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CORNELL
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LIBRARY

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ENDOWMENT

DATE DUE

INFERCTSRARTY LOAN

GAYLORD

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Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024781829

CATALOGUE

OF THE

PRESH-WATER FISHES OF AFRICA

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY).

VOLUME Il.

BY

GEORGE ALBERT BOULENGER, F.R.S.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Oo., 89 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.;
B. QUARITOH, 11 GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, W.;
DULAU & OCo., 387 SOHO SQUARE, W.;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.

1909,

[All rights reserved. |

ALERE { FLAMMAM,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

PREFACE.

Tue scope of the present work, which will probably consist of three
volumes, is sufficiently indicated by the Author’s Introduction. The
first volume contains an account of the Selachii, Crossopterygii, and
Dipneusti, which together comprise but a small fraction of the total
number of species; and of the Teleostean Suborder Malacopterygii
and part of the Ostariophysi. ‘The first of these Suborders includes
the Mormyride as its most important constituent so far as the
African fresh-water Fauna is concerned, while the second contains

the large Families Characinide, Cyprinide, and Siluride.

The greater part of the Cyprinidae, as well as the whole of the
Siluride, will be dealt with in Volume II.

The explorations of the Congo by the Government of the late
Congo Free State and the Nile by the Egyptian Government, the
ichthyological results of which have been worked out by the author
of this Catalogue, have resulted in a large addition to the number of
fresh-water fishes known to occur in the respective districts. ‘To the
action taken by the two Governments, and to the labours of the
individuals who have been concerned in the collection and preservation
of the specimens referred to, the possibility of preparing this Catalogue
has been mainly due.

SIDNEY F. HARMER,
Keeper of Zoology.
British Museum (Narvrat Hisrory),

Lonpon.
March, 1909.

INTRODUCTION.

Tne past decade has been productive of an enormous increase in
our knowledge of the Fresh-water Fishes of Africa. ‘The explorations of
the Congo and the Nile, undertaken at considerable expense by the
Governments of the late Congo Free State and of Egypt, and of
the great lakes of Central Africa, initiated in this country, have
resulted in the discovery and description of an unexpectedly large
number of generic and specific forms, types of most of which are
deposited in the Natural History Museum.

At the same time, concurrently with the study of the many thousands
of specimens collected on the above-mentioned surveys, every effort was
made to increase our acquaintance with the fishes of other parts of
Africa, with results which are sufficiently apparent from the present
Catalogue, intended to form three volumes, which, it is hoped, will
afford a sound basis for the discussion of problems of distribution.
Much remains to be done, however, in many parts of Africa; and
no better incentive could be given to further progress on the part
of collectors, as well as of students at home, than the compilation of
such a simple handbook, containing a complete list of the specimens
preserved in this great ichthyological collection, together with concise
descriptions of and keys to the genera and species and text-figures of
most of the latter.

The greater number of these figures are reproduced, by permission,
from the ‘ Annales du Musée du Congo,’ the ‘ Fishes of the Nile,’ the
‘Transactions’ and ‘ Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society of London,
and the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ in which works the
new species were described by Dr. Gunther and by myself. Other
figures are reproduced from the publications of Drs. Peters, Steindachner,

vi INTRODUCTION.

In most cases when no

Gray, Ayres, Day, Sauvage, and Pellegrin. a
original

figures had been given, or when the figures were unsatisfactory,
drawings have been prepared by Mr. J. Green and Mr. A. H Searle.
Whenever a figure is reproduced from a previous publication, the
source has been indicated. ‘The initials A. M. C. refer to the quarto
plates of the ‘Annales du Musée du Congo,’ F. N. to those of the
‘Fishes of the Nile.’

In making use of the descriptions and keys as drawn up in this work,
it should be borne in mind that the fins are not included in the total
length or greatest depth, whilst in the indication of the total length of
the largest specimen examined, which follows the description of every
species, the fish is measured from the end of the snout to the extremity
of the middle rays of the caudal fin; by depth of the caudal peduncle,
7.é. the free part of the caudal part of the body between the bases
of the dorsal or anal and caudal fins, is meant the least depth, whilst
the length is that of the muscular part only, the root of the caudal
rays being usually covered with scales. By length of the dorsal and
anal fins is meant the basal length. The abbreviations used in the fin
and scale formule are too well known to all who work at fishes to need
explanation here ; I will only observe that when both Roman and Arabic
numerals are used to denote the number of dorsal or anal rays, tlie
former refer to the simple or to the spinous rays, and the latter to the
soft, branched rays, the last of which is usually cleft to the base, and
that the interpolation of a comma between the numerals indicates
discontinuity in the fins.

G. A. BOULENGER.

ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT,
25th February, 1909.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Subclass SELACHII. Ord. Il. DIPNEUSTI.
Ord. I, PLAGIOSTOMI. Fam. 1. Leprposrrenipz.
Page
Subord. I. PhnvrotTRumt. 1. Protopterus, Owen............ 19
Fan. 1. Ciponigema, 1. annectens, Owen ........ 20
Page 2. sthiopicus, Heck. ........ 21
1. Carcharias, Cuv. 2... ....000. 2 3. dollol, Bly. ssa sieved nee ws 22
1. zambesensis, Peters ...... 2

Ord. III. TELEOSTEI,
Subord. I]. HyPovremti.
Subord. Il. Matacorruryatt,
Fam. 1. Pristipz,
Fam. 1. Enovipm.

L., Pristis, Lathecsas css as tasks 3
1. perroteti, M. & 1 | ere 3 1. Elops, Doe wiotn Rindnden parade t, 25
Ts: SAUPUS Lis octet ale ale ete 25
Subclass TELEOSTOMI. 2. Nacertay, Ce Vogewact see 26
2. Megalops, Lacep. ............ 27
Ord. I. CROSSOPTERYGIL. 1. cyprinoides, Brouss. ...... 28

Subord. I, CLADISTIA.
Fam. 2. Mormyrips.

Tatiy d POLy Renan ya 1. Mormyrops, J. Mall, ........ 30

1. Polypterus, Geoffr. .......... 5 1. deliciosus, Leach.......... 32
1. bichir, Geoffr..... 00.60... 6 2. anguilloides, Z. .......... 34

2. lapradii, Stdr...........0. i 3. longiceps, Gthr........... 35

3. congicus, Blgr. ........44 9 4, breviceps, Stdr........... 36

4, endlicheri, Heck. ........ 10 5. engystoma, Blgr. . ...... 36

5. weeksii, Blyr............. 11 6. parvus, Blgr. so... eee. 37

6. ornatipinnis, Blgr......... 12 7. masuianus, Blgr. ........ 38

7. delhezi, Blgr............. 13 8. sirenoides, Blgr. ........ 39

8. senegalus, Cuv. .......... 14 9. zanclirostris, Gihr. ...... 40

9. palmas, Ayres.........405 16 10. boulengeri, Pellegr. ...... 40

10. retropinnis, Vaill......... 17 11. curtus, Blgr. .........0.. 4]

2. Calamichthys, J..A. Smith .... 17 12. lineolatus, Blgr........... 42
1. calabaricus, J. A. Smith .. 18 13. nigricans, Blyr........... 48

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Vill
1. Mormyrops (con.). Page
14, microstoma, Blyr. ...... 44
15. marie, Sehilth, oc accw mwas 44
16. attenuatus, Blgr. ......-- $9
17. furcidens, Pellegr. .......- 46
2. Petrocephalus, Marcus.. ...... 0 47
1. bane, Lacep. ....-+--++55 48
2. sauvagii, Blgr, .... +. +s 49
3. ansorgii, Blgr. ...---.+5+ 51
+. ballayi, Savy. 6.6... 6s 52
5. simus, Sauv. 2... 0 eee eee 53
G:. bevel, Csr Va ca ewe aes 54
7. keatingii, Blgr. ......---- 55
8. stuhlmanni, Blyr. ......-- 56
9. catostoma, Gthr. ........ 57
10. gliroides, Vinety. ........ 58
ll. degeni, Blgr. .........45. 58
3. Isichthys, Gill 1... ......06. 59
1. henryi, Gill .... 2... 00. 59
4. Marcusenius, Gill .........-.. 60
1. nigripinnis, Blgr. ........ 63
2. pulverulentus, Blyr. ...... 63
3. marchii, Saw... .. 02.00 64
4, kingsleye, Gthr. ........ 65
5. sphecodes, Sauv. ........ 66
6. brachistius, Gill... 1... 67
7. longianalis, Blgr, ........ 69
8. Ihuysii, Sidr, wwe eee 70
9. adspersus, Gthr, ........ 70
10. weeksii, Blgr. .......-.. 71
T1, -batesil, Bligh. cu cwees wens 72
12. ansorgii, Blgr. ........4. 73
13. pauciradiatus, Sidr. ...... 74
14. nigricans, Blgr. .......... 75
Tb.asideri, Co Vee oes wanes 75
16. castor, Pappenh. ........ 77
17. harringtoni, Blyr. ...... 78
18. tumifrons, Blgr. ........ 79
19. plagiostomus, Blyr. ...... 80

20. discorhynchus, Peters .... 81
21. petherici, Blgr. .......... 82
22. budgetti, Blgr. .....-.... 83
23, macrops, Blgr. .......... 84
24. psittacus, Blgr, ........ 85
25. wilverthi, Blgr. ........ 86

5. Stomatorhinus, Blyr. ........ 87
1. puncticulatus, Blgr. ...... 88

5, Stomatorhinus (cov.). Page
2, walkeri, Glhr. vee eee es 88
3. humilior, Blgr. oe. eee ee 89
4. corneti, Blgr. see eeee es 90
5. polylepis, Blgr. «+++ ++ 91
6. microps, Blgr. ose. eee eee 92
6. Myomyrus, Blyr. .. 1. ee ee ees 92
1. macrodon, Blgr. ........ 93
7. Gnathonemus, Gill .......... 94
1. ‘moor, Gthr, seeceveres 96
2. lambouri, Pellegr. ........ 97
3. schilthuisiea, Blgr. ...... 98
4, petersil, Gthr, .......05. 99
5. longibarbis, 2ily. 100
Gs migers Gtk: aseeisaey 101
7. leopoldianus, Blyr. ...... 102
8. friteli, Pellegr, .......0.. 103
9. bentleyi, Blgr. .......... 103

10. livingstonii, Blyr. ........ 104
1l. bruyerii, Pellegr. .......- 105
12. monteiri, Gthr. ... 6.20... 105
13. mento, Blgr. .... 0.6... 106
14. stanleyanus, Bigr. 107
15. senegalensis, Stdr. ...... 108
16. angolensis, Blyr, ........ 109
17. cyprinoides, Z. .......... 110
18. macrolepidotus, Peters .... 112
19. pictus, Marcus. .......... 113
20. Billi, BUM. oats iavresadie's 114
21. kutuensis, Blgr. ........ 115
22. ussheri, Gthr. .......... 116
23. greshoffi, Schilth. ........ 117
24. abadii, Blgr. . .... eee 118
25. tamandua, Gihr. ........ 118
26. mirus, Blyr. we... eee eee 119
27. elephas, Blgr. .. 0.0.0.0, 120
28. rhynchophorus, Blgr. 121
ZOIDS SBIGR:. ane a0b awe ex acess 122
30. curvirostris, Blyr. .. 2.2... 123
31. numenius, Blgr. .... 2... 124
8. Genyomyrus, Blyrn ........., 125
1. donnyi, Blgr... 0.0.0.0... 125
9. Mormyrus, ZL. ............., 126
1. hasselquistii, C.&@V..... 128
2. anchietw, Guim........... 129
3. macrophthalmus, Gthr..... 130
4. ovis, Blyr. ,

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

9. Mormyrus (con.).

10. Hyperopisus, Gil?

5. caballus, Blgr.

. tapirus, Pappenh. ........

6

7. tenuirostris, Peters
8. kannume, Forsk.
9. caschive, L.

. niloticus, Bl.-Schn.

. bozasi, Pellegr.

. longirostris, Peters........
. rume, C.& V.
14.

proboscirostris, Blyr.......

1. bebe, Lacep.

11. Gymnarchus, Cuv. «1.2.2.0...

a

2

a

3. Odaxothrissa, Blgr.

ee

x

for’

1. niloticus, Cuv.

Fam. 3. Noroprerip#%.
. Notopterus, Lacep.
1. afer, Gihts. es exe eve ve ed

. Xenomystus, Gthr.
1. nigri, Gthr.

Fam. 4. OsrEzoG@LossID.&.

. Heterotis, Hhrend........-....
1. niloticus, Hhrendb. ........
Fam. 5. PANTroDONTID&£.
. Pantodon, Peters .........04.
1. buchholzi, Peters ........
Fam, 6, CLUPEIDA,

« Clapea, Ls vaeew cee esen as gars
1. finta, Cuv. ......

. Pellonula, Gilr, «1... 0.05 ee

Lo NoTax, GEnPs ca vee enn ons

9. miodon, Blgriicccvcser cess

3. obtusirostris, Blgr. ......

4, acutirostris, Blgr. ........

1. losera, Blgr.

. Microthrissa, Blgr.

1, royauxi, Blgr. .....-.00,
lisha, Gray

1. indica, Swains. ..........

. Chanos, Lacep. «2. ss eee e eee

1. salmoneus, Jorst.

VOL. I.

Page
132
133
134
134
186
137
138
139
140
141
142
142
144
144

162
163
164
164

1. Salmo, Art.

bo

H

bo

3

Fam. 7, SaLMONID A,

)

1. trutta, Z.

Fam. 8. PHRACTOLEMIDE.

. Phractolemus, Blgr...........

1. ansorgii, Blgr.

Fam. 9. Kyerimp2.

. Kmeria, Stdr. o.oo eee
1. angolensis, Stdr.
2. spekil, Gthr. aavecaaaseas
3. cameronensis, Blgr. ......

. Xenopomatichthys, Pellegr. ....
1. auriculatus, Pellegr. ......

Fam. 10. CRoMERIID A.

. Cromeria, Blgr. oo. 6.5... eee
1. nilotica, Blgr.

Subord. I]. OstarR1oPHyYSI.
Fam. 1. CHARACINIDA.

. Sarcodaces, Gthr. ............
1. odoé, Bi.

. Hydrocyon, Cuv.
1. forskalii, Cuv.
2. lineatus, Blkr.
3. vittiger, Blyr.
4, goliath, Blgr.....-.......
5. brevis, Gthr. oo... 0.00.05.

. Bryconxthiops, Gthr.
1. microstoma, Gthr.........

2. -yseuxl, Blots a eaeives ies
. Alestes, M. & T. ied é
V@ntexs 2a. ciga teak 4a aes
. baremose, Joann.

be

. macrophthalmus, Gitkr. ....
. liebrechtsii, Blgr. ........
. stuhlmanni, Pfefe ........
. sadleri, Blgr
. tholloni, Pellegr... 0.0...
. Intermedius, Blgr.........

CONanen eo

. longipinnis, Stdr, ........

~
So

. chaperi, Saw,

168
168

171
172
172

7
177
179
180
182
184
184
186
187
188
189

. 190

193
195
197
198
199
200
201
201
202

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

x
+. Alestes (con.). Page
11. lateralis, Blgr. ....-+.--- 204
12. nurse, Riipp. .. 6.6... eee 205
13. affinis, Gihr. wasaencs es ++ 208
14. imberi, Peters .......5055- 209
15. humilis, Blgr. ...-..+++> 211
16, kingsleya, Gthr. ......-- 212
17. bimaculatus, Blyr. .....- 213
18. teniurus, Gthr. .......... 214
19. opisthotenia, Blgr. ...... 215
20. popte, Pellegr. .......--- 216
21. macrolepidotus, C.g V. .. 217
22. rhodopleura, Blgr......... 218
23. grandisquamis, Blgr. .... 229
24. batesii, Blyr. ......-..4.. 221
25, brevis, Blgr. ..... 0.2 eee 222
5. Mieralestes, Blgr. ............ 223
1. aeutidens, Peters ........ 224
2. Stormstp Blot. sods ee 08 225
3. humilis, Blgr, 22.2... 226
4. holargyreus, Gthr......... 227
5. urotenia, Bigr. .......... 228
6. interruptus, Blgr. ........ 229
Fe Bltus, BIGKS roast ea ys 230
6. Petersius, Hilg............... 231
1. modestus, Blgr........... 232
2. hilgendorfi, Blgr. ........ 232
3. conserialis, Hilg. ........ 233
4. tangensis, Lonnb. ........ 234
5. leopoldianus, Blgr. ...... 235
6. brumpti, Pellegr. ........ 235
7. caudalis, Blgr. .... 0.0... 236
8. pulcher, Blgrs csaeyiasas 237
9. major, Bigr, csaveesseecs 237
10. spilopterus, Blgr. ........ 239
11. woosnami, Blgr, ........ 239
12. occidentalis, Gthr........ 240
7. Eugnatbichthys, Blgr. ........ 241
1. eetveldii, Blgr. .......... 241
2. macroterolepis, Blyr, .... 248
4%. Paraphago, Blgr, ............ 244
1, rostratus, Blgr. 0 acces 244
9. Mesoborus, Pellegr. .......... 245
1. crocodilus, Pellegr. ...... 245
WW, Bhas6; Gare sac cas we ayes .. 246
1. loricatus, Githr. 1.2.2.2... 247

10. Phago (con.).
2. intermedius, Blgr.........
3. boulengeri, Schilth.
11. Neoborus, Blyr. ;
1. ornatus, Blgr. .......0..
2. quadrilineatus, Pellegr. ....
12. Ichthyoborus, Gidr. .... 6.2...
1. besse, Joann. .... 0.00200.
13. Hemistichodus, Pellegr.
1. vaillanti, Pellegr. ........
14. Nanneethiops, Gthr. .... 0.2...
1. uniteniatus, Gihr....... ‘
15. Neolebias, Stdr, .........0..
1. unifasciatus, Stdr.........
2. trilineatus, Blyr. .......,
16. Distichodus, Wg T. ........
1. affinis, Gthr. 2... 0.0.0...
POUGeBIGh:, atndurtaad ian
» noboli, Blgr.. wa cewewaenws
. notospilus, Gthr. ........
. hypostomatus, Pellegr. ....
. maculatus, Blgr. gnats
a petersit, Prep as ewydaaen
. antonil, Schilth. ..........

COND oF W LO

. atroventralis, Blyr.

H
=)

- mossambicus, Peters ......

H
—

. faseiolatus, Blgr. ........

Ht
bo

. engycephalus, Gthr. ......

H
oo

. brevipinnis, Gthr. 1... ....

e
He

. niloticus, 2. ............
. rostratus, Gihr. ... 06.540.

Pe ee
oO ON

. sexfasciatus, Blgr.........
17. lusosso, Schilth. ........
17. Nannocharax, Gthr. ..........
1. brevis, Blgr. 22.00.6005.

2. parvus, Pellegr. ......

. fasciatus, Gthr. .. 2...
. intermedius, Blgr..... 2...

3

4

5. niloticus, Joann. .......,

6. elongatus, Blgr, .......,

7. ocellicauda, Blgr. ........

8. tenia, Blgr. ... 0. ee

9. dimidiatus, Pellegr. 2.0...
18. Xenocharax, Gthr.

1. spilurus, Gthr.

2. erassus, Pellegr.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

19, Citharidium, Blyr. .......... 289

1. ansorgii, Blgr. .......... 289

20. Citharinus, Cuv. ............ 290

1. citharus, Geoffr. ........ 291

2. congicus, Blgr, «1.6... 293

3. macrolepis, Blgr. ........ 294

4. latus, Mog PT. 2. eee es 295

5. gibbosus, Blyr. .......... 297
Fam. 2. CypRivip.e.

1. Labeo; Cuts aces cx eee eye vs 300

1. niloticus, Forsk. .. 2.0.2... 304

2. horie, Heck. ...... .... 806

3. senegalensis, C. fg Ve .... 308

4, altivelis, Peters .......... 309

5. weeksii, Blgr. .......... 310

6. lineatus, Blgr. .......... 311

Ts Tosey Stdry sc meygesesewcas « 312

8. mesops, Gthr. 6.6.2... 313

9. rudd, Blore sevhiaeerwas 314

10, velifer, Blgr. .....--.-50. 315

11. longipinnis, Blgr. ........ 316

12. coubie, Riipp. .......... 317

13. congoro, Peters .......... 319

14. neumanni, Blgr. ........ 320

15. gregorii, Gthr. ........-. 321

16. darlingi, Blgr. ........., 321

17. victorianus, Blgr, .......- 322

18. fuelleborni, Hilg. & Pappenh. 328

bo er
oo

. brachypoma, Gthr.
. macrostoma, Blgr......... 325

whines 324

1. Labeo (con.).

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26,
. greenti, Blgr. .......6..

36.

3. Varicorhinus, Riipp...........
i

. annecteus, Bigr.
. obscurus, Pellegr.

. ansorgil, Blgr.
barbatus, Blgr. ........
2. Discognathus, Heck. ..........
. dembeensis, Riipp. ....
. Johnstonii, Blgr.

. makiensis, Blgr.
. blanfordu, Blgr.
. hindii, Blgr.
. quadrimaculatus, Riipp.

2. brucii, Blyr.
3.

4, beso, Rupp.
5

eyclorhynchus, Blgr.
falcipinnis, Blgr.
lark, Blgr.

forskalu, Riipp. .... 0... 4.
eylindricus, Peters ......

nasus, Blqr.

a lulales, Blot case hes. ac

0. chariensis, Pellegr. ....
. parvus, Blgr. 2.6.0...

. umbratus, A. Smith ....
. capensis, A. Smith ....

. vinciguerre, Blgr. ....

ansoreli, Blgr.

tornieri, Stdr...........

. maroccanus, Gthr.........
6.
(To be continued in second volume.)

tanganice, Blyr.

CATALOGUE

OF

AFRICAN FRESH-WATER FISHES,

COO0e

Subclass SELACHII.

Skeleton cartilaginous, no membrane bones; jaws present. Exo-
skeleton of dermal denticles, structurally identical with teeth. Males
with paired intromittent organs (mixopterygia) attached to the ventral
fins.

Order I. PLAGIOSTOMI.

Several (5-7) gill-clefts opening directly to the exterior. Pterygo-
quadrate distinct from the cranium.

Suborder I. PLEUROTREMI.

Gill-openings lateral, the last in front of or above the base of the
pectoral fin.

Fam. 1, CARCHARIID.

Mouth inferior. Eye with a nictitating membrane; spiracles small
or absent; 6 gill-openings, one or two above the base of the pectoral fin.
Two dorsal fins and one anal; caudal fin usually of the well-marked
heterocercal type.

VOL, Te B

2 CARCHARIID®.

1, CARCHARIAS.
Cuvier, Régne Anim. ii. p. 125 (1817); Mill. & Henle, Plagiost. p. 27 (1841) ;
A. Dum. Hist. Poiss. i. p. 341 (1865); Giinth. Cat. Fish. vill. p. 357 (1870).

Mouth crescentic: teeth with a single sharp cusp. No spiracles.

First dorsal fin opposite to the space between pectorals and ventrals;
a pit at the root of the tail.

‘Temperate and tropical seas. One species from the Zam besi.

1. CARCHARIAS ZAMBESENSIS.
Carcharias (Prionodon) zambezensis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 276, and
Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 7, pl. i. fig. 2 (1868).

Snout very short, with rounded horizontal outline. Anterior border
of mouth ona line with anterior border of eye. Teeth ZL finely serrated,
upper triangular, with the outer border a little concave, lower much
narrower; a small, non-serrated median tooth. Two gill-openings above
the pectoral. Anterior dorsal just behind base of pectoral; second

Fig. 1.

Carcharias zanbesensis,
Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 4

dorsal a little anterior to, and of the same size as, anal, which is more
distant from vent than from caudal. Ventral a little nearer caudal than
pectoral. Caudal as long as distance from end of snout to dorsal.
Brownish grey, belly yellowish white,

Total length 760 millim.

Zambesi, 120 miles from the coast.—Type in Berlin Museum

PRISTIS, 3

Suborder Il. HYPOTREMI.

Gill-openings ventral, below the base of the pectoral fin.

Fam. 1. PRISTID.

Mouth inferior. Snout produced into a long flat lamina armed with
a series of strong teeth along each edge. No nictitating membrane ;
spiracles present, large; 5 gill-openings. Body moderately depressed,
elongate. ‘I'wo dorsal fins, no anal; caudal of the heterocercal type.

1. PRISTIS.
Latham, Tr. Linn. Soe. ii. 1794, p. 276 ; Mill. & Henle, Plagiost. p. 105 (1841) ;
A. Dum. Hist. Poiss. i. p. 471 (1865) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 436 (1870).
Mouth transverse, nearly straight; teeth minute, obtuse, pavement-
like. First dorsal fin opposite or close to the base of the ventrals.
Seas of the temperate and tropical regions, some species ascending
rivers.

1. PRISTIS PERROTETI.

Mill. & Henle, t.c. p. 108; A. Dum. t.c. p. 474; Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 9
(1868) ; Giinth. t.¢. p. 486; Day, Fish. Ind. p. 729, pl. exci. fig. 1 (1878).

17-21 pairs of rostral teeth, not trenchant behind, and distant from
one another. First dorsal originating in advance of ventrals, second not

Pristis perroteta.
Indian Ocean, after Day (Fish. Ind.) $.

much smaller. Root of pectoral in advance of first gill-opening. A
small lower caudal lobe. Uniform greyish. Reaches a length of

35 metres.
B2

4 POLYPTERID 4.

Tropical seas, entering rivers. Ascends the Zambesi and the Shiré
and probably other African rivers. —Type in Paris Museum.

1, 2. Saws of half-grown specimens. Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk (P.).
3. Her. Gambia. Sir A. Moloney (P.).

Subclass TELEOSTOMI.

Skeleton more or less ossified; membrane bones present; jaws
present. Exoskeleton of scales or bony plates. No mixopterygia.

Order I. CROSSOPTERYGII.

Paired fins, at least the pectorals, lobate, with an endoskeletal axis
fringed with dermal rays. Mandibular arch suspended from the upper
segment of the hyoid or hyomandibular arch (hyostylic skull); no
supraoccipital bone; splenial present. Bulb of aorta muscular, with
several rows of valves.

Suborder I. CLADISTIA.

Pectoral fin tribasal. Nostrils on upper surface of snout.

Fam, 1. POLYPTERID.

Body covered with rhombic bony scales with enamel-like coating.
Dorsal fin formed of a series of spines with one or several articulated
rays supporting a membrane, forming detached finlets. [ead covered
with bony plates; maxillary bone bordering the eye; a spiracle, covered
by a bony valve, on each side of the top of the head. Branchiostegal
rays replaced by a pair of large bony plates between the mandibular
rami. Young with an external opercular gill, Vent opening far back.
Vertebral column ossified, diphycercal. Air-bladder double, with

pneumatic duct communicating with the ventral side of the oesophagus.
Two genera, both African :—

Ventral fins present. . . . . . . . . 1. Polypterus, Geoffr., p. 5.
Novventral ius: a4: 4 4) @ ew 4 a we DE Calamichthys, J. A. Smith, p.17.

POLYPTERUS. 5

1. POLYPTERUS.

Geoffr. Ann. Mus. Paris, i. 1802, p. 57; A. Dum. Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 391 (1870) ;
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 326 (1870); Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 20
(1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 2 (1907).

Body more or less elongate, not serpentiform; spines of the dorsal
fin bearing two or more articulated rays; ventral fins present ;
suboperculum well developed ; teeth small, conical.

Nile and Tropical Africa.

Synopsts of the Species.

I. Mandible projecting slightly beyond the snout; suboperculum much larger
than the eye; pectoral extending as far as first dorsal spine, or beyond ;
11-18 dorsal spines ; 11-15 scales between occiput and first dorsal spine.
A, 60-70 scales along the body, 46-54 round the middle. ;
D. XIV-XVUI;_ interorbital region slightly
convex, 12 (young) to 2} diameters of eye ;
63-70 scales in longitudinal series. . . . L. P. bichir, Geoffr., p. 6.
D. XILI-XYV ; interorbital region quite flat, 2
(young) to 33 diameters of eye ; 60-68 scales
in longitudinal series «2 1. 1 ww. oP. lapradi, Stdr., p. 7.
B. 50-59 scales along the body.
D. XII-XLIV ; interorbital region flat, not more
than 3 diameters of eye; usually a small
azygous shield between the nasals, in the
adult ; 46-52 scales round middle of body . 3. P. congicus, Blgr., p. 9.
D. XI-XIV ; interorbital region flat or slightly
concave, 2 (young) to 32 diameters of eye ;
no azygous shield on the snout; 42-46 scales
round middle of body . . 2. 1 1. «4 2. endlicheri, Heck., p. 10.

II. Both jaws equal in front, or snout projecting beyond mandible; sub-
operculum not much larger, or even smaller than the eye; 5-11 dorsal
spines.

A. 60-65 scales along the body, 42-46 round the middle ; pectoral widely
separated from first dorsal spine ; interorbital region flat or slightly
convex, 3 diameters of cye in adult ; 22-26 scales between occiput
and first dorsal spine.

D. IX-X ; body strongly depressed ; 44-46 scales
round middle of body. . . « ww By PB. weeket, Blgy., po Ll,
D. X-XI ; body feebly depressed, dosnel:

42 scales round middle of body . 6. P. ornatipinnis, Blgr., p. 12.

6 POLY PTERID.

B. 52-61 scales along the body, 32- 40 round the middle ; interorbital
region convex, not more than 2 diameters of eye.
1. Pectoral reaching or nearly reaching first dorsal spine.
D. X-XI; 56 scales in longitudinal series, 38
round middle of body, 14-17 between occiput
and first dorsal spine 2 2. ee eee Fs P. delhezi, Bigr., p. 13.
2. Pectoral widely separated from first dorsal spine.
D. VITI-XI; 53-61 scales in longitudinal series,
34-40 round middle of body, 15-20 between
occiput and first dorsal spine. 6. 8. Pe senegalus, Cuv., p. 14.
D. V-IX ; 52-56 scales in longitudinal series,
36-10 round middle of body, 23-26 between
occiput and first dorsal spine . . . 9, P. palmas, Ayres, p. 16.
D. VI-VII; 58-59 scales in eee series,
32-36 round middle of body, 35-37 between
occiput and first dorsal spine . . . . . 10. P. retropinnis, Vaill., p. 17.

1. POLYPTERUS BICHIR.
Geoffr, Ann. du Mus. i. 1802, p. 57, pl. v., and Deser. Egypte, Poiss. p. 4,
iii, (1809) ; Guichen. Mag. Zool. 1839, Poiss. p. 10; Giinth. Petherick’s
Tray. ii. p. 267 (1869); A. Dum. Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 391, pl. xxiii. fig. 1
(1870) ; Schweinf. Herz. Afr. i. p. 253, fig. (1874) ; Steind. Denkschr. Ak.
Wien, xliv. 1882, p. 52, pls. viii. & ix. fig..1 ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H.
(7) ii. 1898, p. 417; 8. Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 968 ; Werner,
Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxi. 1904, p. 271, and Sitzb. Ak. Wien, exv.i. 1906, p. 1118;
Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 5, pl. i. (1907).
Polypterus bichir, part., Giinth, Cat. Fish. viii. p. 326 (1870).

Head twice or nearly twice as long as broad, rather strongly flattened,
its length 44 to 52 times in total length, with supero-lateral eyes and
slightly convex interorbital region ; lower jaw projecting slightly beyond
upper; length of snout 5 to 7 times in length of the head; eye 83
(young) to 13 times in length of the head, 12 (young) to 24 times in inter-
ocular width; latter less than distance between eye and spiracle ; nasal
bones in contact on the median line in the adult; a series of 4 to 7

shields between postorbital and spiracular shields ; suboperculum much

larger than eye. Dorsal fin with XIV-XVIII Spines; spines over-
lapping when folded down. Anal 11-15.

Pectoral reaching beyond
vertical of first dorsal spine.

63-70 scales in a longitudinal series,
11-15 between occiput and first dorsal spine, 46-54 round middle of

body. Greyish or greenish olive above, the young with 10-13 cross-bars
on the back and 2 or 3 stripes along the sides of a darker shade, these

POLYPTERUS. 7
markings becoming more indistinct or disappearing in the adult; a few
scattered black spots sometimes present; paired fins with more or less
distinct transverse streaks or series of spots, the other fins without
spots ; belly yellow.

Total length 720 millim.

Nile, Lake Rudolf, Chad Basin.—Types in Paris Museum.

Fig. 3.

Polypterus bichir.
Nile Delta (F. N.). 4.

1-3. Yg. Near Damietta. Dr. J. C. Mitchell (P.).
4-5, Ad. Mansurah, Damietta Nile. N. R. Harrington, Esq.,
and Dr. Hunt (E.).
6. Ad., stffd. Cairo. Dr. Riippell (C.).
7. Her. Near Cairo. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
8. Ad. Kawa, White Nile.
9-12. Her. & yg. Goz abu Gumah, White Nile. 4
13-14. Yyg. Gharb-el-Aish, 5 3
15-24. Ad. & hgr. Fashoda, 43 3
25. Her., skel. Pe 43 45
26. Ad. Near Kerro, re x
27. Ad. Mouth of Lake No, ,, 3
28, Ad. Bahr-el-Gebel. Capt. 8. Flower (P.).
29, 30. Ad., stffd. Nile.

2. POLYPTERUS LAPRADII.

Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lix. i. 1869, p. 103, pl. i. figs. 1 & 2, and pl. ii. figs. 1 & 2 ;
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) i. 1898, p. 418; Budgett, Proc. Cambr.
Philos. Soc. x. 1900, p. 236 ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, i. p. 123, pl. x.
figs. 1 & 2.

Head rather strongly depressed, 13 to 25 times as long as broad, its

8 POLYPTERID®.

length 43 to 54 times in total length; lower jaw projecting a little
beyond snout; eye supero-lateral, its diameter 8 (young) to 12 times in
length of head, 2 to 34 times in width of interorbital region, which is
quite flat and not less than the distance from eye to spiracle ; all head-
shields paired; a series of 4 to 6 shields between postorbital and

Fig. 4.

Polypterus lapradit.

Head of type, after Steindachner (Sitzb. Ak. Wien, 1869). 4.

spiracular shields; suboperculum much larger than eye.

Dorsal with

XIII-XYV spines, anterior more or less overlapping when folded. ‘Anal

11-15.
beyond.

Pectoral reaching vertical of first dorsal spine, or a little
60-68 scales in a longitudinal series, 11-13 between occipital
and first dorsal spine, 46-52 round middle of body.

Yellowish or pale

olive, with dark stripes and more or less distinct cross-bars ; fins with

dark spots or streaks.

Total length 740 millim.
Senegal, Gambia, Niger.—Types in Vienna Museum.

1. Ad., stffd.

2. Ad.

3-10. Ad. & hgr.
11. Hegr., stffd.
12. Her.

13. Ad.
14. Yg.
15-17. Yg.
18, 19. Her.

20-26. Ad., hgr., & yg.

27. Ad., skel.
28. Her.

Senegal.

St. Louis, Senegal.
Kaédi, Senegal.
Gambia.

Abo, Lower Niger.
Assay,
Niger.

”?

a9

2?

Benue River, N. of Ibi.

M. P. Delhez (C.).

P. Whitfield, Esq. (P.).

J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
Capt. Vipan (P.).

Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).

W. A. Forbes, Esq. (P.).

H. 1. Norton Traill, Esq.
(U.).

POLYPTERUS. 2

3. POLYPTERUS CONGICUS.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) ii. 1898, p. 418, Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i.
pl. xxx. fig. 1 (1899), Poiss. Buss. Congo, p. 22 (1901), Proc. Zool. Soc.
1902, i. ». 123, pl. xt. fig. 1, and Tr. Zool: Soc. xvi. 1901, p. 142, and xvii,
1906, p. 544.

Head rather depressed, 14 to 1¢ times as long as broad, its length

4 to 5 times in total length; lower jaw projecting a little beyond snout ;

eye supero-lateral, its diameter 8 (young) to 12 times in length of head,

12 to 3 times in width of interorbital region,

which is flat; nasal shields usually separated,

in the adult, by a small azygous shield; a

series of 4 or 5 shields between postorbital

and spiracular shields; suboperculum much

larger than eye. Dorsal with XII-XIV

Polypterus congicus. Type. 1.

spines, anterior more or less overlapping when folded. Anal 12-15.
Pectoral reaching vertical of first dorsal spine, or beyond. 65-59
scales in a longitudinal series, 11-15 between occiput and first dorsal
spine, 46-52 round middle of body. Olive above, yellowish beneath ;
6 to 8 more or less regular blackish narrow transverse bands on the
body ; fins spotted or mottled with blackish.

Total length 720 millim.

Congo, Lake Tanganyika.

1. Ad., type. Stanley Falls. Rey. W. H. Bentley (C.).
2. Yee New Antwerp, Upper Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

ov YS Bolobo, Upper Congo. Rev. G. Grenfell (P.).

4. Yg. Bangala Country, Upper Congo. M. De Meuse (C.).

5. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

6-9. Ad. Kalambo, L. Tanganyika. Prof. J. E.8. Moore (C.).

10. Ad. Kituta, A Dr.W.A. Cunnington(C.).

10 POLYPTERID,

4. POLYPTERUS ENDLICHERI.

Heckel, Russegger’s Reise Egypt. ili. p. 310, pl. xxii. fig. 1 (1849) ; A. Dum,
Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 393, pl. xxiii. fig. 3 (1870) ; Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien,
xliv. 1882, p. 52, pls. viii. & ix. fig. 2; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) ii.
1898, p. 418, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, i. p. 124, pl. si. fig. 2; Werner,
Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxi. 1904, p. 271, and Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxv. i. 1906,
p- 1118; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 9, pl. 11. (1907).

Polypterus senegalensis, part., Giinth. Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 268 (1869).

Polypterus bichir, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 326 (1870).

Bedy more or less distinctly flattened, at least in front. Head 14 to

14 times as long as broad, 42 to 52 times in total length, much flattened,

with supero-lateral eyes and flat or slightly concave interorbital region ;

Polypterus endlicheri.
White Nile (FL N.). 3.

lower jaw projecting slightly beyond upper; length of snout 5 to 7 times
in length of head; eye 9 (young) to 15 times in length of head, 2§
(young) to 33 times in the interocular width; latter more than distance
between eye and spiracle; nasal bones in contact on the median line in
the adult; a series of 4 to 6 shields between postorbital and spiracular
shields ; suboperculum much larger than eye. Dorsal with XI-XIV
spines, anterior not or but feebly overlapping when folded. Anal 15-18.
Pectoral reaching to or beyond vertical of first dorsal spine. 60-88
scales in a longitudinal series, 11-15 between occiput and first dorsal
spine, 42-46 round middle of body. Grey or greyish olive above; 4 to

6 more or less regular broad blackish bands across the back: on the

POLYPTERUS. 11

sides these bands are directed backwards, or break up into branches or
detached spots; lips and fins with blackish spots, these usually forming
transverse lines on the pectorals and ventrals, and oblique wavy lines or
vermiculations on the dorsal; belly white.

Total length 630 millim.

White Nile, Bahr-el-Gebel, Lake Chad, Niger—Type in Vienna
Museum.

1. Ad., stffd. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
2: Her. ” ”
3-4. Ad. & yg. Shederah, near Omdurman. — Li. Loat, Esq. (C.).
5. Ye. GJoz Shebesha, White Nile. 3
6. Ad. Near Kawa, 3 »
7. Ad., skel. a ‘3 ‘i
8. Ad. Goz abu Gumah, _,,
9. Ad. Fashoda, as ”
Ic. Ad. Mouth of Lake No, ,, -
ll. Ad. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. a
12. Her. Lake Chad. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
13. Yg. Agberi, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
14, 15, 16. Ad. & hgr., Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
stftd.

5. POLYPTERUS WEEKSIL.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) ii. 1898, p. 419, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 24
(1901), and Proc. Zool. Soe. 1902, ii. p. 124, pl. x. fig. 4.

Polypterus weeksit.
Young, type (P. Z.S. 1902). 2.

Body depressed. Head 14 to 1$ times as long as broad, 43 to 5
times in total length, much flattened, with supero-lateral eyes and flat
interorbital region; snout projecting slightly beyond the lower jaw ;
eye 7 (young) to 93 times in length of head, 23 to 3 times in interorbital
width; a small azygous shield may be present between the nasals in the
adult; a series of 3 or 4 shields between postorbital and spiracular

12 POLYPTERIDE,

shields; suboperculum a little smaller or a little larger than eye.
Dorsal with IX—X spines, not overlapping when folded. Anal 10-11.
Pectoral widely separated from first dorsal spine. 60-65 scales in a
longitudinal series, 22-26 between occiput and first dorsal spine, 44—46
round middle of body. Olive above, yellowish beneath ; 7 or 8 blackish
bars on the back, bifurcating on the lower part of the sides; fins
spotted, marbled, or irregularly barred with blackish; young with a
black spot on the membrane behind each dorsal spine.

Total length 380 millim.

Upper Congo, Katanga.

1. Yg., Type. Monsembe. Rey. J. H. Weeks (P.).
2. Ad.

” ”

6. POLYPTERUS ORNATIPINNIS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 23, pl. vii. fig. 1 (1902), and Ann. & Mag.
NiEL, (7) svi. 1905, ps 641.

Head and body less depressed than in the preceding. Head 14 times
as long as broad, 6 times in total length; snout projecting very slightly

Fig. 8.

Polypterus ornatipinnis.

Type (A. M.C,). 4

beyond lower jaw; eye lateral, 83 times in length of head, 3 times in
width of interorbital region, which is slightly convex; all head-shields
paired ; a series of 4 shields between postorbital and spiracular shields ;
suboperculum slightly larger than eye. Dorsal with X-XI spines, nik

POLYPTERUS. 13

overlapping when folded. Anal 15. Pectoral widely separated from
first dorsal spine. 62-63 scales in a longitudinal series, 24-25 between
occiput and first dorsal spine, 42 round middle of body. Olive above,
with ill-defined light spots, whitish beneath; lips and gill-membrane
spotted with black; dorsal fin spotted with black; pectorals, ventrals,
anal, and caudal barred with black.

Total length 370 millim.

Upper Congo (Monsembe and Kassai River).

1, Type. Monsembe. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

7. POLYPTERUS DELHEZI.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 61, pl. xxx. fig. 2 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 23 (1901) ; Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 310.

Body feebly compressed, subcylindrical. Head 13 to 12 times as long
as broad, 54 to 6 times in total length, with lateral eyes and feebly
convex interorbital region ; jaws equal in front; eye 74 times in length
of head, 14 times in interorbital width ; head-shields all paired; a series
of 3 shields between postorbital and spiracular shields ; suboperculum
as large as eye, or a little larger. Dorsal with X—XI spines, not

Fig. 9.

Polypterus delhezt.

Type (A.M.C.). 2

overlapping when folded. Anal 11. Pectoral reaching or not quite

reaching vertical of first dorsal spine. 56 scales in a longitudinal series,

14-17 between occiput and first dorsal spine, 38 round middle of body.

Brownish above, whitish beneath; 7 black transverse bands on the back ;
fins mottled with dark brown.

Total length 340 millim.

14 POLYPTERID-F.

Upper Congo (Lake Leopold II. and New Antwerp) ; Shari.—Type
in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1. One of the types. New Antwerp. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

8. POLYPTERUS SENEGALUS.

Cuvier, Régne Anim. 2nd ed. p. 330 (1829), and Régne Anim. Illustr., Poiss.
pl. ev. fig. 2 (1836) ; Guichen. Mag. de Zool. 1839, Poiss. p. 11, pl. i.;
Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lix. i. 1869, p. 106, pl. i. figs. 3-5 5 A. Dum. Hist.
Poiss. ii. p. 394 (1870); Steind. Denk<chr. Ak. Wien, xliv. 1852, p. 52,
pls. viii. & ix. fig. 2; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) ii. 1898, p. 419;
Budgett, Proc. Cambr. Philos. Soc. x. 1900, p. 236; Bouleng. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1902, i. p. 124, pl. xi. fig. 3; Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxi. 1904,
p- 271, and Sitzb. Ak. Wien, exv. i. 1906, p. 1119, pl. i. fig. 1; Bouleng.
Fish. Nile, p. 11, pl. iii. (1907).

Polypterus senegalensis, part., Giinth. Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 268 (1869).

Polypterus arnaudii, A. Dum. t. ¢. pl. xxiii. fig. 2.

Polypterus bichir, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 326 (1870).

Polypterus senegalensis, Stein 1. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 718.

Polypterus lichir (non Geoffr.), Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 218.

Body cylindrical or slightly compressed. Head 12 to 2 times as long
as broad, 532 to 7 times in total length, with lateral eyes and convex
interorbital region ; snout projecting slightly beyond lower jaw; eye 5
(young) to 8 times in length of head, 14 (young) to 22 times in inter-

Polypterus senegalus.
From Khartum (F.N.). 4

orbital width; head-shields all paired; a series of 2 or 3 (rarely 4)
shields between postorbital and spiracular shields : suboperculum as
large as or smaller than eye. Dorsal with VIII-XI spines, more or less

widely separated from each other when folded. Anal 14-17. Pectoral

POLYPTERUS. 15

not reaching vertical of rst dorsal spine. 53-61 scales in a longitudinal
series, 15-20 between occiput and first dorsal spine, 34-40 round
middle of body. Very young conspicuously marked with dark longi-
tudinal bands, but all markings disappearing at an early age, the adult
being uniformly grey, olive, or green above, white or yellow beneath ;

fins immaculate.

Total length 420 millim.
White Nile, southwards to Lake Albert, Lake Rudolf, Lake Chad,
Senegal, Gambia, Niger.—Type in Paris Museum.

1-5. Ad.

6-9. Her.
10-11. Her.
12-21. Her. & yg.
22-36. Ad. & hgr.
37. Ad., skel.

38. Ad.
39-40. Ad.
41-43. Ad. & yg.

44. Hor. & yg.

45-46, 47-48. Ad.,
her., & yg.

49. Her. & yg.

50-51. Ad.

52. Ad.

53-60. Ad. & her.

61. Ad.

62-64. Ad,

65. Ad.

66. Ad.

67-69. Ad. & hgr.
70. Ad.

71-73. Her.
74-78. Her. & yg.
79-84. Ad. & hgr.
85. Ad.

86-91. Yg.
92-93. Yg.
94-96. Yg.

97, Ad.

Khartum.
Goz abu Gamah, White Nile.
Kaka, m
Gharb-el-Aish, 3
Fashoda, 5

” Prd
Tewfikyeh, 35
Tonga, 35

Polkom, Baro R. (Sobat).

Bahr-el-Zaraf.

Mouth of Lake No, White
Nile.

Bahr-el-Ghazal.

Bahr-el-Gebel.

Kerro, Bahr-el-Gebel.

Gondokoro, _,,

Butyaba, Lake Albert.

Galeba, N.E. end of Lake
Rudolf.

Lake Chad.

Senegal.

Kaédi, Senegal.

McCarthy Id., Gambia.

Gambia.

Niger.

Mureji, Upper Niger.

Abo, Lower Niger.

Assay, re

”? 99
Benue R., near Ibi.

J. Petherick, Hsq. (C.).
L. Loat, Hsq. (C.).

”
Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.);
W.N.MeMillan,Esq.(P.).
Capt. 8. Flower (P.).
L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

Capt. S. Flower (P.).
”
L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N.McMillan, Hsq.(P.).
Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).

M. P. Delhez (C.).

J. 8S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).

W. A. Forbes, Esq. (P.).

J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

Dr. W. J. Ansorge (.).

”

J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

H. N. Norton Traill, Esq.
(C.).

16 POLYPTERID#,

9. POLYPTERUS PALMAS.

Ayres, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii. 1850, p- 181, and Bost. Journ. N. A. vi. 1850,
p- 241, pl. vi.; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xix. 1887, p. 148 ; Steind.
Notes Levd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 92; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii.
1896, p. 310, (7) ii. 1898, p. 420, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 25 (1901), Ann. Mus.
Congo, Zool. ii. p. 19 (1902), and Proc. Zool. Soe. 1902, ii. p. 125, pl. xi. fig. 4.

Polypterus bichir, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 327 (1870).

Polypterus biittikoferi, Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xiii. 1891, p. 179.

Body feebly depressed, subcylindrical. Head 13 to 2 times as long
as broad, 44 to 52 times in total length, with lateral eyes and convex
interorbital region; snout projecting beyond lower jaw; eye 5 (young)
to 7 times in length of head, 1 to 2 times in interorbital width ; head-
shields all paired; a series of 2 to 4 shields between postorbital and
spiracular shields; suboperculum not larger than eye. Dorsal with
V-IX spines, anterior widely separated when folded. Anal 12-15.
Pectoral widely separated from first dorsal spine. 52-56 scales in a
longitudinal series, 23-26 between occiput and first dorsal spine, 36-40

Fig. 11.

Polypterus palmas.
Type, after Ayres (Bost. Journ. 1850).

Khe
.

round middle of body. Greyish or brownish above, yellowish beneath ;
young with numerous dark bars on the back and marblings, or a dark
network enclosing round yellowish spots, on the sides; these markings
may become indistinct in the adult; fins spotted or mottled with
blackish ; a more or less distinct large oval blackish spot on the
muscular part of the pectoral fin.

Total length 300 millim.

Sierra Leone, Liberia, Congo.—Type in Boston Museum.

1. Ad. Sierra Leone.

2. Her. Lower Congo. M. F. Hens (C.).

3, 4, 5-7. Ad. G yg. | Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
8. Ad., skel. Bolobo, " Rev. G. Grenfell (P.).

9. Ad. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley ((.).

10. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

POLYPTERUS.—CALAMICHTHYS. it

10. POLYPTERUS RETROPINNIS.

Vaillant, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1899, p. 219; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 26
(1901).

Body subcylindrical. Head 12 times as long as broad, 53 to 62 times
in total length, with lateral eyes and convex interorbital region; snout
projecting beyond lower jaw; eye 64 to 8 times in length of head, 2 to
2% times in interorbital width ; head-shields all paired; suboperculum
smaller than eye. Dorsal with VI-VII spines, widely separated when
folded. Anal 12-15. Pectoral widely separated from first dorsal spine.
58-59 scales in a longitudinal series, 35-37 between occiput and first
dorsal spine, 32-36 round middle of body. Olive-grey above, whitish
beneath; more or less distinct darker cross-bands on the back; a black

Fig. 12.

Polypterus retropinnis.
Type (in Paris Museum). 3.

spot sometimes present on the membrane behind each dorsal spine ;
more or less distinct dark streaks across rayed part of pectoral fin, and
a large black spot on its muscular part.

Total length 230 millim.

Alima River, Upper Congo —Types in Paris Museum.

1. One of the types. Alima R. M. J. de Brazza (C.) ;
Paris Museum (E.).

2. CALAMICHTHYS.

Erpetoichthys (non Swainson), J. A. Smith, Proce. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1865, p. 273.

Calamoichthys, J. A. Smith, Proc. R. Soc. Hdinb. v. 1866, p. 655; A. Dum.
Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 397 (1870) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 327 1870) ; Bouleng.
Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 27 (1901).

Body much elongate, cylindrical, serpentiform. Spines of dorsal fin
supporting a single articulated ray. No ventral fins. Suboperculum
very small or absent. Teeth small, conical.

West Africa.

VOL. I, ¢

18 POLYPTERIDA.—DIPNEUSTI.

1. CALAMICHTHYS CALABARICUS.

Erpetoichthys ealabaricus, J. A. Smith, Proc. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1865, p. 278.
Calamoichthys calabaricus, J. A. Smith, Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. v. 1866, p. 656, and Tr.
R. Soe. Edinb. xxiv. 1866, p. 457, pls. xxxi. & xxxii. ; A. Dum. Hist. Poiss, ii.
p. 397, pl. xxiv. fig. 1 (1870) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 328 (1870) ; Traquair,
Journ. Geol. Soc. Ireland, (2) ii. 1871, p. 249 : Clemens, Anat. Hefte, v. i.
1894, p. 16, pl. ix. figs. 7 & 8; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 27 (1901), and
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, i. p. 43; Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxi. 1904, p. 272.
Head small, feebly depressed, 13 to 2 times as long as broad, its length
11 to 14 times in total length; snout projecting a little beyond lower
jaw; eye lateral, 74 to 84 times in length of head, twice in interorbital
width. Dorsal with VII-XIII widely separated short spines. Anal

Fig. 13.

Calamichthys calabaricus.
Niger Delta. 2.

9-14. 106-114 scales in a longitudinal series, 30-34 round middle of
body. Uniform olive-brown above, yellowish beneath ; a large blackish
spot on the pectoral fin.

Total length 370 millim.

Niger Delta, Old Calabar, Cameroon, Chiloango.—The types do not
appear to have been preserved.

1-2. Ad. Niger Delta. A. Millson, Esq. (P.).

3. Ad., skel. » ”

4. Ad. Sapelle, Niger Delta. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

5-6. Ad. Creektown, Old Calabar. Rev. A. Robb (C.).

7-10. Ad. & her. Cameroon. D. G. Rutherford, Esq. (C.).
11. Ad. Mouth of Chiloango. H. J. Duggan, Esq. (C.).
12-13. Ad. West Africa,

Order 11. DIPNEUSTI.

Paired fins lobate, or reduced to an endoskeletal axis. Upper segment
of the mandibular arch confluent with the skull (autostylic skull); no
supraoccipital bone; splenial present.

Bulb of aorta muscular, with
several rows of valves. Lungs present.

PROTOPTERUS. 19

Fam. 1. LEPIDOSIRENID.

Body elongate, covered with thin cycloid scales, Dorsal and anal
fins formed of very numerous fine rays. Paired fins reduced to a slender
segmented axis with or without a unilateral fringe. Dentition consisting
of sharp ridges of dentine covered with enamel and continuous with the
vomerine, palatopterygoid, and splenial bones. Nostrils under the upper
lip, concealed when the mouth is closed. Young with external gills.
Lungs paired, elongate, attenuate posteriorly.

Two genera: Protopterus in Africa, and Lepidostren in South America.

1, PROTOPTERUS.

Owen, Proce. Linn. Soc. 1839, p. 27; Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 2 (1868) ;
A. Dum. Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 469 (1870) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 322 (1870) ;
A. Schneid. Zool. Anz. 1886, p. 524; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 32
(1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 19 (1907).

Protomelus, Hogg, Ann. & Mag. N. H. vii. 1841, p. 359.

Rhinocryptis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1844, p. 414.

Body subcylindrical, more or less elongate, with pointed tail, at the
end of which the elongate dorsal and anal fins meet. Limbs slender,
styliform ; a more or less developed dermal fringe, with very thin rays,
at least on the fore limb. Six branchial arches and five branchial clefts.
External gills often distinct, especially in the young. Scales small, thin.
Vent lateral.

Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.

Length of head 34-44 times in distance from snout

to vent ; dorsal originating nearer occiput than

vent ; 40-50 scales in longitudinal scries to

above vent ; 34-36 pairs of ribs... . « 1. annectens, Ow., p. 20.
Length of head 33 to 5 times in distance from snout

to vent ; dorsal fin originating at equal distance

from occiput and vent, or nearer latter ; 55-70

scales in longitudinal series to above vent ; 35-

4 pais of Pligg, Gace a we ee Se BS ethiopicus, Heck., p. 21.
Length of head 5 to 6 times in distance from snout

to vent; dorsal fin originating much nearer

vent than occiput ; 86-91 scales in longitudinal

series to above vent; 54 pairs of ribs . . . 3, P. dolloi, Bigr., p. 22.

G2

20 LEPIDOSIRENID.

1. PROTOPTERUS ANNECTENS.

Lepidosiren annectens, Owen, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1839, p. 27, and Tr. Linn. Soc. xviii.
1841, p. 327, pls. xxiii—xxvii.; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 342, pl. xt.

Protopterus anguilliformis, Owen, Tr. Linn. Soc. t.c. p. 332 ; Peters, Reise Mossamb.
iv. p. 3, pl. i. fig. 1 (1868).

Rhinoeryptis amphibia, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1844, p. 414.

Protopterus annectens, Jardine, Ann. & Mag. N. H. vii. 1841, p. 21; Gray,
Cat. Batr. Grad. p. 62 (1850) ; Lankester, Tr. Zool. Soc. xiv. 1896, p. 11,
pl. ii. fig. 2; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 36 (1901), and Proc. Zool. Soe.
1902, i. pe S29, pl. Xevitl fig. 1.

Protopterus rhinocryptis, Gray, 1. ¢. p. 63.

Protopterus annectens, part., A. Dum. Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 470 (1870) ; Giinth. Cat.
Fish. viii. p. 322 (1870); A. Schneid. Zool. Anz. 1886, p. 524, and Zool.
Beitr. ii, 1887, p. 98.

Protopterus amphibius, A. Schneid. Il. ce.

Depth of body 6} to 8} times in total length. Length of head 34 to

4% times in distance from end of snout to vent; snout broadly rounded,

about 7 length of head; eye small, its diameter 8 to 12 times in length

Fig. 14.

Protopterus annectens,
Gambia, after Gray (P. Z. 8. 1856). i

of head (in half-grown and adult), 24 to 31 times in interocular width.
34 to 36 pairs of ribs. Dorsal originating nearer occiput than vent.
Fore limb longer than hind limb and provided with a well-developed,
often strong fringe; hind limb with a more or less distinct or rudi-
mentary fringe. 40 to 50 scales in a longitudinal series from gill-
opening to above vent, 36 to 40 round middle of body. Grey-brown
or olive above, lighter beneath, with or without round blackish spots ;
lines of sensory canals brown or black,

Total length 650 millim.

West Africa, from the Senegal to the Niger, Chad Basin, East Africa,
as far south as the Zambesi.—Type in Museum of Royal College of
Surgeons,

PROTOPTERUS. 21

lL, Her, Gambia. Sir R. Owen (P.).

2,3. Ad., stffd. bs Crystal Palace Co. (P.).
4-7, Her. 53 Lord Derby (P.).

8,9. Ad. & yg. ra J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
10, 11. Ad. & yg. 33 Capt. Vipan (P.).
12. Skel. - ee
13. Skull. ee -

14-16. Her. ee |

17-19. Cocoons. Sierra Leone. Col. Hill (P.).
20-21. Yg. Agberi, 8. Nigeria. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
22. Yg. Assay, - $5

23, 24, 25. Ad. & yg. r ” J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
26. You. Tidal Creek, Mkonumbi, Dr. J. W. Gregory (P.).
Brit. E. Africa.

27-29. Her. & yg. Zanzibar Coast (?). Sir J. Kirk (P.).

30, 31. Ad. Mozambique. 53

32. Ad. Chiromo, Shiré R. R. MacDonald, Esq. (P.).

2. PROTOPTERUS ATHIOPICUS.

Protopterus wthiopicus, Heckel, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, vii. 1851, p. 683; Marno, Zool.
Gart. xiv. 1873, p.441; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 36 (1901), and Proce.
Zool. Soc. 1901, ii. p. 158 ; Moore, Tanganyika Problem, p. 152, fig. (1902) ;
Bouleng. Trans. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1906, p. 544; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien,
exv. i, 1906, p. 1121 ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 19, pl. iv. (1907).

Lepidosiren arnaudii, Casteln. Anim. Nouv. Amér. Sud, p. 105 (1855).

Lepidosiren annectens (non Owen), Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (83) v. 1860, p. 70 ;
McDonnell, Nat. Hist. Rev. vii. 1860, p. 94 ; Baker, Albert Nyanza, ii. p. 131
(1866) ; Giinth. Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 268 (1869).

Protopterus annectens, Hartmann, Nat. Skizze Nillind. p. 202 (1865).

Protopterus annectens, part., A. Dum, Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 470 (1870) ; Giinth. Cat.
Fish. viii. p. 322 (1870) ; A. Schneid. Zcol. Beitr. ii. 1887, p. 98.

Depth of body 7 to 94 times in the total length. Length of head 33
to 5 times in distance from end of snout to vent ; snout broadly rounded,
4 to ¢ length of head ; eye very small, its diameter 10 to 20 times in
length of head (in half-grown and adult), 3 to 5 times in interocular
width. 35-41 pairs of ribs. Dorsal fin originating at equal distance
from occiput and from vent, or nearer latter. Fore limb the longer
and provided with a well-developed fringe ; no fringe on the hind limb.
55 to 70 scales in a longitudinal series from gill-opening to above
the vent, 40 to 50 round middle of body. Grey or olive-brown to
blackish above, yellowish white or pinkish beneath, more or less spotted
or speckled with black ; lines of sensory canals brown or black.

ws
Lo

LEPIDOSIRENID.-E.

Protopterus cethiopicus.

Lake Albert Edward (F. N.). 4.

5)

Total length 1380 millim.
From the Eastern Sudan to the borders of Lake ‘Tanganyika.—Type
in Vienna Museum.

1. Ad., stffd. Mouth of White Nile (’).

2. Yg. Wadelai, Albertine Nile. Emin Pasha (P.).

3-4. Ad. Lake Albert Edward. Prof. J. E. 8. Moore (C.).
5. Skull. an Scott Elliot, Esq. (P.).
6-13. Ad., hgr., kyg. Entebbe, Lake Victoria. Mr. E. Degen (C.).
14,15. Ad., stffd. Lake Victoria. Mr. W. G. Doggett (C.) ;

Sir Harry Johnston (P.).
16,17. Ad. & yg. »
18. Ad., skin. 4 Mr. W. G. Doggett (C.) ;

Col. Delmé Radcliffe (P.).
19, Skel. ” ”

20. Ad. Kakonde R., south end of Dr. W. A. Cunnington
L. Tanganyika. (C.).

3. PROTOPTERUS DOLLOL.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 155, pl. lvi. (1900), and Poiss, Bass. Congo,
p. 37 (1901).

Depth of body 11} to 12 times in total length. Length of head 5 to
6 times in distance from end of snout to vent; snout broadly rounded,
more than 4+ length of head; eye very small, its diameter 15 to 19 times
in length of head, 4 to 6 times in interocular width (in half-grown and
adult). 54 pairs of ribs. Dorsal originating much nearer vent than
occiput. Fore limb longer than the hind limb and provided with a well-
developed fringe; hind limb without or with a very rudimentary fringe.
86-91 scales in a longitudinal series from gill-opening to above vent,
40-44 round middle of body. Olive-brown above, with round black

spots, or uniform blackish above and whitish beneath; lines of sensory
canals lighter than ground-colour.

PROTOPTERUS.—TELEOSTEL. 23

Fig. 16.

Protopterus dolloi.
Type (A. M.C.). 4.

Total length 830 millim.
Congo, Gaboon.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Hgr., one of the types. New Antwerp, Upp. Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

2. Ad. Monsembe, Upp. Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
3. Ad. Lower Congo. M. De Meuse (C.).

4. Yg. : Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

5. Hgr. Komadekke, Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

Order III. TELEOSTEI.

Paired fins with the basis reduced to a series of dermal bones bearing
the rays, without endoskeletal elements. Skull hyostylic; supraoccipital
bone present, splenial absent. Heart without muscular bulbus aorta, or
with the bulb much reduced and with a single row (exceptionally two
rows) of valves.

Suborder I. MALACOPTERYGILI.

Air-bladder, if present, communicating with the digestive tract by a
duct. Pectoral arch suspended from the skull; mesocoracoid arch
present. Fins without spines, the ventrals abdominal, if present.
Anterior vertebre distinct, without Weberian ossicles,

Synopsis of the Families.

I. An intergular bone, between the rami of the
mandible; over 20 branchiostegal rays ;
ventral fins with 10-16 rays. . . . . . J. Evoripa, p. 24.

II. No intergular bone ; not more than 20 branchiostegal rays.

A. Supraoccipital bone separated from the frontals by the parietals ; sub-
operculum small or absent ; ventral fins with not more than 7 rays.
1. Ribs mostly sessile ; pectoral fins folding against the sides of the body
and movable upwards.

24 ELOPID.

Premaxillary single; a very large supratemporal
bone; symplectic absent ; opercular bones
hidden under the skin ; gill-opening narrow .

Preemaxillary paired ; supratemporal bone small ;
symplectic present ; belly with a double bony
serrature

2. Ribs inserted on parapophyses ; pectoral fins folding against belly, like

2. Mormynip&, p. 29.

3. Noroprerips, p. 145.

the ventrals.
Premaxillary paired ; interoperculum and sub-
operculum present ; ventral fins distant from
the pectorals . . 4, OsTEOGLOSSIDs, p. 148.
Premaxillary single ; crenata a aniee:
culum absent ; ventral fins near the pectorals. 5. PANTODONTIDA, p. 151.

B. Supraoccipital in contact with the frontals ; suboperculum and interoper-

culum well developed.
1. Gill-openings wide ; body covered with scales ; mouth not protractile.
Postelavicle on outer side of clavicle ; no adipose
dorsal fin . . . . 2. + « » « 6, CLUPEIDA, p. 153.

Postclavicle on inner side of ee ; an adipose
dorsal fin . . . . «se ew es + 6%, Satmontpas, p. 165.

2. Gill-openings narrow.
Body covered with scales; interoperculum enormous,
covering the gular region; mouth very pro-

tractile, superior . . . . . . . . . 8 PHRACTOLEMIDa, p. 167.
Body scaly ; mouth not ‘abiiactiles inferior . . . 9. Knerupa, p. 169.
Body naked; mouth not protractile, inferior ;

symplectic absent . . . . . . «© « + . 10. Cromerupa”, p. 173.

Fam. 1. ELOPID A.

Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries and the
maxillaries, the latter much developed ; parietal bones forming a median
suture above the supraoccipital, or separating it from the frontals;
symplectic present ; interoperculum and suboperculum well developed ;
an intergular or sublingual bone, between the rami of the mandible.
Pharyngeal teeth. Branchiostegal rays very numerous (more than 2U).
Gill-openings wide. Ribs mostly sessile, behind a parapophysis; epi-
neurals, no epipleurals. Pectoral fins inserted very low down, folding
like the ventrals. Ventral fins with 10 to 16 rays.

Two genera, of wide distribution in tropical and subtropical seas :—
Scales small ; dorsal a little longer tnan anal. . . 1. Elops, L., p. 25.

Scales large ; dorsal a little shorter than anal, with
the last ray much produced . . . . . « « 2. Megalops, Lacep., p. 27.

ts
we

ELOPS.

1. ELOPS.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 518 (1766); Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 469 (1868); Bleek.
Atlas Ichth. vi. p. 84 (1872) ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 47 (1001).

Body elongate, moderately compressed. Scales small; lateral line
straight, with simple tubes. Mouth very large, the premaxillary and
maxillary with bands of small villiform teeth; similar teeth on the vomer,
palatines, pterygoids, parasphenoid, and tongue. Dorsal fin above the
ventrals, a little shorter than the anal, these fins folding in a scaly sheath.
Ventral fins with 15 or 16 rays. A scaly process above the base of the
pectoral and another above the ventral. Branchiostegal rays 24 to 35.
Pseudobranchiz well developed. Vertebree 62 or more.

Tropical and subtropical seas, entering rivers.

The two species are easily distinguished by the following formule :—

D. 22-25; A. 14-17; Se. 100-110 713; Br.

28-35 Ae GR? a awl es ee a rs, pe 2
D. 18-21; A. 17-18; Se. 74-83 2; B
94-96 ne a ee a ew tw De EL lacorta, Cr &-V., pe 26.

1. ELOPS SAURUS.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 518 (1766); Bloch, Ausl. Fische, viii. p. 153, pl. ecexciti.
fig. 1 (1794) ; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. ip. 365 (1846) ; Giinth. Cat.
Fish. vii. p. 470 (1868) ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 571;
Kleinz. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. 1871, p. 603; Bleek. Atl. Ichth.
vi. p. 84, pl. cclviii. fig. 3 (1872) ; Day, Fish. Ind. p. 649, pl. exlvi. fig. 1
(1878) ; Sauv. Hist. Madag., Poiss. p. 497, pl. xlix. B. fig. 4 (1891) ; Jord.
& Everm. Fish. N. Amer. i. p. 410 (1896).

Argentina carolina, Linn. t. c. p. 519.

Argentina machnata, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 68 (1775).

Mugilomorus anna-carolina, Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 897 (1803).

Elops inermis, Mitchell, Tr. Lit. Phil. Soc. N.Y. i. 1815, p. 445.

Elops machnata, Riipp. N. Wirbelth., Fisch. pp. 80 & 84 (1835) ; Richards. Voy.
Ereb. & Terr., Fish. p. 59, pl. xxxvi. figs. 3-5 (1846) ; Schleg. Faun. Japon.,
Poiss. p. 241, pl. cix. fig. 2 (1850); Playf. & Giinth. Fish. Zanzib. p. 121,
fig. (1866).

Elops indicus, Swains. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 292 (1839).

Elops capensis, A. Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Afr., Fish. pl. vii. (1840) ; Casteln. Mém.
Poiss. Afr. Austr. p. 67 (1861).

Elops purpurascens, Richards. Ichth. China, p. 311 (1846).

Depth of body 44 to 54 times in total length, length of head 3) to 4
times. Eye 4 to 5 times in length of head, as long as or a little shorter
than snout, equal to interorbital width; lower jaw not or but scarcely

26 ELOPID.E.

projecting beyond upper; maxillary extending far beyond posterior
border of eye. Branchiostegal rays 28-36. Gill-rakers not longer than
vill-filaments, 14 or 15 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 22-25,

Elops saurus.
Indian Ocean, after Day (Fish. Ind.). 4.

originating above ventral. Anal 14-17. Scales 100-110 i 9-10
between lateral line and scaly process above ventral, 28 round caudal

peduncle. Uniform silvery.
Total length 400 millim.

Tropical and subtropical seas. Ascending rivers of Tropical and
South Africa.—Type in Linnean Society, London.

1-3. Ad. & yg. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
4,5. Stffd. & skin. Zanzibar. Sir L. Playfair (C.).
6, 7. Skins. East Africa. Sir J. Kirk (P.).

8. Stffd. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith (P.).

2. ELOPS LACERTA.

Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 801, pl. ecccelxxv. (1846) ; Steind. Sitzb, Ak.
Wien, Ixi. i, 1870, p. 571; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 47 (1901).

Flops congicus, Bouleng. Ann, Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 21, pl. x. fig. 1 (1898).
Depth of body 43 to 5} times in total length, length of head 4 to 43

times. Eye 4 times in length of head, as long as snout, a little more

than interorbital width ; lower jaw projecting beyond upper; maxillary

extending a little beyond posterior border of eye. Branchiostegal rays

24-26. Gill-rakers longer than branchial filaments, 17-19 on lower part

of anterior arch. Dorsal 18-21, originating a little behind first ray of

ventral. Anal 18-21. Scales 74-83 mo 6-7 between lateral line and

ELOPS.—MEGALOPS. 27

scaly process above ventral, 20-22 round caudal peduncle. Silvery,
blackish or bluish on the back ; dorsal, and sometimes also anal, with a
blackish distal spot.

Flops lacerta.
Congo (A. M.C.). 1.

Total length 560 millim.
Ascending rivers of West Africa. — Type, in Paris Museum,
examined.

1-4. Her. & yg. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).

5-6. Ad. Gambia. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (C.).
7. Skel. * 5

8. Her. Benito River. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
9. Yg. Gaboon.
10. Ad. Banana, Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).

2. MEGALOPS.
Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 289 (1803) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 471 (1868) ;
Bleek. Atl. Ichth. vi. p. 85 (1872).
Tarpon, Jord. & Everm. Fish. N. Amer. i. p. £409 (1896).

Body moderately elongate, strongly compressed. Scales Jarge, thick ;
lateral line straight, with branched tubes. Mouth very large, the
premaxillary and maxillary with bands of small villiform teeth ; similar
teeth on the vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Dorsal fin
inserted above or a little behind the ventrals, a little longer than the
anal, its last ray more or less produced. Ventral fins with 10 or 11 rays.
A scaly process above the base of the pectoral and another above the
ventral. Branchiostegal rays 22 to 26. No pseudobranchie.

Tropical seas, entering rivers. One species from the Atlantic,
another from the Indian Ocean and the south-western parts of the

Pacific.

28 ELOPID£,

1, MEGALOPS CYPRINOIDES.

Clupea cyprinoides, Brousson, Ichthyol. pl. ix. (1782).

Megalops filamentosus, Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 290, pl. sil. fig. 3 (1803) ;
Bleek. Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. 1866, p. 286, and Atl. Ichth. vi. p. 86,
pl. celxxiii. fig. 1 (1872).

Cyprinodon cundinga, Ham. Buchan. Fish. Ganges, p. 254 (1822).

Megalops setipinnis, Richards. Ann. N. H. xi, 1843, p. 493.

Megalops curtisilis, Richards. Ichth. China, p. 310 (1846).

Megalops indicus, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 388, pl. ceccexli. (1846) ;
Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. 1852, no. 7, p. 15.

Elops cundinga, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Fish. p. 289 (1850).

Megalops macrophthalmus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv. 1852, no. 7, p. 15.

Megalops macropterus, Bleck. Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. 1866, p. 284, and
Atl. t.c. p. 85, pl. eclxxiii. fig. 2.

Megalops kundinga, Bleek. tt. cc. pp. 288, 87, pl. celxxiv. fig. 1.

Megalops cyprinoides, Bleck. t.c. p. 290; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 471 (1868) ;
Bleek. Atl. t. c. p. 87, pl. eclxx. fig. 4; Day, Fish. Ind. p. 650, pl. clix.
fig. 3 (1878) ; Sauv. Hist. Madag., Poiss. p. 497, pl. xlix. A. fig. 3 (1891) ;
Pfeffer, Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 70 (1896).

Megalops oligolepis, Bleek. t. c. p. 292.

Elops apalike, Day, Fish. Malab. p. 228 (1865).

Elops cyprinoides, Playf. & Giinth, Fish. Zanzib. p, 122 (1866) ; Peters, Reise
Mossamb. iv. p. 92 (1868).

Megulops cyprinoides.
Indian Ocean, after Day (Fish. Ind.). 3

Depth of body equal to or a little greater than length of head, 3 to 4
times in total length. Eye 22 to 34 times in length of head, greater
than length of snout or interorbital width; lower jaw projecting beyond
upper; maxillary extending to below posterior border of eye or a little
beyond. Gill-rakers at least as long as gill-filaments, 25-35 on lower
part of anterior arch. Dorsal 17-20, originating above base of ventral.

MEGALOPS.—MORMYRID&., 29

“a

process above ventral, 12-14 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, bluish
green on the back.

Total length 350 millim.

From the East Coast of Africa to Australia and Polynesia; often
found in fresh water near the coast, or ascending rivers.

Anal 24-28. Scales 37-412 = 4-5 between lateral line and scaly

1. Ugr. Zanzibar. Sir L. Playfair (C.).
2. Skin. 3 -

3. Skin. Shiré River. Sir J. Kirk (P.).

4, Hor. Rodriguez, in fresh water. G. Gulliver, Esq. (P.).

Fam. 2. MORMYRID/.

Margin of the upper jaw formed by the single premaxillary and the
maxillaries, the latter articulated above the former to the mesethmoid;
parietal bones separating the supraoccipital from the frontals; a large
hole on each side of the skull, between the squamosal, the epiotic, and
the exoccipital, covered by a large, thin, bony plate (the supratemporal);
symplectic absent; suboperculum small and hidden under the operculum,
or absent. No pharyngeal teeth. Opercular bones hidden under the
skin; gill-openings narrow. Anterior ribs sessile; epineurals, no
epipleurals. Pectoral fins directed upwards. Ventral fins with 6 or 7
rays. Air-bladder communicating with the ear.

Curious-looking, highly aberrant fishes, very variable in the form of
the head and body and in the extent of the vertical fins. Mouth often
very small; teeth usually present on the parasphenoid, working against
a similar patch on the tongue; eye covered over by skin, or at least
without free border, sometimes very indistinct; scales small, cycloid ;
branchiostegal rays 4 to 8.

Nile and fresh waters of Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Mormyrivz.—Ventral, anal, and caudal fins present; teeth on the para-
sphenoid and on the tongue.
A. Anal fin 3 to twice the length of the dorsal.
1. Teeth in jaws in a single series.
a. Teeth on the entire edge of both jaws, 10-36 in each jaw.
Mouth terminal or subinferior ; nostrils distant
from each other and remote from the eye ;
body more or less elongite . . . . « « 1. Mormyrops, J. Miill., p. 30.
Mouth inferior, below the eyes; nostrils close
together, close to the eye ; body short . . 2. Petrocephalus, Marcus., p. 47.

30 MORMYRID.-F.

b. Teeth only in the middle of the jaws, 3-10 in each jaw.
a. Body much elongate ; ventral fin nearer anal than pectoral.
Mouth subinferior ; dorsal fin a little longer
than anal.
8. Body short or more or less elongate; ventral fin equally distant from
pectoral and anal or nearer the former.
Mouth inferior or subinferior, below level of
eye; teeth moderate or small ; posterior
nostdll nemete Front Mouths 6. 6. ae so ae Thorens, Gull, ptt,
Mouth inferior or subinferior ; teeth small ;
posterior (lower) nostril close to mouth. . 9. Stomatorhinus, Blyr., p. 87.
Mouth inferior; upper teeth small, conical,
median pair of mandibular teeth very large,
incisor-like ; dorsal much longer than anal. 6. M/yomyrus, Bler., p. 92.
Mouth terminal ; dorsal and anal equal or sub-
equalinlength. . . 2... . « « 7. Gnathonemus, Gill, p. 94.

3. Isichthys, Gill, p. 59.

2. Teeth in jaws disposed in several rows
forming villiform bands ; dorsal and
anal fins nearly equally developed . 8. Genyomyrus, Blygr., p. 125.
B. Anal fin less than half the length of the dorsal.
Mouth terminal . . 2... eee 9 Mormyrus, L., p. 126.
(. Anal fin more than five times the length of the dorsal.
Mouth terminal; palate and tongue with a
pavement of large spheroid teeth . . . . 10. Hyperopisus, Gill, p. 142.
Il. Gymyancuixa.—Ventral, anal, and caudal
fins absent; no teeth on the parasphenoid
and tongue; body cel-shaped . . . . IL. Gymnarchus, Cuy., p. Ltd.

1. MORMYROPS,

Mormyrus, part., Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 522 (1766).

Mormyrops, part., J. Mill. Arch. f. Nat. 1843, p. 324; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi.
p. 223 (1866).

Mormyrops, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 139; Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv.
p- 88 (1868); Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 780, Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p- 56 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 29 (1907).

Oxymormyrus, Bleek. Versl. Ak. Amsterd. (2) viii. 1874, p. 367,

Teeth in the jaws conical, truncate, or notched, forming a single
complete series on the entire edge of both jaws (10-36 in each);
minute conical teeth on the parasphenoid and on the tongue; mouth
terminal or subinferior. Nostrils moderately far apart, remote from the
eye. Body more or less elongate; ventral fins equally distant from

MORMYROPS., 31

the pectorals and from the anal, or nearer the former. Anal fin longer
than the dorsal. Vertebree 56-62 (21-24-+431-239).
Nile and Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species,

I. Caudal peduncle 2 to 24 times as long as deep, } to $ length of head.

A. 20-36 teeth in each jaw ; lat. 1. 85-96.
D. 21-27; A. 40-51; 14-18 scales round caudal

peduncle; depth of body 5-64 times in

total length; head nearly twice as long

asdeep . . . 1. AL deliciosus, Leach, p. 32.
D. 25-28; A. 39-49 ; : 90 eae sound aaa

peduncle ; depth of body 5-64 times ng

total length; head nearly twice as lof" =

HSGROP> cay Ss: ee Se Hed. . Be. Ge “RY . 2. AL anguilloides, L., p. 34.
D. 26-29; A. 39-45; 14 scales round caudal

peduncle ; depth of body 63-7 times in

total length ; head more than twice as long

asdeep . . . . 38. AL longiceps, Gthr., p. 35.
D. 26; A. 435; depth of itis 73 ates in sata

length ; head nearly twice as long as deep. 4. Jf. breviceps, Stdr., p. 36.

B. 10-16 teeth in each jaw.
1. Snout short, not prolonged into a tube.
a. D. 19-22; A. 33-37; head nearly twice as long as deep; depth of
body 63-73 times in total length.
1. 80-93 ; 16 scales round caudal peduncle . 5. IU. engystoma, Blegr., p. 36.
1. 70-76 ; 12 scales round caudal peduncle . 6. AL. parrus, Bler., p. 37.

b. D. 29-32; A. 40-47; L. 1. 90-95; 16-18 scales round caudal
peduncle ; head not twice as long as deep.

Depth of body 6 times in total length ; 7th or

8th ray of anal pe as to first of

dorsal. . . . 2 . 1 IL masuianus, Blgr., p. 38.
Depth of body 64-8 ince in ‘ital ee 13th

or 14th ray of anal peegien: to first

ofdorsal. . ..... . . . . 8 MM sirenoides, Blgr., p.3

L.
L.

2. Snout much produced, iio straight or slightly curved ; A. 34-39.
D. 19-21; L. 1. 70-74; 10-12 scales round
caudal peduncle ; head 23-2? times as long
asdeep . . woe ee ew ew ee 9 MM. zanelirostris, Gthr., p. £0.
D.17; L. 1. 63-70 ; “8 scales round caudal

peduncle; head 3-34 times as long as
deep . . . woe ee ee ew 6 10, MM, boulengeri, Pellegr., p. 40.

32 MORMYRIDZ.

II. Caudal peduncle not or but little longer than deep, } to 4 length of head.
A. 16-28 teeth in each jaw; D. 24-32; head not twice as long as deep.
D. 24-25; A. 40-43; L. 1. 62-67; 16 scales
round caudal peduncle; depth of body
4-4} times in totallength . . . + + - 11. M. curtus, Blgr., p. 41.
D. 29-32; A. 46-50; L. 1. 80-90; 16-18 scales
round caudal peduncle ; depth of body 5-6
times in totallength. . . . .- . . 12M lineolatus, Bigr., p. 42.
D. 24-25; A. 38-41; L. 1. 54-58; 12 scales
round caudal peduncle; depth of body
5-54 times in totallength . . . . « . 13. MM. nigricans, Blgr., p. 43.

B. 12-20 teeth in each jaw; D. 33-45; head nearly twice as long as deep.
1. Teeth truncate.

D. 45; A. 70; L. 1. 102; 14 scales round

caudal peduncle ; depth of body 6} times

in total length . bode Cae . 14. dL microstoma, Blgr., p. 44.
D. 34-39; A. 47-59; L. 1. 100-106; 22-24

scales round caudal peduncle; depth of

body 54-7 times in total length . . . . 15. M. marie, Schilth., p. 44.
D. 41-43; A. 63-64; L. 1. 90-95 ; 16 scales

round caudal peduncle; depth of body

8-8 times in total length . . . . . . 16. M. attenuatus, Bler., p. 45.

