thin; 
HYLIDA: oi » + 189 gnathos—jaw, . . 176 
Hylocichla: hule — ” sorest; kichle— ISOSPONDYLI: ‘oe—equaly Spon 
thrush,. . . . 46 dulos—a vertebra, . . . 270 
Hylomyzon: hilus —mud: muzo— Ispida: a Latin name, » +» 101 
to suck, 8 319 Jaculus: L., something thrown, 30 
Hylotomus: hule — wood: tomar Junco: meaningless, 88-354 
cutting, . 103 Labidesthes: labis—a pair of for- 


Hyodon: L., os hyotdes — bone of 
the tongue; odon—a tooth (in- 
tended for “toothed tongue”), 277 

HYODONTID#: . . « « 2%6 

Hyostoma: hus—swine; stoma—a 
mouth,. . 222 

Hypentelium: hupo—under Qip?); 
enteles— perfect (more likely— 
hupo—under (lip); pente—five; 
the lower lip was said by Rafin- 


esque to be five-lobed), . 319 
Hypohomus: hupo — beneath; ho- 
mos—uniform, . . 221 
Hyperistius: huper—high: histion 
—a sail (dorsal), s s 247 
HYPEROARTIA: huperoa—palate; 
artios—perfect,. . . 347 
HYPEROTRETA: huperoa—palate; 
tretos—perforate, . . 347 
Hypsifario: hupsi—deep; L., Farto 
—atrout, . 357 
Hypsilepis: mapst: — high; lepis— 
scale, . . » 6 293 
Ibis: name in Greek, »  . 134 
Ichthelurus: ichthus—fish; ailu- 
ros—cat, r 828 
Ichthelis: ichthus — fish; pelo 
the sun, “ 239 
Ichthyobus: ichthus—tish; bous— 
buffalo,.  . 322 
Ichthyomyzon: “tenthus - _ as sh; 


muzo—tosuck, . . . . 849 
Ictinia: iktinos—akite, . . 112 
Icteria: ikteros—a yellowish green 

bird, the sight of which would 

cure the jaundice (ikteros). In 

the process the bird dies, . 68 


IcTERIDZ, . . . . . 90 

Icterus: same as Icteria, . . 92 

IGUANID&: Iguana—a vernacular 
pame, . . 169 


Imostoma: eimi—to move; stoma 
mouth (mouth protractile), , R22 

INSECTIVORA: L., insecta—insect; 
voro—to eat, o 24 


ceps; esthio—to eat, « « 262 
LABRAOCIDA, . + 4 231 
Labrax: labraw—name of some 
voracious sea-fish, . . . 281 


LACERTILIA: L., lacerta—a lizard 168 

Lagochila: sass pease — hare-lip- 
ped, ag + « 811 

Lagopus: lagopous -~@ ptarmigan 
from lagos—a hare; pous — foot 


(rough-footed like a hare), . 119 
LAMELLIROSTRES: L., lamella— 
athin plate; rostrum—bill, 137 
Lampropeltis: lampros — shining; 
pelte—shield, . . . 180 
LANIID2: L., lanius—a shrike 
(butcher), .  . ee x 16 
Lanivireo: lanius- -viren, oF 76 
LARIDA, . » «6 148 


Larus: laros—a sea a. gull, > + 150 
Lasiurus: lasios — hairy ; oura — 
tail, : 2 . . . . 24 


Lepibema. lepis—scale; bema— 
step, ‘‘in allusion to the scaly 
basis of the unpaired fins,” . 231 

LEPIDOSTEIDH, . : ri ie 341 

Lepidosteus: lepis—scale; osteon— 
—bone,. . + «6 « 842 

Lepiopomus: lepion—a scale ; 
poma—opercle,. . . 239 

Lepomis: lepis— scale ; poma'— 
opercle, os eel ot ae. -SRBG 

LEPORIDA, . so. 34 

LEPTOCARDII: leptos—thin; kar- 
dia—heart, . . .« 347 

Leptophis : leptos—slender ; ophis 
—snake, ote OSE cs 179 


Lepus: L., a hare, < & 34 


Lestris: lestris—a robber, a 149 
Leuciscus : L., a dace (lewkos— 
white), . ‘ + 295 
Leucosomus: lewkos—white; soma 
—body, ae 304 
LIMICOL&: L., Wmus—mud ; ‘e616 
—to inkabit, e 4 + 120 


