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Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924024781977

CATALOGUE

OF THE

SNAKES

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY).

VOLUME II.

CONTAINING Til CONCLUSION OF THE

COLUBRIDA AGLYPHA.

.

BY

GEORGE ALBERT BOULENGER, F.R.S.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW ;
B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 87 SOHO SQUARE, W.;
KEGAN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8S.W.

1894,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

PREFACE.

THE present volume concludes the account of the Aglyphodont
Colubrine Snakes.

The collection in the British Museum has received by gifts several
important additions since the publication of the first volume.
Messrs. Godman and Salvin have deposited a complete series of the
species obtained by their collectors and described in their great
work on the Fauna of Central America. The contributions to the
African Fauna have been scarcely less numerous, the Trustees being
indebted to Professor Barboza du Bocage for many specimens of East-
African species described by him ; to H. H. Johnston, Esq., C.B.,
F. J. Jackson, Esq., and others for species collected in various
parts of British Central Africa; and to Dr. J. Anderson, F.R.S.,
for a remarkably interesting collection of Egyptian Snakes. The
collections made by E. W. Oates, Esq., in Upper Burmah contained
also a fair proportion of Snakes which were of value as illustrating
the Fauna of this previously little explored region.

ALBERT GUNTHER,

Keeper of the Department of Zoology.

British Museum (N. H.),
September 28, 1894.

INTRODUCTION.

In dealing with the multitude of forms of Aglyphodont Colubroids,
all of comparatively simple structure, the lack of prominent cha-
racters on which to establish genera is seriously felt, and, but for
the study of the dentition, satisfactory definitions could not be
drawn up. I have therefore, as in the previous volume, supplied
numerous outline-figures of jaws to facilitate the understanding of
the diagnoses.

I have endeavoured to avoid both extremes of excessive fusion or
separation in my attempt to render genera approximately equivalent
to those of other groups of Reptiles.

Descriptions of 427 species are given. Of these, 347 are repre-
sented in the Collection of the Museum, the number of specimens
amounting to 2528.

G. A. BOULENGER.

Zoological Department, ;

July 28th, 1894.

56.
57.

58.

59.

60.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

OPHIDIA.
Fam. 7. CoLUBRID&.

Subfam. 2. CoLUBRINzZ

(continued).

Page
Xenelaphis, Gthr. ...... 7
1. hexagonotus, Cant... 8
Drymobius, Cope ...... 8
1. bifossatus, Raddi .... 10
2. boddaertii, Sentz. ..11, 357
8. affinis, Star. ........ 14
4, rhombifer, Gthr. . .14, 357
5. bivittatus, D. & B. 15

6, dendrophis, Schleg. 15, 357
7, chloroticus, Cope .... 16

8. margaritiferus, Schleg. 17
Phrynonax, Cope........ 18
1. sulphureus, Wag... 19
A pecilonotus, Gthr. 20
8. guentheri, Bigr. 20

4, lunulatus, Cope ...... 21
5. fasciatus, Pirs ....... 21
6. eutropis, Blgr. ...... 22
7. chrysobronchus, Cope . 22
Spilotes, Wagl. ........ 23
I. pullatus, Z. ........ 23
2. mae Gthr.. 24
Coluber, Z..........6-- 24
1, dichrous, Ptrss. cesses 30
2. corais, Bowe ........ 31
8. novee-hispanie, Gm... 33
4, ? melanotropis, Cope .. 33
5. porphyraceus, Cant... 34
6. cantoris, Blgr. ...... 385
7, hodgsonii, Gthr. .... 35
8. helena, Daud. ... .36, 357
9, triaspis, Cope........ 37
10. chlorosoma, Gthr..... 38
11. flavirufus, Cope ...... 39
12, guttatus, Z. ........ 39

61.
62.
63.

Page
13. leopardinus, Bp. .... 41
14. hohenackeri, Strauch... 42
15. mandarinus, Cant..... 42
16. rufodorsatus, Cant. 43
17. dione, Pail. ........ 44
18. quatuorlineatus, Lacép. 45
19. teeniurus, Cope ...... 47
20. schrenckii, Strauch .. 48
21. vulpinus, B.§ G..... 49
22. letus, BAGG. 1.6... 49
23. obsoletus, Say ...... 50
24. conspicillatus, Bote .. 51
25. longissimus, Laur.. me 357
26. climacophorus, Bote.. 54
27. phyllophis, Bigr. .... 55
28. davidi, Saw......... 56
29, moellendorffii, Bétgr... 56
30. oxycephalus, Bore . 56, 857
31, janseni, Blkr. . 57, 357
82, frenatus, Gray ...... 58
33. prasinus, Blyth ...... 59
34, quadrivirgatus, Boie.. 59
35. melanurus, Schleg..... 60
36. radiatus, Schleg. .... 61
37. erythrurus, D. § B. 62, se
38. enganensis, Vincig.
39. subradiatus, Schleg. . an él
40. lineaticollis, Cope .... 64
41. scalaris, Schinz ...... 65
42. avizone, Blgr. ...... 66
43. deppil, D. GBrowse 66
44, catenifer, Blainv. .... 67
45. melanoleucus, Dawud... 68
Synchalinus, Cope ...... 70
1. corallioides, Cope .... 70
Gonyophis, Blgr. ...... 70
1. margaritatus, Ptrs. .. 71
Herpetodryas, Bote...... 71
1. sexcarinatus, Wagl. .. 72
2. carinatus, Z. ........ 73
3. fuscus, D. .......... 75

SYSTBMATIC INDEX,

Vili

Page
4, melas, Cope.......-.. 76
5. grandisquamis, Pirs... 76
+64. Dendrophis, Bote ...... 77
1. pictus, Bove ...... 78, 358
2. Fiteenaiis, Bigr.... .80, 358
3. calligaster, Gthr. .... 80
-+ 4. punctulatus, Gray.... 82
5. grandoculis, Blgr..... 84
6. formosus, Bote ...... 84
7. caudolineolatus, Gthr.. 85

8. lineolatus, Hombr. §
TOOTS. 6 25 ewe tes 85
9, gastrostictus, Bigr. 86
65. Dendrelaphis, Bigr. .... 87
1. tristis, Daud....... 88, 358
2. subocularis, Bigr. .... 89
3. caudolineatus, Gray 1358
4, terrificus, Pirs. ...... 90
5. modestus, Blgr....... 91
66, Chlorophis, Hallow. .... 91

67.