2. Teeth bicuspid, deeply forked.
D. 33-35; A. 55-61; L. 1. 90-95; 14 scales
round caudal peduncle ; depth of body 7}
times in totallength . . . . . . . . 17. M. furecidens, Pellegr., p. 46.

1. MORMYROPS DELICIOSUS.

Oayrhynchus deliciosus, Leach, in Tuckey, Exped. R. Zaire, p. 410 (1818).

Mormyrus tuckeyi, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 263 (1846).

Mormyrus zambanenje, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 275; Giinth. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1896, p. 224.

Mormyrops tuckeyi, Marcusen, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xii. 1854, p. 14.

Mormyrops deliciosus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 224 (1866) ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien,
Ixi. i. 1870, p. 555, pl. v. fig. 1; Perugia, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) x. 1892,
p- 976; Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 65; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 782, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 58 (1901); Pappenh. Mitth. Zool.
Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 341.

Mormyrops zambanenje, Giinth. 1. c.

Mormyrus (Mormyrops) zambanenje, Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 88, pl. xv. fig. 2
(1868).

Mormyrus (Mormyrops) swanenburgi, Schilthuis, Tijds. Nederl. Dierk. Ver. (2) iii.
1891, p. 91.

MORMYROPS. 33

Depth of body 5 to 6} times in total length, length of head 34 to
4z times. Head nearly twice as long as deep, upper profile slightly
concave; snout rounded ; jaws equal; width of mouth nearly equal to
length of snout; teeth truncate or conical in the adult, more or less
distinctly notched in the young, 24 to 36 in each jaw; eye small, in
anterior third of the head, its diameter 2 (young) to 4 times in length
of snout or in interocular width. Dorsal 21-27, 4 to 2 length of
anal, originating 2 to 24 times as far from end of snout as from

Fig. 20.

Mormyrops deliciosus.
Senegal, after Steindachner (J. ¢.). 4.

base of caudal. Anal 40-51, originating considerably in advance of
dorsal (its 12th to 16th ray corresponding to the first dorsal ray), and
a little nearer head than root of caudal. Pectoral rounded, 2 to 4
length of head, ventral } to 4. Caudal rather small, densely scaled,
Caudal peduncle 2 to 24 times as long as deep,

5-1

. : 16-18
85-100 scales in lateral line, jgy5 in transverse

with rounded lobes.
3 to 4 length of head.
series on body, 22—26 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 14-18
round caudal peduncle. Brownish or olive above, silvery beneath.
‘Total leneth 1500 millim.
Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Chad Basin, Congo, Zambezi, L. Nyassa,
Webi Shebeli and Juba.

1-3, 4. Ad. & her. Gambia. J.8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
5. Ad., stftd. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
6. Her. 5 5
7. Ad. Jebba, Upper Niger. Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).
8. Ad. Mureji, rr J.8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
9-11. Yg. Assay, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (P.).
12-13. Yg. A gberi, . 49
14. Yg. West Africa.
15. Yg. Fort Lamy, Shari River. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
16-17. Her. Libi River (Congo System), G. L. Bates, Msq. (C.).

VoL. I.

S. Cameroon.

D

34 MORMYRIDA.

18. Ad.,stffd. (Type.) Lower Congo. Tuckey Expedition.
19. Her. a: M. F. Hens (C.).
20. Ad. Boma, Lower Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.,.
21. Her., skel. 7 ”
22, Ad. Leopoldville, Stanley Pool. 3
23. Yg. (Type of Kinshassa, sf M. A. Greshoff (C.).
Al. swanenburyi.)
24. Her. Kutu, Lake Leopold II. M. P. Delhez (C.).
25-27. Hor. & yg. Monsembe, Upper Congo. — Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
28. Ye. Uerre, Congo. M. De Bauw (C.).
29. Yg. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).
30. Ad. Geladi, Webi Shebeli. Dr. Donaldson Smith (C.).
31. Ad. Lake Nyassa. Capt. E. L. Rhoades (P.).
ee ee 5 J. A. Williams, Bsq. (C.).

2. MORMYROPS ANGUITLOIDES.

Mormyrus angnilloides, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. ii. p. 110 (176-4), and Syst. Nat. i.
p- 522 (1766) ; I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Poiss. p. 274, pl. vii. fig. 2 (1827) ;
Rifaud, Voy. Egypte, pl. elxxxvili. fig. 2 (1836) ; Cav. & Val. Hist. Poiss.
xix. p. 258 (1846); Mareusen, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vil. 1864, no. 4,
p. 132 ; Giinth. Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 257 (1869).

AMormyrus dendera, Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 621 (1803).

Mormy: ops anguilloides, Mareusen, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb, xii. 1854, p. 14; Giinth,
Cat. Fish. vi. p. 233 (1866) ; Bouleng. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 782, and
Fish. Nile, p. 29, pl. v. fig. 1 (1907).

Marcusenius anguilloides, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 444.

Fig. 21.

Mormyrops anyuilloides.
Sanhur (7. N.). 2.

Depth of body 5 to 6$ times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Head once and 3 to nearly twice as long as deep, upper profile slightly
concave; snout rounded, § to 4 length of head, scarcely projecting
beyoud mouth; width of mouth nearly equal to or less than length
of snout ; teeth more or less distinctly notched, 20 to 24 in each jaw ;
eye small, in anterior third of the head, its diameter 234 to 3 times in

MORMYROPS. 35

length of snout, 2 to 3 times in interocular width. Dorsal 25-28,
3 to 3 length of anal, originating 2 to 24 times as far from end of
snout as from root of caudal. Anal 39-42, originating considerably in
advance of dorsal, its 10th to 12th ray corresponding to first of latter,
and at equal distance from head and root of caudal. Pectoral rounded
or very obtusely pointed, $ to 2 length of head. Caudal rather small,
with rounded lobes, greater ee covered with scales. Caudal peduncle
about twice as long as deep, 2 to } length of head. §7-96 scales in

16-20 . 4-16
lateral line, 55-53 in transverse series on body, ; jo4 in transverse series

between dorsal and anal, 20 round caudal peduncle. Olive or greyish
brown above, whitish beneath, sometimes dotted all over with black.
Total length 310 millim.
Lower Nile.

1. Ad. Nile. Dr. Riippell (C.).
2. Ad., skel. 33 -
3. Ad. Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
4. Her. Nile near Cairo. Capt. S. Flower (P.).
5-7. Hgr. Beni Souef, L. Lout, Esq. (C.).
8-10. Ad. & her. Sanhur, near Beni Souef. a

11-12. Ad. & her. Luxor. re

13. Hgr. Assuan, 3

3. MORMYROPS LONGICEPS.
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 117; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 783.
Mormyrus longiceps, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 731.

Depth of body 64 to 7 times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Head a little more than twice as long as we upper profile nearly
straight, declivous; snout rounded, nearly $ length of head, slightly
projecting beyond mouth, the width of which equals length snout
and once and 4 interocular width; teeth feebly notched, 3 on ao eye
small, in anterior third of head, its diameter twice in length of snout,
once and } in interccular width. Dorsal 26-29, about 2 or } length of
anal, eae twice as far from end of snout as from base “of caudal.
Anal 39-45, originating considerably in advance of dorsal and a little
nearer head than root of caudal. Pectoral rounded, a little more than
4 length of head. Caudal rather small, densely scaled, with rounded
lobes. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep, % length of head.

: ea (ies ;
86-90 scales in lateral line, 5; in transverse series on body, 21 in
DZ

36 MORMYRIDZ,

transverse series between dorsal and anal, 14 round caudal peduncle.
Uniform brown, lighter beneath.

Total length 330 millim.
Gold Coast.—The type specimen, from Bossumprah River, which

should be in the Liverpool Museum, could not be found by Dr. H. O.
Forbes, to whom I applied for information respecting it.
1. Ad. Kotschwah River. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (P.).

4, MORMYROPS BREVICEPS.
Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 66, pl. i. fig. 2.

Depth of body 72 times in total length, length of head 5} times.
Head nearly twice as long as deep, upper profile slightly concave ;
snout rounded, upper jaw a little longer than lower; teeth truncate or
slightly notched, 20 in each jaw; eye small, its diameter $ length of
snout. Dorsal 26, 2 length of anal, originating considerably nearer base
of caudal than head. Anal 43, originating considerably in advance
of dorsal (its 13th ray corresponding to first dorsal), and a little
nearer head than base of caudal. Pectoral a little more than 4 length
of head. Caudal rather small, with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle
24 times as long as deep, } length of head. 90 scales in lateral
line.

Total length 856 millim.

S. Paul R., Liberia.—Type in Leyden Museum.

5. MORMYROPS ENGYSTOMA.
Fouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p.3, pl. i. fig. 1 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898,
p- 784, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 60 (1901).

Depth of body 7 to 7§ times in total length, length of head 4% to
5 times. Head nearly twice as long as deep, with straight, declivous
upper profile; snout rounded, projecting a little beyond mouth, the
width of which equals hardly # length of snout; teeth notched, 12 in
each jaw; eye very small, in anterior third of head, its diameter 3 times
in length of snout, 24 to 3 times in interocular width. Dorsal 19-20,
4 length of anal, originating twice as far from end of snout as from base
of caudal. Anal 35-37, originating considerably in advance of dorsal
(9th ray corresponding to first dorsal) and at equal distance from
head and from base of caudal. Pectoral rounded, 2 length of head.
Caudal rather small, scaled at the base, with rounded lobes. Caudal

MORMYROPS. 37

peduncle 2 to 2 times as long as deep, 3 to 2 length of head. $0-93
: a hee LENS : :

scales in lateral line, 5555 in transverse series on body, 18-19 in

transverse series between dorsal and anal, 16 round caudal peduncle.

Pale brown, dotted with blackish.

Mormyrops engystomea,

Type (A. M.C.). 3.

Total length 145 millim.
Lower Congo.—1'y pes in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1-2. Two of the types. Matadi. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

6. MORMYROPS PARVUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 65, pl. xxxi. fig. 2 (1899), and Poiss. Buss.
Congo, p. 61 (1901).

Depth of body 64 to 74 times in total length, length of head 44 to
4? times. Head twice as long as deep, with straight, slightly declivous
upper profile; snout rounded, almost truncate, projecting a little beyond
mouth, the width of which equals only 2 length of snout; teeth notched,

Fig. 23.

Mormyrops parvus,

Type (A.M C.). 4.

10 to 12 in each jaw; eye very small, in anterior third of head, its
diameter 3 times in length of snout, 24 to 3 times in interocular width.
Dorsal 19-22, 4 or 3 length of anal, originating 2 to 24 times as far
from end of snout as from base of caudal. Anal 33-36, originating

38 MORMYRID AZ.

considerably in advance of dorsal (9th or 10th ray corresponding to first
dorsal), and at equal distance from head and from base of caudal.
Pectoral obtusely pointed, 2 length of head. Caudal rather small,
greater part covered with scales, with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle
twice as long as deep, 2 to } length of head. 70-76 scales in lateral
line, a in transverse series on body, 17-18 in transverse series
between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Pale grey above,
finely speckled with black, white beneath.

Total length 165 millim.

Lower Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervucren.
1. One of the types. Boma. M. P. Delhez (G.).
2. Skel. » ”

7. MORMYROPS MASUIANUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 4, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soe. 1898,
p. 784, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 61 (1901).

Depth of body 6 times in total length, length of head 42 times.
Head 13 as long as deep, with straight, declivous upper profile ; snout
rounded, projecting a little beyond the mouth; width of mouth a little
greater than length of snout; teeth truncate, 12 in upper jaw, 14 in
lower; eye very small, situated in anterior third of head, its diameter

Fig, 24.

Mormyrops masuianus.

Type (A.M.C.). 2.

3 times in length of snout or interorbital width. Dorsal 30-31,
$ length of anal, originating 12 as far from end of snout as from
base of caudal. Anal 40-46, originating a little in advance of
dorsal (its 7th or 8th ray corresponding to first dorsal), and
slightly nearer head than base of caudal. Pectoral $ length of head.
Caudal rather small, densely scaled, with rounded lobes. Caudal

MORMYROPS. 39

peduncle 23 times as long as deep, $ length of head. 90-93 scales in

lateral line, ae in transverse series on body, 21-23 in transverse
series between dorsal and anal, 18 round caudal peduncle. Pale
brownish.

Total length 410 millim,

Upper Congo (Upoto and Sanga R.).—Type in Congo Museum,
Tervueren.

8. MORMYROPS SIRENOIDES.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 4, pl. i. fig. 2 (1898), Proe. Zool. Soc. 1898,
p. 785, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 62 (1901).

Depth of body 6% to 8 times in total length, length of head 44 to 6,
Head 13 to 1} times as long as deep, with straight, declivous upper
profile; snout rounded, projecting a little beyond the mouth; width of
mouth greater than length of snout; teeth truncate, 12 to 14 in each
jaw; eye very small, situated in the anterior third or fourth of the head,
its diameter 3 times in length of snout, 34 to 4 times in interocular

Mormyrops strenoides.

Type (A.M.C.). 2.

width. Dorsal 29-32, % or # length of anal, originating 14 as far from
the end of the snout as from the base of the caudal. Anal 45-47,
originating considerably in advance of dorsal (its 15th or 14th ray
corresponding to first dorsal), and at nearly equal distance from end of
snout and root of caudal. Pectoral rounded, about 4 length of head.
Caudal small, densely scaled, with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle
25 times as long as deep, } length of head. 90-95 scales in lateral line,
ae in transverse series on body, 20 in transverse series between dorsal
and anal, 16-18 round caudal peduncle. Uniform dark brown, somewhat

lighter beneath,
Total length 630 millim.
Upper Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1-3. Har. Monsembe. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

40) MORMYRID-E.

9, MORMYROPS ZANCLIROSTRIS.
Mormyrus zanelirostris, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xx. 1867, p. 114, pl. 1.
fig. B. ;
Mormyrops zanclirostris, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 3 (1898), and
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 783.
Depth of body 6 to 7 times in total length, length of head 33 to
4 times. Head 22 to 28 times as long as deep; snout much produced,
tubiform, nearly as long as postorbital part of head; mouth termnal,
very small; teeth truncate, 14 in each jaw; eye very small, plulng
in anterior half of head, its diameter } to 3 interocular width.
Dorsal 19-21, 4 length of anal, originating 3 to 34 times as far from

Fig. 26.

Mormyrops zanclirostris.
Type, after Giinther (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1867). 4

uy

head as from base of caudal. Anal 54-39, originating considerably
in advance of dorsal (its 12th to 14th ray corresponding to the first
dorsal ray), and at nearly equal distance from head and base of
caudal. Pectoral $ length of head. Caudal small, densely scaled in
its basal half, with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle twice as long as
deep, 4 length of head. 70-74 scales in lateral line, — in transverse
series on body, 14-15 in transverse series between dorsal and anal,
10 or 12 round caudal peduncle. Dark brown.
Total length 270 millim.

Gaboon.
1 <Ad., type. Gaboon.
2. Ad. Talagouga, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
4: kd. skel. ‘ é
4—5. Hyr. Masoma R., Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (.).

10. MORMYROPS BOULENGERI.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p.349 ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 63 (1901).
Depth of body 9 times in total length, length of head 34 times.
Head 3 to 39 times as long as deep; snout produced into a long, slender,

MORMYROPS., 41

slightly curved tube, 6 or 7 times as long as deep; mouth terminal, very

12,
: > 14?
end of snout, its diameter 3 interocular width. Dorsal 17, 2 to $ length
of anal and above its middle, and 3 times as distant from end of snout

as from root of caudal. Anal 38, originating nearer caudal than head.

small; teeth truncate eye small, a little nearer opercular border than

CA

SUG Sa
oy
oe

Mormyrops boulengeri.

Type. 2.

Pectoral rounded, $ length of head. Caudal small, scaly at the base,
with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle 24 times as long as deep, its
length 33 or 4 times in length of head. 63-70 scales in lateral line,
oa in transverse series on body, 12-13 in transverse series between
dorsal and anal, 8 round caudal peduncle. Blackish brown.

Total length 240 millim.

Alima River, Congo.—Types in Paris Museum,
1. One of the types. Diele, Alima R. Paris Museum (E.).

11. MORMYROPS CURTUS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 66, pl. xxii. fig. 1 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 64 (1901).

S eess

Rng <
os :
fe Ona
ty em ping b hate
ee case neem, :
Sem oelweoneewontee

Mormyrops curtus.
Type (A.M.C.). 4.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 4 to 44 times in total length.
Head once and 4 as long as deep, with concave upper profile; snout
short, rounded; mouth terminal, its width equal to length of snout;

49 MORMYRID.E.

teeth truncate, 22 or 24 in each jaw; eye small, in anterior third
of head, its diameter 3 to 32 times in length of snout, 24 to 3 times in
interocular width. Dorsal 24-25, half as long as anal and above its
middle, 23 times as distant from end of snout as from root of caudal.
Anal 40-43, its origin at equal distance from head and from root
of caudal. Pectoral rounded, 3 length of head. Caudal small, greater
part covered with scales, with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle a little
longer than deep, } to $ length of head. 65-67 scales in lateral line,
in in transverse series on body, 21-23 in transverse series between
dorsal and anal, 16 round candal peduncle. Purplish brown, lighter
beneath, with darker blotches or marblings, or with small dark spots
forming longitudinal lines.

Total length 400 miilim.

Lower Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Boma. M. P. Delhez (C.).

12. MORMYROPS LINEOLATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 5, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soe. 1898,
p. 785, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 65 (1901).

Depth of body 5 to 6 times in total length, length of head 3% to
5 times. Head 13 to 1} times as long as deep, upper profile slightly
concave ; snout rounded ; jaws equal; width of mouth nearly equal to
length of snout; teeth truncate, 16 to 22 in each jaw; eye small,

Mormyrops lineolatus.
Type (A.M.C.). 4.

in anterior third of head, its diameter 2 tn 3 times in length of
snout or in interocular width. Dorsal 29-32, 2 to 2 Jength of anal,
originating 13 to 2} times as far from end of snout as from base of
caudal. Anal 46-50, originating considerably in advance of dorsal (11th
to loth ray corresponding to first dorsal), and a little nearer head than

root. of caudal. Pectoral rounded, 4 length of head. Caudal small,

MORMYROPS. 48

densely scaled, with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle as long as
14-16

deep, { to } length of head. 80-90 scales in lateral line, jy
transverse series on body, 23-25 in transverse series between dorsal
aud anal, 16-18 round caudal peduncle. Pale brown, with dark lines
along the series of scales.

Total length 400 millim.

Upper Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

in

1. Ad. Kutu, Lake Leopold II. M. P. Delhez (C.).
2. NO: Coquilhatville. 35
3. Her. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

13. MORMYROPS NIGRICANS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 66, pl. xxxii. fig. 2 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 66 (1901) ; Pellegr. Bull. Soc. Philom., (9) ix. 1907, p. 20.
Mormyrops vaillanti, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1899, p. 358.

Depth of body 5 to 5% times in total Jength, length of head 3% times.
Head 14 to 12 times as long as deep, upper profile slightly concave ;
snout rounded; mouth terminal. its width equal to length of snout;
teeth truncate, 24 to 28 in each jaw; eye small, in anterior third of
head, its diameter 24 to 3} times in length of snout or interocular

Fig. 30.

Mormyrops nigricans,
Type (A.M.C.). 4.

width. Dorsal 24-25, 2 length of anal, its origin 3 times as distant
from end of snout as from root of caudal. Anal 38-41, originating
considerably in advance of dorsal, its origin twice as distant from end
of snout as from root of caudal. Pectoral rounded, 4 length of head.
Caudal small, greater part covered with scales, lobes short and rounded.
Caudal peduncle not or but slightly longer than deep, + to + length of
head. 54-58 scales in lateral line, — in transverse series on body,
14-16 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal

44 MORMYRID.#.

peduncle. Blackish on the back, greyish on the belly ; sides brown, with
darker longitudinal lines, with or without black blotches.

Total length 340 millim.

Upper Congo, Ogowe.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1. Her. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

14. MORMYROPS MICROSTOMA.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 6, pl. i. fiz. 3 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898,
p. 786, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 67 (1901).

Depth of body 64 times in total length, length of head 43 times,
lead twice as long as deep, with straight upper profile; snout rounded,
projecting beyond mouth; width of mouth } length of snout; teeth
truncate, 14 in each jaw; eye moderate, its diameter once and 4 in
length of snout, twice in interocular width. Dorsal 45, nearly # length
of anal, originating nearly twice as far from end of snout as from base of

Fig. 31.

Mormyrops microstoma.

Type (A. M.C.). 2.

3

caudal. Anal 70, originating considerably in advance of dorsal (17th
ray corresponding to first dorsal), and nearer head than base of caudal.
Pectoral rounded, 4 length of head. Caudal very small, scaled at the
base, with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle hardly as long as deep,
% length of head. 102 scales in lateral line, = in transverse series on
body, 16 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 14 round caudal
peduncle. Blackish brown.

Total length 165 millim.

Upper Congo (New Antwerp).—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

15. MORMYROPS MARIA.

Mormyrus (Mormyrops) mariv, Schilthuis, Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Ver. (2) iii. 1891,
p. 92.

Mormyrops marie, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 3 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 786, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 67 (1901).

Depth of body 5} to 7 times in total length, length of head 4 to

MORMYROPS. 45

5 times. Head once and } to nearly twice as long as deep, with straight
or slightly concave upper profile; snout rounded, jaws equal; width
of mouth a little less than length of snout; teeth truncate, 14 to 20
in each jaw; eye very small, in anterior third of head, its diameter
3 or 4 times in length of snout, 24 to 34 times in interocular width.
Dorsal 34-39, 2 to $ length of anal, originating at equal distance from
head and from base of caudal, or a little nearer latter. Anal 47-59,

Mormyrops marie.
) 5
Type. @

originating in advance of dorsal (8th to 11th ray corresponding to first
dorsal), and much nearer base of caudal than end of snout. Pectoral
rounded, 4 length of head. Caudal very small, scaled at the base, with
rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle not longer than deep, $ to ¢ length of
head. 100-106 scales in lateral line, ae in transverse series on body,
28-31 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 22-24 round caudal
peduncle. Pale purplish, uniform or finely speckled with brown.
Total length 390 millim.

Congo.
1-2. Hor. Matadi, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
3. Ad. Boma, v5 M. P. Delhez (C.).
4. Her., type. Kinshassa, Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.).

16. MORMYROPS ATTENUATUS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 6, pl. i. fig. 4 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898,
p. 786, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 68 (1901), and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvi.
1905, p. 641.

Depth of body 8 to 8} times in total length, length of head 53 to
64 times. Head nearly twice as long as deep, upper profile straight,
declivous; snout rounded, projecting a little beyond mouth; width
of mouth % length of snout; teeth truncate, us eye small, in anterior
third of head, its diameter 24 times in length of snout or interocular
width. Dorsal 41-43, 2 length of anal, originating a little nearer base

46 MORMYRID.

of caudal than head. Anal 63-64, originating considerably in advance
of dorsal (14th ray corresponding to first dorsal), and at equal distance
from end of snout and base of caudal. Pectoral rounded, a little more
than 4 length of head. Caudal very small, scaled at the base, with

rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle hardly as long as deep, % length of

Fig. 33.

Mormyrops attenuatus.
Type (A.M. C.). 4.

head. 90-95 scales in lateral line, a in transverse series on body, 18 in
transverse series between dorsal and anal, 16 round caudal peduncle.
Whitish, finely and closely speckled with brown.

Total length 410 millim.

Upper Congo (Upoto); Kassai River.—Type in Congo Museum,
Tervueren.

17. MORMYROPS FURCIDENS.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 350; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 69
(1901).

Depth of body 7} times in total length, length of head 5 times.
Head nearly twice as long as deep, with straight declivous profile;
snout rounded, projecting a little beyond the mouth, the width of which
equals % length of snout; teeth bicuspid, forked, 14 in each jaw; eye
small, in anterior third of head, its diameter 2% times in length of
snout, twice in interocular width. Dorsal 33-35, 2 to 3 length of anal,
its origin nearer root of caudal than head. Anal 55-61, originating
considerably in advance of dorsal (15th ray corresponding to first dorsal)
and at nearly equal distance from head and from root of caudal. Pectoral
rounded, $ length of head. Caudal very small, scaled at the base, lobes
short and rounded. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep, its length
41 to 5 times in length of head. 90-95 scales in lateral line, mo in
transverse series on body, 20 in transverse series between dorsal and

anal, 14 round caudal peduncle. Brown, minutely dotted and in-
distinctly marbled with blackish.

Total length 500 millim,
Alima River, Congo.—Types in Paris Museum.

PETROCEPHALUS. 4T

2, PETROCEPHALUS,
Petrocephalus, part., Marcusen, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xii. 1854, p. 14, and Mém.
Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4, p. 111.
Mormyrus, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 214 (1866).
Petrocephalus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 443; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 787, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 70 (L901), and Fish. Nile, p. 32 (1907).
Teeth in the jaws bicuspid, forming a single complete series on the
entire edge of both jaws (10-26 upper and 16-36 lower); minute
conical teeth on the parasphenoid and on the tongue; mouth inferior,
sitnated below the eyes. Nostrils close together, close to the eye. Body
short ; ventral fins nearer the pectorals than the anal. Dorsal and anal
fins usually not very unequal in length. Vertebre 42-44 (9-12+44-6
+ 27-29).
Nile and Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Anal originating more or less in advance of dorsal, which has at least 20 rays.
A. Diameter of eye greater than length of snout.

1. D. 28-33; A. 31-39; L. 1. 39-50.

14-22

33-30 3

10-12 scales cont caudal peduncle . . . 1. P. bane, Lacep., p. 48.

Diameter of eye equal to interorbital width ;

Diameter of eye 3— s interorbital width; teeth ——

teeth ao ; 12 scales round caudal ues . 2. P. sawagii, Blgr., p. 49.
Diameter of eye 14 interorbital width ; teeth } [ ;
8 scales round caudal peduncle . . . . . 3. P. ansorgit, Blgr., p. 51.
2. D. 20-28.

a. 10-12 scales round caudal peduncle.
a. Base of dorsal at least as long as its distance from caudal.
D. 21-25; A. 28-30; L. 1. 35— 37 16-18
scalés between D. & A. ; teeth 9g 0° EP. ballayt, Sauv., p. 92.
D. 24-28; A. 30-84; L.1. 38- i. 21-26 scales

between D. & A. ; teeth , a oa RoR & Be Ps anes SANt, Be OB:

10-18
8. Base of dorsal cae than its distance from caudal; teeth ne 55°

99-96 + A, 80-385 Le 1, 8843 v «© wo Oe Plova, 0. &V., p. 54,

98; A 88-30; Ts. A144 « x « « 2 « Te P. heatingti, Bigy., p, 58.

20-2; A. 25-29; L.1.35-38 . . - s - 8. P. stuhlmanni, Blgr., p. 56.
b. 16 scales round caudal peduncle.

D, 20-22; A. 25-29; L. 1. 87-40; teeth 25 . 9. P. catostoma, Gthr,, p. 57.

SS

48 MORMYRID-F.

B. Diameter of eye slightly less than length of snout.

D. 27; A. 29; L.1. 40; tech. . . . . 10. P. gliroides, Vineig., p. 58.

II. Dorsal and anal originating in the same vertical.
D. 19; A. 27; L. 1. 413; 12 scales round caudal
peduncle ; teeth - woe ee ew ew we LLP. degeni, Blgr., p. 58.

1. PETROCEPHALUS BANE.

Mormyrus bane, Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 620 (1803); Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss.
xix. p. 276 (1846); Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 220 (1866), and Petherick’s Trav,
ii. p. 254 (1869).

Mormyrus cyprinoides (non L.), I. Geoffr. Deser. Egypte, Poiss. p. 277, pl. vill.
figs. 3 & 4 (1827).

Mormyrus dequesne, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 281.

Mormyrus joannisit, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 282.

Mormyrus ehrenbergii, Cuv. & Val. t. ¢. p. 283.

Petrocephalus bane, Marcusen, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xii. 1854, p. 14, and Mém,
Ac, St. Pétersb. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4, p. 146 ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898,
p. 788, and Fish. Nile, p. 32, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1907).

Petrocephalus dequesne, Marcusen, Bull. p. 14.

Petrocephalus dejoannis, Marcusen, 1. ec.

Petrocephalus ehrenbergii, Marcusen, 1. c.

Fig. 34.

Petrocephalus bane,

Cairo UF. N.). 8,

Depth of body 23 to 34 times in total length, length of head 32 to 44
times. Head as long as deep or a little deeper than long, rounded ;
snout very short, § to $ length of head, rounded, projecting beyond the
mouth ; mouth situated below the eye, its width 3-7 length of head;
teeth bicuspid, 14-22 in upper jaw, 22-30 in lower; nostrils on

PETROCEPHALUS., 49

a level with lower border of eye; eye large, longer than snout, 2 to 2
interorbital width. Dorsal 29-33, originating above 3rd to 10th ray of
anal, its length 14 to 2 times in its distance from head. Anal 31-37,
equally distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral
pointed, 3 to ? length of head, twice as long as ventral, and extending
beyond base of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle
24 to 3 times as long as deep, § to $ length of head. 39-50 scales
in lateral line, a in transverse series on body, ae in transverse
series between dorsal and anal, 10-12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery,
greyish on the back; extremity of anterior dorsal rays brownish or
blackish.

Total length 195 millim.

Nile and Chad Basins, Niger.

1-3. Ad. & hgr. Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
4. Skel. Ss
De 95 ” Dr. Riippell (C.).
6-8. Ad. Rosetta Nile, near Barrage. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
9. Ad. Nile 8. of Cairo. 4
10-19. Ad. & hgr. | Wasta, Lower Nile. 3
20-23, Ad. &her. Beni Souef, - is
24-29, Ad. & her. Sanhur, 5s ‘
30-31. Ad. Lahun, Bahr Yusuf, Fayum. 5
32-34. Ad. Between Assiout and Abu Tig. .
35-37. Ad. Luxor. Pe
38-40. Yg. Regulator near Luxor. -
41. Her. Between Luxor and Assuan. ‘3
42-45, Ad. Near Assuan. 3
46-53. Ad. & hgr. hartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
54. Her. Omdurman. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
55-60. Ad. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. 3
61. Ad. Rosaires, “ Capt. 8. Flower (P.).

62-65. Ad. &hgr. BetweenKhartumandSobat R. Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq.(P.).

66. Her. Fashoda, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

67. Ad. Tewfikyeh, ,, ¥

68-69. Ad. Yo R., Lake Chad. ‘apt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
70. Ad. Jebba, Upper Niger. Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).

2. PETROCEPHALUS SAUVAGIL.
Mormyrus (Petroe-phalus) sauvagii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. T.. (5) Sie. 1887,

p. 149.
Mormyrus eyprinoides (non Geoffr.), Perugia, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxx. 1891, p. 976.

VOL. I. E

ind

50 MORMYRID.-£.

Petrocephalus sauvagii, Bouleng. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 788, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 70 (1901).

Depth of body 22 to 3} times in total length, length of head 33
to 4 times. Head as long as deep, with straight, feebly declivous upper
profile; snout very short, ¢ to 1 Jength of head, obliquely truncate,
projecting beyond mouth ; mouth situated below anterior border of the
eye, its width # or $ length of head; teeth bicuspid, 20-26 in upper
jaw, 28-30 in lower; eye large, its diameter greater than length of snout,
equal to interorbital width. Dorsal 28-31, originating above 4th to 7th
ray of anal, its length a little more than half its distance from head.
Anal 35-38, equally distant from base of ventral and base of caudal, or

Fig. 35.

Petrocephalus sauvagti.
Type. 2.

slightly nearer latter. Pectoral pointed, about 3 to ? length of head,
twice as long as veutral, and extending beyond base of latter. Caudal
scaled at the base, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long

as deep, 2 to 2 length of head. 40-46 scales in lateral line, ca in
transverse series on body, —S in transverse series between dorsal and
anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Plumbeous above, silvery white below ;
a round blackish spot sometimes present below origin of dorsal.

Total length 190 millim.

Lower Congo, Old Calabar.

1. Type. Lower Congo. M. F. Hens (C.).
2. Ad. Loango, Lower Congo. M. De Meuse ((.).
3. Ad. Boma, 2 M. P. Delhez (C.).
4. Skel. Ss ss 53

5.

Hgr. Matadi, fi Capt. Wilverth (C.).

PETROCEPHALUS, 51

6. Ad. Bolobo, Upper Congo. Rev. G. Grenfell (P.).

7-8. Ad. & hgr. Monsembe, Py Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

9-10. Ad. Coquilhatville, _,, M. P. Delhez (C.).
10-12. Ad. & yg. Upper Congo, Brussels University.
13-14. Yg. Old Calabar. Miss Kingsley (C.).

3. PETROCEPHALUS ANSORGIL.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, ii. p. 325, pl. xxviii. fig. 2.

Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 4% times.
Head slightly longer than deep ; snout rounded, 3 length of head; mouth
situated below eye, its width 4 length of head; teeth bicuspid, 10 in upper
jaw, 20 in lower; nostrils a little above level of lower border of eye; eye
large, twice as long as snout, 14 interorbital width. Dorsal 33, originating
above 9th ray of anal, its length 14 in its distance from head. Anal 39,
equally distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral

oe

Petrocephalus ansorgii.
Type (P. Z. 8. 1902).

pointed, # length of head, twice as long as ventral and extending beyond
base of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as
long as deep, # length of head. 45 scales in lateral line, is in transverse
series on body, - in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 8 round
caudal peduncle. Silvery, brownish on the back and on the anterior
rays of the dorsal.

Total length 105 millim.

Lower Niger.
Agberi Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
ES

1. Type.

MORMYRID &.

ce
lo

4,,. PETROCEPHALUS BALLAYI.
Mormyrus catostoma (non Giinth, 1866), Giinth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867,

p. 166. |
Petrocephalus balayi, Sauv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) vii. 1883, p. 159 ; Bouleng.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 789, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 72 (1901) ; Pellegr.

Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) ix. 1907, p. 20.
Mormyrus amblystoma, Giinth, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 281,

pl. xiv. fig. A.

Depth of body 22 to 3 times in total length, length of head 34 to
32 times. Head as long as deep, with convex upper profile; snout very
short, 4 to + length of head, obliquely truncate, projecting beyond mouth ;
mouth below anterior border or centre of eye, its width 4 length of head ;
teeth bicuspid, 20-24 in upper jaw, 30-36 in lower; nostrils above
lower border of eye; eye large, its diameter greater than length of
snout, # interorbital width. Dorsal 21-25, originating above 4th or 5th
ray of anal, its length nearly 3 its distance from head and equal to its

Fig. 37.

Petrocephalus ballayi.
Type of AL. amblystoma, after Giinther (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1896).

distance from caudal. Anal 28-30, slightly nearer base of caudal than
base of ventral. Pectoral pointed, 3 length of head, 12 length of
ventral, extending beyond base of latter. Caudal scaled at the base,
with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 24 to 8 times as long as deep,
3 to {length of head. 85-37 scales in lateral line, ae in transverse

. 7-9 . :
series on the body, ~~ in transverse series between dorsal and anal,

PETROCEPHALUS, 53

10 or 12 round caudal peduncle. Brown above, silvery below; a dark
spot at base of caudal, and another below origin of dorsal.

Total length 170 millim.

Ogowe, Congo.—Type in Paris Museum.
1. Ad. (Type of 1. amblystoma.) Talagouga, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
2-4, Ad. & her. Komadekke, Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

5. PETROCEPHALUS SIMUS.

Sauv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) iii, 1878, p. 100 ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898,

p- 789, and Poiss, Bass. Congo, p. 73 (1901); Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus.
Berl. iii. 1907, p. 344.

Mormyrus (Petrocephalus) simus, Sauv. N. Arch. Mus. (2) iii, 1880, p. 51,
pl. ii. fig. 3.

Mormyrus tenuicauda, Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 69, pl. vi. fig. 1.

Mormyrus simus, Gimth, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 282.

Depth of body 2} to 3} times in total length, length of head 34 to 44
times. Head as long as deep, with convex upper profile; snout very
short, $ length of head, obliquely truncate, projecting beyond mouth ;
mouth below anterior border of eye, its width + to 1 length of head;
tceth bicuspid, 10-18 in upper jaw, 16-24 in lower; nostrils near lower

border of eye; eye rather large, a little longer than snout, 2 inter-

Fig. 38.

Petrocephulus simus.
Type, after Sauvage (N. Arch. Mus. 1880).

orbital width. Dorsal 24-28, originating above 5th to 7th ray of anal,
its length 1? to 2 times in its distance from head, and equal to or
slightly greater than its distance from caudal. Anal 30-34, equally
distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral pointed,
# length of head, twice as long as ventral, extending beyond base of
latter. Caudal scaled at the base, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle

54 MORMYRID.

3 times as long as deep, ? to # length of head, more or less constricted at

the base. 388-45 scales in lateral line, ee in transverse series on body,
ee in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal
peduncle. Brown above, silvery beneath; anterior part of dorsal
blackish ; a brown spot sometimes present below origin of dorsal.

Total length 120 millim.

Liberia to Congo.—Type in Paris Museum.

1-2. Hgr. & yg. Duqueah R., Liberia. Dr. Biittikofer (C.).
3. Her. Agberi, S. Nigeria. Dr. W.J. Ansorge (C.).
4-5. Ad. Kribi R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
6-10. Ad. &hgr. Ja R. at Bitye, Cameroon. re
11-13. Ad. Talagouga, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
14, Her. Ibali, Lake Leopold IL, Upper Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).
15. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
16. Ad. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt Royaux (C.).
17-18. Hgr.&yg. Quanza R., Angola. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

6. PETROCEPHALUS BOVEL
Mormyrus bovei, Cuy. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 283 (1846) ; Giinth. Petherick’s
Tray. ii. p. 255 (1869); Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 553.
Petrocephulus bovei, Marcusen, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xii. 1854, p. 14; Bouleng.
Proc, Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 789, and Fish. Nile, p. 36, pl. viii. fig. 1 (1907).
Depth of body 3 to 34 times in total length, length of head 4 to 44
times. Head as long as deep; snout very short, + to + length of
head, rounded, projecting beyond mouth; mouth below eye, its width

7 to 4 length of head; tecth bicuspid, 10-14 in upper jaw, 16-20 in
Fig. 39.

Petrocephalus bovei.
Lower Nile (F. N.),

lower; nostrils on a level with lower border of eye; eye large, longer
than snout, its diameter 3} to 42 times in length of head, 12 to 13 times
in interorbital width. Dorsal 22-26, originating above 6th to 8th ray
of anal, its length 13 to 2 times in its distance from head and a little

PETROCEPHALUS. 55

less than its distance from caudal. Anal 30-35, equally distant from
base of ventral and from base of caudal, or a little nearer latter.
Pectoral pointed, 3 to # length of head, nearly twice as long as ventral,
and extending beyond base of latter. Caudal scaled at the base, with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 23 to barely 3 times as long as deep,
3 to 4 length of head. 38-43 scales in lateral line, ee in transverse
series on body, aa in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 10 or
12 round caudal peduncle. Uniform silvery, the back a little darker,
the fins white.

Total length 120 millim.

Lower Nile, Senegal, Gambia.—Type in Paris Museum.

1, Ad. Kafr-el-Zayat, Rosetta Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
2-11. Ad. & her. Kaédi, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
12. Ad. McCarthy Id., Gambia. J. 38. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

7. PETROCEPHALUS KEATINGII.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 444, and Fish. Nile, p. 38, pl. viii.
fig. 2 (1907).

Depth of body 24 to 3 times in total length, length of head 4 to 43
times. Head as long as deep; snout very short, § or 7 length of head,
rounded, projecting beyond mouth; mouth below eye, its width 7 length
of head; teeth bicuspid, 16 in upper jaw, 26 in lower; nostrils on

Fig. 40.

Petrocephalus keatingit.

Type (F. N.).

a level with lower border of eye; eye large, longer than snout, Its

diameter 4 length of head, equal to interocular width. Dorsal 25,

originating above 15th ray of anal, its length twice in its distance from
head. Anal 38-39, equally distant from base of ventral and from base

56 MORMYRIDA

of caudal, or a little nearer latter. Pectoral pointed, 4+ length of
head, twice as long as ventral and extending beyond base of latter.
Caudal scaled at the base, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 25
times as long as deep, 3 length of head. 41-44 scales in lateral
line, aaa in transverse series on body, = in transverse series between
dorsal and anal, 10 or 12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, the back and
the anterior rays of the dorsal darker.

Total length 105 millim.

White Nile.
1. Type. Fashoda. L. Loat, Esq. (P.).
2. Ad. Between Khartum and Sobat R. Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;

W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).

8. PETROCEPHALUS STUHLMANNI, sp. n.

Dormyrus catostoma (non Giinth.), Pfeffer, Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 39 (1896).
Petrocephalus catostoma, Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 344.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 34 times in total length.
Head slightly longer than deep, with convex upper profile; snout very
short, $ length of head, rounded, strongly projecting beyond mouth;
mouth below eye, its width + length of head; teeth bicuspid, 12-16
in upper jaw, 20-24 in lower; eye rather large, as long as snout,
about 3 interorbital width. Dorsal 20-22, originating above 5th ray of

Fig. 41.

Petrocephalus stuhlmanni.
Type.

anal, its length hardly half its distance from head. Anal 25-29, a little
nearer base of ventrals than base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, 2 length
of head, nearly twice as long as ventral and extending beyond base of
latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle hardly more than
twice as long as deep, 3 length of head. 35-838 scales in lateral line,

PETROCEPH ALUS. 57

2 in transverse series on body, = in transverse series between dorsal and
anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, back dark brown.
Total length 85 millim.
Kingani River, East Africa.
1. Type. Kingani R. Dr. Stuhlmann (C.);
Berlin Museum (E. ).

9. PETROCEPHALUS CATOSTOMA.
Mormyrus catostoma, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 222 (1866).
Petrocephalus catostoma, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 790.

Depth of body 3 to 33 times in total length, length of head 34 to 32
times. Head as long as deep, with convex upper profile; snout very
short, $ length of head, rounded, projecting beyond mouth; mouth
situated below eye, its width } length of head; teeth bicuspid, 12-14

Fig. 42.

Petrocephalus catostoma.

Type.

in upper jaw, 18-20 in lower; eye large, at least as long as snout, at
least 2 interorbital width. Dorsal 20-22, originating above 4th or 5th
ray of anal, its length hardly half its distance from head. Anal 25-29,
equally distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral
pointed, nearly ? length of head, twice as long as ventral, and extending
beyond base of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 24
to 3 times as long as deep, a little shorter than head. 37-40 scales in
lateral line, ae in transverse series on body, an in transverse series
between dorsal and anal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, back
blackish.

Total length 55 millim.

Rovuma River and Lake Nyassa.
1-5. Types. Rovuma River. Dr. C. Livingstone (P.).
6. Ad. Between Kondowe and Karonga, Sir H. H. Johnston (P.).

N. of L. Nyassa.

58 MORMYRID.

10. PETROCEPHALUS GLIROIDES.
Mormyrus gliroides, Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xvi. 1897, p. 353.
Petrocephalus gliroides, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 790.

Depth of body 24 times in total length, length of head 33 times. Head
nearly as long as deep; snout prominent, rounded, canes 4 length of
head; mouth inferior, below anterior third of eye, its width 3 length
of head; teeth bicuspid, 14 in upper jaw, 24 in lower; eye emis
slightly shorter than snout, $ length of head, } interorbital width.
Dorsal 27, originating above 3rd ray of anal, at equal distance from head
and from base of caudal. Anal 29, equally distant from base of ventral
and from base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, ? length of head. Caudal
peduncle 23 timesas long asdeep. About 40 scales in lateral line, ¢ in
transverse series on body, a in transverse series between dorsal and anal,
12 round candal peduncle. Greyish above, yellowish beneath.

Total length 125 millim.

Between Ganana and Lugh, Somaliland.—Type, in Genoa Museum,
examined.

11. PETROCEPHALUS DEGENI.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvii. 1906, p. 484, and Fish. Nile, p. 39, pl. x.
fig. 1 (1907).
Depth of body 3} times in the total length, length of head 33 times,
Head as long as deep ; snout very short, about } length of head, rounded,

Petrocephalus degeni.

Type (F.N.). 3.

projecting beyond mouth ; mouth below eye, its width 4+ length of head ;

teeth bicuspid, 10 in upper jaw, 22 in lower; nostrils on a level with
lower border of eye; eye rather large, longer than snout, its diameter
4} times in length of head, once and } in interorbital width. Dorsal 19,

PETROCEPHALUS.—ISICHTHYS., 59

originating above first ray of anal, its length twice and + in its distance
from head. Anal 27, equally distant from base of ventral and from base
of caudal. Pectoral pointed, about 2 length of head, twice as long as
ventral, and extending beyond vertical of base of latter. Caudal fin with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle twice and 4 as long as deep, # length
of head. 41 scales in lateral line, . in transverse series on body, 5 in
transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle.
Silvery; back dark grey; fins grey.

Total length 88 millim,

Lake Victoria.
1. Type. Mouth of Katonga R. Mr. E. Degen (C.).

3. ISICHTHYS.
Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 444 (1863) ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898,

p- 791.
Mormyrops, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 223 (1866).

‘Teeth rather large, notched, few, 5-6 in the upper jaw, 6 in the
lower; minute conical teeth on the parasphenoid and on the tongue ;
mouth subinferior, below the level of the eye. Nostrils widely separated.
Body much elongate ; ventrals much nearer anal than pectorals. Dorsal
a little longer than anal, Vertebra 64 (26-38).

West Africa.

1. ISICHTHYS HENRYI.

Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 444; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 791 ;
Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 347.

Mormyrops henryi, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 224 (1866) ; Hubrecht, Notes Leyd.
Mus, iii. 1881, p. 70.

Mormyrus henryi, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 119 ; Steind. Notes
Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 66.

Mormyrus cobitiformis, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl. 1852, p. 72.

Mormyrus (Isistius) henryi, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1884, p. 207, pl. vi.
fig. 1.

Depth of body 8 to 11 times in total length, length of head 6 to 74 times.
Head 13 to 2 times as long as deep ; snout rounded, + to 4 length of head ;
mouth subinferior, its width 2 length of head; nostrils midway between
eye and end of snout; eye small, hardly } length of snout, 3 inter-
orbital width. Dorsal 39-50, longer than its distance from head. Anal
38-47, originating a little posterior to origin of dorsal. Pectoral about

60 MORMYRID.E.

2 length of head. Caudal small, with obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle twice as long as deep, > length of head. 120-140 scales in
lateral line, 3 between dorsal and anal, 18-29 round caudal peduncle.
Dark brown.

Fig, 44.

Isichthys henryt.

S. Cameroon. §.

Total length 205 millim,
West Africa, from Liberia to Mayumba, French Congo.—Type in
U.S. National Museum, Washington.

1. Ad. Sapelle, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge ((.).
2-4. Ad. Kribi R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
5-6. Ad. Eloby, Gaboon.
7, 8. Ad. & hgr. Gaboon,
9. Skel. 7
10, Ad. Masoma R., Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Agsorge (C.).
11. Hgr. W. Africa.

4. MARCUSENIUS.
Petrocephalus, part., Marcusen, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xii, 1854, p. 14, and Mém,
Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4, p. 113.
Marcusenius, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 129; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 792, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 74 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 40 (1907).
Heteromormyrus, Steind. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi. 1866, p. 765.
Mormyrus, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi, p. 214 (1866).
Llippopotamyrus, Pappenh. Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1906, p. 260, and Mitth.
Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 350.

Teeth in the jaws rather large or small, truncate or notched (3-9
upper and 6-10 lower); minute conical teeth on the parasphenoid and
on the tongue ; mouth inferior or subinterior, below the level of the eyes.
Nostrils widely separated. Body short or more or less elongate ; ventrat
fins midway between pectorals and anal, or nearer the former. Dorsal
and anal fins subequal in length, or either the longer. Vertebrae 37-
48 (9-164 4-6 + 23-30).

Nile and Tropical Africa.

MARCUSENIUS. 61

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Anal originating in advance of dorsal.

A. Teeth a3 lat. 1. 49-53 ; depth of body 3-34 times in total length ; caudal
peduncle 3-33 times as long as deep, 12 scales round it.

. 20-22; A. 26-27; caudal peduncle ? to ? length [p. 63.
Of head) os a) we ele we Se ew ee Se Te ips, Blow,
. 23-25 ; A. 28-29; caudal peduncle 3 to 2 length [p. 63.

Gb head ge alas oe. Belle) ae. we we Bs a pl perlenins, Blor.,.
B. Teeth 2.
1. 12-14 scales round caudal peduncle.
a. Depth of body at least 34 times in total length.
a. Base of anal not more than once and } that of dorsal.

. 22-24; A. 30-31; 1. 1. 62; depth of body 34$-
4 times in total length ; caudal peduncle 4-5
times as long as deep . Ne ee

. 16-20; A. 21-26; 1. 1. 55-65 ; depth of body
4-5 times in total length; caudal peduncle

3-3 times as long as deep . we

. 17-21; A. 24-26 ; 1.1. 67-90; depth of body
5-6 times in total length; caudal peduncle
3-34 timesaslongasdeep. . . . . . . 5. AL sphecodes, Sauv., p. 66.

3. AL marchit, Sauv., p. 64.

4. ML. kingsleye, Gthr., p. 65.

8. Base of anal at least once and 2 that of dorsal.

. 15-18; A. 25-30; 1. 1. 58-64; depth of body

44-51 times in total length ; caudal peduncle
24-3 times as long as deep . rere

. 14-16; A. 31-33; 1. 1. 60-66; depth of body

5-52 times in total length ; caudal peduncle [p- 69.

6. JL. brachistius, Gill, p. 67.

3-34 timesaslongasdeep. . . . . ~ ~ 7. AM. longianalis, Blgr.,

b. Depth of body 3-3} times in total length.

. 18-20; A. 25-28 ; 1. 1. 48-50; caudal peduncle

shorter than head, 2-24 times as long as

GEG GS Deas ek os he Le I? nao Oe ep. 10,
. 20-22 ; A. 26-29 ; 1. 1. 46-56; caudal peduncle

nearly as long as head, 3 times as long as deep. 9. AL. adspersus, Gthr., p.70.
28; A. 31; 1.1. 453; caudal peduncle a little

shorter than head, 3 times as long as deep. . 10. AL weeksii, Blgr., p. 71.

2. 16-20 scales round caudal peduncle.
a. Depth of body 4-5 times in total length.
. 16-17; A. 22-23 ; 1.1. 68-70; caudal peduncle
21-22 times as long as deep; eye about half
letipth of spout. . 2 4 ew a eee «Te batesit, Blgr., p. 72.

62 MORMYRIDA.

aad

D, 19; A. 24-26; 1.1. 67-72; caudal peduncle
21-3 times as long as deep ; eye a little shorter

than snout . 12. ML. ansorgii, Blgr., p. 73.

b. Depth of body 23-33 times in total length.
D. 18; A. 23; 1.1.70; caudal peduncle not twice [p. 74.

as long as deep . . 13. AL pauciradiatus, Stdr.,

D, 15-18; A. 24-25; 1.1. 46 53; ; asl wlan
1-22 times as long as deep, 3-3 length of

head . . 2. . 2 14, MM. nigricans, Blgr., p. 75,

D, 18-22; A. 22-26 ; I l. 53- 60 ; en deanna
24-3 times as iene as deep, # length of head . 15. ML isidori, C. & V., p. 75.

II. Dorsal and anal originating in the same vertical ; D. 30-32; A. 30-35 ;
1. 1. 80-93. [p. 77.
16 scales round caudal peduncle . . . . . . 16. Jl. castor, Pappenh.,
12 scales round caudal peduncle . . 1... 17. AL harringtoni, Blgr.,

III. Dorsal te in advance of anal. [p. 78.

A. Teeth fee ‘ ; depth of body 3-3} times in total length ; caudal peduncle
3-4 times as long as deep, 16 scales round it.
D. 29; A. 28; 1.1. 60; dorsal originating slightly
in advance ofanal. . . . . 2. . « 18. MM. tumifrons, Bler., p. 79.
D. 31-35; A. 27-30; 1. 1. 55-70 ; aha originating [p- 80.
below ne : 12th ray of dorsal . . 1.) . 19. AL plagiostoma, Blgr.,

B. Teeth bs = ; depth of body 23-34 times in total length ; caudal peduncle
2-3 times as long as deep, 12-14 scales round it.
1. Interorbital width about 4 length of head; snout projecting beyond
mouth ; D. 30-36 ; A. 23-27,
L. 1. 65-70 ; eye as Jong as or a little shorter than
snout ; base of dorsal 14-14 times its distance
from head . 1... a . 20. AL. discorhynchus, Peters,
L. 1. 55-65 ; eye as long as or walt Tien ta [p. 81.
snout ; dorsal as long as or slightly shorter
than its distance from head. . . . . . . 21. M/. petherici, Blgr., p. 82.
L. 1. 67; eye much longer than snout; base of
dorsal nearly as long as its distance from head. 22. A/. budgetti, Blgr., p. 83.

2. Interorbital width about } length of head; D. 33-41; A. 23-27;

1. 1. 58-69.
Eye much longer than snout ; width of mouth
length of head... , - . . . 23, MM macrops, Blgr., p. 84.

Eye not or but slightly longer ee scan: ; width of

mouth §-3 length of head . . . . . . . 24. AL. psittacus, Blgr., p. 85.
Eye shorter aha snout ; width of mouth 1-} length

Ohead «6 8 be we we ew we oo « Ob. Ml weleerthi, Blor., p. 86.

MARCUSENIUS. 63

1. MARCUSENIUS NIGRIPINNIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 67, pl. xxxiii. fig. 1 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 77 (1901).

Depth of body 3 to 32 times in total length, length of head 4 to 44
times. Head as long as deep; snout rather truncate, $¢ to + length of
head, projecting very slightly beyond mouth; latter small, its width
4 times in length of head; teeth truncate or feebly notched, 9 in upper
jaw, 10 in lower; anterior nostril halfway between end of snout and eye,
on a line with centre of latter, posterior lower down and close to eye;
eye rather large, its diameter equal to length of snout and 3 interorbital

Fig. 45.

Marcusenius nigripinnis.

Type (A. M. C.).

width. Dorsal 20-22, originating above 6th or 7th ray of anal, its length
4 its distance from head. Anal 26-27, a little nearer root of caudal
than root of ventral. Pectoral pointed, as long as head, 24 to 23 times
as long as ventral, extending beyond base of latter. Caudal with long
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 to 33 times as long as deep, 2 to 3
length of head. 46-53 scales in lateral line, — in transverse series on
body, Pa between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Dark
purplish brown, speckled with black ; fins blackish.

Total length 110 millim.

Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1-2. Two of the types. Kutu, L. Leopold II. M. P. Delhez (C.).

2, MARCUSENIUS PULVERULENTUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 68, pl. xxxiii. fig. 2 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 78 (1901).
Depth of body 3 to 3} times in total length, length of head 34 to 4
times. Head a little deeper than long; snout rounded, % to } length of

64 MORMYRID-£.

head, projecting very slightly beyond mouth; latter small, its width 4 to
41 times in length of head; teeth truncate or feebly notched, 9 in upper
jaw, 10 in lower ; anterior nostril halfway between end of snout and eye,
on a line with centre of latter, posterior lower down and close to the
eye; eye large, 4 to 44 times in length of head, 13 to 1} times in inter-
orbital width. Dorsal 23-25, originating above 5th to 7th ray of anal,
its length about 4 its distance from head. Anal 28-29, equally distant
from root of ventral and from root of caudal, or a little nearer latter.

Fig. 46.

Marcusenius pulverulentus.

Type (A. M.C.). 2.

Pectoral pointed, as long as or a little longer than head, twice as long as
ventral, the extremity of which it reaches. Caudal with long pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle 3 to 5} times as long as deep, 3 to 3 length of head.
50 scales in lateral line, 7 in transverse series on body, s between
dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Olive-brown, speckled with
black; fins blackish.

Total length 100 millim.

Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1-2. Two of the types. Coquilhatville. M. P. Delhez (C.).
3. Ad. Lindi R. M. M. Storms (C.).

3. MARCUSENIUS MARCHII.

Petrocephalus marchei, Sauv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) iii. 1878, p. 100.
Mormyrus marchei, Sauy. N. Arch. Mus. (2) iii. 1880, p. 50, pl. ii. fig. 5 ; Giinth.
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 287.
Marcusenius marchii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 792.
Depth of body 3} to 4 times in total length, length of head 4} to 5
times. Ilead nearly as long as deep; snout rounded, ? length of head,

MARCUSENIUS. 65

projecting a little beyond mouth; latter small, inferior, its width i
length of head; teeth truncate or feebly notched, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in
lower; nostrils halfway between end of snout and eye; eye moderate, 2
length of snout, a little more than 4 interorbital width. Dorsal 22-24,
originating above 10th ray of anal, its length 24 times in its distance

from head. Anal 30-3], 1} times as long as dorsal, nearer base of

Marcusenius marchit.

Type, after Sauvage (N. Arch. Mus. 1880).

olan

ventral than base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, as long as head, twice as
long as ventral, extending beyond base of latter. Caudal with pointed
lobes. Caudal peduncle 4 to 5 times as long as deep, a little longer
than head. 62 scales in lateral line, in transverse series on body, SS
in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle.
Olive-brown above, silvery beneath; head speckled with brown.

Total length 160 millim.

Ogowe.—Type in Paris Museum.
1. Ad. Talagouga. Miss Kingsley ((.).

4. MARCUSENIUS KINGSLEY &.
Mormyrus kingsleye, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvil. 1896, p. 281, pl. xv.
fig. A.
Maurcusenius kingsleye, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 794.
Marcusenius cabre, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 130, pl. xlviii. fig. 1
(1900), and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 76 (1901).
Murcusenius brachyistius, part., Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. ii. 1907, p. 348.
Depth of body 4 to 5 times in total length, length of head about same.
Head once and 4 as long as deep; snout convex, 4 length of head,

VOL. I. F

66 MORMYRID®.

slightly projecting beyond mouth; mouth small, subinferior, its width
2 to 4 length of head; teeth feebly notched, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in
lower; nostrils nearly equally distant from end of snout and from eye,
anterior on a level with centre of latter, posterior with lower border;
eye small, } length of snout, 3-3 interorbital width. Dorsal 16-20, its
length 3 to 2 its distance from head, originating above 8th to 10th ray of
anal. Anal 21-26, a little longer than dorsal, nearer base of caudal than
base of ventral. Pectoral pointed, # length of head, 1} times length

Fig. 48.

Mareusenius kingsleye.
Type, after Giinther (Ann. & Mag. N. II. 1896). 3.

of ventral, not reaching base of latter. Caudal densely scaled in the
basal half, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 23 to 3 times as long
as deep, 2 length of head. 55-65 scales in lateral line, _ in trans-
verse series on body, a in transverse series between dorsal and anal,
12 round caudal peduncle. Brown.

Total length 150 millim.

Old Calabar to Mayombe.

1. Type. Old Calabar. Miss Kingsley (C.).
2. Ad. Kribi R., 8. Cameroon, G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
3. Ad. Ja R. at Bitye, Cameroon. “3
4-9, Ad. & her. Benito R., Spanish Guinea. 55
10. Hgr. (Type Marshes of Kop-Malafu, Major Cabra (C.).
of Af. cabree.) Mayombe.

5. MARCUSENIUS SPHECODES.
Mormyrops sphekodes, Sauy. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) iii. 1878, p. 101, and N. Arch
Mus. (2) iii. 1880, p. 55, pl. ii. fig. 4.

Mormyrus sphecodes, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 280.
Marcusenius sphecodes, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 793.

Depth of body equal to or a little less than length of head, 5 to 6
times in total length. Head once and 4 as Jong as deep; snout rounded,
+ to length of head; mouth small, subinferior, its width } length of

MARCUSENTUS. 67

head ; teeth small, notched, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower ; nostrils midway
between eye and end of snout, posterior on a line with lower border of
eye; eye small, $ length of snout, + interorbital width. Dorsal 17-21,
originating above dth ray of anal, not 3 as long as its distance from the
head. Anal 24-26, equally distant from base of ventral and from base
of caudal or a litle nearer latter, not more than once and + as long as
dorsal. Pectoral pointed, 3 to # length of head, 14 length of ventral,

Marcusenius sphecodes.
Kribi River. 2

34

reaching base of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Candal peduncle
3 to 34 times as long as deep, nearly as long as head. 67-90 scales
‘ ee cae : 9. :
in lateral line, jg47 in transverse series on body, g in transverse series
between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Brown, lighter
beneath.

Total length 210 millim.

Cameroon to Congo.—Type in Paris Museum.

1-2, 8-5. Ad. & yg. Kribi R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
6. Skel. ss Ss 3
7-10. Ad. Ja R. at Bitye, Cameroon. _
11. Ad. Talagouga, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
12. Her. Lukula R., Congo. Brussels Museum (I.).

6. MARCUSENIUS BRACHISTIUS.
Marcusenius brachyistius, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 139 ; Bouleng. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 793, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 75 (1901).
Mormyrus brachyistius, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 219 (1866).
Mormyrus microcephalus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 114,
Mormyrus liberiensis, Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 67.

Depth of body 44 to 53 times in total length, length of head 43
to 64 times. Head 1} to 1} times as long as deep; snout convex
1} to 2 length of head, slightly projecting beyond mouth ; mouth small,

F2

68 MORMYRID-E.

subinferior, its width 4 length of head; teeth small, feebly notched,
5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; nostrils nearly equally distant from end of
snout and from eye, anterior on a level with centre of latter, posterior
with lower border; eye small, about 4 length of snout or interorbital
width. Dorsal 15-18, bardly 4 as long as its distance from head,
originating above 10th to 14th ray of anal. Anal 25-80, nearly 2 to 2

Fig. 50.

MVarcusenius brachistius, *

From Liberia.

times as long as dorsal, nearer base of caudal than base of ventral.
Pectoral obtusely pointed, at least $ length of head, 14 to 13 length of
ventral, reaching base of latter. Caudal densely scaled in the basal half,
with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 24 to 3 times as long as deep, as
long as head or a little shorter. 58-64 scales in lateral line, a in
transverse series on body, _ in transverse series between dorsal and
anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Brown.
‘Total length 175 millim.

West Africa, from Sierra Leone to the Congo.—T ype in U. S. National
Museum, Washington.

1. Her. Sierra Leone. H. C. Hart, Esq. (P.).
2. Her, 5
3-5. Ad. (Types of — Liberia. Dr. Biittikofer (C.).
Af, Uiberiensis.)
6-8. Her. Lagos. Sir A. Moloney (P.).
9-10, 11. Ad. & hgr. Ogowe. R. B.N. Walker, Esq. (C.).

(Types of JL. micro-
cephalus.)

12-14. Ad. Talagouga, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
15-18. Ad. & yg. Masoma R., Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
19. Her. Matadi, Lower Congo, Capt. Wilverth (C.).

20, Her. Stanley Falls. M, De Meuse (C.).

MARCUSENIUS. 69

7. MARCUSENIUS LONGIANALIS.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, i. p. 5, pl. ili. fig. 1.

Depth of body 5 to 53 times in total length, length of head 53 to 63
times. Head once and 4 as long as deep; snout convex, + length of
head, slightly projecting beyond mouth; latter small, its width + length
of head; teeth feebly notched, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; nostrils
nearly equally distant from end of snout and from eye, anterior on a
level with centre of latter, posterior with its lower border; eye about
3 length of snout, 2 or 4 interorbital width. Dorsal 14-16, originating
above 16th or 17th ray of anal, its length about + its distance from head.

Fig. 51.

Marcusenius longianalis.

Type (P. Z. 8.1901). 3.

Anal 31-33, 2 to 24 times as long as dorsal, nearer base of caudal than
base of ventral. Pectoral obtusely pointed, a little shorter than head,
once and 2 length of ventral, reaching base of latter. Caudal with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 to 33 times as long as deep, nearly
as long as head. 60-66 scales in lateral line, eri in transverse series
on body, pa between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle.
Purplish brown, more or less profusely speckled with blackish ; fins
dark brown.

Total length 145 millim,

Lower Niger.
1-2. Types. Sapelle. Dr. W. J, Ansorge (C.).
3. Her. % Mr, J. D. Hamlyn (C.) ;

Hon. W Rothschild (P.).

4, Ad. Agberi. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

70 MORMYRIDA.

8. MARCUSENIUS LHUYSI.
Mormyrus Unuysii, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lxi. i. 1870, p. 553, pl. ii. fig. 3.
Marcusenius lhuysii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 795.

Depth of body 23 to 31 times in total length, length of head 45 times.
Head as long as deep; snout rounded, not quite 7 length of head,
projecting slightly beyond mouth; mouth small, terminal, but situated
below level of eyes; teeth small, notched, 5 or 7 in upper jaw, 6 in
lower; eye as long as snout, 3 interocular width; posterior nostril a
little lower down than upper, close to eye. Dorsal 18-20, originating
above 6th to Sth ray of anal, its length 23 times in its distance from

Marcusenius thuysit.

Type, after Steindachner (/.¢.). 4.

head. Anal 25-28, nearer base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral
pointed, as long as head, twice as long as ventral, extending as far as
extremity of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 2 to
24 times as long as deep, 3 to ? length of head. 48-50 scales in lateral
line, 12 round caudal peduncle. Greyish above, silvery beneath, uniform
or spotted with brown.

Total length 60 millim.

Senegal, Shari River.—Type in the Vienna Museum.

1. Ad. Kaédi, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).

9. MARCUSENIUS ADSPERSUS.
Mormyrus adspersus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 221 (18686).
Mareusenius adspersus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 795, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 76 (1901).

Depth of body 23 to 3} times in total length, length of head 4 to 44
times. Head as long as deep; snout rounded, + to + length of head:
mouth small, subinferior, its width + length of head; teeth small,
notched, 5 or 7 in upper jaw, 8 in lower; nostrils on a line with centre
of eye, posterior close to eye; eye moderate, as long as or a little

MARCUSENIUS. 71

longer than snout, 12 to 1} times in interorbital width. Dorsal 20-22,

originating above 9th or 10th ray of anal, about 4 as long as its distance
from head. Anal 26-29, equally distant from bae of ventral and from
base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, as long as head, at least twice as long
as ventral, reaching extremity of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep, as long as head or a little
shorter. 46-56 scales in lateral line, _ - in transverse series on body, = .
in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 or 14 round caudal

peduncle. Brown or olive, dotted with blackish, the dots largest on the
head.

Total length 80 millim.
Lagos, Lower Congo.

Marcusentus adspersus.

Type.
1-2. Types. West Africa.
3. Ad. Lagos. Sir A. Moloney (P.).
4-7, Ad. & hgr. Boma. M. P. Delhez (C.).

10. MARCUSENIUS WEEKSII.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 24, pl. vii. fig. 2 (1902).

Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 42 times.
Head as long as deep; snout rounded, nearly 4 length of head,
projecting beyond the mouth ; mouth small, its width $ length of head ;
teeth truncate, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; posterior nostril lower than
anterior, on a line with lower border of eye; eye moderate, as long as
snout, 4 interorbital width. Dorsal 28, originating above 5th ray of
anal, about 2 its distance from head. Anal 31, nearer base of ventral
than base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, nearly as long as head, nearly
twice as long as ventral, extending beyond base of latter. vaudal
partly scaled, with long, pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle nearly 3 times

12 MORMYRIDE.

as long as deep, a little shorter than head. 45 scales in lateral line,
a in transverse series on body, s between dorsal and anal, 12 round
caudal peduncle. Brownish, with an ill-defined darker vertical band
between origin of dorsal and origin of anal; anterior half of caudal
peduncle dark brown.

Total length 140 millim.

Upper Congo.

Marecusenius weeksir.

Type (A. M.C.). 3.
1. Type. Monsembe. Rev. J. H. Weeks (2.).

11. MARCUSENIUS BATESII.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xviii. 1906, p. 36.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 44 to 5 times in total length.
Head once and #4 as long as deep; snout rounded, 3 length of head ;
mouth small, subinferior, its width + length of head; a very distinct
mental swelling; teeth small, notched, 5 or 6 in upper jaw, 6 in lower ;
nostrils midway between eye and end of snout, anterior on a level with
centre of former, posterior on a level with its lower border; eye small,
2 or 4 length of snout, 4 interocular width. Dorsal 16-17, originating
above fifth ray of anal, its length about 4 of its distance from head.
Anal 22-23, a little nearer root of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral
pointed, about # length of head, once and 4 length of ventral, not
reaching base of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle
23 or 25 times as long as deep, a little shorter than head. 68-70 scales

MARCUSENIUS. 73

in lateral line, 7 in transverse series on body, = in transverse series
between dorsal and anal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Uniform brown,
somewhat lighter beneath.

Total length 145 mm.

South Cameroon.

Marcusenius batesit.
i
Type. 4.

1-2. Types. Kribi R. at Efulen. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).

12. MARCUSENIUS ANSORGILI.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xv. 1905, p. 457.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 43 to 5 times in total length.
Head once and + as Jong as deep; snout rounded, + length of head;
mouth small, terminal, but situated below level of eye; a feeble mental
swelling ; teeth notched, 7 in upper jaw, § in lower ; anterior nostril on

Fig. 56.

Marcusenius ansorgit.

Ty pe.

a level with centre of eye, posterior lower down and separated from eye
by a space equal to its distance from the anterior; eye a little shorter
than snout. Dorsal 19, originating above 5th or 6th ray of anal, its
length about 24 times in its distance from head. Anal 24-26, equally
distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal, or a little nearer

74 MORMYRID.E.

latter. Pectoral obtusely pointed, 3 length of head, once and 3 as long
as ventral, not quite reaching base of latter. Caudal with rounded
lobes. Caudal peduncle 24 to 3 times as long as deep, 3 to $ length of
head. 67-72 scales in lateral line, aa in transverse series on body, =
between dorsal and anal, 16 round c.udal peduncle. Brownish; a
blackish vertical bar between origin of dorsal and anal.

Total length 110 millim.

Angola.
1-2. Types. Between Benguella and Bihé. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

13. MARCUSENIUS PAUCIRADIATUS.
Mormyrus pauciradiatus, Steind. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi, 1866, p. 765,
pl. xvii. fig. 2.
Marcusenius pauciradiatus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 795.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 32 times in total length. Head
once and } as long as deep; snout rounded, 4+ length of head; mouth
small, subterminal, but situated considerably below level of eye; teeth
notched; eye rather small, 3 length of snout; nostrils on a level with
lower border of eye, midway between latter and end of the snout,

Fig. 57.

Marcusenius pauciradiatus,
Type, after Steindachner (2. ¢.). 4.

Dorsal 18, onginating a little posterior to origin of anal, its length 3
times in its distance from head. Anal 23, a little nearer base of caudal
than base of ventral. Pectoral shorter than head, hardly reaching base
of ventral. Caudal with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle once and 4
as long as deep, } length of head. 70 scales in lateral line, about 20
round caudal peduncle.

Total length 100 millim.

Angola.—Type in Vienna Museum,

MARCUSENIUS. 75

14. MARCUSENIUS NIGRICANS.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvii. 1906, p. 434, and Fish. Nile, p. 40, pl. ix.
fig. 2 (1907).

Depth of body 3 to 3} times in total length, length of head 4 to
42 times. Head as long as deep; snout about 4 length of head,
rounded, projecting beyond mouth; mouth situated below nostrils, its
width about 4 times in length of head; teeth bicuspid, 7 in upper jaw,
8 in lower; anterior nostril on a line with centre of eye, midway
between latter and end of snout, posterior nostril a little lower down,
close to eye; eye moderate, as long as snout, } to # interocular width.
Dorsal 15-18, originating above 5th or 6th ray of anal, its length about

Fig. 58.

Marcusenius nigricans.

Type (FL N.). 3.

2 its distance from head. Anal 24-25, nearly equally distant from base
of ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, subfalcate, as
long as or a little shorter than head, 2 to 2} times as long as ventral
and extending beyond root of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle 24 to 22 times as long as deep, } to $ length of head.
46-53 scales in lateral line, a in transverse series on body, aa in
transverse series between dorsal and anal, 16 to 20 round caudal
peduncle. Uniform blackish brown.

Total length 93 millim.

Lake Victoria.
1-9. Types. Mouth of Katonga R. Mr. E. Degen (C.).

15. MARCUSENIUS ISIDORI.

Mormyrus isidori, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix, p. 285 (1846) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish.
vi. p. 221 (1866), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 256 (1869).

Petrocephalus isidori, Mareusen, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersh. xii. 1854, p. 14, and Mén.
Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4, p. 150, pl. v. fig. 20.

76 MORMYRID.

Mareusenius isidori, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 798, and Fish. Nile, p. 42,
pl. vii. fig. 1 (1907).

Depth of body 2% to 34 times in total length; length of head 4 to 4}
times. Head as long as deep; snout ¢ to } length of head, rounded,
projecting beyond mouth; mouth situated below nostrils, its width 44
to 5 times in length of head; teeth bicuspid, 7 in upper jaw, 8 in lower;
anterior nostril on a line with centre of eye, midway between latter and end
of snout ; posterior nostril close to eye, near its lower border; eye moderate,
as long as snout, $ to ? interocular width. Dorsal 18-22, originating
above 3rd or 4th ray of anal, its length about half its distance from head.
Anal 22-26, nearly equally distant from base of ventral and from base of

Marcusenius isidort.

Nile Delta (F. N.).

caudal. Pectoral pointed, subfalcate, as long as or a little shorter than
head, 2 to 2} times as long as ventral, and extending beyond root of
latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 24 to 3 times as
long as deep, as long as or a little shorter than head. 53-60 scales in
lateral line, = in transverse series on body, tie in transverse series
between dorsal and anal, 16 or 18 round caudal peduncle. Brown on
the back, silvery white beneath, uniform or dotted with brown.
Total length 100 millim.

Nile, from the Delta to the Bahr-el-Gebel.—Types in Paris Museum.

1-2, 3-5. Ad. Lower Nile. Dr, Riippell (C.).

6-7. Ad. Rosetta Nile, near Barrage. L. Loat, Esy. (C.).

8. Skel. % .

9-11. Ad. & her. Nile near Cairo. Capt. 8. Flower (P.).
12. Ad. Lahun, Fayum. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
13-16. Ad. & hgr. Between Assiut and Abu Tig, 5

Lower Nile.

17-36. Ad., hgr., & yg. Luxor.

MARCUSENIUS.

=I
om |

37-46, Ad., her., & yg. Between Luxor and Assuan. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

47. Ad, Assuan.
48. Hor. Lake No, White Nile.
49. Her. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel.

”
”

”

16. MARCUSENIUS CASTOR.
ITippopotamyrus castor, Pappenh. Sitzb. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl. 1906, p. 260, and
Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. ii. 1907, p. 351, pl. ii. figs. 2 & 3.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 33 to 4 times in total length.
Head 14 to 14 times as long as deep, with curved upper profile; snout
rounded, + length of head, projecting beyond mouth; mouth below
nostrils, its width } length of head; teeth bicuspid (truncate when worn
down), 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower, median pair of lower teeth much
larger than the others ; nostrils equally distant from end of snout and
from eye, on a line with lower border of eye; eye moderate, about 2

Marecusenius castor.

1

Type. 3.

length of snout and 2 interorbital width. Dorsal 31-32, its origin
corresponding to that of anal, its length 3 its distance from head.
Anal 32-35, nearer base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral
pointed, a little shorter than head, not quite twice as long as ventral,
and extending beyond root of latter. Caudal densely scaled on half of
its surface, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as
deep, 2 length of head. 85-93 scales in lateral line, e in transverse

series on body, = in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 16 round

78 MORMYRID&.

caudal peduncle. Brown, with an indistinct darker vertical band
between origin of dorsal and anal.

Total length 215 millim.

Cameroon.—Types in Berlin Museum.

1. One of the types. Lokunde R., near Bipindi. Hr, G. Zenker (C.);
Berlin Museum (E.).

17. MARCUSENIUS HARRINGTONI.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. I. (7) xv. 1905, p. 457; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus.
Berl. iii. 1907, p. 348, pl. xi. fig. 1; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 44, pl. ix. fig. 3
(1907).

Depth of body 34 times in total length; length of head 53 times.
Head as long as deep, once and 3 as long as broad; snout rounded,
2 length of head, projecting beyond mouth; mouth below nostrils, its
width 4 times in length of head; teeth bicuspid, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in
lower ; nostrils equally distant from end of snout and from eye, anterior
on a line with Jower border of eye, posterior a little lower down; eye
moderate, its diameter 2 length of snout and half interocular width.

Fig. 61.

Marcusenius harringtoni,
Type (FL N.). 4.

Dorsal 30-31, its origin corresponding to that of anal, its length nearly
2 its distance from head. Anal 30-33, equally distant from base of
ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, a little shorter
than head, not quite twice as long as ventral, and extending beyond root
of latter. Caudal densely scaled on more than half of its surface, with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3} times as long as deep, as long as
head. 80-87 scales in lateral line, ~ in transverse series on body, 4

i6
in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle.

MARCUSENIUS. 79

Brown above, white below; dorsal and anal fins blackish, white at the
base ; a blackish streak along each lobe of the caudal fin.
Total length 305 millim.
White Nile; Togoland (West Africa).
1. Type. Polkom, Baro R. (Sobat). Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).

18. MARCUSENIUS TUMIFRONS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 24, pl. vii. fig. 3 (1902).

Depth of body 34 times in total length, length of head 44 times.
Head as long as deep; snout rounded, 7 length of head, strongly
projecting beyond mouth, which is inferior, below vertical of eye, and
the width of which is } length of head; teeth notched, bicuspid, 9 in
upper jaw, 10 in lower; both nostrils on a line with lower border of eye,
which is close to the posterior; eye rather small, shorter than snout,

Marcusenius tumifrons.

Type (A.M. C.) 4.

1 interorbital width. Dorsal 29, { its distance from head. Anal 28,
originating a little further back than dorsal. Pectoral pointed, as long
as head, twice as long as ventral, extending considerably beyond base of
latter. Caudal with long, pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 34 times
as long as deep, a little shorter than head. 60 scales in lateral line,
ad in transverse series on body, in transverse series between dorsal and
anal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Uniform brown.
Total length 100 millim.

Ubanghi.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren,

80 MORMYRID.

19. MARCUSENIUS PLAGIOSTOMA.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. 1898, p. 7, pl. iii. fig. 1, Proe. Zool. Soe.
1898, p. 796, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 79 (1901).

Depth of body 22 to 3 times in total length, length of head 44 to
5 times. Head as long as deep, with convex or slightly concave
upper profile; snout + to 4 length of head; mouth inferior, its
width # to 4 length of head; teeth very small, feebly notched, 7 to
9 in upper jaw, 8 to 10 in the lower; nostrils on a line with lower
border of eye, posterior close to the eye; eye moderate, as long as or
slightly longer than snout, 2 or # interorbital width. Dorsal 31-35, as

Fig. 63.

Marcusenius plagiostoma,
Type (A. M.C.). 2.

Jong as its distance from head. Anal 27-30, originating below 10th to
12th ray of dorsal, equally distant from base of ventral and from base of
caudal. Pectural pointed, as long as head, once and = length of ventral,
reaching eee base of latter. Candal peduncle 34 to 4 times as long
as deep, $ to # length a head. 55-70 scales in lateral line, ae i in
Te ee in transverse series between dorsal and
anal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Pale brownish above, silvery beneath ;
fins greyish.

Total length 200 millim.

Congo.-——Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

transverse series on body, #

1. Ad., one of the types. Boma, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (©.).
2-3. ee two of the types. Matadi, af 5%

4. Ad. Kutu, L. Leopold IT. M. P. Delhez (C.).
5-6. Ad. & her. Trebu, Upper Congo. 95

7. Skel. 3 rf ¥

8-11. Ad. & her. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

MARCUSENIUS, 81

20. MARCUSENIUS DISCORHYNCHUS.
Mormyrus discorhynchus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 275, and Reise Mossamb.
iv. p. 75, pl. xiv. (1868).

Marcusenius discorhynchus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 7, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 82 (1901) ; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 349.
Mareusenius tanganicanus, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1906, p. 545, pl. xxx. fig. 1.

Depth of body 3 to 3} times in total length, length of head 44 to 42
times. Head as long as deep; snout rounded, # length of head; mouth
small, subinferior, its width $ to 4 length of head; teeth small, notched,
5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; nostrils on a line with lower border
of eye, nearer latter than end of snout; eye moderate, as long as or a
little shorter than snout, 3 interorbital width. Dorsal 30-36, its length

Mareusenius discorhynchus.
Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 3.

14 to 14 times in its distance from head. Anal 23-27, originating
below 8th to 12th ray of dorsal, equally distant from base of ventral
and from base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, nearly as long as head,
14 times length of ventral, extending to base of latter or a little beyond.
Caudal with obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 2 to 25 times as
long as deep, a little shorter than head. 65-70 scales in lateral line,
pa in transverse series on body, a in transverse series between
dorsal and anal, 12 or 14 round caudal peduncle. Dark olive or
brownish above, silvery white beneath.

Total length 160 millim. (grows to 260).

Lower Zambesi; Lake Nyassa; Katanga; Lake Tanganyika.—Types
in Berlin Museum.

VOL. I. G

82 MORMYRID&.

1. Her. L. Nyassa. J. A. Williams, Esq. (C.).
2. Hgr., type of Al. tan- River at Msamba, Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.).
ganicanus. L. Tanganyika.
3-4. Her., types of Al. Sumbu, L. Tanganyika. a
tanganicanus.

21. MARCUSENIUS PETHERICI.
Mormyrus discorhynchus (non Peters), Giinth. Cat. Fish, vi. p. 220 (1866), and
Petherick’s Tray. ii. p. 255 (1869).
Marensenius petherici, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 7 (1898), Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1898, p. 797, and Fish. Nile, p. 45, pl. viii. fig. 3 (1907).