Limosa: L., Wmosus—muddy, 128 


396 INDEX. 
PAGE. PAGE 
Liopeltis: leios —smooth ; pelte— Mesogonistius : mesos — middle ; 
shield, a te é 179 gonia—angle: histion—sail (dor- 
Litholepis : lithos —stone ; ; lepis— 8al), «© a we ews wm RAS 
scale, . » 3842 Micristius: mikros—small ; his- 
Lobipes: lobos—lobe ; pots—toot: 123 tion —sai] (dorsal), . . 264 
LONGIPENNES: L., longus — lone: Micropalama: mikros — small ; 
penna—wing, . . . 147 palame—palm(web), . . ‘196 
Lophodytes: lophos—crest; atites— Microperca: mikros—small; perke 
diver, . . 145 —aperch, . . .« . «. 229 
Lophophanes : lophos —- sorest ; Micropterus : mikros — small ; 
phaino—toshow, . . . 51 pteron—a fin, % 236 
Lota: L., aling, . . . . 25% Microsorex: mékros—small; sorex 
Loxia: lovos—crosswise, . . 82 —shrew, . 352 
Lucioperca: L., lucitus—a pike; Milvulus: dim. of L., een 
perca—a perch, » « w 2380 kite, Be ke * 8 96 


Lutra: L., anotter, . .  . 19 
Luxilus: 2 shiner (L., lua—light), 293 
Lynx: lugx—a wildeat, . . 16 
Lythrurus: luthron — blood; oura 


tail, 7 ey ve Se ae 4295 
Macrochelys : makros — large ; 
chelus—a turtle, ees 167 


Macrorhamphus : makros—large: 
rhamphos—bill, > «© « 126 
Malacoclemmys: malakos — soft; 
klemmus—aturtle, . . . 164 
MAMMALIA: Latin name (mamma) 12 
Mareca: meaningless, »  » 141 
MARSIPOBRANCHII : marsipion— 
apouch; bragchia—gills, . 847 
MARSUPIALIA: marstipiton— 


pouch,. . . bo 35 
Meda: a classical Aaa rs 280 
Melanerpes: melas— black; herpo 

—tocreep, . . 104 
Melanetta : melas—black ;  netta— 

a duck, c »  . 144 
Melanura: melas-black; owra-a tail265 
MELEAGRIDA, . ~ . 119 
Meleagris : meleagris — a fowl, 

(from the hero Meleager, whose 

sisters wept themselves into 

Guinea-hens), ‘ 11% 
Melospiza: melos—song ; " spiza—a 

sparrow, . 87 


Menobranchus : menos—strength; 
(meno—to remain) ; bragchos—a 
gill, & Lar pote, ae ate ak SLOB 

MENOPOMIDA, . . . . 196 

Menopoma: menos — strength : 
poma—opercle,. . . .« 196 

Mephitis: L., a bad odor, 19-351 

Mergus: L., mergo—todive, . 145 


Mimus: mimos—a mocker, : 48 
Minnilus: English minnow; 
French, menuise; L., minus— 
small, . . » « -» 296 
Minomus: meaningless, » » 819 
Minytrema: minus — reduced ; 
trema—aperture (laternal line), 318 
Mniotilta: mnion — moss; tillo—to 
pull, o 59 
Molothrus: molos—a mass; throos 
—a rustling (?), . a * 91 
Morone: meaningless, es B82) 
MOTACILLID# : L.. motacilla —a 


wagtail, 1 56 
Moxostoma: muxo—to ‘suck; stoma 
—mouth, . . 319 


Murenopsis: muraina — an eel ; 
opsis—appearance, . . . ‘197 


MURID&, oe Sy 30 
Mus: mus—a mouse, . . . 31 
Mustela: L., a weasel, Seppe 18 
MUSTELID, i . 1% 
Myiadestes : myia—a fy; deo —to 
bind (catch), . 48 
Myiarchus: myia—a ay: ‘archos— 
chief, . . 96 
Myiodioctes: rere ty: dioko— 
tochase, . . 68 
Myonomes; mus—mouse; nomos— 
pasture, “ 82 
Myxocyprinus : quote suck; 
kuprinos—carp. A 309 
Myxostoma: muao—to suck; atonia: 
—mouth, . 312 
Nanemys: ‘iano’ awart + emus— 
turtle, . 163 