68.
69.
70.
Gl:

1. emini, Gthr. ........ 92
2, ornatus, Bocage ...... 93
3. hoplogaster, Gthr..... 98
4. neglectus, Pirs....... 94
5. natalensis, Smith .... 94
6. angolensis, Bocage.... 95
7. heterolepidotus, Gthr. 2
8. irregularis, Leach .... 96
9. heterodermus, Hallow. ee
? subcarinatus, Jan 91
Philothamnus, Smith.... 98
1. semivariegatus, Smith. 99
2. nitidus, Gthr......... 100
8. dorsalis, Bocage...... 10]
4, thomensis, Bocage.... 101
5. givardi, Bocage ...... 102
Gastropyxis, Cope ...... 102
1. smaragdina, Schleg. .. 103
Hapsidophrys, Fisch. 103
1. lineata, Fisch. ...... 104
Thrasops, Hallow. ...... 104
1. flavigularis, Hallow. 105,358
Leptophis, Bell ........ 105
1. eruginosus, Cope .... 107
2. depressirostris, Cope .. 107
8. modestus, Gthr... 1... 107
4, mexicanus, D. § B... 108
5. cupreus, Cope........ 109
6. saturatus, Cope ...... 110
7. diplotropis, Gthr. .... 110
8. bilineatus, Gthr. ..111, 358
9. occidentalis, Gthr..... 111
10. nigromarginatus, Gthr. 112

t
'
i

73.
74.

78.

79.

11. liocereus, Wied

nanos 113

12. ortonii, Cope ......-. 114
13. urostictus, Pirs. .... 114
. Uromacer, D. § B....... 115
1. catesbyi, Schl......... 115
2, frenatus, Githr. ...... 116

3. oxyrhynchus, D. § &. 116
Hypsirhynchus, Gthr..... 117

1, ferox, Gthr. ........ 117
Dromicus, Bibr. ........ 118
1, chamissonis, Wgm. .. 119
2. angulifer, Bibr. ...... 120
3. ater, Gosse .......... 121
4, sanctee-crucis, Cope .. 122
5. antillensis, Schleg..... 128
6. leucomelas, D. §& B... 128
7. rufiventris, D. § B... 124

8. anomalus, Ptrs....... 125
9. exiguus, Cope........ 126

\ 25, Liophis, Wagl. 1.1... 126
1. pygmeeus, Cope...... 129

2. brisealis, Lonny ay des 129

3. teeniurus, Zsch, ...... 130

4, albiventris, Jan ...... 130

5. fraseri, Blgr. ........ 181

6. pecilogyrus, Wied .. 131

7. perfuscus, Cope ...... 1338

8. melanotus, Shaw .... 184

9. almadensis, Wagl..... 134

10. viridis, Gthr.... 0... 1385
ll. typhlus, Z....... 2... 136

12. epinephelus, Cope .... 137
oholS, peeinin, Be ces wy ce: 137
14, juliz, Cope.......... 189
15. cursor, Lacép......... 139

16, andrew, R.§ L....... 140

17. parvifrons, Cope...... 141

18. melanostigma, Wagl. . 142
19. callilemus, Gosse .... 142
20. temporalis, Cope...... 143
21. flavilatus, Cope ...... 148
76. Cyclagras, Cope ........ 144
1. gigas, D.G Bu... os. 144

77. Xenodon, Bote.......... 144

1. colubrinus, Gthr. 146, 359
2. suspectus, Cope...... 147
3. guentheri, Blgr....... 147
4, neuwiedii, Gthr. 148
5. severus, Z........... 149
6, merremii, Wagl....... 150
Lystrophis, Cope........ 151
1. dorbignyi, D. §& B. 151
2. histricus, Jam ........ 152
3. semicinctus, D. & B... 158
Heterodon, Latr......... 153
1. platyrhinus, Lutr..... 154

80.

‘+1.

2

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

‘ Page
2. simus,Z..... 2... eee 166
3. nasicus, B. § G. 156
Aporophis, Cope........ 157
1, lineatus, Z...-....... 158
2. flavifrenatus, Cope .. 158
3. coralliventris, Blgr. .. 159
4, amoenus, Jan ........ 160
Rhadinza, Cope ........ 160
1. leucogaster, Jan 168
2. breviceps, Cope ...... 164
3. calligaster, Cope...... 164
4, mimus, Cope ........ 164
5. anomala, Githr. ...... 165 |
6. sagittifera; Jan ...... 165
7. cobella, Z. .......... 166
8. purpurans, D. & B.... 167
9, merremii, Wied...... 168
10. fusca, Cope .......... 169
11. jegeri, Gthr. ... 6... 170
12. genimaculata, Bttgr... 170
18. obtusa,’Cope ........ 171
14. serperastra, Cope .... 172
16. affinis, Gthr. ........ 172
16. peecilopogon, Cope .. 178
17. lachrymans, Cope .... 174
18. undulata, Wied ...... 174
19. melanauchen,*Jan .... 175
20. occipitalis, Jan ...... 175
21. decorata,,Gthr. .. 176, 359
22. vermiculaticeps, Cope . 177
28. clavata, Ptrs. ........ 177
24, vittata, Jan ........ 178
25. laureata, Gthr. ...... 179
26. godmani, Githr. ...... 179
. Urotheca, Bibr. ........ 180
1. dumerilii, Bidr. ...... 181
2, lateristriga, Berth..... 181
3. euryzona, Cope ...... 182