Depth of body 22 to 3} times in total length, length of head 43 to
times. Head as long as deep or a little deeper than long, 13 to 14
times as long as broad; snout + to } length of head, rounded, projecting
beyond mouth ; mouth situated below nostrils, its width 43 to 53 times
in length of head; teeth bicuspid, truncate when worn down, 5 in upper
jaw, 6 in lower; nostrils on a line with lower border of eye, nearer
latter than end of snout; eye moderate, as long as or a little longer than
snout, about } interocular width. Dorsal 34-36, as long as or a little

Marcusenius petheriet.

Type (F..N.). &.

shorter than its distance from head. Anal 24-26, originating below
14th to 16th ray of dorsal, equally distant from base of ventral
and from base of caudal, or a little nearer latter. Pectoral pointed,
subfalcate, nearly as long as head, 12 to 12 times length of ventral and
extending beyond base of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle 23 to 3 times as long as deep, as long as or a little shorter

MARCUSENIUS. 83

than head. 55-65 scales in lateral line, es in transverse series on
12-13 . ;

body, ime in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal

peduncle. Brown above, silvery white below, more or less speckled

with darker ; an ill-defined dark bar, extending obliquely from origin of

dorsal to that of anal, sometimes present; dorsal fin, and sometimes
also anal, brownish in front.
Total length 220 millim.

White Nile and Blue Nile.

1-3. Types. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
4. Skel. 5 %

5. Ad. Fashoda, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
6-9. Ad. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. 3

22. MARCUSENIUS BUDGETTI.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, i. p. 197, pl. vii. fig. 1.
Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 5 times. Head
a little deeper than long; snout rounded, + length of head; mouth
small, inferior, its width + length of head; teeth notched, 5 in upper
jaw, 6 in lower; anterior nostril on a line with lower border of pupil,
posterior on a line with lower border of eye; eye nearly twice as long

Vig. 66.

Mareusenius budgetti.
Type (P. Z. 8. 1904). 3.

as snout, 2 interorbital width. Dorsal circa 52, nearly as long as its

distance from head. Anal 25, originating below 11th ray of dorsal,

nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals. Pectoral pointed, a little

shorter than head, once and +} length of ventral, extending beyond

vertical of base of latter. Caudal with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle

3 times as long as deep, as long as head. 67 scales in lateral line, a in
Gz

84 MORMYRIDA,

transverse series on body, 7 in transverse series between dorsal and
anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Pale brownish above, silvery white
beneath; head closely dotted with dark brown; a pair of dark brown
bars across nape.

Total length 190 millim.

Lower Niger.
1. Type. Assay. J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

23. MARCUSENIUS MACROPS, sp. n.

Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 42 times.
Snout rounded, projecting beyond the mouth, § length of head; mouth
small, inferior, its width § length of head; teeth small, truncate or
feebly notched, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; chin slightly swollen;
nostrils nearer eye than end of snout, on a line with lower border of eye ;
eye very large, twice as long as snout, a little greater than interorbital
width, which is 4 times in length of head. Dorsal 37, as long as its

Fig. 67.

Marcusenius macrops.

distance from head. Anal 27, originating below 9th ray of dorsal,
equally distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral
pointed, nearly as long as head, once and 4 as long as ventral, extending
beyond base of latter. Caudal with long, pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle 3 times as long as deep, a little shorter than head. 60 scales
in lateral line, i in transverse series on body, H in transverse series
between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Dark brown
above, lighter beneath.

Total length 190 millim.
Upper Congo.

1, Type. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

MARCUSENIUS. 85

24. MARCUSENIUS PSITTACUS.

Mormyrus psittacus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xx. 1897, p. 427.
Marcusenius psittacus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 798, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 81 (1901).

Depth of body 3 to 3} times in total length, length of head 44 to 54
times. Head as long as deep; snout rounded, # to 4} length of head ;
mouth small, terminal or subinferior, its width + or § length of head;
teeth small, notched, 5-7 in upper jaw, 6-8 in lower; chin slightly
swollen; nostrils on a line with or a little below centre of eye, nearer
latter than end of snout; eye rather large, not or but slightly longer
than snout, equal to or a little less than interorbital width. Dorsal

Marcusenius psittacus.

Type.

33-41, as long as its distance from head. Anal 23-27, originating
below 10th to 13th ray of dorsal, equally distant from base of ventral
and from base caudal. Pectoral pointed, as long as or a little shorter
than head, 14 to 12 times as long as ventral, reaching base of latter or
beyond. Caudal with long, pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as
long as deep, as long as head or a little shorter. 58-69 scales in lateral
' ae in transverse series on body, nae
dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, dark grey on the
back.
Total length 210 millim.

Congo.

line in transverse series between

&6 MORMYRID.E.

1. Her., type. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).
2-6, Ad. 55 . i

7-8. Ye. Coquilbatyille, Upper Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).

9-10. Ad. & ber. Boma, Lower Congo. 5
ll. Her. Loango, 43 Brussels University,

12. Ad. Banana, si M. P. Delhez (C.).

25. MARCUSENIUS WILVERTHI.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. 1898, p. 8, pl. iv. fig. 1, Proce. Zool. Soe.
1898, p. 796, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 80 (1901).

Depth of body 24 to 3 times in total length, length of head 43 to 5
times; back gibbose, with convex outline in front of dorsal and concave
outline on nape. Head as long as deep, with convex upper and concave
lower profile; snout short, } to 4 length of head; mouth terminal or
subinferior, its width } to } length of head, below level of eye; chin
with a strong globular swelling; teeth extremely minute, almost hidden
in the thick gums, truncate or slightly notched, 3 in upper jaw, 6 in

Varcusenius wilverthi,

Type (A. M.C.). 2.

lower; nostrils in posterior half of the snout, posterior a little lower
down than anterior, which is on a level with centre of eye; eye moderate,
3 to } length of snout or interorbital width. Dorsal 38-40, 12 to 1%
times length of anal, its length equalling its distance from head. Anal
25-27, originating below 12th or 13th ray of dorsal, a little nearer base
of ventral than base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, a little shorter than
head, 13 to 14 times length of ventral, extending a little beyond base
of latter. Caudal scaled in its basal two-thirds, with pointed lobes.

MARCUSENIUS.—STOMATORHINUS. 87

Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep, 4 length of head. 61-68
scales in lateral line, — in transverse series on body, ae in transverse
series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Yellowish.
Total length 260 millim.
Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Ad., one of the types. Matadi, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
2. Ad, ms Upoto, Upper Congo. re
3. Her. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

5. STOMATORHINUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 9 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 799,
and Poiss., Bass. Congo, p. 83 (1901).

Teeth in the jaws bicuspid (7-10 upper, 8-10 lower); minute conical
teeth on the parasphenoid and on the tongue; mouth inferior, in
advance of the eyes. Nostrils widely separated, superposed, the lower
(posterior) close to the mouth. Body short; ventral fins nearer the
pectorals than the anal. Dorsal and anal fins subequal in length.
Vertebre 39 (144-26).

Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Caudal peduncle 3} times as long as deep, # to 3 length of head.

L. 1. 52-55 ; 16 scales round caudal peduncle ;
depth of body 3-34 times in total length . 1. S. puneticulatus, Blgr., p. 88.

Il. Caudal peduncle 2} times as long as deep, 3 to 2 length of head.
L. 1. 50-53; 16 scales round caudal peduncle ;
depth of body 34-32 times in total length. 2. S. walkeri, Gthr., p. 88.
L. 1. 51-53; 14-16 scales round caudal
peduncle; depth of body 43-5 times in
totallength . 2. 2. 6 1 ee ew 8. SS humilior, Blgr., p. 89.

III. Uaudal peduncle twice as long as deep, $ length of head.

L. 1. 48; 12 scales round caudal peduncle ;
depth of body 84 times in total length. . 4, S. corneti, Blgr., p. 90.

L. 1. 54-60; 20-22 scales round caudal

peduncle ; depth of body 33-4} times in

totallength . . 6 6 1 + + ee + 5s SS polylepis, Blyr.y p. 91.
L. 1. 48-53; 16-18 scales round caudal

peduncle ; depth of body 4-4} times in

total length » » » « 9 «= * * 6. S. microps, Bigr., p. 92.

88 MORMYRIDZ.

1. STOMATORHINUS PUNCTICULATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 69, pl. xxxi. fig. 3 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 84 (1901).

Depth of body 3 to 34 times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Head hardly longer than deep; snout rounded, strongly projecting
beyond mouth, 2 length of head; mouth small, its width 5 times in
length of head; 7 teeth in upper jaw, 8 in lower; eye very small, 4+

Stomatorhinus puncticulatus.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

length of snout, 1 interorbital width. Dor-al 17-18, a little more than
1 as long as its distance from head. Anal 21-22, 7th ray corresponding
to Ist of dorsal, slightly nearer base of ventral than base of caudal.
Pectoral pointed, slightly shorter than head, twice length of ventral,
reaching nearly extremity of latter. Caudal with long, obtusely pointed
lobes. Caudal peduncle 34 times as long as deep, $ to $ length of head.

52-55 scales in lateral line, aa in transverse series on body, ay in trans-
verse series between dorsal and anal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Purplish
brown, dotted all over with blackish; dorsal and anal fins darker in
front.

Total length $7 mil.im.

Lower Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.,

1. One of the types. Boma. M. P. Delhez (C.).
2. Ad. Loango. M. De Meuse (C.).

2. STOMATORHINUS WALKERI.
Mormyrus walkeri, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 116, pl. iii. fig. C.
Petrocephalus affinis, Sauv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) iii. 1878, p. 101.
Mormyrus affinis, Sauy. N. Arch, Mus. (2) ill. 1880, p. 52, pl. ii. fig. 2; Giinth.
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 283.
Stomatorhinus walkeri, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Suc. 1898, p. 799.

Depth of body 3} to 33 times in total length, length of head 33 times.

STOMATORHINUS. 89

Head once and jas long as deep; snout rounded, projecting beyond
mouth, 7 length of head; mouth small, its width + length of head;
10 teeth in either jaw; eye moderate, 2 length of snout, 4+ interorbital
width. Dorsal 19-20, a little more than } as long as its distance from
head. Anal 23-25, a little nearer base of caudal than base of ventral,

Stomatorhinus walkeri.
Type, after Giinther (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1867).

originating a little in advance of dorsal. Pectoral pointed, about 3 length
of head, 12 times length of ventral, extending beyond base of latter.
Caudal with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle 2} times as long as deep,
2 length of head. 50-53 scales in lateral line, a in transverse series
on body, a in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 16 round caudal

peduncle. Brown.
Total length 90 millim.

Ogowe.
1-2. Types. Gaboon.
3. Ad. Talagouga, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).

3. STOMATORHINUS HUMILIOR.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 70, pl. xxxi. fig. 4 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 84 (1901).

Depth of body 44 to 5 times in total length, length of head 33 to 4
times. Head once and } as long as deep; snout vertically truncate,
not extending beyond mouth, 4 length of head; mouth small, its width
1 length of head; 7 teeth in upper jaw, 8 in lower; eye small, } length
of snout, 4 interorbital width. Dorsal 18-19, its length a little more
than half its distance from head. Anal 20-22, 4th or 5th ray below Ist
of dorsal, equally distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal.

90 MORMYRIDZ.

Pectoral obtusely pointed, 3 to 3 length of head, once and % length of
ventral, reaching middle of latter. Caudal with obtusely pointed lobes.

Stomatorhinus humilior.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

°

Caudal peduncle twice and } as long as deep, 3 length of head. 651-53

scales in lateral line, ave in transverse series on body, a in transverse
series between dorsal and anal, 14-16 round caudal peduncle. Dark
purplish brown, lighter beneath ; head with light dots.

Total length 80 millim.

Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, ‘Tervueren.

1. Hgr., one of the types. Coquilhatville. M. P. Delhez (C.).

4, STOMATORHINUS CORNETI.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. 1. p. 71, pl. xxxi. fig. 5 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 85 (1901).
Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 5} times in total
length. Head once and 5 as long as deep; snout vertically truncate,
uot projecting beyond mouth, $ length of head; mouth small, its width

Stomatorhinus corneti.

Type (A. M.C.) 4.

length of head; 9 teeth in upper jaw, 10 in lower; eye very small,
length of snout. Dorsal 17, its length 2 its distance from head.
Anal 20, 4th ray below Ist of dorsal. Pectoral obtusely pointed, 3 length

of head, once and 3 length of ventral, reaching middle of latter. Caudal

ool Ale

STOMATORHINUS. 91

with rounded lobes, Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep, 4 length
of head. 48 scales in lateral line, £ in transverse series on body, 4 in
transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle.
Brown above, whitish beneath ; fins colourless.

Total length 100 millim.

Congo (Stanley Pool).—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

5. STOMATORHINUS POLYLEPIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 71, pl. xxxi. fig. 6 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 86 (1901).

Depth of body 33 to 43 times as long as deep, length of head 34 to 4
times. Head 14 to 1} timesas long as deep; snout rounded, projecting
a little beyond mouth, 4 to } length of head; mouth small, its width 4
to {length of head; 7 teeth in upper jaw, 8 in lower; eye very small,
2 to } length of head, 4 interorbital width. Dorsal 18-19, its length
once and 2 in its distance from head. Anal 20-23, 4th or 5th ray below
Ist of dorsal, a little nearer base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral
obtusely pointed, 3 to # length of head, 13 to 2 times length of ventral,

Fig. 74.
Sond

Stomatorhinus polylepis.
Type (A.M.C.). 4.

extending more or less beyond base of latter. Caudal with rounded
lobes. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep, ¥ length of head. 54—
9-10 10-11

60 scales in lateral line, 5, in transverse series on body, joai 12 trans-

verse series between dorsal and anal, 20-22 round caudal peduncle.
Dark purplish brown, lighter beneath ; fins grey.

Total length 110 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1-2. Two of the types. Coquilhatville, Upper Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).

92 MORMYRID£.

6. STOMATORHINUS MICROPS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 9, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 800, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 87 (1901).

Depth of body 4 to 44 times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Head 12 to 1} times as long as deep ; snout rounded, strongly projecting
beyond mouth, + to 2 length of head; mouth small, its width % to 5
length of head; 7 teeth in upper jaw, 8 in lower; eye extremely
small. Dorsal 18-20, about + as long as its distance from head.

Anal 20-22, nearer base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral

Fig. 75.

Stomatorhinus microps.

Type (A. M.C). 4

obtusely pointed, } length of head, 13 times length of ventral, extending
beyond base of latter. Caudal with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle
twice as long as deep, about 5 length of head. 48-53 scales in lateral
line, cee in transverse series on body, = in a transverse series between
dorsal and aual, 16-18 round caudal peduncle. Colourless.

Total length 100 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1-3. Three of the types. Matadi. Capt. Wilverth (U.).
4. Skel. . 55

5. One of the types. Leopoldville. é

6-8. Ad. & hgr. Stanley Falls. M. De Meuse (C.),

6. MYOMYRUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 9 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 800,
and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 88 (1901).

5 or 6 conical teeth in the upper jaw, 6 compressed teeth in the lower
jaw, median pair very large and incisor-like ; mouth inferior, anterior to
the eyes. Nostrils moderately far apart, distant from the eye. Body
short; ventrals nearer pectorals than anal. Dorsal much longer than
anal. Vertebre 50 (144+4+432).

Congo.

MYOMYRUS. 93

1. MYOMYRUS MACRODON.
Bouleng. ll. ce. p. 10, pl. vii. fig. 1, p. 800, and p. 89.

Depth of body nearly equal tv length of head, 4 to 42 times in total
length. Head 1g to 1} times as long as deep, with slightly concave
upper profile; snout short, } to # length of head, strongly projecting
beyond mouth ; mouth small, its width + to } length of head; nostrils
below level of eye, nearer end of snout than eye ; eye very small, } to 4
interorbital width. Dorsal 38-42, as long as or slightly longer than its

Myomyrus macrodon.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

distance from end of snout. Anal 26-30, originating below 13th to 16th
ray of dorsal, a little nearer base of caudal than base of ventral.
Pectoral obtusely pointed, 2 to ? length of head, 13 to 14 times length
of ventral, reaching base of latter. Caudal scaled, with rounded lobes.
Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep, 2 length of head. 88-93 scales
in lateral line, pee in transverse series on body, a in transverse series
between dorsal and anal, 16-20 round caudal peduncle. Pale brownish
above, whitish below.

Total length 340 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Hgr., one of the types. Matadi, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

2. Her. Boma, ss M. P. Delhez (C.).
3. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
4. Yg. Lindi R., Upper Congo. M. M. Storms (0.) ;

Brussels Museum (E.).

94 MORMYRID&,

7. GNATHONEMUS.

Mormyrus, part., Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 522 (1766) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 214
(1866).

Mormyrops, part., Marcusen, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xii. 1854, p. 14, and Mém. Ac.
St. Peétersb. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4, p. 113.

Gnathonemus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 443; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 801, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 89 (1901); Pappenh. Mitth. Zool.
Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 352; Boulene. Fish. Nile, p. 48 (1907).

Campylomormyrus, Bleek. Versl. Ak. Amsterd. (2) viii. 1874, p. 367; Pappenh.
t. c. p. 357,

Teeth in the jaws small, conical, truncate, or notched (3-10 upper,
4-10 lower); minute conical teeth on the parasphenoid and on the
tongue ; mouth terminal. Nostrils moderately far apart, remote from
the eye. Body moderately elongate; ventral fins equally distant from
the pectorals and from the anal, or nearer the former. Dorsal and anal
fins not very unequalin length. Vertebre 44-49 (10-14 +4-8 + 27-30).

Nile and Tropical Africa,

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Snout shorter than postocular part of head.
A. Anal originating in advance of dorsal.
1. Teeth notched or bicuspid.
a. 8 scales round caudal peduncle, which is 24-3 times as long as deep.
a. A globular mental swelling.
D. 20-25; A. 25-33; L. 1 48-49; depth
of body 3-32 times in total length ;
pectoral reaching beyond base of ventral. 1. G. moorit, Gthr., p. 95.
D, 23-24; A. 26-28 ; L.1. 44-45 ; depth of
body 33~4 times in total length ; pectoral
just reaching base of ventral . . . «2. G. lambouri, Pellegr., p. 97.
D. 27-28; A. 33; L.1. 49-54; depth of
body 4 times in total length ; pectoral
reaching beyond base of ventral. . . 3. G. schilthuisiv, Blgr., p. 98.
8. A long, cylindrical, tapering mental appendage.
D. 27-29; A. 34-36; L. 1. 63-70; depth
of body 33-43 times in total length. . 4. G. petersii, Gthr., p. 99.
b. 10-12 scales round caudal peduncle.
a. Caudal peduncle not twice and 4 as long as deep.
* A long, cylindrical, tapering mental appendage.
D. 22-25; A. 28-30; L. 1]. 58-64; depth
of body 4-42 times in total length . . 5. G. Tongibarbis, Hilg., p. 100.

OOS

GNATHONEMUS. 95

** No mental appendage.
. 17-20; A. 25-28; L.1. 51-58; depth
of body 3-38 times in total length. . 6. G. niger, Gthr., p. 101.
. 24-25; A. 30-81; L. 1. 55-60; depth
of body 3}—4 times in total length . . 7. @. leopoldianus, Blgr., p. 102.
8. Candal peduncle 24-3 times as long as deep.
* Depth of body 5-5} times in total length.
©1399 AsdLy dah BO es we 4 ee w GGL fateh, Pellear., p, 103.
223% A, Oty L158 6 ws ke we me ce OG bentley, Bler., p. 103.
** Depth of body 3-4 times in total length.
. 21-24; A. 28-31; L.1. 62-65. . . . 10. G. liningstonii, Bler., p. 104.
126; Add; TLL 5S 6 cw a se ws LLG. teperit, Pellegr., p. 105.
. 28-33; A. 36-43; L. 1. 75-80; a round
or oval mental appendage . . . . . 12. G. monteiri, Gthr., p. 105.

y- Caudal peduncle 4 times as long as deep.

D. 29-33 ; A. 36; L. 1. 84-85. . . . . 13. G. mento, Blgr., p. 106. _

2. Teeth conical ; depth of body 3-4 times in total length ; caudal peduncle
2-3 times as long as deep,
a. 12 scales round caudal peduncle.

D. 28-32 ; A.35-40 ; L.1. 70-85 ; pectoral

extending beyond root of ventral . . 14. G. stanleyanus, Blgr., p. 107.

D, 25-28 ; A. 30-36; L. 1.68-72; pectoral

not extending beyond root of ventral . 15. G. senegalensis, Stdr., p. 108.

D. 24-26; A. 29-33; L.1. 56-60; mental

swelling feeble . . . . . « . «16. G. angolensis, Blgr., p. 109.
b. 14-16 (rarely 12 or 18) scales round caudal peduncle.

D. 25-30; A. 30-37; L. 1. 70-86 . . . 17. G. cyprinoides, L., p.110.
D. 23-25 ; A. 28-32; L. 1 50-69 . . . 18. G. macrolepidotus, Peters, p. 112.

B. Dorsal and anal originating in the same vertical, 31-33 ; depth of body
about 3} times in total length.
]. 78 ; caudal peduncle 3 times as long as
deep, 12 scales round it . . . . . 19. G. pictus, Marcus., p. 113.
. 1.85 ; caudal peduncle 4 times as long as
deep, 14 scales round it . . . . . 20. G. gilli, Blgr., p. 114.

C. Dorsal originating in advance of anal ; depth of body 34-32 times in total

length.
1. D. 28-29; A. 27-30.

L. 1. 42-43; caudal peduncle 4 times as
long as deep, 8 scales roundit . . . 21. G. kutuensis, Blgr., p. 115.
L. 1.55; caudal peduncle twice as long as

deep, 12 seales round it . . . . . 22. G. ussheri, Gthr., p. 116.

96 MORMYRID4.

2. D. 31-36; A. 29-34 ; caudal peduncle 3} to 4 times as long as deep.
L.1. 72-80; 12 scales round caudal peduncle. 23. G. greshogfi, Schilth., p. 117.
L. 1. 98 ; 16 scales round caudal peduncle . 24. G. abadit, Blgr., p. 118.

II. Snout much longer than postorbital part of head, produced into a tube, with
a mental appendage or barbel ; anal orig inating in advance of dorsal.

A. 10-12 scales round caudal peduncle ; L. 1. 70-80.
D. 26-30; A. 29-34; least depth of snout

4-5 times in its length ; mental ap-

pendage about as long aseye. . « - 20. G. tamandua, Gthr., p. 118.
D. 34; A. 35; least depth of snout 3 times

in its length ; mental appendage # length

of snout. . . . . . » 26. G. mirus, Blgr., p. 119.
D. 31-35 ; A. 33-37 ; on date of snout 3-4

times in its length; mental appendage

about aslongaseye. . . . . + « 27. G, elephas, Blgr., p. 120.

B. 16-18 scales round caudal peduncle ; D. 27-34; A. 29-37; L. 1. 75-90.
Snout strongly curved, its least depth 5-7

times in its length; caudal peduncle

3-3} times as long as deep . . . 28. G. rhynchophorus, Blgr., p. 121.
Snout strongly curved, its least depth s 10

times in its length ; caudal eel 3

times as longasdeep . . . . 29. G. ibis, Blgr., p. 122.
Snout strongly curved, its least ica 12

times in its length; caudal peduncle 4

timesaslongasdeep .. . . 30. G. curvirostris, Blgr., p. 123.
Snout feebly curved, its least depth 20 times

in its length in the adult; caudal

peduncle 3 times as long asdeep . . 31. G. numenius, Blgr., p. 124.

1. GNATHONEMUS MOORII.

Mormyrus moorti, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 116.

Mormyrus lepturus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 670, pl. Ixix. fig. B, and Ann.
& Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 280.

Mormyrus grandisquamis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1876, p. 250, pl. —. fig. 3;
Schilth. Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver. (2) iii. 1891, p. 84.

Gnathonemus moorii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 803, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 94 (1901) ; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 354.

Depth of body 3 to 32 times in total length, length of head 4 to 5

times. Head as long as deep or slightly longer than deep, with curved

upper profile; snout short, about } length of head; a globular dermal

swelling on the chin; teeth seat notched, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower ;

eye moderate, $ to # length of snout, about 4 interorbital width.

GNATHONEMUS. 7

Dorsal 20-25, originating above 4th to 6th ray of anal, its length 2 to
23 times in its distance from head. Anal 25-33, equally distant from
base of ventral and base of caudal, or nearer latter. Pectoral as long as
or slightly shorter than head, twice as long as ventral, extendivg beyond
base of latter. Caudal densely scaled in its anterior third, with pointed
lobes. Caudal peduncle 25 to 3 times as long as deep, as long as or

Fig. 77.

Gnathonemus moorii.

Type of J/, lepturus, atter Giinther (P. Z. 8. 1871).

a little shorter than head. 438-49 scales in lateral line, a in trans.

verse series on body, Z in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 8
round caudal peduncle. Brownish, with a dark brown vertical band

from autcrior rays of dorsal to anterior rays of anal, sometimes followed
by a second.
Total Jength 200 millim,
Cameroon, Gaboon, Congo.—Type, from Ogowe (in Liverpool
Museum), examined.
1-2. Ad. Kribi R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
3-9. Ad., hgr.,& yg. JaR.atBitye, ,, 4
10-11. Yg. (Types Gaboon.
of AL. lepturus.)

12. Her. 93

13. Ad. Eloby, Gaboon.

14-16. Ad. Talagouga, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
17-18. Yg. Masoma R., Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
19-20. Her. Sette Cama, Gaboon.

21-22, Ad. Boma, Lower Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).

2, GNATHONEMUS LAMBOURLI.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 439.

Depth of body 34 to 4 times in total length, length of head 4 to 42

times. Head a little longer than deep, with feebly curved upper profile ;

VOL. I. ul

98 MORMYRID®.

snout short, about 3 length of head; mouth on a level with lower border
of eye; a globular dermal swelling on the chin; teeth notched, 3 or 5
in upper jaw, 5 or 6 in lower; eye moderate, a little shorter than snout,
4 interorbital width. Dorsal 23-24, its length 12 to 2 times in its
distance from head. Anal 26-28, originating in advance of dorsal.
Pectoral a little shorter than head, just reaching origin of ventral.
Caudal scaled at the base, with long pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 24
to 3 times as long as deep. 44-45 scales in lateral line, mo
verse series on body, : in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 8
round caudal peduncle. Olive-brown, with darker longitudinal lines
along the series of scales; a black vertical band from anterior rays of

in trans-

dorsal to anterior rays of anal.
Total length 150 millim.
Alima R., Upper Congo.—Types in Paris Museum.

3. GNATHONEMUS SCHILTHUISLA.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 73, pl. xxxiii. fig. 4 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 95 (1901).

Depth of body 4 timesin total length, length of head 41 times. Head
scarcely longer than deep, with strongly curved upper profile ; length of
snout 43 times in length of head; chin with a moderately developed
globular swelling ; teeth deeply notched, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower;

Fig. 78.

Gnathonemus schilthuisie.

Type (A. M.C.). 3,

eye rather large, as long as snout, 3 interorbital width. Dorsal 27-28,

originating above 4th ray of anal, its length a little less than 2 its

distance from head. Anal 33. Pectoral pointed, a little shorter than

head, twice as long as ventral, reaching beyond base of latter. Caudal

scaled at the base, with long pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times
8

as long as deep, } length of head. 49-54 scales in lateral line, 5 in

. 8. .
transverse series on body, 3 in transverse series between dorsal and anal,

GNATHONEMUS. 99

8 round caudal peduncle. Brown, darker on head and caudal peduncle,
a blackish vertical band from anterior rays of dorsal to anal; fins
blackish.

Total length 85 millim.

Upper Congo (Stanley Pool and L. Leopold II.).—Type in Congo
Museum, Tervueren.

4. GNATHONEMUS PETERSII.

Mormyrus petersii, Giinth. Arch. f. Nat. 1862, p. 64, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 22,
pl. ii. fig. 2, and Cat. Fish. vi. p. 218 (1866).

Gnathonemus petersii, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 444; Bouleng. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1898, p. 808, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 99 (1901) ; Pappenh, Mitth.
Zool. Mus. Berl. iti. 1907, p. 355.

Depth of body 33 to 44 times in total length, length of head 43 to 43
times. Head 14 to 14 times as long as deep, upper profile descending
in a straight or slightly convex line ; snout 3 length of head ; lower jaw
with a cylindrical, tapering dermal appendage, as long as or a little

Fig, 79.

yy

Gnathonemus petersi a
Type, after Giinther (P. Z. 8. 1864). 3.

longer than the snout and directed forwards ; teeth very small, notched,
3 or 5 in upper jaw, 5 or 6 in lower; eye moderate, about 4 or ? length

of snout, 2 to 4 interorbital width. Dorsal 27-29, originating above

10th to 12th ray of anal, its length nearly twice in its distance from
head. Anal 34—36, nearer base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral

pointed, 3 to $ as long as head, twice as long as ventral, extending
beyond base of latter. Caudal scaled, with long, pointed lobes. Caudal

peduncle 3 times as long as deep, 2 to 3 length of head. 63-70 scales

: wo PRIS Spe ef 10-11 = : .
in lateral line, jj, 10 transverse series on body, ;5-;; in transverse series
H 2

100 MORMYRID.-E.

between dorsal and anal, 8 round caudal peduncle. Dark brown, with
two lighter vertical bars between dorsal and anal.

Total length 230 millim.

Niger, Old Calabar, Cameroon, Congo.

1-2. Ye. Ovuta, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
3. Her, type. Old Calabar. Dr. A. Giinther (P.).
4-6. Ad. & yg. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rey. J. H. Weeks (P.).
7-8. Ad. Stanley Falls. Rey. W. H. Bentley (C.).
9. Ad. 3 M. De Meuse ((.).

10. Yg. Banzy ville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

5. GNATHONEMUS LONGIBARBIS.
Mormyrus petersti (non Giinth. 1862), Giinth. Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 256 (1869),
Mormyrus longibarbis, Hilgend. Sitzb. Ges. nat. Fr. Berlin, 1888, p. 78.
Gnathonemus longihbarbis, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 802 ; Pappenh. Mitth.
Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 256, pl. xii. fig. 1; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 55,
fig., pl. x. fig. 2 (1907).
Depth of body 4 to 43 times in total length, length of head 44 to 44
times. Head longer than deep, with feebly curved upper profile; snout
about } length of postccular part of head, 24 to 24 times diameter .of
eye, about 4 interorbital width ; chin with a long, cylindrical, pointed

Fig. 80.

trathonemus lonyibarhis,

Buganga (F.N.). 4.

dermal appendage, as long as or a little longer than snout, directed
forwards ; teeth small, notched, 3 or 5 in upper jaw, 4 or 6 in lower.
Dorsal 22-25, its length about 4 or 2 its distance from head and equal
to or a little greater than its distance from caudal, Anal 28-31,
originating a little in advance of dorsal, its distance from ventral a little

GNATHONEMUS. 101

greater than that from caudal. Pectoral obtusely pointed, about 2 length
of head and extending to base of ventral, which is only about half as long.
Caudal nearly entirely scaled, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 2 to
$ length of head, 2 or 24 times as long as deep. 58-64 scales in lateral

line, = in transverse series on body, na
dorsal and anal, 10 or 12 round caudal peduncle. Uniform blackish
brown, lower side of head sometimes whitish.

Total length 200 millim.

Lake Victoria.a—'Type in Berlin Museum.

1-7. Ad. Buganga. Mr. E. Degen (C.).

in transverse series between

6. GNATHONEMUS NIGER.
Mormyrus niger, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 219 (1866).
Gnathonemus niger, Bculeng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 802, and Fish. Nile, p. 57,
pl. ix te. 8. (2907 ),

Depth of body 34 to 33 times in total length, length of head 43 to 5 times.
Head as long as deep, with convex upper profile ; snout very short, ¢ to
+ length of head; no mental swelling ; teeth small, notched, 5 in upper
jaw, 8 or 10 in lower; eye rather small, slightly shorter than the snout,

CGnathonemus niger.

White Nile (IF. N.). 4.

4 to 3 interorbital width. Dorsal 17-20, originating above 8th to 10th
ray of anal, its length 2 to 23 times in its distance from head. Anal
25-28, nearer base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral pointed, a
little longer than head, at least twice as long as ventral, extending
almost to extremity of latter. Caudal densely scaled in its basal third,
with obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle about twice as long as

102 MORMYRID.X.

deep, 2 to length of head. 51-58 scales in lateral line, = in trans-
verse series on body, in transverse series between dorsal and anal,
12 round caudal peduncle. Blackish brown above, sides silvery, speckled
with dark brown.

Total length 125 millim.

White Nile, Gambia, Niger.

1. Type. Gambia. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
2. Type. Niger. ”

3-4. Ad. W. Africa.

5-8. Ad. Fashoda, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

9, Skel. - -
10-13. Ad. Polkom, Baro R. (Sobat). Mr. P. C. Zaplhiro (C.);

W.N. McMillan, Esq.(P.).

7. GNATHONEMUS LEOPOLDIANUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 72, pl. xxxiii. fig. 3 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 91 (1901).

Depth of body 34 to 4 times in total length, length of head 44 to 44
times. Head a little longer than deep, upper profile declivous and
feebly convex ; snout a little more than 4 length of head; teeth notched,
6 or 8 in upper jaw, 10 in lower; chin scarcely swollen; eye moderately

Tig. $2.

Gnathonemus leopoldianus.

Type (A.M.C). 4

2°

large, not more than 4 length of snout, 2 interucular width. Dorsal
24-25, originating above 5th or 6th ray of anal, its length 3, or a little
less than 4, its distance from head. Anal 30-31, nearer base of caudal

than base of ventral. Pectoral pointed, a little shorter than head, twice

GNATHONEMUS., 163

as long as ventral, extending beyond base of latter. Caudal scaled in its
basal half, with long, pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle twice as long as
deep, 3 to 3 length of head. 55-60 scales in lateral line, oa in trans-
verse series on body, = in transverse series between dorsal and anal,
12 round caudal peduncle. Uniform blackish.

Total length 270 millim.

Lake Leopold II., Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Thali. M. P. Delhez (C.).

8. GNATHONEMUS FRITELI.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 440.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 53 times in total length.
Head longer than deep; snout a little more than 4 length of head ;
teeth strongly notched, 4 in upper jaw, 5 in lower; chin with a globular
swelling ; eye half length of snout, 3 interorbital width. Dorsal 19,
originating above 12th ray of anal, its length nearly 4 its distance from
head. Anal 31. Pectoral rounded, ? length of head, not reaching base
of ventral. Caudal scaled at the base, with rounded lobes. Caudal
peduncle 24 times as long as deep. 69 scales in lateral line, 4 in trans-
verse series on body, ; in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12
round caudal peduncle. Uniform brownish.

Total length 155 millim.

Alima R., Congo.—Type in Paris Museum.

9, GNATHONEMUS BENTLEYI.
Mormyrus bentleyi, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xx. 1897, p. 426,
Gnathonemus bentleyi, Bouleng. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 804, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 92 (1901).

Depth of body equal to length of head, 5 times in total length. Head
once and } as long as deep, upper profile slightly concave above the eye ;
snout + length of head; teeth notched, 7 in upper jaw, 10 in lower;
chin strongly swollen; eye moderate, 4 length of snout, 2 interorbital
width. Dorsal 23, originating above 5th ray of anal, its length twice in
its distance from head. Anal 34, nearer base of caudal than base of
ventral. Pectoral pointed, almost as long as head, nearly twice as long
as ventral, extending beyond base of latter. Caudal densely scaled, with
pointed lobes, Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep, almost as long

104 MORMYRID.-E.

. . Ds . 8.
as head. 58 scales in lateral line, ;; in transverse series on body, jj in

transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle.

Dark olive.

Gnathonenus bentley?.

Type. ¢.
Total length 270 millim.
Upper Congo.
1. Type. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).

10. GNATHONEMUS LIVINGSTONII.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 803 ; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii.
1907, p. 353.
Depth of body 3% times in total length, length of head 43 times.
Head nearly as long as deep, with curved upper profile; snout 7 length

Gnathonemus livingstonii.

Type.

of head ; chin with a globular dermal appendage; teeth bicuspid, 5 in
upper jaw, 6 in lower; eye small, $ length of snout, 2 interorbital width.
Dorsal 21-24, originating above 10th ray of anal, its length 24 times in
its distance from head. Anal 28-31, equally distant from base of
ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral obtusely pointed, # length

GNATHONEMUS, 105

of head, twice length of ventral, reaching a little beyond base of latter.
Caudal with obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long
as deep, a little shorter than head. 62-65 scales in lateral line, 3 in
transverse series on body, . in transverse series between dorsal anil
anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, brownish on the back; a
dark brown vertical bar on the body below origin of dorsal.

Total length 83 millim.

Rovuma River, East Africa.

1. Yg., type. Royuma R, Dr. C. Livingstone (P.).

11. GNATHONEMUS BRUYERII.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 441.

Depth of body 83 times in total length, length of head 5 times.
Head scarcely longer than deep, with curved upper profile; snout a
little less than 3 length of head; teeth notched, 5 in both jaws; chin
with a globular swelling; eye 3 length of snout, 4 interorbital width.
Dorsal 26, originating slightly further back than anal. Anal 33.
Pectoral pointed, as long as head, twice as long as ventral, extending
beyond base of latter. Caudal scaled at the base, with pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle 24 times as long as deep. 55 scales in lateral line,
iz in transverse series on body, i in trausverse series between dorsal and
anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, darker on the back; traces
of a dark vertical band between origin of dorsal and anal.

Total length 110 millim.

Ivory Coast.—Type in Paris Museum.

12. GNATHONEMUS MONTEIRI.
Mormyrus monteiri, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xii. 1873, p. 144.
Gnathonemus monteiri, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 807, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 98 (1901).

Depth of body 34 to 4 times in total length, length of head 43 to
5 times. Head 14 to 14 times as long as deep, upper profile descending
in a straight or slightly concave line ; snout 3 to 3 length of head; lower
jaw with a roundish or oval, depressed dermal appendage about as long
as eye; teeth notched, 5 to 10 in upper jaw, 6 to 10 in lower; eye
moderate, 3 to 3 length of snout, 4 to } interorbital width. Dorsal
28-83, originating above 10th to 14th ray of anal, its length about twice

106 MORMYRID&.

in its distance from head. Anal 36-43, equally distant from base of
ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, ? to # length of head,
more than twice as long as ventral, extending beyond base of latter.
Caudal scaled, with long pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times
as long as deep, 2 to 2 length of head. 75-80 scales in lateral line,
ee in transverse series on body, — in transverse series between

dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Uniform silvery.

Gnathonemus monteiri.

Type. 3.

Total length 450 millim.

Congo, Lake Bangwelu.
1-3. Her., types. Boma, Lower Congo. J.J. Monteiro, Esq. (C.).
4. Ad. is = M. P. Delhez (C.).
5. Skel. eB 7 y
6-7. Ad. Irebu, Upper Congo. 3
&. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
9-10. Ad. L. Bangwelu. F. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).

18. GNATHONEMUS MENTO.

Mormyrus mento, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) vi. 1890, p.193 ; Steind. Notes
Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 72.

Gnathonemus mento, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p- 807.

Depth of body 33 times in total length, length of head 5 times. Head
as long as deep, with strongly curved upper profile; snout 3%5 length of
head; a strong mental swelling; teeth notched, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in
lower; eye moderate, } length of snout, about 2 interorbital width.
Dorsal 29-33, originating above 9th ray of anal, its length twice in its
distance from head. Anal 36, equally distant from base of ventral and

GNATHONEMUS. 107

from base of caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, 13 times
length of ventral, extending a little beyond base of latter. Caudal
scaled in its basal half, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle nearly
4 times as long as deep, as long as head. 84-85 scales in lateral line,
a in transverse series on body, ® in transverse series between dorsal and
anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, with fine brown dots, which
are very crowded on the head and the dorsal and ventral lines.

Fig. 86.

Gnathonemus mento.

Type. 32.

Total length 190 millim.
Gaboon, Liberia.

1. Type. Gaboon.

14. GNATHONEMUS STANLEYANUS.
Mormyrus stanleyanus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xx. 1897, p. 266,
Gnathonemus stanleyanus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 806, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 97 (1901).

Ginathonemus senegalensis (non Steind.), Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 512.

Depth of body 3} to 4$ times in total length, length of head 44 to
5 times. Head not or but slightly longer than deep, with feebly curved,
declivous upper profile ; snout 7 to 3 length of head; teeth conical or
truncate, 5 or 7 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; a globular mental appendage,
as long as eye or a little shorter; eye about 2 length of snout, 3 to 3
interorbital width. Dorsal 28-32, originating above 7th to 13th ray of
anal, 4 to 3 its distance from head, Anal 35-40, nearer base of caudal
than base of ventral. Pectoral pointed, nearly as long as head, about
twice as long as ventral, extending beyond base of latter. Caudal partly

108 MORMYRIDZ.

covered with scales, with long pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 to

; da ee
34 times as long as deep, as long as head or a little shorter. 70-85
ue ee ce F 13-16 ;
scales in lateral line, 55-g5 in transverse series on body, jz-j5 11 transverse

series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Brown, or

brown above and silvery below.

Fig. 87.

Gnathonemus stanleyanus.

Type. 4.

Total length 400 millim.

Congo, Gambia.
1. Type. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).
2. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
3. Yg. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).
4, Ad. Matadi, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
5-6. Ad. Gambia. J. 8. Budvett, Esq. (P.).

15. GNATHONEMUS SENEGALENSIS.

Mormyrus senegalensis, Steind. Sitz. Ak. Wien, lxi. i. 1870, p. 551, pl. iv. fig. 1.
Gnathonemus senegalensis, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 806; Pappenh.
Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 855.

Depth of body 3 to 34 times in total length, length of head 43 to
5 times. Head as long as deep, with curved upper profile; snout
4 length of head, or a little less; teeth conical, 3 or 5 in upper jaw,
4 or 6 in lower; chin with a globular swelling or appendage; eye
moderate, § to $ length of snout, about 4 interorbital width. Dorsal
25-28, originating above 5th to 8th ray of anal, its length 4 its distance
from head, or a little less. Anal 30-36, nearer base of caudal than base
of ventral. Pectoral pointed, a little shorter than head, twice as long as
ventral, not extending beyond base of latter. Caudal scaled in its basal

GNATHONEMUS. 109

half, with long pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as

deep, a little shorter than head. 65-72 scales in lateral line, a in
: : 12-14. ‘ a

transverse series on body, 455 in transverse series between dorsal and

anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, brown or steel-blue on the
back.

Fig. 88.

Gnathonemus senegalensis.
Type, after Steindachner (J. ¢.). i.

Total length 210 millim,
Senegal, ‘Togoland.—Types in Vienna Museum.

i, Her. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
2-9. Ad. & her. Kaédi, = 5
10. Skel. ” ” ”

16. GNATHONEMUS ANGOLENSIS.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xv. 1905, p. 458.

Depth of body 34 to 33 times in total length, length of head 44 to
5 times. Head as long as deep, with curved upper profile; snout
4 length of head; teeth conical, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; a feeble
mental swelling; eye moderate, a little shorter than snout, 2 interorbital
width. Dorsal 24-26, originating above 6th to 8th ray of anal, its
length 24 to 24 times in its distance from head. Anal 29-33, nearer
base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral pointed, a little shorter
than head, twice as long as ventral, extending a little beyond base of
latter. Caudal scaled in its basal two-thirds, with pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle 24 times as long as deep, { length of head. 66-60

2 - 10-12. : 8-10 -
scales in lateral line, jg; in transverse series on body, ,73 in transverse

110 MORMYRID.

series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Brown
above, silvery white beneath ; a few irregular dark brown blotches may
be present on the body; fins dark brown.

Z ae

Li)
i)
y
be

Gnathonemus angolensis.

Type.
Total length 135 millim.
Angola.
1. Type. Quanza R. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
2-4, Her. Cunene, Mossamedes. i

17. GNATHONEMUS CYPRINOIDES.

Mormyrus cyprinoides, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. ii. p. 109 (1764), and 8. N. i. p. 522
(1766) ; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 265 (1849); Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi.
p- 218 (1866), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 254 (1869).

Mormyrus salahie, Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 619 (1803).

Mormyrus labiatus, I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Poiss. p. 275, pl. vii. fig. 1 (1827) ;
Riipp. Fortsetz. Beschr. n. Fische Nil, p. 9, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1832).

Mormyrus elongatus, Riipp. 1. ¢. fig. 1.

Mormyrus abbreviatus, Cuv. & Val. t. ¢. p. 270.

Mormyrops cyprinoides, Marcusen, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xii. 1854, p. 14.

Mormyrops elongatus, Marcusen, |. c.

Mormyrops abbreviatus, Marcusen, 1. c.

Mormyrops labiatus, Marcusen, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4, p. 137.

Gnathonemus cyprinoides, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 805, Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p. 96 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 50, pl. vi. fig. 2 & pl. vii. fig. 3 (1907).

Depth of body 3 to 4 times in total length, length of head 4 to
53 times. Head slightly longer than deep, with curved upper profile;
snout about } length of head; mouth small, on a line with lower border
of eye; chin with a globular dermal appendage ; teeth minute, conical,

GNATHONEMUS. 11

5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; eye moderate, 4 to 3 length of snout, 2 to
% interorbital width. Dorsal 25-30, originating above 6th to 9th ray of
anal, its length 2 to 24 times in its distance from head. Anal 30-37,
equally distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal, or a
little nearer latter. Pectoral pointed, as long as head or a little
shorter, twice as long as ventral, reaching base of latter or beyond.
Caudal scaled in its basal $ or 3, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle

Gnathonemus cyprinoides.

Fayum (F.N.). 4.

21 to 3 times as long as deep, as long as head or a little shorter. 70-86

; ¢ > ERO 2 ‘ 12-18 .
scales in lateral line, ;,5; in transverse series on body, j54g in trans-

19-24
verse series between dorsal and anal, 16 (rarely 18) round caudal peduncle.
Silvery, back darker, bluish or greenish; some young specimens with
small blackish spots scattered on the body.
Total length 300 millim.
Nile, from the Delta to the Bahr-el-Gebel, Chad Basin, Niger, Upper

Congo.

1. Ad. (Type of Egypt. Dr. Riippell (C.).
MM, elongatus.)

2-3. Ad. & hgr. 3 i
4-5. Ad. Lower Nile. 8. 8. Allen, Esq. (P.).
6-7. Ad. ‘ 55 J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
8. Hgr. Kafr-el-Zayat, Rosetta Nile. _L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
9-10. Ad. Barrage N. of Cairo. 4

11-14. Ad. Cairo. “

15, Ad. Wasta, Lower Nile. a

16. Skel. Bs 55 y

17, Ad. Beni Souef, Lower Nile. 4

18. Ad. Between Beni Souef and Biba. F

112 MORMYRID.

19. Ad. Lahun, Fayum. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

20. Ad. Akhmim, Lower Nile. ”

21-30. Her. & yg. Near Luxor. 9

31-38. Ad. Assuan. ”

39. Ad. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
40. Her. Shederah, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
41-48. Her. Fashoda, 53 is

49, Ad. Tewfikyeh, ss yaad

50. Ad. Lake N.E. of Gondokoro. s

51. Ad. Jebba, Upper Niger. Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).
52. Yg. Agberi, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
53-54. Ad. & her. Niger. Mr. J.T. Dalton (C.).
55-57. Ad. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).

18. GNATHONEMUS MACROLEPIDOTUS.

Mormyrus macrolepidotus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 275 ; Giinth. Cat. Fish.
vi. p. 219 (1866) ; Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 79, pl. xv. fig. 1 (1868).
Mormyrops macrolepidotus, Mareusen, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersh. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4,

p. 142.
Gnathonemus macrolepidotus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 804, and Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 93 (1901) ; Pellegr. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, xvii. 1905,
p- 181; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 354; Bouleng. Fish.
Nile, p. 53, pl. x. fig. 1 (1907).
Depth of body 33 to 4 times in total length, length of head 43
to 5 times. Head nearly as long as deep, with curved upper profile ;

Fig. 91.

Gnathonemus macrolepidolus.
Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 2.

snout about 4 length of head; chin with a globular dermal appendage ;
teeth conical, 3 or 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; eye moderate, 3 to 2

GNATHONEMUS. 113

length of snout, $ to 2 interorbital width. Dorsal 23-25, originating
above 5th to 8th ray of anal, its length about 23 times in its distance from
head. Anal 28-32, a little nearer base of caudal than base of ventral.
Pectoral obtusely pointed, shorter than head, reaching base of ventral or
alittle beyond. Caudal scaled in basal half, with obtusely pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle 2 to 3 times as long as deep, nearly as long as head.
50-69 scales in lateral line, ae in transverse series on body, ae i
transverse series between dorsal and anal, 14 or 16 (rarely 12) round
caudal peduncle. Silvery, sometimes with black blotches.

Total length 250 millim. Reaches a length of 320 millim.

Zambesi, Katanga, Lake Bangwelu, Rovuma River.—Types in Berlin
Museum.

1. Ad. L. Bangwelu. F. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).
2. Yy. Kazungula, Upper Zambesi. Rev. L. Jalla (C.).

3-5. Ad. Kafue R., - T. Codrington, Esq. (P.).
6. Ye. Rovuma R. Dr. C. Livingstone (C.).

19. GNATHONEMUS PICTUS.

Mormyrus, sp. n., Heuglin, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ix. 1852, p. 920, pl. Ix. fig. 1.
Petrocephalus pictus, Mareusen, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vil. 1864, p. 153.
Gnuthonemus pictus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 88, and Fish.
Nile, p. 48, pl. vii. fig. 2 (1907).
Depth of body 34 times in total length, length of head 5 times.
Head as long as deep, with curved upper profile; snout } length of

Fig. 92.

Gnathonemus pictus.
Fashoda (FY. N.). 2.
head; teeth bicuspid, 5 in upper jaw, 6 in lower; a slight swelling
of the chin; eye rather large, equal to length of snout, ¢ interorbital
VOL. 1. I

114 MORMYRIDA.

width. Dorsal and anal fins equally developed and exactly opposed to
each other, former with 31 rays, latter with 33, equally distant from
caudal and from base of ventrals. Pectoral pointed, as long as head,
reaching beyond base of ventral, which is about half as long. Caudal
with pointed lobes, scaled on more than half its extent. Caudal
peduncle 3 times as long as deep, as long as head. 78 scales in lateral
line, is in transverse series on body, 2 between dorsal and anal, 12
round caudal peduncle. Brown or dark olive with yellowish bars, two
of which enclose a sort of blackish rhomb between the anterior rays
of the dorsal and those of the anal, which bear a black bar; a
black band on the pectoral and ventral and on each lobe of the
caudal.

Total length 140 millim.

White Nile-—Type in Vienna Museum.
1. Ad. Fashoda. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

20. GNATHONEMUS GILLI.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, i. p. 148, pl. vii. fig. 2.

Depth of body 83 times in total length, length of head 52 times.
Head slightly longer than deep, with curved upper profile; snout 4
length of head; chin with a globular dermal appendage; teeth conical,
3 in upper jaw, 4 in lower; eye a little shorter than snout, 2 interorbital

Fig. 93.

Gnathonemus gilli.
Type (P. Z.S. 1904), 3.

width. Dorsal 83, its origin corresponding to that of anal, its length
once and 3 in its distance from head. Anal 31, equally distant from
base of veutrals and from base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, as long as
head, once and $ as long as ventral, reaching beyond base of latter.
Caudal scaled in its basal half, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle

GNATHONEMUS. 115

4 times as long as deep, slightly longer than head. 85 scales in lateral
line, = in transverse series on body, os in transverse series between
dorsal and anal, 14 round caudal peduncle. Brown above, silvery white
beneath ; dorsal and anal fins greyish brown in front.

Total length 245 millim.

Niger.
1. Type. Assay, Lower Niger. J. S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

21. GNATHONEMUS KUTUENSIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 74, pl. xxxiii. fig. 5 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 101 (1901).

Depth of body 34 to 34 times in total length, length of head 5 to
53 times. Head scarcely longer than deep, with strongly curved upper
profile; snout } length of head; teeth feebly notched, 6 in upper jaw,
6 in lower; a globular mental swelling; eye rather large, as long as
snout, 3 interorbital width. Dorsal 29, its length nearly as great as its
distance from head. Anal 27-29, originating under 4th to 6th ray
of dorsal. Pectoral pointed, a little longer than head, twice as long as

ventral, reaching nearly extremity of latter. Caudal scaled in its basal

Fig. 94.

Gnathonemus kutuensis.

Type (A.M. C.). 3.

half, with long pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 4 times as long as
deep, as long as head. 42-43 scales in lateral line, i in transverse
series on body, ee in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 8 round
caudal peduncle. Brown, darker in front; a dark brown vertical band
between origin of dorsal and origin of anal; anterior two-thirds of
caudal peduncle dark brown.

Total length 100 millim.

Congo (Lake Leopold II. and Alima River).—Type in Congo Museum,

Tervueren.
12

116 MORMYRID-E.

22, GNATHONEMUS USSHERI.

Mormyrus ussheri, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 116 ; Steind. Notes
Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 71.
Gnathonemus ussheri, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 808. -

Depth of body 34 times in total length, length of head 45 times.
Head a little longer than deep, with curved upper profile; snout
2 length of head; a globular mental swelling; teeth notched, 5 in
upper jaw, 6 in lower; eye moderate, 3 length of snout or interorbital
width. Dorsal 27-28, originating very slightly in advance of anal, its

(REEL
ACA (\/ ong 1G a
BA CUI Lil h
( AMA

Gnathonemus ussheri.

Type. 3.

length a little less than twice in its distance from head. Anal 30-32,
equally distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral
pointed, as long as head, twice as long as ventral, extending beyond
base of latter. Caudal scaled in its anterior half, with pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep, slightly shorter than head.
58-57 scales in lateral line, . in transverse series on body, 2 in
transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle.
Brown.

Total length 170 millim.

Gold Coast, Liberia.

1. Type. Bossumprah R., Gold Coast. H. T. Ussher, Esq. (C.).
2. Hgr. R. Offin, Gold Coast. R. B.N. Walker, Esq. (C.).

GNATHONEMUS. 117

23. GNATHONEMUS GRESHOFFI.

Mormyrus greshofii, Schilthuis, Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver. (2) iii. 1891, p. 90,
pl. vi. fig. 3.

Gnathonemus greshofi, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p- 809, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 100 (1901).

Depth of body 34 to 32 times in total length, length of head 4% to

5 times. Head as long as deep or a little longer than deep, upper

profile descending in a curve; snout } length of head; lower jaw with

a dermal appendage half the length of the snout; teeth truncate, 3 in

upper jaw, 2 or 4 in lower; eye large, situated in anterior half of

Fig. 96.

Gnathonemus greshoffi.
Type.

head, its diameter a little greater than length of snout or inter-
orbital width. Dorsal 31-36, originating a little in advance of anal, its
length twice in its distance from end of snout. Anal 29-832, nearer
base of ventral than base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, almost as long
as head, twice as long as ventral, extending beyond base of latter.
Caudal rather small, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 4 or 5 times

as long as deep, as long as head. 72-80 scales in lateral line, a in

, 11-14 . ‘
transverse series on body, j54g in transverse series between dorsal and
anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, olive on the back.

Total length 108 millim.

Congo.
1-3. Ad. Boma, Lower Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).
4. Skel. = ‘3 3
5. Her. Kondue, : M. Luja (C.).
6. Hgr., type. Kinshassa, Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.).
7. Ad. Dolo, “i M. P. Delhez (C.).

8-9. Ad. Uerre. M. De Bauw (C.).

118 MORMYRID#.

294. GNATHONEMUS ABADI.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) vii. 1901, p. 80.

Depth of body 32 times in total length, length of head 5% times.
Head very slightly longer than deep, with feebly curved upper profile ;
snout ? length of head; teeth conical, 3 in upper jaw, 5 in lower; chin
with a globular swelling; eye rather large, 3 length of snout or inter-
orbital width. Dorsal 35, originating very slightly in advance of anal,
its length once and 2 in its distance from head. Anal 34, slightly

Fig. 97.

Gnathonemus abadti,
Type. 4.

nearer base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral as long as head,
once and 3 as long as ventral, reaching far beyond base of latter.
Caudal scaled in its basal half, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle
34 times as long as deep, as long as head. 98 scales in lateral line,
m in transverse series on body, 7 in transverse series between dorsal
and anal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Brownish above, silvery white
beneath.

Total length 240 millim.

Upper Niger.

1, Type. Jebba. Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).

25. GNATHONEMUS TAMANDUA.

Mormyrus tamandua, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 22, pl. ii. fig. 1, and Cat.
Fish. vi. p. 217 (1866).

Gnathonemus tamandua, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 809, and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 102 (1901).

Campylomormyrus tamandua, Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iti. 1907, p. 359,
pl. ii. figs. 2 & 3.

Depth of body 4 to 44 times in total length, length of head 4 to 44

GNATHONEMUS. 119

times. Upper profile of head descending in a strong curve; snout
much prolonged, tubiform, strongly compressed, curved downwards, its
length 13 to 2 times postocular part of head, and 4 to 5 times its least
depth, which nearly equals diameter of eye; latter 2 to % interorbital
width ; lower jaw with a compressed dermal appendage about as long
as the eye; teeth conical, 3 in upper jaw, 4 in lower. Dorsal 26-39,

Fig. 98.

Gnathonemus tamandua,

Type, after Giinther (P. Z.S. 1864),

cols

originating above 6th to 8th ray of anal, its length 14 to 14 times in its
distance from head. Anal 29-34, nearer base of caudal than base of
ventral. Pectoral obtusely pointed, 2 to 2 length of head, ventral 4 to ?:;
pectoral extending beyond base of ventral. Caudal densely scaled, with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3} times as long as deep, } to ? length

‘ F 12-18 . :
of head. 70-80 scales in lateral line, 1991 1 transverse series on

body, ec in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal
peduncle. Brownish above; a rather indistinct dark, light edged vertical
band between origin of dorsal and anal,

Total length 360 millim.

Niger, Old Calabar, Congo, Shari.

1. Type. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).

2. Ad. Assay, Lower Niger. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
3. Ad. Bolobo, Upper Congo. Rey. G. Grenfell (P.).
4, Ad. Monsembe, ,, Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
5-6. Ad. Upoto, 35 Capt. Wilverth (C.).
7-8. Ad. & hgr. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

26. GNATHONEMUS MIRUS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 11, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soe.
1898, p. 810, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 103 (1901).

Depth of body 34 times in total length, length of head 4 times.

120 MORMYRID#.

Upper profile of head descending in a strong curve; snout much
prolonged, tubiform, strongly compressed, curved downwards, its length
twice postocular part of head, and 3 times its least depth, which is twice
diameter of eye; latter 2 interorbital width; lower jaw with a long,
compressed, attenuate dermal appendage, measuring nearly ? length of
snout; teeth conical, 3 in upper jaw, 4in lower. Dorsal 34, originating
above 4th ray of anal, its length once and } in its distance from head.
Anal 35, equally distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal.

Gualhonemus mirus.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

Pectoral pointed, about 3 length of head, extending to middle of ventral,
which is only 3 as long. Caudal scaled, with obtusely pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep, 2 length of head. 78 scales
in lateral line, n in transverse series on body, = in transverse series
between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal peduncle. Brownish above.
Total length 320 millim.
Upper Congo (Upoto).—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

27. GNATHONEMUS ELEPHAS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 12, pl. v. fig. 1 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 810, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 104 (1901).
Campylomormyrus elephas, Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907, p. 359,
pl. xii. figs. 4-6.

Depth of body 3 to 4 times in total length, length of head 4 to 5 times.
Upper profile of head descending in a very strong curve; snout much
prolonged, tubiform, strongly compressed, directed downwards, its length
exceeding postocular part of head, 3 to 4 times its least depth, which is
once and 4 diameter of eye; lower jaw with a short, wart-like, cylindrical

GNATHONEMUS. 121

dermal appendage as long as or a little shorter than diameter of eye;
teeth conical, 3 in upper jaw, 4 in lower. Dorsal 31-35, originating

Gnathonemus elephas.
Type (A.M. C.). 4.

above 5th ray of anal, its length 14 to 12 times its distance from head.
Anal 83-37, equally distant from base of ventral and from base of
caudal, Pectoral pointed, little shorter than head, extending to middle
or second third of ventral, and twice as long as latter. Caudal scaled,
with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep, as long
as head or a little shorter. 70-80 scales in lateral line, uw in trans-

verse series on body, wa in transverse series between dorsal and anal,
12 round caudal peduncle. Brownish above; young with a black
lateral band edged with yellowish, expanding into a rhomboidal marking
between dorsal and anal.

Total length 400 millim.

Upper Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Upoto. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

2. Ad. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).
3. Skel. 55 re

4, Her. Trebu. M. P. Delhez (C.).

5-6. Yg. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

28. GNATHONEMUS RHYNCHOPHORUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 13, pl. v. fig. 2 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 810, pl. li., and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 105 (1901).

Depth of body equal to length of head, 35 to 4 times in total length.
Upper profile of head descending in a strong curve; snout much
prolonged, tubiform, strongly compressed, curved downwards, its length
2 to 24 times postocular part of head, and 3} to 7 times its least depth,

122 MORMYRIDE.

which nearly equals diameter of eye; latter 2 interorbital width ; lower
jaw with a compressed dermal appendage about as long as eye; teeth
conical, 5 in upper jaw, 4 in lower. Dorsal 27-31, originating above
6th or 7th ray of anal, its length 13 to 1} times in its distance from
head. Anal 31-35, nearly equally distant from base of ventral and base
of caudal. Pectoral obtusely pointed, 4 length of head, ventral } or

Fig. 101.

Gnathonemus rhynchophorus.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

rather less; pectoral extending beyond base of ventral. Caudal scaled,
with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 to 34 times as long as deep,

, «D624

3 to 2 length of head. 75-85 scales in lateral line, 35-35 in transverse
: 20-23 ;

series on body, 353 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 16 or

18 round caudal peduncle. Brownish, with a rather indistinct darker
vertical band between dorsal and anal.
Total length 380 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1-2. Ad. & hgr., two of Upoto, Upper Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
the types.

3. Yg. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

4-5. Yg. Stanley Pool. M. De Meuse (C.).

6. Her. Boma, Lower Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).

7. Yg. Jaower Congo. Rey. J. Pinnock (C.).

29. GNATHONEMUS IBIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 25, pl. vii. fig. 4 (1902).

Depth of body 43 to 4} times in total length, length of head 3} to 34
times. Snout produced into a long, strongly compressed and curved
tube, the length of which equals 24 to 3 times that of postocular part of
head and § to 10 times its least depth; a compressed mental appendage,

GNATHONEMUS. 123

measuring 3 diameter of eye; teeth conical, 6-8 in upper jaw, 4 in lower;
eye rather large. Dorsal 32-33, originating above 6th or 7th ray of anal,
its length once and @ in its distance from head. Anal 36-37, a little
nearer base of caudal than base of ventral. Pectoral pointed, as long as

Fig. 102.

Gnathonemus ibis.

Type (A. M.C.). 3.

head without rostrum, nearly reaching end of ventral. Caudal partly
covered with scales, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as
long as deep, shorter than pectoral. 77-82 scales in lateral line, —
in transverse series on body, a in transverse series between dorsal and
anal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Dark brown; two blackish vertical
bands, separated by a light interspace, between dorsal and anal; fins
blackish.

Total length 150 millim.

Ubanghi.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1, One of the types. Banzyville. Capt. Royaux (C.).

30. GNATHONEMUS CURVIROSTRIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 13, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 811, and Poiss. Buss. Congo, p. 106 (1901).

Depth of body 4% times in total length, length of head 34 times.
Upper profile of head descending in a strong curve ; snout much pro-
longed, tubiform, strongly compressed, curved downwards, its length 35
times postocular part of head, and 12 times its least depth, which a little
exceeds diameter of eye; latter slightly more than 4 interorbital width ;
lower jaw with a compressed dermal appendage 14 diameters of eye ;
teeth conical, 3 in upper jaw, 4 in lower. Dorsal 32, originating above

124 MORMYRID4.

10th ray of anal, its length once and 3 in its distance from head. Anal 36,
equally distant from base of ventral and from base of caudal. Pectoral
pointed, } length of head, twice as long as ventral, extending beyond
base of latter. Caudal scaled, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle

Fig. 103.

Gnathonemus curvirostris.

Type (A.M.C.). 4.

4 times as long as deep, more than 3 length of head. 90 scales in lateral
line, in transverse series on body, ie in transverse series between
dorsal and anal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Pale brownish above,
whitish below.

Total length 370 millim.

Lower Congo (Matadi).—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

31. GNATHONEMUS NUMENIUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool, i. p. 11, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 811, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 107 (1901).

Depth of body 43 to 5 times in total length, length of head 2? to 24
times. Upper profile of head convex ; snout produced into an extremely
long, compressed tube, feebly curved downwards, its length, in the adult,
5 to 64 times postocular part of head, and 20 times its least depth,
which equals diameter of eye; latter 2 interorbital width; lower jaw
with a compressed dermal appendage nearly as long as eye; teeth
conical, 7 in upper jaw, 4 or 6 in lower. Dorsal 27-54, originating
above 8th or 9th ray of anal, its length 13 to 1} times in its distance
from head. Anal 29-37, equally distant from base of ventral and from
base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, less than 4 length of head, almost twice
as long as ventral, and extending almost to extremity of latter, Caudal

GNATHONEMUS.—GENYOMYRUS. 125

scaled, with obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long

as deep, $ to $ length of head. 76-81 scales in lateral line, ae i

Fig. 104.

Gnathunemus numenius.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

. 1619 . :
transverse series on body, j;43 in transverse series between dorsal and

anal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Pale brownish above, whitish beneath.
Total length 610 millim.
Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Upoto. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

8. GENYOMYRUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 17 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 820,
and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 108 (1901).

Teeth in the jaws very small, slender, conical, disposed irregularly in
several rows, forming a villiform band ; conical teeth on the parasphenoid
and on the tongue; mouth terminal; nostrils widely separated. Body
short; ventrals nearer pectorals than anal. Dorsal and anal nearly
equally developed. Vertebre 49 (13+7 +4 29).

Congo.

1. GENYOMYRUS DONNYI.
Bouleng. ll. cc., Ann. pl. ix.

Depth of body 33 to 4 times in total length, length of head 4 to 43
times. Head once and } as long as deep, upper profile straight or
slightly concave ; snout narrowed, produced, its length 24 to 3 times its
least depth; mouth terminal; chin with a tapering dermal appendage
or barbel, nearly as long as snout, and pointing forwards; eye moderate,
in middle of head, 34 times in length of snout, twice in interorbital
width. Dorsal 31-34, originating slightly behind origin of anal (over
Qnd or 4th ray), its length 1} to 1% times in its distance from head.

126 MORMYRID 4.

Anal 36-38, equally distant from extremity of ventral and from base of
caudal. Pectoral obtusely pointed, 3 length of head, a little over twice
length of ventral, and extending beyond base of latter. Caudal scaled,

Fig. 105.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep, $ to 3
length of head. 78-82 scales in lateral line, ea in transverse series on

W-I5 ‘
body, yj; im transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round caudal

peduncle. Brownish above, lighter beneath.
Total length 450 millim.
Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Upoto. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

2, Skel. ” ”

3, 4-6. Ad. & her. Monsembe. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
7. Her. Kutu, L. Leopold II. M. P. Delhez (C.).
8-9. Ad. & yg. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

9. MORMYRUS,

Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 522 (part.); Gill, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 139; Bouleng.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 812, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 109 (1901), and Fish.
Nile, p. 59 (1907).

Scrophicephalus, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish. ii. p. 187 (1839).

Mornyrodes, Gill, |. ¢.

Solenomormyrus, Bleeker, Versl. Ak. Amsterd. (2) viii. 1874, p. 368.

Teeth in the jaws smal!, notched, few (5 to 12 in the upper jaw, 8 to
14 in the lower); minute conical teeth on the parasphenoid and on the
tongue; mouth terminal. Nostrils moderately far apart, remote from
the eye. Body moderately elongate; ventral fins equally distant from
the pectorals and from the anal, or nearer the former. Dorsal fin much

MORMYRUS. 127

elongate, more than twice as long as the anal. Vertebre 49-55
(12-16 + 7-10 + 27-32).
Nile and Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Snout much shorter than postorbital part of head.
A. Dorsal originating in advance of base of ventrals, 4 to 5 times as long as
anal; caudal peduncle 1} to 2 times as long as deep.
D. 67-75 ; A. 17-20; 28-30 scales round
caudal peduncle ee
D. 62-66; A. 18-20 ; 22-26 scales round
eaudal peduncle . . «. . . . . 2. M. anchiete, Guimar., p. 129.
B. Dorsal originating above base of ventrals ; caudal peduncle 24-3 times as
long as deep.
D. 64-65; A. 19-21; 12 scales round
caudal peduncle ; dorsal 4 to 44 times
as long as anal; snout not longer
than eye i. 4 ee we es » & 8. WL macrophthalmus, Gthr., 9. 130
D. 53-55; A. 22-23; 16 scales round
caudal peduncle ; dorsal 22 to 3 times

1. M. hasselquistii, C. & V., p. 128.

as long as anal; snout twice as long
aseye . . . .. .. . . . 4 MM. ovis, Blgr., p. 131.

II. Snout at least nearly as long as postorbital part of head.
A. Dorsal originating above, or a little in front, or a little behind base of
ventrals.
1. A, 22-27 ; 12-14 scales round caudal peduncle, which is 24-3 times as
Jong as deep ; dorsal 23 to 3 times as long as anal.
D. 60-70; A. 22-26; snout not tubiform ;
pectoral rounded, not or barely reach-
ing root of ventral. . . . . . . 5. M. caballus, Blgr., p. 132.
D. 65-67; A. 27-28; snout tubiform ;
pectoral pointed, reaching a little
beyond root of ventral . . . . . 6. ML. tapirus, Pappenh., p. 133.
9. A. 18-21; 26-30 scales round caudal peduncle, which is 14-2 times as
long as deep ; dorsal 34 to 43 times as long as anal.
D. 60; A. 19; dorsal originating further
back than base of ventral . . . . 7. M. tenuirostris, Peters, p. 134.
D. 57-75 ; A. 18-21; dorsal originating
above or in front of base of ventral . 8. M. kannume, Forsk., p. 134.
B. Dorsal originating considerably in advance of ventrals, 5 to 7 times as long

as anal.
1, 26-30 scales round caudal peduncle ; D. 76-90.

128 MORMYRID.

D. 76-90; A. 18-21; snout bent down-
wards 2 ww ae eae Oe AL eae, Ly, pe
D. 83-90; A. 17-18; snout pointing
straight forwards. . . . - + - 10. UL niloticus, Bl.-Schn., p. 137.
2. 22-28 scales round caudal peduncle ; D. 65-77.
Deis Aeli ein V0 «. & 2 we ee bozasi, Pellegr., p. 138.
D. 65-75; A.17-19; L.1. 85-100. . 12. AL longirostris, Peters, p. 139.
3. 18-22 scales round caudal peduncle ; D. 75-91.
D. 78-91; A. 18-20 ; 20-22 scales round
caudal peduncle, which is at least half
as long as head ; length of snout 2 to3
times its least depth . . . . . . 13. Mf rume, C. & V., p. 140.
D. 75-82 ; A. 19-20; 18-20 scales round
caudal peduncle, which is not more
than 4 as long as head; Jength of snout
34 to 44 times its least depth . . . 14. AL proboscirostris, Blgr., p. 141.

Mormyrus lacerda, Casteln. Mém. Poiss. Afr. Austr. p. 61 (1861),
from Lake Ngami, probably pertains to this genus in the vicinity of
M. hasselquistii and anchiete, but the description is insufficient and the
type is lost.

D. 72; A. 19. Teeth notched. Grey, upper surface of head black, throat
golden yellow ; anal black. Total length 360 millim. ; depth of body 90.

1. MORMYRUS HASSELQUISTII.

Mormyrus herse (non Sonnini), Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 620 (1803).

Mormyrus caschive (non Linn.), I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Poiss. p. 273, pl. vi. fig. 2
(1827).

Mormyrus hasselquistii, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 253 (1846); Marcusen,
Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4, p. 130; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 217
(1866) ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 813 ; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus.
Berl. iii. 1907, p. 360; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 59, pl. xi. fig. 1 (1907).

Mormyrus gquentheri, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 814.

Mormyrus anus, Pappenh. t. c. p. 361, pl. xiii. figs. 1 & 2.

Depth of body 45 to 5 times in total length, length of head 44 to 43
times. Head 1} to 13 times as long as deep, with curved upper profile ;
snout about § as long as postocular part of head, projecting a little
beyond mouth, the width of which measures about half leugth of head ;
teeth notched, 8-12 in upper jaw, 12-16 in lower; eye moderate, 2 to 4
length of snout or interorbital width. Dorsal 67-75, originating well in
advance of ventrals, 4 to o times as long as anal. Anal 17-20, originating

MORMYRUS., 129

a little nearer base of caudal than base of pectoral. Pectoral rounded
or obtusely pointed, $ to 2 length of head; ventral about ? length of
head. Caudal for the greater part scaled, with rounded lobes. Caudal

Fig. 106.

Mormyrus hasselquistii,
White Nile (F.N.). 4.

peduncle 1} to 2 times as long as deep, 3 to } length of head. 88-98
, go A905 ' 16-18 .
scales in lateral line, 55-35 in transverse series on body, [j7, in transverse
series between dorsal and anal, 28-30 round caudal peduncle. Grey or
brown, lighter beneath.
Total length 350 millim.

Lower Nile to Bahr-el-Gebel, Niger, Volta.—Types in Paris Museum.

1-2. Ad. Fashoda, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
3. Skel. ie 3
4, Ad. Polkom, Baro R. (Sobit). Mr. P. CU. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W. N. MeMillan, Esq. (P.).
5. Ad. Kenisseh, Bahr-el-Gebel. IL. Loat, Esq. (C.).
6. Ad. (Type of Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton ((.).
AM. guentheri.)
7. Ad. Benue R., N. of Ibi. H. L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).

2, MORMYRUS ANCHIETA.
Guimaraes, Jorn. Se. Lisb. x. 1884, p. 4, pl. i. fig. 3; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 814.

Depth of body 4 to 53 times in total length, length of head 4 to 44
times. Head 14 to 13 times as long as deep, with curved upper profile ;
snout about $ as long as postorbital part of head; chin slightly swollen ;
teeth notched, 7 or 9 in upper jaw, 10 in lower; eye moderate, its
diameter + to 4 length of snout, 2 interorbital width. Dorsal 62-66,
originating well in advance of ventral, about 4 times as long as anal.
Anal 18-20, originating nearer base of caudal than base of pectoral,

VOL, 1. K

130 MORMYRIDZA.

Pectoral rounded, 2 to nearly 3 length of head, ventral 3. Caudal
densely scaled, with obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle twice as
long as deep, nearly } length of head. 80-86 scales in lateral line,

Fig. 107.

Mormyrus anchiete.

Mossamedes.
16-18 : 14-15 :
o-yq 1 transverse series on body, j3-j; in transverse series between dorsal

and anal, 22-26 round caudal peduncle. Brownish above, silvery

beneath.
Total length 330 millim.
Angola.—Type in Lisbon Museum.

1-3. Her. Emme Lagoon, Mossamedes. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

3. MORMYRUS MACROPHTHALMUS.
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 217 (1866) ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 815.

Depth of body 4 to nearly 5 times in total length, length of head 5 to
6 times. Head scarcely longer than deep, with strongly curved upper

Fig. 108.

Mormyrus macrophthalmus.

Type. 3.

profile; snout short, $ as long as postorbital part of head, projecting a
little beyond the mouth; teeth very small, feebly notched, 7 in upper

MORMYRUS. 151

jaw, 6 or 8 in lower; eye large, in anterior half of the head, nearly as
long as the snout, 1} to 14 times interorbital width. Dorsal 64-65,
originating above base of ventral, twice as far from base of caudal as
from end of snout, 4-44 times as long as anal. Anal 19-21, originating
a little nearer base of caudal than end of snout. Pectoral pointed, as
long as head, ventral 3 length of head. Caudal with long pointed
lobes, as long as head. Caudal peduncle 23 times as long as deep,
4 length of head. 85-98 scales in lateral line, cae in transverse
series on body, 23-28 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12
round caudal peduncle. Brownish above, silvery white beneath.
Total length 290 millim.

Niger.
1. Type. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
2. Her. Agberi, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

4. MORMYRUS OVIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 15, pl. vii. fig. 2 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 815, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 110 (1961).

Depth of body 34 to 4 times in total length, length of head 4% to 5
times. Head nearly as long as deep, with strongly curved upper profile ;
snout short, 4 to } postorbital part of head; teeth very small, notched,
5 in upper jaw, 8 in lower; eye moderate, 3 length of snout, $ to }

Fig. 109,

Mormyrus ovis.

Type (A. M.C.). 2.

interorbital width. Dorsal 53-55, originating above base of ventral,
a little longer than its distance from end of snout, 23 to 3 times as
long as anal. Anal 22-23, originating a little nearer head than base of
caudal. Pectoral obtusely pointed, # length of head, ventral } or %

K 2

132 MORMYRID.

length of head. Caudal with obtusely pointed lobes, at least as long as
head, Caudal peduncle 23 to 3 times as long as deep, } to § length of
head. 90-92 scales in lateral line, = in transverse series on body,
29-30 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 16 round caudal
peduncle. Pale brownish.

Total length 310 millim.

Upper Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1. Ad. Stanley Falls. Rey. W. H. Bentley (C.).

5. MORMYRUS CABALLUS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 16, pl. viii. fig. 1 (1898), Proc. Zool. Soe.
1898, p. 818, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 111 (1901).
Mormyrus curvifrons, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 438.

Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 32 to 5 times in total
length. Upper profile of head descending in a curve; snout produced,
as long as or a little shorter than postocular part of head, its length
about twice its least depth; mouth very small, with thick lips; teeth
notched, 5 or 7 in upper jaw, 8 or 10 in lower; eye moderate, its
diameter 2 to 4 times in length of snout and 1} to 1} times in inter-

Mormyrus caballus.
Type (A. M.C.). .

orbital width. Dorsal 60-70, originating above base of ventral or
slightly anterior to it, 22 to 3 times as long as anal. Anal 22-26,
originating at equal distance from head and base of caudal. Pectoral
rounded, 4 to 3 length of head, not reaching or hardly reaching base of
ventral; ventral about 4 length of head. Caudal densely scaled, with
obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 2} to 3 times as long as deep,

MORMYRUS. 133

3 to 3 length of head. 85-100 scales in lateral line, on in transverse
series on body, 32-36 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 or
14 round caudal peduncle. Bluish grey above, whitish below.

Total length 500 millim.

Congo.—T ype in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

J. Ad. Boma, Lower Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).
2. Her. Kutu, Lake Leopold IT. 5

3-4. Her. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
5. Yg. Banzy ville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

6. MORMYRUS TAPIRUS.
Pappenh. Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1905, p. 217, and Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl.
i. 1907, p. 362, pl. xiii. fig. 3.

Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 4 to 44 times in total
length. Upper profile of head descending in a curve; snout much pro-
duced, tubiform, slightly longer than postocular part of head, its length
about 4 times its least depth; mouth very small, with thick lips, chin
rather produced ; teeth notched, 5 in upper jaw, 8 in lower; eye rather
large, + length of head, } interorbital width. Dorsal 65-67, originating

Mormyrus tapirus.
1

Type. 3.

slightly in advance of base of ventrals, 23 times as long as anal. Anal
27-28, originating at equal distance from base of pectoral and from base
of caudal. Pectoral pointed, 3 length of head, reaching a little beyond
root of ventral; latter about 4 length of head. Caudal scaled, with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 3 times as long as deep, slightly longer

F ; 18 - ;
than postocular part of head. 95 scales in lateral line, 9) 1n transverse

134 MORMYRID-E,

series on body, 26 in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 12 round
caudal peduncle. Brownish above, silvery white beneath.

Total length 280 millim.

Cameroon.—Type in Berlin Museum.

1, One of the types. Lokunje R. Hr. G. Zenker (C.);
Berlin Museum (E.).

7. MORMYRUS TENUIROSTRIS.
Peters, Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1882, p. 73; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898,
p- 819; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus, Berl. iii. 1907, p. 363.

Depth of body 5 times in total length, length of head 33 times.
Snout produced, attenuate, curved downwards; teeth bicuspid, 5 in
upper jaw, 7 in lower; eye in middle of head. Dorsal 60, originating
further back than base of ventrals, not longer than its distance from
middle of snout. Anal 19. 92 scales in lateral line, 26 round caudal
peduncle.

Total length 110 millim.

Athi River, E. Africa.—-Type in Berlin Museum.

8 MORMYRUS KANNUME.

Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 74 (1775); Marcusen, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vii.
1864, no. 4, p. 114 ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 817 ; Hilgend. Zool.
Jahrb., Syst. xxii. 1905, p. 418 ; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907,
p- 362; Bouleng. Fish, Nile, p. 61, pl. xii. fig. 1 (1907).

Mormyrus oxyrhynchus, 1. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Poiss. i. p. 270, pl. vi. fig. 1
(1829) ; Joannis, Mag. Zool. 1835, iii. pl. xiii. ; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix.
p. 242 (1846) ; Giinth, Cat. Fish. vi. p. 216 (1866), and Petherick’s Trav.
ii. p. 253 (1869) ; Hilgend. Sitzb. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl. 1888, p. 78.

Mormyrus bachiqua, Cuv. & Val. t. ec. p. 248.

Serophicephalus kannume, Riipp. Verz. Mus. Senckenb. iv. p. 27 (1852).

? Mormyrus hildebrandti, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1882, p. 73.

Depth of body 3$ to 4§ times in total length, length of head 4 to 5
times. Upper profile of head descending in a straight line or a more
or less strong curve; snout much produced, about as long as postocular
part of head in the adult, its length 14 (young) to 38 times its least
depth; mouth very small, with thick lips; teeth notched, 5 or 7 in
upper jaw, 8 or 10 in lower; eye small, its diameter 1§ to 23 times
in interorbital width. Dorsal 57-75, originating above or slightly in
advance of base of ventral, 33-43 times as long as anal. Anal 18-21,

MORMYRUS.

135

originating at equal distance from base of pectoral and from base of

caudal.

Fig. 112.

Mormyrus haniume.

Lower Nile (F. N.). 4.

Pectoral obtusely pointed, 2 to # length of head, ventral about
4 length of head. Caudal with obtusely pointed lobes.
14 to 2 times as long as deep, 4 to ? length of head.