Nanostoma: nanos—small; stoma 
—mouth, . . . - « 5 


INDEX. 397 
PAGE, PAGE. 
Nauclerus: naucleros—aruler, 112 Oryzomys: L., oryza—rice; mus— 
Necturus : nekios — swimming ; mouse,. . . 2. 2. « 32 
oura—tail, 4 3 198 Osceola: Name of an Indian 
NEMATOGNATHI : nema— “parbel; chief, . . . - «+ 181 
gnathos—jaw, . 3826 Osmerus: osmeres—odorous, . 273 
Neocorys: jeos—newi corus—hel- Otocorys: ous—ear; korus—helmet, 56 
met, a a ee 57 Otus: otos—a horned owl (otos— 
Neosorex: sieo=t0 swim; L., sorex eared), . * « « #& TO 
—ashrew, . 351 Ozotheca: ozo—to give out an 
Neotoma: neo —to swim ; ems — odor; theke—a box, . . 166 
@ cutting (Rodent), . e 31 Pagophila : pagos—ice ; phileo—to 
Nerodia: neros—moist, . . 1%5 love, . - >» 150 


Nettion: nettion—a little duck, 142 
Nisus: a king of Megara, changed 


to an eagle, 5 a 113 
Nocomis: Ind, nokomis—daugh- 
terofthe moon, . . 305 


Notemigonus; notos — back; hems 
—half; gonia—angle, . . 3801 
Nothonotus : nothos — spurious : 


notos—back, & @ i we - RBS 
Notophthalmus : not os— back ; 

ophthalmos—eye, . 5 191 
Notropis: notos — back ; tropis—a 

keel,’ . - + « 296 


Noturus: notos—back:; oura—tail 335 
Numenius; nowmenia —the new 
moon, . . « « «© « 129 
Nyctale: nuktalos—nocturnal, 108 
Nyctea: nuktios—nocturnal, . 109 
Nyctherodius : nuktios — noctur- 
nal; herodios—aheron, . . 182 
Nyctiardea: L., a night-heron, 132 
Nycticejus: nua—night, ‘ 23 
Ochetodon: ochetos — a channel; 
odon—atooth, . . . . 32 
CGdemia: oidema—a swelling, 144 
Oligocephalus : oligos—a few 
(small); kephale—head,. . 226 
Oligosoma : oligos—small ; soma— 
body, . . a 2 =» ML 
Olor: a Latin name, ae 139 


Oncorhynchus : 0n kos — hook ; 
rhugchos—snout. . "356 
Opheosaurus: ophts—snake; sau- 
ros—lizard, . . 170 
Ophibolus : ophis—snake ; bolis— 
dart. . . - « 180 
OPHIDIA: ophis~snake, oe « AYR 
Oporornis: opora —early autumn 
(fruit); ornis—bird, . . 67 
Ortyx: ortue—a European 


quail, . . . - «+ + 119 


Pandion: annie in ‘mythology, 112 
Pantosteus: pantos—every where; 
osteon—bone (from the closing 
of the fontanelle, which chiefly 
distinguishes the genus from 
Catostomus) . . . . 809 
PARIDA, a ae ee oe 51 
Parula: dim. of Parus, . . 60 
Parus: L., a titmouse, ey 51 
Passer: L., a sparrow, el 83 
Passerculus: dim. of Passer, . 84 
Passerella: dim. of Passer, . 88 


PASSERES, . 44 

Pediccetes: pedion—a field; koite 
—a nest, — » 118 

Pedomys: pedion— field; mus —a 
mouse, ao ee ee 33 


PELEOANIDZ, . + «© «. 146 
Pelecanus: pelekan—a pelican, 146 
Pelidna: pelidnos—livid, . . 127 
Pelionetta: peleios— blackish; 
netta—duck, o » «= ww 246 