4, elapoides, Cope .. 182, 359

5. bicincta, Herm....... 84
. Trimetopon, Cope ...... 184
1. gracile, Gthr......... 184
. Hydromorphus, Pérs. .... 185
1. concolor, Pirs. ...... 185
. Dimades, Gray.......... 185
1. plicatilis, L........... 186
. Hydrops, Wagl. ........ 186

1. triangularis, Wagl. 187, 859

2. martii, Wagl......... 187
. Sympholis, Cope ........ 188
1. lippiens, Cope........ 188
. Coronella, Laur. ........ 188
1. austriaca, Laur. ...... 191
2. amalie, Btigr. .. 198, aa

3. girondica, Daud.

VOL, I.

89.

90.

91.

93.

ix

: Page
semiornata, Ptrs. 195, 359

4,

5. coronata, Schleg....... 196
6. regularis, Fisch....... 196
7. getula, DZ. ....... 0s 197

8. calligaster, Harl, .... 198
9. leonis, Gthr. ........ 199
10. triangulum, Daud..... 200
11. gentilis, B.$ G...,... 201
12. zonata, Blainv. ...... 202
18, micropholis, Cope .... 208
14, doliata, Z. .......... 205
15. brachyura, Githr. 206
16. punctata, DZ. 1.1.0... 206
17. amabilis, B. § G. .... 207
18. regalis, B.G G....... 208
Hypsiglena, Cope........ 208

1. ochrorhynchus, Cope.. 209
2. torquata, Gthr. .. 210, 359

3. affinis, Blgr. ........ 210
4, discolor, Gthr. ...... 211
5. latifasciata, Gthr. .... 211
6. ornata, Bocourt ...... 211
Rhinochilus, B. § G. .... 212
1. lecontii, B. §& G....... 212
2. thominoti, Bocowrt.... 218
3. antonii, Dugés ...... 213
Cemophora, Cope........ 213
1. coccinea, Blumend. 214
. Simotes, D. & Bi... se... 214
1. splendidus, Gthr. .... 217
purpurascens, Schleg... 218

. cyelurus, Cant. ...... 219

. albocinctus, Cant. .... 220

. formosanus, Gthr. 222, 359
. Violaceus, Cant....... 222
. woodmasoni, W. Sel... 223
. octolineatus, Schn..... 224
: Vedi ar Cope. . 225

. forbesii, Blgr......... 225

. signatus, GiAr. ...... 226

. subcarinatus, Gthr. .. 226

. annulifer, Blgr....... 226

. teeniatus, Gthr. ...... 227

. chinensis, Gthr....... 228

. vaillanti, Sauv. ...... 228

. beddomii, Bigr....... 229

. arnensis, Shaw .. 229,359

. theobaldi, Gthr....... 230
20. cruentatus, Gthr. .... 231
21. torquatus, Blgr....... 232
22. planiceps, Blgr....... 232
Oligodon, Bote.......... 233
1. venustus, Jerd. ...... 235
2, travancoricus, Bedd... 236
3. affinis, Gthr. ........ 287

b

94.

95.

96.

98.
99.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

Page

4, bitorquatus, Bote . .. 237
5. trilineatus, D. § B. .. 288
6. modestus, Gthr....... 238
7. notospilus, Gthr. 239
8. everetti, Blgr. ...... 239
9. propinquus, Jan...... 240
10. brevicauda, Gthr. .... 240
11. dorsalis, Gray........ 241
12. templetonii, Gthr. 241, 359
18. sublineatus, D. § B... 242
14. ellioti, Géhr. .......- 242
15. subgriseus, D. § B. .. 248
16. vertebralis, Gthr. .... 245
16a. teniurus, F. Mill... 360
17. waandersii, Blkr. .... 245
18. melanocephalus, Jan .. 246
dorsalis, Berth. ...... 234
Prosymna, Gray ........ 246
J. sundevallii, Smith .... 247
2. frontalis, Pirs. ...... 248
8. ambigua, Bocage .... 248
4. meleagris, Rhdt....... 249
5. jani, Bianc........... 249
Leptocalamus, Gthr. .... 249
1. torquatus, Gthr....... 250
2. sumichrasti, Bocourt .. 250
8. selateri, Blgr......... 251

Arrhyton, Gthr. ........ 261
1. teniatum, Gthr....... 252
2.-vittatum, Gundl.§ Ptrs, 252
3. redimitum, Cope .... 252

. Simophis, Pirs. ........ 253
1. rhinostoma, Schleg. 253
2. rohdii, Bitgr......... 254

Scaphiophis, Pérs. ...... 254
1. albopunctatus, Ptrs. .. 254
Contia, B.§ G. ........ 255
1, wstiva, Z. oo... ee 258
2. vernalis, Harl. ...... 258
3. agassizil, Jan ........ 259
4, decemlineata, D. § B. 260
5. collaris, Mén......... 260
6, fasciata, Jan ........ 262
7. angusticeps, Bigr..... 262
8. rothi, Jan .......... 262
9. persica, And. ........ 263
10. walteri, Bttgr. ...... 263
11. coronella, Schleg. .... 264
12. taylori, Blgr......... 265
18, episcopa, Kenn. ...... 265
14, torquata, Cope........ 266
15. isozona, Cope ........ 266
16. occipitalis, Hallow. 266
17. pachyura, Cope ...... 267
18, mitis, B.GG......... 267

100.