Caudal peduncle
80-115 scales in

os BB 80 s ‘ :
lateral line, 53g in transverse series on body, 30-42 in transverse series

between dorsal and anal, 26 to 30 round caudal peduncle.

olive above, white beneath.
Total length 500 millim.
Lower Nile to Lake Victoria.

1-3. Ad. & hgr.
4. Yg.

5-6. Ad. & yg.
7. Ad.

8. Skel.

9. Skel.

10-14. Ad.

15, Ad.

16-17, 18-21. Hgr. & yg.
22-27. Ad. & hgr.
28-29. Ad.
30-34. Ad. & hgr.
35-36. Her.
37-42. Ad. & hgr.

43. Her.
44, Ad.
45-46. Her.
47-48. Yg.
49. Ad.

Lower Nile.

ee)

”

Rosetta Nile.
Nile at Cairo.

”
9
Near Cairo.
Beni Souef, Lower Nile.

Sanhur, near Beni Souef.

Between Beni Souef and
Biba.

Akhmim, Lower Nile.

Girgeh, ‘3

Luxor.

Near Luxor.

Wady Halfa.

Brownish or

J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
Dr. Riippell (C.).

Rev. O. P. Cambridge (P.).
E. Lort Phillips, Esq. (P.).
Dr. Riippell (C.).

J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).

L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

Dr. F. Werner (P.).

Capt. 8. Flower (P.).

L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

”

136 MORMYRID.-E.

50-59. Ad. & hgr. Assuan. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
60-64. Yg. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
65-66. Ad. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
67. Her. Rosaires, FA Capt. S. Flower (P.).
68-70. Hgr. & yg. Lake Victoria. Sir H. H. Jobnston (P.).
71. Hgr. ne C. W. Hobley, Esq. (P.).
72-74. Ad. Lake Victoria, near Mr. E. Degen (C.).
Entebbe.

The following specimen, with only 51 rays in the dorsal fin, is referred
with doubt to this species :—
75. Yg. Wabbi R. (Webi Shebeli Prof. 0. Neumann and

System). Baron C. v. Erlanger (C.).

The likewise East African J/. hildebrandti, Peters, from the Athi
River, is stated to have 63 rays in the dorsal, and 24 scales round the
caudal peduncle.

Mormyrus nacra, Cuv. & Val. t.c. p. 257, is founded on a coloured
sketch of a fish apparently identical with M. kannume.

9. MORMYRUS CASCHIVE.

Linn., Hasselq. Iter Palest. p. 398 (1757); Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 227
(1846) ; Mareusen, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4, p. 120;
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 215 (1866), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 253 (1869) ;
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 815, Poiss. Bass Congo, p. 113 (1901), and
Fish Nile, p. 66, pl. xii. fig. 2 (1907).

Mormyrus longipinnis, Riipp. Fortsetz. Beschr. n. Fische Nil, p. 7, pl. i. fig. 2
(1832).

Scrophicephalus longipinnis, Swains. Nat. Hist. Fish. i. p. 309 (1838).

Mormyrus geofroyi (non C. & V.), Giinth, tt. ec. pp. 216, 253.

Mormyrus longirostris, part., Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 817.

Depth of body 3% to 5 times in total length, length of head 4 to

5 times. Upper profile of head descending in a straight line or feeble

curve; snout produced, about as long as postocular part of head in

adult, its length 2 (young) to 4 times its least depth; mouth very small,
with thick lips; teeth notched, 5 to 9 in upper jaw, 8 or 10 in lower;
eye moderate, its diameter 13 (young) to 24 times in interorbital
width. Dorsal 76-90, originating well in advance of base of ventral,

5 to 7 times as long as anal, 14 to 12 times as long as its distance from

end of snout. Anal 18-21, originating at nearly equal distance from

base of pectoral and from base of caudal. Pectoral obtusely pointed,

3 to 2 length of head, ventral 4 to } length of head. Caudal with

MORMYRUS. 137

pointed lobes, densely scaled. Caudal peduncle 13 to 2 times as long as

deep, 3 to 4 length of head. 100-130 scales in lateral line, au in

transverse series on body, 38-45 in transverse series between dorsal and

anal, 26 to 30 round caudal peduncle. Olive above, whitish below.
Total length 520 millim.

Lower Nile to Bahr-el-Gebel.

Fig. 113.

Mormyrus caschive.
Khartum (F. N.), 4,

4

1-3, 4. (Types of Lower Nile. Dr. Riippell (C.).
M, longipinnis.)

5-6. Her. & yg. ig

7-9. Her. & yg. Nile at Cairo. Capt. S. Flower (P.).
10, 11. Ad. & her. Nile near Cairo. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
12. Ad. Beni Souef, Lower Nile. 5
13-14. Ad. & her. Between Beni Souef and Biba. 3
15. Skel. - 45 “3
16. Ad. Biba, Lower Nile. 5
17. Her. Lahun, Bahr-el- Yusef. 3
18-21. Yg. Near Luxor. -
22-23, Ad. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
24. Her. Nur-ed-Daim, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
25-28. Her. Fashoda, White Nile. =
29, Ad. Mouth of Lake No, White Nile. sy

10. MORMYRUS NILOTICUS.

Centriscus niloticus, Bloch-Schneid. Syst. p. 113, pl. xxx. fig. 1 (1801).
Mormyrus geoffroyi, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 240 (1846).
Mormyrus niloticus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 816, and Fish. Nile, p. 68,

pl. xi. fig. 2 (1907).
Depth of body less than the length of head, 43 to 53 times in total
length. Head about once and 3 as long as deep; snout nearly as long

138 MORMYRID#.

as postocular part of head, straight, prolonged in the axis of the body,
tubiform, with slightly concave upper profile; mouth very small, lower
jaw slightly projecting; 7 or 9 teeth in upper jaw, 10 in lower; eye
moderate, 4 or 5 times in length of snout, 4 interorbital width. Dorsal
83-90, originating well in advance of ventrals, about 6 times as long as
anal, and once and } as long as its distance from end of snout. Anal
17-18, nearer base of ventral than base of caudal. Pectoral pointed, as

Fig. 114.

&

Mormyrus niloticus.
Lower Nile (F. N.). i.

long as head without snout, not reaching ventral. Caudal densely
scaled, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as

deep. 110-120 scales in lateral line, — in transverse series on body,
pee in transverse series between dorsal and anal, 28-30 round caudal
peduncle. Brown above, whitish beneath.

Total length 460 millim.

Lower Nile, Bahr-el-Gebel.

1. Ad. Between Beni Souef and Biba, L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
Lower Nile.
2. Ad. Wadelai, Bahr-el-Gebel. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

11. MORMYRUS BOZASI.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1903, p. 327.

Depth of body 43 times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Upper profile of head strongly curved ; snout produced, tubiform, about
as long as postocular part of head; mouth small; teeth notched ; eye
3 times in length of snout, once and 4 in interorbital width. Dorsal 77,
originating in advance of ventrals, 7 times as long as anal. Anal 17,
originating at equal distance from base of pectoral and from base of
caudal. Pectoral pointed, ¢ length of head. Caudal covered with

MORMYRUS. 139

scales. Caudal peduncle a little more than once and + as long as deep,
its length a little less than 4 that of head. 130 scales in lateral line,
pa in transverse series on body, 24 round caudal peduncle. Slate-grey
above, white beneath. :
Total length 560 millim.
Uelle River, Congo.—Type in Paris Museum.

12. MORMYRUS LONGIROSTRIS.

Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 185%, p. 275; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 216 (1866);
Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 83, pl. xvi. fig. 2 (1868); Bouleng. Tr.
Zool. Soc. xvii. 1906, p. 546; Pappenh. Mitth. Zool. Mus. Berl. iii. 1907,
p- 362.

Mormyrus mucupe, Peters, tt. ec. pp. 275, 87, pl. xvi. fig. 1; Giinth. t. ce. p. 215.

Mormyrus longirostris, part., Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 817, and Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 112 (1901).

Depth of body 32 to 5 times in total length, length of head 33 to 43
times. Head 14 to 1 times as long as deep, with curved or nearly
straight descending upper profile ; snout produced, as long as or a little
shorter than postocular part of head, its length 2 to 3} times its least
depth; mouth very small, lower jaw slightly projecting; teeth small,

Fig. 115.

Mormyrus longirostris.
Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 4.

notched, 5 or 7 in upper jaw, 8 to 12 in lower; eye moderate,
its diameter about 14 times in interorbital width. Dorsal 65-75,
originating in advance of ventral, 4 to 54 times as long as anal, 14 to 14
times as long as its distance from end of snout. Anal 17-19, originating
at nearly equal distance from base of pectoral and from of base caudal.
Pectoral obtusely pointed, } to? length of head, ventral $ to }. Caudal

140 MORMYRID.Z.

with rounded or obtusely pointed lobes, densely scaled. Caudal peduncle
14 to 2 times as long as deep, 2 to } length of head. 85-100 scales
in lateral line, aes in transverse series on the body, 40-50 in transverse
series between dorsal and anal, 22-28 round caudal peduncle. Olive
above, whitish below.

Total length 550 millim.

Zambesi, Lakes Nyassa, Mweru, and ‘Tanganyika.—Types in Berlin
Museum.

1. Ad. Chiromo, Shiré R. C. B. C. Storey, Esq. (P.).
9-3. Ad. L. Nyassa. tapt. E. L. Rhoades (P.).
4. Ad., skin. L. Mweru. Sir A. Sharpe (P.).

5. Ad. Sumbu, L. Tanganyika. Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.).

13. MORMYRUS RUME.

Cuy. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 248, pl. ececelxix. (1846) ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1898, p. 816.
Mormyrus jubelini, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 252 ; Bouleng. 1. ¢.
Mormyrus oxyrhynchus (non Geoffr.), Schilth. Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver. (2)
iii, 1891, p. 84.
Mormyrus longirostris, part., Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 887, and Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 112 (1901).
Depth of body 3} to 54 times in total length, length of head 4} to
5 times. Upper profile of head descending in a straight line or feeble
curve; snout produced, about as long as postocular part of head, its
length 2 (young) to 3 times its least depth; mouth very small, with
thick lips; teeth notched or truncate, 5 or 7 in upper jaw, 6 to 10 in
lower ; eye moderate, its diameter 13 to 2 times in interorbital width.
Dorsal 78-91, originating considerably in advance of base of ventrals,
5 to 64 times as long as anal. Anal 18-20, originating at nearly equal
distance from base of pectoral and from base of caudal. Pectoral
obtusely pointed, about 3 length of head; ventral about 4 length of
head. Caudal densely scaled, with obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle 2 to 2} times as long as deep, } to 2 length of head. 103-118

scales in lateral line, pas in transverse series on body, 35-40 in trans-
verse series between dorsal and anal, 20-22 round caudal peduncle.
Olive or purplish brown above, white beneath.

Total length 460 millim.

Senegal to Congo and Chad Basin.—Types, in Paris Museum,
examined,

MORMYRUS. 141

1-2. Ad. & her. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
3-10. Her. & yg. Kaédi, - 5
11-12. Ad. Gambia. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
13. Ad. Mureji, Upper Niger. i
J4-15. Ad. Jebba, ss Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).
16. Her. Benue R., N. of Ibi. H. L. Norton Traill, Esq.
(Oo).
17. Her. R. Shari at Maidugari. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
18. Her. Gaboon.
19. Yg. Lower Congo. M. A. Greshoft (C.) ;
Utrecht University (E.).
20. Yg. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rey. J. H. Weeks (C.).

14. MORMYRUS PROBOSCIROSTRIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. 1898, p. 16, pl. viii. fig. 2, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1898, p. 818, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 114 (1901).

Depth of body 4} to 4} times in total length, length of head 32 to
34 times. Upper profile of head descending in a curve; snout much
produced, trunk-like, a little longer than postocular part of the head, its
length 34 to 4} times its least depth; mouth very small, lower jaw
slightly projecting, with thick lips; teeth notched, 5 or 7 in upper jaw,

Mormyrus proboscirostris.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

12 or 14 in lower; eye small, its diameter 5} to 73 times in length
of snout, twice in interorbital width. Dorsal 75-82, originating well
in advance of base of ventral, nearly 5 times as long as anal, once
and 4 as long as its distance from end of snout. Anal 19-20,

originating at equal distance from base of pectoral and from base

142 MORMYRIDA.

of caudal. Pectoral obtusely pointed, nearly } length of head, ventral
2 length of head. Caudal densely scaled, with rounded lobes. Caudal
pedanele 14 to 2 times as long as deep, } or less than 3 length of head.
95-100 scales in lateral line, em i in transverse series on body, 32-36 in
transverse series between dorsal and anal, 18-20 round caudal peduncle.
Pinkish or brown, sometimes with a broad bluish-grey stripe extending
along each side of the body and tail.

Total length 570 millim.

Upper Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

10. HYPEROPISUS.
Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. £43; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 222 (1866) ;
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 819, and Fish. Nile, p. 70 (1907).
Phagrus, Marcusen, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) vii. 1864, no. 4, p. 111.

Teeth in jaws small, notched, few (3-5 in the upper jaw, 5-6 in the
lower); parasphenoid and tongue with a pavement of large spheroid
teeth ; mouth terminal, below the level of the eyes. Nostrils moderately
far apart, remote from the eye. Body elongate; ventrals much nearer
pectorals than anal. Dorsal very short (12-15 rays); anal very long.

Vertebree 55-59 (15-16 + 4-6 + 35-38).

1. HYPEROPISUS BEBE.

Kaschoud, Sonnini, Voy. Egypte, pl. xxi. fiy. 3 (1799).

Mormyrus bebe, Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 619 (1803).

Mormyrus dorsalis, I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Poiss. p- 276, pl. viii. figs. 1 & 2
(1827); Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 271 (1846).

Phagrus dorsalis, Marcus. |. c. p. 142.

Hyperopisus dorsalis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 222 (1866); Steind. Sitzb. Ak.
Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 554, pl. iv. fig. 2

Ayprropisus occidentalis, Giinth. t. e. p. 223.

Hyperopisus bebe, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p- 820, and Fish. Nile, p. 70,
pl. v. fig. 2 (1907).

? Hyperopisus tenuicuuda, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 312.

Depth of body 33 to 53 times in total length, length of head 42 to
5g times. Head a little longer than deep, with strongly curved upper
profile; snout $ to $ as long as postorbital part of head; eye sine
its diameter aon = length of snout; width of mouth + or 4 length
of heud. Dorsal 12-16, 23 to 34 times as far from head as from
caudal. Anal 58-68, originating at equal distance from end of snout

HYPEROPISUS.

143

and from root of caudal, or a little nearer latter. Pectoral obtusely

pointed, 3 to $ length of head, ventral 4 to
obtusely pointed lobes.

Caudal scaled, with

Caudal peduncle 2 to 22 times as long as deep,

Hyperopisus bebe.
Lower Nile (F.N.). 3.

nearly 4 to 2 length of head. 93-120 scales in lateral line, a in

. 15-20 i
transverse series on body, jg-55 in transverse series between dorsal and

anal, 20 (rarely 18 or 22) round caudal peduncle. Plumbeous or olive
above, silvery beneath.

Total length 460 millim.
Lower Nile to Blue Nile and Bahr-el-Gebel, Chad Basin, Senegal,
Gambia, Niger.—Type in Paris Museum.

1-4. Ad. & hgr.
5. Ad.

6-7, Ad.

8-9. Ad.

10-17. Her. & yg.

18-19. Ad. & yg.
20. Skel.

21. Ad.

22-24, Ad. & her.
25-26. Ad. & hgr.
27-31. Ad. & hgr.
bee Aas

33. Ad.

34. Ad.

35. Ad.

36-38. Ad. & yg.
39-41. Hgr.
42-45, Ad.

46, Ad.

Lower Nile.
Barrage N. of Cairo.
Beni Souef, Lower Nile.

Between Beni Souef and Biba.

Near Luxor.
Khartum.

”
Wad Medine, Blue Nile.
Jebelain, White Nile.
Fashoda, 55
Tewfikyeh, ,,
Kerro, Bahr-el-Gebel.
Gondokoro, _,,
Wadelai, me
R. Shari at Maidugari.
St. Louis, Senegal.
Kaédi, Pe
Gambia.
Lokoja, Upper Niger.

8. 8. Allen, Esq. (P.).
L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).

”

L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
Mr. P. Delhez (C.).

J. S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

a”

144 MORMYRID-F.

47, Ad. Jebba, Upper Niger. Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).
48. Her. Abo, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
49. Ad. (Type of = Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).

Hf. occidentalis.)

11. GYMNARCHUS.
Cuv. R. An. 2nd ed. ii. p. 357 (1829); Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 225 (1866) ;
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 821, and Fish. Nile, p. 74 (1907).

Teeth forming a single complete series on the entire edge of
both jaws (14 in the upper, 24-28 in the lower), with compressed,
pointed, truncated, or slightly notched crowns finely serrated on the
sides ; palate and tongue toothless ; mouth wide, terminal. Nostrils far
apart, remote from the eye. Body much elongate, the tail gradually
attenuated into a point. Dorsal occupying the whole length of the
body; anal, ventral, and caudal fins absent. Vertebree 114-120
(45-47+ 67-75). Air-bladder cellular, lung-like.

Tropical Africa, north of the Equator.

1. GYMNARCHUS NILOTICUS.

Cuy. 1. c.; Rifaud, Voy. Egypte, pl. 138 bis (1830); Erdl, Abh. Bayer. Ak. v.
1847, p. 209, pl. v.; Heckel, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, vi. 1854, p. 11, pl. i.;
Hyrtl, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xii. 1856, p. 1, pls. i-iv. ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi.
p- 225 (1866); Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 556; Budgett, Tr.
Zool. Soc. xvi. 1901, p. 126, pl. xi. figs. 4 & 5 ; Bouleng. ll. ce. pl. xiii.

Depth of body 7 to 103 times in total length, length of head 53 to 63

Fig. 118.

Gymnarchus niloticus.

White Nile F.N.). 4.

times. Head 2 to 23 times as long as deep; snout rounded, scarcely
projecting beyond the lower jaw ; eye very small; a strong fold of the

GYMNARCHUS. —NOTOPTERID#. 145

skin connects the gill-openings across the isthmus. Dorsal 183-230.
Pectoral rounded, + to 7 length of head. Scales very small, largest
along the middle of the side. Olive or brown above, whitish beneath,
end of tail blackish.

Total length 1070 millim.

Upper Nile to Bahr-el-Ghazal, Lake Rudolf, Chad Basin, Senegal,
Gambia, Niger.—Type in Paris Museum.

1. Ad. Upper Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
2. Ad. Kawa, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
3-6. Her. Fashoda, ,, *
7. Ad. Polkom, Baro R. (Sobat). Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N.Mc Millan, Esq.(P.).
8. Head of ad. Bahr-el-Ghazal. Capt. 8. Flower (P.).
9. Ad. Galeba, Lake Rudolf. Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq.(I’.).
10. Ad. R. Shari at Maidugari. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
J1-14. Ad. & hgr. Kaédi, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
15. Skel. Lagos. Sir A. Moloney (P.).
16. Yg. Oguta, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
17-18. Yg. Assay, . J.S8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
19, 20. Ad., stuffed Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
(skull separate).
21. Her. ” ”
22-23. Yg. West Africa.

Fam. 8. NOTOPTERID.

Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries and the
maxillaries, the latter the more developed; parietal bones separating
the supraoccipital from the frontals; a large hole on each side of the
skull, between the squamosal, the exoccipital, and the epiotic ; sym-
plectic present ; no suboperculum ; interoperculum small, hidden under
the preoperculum. No pharyngeal teeth. Ribs sessile; accessory
bones (adpleurals) attached to the extremity of the anterior ribs, with
which they may be fused, and embraced by ossifications forming a
double ventral serrature ; precaudal vertebre with transverse processes
sn front of the ribs. Pectoral fins folding against the sides of the body.
Air-bladder communicating with the ear. No oviducts.

Fresh and brackish waters of S.E. Asia and Tropical Africa.

Two genera :—

1. Notopterus, Lacep., p. 146.
2, NXenomystus, Gthr., p. 147.
L

Dorsal fin present
No dorsal fin .
VOL. I.

146 NOTOPTERID.

1. NOTOPTERUS.
Lacep. Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 189 (1800), part. ; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxi. p. 119
(1848) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 478 (1868) ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p- 117 (1901).

Body elongate and very strongly compressed, attenuate behind, the
vent far forward; scales smal] and cycloid; lateral line distinct; a
double ventral serrature. Mouth large, with small teeth on the pre-
maxillaries and maxillaries; teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and
tongue. Bones of the head cavernous ; anterior nostril with a tentacle,
the posterior near the eye. 6-9 branchiostegal rays. A short dorsal
fin, in the middle of the body. Anal fin very long, confluent with the
small caudal. Ventral fins rudimentary or absent. Air-bladder very
large, with several divisions, forked in front and behind.

S.E. Asia and Tropical Africa.

1. NOTOPTERUS AFER.
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 480 (1868) ; Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p- 83;
Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 117 (1901).
Depth of body 43 to 54 times in total length, length of head 5 to 6
times. Upper profile of head slightly concave; snout as long as ora
little longer or a little shorter than eye, the diameter of which is

Notopterus afer.
Type. 2.

45 to 65 times in length of head, 11 to 13 times in interocular width;
nasal tentacle truncate, $ or $ diameter of eye; maxillary extending to
below posterior border of eye; lower border of preoperculum denticu-
late. Gill-emembrane rather deeply notched; 7 branchiostegal rays.
Gill-rakers long, 8 or 9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 6-7.
Anal 113-130 (caudal rays included). Pectoral 2 to 4 length of head.
Ventrals absent. Ventral serrature formed of 35-40 pairs of spines.

NOTOPTERUS.—XENOMYSTUS, 147

Lateral line 130-165. Olive-grey to blackish, with more or less distinct
darker spots or marblings, sometimes enclosing lighter roundish spots on
the body or on the anal fin.

Total length 570 millim.

Gambia to Congo.

1-2. Ad. Gambia. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
3-4. Her., types. Sierra Leone.
5. Ad., type. Niger. A. Murray, Esq. (P.).
6. Hgr., type. as Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
7-8. Hgr., skins, types. - 45
9-10. Yg. Oguta, Lower Niger, Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
11. Ad. Sapelle, 4 4
12. Her. re 5 Mr. J. D. Hamlyn (C.) ;
Hon. W. Rothschild (P.).
13. Ad. Old Calabar. Miss Kingsley (C.).
14. Skel. 3 ”
15. Ad. Thali, L. Leopold IL, Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).

2. XENOMYSTUS.
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 479 (1868) ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 118 (1901),
and Fish. Nile, p. 80 (1907).
Differing from the preceding in the absence of dorsal fin and the
presence of only 3 branchiostegal rays.
A single species.

1. XENOMYSTUS NIGRI.
Notopterus nigri, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 481 (1868).
Notopterus (Xenomystus) nili, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixxxiii. i. 1881, p- 196,
pl. iv. fig. 2.
Notopterus (Xenomystus) nigri, Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 85.
Xenomystus nigri, Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 118 (1901); Werner, Sitzb. Ak.
Wien, cxv. i. 1906, p. 1124 ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 80, pl. xv. fig. 1 (1907).
Depth of body 43 to 5 times in total length, length of head 6 to 73
times. Snout very short, shorter than eye, the diameter of which is
3 to 3$ times in length of head and equals or nearly equals interocular
width ; mouth extending to below anterior third or centre of eye;
nasal tentacle long and attenuate, 2 to $ diameter of eye; praorbital,
suborbitals, preoperculum, and mandible with the edge strongly
serrated; preeoperculum with a serrated ridge, parallel with the lower
border. Gill-membranes extending without a notch across the isthmus.

Gill-rakers very short, tubercular, 9 to 11 on lower part of anterior arch.
L2

148 NOTOPTERI D.£.—OSTEOGLOSSID-E.

Anal 108-130 (including caudal). Pectoral as long as head or a little
shorter. Ventral serrature formed of 26-30 pairs of spines. Lateral line
120-142, Brownish, uniform or with fine darker longitudinal streaks.
Total length 200 millim.
Bahr-el-Gebel and Bahr-el-Zeraf, Chad Basin, Liberia, Niger, Gaboon,
Congo.

Fig. 120.

Nenomystus nigrr

Bahr-el-Gebel (FL N.). 5.
1. Her. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. = Dr. F. Werner (P.).
2-5. Ad. Fort Lamy, Shari R. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
6. Type. Niger. Mr. L. Fraser (C.).
7. Ad. Gaboon. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (P.).
8. Her. Kondo-Kondo, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
9-10. Ad. & her. Lambarene, 3 Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
11. Hgr. Bangala Country, Congo. M. De Meuse (C.).
12. Her. Kondue, Lower Congo. M. Luja (C.).
13. Ad. Kutu, L. Leopold I., Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).
14. Skel. 5 7 5
15. Her. Ibali, _,, 53 =
i6-1%, Ad. Monsemhe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
18. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
19. Ad. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

Fam. 4. OSTEOGLOSSIDZ.

Margin of the upper jaw formed by the pramaxillaries and the
maxillaries, the latter the more developed; nasal bones large and in
contact with each other; parietal bones separating the supraoccipital
from the frontals ; suboperculum much reduced and entirely or partially
concealed under the preoperculum. No pharyngeal teeth. Ribs
inserted on the strong parapophyses; epipleurals, no epineurals.
Pectoral fins low down, folding against the belly. Head scaleless, the

HETEROTIS. 149

thin skin confluent with the bones ; body covered with large bony scales,
composed of pieces like mosaic. No oviducts.

Fresh waters of South America, Australia, the Malay Archipelago,
and Africa.

1. HETEROTIS.
Sudis (non Rafin.), part., Cuv. Régne Anim. i. p. 180 (1817).
Heterotis (Ehrenb.), Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 465 (1846); Giinth. Cat.
Fish. vii. p. 380 (1868) ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 83 (1907).
Helicobranchus, Hyrtl, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, viii. 1854, p. 86.

Mouth moderate, with small conical teeth forming a single series in
the premaxillaries, maxillaries, and dentaries ; groups of villiform teeth
on the entopterygoids and on the tongue. Branchiostegal rays 7 or 8.
Body strongly compressed. Dorsal and anal fins equally developed, on
the caudal region of the body, elongate and narrowly separated from the
small caudal; ventral fins nearer end of snout than caudal fin, with
6 rays. Vertebre 27+42-43. Air-bladder cellular, lodged in the
closed hemal arches of the caudal vertebrae. Fourth branchial arch
with an accessory breathing-organ.

A single species.

1. HETEROTIS NILOTICUS.

Sudis niloticus (Ehrenb.), Cuv. Régne Anim. 2nd ed. i. p. 328 (1829) ; Riipp.
Beschr. n. Fische Nil, p. 10, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1829).

Sudis adansonti, Cuy. |. ¢.

Garafehe, Ritaud, Voy. Egypte, pl. exe. (1830).

Heterotis ehrenbergii, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xix. p. 469, pls. ceccclxxxiii. &
ececelxxxiv. (1846); Hyrtl, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, viii. 1854, p. 73, pls. i.-iii.

Heterotis adansonii, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 478.

Heterotis niloticus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 380 (1868), and Petherick’s Trav. ii.
p- 266 (1869) ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 565, pl. viii. fig. 2 ;
Hempr. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Zool. pl. i., and Zoot. pls. vill. & ix. (1899) ;
Budgett, Tr. Zool. Soc. xvi. 1901, p. 128, pl. xi. figs. 6 & 7; Bouleng. Fish.
Nile, p. 84, pl. xiv. (1907).

Depth of body 34 to 4} times in total length, length of head
34 to 43 times. Head short and thick, convex above, its upper surface
and sides rugose, granulate in the adult, with large sensory pits ; snout
short, rounded, 32 to 5 times in length of head; eye perfectly lateral,
its diameter 54 to 8 times in length of head and 2 to 3} times in
interorbital width ; mouth with thick lips, straight and transverse in

150 OSTEOGLOSSID &,

front, obliquely bent on the sides, nearly square when fully open,
extending to below anterior border of eye or a little beyond; a very
large dermal flap borders the gill-cover. Gill-rakers long and slender,
closely set. Dorsal 32-37, beginning a little further back than the

Fig. 121.

Heterotis niloticus.
White Nile (F.N.). 1.

a

anal; latter 34 to 39. Pectoral obtusely pointed, 2 to 2 length of
head. Ventral 3 to 2 length of head. Caudal short, rounded. Caudal
peduncle very short. Scales more or less rugose, 32-38 in lateral line, 2

in transverse series on body in front of ventral, 2 between origin of dorsal
and anal. Lateral line extending in a straight line from above gill-
cover to middle of caudal peduncle ; the canals tubular in the young,
deep grooves in the adult. Brown, grey, or olive; young with dorsal and
anal marked with rather indistinct longitudinal streaks, and a round
dark spot on each of the scales of the caudal region of the body.

Total length 800 millim.

Tropical Africa north of the Equator.—Type in Berlin Museum.

1. Ad. Nile.

2-3. Ad. El Kirbekan, near Korti, L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
Upper Niie.

4. Skel, Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).

5, 6-9. Ad. & hgr. Fashoda, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

10. Her. White Nile, lat. 9°, J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).

11. Ad. Gabt-el-Megahid, between Capt. S. Flower (P.).

Sobat and Babr-el-Zerat,

fxd

HETEROTIS.—PANTODON. 151

12. Ad. Galeba, Lake Rudolf. Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N.McMillan,Esq.(P.)-

13. Skull. Shari River. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).

14,15. Ad. &hgr. — St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).

16, Ad. Gambia. J. S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

I7. Her. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).

18. Ad. “5 W. A. Forbes, Esq. (P.).

19-20. Yg. Assay, Lower Niger. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

21. Yg. Benue R., N. of Ibi. H. L. Norton Traill, Esq.

(C.).

Fam. 5. PANTODONTIDA.

Margin of the upper jaw formed by the single premaxillary and the
maxillaries, the former very small; nasal bones large but not in contact
with each other ; parietal bones separating the supraoccipital from the
frontals ; preeoperculum and suboperculum absent. Ribs inserted on
the strong parapophyses ; epipleurals, no epineurals. Pectoral fin low
down, folding against the belly; mesocoracoid arch slender, strongly
curved, meeting its fellow on the median line. Ventral fin with 7 rays,
immediately behind pectorals.

A single genus.

1. PANTODON.

Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1876, p. 195 ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 121 (1901).

Body moderately elongate, compressed, the back, as well as the head,
flattened, keeled below; scales large; lateral line distinct, canals straight
and simple. Mouth large, with small sharp teeth; similar teeth on the
palate (vomer, palatines, pterygoids) and on the tongue. Nostrils widely
separated, the posterior large and close to the eye. A very short dorsal
fin; anal fin longer and inserted further forward. Pectoral fin very
large, the lower ray adnate to a fleshy process. Vertebre 16414.

A single species.

1. PANTODON BUCHHOULZI.
Peters, t. c. p. 196, pl. —; Bouleng. 1. c.; Popta, Notes Leyd. Mus. xxiii. 1902,
p- 111.

Depth of body 34 to 3% times in total length, length of head 4 to 44
times. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 3 times in
length of head, 13 times in interocular width; mouth very oblique,
directed upwards, extending beyond posterior border of eye. Dorsal 6,

~

Lae PANTODONTID.

above last rays of anal, 33 to 4 times as distant from head as from caudal ;
third ray nearly as long as head. Anal 9-14, sometimes divided into
two by a notch, posterior rays shortest. Pectoral } to 4 total length,
formed of 8 rays, first longest and strong. First 4 ventral rays more or
less produced, sometimes reaching caudal. Caudal pointed, median rays
nearly twice as long as head. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. 28-30

: . 3k: . :
scales in lateral line, ? in transverse series, 22 or 23 between occiput

Fig. 122.

Pantodon buchholzi.

Upper Congo.

and dorsal. Olive above, yellow or silvery beneath, more or less tinged
with carmine; a few blackish dots on the body; sometimes dark bands
across the back; fins pink, with small, round, purplish-brown spots,
forming cross-bands on the pectorals, which are dark purple on the
inner side and towards the end; dark bars across the lower jaw.

Total length 95 millim.

Niger, Old Calabar, Cameroon, Congo.—Type in Berlin Museum.

1. Ad. Brass, Lower Niger. N. Burrows, Esq. (P.).

2. Ad. Assay, s J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
3-4. Ad. & hgr. Old Calabar. D. G. Rutherford, Esq. (C.).
5. Skel.

” ”

6. One of the types. Victoria R., Cameroon. Dr. Buchholz (C.);
Berlin Museum (E.),

7-8. Her. Cameroon.
9-10. Ad. Monsembe, Upper Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
Congo.

11. Ad. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

CLUPEA. 153

Fam. 6. CLUPEIDA.

Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries and the
maxillaries ; supraoccipital bone in contact with the frontals ; opercular
bones well developed. Ribs mostly sessile, inserted behind parapo-
physes; intermuscular bones (epineurals, epipleurals, adpleurals) usually
numerous. Pectoral fins low down, folding against the belly; post-
clavicle applied to outer side of clavicle. Air-bladder communicating
with the ear (except in the Chanine, which should perhaps stand as a
distinct family).

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Crupzin2.— Mouth large; belly keeled, serrated; no lateral line; gill-
membranes deeply notched ; ventrals with 6 to 9 rays.
A. Dorsal originating above ventrals ; anal with less than 30 rays.
Teeth extremely small or absent . 2. . . « « 1. Clupea, L., p. 153.
Teeth moderate or large. . . . . . . » «2 Pellonula, Gthr., p. 155.
B. Dorsal opposite to the space between ventrals and anal.
Canine teeth present; anal with less than 30 rays. 3. Odazothrissa, Blgr., p. 160.
Teeth small ; anal with less than 30 rays . . « 4. Akecrothrissa, Blgr., p. 161.
Teeth very small ; anal with more than 30 rays . 5. Ilisha, Gray, p. 162.
II. Cuanin#.—Mouth small, toothless; belly
rounded ; lateral line present ;_ gill-
membranes entirely united ; ventrals with
Lior 12 aaye « ge es oe es «2s Be Uhanos, Lavep., pe 164.

1. CLUPEA.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 522 (1766), part.; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 412 (1886) ;
Bouleng. Fish, Nile, p. 89 (1907).
Alosa, Cuv. Régne Anim. 2nd ed. ii. p. 319 (1829).

Mouth moderate or large; teeth small or absent; maxillary formed
of three pieces. Branchiostegal rays 6 to 10. Body compressed, with
an abdominal serrature formed of bony scutes; scales moderate or large ;
no lateral line. Dorsal fin short, opposite to the ventrals and anterior
to the anal, which is more elongate. Ventrals with 6-9 rays. Vertebre
40-59.

Of almost cosmopolitan marine distribution, One anagamous species
in North Africa.

154 CLUPEID..

1. CLUPHA FINTA*,

Clupea alosa, Linn. in Hasselq. Reise Palast. p. 430 (1762), and Syst. Nat. i.
p. 523 (1766), part.

Clupea sprattus (non Linn.), Sonnini, Trav. Egypt, p. 416, pl. xvi. fig. 4 (1800).

Clupea nilotica, I. Geoffr. Deser. Egypte, Poiss. p. 286, pl. x. fig. 1 (1827).

Clupea jinta, Cuv. Régne Anim. ii. 2nd ed. p. 320 (1829) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vil.
p. 485 (1868), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 264 (1869) ; Vincig. Ann. Mus.
Genova, xx. 1884, p. 443; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 89, pl. xv. fig. 2 (1907).

Alosa finta, Riipp. Beschr. n. Fische Nil, p. 5 (1829).

Alausa vulgaris, part., Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xx. p. 391 (1847).

Body strongly compressed, its depth 32 to 33 times in total length;
length of head 32 to 5 times. Top of head somewhat concave, the
concavity bordered by two oblique ridges converging on the occiput;
snout short, as ong as eye in young, a little longer in adult; eye with
a very distinct transparent lid in front and behind; diameter of eye 5
(young) to 62 times in length of head, equal to interorbital width
in young, about 3 that width in adult; mouth large, oblique; upper

Clupea finta.
Nile (F.N.). 4.

jaw notched in the middle, lower jaw slightly projecting, with small
teeth in young, toothless in adult; maxillary large, extending to below
posterior third of eye in young, to below posterior border of eye or
a little beyond in adult; operculum with radiating strie descending
towards the suboperculum. Gill-rakers slender, 20-23 on lower part
of anterior arch, the longest measuring 4 to # diameter of eye. Dorsal
small, 17-20, originating nearer end of snout than root of caudal. Anal
low, 21-24, originating a little nearer base of ventral than root of

* The quotations in the synonymy refer only to African specimens.

CLUPEA.—PELLONULA. 155

caudal. Pectoral pointed, 2 to 3 length of head; a scaly pointed
appendage above its base. Ventral small, a little behind vertical of
origin of dorsal, also with a scaly appendage above its base. Caudal
deeply forked, with pointed lobes, the lower often a little longer than
the upper. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales smooth
and thin, deciduous, 58-64 in longitudinal series, 18-20 in transverse
series ; 19-21 bony keeled scutes between isthmus and ventral, 13-15
between latter and vent. Back greenish or bluish, steel-colour, sides
and belly silvery white; a blackish spot behind the upper part of
the gill-cover, sometimes followed by a series of four or five smaller
spots on the body; fins whitish or greyish, the caudal fin often edged
with blackish.

Total length 360 millim.

Coasts of Europe from the North Sea to the Mediterranean, breeding
in fresh water. Ascending the rivers of North Africa.

1-2. Ad. Algeria. Sir L. Playfair (P.).
3. Yg. Bahr-el-Tawilah, near Lake L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
Menzaleh.
4-7. Yg. Samannud, Damietta Nile. i
8-9. Her. & yg. Rosetta Nile, near Barrage. Fe
10. Her. Cairo. 55
11-13. Yg. Near Cairo. 5
14. Ad. Birket Karun, Fayum. Pe
15-16. Ad. Nile. Rev. O. P. Cambridge (P.).

2. PELLONULA.
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 452 (1868); Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 124
(1901).

Mouth moderate or large ; sharp, unequal conical teeth in each jaw,
with strongly enlarged ones at least in the lower jaw; minute teeth on
the maxillary; conical teeth on the palatines and on the tongue;
maxillary formed of two pieces. Branchiostegal rays 6. Body strongly
compressed, with an abdominal serrature formed of bony scutes; scales
moderate; no lateral line. Dorsal fin short, originating above veuntrals ;
anal moderately elongate, with less than 20 rays. Ventrals with 8 or 9
rays. Vertebre 46.

Fresh waters of Tropical Africa.

156 CLUPEID,

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Dorsal 15-17, originating at equal distance from end of snout and from base
of caudal, or a little nearer the latter ; lower jaw projecting beyond the
upper.

Depth of body not more than + times in total

length ; keeled ventral scutes 13-15 + 9-10 ;

anal originating a short distance behind

vertical of dorsal . . . . . . 1. P. voraz, Gthr., p. 156.
Depth of body 42-53 times in total length ;

keeled ventral scutes 19-20+10-11; anal

originating a long way behind dorsal . . 2. P. miodon, Blgr., p. 157.

Il. Dorsal 13-14, originating much nearer end of snout than base of caudal ;
upper jaw projecting beyond the lower; anal originating a long way
behind dorsal.

Snout obtusely pointed; keeled ventral scutes

12-134+10 ... . 2. ew ww . 8. P. obtustrostris, Blgr., p. 158.
Snout acutely pointed ; ede ventral scutes
12-138412 . 2... 2.0... . . . 4 P. acutirostris, Blgr., p. 159.

1. PELLONULA VORAX.

Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 452 (1868); Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870,
p- 570, pl. vii. fig. 3; Perugia, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) x. 1891, p. 977;
Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 83; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p. 125 (1901).

Pellonula modesta, J. G. Fisch. Jahrb, Hamb. Wiss. Anst. ii. 1885, p. 75.

Depth of body 33 to 4 times in total length, length of head 3} to 4
times. Snout pointed, as long as eye, which is 3 to 34 times in length
of head, 1$ to 13 times interorbital width ; a well-developed adipose

Pellonula vorax.

Senegal, after Steindachner (J. ¢.). 3.

eyelid; chin projecting beyond snout; maxillary extending to below
anterior border of eye or a little beyond; strongly enlarged teeth in
both jaws in the adult. Gill-rakers long and slender, 27-30 on lower

PELLONULA. 157

part of anterior arch. Dorsal 15-17, originating at equal distance from
end of snout and from root of caudal. Anal 17-19, originating
immediately behind or a short distance behind vertical of dorsal.
Pectoral about 2 length of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal deeply
forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. 42-46
scales in longitudinal series, 13-14 in transverse series ; 13-15 keeled
scutes between isthmus and ventrals, 9-10 between ventrals and anal.

Golden, with a silvery lateral band; young speckled with black.
Total length 120 millim.

Senegal to Congo.

¥. Ad., type. W. Africa. Mr. L. Fraser (C.),
2. Hgr., type. Niger. '
3-5. Her. Jebba, Upper Niger. Dr. C. Christy (C.).
6-9. Ad. & yg. Agberi, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
10-12. Hgr. Old Calabar. Miss Kingsley (C.).
13. Ad. Cameroon. Dr. Jackson (C.);
Hon. W. Rothschild (P.).
14-16. Her. Benito River. G. L, Bates, Esq. (C.).
17. Ad. Gaboon.
18. Ad. Boma, Lower Congo. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. (C.).
19. Ad. Vivi, i Capt. Bove (C.);
Genoa Museum (P.).
20-23. Yo. Bikoro, L. Tumba, Upper M. P. Delhez (C.).

24-27. Hgr. & yo.

Congo.
Coquilhatville, Upper
Congo.

a9

28. Her. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (C.).
29, Ad, Stanley Falls. Rey. W. H. Bentley (C.).
30. Skel. %

31. Ad., type.

Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soe

Depth of body 43

”

—?

Dr. A. Giinther (P.).

2. PELLONULA MIODON.

. xvii. 1906, p. 546, pl. xxx. fig. 2.
to 54 times in total length, length of head 32 to 4

times. Snout obtusely pointed, as long as eye, which is 33 to 3} times

in length of head and equals 1} to 1} times interorbital width ; chin
projecting beyond the snout; maxillary extending to below anterior
border or anterior fourth of eye; teeth small, the larger confined to
anterior extremity of mandible. Gill-rakers long and slender, closely
set, 35-40 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 15-16, equally
distant from centre or posterior border of eye and from root of caudal ;

158 CLUPEID.®.

longest rays about 4 length of head. Anal 16-17, a long way behind
dorsal, nearer root of caudal than base of ventrals. Pectoral 3 length
of head, widely separated from ventral. Ventral below anterior third
or middle of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle 14 to 1} times as long as deep. 45-48 scales in longitudinal

Fig. 125.

Pellonula miodon.
Type (Tr. Z. Soc. 1906).

series, 14 in transverse series; 19-20 keeled scutes between isthmus
and ventrals, 10-11 between ventrals and anal. Olive above, silvery
below ; an indistinct blue lateral band ; dorsal and caudal greyish.
Total length 140 millim.
Lake Tanganyika.

1-4. Ad. & hgr., types. Ndanvie. Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.).
5. Ad., type. Tembwi. "a
6. Ad. ,, Vua. a
7-11. Yg., types. Mbete. Pa
J2-21. Yg., ,, Niamkolo Island. 5
22-23. Ad., ,, Kasakalewa. “

3. PELLONULA OBTUSIROSTRIS, sp. n.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 44 or 43 times in total length.
Snout obtusely pointed, projecting very slightly beyond lower jaw, not
quite as long as eye, which is 3 times in length of head and slightly
exceeds interorbital width ; adipose eyelid feebly developed; maxillary
extending to below anterior third of eye; no strongly enlarged teeth.
Gill-rakers slender, shorter than brachial filaments, about 15 on lower
part of anterior arch. Dorsal 13, originating slightly in advance of
ventrals, much nearer end of snout than base of caudal. Anal 17-18,
twice as distant from base of ventral as from caudal, and originating a

PELLONULA. 159

long way behind vertical of dorsal. Pectoral 3 to 2 length of head,
not reaching ventral. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle once and } as long as deep. 42-44 scales in longitudinal

series, 10 in transverse series; 12-13 keeled scutes between isthmus

Fig. 126.

Pellonula obtusirostris.

Type.

and ventrals, 10 between ventrals and anal. Body yellowish, head and
a broad lateral band silvery.
Total length 72 millim.
Upper Congo.
1-2. Types. Aruwimi R. R. B. Woosnam, Esq. (C.);
Ruwenzori Expedition.

4, PELLONULA ACUTIROSTRIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 63, pl. xxxv. fig. 7 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 126 (1901).

Depth of body 4 to 43 times in total length, length of head 32 to 4
times. Snout acutely pointed, projecting slightly beyond lower jaw, as
long as eye, which is 3 times in length of head and slightly exceeds
interorbital width ; a well-developed adipose lid; maxillary extending a
little beyond anterior border of eye; teeth unequal in size, none very
strongly enlarged. Gill-rakers slender, much shorter than branchial
filaments, about 25 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 13-14,
originating above first ray of ventral, much nearer end of snout than
base of caudal, Anal 17-18, nearly twice as distant from base of
ventral as from caudal, and originating a long way behind vertical of
dorsal. Pectoral 2 to $ length of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal
forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep.
40-42 scales in longitudinal series, 10 in transverse series; 12-13 keeled
scutes between isthmus and ventrals, 12 between ventrals and anal.

160 CLUPEID.

Olive above, white beneath, with a silvery lateral band; sometimes a
large dark spot on gill-cover and scapular region and another at base of
caudal.

Total length 75 millim.

Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

Pellonula acutirostris.

Type (A. M.C.). 7.

1. One of the types. Coquilhatville, Upper Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).
2-3. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
4, Ad. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

3. ODAXOTHRISSA.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 64 (1899), and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 127
(1901).

Mouth large; sharp conical teeth in each jaw, with a large canine-
like tooth on each side, directed backwards; minute teeth on the
maxillary ; conical teeth on the palatines and on the tongue ; maxillary
formed of two pieces. Branchiostegal rays 7. Body strongly compressed,
with an abdominal serrature formed of bony scutes; scales moderate ;
no lateral line. Dorsal fin short, behind vertical of ventrals ; anal rather
long, with 21 or 22 rays. Ventrals with 9 rays,

Congo.

1. ODAXOTHRISSA LOSERA.
Bouleng. ll. ce. pp. 64, 128, pl. xxxi. fig. 1.

Depth of body equal to or a little less than length of head, 34 to 4
times in total length. Snout rounded, + length of head, equal to
diameter of eye, which is greater than interorbital width ; chin projecting
strongly beyond the snout ; maxillary extending to below centre of eye.
Gill-rakers much shorter than gill-filaments, 18-20 on lower part of
anterior arch, Dorsal 16-17, originating immediately behind vertical
of base of ventrals, at equal distance from end of snout and from caudal.

ODAXOTHRISSA.—MICROTHRISSA. 161

Anal 21-22. Pectoral 2 length of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal
deeply forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle a little longer than
deep. 44-46 scales in longitudinal series, 14 in transverse series; 17—

Fig. 128.

Odaxothrissa losera.

Type (A.M. C.). 3.

18 keeled scutes between isthmus and ventrals, 9-10 between ventrals
and anal. Olive-brown above, white beneath; a more cr less distinct
silvery lateral band.

Total length 160 millim.

Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1. One of the types. Coquilhatville. M. P. Dellez (C.).
2. Ad. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.),

4, MICROTHRISSA.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 26 (1902).

Mouth moderately large, with a series of. sharp conical teeth in each
jaw; maxillary toothless, formed of two pieces; small teeth on the
palatines, none on the tongue. Branchiostegal rays 6. Body strongly
compressed, with an abdominal serrature formed of bony scutes; scales
moderate; no lateral line. Dorsal fin short, behind vertical of ventrals ;
anal rather long, with 23 to 25 rays. Ventrals with 9 rays.

Congo.

i. MICROTHRISSA ROYAUXI.
Bouleng. 1. ¢. pl. viii. fig. 1.
Depth of body 3 to 34 times in total length, length of head 33 to 4
times. Snout rounded, shorter than eye, which is 3 to 33 times in length

of head and a little greater than interorbital width ; jaws equal in front ;
VOL. L. Ata

162 CLUPELD&.

maxillary rather narrow, extending scarcely beyond anterior border of
eye. Gill-rakers long and slender, about 20 on lower part of anterior
arch. Dorsal 13, last ray above first of anal, longest ray $ length of
head. Anal 23-25. Pectoral rather more than 3 length of head, nearly

Microthrissa royaurt.

Type (A. M. C.).

reaching ventral. Caudal deeply forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle nearly as long as deep. 38 scales in longitudinal series, 12 in
transverse series; 13 keeled scutes between isthmus and ventrals, 6-7
between ventrals and anal. Brownish, with a rather indistinct silvery
lateral band.

Total length 65 millim.

Ubanghi.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Banzyville. Capt. Royaux (C.).

5. ILISHA.
Platygaster (von Latr.), Swains. Nat, Hist. ii. p. 294 (1839),
Tlisha, Gray, in Richards. Iebth. China, p. 306 (1846); Bleek. Atl. Iehth. vi.
p- 116 (1872).
Pellona, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xx. p. 300 (1847) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 454
(1863).

Mouth moderately large, with minute teeth; small teeth on the
palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; maxillary formed of 2 or 3 pieces.
Branchiostegal rays 6. Body strongly compressed, with an abdominal
serrature formed of bony scutes; scales moderate or small; no lateral
line. Dorsal fin short, behind vertical of ventrals ; anal long, with more
than 30 rays. Ventrals very small, with 6 to 8 rays. Vertebre 46 *,

Tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans, some species entering fresh

waters,
* Th J. iolius.

ILISHA. 163

1, ILISHA INDICA.
Platygaster indicus, Swains. 1. c.
Pellona ditchoa, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 313; Playf. & Giinth. Fish. Zanz. p. 122
(1866) ; Giinth. t. c. p. £55.
Llisha indica, Bleek. op. cit. p. 118, pl. eclix. fig. 4.
Pellona indica, Day, Fish. Ind. p. 644, pl. clxiv. fig. £ (1878).

Depth of body 23 to 24 times in total length, length of head 32 to 4
times. Snout short, chin projecting; eye very large, about 24 times in
length of head and double interorbital width ; a well-developed adipose
eyelid; maxillary extending to below anterior third of eye. Giull-rakers
long and slender, 24-28 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 16-18,
originating at equal distance from end of snout and from root of caudal
or a little nearer former. Anal 37-39, originating just behind vertical

Llisha indica.

After Day (Fish. Ind.). 2

of last ray of dorsal. Pectoral about length of head. Caudal deeply
forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. 43-45
scales in longitudinal series, 13-14 in transverse series ; 18-19 keeled
scutes between isthmus and ventrals, 8--9 between ventrals and anal.
Silvery or golden, bluish on the back.

Total length 150 millim.

Fast coast of Africa to Malay Archipelago, entering rivers.

1-2, Skins. Kingani Rh, Sir L. Playfair (C.).
3. Ba. Zanzibar. “

m2

164 CLUPEILD.E.

6. CHANOS.
Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 395 (1803) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 473 (1868); Bleek
Atlas Ichth. vi. p. 81 (1872).
Lutodeira (van Hasselt), Riipp. Fische R. Meer. p. 17 (1828).
Scoliostomus, Riipp. 1. ¢.

Mouth small; no teeth; mavillary rathersmall. Eye entirely covered
by a transparent adipose lid. Gill-membranes entirely united, but free
from the isthmus; branchiostegal rays 4. Body compressed, belly
rounded ; scales small, longitudinally striated; lateral line present, with
straight, simple tubules. Dorsal fin above the ventrals, longer than the
anal, these fins folding in a scaly sheath. Ventral fins with 11 or 12
rays. A scaly process above the base of the pectoral, and another above
the ventral. Vertebre 43-44. Air-bladder with a constriction. An
accessory branchial organ.

Indian and Tropical Pacific Oceans, often occurring in fresh waters.

1. CHANOS SALMONEUS.

Mugil chanos, Forskal, Descr. Anim. p. 74 (1775).

AMugil salmoneus (Forst.), Bloch-Schneid. Syst. Ichth. p. 421 (1801); Forst. Deser.
Anim, p. 299 (1844).

Chanos arabicus, Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 396 (1803) ; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Pois. xix.
p. 187 (1846).

Lutodeira chanos, Riipp. Fische R. Meer. p. 18 (1828).

Lutodeira salmonea, Richards. Zool. Ereb, & Terr., Ichth. p. 58, pl. xxxvi. figs. 1
& 2 (1846).

Chanos mento, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 191.

Chanos chloropterus, Cuv. & Val. t. ¢. p. 195.

Chanos nuchalis, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 196.

Chanos lulina, Cuv. & Val. t. e. p. 199, pl. cececl xvii.

Chanos salmoneus, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 201; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 473 (1868) ;
Bleek, Atlas Ichth. vi. p. 81, pl. cclxxii. fig. 4 (1872); Day, Fish. Ind. p. 651,
pl. elxvi. fig. 2 (1878).

Chanos mossambicus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 684, and Reise Mossamb. iv.
p. 93, pl. xx. fig. 1 (1868).

Chanos chanos, Slunz. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. 1871, p. 605.

Depth of body 35 to 33 times in total length, length of head 3 to 4
times. Snout rounded, about as long as eye, which is 34 to 4 times in
length cf head ; interorbital region flat, its width 1 to 14 times diameter
of eye; width of mouth less than length of snout. Gill-rakers
very closely set and extremely numerous, shorter than gill-lamelle.

CHUANOS.—SALMONID.F. 1665

Dorsal 13-17, equally distant from occiput and from base of caudal. Anal
10-11. Pectoral 2 to 2 length of head, widely separated from ventral.
Caudal deeply forked, with long pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle about

Chanos salmoneus.

Mozambique, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 2.

once and 3 as long as deep. Scales 75-90 tes 12-14 between lateral
line and scaly process at base of ventral. Silvery, bluish on the back.
Total length 550 millim.—Grows to 1 metre or more.
Kast coast of Africa to Polynesia.

1. Her., stffd. Red Sea. Dr. Riippell.

2. Ad., stffd. Zanzibar. Sir L. Playfair (C.).
3. Yg. a Sir J. Kirk (P.).

4. Her. Seychelles. Sir L. Playfair (P.).
5-7. Yg. Rodriguez, in fresh water. G. Gulliver, Esq. (P.).

Fam. 7. SALMONIDE.

Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries and the
maxillaries ; supraoccipital bone in contact with the frontals ; opercular
bones well developed. Ribs sessile, parapophyses very short or absent ;
epineurals, sometimes also epipleurals, present. Pectoral fins low down,
folding against the belly. An adipose dorsal fin. Oviducts rudimentary

or absent.
Marine and fresh-water Fishes, mostly from the Temperate and Arctic

zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

166 SALMONIDZ.

1. SALMO.
Artedi, Gen. Pisce. p. 11 (1738); Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxi. p. 166 (1848) ;
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 2 (1866).
Salvelinus, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Am. iii. p. 169 (1836).
Fario, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 277.
Salar, Guy. & Val. t. ce. p. 314.
Umbla, Rapp, Fische Bodensee, p. 32 (1854).
Oncorhynchus, Suckley, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1861, p. 312; Giinth. t. c. p. 155.
Mypsifurio, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1502, p. 330.
Trutta, Siebold, Siisswasserf, Mitt. Eur. p. 280 (1863).
Fucho, Giinth. t. e. p. 125.

Cristivomer, Jord. Man. Vert. E. U.S. 2nd ed. p. 356 (1878).

Mouth large, with strong dentition. 10 to 16 branchiostegal rays.
Dorsal fin moderately large, opposite or nearly opposite to ventrals.
9 or 10 ventral rays. Scales small or very small.

Cold and temperate parts of Northern Hemisphere.

1, SALMO TRUTTA.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 509 (1766).
The North-African Trout belongs to a variety (scarcely distinct from
the var. fario, L., of Europe) of which the following is the synonymy :—

Salar macrostigna, A. Dumér. C, R. Ac. Sci. xlii. 1858, p. 160, and Rev. et Mag.
Zool. 1358, p. 396, pl. x.

Salmo lepasseti, Zill, Ann. Sci. Nat. (4) ix. 1858, p. 128.

Salmo macrostigma, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi. p. 76 (1866); Vincig. Boll. Agrar.

Roma, xviii. 1896, p. 107; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901,
p- 108.

Sulmo fario, var. macrostigna, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xviii. 1896,
p. 152.

Depth of body 33 to 44 times in total length, length of head 4} to 43
times. Eye 32 (young) to 4% times in length of head; maxillary
extending to below posterior third of eye in young, to below posterior
border of eye or a little beyond in adult; vomerine teeth forming a
double, zigzag row. 10-12 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal IV 9-10. Anal III 8-10. 95-128 scales in lateral line, 14-16
in an oblique series between adipose fin and lateral line. Caudal
deeply notched in the young, truncate or feebly notched in the adult.
Caudal peduncle 1$ to 1% times as long as deep. Olive-brown above,
shading to golden yellow or yellowish white beneath; a series of 9 to

SALMO.—PHRACTOLAMIDA, IGT

12 vertically oval, large, blackish spots (parr-marks) on cach side in the
young, more or less distinct traces of these persisting in the adult ; small
black: a red spots on the back and sides, sometimes encineled with
whitish or bluish; a large round black spot on the operculum ; dorsal

Fig. 182,

Salmo trutta, var, macrostigma,

Type, after A. Duméril (Rev. Mag. Zool. 1858).

ne

spotted with black; dorsal and anal with a dark and light anterior

margin.

Total length 290 millim.

Hill-stream of Algeria (Kabylia) and Morocco ; Sicily, Sardinia, Asia
Minor, and Northern Persia.—Type in Paris Museum.

1-3. Her. Algeria. Dr. Schimper (P.).
4-5, Ad. & yg. Near Tangier.
6-14. Ad. & her. Martun R., near Tetuan. CU. A. Payton, Esq. (P.).

A second species, Salmo trideus, Gibb., from the western parts of
North America, has been introduced in South and East Africa.

Fam. 8. PHRACTOLAEMID.

Mouth very protractile, bordered by the very slender premaxillaries,
maxillaries, and dentaries; supraoccipital in contact with the frontals,
widely separating the small parietals ; operculum and suboperculum well
interoperculum enormous, covering

developed ; preeoperculum small ;
symplectic absent. No

the gular region and overlapping its fellow;
Ribs stout, sessile, nearly completely encircling the

pharyngeal teeth.
Pectoral fin inserted low

body; slender epineurals, no epipleurals.
down. No postclavicle.
A single genus.

16S: PHRACTOL-EMIDA,

1. PHRACTOLZEMUS.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, i. p. 6.

Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with large striated scales ;
lateral line complete, tubes straight. Head strongly ossified, covered
with thin skin; mouth small, proboscidiform, capable of being thrust
forward, retractile into a depression on the upper surface of the snout;
no teeth, except a conical tooth on each dentary, near the symphysis ;
a single narial orifice, preceded by a barbel. Gill-openings narrow,
restricted to the sides; 3 branchiostegal rays; no pseudobranchie.
Dorsal short, opposite to the space between ventrals and anal; latter
short. Ventrals far back, with 6 rays. Vertebre 34 (2648). Air-bladder
very large, extending as far back as the anal fin.

Niger, Congo.

1. PHRACTOL/EMUS ANSORGII.

Bouleng. 1. ¢. pl. ii, and Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 22 (1902) ; Ridewood,
Journ. Linn. Sce., Zool. xxix. 1905, p. 277.

Depth of body 5 to 6 times in total length, length of head 64 to 72
times. Ilcad depressed, with very broad, slightly convex interorbital

Fig. 133.

Phractoleemus ansorgu.

Type. 4

ro

region ; eye small, lateral, 44 to 54 times in length of head, 3 to 34 times
in interorbital width ; nasal barbel nearly $ length of head. Yorsal 6,
first four rays simple, the others usually bifid, originating at equal
distance from head and from root of caudal ; second ray longest, 1} times
length of head. Anal 6, similar to dorsal, but rays shorter. Pectoral

PHRACTOLZEMUS.—KNERIA. 169

rounded, a little shorter than head, as long as ventral, which is equally
distant from head and from anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle
compressed, nearly as long as deep, as long as head. Scales 35-40 ® .

on the caudal region the scales of the lateral line and those of the series
above it may bear a central tubercle. Uniform olive-grey.
Total length 150 millim.
Lower Niger, Upper Congo.
1-3. Ad., hgr., Mouth of Ethiope River, Niger Delta. Dr. W.J. Ansorge (P.).
& yg, types.
4, Skel. ” ” a9
5. Ad. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

&

Fam. 9. KNERIIDA.

Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries; mouth not
protractile, inferior, toothless; supraoccipital widely separating the
very small parietals; opercular bones well developed; symplectic
present. Gill-opening very narrow. Body scaly. Ribs sessile. Pectoral
fin inserted low down, folding like the ventrals.

Two genera, if Xenopomatichthys be referred to this family rather
than to the Cyprinide, in which it has been provisionally placed by
its describer,

1. KNERIA.
Steind. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi. 1866, p. 769; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii.
p. 872 (1868).

Mouth rather small and toothless, inferior, transverse, sharp-edged.
Gill-opening very narrow, lateral; 3 branchiostegal rays. Body elon-
gate, cylindrical or slightly depressed, covered with very small, finely
striated scales. Dorsal and anal fins short, the former above or behind
vertical of ventrals, which have 9 rays. Vertebree 40 (26+14)*. Air-
bladder long and slender, extending along the whole precaudal part of
the body. Intestinal tract very long, with several convolutions.

Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.
Dorsal behind vertical of base of ventral; head 2}
times as long as broad, 5}—6 times in total length;

snout 4 as long as postocular part of head ; eye [p. 170.
lateral, 3-33 times in length of head. . . . . 1. KK. angolensis, Stdr.,

* The osteological characters are taken from a skeleton of A’. eameronensis,

170 KNERIID.E.

Dorsal above base of ventral ; head twice as long as
broad, 6 times in total length ; snout 3 as long

oD

as postocular part of head; eye lateral, 43-5

times in length of head. . . . . . « « » 2. Ki spekii, Gthr., p. 171.
Dorsal above base of ventral ; head about 135 times as

long as broad, 43-5 times in total length ; snout

as long as postocular part of head; eye supero- [p. 171.

lateral, 4)—-5 times in length of head. . . . . 3. KH, cameronensis, Bler.,

1. KNERIA ANGOLENSIS.
Steind. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi. 1866, p. 770, pl. xvii. Ag. 1; Giinth. Cat.
Fish. vii. p. 872 (1868).

Body cylindrical in front, its depth 64 to 7 times in total length.
Head deeper than broad, twice and + as long as broad, its length 5} to 6
times in total length; snout half as long as postorbital part of head,
with spine-like tubercles in the male; eye lateral, well visible from
below, 3 to 34 times in length of head; interorbital width 2 length of
head. Dorsal II 8, originating behind vertical of base of ventrals and
at equal distance from eye and from root of caudal, longest ray nearly

Kneria angolensis,

Bange Nygola.

as long as head. Anal IIT 9, equally distant from root of ventrals and
from root of caudal. Pectoral } length of head. Caudal deeply forked,
with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle twice and 4 as long as deep.
95-100 scales in lateral line. Yellowish to dark brown above, whitish
beneath ; a lateral series of black dots; a black dot at base of ventral
and usually two at base of anal.

Total length 90 millim.

Angola.—Type in Vienna Museum.

1-2. Her. Bange Neola. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

KNERTA. 171

2. KNERTA SPERKTI.
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 372 (1868).

Body cylindrical in front, its depth 7 times in total length. Head as
broad as deep, twice as long as broad, its length 6 times in total length;
snout 3 length of postocular part of head ; eye lateral, just visible from
below, 43 to 5 times in length of head; interorbital width 2 length of
head. Dorsal II 8, originating above ventrals and at equal distance

Fig. 135,

SS x

Kneria spekit.
Type.

from anterior border or centre of eye and from root of caudal, longest
ray length of head. Anal III 6, a little nearer root of caudal than
root of yentrals. Pectoral a little shorter than head. Caudal deeply
forked. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep. 100-105 scales
in lateral line. Uniform brownish, the lateral line darker.

Total length 55 millim.

German East Africa.

1-3. Types. Uzaramo, between the coast and Usagara. Capt. Speke (P.).

3. KNERIA CAMERONENSIS, sp. n.

Body a little depressed in front, its depth 7 to 9 times in total length.
Head broader than deep, about once and 4 as long as broad, its length

Fig. 136.

Kneria cameronensts.

Type.

41 to 5 times in total length; snout as long as postocular part of head ;
eye supero-lateral, 44 to 5 times in length of head ; interorbital width

172 KNERIIDE.

oh

2 length of head. Dorsal II 8, originating above ventrals and at equal
distance from eye and from root of caudal, longest ray about 2 length of
head. Anal III 6, twice as distant from root of ventrals as from root
of caudal. Pectoral as long as head. Caudal deeply forked, with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle about once and 3 as long as deep.
90-102 scales in lateral line. Yellowish olive above, spotted or marbled
with brown, pale yellow below; a brown lateral band; a black dot at
base of ventral; caudal spotted with black, the lower lobe sometimes
nearly entirely black.

Total length 75 millim.

South Cameroon.

1-8. Ad. & her., types. Ja River (Congo System). G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
9, Skel.

2? ”? ”

The following genus is provisionally referred to this family :—

2, XENOPOMATICHTHYS.
Nenopomichthys, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, xi. 1905, p. 145.

Mouth small and toothless, inferior, transverse, sharp-edged. Gill-
opening very narrow, lateral; outer surface of operculum bearing a
cup-shaped apparatus. Body moderately elongate, covered with small
scales. Dorsal and anal fins short, the former slightly behind vertical
of ventrals, which have 8 rays. Intestinal canal very long, forming
numerous convolutions.

Mozambique.

1. NENOPOMATICHTHYS AURICULATUS.
NXenopomichthys auriculatus, Pellegr. t.c. p. 146.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 44 times in total length.
Snout rounded, nearly as long as eye, which is perfectly lateral, 3 times
in length of head, and 1} times in interorbital width; width of mouth
equal to diameter of eye. Dorsal II 8, originating at equal distance
from end of snout and from root of caudal. Anal II 6-7. Pectoral
with 15 rays. Caudal deeply notched. Caudal peduncle half as long as
deep. 60-65 scales in lateral line, about 12 between lateral line and
ventral. Yellowish grey, with a darker lateral band; minute black dots
at the base of the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins.

Total length 47 millim.

Muza River.—Types in Paris Museum.

CROMERIA, 173

Fam. 10. CROMERIID.

Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries and the
maxillaries; mouth not protractile, inferior, toothless ; supraoccipital
large and widely separating the very small parietals; opercular bones
well developed ; symplectic absent. Gill-opening very narrow. Body
naked. Ribs sessile. Pectoral fin inserted low down, folding like the
ventrals. No postclavicle.

A single genus.

1. CROMERIA.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 445, and Fish. Nile, p. 93 (1907).

Mouth small and toothless, inferior. Gill-opening very narrow,
lateral; 3 branchiostegal rays. Body elongate, compressed. Dorsal
and anal fins short, on the caudal portion of the body. Vertebre 42-45
(28-304 14-15). Air-bladder long and slender, extending along the
whole precaudal part of the body.

White Nile.

1. CROMERIA NILOTICA.
Bouleng. Jl. cc. pp. £45, 94, pl. xiv. fig. 3; Swinnerton, Zool. Jahrb., Anat. xviii.
1903, p. 58, figs.

Depth of body 64 to 8 times in total length, length of head 5 to 6
times. Snout rounded, projecting strongly beyond mouth, the width
of which is about 6 times in length of head; diameter of eye about
5 times in length of head. Dorsal 9-10, 3 cr 4 rays rudimentary,

Fig. 137.

Cromeria nilotica.
Type. x 2.

5 branched, opposite to the space between ventrals and anal, about
twice as distant from end of snout as from base of caudal; longest
rays # to 4 length of head. Anal 9-10, 3 or 4 rays rudimentary,
5 branched, similar to the dorsal, nearly equally distant from ventrals

and from base of caudal. Pectoral # or $ as long as head, longer than

174 CROMERILD2Z.— CHARACINID.E.

ventral. Caudal forked, with a deep crescentic notch, the lobes
pointed. Caudal peduncle 14 to 12 times as long as deep, with a
fold of skin above and below, extending from caudal nearly to dorsal
and anal fins. Colourless, except a bright yellow stripe dotted with
black along the dorsal line and the lower edge of the caudal peduncle,
and a blackish line along each side of the caudal peduncle.

Total length 32 millim.

White Nile.
1-6. Types. Fashoda. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
7-13. Types. Lake No. ‘3

Suborder II. OSTARIOPHYSI.

Air-bladder, if well developed, communicating with the digestive
tract by a duct. Pectoral arch suspended from the skull; mesocoracoid
arch present. Fins without spines, or dorsal and pectoral with a single
spine formed by the ossification of an articulated ray. The four anterior
vertebrae strongly modified, often co-ossified and bearing a chain of
small bones (so-called Weberian ossicles) connecting the air-bladder

with the ear.

Synopsis of the Families.

Mouth not protractile, usuaily toothed; pharyngeal bones
normal; body usually scaly; an adipose dorsal fin

mH

often present 2% 6 we Ww oe ee eee . CHARACINID.E.

Mouth more or less protractile, toothless ; lower pharyngeal
bones large, falciform ; no adipose dorsal fin.

Mouth not protractile, usually toothed; pharyngeal bones
normal ; body naked or with bony scutes ; an adipose

dorsal fin often present. . 2. 2. 2. . 2...) 68. Stnuripa.

ho

. CYPRINIDE,

Fam. 1. CHARACINID.Y¥.

Mouth non-protractile, usually bordered by the praemaxillaries and
the maxillaries, rarely by the praemaxillaries only; jaws toothed *.
Parietal bones united in a sagittal suture or separated by a fontanelle ;
opercular bones well developed; symplectic present. Pharyngeal bones
normal, with small teeth. Branchiostegal rays few (3 to 5). Ribs
mostly sessile; no parapophyses in the thoracic region; epipleurals

* Exceptions in America.

CHARACINIDA. 175

and epineurals mostly free, floating. Pectoral fins inserted very low
down, folding like the ventrals, which are formed of 10 to 13 rays.
Body covered with scales *. An adipose dorsal fin often present.

Fresh waters of Central and South America and Africa.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Hyprocyonrn.x.—Dentition powerful ; upper jaw immovable or slightly
movable; maxillaries well developed, bordering the mouth; gill-membranes
free or very narrowly attached to isthmus; scales not ciliated ; Jateral line
nearer ventral than dorsal outline.

A. Teeth unicuspid.
Teeth very numerous, unequal, conical, in two

series ; dorsal fin well behind ventrals . 1. Surcodaces, Gthr., p. 177.
Teeth not very numerous, compressed, uni-

serial ; dorsal fin above ventrals . . 2. Hydrocyon, Cuy., p. 179.

B. Teeth pluricuspid, in 2 or 3 series in the upper jaw.
1. A pair of conical teeth behind the pluricuspid teeth of the lower jaw.
Teeth in 3 series in the upper jaw, the inner
with more or less molariform excavated
crowns; dorsal fin originating in advance
ofventrals . . . . . . . . « « 8. Bryconethiops, Gthr , p. 187.
Teeth in 2 series in the upper jaw, the inner
with obliquely truncated or molariform
excavated crowns; dorsal fin originating
above or behind ventrals. . . . . . 4+. Alestes, M. & T., p. 190.
Teeth in 2 series in the upper jaw, Loth simply
compressed, the front side not concave ;
dorsal fin originating above or behind
ventrals . oo... ew ee ee OO Mivrulestes, Blgr., p. 225.
2. No conical teeth in the lower jaw.
Teeth in 2 series in the upper jaw, both simply
compressed ; dorsal fin originating above
or behind ventrals . . . . . . . . OG. Petersius, Hilg., p. 231.

Il. IcutnHyoporin£.—Dentition various ; upper jaw freely movable upwards ;
maxillaries much reduced; gill-membranes free or narrowly attached to
isthmus ; scales ciliated ; lateral line along the middle of the side,

A. Two series of teeth in each jaw ; dorsal fin above ventrals.
Teeth equal ; snout rounded ; a naked space
between the suborbitals and the pre-
operculum ; scales small; a scaly process
at the base of the ventral . . . . . 7. Eugnathichthys, Blgr., p. 241.

* Exceptions in America,

176 CHARACINIDA.

Anterior teeth larger; snout pointed; a naked

space between the suborbitals and the

preoperculum; scales small; a scaly

process at the base of the ventral . . . 8. Paraphago, Blgr., p. 244.
Canine teeth in front ; a naked space between

the suborbitals and the preeoperculum ;

scales small; a scaly process at the base

ofthe ventral . . . . . . . « « 9. Mesoborus, Pellegr., p. 245.
Anterior teeth a little larger ; snout narrow ;

cheek entirely mailed ; scales large, hard;

no scaly process at the base of the

ventral) =. 2 a 4 « « « » » » «10, Phage, Gthr., ps 246.

B. A single series of teeth in each jaw, with or without cardiform teeth
behind them; canine teeth in front; dorsal fin behind vertical of ventrals ;
cheek naked ; scales small; a scaly process at the base of the ventral.

A single series of teeth. . . 2... . . I1. Neoborus, Blgr., p. 249.
Cardiform teeth on the inner side of the jaws . 12. Ichthyoborus, Gthr., p. 251.
C. Teeth very small, bicuspid, in a single series, which is widely interrupted
in the middle in the upper jaw ; dorsal fin above ventrals.
13. Hemistichodus, Pellegr., p. 253.
III. Disticnopontin#.—Teeth small, notched or bicuspid; upper jaw im-
movable or but slightly movable ; maxillary well developed ; scales
ciliated ; lateral line along the middle of the side.
4. Gill-membranes free from isthmus.
Small teeth at the base of the maxillary ;

lateral line complete or incomplete . . 14. Nunnethiops, Gthr., p. 254.
No teeth on the maxillary; lateral line in-

complete or absent. . . . . . . . 15. Neolebias, Stdr., p 256.

B. Gill-membranes attached to isthmus.
No teeth on the maxillary ; suborbitals large,

protecting the cheek ; dorsal with 16-27

TAYS © a 6! be Boat - « 16. Distichodus, M. & T., p. 258.
No teeth on the maxillary ; eran tar ge 5
dorsal with 12-15 rays . . : . 17. Nannocharax, Gthr., p. 279.

Small teeth at the base of the snnieliaees
suborbitals narrow ; dorsal with 20-22

TAYS «+ 2 + ee 6 ee we « 18, Xenocharaz, Gthr., p. 287.

IV. Crraartnin&.—Minute ciliiform teeth inserted on the lips ; maxillary very
small; gill-membranes free from isthmus ; lateral line along the middle of
the side.

Scales strongly denticulated . . . . . . 19. Citharidium, Bler., p. 289.
Scales cycloid . 6 6 1 1. ww . 20. Citharinus, Cuv., p- 290.

SARCODACES. Li7

1, SARCODACES.
Xiphorhamphus, part., Miill. & Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. i. p. 17 (1845).
Xiphorhynchus, part., Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p. 336 (1849).
Hydrocyonoides, Casteln. Mém. Poiss. Afr. Austr. p. 66 (1861).
Sarcodaces, Giinth, Cat. Fish. v. p. 352 (1864) ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p- 138 (1901).

Snout elongate; mouth very large, with pointed teeth intermixed
with large canines; two series of teeth in the lower jaw, the outer with
canines; premaxillaries immovable, with a posterior process bearing
small teeth, between the maxillary and the palatine; maxillary long,
toothed, slipping under the pre- and suborbitals. Cheek covered by
the large suborbitals ; nostrils near the eye, close together, separated
by a valvular flap; gillemembranes free from the isthmus; 4 branchio-
stegal rays. Body elongate, compressed ; belly rounded. Scales
moderately large, not ciliated; lateral line nearer the ventral than the
dorsal outline; a scaly process at the base of the ventral fin. Dorsal
fin with 9 rays, well behind the vertical of the ventrals; anal with
12 rays; a small adipose dorsal fin. Vertebre 44 (28+16).

Tropical Africa.

1, SARCODACES ODOE.

Salmo odoé, Bloch, Ausl. Fische, viii. p. 122, pl. ceclxxxvi. (1794).

Xiphorhamphus odoé, Mill. & Trosch. op. cit. p. 18.

NXiphorhynchus odoé, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 345.

Hydrocyonoides euvieri, Casteln. I. c.

Sarcodaces odoé, Giinth. 1. c., and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 114;
Sauv. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 319; Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi.
1894, p. 63; Bouleng. l.c.; Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 310.

Sarcodaces odoé, var. microlepis, Bouleng. t.c. p. 139.

Depth of body 44 to 53 times in total length, length of head 3 to 33
times. Head 24 to 22 times as long as broad, flat above, with straight
upper profile ; bones of head rugose and striated ; premaxillary part of
snout narrowed, rounded, projecting beyond lower jaw; eye lateral,
subinferior, 2 to 24 times in length of snout, 5 to 7 times in length of
head, 12 to 24 times in interorbital width; maxillary extending to
below posterior border of eye or a little beyond; a triangular dermal
fold on each side of the lower jaw, covering a notch between pre-
maxillary and maxillary bones. Gill-rakers long and slender, 12-14
on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal IT 7, above space between
ventrals and anal, 23 to 3 times as distant from end of snout as from

VOL. I. N

178 CHARACINID-E.

root of caudal, longest ray 2 to 3 length of head. Anal II 9. Pectoral
pointed, 3 to 2 length of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked,
with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales
rather rugose, 49-68 = 3 or 4 between lateral line and scaly process

at base of ventral. Brown or olive above, silvery beneath ; young with

Fig. 188.

Oy
yh)

Sarcodaces odoé.
Senegal. 4.

rather indistinct dark cross-bars above the lateral line, and a small
black spot behind the head; fins grey or blackish, dorsal, anal, and
caudal often with small round darker spots between the rays; adipose
fin black, orange at the base.

Total length 330 millim,

Rivers of West Africa, Shari, Congo, Zambesi, Lake Ngami.—Type
in Berlin Museum.

1-2. Ad. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).

3. Ad. Gambia. J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
4-5. Ad. Lagos. H. T. Ussher, Esq. (P.).

6. Ad. Nyankoma, Gold Coast. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (P.).
7, Ad. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).

8. Skull. 5 re

9-11. Yg. Sapelle, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
12. Yg. Agberi, a “f

13. Ad. Benue R., N. of Ibi. H.L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).
14. Yo. Ja R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
15. Ad. Benito R. he

16. Ad. Ogowe R. Miss Kingsley (C.).

17. Her. Talagouga, Ogowe. 5

18. Her. Eloby, Gaboon.

SARCODACES,—HYDROCYON, 179

19, Skel. Sette Cama, Gaboon.

20. Ad. Gaboon. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (P.).
21, 22. Her. & yg. ‘3

23-25, Ad. &hgr. Ibali, L. Leopold IT., Upper M. P. Delhez (C.).

Congo.
26-27. Her. Bolobo, Upper Congo. Rev. G. Grenfell (P.).
28. Ad. Monsembe, 55 Rey. J. H. Weeks (C.).
29, Ad. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).
30. Ye. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).
31-32. Ad. Kafue R., Upper Zambesi. T. Codrington, Esq. (P.).
33. Ad., skin. Botolette R., nr. L. Ngami. R. Ward, Esq. (P.).

2. HYDROCYON.

HTydrocinus, part., Cuv. Regne Anim. ii. p. 167 (1817).

Hydrocyon, Cuv. Mém. Mus. Paris, v. 1819, p. 353; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss.
xxil. p. 309 (1849) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 350 (1864) ; Bouleng. Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 140 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 98 (1907).

Snout rather elongate; mouth large, with very strong, pointed, more
or less compressed, sharp-edged teeth, wide apart and forming a single
series; premaxillary bones slightly movable vertically; maxillary
toothless, moderately large, and slipping under the preorbital. Cheek
covered by the large suborbitals; nostrils near the eye, close together,
separated by a valvular flap; gill-membranes free from the isthmus ;
4 branchiostegal rays. Body elongate, compressed; belly rounded.
Scales moderately large, not ciliated; lateral line nearer the ventral
than the dorsal outline; a scaly process at the base of the ventral fin.
Dorsal fin with 10 or 11 rays, above the ventrals; anal with 15 to
18 rays; a small adipose dorsal fin.

Part of the eye, in front and behind, covered by an adipose lid.
Tubules of lateral line straight and short; most of them emit a short
spur, directed downwards, or a few scales here and there having the
spur directed upwards. Fins more or less falcate; ventral rays 10.
Vertebree 49-52 (81-34+417-18).

Nile and Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. 2 series of scales between lateral line and scaly process at base of ventral.

Se. 48-54 2 Lae ; dorsal originating in advance of
ventral ; depth of body 4-54 times in total
length . jo cas at 1. H. forskalit, Cuv., p. 180.

n2

180 CHARACINID-E.

Se. 44-48 "83; dorsal originating above or

slightly in advance of ventral; depth of body

34-4 eee intotallength. . . . . . . 2 GH. lineatus, Bikr., p. 182.
Se. 56- 57a =~ ; dorsal not originating in advance of

ay depth of body 4-41 times in total
lengths eae ee SR Ee See Be Ee otttigen, Blor., p. 184.

II. 3 series of scales between lateral line and scaly process at base of ventral ;
dorsal not originating in advance of ventral.
9% ; depth of body 33-43 times in
* total ices eye 5} times in ae of head

in ae sane & ; - «+ » . 4 Hf, goliath, Blgr., p. 184.
Se. 47-54 © ; depth of body 3 33-43 times in total

een ; ” eRe 74 times in length of head in

adult. « < : fe ok eR ae wy, ae ela, GH aay 180,

1. HYDROCYON FORSKALII.

Salmo dentex (non Hasselq.), Forskal, Descr. Anim. pp. xiii & 66 (1775).

Characinus dentex, Geoftr. Deser. Egypte, Poiss. p. 49, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1809).

LHydrocyon forskali, Cav. Mém. Mus. v. 1819, p. 354, pl. xxviii. fig. 1; Miill. &
Trosch. Hore Ichthyol. i. p. 11, pl. iii. fig. 6 (1845); Giinth. Cat. Fish. v.
p- 351 (1864), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 244 (1869) ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak.
Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 547; Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxvii. 1896, p. 29,
and xxxix. 1898, p. 258; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 100, pl. xvi. fig. 1 & pl. xvii.
fig. 1 (1907).