Pelodichthys: pelos — mud; ich- 
thus—fish, .. 334 

Perca: perke—a perch (parkoe= 
dusky). eo ~ 229 


PERCESOCES: L., worea=perchi: 
esom—apike, . . . . 260 

PEROID#, . . + © « 229 

Percina: dim. of Perca, . . 219 


PERCOPSIDA, . + + 270 
Percopsis: perke—a perch; opsis— 
appearance, : » 2970 
PERDICID&: L., perdia—a Eerie 
ridge, . . w 119 
Perisoreus: pert—around; soros— 
ahillaheap, . . 95 
Perissoglossa: ‘pertssos—odd; glos- 
sa—a tongue, . 61 


Petrochelidon: petros —a rock; 
chelidon—a swallow, . - a 


398 INDEX. 

PAGE. PAGE, 
Petromyzon: petros—a stone; muzo Plethodon: plethos — abundance; 
—tosuck, . . . . . 848 odon—tooth, 
PETROMYZONTIDZ,. . . 3848 PLETHODONTID2, . . . 192 


Peucea: peuke—a pine tree, . “87 

PHALACROOORACID: phalakros 
—bald; korax—a raven, . 147 

PHALAROPODIDZ, . . . 123 


Phalaropus: phalaros — shining; 
pous—foot, eo 123 

Phenacobius: phenaz—deceptive; 
bios—life, . e 299 


Philohela: phileo—to love; hele— 
sunlight; (hilus—mud?), . 125 


Philomachus: phileo—to love; 
mache—a fight, . 129 

Photogenis: Photogenis — born of 
light, « « - 294 

Phoxinus: phowtnos—a minnow; 
(phoxos—tapering), 2 3802 


Phrynosoma: phrune—a toad: 80- 
ma—body, - - .- . +. 170 
Pica: L.,amagpie, . . ‘ 94 
PICARLA#: L., picus—a wood- 
pecker, Ce eee ne 98 
PICIDz, . - +» 102 
Picoides: L., like a woodpecker, 104 
Picus: L.,a@ woodpecker,. . 103 
Pileooma: piltema— something 
compact, . 7 Cr 219 
Pimelodus: pimelodes—fat, - 800 
Pimephales: pimele—fat; kephale 
—head, . » 7. 288 
Pinicola: L., living amoue pines, 81 
Pipilo: L., pipilo—to chirp, . 89 
PIscEs: L., fishes, « ss « ‘99 
Pittymys: pitus—a pine-tree; mas 


—mouse, , ». «© « «© 33 
Pityophis: pitws—a pine-tree; 
ophis—snake, . . 178 


Placopharynx: plax—anything flat 
and broad; pharuna—pharynx, 296 
Planesticus: Greek, planesticos— 


wandering, vagabond, .. 47 
Planirostra: L., planus—flat; ros- 

trum—snout, ae ha a 344 
Plargyrus: plewra—side; aeguras 

—silver, ‘ 293 


Platygobio: platus—broad or flats 
L., Gobio—a gudgeon, . . 804 
Plectrophanes: plektron — a spur; 
phaneo—to show, . . 83-354 
Plestiodon: pleistos—many; odon 
—tooth, o © © « « 12 


PLEURODELID2: Pleurodeles ; 
plewron—side; deleeis — destruc- 


tive, . 190 
Pleurolepis: Dison = _ sides lepis 

—scale, ee eee) 
PLOTID#, . . , + « 146 
Plotus: plos—a swimmer, ~ 146 
Podiceps: L., podex — rump; pes— 

foo, . . « « « «© 155 


PODICIPIDA, 6 we oR o% “1S 
Podilymbus: L., podiceps—a 
grebe; colymbus—aloon, . 156 