1038.

104.

105.

106.

107.

108.
109.
110.

lll.

Page

19. semiannulata, B. § G. 268
20. nasus, Gthr........- 268
lineata, Kenn. ...... 269

21. frontalis, Cope ...... 270
Ficimia, Gray ....---. 270
1. olivacea, Gray ...... 271
2. cana, Cope..... 22.5. 272
3. quadrangularis, Gthr. 272
. Chilomeniseus, Cope.... 272
1. stramineus, Cope 273
2. ephippicus, Cope .... 278

. Homalosoma, Wagl. .. 273
1. lutrix, Zoo... 2.60. 274
2. shiranum, Blgr. .... 276
3. abyssinicum, Blgr. .. 276
4, variegatum, Ptrs. ... 276
Ablabes, D.§ B....... 277
1. semicarinatus, Hallow. 278
2. major, Gthr. ...... 279
3. dorie, Blgr..... 6... 279
4, frenatus, Gthr....... 280
5. stoliczke, W. Sel. .. 281
6. tricolor, Schleg. .... 281
7. calamaria, Gthr. .... 282
8, rappii, Gthr. ...... 282
9. baliodirus, Bote .... 283
10. scriptus, Theob. .... 284
11. longicauda, Pers. 284

bipunctatus, Jeude .. 285

12. nicobariensis, Stol. .. 285
Grayia, Gthr. ........ 286
1, smythii, Leach. ..... 286
2. furcata, Mocg....... 287
38. giardi, Dollo ...... 288
Xenurophis, Gthr. ..., 288
l. cesar, Gthr. ...... 288
Virginia, B.G G. .... 288
1. valerie, B.§ G..... 289
2. elegans, Kenn. ...... 289
Abastor, Gray ........ 289
1. erythrogrammus,
Daud... 66.6.0, 290
Farancia, Gray ...... 290
1. abacura, Holbr. ..., 291
Petalognathus, D. § B.. 292
1. nebulatus, Z. ...... 293
Tropidodipsas, Gtr. 294
1. fasciata, Gthr. ...... 295
2. philippii, Jan ...... 295
3. fischeri, Blgr. ...... 296
4. sartorii, Cope ...... 296
5. annulifera, Blgr. .... 297
6. anthracops, Cope .... 297
Dirosema, Blgr. ...... 298
1. bicolor, Gthr. ...... 298

'

SYSTHMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. omiltemanum, Gthr. 299

3. Pip ad ae Cope.... 299
rachycephalum, Cope 299

112. Adon Wagl. ...... 300
1, elaps, Gthr..... 2... 802

2. latifrons, Gthr. .... 308

3. modestus, Blgr. .... 304

4. vittatus, Blgr. Peha ress 304

5. latifrontalis, Garm... 304

6. longiceps, Cope .... 805

7, peruvianus, Jan .... 805

8. guentheri, Wuch. 305

9. bocourti, Blgr....... 306

10. maculatus, Gthr. .... 306

11. major, Bigr..... 2... 807

12, isthmicus, Blgr. .... 807

18. badius, Bote ........ 308

14, torquatus, D. §& B... 809

15. crassicaudatus, D.6B. 310

16. duboisi, Blyr. ...... 310

17. occipitoalbus, Jan .. 310

18. reticulatus, Bigr. 311

19. emmeli, Bitgr. .... 311

20. trilineatus, Wagl. 312

21. quadrivirgatus, Jan 312

22. fave, Filippi ...... 3138
113. Geophis, Wagl. ...... 314
1. poeppigii, Jan ...... 316

2. semidoliatus, D. § B. 316

3. rhodogaster, Cope .. 317

4, dugesii, Bocourt .... 317

5. salleei, Blgr......... 318

6. chalybeeus, Wagl, .. 318

7. hoffmanni, Pérs..... 319

8. dolichocephalus, Cope 320

9. petersii, Blgr. ...... 321

10. championi, Bigr..... 321

11. godmani, Bigr. 322

12, dubius, Pérs. ...... 822

18. rostralis, Jan ...... 323
1134. Agropbis, F. Miiil. 360
1. sarasinorum, F. Mill. 360

114. Carphophis, Gerv. 824
1. amoenus, Say ...... 324

115. Stilosoma, 4. £. Brown 325
1. extenuatum,Brown.. 325

116. Geagras, Cope ........ 326
1. redimitus, Cope .... 826

117. Macrocalamus, Gthr. .. 327
1. lateralis, Gthr....... 327

118. Idiopholis, Mocg....... 827
1. collaris, Mocg....... 827

119. Rhabdophidium, Bigr..
1. forsteni, D.G B. .
120. Pseudorhabdium, Jan. .
1. longiceps, Cant. ....
2. oxycephalum, Githr.
Calamaria, Bote. ......
1. lumbricoidea, Bote ..
2. vermiformis, D. & B.
3. stahlknechtii, Stol. .
4. baluensis, Blyr. nat
5. grabowskii, Fisch. ..
6
7
8

121.

. abiventer, Gray....
. margaritifera, Bikr.. .
hoevenii, Edel.
. prakkii, Jeude
9: prayl, Gthr occ
itorques, Pérs. ....
. gervaisii, D.§ B. ..
. sumatrana, Edel. ....
. everetti, Blgr.......
. virgulata, Bote
. leucogaster, Blkr.
. occipitalis, Jan
. bicolor, D. § B.....
. lateralis, Mocg.
. becearii, Pérs.......
. rebentischii, Blkr. ..
. agamensis, Blkr.....