Hydrocyon dentex, Riipp. Beschr. n. Fische Nil, p. 5 (1829).

Hydrocyon forskalii, part., Cuy. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p. 309 (1849); Peters,
Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 69 (1868).

Depth of body 4 to 53 times in total length, length of head 4 to 5
times. Head 2 to 23 times as long as broad; snout 4+ to 4 length
of head; diameter of eye 4 (young) to 64 times in length of head,
interorbital width 3 to 4 times; mouth extending to below nostrils,
maxillary bone to below anbeHor border or centre of eye; 5 or 6
large teeth in upper jaw and 4 or 5 in lower; suborbital and opercular
bones smooth or feebly striated. " Gillaakers much shorter than gill-
filamenis, § to 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal IIL 8, equally
distant from end of snout, nostrils, or eye, and from root of caudal,
originating in front of ventral ; second simple ray longest, 2 to by times
length ofhead. Anal III 11-13, third simple ray longest, 4 to 3 + length
of head. Pectoral fin about $ length of head. Ventral as iene as or
shorter than pectoral, below middle of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked,
with long, pointed ees Caudal peduncle 12 to 2 times as long as
deep. Scales 48-54 een 3 between lateral line and ventral, 2 between

WYDROCYON. io.

lateral line and scaly process at base of ventral. Back grey, brown, or
olive-green, sides and belly silvery white; more or less distinct longitu-
dinal rows of blackish spots, often confluent into streaks, run along the
series of scales above the lateral line, and, exceptionally, also along
the series bordering the lateral line below; these spots or streaks

entirely absent in very young specimens; dorsal fin and upper lobe of

Fig. 139,

Hydrocyon forskalii.
Upper Nile (F. N.).

wl

caudal yellowish or grey, often blackish towards the end; adipose fin
grey or whitish, rarely with a black spot; ventral and anal, sometimes
also pectorals, tinged with pink or pale orange ; lower lobe of caudal
bright red.

Total length 450 millim.—Grows to nearly 1 metre.

Lower Nile to Blue Nile and Lake Albert; Lakes Rudolf and

Gandjule (Margherita); Senegal, Niger.—Type in Paris Museum.

Her Egypt. Dr. Riippell (C.).
Her. Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
Skel. o S. 8. Allen, Esq. (P.).

Lake Edkou. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

Her Damietta Nile. is
, 7,8 Ad.,hgr., Near Cairo. a
& yg.
9. Skel 5 "
10. Ad. Wasta, Lower Nile.

11-16. Hgr. & yg.

Beni Souef, Lower Nile.

17. Ad. Sanhur, near Beni Souef.
18. Her. Bahr Selah, Fayum.
19-20. Her. Between Assiut and Abu Tig, 53

21-30. Her. & yg.

31-39. Yg.
40-43. Her.

Lower Nile.
Near Luxor.
Between Luxor and Assuan.

Assuan.

182

CHARACINID.E.

44. Ad. Abu Hoor, Upper Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
45, Ad. Mirrwau, Ss “5
du. Ad. Korosko, oy 3
47-48. Ad. Tbrim, 5 5
49-50. Ad. & her. Fergunt,

51. Ad.

52-54. Ad. & her.
55-58. Ad. & her.

Near Wady Halfa.
Kosheh, Upper Nile.
Khartum.

J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).

59. Yg. Rosaires, Blue Nile. Capt. 8. Flower (P.).
60. Yg. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
61. Ad. Jebelain, White Nile. %
62. Ad. Mouth of Lake No, White -
Nile.
63-64. Ad. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. -
65. Head of ad. Fajao, Victoria Nile. J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
66. Ad. Butyaba, Lake Albert.

67-68. Her.

69-74. Ad. & hgr.

Lake Gandjule (Margherita).

9 ”

Prof. O. Neumann (C.).
Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).

75. Her. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
76-78. Ad. & yg. Kaédi, % ‘

79. Skull. 2 si me

80. Ad. Kurguel, near Matam, Senegal. -

81. Ad. Niger. W. A. Forbes, Esq. (P.).

82-83. Ad. & hgr.

84. Skull.
85. Her.

Jebba, Upper Niger.

” Prd

Assay, Lower Niger.

Dr. C. Christy (P.).
Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).
Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

2, HYDROCYON LINEATUS.

? Hydrocynus vittatus, Casteln. Mém, Poiss. Afr. Austr. p. 65 (1861).

Hydrocyon lineatus, Bleek. Nat. Verh. Ver. Haarl. xviii. 1862, no. 2, p. 125 ;
Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 352 (1864); M. Web. Zool. Jahrb., Syst. x. 1897,
p-155 ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 143 (1901) ; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien,
exy. 1. 1906, p. 1126 ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 104, pl. xvii. fig. 2 (1907).

Hydrocyon forskalii, part., Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 69 (1868).

Hydrocyon forskalit (non Cuv.), Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 62.

Depth of body 38% to 4§ times in total length, length of head 33 to
4% times. Dorsal II 8-9, originating above or slightly in advance of
Anal III 10-13. Caudal peduncle 14 to 1% times as long

74-82 ‘ ; ‘is
as deep. Scales 44-48 up: Otherwise as in H. forskalti. Black
longitudinal streaks more strongly marked and extending to the series

of scales below the lateral line ; adipose dorsal with a deep black spot.

ventral.

HYDROCYON. 183

Total length 420 millim.
From the White and Blue Niles and the Niger to Lake Ngami (2)
and the Limpopo River.

Hydrocyon lineatus.

White Nile (F.N.). 4.

1. Ad. Ashmed Aga, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
2-3. Ad. & her. Polkom, Baro R. (Sobat). Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.);
W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).
4-7. Ad. & her. Mouth of Lake No, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
8-10. Ad. & yg. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. 34
A Ye. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. bs
12. Ad. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
13. Her. R. Offin, Gold Coast. hi. B. N. Walker, Esq. (P.).
14. Yo. Nyankoma, _,, R. BLN. Walker, Esq. (C.);
Dr, A. Giinther (P.).
15. Her. Benue R., north of Ibi. H.L. Norton Traill,Esq.(C.).
16. Ad. Kwango R. (Congo System) Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
at Fort Don Carlos, Angola.
17. Ad. Leopoldville, Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).
18-20. Ad.,hgr.,& yg. Lake Obeke, Upper Congo. 3
21, 22. Ye; Bolobo, Upper Congo. Rev. G. Grenfell (C.).
23-25. Ad. & her. New Antwerp, Upper Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
26. Her. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).
Wie YS: Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).
28. Ad. Lake Tanganyika. Prof. J. E. 8. Moore (C.).
29, Ad. Kitutu, ,, Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.).
30. Head only. Lake Mweru. Sir A. Sharpe (P.).
31, 32. Ad. Lake Bangwelu. F. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).
33-39. Ad.,hgr.,& yg. Upper Zambesi, above Victoria T. Codrington, Esq. (P.).
Falls.
40, 41. Ad., skins. Unguezi, Shiré R. Dr. C. Livingstone (P.).

42-43. Ad. Chiromo, ,, R. MacDonald, Esq. (P.).

184 CHARACINIDE.

3. HYDROCYON VITTIGER.
Lydrocyon vittatus (non Casteln.), Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 24,
pl. x. fig. 2 (1898), and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 143. (1901),
Hydrocyon vittiger, Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 106 (1907).

Depth of body equal to length of head, 4 to 42 times in total length.
Head 24 to 22 times as long as broad; snout 13 to 14 times diameter
of eye, which is 34 to 4 times in length of head and nearly equals
interorbital width; mouth extending to below anterior third of eye;
5 large teeth in upper jaw, 4 in lower. Dorsal II 8, originating above
ventral. Anal III 14. Pectoral 3 to 2 length of head. Caudal deeply

Fig. 141.

i,

yr stn

Hydrocyon vittiger.
Type (A. M.C.). 4

3°

forked, with long, pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle twice as long as
deep. Scales 56-57 2 2 between lateral line and scaly process at base
of ventral. Olive-brown above, whitish beneath ; a blackish band along
the body on the second and third series of scales above lateral line as

far as adipose fin, where it drops one scale lower down; adipose fin
black ; caudal edged with blackish.

Total length 340 millim.
Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Manyanga. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

4. HYDROCYON GOLIATH.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 23, pl. xi. (1898), and Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p. 141 (1901).

Depth of body 32 to 44 times in total length, length of head 34 to

HYDROCYON. 185

45 times. Head 14 to 23 times as long as broad; snout 13 to 2 times
diameter of eye, which is 43 to 53 times in length of head and 1§ to 24
times in interoibital width ; mouth extending to below anterior border
of eye, maxillary to below centre of eye; 5 large teeth in upper jaw,
4 in lower; suborbital and opercular bones rather strongly striated.
Gill-rakers very short, 10-12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal
II 8-9, originating above ventral, at equal distance from end of snout
and from caudal, or a little nearer latter. Anal III 13-16, originating
at equal distance from base of ventral and from caudal. Pectoral as

Fig. 142.

Hydrocyon goliath.
Type (A. M.C.). 4.

long as ventral, # to $ length of head. Caudal deeply forked, with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle once and 3 as long as deep. Scales
54-68 ee 3 between lateral line and scaly process at base of ventral.
Olive-brown above, silvery white on the sides and beneath; more or
less distinct dark lines along the series of scales above lateral line ;
these lines absent in the young; dorsal yellow or red; adipose fin
black ; caudal edged with blackish, lower lobe red.

Total length 1 metre or more.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Manyanga. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

2. One of the types. New Antwerp. -

3, 4. Ad. & her. Monsembe. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
5-6. Yg. Bolobo. Rev. G. Grenfell (C.).

7. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

186 CHARACINID.

5, HYDROCYON BREVIS.

Hydrocyon forskalii, part., Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p. 309 (1849); Peters,
Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 69 (1868). -

Hydrocyon brevis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 351 (1864), and Petherick’s Trav. ii.
p. 245, pl. iii. fig. A (1869) ; Steind. Sitz. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 547 ;
Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 107, pl. xvi. fig. 2 (1907).

Depth of body 34 to 44 times in total length, length of head 34 to 44
times. Head 2 to 22 times as long as broad; snout 2 to d length of
head; diameter of eye 4 (young) to 7} times in length of head, inter-
orbital width 3 to 32 times; suborbital and opercular bones more or less
distinctly striated; mouth extending to below nostrils or anterior border
of eye, maxillary bone to below centre or posterior border of eye; 4 or 5
large tecth in upper jaw and 3 or 4in lower. Géill-rakers short, 7 to 9

Eydrocyon brevis.
Type (F.N.). 3.

on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, equally distant from eye and
from root of caudal, or a little nearer latter; second simple ray or first
branched ray longest, 2 to nearly once length of head. Anal III 11-13
(exceptionally 15), longest ray 2 to } the length of head. Pectoral
3 to 2 length of head. Ventral fin a little shorter than pectoral, below
anterior half of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, with long, pointed
lobes. Caudal peduncle 12 to 13 times as long as deep. Scales 47-04
14, 3 between lateral line and scaly process at base of ventral. Colora-
tion very similar to that of Hl. forskalii; longitudinal dark streaks or
series of spots, more or less distinct in adult specimens, usually confined

HYDROCYON.—BRYCONATHIOPS. 187

to the region above the lateral line; a black spot sometimes present on
adipose fin.

Total length 480 millim.

Lower Nile to White Nile, Chad Basin, Senegal, Gambia.

1-2. Ad. & her. Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C ).
3-12, 13-22, 23-30. Hgr. Near Luxor. L. Loat, sq. (C.).
& yg.

31. Skel. 5 r
32-34. Types. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
35. Ad. Lake Chad. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
36. Ad. Shari R. at Maidugari. 35
37. Ad. Matam, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
38-42, Ad. & her. McCarthy I., Gambia. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

3. BRYCONATHIOPS.

Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xii. 1873, p. 143; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p-. 145 (1901).

Snout short ; mouth moderately large; pramaxillaries immovable, with
3 series of large pluricuspid teeth, those of the inner series with hollowed-
out, tubercular crowns; maxillary large, toothless; a series of large,
compressed, pluricuspid teeth in the lower jaw, with a pair of conical
teeth behind them. Cheek covered by the large suborbitals; nostrils
near the eye, close together, separated by a valvular flap; gill-membranes
free from isthmus; 3 branchiostegal rays. Body moderately elongate,
compressed; belly rounded. Scales moderately large, not ciliated ;
lateral line nearer the ventral than the dorsal outline ; a scaly process at
the base of the ventral fin. Dorsal fin with 10 rays, originating in
advance of ventrals ; anal with 20-23 rays; a small adipose dorsal fin.
Vertebre 38 (19-419).

Tropical Africa.

Two species :—

Head longer than deep ; longest rays of dorsal

not or but little longer than head; 64 series

of scales above lateral line . . . . . © J. B. microstoma, Gthr., p. 188.
Head as long as deep; some of the rays of dorsal

much prolonged ; 7} series of scales above

lateral line 2. B. yscuri, Blgr., p. 189.

188 CHARACINID.E,

1. BRYCONATHIOPS MICROSTOMA.
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xii. 1873, p. 143; Bouleng. Ann, Mus. Congo,
Zool. i. p. 82, pl. xxxvii. fig. 1 (1899), and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 145 (1901).
Brachyalestes mocquardianus, Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) x. 1886, p. 167.
Bryconethiops boulengeri, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 101.

Depth of body 2 to 34 times in total length, length of head 3} to 33
times. Head a little longer than deep, 13 to 2 times as Jong as broad;
snout broad, rounded, as long or a little shorter than eye, which is 2} to
3+ times in length of head; adipose eyelid much developed ; interorbital
width 2 to 2} times in length of head; maxillary extending to below

2
anterior border of eye or not quite so far; 14 teeth (‘) in upper jaw,
3

8 or 10 (53) in lower ; lower border of second suborbital as long ora
little longer than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers slender, shorter than
gill-fringes, 15-17 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal IT 8, nearer
occiput than adipose fin, its fifth ray above first of ventral; longest ray
not longer than head. Anal III 17-20. Pectoral 2 to 3 length of head,

Fig. 144.

Bryconethiops microstoma, var. boulengeri.

Congo (A. M.C.). 4.

not reaching ventral. Caudal forked, with long pointed lobes. Caudal

peduncle 13 to 13 times as long as deep. Scales 35-40 tp 3 between

lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back olive or dark blue, with
a dark vertical bar on each side above the pectoral, or (var. Loulenger?)

BRYCON ETHIOPS. 189

with an interrupted black lateral band above the lateral line ; dorsal often

blackish between the rays; ventrals and caudal sometimes partly black.
Total length 176 millim,

Cameroon, Gaboon, Congo.

1, 2-3,4-8. Ad. Kribi R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
& her.

9-10. Ad. Ja R. (Congo System). ”
11-12. Types. Boma, Lower Congo. J.J. Monteiro, Esq. (C.).
13. Skel. Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.).
14. Ad. Coquilhatville, Upper Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).
15. Ad. Thali, Lake Leopold IT., U. Congo. 5
16-17. Ad. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
18. Her. Lindi R., 3 M. M. Storms (C.) ;

Brussels Museum (H.).

19. Her. Uerre R., és M. De Bauw (C.).
20. Ad. Aruwimi R., s R. B. Woosnam, Esq. (C.);

Ruwenzori Expedition.

2. BRYCONASTHIOPS YSEUAI.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 82, pl. xxxvil. fig. 2,and Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p- 147 (1961).
Depth of body 23 times in total length, length of head nearly 4 times.
Head as long as deep, once and 2 as long as broad; snout shorter than
eye, which is 3 times in leneth of head and equals interorbital width ;

Bryconethiops yseuxr.
Type (A. M.C.). 4.

adipose eyelid much developed ; maxillary extending to below anterior
border of eye ; teeth as in the preceding. Gill-rakers short, 12 on lower
part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, at equal distance from end of snout
and from adipose fin, its fourth ray above first of ventral ; some of the rays

190 CHARACINIDE.

much produced, the longest more than half total length. Anal IT] 20.
Pectoral as long as ventral. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales 38 i 3 between lateral line
and root of ventral. Brownish above, yellowish beneath ; extremity of
dorsal and ventral and edge of anal and caudal blackish.

Total length 80 millim,

Upper Congo.
1. Type. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

4, ALESTES.

Myletes, part., Cuv. Mém. Mus. iv. 1818, p. 444.

Alestes, part., Mill. & Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. i. p. 12 (1846).

Alestes, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p. 179 (1849) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 312
(1864); Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 148 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 110
(1907).

Brycinus, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 157,

Brachyalestes, part., Giinth. t. c. p. 314.

Snout short ; mouth moderately large ; preemaxillary bones not movable,
with two series of strong teeth few in number, the outer compressed and
tri- or quinquecuspid, the inner with molar-like, obliquely truncate or
excavated crowns, each armed with several pointed tubercles ; mandibular
teeth in two series, the outer composed of several pluricuspid teeth, the
inner of a pair of conical teeth; maxillary bone toothless, moderately
large. Cheek covered by the large suborbitals; nostrils near the eye,
close together, separated by a valvular flap; gill-membranes free from
the isthmus; 4 branchiostegal rays. Body more or less elongate and
compressed; belly rounded. Scales moderate or large, not ciliated ;
lateral line nearer the ventral than the dorsal outline; a scaly process at
the base of the ventral fin. Dorsal fin with 9 to 11 rays, above or behind
the vertical of the ventrals; anal fin with 13 to 30 rays; a small adipose
dorsal fin. Vertebree 387-51.

Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales 39-50 °°,

A. Dorsal nee behind vertical of base of ventrals ; scales 44-51 a :
depth of body 33 to 5} times in total length.
A. 22-26 ; gill-rakers 20-26 on lower part
af with arch ; dorsal originating just
behind vertical of last ray of ventral . 1. A. dentex, L., p. 193.

ALESTES., 191

A. 25-30 ; gill-rakers 30-38 on lower part
of anterior arch; dorsal equidistant
from vertical of last ray of ventral and
first ray of anal, or a little nearer
latter ge See ew oe By Ap bavomete, Joann, p, 195.

B. Dorsal originating above ventrals ; scales 39-45 ee ; gill-rakers 17-20

on lower part of anterior arch.
A. 20-23; depth of body 33-43 times in
total length ; interorbital width 3-34
times in length of head... . «3. A. macrophthalmus, Gthr., p. 197.
A. 18-19; depth of body 33-4 times in
total length ; interorbital width 2-22
times in length of head . . . . . 4. A. liebrechtsii, Blgr., p. 198.

II. Scales 32-36 =

A. Dorsal originating behind vertical of base of ventrals; depth of body
4-34 times in total length.
A. 23 ; a much developed adipose eyelid ;
gill-rakers 58 on lower part of ante-
rior arch . . . 5. A. stuhlmanni, Pfeff., p. 199.
A. 19-20; adipose ayelil feebly desatopatl:
gill-rakers 17-18 on lower part of an-
terior arely ow « x » a « « « « be A, sadlert, Blgr., p. 200,

B. Dorsal originating above base of ventrals ; depth of body not more than
3 times in total length.
A. 26-28 ; head a little longer than deep ;
interorbital width not 3 times in length
ofhead. . . . eae mw Te adh, Holton, Pellegr, m. 201,
A. 22-24; head as Ton as dees ; inter-
orbital width 3 times in length of head. 8. A. intermedius, Blgr., p. 201.

III. Scales 21-33 $3.

A. Dorsal originating above or immediately behind vertical of base of ventrals.
1. 54 series of scales above lateral line.
a. Dorsal originating above base of ventrals.

A. 22-24; Sc. 24-29; gill-rakers 12-14 on

lower part of anterior arch . . . . 9. A. longipinnis, Gthr., p. 202.
A. 18-19 ; Se. 30-33 ; gill-rakers 20-27 on

lower part of anterior arch; inter-

orbital width 3 times in length of head. 11. A. lateralis, Blgr., p. 204.
A. 14-18 ; Se. 26-33; gill-rakers 16-20 on

lower part of anterior arch; inter-

orbital width not 3 times in length of

head «4 « @ « @ wow @ «© @ D2. AL ree, Rupp. p. 208.

192 CHARACINID.

b. Dorsal behind vertical of base of ventrals.
A. 21-23 ; Se. 25-28; gill-rakers 12-13 on
lower part of anterior arch; eye as
long as postocular part of head . . . 10. A. chaperi, Sauv., p. 203.
A. 19-21; Sc. 25-27; gill-rakers 18-20 on
lower part of anterior arch; eye
shorter than postocular part of head . 13. A. affinis, Gthr., p. 208.

2. 42 series of scales above lateral line.
a. Interorbital width at least twice in length of head ; A. 15-20.
a. Dorsal originating above middle or last rays of ventrals ; gill-rakers
16-20 on lower part of anterior arch.
A. 17-19; Se. 23-29; interorbital width
21-22 times in length of head . . . 14. A. imberi, Peters, p. 209.
7; Sc. 30; interorbital width nearly
3 times in length of head. . . . . 15. A. humilis, Blgr., p. 211.
A. 15-16; Sc. 24-25; interorbital width
21 to 2} times in length of head. . . 16. A. kingsleye, Gthr., p. 212.

8. Dorsal entirely behind vertical of base of ventrals; giil-rakers 20-26
on lower part of anterior arch.

A. 15-17; Se. 27-29; interorbital width

2-24 times in length of head. . . 17. A. bimaculatus, Blgr., p. 213.
A. 18-20; Sc. 23-263; interorbital width

2-24 times in length of head . . . 18. A. teniurus, Gthr., p. 214.
A. 16-18; Sc. 24-27; interorbital width

23-3 times in length of head . . . 19. A. opisthotenia, Blgr., p. 215.

b. Interorbital width once and 2 in Jeneth of head.

A.13;8¢e22. . . . . . . . . . 20. A. popte, Pellegr., p. 216.

B. Dorsal fin well behind vertical of base of ventrals, originating much nearer
caudal than end of snout; 44 series of scales above lateral line.
1. Distance between end of snout and occiput much greater than width of
head ; depth of body 34-4} times in total length ; A. 15-17.
Se. 22-26 2. 2 1 ww we wwe QL. AL macrolepidotus, Cuy., p. 217.
Be. 28-29 2. 1 ww ew ww we. 22. A, rhodopleura, Blgr., p. 218.

2. Distance between end of snout and occiput not or but little greater than
width of head in the adult,
A. 13-14; Se. 23-27; depth of body 34-4

times in totallength . . . . 23. A. grandisquamis, Blgr., p. 220.
A. 15-16 ; Sc. 28-29; depth of aay 3)
times in totallength . . . . . . 24. A. batesii, Blgr., p. 221.

A. 16-18 ; Sc. 21-23 ; depth of body 23-3
times in total length . . . . . . 25. A. brevis, Blgr., p. 222.

ALESTES. 193

1. ALESTES DENTEX.

Salmo dentew, Linn. in Hasselq. Reise Paleest. p. 395 (1757).

Salmo dentex, part., Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 531 (1766).

Characinus niloticus, Geottr. Descr. Egypte, Poiss. p. 50, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1809).

Myletes hasselquistii, Cuv. Mém. Mus. iv. 1818, p. 449, pl. xxi. fig. 2.

Alestes dentea, Miill. & Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 13, pl. ii. fig. 6 (1845) ; Heckel,
Russegger’s Reise Egypt. iii. p. 307, pl. xxi. fig. 2 (1849); Giinth. Cat. Fish.
v. p. 312 (1864), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 242 (1869); Bouleng. Ann. &
Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 488; Werner, Sitz. Ak. Wien, exvi. i. 1906,
p. 1127; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 113, pl. xviii. fig. 1 (1907).

Alestes hasselquistii, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p. 180 (1849).

Alestes sethente, Cuv. & Val. t.c. p. 190; Giinth. t. ce. p. 313 ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak.
Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 541.

Myletes dentex, Kigenm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiii. 1907, p. 29.

Depth of body 32 to 4% times in total length, length of head 44 to
6 times. Head 13 to 24 times as long as broad, 14 to 14 times as long as
deep; snout not projecting beyond lower lip, as long as or slightly longer
than eye; eye lateral, its diameter 3} (young) to 44 times in length of

Fig. 146.

Alestes di ntex,

Lower Nile (F. N.). 4.

head ; adipose eyelid well developed; interorbital region very convex,
its width 24 to 8 times in length of head; maxillary not reaching to below
anterior border of eye; 14 teeth (3) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower; lower
border of second suborbital longer than diameter of eye in adult. Gill-
rakers rather Icng and slender, 20-26 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal II 8, beginning just behind vertical of base of ventrals, equally
distant from eye and from root of caudal, or slightly nearer latter; first

VOL. I. oO

194 CHARACINIDA.

branched ray longest, as long as or a little longer than head. Anal III
19-23 (usually 20-22). Pectoral as Jong as or a little shorter than head.
Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed. Caudal peduncle 14 to 14 times as
Scales with fine granulations and feeble radiating canals,
Silvery,

long as deep.
44-51, “Ee, 2 or 24 between lateral line and root of ventral.
back dark grey or dark green; a more or less distinct darker band may
extend along each side of the back; lower lobe of caudal bright red.
Total length 400 millim.
Lower Nile to Like Albert; Lake Rudolf; Chad Basin; Senegal,

Gambia, Niger.
1-6. Her. & yg.

7. Skel. Lower Nile. Dr. Riippell (C.).
8, 9,10-12. Her. Near Cairo. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
& yg.
13. Ad. Giza, near Cairo. ”
14. Ad. Birket Karun, Fayum. aR
15. Yg. Bahr Tamiyeh, __,, 3
16-19. Ad. & yg. Near Luxor. .
20. Yg. Belanya, Upper Nile. -
21-23. Ad.&hor. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
24. Skel. a s
25-29. Her. Omdarman. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
30-32. Her. Polkom, Baro R. (Sobat). Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).
33-36. Ad. Mouth of L. No, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
37-49, 40. Ad. & Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. a
ys:

41. Ad. Fajao, Victoria Nile. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
42, Ad. Butyaba, Lake Albert. a
43. Ad. Lake Chad. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
44-18. Yo, St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
49-53. Yg. Kaédi, 6 5s
od, Ad. Gambia. Lord Derby (P.).
50-57. Ad. & yg. 3 J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
58-59, Ad, Jebba, Upper Niger. Dr. U. Christy (P.).
60, Ad. Lokoja, x J.S. Budgett, Esq.i(P.).
61. Her. Benue R., north of Ibi. H. L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).

Near Ghet-el-Nassara, Lake
Menzaleh.

L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

ALESTES. 195

2. ALESTES BAREMOSE.

Salmo niloticus (non Hasselq.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 514 (1766).

Salmo dentex, part., Linn. t. c. p. 531.

Myletes baremose, Joannis, Mag. Zool. 1835, iii. pl. vi.

Myletes hasselquistii (non Cuv.), Guérin, Icon. R. An., Poiss. pl. lvi. fiv. 1 (1844).

Alestes kotschyi, Heckel, Russegger’s Reise Egypt. iii. p. 308, pl. xxi. fig. 3 (1849) ;
Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 313 (1864), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 242 (1869) ;
Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 543 ; Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2
xix. 1898, p. 257.

Alestes wytsi, Steind. t. c. p. 542, pl. ii. fig. 1.

Alestes baremose, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 488; Werner,
Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxv. i. 1906, p. 1126; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 117, pl. xviii.
fig. 2 (1907).

Alestes splendens, Werner, t. c. p. 1127.

Depth of body 32 to 54 times in total length, length of head 4 to 52
times. Head 2 to 24 times as long as broad, 1} to 12 times as long as

)

deep; snout rounded, as long as eye (shorter in young); eye lateral,
its diameter 3 (young) to 4 times in length of head; adipose eyelid
well developed ; interorbital region very convex, its width 23 to 3} times

Alestes baremose.
Lower Nile (F. N.). 3.

in length of head; maxillary not reaching to below anterior border
of eye; 14 teeth (3) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower; lower border of
second suborbital longer than eye in adult. Gill-rakers rather long
and slender, closely set, 30-38 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal
IL 8, equidistant from vertical of Jast ray of ventral and first of anal, or
a little nearer latter, equally distant from eye or occiput and from root

of caudal; first branched ray longest, as long as or a little longer or a
02

196 CHARACINIDE,

little sherter than head. Anal JI] 22-27, its base at least as long as

head and usually longer in adult. Pectoral as long as or a little shorter
Caudal peduncle 14

than head. Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed.
to 2 times as long as deep.

Scales with fine granulations and feeble

radiating canals, 49-50 ao 1} or 2 between lateral line and root of

vaudal.

Coloration same as in A. dentex.

Total length 310 millim.
Nile, Blue and White Niles, Lake Rudolf, Chad Basin, Senegal,

Gambia, Niger.

1-3. Her. Nile. Sir J. Burton (P.).
4. Ad. = Rey. O. P. Cambridge (P.).
5, Skel. 4 Dr. Riippell (C.).
6-9, Ad. Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
10. Yg. Near Ghet-el-Nassara, L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
L. Menzaleh.
11. Skel. Ee 5
12. Her. Samannud, Damietta Nile. 53

13-24, Ad. & her.

25-26. Her. & yg.
27-31. Hgr. & yg.

32. Skel. ” ” ”

33-34. Her. & yg. Between Assiut and Abu Tig. re

35-42. Yg. Near Luxor. ac

43. Skel. 8 ”

44-55. Hgr. & yg. Between Luxor and Assuan. 5

56-58. Hgr. Derau, Lower Nile. 3

59-64. Ad., her., Assuan. ns

& yg.

65-66. Her. Derr, Upper Nile. e

67. Her. Near Wady Halfa. ‘i

68. Ad. Kosheh, Upper Nile. “

69-73. Ad. & her. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
74. Her. Omdurman, L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

75. Yg. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. os

76. Hgr. Betweeen Khartum and Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;

Sobat. W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).

77. Ad. Mouth of Lake No, White L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

78-80. Ad. & her.
81. Ad.
&2. Yg.
83-86. Ad. & her.

Rosetta Nile, near Barrage.

Cairo.
Beni Souef, Lower Nile.

Nile.
Gondokoro, Bahr-el- Gebel.
Lake Chad.
Fort Lamy, Shari R.
Kaédi, Senegal.

Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).

M. P. Delhez (C ).

ALESTES. 197

87-88. Hgr. Gambia. Sir A. Moloney (P.).

89. Ad. 3 J. 8S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
90. Ad. Jebba, Upper Niger. Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).
91-92. Yg. 45 3 Dr. C. Christy (P.).

3. ALESTES MACROPHTHALMUS.

Giinth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 113; Boulenger, Tr. Zool. Soc. xv.
1898, p. 25; Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 177; Boulenger, Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 151 (1901).

Depth of body 3} to 43 times in total length, length of head 4% to

5 times. Head 2 to 2} times as long as broad, 1} to 14 as long as deep ;

snout as long as or a little shorter than eye, which is lateral and 3 to 3}.

times in length of head; adipose eyelid well developed; interorbital

region convex, its width 3 to 34 times in length of head; maxillary not

Fig. 148.

Alestes macrophthalinus,

Type. 3.

extending to below anterior border of eye; 14-18 () teeth in upper

jaw, 10 (5) in lower; lower border of second suborbital as long as eye.
Gill-rakers long and slender, 17-20 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal II 8, originating above ventral, at equal distance from end of
snout and from caudal, longest ray equal to or a little less than length
of head. Anal III 17-20. Pectoral # to once length of head, not
reaching ventral. Caudal forked, with long pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle 14 to 14 times as long as deep. Scales without anastomosing

canals, 39-45 ae 2 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery,

198

CHARACINID-E,

bluish or greenish on the back; pectoral and ventral fius sometimes

blackish.

Total length 460 millim.
Gaboon, Congo, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Mweru, Lake Bangwelu.

1. Type.
2. Ad.
3. Ad.

10-12. Ad. & her.
13. Skel.

14, Skin.

15. Her.

16-17. Her.

p. 152 (1901).

Gaboon.

Tulagouga, Ogowe.

Ja River (Congo System),
S. Cameroon.

Ituri River (Aruwimi),
near Iruma.

Lake Tanganyika.

Kalambo, Lake Tanganyika.

Kituta, is
Mtondwe Bay, L. Tangan-
yika.
Niamkolo, L. Tanganyika.
” ”

Lake Mweru.

0?

Lake Bangwelu.

Miss Kingsley (C.).
G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).

R. B. Woosnam, Esq. (C.) ;
Ruwenzori Expedition.

Prof. J. E. 8. Moore (C.).

oe

Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.).

Sir A. Sharpe (P.).
Capt. Lemaire (C.).
I. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).

4. ALESTES LIEBRECHTSII.
Bouleny. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 29, pl. xv. (1898), and Poiss. Bass. Congo,

Alestes Viebrechtsii.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

Depth of body 3} to 4 times in total length, length of head 44 to 5
times. Head 1} to 2 times as long as broad, a little longer than deep ;
snout as long as eye, which is lateral and 34 times in length of head ;

ALESTES, 199

adipose eyelid well developed; interorbital region convex, 2 to 22 times
in length of head; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of
eye; 14 teeth (2) in upper jaw, 10 (8) in lower. Gill-rakers shorter
than gill-lamelle, 17-20 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal III 8,
originating above ventral, at equal distance from end of snout and from
caudal, longest ray as long as head, Anal Ili 15-16. Pectoral nearly
as long as head. Caudal forked, with long pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales without anastomosing canals,
39-41 3p 2 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back
olive; scales of upper half of body black-edged and with one or several
dark spots; pectorals sometimes blackish ; caudal red.

‘Total length 400 millim.

Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Upoto. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

2. Ad. Monsembe. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
3. Her. Coquilhatville. M. P. Delhez (C.).

4. Her Leopoidville. 39

5. ALESTES STUHLMANNI.
Pfeff. Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. ££ (1896).

Depth of body 84 times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Head twice as long as broad, a httle longer than deep; snout as long
as eye, which is lateral and 4 times in length of head; adipose eyelid
much developed; interorbital region convex, its width 3 times in Jength
of head; 16 teeth (5) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower; lower border of
second suborbital longer than eye. Gill-rakers long and slender, very
closely set, 58 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, just behind
vertical of base of ventrals, equally distant from occiput and from
caudal, longest ray a little shorter than head. Anal III 20. Pectoral
a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral. Caudal deeply forked.
Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales with radiating canals, 36 ee
14 between lateral line and root of ventral. Uniform silvery ; caudal
dark-edged.

Total length 160 millim.

Kingani River, German East Africa.—Described from the type

specimen in the Berlin Muscum.

200 CHARACINIDA.

6. ALESTES SADLERI.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvii. 1906, p. 435 ; Steind. Ann. Hofmus. Wien,
xxi. 1906, p. 151; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 121, fig. (1907).

Depth of body 34 to 34 times in total length, length of bead 4 times
or a little less. Head twice as long as broad, slightly longer than deep ;
snout a little shorter than eye, which is lateral and 3 to 34 times in
length of head; adipose eyelid feebly developed; interorbital region
convex, its width 24 times in length of head; 16 teeth (3) in upper jaw,

10 (5) in lower; lower border of second suborbital as long as eye.

Fig, 150,

Alestes sadlert,

Type (F. N,).

Gill-rakers long and slender, 17-18 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal II 8, just behind vertical of base of ventrals, equally distant from
occiput and from caudal, longest ray as long as or a little shorter than
head. Anal III 16-17. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching ventral.
Caudal deeply forked, lobes obtusely pointed. Caudal peduncle barely
14 times as long as deep. Scales with radiating and arborescent or
anastomosing canals, 33 a 2 between lateral line and root of ventral.
Steel-blue above, silvery white below; a more or less distinct dark

lateral band; a black blotch on caudal peduncle, extending on middle
rays of caudal fin.

Total length 94 millim.
lake Victoria.

1-2 Types. Entebbe. Mr. E. Degen (C.).

ALESTES. 201

7. ALESTES THOLLONI.

Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1901, p. 329.

Depth of body a little less than 3 times in total length, length of head
4 times. Head a little longer than deep; snout shorter than eye, which
is 2 times in length of head; adipose eyelid feebly developed ; inter-
orbital width a little greater than diameter of eye; maxillary hardly
reaching to below anterior border of eye; 14 teeth ) in upper jaw,
10 () in lower. Dorsal II 8, originating above base of ventrals, at
equal distance from end of snout and from caudal. Anal II 24-26.
Pectoral nearly reaching base of ventral. Caudal forked. Scales 32 3?
2 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back bluish.

Total length 105 millim.

French Congo.—Types in Paris Museum.

8. ALESTES INTERMEDIUS.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1903, i. p. 22, pl. i. fig. 1.

Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 4 times. Head
twice as long as broad, as long as deep; snout shorter than eye ; latter
24 to 2} times in length of head; adipose eyelid indistinct ; interorbital

Fie. 151.

Alestes intermedius.

Type (P.Z.8. 19938). 4.

width 4 length of head; maxillary not extending quite to below anterior
border of eye; 14 teeth (3) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower; length of
lower border of second suborbital less than diameter of eye. Gill-
rakers moderately elongate, 12-13 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal II 8, above base of ventrals, originating a little nearer end of

202 CHARACINID-E.

snout than caudal, middle branched rays much produced (14 to 13 times
as long as head) in males. Anal III 19-21. Pectoral shorter than
head, not reaching ventral; latter produced into a long filament in

males, Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep.
63
3y°
2, between lateral line and ventral. Silvery; a large black spot on the
caudal peduncle and on the median rays of the caudal; latter yellow,
blackish at the end; dorsal black and red in the male.

Total length $5 millim.

South Cameroon, Gaboon.

. . Ms oq 9
Scales with radiating and arborescent or anastomosing canals, 33-35

1-3. Types. Kribi River. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
4-5. Ad. i ”
6. Hgr. Ombrokua, Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge ((.).

9, ALESTES LONGIPINNIS.
Brachyalestes longipinnis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 815 (1864).
Alestes longipinnis, Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 64 ; Bouleng. Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 150 (1901); Pellegr. Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) ix. 1907, p. 21.
Alestes longipinnis, part., Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, ii. p. 338.

Alestes longipinnas,

Type.

Depth of body 23 to 3 times in total length, length of head 34 to 4
times. Head about twice as long as broad, as long as deep; snout a
little shorter than eye, which is lateral and 2% to 3} times in length of
head; adipose eyelid scarcely developed; interorbital region convex, its

ALESTES, 203

width about 24 times in length of head; maxillary not quite extending
to below anterior border of eye; 14 teeth a) in upper jaw, 8 or 10 (5)
in lower ; lower border of second suborbital as long as eye. Gill-rakers
moderately long, 12-14 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8,
originating above first or middle rays of ventral, at equal distance from
end of snout and from caudal, or a little nearer former, some of the rays
produced in males, longer than head. Anal III 19-21. Pectoral ? to
$ length of head, not reaching ventral, the outer branched ray of which
is produced in males. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle a little longer thandeep. Scales with radiating and arborescent
24, 2 between lateral line and root of
ventral. Silvery, back brown or olive; a black band on caudal peduncle,
extending on caudal fin; vertical black lines sometimes present on the
body ; dorsal and caudal yellow in females, red in males.

Total length 110 millim.

Sierra Leone to Congo.

or anastomosing canals, 24-29

1-5. Types. Sierra Leone.
6. Skel. Bf

7-16. Ad. & hgr. Freetown, Sierra Leone. R. Dinzey, Esq. (P.).
17. Skel.

9 ”

18-19. Ad. Sapelle, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
20-22, 23-24. Ad. Kribi R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
25-29. Ad. & hgr. Benito R. i

30-36. Hgr. Ogowe R. Miss Kingsley (C.).
37-38. Ad. Sette Cama, Gaboon.

39. Ad. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).

10. ALESTES CHAPERI.
Sauv. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 320, pl. v. fig. 3.
Alestes longipinnis, part., Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, ii. p. 338.

Depth of body 2% to 34 times in total length, length of head 33 to 4
times. Head twice as long as broad, as long as deep; snout shorter
than eye, which is lateral and 24 to 23 times in length of head; inter-
orbital region convex, its width 24 to 22 times in length of head ;
maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye; 14 teeth (3) in
upper jaw, 10 @) in lower; lower border of second suborbital as long as
or a little shorter than eye. Gill-rakers moderately long, 12-13 on
lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, originating just behind vertical

204 CHARACINIDE.

of base of ventral, a little nearer caudal than end of snout; longest ray
as Jong as or a little shorter than head. Anal III 18-20. Pectoral 2
to + length of head, reaching or nearly reaching ventral. Caudal
forked. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales with

: : ‘ Bh
radiating and arborescent or anastomosing canals, 25-28 By 2 between

Alestes chaperi.
Type, after Sauvage (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882).

lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back olive; a black band on
caudal peduncle, extending on caudal fin ; dorsal and caudal red.

Total length 90 millim.

Gold Coast to Benin.—Types in Paris Museum.

-5. Types. Assini, Gold Coast. M. M. Chaper (C.) ;s
Paris Museum (E.).

6. Ad. Kotchwah R., Gold Coast. -R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (C.) ;
Dr. A. Giinther (P.).

7, Ad. Akropon, Gold Coast. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (C.) ;
Dr. A. Giinther (P.).

8. Ad. Ethiope R. at Kwale. R. D. Gardner, Esq. (P.).

11. ALESTES LATERALIS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 130, pl. xlviii. fig. 2 (1900), and Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 153 (1901).

Alestes natalensis, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xiv. 1904, p. 155.
Depth of body equal to length of head, 54 to 44 times in total length.

Head twice as long as broad, a little longer than deep; snout shorter
than eye, which is lateral and 3 times in length of head; adipose eyelid

ALESTES. 205

feebly developed; interorbital region moderately convex, its width
3 times in length of head; maxillary not reaching to below anterior
border of eye; 16 teeth (5) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower; lower border
of second suborbital as long as eye. Géill-rakers long and slender,
20-27 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II-III 8, originating
above base of ventrals, at equal distance from end of snout and from
caudal, longest ray nearly as long as head. Anal III-IV 15-16.
Pectoral ? length of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal deeply forked.
Caudal peduncle 14 to 12 times as long as deep. Scales without

Fig. 154,

Alestes lateralis.
Type (A. M.C.). 4.

5
By?
root of ventral. Silvery, darker on the back ; a blackish lateral band,
extending to median rays of caudal.

Total length 120 millim.

Katanga (Lake Dilolo), Zambesi, Zululand, Natal—Types in Congo

Museum, Tervueren.

arborescent or anastomosing canals, 30-33 =?, 2 between lateral line and

1. One of the types. | Lake Dilolo, Katanga. Capt. Lemaire (C.).
2-4, Ad. Kafue R., Upper Zambesi. T. Codrington, Esq. (P.).
5-6. Ad. Elcheleselwane, Zululand. Dr. E. Warren (P.).
7. Ad., type of Natal. J. EF. Quekett, Esq. (P.).

A. natalensis.

12. ALESTES NURSE.

Myletes nurse, Riipp. Fortsetz. Beschr. Fische Nil, p. 12, pl. ii. fig. 8 (1832).

Myletes guile, Joannis, Mag. Zool. 1835, iii. pl. ix.

Alestes nurse, Miill. & Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. i. p. 13 (1845) ; Cuv. & Val. Hist.
Poiss. xxii. p. 188 (1849); Giiuth. Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 343 (1869) ;
Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 544; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H.
(7) viii. 1901, p. 488; Lénnb. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 37;

206 CHARACINIDA.

Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxv. i. 1906, p. 1127; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 122,
pl. xix. figs. 1 & 2 (1907).

Chalceus guile, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 255.

Brachyalestes nurse, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 314 (1864) ; Fowler, Proc, Ac. Philad.
1906, p. 444, fig.

Brachyalestes ruppellii, Giinth. t. c. p. 315; Pfeff. Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 43
(1896).

Alestes leuciscus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 114.

Alestes ruppellii, Giinth. Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 343 ; Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova,
xxxix. 1898, p. 257.

Alestes senegalensis, Steind. t. ¢. p. 545, pl. ii. fig. 2.

Brycinus nurse, Eigenm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiii. 1907, p. 29.

Depth of body 21 to 32 times in total length, length of head 33
(young) to 43 times. Head 12 to 2 times as long as broad, as long as
deep ora little longer; snout rounded, not longer than eye, which is
lateral and 23 (young) to 4 times in length of head ; interorbital region
moderately convex, its width 24 to 23 times in length of head ; maxillary
not reaching to below anterior border of eye; 14 or 16 teeth (°) in

upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower; lower border of second suborbital longer

Fig. 155.

Alestes nurse.

Blue Nile (F. N.).

Z
3

than eye in adult. Gill-rakers moderately long, 16-20 on lower part
of anterior arch, Dorsal II 8 (rarely 7), originating above base of
ventrals, its base equally distant from centre or posterior border of eye
and from root of caudal; longest ray as long as or a little shorter than
head. Anal III 11-15 (rarely 16). Pectoral a little shorter than head.
Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed. Caudal peduncle 1 to 13 times
as long as deep. Scales with radiating and more or less distinct

ALESTES. 207

arborescent or anastomosing canals, 26-33 23, 2 between lateral line and

ay?
Silvery or pale golden, dark grey or brown on the
back ; sometimes a blackish spot above lateral line, behind gill-opening,
and another on caudal peduncle, sometimes extending as a streak along

median rays of caudal; dorsal greyish, usually with a little pink or red ;

root of ventral.

ventrals and anal white or yellow, usually with a band of red; caudal
red, orange, or yellow, the base and the edge blackish.

Total length 230 millim.

Lower Nile to Lake Victoria, Lake Rudolf, Chad Basin, West Africa
from the Senegal to Cameroon.—Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frank-

fort (M.).
1. Her.

2-7, 8-15. Her. & yg.

16-25. Her. & yg.

26-85. Ad., her, &
ye:

36. Ad.

37-40. Her.

41-43. Ad., hgr.,
& yg.

44, 45-47. Ad., hgr.,
& yg.

48-49. Ad.

50-54. Ad. & hgr.
55-57, Ad., types of
A. ruppellii.

58. Skel.
59. Ad.
60-63. Ad.
64-66. Her.
67-68. Hgr.

69. Ad.
70. Hgr.
71-77, Ad.

78. Ad.

79-83, Ad. & hgr.
84, Ad.

85-89. Ad.
90-91, Ad.

Girgeh, Lower Nile.

Near Luxor.

Between Luxor and Assuan.

Assuan.

Between Assuan and Shellal.

Derr, Upper Nile.
Anebi, 53

Wady Halfa.

Upper Nile.
Khartum.

oP)

Wad Medine, Blue Nile.
Rosaires,
9 ”
Between Khartum and
Sobat R.
Jebelain, White Nile.

Gharb-el-Aish, White Nile.

Polkom, Baro R. (Sobat).

Mouth of Lake No, White
Nile.

Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel.

Lake Victoria.

Entebbe, Lake Victoria.

Bunjako, re

L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).

”

”

”
L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
Capt. 8. Flower (?.).
Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).
L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).
L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

”

Col. Delmé Radcliffe (P.).
Mr. E. Degen (C.).

bb)

208

92. Hyer.
93-94. Two of the

CHARACINID#.

Yo R., Lake Chad.

Senegal.

types of A. senegalensis.

95-99, 100-101. Hgr.
& yg.

102-105, 106-113.
Her. & yg.

114. Ad.

115-119, Ad.

120. Ad.

121. Ad.

122. Hor.

123-128. Her. & yg.

129-132. Her. & yg.

133-134. Yg., types
of A. leuciscus.

135. Ad.

136. Her.

137. Ad.

138. Yg.

139. Ad,

St. Louis, Senegal.

Kaédi, 5
Matam, 35
Gambia.

Nyankoma, Gold Coast.

Mureji, Upper Niger.
Jebba, a
Agberi, Lower Niger.
Niger.

Benue R., N. of Ibi.
Warri, Old Calabar.
Eg Wanga, ,,

Old Calabar.

Meme R., Cameroon.

Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).

M. P. Delhez (C.).

J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

Rk. B. N. Walker, Esq. (C.);
Dr, A. Giinther (P.).

J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).

Dr. C. Christy (P.).

Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).

H.L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).
Miss Kingsley (C.).
Dr. Jackson (C.) ;

Hon. W. Rothschild (P.).
G. Linnell ((.) ;

Prof. E. Lonnberg (P.).

13. ALESTES AFFINIS.

Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 90 ; Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xvii. 1896,
p- 28, and 1897, p. 355.

Alestes imberi (non Peters), Vincig. op. cit. xv. 1895, p. 28.

Brachyalestes afinis, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1906, p. 445, fig.

Depth of body 3 to 34 times in total length, length of head 33 to 4
times. Head 1} to 2 times as long as broad, as long as deep or slightly
longer; snout rounded, not longer than eye, which is lateral and 3 to
34 times in length of head ; interorbital region feebly convex, its width
24 to 2} times in length of head; maxillary not quite reaching to below
anterior border of eye; 16 teeth (3) in upper jaw, 10 (2) in lower;
lower border of second suborbital longer than eye. Gill-rakers mode-
rately long, 18-20 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8,
originating behind vertical of base of ventral, at equal distance from eye
or from nostril and from caudal, longest ray a little shorter than head.
Anal III 16-18. Pectoral a little shorter than head, reaching ventral.

ALESTES. 209

Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed. Caudal peduncle a little longer
than deep. Scales with radiating and anastomosing canals, 25-27 oes
2 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, brownish on the
back ; a more or less distinct dark spot above the lateral line, behind the
gill-opening.

Total length 140 millim.

Webi Shebeli to Tana, East Africa.

Fig. 156.

Alestes affinis .

Wabbi.
1-3. Types. Merifano, Tana R. Prof. J. W. Gregory (P.).
4, Ad. Webi Shebeli. Dr. Donaldson Smith (C.).
5-6. Ad. Wabbi R. Prof. O. Neumann (C.).
7. Ad. Ganana R. Capt. V. Bottego (C.) ;
Genoa Museum (P.).
8. Ad. Auata R. 55

14. ALESTES IMBERI.

Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 276, and Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 66, pl. xii. fig. 3
(1868).
Brachyalestes imberi, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 316 (1864); Pfeff. Thierw. O.-Afr.,
Fische, p. 43 (1896).
Alestes fuchsii, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 83, pl. xxxvi. fig. 1 (1899).
Alestes lemairit, Bouleng. ll. cc. pp. 84, 154, fig. 2.
? Alestes fuchsii, var. teniata, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1903, p. 328.
Depth of body 22 to 3} times in total length, length of head 3} to
41 times. Head 13 to 2 times as long as broad, as long as deep or a
little longer; snout as long as or a little shorter than diameter of eye,

VOL. I. P

210 CHARACINIDA,

which is lateral and 3 to 34 times in length of head; adipose eyelid feebly
developed; interorbital region feebly convex, its width 21 to 2% times
in length of head; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of
eye; 16 teeth G) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower; lower border of
second suborbital as long as or longer than eye. Gill-rakers moderately
long, 16-20 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal IT 8, originating
above middle or last ray of ventral, at equal distance from end of snout
and from caudal, or a little nearer latter; longest ray as long as or a
little shorter than head. Anal I[-111 14-16. Pectoral = to $ length
of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle 1 to 13 times as long as deep. Scales with radiating
and arborescent or anastomosing canals, 23-29 ip 14-2 between lateral
line and root of caudal. Silvery, back olive or bluish; a dark spot
often present behind the head, above the lateral line; a large black
blotch on the caudal peduncle.

Total length 195 millim.

From the Congo and Rovuma to the Quanza and Limpopo.—Types
in Berlin Museum.

Fig. 157,

Alestes tiiberv.

Type of A. fuchsii (A. M. C.).

bal

i, Her; Bange Ngola, Angola. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
2. Her. Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.) ;

Utrecht University (H.).
3. Type of A fuchsti. Kutu, L. Leopold II., M. P. Delhez (C.).

Upper Congo.

4-5, Her.

6-9. Ad. & her.
10-12. Ad. & hgr.
13. Ad.

14. Hgr.
15. Ad.

16. Type of A. lemairii.

17-20. Ad. & yg.
21. Ad.

22-25. Ad.
26-27. Types.
28-30. Her.

31. Her.

32. Ad.

33. Ad.
34-37. Ad. & her.

ALESTES.

Bolobo, Upper Congo.
Monsembe,
Upper Congo.
Near Irumn, Ituri R.,
Upper Congo.

Rovuma R.

”

Lake Bangwelu.
Lake Mweru.
Between Kondowe and
Karonga, L. Nyassa.
Upper Shiré R.
Chiromo, Shiré R.
Zambesi.
Zambesi above Victoria
Falls.
Beira, Portuguese
E. Africa.
Makabusi R.
Salisbury, Mashonaland.

near

Bulawayo.
Inkomati R., near
Komati Poort, E.

Transvaal.

15. ALESTES HUMILIS.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xy. 1905, p. 458.

Depth of body 3} times in total length, length of head 4 times.

eae

Rey. G. Grenfell (P.).

Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

Brussels University.

R. B Woosnam, Esq. (C.);
Ruwenzori Expedition.

Sir J. Kirk (P.).

F. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).

Capt. Lemaire (C.).

Sir H. H. Johnston (P.).

”
C. B. C. Storey, Esq. (P.).
Prof. W. Peters (P.).
T. Codrington, Hsq. (P.).

Mr. C. Grant (C.);
C. D. Rudd, Esq. (P.).
J. ff. Darling, Esq. (P.).

Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist (P.).
Major G. E. Bruce (P.).

Head

21 times as long as broad, a little longer than deep; snout shorter than

Fig. 158.

Alestes humilis.
Type.

eye, which is lateral and 2} times in length of head; adipose eyelid
feebly developed ; interorbital region convex, its width nearly 3 times in

PQ

212 CHARACINID-F.

length of head; maxillary not quite extending to below anterior horder
of eye; 16 teeth (=) in upper jaw, 10 (=) in lower; length of lower
border of second suborbital equalling diameter of eye. Gill-rakers
moderately long, 20 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 7,
originating above base of ventrals and at equal distance from anterior
border of eye and from root of caudal, longest ray as long as head.
Anal III 14. Pectoral a little shorter than head, nearly reaching
ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep.
Scales without anastomosing canals, 30 ah 2 between lateral line and
root of ventral. Olive above, silvery beneath ; a black spot on caudal
peduncle, extending on median rays of caudal.

Total length 70 millim.

Quanza River, Angola.
1. Type. Quanza River. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C ),

16. ALESTES KINGSLEY,
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii. 1896, p. 279, pl. xv. fig. B.

Depth of body 8 to 34 times in total length, length of head
3} to 33 times. Head 1# to 2 times as long as broad, a little longer

Fig. 159.

Alestes kingsleye.
Type.
than deep; snout as long as or a little shorter than eye, which
is lateral and 3 to 34 times in length of head; adipose eyelid
scarcely distinct; interorbital region feebly convex, its width 2% to
2y times in length of head; maxillary not extending quite to below

anterior border of eye; 16 teeth 3 in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower ;

ALESTES. 213

lower border of second suborbital as long aseye. Gill-rakers moderately
long, 16-18 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, originating
above middle of base of ventral, at equal distance from end of snout and
from caudal, or a little nearer latter; longest ray shorter than head.
Anal III 12-13. Pectoral $ to + length of head, not reaching ventral.
Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 1} to 1} times as
long as deep. Scales with radiating and arborescent or anastomosing
canals, 24—25 3, 2 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back
brownish ; a more or less distinct dark spot behind the head, above the
lateral line, and a black band on the side of the caudal part of the
body, extending on the middle caudal rays.

Total length 100 millim.

Ogowe River, Congo.

1-4. Types. Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
5. Her. Ombrokua, Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
6-7. Yg. Kondue, Lower Congo. M. Luja (C.).

17. ALESTES BIMACULATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 85, pl. xxxvi. fig. 3 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 157 (1901).
Depth of body 34 to 33 times in total length, length of head 33 to
32 times. Head twice as loag as broad, a little longer than deep;

Fig. 160.

Alestes bimaculatus.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.
snout as long as or a little shorter than eye, which is lateral and 3 to
31 times in length of head; no adipose eyelid; interorbital region feebly
convex, 2 to 24 times in length of head; maxillary not reaching anterior

214 CHARACINID.

border of eye; 16 teeth (=) in upper jaw, 10 (S) in lower; lower
border of second suborbital a little longer than eye. Gill-rakers long
and slender, a little shorter than gill-filaments, 22-26 on lower part
of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, originating immediately behind vertical of
base of ventral, nearer caudal than end of snout, longest ray $ length of
head. Anal III 12-14. Pectoral 3 to 2 length of head, not reaching
ventral. Caudal forked, with rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle a little
longer than deep. Scales with radiating and anastomosing canals,
27-29 Es 2 between lateral line and root of caudal. Dark green
above, silvery beneath; two large round black spots on each side,

the first between lateral line and last rays of dorsal, the second at
base of caudal.

Total length 140 millim.
Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1-2 Types. Kutu, Lake Leopold II. M. P. Delhez (C.),

18. ALESTES TASNIURUS.

Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 113; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p- 156 (1901) ; Pellegr. Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) ix. 1907, p. 22, fig.

Fig. 161.

Alestes teniurus.

Type.

Depth of body 23 to 25 times in total length, length of head 4 to
4+ times. Head 1} to 2 times as long as broad, as long as deep or

ALESTES, 215

slightly longer; snout as long as or a little shorter than eye, which
is lateral and 23 to 34 times in length of head; adipose eyelid scarcely
distinct ; interorbital region feebly convex, its width 2 to 24 times in
length of head; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of
eye; 16 teeth (=) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower; lower border of
second suborbital as long as eye, Gill-rakers rather long, 25-28 on
lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 11 8, originating immediately
behind vertical of base of ventral, a little nearer caudal than end
of snout; longest ray as long as head or a little longer. Anal IIL
15-17. Pectoral # length of head, reaching base of ventral: Caudal
forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or a
little longer. Scales with radiating and anastomosing canals, 23-25 a
2 between lateral line and root of caudal. Silvery, brownish on the
back; a black streak along each side of the caudal part of the body,
extending on middle rays of caudal fin.

Total length 150 millim.

Gaboon, South Cameroon.

1. Type. Gaboon.
2-4. Ad. Kribi R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).

19, ALESTES OPISTHOTAUNIA.
Bouleng. Proe. Zovl. Soc. 1903, i. p. 22, pl. i. fig. 2.

Depth of body 8 to 34 times in total length, length of head 4 or
4+ times. Head 1} to 2 times as long as broad, a little longer than
deep ; snout a little shorter than eye, which is lateral and 23 cr 3 times
in length of head; adipose eyelid very feebly developed ; interorbital
region convex, its width 7 or nearly $ length of bead; maxillary not
extending quite to below anterior border of eye; 16 teeth (3) in upper
jaw, 10 (5) in lower; length of lower border of second suborbital equal
to diameter of eye. Giull-rakers moderately elongate, closely set, 20 to
23 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, originating just behind
veitical of base of ventrals, a little nearer caudal than end of snout,
longest ray a little shorter than head. Anal III 138-15. Pectoral as
long as head, reaching ventral or nearly as far. Caudal forked. Caudal
peduncle as long as deep. Scales with radiating and anastomosing
canals, 24-27 i, 2 between lateral line and ventral. Silvery, brownish
on the back ; a black humeral spot and a black lateral band, commencing

216 CHARACINID.

under the dorsal and extending on the median rays of the caudal ; dorsal,
caudal, and ventral fins lemon-yellow.

Alestes opisthotenia.
Type (P. Z. 8. 1903).

Total length 150 millim.
South Cameroon.

1-4. Types. Kribi River. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
5-7. Ad. & hgr. si .
8. Skel. 43 -
9. Ad. Mvile River. 7
10-12. Ad. Ja River at Bitye. mf

20. ALESTES POPTA.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1906, p. 367.

Depth of body 8 times in total length, length of head 32 times.
Head a little longer than deep, its length to occiput equal to its width ;
snout a little longer than eye, 35 times in length of head; adipose
eyelid rudimentary ; interorbital width } length of head; maxillary not
extending to below anterior border of eye; 16 teeth (=) in upper jaw;
length of lower border of second suborbital equal to diameter of eye.
Gill-rakers rather short, 15 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8,
originating above last rays of ventral, nearer occiput than caudal.
Adipose fin absent in the unique specimen. Anal III 10. Pectoral
not reaching ventral, Caudal peduncle about as long as deep. Scales
22 2,
golden yellow on the sides and beneath, each scale edged with purplish ;
fin greyish.

Total length 190 millim.

Congo.—T ype in Paris Museum.

1} between lateral line and root of ventral. Brownish above,

ALESTES. 21

=I

21. ALESTES MACROLEPIDOTUS.

Brycinus macrolepidotus, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p-. 157, pl. ceeceexxxix.
(1849),

Alestes macrolepidotus, Bilharz, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ix. 1852, p. 469, pl. xxxvii. ;
Kner, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, xviii. 1860, p. 19; Ginth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 313
(1864), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 242 (1869) ; Steind. Sitzb, Ak. Wien, Ixi.
i. 1870, p. 540, pl. i.; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, exv. i. 1906, p. 1128;
Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 127, pl. xx. (1907).

Alestes macrolepidotus, part., Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 158 (1901).

Depth of body 33 to 44 times in total length, length of head 34 to
4% times. Head much flattened above, 12 to 2 times as long as broad,
13 to 1} times as long as deep, its width considerably greater than its
length to occiput ; snout rounded and about as long as eye in young, moie

Fig. 163.

Alestes macrolepicdotus.

Blue Nile (F. N.). 4.

pointed, projecting beyond lower lip, and 1} to 2 times as long as eye in
adult ; eye infero-lateral, not or scarcely visible from above, well visible
from beneath, its diameter 3 (young) to 6} times in length of head ;
adipose eyelid scarcely developed; interorbital width 2 to 23 times in
length of head; maxillary not reaching to below anterior border of eye ;
16 to 20 teeth (S45) in upper jaw, 8 or 10 es) in lower ; lower border
of second suborbital as long as or a little longer than diameter of eye.
Gill-rakers thin and moderately long, 18-22 on lower part of anterior
arch. Dorsal II 8 (rarely 7), above middle of space between ventrals
and anal, considerably nearer caudal than occiput; first branched
ray longest, 2 to ~ length of head. Anal III 12-14. Pectoral as

4
long as head or a little shorter, sometimes nearly reaching ventral.

218 CHARACINID-E.

Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed, lower usually a little longer than
upper. Caudal peduncle 1 to 14 times as long as deep. Scales with
numerous anastomosing canals, 22-26 ri 1 or 2 between lateral line
and root of ventral. Brown or olive above, the scales with a darker
edge, silvery white or pinkish beneath and on the cheeks ; a pink band
often extends along the side, from the cheek to above the anal fin;
some specimens with interrupted dark brown bands along the sides; fins
pink or orange, the caudal often edged with grey and blackish. Young
usually with a blackish spot on each side of the caudal peduncle, and
another on the shoulder.
Total length 420 millim.

Upper Nile, Blue Nile, White Nile, Bahr-el-Gebel, Omo, Senegal,
Niger, Congo.—Type in Paris Museum.

ds Ad:

2. Ad.

3. Her.

4. Her.

5-9, 10-11. Ad.
& yg.

12. Skel.

13-15, 16-30. Ad.,
hgr., & yg.

31. Ad.

32-33. Her. & yg.

34. Ad.

35-36. Ad.

37. Skel.

38. Ad.

39-44. Yg.

45. Skel.

46-47. Ad.
48-53. Her. & yg.
54. Yo.

Nile.
Kosheh, Upper Nile.
Khartum.

Wad Medine, Blue Nile.
Rosaires,

29

Pe at

Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel.

Fajao, Victoria Nile.
Omo R.
Cojeb R., Omo.

Jebba, Upper Niger.
? rel

Mureji, 55

Agberi, Lower Niger.

Niger.

Benue R., N. of Ibi.

Old Calabar.

Leopoldviile, Congo.

Dr. Riippell (P.).

L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

29

Pr

”

J.S. Budgett, Esq. (2.).
Prof. O. Neumann (C.).

Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;

W.N. MeMillan, Esq. (2P.).

Dr. C. Christy (P.).

Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).
J.S8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

H. L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).

Miss Kingsley (C.).

Drs. Dutton, Christy, & Todd
(Ps

22. ALESTES RHODOPLEURA.

Alestes macrolepidotus (non CU. & V.), Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xv. 1898, p. 25.
Alestes macrolepidotus, part., Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 158 (1901).
Alestes rhodopleura, Bouleng, Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii 1906, p. 547, pl. xxx. fig. 3.

Depth of body 4 times in total length, length of head 4 to 4} times.

ALESTES. 219

Head nearly twice as long as broad, longer than deep, its width much
less than its length to occiput; snout feebly projecting beyond lower jaw,
once and 3 diameter of eye, which is 4 times in length of head; adipose
eyelid feebly developed; interorbital width nearly half length of head;
maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye; 18 teeth (3)
in upper jaw, 10 G) in lower ; lower border of second suborbital as long
as or a little longer than eye. Gill-rakers moderately long, 18-19 on
lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, considerably behind vertical
of base of ventrals, originating much nearer candal than end of snout,
longest ray about ? length of head. Anal III 12-13. Pectoral as long

Fig. 164.

Alestes rhodopleura.
Type (Tr. Z. 8. 1906). 4.

as head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle 12 to
2 times as long as deep. Scales with numerous anastomosing canals,
28-29 a 1 between lateral line and root of ventral. Olive-green above,
silvery below, with an ill-defined pink band along each side; a large
blackish blotch on caudal peduncle at root of caudal.

Total length 300 millim.

Lake Tanganyika.

1. Type. Tanganyika. Prof. J. EH. 8. Moore (C.).
2. Type. Nyamkolo. Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.).
3. Type. Mtondwe Bay. 5

4-5. Types. Lofu. 33

220 CHARACINID-E£.

23. ALESTES GRANDISQUAMIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 85, pl. xxxv. fig. 3 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 159 (1901).

Depth of body 34 to 4 times in total length, length of head 32 to 43
times. Head 14 to 13 times as long as broad, a little longer than deep,
its width a little less than its length to occiput in the adult; snout
feebly projecting beyond lower jaw, as long as or a little longer than
eye, which is infero-lateral and 3 to 4 times in length of head ; adipose
eyelid very feebly developed ; interorbital region feebly convex, 3 to 3
length of head; maxillary far from reaching anterior border of eye; 16
or 18 2) teeth in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower ; lower border of second
suborbital as long as or a little longer than eye. Gill-rakers moderately
long, 15-16 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, opposite

Fig. 165.

Alestes grandisquamis.
Type (A. M.C.)*. 2.

middle of space between ventrals and anal, much nearer caudal than
occiput, its longest ray 3 to # length of head. Anal III 10-11.
Pectoral a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral, Caudal forked.
Caudal peduncle scarcely longer than deep. Scales with numerous

: 42 ; :
anastomosing canals, 23-27 Iya} 1 or 2 between lateral line and root of

* The adipose fin was inadvertently left out by the artist in the original figure.

ALESTES. 231

ventral. Olive-brown above, silvery beneath, often tinged with pink ;
a more or less distinct blackish blotch at base of caudal.
Total length 260 millim,

Congo, Lake Bangwelo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Type. Lower Congo. M. F. Hens (C.).

2. Type. Ibali, Lake Leopold TT, M. P. Delhez (C.).

3. Yg. Bolobo, Upper Congo. Rev. G. Grenfell (P.).

4, Ad.* Monsembe, __,, Rey. J. H. Weeks (P.).

5. Ad. Near Irumu, Ituri R. R. B. Woosnam, Esq. (C.);
Ruwenzori Expedition.

6. Ad. Lake Bangwelu. F. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).

24. ALESTES BATESITI.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 435.

Depth of body 33 to 4 times in total length, length of head 4 to 44
times. Head 1% to 2 times as Jong as broad, longer than deep, distance
between end of snout and occiput not or but slightly exceeding width of
head ; snout as long as or longer than diameter of eye, which is 3 to 4

Fig. 166.

Alestes batesiz.

Type. 4.
times in length of head; adipose eyelid indistinct ; interorbital width
about half length of head; maxillary not extending to below anterior
Bee ; :
border of eye; 16 teeth (5 or 5) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in lower ;

8
length of lower border of second suborbital equalling or exceeding

* The ventral fins are entirely absent in this specimen,

222 CHARACINID.

diameter of eye. Gill-rakers rather long, 16-18 on lower part of
anterior arch. Dorsal II 7-8, well behind vertical of base of ventrals,
originating much nearer root of caudal than end of snout, longest ray 3
to # length of head. Anal III 12-13. Pectoral shorter than head, not
reaching ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle 14 to 14 times as
long as deep. Scales with numerous anastomosing canals, 28-29 as
2 between lateral line and ventral. Olive-brown above and on the
sides, whitish beneath ; a large round black spot on the caudal peduncle,
at the base of the caudal fin; fins greyish, or blackish at the end.

Total length 250 millim.

South Cameroon.

1-3. Types. Kribi River at Erulen. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
4-5. Ad. . z 7
6. Ye. Campo River. ”

25. ALESTES BREVIS.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 594.
? Alestes macrolepidotus, Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 63.

Depth of body 22 to 3 times in total length, length of head 32 to 44
times. Head 13 to 1} times as long as broad, 1§ to 1} times as long
as deep; distance between end of snout and occiput not or but slightly
exceeding width of head; snout scarcely projecting beyond lower jaw,
1 to 14 times as long as eye; eye lateral, visible from above and from
below, its diameter 3 to 44 times in length of head; adipose eyelid
scarcely developed ; interorbital width } length of head; maxillary not
reaching to below anterior border of eye; 18 or 20 teeth (22) in upper

jaw, 10 (5) in lower; lower border of second suborbital as long as or
longer than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers rather short and thin, 18 to 20
on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, above middle of space
between ventrals and anal, considerably nearer caudal than occiput ; first
branched ray longest, 2 to ¢ length of head. Anal III 15-15, pointed
in front, third simple ray longest, § to # length of head. Pectoral
nearly as long as head, reaching or nearly reaching ventral. Caudal
deeply forked. Caudal peduncle not longer than deep. Scales with
numerous anastomosing canals, 21-23 3, 1 or 14 between lateral line
and root of ventral. Uniform brownish above, silvery white below.

Total length 225 millim.

Lagos, Gold Coast, Liberia (?).

ALESTES.—MICRALESTES, Zoe

Fig. 167.

Alestes brevis.

Type. 3.
1. Type. Lagos. H. T. Ussher, Esq. (P.).
2-5, Types. Gold Coast. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (C.) ;
Dr. A. Giinther (P.}.

5. MICRALESTES.
Brachyalestes, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 314 (1864).
AMicrulestes, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 87 (1899), Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p. 160 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 131 (1907).
Phenacogrammus, Higenm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxiil. 1907, p. 30.

Dwarfed Alestes, with the teeth simply compressed, the outer
premaxillary small and tricuspid, the inner premaxillary and the
mandibular quinque- or septemcuspid *.

Vertebree 34-37.

Nile and Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Dorsal originating above base of ventral ; Anal 17-19; depth of body 3 to
32 times in total length.

Dorsal originating a little nearer caudal than
end of snout; Se. 23-28 . . . . . . I. M. acutidens, Peters, p. 224.

* The inner mandibular teeth are sometimes so small as to be easily overlooked, such
cases establishing a complete passage between Micralestes and Petersius.

224 CHARACINID.E.

Dorsal originating at equal distance from end
of snout and from caudal ; Sc. 22-24 . 2. JL stormsi, Blgr., p. 225.

II. Dorsal originating immediately behind vertical of base of ventral.
A. Anal 18-22.
1. Lateral line complete ; Anal 19-22.
Depth of body 33-4 times in total length ;

Be 2i80 6 2 Ske ee oe ew « Os I homills, Blo, p. O26,
Depth of body 23-3 times in total length ;
SGl2895 a oe ce a - + « . & JL holargyreus, Gthr., p. 227.

. Lateral line eee lost on the posterior part of the body ; depth of
body 28-3 times in total length.
A. 18-19; Se. 25-27; pectoral not reaching

VOOUL » ye 4 x + # « a » « w « dh JK wrolenia, Blor., p, 228,
A. 21-22; Sc. 21-23; pectoral reaching
ventral». 1 1 ee we ee ws 6, DL interruptus, Bigr., p. 229.

B. Anal 26-28,
Depth of body 21-2} times in total length ;
Se. 23-26 .

a

. MW. altus, Blgr., p. 230.

1. MIGRALESTES ACUTIDENS.

Alestes acutidens, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ak. 1852, p. 276, and Reise Mossamb. iv.
p. 64, pl. xii. fig. 2 (1868).

Brachyalestes acutidens, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 316 (1864).

ALicralestes acutidens, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 87 (1899), and Proce.
Zool. Soc. 1903, i. p. 329 ; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxv. i. 1906, p. 1128 ;
Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 131, pl. xix. figs. 3 & 4 (1907).

Depth of body 3 to 3% times in total length, length of head 34 to 44
times. Head 2 to 23 times as long as broad, a little longer than deep ;
snout shorter than eye, which is lateral and 2} to 3 times in length
of head, and equal to interorbital width; maxillary extending nearly
to below anterior border of eye; 14 teeth G) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in
lower; lower border of second suborbital not longer than eye. Gill-
rakers short, 12-15 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8,
originating above base of ventrals, at equal distance from centre or
posterior border of eye and from caudal ; longest ray as long as or a
little shorter than head. Anal III 14-16. Pectoral as long as or a
little shorter than head, not reaching ventral. Caudal deeply forked,
lobes pointed. Caudal es as long as deep or slightly longer than
deep. Scales 23-28 ar 1} or 2 between lateral line and root of
caudal, Yellowish with a broad silvery lateral band, often edged with

MICRALESTES. 225

blackish ; fins white, transparent, the dorsal often with a blackish spot
at the tip.

Total length 65 millim.
Nile, Omo, Niger, Congo, Zambesi, and Limpopo.—Types in Berlin

Museum.

1. Ad.

2. Skel.

3-12. Ad. & hgr.

13. Ad.

14. Ad.

15-16. Yg.

17-18. Her.

19-33. Ad., hgr.,
& yg.

34-53. Her. & yg.

54-55. Ad.

56-84. Ad. & hgr.

85-86. Ad.
87. Ad.
88-89. Ad.

90-91. Two of the

types.
92-94. Ad.

diameter of which equals interorbital width and is contained 2% to 3

VOL, I.

Fig. 168,

Micralestes acutidens.

Male and female.
White Nile (F. N.).

Near Luxor.

”

Between Luxor and Assuan.

Assuan.

Wady Halfa.
Omdurman.
Fashoda, White Nile.
Lake No,

Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel.
Omo R.

Jebba, Upper Niger.
Agberi, Lower Niger.
Banzyville, Ubanghi.
Aruwimi River.

Zambesi.

Inkomati R., near Komati
Poort, Transvaal.

Prof. O. Neumann (C.).

Dr. C. Christy (P.).

Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

Capt. Royaux (C.).

R. B. Woosnam, Esq. (C.);
Ruwenzori Expedition.

Prof. W. Peters (P.).

Major G. E. Bruce (P.).

2. MICRALESTES STORMSI.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, i. p. 265, pl. xxviii. figs. 1 & 2.

Depth of body 34 times in total length, length of head 4 times. Head
longer than deep, twice as long as broad; snout shorter than eye, the

9

Q

226 CHARACINIDA.

times in length of head; maxillary extending to below anterior border
of eye; 16 teeth (3) in upper jaw, 10 (2) in lower. Gill-rakers short,
12 or 13 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, originating above
base of ventrals, at equal distance from tip of snout and from caudal,
longest ray about 2 length of head. Anal III 15-16. Pectoral ? or $
length of head. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle
as long as deep. Scales 22-24 op 2 between lateral line and root of
ventral. Brownish above, white beneath, with a silvery lateral band.

Total length 75 millim.

Upper Congo (Lindi River).—Types in Brussels Museum.

Fig. 169.

Micralestes storms?,
Type (P. Z. 8. 1902).

1-4. Types. Lindi R. M. M. Storms (C.) ;
Brussels Museum (P.).

3. MICRALESTES HUMILIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 87, pl. xxxvi. fig. 4 (1899), and Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 161 (1901).

Depth of body equal to or slightly greater than length of head, 33 to
4 times in total length. Head twice as long as broad, longer than deep ;
snout a little shorter than eye, which is 24 to 2% times in length of head
and nearly equals interorbital width; maxillary extending nearly to
below anterior border of eye; 14 teeth CG) in upper jaw, LO ie in lower.
Gill-rakers short, 14-15 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8,
originating immediately behind vertical of base of ventrals, a little
nearer caudal than end of snout, longest ray # length of head. Anal
III 16-19. Pectoral a little shorter than head, reaching or nearly
reaching base of ventral. Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed. Caudal

MICRALESTES. 227

peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales 27-30 a, 2 between lateral
line and root of ventral. Olive above, whitish beneath ; a silvery lateral
band; anal and caudal whitish or bluish grey, the latter with an orange
spot on each lobe.

Total length 75 millim.

Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

Micralestes humils.

Type (A. M. C.).
1-3. Ad. & hgr. Kinshassa, Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.);
Utrecht University (E.).
4-15, Ad. Ja R. (Congo System) at G.I. Bates, Esq. (C.).
Bitye, S. Cameroon.
16. Skel. 7 ” ” »

4. MICRALESTES HOLARGYREUS.

Alestes holargyreus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xii. 1873, p. 144.

Alestes brevipinnis, Perugia, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) x. 1891, p. 975.

Micralestes holargyreus, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 87 (1899), and
Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 162 (1901).

Depth of body 23 to 3 times in total length, length of head 33 to 4
times. Head twice as long as broad, a little longer than deep; snout
shorter than cye, which is 23 to 3 times in length of head; interorbital
width 4 to 2 length of head; maxillary extending to below anterior
border of eye; 14 teeth (2) in upper jaw, 10 (2) in lower. Gill-rakers
short, 12-13 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II-III 8, originating
immediately behind vertical of base of ventrals, a little nearer caudal
than end of snout, longest ray # to § length of head. Anal ITI 17-19.
Pectoral a little shorter than head, reaching or nearly reaching ventral.
Caudal forked, with pointed lobe. Caudal peduncle a little longer than

Q2

228 CHARACINID A,

deep. Scales 23-25 3p 2 between lateral line and root of ventral. Olive
or bluish above, whitish beneath; a silvery lateral band ; fins greyish.
Total length 70 millim.
Lower Congo.

Micralestes holargyreus.
Type.

1-5. Types. Boma. J.J. Monteiro, Esq. (C.).
6. Ad. re M. P. Delhez (C.).

5. MICRALESTES UROTANTA, sp. n.

Depth of body 23 to 3 times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Head twice as long as broad, a little longer than deep; snout much
shorter than eye, which is 24 times in length of head and equals inter-

Micralestes urotenta.
Type.

orbital width; maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye;
12 teeth (3) in upper jaw, 10 (3) in lower. Gill-rakers short, about 12
on lower part of anterior arch, Dorsal II 8, originating immediately

MICRALESTES, 229

behind vertical of base of ventrals, a little nearer caudal than end of
snout, anterior branched rays produced, much longer than head. Anal
TIT 15-16. Pectoral as long as or slightly shorter than head, not
reaching base of ventral. Caudal forked, lobes pointed. Caudal
peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales 25-27 cme 2 between
lateral line and root of ventral; lateral line incomplete, confined to
10-16 scales. Reddish, silvery below; a blackish streak on each side
of the caudal part of the body, extending on median rays of caudal fin.

Total length 70 millim.

South Cameroon.

1-4. Types. Kribi R. at Efulen. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).

6. MICRALESTES INTERRUPTUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 88, pl. xxxvi. fig. 6 (1899), and Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 16-4 (1901).

Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 33 to 34 times.
Head twice as long as broad, a little longer than deep; snout much
shorter than eye, which is 24 times in length of head and equals inter-
orbital width; maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye;
12 teeth (3) in upper jaw, 10 (3) in lower. Gill-rakers short, about 12
on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal IT 8, originating immediately
behind vertical of base of ventrals, a little nearer caudal than end of snout,
longest ray as long as head. Anal IV 17-18. Pectoral $ length of

Micralestes interruptus.

Type (A. M. C.).

head, reaching base of ventral. Caudal forked, lobes pointed. Caudal
peduncle as long as deep. Scales 21-23 Be 2 between latera] line
series and root of ventral; lateral line incomplete, confined to 7-10
scales. Reddish, with a silvery lateral band.

Total length 45 millim.

Upper Congo (Stanley Pool).—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1-2. Types. Stanley Pool. M. P. Delhez (C.).

230 CHARACINID.

7. MICRALESTES ALTUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 88, pl. xxxvi. fig. 5 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 163 (1901).

Depth of body 23 to 24 times in total length, length of head 33 to
3% times. Head twice as long as broad, longer than deep; snout much
shorter than eye, which is 2 to 21 times in length of head ; interorbital
width about 3 times in length of head; maxillary hardly reaching to
below anterior border of eye; 12-14 teeth (sa) in upper jaw, 10 (5) in
lower. Gill-rakers rather long, about 12 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal II 8, originating immediately behind vertical of base of ventrals,
at equal distance from end of snout and from caudal, longest ray as long

Micralestes altus.
Type (A. M. C.).

ashead. Anal II] 23-25. Pectorala little shorter than head, extending
a little beyond origin of ventral. Caudal forked, lobes pointed. Caudal
peduncle as long as deep. Scales 23-26 Ee 2 between lateral line and
root of ventral. Silvery, back olive, scales dark-edged ; a large rounded
black spot on the caudal peduncle and the median caudal rays; adipose
fin blackish.

Total length 65 millim.

Upper Congo (Lake Tumba, Lindi R., and Ubanghi)—Types in
Jongo Museum, Tervucren.
1-2. Types. Bikoro, L. Tumba. M. P. Delhez (C.).
3-4. Ad. Lindi R. M. M. Storms (C.) ;

Brussels Museum (P.).

. Ad. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

ou

PETERSIUS. 29]

6. PETERSIUS,
Hilgend. Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1894, p. 172; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p- 165 (1901).
Characters of Micralestes, but distinguished by the absence of the
pair of conical teeth behind the mandibular series, Vertebre 36-37 *.
Tropical Africa.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Anterior premaxillary teeth alternating with the posterior.
A. D, 10-11 ; A. 19-26.
1. Se. 33-40 Ba
a. A. 23-26 ; depth of body 3-3} times in total length.
Se. 40 3 ; loner Jaw projecting beyond upper . 1. P. modestus, Blgr., p. 232.