Pecilichthys: poikilos — varie- 
gated; ichthus—fish, = »« 226 
Polioptila: ees digi 
feather, “ 50 
Polyodon : polus — niany 3 enon 
tooth, . fe . . . 344 
POLYODONTIDA, rr.) 
Pomolobus: poma— opercle; lobos 
lobe, . 6 ww we RD 
Pomotis: poma—opercle; ous— 
ear, c e 239 
Pomoxys: poma-—operele; oxwus— 
sharp, . . 247 
Pocecetes; poa— ‘ nisadGweerass; 
koite—nest, e 84 


Porphyrio; BEDI OH red 
water bird, from porphurios, 
purple,. . . es « « £86 

Porzana: meaningless, . . 136 

Potamocottus: potamos — a river; 
kottos—a sculpin, - «© » 254 

Procyon: pro—before; kuon—dog 20 

PROOYONIDE, . vs 20 

Progne: a daughter of Pandion, 
who was changed into aswallow %2 

Prosopium: prosopeta—a mask (in 
allusion to the broad preorbital), 362 

PROTHIDA, . .« «© « « 197 

PROTHIDZ, . .« « « + 19% 

Proteus: anameinmythology, 197 

Protistius: protos—before, in ad- 
vance; histion—sail (dorsal fin), 262 

Protonotaria: L, noted above 
others: prothonotary, . . 60 

Pseudemys: ial aes emus 

—a tortoise, . . 164 

Pseudobranchus: pacudous _- false; + 

bragchos—gills, o ow « 198 


INDEX. 399 
PAGE. PAGE, 
P. ston: pseud false: tri- Rhynchops: rhunchos—snout: ops 
ton—a water Salamander, . 194 —face,. . . 6 «© - 153 
PSsITTAOT!: L., psittacus—a parrot, 105 Rhytidostomus: rhutis —rough ; 
Pteromys: pteron — wing ; mus— stoma—mouth,. . . 320 
mouse, Cae oe ae ee 27 Rissa: a Latin name Gr ious 
Piychemys: ptuche—a fold or laughing) . . . - 150 
wrinkle; emus—a tortoise, . 164 Roccus: from vernacular, Rock- 
Ptychostomus: ptuche — a fold or fish, a. ~_ ww » 23E 


wrinkle; stoma—mouth, » 812 
Ptyonotus: ptuon—a fan; notos— 


pack, . . « « 256 
Putorius: L., ill- scented, . 18 
PYGOPODES: puge—rump; pous— 

foot, . . a w= 158 
Pygosteus: puge—rump; osteon— 

bone, . e 260 
Pyranga: pire ages ; Ianagra— 

tanager, . . ores 70 


Pyrgita: purgites-a house sparrow, 83 
Quassilabia: Li quassus — broken 
or torn; labia—lip,. . . 402 
Querquedula: L.,ateal, .  . 141 
Quiscalus: quiscala—a vernacular 
mame, . + + «»« « «+ 93 
RaLltipa, . . « - + 135 
Rallus: L., a rail, » «© «© 185 
Rana: L.,afrog,. . . 187-357 
RANIDA, s * - « 187 
Rangifer: L., areindeer, ae 21 
RAPTORES: L.,robbers, . . 106 
Recurvirostra: L., recurvus — re- 
curved; rostrum—bill, . . 1238 
RECURVIROSTRIDZ,. . . 122 
Regina: L.,aqueen, . . . 1%5 
Regulus: L., akinglet, . i 50 
Reithrodon: reithron—a channel; 
odon—tooth, ye 32 
REPTILIA: L., repto—to creep or 
crawl . . + 5 157 
Rheocrypta: rheo—to flow rapidly; 
kruptos—bidden (hiding in the 


rapids), 5 . 222 
Rhinichthys: rhin-—snout; échthus 

—fish, . . . 807 
Rhinogryphus :r hin — ‘snout : 

grups—a griffin, ae. ae ee 115 


RHOMBOGANOIDEL: rhombus—a 
diamond-shaped figure, @ 
rhomb; ganoidei—ganoids, . 340 