. Schlegelii, D.& B...
. linneei, Bote........
. borneensis, Blkr.....
. benjaminsii, Edel. ..
. javanica, Blgr.......
. brevis, Blgr.. ...
. pavimentata, D. & B.
. septentrionalis, Bigr.
. melanota, Jan
. lovii, Blgr.
. gracillima, Gthr.....
catenata, Blyth
Typhlogeophis, Gthr. ..
l. brevis, GtAr. ......
Amastridium, Cope... .
veliferum, Cope ....
Anoplophallus, Cope ..
maculatus, Hallow...

122.

. leucocephala, D. & B.

xi

Page
. 828

. 328

328
329
829
330
333
333
. 885

. 335

836
336
336

. 837

337
338
338
338
339
340

.. 840
. 841
. 842

342

. 342

843
343
3843
344
346
845
347
347
347
348
348
349
349
350
350

. 861

351
351
352
352
353
353

Subfam. 3. RuacHIoponTiInz.

123. Dasypeltis, Wagl.
1. scabra, L

CATALOGUE

OF

SNAKES.

Fam. 7. COLUBRID.

Subfam. 2. COLUBRINA.
(Continued.)

Synopsis of the Genera.
(Continued from Vol. I. p. 180.)

II. Hypapophyses absent in the posterior dorsal vertebrae, the lower
surface of which is smooth or with a low keel.

A. Posterior maxillary teeth increasing in size; anterior maxil-
lary and mandibular teeth strongly enlarged ; pupil vertically
elliptic, -

Anterior maxillary teeth separated from the rest by an interspace. (
48. Lycodon, I. p. 348.

Two or three middle maxillary teeth small, separated from the

anterior and posterior by distinct interspaces. =
49. Dinodon, I. p. 360. ~

B, Anterior maxillary teeth not enlarged, middle and posterior
longest; pupil vertically elliptic. eee
50. Stegonotus, I. p. 364.

C. Anterior and middle maxillary teeth not enlarged, posterior
increasing in size or the last strongly enlarged.

1. Palatine and pterygoid bones toothed; pupil vertically
elliptic.
Maxillary teeth 8 to 10; scales with apical pits.
51. Dryocalamus, I. p. 369,
VOL, II. B

Dy) COLUBRID.
Maxillary teeth 6 to 9; scales without pits; snout cuneiform, pro-
OCU ees se van inser Eases 55. Lytorhynchus, I. p. 414.
Maxillary teeth 12 to 16; scales with apical pits.
‘ 89. Hypsiglena, IT. p. 208.

2, Palatine and pterygoid bones toothed; pupil round; an-
terior mandibular teeth much larger than the posterior ;
scales with apical pits.

a. Internasal shield entering the nostril; maxillary teeth
12tol4 ........ 52. Pseudaspis, I. p. 373.

6. Internasal not entering the nostril.

u. Lateral scales disposed obliquely, at least on the
anterior part of the body; eyes large.

Maxillary teeth 15 to 20, the posterior slightly enlarged; scales in
21 to 25 rows .......... 58. Phrynonax, II. p. 18.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 32, the posterior strongly enlarged; scales in

13 or 15 rows .......... 71. Leptophis, II. p. 105. a

8. Scales forming longitudinal series ; maxillary teeth 11
to 20.

Posterior maxillary teeth strongly enlarged and separated from the
rest by an interspace; scales narrow, lanceolate.
72. Uromacer, II. p. 115.
Posterior maxillary teeth slightly enlarged.
73. Hypsirhynchus, II. p. 117.
Posterior maxillary teeth strongly enlarged and separated from the

rest by an interspace; scales moderately elongate.
74. Dromicus, II. p. 118. "

‘. 8. Palatine and pterygoid bones toothed; pupil round; man-
dibular teeth subequal, or anterior a little enlarged.

a, Longitudinal series of scales in even numbers ; maxillary
teeth 20 to 33.

Scales forming longitudinal series.
53. Zaocys, I. p. 374.
Lateral scales oblique ........ 63. Herpetodryas, II. p. 71.

b. Longitudinal series of scales in odd numbers; ventrals
rounded or obtusely angulate laterally ; subcaudals not
angulate laterally.

a. Maxillary teeth forming a continuous series, or the
last two or three separated from the rest by a very
short interspace.

al

%

COLUBRINA. 3

* Head distinct from neck ; eye large or rather large ;
body much elongate; scales-with apical pits.
+ Scales forming longitudinal series.
Maxillary teeth 12 to 20 .... 54. Zamenis, I. p. 379.
Maxillary teeth 25 to 30; scales of vertebral row enlarged.
56. Xenelaphis, II. p. 7.
Maxillary teeth 22 to 32; no suboculars. a
57. Drymobius, II. p.8. “
Tt Scales disposed obliquely, at least on the anterior
part of the body; maxillary teeth 20 to 25.
Lateral scales as long as dorsals, 66. Chlorophis, II. p.91. *
Lateral scales much shorter than dorsals.
70. Thrasops, IT. p. 104.

** Head not or but slightly distinct from neck; eye
moderate or small_

+ Internasals, nasals, and preefrontals distinct. _
t Subcaudals in two rows.

Maxillary teeth 14 to 24; scales without pits; tail conical.
81. Rhadinza, IT. p. 160.
Maxillary teeth 13 to 16; scales without pits; usually one or more
suboculars ; tail long, thick throughout, ending obtusely.
82. Urotheca, II. p.180. “~
Maxillary teeth 12 to 20, posterior not compressed; scales with
apical pits; no suboculars.. 88. Coronella, II. p.188. *

Maxillary teeth 8 to 11, posterior not compressed; snout strongly

projecting .............. 91. Cemophora, II. p. 213.
Maxillary teeth 8 to 12, posterior compressed ; snout more or less
projecting .............. 92. Simotes, IT. p. 214.
tt Subcaudals single; snout strongly projecting ;
5 maxillary teeth 16 to 19.