Se. 35-36 | A ; lower jaw not projecting beyond
Upper. 2 ee ee ee se ow ww 2. PP. hilgendorf, Blgr., p. 232.
b. A. 19-22.
Se. 33 ; diameter of eye 34 times in length of’
head; oo of body 2 times in total length.
Sc. 35-36 & ;

oo
ee)

. conserialis, Tile., p. 233,

diameter of eye 23-22 times in

42 >
length of head; depth of iis 33-4 times
intotallength. . ... 2. ew A Py tangensis, Lonnb., p. 234.
2. Sc, 28-31 2 3 ; A. 22-24.

Depth of body 33-33 times in total length ;

teeth with very long median cusp . . . 5. P. leopoldianus, Blgr., p. 235.
Depth of body 3 times in total length . 6. P. brumpti, Pellegr., p. 235,
Depth of body 23-23 times in total length . . 7. P. caudalis, Blgr., p. 236.

3. Se. 24-26 3 ; lateral line incomplete.
A. 20; depth of body 23-22 times in totallength. 8. P. pulcher, Blgr., p. 237.
A. 21-22 ; depth of body caret times in total
length. wwe - oe ee « & Pe major, Blgr., p. 237.

B. D. 12; A. 14; Se. 28-30 . 10. P. spilopterus, Blgr., p. 239

ce ae
bol [to

II. Anterior premaxillary teeth corresponding to the posterior.

Sc. 29-30 33 A. 20-21; depth of body 4 times

in totallengths 4 2 «# » 2 » 4 » «IL, PB, woosnami, Blar., p. 239,
Sc. 24-27 3 A. 21-24; depth of body 3-3}

times in total length . . . . . . . . 12. P. occidentalis, Gthr., p. 240.

* The type of the genus, P. conserialis, differs from allits congeners by its large size as
well as by the complete closing up of the parietal fontanelle.

252 CHARACINID.

1, PETERSIUS MODESTUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 72, pl. xxxvii. fig. 6 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 169 (1901).

Depth of body 34 times in total length, length of head 4 times. Head
hardly longer than deep, with straight upper profile ; lower jaw projecting
beyond upper; snout shorter than eye, which is 24 times in length of
head and equals interorbital width; maxillary extending to below
anterior border of eye; outer premaxillary teeth 4, alternating with
those of the inner row, 8 in number; 8 teeth in lower jaw. Gill-rakers

Petersius modestus.

Type (A. M.C.) 4.

moderately long, about 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8,
originating above last ray of ventral, at equal distance from eye and from
caudal, longest ray as long as head. Anal III 20. Pectoral a little
shorter than head, not quite reaching ventral. Caudal forked, with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales
40 Es 2 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back olive;
fins pale yellow, adipose dorsal orange.

Total length 65 millim.

Upper Congo (Lake Leopold II.).— Type in Congo Museum,
Tervueren,.

2, PETERSIUS HILGENDORFI.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 91, pl. xxvii. fig. 5 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 168 (1901) ; Pellegr. Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) ix. 1907, p. 23, fig.
Depth of body 3 to 33 times in total length, length of head 34 to
3% times. Head hardly longer than deep, with slightly concave upper
profile ; lower jaw not projecting beyond upper; snout shorter than eye,
which is 24 to 3 times in length of head and equals interorbital width ;
maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye; outer preemaxillary
teeth 4, alternating with those of the inner row, 8 in number; 8 teeth

PETERSIUS. 233

in lower jaw. Gill-rakers short, 15 or 16 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal II 8, originating above base of ventral, at equal distance from
end of snout and from caudal; some of the rays produced into long
filaments in males. Anal III 20-23. Pectoral 2 to 2 length of head,

Vig. 176.

Peterswus hilgendorfi.
Type (A.M.C.). 4.

nearly reaching ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle hardly
longer than deep. Scales 35-36 RB, 2 between lateral line and rovt of
ventral. Dark brown above, silvery beneath; a dark lateral band on
posterior two-thirds of body; a vertical black bar above pectoral; fins
black.

Total length 100 millim.

Upper Congo (Lake Leopold II. and Alima River), Ogowe.—

Types in Congo Museum, ‘Tervueren.

1-2. Types. Kutu, L. Leopold IT. M. P. Delhez (C.).
3-4. Types. Thali, 6
5-6. Her. Gaboon.

3. PETERSIUS CONSERIALIS.
Hilgend. Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1894, p. 173; Pfeff. Thierw. O.-Afr.,
Fische, p. 44 (1896).

Depth of body 22 times in total length, length of head nearly 4 times.
Head a little longer than deep, upper profile concave; lower jaw
projecting beyond upper; snout a little shorter than eye, which is
34 times in length of head and equals interorbital width; maxillary
extending to below anterior border of eye; outer preemaxillary teeth 4,
almost on a line with and alternating with those of the inner row, 8 in
number; 8 teeth in lower jaw. Gill-rakers rather short, 18 on lower

234 CHARACINIDA.

part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, originating just behind vertical of
root of ventral, at equal distance from anterior border of eye and from
caudal, longest ray a little shorter than head. Anal III 19. Pectoral
as long as head, reaching ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle
as long asdeep. Scales 33 i 2 between lateral line and root of ventral.
Silvery, back greyish green; a large black spot on caudal peduncle,
extending on median rays of latter; anterior border of dorsal and
posterior part of caudal blackish.

Total length 145 millim.

Kingani River, German East Aftica.—Described from the type in
the Berlin Museum.

4, PETERSIUS TANGENSIS.
Lonnb., in Sjéstedt, Kilimandj.-Meru Exped., Fish. p. 2 (1907).

Depth of body 8? to 4 times in total length, length of head 4 to 43
times. Head twice as long as broad, considerably longer than deep ;
lower jaw projecting slightly beyond snout; snout shorter than eye,
which is 24 to 22 times in length of head; interorbital width 22 times
in length of head; maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye ;
outer premaxillary teeth 4, alternating with these of inner row, § in
number; 8 tecth in lower jaw. Gill-rakers short, 16-17 on lower part
of antcrior arch. Dorsal II 8, originating behind vertical of base of

Petersius tangensis,
‘ype.

ventral, at equal distance from anterior border of eye and from caudal.
Adipose fin very small, Anal III 16-17. Pectoral a little shorter than
head, not quite reaching ventral. Caudal deeply ula Caudal
peduncle about 14 times as long as deep. Scales 30- 36 & zp» 24 or 3
between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back olivaceous ; a
darker silvery lateral band,

Total length 57 millim.

PETERSIUS. 259

Tanga River, Usambara, German East Africa.—Types in Stockholm
Museum.

1-2. Two of the types. Tanga. Prof. Sjostedt (C.) ;
Prof. E. Lonnberg (P.).

5. PETERSIUS LEOPOLDIANUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 90, pl. xxxvii. fig. 4 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 166 (1901).

Depth of body equal to length of head, 34 to 32 times in total length.
Head longer than deep, with straight upper profile ; lower jaw projecting
beyond upper; snout shorter than eye, which is 3 times, or a little less,
in length of head and equals interorbital width; maxillary extending to
below anterior border of eye; outer premaxillary teeth 4, almost on a
line with and alternating with the inner, 8 in number; 8 teeth in lower
jaw. Gill-rakers long and closely set, 25-30 on lower part of anterior

Fig. 178.

Petersius leopoldianus.
Type (A. M.C.). 4.
arch. Dorsal II 8, originating above base of ventral, at equal distance
from end of snout and from caudal, longest ray nearly as long as head.
Anal III 19-20. Pectoral 2 to $ length of head, not reaching ventral.
Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle a little longer than
deep. Scales 30-31 3, 2 between lateral line and root of ventral. Olive-
grey above, silvery beneath, with a dark lateral band.
Total length 90 millim.
Upper Congo (Lake Leopold II.).-— Types in Congo Museum,
Tervueren.
1-3. Types. Kutu, L. Leopold II. M. P. Delhez (C.).
4. Skel. 55 35

99

6. PETERSIUS BRUMPTI.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1906, p. 368.

Form and coloration as in P. leapoldianus, but depth of body only

236 CHARACINIDA.

3 times in total length, and only 14 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior
arch. Anal 22. 28 scales in lateral line.

Total length 55 millim.

Abba River, affluent of Uelle, Congo.—Type in Paris Museum.

7. PETERSIUS CAUDALIS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 89, pl. xxxvii. fig. 3 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 165 (1901).

Depth of body 23 to 24 times in total length, length of head 33 to
4 times. Head as long as deep, with slightly concave upper profile;

Fig. 179.

Petersius caudalis.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

lower jaw projeeting beyond upper; snout much shorter than eye, which
is 24 to 23 times in length of head and equals interorbital width;
maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye ; outer preemaxillary
teeth 4, alternating with the inner, 8 in number; 8 teeth in lower jaw.
Gill-rakers rather long, 16-18 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 8,
originating immediately behind vertical of base of ventral, at equal
distance from end of snout and from caudal, longest ray as lung as head.
Anal III-IV 19-20. Pectoral a little shorter than head, reaching or
nearly reaching ventral. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal
peduncle as long as deep. Scales 29-30 3 2 between lateral line and
root of ventral. Reddish, with a silvery lateral band, which becomes
blackish on the caudal peduncle and extends as a black band on the
caudal fin.
Lower Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1-2. Two of the types. Boma. M. P. Delhez (C.).

3. One of the types of Congo. R. College of Surgeons (P.).
Alestes longipinnis.

PETERSIUCS. 237

8. PETERSIUS PULCHER, sp. n.

Depth of body 22 to 23 times in total length, length of head 34 to 33
times. Head 23 to 23 times as long as broad, with slightly concave
upper profile ; jaws equal in front; snout 4 diameter of eye, which equals
postorbital part of head; interorbital width 3 times in length of head;
maxillary extending to below anterior border of eye; outer premaxillary
teeth 4, alternating with those of the inner row, 8 in number; 8 teeth
in lower jaw. Gill-rakers short, 12-13 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal II 8, originating just behind vertical of base of ventrals, at equal
distance from nostrils and from caudal, longest ray as long as or longer

Fig. 180.

Petersius pulcher.
Type.

than head. Adipose fin small. Anal III 17. Pectoral nearly as long
as head, reaching ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle as long as
deep. Scales 24-25 Be 2 between lateral line and ventral; lateral line
incomplete, not extending beyond 6th to 9th scale. Greenish yellow on
the back, silvery below, tinged with orange on the caudal part of the
body; a vertically oval black spot above the shoulder; a broad black
band on the side of the tail, continued on median rays of caudal; fins
greyish, more or less tinged with orange; ventral fin black at the tip,
anal finely edged with black.

Total length 55 millim.

South Cameroon.
1-2. Types. Ja River (Congo System) at Bitye. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).

9, PETERSIUS MAJOR.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1908, p. 436.
Depth of body 24 to 24 times in total length, length of head 4
times. Head as long as deep, twice as long as broad, with slightly

238 CHARACINIDA.

concave upper profile; lower jaw projecting beyond upper; snout
shorter than eye, which is 24 to 22 times in length of head; inter-
orbital width 2% times in length of head; maxillary extending to
below anterior border of eye; outer premaxillary teeth 4, alter-
nating with those of the inner row, 8 in number; 8 teeth in lower
jaw. Gill-rakers short, 12-15 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal
Il 8, originating just behind vertical of base of ventrals, at equal
distance from nostrils and from caudal, longest ray longer than head.

Fig. 181.

Petersius major.
Type.

Adipose fin large, its depth at least 4 length of head. Anal III 18-19.
Pectoral a little shorter than head, not quite reaching ventral. Caudal
forked. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales 24-26 aa 2
between lateral line and ventral; lateral line incomplete, not extending
beyond 11th to 16th scale. Silvery, yellowish on the back; a small
black spot often present above the shoulder; a black band on the side
of the tail, continued on median rays of caudal; dorsal fin greyish,
with a band of orange-red ; ventral fin black at the tip ; base of anal and
caudal orange in males, yellow in females.

Total length 85 millim.

South Cameroon.

j-2. Types. Ja River (Congo System) at Bitye. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
3. Ad. a m1 .
4, Ad. Kribi River at Efulen. te
5-11. Ad. Nyong River. +f

12; Skel. ” ”

bo
[ey
Ne)

PETERSIUS,

10. PETERSIUS SPILOPTERUS, sp. n.

Depth of body equal to leneth of head, 34 times in total length.
Head longer than deep; jaws equal; diameter of eye greater than
length of snout, 3 times in length of head; maxillary extending to
below anterior border of eye; 18 teeth (=) in upper jaw, 10 in lower,
outer premaxillaries alternating with inner. Gill-rakers short, 10 on
lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal II 10, originating above ventrals,

at equal distance from anterior border of eye and from caudal,

Petersius spilopterus.
Type.

longest ray shorter than head. Anal III 11. Pectoral 3 length
of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle
a little longer than deep. Scales in lateral line 28-30 a, 2 between
lateral line and ventral; scales above lateral line very much larger.
Brown above, silvery white below; a dark, light-edged lateral band,
extending from the eye to the caudal; dorsal fin with a large black
spot, anal with blackish longitudinal streaks.

Total length 60 millim.

Mouths of Niger and Lagos Coast.

j-2. Types. Mouths of Niger. Hr. P. Arnold (P.).
3. Type. Creek at Atijéré, 80 miles E. of Lagos. Major G. E. Bruce (P.).

11. PETERSIUS WOOSNAMI.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xx. 1907, p. 487.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 4 times in total length. Head
longer than deep, with convex upper profile ; lower jaw projecting slightly
beyond upper; diameter of eye equal to length of snout, 3 times in length
of head; maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye;
14 teeth (3) in upper jaw, 8 in lower; inner premaxillary teeth inserted
directly behind the outer. Gill-rakers short, 12 on lower part of anterior
arch. Dorsal III 8, originating above base of ventrals and at equal
distance from end of snout and from caudal; longest ray about 2 length
of head, Anal I1f 17-18. Pectoral shorter than head, not reaching

240 CHARACINID”.

ventral. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales 29-30 =e 2 between
lateral line and ventral. No markings, except a silvery lateral band,
which is black-edged above.

Fig. 183.

Petersius woosnamt.
Type.
Total length 70 millim.
Upper Congo (Aruwimi).
1-2. Types. Aruwimi River. R. B. Woosnam, Esq. (C.) ;
Ruwenzori Expedition.

12. PETERSIUS OCCIDENTALIS.
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 731, pl. xlv. fig. B.
Depth of body 3 to 34 times in total length, length of head 33 to
4 times. Head as long as deep, with nearly straight upper profile;
jaws equal in front; snout much shorter than eye, which is 23 to 23
times in length of head and equals interorbital width; maxillary

Petersius occidentalis.
Type, after Giinther (P. ZS. 1399).

extending to below anterior border of eye; 14 teeth (3) in upper jaw,
8 in lower; inner preemaxillary teeth inserted directly behind the outer.
Gill-rakers short, 12 or 13 on lower part of anteriorarch. Dorsal III 8,
originating immediately behind vertical of base of ventral, and at equal
distance from end of snout and from caudal; longest ray # to # length
of head. Anal JII 18-21. Pectoral shorter than head, not reaching

PETERS1US.—EUGNATHICHTAYS. 241

ventral. Candal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales 24-27 # ay 1d
or 2 between lateral line and root of ventral; lateral line sometimes
ending on caudal peduncle before reaching caudal fin. Silvery, with a
more or less distinct darker lateral band; dorsal grey to blackish with
a broad yellow transverse bar; caudal edged with grey.

Total length 65 millim.

Gold Coast.

1-5. Types. Kotchwah River. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (P.).

6-15. Ad. & her. Akropon. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (C.) ;
Dr. A. Giinther (P.).

16-25. Ad. & hgr. Infoan. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (C.) ;
Dr. A. Giinther (P.).

7. EUGNATHICHTHYS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 25 (1898), and Poiss. Buss. Congo, p. 170
(1901).

Snout moderately elongate, rounded; mouth large; jaws massive,
upper movable upwards; maxillary very small, hidden under the
preorbital when the mouth is closed; premaxillary and dentary with
two series of teeth, the outer large, subequal, compressed, bicuspid, the
inner very small, compressed, obtuse, the two series separated by a con-
siderable space. Cheek partly naked; nostrils near the eye, close
together, separated by a valvular flap ; gill-membranes free from isthmus.
Body elongate, compressed. Scales small, strongly ciliated ; lateral line
straight, along the middle of the side; a scaly process at base of ventral.
Dorsal fin with 11 to 18 rays, above the ventrals; anal with 12 or 13
rays; adipose dorsal fin small. Vertebre 55 (33422),

Congo.

Two species :—

D. 17-18; Sc. 95-107 FW | |. OL. EB. eetueldii, Blgr.. p. 241.
D. 11-14; Se. 68-71 ae 4 « » » 2 » Be £2. macroterolepis, Bler., p, 243.

1. EUGNATHICHTHYS EETVELDII.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 26, pl. xii. (1898), and Poiss. Bass, Congo,
p- 170 (1901).

Depth of body 4 to 5 times in total length, length of head 32 to
41 times. Head 2 to 2} times as long as broad, 14 to 1} times as long

VOL, I. R

242 CHARACINIDE.

as deep; snout 14 to 14 times diameter of eye, which is 33 (young) to
5 times in length of head, and 1 to 1} times in interorbital width ; upper
jaw extending to below centre of eye; 12 to 14 teeth on each side in
the outer series of both jaws; naked space on cheek about half width of
suborbitals. Gill-rakers very small. Dorsal IV 13-14, originating a
little in advance of ventrals, situated at equal distance from centre or
posterior border of eye and from caudal. Base of adipose fin covered
with scales. Anal III 9-10. Pectoral a little shorter than ventral
and but little more than half length of head. Caudal forked, nearly

Fig. 185.

Eugnathichthys eetveldit.
Type (A. M.C.). 4.

entirely covered with very small scales, upper lobe longer and pointed,
lower rounded. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Scales
95-107 eae 9-10 between lateral line and root of ventral. Yellowish,
olive on the back, with large round or rhomboidal blackish spots
arranged quincuncially ; fins orange; 4 or 5 black streaks across the
dorsal; a black spot on the adipose fin; a black streak on the middle
rays, and 2 to 4 oblique ones on each lobe of the caudal.

Total length 290 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1-2. Types. Leopoldville. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
3. Yg. Stanley Pool. M. De Meuse (C.),

EUGNATHICHTHYS. 243
4. Yo. Bolobo, Upper Congo. Rev. G. Grenfell (P.).
5. Skull. Liranga, 3 M. P. Delhez (C.).
6. Her. Monsembe, Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
7. Skel. 2 Fe 55
8. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

2. EUGNATHICHTHYS MACROTEROLEPIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 75, pl. xxxiv. fig. 1 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 172 (1901).

Depth of body 4} to 42 times in total length, length of head 3} times.
Head 2 to 24 times as long as broad, 14 to 13 times as long as deep;
snout 13 to 13 times diameter of eye, which is 4 to 5 times in length of
head and 1 to 1} times in interorbital width; upper jaw extending to
below centre of eye; naked space on cheek about } width of preeorbital.

Fig. 186.

Euqnathichthys macroterolepis.

Type (A. M. C.).
Dorsal J1I 8-11, originating a little in advance of ventrals. Anal III 9.
Scales 68-71 alt 6 or 7 between lateral line and rvot of ventral.
Otherwise as in the preceding. A median dorsal and a lateral series of
large black spots, the latter alternating with the former and forming
vertical bars; 3 black streaks across the dorsal, 2 to 4 on each caudal
lobe.

Total length 145 millim.

Congo,
1. Type. Loango, Lower Congo. M. De Meuse (G.).
2. Ye: Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.);
Utrecht University (E.).
3. Her. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).
4, Her. Uerre. M. De Bauw (C.).

R2

24] CHARACINID.E.

8. PARAPHAGO.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 76 (1899), and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 173
(1901).

Snout moderately elongate, pointed; mouth large; jaws massive, the
upper movable upwards; maxillary very small, not hidden under the
preorbital when the mouth is closed; premaxillary and dentary with
two series of teeth, the outer strong, compressed, bi- or tricuspid, the
anterior larger, the inner small, sharply pointed, the two series separated
by a considerable space. Cheek nearly entirely covered by the sub-
orbitals; nostrils near the eye, close together, separated by a valvular
flap; gill-membranes narrowly united to isthmus. Body elongate,
compressed. Scales small, strongly ciliated ; lateral line straight, along
the middle of the side; no scaly process at base of ventral. Dorsal fin
with 15 rays, above the ventrals; anal with 13 or 14 rays; adipose
dorsal fin small.

Congo.

1. PARAPHAGO ROSTRATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 76, pl. xxxiv. fig. 2 (1899), and Poiss. Basa.
Congo, p. 174 (1901).

Depth of body 5} to 6 times in total length, length of head 34 to 3%
times. Head 35 times as long as broad, rugose above; snout once and
4 diameter of eye, which is 44 to 5 times in length of head and equals
interorbital width ; mouth extending to below anterior third of eye ;

Fig. 187.

Pavaphago rostratus.

Type (A. M.C.).

15 or 16 teeth on each side in the outer series of both jaws. Gill-
rakers very small, rudimentary. Dorsal III 12, originating a little in
advance of ventrals, at equal distance from end of snout and from caudal,

PARAPHAGO.—MESOBORUS, 245

longest ray half length of head. Anal III 10-11. Pectoral shorter
than ventral, hardly 2 length of head. Caudal forked, with obtusely
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle nearly 3 times as long as deep. Scales
87-90 ms 9 between lateral line and root of ventral. Olive above,
whitish beneath; a median and two lateral series of black spots, the
lower forming vertical bars across the lateral line; three more or less
regular black streaks across the dorsal; a black spot on the adipose fin ;
a black streak on the middle rays, and three oblique ones on each lobe
of the caudal.

Total length 130 millim.

Upper Congo (Lake Leopold IL.).—Types in Congo Museum,
Tervueren.
1. One of the types. Kutu, L. Leopold II. M. P. Delhez (C ).

9. MESOBORUS.

Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 178 ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 175 (1901).

Snout elongate, pointed; mouth large ; upper jaw movable upwards ;
maxillary very small, hidden under the preorbital when the mouth is
closed; preemaxillary and dentary with two series of teeth, the outer
strong, compressed, pointed, the point directed backwards, with or
without a secondary cusp, the anterior large, canine-like ; teeth of inner
series very small. Greater part of cheek covered by the suborbitals ;
nostrils near the eye, close together, separated by a valvular flap; gill-
membranes narrowly united to isthmus. Body elongate, compressed.
Scales small, strongly ciliated; lateral line straight, along the middle of
the side; a small scaly process at base of ventral. Dorsal with 18 rays,
above the ventrals; anal with 14 rays; adipose dorsal fin small.

Congo.

1. MESOBORUS CROCODILUS.

Pellegr. 1. c.; Bouleng. I. ¢.

Depth of body 4 times in total length, length of head 3 times. Head
3 times as long as broad; snout twice as long as eye, which is 45 times
in length of head and exceeds interorbital width; mouth extending to
below anterior border of eye; 29 or 30 small teeth on each side and a
pair of canines in front of each jaw, the canines of the lower jaw
separated by a pair of small tecth; naked part of cheek half width of
suborbital. Gill-rakers short, 17 on lower part of anterior arch.

246 CHARACINIDA.,

Dorsal IV 14, originating well in advance of ventral and at equal
distance from end of snout and from caudal, longest ray 3 length of
head. Anal III 11. Pectoral nearly 4 length of head, a little longer
than ventral. Caudal covered with small scales, deeply forked, lobes
rounded. Caudal peduncle once and 4 as long as deep. Scales 96 %
12 between lateral line and root of ventral. Brownish, with traces of
two alternating series of large dark spots on each side, those of the
lower series about 10 in number and on the lateral line; fins greyish.

Total length 250 millim.

Alima River, Upper Congo —Type, in Paris Museum, examined.

10. PHAGO.
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 209; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p. 177 (1901).

Snout long and narrow; mouth large; jaws beak-like, upper movable
upwards; maxillary very small; premaxillary and dentary with two
series of teeth, the outer strong, compressed, bicuspid, the anterior
upper larger, the inner very small and conical, the two series separated
by a considerable interspace. Cheek entirely covered by the sub-
orbitals; nostrils near the eye, close together, separated by a valvular
flap; gill-membranes narrowly united to isthmus. Body elongate, feebly
compressed. Scales large, hard, rugose, strongly ciliated; lateral line
straight, along the middle of the side; no scaly process at base of
ventral. Dorsal fin with 12 or 13 rays, above the ventrals; anal with
10 to 12 rays; adipose dorsal fin very small. Vertebrae 44 (20 + 24).

Congo, Niger.

Synopsis of the Species.
Snout longer than postocular part of head ;
Se. 47 i 1 between dorsal fin and lateral

line series, 6 round caudal peduncle . . . 1. P. loricutus, Gthr., p. 247.
Snout longer than postocular part of head ;

as
Se. 47 ip 2 between dorsal fin and lateral

line series, 6 round caudal peduncle . . . 2. P. intermedius, Blgr., p. 247.
Snout shorter than postocular part of head ;

Se. 42-45 ay 2 between dorsal fin and lateral
line series, 8 round caudal peduncle . . . 3. P.boulengeri,Schilth., p. 248.

PHAGO. 247

1. PHAGO LORICATUS.
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 210, pl. v.

Depth of body 9 times in total length, length of head 4 times. Head
3% times as long as broad; snout a little longer than postorbital part of
head, 24 times diameter of eye, which is 54 times in length of head and
nearly equals interorbital width; mouth extending nearly to anterior
border of eye; 19 teeth on each side in outer series in each jaw, the
first upper a small canine; bones of the head granulated and striated.
Gill-rakers very short, rudimentary. Dorsal III 9, originating above
last ray of ventral, slightly nearer end of snout than caudal, longest ray
not quite half length of head. Anal III 8. Pectoral 2 length of head,

sai

aeeeere

Phayo loricatus.
Type, after Giinther (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1865).

a little shorter than ventral. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle 7 times as long as deep. Scales 47 B; a single series
of scales between dorsal fin and lateral line series, 6 round caudal
peduncle. Pale brownish; dorsal with two horizontal dark streaks;
3 oblique dark streaks across each lobe of caudal.

Total length 110 millim.

Niger.
1. Type. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (“),

2. PHAGO INTERMEDIUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 77, pl. xxxiv. fig. 3 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 178 (1901).

Depth of body 6 times in total length, length of head 33 times.
Head 33 times as long as broad; snout a little longer than postocular
part of head, 24 times diameter of eye, which is 53 times in length of
head and 14 times in interorbital width ; mouth extending to anterior
border of eye; 22 teeth on each side of upper jaw. Dorsal IV 8,

248 CHARACINIDE.

originating above first ray of ventral, at equal distance from end of snout
and from caudal. Anal III 9. Caudal with rounded lobes. Caudal

Phayo intermedius.
Type (A. M.C.).

peduncle 5 times as long as deep. Scales obtusely keeled, 47 ap
2 between dorsal fin and Jateral line series, 6 round caudal peduncle.
No markings (specimen bleached).

Total length 140 millim.

Congo (Stanley Pool).—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

3. PHAGO BOULENGERI.

Schilthuis, Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Ver. (2) iii. 1891, p. 90 ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 177 (1901).

Depth of body 6 to 7 times in total length, length of head 33 to 4
times. Head 2% to 3 times as long as broad; snout as long as or a

Fig. 190.

Phago boulengert.
Type.

little shorter than postocular part of head, 14 to 13 times diameter of
eye, which is 4 to 44 times in length of head and equals interorbital
width ; mouth extending to below anterior fourth of eye; 17-19 teeth
on each side of upper jaw. Dorsal III 9-10, originating above first ray

PHAGO.—NEOBORUS. 249

of ventral, nearer end of snout than caudal. Anal III 7-8. Pectoral a
little more than 2 or nearly 4 length of head. Caudal with pointed
lobes. Caudal peduncle 5 to 6 times as long as deep. Scales obtusely
keeled, 42-45 i 2 between dorsal fin and lateral line series, 8 round
caudal peduncle. Brown above, whitish beneath, often with alternating
darker spots on the back and sides, or with a dark lateral band; dorsal
and caudal orange or salmon-pink, usually with black bands, disposed
horizontally on the former, obliquely on each lobe of the latter; paired
fins and anal yellow or blackish.

Total length 160 willim.

Upper Congo.

1. Type. Kinshassa, Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.) ;
Utrecht University (I ).

2. Ad. Leopoldville, —_,, Capt. Wilverth (C.).

3. Skel. 4 me :

4. Ad. Bangala Province. M. De Meuse (C.).

5. Ad. Trebu. M. P. Delhez (C.).

6. Ad, Kutu, Lake Leopold I. 4

7,8. Ad. & yg. |Monsembe. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

9. Ad. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).

11. NEOBORUS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool.i.p.78 (1899), and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 179(1901).

Snout long and narrow, pointed; mouth large; upper jaw movable
upwards ; maxillary very small, hidden under the preorbital when the
mouth is closed; premaxillary and dentary with a single series of teeth,
the anterior large and canine-like, the laterals pointed, compressed, the
point directed backwards, some with a small secondary cusp. Cheek
partly naked; nostrils near the eye, close together, separated by a valvular
flap; gill-membranes narrowly united to isthmus. Body elongate,
compressed. Scales small, strongly ciliated; lateral line straight, along
the middle of the side; a scaly process at base of ventral. Dorsal fin
with 16 to 18 rays, behind vertical of base of ventrals; anal with 15 to
19 rays ; adipose dorsal fin small. Vertebiee 43 (24419).

Congo, Casamanza River.

Two species :—
Dorsal originating well behind vertical of

base of ventral ; Se. 98-110 T4121, WN, ornatus, Blyr., p. 250.

Dorsal originating immediately behind
9 .
vertical of base of ventral; Se. 90 = 2. N. quadrilineatus; Pellegr, p. 251,

250 CHARACINIDE.

1. NEOBORUS ORNATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 78, pl. xxxiv. fig. 4 (1899), and Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 180 (1901).

Depth of body 51 to 64 times in total length, length of head 34 to 33
times. Head 34 to 4 times as long as broad, 2 to 2} times as long as
deep, flat above; snout as long as or a little longer than postocular part
of head; eye 5 to 54 times in length of head, equal to or a little greater
than interorbital width ; upper jaw not quite extending to below anterior
border of eye; 29-34 small teeth on each side in upper jaw, 22-27 in
lower; 2 canines at extremity of upper jaw and 3 at extremity of lower ;
naked part of cheek double the width of suborbitals. Gill-rakers very
small, almost rudimentary. Dorsal III 13-15, originating a little behind
vertical of base of ventral, longest ray hardly 3 length of head. Anal
III-IV 14-15. Pectoral shorter than ventral, not half length of head.
Caudal forked, with rounded lobes, nearly entirely covered with small

Fig. 191.

Neoborus ornutus.
Type (A. M.C.). 3.
scales. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Scales 98-110 Se 8 or
9 between lateral line and root of ventral. Purplish grey above, silvery
or greenish on the sides; three olive bands along the side, the median
widest, along the lateral line; dorsal orange or grey ; caudal orange,
with 6 or 7 more or less regular Jougitudinal black stripes.
Total length 180 millim.

Upper Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren,

1. One of the types. Kutu, L. Leopold II. M. P. Delhez (C.).
2. Skel. Bikoro, Upper Congo. os
3. Ad. Monsembe, ,, Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

4. Hgr. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

NEOBORUS.—ICHTH YOBORUS. 251

2. NEOBORUS QUADRILINEATUS.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p- 219.

Distinguished from the preceding by the larger eye, 4 times in length
of head, fewer teeth (21 above and 17-18 below, on each side), the
dorsal originating immediately behind vertical of base of ventral, fewer
anal rays (15), and larger scales, 90 = Pale yellow, with 4 parallel
black stripes on each side; caudal bright yellow, each lobe with the tip
and two cross-bars black; dorsal greyish, with the upper part of the
anterior rays darker,

Total length 117 millim.

Casamanza River, Portuguese Guinea.—Type in Paris Museum.

12. ICHTHYOBORUS.
Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 362 (1864); Bonleng. Fish. Nile, p. 134 (1907).

Snout long and narrow, pointed; mouth large; upper jaw movable
upwards; maxillary very small; premaxillary and dentary with strong
canine teeth in front, a series of small, compressed, more or less distinctly
bicuspid teeth directed backwards on each side, and numerous minute,
cardiform teeth on their inner surface. Cheek partly naked; nostrils
near the eye, close together, separated by a valvular flap; gill-membranes
narrowly attached to isthmus. Body elongate, compressed. Scales
small, strongly ciliated; lateral line straight, along the middle of the
side ; a scaly process at base of ventral. Dorsal fin with 15 to 17 rays,
behind vertical of base of ventrals; anal with 14 to 17 rays; adipose fin
small. Vertebre 47 (29+18).

Nile and Chad Basins.

1. ICHTHYOBORUS BESSE.
Characinus besse, Joannis, Mag. de Zool. 1835, iv. pl. x.
Ichthyoborus microlepis, Giinth, Cat. Fish. v. p. 863 (1864), and Petherick’s Tray.
ii. p. 249, pl. ii. fig. A (1869).
Ichthyoborus besse, Giinth. opp. citt. pp. 364, 250; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 134,
pl. xxi. figs. 1 & 2 (1907).

Depth of body 44 to 5} times in total length, length of head 33 to 4
times. Head 3 to 34 times as long as broad, flat above; snout a little
shorter than postocular part of head, 14 to 2 times as long as eye, which
is 44 (young) to 6 times in length of head and 3 to once interorbital
width; upper jaw extending nearly to below anterior border of eye;

17-20 teeth on each side in upper jaw, 14-16 in lower; 2 canines at

252

CHARACINIDZ.

extremity of upper jaw and 3 at extremity of lower; naked part of cheek
about double the width of suborbital ; upper surface of head rugose with
fine striz. Gill-rakers extremely short, rudimentary. Dorsal III 12-14,
originating immediately behind vertical of base of ventrals, equally
distant from occiput and from caudal, longest ray 2 to 2 length of head.

Fig. 192.

Anal III 11-14. Pectoral about 3 length of head, as long
as ventral. Caudal nearly entirely covered with small scales,
deeply forked, lobes rounded or obtusely pointed. Caudal
peduncle 13 to 2 times as longas deep. Scales 91-112 aay
10-12 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery,
back pale olive ; a greenish golden streak above lateral line ;
blackish spots and marblings sometimes present on back and
sides; fins whitish, except the caudal, which is pale yellow
with more or less numerous black spots.

Ichthyoborus besse.

White Nile (F.N.). 2.

Total length 190 millim,.
Lower Nile to White Nile; Chad Basin.—Types in Paris Museum.

1-2. Types of Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (P.).
I. microlepis.

3. Ad. ” A. L. Butler, Esq. (P.).
4-6, Ad. Between Khartum and Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
Sobat. W.N. MeMillan, Esq, (P.).
7, Ad. Goz Abu Gumah, L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
White Nile.
& Ad. North of Kaka, White Nile. 5
9-23, 24. Ad. &hgr. Fashoda, ‘5 mo

25. Skel.

» ” ”

ICHTH YOBORUS.—HEMISTICHODUS. 253

26-27. Ad. Polkom, Baro R. (Sobat). Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.)
28. Ad. Mouth of Lake No, L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
White Nile.
29. Her. Lake No, White Nile. ‘
30. Ad. Fort Lamy, Shari River. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).

13. HEMISTICHODUS.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 352.

Snout moderately long; mouth large, both jaws freely movable
vertically, the lower overlapping the upper on the sides; pharyngeal
orifice much restricted ; maxillary fused with premaxillary; upper jaw
toothless in front ; sides of upper jaw bent inwards posteriorly, abutting
against a large process of the mandible; teeth on sides of upper jaw and
in lower forming a single series, very small, closely set, with bicuspid
crowns with long slender shafts. Cheek covered by the suborbitals ;
nostrils on upper surface of snout, at a short distance from the eye, close
together, separated by a valvular flap; gill-membranes free from isthmus.
Body elongate, compressed. Scales small, strongly ciliated; lateral line
straight, along the middle of the side ; a scaly process at base of ventral.
Dorsal with 13 to 15 rays, above ventrals; anal with 11 or 12 rays;
adipose fin small.

Ogowe.

1. HEMISTICHODUS VAILLANTI.
Pellegr. l. ¢., and Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) ix. 1907, p. 24, pl. i. fig. 1.

Fig. 193.

Hemistichodus vaillanti, with enlarged view of open mouth.

Ngomo,

Depth of body 44 to 54 times in total length, length of head 32 to 44
times. Snout rounded, flat above, projecting beyond lower jaw, as long
as eye, which is 3 to 33 times in length of head and nearly equals

254 CHARACINID#,

interorbital width; mouth extending to below anterior border of eye;
about 30-34 teeth on each side in each jaw. Gill-rakers very short.
Dorsal IIT 10-12, pngmene at equal distance from end of snout and
from caudal, longest ray 3 length of head. Anal III 8-9. Pectoral
shorter than ventral, half length of head. Caudal forked, with pointed

lobes, half covered with scales. Caudal peduncle 2 to 24 times as long

as deep. Scales 70-80 oe 6 or 7 between lateral line and root of

ventral. Silvery, brownish on the back; a blackish spot at the tip of
the dorsal fin and one or two on each caudal lobe.

Total length 97 millim.

Ogowe River.—Type, in Paris Museum, examined.

1. Her. Ngomo. Rev. E. Hang (C.) ;
Paris Museum (E.).

14. NANNAETHIOPS.
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Svc. 1871, p. 669 ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 182 (1901),
and Fish. Nile, p. 137 (1907).

Mouth rather small, each jaw with two series of small, notched,
bicuspid teeth; a few small teeth at the base of the maxillary bone.
Cheek covered by the suborbitals; nostrils close together, separated by
a valvular flap ; gill-membranes free from the isthmus. Body moderately
elongate, strongly compressed; belly rounded. Scales rather large,
with strongly ciliated border; lateral line, if distinct, equally distant
from the dorsal and the ventral outline ; a scaly process at the base of
the ventral. Dorsal fin with 13 to 15 rays, above the ventrals; anal
fin with 10 rays; a very small adipose dorsal fin. Vertebre 33
(20+13).

Tropical Africa.

1. NANNATHIOPS UNITANIATUS.

Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 670, pl. Ixv. fig. C; Sauv. Bull. Soe. Zool.
France, 1882, p. 321; Vaill. Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) v. 1893, p. 13 ; Bouleng.
Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 182 (1901) ; Lonnb. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903,
p. 38; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxv. i. 1906, p. 1129 ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile,
p. 137, pl. xxi. fig. 3 (1907).

Depth of body 2} to 3} times in total length, length of head 34 to 4
times. Head about twice as long as broad, a little longer than deep, its
upper surface rugose in the adult; snout rounded, shorter than eye,

NANNATHIOPS. 255

which is 24 to 3 times in length of head; interorbital width a little
greater than diameter of eye; mouth terminal; maxillary extending to
below anterior border of eye; 22 to 30 teeth in outer pramaxillary
series. Gill-rakers short, 10 to 12 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal III 10-12, originating a little in advance of ventrals, its distance
from eye equal to its distance from caudal; longest ray nearly equal to

Fig. 194.

Nannethiops uniteniatus.

Type (F. N.).

length of head. Anal III 7. Pectoral about 3 length of head, shorter
than ventral. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle as
long as deep. Scales 32-36 a3 4 between lateral line and base of
ventral; lateral line sometimes restricted to a few of the anterior
scales. Olive-brown above, yellowish beneath; a black lateral streak,
sometimes narrowly edged with silvery, from eye to median rays of
caudal ; a blackish spot at tip of dorsal.

Total length 62 millim.

White Nile and Bahr-el-Gebel, Gold Coast, Niger, Cameroon, Gaboon,
Congo.

i Ye. Fashoda, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
2-4. Yg. Lake No, 4 .
5-6. Hgr. Assini, Gold Coast. M. Chaper (C.) ;
Paris Museum (E.).
7, Ad. Abo, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
8. Ad. Ja R. at Bitye, 8S. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Hsq. (C.).
9-14. Types. Gaboon.
15. Ad. Lambarene, Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
16-17. Ad. Sette Cama, Gaboon.

18. Skel. 94 a

256 CHARACINIDA.,

15. NEQLEBIAS.
Steind. Notes Leyd. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 78; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 183
(1901).

Barely separable from the preceding by the absence of teeth on the
maxillary bone. Lateral line absent or reduced to a few anterior
tubules. Adipose fin minute or absent. Vertebre 31 (18+13).

Liberia to Congo.

Two species :—

Depth of body 22-3} times in total length ;

10 series of scales between dorsal and

ventral. 4 2 aw wl ae Ge we ee LN) peescittas, Side. pe 256,
Depth of body 32-4 times in total length ;

9 series of scales between dorsal and

ventral . 2 1 ww ww ww. 2 . trilineatus, Blgr., p. 257.

1. NEOLEBIAS UNIFASCIATUS.
Steind. 1. c. pl. iv. figs. 3 & 4.

Depth of body 22 to 53 times in total length, length of head 3 to 34
times. Head twice as long as broad, slightly longer than deep, its
upper surface rugose in the adult; snout rounded, much shorter than
eye, which is 24 to 3 times in length of head and equals interorbital
width; mouth terminal; maxillary extending to below anterior border
or anterior third of eye; 20 to 26 teeth in outer premaxillary series.

Fig. 195.

Neolebias unifusciatus.

Ja River.

Gill-rakers short, about 10 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal
III-IV 7-8, originating above ventral, at equal distance from end of
snout and from caudal; longest ray $ to # length of head. Anal III
6-7. Pectoral about # length of head, as long as ventral. Caudal
forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or a

NEOLEBIAS. 257

little longer. Scales 32-36 in longitudinal series, 12 in transverse series,
10 between dorsal and ventral ; lateral line, if at all developed, restricted
to 4 to 8 scales. Back pale brown; a blackish lateral band, edged
above with yellow, extends from the eye to the base of the caudal;
the parts below the lateral band uniform yellow; base of caudal
orange.
‘Total length 45 millim.
Liberia, South Cameroon, Gaboon.—Types in Leyden Museum.
1. One of the types. Robertsfort, Liberia. Leyden Museum (E.).
2-14. Ad. & her. Ja R. (Congo System) at G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
Bitye, 8. Cameroon.

15. Skel. ” 3” ”
16-25. Ad. & hgr. Nyong R., 8. Cameroon. 3
26-27. Ad. Abanga R., Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

2. NEOLEBIAS TRILINEATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 114 (1899), and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 184
(1901).
Depth of body equal to length of head, 33 to 4 times in total length.
Diameter of eye 24 to 22 times in length of head. Dorsal III 9-10.
Anal III 7. 33-34 scales in longitudinal series, 1] in transverse series,

Neolebias trilineatus.

Type. x 2.

9 between dorsal and ventral. Otherwise asin the preceding. Yellow,
with three black lines on each side of the body, separated by silvery
white bands; a round black spot, edged with white, on caudal peduncle,
at base of caudal fin.
Total length 30 millim.
Congo (Stanley Pool).—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1-2. Two of the types. Dolo, Stanley Pool. M. P. Delhez (C.).
VOL. I. 8

258 CHARACINID.E.

16. DISTICHODUS.

Miill. & Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. i. p. 12 (1845); Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii.
p. 172 (1849) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 359 (1864) ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 185 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 139 (1907).

Snout moderate or short; mouth small, inferior or subinferior, with
small bicuspid teeth, usually forming two series in each jaw; maxillary
toothless, moderately large. Cheek covered by the suborbitals; nostrils
close together, separated by a valvular flap; gill-membranes attached to
isthmus. Body short or moderately elongate, strongly compressed.
Scales moderate or small, strongly ciliated; lateral line straight, equally
distant from the dorsal and the ventral outlines, or nearer the former;
a scaly process at base of ventral fin. Dorsal fin with 16 to 27 rays,
above the ventrals; anal fin with 11 to 21 rays; a small or moderately
large adipose dorsal fin. Vertebre 41-51 (26-33-+415-18),.

Small scales cover the whole or the greater part of the caudal and
adipose fins.

Nile and Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.

aia aus
I. Scales 37-57 ee

A. Base of anal at least as long as that of dorsal, which equals its distance
from adipose fin ; lobes of caudal short and rounded.
A. 19-21; Se. 37-39 7 7 between lateral line

D. 16-20; snout broad or feebly compressed.

and ventral. . - woe ee ew ee ew LD. affinis, Gthr., p. 260.
A. 21-22; Se. 40-42 — 9 between lateral
line and ventral . . . . . . w . . 02. De altus, Blgr., p. 261.
B. Base of anal shorter than that of dorsal.
A. 16; Se. 45 7 8 between lateral line and
ventral ; lobes of caudal rounded . . . 3. 2D. noboli, Blgr., p. 262.
A. 14-163; Se. 38-46 = 6-7 between lateral
line and ventral ; lobes of caudal pointed. 4. D. notospilus, Gthr., p. 262.
A, 12-13; Se. 58-57 or 6 between lateral
line and ventral ; lobes of caudal obtusely [p. 264.
pointed. . . . . . . « « + « + 5. D. hypostomatus, Pellegr.,
II. Scales 60-110 ae

A. Snout deeper than long, broad or feebly compressed.

1, Scales 60-85 = *%,

a, D, 16-19; A. 11.

9-14 between lateral line and ventral.

Se.

Se.

Se.

Se.

Se

Se

8

DISTICHODUS. 259

68-75 as 7-8 between lateral line and

ventral . hey che oe IS
b. D, 22-27; A. 13-16.

6. D. maculatus, Blgr., p. 264.

«. Interorbital width 14 to 12 times length of snout in adult.

68-75 s, 13-14 between lateral line and
ventral; caudal peduncle much deeper

than long Tae ae eee ee ae
60-66 19? 9-10 between lateral line and

12-13"
ventral ; caudal peduncle much deeper
COSMO te Less). Gi. ee GR a HLS
13-14 ,
68-77 ae 10 between lateral line and

ventral ; caudal peduncle as long as deep.

7. D. petersii, Pfeff., p. 265.

8. D. antonii, Schilth., p. 266.

9. D. atroventralis, Blgr., p. 267.

8. Interorbital width equal to or slightly greater than length of snout.

. 67-70 18-14 41-12 between lateral line and

16°
ventral ; base of dorsal twice as long as

its distance from adipose fin ; maxillarv
not extending to below nostrils .

14-16’
ventral ; base of dorsal not twice as long
as its distance from adipose fin; maxillary
extending to below nostrils

16-17
ventral ; base of dorsal not twice as long
as its distance from adipose fin ; maxillary
extending to below nostrils . . . . .

. 10. D. mossambicus, Peters, p. 268.
. 66-78 3, 10-11 between lateral line and

. 11. D. fasciolatus, Blgr., p. 270.
ec. 75-85 15-16 14-19 between lateral line and

12. D. engycephalus, Gthr., p. 271.

2. Scales 80-110 1°29 13-90 between lateral line and root of ventral i

16-25°

A. 13-15 ; interorbital width much greater than length of snout.
D. 20-23; Se. 80-91 1729 18-20 between

22-25?
lateral line and ventral .

20-257
lateral line and ventral. . . .. .

D. 22-24; Se. 83-98 126 13-15 between

16-20?
Jateral line and ventral. . . . .. .

« « « « 13. D, beevipennis, Gthr., p. 272
D. 22-26; Se. 90-110 1829 15-18 between
« 14, Dy nilotions, i., p. 273.

15. D. rostratus, Gthr., p. 275.

B. Snout deeper than long, strongly compres-ed.
D. 24-25; A. 12-14; Se. 60-68 HE 11

14-16’
between lateral line and ventral .

. 16. D. sexfasciatus, Blgr., j. 276.

CU. Snout longer than deep, not compressed.
D. 24-20; A. 18-14; Se. 70-85 PAS, 11-13

16-18’
between lateral line and ventral .

» 17. D. lusosso, Schilth., p. 277,

§ 2

260 CHARACINIDZ.

1, DISTICHODUS AFFINIS.
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xii. 1873, p. 144; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p. 187 (1901).
Distichodus abbreviatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1876, p. 845.

Depth of body 2 to 2% times in total length, length of head 34 to 4
times. Head as long as deep or a little deeper than long, 12 to 2 times
as long as broad; snout not compressed, as long as eye, which is 3 times
in length of head; interorbital width 2 to 24 times in length of head ;
maxillary extending to below nostrils; teeth in two series in each jaw,
outer series containing 20 teeth. Dorsal 16 (4 unbranched), equally

Fig. 197.

Distichodus affinis.
Lower Congo. 4.

distant from head and from caudal, its base equalling its distance from
the small adipose fin. Anal 19-21 (3 unbranched), its base longer
than that of dorsal. Pectoral # length of head. Caudal forked, with
short rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Scales
87-89 as 7 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back
olive-brown ; anterior border of dorsal blackish.

Total length 120 millim.

Congo.
1. Yg., type. Boma, Lower Congo. J. J. Bianconi, Esq. (C.).
2. Her 3 5 Capt. Wilverth (C.).
3. Ye. ‘5 8 M. P. Delhez (C.).
4. Ad. Lower Congo. M. F. Hens (C.).

DISTICHODUS. 261

2. DISTICHODUS ALTUS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mas. Congo, Zool. i. p. 80, pl. xxxv. fig. 1 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 188 (1901) ; Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 311.

Depth of body 2 to 2% times in total length, length of head 4 to 44
times. Head a little deeper than long, twice as long as broad; snout
broad, truncate, as long as or a little longer than eye, 3 times in length
of head ; interorbital width half length of head, 14 to nearly 2 times
diameter of eye; maxillary extending to below nostrils; teeth in two
series in each jaw, outer series containing 18-22 teeth. Dorsal 17-18

Fig. 198.

Distichodus altus.

Type (A. M.C.). 3.

(4 unbranched), equally distant from eye and from caudal, its base
equalling its distance from the small adipose fin. Anal 21-22
(3 unbranched), nearly entirely covered with scales, its base as long as
that of dorsal. Pectoral % to # length of head. Caudal forked, with
rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Scales
40-42 a 9 between lateral line and root of ventral. Bronzy brown,
each scale with a golden spot; lower surface of head and pectoral
region whitish; fins blackish grey, caudal edged with pink.
Total length 180 millim.

263 CHARACINIDA.

Upper Congo (Lake Leopold II. and Alima River), Shari River.—
Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. bali, Lake Leopold IT. M. P. Delhez (C.).

3. DISTICHODUS NOBOLI.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 81, pl. xxxv. fig. 2 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 189 (1901).

Depth of body 24 times in total length, length of head 34 times.
Head a little longer than deep; snout broad and rounded, a little
shorter than eye, which is 3 times in length of head ; interorbital width
24 times in length of head; maxillary extending to below nostrils ;
teeth in two series in each jaw, outer series containing 16-18 teeth.
Dorsal 20 (4 unbranched), a little nearer head than caudal, its base
1} times its distance from adipose fin, which is small. Anal 16 (3 un-

Fig. 199.

Distichodus noboli.
Type (A. M. C.).

branched). Pectoral $ length of head. Caudal forked, with rounded
lobes. Caudal peduncle alittle deeper than long. Scales 45 2 8
between lateral line and root of ventral. Olive above, silvery beneath ;
dorsal red, with a large black blotch covering its anterior third; ventral,
anal, and caudal red ; a round black spot at root of caudal.

Total length 60 millim.

Upper Congo (Lake Leopold II.).—Type in Congo Museum,
Tervueren.

4, DISTICHODUS NOTOSPILUS.

Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 114; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p- 186 (1901).

Depth of body 2 to 24 times in total length, length of head 33 to 43
times. Head as long as deep, 1$ to 2 times as long as broad; snout

DISTLCHODUS. 263

feebly compressed, as long as or a little longer than eye, which is 3 to 4
times in length of head ; interorbital width 24 to 22 times in length of
head; maxillary extending to below nostrils; teeth in two series in each
jaw, outer series containing 16-20 teeth. Dorsal 16-20 (4-5 un-
branched), equally distant from head and from caudal, or a little nearer
former, its base equalling its distance from adipose fin, which is small.
Anal 14-16 (3 unbranched), its base covered with scales and shorter
than that of dorsal. Pectoral 8 to 4 length of head. Caudal deeply

Distichodus notospilus,
Type.

forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales
58-46 = 6-7 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back
brown; a large black blotch or oblique band on dorsal (between 4th to
11th or 12th rays); a more or less distinct round blackish spot at base

of caudal.
Total length 195 millim.
South Cameroon to Congo.

1-4, 5-6. Ad. & hgr. — Kribi R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).

7. Skel. : “5 <

8. Her. Ja R. (Congo System) at 5

Bitye, S. Cameroon,

9-11. Types. Gaboon.
12-14. Ad. & hgr. Lambarene, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
15-16. Ad. Komadekke _,, Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
17-18. Her. Sette Cama, Gaboon.

19. Yg. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rey. J. H. Weeks (P.).

264 CHARACINID.

5 DISTICHODUS HYPOSTOMATUS.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 351.

Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head 43 times.
Head a little longer than deep; snout feebly compressed, a little less
than half length of head, strongly projecting beyond the mouth; eye
3 to 4 times in length of head, interorbital width 23 times; maxillary
extending to below nostrils; two series of teeth in each jaw, inner very
feebly developed, outer series containing 18-20 teeth. Dorsal 18-19
(4 unbranched), originating at equal distance from head and from caudal.
Anal 12-13 (4 unbranched). Pectoral nearly as long as head. Caudal
forked, with obtusely pointed lobes, Scales 63-57 a 6 between lateral
line and root of caudal. Brown above, whitish beneath, with 15-17
dark vertical bands extending to the ventral region; a rather indistinct
dark spot at base of caudal.

Total length 140 millim.

Ogowe.—Types, in Paris Museum, examined.

6. DISTICHODUS MACULATUS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 27, pl. xiii. fig. 1 (1898), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 190 (1901).

Fig. 201.

Distichodus maculatus.
Type (A. M.C.) 2.

Depth of body 3 to 34 times in total length, length of head 4% to 5
times. Head a little longer than deep, twice as long as broad; snout

DISTICHODUS. 265

rounded, not compressed, projecting strongly beyond mouth, as long as
or a little longer than eye, which is 8 to 34 times in Jength of head and
2 to 2% times in interorbital width; maxillary extending to below
nostrils; teeth in two series in each jaw, outer series containing 22-24
teeth. Dorsal 16-19 (3-4 unbranched), equally distant from eye and
from caudal, its base equal to or a little less than its distance from
adipose fin. Anal 11 (3 unbranched), its base much shorter than that
of dorsal. Pectoral 2 to $ length of head. Caudal forked, upper lobe
pointed, lower rounded. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or slightly
deeper than long. Scales 68-75 a 7-8 between lateral line and root
of ventral. Olive above, whitish beneath; sides with large blackish
round spots forming rather irregular oblique series across the body,
5 or 6 spots in each; small dark spots on dorsal.

Total length 310 millim.

Congo (Manyanga, Stanley Pool, Uerre), Lake Bangwelu.—Type in
Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Her. Lake Bangwelu. F. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).

7. DISTICHODUS PETERSII.
Pieff. Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 41 (1896).

Distichodus petersii.

Type.

Depth of body 23 to barely 23 times in total length, length of head
3% times. Head a little longer than deep, twice as long as broad;

266 CHARACINID.E,

snout rounded, not compressed, projecting little beyond mouth, as long
as eye, which is 32 times in length of head and about 14 times in inter-
orbital width; maxillary extending to below nostrils; teeth in two
series in each jaw, outer series containing 22-24 teeth. Dorsal 22
(4-5 unbranched), equally distant from occiput and from caudal, its
base 24 times its distance from adipose fin, Anal 16 (3-4 unbranched).
Pectoral 2 length of head. Caudal forked, lobes obtusely pointed.
Candal peduncle much deeper than long. Scales 68-75 i 13-14
between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, back darker ; a dark
spot on the lateral line above the pectoral; dorsal with small dark
spots.

Total length 115 millim.

Kingani River, East Africa.—Types in Berlin and Hamburg
Museums.

1. One of the types. Kingani R. Dr. Stuhlmann (C.) ;
Berlin Museum (E.).

8. DISTICHODUS ANTONITI.

Schilthuis, Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver. (2) iii. 1891, p. 89 ; Bouleng. Ann. Mus.
Congo, p. 191 (1901).

Distichodus antonit.
Upper Congo. 4.

Depth of body 2% to 23 times in total length, length of head 34 to 42
times. Head about as long as deep, 1} to 2 times as long as broad;

DISTICHODUS. 267

snout not compressed, projecting a little beyond mouth, 14 to 1§ times
as long as eye, which is 34 (young) to 53 times in length of head ; inter-
orbital width 1} to 14 times length of snout, about 4 length of head ;
maxillary not extending quite to below nostrils; teeth in two series in
each jaw, outer series containing 16 (young) to 26 teeth. Dorsal 22-25
(4-6 unbranched), equally distant from head and from caudal, or a little
nearer latter. Adipose fin moderately large, separated from dorsal by a
space equal to ¢ to 4 base of latter. Anal 13-15 (3-4 unbranched), its
base much shorter than that of dorsal. Pectoral 3 to # length of head,
as long as ventral or a little longer. Caudal forked, lobes rounded.
Caudal peduncle much longer than deep. Scales 60-66 = 9-10
between lateral line and root of ventral. Brown or olive above, whitish
beneath ; 10 to 14 more or less distinct dark vertical bars, disappearing
with age ; dorsal with numerous black dots.
Total length 550 millim.

Congo.
1. Ad. Cataracts of Manyanga. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
2. Yg., type. Kinshassa, Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.) ;
Utrecht University (E.).

3-4. Yg. Kutu, L. Leopold II. M. P. Delhez (C.).

5, 6. Ad. & yg. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

7, Ad. New Antwerp, ,, Capt. Wilverth (C.).
8-10. Ad. & her. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

9. DISTICHODUS ATROVENTRALIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 28, pl. xiii. fig. 2 (1898), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 192 (1901).

Depth of body 23 to 22 times in total length, length of head 32 to 42
times. Head as long as deep or a little longer, about twice as long as
broad; snout not compressed, projecting strongly beyond mouth, as long
as eye in the young, twice as long in the adult; eye 33 (young) to
5 times in length of head; interorbital width 1 to 14 times length of
snout, ? length of head; maxillary extending to below nostrils or not
quite so far; teeth in two series in each jaw, outer series containing 20
(young) to 36 teeth. Dorsal 22-24 (4-5 unbranched), equally distant
from head and from caudal. Adipose fin small, separated from dorsal
by a space equal to 4 to % base of latter. Anal 13-15 (3-4 unbranched),
its base much shorter than that of dorsal. Pectoral 2 to ? length of
head. Caudal forked, with rounded or obtusely pointed lobes. Caudal

288 CHARACINIDZ.

peduncle as long as deep. Scales 68-77 ee 10 between lateral line
and root of ventral. Young greyish or purplish brown above, white

Distichodus atroventralis.

Type (A. M.C.).

below, with 6 to 9 continuous or interrupted dark vertical bars; dorsal
with black dots; ventrals black or blackish; pectoral usually blackish
at the end; adult uniform brown.

Total length 420 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Her. Matadi, Lower Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).
2. Yg. Boma, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
3. Yg., one of the Lake Bayari, __,, M. A. Greshoff (C.) ;
types. Utrecht University (E.).
4, Ad. Dolo, Stanley Pool. M. P. Delhez (C.).
do. Yg. Bikoro, Lake Tumba, Upper PA
Congo.
6. Her. Kutu, Lake Leopold IL., Upper $5
Congo.
7. Her. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

10. DISTICHODUS MOSSAMBICUS.
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 275, and Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 71, pl. xiii. fig. 1
(1868) ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 513.
Distichodus schenga, Peters, ll. ec. pp. 276, 74, pl. xiii. fig. 2.
Distichodus macrolepis, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 362 (1864).

Depth of body 23 to 3 times in total length, length of head 34 to 44
times. Head longer than deep, 2 to 24 times as long as broad; snout
feebly compressed, rounded, but little shorter than postocular part of
head, about 14 diameters of eye, which is 4 to 43 times in length of head ;

DISTICHODUS. 269

interorbital width 2} to 3 times in length of head; maxillary not
extending to below nostrils; teeth in one or two series in each jaw,
those of the inner series, if present, very small; 14-18 teeth in outer
series. Dorsal 23-27 (4 unbranched), equally distant from occiput and
from caudal, its base twice as long as its distance from adipose fin.
Anal 14-16 (4 unbranched), its base much shorter than that of dorsal.

Distichodus mossambicus.

Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 3.

Pectoral shorter than head. Caudal forked, with obtusely pointed lobes.
Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Scales 67-70 a 11 or 12 between
lateral line and root of caudal. Silvery, olive-brown on the back ; 6 or
7 very indistinct dark bars on the body, not extending much below
lateral line; dorsal with dark dots.

Total length 300 millim.

Zambesi.—Types in Berlin Museum.

1-2. Ad., skins. Shiré River. Dr. C. Livingstone (P.).
3. Ad., skin, type of * Sir J. Kirk (P.).

D. macrolepis.
4, Ad. Loangwa River, S. A. Neave, Esq. (P.).

N.W. Rhodesia.

bo
=I
oO

CHARACINIDE.

11. DISTICHODUS FASCIOLATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 27, pl. xiv. (1898), and Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p. 193 (1901).

Depth of body 22 to 3 times in total length, length of head 4 to 5
times. Head as long as deep or a little longer, about twice as long as
broad; snout feebly compressed, rounded, strongly projecting beyond
mouth, $ to ? length of head, equal to interorbital width; eye 14 to
1} times in length of snout, 33 to 44 times in length of head ; maxillary
extending to below nostrils; teeth in two series in each jaw, 20 to 30 in
outer series. Dorsal 25-27 (4-5 unbranched), a little nearer head

Distichodus fasciolatus.
Type (A.M.C.). 3.

than caudal, its base not twice as long as its distance from adipose fin.
Anal 14-16 (3-4 unbranched), its base much shorter than that of
anal. Pectoral 2 to 3 length of head. Caudal forked, upper lobe longer
and pointed, lower rounded or obtusely pointed. Caudal peduncle as
long as deep or a little longer. Scales 68-78 — 10-11 between lateral
line and root of ventral. Brown, silvery white beneath, with 18 to 20
dark vertical bars; young with a dark brown spot above the pectoral
and another at root of caudal; dorsal with small blackish spots.
Total length 320 millim.
Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1. Ad., type. Boma, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
2. Ad., type. Cataracts of Manyanga. z

DISTICHODUS. 271

3-4. Yg., types. Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.) ;
Utrecht Unisersity (E.).
5. Skel. Bolobo, Upper Congo. Rev. G. Grenfell (P.).
6. Hgr., type. Monsembe, 5 Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
7. Ad. 5 is ay
8-10. Hgr. & yg. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
ll. Yg. Lindi River, Upper Congo. M. M. Storms (C.) ;
Brussels Museum (P.).
12. Ad. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

12. DISTICHODUS ENGYCEPHALUS.

Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 361 (1864), and Petherick’s Tray. ii. p- 247 (1869) ;
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p- 513 ; Werner, Sitzb. Ak.

Wien, cxv. i. 1906, p. 1129; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p- 148, pl. xxiv. fig. 2
(1907).

Distichodus toutee’, Pellegr. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, xxxi. 1906, p. 109.

Depth of body 22 to 3 times in total length, length of head 4 to 5
times. Head but little longer than deep, 2 to 24 times as long as broad ;

Fig. 207,

Distichodus engycephalus.
Type (F.N.). 4.

snout feebly compressed, projecting very strongly beyond the mouth, its
length equal to, or slightly less than, interorbital width ; eye 3 (young) to
5 times in length of head, interorbital width 24 to 3} times; maxillary
extending to below nostrils ; teeth in two series in each jaw, outer series
containing 18-22, Gill-rakers short, 15-18 on lower part of anterior

272 CHARACINIDA.

arch. Dorsal 23-25 (4-5 unbranched), equally distant from occiput
and from caudal. Adipose fin small, equally distant from rayed
dorsal and from caudal. Anal 13-14 (3-4 unbranched), its base much
shorter than that of dorsal. Pectoral # to $ length of head. Caudal
forked, with acutely pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or

a little deeper. Scales 75-85 ee 11-12 between lateral line and root
of ventral. Brown above, silvery white below; sides with numerous
round dark spots, disposed irregularly ; dorsal with more or less distinct
dark spots, which may form transverse series; young with a round dark
spot at root of caudal.

Total length 270 millim.

Nile, Blue Nile, Bahr-el-Gebel, Niger.

1. Ad. Cairo. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

2. Yg. Kosheh, Upper Nile. a

3-4. Hgr., types. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
5. Yg. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

6. Yg. Abo, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
7. Yg. Agberi, re 53

13. DISTICHODUS BREVIPINNIS.

Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 360 (1864), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 247, pl. iii. fig. C
(1869) ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 547, pl. iii. fig. 1; Bouleng.
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 513, and Fish. Nile, p. 146, pl. xxiv.
fig. 1 (1907).

Depth of body 22 to 3 times in total length, length of head 3 to 4
times. Head as long as or a little longer than deep, 14 to 2 times
as long as broad; snout broad, rounded, slightly projecting beyond
mouth, its length about 3 to 3 that of head; eye 3 (young) to 6 times
in length of head, interorbital width twice or a little more; width of
mouth 3 or 4 times in length of head ; teeth in two series, outer containing
20 (young) to 34; maxillary extending to below nostrils ; upper surface of
head with feeble striae. Gill-rakers short, 14-16 on lower part of anterior
arch. Dorsal 20-23 (4-6 unbranched), equally distant from occiput
and from caudal; longest rays ? to @ length of head. Adipose fin
rather large, its base as long as or a little shorter than its distance from
dorsal. Anal 13-15 (3-4 unbranched), its base much shorter than
that of dorsal. Pectoral 2 to 2 length of head, as long as or slightly
shorter than ventral. Caudal forked, with short rounded lobes. Caudul

peduncle usually deeper than long. Scales 80-91 ed 18-20 between

DISTICHODUS. 273

lateral line and root of ventral. Olive or dark grey above, white beneath,
the sides with large round dark spots forming four or five irregular

Distichodus brevipinnis,

White Nile (F.N.). 3.

longitudinal series; fins greyish, except the pectoral, which is whitish ;
dorsal spotted with black; ventrals and anal sometimes blackish.

Total length 220 millim.

White Nile, Chad Basin, Senegal, Niger.

1-3. Types. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).

4-5. Her. Fashoda, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

6. Yg. Yo River, Lake Chad. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).

7-8. Her. Kaédi, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).

9. Ad., head & tail. Jebba, Upper Niger. Capt. G. F. Abadie (P.).
10-11. Yg. Agberi, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
12. Yg. Assay, . J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
13-14. Her. Benue River, N. of Ibi. — H. L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).

14. DISTICHODUS NILOTICUS.

Salmo niloticus, part., Linn. in Hasselq. Reise Palee-t. p. 422 (1762).

Salmo egyptiacus, part., Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1886 (1788).

Characinus nefasch, part., Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 274 (1803) ; Geoffr. Descr.
Ligypte, Poiss. p. 44 (1809).

Citharinus nefusch, part., Riipp. Beschr. n. Fische Nil, p. 5 (1829),

Distichodus niloticus, Miill. & Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. i. p. 12, pl. i. fig. 3 (1845) ;
Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 360 (1864), and Petherick’s Tray. ii. p. 246 (1869) ;

VOL. I. T

O74 CHARACINID.®.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901, p. 513, and Fish. Nive, p. 141,

pl. xxii. & pl. xxiii. fig. 1 (1907).
Distichodus nefasch, part., Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p. 175 (1849).
Distichodus rodolphi, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 223; Vincig. Ann. Mus.

Genova, (2) xix. 1898, p. 258 ; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1906, p. 467, fig.

Depth of body 23 to 32 times in total length, length of head 34 (young)

to 54 times. Head 14 to 1} times as long as deep, 13 to 24 times as
long as broad; snout rounded, somewhat depressed, projecting more or
less beyond mouth, its length less than interorbital width ; diameter of
eye 3 (young) to 6 times in length of head, interorbital width 23 to 3
times; width of mouth 33 to 42 times in length of head; teeth in two
series in each jaw, outer series containing 24 (young) to 36; maxillary
extending to below nostrils ; upper surface of head and opercle more or
less rugose with radiating strie. Gill-rakers short, 17-20 on lower part
of anterior arch. Dorsal 22-26 (3-6 unbranched), equally distant from
occiput and from caudal fin, or a little nearer the former; longest rays

Fig. 209.

Distichodus niloticus.

Lower Nile (I. N.). 2.

2 to 2 length of head. Adipose fin small, nearly equally distant from
dorsal and from caudal. Anal 13-15 (3-4 unbranched), its base much
shorter than that of anal. Pectoral 3 to % length of head, as long as or
slightly shorter than ventral. Caudal forked, with rounded lobes.
Caudal peduncle as long as deep or slightly deeper than long. Scales
90-110 na 15-18 between lateral line and root of ventral. Purplish
grey above, silvery white below; young with 10-13 vertical dark bars
on the body, a round blackish spot above the pectoral fin, on or below
the lateral line, and another at the base of the caudal fin ; these markings

DISTICHODUS. 275

disappearing gradually with age ; vertical fins greyish, sometimes blackish
at the edge, the dorsal with numerous small round darker spots.

Total length 700 millim.

Nile, White Nile, Lake Rudolf.

1. Ad. Nile. Dr. Riippell (C.).

2, 3-4. Ad. & yg. Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
5. Ad. Beni Souef, Lower Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

6. Yg. Near Luxor. ae

7. Yg. Between Luxor and Assuan. és

8-14. Ad. & yg. White Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
15. Skel. a 44
16. Hgr. Jebelain, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
17-23. Her. & yg. Fashoda, 3 -
24, Ad. Mouth of Lake No, White "

Nile.
25. Ye. Lake No, White Nile. 43
26. Yg., typeof D. Lake Rudolf. Dr. Donaldson Smith (C.).
rodolphi.

15. DISTICHODUS ROSTRATUS.

Salmo niloticus, part., Linn. in Hasselq. Reise Palest. p. 422 (1762).

Salmo egyptiacus, part., Gmel. Syst. Nat. i, p. 1386 (1788).

Characinus nefasch, part., Lacep. Hist. Poiss. v. p. 274 (1803) ; Geoffr. Deser.
Egypte, Poiss. p. 44, pl. v. fig. 1 (1809).

Citharinus nefasch, part., Riipp. Beschr. n. Fische Nil, p. 5 (1829).

Distichodus nefasch, part., Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p. 175 (1849).

Distichodus rostratus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 360 (1864), and Petherick’s Trav. il.
p. 246, pl. iii. fig. B (1869) ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) viii. 1901,
p. 513, and Fish. Nile, p. 148, pl. xxiii. fig. 2 (1907).

Distichodus martini, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lxi. i. 1870, p. 549, pl. ili. fig. 2.

Very nearly related to the preceding, differing only in the somewhat

larger scales, 83-98 as 13-15 between lateral line and ventral.

Coloration also the same.
Total length 620 millim.
Lower Nile to Victoria Nile, Lake Chad, Senegal, Niger.

1. Type. Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
a. Vm, Beni Souef, Lower Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

3-4. Her. & yg. Near Luxor. “A

5. Yg. Kosheh, Upper Nile. .

6. Hgr. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. “i

7, Head of ad. Fajao, Victoria Nile. J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
8. Hgr. Juake Chad. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).

Tt 2

276 CHARACINIDE.

Distichodus rostratus.
Type (F.N.). 2.

9, Ad. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
10, Type, stuffed. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
11. Ad. 43 W. A. Forbes, Esq. (P.).
12. Yg. Jebba, Upper Niger. Capt. G. F-. Abadie (P.).
13. Her. Mureji, 55 J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
14-15. Yg. Abo, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
16-25. Yg. Agberi, 55
26. Her. Benue River, N. of Ibi. H. L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).

16. DISTICHODUS SEXFASCIATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xx. 1897, p. 425, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 194
(1904).

Depth of body 24 to 24 times in total length, length of head 34 to
4 times. Head as long as deep, 2 to 24 times as long as broad; snout
strongly compressed, deeper than long, truncate at the end and scarcely
projecting beyond mouth, its length equal to or slightly greater than
interorbital width and 12 to 2 times diameter of eye, which is 4 to 5 times
in length of head; maxillary extending to below nostrils; teeth in two
series in each jaw, 12 to 14 in outer series. Dorsal 24-25 (5 unbranched),
equally distant from head and from caudal, separated from adipose by a
space equal to ¢ to # its base. Anal 12-14 (3-4 unbranched), its base
much shorter than that of dorsal. Pectoral 3 to 2 length of head.
Caudal forked, lobes rounded. Caudal peduncle a little deeper than

long. Scales 60-68 peu 11 between lateral line and root of ventral.

DISTICHODUS. 2nd

Red or reddish brown, belly silvery white; 6 or 7 broad blackish
vertical bars on the body.

Total length 210 millim.
Congo.

Fig. 211.

Distichodus sexfasciatus.
New Antwerp. 4.

1. Ad. Leopoldville, Stanley Pool. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

2. Ad. Coquilhatville, Upper Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).

3. Her. Kutu, Lake Leopold II. 5

4, Ad. New Antwerp, Upper Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

5. Her. Monsembe, 3 Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
6. Hgr. Upper Congo. Brussels University.

7. Type. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).

17. DISTICHODUS LUSOSSO.
Schilthuis, Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Ver. (2) iii. 1891, p. 90 ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 195 (1901).

Distichodus leptorhynchus, Bouleny. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xx. 1897, p. 428.

Depth of body 23 to 3} times in total length, length of head 3 to
34 times. Head 1} to 1} times as long as deep, 24 to 3 times as longas
broad; snout rounded, not compressed, longer than deep, its length greater
than interorbital width, 14 to 2} diameters of eye, which is 4 to 6 times

278 CHARACINIDA.

in length of head; maxillary not extending to below nostrils; 12-18
teeth in each jaw, inner teeth very small or absent. Dorsal 25-26
(4—5 unbranched), equally distant from head and from caudal, separated
from adipose fin by a space equal to 4 to ? its base. Anal 13-14
(3-4 unbranched), its base much shorter than that of dorsal. Pectoral
3 to % length of head. Caudal forked, lobes rounded. Caudal peduncle

Sk

hoe
eee

Distichodus lusosso.

Type. 2.

as long as deep or a little deeper than long. Scales 70-85 ee 11-138

between lateral line and root of ventral. Orange or red, with 6 to 8
blackish bands across the body; dorsal dotted with blackish in the
young.

Total length 380 millim.

Congo.

1-2. Ad. & her. Cataracts of Manyanga. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

3. Hgr., type. Kinshassa, Stanley Pool. M. A. Greshoff (C.) ;
Utrecht University (E.).

4-5. Yg. Leopoldville, Stanley Pool. Capt. Wilverth (C.).

6,7. Ad. & yg. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

8. Skel. = 3 5

9. Yg., type of Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).

D, leptorhynchus.
19-11. Her. & ye. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

NANNOCHARAX. 279

17. NANNOCHARAX.
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 112; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p- 196 (1901), and Fish. Nile, p. 150 (1907).

Snout short; mouth very small, inferior, each jaw with a single series
of small, notched, bicuspid teeth; maxillary toothless, moderately large.
Cheek covered by the suborbitals; nostrils close together, near the eye,
separated by a valvular flap; gill-membranes free on the sides only.
Body more or less elongate, cylindrical or compressed. Scales small,
strongly ciliated ; lateral line straight, equally distant from the dorsal
and the ventral outlines; a scaly process at base of ventral fin. Dorsal
fin with 12 to 15 rays, above the ventrals; anal fin with 10 or 11 rays;
a small adipose dorsal fin. Vertebre 43-44 (21-22+42?.)

Nile and Tropical Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Dorsal originating above ventrals, with 9 to 11 branched rays.
A. Lateral line complete.
1. Not more than 50 scales in lateral line, 4} or 5 in transverse series
above lateral line ; length of head 33 to 44 times in total length.
Head deeper than broad ; depth of body 43
to 5 times in total length; pectoral as
long as head, eauk beyond root of

ventral ; Se. 37- 38 2 . . 2 . LN, brevis, Blgr., p. 280.

Head deeper than broad ; ie of body 32 to
41 times in total length ; pectoral much
shorter than head, oe root of

ventral ; Se. 38-40 @ eee . . . 2. M. parvus, Pellegr., p. 281.

Head not deeper than a. ite of body
5 to 54 times in total length ; pectoral
as long as head, extending beyond root of

ventral ; Sc. 42-49 fon . . . + » 38, XN, fasciatus, Gthr., p. 281.
2-42

2. 47 scales or more in lateral line, 54 or 6 in transverse series above lateral
line ; length of head 4 to 5 times in total length.
Head deeper than broad; depth of body 5 to
54 times in total length ; pectoral as long
as head or slightly shorter, extending a

little beyond origin of ventral; Sc. 47-55
52-6

a FT 4, N. intermedius, Blgr., p. 282.
63-14

280 CHARACINIDE.

Head not deeper than broad ; depth of body
5 to 6 times in total length; pectoral

shorter than head ; Sc. 50-55 a . . 5. N. niloticus, Joann., p. 283.

Head not deeper than broad; ee of ks
64 to 14 times in total gar pecloms

shorter than head ; Se. 59-57 2 23 . . . 6. N. elongatus, Blgr., p. 284.
2

B. Lateral line incomplete, reduced to a few tubules ; Se. 50 Be length of
head 3 times in total length . . . 7. N. ocellicauda, Bler., p. 285.

II. Dorsal originating well in advance of ventrals, with 11 or 12 branched rays ;
head deeper than broad, 4 to 42 times in total length ; depth of body
43 to 5 times in total length; pectoral shorter than head.
Se. 48-49 a toe ee ee ee a 8 M tenia, Blgr., p. 286.

Tt
10}

Se, 52 9, N. dimidiatus, Pellegr., p. 286.
1. NANNOCHARAX BREVIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 27, pl. viii. fig. 2 (1902).

Depth of body 44 to 5 times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Head deeper than broad; snout as long as eye, which is a little more
than 3 times in length of head and equals interorbital width. Dorsal
III 10, originating above base of ventral, situated a little nearer end of
snout than caudal, longest ray equal to ora little greater than length
of head. Anal 111 6. Pectoral as long as head, extending beyond root

Fig. 213.

Nurnocharax brevis.

Type (A. M. C.).

of ventral. Caudal forked, with apolmes lobes, Caudal peduncle twice

as long as deep. Scales 37- 38 4. 4 between lateral line and root of

at
ventral. Olive above, yellowish aan 5 large brown spots across
the back, and two bars of the same colour on the caudal peduncle ;
a series of dark spots on each side; a black spot at base of caudal fin
and a blackish spot or bar across each lobe of the latter.

Total length 45 millim.

Upper Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

NANNOCHARAX. 281

1. One of the types. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Japt. Royaux (C.).
2. Ad. Lindi River. M. M. Storms (C.) ;
Brussels Museum (P.).

2. NANNOCHARAX PARVUS.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1906, p. 469, and Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) ix. 1907, p. 25.

Depth of body 32 to 44 times in total length, length of head 32 to
4 times. Head deeper than broad; snout a little shorter than eye,
which is about 3 times in length of head and exceeds interorbital width.
Dorsal III 10-11, originating above base of ventral, situated a little
nearer caudal than end of snout, longest ray equal to length of head.
Anal III 8-9. Pectoral 3 length of head, not reaching root of ventral.

Fig. 214.

Nannocharaw parvus.
; 3
Type. x3.

Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle a little longer
than deep. Scales 38-40 ate 4 between lateral line and root of ventral.
Olive-brown above, yellowish white beneath; a black lateral band,
extending from snout to median rays of caudal.

Total length 40 millim.

Ogowe and Ubanghi.—Types in Paris Museum.

1. One of the types. Ngomo, Ogowe. Rev. E. Haug (C.) ;
Paris Museum (H.).

3. NANNOCHARAX FASCIATUS.
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 112, pl. iii. fig. A; Bouleng. Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 196 (1901).

Depth of body 5 to 54 times in total length, length of head 33 to 44
times. Head as broad as deep; snout about as long as eye, which is a
little more than 3 times in length of head and equals or a little exceeds
interorbital width. Dorsal III 9-10, originating above base of ventral,
situated at equal distance from end of snout and from caudal, longest
ray as long as head. Anal III 7-8. Pectoral as long as head, extending

282 CHARAGINIDZ.

beyond root of ventral. Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal

, 44-5
peduncle 2 to 23 times as long as deep. Scales 42-49 ap 4 between

lateral line and root of ventral. Yellowish, with 8 to 10 brown bars

Fig. 215.

Nannocharax fasciatus.
Type, after Giinther (1. c.).

across the back, more or less confluent with similar bars on the sides of
the body; these bars sometimes very irregular; 2 or 3 brown bars
across the dorsal, one on the ventral, and one on the anal; a brown spot
at the base of the caudal and one or two brown bars across each lobe of
this fin.

Total length 75 millim.

Gold Coast to Congo.

1-5. Ad. & her. Akropong, Gold Coast. R. B. N. Walker, Esq. (C.) ;
Dr. A. Giinther (P.).
6-7, 8-10. Ad. Kribi R., 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
11. Type. Gaboon.

4. NANNOCHARAX INTERMEDIUS.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 437.

Depth of body 5 to 5$ times in total length, length of head 44 to
4} times. Head deeper than broad ; snout as long as or a little shorter
than eye, which is 3 to 3} times in length of head and equals or slightly
exceeds interorbital width. Dorsal III 10-11, originating above base
of ventral, situated nearer end of snout than caudal, longest ray as
long as head. Anal III 7-8. Pectoral as long as head or slightly
shorter, reaching a little beyond origin of ventral. Caudal forked, with
sharply pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Scales
AT-55 oetp 5 between lateral line and root of ventral. Yellowish, with
10 to 13 brown cross-bars, which are darker on the sides; these bars
sometimes irregular or broken up into spots; a dark blotch at the base

NANNOCHARAX. 283

of the caudal, which is traversed by a greyish bar; dorsal with small
dark spots forming transverse series.

Nannocharazx intermedius.