BRhyacophilus: rhwasx — river ; 
phileotolove, . . 129 

Rhynchophames : aehuntenos - pill; 
phameo—to show, . » 3854 


RODENTIA: L., rodo—to gnaw, 26 
Salamandra: L, a Salamander, 193 
Salar: L., a trout (salio — to 
leap), . . «8 291-857 
Salmo: L., a trout (salio—to 
leap), . . «© «+ «© 271-356 
SALMONID&, » + « 270-855 
Salvelinus: German, salbling — a 


small salmon, . . 271-359 
Sarchirus: sara — fish; chetr — 
hand. . . . . . « 842 
Sarcidium: sarkidion — a little 
lump offlesh . . 299 
SAXICOLID: L., suicola—iving 
among rocks, . . . 49 
Sayornis: to Thomas Say; ornis— 
abird,. . . 96 
Scalops: skalops — a aitT8) from 
skallo—todig, . . . 25 
Scapanus : skapane — a hoe or 


shovel, 2 «. «© « «© «= 25 
SOAPHIOPIDH, . . . «. 188 
Scaphiopus: skaphos--spade; pous 


—foot, .. . 189 
Scaphirhynchus : akaihbe Apne: 5 
rhunchos—snout, 346 
Scaphirhynchops : Scaphtrhynch- 
us; ops—appearance, . . 346 
Sceloporus : skelos — leg; poros — 
pore, . 169 


Schilbeodes : from. Schilbe, a for- 
eign genus of Silurida,. . 335 

SCLHZNIDZ: sciena—Latin name, 250 

SoOINCID4: skigkos—a kind of liz- 


ard, . ' a . a 171 
SOIURIDZ, . . + « » 26 
Sciurus: skiowros —a squirrel ; 


(skia—shade; owra—tail), . 27 


Scluropterus : skiowros—a squir- 
rel; pteron—wing, . . . 2% 

Sclerognathus : skleros — hard ; 
gnathos — jaw, a, ee” ORR 


Scolecophagus : skolex— worm ; 
phago—toeat, . . « «+ 93 


400 INDEX. 

PAGE. PAGE 
Scolecosoma; skolex—worm; soma Steganopus: steganos — webbed; 
—body,. . . . .«. . 849 pous—foot,. . 123 


SOOLOPAGIDH, . . . . 124 
Scolopax: skolopax—asnipe, . 126 
Scops: skops—ascreechowl, . 108 
Scotiaptexr: skotia — darkness ; 
ptesso—to frighten, . . 108 
Scotophilus: skotos — darkness ; : 
phileo—tolove,. . 22 
Scotophis: skotos—darkness; ophis 
—asnake, . . > « 178 
SELACHOSTOMI: selachos—a shark 
(cartilage); stoma—mouth, . 843 
Semotilas: sema—a banner (dor- 
sal fin), teleis, or some similar 
word, supposed by Rafinesque to 


mean “spotted,” . . 304 
Setophaga : ses—a moth ; pepo 
toeat, . . a 69 
Sialia: stalis—plump, ea 49 
SILURID&: Silurus: silowros— 
some river fish, ab. 326 
Siredon: seiredon —a siren (seira 
—entangling), . . . . 194 
Siren: seiren—a siren, + + 198 
SIRENIDZ. . - « 198 
Sitta: sitte—a nuthatch ne: 52 
SITTID&, feet 8 52 


Siurus: sei—to wag; oura—tail, 66 
Somateria: soma — body ; erion— 
woo, . . . ox 144 
Sorex: L., a shrew- mole, 26-352 
SORICIDA, . . 25-352 
Soriciscus; diminutive of Sorex, 352 
SPALACOPODID2 : Spalacopus ; 
spalax—a mole; pous—foot, 83 
Spatula: L.. aspatula, oe 142 
Spatularia: L., spatula, . . 344 
Spelerpes: speos—a cave; herpes— 


reptile... . 193 
Speotyto: speos—a eaves hitok a 

nightowl,. . . . , 109 
Spermophilus: sperma — seed ; : 

philos—lover, . . 28 


Sphyrapicus: sphura—a hammer: 
pikos—a woodpecker, . . 104 
Spilogale: spilos—a spot; galee—a 
weaselor other musteline ani- 
mal, . . 351 
Spizella;: dim. of spiza —a Spat: 
Tow, tl ie a 8 86 
Squatarola: a vernacular name, 121 
STEGANOPODES : steganos — web- 
bed; pous—foot, eee 146 