90. Rhinochilus, IT: p. 212.
+t A single prefrontal; two internasals.

Eye small; nostril between two nasals.
83. Trimetopon, IT. p. 184.

Eye very small; nasal single.. 84, Hydromorphus, II. p. 185.
ttt A single internasal; two prefrontals; nasal
semidivided, in contact with the preocular.

Eye rather small; scales as broad as long.
85. Dimades, IT. p. 185.

Eye very small ............ 86. Hydrops, II. p. 186. q
B2

#

4 COLUBRIDZ.

+++? Internasals fused with the prefrontals, nasai
fused with the first labial.
87. Sympholis, IT. p. 188.

B. Posterior maxillary teeth strongly enlarged and sepa-
rated from the rest by a very distinct interspace.

* Scales with apical pits; snout rounded or obtusely
conical.
Scales forming longitudinal series ; no suboculars. x
75. Liophis, II. p. 126.
Scales forming longitudinal series ; a series of suboculars. -
76. Cyclagras, II. p. 144.
Scales disposed obliquely ; no suboculars.
. 77. Xenodon, II. p. 144. x”
** Scales with apical pits; snout projecting, cunei-
form.
Scales smooth, in 19 or 21 rows.
78. Lystrophis, II. p. 151. *
Scales keeled, in 23 to 27 rows. 79. Heterodon, II. p. 153.

*## Scales without pits ; snout obtuse ; head narrow.
80. Aporophis, II. p.157.

c. Longitudinal series of scales in odd numbers; ventrals
with a suture-like lateral keel, and a notch on each
side corresponding to the keel.

a. Scales of vertebral row not enlarged.
Scales smooth ; subcaudals keeled and notched like the ventrals.
67. Philothamuus, IT. p. 98.
Scales keeled; subcaudals keeled and notched like the ventrals.
68. Gastropyxis, IT. p. 102.
Seales keeled; subcaudals without keel or notch.
69. Hapsidophrys, IT. p. 103.
G. Scales of vertebral row enlarged.
64, Dendrophis, IT. p. 77.

4, Palatine and pterygoid teeth absent or few ; maxillary bone
short, with 5 to 8 teeth.
a. Maxillary teeth forming an uninterrupted series,
Pupil round; snout projecting, obtuse.
93. Oligodon, IT. p. 233,

Pupil vertically subelliptic ; snout with angular horizontal edge.
94. Prosymuna, II. p. 246.

COLUBRIN 2, 5

6. Posterior maxillary teeth separated from the rest by an

interspace.
Scales with apical pits ...... 95. Leptocalamus, II. p. 249. ~
Scales without pits.......... 96. Arrhyton, IT. p. 251.

D. Maxillary teeth equal or nearly so, or posterior decreasing in
size.

é
1. Scales with apical pits. »

a. Longitudinal series of scales in even numbers; eye large ;
no suboculars .... 59. Spilotes, II. p. 28.

6. Longitudinal series of scales in odd numbers.

a. Head distinct from neck; eye moderate or large; body
usually much elongate.

* Maxillary teeth nearly equal; scales forming straight
longitudinal series,

Nasals distinct, not fused with the loreal ; ventrals rounded or more
or less distinctly angulate laterally.
60. Coluber, IT. p. 24. eS

Nasal single, fused with the loreal, in contact with the preocular;
ventrals sharply angulate laterally.
61. Synchalinus, IT. p. 70. x

Nasals distinct; ventrals and subcaudals with a suture-like lateral
keel and a notch on each side corresponding to the keel.
62. Gonyophis, II. p. 70.

** Posterior maxillary teeth decreasing in size; scales
narrow and oblique; ventrals and subcaudals with
a suture-like lateral keel and a notch on each side
corresponding to the keel.
65. Dendrelaphis, IT. p. 87.

(8. Head not or but slightly distinct from neck.
* Maxillary teeth equal or subequal.

Snout cuneiform; rostral shield with obtuse horizontal keel. ;
97. Simophis, IT. p. 253.

Snout beak-shaped, hooked; rostral shield with sharp horizontal
keel jviniacscces eee e ae ex 98. Scaphiophis, II. p. 254.

Snout obtuse or pointed ; nasal distinct from the labials.
99. Contia, II. p. 255.

Snout pointed ; rostral in contact with ‘or approaching the frontal ;

nasal fused with the first labial.
100. Ficimia, IT. p. 270,

\"

6 COLUBRID,

Snout much depressed, strongly projecting; nasal fused with the
internasal .........--0+- 101. Chilomeniscus, IT. p. 272.

** Anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth longest.
102. Homalosoma, II. p. 273.
2. Scales without pits.

a. Maxillary and mandibular teeth subequal, 15 to 35 ;
pupil round ; anterior temporal present.

a. Loreal and prefrontal not entering the eye.

Head not or but slightly distinct from neck ; eye moderate or rather
small; maxillary teeth 15 to 30.
103. Ablabes, II. p. 277.

Head distinct from neck; eye moderate; body stout; maxillary
teeth 22 to 25...........- 104. Grayia, II. p. 286.

Head distinct from neck; eye large; maxillary teeth 35.
105. Xenurophis, IT. p. 288.

8. Loreal and prefrontal entering the eye, which is small.
Nostril lateral, between two nasals,
106. Virginia, II. p. 288.
Nostrils directed upwards, in a semidivided nasal; two internasals.
107. Abastor, IT. p. 289.

Nostril directed upwards, in a semidivided nasal; a single inter-
MASAl gasg vnynnivie Lae a ele 108. Farancia, II. p. 290.

6. Posterior maxillary and mandibular teeth shortest;
anterior temporal usually present.
a. Head distinct from neck ; pupil vertically elliptic.

Vertebral row of scales enlarged; eye large.