Type.
Total length 65 millim.
South Cameroon.
1-4. Types. Kribi River. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
5. Ad. Nyong River. 5
6-16. Ad. & her. Ja River at Bitye. ‘3

5. NANNOCHARAX NILOTICUR.

Coregonus niloticus, Joannis, Mag. Zool. 1835, iv. pl. vii.

Nannocharax niloticus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 113; Bouleng.
Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 198 (1901) ; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, exv. i. 1906,
p- 1129, pl. iti. fig. 10 ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 150, pl. xxi. fig. 4 (1907).

? Nannocharax niloticus, var. lateralis, Werner, t. c. p. 1130, pl. iii. fig. 1.

Depth of body 5 to 6 times in total length, length of head 4 to 5 times.
Head as deep as broad; snout nearly as long as or a little shorter than eye,
which is 3 times or nearly 3 times in length of head; interorbital width
slightly less than diameter of eye. Dorsal III 9-10, originating above
base of ventrals, situated at equal distance from end of snout and from
caudal or a little nearer former, longest ray # to once length of head.
Anal III 7-8. Pectoral shorter than head, not reaching, or just
reaching, root of ventra]. Caudal forked, lobes acutely pointed. Caudal
peduncle 2 to 23 times as long as deep. Scales 50-55 a, 5 between
lateral line and root of ventral. Pale olive above, white below; a
silvery lateral streak just below lateral line; 8 to 12 brown bars across
the back, and a series of 6 to 8 round, oval, or square, more or less
distinct brown spots along lateral line; small vertical bars sometimes
present below lateral line; a small dark spot on base of caudal ; three

284 CHARACINID.

more or less distinct longitudinal dark streaks on the snout; fins white,
dorsal sometimes dusky.

Total length 52 millim.

Lower Nile to Blue Nile and Bahr-el-Gebel.

Nannocharax niloticus.

White Nile (F. N.).

1. Ad. Beni Souef, Lower Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

2-31. Ad. & hgr. Near Luxor. i,
32. Skel. 5 ‘
33. Ad. Assuan. “
34-35. Ad. Rosaires, Blue Nile. Capt. 8. Flower (P.).
36-37. Ad. Kaka, White Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
38-47, 48-67, 68-87. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. a

Ad. & her.

6. NANNOCHARAX ELONGATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 131, pl. xlviii. fig. 3 (1900), and Poiss.
Bass. Congo, p. 197 (1901).
Depth of body 64 to 74 times in total length, length of head 4} to
5 times. Body cylindrical. Head as broad as deep; snout as long as
eye, which isa little more than 3 times in length of head and equals

Nannocharax elongatus.

Type (A. M. C.).

interorbital width. Dorsal I11 10, originating above base of ventral,
situated nearer end of snout than caudal, longest ray as long as head.
Anal III 7. Pectoral a little shorter than head, reaching origin of
ventral, Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 2 to

NANNOCHARAX. 285

24 times as long as deep. Scales 52-57 a 4-5 between lateral line

and root of ventral. Yellowish, with 8 or 9 brown bars across the back,
alternating with a series of more or less distinct large dark spots on
each side of the body, on the lateral line; a small brown spot between
the anterior rays of the dorsal, a larger one at the base of the caudal,
and one or two small ones on each lobe of this fin.

Total length 68 millim.

Upper Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1-2. Two of the types. Between New Antwerp and Major Weyns (C.).

Stanley Falls.
3. Ad. Lindi River. M. M. Storms (C.) ;
Brussels Museum (P.).

7. NANNOCHARAX OCELLICAUDA.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xx. 1907, p. 485.

Depth of body 44 to 5 times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Head twice as long as broad, deeper than broad; snout rounded, feebly
projecting, a little shorter than eye, which equals length of postorbital
part of head and interorbital width. Gill-rakers short and few.
Dorsal III 9-10, originating above root of ventrals, equally distant from
eye and from root of caudal; longest ray about } length of head.
Anal III 9. Pectoral much shorter than head, not reaching root of

Fig. 219.

Nannocharawx ocellicauda.
Type. x3.

ventral. Lobes of caudal acutely pointed. Caudal peduncle once and
2 as long as deep. Scales 50 Bp 5 between lateral line series and root
of ventral; lateral line incomplete, reduced to a few tubules. Yellowish
in spirit, with a large black, light-edged ocellus at the root of the
caudal fin; vertical fins greyish, dorsal black-edged in front.

Total length 35 millim.

South Cameroon.
1-2. Types. Ja River (Congo System). G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).

236 CHARACINID 4.

8. NANNOCHARAX TANIA.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 28, pl. viii. fig. 3 (1902).

Depth of body 43 to 5 times in total length, length of head 4 times.
Head deeper than broad; snout as long as eye, which is 33 times in
length of head and equals interorbital width. Dorsal III 11-12,
originating well in advance of ventrals, situated at equal distance from
end of snout and from caudal, longest ray # length of head. Anal III 8.
Pectoral a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral. Caudal

Nannocharax tenia.

Type (A. M. C.).

forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as
deep. Scales 48-49 i 5 between lateral line and root of caudal.
Yellowish, with about 10 brown cross-bars on the back and sides;
a greyish lateral band from end of snout to caudal; a blackish spot at
base of caudal, another, smaller, on each lobe of this fin, and a blackish
line along the ventral.

Total length 60 millim.

Ubanghi.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. Banzyville. Capt. Royaux (C.).

9. NANNOCHARAX DIMIDIATUS.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 220.
Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 44 times in total length,

Ifead once and 4 as long as deep; snout slightly shorter than eye,
which is hardly 3 times in length of head and a little exceeds inter-
orbital width. Dorsal III 12, originating in advance of ventrals, a little
nearer end of snout than caudal, longest ray as long as head. Anal III 8.
Pectoral 3? length of head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal

peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales 52 ue 6 between lateral line

NANNOCHARAX.—XENOCHARAX, 287

and root of ventral. Greyish, scales on back edged with darker; a
broad dark lateral band, from the upper part of the gill-cover to the
caudal; a black dot on the upper part of the front of the dorsal.

Total length 54 millim.

Casamanza River, Portuguese Guinea.—Type in Paris Museum.

18. XENOCHARAX.
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 114; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p. 198 (1901).

Snout short ; mouth wide, terminal; teeth very small, bicuspid, in two
series in the preemaxillaries, in three in the lower jaw, in one at the base
of the maxillary, which is moderately large. Cheek partly naked ; nostrils
close together, separated by a valvular flap; gill-membranes free from
isthmus. Body rather short, strongly compressed. Scales small, strongly
ciliated; lateral line straight, following the middle of the side; a scaly
process at base of ventral fin. Dorsal fin with 20 to 22 rays, above the
yentrals; anal with 14 to 16 rays; a small adipose dorsal fin,

South Cameroon to Congo.

Two species :-—

Dorsal originating a little in advance of ventrals . 1. X. spilurus, Gthr., p. 287.
Dorsal originating above ventrals. . . . . . 2. AX. erassus, Pellegr., p. 288,

1. XENOCHARAX SPILURUS.
Giinth. 1. ¢. pl. iii. fig. B; Bouleng. op. ¢. p. 200.

Depth of body 23 to 34 times in total length, length of head 3 to 4
times. Head broad and flat above, raised at the occiput; snout nearly
twice as broad as long, as long as or a little shorter than eye, which is
lateral and 22 (young) to 4 times in length of head; interorbital width
2 to 3 times in length of head; maxillary extending to below anterior
border of eye. Gill-rakers rather long, slender, 10-13 on lower part of
anterior arch. Dorsal 20-22 (4-5 unbranched), originating a little in
advance of ventrals, longest rays $ to $ length of head. Adipose fin
scaly at base. Anal 14-16 (4 unbranched). Pectoral 2 to % length of
head. Caudal forked, with long, pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle
nearly as long as deep. Scales 68-77 ae 10-12 between lateral line
and ventral. Silvery, greenish or blackish olive above; young with

288 CHARACINIDE.

numerous narrow vertical dark bars and a large blackish spot on caudal
peduncle, at base of caudal fin.

Fig. 221.

Xenocharax spilurus.
Type, after Giinther (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1867),

Total length 260 millim.
South Cameroon, Gaboon, Congo.

1-3. Ad. & hgr. — Kribi River, 8. Cameroon. G. L. Bates, Esq. (C.).
4-5. Types. Gaboon.
6-9. Hgr.& yg. Talagouga, Ogowe. Miss Kingsley (C.).
10. Ad. Komadekke, __,, Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
Ii, Ad. Ibali, L. Leopold II., Upper Congo. M. P. Delhez (C.).
12. Ad. Kutu, 55 ° e
13-14. Her. & yg. Bikoro, Lake Tumba, 3 i
15. Skel. . " -
16,17. Ad. & hgr. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

2. XENOCHARAX CRASSUS.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1900, p. 100.

Very closely allied to the preceding, but depth of body not quite
2% times in total length, dorsal originating above ventrals, and a large
black spot on anterior part of dorsal.

Total length 209 millim.

Upper Congo (Alima River).—Type in Paris Museum.

CITHARIDIUM. 289

19. CITHARIDIUM.
Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (7) ix. 1902, p. 144.

Snout short; mouth wide, terminal, with a marginal series of very
minute pointed teeth ; maxillary very small, toothless. Cheek partly
naked; nostrils close together, separated by a valvular flap; gill-
membranes free from isthmus. Body short, strongly compressed.
Scales moderately large, strongly denticulate; lateral line straight,
nearer the dorsal than the ventral outline; a scaly process at base of
ventral fin. Dorsal fin with 17-18 rays, above the ventrals; anal with
20-21 rays; a rather large adipose dorsal fin.

Niger.

1. CITHARIDIUM ANSORGII.

Bouleng. 1. ¢. pl. ili.

Depth of body twice in total length, length of head 3 times. Head
twice as long as broad, flattened above, raised at the occiput; snout

Fig. 222.

Cithuridium ansorgtt.

Type (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1902).

twice as broad as long, not projecting beyond lower jaw, as long as eye,
which is infero-lateral, 32 to 4 times in length of head and 2 to 23 times

VOU, 1, U

990) CHARACINID.,

in interorbital width ; a narrow adipose lid in front of and behind the
eye. Gill-rakers very short, closely set. Dorsal 17-18 (4 unbranched),
originating at equal distance from end of snout and from caudal, pointed,
longest ray nearly as long as head, Adipose fin scaly, as long as its
distance from dorsal. Anal 20-21 (3 unbranched), pointed in front.
Pectoral half length of head, shorter than ventral. Caudal forked, with
pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle a little deeper than long. Scales 51 w

12 between lateral line and root of ventral, each scale bearing 6-10
yaised lines ending in a spine. Brown above, bright yellow beneath ;
an oblique blackish band from in front of the dorsal to the base of the
ventral; upper surface of head and opercular fold black; pectorals
yellow, ventrals black; dorsal, anal, and caudal grey at the base, black
at the end.

Total length 150 millim.

Lower Niger.
1. Type. Lake Oguta. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (P.).
2. Yg. Abo. (C.).

20. CITHARINUS.

Cuv. Régne Anim. ii. p. 168 (1817), part.; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p. 94
(1849), part.; Mill. & Trosch. Hor. Tehthyol. iii. p. 8 (1845); Giinth. Cat.
Fish. v. p. 302 (1864); Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 201 (1901), and
Fish. Nile, p. 152 (1907).

Snout short; mouth wide, straight, terminal or subinferior, with
minute pointed teeth inserted on the labial margin; maxillary small,
toothless. Cheek partly naked; nostrils close together, separated by a
valvular flap; gill-membranes free from isthmus. Body short, very
strongly compressed. Scales moderate or small, not denticulate; lateral
line straight, equally distant from the dorsal and the ventral outlines,
or nearer the former; a scaly process at base of ventral fin. Dorsal
fin with 17-23 rays, above or behind the vertical of the ventrals; anal
with 20-31 rays; a small or rather large adipose dorsal fin. Vertebree
49-44 (24-25+418-19).

Small scales cover the adipose fin, at least at the base. An accessory
branchial organ, behind the fourth gill.

Nile and Tropical Africa.

CITHARINUS. 291

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Base of adipose fin shorter than its distance from the dorsal ; Dorsal 17-21 5
Anal 25-31,

20-2.
Se. 77-90 ap 17-21 between lateral line and

ventral ; dorsal originating behind vertical of
base of ventral ; snout projecting a little be-
yond lower jaw... . 1. C. citharus, Geoffr., p. 291.

Se. 60-66 F18, 13-14 between lateral line and
ventral ; dorsal originating above last ray of
ventral ; snout projecting a little beyond

Taper ye 1) oy! BG a as ie 2 ee congicus, Blgr., p. 293.

Se. 55-60 355,
root of ventral; dorsal originating above last
ray of ventral; snout not projecting beyond
lower jaW. © a se e A ew ee we we Be macrolepis, Blgr., p. 294.

10-12 between lateral line and

II. Base of adipose fin at least nearly as long as its distance from the dorsal :
Dorsal 20-23 ; Anal 20-27.
Sc. 63-71 oe 14-16 between lateral line and
root of ventral; dorsal originating just be-
hind vertical of base of ventral ; snout pro-
Jecting a little beyond lower jaw . . . . 4. C. latus, M. & T., p. 295.

Se. 53-59 ve 10-12 between lateral line and
root of ventral; dorsal originating above base
of ventral ; snout projecting rather strongly

beyond lower Jaw . - . + «+ « « « . 5. C. gibbosus, Blgr., p. 297.

1. CITHARINUS CITHARUS.

Serrasalmus citharus, Geoftr. Descr. Egypte, Poiss. p. 40, pl. v. figs. 2 & 3 (1809).

Citharinus geoffroyi, Cuv. Régne Anim. 2nd ed. ii. p. 313 (1829); Miill. & Trosch.
Hor. Ichthyol. i. p. 9 (1845); Cuy. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xxii. p. 95 (1849) ;
Giinth. Cat. Fish. v. p. 302 (1864), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 240 (1869) ;
Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870, p. 538; Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo,
Zool. i. p. 93 (1899).

Distichodus marnoi, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ]xxxiii. i. 1881, p. 200.

Citharinus citharus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1905, i. p. 151; Fowler, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1906, p. 319 ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 153, pl. xxv. (1907).

Depth of body 1¥ to 23 times in total length, length of head 8 to 4
times. Head 2 to 24 times as long as broad, upper profile deeply con-
cave ; snout short, 1# to 2 times as broad as long, a little longer than

eye in adult, a little shorter in young, projecting slightly beyond mouth;
. U2

293 CHARACINIDA,

eye 34 (young) to 6 times in length of head; a narrow adipose lid in
front of and behind eye; interorbital width 24 to 24 times in length of
head. Gill-rakers short, fine, closely set, about 50 on lower part of
anterior arch. Dorsal 17-20 (3-5 unbranched), originating behind
vertical of base of ventral and nearer caudal than end of snout; anterior
branched rays more or less produced, often longer than head. Adipose
fin moderately large, its base 4 to ¢ its distance from dorsal. Anal
25-31 (3-4 unbranched); anterior rays forming a produced, pointed
lobe, measuring 4 to # length of head. Pectoral 2 to 2 length of
head, reaching, or nearly reaching, ventral. Caudal deeply forked, with

Fig. 223.

Citharinus citharus.

Lower Nile (F.N.). 3.

pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or slightly deeper than
long. Scales 77-90 pa 17-21 between lateral line and root of ventral.
Silvery, the back greenish or purplish grey; pectoral white, other fins
grey, usually with some bright red onthe ventral, the anal, and the lower
lobe of the caudal ; adipose fin sometimes edged with black ; young often
with dark longitudinal lines running between the series of scales

Total length 480 millim.

Lower Nile to Blue Nile and White Nile, Chad Basin, Senegal,
Gambia, Niger.—Type in Paris Museum.

CITHARINUS. 293

1. Her. Lower Nile. Dr. Riippell (C.).

2. Her. Near Cairo, Capt. S. Flower (P.).
3. Ad. Biba, Lower Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

4, Ad. Near Island of Arko, Upper 4%

Nile.

5-6. Ad. & yg. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).1
7. Skel. 46 Fr

8-10. Yg. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
11-16. Yg. Mangara, White Nile. 5
17. Yg. Jebelain, re 5
18. Hgr. Mouth of Lake No, White '

19-24. Her. & yg.

25-26. Yg.

27-28. Ad. & her.

29-31. Ad. & yg.
32. Ad.

Nile.
Lake No, White Nile.
Yo R., Lake Chad.
St. Louis, Senegal.
Gambia.

9

”
Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).
M. P. Delhez (C.).
J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
Lord Derby (P.).

33-42. Yg. Agberi, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

43. Yg. Assay, 5 J.S. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
44,45. Ad. &hgr. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).

46. Ad. is W. A. Forbes, Esq. (P.).

47, Skull. 3 ”

48. Yg. Benue R., North of Ibi. H. L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).

(1901).

2. CITHARINUS CONGICUS.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xx. 1897, p. 424, and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 202

Depth of body 1% to 2 times in total length, length of head 8 to 33

times.

Head twice as long as broad, upper profile feebly concave ;

snout short, not twice as broad as long, a little longer than eye in adult,
projecting slightly beyond mouth; eye 3} (young) to 5 times in length
of head; a narrow adipose lid in front of and behind eye; interorbital
width 2 to 4 length of head. Gill-rakers extremely short, 30-40 on
lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 18-21 (4-5 unbranched), originating
above last ray of ventral, falciform, anterior rays produced, at least as
long as head. Adipose fin not or but little longer than deep, its base
3 to} its distance from dorsal. Anal 25-30 (3 unbranched), pointed,
anterior rays produced. Pectoral 2 to $ length of head, reaching ventral.
Caudal deeply forked. Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales

294 CHARACINIDE.

60-66 RoE 13-14 between lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery,

bluish grey on the back.
Total length 890 millim.
Congo.

neu nonneanse
Mh Oy wy,
eae 2 He

a

a

ne

}

} Wy pe
) My)

ie Wee

Citharinus congicus.

Type. 2.
1. Type. Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).
2, 3. Ad. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
4. Her. Bolobo, . Rev. G. Grenfell (P.).

3. CITHARINUS MACROLEPIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 93, pl. xxxviii. (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 203 (1901).

Depth of body 2 to 24 times in total length, length of head 3 to 4
times. Head about twice as long as broad, upper profile feebly concave ;
snout short, broadly truncate, twice as broad as long, as long as or a
little shorter than eye, not projecting beyond lower jaw; eye 33 (young)
to 5 times in length of head; a narrow adipose lid in front of and behind
eye; interorbital width about half length of head. Gill-rakers very
short, about 50 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 17-19 (4-5 un-
branched), originating above last ray of ventral, falciform, anterior rays

CITHARINUS. 295

a

at least as long as head. Adipose fin much longer than deep, its base
3 to 2 its distance from dorsal. Anal 25-29 (3-4 unbranched),
pointed, anterior rays produced. Pectoral about % length of head,

reaching, or nearly reaching, ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle

Fig. 225.

Citharinus macrolepis.
Type (A.M. C.). 3.
as long as deep or a little longer. Scales 55-60 aaa 10-12 between
lateral line and root of ventral. Silvery, bluish grey on the back.
Total length 750 millim.
Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Hgr., one of the types. Boma, Lower Congo. M. P. Delhez(C.).
2. Ad., 45 Cataracts of Manyanga. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
3, 4. Ad. Monsembe, Upper Congo, Rev. J. WH. Weeks (P.).

4, CITHARINUS LATUS.

Miill. & Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. i. p. 9 (1845); Steind. Sitz. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870,
p- 539; Pfeff. Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 42 (1896); Bouleng. Ann. Mus.
Congo, Zool. i. p. 93 (1899), and Fish. Nile, p. 156, pl. xxvi. (1907).

Depth of body 12 to 2 times in total length, length of head 3+ to 4
times. Head 1} to 2 times as long as broad, its upper profile more or
less concave; snout as long as or slightly longer than eye in adult,
shorter in young, projecting slightly beyond mouth; diameter of eye
oy (young) to 43 times in length of head; a narrow adipose lid in front
of and behind eye; interorbital width 2+ to 24 times in length of head.

296 CHARACINID.

Gill-rakers short, fine, closely set, 60-80 on lower part of anterior
arch. Dorsal 20-22 (4-5 unbranched), originating behind vertical of
base of ventral and nearer caudal than end of snout; anterior branched
rays more or less produced, as long as or longer than head. Adipose
fin rather large, its base 14 to 24 times its distance from dorsal.
Anal 23-26 (3-4 unbranched); anterior rays forming a produced,
pointed lobe, measuring } to 3 length of head. Pectoral § to 3 length

Fig. 226.

Catharinus latus.
Gondokoro (F. N.). 3.

of head, reaching, or not quite reaching, base of ventral, Caudal
deeply forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle deeper than long.

Scales 63-71 eas 14-16 between lateral line and root of ventral. Grey
above, silvery white below; horizontal dark grey lines may run between
the series of scales; some reddish or orange may be present on the
ventral, anal, and caudal fins.

Total length 420 millim.

Lower Nile to Bahr-el-Gebel, Senegal, Niger, Old Calabar, Kingani

River (East Africa).—Type in Berlin Museum.

CITHARINUS. 207

1-3. Hgr. & yg. Beni Souef, Lower Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).

4-5. Yg. Mangara, Upper Nile. 3

6. Skel. 5 a

7-9. Ad. & yg. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. 9
10, Yzg. Kaédi, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).
dl. Ad. Lokoja, Upper Niger. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
12-13. Ad. Niger. Mr. J. T. Dalton (C.).
14. Yg. Benue R., North of Ibi. H. L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).
15. Yg. Old Calabar. Dr. Jackson (C.) ;

Hon. W. Rothschild (P.).

5. CITHARINUS GIBBOSUS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 94, pl. xxxix. (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 204 (1901).

Depth of body 13 to 2 times in total length, length of head 34 to 4
times. Head about twice as long as broad, upper profile more or less

Fig. 227.

ood
See?
Nt

Citharinus gibbosus.

Type (A. M.G.). 3.

concave, nape strongly raised in adult ; snout short, not twice as broad
as long, as long as or a little longer than eye, its anterior outline

2.98 CHARACINID.Z.—CYPRINID.-F.

forming an open angle, and projecting rather strongly beyond the
mouth; eye 3 (young) to 4} times in length of head; adipose eyelid
barely distinct ; interorbital width half, or less than half, length of head.
Gill-rakers very short and fine, 65-75 on lower part of anterior arch.
Dorsal 20-23 (4-5 unbranched), originating above base of ventral,
anterior branched rays produced, longer than head. Adipose fin much
longer than deep, its base nearly as long as or longer than its distance
from dorsal. Anal 22-27 (3-4 unbranched). Pectoral } to } length of
head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked. Caudal peduncle deeper
than long. Scales 55-59 a a 10-12 between lateral line and root of
ventral. Silvery, bluish grey on the back, with darker lines between
the series of scales.
Total length 520 millim.

Congo, Lake Tanganyika.—Types in Congo Museum, ‘ervueren.

1. Yg., one of the types. Banana, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
2. Yg. : Loango, ,, 5 M. De Meuse (C.).
3. Her., one of the types. Stanley Pool. M. P. Delhez (C.).
4, 5-6. Ad. & yg. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (C.).
7. Ad. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
8. Yg. Uerre River. M. De Bauw (C.).
9-11. Ad. & her. Near Kalambo, L. Tangan- Prof. J. E.S. Moore (C.).
yika.
12. Ad. Niamkolo, L. Tanganyika, Dr. W.A.Cunnington (C.).

Fam, 2. CYPRINIDA.

Mouth usually more or less protractile, toothless, bordered by the
preemaxillaries and the maxillaries, or, more frequently, by the pre-
maxillaries only. Parietal bones united in a sagittal suture, or separated
by a fontanelle; opercular bones well developed; symplectic present.
Lower pharyngeal bones falciform, subparallel to the branchial arches,
provided with teeth arranged in one, two, or three series, and often
remarkably specialised. Ribs mostly sessile; no parapophyses in the
thoracic region; epipleurals and epineurals, mostly free, floating.
Pectoral fins inserted very low down, folding like the ventrals. Body
naked or scaly. No adipose dorsal fin.

Brain-case produced forward to the nasal capsule. Branchiostegal
rays reduced to three; branchiostegal membrane usually more or less
extensively grown to the isthmus.

Fresh waters of Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and Central America.

CYPRINID &. 299

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Cyprininz. Barbels not more than two pars, if present; pharyngeal teeth
large, in small number, working against a sclerous plate attached to a
ventral process of the basioccipital, which extends under the anterior
vertebre ; air-bladder usually large and divided into an anterior and a
posterior chamber, not surrounded by a bony capsule.

A. Anal with not more than 7 branched rays.

1. Suborbitals narrow, not covering the cheek; lateral line running along
the middle, or nearly the middle, of the side of the caudal region of the
body.

Mouth inferior, with much - developed lips

forming a sort of sucker and furnished on

the inner side with a sharp cutting-edge

covered with a horny sheath; dorsal fin

originating well in advance of the ventrals. 1. Labeo, Cuv., p. 300.
Mouth inferior; a more or less developed

suctorial disk on the chin, usually bordered

by the lower labial fold ; gill-openings

restricted to the sides; dorsal fin origi-

nating well in advance of the ventrals . . 2. Discoanathus, Heck., p. 343.
Mouth inferior, without lips, the lower jaw

complete'y exposed and showing a sharp

cutting-edge covered with a horny sheath ;

dorsal fin originating above or a little in

advance of the ventrals. . . . . . . 3. Varicorhinus, Riipp., p. 352.
Mouth terminal or inferior, with more or less

developed lips, with or without a sharp

edge; dorsal fin originating above or a

little behind or a little in advance of the

Ventrals)s: sea on el Oa A Barbus, Cav*

2. Suborbitals large, covering the cheek ; lateral line ranning along the

lower part of the caudal region of the body.
Mouth terminal, lower jaw prominent; dorsal
fin behind the ventrals . . . . . . . 5. Rasbora, Blkr.
B. Anal with 8 or more branched rays ; mouth terminal.
1. Suborbitals narrow, not covering the cheek.
Dorsal fin above or behind the ventrals; anal
with 8 to 14 branched rays . . . . . 6. Leuciseus, Cuv.

2. Suborbitals large, covering the cheek.
a. Anal with 8 or 9 branched rays; lateral line in the middle of the

caudal peduncle.
Dorsal fin above the ventrals. . . . . . . 7. Leptocypris, Blgr.

* This and the following genera will be dealt with in the second volume.

300 CYPRINID.E.

b. Anal with 10 or more branched rays; lateral line on lower part of
caudal peduncle.
Dorsal fin originating in advance of the origin

of the anal; belly, in front of the ventrals,
rounded. . . ... . 8. Barilius, Ham. Buch.

Dorsal fin originating above or a little beliind
the origin of the anal; belly, in front of
the ventrals, rounded . . . . . 9. Neobola, Vincig.
Dorsal fin originating behind the origin of the
anal; belly keeled between the very large
pectoral fins . . . . . . . « « « 10. Chelethiops, Bigr.
II. Cositina. Barbels three pairs or more ; pharyngeal teeth small; anterior
part of the air-bladder divided into a right and left chamber, separated by
a constriction and enclosed in a bony capsule, the posterior part free or
absent; scales minute or absent.
Three pairs of barbels, none at the lower jaw;
dorsal fin opposite to the ventrals . . . 11. Nemachilus, Van Hass.

1. LABEO.

Cuv. Régne Anim. ii. p. 194 (1817); Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xvi. p. 335
(1842) ; Heckel, Russegger’s Reise, ii. p. 1024 (1843) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii.
p. 45 (1868); Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 209 (1901), and Fish. Nile,
p- 160 (1907).

Abrostomus, A. Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Africa, Fish. (1841).

Tylognathus, Heckel, t. c. p. 1027; Giinth. t. c. p. €2.

Rohitichthys, Bleek. Atlas Ichth. iii. p. 25 (1863).

Body more or less compressed, covered with small, moderate, or large
scales. Lateral line nearly equally distant from the back and from the
belly or a little nearer the latter. Mouth moderate or large, protractile,
inferior, with more or less developed lips forming a sort of sucker and
furnished on the inner side with a sharp cutting-edge covered with a
horny layer; barbels present or absent. Suborbitals not covering the
cheek. Dorsal with 11 to 26 rays, 8 to 23 of which are branched,
originating in advance of the ventrals. Anal short, with 7 or 8 rays.
A scaly process at the base of the ventrals. Pharyngeal teeth in three
series (3, 3, 5—5, 3, 3), with the crowns spoon-shaped and close together.

Southern Asia and Africa.

LABEO. 301

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Barbels absent, or one on each side, often very small and hidden under the
folds at the side of the mouth.

A. Inner surface of lips not bearing transverse plicee*; eyes perfectly
lateral, visible from above and from below : ; snout hardly as long as, or
shorter than, postocular part of head.

1. Dorsal with 12-17 branched rays ; Sc. 40-45

gi
94

D. III 14-17, a edge usually concave ; mH “
Se. 41-45 scine 5-6, 18-22f . . . . 1. LZ. niloticus, Forsk., p. 304.
D. III 12-14, ore edge straight or convex ;
Se. 40-44 = = ae 4-5,16-20 . . . . . 2. L. horie, Heck., p. 306.
2. Dorsal with 11- 15 branched rays, longest ray much longer than head;
Se. 36-40 Fon.

D. III 12-15, upper edge straight or convex ;

Se. 37-40 a 4, 16; depth of body 34-

4 times in total length. . . . . . . 3. DL. senegalensis, C. & V., p. 308.
D. I-IV hs upper edge convex; Se.

36- 39° Bas aor 34-44, 16-18; depth of body

3-3} times in totallength. . . . . . 4. L. altivelis, Peters, p. 309.
D. Il ae Halettoun, upper edge concave ;

Se. 36 2 +, 34,16; depth of body 3 times

in ul i sh. hall - 2. . « 5. L. weeksit, Blgr., p. 310.
3. Dorsal with a Wanghed rays, longest ray not much longer than head;
Se. 36-41 22% oat

a. Depth of body 3-3} times in total length ; caudal peduncle as long as
deep or deeper than long.
D. III 9-12, upper een not or but feebly

notched ; Se. 36-37 Per3, zig 0, 16-18. . . 6. LD. lineatus, Blgr., p. 311.
D. III 11-12, upper ie Sree: Se. 38-
995,18 se ww a ww a Te Davos, Stary p. 812.

b. Depth of body 33-4} times in total length ; caudal peduncle 1} to 14
times as long as deep.

D. III ae 12, upper edge notched; Se. 38-

40 ar --,4-5,16-18. . . . .. . 8. L. mesops, Gthr., p. 313.
D. III 9-10, upper edge notched; Se. 40-
41 9 A182 ck so) a0 Ge Deru, Biers ps 310

* These plice, formed of confluent papilla, must not be confounded with the ridge of

the mouth proper, with which, when present, they run parallel.
t+ The figures following those of the transverse series refer to the number of seales

between lateral Jine and ventral fin and round caudal peduncle.

302 CYPRINID-E.

B. Inner surface of lips bearing transverse plicee formed by series of papille.
1. Eyes perfectly lateral, visible from above and from below, or nearly
perfectly lateral.
a. Dorsal fin with straight or convex upper edge (or slightly concave in
the young).
a. No barbel.
D. TIT 12-18 ; Se. 86-38 gree, 4, 16; caudal

peduncle nearly twice as deep as long. . 10. L. velifer, Blgr., p. 315.
B.A eer barbel.

D. III 12-13; Se. 37 as 4, 16; caudal peduncle

much deeper tn 2 el & . . IL. ZL. longipinnis, Blgr., p. 316.
D. TIT 11-14; Sc. 86-40 Fu, 4-54, 16-18 ;

caudal peduncle as long as deep or a little

deeper thanlong. . . . . . . . . 12. LZ. coubie, Riipp., p. 317.
D. IV 11; Se. 38-39 a 42, 16; caudal

peduncle as longasdeep . . . . . . 13. ZL. congoro, Peters, p. 319.

b. Dorsal with concave upper edge.
a. Depth of body iss 4 times in total length,

D. III 11-12; Se. 39-40 on iop 5, 16-18;
diameter of eye 24-3 times in interorbital
width, «3. <= s - 2 . « 14, ZL. neumanni, Bligr., p. 320.

D. HT 10-11; Se. 35-37 8h , 4,16; diameter
of eye not twice in interorbital width . . 15. L. gregorii, Gthr., p. 321.
B. Depth of body at least 4 times in total length.

D. III 10; Se. 86-39 feds 5, 16-20; diameter

of eye 2} times in ee width . . 16, £. darlingi, Bler., p. 321.
D. TI 9-10; Se. 38-39 ae “a 44-5, 16-18;

diameter of eye at least 3 times in inter-

orbital width. 2... 1 1. 1. 217. ZL. victorianus, Blgr., p. 322.

2. Eyes supero-lateral, entirely or nearly entirely visible from above.
a. Dorsal with straight or convex or slightly concave upper edge ;

caudal peduncle not longer than deep. i[p. 323.
DOTY Ie Se. 36 a 4,16... . . . . 18. ZL. fuelleborni, Hilg. & Papp.,
D. IIJ-1V 9-11; Se. 32-34 Bs 38,12. . . 19. L. brachypoma, Gthr., p. 324.
D. IIL 10; Se, 38-89 FH, 4, 16-18... 20. L. macrostoma, Blgr., p. 325.

b. Dorsal with concave upper edge, with 11 or 12 branched rays; caudal
peduncle as long as deep,

Re. 35-38 wh 4,16... 6 2 6. 6. . 21. ZL. eyclorhynchus, Blgr., p. 326.
. Dorsal with concave upper edge, with 8-11 branched rays.
a. 20-22 scales round caudal peduncle.
D. III 11; Se. 39 oe 5, 20; caudal peduncle
deeper than long fi Bl ante cae Se eh L. faleipinnis, Blgv., p. 327

LABELO. 305

D. IIL 10; Se. 39 a 4, 22; caudal peduncle

longer than deep . io io SY . 23. LD, kirkii, Blgr., p. 328.
8. 16-18 scales round caudal ees
*

Sandal peduncle longer than deep.
D. III 9-11; diameter of eye 54-8 times
in length of head; Se. 38-42 Tray 4-5,

16-18... . 24. L. forskalii, Riipp., p. 329.
D. III 8-10; diummete af ae 42 7 Stray in

length of head ; Se. 35-89 - Gi stp 3-4,

LOHNS) oe se Re Se, SB . . 25. L. cylindricus, Peters, p. 331.

** Caudal on as ae as deep or little deeper than long ;
D. III 10; Sc. 37-39 © 7 2 4, 16.

Diameter of eye 7 times in length of head in
adult; snout pointed, ending in a turned-

up appendage. . . . . ee « . 26, ZL. nasus, Bler., p. 333.
Diameter of eye 4-54 times in Te eth of head ;
snout obtusely pointed . - oe ee . . 27. ZL. greeni, Blgr., p. 334.
y. 12 scales round caudal peduncle ; D. III 10 (rarely 9 or 11).

43-5}

* Caudal peduncle 14-12 times as long as deep; Se. 34-39 62-7
Head 14 times as long as broad; 4 series of
scales between lateral line and ventral. . 28. LZ. lukule, Blgr., p. 335.
Head 13-1} times as long as broad ; 3 series of
scales between lateral line and ventral. . 29. ZL. annectens, Blgr., p. 336.

** Caudal peduncle not or but slightly longer than deep; Se. 33-
35 pap 2-3, 12.

Longest ray of dorsal 13-1} times as long as

head; diameter of eye 2?~3 times in inter-

orbital width . . . « . « . + « « 30. ZL, chaviensis, Pellegr., p. 337.
Longest ray of dorsal as long as or a little

shorter than head ; diameter of eye 12-2

times in interorbital width. . . . . . 31. ZL. parvus, Blgr., p. 337.
Longest ray of dorsal as long as or a little

longer than head ; diameter of eye 14-1}

times in interorbital width. . . . . . 32. L, obscurus, Pellegr., p. 338.

II. Two barbels on each side ; dorsal with concave upper edge.
A. Eyes perfectly lateral, or nearly perfectly lateral ; barbels not longer

than eye.
D. III 8-10; Sc. 58-65 isin 9-10, 30-34 . 33. L. umbratus, A. Smith, p. 339.
D. IV 10-11; Se. 44-50 Tha sip 6-7, 20-24 . 34. D. capensis, A. Smith, p. 340.
D.1V 10; Se. 36 a 4 16... . . 4. . 35. LD. ansorgit, Blgr., p. 341,

B. Eyes supero-lateral ; barbels longer than eye in the adult.
D. IIT 10-11; Se. 40-41 ae 6, 20-22 . . 36. LZ. barbatus, Blgr., p. 342.

504 CYPRINIDA.

1, LABEO NILOTICUS.
Cyprinus niloticus, Forskal, Descr. Anim. p. 71 (1775) ; Geoffr. Descr. Egypte,
Poiss. pl. ix. fig. 2 (1809).

Labeo niloticus, I. Geoffr. op. cit. p. 282 (1827); Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova,
xxxix. 1898, p. 259; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 163, pl. xxvii. fig. 1 (1907).
Labeo niloticus, part. Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xvi. p. 338 (1842) ; Giinth. Cat.

Fish. vii. p. 47 (1868), and Petherick’s Trav. ii. p. 259 (1869).

Labeo vulgaris, Heckel, Russegger’s Reise Egypt. iii. p. 303, pl. xx. fig. 3 (1846).

Body strongly compressed, its depth 3 (adult) to 43 times (young)
in total length. Head nearly 5 to 5} times in total length in adult,
4 to 44 times in young, its width 3 to ? its length; snout broadly
rounded; eye nearer end of snout than posterior border of head,
perfectly lateral, 43 to 6 times in length of head in adult, 3 to 4 times
in young; interorbital width } to 3 length of head; width of mouth,

Fig. 228.

Labeo niloticus.

Nile Delta (F.N.). 4.
with lips, 23 to 4 times in length of head; both lips with several rows
of rounded or subconical papille, those of the outer row forming a
distinct fringe; edge of rostral flap entire; a minute barbel, more or
less hidden under folds of skin; tubercles on the snout, or their pore-
like scars, numerous but very small. Dorsal ILI 14-17, equally distant
from nostrils or end of snout and from caudal, upper edge usually
more or less distinctly concave, rarely straight or slightly convex, last

LABEO. 305

simple ray and first branched ray usually longest and as long as or
longer than head. Anal III 5, not reaching root of caudal. Pectoral
nearly as long as or a little longer than head, not reaching ventral, the
first ray of which falls below 6th or 7th branched ray of dorsal. Caudal
deeply emarginate, crescentic when fully spread out. Caudal peduncle
but little longer than deep in adult, 14 to 14 times as long as deep in
young. Scales 41-45 ati 5-6 between lateral line and root of ventral,
18-22 (usually 20) round caudal peduncle. Greyish, brownish, olive,
or steel-blue above, silvery white beneath ; a more or less distinct dark
bar behind the gill-opening; ill-defined dark longitudinal lines may run
between the series of scales below the lateral line.

Total length 470 millim.

Nile, Blue Nile, White Nile, Lake Stephanie (Sagan River), Omo.

1-6, 7-20. Ad. hgr., Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
& yg.
21, 22. Skels. : 3
23-26. Yg. Near Ghet-el-Nassara, L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
L. Menzaleh.
27-30. Yg. Bahr-el-Tavilah, L. Men- -
zaleh.
31-39. Ad. & hgr. Samannud, Damietta Nile. %

40. Ad.

41, 42. Skels.
43-47. Ad. & yg.
48. Ad.

49-51. Yg.
52-55. Her. & yg.
56-57. Hgr.

58. Her.

59. Yg.

60, 61-77. Her. & yg.

78-97. Yg.
98-105. Her. & yg.
106-115. Yg.
116. Ad.
117. Yg.
118. Ad.
119-120. Ad.
121. Ad.
122, Ad.
VOI. I.

Lake Edku.

Lower Nile.

Rosetta Nile, near Barrage.

Nile at Cairo.

Canal near Cairo.

Beni Souef, Lower Nile.

Birket Karun, Fayum.

Bahr Selah, 55

Between Abu Tig and Assiut,
Lower Nile.

Near Luxor.

Between Luxor and Assuan.

Assuan.

Near Assuan.

Korosko, Upper Nile.

Derr, 3
Ibrim, 55
Anebi, 55
Wady Halfa, ,,
Kosheh, ‘5

506 CYPRINIDE.

123, 124. Ad. & yg. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
125-130. Yg. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
131. Yg. Rosaires, 4 Capt. 8. Flower (P.).
132-134. Her. Sagan R. at Wando, Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
2800 ft. W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).
135-136. Ad. Ergino R. (Omo) at Malo, 55
3000 ft.

2. LABEO HORIE.
Chondrostoma dembensis (non Riipp.), Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xvii. p. 398 (1844).
Labeo horie, Heckel, Russegger’s Reise Egypt. iii. p. 304, pl. xxi. fig. 1 (1846) ;
Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 167, pl. xxviii. & pl. xxxi. fig. 1 (1907).
Labeo niloticus, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 47 (1868), and Petherick’s Trav.
ii, p. 259 (1869).
Body strongly compressed, its depth 33 to 4 times in total length.
Head 5 to 5% times in total length in adult, 4 to 5 times in young, its

Fig. 229.

Labeo horie.
Upper Nile (F.N.). 3.

width # to $ its length; snout broadly rounded, about 4 length of head ;
eye nearly perfectly lateral, 5 to 53 times in length of head in adult,
3 to 4 times in young; interorbital width 4 to 2 length of head; width
of mouth, with lips, 24 to 3 times in length of head; both lips with
several rows of papille, those of outer row lung and conical and
forming a strong fringe on upper lip; edge of rostral flap entire; a
minute barbel hidden under folds of skin; tubercles on snout, or their
pore-like scars, very small or absent. Dorsal I1I 12-14 (usually 13),
equally distant from anterior border or centre of eye and from caudal,

LABEO. 507

its upper edge straight or slightly convex, anterior branched rays
longest, always longer, and often much longer, than head. Anal III 5,
often reaching root of caudal. Pectoral nearly as long as or a little
longer than head, not reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls below
4th or 5th branched ray of dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate, crescentic
when fully spread out. Caudal peduncle not or but slightly longer than

deep. Scales 40-44 Lae 4—5 between lateral line and root of ventral,
16-18 (rarely 20) round caudal peduncle. Greyish, olive, greenish
brown, or steel-blue above, pale golden or silvery beneath ; ill-defined,
dark longitudinal lines sometimes present, running between the series
of scales; young with a more or less distinct, always ill-defined, round
dark spot on the side, involving the series of scales bearing the lateral
line, above the pectoral fin.

Total length 570 millim.

Nile, Blue Nile, White Nile, Lake Albert.—Types in Vienna Museum.

1-3. Ad. & yg. Lower Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
4-6. Yg. Near Ghet-cl-Nassara, L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
L. Menzaleh.

7. Her. Samannud, Damietta Nile. “3
8-9. Her. Rosetta Nile, near Barrage. =
10. Skel. 35 5 “
11. Yg. Barrage N. of Cairo. 3
12. Yg. Near Cairo. e
13-15. Ad. & yg. Beni Souef, Lower Nile. %
16. Ad. Bahr Selah, Fayum. id
17. Ad. Between Assiut and Abu Tig, 5

Lower Nile.
18-19. Yg. Near Luxor. ss
20-21. Ad. Ibrim, Upper Nile. “4
22. Her. Upper Nile. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
23, 24-25. Ad., bgr., Khbartum. as
& yg.

26, Her. Omdurman, L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
27. Her. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. 2
28. Her. Fashoda, White Nile.

29-34. Her. & yg. Polkom, Baro R. (Sobat). Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq.(P.).

30; Ad. Mouth of Lake No, White L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
Nile.
36. Ad. Butyaba, Lake Albert. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).

308 CYPRINID#.

3. LABEO SENEGALENSIS.

Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xvi. p. 346, pl. ececlxxxvi. (1842) ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak.
Wien, lxi. 1870, p. 560, pl. vi. & pl. viii. fig. 1 ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 169
(1907).

Extremely closely related to the preceding, differing only in the
larger scales, of which there are 37-40 (usually 38-39) in the lateral

3 52-61 . ts a .
line, and “;* in transverse series; 4 series of scales between lateral
=

Labeo senegalensis.
Senegal, after Steindachner (1. ¢.). 2.

line and root of ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. 12-15 branched
rays in dorsal.

Total length 500 millim.

Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Chad Basin.—Type in Paris Museum.

1. Ad. St. Louis, Senegal. M. P. Delhez (C.).

2-10. Ad.,her.,&yg. Kaédi, - a
11. Ad. Gambia. J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
12. Hgr. Lokoja, Upper Niger. 44
13-14. Yg. Abo, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
15-16. Her. Benue R., N. of Ibi. H.L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).
17,18. Ad. Lake Chad. Capt. G. B. Gosling (P.).

1920. Ye. Fort Lamy, Shari R.

”

LABEO. 309

4. LABEO ALTIVELIS.
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 683, and Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 43, pl. viii.
(1868).
Labeo coubie, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 48 (1868).

Body strongly compressed, its depth 3 to 34 times in total length.
Head 14 to 13 times as long as broad, 44 to 5 times in total length ;
snout rounded, moderately prominent; eye perfectly lateral, in middle
of head, 4 to 6 timesia length of head; interorbital width 4 to 2 length
of head; width of mouth, with lips, 24 to 3 times in length of head ;
both lips with several rows of papille, those of the outer row large and
subconical, forming a strong fringe; edge of rostral flap entire; a
minute barbel, hidden under folds of skin; tubercles on snout very

Fig. 281.

Labeo ultivelis,
Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 4.

small or absent. Dorsal ILI-I1V 11-13, equally distant from head or
eye and from caudal, its upper edge convex, longest rays 14 to 24 times
length of head. Anal III 5, reaching, or nearly reaching, root of caudal.
Pectoral as long as head or slightly shorter, not reaching ventral,
the first ray of which falls below 3rd or 4th branched ray of dorsal.
Caudal deeply emarginate, crescentic. Caudal peduncle as long as deep

310 CYPRINID-EF.
or a little deeper than long. Scales 36-39 , 34-42 between lateral
line and root of ventral, 16-18 round caudal peduncle. Olive above,
yellowish beneath, with or without pink streaks along the series of
scales; fins grey.

Total length 400 millim.

Zambesi, Lake Nyassa, Lake Bangwelu.—Type in Berlin Museum.

1-3. Yg. Tete, Zambesi. Mr. ©. Grant (C.);
C. D. Rudd, Esq. (P.).
4, Ad. Chiromo, Shiré R. R. MacDonald, Esq. (P.).
5-7. Ad. & her. 49 re C. B. C. Storey, Esq. (P.).
8,9. Ad., skins. Shiré R. Sir J. Kirk (P.).
10-13. Her. Lake Bangwelu. F. H. Melland, Esq. (P.).

5. LABEO WEEKSII, sp. n.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 8 times in total length. Head
41 times in total length, its width 3 its length; snout rounded ;

Labeo weeksit.

Type. 4.

eye perfectly lateral, in middle of head, 54 times in length of head,
14 times in interorbital width; width of mouth, with lips, 23 times in
length of head; both lips with several rows of conical papille, the outer
forming a strong fringe; edge of rostral flap entire; a minute barbel,
partly hidden under folds of skin; scars of small tubercles on the
snout. Dorsal III 12, equally distant from occiput and from caudal,

LABEO, 311

notched, falciform, last unbranched ray and first branched ray twice
length of head. Anal II[ 5, reaching root of caudal. Pectoral as long
as head, not reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls below second
branched ray of dorsal. Caudal notched, crescentic. Caudal peduncle
slightly deeper than long. Seales 36 2, 33 between lateral line and
root of ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Yellowish, with dark brown
lines running between the series of scales.

Total length 225 millim.

Upper Congo.

1. Type. Monsembe. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

6. LABEO LINEATUS.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 34, pl. xviii. (1898), and Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p- 213 (1901).

Body strongly compressed, its depth 3 to 34 times in total length.
Head 4 to 5 times in total length, its width about 3 its length; snout
rounded ; eye perfectly lateral, in middle of head or a little nearer

Fig. 233.

Labeo lineatus.

Type (A.M.C.). 4.

posterior border, 34 (young) to 6 times in length of head, 2 to 43 times
in interorbital width ; width of mouth, with lips, 22 to 3 times in
length of head; both lips with several rows of conical papilli, the outer
forming a fringe; edge of rostral flap entire or feebly denticulate ; a
minute barbel, more or less hidden under folds of skin; tubercles on
snout, or their pore-like scars, small, if present. Dorsal III 9-12.
equally distant from snout or eye and from caudal, upper edge not or

312 CYPRINID.

but fecbly notched, usually a little convex, longest ray as long as or a
little longer than head. Anal II-III 5, reaching, or nearly reaching,
root of caudal. Pectoral nearly as long as head, not reaching ventral,
the first ray of which falls below 2nd, 3rd, or 4th branched ray of
dorsal. Caudal emarginate, crescentic. Caudal peduncle deeper than
long. Scales 36-37 ate 3 between lateral line and root of ventral,
16-18 round caudal peduncle. Body striped with dark green and pink,
the pink occupying the middle of each scale; belly white; fins olive ;
young with sharply defined dark longitudinal limes on the body and a
large black spot at the base of the caudal fin.
Total length 650 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Ad., one of the Matadi, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
types.
2-3. Ad. & yg. Boma, 9 M. P. Delhez (C.).
4. Yg., one of the New Antwerp, Upper Capt. Wilverth (C.).
types. Congo.
5,6-7,8. Ad.& yg. Monsembe, Upper Congo. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).
9, Ad., one of the Stanley Falls. Rev. W. H. Bentley (C.).
types.
10. Yg. Upper Congo. Brussels University.
ll. Ye. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).
12. Ugr. Kwango R., at Fort Don Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

Carlos L, Angola.

7. LABEO ROSA.
Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii. i. 1894, p. 457, pl. v. fig. 1.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 3 to 34 times in total length.
Head 43 to 5 times in total length, its width about 2? its length; snout
rounded; eye perfectly lateral, in middle of head, 4 to 44 times in
length of head, about 4 interorbital width; width of mouth, with lips,
3 times in length of head ; both lips with several rows of conical papilla,
the outer forming a fringe; edge of rostral flap entire; a minute barbel,
more or less hidden under folds of skin; small tubercles on the snout.
Dorsal III 11-12, equally distant from anterior border or centre of eye and
from caudal, notched, longest ray a little longer than head. Anal III 5,
nearly reaching root of caudal. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching
ventral, the first ray of which falls below 8rd or 4th branched ray of
dorsal. Caudal deeply notched, crescentic. Caudal peduncle as long

LABEO. 3138

he

as deep. Scales 38-39 . , 5 between lateral line and root of ventral,

18 round caudal peduncle. Grey above, silvery white beneath.
Total length 300 millim.

Limpopo System.—Type in Vienna Museum.

we

Fig. 234.

Labeo rose.
Type, after Steindachner (J. ¢.). 3.

1-2. Ad. Klein Letaba R., tributary of Mr. C. Grant (C.);
Olifant R., Transvaal. C. D. Rudd, Esq. (P.).

8. LABEO MESOPS.
Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 51 (1868).
Labeo coubie, part., Giinth. t. c. p. 48.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 82 to 44 times in total length.
Head 4 to 5 times in total length, its width 2 its length; snout rounded;
eye perfectly lateral, in middle of head, 44 to 5 times in length of head;
interorbital width 3 length of head; width of mouth, with lips, 24 to 8
times in length of head; both lips with several rows of papilla, those
of the outer row conical and forming a fringe; edge of rostral flap
entire; a minute barbel hidden under folds of skin; tubercles on snout
small. Dorsal IIL 10-12, equally distant from centre or anterior
border of eye and from caudal, notched, longest ray as long as head.
Anal III 5, not reaching caudal. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching
ventral, the first ray of which falls below 4th or Sth ray of dorsal.
Caudal emarginate, crescentic. Caudal peduncle 14 times as long as

314 CYPRINID&.

deep. Scales 38-40 Pare 4-5 between lateral line and root of caudal,
16-18 round caudal peduncle. Olive-brown above, lighter beneath.
Total length 590 millim.
Lake Nyassa and Shiré River.

1. Skin, type. Pomolombe Lake, near Sir J. Kirk (P.).
Lake Nyassa.
2. Ad., skin. Shiré River. Dr. C. Livingstone (C.).
3. Yg., skin. re Sir J. Kirk (P.).
4. Ad., skin. Upper Shiré River. A. Whyte, Esq. (C.) ;
Sir H. H. Jobnston (P.).
5-6. Ad. is Dr. Perey Randall (C.) ;
Sir H. H. Johnston (P.).
to Bay Lake Nyassa. Prof. J. E. 8. Moore (C ).
& Ad. “s Capt. E. L. Rhoades (P.).

9. LABEO RUDDIT.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xix. 1907, p. 392.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 82 to 44 times in total length.
Head 44 to 4} times in total length; snout rounded, § length of head ;

Fig. 235.

Lepdney
DOI AAA
OO.

Labeo rudd.
Dwaars R. i.

eye perfectly lateral, 43 to 5 times in length of head; interorbital width
4 length of head; width of mouth, with lips, 34 times in length of
head ; both lips with a fringe of conical papille ; edge of rostral flap
entire ; barbels absent or very minute ; tubercles on snout small and
few, if present. Dorsal II 9-10, equally distant from anterior border
of eye and from caudal, upper edge concave, longest ray as long as or a
little longer than head. Anal III 5, not reaching caudal. Pectoral a

LABEO. 315

little shorter than head, not reaching ventral, which is inserted below
middle of dorsal. Caudal deeply notched, crescentic. Caudal peduncle
14 to 1} times as long as deep. Scales 40-41 — 4—5 between lateral
line and ventral, 18-22 round caudal peduncle, Dark olive-brown
above, whitish beneath.

Total length 260 millim.

Limpopo System.

1-4. Types. Klein Letaba, tributary of Mr. C. Grant (C.) ;
Olifant R., Transvaal. G. D. Rudd, Esq. (P.).
5. Ad. Dwaars R., Transvaal. Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist (P.).

10. LABEO VELIFER.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 34, pl. xvi. (1898), and Poiss. Bass. Congo,
p. 211 (1901).
Body strongly compressed, its depth 23 to 23 times in total length.
Head 4 to 4% times in total length, nearly as broad as long ; snout broad,
rounded ; eye perfectly lateral, in middle of head, 43 to 5 times in length

Labeo velifer.
Type (A.M.C.). 4.

of head, 4 to 44 times in interorbital width ; width of mouth, with lips,
nearly half length of head; lips with plicae on inner surface, upper
entire, lower with papille forming a fringe; edge of rostral flap
denticulate ; no barbel; snout with numerous tubercles. Dorsal ILI
12-13, equally distant from head and from caudal, very convex, longest
rays much longer than head. Anal II 5, extending much beyond root

316 CYPRINIDA.

of caudal. Pectoral as long as head, reaching or narrowly separated
from ventral, the first ray of which falls below 2nd or 3rd branched
ray of dorsal, Caudal notched. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as deep
as long. Scales 36-38 sete 4 between lateral line and root of ventral,
16 round caudal peduncle. Olive-brown.

Total length 420 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1. One of the types. New Antwerp, Upper Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
2. Ad. Monsembe, 7 Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

11. LABEO LONGIPINNIS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 33, pl. xvii. fig. 1 (1898), and Poiss. Buss.
Congo, p. 212 (1901).
Body strongly compressed, its depth 24 to nearly 3 times in total
leneth. Head 4 times in total length, ? as broad as long; snout broad,

Labeo longipinnis.

Type (A. M.C.). }.

rounded ; eye perfectly lateral, in middle of head, 434 to 5 times in
length of head, 34 to 4 times in interorbital width; width of mouth,
with lips, nearly twice in length of head; lips with plice on inner
surface, upper entire, lower bordered by a series of conical papille ;
edge of rostral flap denticulate; a small barbel hidden under folds of
skin; snout with numerous tubercles. Dorsal IIL 12-13, equally

LABEO. eal

distant from occiput and from candal, convex, longest rays much longer
than head. Anal IT 5, extending much beyond root of caudal. Pectoral
as long as head, reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls under 3rd
or 4th branched ray of dorsal. Caudal notched, crescentic. Caudal
peduncle deeper than long. Scales 37 a, 4 between lateral line and
root of ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Dark purple, scales edged
with dark green.

Total length 170 millim.

Upper Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

12. LABEO COUBIE.

Riipp. Fortsetz. Beschr. n. Fische Nil, p. 11, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1832); Cuv. & Val.
Hist. Poiss. xvi. p. 344 (1843) ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 170, pls. xxix., xxx.,
& xxxi. fig. 2 (1907).

Labeo niloticus, part., Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 338.

Labeo selti, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 345; Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixi. i. 1870,
p. 562, pl. vii. fig. 1.

Labeo niloticus, Heckel, Russegger’s Reise Egypt. iii. p. 300, pl. xx. fig. 1 (1846) ;
Peters, Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 46 (1868).

Labeo coubie, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 48 (1868), and Petherick’s Trav. ii.
p- 260 (1869).

? Labeo steindachneri, Pfeft. Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 51 (1896).

Fig. 238.

Labeo coubie.
Upper Nile (F. N.). 4.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 3 to 3% times in total length.
Head 4 to 42 times in total length in adult, 3 to 4 times in young, its
width 2 to 2 its length; snout rounded, often more or less swollen, $ to

318 CYPRINIDE.

2 length of head, at least as long as and often longer than postocular
part of head; eye nearly perfectly lateral, 44 to 7 times in length of
head in adult, 3 to 4 times in young; interorbital width 4 to # length
of head; width of mouth, with lips, 2 to 3 times in length of head;
lips not distinctly fringed on the edge, with small papille forming
transverse plicee on inner side; rostral flap large, completely detached
at the sides, its edge entire or feebly denticulate; a minute barbel,
usually hidden under folds of skin; tubercles on the snout, or their
crater-like scars, much developed in adult. Dorsal III 12-13 (rarely
11 or 14), equally distant from anterior or posterior border of the eye
and caudal, its upper edge straight or more or less convex in adult,
straight or slightly concave in young; except in very young specimens,
longest rays more or less exceeding length of head. Anal III 54,
reaching root of caudal, or beyond. Pectoral nearly as long as or a
little longer than head, not reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls
below 4th or 5th branched ray of dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate,
crescentic when fully spread out. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or

a little deeper than long. Scales 56-40 Bea 4-53 between lateral line
and root of ventral, 16-18 round caudal peduncle. Brown or brownish
olive above, the scales often darker at the base, with or without a very
indistinct darker lateral band; young often with dark longitudinal lines
running between the series of scales, and constantly with a large round
dark blotch on the caudal peduncle.

Total length 430 millim.

Lower Nile to Victoria Nile ; Senegal to Old Calabar ; Kingani R. ().—
Types in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort (M.).

1. One of the types. Cairo. Dr. Riippell (C.).

2. Her. Beni Souef, Lower Nile. LL, Loat, Esq. (C.).

go. Xe, Near Luxor. 5

4-5. Yo. Assuan. .

6. Ad. Abu Hoor, Upper Nile. .

7-13. Ad., her., & yg. Near Kosheh, _,, .
14. Skel. 55 Pr
15. Ad. Hannek, Third Cataract. 5
16-23. Her. & yg. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
24. Hgr. Sennar, Blue Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
25. Yg. Mouth of Lake No, White x

Nile.

26. Her. Gondokoro, Bahr-el-Gebel. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).

oi. Ye » i L. Loat, Esq. ((.).

LABEO. 319

28. Ad. Fajao, Victoria Nile. J. 8S. Budgeit, Esq. (P.).
29-31. Ad. & yg. McCarthy Id., Gambia. 3

32. Yg. Jebba, Upper Niger. Dr. C. Christy (P.).

33. Ad. Mureji, 7 J. 8. Budgett, Esq. (P.).
34-35. Yo. Abo, Lower Niger. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
36-41. Ye. Agberi, 3

42-44, Hor. & yg. Benue R., N. of Ibi. H. L. Norton Traill, Esq. (C.).
45-46. Her. Warri, Old Calabar. Miss Kingsley (C.).

13. LABEO CONGORO.

Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 683, and Reise Mossamb. iv. p. 45, pl. ix. (1868).
General proportions and structure of mouth as in LZ. coubie. Dorsal
IV 11, longest rays about once and } length of head. Scales 38-39 se

6)

Fig. 239.

Labeo congoro.
Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 4

4% between lateral line and root of caudal, 16 round caudal peduncle.
Golden above, darker on the back, silvery white beneath ; dorsal bluish
black, anal and caudal reddish black.

Total length 330 millim.

Zambesi.—Types in Berlin Museum.

320 CYPRINIDZ.

14. LABEO NEUMANNI.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1903, ii. p. 329, pl. xxix.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 54 to 52 times in total length,
Head 44 to 42 times in total length, 14 to 14 times as long as broad ;
snout rounded, its length 2 to a little less than 4 that of head; eye
perfectly lateral, 44 to 54 times in Jength of head; interorbital width 4
length of head; width of mouth, with lips, 2 to 4 length of head; lips
with small papille forming transverse plice; lower lip with a fringe
of conical papille ; rostral flap large, with denticulate edge; a minute
barbel in the corner of the mouth, hidden under folds of skin. Dorsal

Fig. 240,

Labeo neumannt.

Type (P. Z.S. 1903). 3.

IIT 11-12, a little nearer end of snout than caudal, its upper edge
concave, longest ray as long as or slightly longer than head. Anal
III 5, reaching or nearly reaching root of caudal. Pectoral as long
as or a little longer than head, not quite reaching ventral, the first
ray of which falls below 4th or 5th branched ray of dorsal. Caudal
deeply emarginate, crescentic when fully spread out. Caudal peduncle
1} to 14 times as long as deep. Scales 39-40 ate 5 between lateral

line and root of ventral, 16-18 round caudal peduncle. Olive above,
whitish beneath ; fins greyish,

LABEO. 321

Total length 320 millim.
Modjo and Wabbi Rivers (Webi Shebeli), S, Ethiopia.

1-2. Types. Modjo R. Prof. O. Neumann and
Baron U. von Erlanger (C.).

15. LABEO GREGORII.
Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 90, pl. x. fig. B.
Labeo bottegi, Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xvii. 1897, p. 358.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 3} to 34 times in total length.
Head 4 to 4} times in total length, 13 times as long as broad;
snout obliquely truncate, strongly projecting; eye perfectly lateral,
in middle of head, 3 to 3} times in length of head, 12 to 1% times
in interorbital width; lips with small papille forming transverse
plicee; lower lip with a fringe of conical papille; rostral flap with
entire edge; a small barbel, hidden in folds of skin; small tubercles on
snout. Dorsal III] 10-11, equally distant from centre or anterior border
of eye and from caudal, upper edge concave, longest ray as long as head.
Anal III 5, reaching root of caudal. Pectoral as long as head, not
reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls below 5th branched ray of

dorsal. Caudal deeply notched, crescentic. Caudal peduncle slightly
54-64
7?
of ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Silvery, brownish on the back.
Total length 125 millim.
Tana and Rovuma Rivers, East Africa.
1. Type. Tana R. at Merifano. Prof. J. W. Gregory (P.).
2,3. Yg. Rovuma R. Sir J. Kirk (P.).

longer than deep. Scales 35-37 4 between lateral line and root

16. LABEO DARLINGI.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, ii. p. 13, pl. ii. fig. 1.

Body strongly compressed, its depth nearly equal to length of head
and contained 4 times in total length. Head 1} times as long as
broad; snout rounded, strongly projecting beyond mouth, with scars of
small tubercles; eye nearly perfectly lateral, in middle of head, its
diameter 43 times in length of head, 24 times in width of interorbital
region, which is flat; width of mouth, with lips, 3 that of head; rostral
flap and anterior border of lip not denticulated ; lower lip with a series
of papille forming a denticulation; inner surface of lip with numerous
transverse plicee, formed of closely-set obtuse papille; a minute.
barbel, hidden in folds at side of mouth. Dorsal II 10, with strongly

VOL. I. Y

322 CYPRINIDE.

notched upper border, equally distant from nostril or end of snout and
from caudal; longest ray equal to or exceeding length of head. Anal
II 5, longest ray nearly as long as the head and reaching root of
caudal. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching ventral. Ventral
nearly reaching vent, first ray falling under 7th of dorsal. Caudal
deeply forked, Caudal peduncle scarcely longer than deep. Scales

Fig. 241.

Labeo darlingi.
Type (P.Z.8. 1902). 3.

36-39 3, 4—5 between the lateral line and root of ventral, 16-20 round
7
caudal peduncle. Olive-brown above, whitish beneath ; fins dark.
Total length 160 millim.

Zambesi (Mazoe River) and Limpopo (Olifants River) Systems.

1. Type. Mazoe R., near Salisbury, J. ff. Darling, Esq. (P.).
Mashonaland.
2. Yo. ” ” ”
3. Ad. Klein Letaba (affluent of Mr. C. Grant (C.);
lifants R.), Transvaal. C. D. Rudd, Esq. (P.).

17. LABEO VICTORIANUS.
Labeo forskalit (non Riipp.), Hilgend. Sitzb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl. 1888, p. 78.
Labeo victorianus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii. p. 159, and Fish. Nile, p. 174,
pl. xxxii. fig. 1 (1907).

Body compressed, its depth equal to or a little greater than length of
head, 4 to 44 times in total length. Head about 1} to 12 times as
long as broad; snout rounded, with small horny warts in the adult, its
length about % to ? that of head; eye perfectly lateral, in middle or
a little auterior to middle of head, 5 (young) to 62 times in length of
head; interorbital width 3 to 2 length of head ; width of mouth about 4
to } length of head; lips not distinctly fringed on the edge with small

LABEO, 323

papille forming transverse plice on inner side; rostral flap moderately
large, with entire edge ; a minute barbel, hidden under folds of skin.
Dorsal TII 9-10, equally distant from end of snout and from caudal, or a
little nearer latter, upper edge strongly concave, last simple ray longest
and nearly as long as head. Anal III 5, not reaching root of candal.
Pectoral nearly as long as ora little shorter than head, not reaching

Tig. 242,

Labeo victorianus.

Type (F.N.). 3.

ventral, the first ray of which falls below 4th or Sth branched ray of
dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate, crescentic when fully spread out.

1
65
3
TENS

44-5 between lateral line and root of ventral, 16-18 round caudal

Caudal peduncle about once and 3 as long as deep. Scales 38-39

peduncle. Olive or dark steel-grey above, whitish beneath ; fins greyish,
dorsal sometimes yellow at the base, dorsal, anal, and ventral sometimes
tinged with orange ; a more or less distinct black spot behind the upper
part of the gill-cover.

Total length 325 millim.

Lake Victoria.

1-3. Types. Lake Victoria. Sir H. H. Johnston (P.).
4, Ad. Near Entebbe. Mrs. E. A. Minchin (P.).
5. Ad. Entebbe. Mr. E. Degen (C.).

6. Ad. Kimmi Id. 53

7-13. Ad., hgr., & yg. Bunjako. 5

18. LABEO FUELLEBORNI.

Labeo victorianus fuelleborni, Hilgend. & Pappenh. Sitz. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berl,
1903, p. 268.
Labeo fuelleborni, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 42.
Stated to differ from LZ. victortanus in the following points :—Head

y2

324 CYPRINIDA.

not quite once and 4 as long as broad; eye more supero-lateral ; width
of mouth 3 length of head. Dorsal with straight upper edge. Caudal
peduncle not longer than deep. Scales 36 a 4 between lateral line and
root of ventral. Olive, scales with dark edges forming a network; a
dark spot behind the gill-opening ; dorsal blackish.

Total length 300 millim.

Lake Rukwa.—Type in Berlin Museum.

19. LABEO BRACHYPOMA.

Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 50 (1866) ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903,
p. 261.
Labeo walkeri, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, ii. p. 338, pl. xxxiii.
Body strongly compressed, its depth 3 to 33 times in total length.
Head 4 to 4} times in total length, 1} to 12 times as long as broad;

Fig. 243.

Labeo brachypoma.
Type of L. walkeri, after Giinther (P. Z. S. 1902). 3,

snout rounded, slightly projecting; eye supero-lateral, in second half of
head, 4 to 5 times in length of head, 2 to 24 times in interorbital width ;
width of mouth, with lips, } to $ length of head; lips feebly fringed,
with transverse plice on inner side; rostral flap entire ; a small barbel,
hidden in folds of skin ; snout with large tubercles. Dorsal III-IV 9-11,
equally distant from centre of eye or nostrils and from caudal, upper edge
straight or convex, longest ray 14 to 14 times length of head. Anal

LABEO., 325

Il 5, reaching root of caudal. Pectoral as long as or slightly longer than
head, not reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls below 3rd or 4th
branched ray of dorsal. Caudal deeply notched, crescentic when fully
spread out. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or slightly deeper than
long. Scales 32-34 a 3 between lateral line and root of caudal, 12 round
caudal peduncle. Dark olive-brown, lighter beneath.

Total length 290 millim.

Lagos, Gold Coast.

1-3. Ad. & hgr., types. Lagos. H. T. Ussher, Esq. (C.).
4-6. Her. & yg., types Nyankoma, Gold Coast. R.B.N. Walker, Esq. (C.) ;
of L. walkeri. Dr. A. Giinther (P.).

20. LABEO MACROSTOMA.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 36, pl. xix. fig. 1 (1898), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 216 (1901).
Body strongly compressed, its depth 3% to 4} times in total length.
Head 4 to 44 times in total length, its width 3 its length; snout rather

Fig. 244.

Lubeo macrostoma.

Type (A. M.C.). Z.

pointed, very prominent, swollen at the end in adult ; eye supero-lateral,
in second half of head, 4 (young) to 6 times in length of head, 2 to
4 times in interorbital width; width of mouth, with lips, 13 to 2 times
in length of head; upper lip entire, lower fringed with small papille,
both with transverse plice on inner surface; edge of rostral flap denti-
culate; a minute barbel hidden under folds of skin; snout of adult
nearly entirely covered with spinose tubercles. Dorsal III 10, a little

326 CYPRINIDE.

nearer caudal than end of snout, upper edge not or but feebly notched
in adult, more distinctly in young, longest rays as long as or longer than
head. Anal IJ 5, extending beyond root of caudal. Pectoral as long as
head, not reaching ventral, the first ray of which is below 9th or 10th
ray of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Caudal peduncle nearly as long

as deep. Scales 38-39 ae 4 between lateral line and root of ventral,
16-18 round caudal peduncle. Brown or dark purplish above, the scales
edged with green; dorsal and anal pink, pectorals and ventrals dark
purple, caudal pale yellow at the base, pink at the end.

Total length 590 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Ad., one of the Matadi, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilwerth (C.).
types.
2. Her. Cataracts of Yelala, near M. P. Delhez (C.).
Matadi.
3-5, Ad. & yg. Kwango R. at Fort Don Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

Carlos I., Angola.

21. LABEO CYCLORHYNCHUS.
Bouleng. Aun. Mas. Congo, Zool. i. p. 98, pl. xl. fig. 1 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 214 (1901).
Labeo cyclorhynchus, var. varieyata, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1901, p. 332.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 3 to 34 times in total length.
Head 32 to 4 times in total length, 13 to 13 times as long as broad;
snout broad and rounded, projecting very little beyond mouth; eye
supero-lateral, in middle of head, 3 (young) to 43 times in length of
head, 14 to 2% times in interorbital width; width of mouth, with lips,
1} times in length of head ; lips feebly fringed, with feeble plice on the
inner surface ; rostral flap feebly denticulate; a small barbel, nearly
hidden in folds of skin; small tubercles on sides of snout. Dorsal lI
11-12, equally distant from eye and from caudal, upper border concave,
longest ray 13 times length of head. Anal III 5, reaching root of
caudal. Pectoral not reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls below
4th branched ray of dorsal. Caudal deeply notched, crescentic. Caudal

peduncle as long as deep. Scales 35-38 9 4 between lateral line and
root of caudal, 16 round caudal peduncle. Dark brown above, greyish
beneath, each scale with a crimson spot; vertical fins dark grey. Young

LABEO, 327

yellowish, with dark brown spots and marblings, and with black markings

on the fins.
Fig. 245.

Labeo cyclorhynchus.
Type (A.M. C.). 4.

Total length 160 millim.
Upper Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1-3. Yg. Monsembe. Rev. J. H. Weeks (P.).

22. LABEO FALCIPINNIS.
Lubeo faleifer (non C. & V.), Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 35, pl, xvii.
fig. 2 (1898), and Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 215 (1901).
Labeo falcipinnis, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 360.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 3 to 4 times in total length.
Head 4 times in total length, its width } its length; snout rounded,
a little swollen at the end; eye in second half of head, supero-lateral,
4 to 5 times in length of head, 23 to 3 times in interorbital width ; width
of mouth, with lips, 2 or 4 length of head; lips with a marginal fringe
of papille, and with transverse plice on inner surface; edge of rostral
flap strongly denticulate ; a small barbel hidden under folds of skin ;
large spinose tubercles on snout. Dorsal III 11, falciform, equally
distant from anterior border of eye and from caudal, longest ray 13 times
length of head. Anal III 5, reaching beyond root of caudal. Pectoral
as long as head, not quite reaching ventral, the first ray of which is below

328 CYPRINIDA.

9th of dorsal. Caudal deeply notched. Caudal peduncle deeper than

long. Scales 39 aoe 5 between lateral line and root of ventral, 20 round

caudal peduncle. Uniform brownish above, whitish beneath.

Lubeo fuleipinnis.
Type (A. M.C.). 4.

Total length 460 millim.
Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. One of the types. New Antwerp, Upper Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
2. Ad. Monsembe, SS Rey. J. H. Weeks (P.).

23. LABKO KIRKII.

Labeo forskalii, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 50 (1868).
Labeo kirkii, Bouleng. Aun. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 360.

Body moderately compressed, its depth equal to length of head and
4 times in total length. Head 3 as broad as long; snout obtusely
pointed, strongly projecting, with a strong curved transverse groove
above, its length 4 that of head; eye supero-lateral, 6 times in length of
head, 23 times in interorbital width ; width of mouth, with lips, 2 length
of head; lips strongly developed, upper straight-edged, lower expanded
and bordered in front by a fringe of papille, the posterior border
festooned; inner surface of lips with small papille forming numerous
transverse plice; rostral flap large, with denticulate edge; snout with
crater-like scars of large tubercles. Dorsal III 10, equally distant from
nostrils and from caudal, upper edge concave, longest ray a little longer

LABEO., 329

than head. Anal III 5, nearly reaching root of caudal. Pectoral as
long as head, not reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls below 4th
branched ray of dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate. Caudal peduncle

Fig. 247.

Labeo kirkii.
Type. 4.

a little longer than deep. Scales 39 a 4 between lateral line and root
of ventral, 22 round caudal peduncle. Dark brown above, lighter
beneath.

Total length 240 millim.

Royuma River, East Africa.
1. Type. Rovuma R. Sir J. Kirk (P.).

24. LABEO FORSKALIL.

Cyprinus niloticus, var. b, Forskal, Deser. Anim. p. 71 (1775).

Labeo forskalii, Riipp. Mus. Senckenb. ii. p. 18, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1835) ; Cuv. & Val.
Hist. Poiss. xvi. p. 343 (1842) ; Heckel, Russegger’s Reise Egypt. iii. p.301,
pl. xx. fig. 2 (1846) ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 176, pl. xxvii. fig. 2 & pl. xxxi.
fig. 3 (1907).

Labeo forskalii, part., Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p.50 (1868), and Petherick’s Trav. ii.
p. 260 (1869).

Body more or less compressed, its depth 34 to 4} times in total length.
Head 4 to 5 times in total length, its width 3 to ¢ its length; snout
rounded, strongly projecting, more or less swollen, often with a more or
less distinct curved transverse groove above, its length about half, or a

330 CYPRINID-E,

little more than half, length of head; eye small, supero-lateral, 53 to 8
times in length of head (4 or 5 times in very young) ; interorbital width
2 to 4 length of head; width of mouth 2 to 2 length of head; lips
strongly developed, upper straight-edged, lower more or less expanded
and bordered in front by a fringe of papille, the posterior border being
more or less distinctly festooned ; inner surface of lips with small papille
forming numerous transverse plice; rostral flap large, completely

Fig. 248.

Labeo forskalit.
Upper Nile (F. N.). 3.

detached at the sides, its edge entire or more or less distinctly festooned ;
a minute barbel, concealed under folds of skin; horny tubercles on the
snout, or their crater-like scars, much developed in adult, more so in
males than in females. Dorsal II] 10 (rarely 9 or 11) rays, equally
distant from end of snout or nostrils and from caudal, upper edge concave,
last simple ray and first branched ray more or less produced in males ;
except in very young and certain female specimens, longest rays more or
less considerably exceeding length of head. Anal III 5, shorter than
head, often reaching root of caudal. Pectoral nearly as long as
head, not reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls below 4th or 5th
branched ray of dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate, crescentic when
fully spread out. Caudal peduncle 14 to 14 times as long as deep.
Scales 38-42 ot. 4—5 between lateral line and root of ventral, 16
(rarely 18) round caudal peduncle. Dark olive above and on the sides,
white beneath; scales on the sides often pink in the centre; fins dark
grey, first ray of pectoral, ventral, and anal often yellowish.

Total length 360 millim.

Lower Nile to upper tributaries of Blue Nile.

1-4. Ad. & her.

LABEO,

Lower Nile.

8. 8. Allen, Esq. (P.).

331

5-9. Ad, Near Samannud, Damietta L. Loat, Esq. (C.).
Nile.
10-12. Yg, Rosetta Nile, near Barrage. i
13-14. Ad. Near Cairo. »
15. Her. Wasta, Lower Nile. 3
10-28... Ye. Near Luxor, fC
24. Ad. Assuan. “i
25-27, Ad. Korosko, Upper Nile. 5
28-37. Ad. & her. Wady Halfa. 35
38. Hor. Kosheh, Upper Nile. 3
39. Ad. Near Hannek, Third Cataract. 55
40. Ad. Khartum. J. Petherick, Esq. (C.).
41. Skel, 5 ”
42. Yo. Wad Medine, Blue Nile. L. Loat, Esq. (C ).

43, 44-63. Ad. & ye.

64-66. Ad. & her.

67-68. Ad.

Rosaires, a

Didessa R. (Blue Nile), Guma,
1500 ft.

Juju R., affluent of Didessa
R., Guma, 2000 ft.

»

Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. MeMillan, Esq. (P.).
Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
WN. McMillan, Esq. (P.).

25. LABEO CYLINDRICUS.

Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 684, and Reise Mossamb. iy. p. 47, pl. x. fig. 1
(1868) ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 361, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1903, ii. p. 330, and Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1906, p. 548.

Tylognathus cantini, Sauy. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) vi. 1882, p. 175; Vincig. Aun.
Mus. Genova, (2) xv. 1895, p. 50, & xix. 1898, p. 259.

Tylognathus montunus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 71, pl. viii. fig. B.

Labeo forskalii, part., Pfeff. Thierw. O.-Afr., Fische, p. 49 (1896) ; Hilgend. Zool.
Jahrb., Syst. xxii. 1905, p. 413.

Labeo montanus, Pfeff. t. c. p. 52.

? Labeo mesops (non Giinth.), Vineig. op. cit. (2) xvii. 1897, p. 361.

Very closely allied to and barely separable from L. forskalit.

Body feebly compressed, 4 to 42 times in total length. Head 4 to
4? times in total length, its width 2 to 2 its length, as in L. forskali’, but
eye larger, 4 to 7 times in length of head. Dorsal III 8-10, longest ray
usually longer, often much longer, than head, sometimes as much as twice

aslong. Anal III 5. Scales 35-39 jor 3—4 between lateral line and
root of ventral, 16-18 round caudal peduncle.

1 Dark olive above and on
the sides, white beneath; cauda! often with the upper aud lower edges
dark.

Total length 400 millim.

302 CYPRINIDZ.

Abyssinia, East Africa to the Zambesi, Lakes Tanganyika and
Nyassa.—Type in Berlin Museum.

Luabeo cylindricus.
Type, after Peters (Reise Mossamb.). 3.

1-3. Hgr. Jerrer RK. (Webi Shebeli), Mr. E. Degen (C.).
near Harrar.
4, Skel. Fe % oe ri
5. Her. Modjo R. (Webi Shebeli). Prof. O. Neumann and
Baron C. von Erlanger (C.).
6-8. Ad. &hgr. Zeissi R. (L. Abaia), Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.);
3000 ft. W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).
9-10. Ad. L. Gandjule (Margherita), 3
3000 ft.
11-12. Ad. Ganda R. (i. Gandjule), 53
3000 ft.
13. Ad. Sagan R. at Wondo, as
2800 ft.
14-16. Ad. Delbena LR. (Sagan), re
3200 ft.
17. Ad. Gato R. (Sagan), 3700 ft.
18-19. Ad. Zuja R. (L. Stephanie), a
4200 ft.
20. Ad. Barja R. (L. Stephanie), -
4250 ft.
21-23. Ad. & hgr. Omo R. at Kullo, 2000 ft.
24-26, Ad. Ergino R.(Omo), 3000 ft.

27-29. Ad. & hgr. Zendo R. (Omo), 4500 ft.

LABEO. 333

30-33. Her. L. Baringo. Sir H. H. Johnston (P.).
34-35. Ad. Niro - Narock System, S. L. Hinde, Esq. (P.).
Lorian Swamp.

36-38, 39. Ad.&hgr. Mathoiya R. (Tana),

”

4000 ft.
40. Her., type of Kilimandjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq. (P.).
T. montanus.
41-42. Yg. Lumi R., E. of Kili- A. B. Percival, Esq. (C.).
mandjaro.
43-44. Ad. Utinta, L. Tanganyika. Dr. W. A.Cunnington(C.).
45-46. Ad. L. Nyassa. Capt. E. L. Rhoades (P.).
47. Ad. Upper Zambesi, above T. Codrington, Esq. (P.).

Victoria Falls.

26. LABEO NASUS.
Bouieng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 99, pl. xl. fig. 2 (1899), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 218 (1901).
Body feebly compressed, its depth 43 times in total length. Head a
little longer than broad, 44 times in total length ; snout pointed, very

Fig. 250.

Labeo nasus.