Stelgidopteryx: stelgis—a ‘Tana of 
scraper; pterua—wing . . 2 
Stercorarius: L., stercus — excre- 
ment, . , eo Gee Oy 149 
Sterna: L., sterno—to spread out, 152 
Stilbe: stilbe—splendor, . . 3801 
Stilbius: same as Stilbe, . . 3801 
Stizostethium: stizo—to prick; 
stethion—breast, ow) ty 2280) 
Storeria: to Dr. David H. Storer, 176 
Strepsilas: strepso—to turn; laas— 
stone, oe 2+ © «© «© 122 
STRIGIDA, . - « 106 
Strix: striga —some hight - bird 
with asharpcry, . . . 107 
Sturnella: L., sturnus—a starling, 92 
Surnia: surnia—anowl, . . 109 
Sylvicola: L., sylvicola—living in 
the forest, . . .« « | 60 
SYLVICOLIDZ, . . . 57 
SyYLvup2: L. ’ sylva—woodland, : 49 
Symphemia: swn—together; phemi 
—totalk, . . j 128 
Synaptomys: sunaptos - connect- 
ing; mus — mouse (joinIng Ar- 
vicola and Myodes), c 33 
Synechoglanis: synecho — to com- 
press; glanis—the fish Stlurus, 328 
Syrnium: surnion—an owl, . 108 
Tachycineta: tachus—swift; kineo 
—tomove,. .. . . vel 
TALPID: L., talpa—a mole, . 24 
Tamias: tamias—a steward, 28-353 
TANAGRID&: Tanagra (tanagra 
acopper kettle?), . . . 69 
TANTALIDA, . - 133 
Tantalus: a mythological name, 133 
Tauridea: taura—a cow; eidos— 
appearance,face, . . . R255 
Taxidea: Tavus—an allied genus; 
eidos—appearance, . . .« 19 
Trip: Tejus—a vernacular name,170 
TELEOOEPHALI: teleos — perfect; 
kephale—head, . . .« «= 215 
TELEOSTEI: teleos—perfect; osteon 
—bone, ewe ae RT 
Telipomis: _telets — full-grown 
(“spotted”); poma—opercle, 239 
Telmatodytes: telmatoduti liv- 
inginponds, . . 55 
Teretulus: L., teres—cylindrical, 312 
THSTUDINATA, . . « +» 159 


FURTHER ADDENDA. 


It is practically impossible to keep a faunal work like 
the present fully “up with the times.” Since the last 
proofs were read, the following additions to our fauna 
have been noted : 

To page 70, after Pyranga wstiva, add: 

3. P. ludoviciana, (Wils.) Bon. “ Lovtstana Tana- 
GER.” Male bright yellow; back, wings and tail black; 
head scarlet; two yellow wing-bars; 9 as in rubra, 
known by the wing-bars. Rocky Mountains to the 
Pacific, accidental at Lynn, Mass. (Brewer.) 


To page 88, after Passerella, add: 


18. (6) CALAMOSPIZA, Bonaparte. Larx Buntines. 

1. €. bicolor, (Towns.) Bon. Wuitn-WiNekD Brack: 
Birp. Black, with a large white wing-patch, and white 
on quills; @ streaky, like the female Bobolink, but 
known by the whitish wing-patch; bill stout; inner sec- 
ondaries as long as the primaries; L. 6}; W. 33; T. 2. 
Western plains, accidental in Massachusetts. 

Page 154. The females of Colymbus torquatus and 
of some other swimming birds, lack the head markings 
described in the text, and are dull or streaky. 

Page 155. The occurrence of Podiceps ecristatus in 


America at all, is lately denied by Dr. Brewer. 
403 


404. ADDENDA. 


To page 219, after Plewrolepis pellucidus, add: 

2. P. aspre/lus, Jordan. Roves Sanp Darter. Form 
of P. pellucidus, but the squamation much more com- 
plete, and the scales rougher; sides, back and breast 
with imbricate scales; size larger and colors darker than 
in pellucidus; fins high; D. 1X—10; A. L., 8, lat. 1. 98. 
Sandy streams in Illinois. ‘Has in life all the colors of 
the rainbow.” 