109. Petalognathus, II. p. 292. *
Dorsal scales equal; eye moderate or large.

110. Tropidodipsas, IT. p. 294.
Dorsal scales equal; eye small. 111. Dirosema, IT. p. 298.

8. Head not distinct from neck ; pupil round or vertically
subelliptic .... 112, Atractus, II. p. 299, 2 +»

c. Maxillary teeth small, subequal, 8 to 12; anterior
temporal present ; eye very small.

Nostril in a single nasal; loreal and prefrontal entering the eye,
114. Carphophis, IT. p. 324.

Nostril between two nasals and the internasal; snout with angular
horizontal edge .......... 116. Geagras, IT. p. 326,

56, XENELAPHIS, 7

Nostril between a nasal and the first labial.
117. Macrocalamus, II. p. 327.

d, Maxillary teeth small, subequal ; parietal in contact with
labials ; eye small or very small.

a. Nostril between two nasals.

Loreal present, entering the eye. a
113. Geophis, IT. p. 314, i

No loreal ; an azygous shield between the internasals.
118. Idiopholis, IT. p. 327.

8. Nostril in a single nasal ; no loreal.
* Nasal small.

Eye moderately small ; body extremely slender.
115. Stilosoma, IT. p. 325.

Eye very small ............ 119. Rhabdophidium, IT. p. 328,
** Nasal minute.

Internasals present.......... 120. Pseudorhabdium, II. p. 328,

No internasals ; eye free .... 121. Calamaria, II. p. 330.

Eye concealed under the ocular shield.
122. Typhlogeophis, IT. p. 351.

56. XENELAPHIS.

Coryphodon (nox Owen), part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. G&. vii. p. 180
(1854) ; Gtinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 107 (1858) ; Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid.
p. 63 (1863).

Xenelaphis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 250 (1864); Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 836 (1890).

Maxillary teeth 25 to 30, gradually increasing in size; anterior
mandibular teeth a little enlarged. Head moderately elongate, dis-
tinct from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil; a subocular

Fig. 1.

Maxillary and mandible of Xenelaphis hexagonotus.

below the preocular. Body elongate, cylindrical ; scales smooth,
with feebly marked apical pits, in 17 rows, the vertebral row

8 COLUBRID.

slightly enlarged and six-sided; ventrals rounded. Tail long;
subcaudals in two rows.
Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago,

1. Xenelaphis hexagonotus.

Coluber hexahonotus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 74 (1847).

Coryphodon sublutescens, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 187 (1854).

—— hexanotus, Giinth. Cat. p. 110 (1858). ;

ee tae hexahonotus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 251, pl. xxi.
fig. C (1864).

Piya te aan Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 168 (1876).

Xenelaphis hexagonotus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 336 (1890),

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ; internasals as long
as or a little longer than the prefrontals; frontal once and one
third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal
nearly as long as deep; one preocular, with a rather large sub-
ocular below it, wedged in between the third and fourth upper
labials ; two postoculars, with a large subocular below, separating
the eye from the fifth and sixth labials; a third subocular occa-
«sionally present, separating the eye altogether from the labials;
temporals 24-2; normally eight upper labials, fourth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales smooth, in 17
rows. Ventrals 185-198; anal divided; subcaudals 140-179.
Brown above, with black cross bands, which become indistinct with
age, on the anterior half of the body; old specimens showing mere
traces of the outer ends of these bands; lower parts uniform

ellowish.

Total length 1650 millim. ; tail 600.

Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java.

a. Yg. (V. 188; C. 148). Pinang. Dr. Cantor. (Type.)
b,c. d (V. 187; C.140) Singapore. Gen. Hardwicke [C.].

& Q (V.198; C. 140).
d. & (V.191; C. 149). Singapore. W. T. Blanford, Esq. fF}
e. 9 (V. 190; C. 144). Borneo. L, L, Dillwyn, Esq. [P.].
SF. & (V. 185; C.179). Borneo. Sir J. Brooke [P.].
g- & (V. 190; C.?). Bae R., Sara- Brooke Low, Esq. [P.]}.

wak.

h. & (V.187; 0.173). —P Dr. Bleeker. (Dendrophis
: dumerilit, Blk.)
a. Yg. (V. 192; C.175). ——P Dr. Bleeker. (Adblabes

polyhemizona, Blkr.
k. Skull. Sarawak, :

57. DRYMOBIUS.

Coluber, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 125 (1887); Dum. §& Bibr.
Mem, Ac, &, xxii. 1868, p. 485, ie ai
Herpetodryas, part., Schleg. 1, c. p. 178; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii

57. DRYMOBIUS. 9

p. 203 (1854); Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 118 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Ofid. p. 80 (1868).

Coryphodon (non Owen), part., Dum. § Bibr. t.c. p. 180; Giinth.
le. P 107 ;. Jan, 1. ¢. p. 63.

Leptophis, part., Dum. g Bibr. t. ¢. p. 528.

Dromicus, part., Dum. § Bibr. t. c. p. 646; Guinth. 1. ¢. p. 126,

Drymobius, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 560; Bocourt,
Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 715 (1890).

Dendrophidium, Cope, J. c. p. 561; Bocourt, 1. c. p. 780.

Ablabes, part., Jan, J. c. p. 51.

Thamnosophis, part., Jan, J. c. p. 82.

Tropidonotus, part., Jan, l. c. p. 68,

Eudryas, Bocourt, /.¢c. p. 716. *

Crossanthera, Cope, Am. Nat. 1898, p. 481.

Maxillary teeth 22 to 38, increasing in size posteriorly, the two
or three last stouter if not longer than those preceding them;
mandibular teeth subequal or anterior somewhat enlarged. Head
elongate, distinct from neck; eye large, with round pupil; no sub-
oculars. Body elongate, cylindrical ; scales smooth or keeled, with
apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded or with an obtuse
lateral keel. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.