Type (A. M.C.). 2.

prominent, ending in a small transverse, slightly turned up appendage ;
eye supero-lateral, in second half of head, 5 (young) to 7 times in length
of head, 33 times in interorbital width; width of mouth, with lips,
3 length of head; lips with feeble transverse plicz on inner surface, with
feebly denticulate edge; rostral flap entire; a minute barbel, hidden in
folds of skin; snout with large tubercles. Dorsal III 10, a little nearer
caudal fin than end of snout, deeply emarginate, longest ray as long as

334 CYPRINIDA.

head. Anal II 5, reaching root of caudal. Pectoral hardly as long as
head, not reaching ventral, the first ray of which is below 7th of dorsal.
Caudal deeply notched, crescentic when fully spread out. Caudal
peduncle nearly as long as deep. Scales 38-39 3 4 between lateral
line and root of ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Purplish above,
lighter beneath ; scales edged with yellow.

Total length 190 millim.

Congo.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Yy., one of the types. Matadi, Lower Congo. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
2. Yg. Stanley Pool. M. De Meuse (C.).

27. LABEO GREENII.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 29, pl. viii. fig. 4 (1902).

Body feebly compressed, its depth 5 to 5} times in total length.
Head 4 to 44 times in total length, its width 3 to } its length; snout
obtusely pointed, very prominent ; eye supero-lateral, in second half of
head, 4 (young) to 53 times in length of head, 2 to 3 times in inter-

Fig. 251.

Labeo greeni

Type (A. M.C.). 3.

orbital width ; width of mouth, with lips, a little more than half length
of head ; upper lip entire, lower very feebly fringed, both with transverse
plice on the inner surface; rostral flap very feebly denticulate ; a minute
barbel, hidden in folds of skin; snout nearly entirely covered with large
spinose tubercles in adult. Dorsal III 10, a little nearer caudal than
end of snout, notched, longest ray 14 to 12 times length of head.

LABEO. 335

Anal II 5, reaching root of caudal. Pectoral nearly as long as head, not
reaching ventral, the first ray of which falls below 5th or 6th ray
of dorsal. Caudal with deep angular notch. Caudal peduncle as long
as deep. Scales 37-38 ae 4 between lateral line and root of ventral,
16 round caudal peduncle. Dark olive, belly white ; a large black spot
on caudal peduncle; caudal blackish, with the lower edge whitish.

Total length 270 millim.

Upper Congo and Ubanghi.—Type in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1. Her., one of the Bolobo, Upper Congo. Rev. G. Grenfell (P.).
types.
2-3. Her. & yg. Lindi River. M. M. Storms (C.) ;

Brussels Museum (E.).

28. LABEO LUKUL&.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, i. p. 235, pl. xxiii.

Body compressed, its depth nearly 4 times in total length. Head 44
times in total length, 1}.times as long as broad; snout obtusely

Labeo lukule.
Type (P. Z. 8.1902). 3.

pointed, strongly projecting ; eye supero-lateral, in second half of head,
6 times in length of head, 23 in interorbital width; width of mouth,
with lips, half length of head; rostral flap and anterior border of lip
not denticulated; posterior border of lip denticulated; inner surface of
lips with numerous feeble, transverse plice ; a minute barbel, hidden
in folds at sides of mouth; snout covered with large tubercles. Dorsal

336 CYPRINIDZ.

III 10, a little nearer root of caudal than end of snout, notched,
longest ray as long as head. Anal II 5. Pectoral as long as head,
not reaching base of ventral, the first ray of which falls under 4th
branched ray of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Caudal peduncle 1}
times as long as deep. Scales 36 a 4 between lateral line and root
of ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Dark olive, belly whitish.

Total length 250 millim.

Lukula River, Upper Congo.—Type in Brussels Museum.

29. LABEO ANNECTENS.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1903, i. p. 23, pl. ii. fig. 1.

Body moderately compressed, its depth nearly equal to length of head,
424 to 5 times in total length. Head 1} to 14 times as long as broad;
snout rounded or rather pointed, strongly projecting beyond mouth ;
eye supero-lateral, in second half of head, 5 to 7 times in length of head,
2% to 3§ times in interorbital width; width of mouth, with lips, 4 to
3 length of head; rostral flap and posterior border of lip feebly

Fig. 253.

Labeo annectens.
Type (P. Z. 58. 1903). 4.

denticulated ; inner surface of lips with numerous feeble, transverse
plicee; a small barbel hidden in folds of skin; snout with numerous
tubercles. Dorsal III 10 (rarely 9 or 11), equally distant from end of
snout and from caudal, strongly notched; longest ray equal to length of
head or a little longer. Anal I] 5; longest ray 2 length of head.
Pectoral as long as or a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral,

LABEO. 337

the first ray of which falls under 5th or 6th branched ray of dorsal.
Caudal deeply forked. Caudal peduncle 1} to 12 times as long as deep.
Scales 34-39 sy 3 between lateral line and root of ventral, 12 round
caudal peduncle. Olive above, whitish beneath, with or without a rather
indistinct darker lateral band; fins greyish, tinged with orange or red
in life.

Total length 260 millim.

South Cameroon, Gaboon.

1-2. Ad. & her, Kribi R. at Efulen, S. Cameroon. G.I. Bates, Esq. (C.).

types.
3-6. Ad. & her. 3 35 53 %s
7-9, Ad. Ja R. (Congo System) at 7
Bitye, S. Cameroon.
10-12. Ad. & yg. Libi R. (Congo System), Fe
8. Cameroon.
13. Ad. Komadekke, Ogowe. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

30. LABEO CHARIENSIS.

Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1904, p. 311.
Labeo parvus (non Bouleng.), Steind. Ann, Hofmus. Wien, xxi. 1906, p. 154.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 4 times in total length. Head
once and 3 as long as broad; snout very prominent, with numerous
tubercles ; eye supero-lateral, in second half of head, 6 times in length
of head, 22 or 3 times in interorbital width ; inner surface of lips with
numerous transverse plicee; a minute barbel, hidden in the folds at side
of mouth. Dorsal II 10, faleiform, deeply notched, anterior rays
extremely prolonged, 12 or 13 times length of head. Anal II 5.
Pectoral a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral. Caudal forked,
with pointed lobes, Caudal peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales
84 = 3 between lateral line and root of ventral, 12 round caudal
peduncle. Olive-brown, lighter beneath,

Total length 500 millim.

Shari River (type in Paris Museum), Cameroon.

31. LABEO PARVUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ii. p. 30, pl. viii. fig, 5 (1902).

Body feebly compressed, its depth equal to or a little greater than
length of head, 4 or 5 times in total length. Head 1} to 14 times as
long as broad; snout rounded or obtusely pointed, very pominent, with

VOL. I. A

338 CYPRINID#.

large spiny tubercles in the male; eye supero-lateral, nearer gill-opening
than end of snout, 4 times in length of head, 1% to 2 times in inter-
orbital width; width of mouth, with lips, 2 to 24 times in length of
head; rostral flap not denticulated ; lower lip with very feebly denticu-
lated edge, inner surface with numerous transverse plicee; a small
barbel, hidden in the folds at side of mouth. Dorsal III 10, notched,

Fig. 254,

Labeo parvus.

Type (A.M. C.). 4

5°

longest ray as long as or a little shorter than head. Anal III 5, not
reaching root of caudal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, not
reaching ventral, which is below middle of dorsal. Caudal deeply
forked, with acutely pointed lobes. _ Caudal peduncle as long as deep,
or a little longer. Scales 33- 35 2 ji 29-8 between lateral line and
ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Olive above, yellowish beneath,
each scale on the upper parts sometimes with a blackish spot; lips and
paired fins blackish in the males.

Total length 130 millim.

Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.

1-2. Two cf the types. Banzyville, Ubanghi. Capt. Royaux (C.).

3. Ad. Aruwimi R, R. B. Woosnam, Esq. (C.) ;
Ruwenzori Expedition.

4. Ad. Lindi R. M. M. Storms (C.);
Brussels Museum (E.).

5-8. Yg. Bange Ngola, Angola. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

32. LABEO OBSCURUS.
Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1908, p. 204, and Bull. Soc. Philom. (9) x. 1908,
p. 126, fig.

Depth of body equal to or a little less than length of head, 4 to 44
times in total length. ead 14 to 13} times as long as broad; snout

LABEO, 339

rounded, very prominent, with large spiny tubercles; eye supero-lateral,
nearly in middle of length of head, 3 (young) to 44 times in length of
head, 14 to 13 times in interorbital width; width of mouth, with lips,
23 to 25 times in length of head; inner surface of lips with numerous
transverse plice ; a small barbel, hidden in the folds at side of mouth.
Dorsal III 9-10, strongly notched, longest ray as long as or a little
longer than head. Anal II 5, not reaching root of caudal. Pectoral
as long as or a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral. Caudal
peduncle a little longer than deep. Scales 33-35 a, 3 between lateral
line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Blackish brown above and
beneath, the caudal fin tinged with reddish.

Total length 160 millim.

Great Falls of Koukouré River, French Guinea.—Types in Paris
Museum.

33. LABEO UMBRATUS.
Abrostomus umbratus, A. Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Afr., Fish. pl. xii, fig. 1 (1841) ;
Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii. i. 1894, p. 454, pl. iv. fig. 1.

Labeo cafer, Castein. Mém. Poiss. Afr. Austr. p. 60 (1861).
Labeo sicheli, Casteln. 1. ¢.
Labeo umbrutus, Bouleny. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 362.

Body strongly compressed, its depth equal to length of head and
4 to 5 times in total length. Head 13 to 13 times as long as broad;

Labeo wmbratus.
Great Fish River. 3.

snout rounded, feebly prominent, shorter than postocular part of head;

eye lateral, 5 to 7 times in length of head; interorbital width > length
Z2

340 CYPRINIDE.

of head; width of mouth, with lips, about + length of head ; lips rather
feebly developed, with rounded or conical papille forming a fringe ;
rostral flap indistinct; two barbels on each side, anterior very short,
posterior shorter than or barely as long as eye. Dorsal IIT 8-10,
equally distant from nostrils or eye and from caudal, emarginate, longest
ray a little shorter than head. Anal III 5, not reaching root of caudal.
Pectoral 2 to # length of head, not reaching ventral, which is below
middle of dorsal. Caudal forked, with long pointed lobes. Caudal

peduncle 14 to 2 times as long as deep. Scales 58-65 ipeaien 9-10

between lateral line and root of ventral, 30-34 round caudal peduncle.
Brown above, yellowish beneath, or yellowish marbled with brown.
Total length 310 millim.
Orange River System and Rivers of Southern Watershed of Cape
Colony.

1. Her. Grobelaars R., Cape Colony. Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist (P.).
2. Her. Gamka R. at Prince Albert, Cape ss

Colony.
8-4. Her. Great Fish R., Cradok Division, 8. African Museum.

Cape Colony.
5-6. Ad. &hgr. Vredefort Road, Orange River Capt. Barrett Hamilton (P.).
Colony.

34. LABEO CAPENSIS.
Abrostomus capensis, A. Smith, Il]. Zool. 8. Afr., Fish. pl. xii. fig. 2 (1841).
Labeo tenuirostris, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii. i. 1894, p. 459, pl. v. fig. 2.
Labeo capensis, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xii. 1903, p. 362.

Body strongly compressed, its depth 33 to 43 times in total length.
Head 14 to 1} times as long as broad, 44 to 5 times in total length;
snout rounded, very prominent, as long as or a little longer than post-
ocular part of head; eye lateral, 4 to 63 times in length of head;
interorbital width 4 length of head; width of mouth, with lips, about 3
length of head; lips rather feebly developed, with rounded or conical
papille forming a fringe; rostral flap fringed ; two short barbels on each
side, equal, or anterior the longer, as long as or shorter than eye. Dorsal
TV 10-11, equally distant from eye and from caudal, emarginate, longest
ray as long as or a little shorter than head, Anal III 5, reaching, or
nearly reaching, root of caudal. Pectoral as long as or a little shorter
than head, not reaching ventral, which is below middle or posterior half
of dorsal. Caudal forked, with long pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle

LABEO., 341

13 to 1§ times as long as deep. Scales 44-50 ey 6-7 between
lateral line and reot of ventral, 20-24 round caudal peduncle. Grey
above, silvery white beneath.

Total length 320 millim.

Orange and Limpopo River Systems (Rivers of Cape Colony, according
to A. Smith).

Fig. 256.

Labeo capensis.

Type of LZ. tenutrostris, after Steindachner (1. ¢.). 4.

1. Her. Cape Colony. 8. African Museum.
2. Ad. Zak R., trib. of Orange R. Dr. J. D, F. Gilchrist (P.).
3-4. Ad. Town Reservoir, Kimberley. -
5-12. Ad.& Vredefort Road, Orange River Capt. Barrett Hamilton (P.).
her. Colony.
13. Skel. Vredefort Road. 5
14. Ad. Mooi R. at Potchefstroom, S. African Museum.
Transvaal.

35. LABEO ANSORGII.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. Gi. (7) xx. 1907, p. 108.

Body strongly compressed, its depth equal to length of head and
4 times in total length. Head once and 2 as long as broad; snout
broad, truncate, feebly projecting ; eye nearly perfectly lateral, 4 times
in length of head and once and # in interorbital width; width of mouth,
with lips, about half that of head; rostral flap not denticulated; lips
bordered with rounded papille, their inner surface with numerous

342 CYPRINID#.

transverse plica:; two barbels on each side, anterior 4, posterior }

diameter of eye; snout with conical horny tubercles. Dorsal IV 10,
with concave upper border, a little nearer caudal than end of snout,
longest ray slightly longer than head. Anal III 5, nearly reaching root

Labeo ansorgit.

Type.

of caudal. Pectoral nearly as long as head, not reaching ventral, which
is below middle of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, with acutely pointed
lobes. Caudal peduncle slightly longer than deep. Scales 36 2,
4 between lateral line and root of ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle.
Silvery, back brownish.

Total length 65 millim.

Angola.
1. Type. Swamps at Dongwenna, Mossamedes. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).
2. Yg." Cabro Negro. Dr. Welwitsch (P.).

36. LABEO BARBATUS.
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. i. p. 36, pl. xix. fig. 2 (1898), and Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 218 (1901).

Body strongly compressed, its depth 33 to 32 times in total length.
Head 14 to 13 times as long as broad, 4 to 5 times in total length ;
snout rounded, very prominent, slightly longer than postocular part of
head; eye supero-lateral, 35 (young) to 8 times in length of head, 14 to
4 times in interorbital width; width of snout, with lips, 2 to 4 length
of head ; lips with transverse plice on inner surface, upper entire, lower
fringed with conical papille; rostral flap with denticulate edge; two
much developed barbels on each side, much longer than eye in adult,

* This specimen, in bad condition, was referred by Giinther to L. senegalensis

LABEO.—DISCOGNATHUS. 343

about as long as eye in young; small tubercles on end of snout. Dorsal
II 10-11, nearly equally distant from end of snout and from caudal
emarginate, longest ray a little longer than head. Anal II 5, ae
extending beyond root of caudal. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching

Fig. 258.

Labeo barbatus.

Type (A. M.C.). 4.

ventral, the first ray of which is below 7th or 8th of dorsal. Caudal
with deep angular notch. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales
40-41 foe 6 between lateral line and root of ventral, 20-22 round
caudal peduncle. Purplish above, yellowish white beneath, the dorsal
scales edged with darker; dorsal pale yellow; young with a large
blackish spot on caudal peduncle.

Total length 500 millim.

Lower Congo.—Types in Congo Museum, Tervueren.
1. Hgr., one of the types. Boma. Capt. Wilverth (C.).
2-3. Ad. & yg. 35 M. P. Delhez (C.).
4. Yg. Bangala Country. M. De Meuse (C.).

2. DISCOGNATHUS.
Heckel, Russegger’s Reise, i. pt. ii. p. 1027 (1843) 5 Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 68
(1868) ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 180 (1907).

Body moderately or feebly compressed, covered with moderately large
scales. Lateral line equally distant from the back and from the belly.
Mouth inferior, transverse, crescent-shaped, protractile, sharp-edged,
with more or less developed lips; a more or less developed suctorial

344 CYPRINID.

disk on the chin, usually bordered by the lower labial fold; one or two
barbels on each side. Suborbitals not covering the cheek. Gill-
openings restricted to the sides. Dorsal fin with 9 to 11 rays, 7 or 8
of which are branched, originating in advance of the ventrals. Anal fin
short, with 7 rays. Pectoral fins horizontal. A scaly process at the
base of the ventral fins. Pharyngeal teeth in three series (2 or 3, 3 or 4,
4 or 5—5 or 4, 4 or 3, 3 or 2), with hooked, spoon-shaped crowns,
Southern Asia and North-east Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Pupil of the eye in the second half of the head; barbels not more than 4
diameter of eye ; ventrals below posterior half of dorsal ; Lat. 1. 37-40.

Snout projecting strongly beyond mouth,

the width of which is less than } length

of head; upper lip well developed,

with a series of papille forming a

fringe. . . 1. D. dembeensis, Riipp., p. 345.
Snout projecting fedbly beeen Alert

the width of which equals } length of

head ; upper lip vag developed,

not fringed. . . . - + + . 2. D, johnstonii, Blgr., p. 346.

II. Pupil of the eye in the middle, or anterior to the middle, of the length of the
head.
A. Mental disk well developed, with free posterior border.
1. Eye lateral, visible from below.
Barbels 3 diameter of eye ; ventrals below
posterior half of dorsal; caudal
peduncle as long as deep; Lat. 1.
85-38 we we ee ww . 8. Dz vinciguerre, Blgr., p. 347.
Barbels 3 to # diameter of eye; ventrals
below middle of dorsal; caudal
peduncle 13 to 13 times as long as
deep; Lat.1. 38-40 . . 2. . 1. . 4D. makiensis, Bler., p. 348.
2. Eye supero-lateral, not visible from below ; barbels 4 to 4 diameter of
eye ; caudal peduncle 1} to 1} times as long as deep.
Lat. 1. 33-38; ventrals below posterior

half of dorsal . . - + + 5. D. blanfordii, Blgr., p. 349.
Lat, 1. 38-42 ; ventrals ieee aida of
dorsal. . ©. 1 1 1 1. 1. 6. Di hindii, Blgr., p. 350.

B. Mental disk very indistinct, or reduced to a mere pad, without free
posterior border ; barbels } to 2 diameter of eye; Lat. 1. 37-42.
7. D. quadrimaculatus, Riipp., p. 351.

DISCOGNATHUS. 345:

1. DISCOGNATHUS DEMBEENSIS.

Chondrostoma dembeensis, Riipp. Mus. Senckenb. ii. p. 16, pl. ii. fig. 4 (1837).

Gymnostomus ? dembeensis, Heckel, Russegger’s Reise Heypt. iii. p. 329 (1846).

Discognathus dembeensis, Bouleng. Aun. & Mag. N. H. (7) xi. 1903, p. 54, and
Fish. Nile, p. 181, pl. xviii. fig. 1 (190%).

? Discognathus rothschildi, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1905, p. 291.

Body feebly compressed, its depth 42 to 64 times in total length.
Head moderately depressed, 1} to 14 times as long as broad, its length
47 to 5 times in total length; snout rounded, interorbital region nearly
flat ; eye supero-lateral, in second half of head, its diameter 4 (young)
to 7 times in length of head and about 2 to 3 times in interorbital
width; width of mouth 2 to 4 length of head; lips covered with
granular papille, the upper well developed, bordered by large papilla

Fig. 259.

Discognathus dembeensis.
Lake Tsana (F. N.).

forming a fringe; lower lip forming a fold embracing a mental disk,
which is broader than long; 2 small barbels on each side, not measuring
more than 4 diameter of eye; snout of breeding males studded with
numerous conical horny tubercles. Dorsal III 7, equally distant from
nostrils or anterior border of eye and from caudal, emarginate, longest
ray as long as ora little shorter than head. Anal II 5. Pectoral as
long as or a little shorter than head, widely separated from ventral,
which is situated below posterior half of dorsal. Caudal deeply
emarginate. Caudal peduncle 13 to 1$ times as long as deep.
Scales 36-40 ys 3-4 between lateral line and root of the ventral,
16-18 round caudal peduncle. Olive-green or brown above, yellowish
beneath ; a series of round black spots on the dorsal near its base.
Total length 160 millim.

346 CYPRINIDA.

Lake Tsana and upper tributaries of Blue Nile; Omo River;
Kilimandjaro.—Types in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort (M.).

1-3. Ad. &hgr. Bahardar, Lake Tsana. Mr. E. Degen (C.).
4-7, Ad. Matti R., affluent of Gudar R. Mr. P. ©. Zaphiro (C.) ;
(Blue Nile). W. N. McMillan (P.).
8. Skel. ” ” ” ”
9, Ad. Didessa R. (Blue Nile), 1500 ft. rr
10-11. Ad. Juju R., affluent of Didessa R., an
2000 ft.
12-17. Ad. Gibe R. (Omo), 2800 ft. is
18-19. Ad. & hgr. Nairobi R., Kilimandjaro, A.B. Percival, Esq. (C.).
6500 ft.

2. DISCOGNATHUS JOHNSTONIL.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii. p. 159, and Fish. Nile, p. 184, pl. xxxii. fig. 2
(1907).

Body feebly compressed, its depth equal to length of head and 5 times
in total length. Head moderately depressed, 1} to 13 times as long as
broad, with rounded, feebly projecting snout and nearly flat interorbital
region ; eye supero-lateral, in second half of head, its diameter 43 times
in length of head. 24 times in interorbital width; width of mouth
3 length of head; upper lip feebly developed, not fringed; lower lip

Fig. 260.

Discognathus johnstonii.

Type (F.N.). 4.

embracing a mental disk, which is much broader than long; 2 minute
barbels on each side, not measuring 4 diameter of eye. Dorsal III 7,
equally distant from nostrils and from caudal; longest ray 3 length of
head. Anal II 5. Pectoral ¢ length of head, widely separated from
ventral, which is situated below posterior half of dorsal. Caudal deeply
emarginate. Caudal peduncle 14 times as long as deep. Scales

37-38 a 4 between lateral line and root of ventral, 16 round caudal

DISCOGNATHUS. 847

peduncle. Upper parts and fins blackish olive ; lips, gular and pectoral

regions yellowish white, belly brown; two round deep black spots on
the dorsal fin, in the middle of its base.

Total length 110 millim.
Lake Victoria and Nairobi River, Kilimandjaro.

1. Type. Lake Victoria. Mr. W. G. Doggett (C.) ;
Sir H. H. Johnston (P.).
2. Ad. Nairobi R., Kilimandjaro, 6500 ft. A. B. Percival, Esq. (C.).

3. DISCOGNATHUS VINCIGUERRZ.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii. p. 160, and Fish. Nile, p. 185, pl. xxxi. fig. 4
(1907).

Body feebly compressed, its depth 44 to 53 times in total length.
Head moderately depressed, once and 3 as long as broad, } total length ;
snout rounded, interorbital region nearly flat, its width not quite half
length of head; eye lateral, but better visible from above than from
below, in middle of head, 33 times in length of head and once and 3 in
interorbital width; width of mouth about 4 length of head; upper
lip well developed, bordered by papilla forming a fringe; lower lip
embracing a mental disk, which is about as long as broad; two barbels
on each side, measuring 2 diameter of eye. Dorsal III 7, equally
distant from centre or posterior border of eye and from caudal; first

Fig. 261.

Discognathus vinciguerre.

Type (F. N.).

branched ray longest, as long as head. Anal II 5. Pectoral nearly as
long as head, widely separated from ventral, which is situated below
posterior half of dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate. Caudal peduncle
as long as deep. Scales 35-38 Bh 3-34 between lateral line and root of
ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Yellowish, the scales on the back
and sides finely speckled with brown, especially towards the border ;
a dark brown rhomboidal spot or vertical bar on the caudal peduncle

348 CYPRINID.E.

near the base of the caudal, and a more or less distinct dark bar on the
base of the fin; fins whitish, transparent.

Total length 43 millim,

Upper Nile and White Nile.

1-5. Types. Near Kermeh, 3rd Cataract. L. oat. Esq. (C.).
6. Hgr. Kaka, White Nile. 5

4. DISCOGNATHUS MAKIENSIS.
Bouleng. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1903, ii. p. 330, pl. xxxi. fig. 1.

Body feebly compressed, its depth 5 to 6 times in total length. Head
as broad as deep, 14 times as long as broad, $ to { total length; snout
rounded, projecting beyond mouth ; interorbital region convex, its width
not quite 4 length of head; eye lateral, but better visible from above
than from below, in middle of length of head, its diameter 4 to 53 times

Fig. 262.

Discognathus makiensis.

Type (P. Z. 8. 1903). 4.

in length of head and 2 to 24 times in interorbital width; width of
mouth not quite 3 length of head; upper lip well developed, not
fringed ; lower lip embracing a mental disk which is broader than long ;
2 barbels on each side, measuring 3 to # diameter of eye. Dorsal ILI 7,
equally distant from end of snout or nostrils and from caudal ; longest
ray a little longer than head. Anal II5. Pectoral as long as or slightly
longer than head, not reaching ventral, which is situated below middle
of dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate. Caudal peduncle 1} to 14 times
as long as deep. Scales 38-40 a 33-4 between lateral line and ventral,
16 round caudal peduncle. Olive above, white beneath.
Total length 80 millim.

Maki River, running into L. Zwai.

1-2. Types. Maki R. Prof. O. Neumann (C.).

DISCOGNATHUS. 349

5. DISCOGNATHUS BLANFORDII.

Discognathus lamta (non Ham. Buch.), Blanf. Geol. Zool. Abyssin. p. 460 (1870) ;
Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii. 1883, p. 695.

Discognathus blanfordii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1901, ii. p. 160, and 1903, ii.
p- 330, pl. xxxi. fig. 2.

Body very feebly compressed, its depth 4 to 53 times in total length.
Head scarcely depressed, 1} to 1} times as long as broad, its length
4¢ to 45 times in total length; snout rounded, projecting strongly
beyond mouth ; interorbital region flat, its width 4, or a little more
than 3, length of head; eye supero-lateral or nearly lateral, but not
visible from below, in middle, or anterior to middle, of length of head,
its diameter 4 (young) to 5} times in length of head, 2 to 24 times in
interorbital width; width of mouth (with lips) about 4 length of head ;
upper lip well developed, feebly fringed ; lower lip surrounding a mental

Fig. 263.

Discognathus blanfordit.
Gadschimboda R. (P. Z. 8. 1903). 4.

disk which is broader than long; 2 barbels on each side, measuring
L to 4 diameter of eye; snout of breeding males with conical horny
tubercles. Dorsal III 7, equally distant from anterior border of eye
or occiput and from caudal; longest ray as long as or slightly shorter
than head, Anal 11 5. Pectoral as long as head, not reaching ventral,
which is situated below second half of dorsal. Candal deeply emar-
ginate. Caudal peduncle 1} to 14 times as long as deep. Scales
33-38 42°2 9 4 between lateral line and root of ventral, 16 round

candal peduncle. Olive-brown to blackish above, whitish beneath ;

usually a few black spots at the base of the dorsal fin.
Total length 115 millim.
Eastern watershed of Abyssinia, Erythrea.

1-5. Hgr.&yg., types. Suru, Abyssinia.
6. Her., types. ” ”

Dr. W. T. Blanford (P.).
W. Jesse, Esq. (P.).

350 CYPRINIDA.

7-15. Ad. & yg. Chaffé- Dousa, high Mr. E. Degen (C.).
Plateau of Abyssinia.
16-25. Ad., hgr., & yg. Jerrer R. near Harrar. ‘9

26. Skel. 3 a 3

27-29. Ad. & yg. Gadschimboda R. Prof. O. Neumann and
(Hawash). Baron C. von Erlanger (C.).

30-37. Her. &yg., types. Abyssinia. Marquis G. Doria (P.).

38-42. Her. &yg., types. Amba, near Massowa. W. Jesse, Esq. (C.) ;
Dr. W. T. Blanford (P.).
43-49, Hor.& yg.,types. Near Massowa. W. Jesse, Esq. (P.).

6. DISCOGNATHUS HINDII.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1905, i. p. 62, pl. vii. fig. 1.

Body feebly compressed, its depth 5 to 53 times in total length.
Head broader than deep, 14 to 14 times as long as broad ; snout rounded,
projecting very strongly beyond mouth; interorbital region flat, its
width not quite 4 length of head; eye supero-lateral, not visible from
below, in middle of length of head, its diameter 4 (young) to 5 times in
length of head and 2 to 23 times in interorbital width ; width of mouth
about 7 length of head; upper lip well developed, fringed ; lower lip
surrounding a mental disk which is broader than long; 2 barbels on

Fig. 264,

Discognathus hindii.
Type (P. Z. 8.1905). 4

B°

each side, measuring 4 to 3 diameter of eye. Dorsal III 7, equally
distant from centre or anterior border of eye and from caudal; longest
ray as long as head or a little shorter. Anal II 5. Pectoral nearly as
long as head, not reaching ventral, which is situated below middle of
dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate, aslongashead. Caudal peduncle 13 to
14 times as long as deep. Scales 38-42 Toes 33-4 between lateral line and
ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Dark olive above, whitish beneath ;

usually a few black spots on the base of the dorsal fin; young with

DISCOGNATHUS. 361

a more or less distinct yellowish, dark-edged bar at the root of the
caudal fin.

‘Total length 70 millim.

Nyiro River (Lorian Swamp), Kenya District, East Africa.

1-20. Types. Nyiro R., 7000 ft. 8. L. Hinde, Esq. (P.).

7. DISCOGNATHUS QUADRIMACULATUS.

Golio quadrimaculatus, Riipp. Mus. Seckenb. ii. p. 22, pl. iii. fig. 8 (1837).

? Gobio hirticeps, Riipp. t. c. p. 23, pl. iii. fig. 4.

? Discognathus hirticeps, Heckel, Russegger’s Reise Egypt. iii. p. 329 (1846).

Discognathus quadrimaculatus, Heckel, 1. c. ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, ii.
p- 330, and Fish. Nile, p. 186, pl. xxxi. fig. 5 (1907).

Barbus quadrimaculatus, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 98 (1868).

Discognathus chiarinii, Vincig. Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii. 1883, p. 696, fig., and
xxix. 1898, p. 259.

Crossochilus quadrimaculatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) x. 1902, p. 422.

Body feebly compressed, its depth equal to or a little less than length

of head, which is contained 4 to 5 times in total length. Head slightly

depressed, 14 to 12 times as long as broad, with rounded snout and

nearly flat interorbital region ; eye supero-lateral, in middle of length of

head, its diameter 4 (young) to 6 times in length of head, 13 to 23 times

Fig. 265.

Discognathus quadrimaculatus.
Lake Tsana (F.N.). 3.

in interorbital width ; width of mouth nearly 3 length of head; upper
lip well developed, bordered by papille forming a fringe ; lower lip
usually confined to the sides, the mental disk merely indicated by a
swelling of the integument ; this disk, which may be very indistinct, not
broader than long, without or with a very feeble free border; 2 barbels
on each side, measuring 34 to ¢ diameter of eye. Dorsal II-III 7,
equally distant from centre or posterior border of eye and from caudal ;
longest ray a little shorter than head. Anal II 5. Pectoral as long as

352 CYPRINID.X.

or a little shorter than head, widely separated from ventral, which is
situated below posterior half of dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate.
Caudal peduncle about 14 times as long as deep. Scales 37-42 ad 3-4
between lateral line and root of ventral, 16-18 round caudal peduncle.
Brown or olive, somewhat lighter below, lower surface of head yellowish ;
usually a small black spot behind the gill-opening; a more or less
distinct dark spot or blotch on the caudal peduncle, separated from the
caudal fin by a yellowish bar; fins dusky, the dorsal lighter at the base,
which usually bears two to four black spots.

Total length 118 millim.

Lake Tsana, Lake Arsadé, Lake Zwai, upper tributaries of Hawash
River.—Types in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort (M_).

1-13. Ad.,hgr.,&yg. Bahardar, Lake Tsana. Mr. E. Degen (C.).
14-21. Ad., her, & yg. Zegi,

” ”

22. Skel. 3 53 c
23-25. Yo., types of Lake Arsadé, Adda Marquis O. Antinori (C.) ;
Dz chiarinii. Gallaland, Genoa Museum (P.).
26-35. Ad. & her. Lake Zwai. Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).
36. Her. Akaki R., Hawash. 55
37-38. Her. & yg. Suksuk R., Prof. O. Neumann and

Baron C. von Erlanger (C.).

3. VARICORHINUS.
Riipp. Mus. Senckenb. ii. p. 21 (1837) ; Bouleng. Fish. Nile, p. 190 (1907).
Capotta, part., Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xvi. p. 278 (1842) ; Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii
p- 77 (1868) ; Bouleng. Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 220 (1901).
Chondrostoma, part., Cuv. & Val. op. cit. xvii. p. 381 (1844).
Dillonia, Heckel, Russegger’s Reise Egypt. iii. p. 285 (1846).
Gymnostomus, part., Heckel, t. ¢c. p. 257.
Onychostoma, Giinth. Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. 1896, p. 211.
Pterocapoéta, Giinth. Novit. Zool. ix. 1902, p. 446.

Body strongly compressed, covered with small, moderate, or large
scales. Lateral line nearer the belly than the back, but running along
the middle of the caudal peduncle. Mouth large, inferior, transverse,
feebly protractile, without lips, the upper jaw partly covered by a rostral
fold, the lower completely exposed and showing a sharp cutting-edge
covered with a horny sheath; barbels present or absent. Suborbitals
not covering the cheek. Dorsal fin with or without ossified ray, with
11 to 14 rays, 8 to 11 of which are branched. Anal fin short, with 7 or

VARICORHINUS. 353

8 rays. Pharyngeal teeth in three series (2, 3,4 or 5—5 or 4, 3, 2),

with spoon-shaped crowns, which may be close together as in Labeo or
more wide apart as in Barbus,

South-western and Central Asia, Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Less than 40 scales in the lateral line ; last simple ray of dorsal strong and
ossified,
A. Two pairs of barbels.
D.IV 9; Se. 29 a caudal peduncle as long
as deep; ventral below anterior soft rays
ME DOTS) oy og! a OB BB hy. rR ansorgit, Blgr., p. 353.
DIY 2-80. a1 2; caudal peduncle twice
as long as deep ; ventral below middle
ofdorsal . 2 2 1 1. 1 ww. 2 Vi brucii, Blgr., p. 354.

B. One pair of barbels ; dorsal originating in advance of yentrals.

D.IV 11; Se. 31 2; caudal peduncle 14
2

times as longasdeep . . . . . . 3. V. tornieri, Stdr., p, 355.
D. IV 93 Se, 30-35 Fo
3-2 times aslongasdeep . . . . 4. V. beso, Riipp., p. 356.

; caudal peduncle

II. More than 40 scales in the lateral line ; one pair of barbels.
D. IV 10-11, originating in advance of

ventrals, last simple ray slender and

flexible ; Se. 43-46 Set - 4 6 + « 5. V. maroccanus, Gthr., p. 357.
D. IV 8-9, originating above ventrals, last

simple ray very strong and ossified ;

Se. 64-70 aT se oe & « o bs Vi tonganiee, Blov, p. 358.
2 2

1. VARICORHINUS ANSORGII.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvii. 1906, p. 111.

Depth of body twice and # in total length, length of head 5 times.
Snout rounded, broader than long, % length of head; eye supero-
lateral, its diameter 54 times in length of head, twice in interorbital
width; mouth wide, curved, its width 2 length of head; two barbels on
each side, anterior # diameter of eye, posterior as long as eye. Dorsal
lV 9, equally distant from eye and from caudal, last simple ray strong,
bony, not serrated, shorter than head; border of fin convex; longest

VOL. 1. 2A

354 CYPRINID.

soft rays as longas head. Anal III 5, reaching root of caudal. Pectoral
pointed, as long as head, not reaching ventral, which is situated below
anterior soft rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales 29 Z,

2 between lateral line and root of ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle.

Fig. 266.

Varicorhinus ansorgit.
1
Type. 2.

Pale mauve above, scales edged with bluish grey, greyish white beneath ;
fins all pale mauve, with dark mauve strie.

Total length 300 millim.

Kwango R. (Congo System), Angola.

1. Type. Kwango R. at Fort Don Carlos, Angola. Dr. W. J. Ansorge (C.).

2. VARICORHINUS BRUCII.
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1907, p. 310, pl. xix.

Depth of body 33 times in total length, length of head 44 times.
Snout rounded, broader than long, $ length of head; eye lateral,
4} times in length of head, twice in interorbital width; no conical
tubercles on the head; mouth feebly curved, its width 3 times in length
of head ; two barbels on each side, anterior } diameter of eye, posterior
as long as eye. Dorsal IV 9, last simple ray strong, bony, not serrated,
its rigid part $ length of head; border of fin concave; longest ray a

VARICORHINUS. 300

little shorter than head. Anal III 5, not reaching root of caudal.
Pectoral a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral, which is
inserted below middle of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, with pointed

Fig. 267.

Varicorhinus bructi.

Type (P. Z.8. 1907). 3.

lobes. Caudal peduncle twice as longas deep. Scales 31 ae 25 between
lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Back muddy brown,
belly white, fins grey.

Total length 170 millim.

Klein Olifant River, Transvaal.

1. Type. Klein Olifant R. Major G. E. Bruce (P.).

3. VARICORHINUS TORNIERI.

Steind. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xxi. 1907, p. 152 *.

Depth of body 3 times in total length, length of head a little more
than 4 times. Snout rounded, a little broader than long, a little less
than 2} length of head; eye supero-lateral, 42 times in length of head,
slightly less than orbital width; mouth scarcely curved, its width
25 times in length of head; a minute barbel. Dorsal IV 11, last simple
ray very strong, bony, not serrated, a little longer than head; border of
fin strongly concave. Anal III 5, not reaching root of caudal. Pectoral
a little shorter than head, not reaching ventral, which is inserted below

* This paper bears the date 1906, but as allusion is made to V. brucii, the description
of which did not appear until late in August 1907, its publication must be of a later

date.

396 CYPRINIDE.

middle of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Caudal peduncle once and 4
as long as deep. Scales 31 a 21 between lateral line and ventral,

12 round caudal peduncle. Dark brown above, yellow beneath.
Total length 180 millim.

Nyong River District, South Cameroon.—Types in Vienna Museum.

4. VARICORHINUS BESO.

Varicorhinus beso, Riipp. Mus. Senckenb. ii. p. 21, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1837) ; Bouleng.
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) x. 1902, p. 422, and Fish. Nile, p. 191, pl. xxxiii.
(1907).

Chondrostoma dillonii, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. xvii. p. 404 (1844).

Labeo varicorhinus, Cuv. & Val. t. c. p. 491.

Dillonia dillonii, Heckel, Russegger’s Reis. Egypt. iii. p. 285 (1846) ; Vincig.
Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii. 1883, p. 699.

Dillonia abyssinica, Heckel, t. c. p. 829.

Systomus beso, Heckel, t. c. p. 328.

Capoéta dillonii, Giinth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 81 (1868); Blanf. Geol. Zool. Abyssin.
p. 460 (1870).

Barbus beso, Giinth. t. c. p. 148.

Capotta beso, Pellegr. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1905, p. 291.

Depth of body 3 to 34 times in total length, length of head 4 to 5
times. Snout broad, swollen, its length 23 to 34 times in length of
head ; eye supero-lateral, its diameter 4 (young) to 6 times in length of

Fig. 268.

Faricorhinus beso.

Lake Tsana (F.N.). 4.

head ; interorbital region convex, its width 2 to 24 times in length of
head ; mouth wide, its width as great as or a little greater than inter-

VARICORHINUS. 357

orbital width; a minute barbel at angle of mouth; horny conical or
subconical tubercles in 2 or 3 series round snout and below eye, the
largest on the sides. Dorsal IV 9-10, nearer occiput than root of
caudal, originating a little in advance of ventrals, border not or but
slightly emarginate, sometimes eyen slightly convex; last simple ray
very strong, bony, smooth, more or less curved, its bony part usually as
long as or a little shorter than head in young, 2 to 3 length of head in
adult. Anal III 5, longest ray a little shorter than head. Pectoral
nearly as long as head, not reaching ventral. Caudal deeply forked.
Caudal peduncle 13 to 2 times as long as deep. Scales 30-35 a 2-3
between lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. ‘Grey or
green above, base of scales blue, yellowish below ; fins bluish or pinkish
grey.

Total length 360 millim.

Lake Tsana and rivers of Abyssinia (Blue Nile and Hawash Systems).—
Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort (M.).

1-6, Ad. Zegi, Lake Tsana. Mr. E. Degen (C.).

7. Skel. 3 3 és

8-14. Ad.,hger., & Bahardar, Lake Tsana. =

ys:
15-19. Ad. &hgr. Metti R.,affluentof Gudar R., Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) ;
3500 ft. W.N. McMillan, Esq.(P.).
20. Her. Didessa R., Guma, 1500 ft. a
21. Ad. Juju R., affluent of Didessa R., 3
2000 ft.

22. Her. Urgessa R., Limmu, 2300 ft. Fr
23-27, Ad. & hgr. Hurso R., Upper Adal, 2000 ft. Mr. E. Degen (C.).
28. Ad. Marmasa, Gota R., affluent of -

Hawash R., 1500 ft.
29-32, Ad. & hgr. Ze Kuala, Hawash R., 4100 ft. Mr. P. C. Zaphiro (C.) 3
W.N. McMillan, Esq. (P.).

5. VARICORHINUS MAROCCANUS.

Pterocapoéta maroccana, Giinth. Nov. Zool. ix. 1902, p. 446, pl. xxil.

Varicorhinus maroccanus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 43.
Depth of body 32 to 44 times in total length, length of head 4 to 42

times. Snout rounded, much broader than long, its length 3 to 2 length

of head; eye supero-lateral or nearly lateral, its diameter 4 (young) to

6 times in length of head, 2 to 3 times in interorbital width; mouth

wide, curved, its width 4 to 3 length of head; a minute barbel, hidden

858 CYPRINIDZ.

in the folds at side of mouth; adult with large bony tubercles on
side of snout and below eye. Dorsal IV 10-11, about equally distant
from end of snout and from caudal, last simple ray slender, flexible, as
long as or a little longer than head; border of fin emarginate. Anal
III 5, reaching, or nearly reaching, root of caudal. Pectoral longer than

Fig. 269.

Varicorhinus maroccanus.
Type, after Giinther (2. ¢.). 4.

head, sometimes reaching ventral, which is inserted below middle of
dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Caudal peduncle 12 to 2 times as long
as deep. Scales 43-46 soy 4-5 between lateral line and root of
ventral, 16 round caudal peduncle. Brown above, whitish beneath.

Total length 390 millim.

Morocco.
1-2. Hgr. & yg, Oum Erbiah, near Mazagan. = Mr. F. W. Riggenbach (C.).
types.
3. Ad. o) 2? ”?
4, Yg., type. kh. Talmist. re

6. VARICORHINUS TANGANICA.

Capoéta tanganice, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) vi. 1900, p. 478, Poiss. Bass.
Congo, p. 220 (1901), and Tr. Zool. Soc. xvi. 1901, p. 143, pl. xii. fig. 1.
Varicorhinus tanganice, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 48, and

Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii. 1206, p. 549.

Depth of body 32 to 4 times in total length, length of head 42 to 5
times. Snout rounded, broader than long, 34 to 4 times in length of
head ; eye perfectly lateral, 23 to 34 times in length of head, 1} to nearly
2 times in interorbital width; mouth feebly curved, its width 3 that

VARICORHINUS. 359

of head; a minute barbel, hidden in folds at side of mouth. Dorsal
IV 8-9, equally distant from anterior or posterior border of eye and
from caudal, last simple ray very strong, bony, smooth, nearly as long as
head; border of fin emarginate. Anal III 5, not reaching caudal.
Pectoral as long as head, not reaching ventral, which is below anterior
rays of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Caudal peduncle twice as long

Varicorhinus tanganice.
Type (Tr. Z.8. 1901). 4.

as deep. Scales 64-70 aoe 9-10 between lateral line and root of
ventral, 32-34 round caudal peduncle. Olive above, each scale darker
at the base, silvery white beneath.

Total length 320 millim.

Lake Tanganyika.

1-2. Types. North end of L. Tanganyika. Prof. J. H. 8. Moore (C.).

3. Skel. ” ” ” ;
4-5. Hgr. Niamkolo. Dr. W. A. Cunnington (C.).

abadii (Gnathonemus), 118.
abbreviatus (Mormyrops), 110,
+ (Mormyrus), 110,
Abrostomus, 300.
6 capensis, 340.
$5 umbratus, 339.
abyssinica (Dillonia), 356,
acutidens (Alestes), 224,
4 (Brachyalestes), 224.
(Micralestes), 224.
acutirostris (Pellonula), 159.
adansonii (Heterotis), 149.
3 (Sudis), 149.
adspersus (Marcusenius), 70.
5 (Mormyrus), 70.
egyptiacus (Salmo), 273, 275.
zthiopicus (Protopterus), 21.
afer (Notopterus), 146.
affinis (Alestes), 208,

» (Brachyalestes), 208.

» (Distichodus), 260.

» (Mormyrus), 88.

» (Petrocephalus), 88.
agnus (Mormyrus), 128.
Alausa vulgaris, 154.

Alestes, 190.

» acutidens, 224,

» affinis, 208,
baremose, 195.

» batesii, 221.

» bimaculatus, 213.
» brevipinnis, 227.

» brevis, 222.

» ehaperi, 203,

» dentex, 193.
fuchsii, 209.
grandisquamis, 220.
hasselquistii, 193, 195.
» holargyreus, 227.

» humilis, 211.

IN DE xX.

Alestes imberi, 208, 209.
» intermedius, 201.
» kingsleyew, 212.
» kotschyi, 195.
» lateralis, 204.
» lemairii, 209.
» leuciscus, 206.
» liebrechtsii, 198.

» macrophthalmus, 197.
» natalensis, 204.
>» nurse, 205.
» opisthotenia, 215.
iy popte, 216.
» Yhodopleura, 218.
» ruppellii, 206.
» sadleri, 200.
» senegalensis, 206.
» sethente, 193.
» splendens, 195.
» stuhlmanni, 199.
» teniurus, 214,
», tholloni, 201.
» wytsi, 195.

Alosa, 153.

>» finta, 154.
alosa (Clupea), 154.
altivelis (Labeo), 309,
altus (Distichodus), 261.

» (Micralestes), 230.
amblystoma (Mormyrus), 52.
amphibia (Rhinocryptis), 20.
amphibius (Protopterus), 20.
anchietze (Mormyrus), 129.
angolensis (Gnathonemus), 109.

44 (Kneria), 170.
anguilliformis (Protopterus), 20.
anguilloides (Marcusenius), 34.

7 (Mormyrops), 34.

2B

» longipinnis, 202, 203, 236.
» macrolepidotus, 217, 218, 222,

362

anguilloides (Mormyrus), 34.

anna-carolina (Mugilomorus), 25.

annectens (Labeo), 336.
(Lepidosiren), 20, 21.
- (Protopterus), 20, 21.

ansorgii (Citharidium), 289.

» (Labeo), 341.

», (Mareusenius), 73.

., (Petrocephalus), 51.

» (Phractolemus), 168.

» (Varicorhinus), 353,
antonii (Distichodus), 266.
apalike (Elops), 28.
arabicus (Chanos), 164.
Argentina carolina, 25.

- machnata, 25.
arnaudii (Lepidosiren), 21.

» (Polypterus), 14.
atroventralis (Distichodus), 267.
attenuatus (Mormyrops), 45.

suriculatus (Xenopomatichthys), 172.

bachiqua (Mormyrus), 134.
ballayi (Petrocephalus), 52,
bane (Mormyrus), 48.

», (Petrocephalus), 48.
barbatus (Labeo), 342.
Barbus beso, 356,

» quadrimaculatus, 351.
baremose (Alestes), 195.

9 (Myletes), 195.
batesii (Alestes), 221.

» (Marcusenius), 72.
bebe (Hyperopisus), 142.

», (Mormyrus), 142.
bentleyi (Gnathonemus), 103,

» (Mormyrus), 108,
beso (Barbus), 356.
(Capoéta), 356.
(Systomus), 356.

», (Varicorhinus), 356.
besse (Characinus), 251.
(Ichthyoborus), 251.

”

”

”

bichir (Polypterus), 6, 10, 14, 16.

bimaculatus (Alestes), 213.
blanfordii (Discognathus), 349.
boulengeri (Bryconethiops), 188.
93 (Mormyrops), 40.
i (Phago), 248.
bovei (Mormyrus), 54.

INDEX.

bovei (Petrocephalus), 54.
bozasi (Mormyrns), 138.
brachistius (Marcusenius), 67.
Brachyalestes, 190, 223.

%s acutidens, 224,

- affinis, 208.

“5 imberi, 209.

4 longipinnis, 202.

i mocquardianus, 188,
4 nurse, 206.

> ruppellii, 206.

brachyistius (Marcusenius), 65, 67.
3 (Mormyrops), 67.
brachypoma (Labeo), 324.
breviceps (Mormyrops), 36.
brevipinnis (Alestes), 227.
5 (Distichodus), 272.
brevis (Alestes), 222.

»» (Hydrocyon), 186.

» (Nannocharax), 280.
brucii (Varicorhinus), 354.
brumpti (Petersius), 235.
bruyerii (Gnathonemus), 104.
Brycinus, 190.

:; macrolepidotus, 217,
me nurse, 206.
Bryconethiops, 187.
boulengeri, 188.
a microstoma, 188.
Pa yseuxi, 189.
buchholzi (Pantodon), 151.
budgetti (Marcusenius), 83.
biittikoferi (Polypterus), 16,

caballus (Mormyrus), 132.

cabre (Marcusenius), 65.

cafer (Labeo), 339.

calabaricus (Calamichthys), 18.
3 (Erpetoichthys), 18.

Calamichthys, 17.

- calabaricus, 18.
cameronensis (Kneria), 171.
Campylomormyrus, 94.

3 elephas, 120.
5 tamandua, 118.
cantini (Tylognathus), 331.
capensis (Abrostomus), 340.
» (Elops), 25.
3 (Labeo), 340.
Capoéta, 352,

Capoéta beso, 356.
» dillonii, 356.
» tanganicer, 358.
Carcharias, 2.
3 zambesensis, 2.
Carchariide, 1.
carolina (Argentina), 25.
caschive (Mormyrus), 128, 136.
castor (Hippopotamyrus), 77.
», (Marcusenius), 77.
eatostoma (Mormyrus), 52, 57.
‘5 (Petrocephalus), 56, 57.
eaudalis (Petersius), 236.
Centriscus niloticus, 137.
Chalceus guile, 206.
Chanine, 153.
Chanos, 164.
» arabicus, 164.
» chanos, 164.
» ¢chloropterus, 164.
» Inbina, 164.
mento, 164.
mossambicus, 164.
» nuchalis, 164.
» salmoneus, 164.
chanos (Chanos), 164.
» (Lutodeira), 164.
» (Mugil), 164.
chaperi (Alestes), 203.
Characinidsy, 174.
Characinus besse, 251.
4 dentex, 180.
+3 nefasch, 273, 275.
ig niloticus, 193.
chariensis (Labeo), 337.
chiarinii (Discognathus), 351.
chloropterus (Chanos), 164.
Chondrostoma, 352.
dembensis, 306, 345.
is dillonti, 356.
Citharidium, 289.
Fe ansorgii, 289.
Citharinine, 176.
Citharinus, 290.
citharus, 291.
congicus, 293.
geoffroyi, 291.
gibbosus, 297.
latus, 295.
45 macrolepis, 294.
citharus (Citharinus), 291.

3°

INDEX.

363

citharus (Serrasalmus), 291.
Cladistia, 4.
Clupea, 153.

> alosa, 154.

» ¢eyprinoides, 28.

» finta, 154.

» Nilotica, 154.

» sprattus, 154.
Clupeidew, 153.

Clupeina, 153.

cobitiformis (Mormyrus), 59.
Cobitine, 300.

congicus (Citharinus), 293.

+ (Elops), 26.

» (Polypterus), 9.
congoro (Labeo), 319.
conserialis (Petersius), 233.
Coregonus niloticus, 283.
corneti (Stomatorhinus), 90.
coubie (Labeo), 309, 313, 317.
crassus (Xenocharax), 288.
Cristivomer, 166.
crocodilus (Mesoborus), 245.
Cromeria, 173.

55 nilotica, 173.
Cromeriide, 173.
Crossochilus quadrimaculatus, 351.
Crossopterygil, 4.
cundinga (Cyprinodon), 28.

s (Elops), 28.
curtifilis (Megalops), 28.
curtus (Mormyrops), 41.
curvifrons (Mormyrus), 132.
curvirostris (Gnathonemus), 123.
euvieri (Hydrocyonoides), 177.
cyclorhynchus (Labeo), 326.
cylindricus (Labeo), 331.
Cyprinidae, 298.

Cyprinine, 299.

Cyprinodon cundinga, 28.
cyprinoides (Clupea), 28.

(Flops), 28.
(Gnathonemus), 110.
(Megalops), 28.

5 (Mormyrops), 110.
(Mormyrus), 48, 49, 110.
Cyprinus niloticus, 304, 329.

”

darlingi (Labeo), 321.
degeni (Petrocephalus), 58.
282

364

dejoannis (Petrocephalus), 48.
delhezi (Polypterus), 13.
deliciosus (Mormyrops), 32.
» (Mormyrus), 32.
», (Oxyrhynehus), 32.
dembeensis (Chondrostoma), 345.
7 (Discognathus), 345.
Ps (Gymnostomus), 345.
dembensis (Chondrostoma), 306.
dendera (Mormyrus), 34.
dentex (Alestes), 193.
» (Characinus), 180.
» (Hydroeyon), 180.

» (Myletes), 193.

» (Salmo), 180, 193, 195,
dequesne (Mormyrus), 48.

ss (Petrocephalus), 48.
Dillonia, 352.
abyssinica, 356,

» dillonii, 356.
dillonii (Capoéta), 356.

» (Chondrostoma), 356.

» (Dillonia), 356.
dimidiatus (Nannocharax), 286.
Dipneusti, 18.

Discognathus, 343.

blanfordii, 349.
chiarinii, 351.
dembeensis, 345.
hindii, 350.
hirticeps, 351,
johnstonii, 346.
lamta, 349.
makiensis, 348.

”

rothschildi, 345.
is vinciguerree, 347.
discorhynchus (Marcusenius), 81.
9
Distichodontine, 176.
Distichodus, 258.
affinis, 260.
altus, 261.
antonii, 266.
atroventralis, 267.
brevipinnis, 272.
engycephalus, 271.
fasciolatus, 270.
hypostomatus, 264.
leptorhynchus, 277.
lusosso, 277.

quadrimaculatus, 351.

(Mormyrus), 81, 82.

INDEX.

Distichodus macrolepis, 268.
maculatus, 264.
marnoi, 291.
martini, 275.
mossambicus, 268.
nefasch, 274, 275.
niloticus, 273.
noboli, 262,
notospilus, 262.
petersii, 265.
rodolphi, 274.
rostratus, 275,

‘9 schenga, 268.
sexfasciatus, 276.
i touteei, 271.

ditchoa (Pellona), 163.

dolloi (Protopterus), 22.

donnyi (Genyomyrus), 125.

dorsalis (Hyperopisus), 142.
» (Mormyrus), 142.
» (Phagrus), 142.

eetveldii (Eugnathichthys), 241.
ehrenbergii (Heterotis), 149.
9 (Mormyrus), 48,
re (Petrocephalus), 48.
elephas (Campylomormyrus), 120.
» (Gnathonemus), 120.
elongatus (Mormyrops), 110.
oe (Mormyrus), 110.
» (Nannocharax), 284.
Elopide, 24.
Elops, 25.
» apalike, 28.
» capensis, 25.
» congicus, 26.
» cundinga, 28.
» eyprinoides, 28.
» indicus, 25.
» inermis, 25.
» lacerta, 26.
machnata, 25.
» purpurascens, 25.
» saurus, 25,
endlicheri (Polypterus), 10.
engycephalus (Distichodus), 271.
engystoma (Mormyrops), 36.
Erpetoichthys, 17.
3 calabaricus, 18.
Eugnathichthys, 241.

Eugnathichthys eetveldii, 241.
” macroterolepis, 243.

falcifer (Labeo), 327.
falcipinnis (Labeo), 327.
Fario, 166.
fario (Salmo), 166.
fasciatus (Nannocharax), 281.
fasciolatus (Distichodus), 270.
filamentosus (Megalops), 28.
finta (Alosa), 154.

» (Clupea), 154,

forskalii (Hydrocyon), 180, 182, 186.

» (Labeo), 328, 329, 331.
friteli (Gnathonemus), 103.
fuchsii (Alestes), 209.
fuelleborni (Labeo), 323.
furcidens (Mormyrops), 46.

Genyomyrus, 125,
‘4 donnyi, 125.

geoffroyi (Citharinus), 291.

oe (Mormyrus), 136, 137.
gibbosus (Citharinus), 297.
gilli (Gnathonemus), 114.
gliroides (Mormyrus), 58.

5» (Petrocephalus), 58.
Gnathonemus, 94.
abadii, 118.
angolensis, 109.
bentleyi, 103.
bruyerii, 105.
curvirostris, 123.
cyprinoides, 110.
elephas, 120.
friteli, 103.
gilli, 114.
greshoffi, 117.
ibis, 122.
kutuensis, 115.
lambouri, 97.
leopoldianus, 102.
livingstonii, 104.
longibarbis, 100.
macrolepidotus, 112.
mento, 106.
mirus, 119.
monteiri, 105.

INDEX.

Gnathonemus moorii, 96.
Es niger, 101.
es numenius, 124.
65 petersii, 99.
o pictus, 113.
a rhynchophorus, 121.
sy schilthuisia, 98.
33 senegalensis, 108,
¥ stanleyanus, 107.
a tamandua, 118.

3 ussheri, 116.
Gobio hirticeps, 351.

» quadrimaculatus, 351.
goliath (Hydrocyon), 184.
grandisquamis (Alestes), 220.

Pe (Mormyrus), 96.
greenii (Labeo), 334.
gregorii (Labeo), 321.
greshoffi (Gnathonemus), 117.
x» (Mormyrus), 117.
guentheri (Mormyrus), 128.
guile (Chalceus), 206.

» (Myletes), 205.
Gymnarchine, 30,
Gymuarchus, 144.

54 niloticus, 144.
Gymnostomus, 352.
39 dembeensis, 345.

harringtoni (Marcusenius), 78.
hasselquistii (Alestes), 193, 195.
rr (Mormyrus), 128.
45 (Myletes), 193.
Helicobranchus, 149.
Ilemistichodus, 253.

3 vaillanti, 253.
henryi (Isichthys), 59.
(Mormyrops), 59.

» (Mormyrus), 59.
herse (Mormyrus), 128.
Heteromormyrus, 60.
Heterotis, 149.
adansonii, 149.
ehrenbergii, 149.

5 niloticus, 149.
hildebrandti (Mormyrus), 136.
hilgendorfi (Petersius), 232.
hindit (Discognathus), 350,
Hippopotamyrus, 60.
castor, 77.

a9

”

”

”

365

366

hirticeps (Discognathus), 351.

» (Gobio), 351.
holargyreus (Alestes), 227.

i (Micralestes), 227.

horie (Labeo), 306.
Hucho, 166.
humilior (Stomatorhinus), 89.
humilis (Alestes), 211.

» (Micralestes), 226.
Hydrocynus, 179.
Hy droeyon, 179.

PA brevis, 186.

he dentex, 180.

” forskalti, 180, 182, 186.
ae goliath, 184.

on lineatus, 182,

a vittatus, 182, 184.

sy vittiger, 184.

Hy drocyoninew, 175.
Hydrocyonoides, 177.

” euvieri, 177.
Hyperopisus, 142.
” bebe, 142.
fs dorsalis, 142.
» occidentalis, 142.

tenuicauda, 142.

hy postomatus (Distichodus), 264.

Hypotremi, 3.
Hypsifario, 166.

ibis (Gnathonemus), 122.
Ichthyoborine, 175.
Ichthyoborus, 251.
5 besse, 251.
e nicrolepis, 251.
Tlisha, 162,
+ indica, 163.
imberi (Alestes), 208, 209.
» (Brachyalestes), 209.
indica (Ilisha), 163.
» (Pellona), 163.
indicus (Elops), 25.

» (Megalops), 28.

» (Platygaster), 163.
inermis (Elops), 25.
intermedius (Alestes), 201.

55 (Nannocharax), 282.

*s (Phago), 247.
interruptus (Micralestes), 229.
Isichthys, 50.

INDEX.

|

Isichthys henryi, 59.
isidori (Marcusenius), 75.
» (Mormyrus), 75.

» (Petrocephalus), 75.

joannisii (Mormyrus), 48.
johnstonii (Discognathus), 346.
jubelini (Mormyrus), 140.

kannume (Mormyrus), 134.
(Scrophicephalus), 134.
keatingii (Petrocephalus), 55.
kingsleye (Alestes), 212.
Fe (Marcusenius), 65.
33 (Mormyrus), 65.
kirkii (Labeo), 328.
Kneria, 169.
» angolensis, 170.
» cameronensis, 171.
» spekii, 171,
Kneriide, 169.
kotschyi (Alestes), 195.
kundinga (Mezalops), 28.
kutuensis (Gnathonemus), 115.

Labeo, 300.
» altivelis, 309,
» annectens, 336.
» ansorgii, 341.
5 barbatus, 342.
» brachypoma, 324,
» cafer, 839.
» capensis, 340.
» ¢Chariensis, 337.
» congoro, 319.
» coubie, 309, 313, 317.
» eyclorhynchus, 326.
» eylindricus, 331.
» darlingi, 321.
», faleifer, 327.
» falcipinnis, 327.
» forskalii, 328, 329, 331.
» fuelleborni, 323.
» greenii, 334.
» gregorii, 321.
» horie, 306.
» kirkii, 328,
» lneatus, 311.

Labzo longipinnis, 316.

» lukule, 335.

» macrostoma, 325.

» lMesops, 3138, 331.

» montanus, 331.

» nhasus, 333.

» neumanni, 320.

» niloticus, 304, 306. 317.

» obscurus, 333.

» parvus, 337.

» Tose, 312.

» ruddi, 314.

» selti, 317.

» senegalensis, 308.

» Sicheli, 339,

», Steindachneri, 317.
tenuirostris, 340.
» umbratus, 339.
s» Vvaricorhinus, 356.
velifer, 315.
victorianus, 322, 323.
» Vulgaris, 304.
walkeri, 324,
» Weeksii, 310.
labiatus (Mormyrops), 110.

m (Mormyrus), 110.
lacerda (Mormyrus), 123.
lacerta (Elops), 26.
lambouri (Gnathonemus), 97.
lamta (Discognathus), 349.
lapradii (Polypterus), 7.
lateralis (Alestes), 204.

» (Nannocharax), 283.

latus (Citharinus), 295.
lemairii (Alestes), 2U9.

leopoldianus (Gnathonemus), 102,

3 (Petersius), 235.
lepasseti (Salmo), 166.
Lepidosiren annectens, 20, 21.

55 arnaudii, 21.
Lepidosirenide, 19.
leptorhynchus (Distichodus), 277.
lepturus (Mormyrus), 96.
leuciscus (Alestes), 206.

Ihuysii (Marcusenius), 70.

» (Mormyrus), 70.
liberiensis (Mormyrus), 67.
liebrechtsii (Alestes), 198.
lineatus (Hydrocyon), 182.

» (Labeo), 311.
lineolatus (Mormyrops), 42.

INDEX,

367

livingstonii (Gnathonemus), 104.
longianalis (Marcusenius), 69.
longibarbis (Gnathonemus), 100.

55 (Mormyrus), 100.
longipes (Mormyrops), 35.

$ (Mormyrus), 35.
longipinnis (Alestes), 202, 203, 236.

$5 (Brachyalestes), 202.

" (Labeo), 316.

a (Mormyrus), 136,

3 (Serophicephalus), 136.
longirostris (Mormyrus), 136, 139, 140.
loricatus (Phago), 247.
losera (Odaxothrissa), 160.
lubina (Chanes), 164.
lukulas (Labeo), 335.
lusosso (Distichodus), 277.
Lutodeira, 164.

53 chanos, 164.

35 salmonea, 164.

machnata (Argentina), 25.

5 (lops), 25,
macrodon (Myomyrus), 93.
macrolepidotus (Alestes), 217, 218, 222.
(Brycinus), 217.
(Gnathonemus), 112.
(Mormyrops), 112.

55 (Mormyrus), 112,
macrolepis (Citharinus), 294,

35 (Distichodus), 268.
macrophthalmus (Alestes), 197.
(Megalops), 28.

Fe (Mormyrus), 130.
macrops (Marcusenius), 84.
macropterus (Megalops), 28.
macrostoma (Labeo), 325.
macrostigma (Salar), 166.

+ (Salmo), 166.
macroterolepis (Eugnathichthys), 243.
maculatus (Distichodus), 264.
major (Petersius), 237.
makiensis (Discognathus), 348.
Malacopterygi, 23.
marclei (Mormyrus), 64.

», (Petrocephalus), 64.
marchii (Marcusenius), 64.
Marcusenius, 60.
adspersus, 70.
anguilloides, 34.
ansorgil, 73.

+t

”

”

”

”

es

”

368

Murcusenius batesii, 72.

<5 brachyistius, 65, 67.
sy budgetti, 83.

" cabree, 65.

3 castor, 77.

+ discorhynchus, 81.
3 harringtoni, 78.

fe isidori, 75.

35 kingsleye, 65.

% Thuysii, 70.

<i longianalis, 69.

” macrops, 84.

53 marchii, 64,

a nigricans, 75.

os nigripinnis, 63.

+3 pauciradiatus, 74.
$5 petherici, 82.

Fe plagiostoma, 80.

$3 psittacus, 85,

$s pulverulentus, 63.
33 sphecodes, 66.

5 tanganicanus, 81.
+5 tumifrons, 79.

or weeksii, 71.

5 wilverthi, 86.

marie (Mormyrops), 44.

» (Mormyrnus), 44.
marnoi (Distichodus), 291.
maroccana (Pterocapoéta), 357.
maroccanus (Varicorhinus), 357.
martini (Distichodus), 275.
masuianus (Mormyrops), 38.
Megalops, 27.

6 curtifilis, 28.

5 cyprinoides, 28.

9 filamentosus, 28.

6 indicus, 28.

o kundinga, 28.

ae macrophthalmus, 28.

$5 macropterus, 28.

5 oligolepis, 28.

$s setipinnis, 28.
mento (Chanos), 164.

> (Gnathonemus), 106.

» (Mormyrus), 106.
Mesoborus, 245.

5 crocodilus, 245.
mesops (Labeo), 313, 331.
Micralestes, 223.

or acutidens, 224,

re altus, 230.

INDEX.

Micralestes holargyreus, 227.
‘5 humilis, 226.
3 interruptus, 229.
4 stormsi, 225.
rH urotenia, 228.
microcephalus (Mormyrus), 67.
microlepidotus (Ichthyoborus), 251.
microlepis (Sarcodaces), 177.
microps (Stomatorhinus), 92.
microstoma (Bryconethiops), 188.
” (Mormyrops), 44.
Microthrissa, 161.
a royauxi, 161.
miodon (Pellonula), 157.
mirus (Gnathonemus), 119.
mocquardianus (Brachyalestes), 188.
modesta (Pellonula), 156.
modestus (Petersius), 232.
montanus (Labeo), 331.
44 (Tylognathus), 331.
monteiri (Gnathonemus), 105.
» (Mormyrus), 105,
moorli (Gnathonemus), 96.
» (Mormyrus), 96.
Mormyride, 29.
Mormyrine, 29.
Mormyrodes, 126.
Mormyrops, 30, 59, 94.

5 anguilloides, 34.
Po attenuatus, 45,
‘9 boulengeri, 40.
breviceps, 36.

“3 curtus, 41.

5 deliciosus, 32.

a engystoma, 36.
5 furcidens, 46.

3 henryi, 59.

Fri lineolatus, 42.

3 longiceps, 35.

‘ marie, 44,

5 masuianus, 38.
is microstoma, 44.
- nigricans, 43.

Pe parvus, 37.

ra sirenoides, 39.
+5 tuckeyi, 32.

53 vaillanti, 43.

is zambanenje, 32.
es zanclirostris, 40.

Mormyrus, 30, 47, 60, 94, 126.
Pa adspersus, 70.

Mormyrus aftinis, 88.

agnus, 128,
amblystoma, 52.
anchiete, 129.
anguilloides, 34.
bachiqua, 134.
bane, 48.

bebe, 142.

bovei, 54,

bozasi, 138.
brachyistius, 67.
caballus, 132.
caschive, 128, 136.
catostoma, 52, 57.
cobitiformis, 59.
curvifrons, 132.
cyprinoides, 48, 49.
deliciosus, 32.
dendera, 34.
dequesne, 48.
discorhynchus, 81, 82.
dorsalis, 142.
ehrenbergii, 48.
geoffroyi, 136, 137.
gliroides, 58.
grandisquamis, 96.
greshoffi, 117.
guentheri, 128.
hasselquistii, 128.
henryi, 59.

herse, 128.
hildebrandti, 136.
isidori, 75.
joannisi, 48.
jubelini, 140.
kannume, 13+.
kingsleye, 65.
lacerda, 128.
lepturus, 96.
liberiensis, 67.
lbuysii, 70.
longiceps, 35.
longipinnis, 136.

longirostris, 186, 139, 140.

macrophthalmus, 130.
marchei, 64.

maria, 44.
microcephalus, 67.
moorii, 96.

mucupe, 139.

nacra, 136.

INDEX.

Mormyrus niloticus, 137.
re ovis, 131.
i oxyrhynchus, 134, 140.
% pauciradiatus, 74.
sy proboscirostris, 141.
‘3 psittacus, 85.
33 rume, 140.
Fr sauvagii, 49.
$s simus, 53.
fs sphecodes, 66.
‘ swanenburgi, 32.
ye tamandua, 118.
5 tapirus, 133.
Fe teuuicauda, 53.
ss tenuirostris, 134.
"4 tuckeyi, 32.
.3 ussheri, 116.
oF walkeri, 88.
i zambanenje, 32.
35 zanclirostris, 40.

mossambicus (Chanos), 164.

” (Distichodus), 268.

mucupe (Mormyrus), 139.
Mugil chanos, 164.
», salmoneus, 164.

Mugilomorus anna-carolina, 25.

Myletes, 190.

baremose, 195.

» dentex, 193.

95 guile, 205.
hasselquistii, 193.
nurse, 205.
Myomyrus, 92.

* macrodon, 93.

nacra (Mormyrus), 136.
Nannethiops, 254.

45 uniteniatus, 254.
Nannocharax, 279.
brevis, 280.
dimidiatus, 286.
elongatus, 284.
fasciatus, 281.

”

niloticus, 283.
ocellicauda, 285.
parvus, 281.

x tenia, 286.
nasus (Labeo), 333.

natalensis (Alestes), 204.

intermedius, 282.

369

370

nefasch (Characinus), 273, 275.

» (Distichodus), 274, 275.

Neoborus, 249.
‘3 ornatus, 250.
“3 quadrilineatus, 251.
Neolebias, 256.
3 trilineatus, 257.
oe unifasciatus, 256.
neumanni (Labeo), 320.
niger (Gnathonemus), 101.
» (Mormyrus), 101.
nigri (Notopterus), 147.
» (Xenomystus), 147.
nigricans (Marcusenius), 75.
5 (Mormyrops), 43.
nigripinnis (Marcusenius), 63.
nili (Notopterus), 147.
», (Xenomystus), 147.
nilotica (Clupea), 154.
» (Cromeria), 173.
niloticus (Centriscus), 137.
on (Characinus), 192.
» (Coregonus), 283.
» (Cyprinus), 304, 329.
» (Distichodus), 273.
» (Gymnarchus), 144.
», (Heterotis), 149.

» (Labeo), 304, 306, 317.

» (Mormyrus), 137.
» (Nannocharax), 283.
» (Salmo), 273, 275.
» (Sudis), 149.
noboli (Distichodus), 262.
votopteride, 145.
Notopterus, 146.

6 afer, 146.
notospilus (Distichodus), 262.
nuchalis (Chanos), 164.
numenius (Gnathonemus), 124.
nurse (Alestes), 205,

» (Brachyalestes), 206.
» (Brycinus), 206.
5 (Myletes), 205.

obscurus (Labeo), 338.
obtusirostris (Pellonula), 158.

occidentalis (Hyperopisus), 142.

6 (Petersius), 240.
ocellicauda (Nanvocharax), 285.
Odaxothrissa, 160.

3 losera, 160.

INDEX.

odoé (Salmo), 177.

», (Sarcodaces), 177.

»» (Xiphorhampbhus), 177.

», (Xiphorhynchus), 177.
oligolepis (Megalops), 2%.
Oncorhynchus, 166.
Onychostoma, 352.
opisthotenia (Alestes), 215.
ornatipinnis (Polypterus), 12.
ornatus (Neoborus), 250.
Ostariophysi, 174.
Osteoglosside, 148.
ovis (Mormyrus), 131.
Oxymormyrus, 30.
Oxyrhynchus deliciosus, 32.
oxyrhynchus (Mormyrus), 134, 140.

palmas (Poly pterus), 16.
Pantodon, 151.

a buchholzi, 161.
Pantodontide, 151.
Paraphago, 244.

os rostratus, 244,
parvus (Labeo), 337.

», (Mormyrops), 37.

» (Nannocharax), 281.
pauciradiatus (Marcusenius), 74.

= (Mormyrus), 74.

Pellona, 162.

» ditchoa, 163,

» indica, 163.
Pellonula, 155.

» acutirostris, 159.

+ miodon, 157.

3 modesta, 156.

. obtusirostris, 158.

‘i yorax, 156.
perroteti (Pristis), 3.
petersii (Distichodus), 265.

» (Gnathonemus), 99.
» (Mormyrus), 99, 100,
Petersius, 231.

ii brumpti, 235.

i caudalis, 236.

# conserialis, 233.

‘ hilgendorfi, 232.

i leopoldianus, 235.

+i major, 237.

PF modestus, 232.

; occidentalis, 240.

Petersius pulcher, 237,

”

”

”

spilopterus, 239,
tangensis, 234,
woosnami, 239,

petherici (Marcusenius), 82.
Petrocephalus, 47, 60.

”

”

Pe affinis, 88,

ii ansorgii, 51.

” ballayi, 52,

en bane, 48.

oh bovei, 54.

is catostoma, 56, 57.
3 degeni, 58.

<4 dejoannisi, 48.
‘a dequesne, 48.

a ehrenbergii, 48.
is gliroides, 58.

3 isidori, 75.

ss keatingii, 55.

" marchei, 64.

” pictus, 113.

<5 sauvyagi, 49.

5 simus, 53,

re stuhlmanni, 56.
, 246,

boulengeri, 248.
intermedius, 247.
loricatus, 247.

Phagrus, 142.

bE

dorsalis, 142.

Phenacogrammus, 223.
Phractolemid, 167.
Phractolemus, 168.

pictus
”

plagio

e apsorgii, 168,
(Guathonemus), 113.
(Petrocephalus), 113.
stoma (Marcusenius), 80.

Plagiostomi, 1.
Platygaster, 162.

<5 indicus, 163.
Pleurotremi, 1.
polylepis (Stomatorhinus), 91.
Polypteride, 4.
Polypterus, 5.

arnaudii, 14.

bichir, 6, 10, 14, 16.
biittikoferi, 16.
congicus, 9.

delhezi, 13.
endlicheri, 10,
lapradii, 7.

INDEX.

Polypterus ornatipinnis, 12.
3 palmas, 16.
9 retropinnis, 17.
fe senegalensis, 10, 14.
a senegalus, 14.
ne weeksii, 11.

popte (Alestes), 216.
Pristide, 3.
Pristis, 3.

» perroteti, 3.
proboscirostris (Mormyrus), 141.
Protomelus, 19.

Protopterus, 19.

55 zthiopicus, 21.

PP amphibius, 20.
anguilliformis, 20.

5 annectens, 20, 21.
5 dolloi, 22.
a rhinocryptis, 20,

psittacus (Marcusenius), 85.

» (Mormyrus), 85.
Pterocapoéta, 352.

ee maroccana, 357.

pulcher (Petersius), 237.
pulverulentus (Marcusenius), 63.
puncticulatus (Stomatorhinus), 88.
purpurascens (Elops), 25.

quadrimaculatus (Barbus), 351.
(Crossochilus), 351.
(Discognathus), 351,
5 (Gobio), 351.
quadrilineatus (Neoborus), 251.

as

”

retropinnis (Polypterus), 17.
Rhinoeryptis, 19.

5 amphibia, 20.
rhinocryptis (Protopterus), 20.
rhodopleura (Alestes), 218.
rhynchophorus (Gnathonemus), 121.
rodolphi (Distichodus), 274.
Rohitichthys, 300.
rose (Labeo), 312.
rostratus (Distichodus), 275.

» (Paraphago), 244.
rothschildi (Discognathus), 345.
royauxi (Microthrissa), 161.
ruddi (Labeo), 314.
rume (Mormyrus), 140.

371

372 INDEX.

ruppellii (Alestes), 206. spekii (Kneria), 171.
» (Brachyalestes), 206. sphecodes (Marcusenius), 66.
Ps (Mormyrus), 66.
sphekodes (Mormyrops), 66.
sadleri (Alestes), 200. spilopterus (Petersius), 239.
salahie (Mormyrus), 110. spilurus (Xenocharax), 287.
Salar, 166. splendens (Alestes), 195,

» macrostigma, 166. sprattus (Clupea), 154.

Salmo, 166. stanleyanus (Gnathonemus), 107.

» wxgyptiacus, 273, 275. 55 (Mormyrus), 107.

» dentex, 180, 193, 195. steindachneri (Labeo), 317.

» fario, 166. Stomatorhinus, 87.

» lepasseti, 166. ‘ corneti, 90.

»» macrostigma, 166. 9 humilior, 89.

», niloticus, 273, 275. a microps, 92.

3» odoé, 177. os polylepis, 91.

» trutta, 166. 49 puncticulatus, 88.
salmonea (Lutodeira), 164. + walkeri, 88.
salmoneus (Chanos), 164. stormsi (Micralestes), 225.

os (Mugil), 164. stuhlmanni (Alestes), 199.
Salmonidax, 165. rh (Petrocephalus), 56.
Salvelinus, 166. Sudis, 149,

Sarcodaces, 177. », adansonii, 149.

% microlepis, 177. » niloticus, 149.

a5 odoé, 177. swanenburgi (Mormyrus), 32.
saurus (Elops), 25. Systomus beso, 356.
sauvagil (Mormyrus), 49.

» (Petrocephalus), 49.
schenga (Distichodus), 268.
schilthuisia (Gnathonemus), 98. tamandua (Campylomormyrus), 118.
Scoliostomus, 164. 5 (Gnathonemus), 118,
Scrophicephalus, 126. 45 (Mormyrus), 118.

3 kannume, 134. tanganice (Capoéta), 358.

3 longipinnis, 136. 3 (Varicorhinus), 358.
Selachii, 1. tanganicanus (Marcusenius), 81.
selti (Labeo), 317. tangensis (Petersius), 235.
senegalensis (Alestes), 206. tenia (Nannocharax), 286.

- (Gnathonemus), 107, 108. teeniata (Alestes), 209.

* (Labeo), 308. teniurus (Alestes), 214.

Fa (Mormyrus), 108. tapirus (Mormyrus), 133.

a (Polypterus), 10, 14. Tarpon, 27.
senegalus (Polypterus), 14. Teleostei, 23.
Serrasalmus citharus, 291. Teleostomi, 4.
sethente (Alestes), 193. tenuicauda (Hyperopisus), 142.
setipinnis (Megalops), 28. ” (Mormyrus), 53.
sexfasciatus (Distichodus), 276. tenuirostris (Labeo), 340.
sicheli (Labeo), 339. PH (Mormyrus), 134.
simus (Mormyrus), 53. tholloni (Alestes), 201.

» (Petrocephalus), 53. tornieri (Varicorhinus), 355,
sirenoides (Mormyrops), 39. touteei (Distichodus), 271.

Solenomormyrus, 126, | trilineatus (Neolebias), 257.

Trutta, 166.
tratta (Salmo), 166.
tuckeyi (Mormyrops), 32.

» (Mormyrus), 32.
tumifrons (Marcusenins), 79.
Tylognathus, 300.

ss cantini, 331.
is montanus, 331.

Umbla, 166.

umbratus (Abrostomus), 339.
» (Labeo), 339,

unifasciatus (Neolebias), 256.

uniteniatus (Nannethiops), 254.

urotzenia (Micralestes), 228.
ussheri (Gnathonemus), 116.
» (Mormpsrus), 116.

vaillanti (Hemistichodus), 253.
»» (Mormyrops), 43.
Varicorhinus, 352.
3 ansorgii, 353.

Pe beso, 356.

7 brucii, 354.

55 maroccanus, 357.
4 tanganicw, 358.
Es tornieri, 355.

varicorhinus (Labeo), 356,
variegata (Labeo), 326,

velifer (Labeo), 315.
victorianus (Labeo’, 322, 323.

vinciguerre (Discognathus), 347.

vittatus (Hydrocyon), 182, 184.
vittiger (Hydrocyon), 184.
vorax (Pellonula), 156.

INDEX. 37

Qo

vulgaris (Alausa), 154.
» (Labeo), 304.

walkeri (Labeo), 324,

» (Mormyrus), 88.

», (Stomatorhinus), 88.
weeksii (Labeo), 310.

» (Marcusenius), 71.

» (Polypterus), 11.
wilverthi (Marcusenius), 86.
woosnami (Petersins), 239.
wytsi (Alestes), 195,

Xenocharax, 287.

5 crassus, 288.

is spilurus, 287.
Xenomystus, 147.

- nigri, 147.

‘ nili, 147.
Xenopomatichthys, 172.

4 auriculatus, 172.

Xenopomichthys, 172.
Xiphorhamphus, 177.

bs odoé, 177.
Xiphorhynchus, 177.
i odoé, 177.

yseuxi (Bryconethiops), 189.

zambanenje (Mormyrops), 32.
%5 (Mormyrus), 32.

zambesensis (Carcharias), 2.

zanclirostris (Mormyrops), 40.
5 (Mormyrus), 40.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

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