2. (6) 10A, Jordan and Brayton. 


1. . vitrea, (Cope) Jordan. Gutassy Darter. A 
species apparently similar to the last, but with smaller 
fins, and much larger scales; D. VII—14, A. I, 9; lat. 
1.56. North Carolina. 

On page 225, after Nanostoma zonalis, add: . 

2. WN. vinetipes, Jor. May be known from N. zonalis, 
by the absence of the bands encircling the belly, and by 
the fact that all the fins, including the ventrals, are 
strongly barred. Illinois River. 

On page 227, after P. jessie, add: 

4. P. asprigenis, Forbes. Rovgu-CuEEKED Darrer. 
Short and stout; cheeks and opercles entirely scaly ; 
scales large; lateral line about to end of second dorsal; 
spines high; coloration apparently as in variatus ; 
spinous dorsal dusky behind; D. XII—13; A. IT, 8; lat. 
1, 48. Illinois River. 


5. P. virgatus, Jor. A slender species, known by the 
naked head, black-striped body (as in Htheostoma lineo- 
latum), and by the presence of a black humeral scale. 
Rock Castle R. 

6. P. punctulatus, Ag., from Mo. and §., has likewise 
a black humeral scale, but the cheeks are scaly and the 
body not striped. 


ADDENDA. 405 


On page 229, after B. eos, add: 

4. B. barratti, Holbr. Short, chubby and compressed; 
depth 44 in length; head 34; lat. 1. on 13 to 30 scales; 
D. X—18, A. II, 7; lat. 1. 42 to 56. Colors greenish, 
with dark specks, no blue or red. Georgia to Texas, 
lately taken by Prof. Forbes in Southern Illinois. 


16. (6) VAILLANTIA, Jordan. 


1. V. camura, (Forbes) Jordan. A slender species, 
resembling Boleichihys eos in form, and Boleosoma 
nigrum in color. D. X—11; A.I, 8. MTllinois. 

On page 247. Many specimens of H’lassoma zonatum 
have been lately obtained by Professor Forbes in South- 
ern Illinois. The fish, I think, unquestionably forms a 
separate family, the relations of which are with Aphodo- 
deride, as indicated in the text. Its pharyngeals are as 
in Aphododerus ; the vertebrae are but 28 in number; 
the fin rays are usually, D. IV, 10; A. III, 5. -No speci- 
mens have been taken more than an inch in length. 


On page 296, after Lythrurus ardens, add: 


4. L. atripes, Jordan. Dusky Rep-Fin. A strongly 
compressed, deep-bodied species, known at once by the 
coloration of the fins, the dorsal spot being faint, and 
there being a dusky bar across the upper part of the 
fin; the anal is similarly colored to the dorsal, but 
fainter, and the ventrals are dusky; A.I,11. Southern 
Illinois. 


On page 284, after jj. Lytarurus, add: 


a. Teeth without masticatory surface, their edges always 
serrate. 3 % ‘ ‘ CYPRINELLA, 8 (0). 


On page 296, before Minnilus, add: 


406: ADDENDA. 


8. (6) CYPRINELLA, Girard. 


1. @. forbesi, Jordan. Forszs’ Rep-Fisa. Body 
short, very deep, much compressed, the depth 3 in 
length; color in life chiefly red, a violet crescent behind 
opercle; fins plain red; head and caudal peduncle pro- 
fusely tuberculate; A.I, 8; lat.1.35; teeth 4—4. South- 
ern Illinois, an elegant little fish. 

On page 223, et. seq. Generic names ending in the 
Greek neuter roots “soma,” “stoma,” “isma,” etc., 
have been in this work considered as Latin feminine 
nouns, and the adjective has been made to agree with 
them accordingly, as * Boleosoma maculata,” “ E’'theos- 
toma flabeliaris.” This was done in deference to cer- 
tain recent authorities in classical matters, who regard 
such latinized words ending in @ as feminine. It is 
‘probably better, however, to follow the common custom, 
and to consider them as neuter, until some other rule is 
definitely adopted.