America, from Texas to Peru and Southern Brazil.

This genus is very closely allied to, and intermediate between,
both Zamenis and Coluber. It is just separable from the former by
the greater number of teeth; and it is connected with the latter
by D. bifossatus and D. boddaertii, the dentition of some specimens
of which approaches the isodont type. The subocular shield below
the preocular, present in most of the species referred to Zamenis, is
constantly absent in Drymobius.

Fig. 2.

Maxillary and mandible of Drymobius bifossatus.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales smooth,
Scales in 15 rows; two labials entering

GHG CV Oo gieas wats easleas wa wld oe 1. bifossatus, p. 10.
Scales in 17 rows; usually three labials
entering the eye....... ee eee eee 2. boddaertii, p. 11.

II. Scales keeled.
A. Scales in 15 rows...... seas icee 8, affinis, p. 14,

10 COLUBRID,

B. Scales in 17 rows.
1. Maxillary teeth 30 to 38.
Subcaudals 84-96 ...........+---+.24. 4s rhombifer, p. 14.
Subcaudals 109-128; loreal as deep aslong. 5. bivittatus, p. 15.
Subcaudals 113-155 ; loreal usually longer
than, deep cya ace nee cog ai emseeacaernn wer 6. dendrophis, p. 15.

2. Maxillary teeth not more than 25.
Frontal hardly once and a half as long as
broad ; loreal not or but slightly longer

than deep; ventrals 158-169 ........ 7. chloroticus, p. 16.
Frontal at least once and a half as long as
broad ; loreal longer than deep; ventrals [p. 17.
AA OD i scale ip leit cia isos tere + Aaa aN 8. margaritiferus,
pr

1. Drymobius bifossatus. Bs
Coluber bifossatus, Raddi, Mem. Soc. Ital. Modena, xviii. (Fis.),
1820, p. 333.
—— capistratus, Lichtenst. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 104 (1828).
ichtonstalil, Wied, N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xii. ti. 1825,
p: 493, pl. xlvi., and Beitr. Nat. Bras. i. p. 805 (1825); Wagi.
Icon. Amph. pl. iv. (1828) ; Wied, Abbild. (1831).
pantherinus (non Daud.), Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 143, pl. v.
figs. 138 & 14 (1837).
Coryphodon pantherinus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 181 (1854) ; Giinth.
Cat. p. 107 (1858) ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 24, pl. iti. fig. 1 (1867).
Drymobius pantherinus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
. 192,
Ptyas pantherinus, Boettg. Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. lviii. 1885, p. 233.
Drymobius bifossatus, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) xiii. 1894,
p. 846,

Maxillary teeth 27 to 30, posterior feebly enlarged. Rostral
nearly as deep as broad, visible from above; internasals much
shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal once and two thirds or once
and three fourths as long as broad, as long as or longer than its
distance from the rostral, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal
as long as deep or deeper than long; one preocular, usually not
touching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 242; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Ventrals 160-183;
anal divided ; subcaudals 85-102. Above with three parallel series
of large, roundish or subquadrate, blackish or dark brown Dblack-
edged spots, separated by narrow yellowish or yellowish-brown
interspaces ; the spots of the lateral series extending to the sides of
the belly; a pair of longitudinal dark bands or a U-shaped band on
the back of the head and nape, and a dark cross-band between the
eyes ; labials yellowish, black-edged ; lower parts yellowish, with
brown or black spots.

Total length 1750 millim. ; tail 450.

Brazil, Paraguay.

57, DRYMOBIUS. 11

a,b. 9 (V. 180; C. 100) Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq.
& yg. (V. 176; C. 92), [P.].
e. go (V. 166; C. 102). Pernambuco.
d. 2 (V.177; C.?). Bahia. Dr. O.Wucherer[C.].
e @ (V.179; C.?). Rio Janeiro. Haslar Collection.
“h. 9 (V. 174; C. 95) Porto Real, Prov. Rio M. Hardy duDréneuf
& yg. (V. 167, 160; Janeiro. [C.].
C. 98, ?).
z Yg. (V.176; C. 90). ceria Proy. Matto §. Moore, Esq. [P.].
TOSSO.
k, 3 (V.171; ©. 92). Porto Alegre. Dr.H. v. Ihering [C.].
1 © (V. 188; C. 93), Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls (C4.
2

2. Drymobius boddaertii.

Coluber boddaertii, Sentzen, Meyer’s Zool. Arch. ii. 1796, p. 59;
Meg Tent. p. 110 (1820).

Herpetodryas boddaertii, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 185 (1837) ; Dum.
§ Bibr. vii. p. 210 (1854); Giinth. Cat. p. 115 (1858); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 49, pl. 1. fig. 1 (1879).

Coluber fuscus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1845, p. 241.

Dromicus pleii, Dum. § Bibr. t. v. p. 661; Jan, op. cit. 24, pl. v.
fig. 1 (1867).

eee ryas rappii, Ginth. 1. c. p. 116, and Proc, Zool. Soc. 1859,

. 412,

diblabes tessellatus, Berthold, Gétting. Anz. iii, 1859, p. 180; Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 281.

Drymobius boddaertii, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 561; Giinth.
Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 125 (1894). ;

—— rappii, Cope, J. ¢.

Herpetodryas reticulata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 285; Garm.
Bull. Essex Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 91.

? Herpetodryas (Drymobius) reissii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868,

. 640,

? Masticophis pulchriceps, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 105,
? Masticophis melanolomus, Cope, ¢. ¢. p. 184.
Herpetodryas bilineatus, Jan, op. cit. p. 31, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1869).
—— quinquelineatus, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wren, xii. 1870, p. 346.
Drymobius heathii, Cope, Journ. Acad. Philad, (2) viii. 1876, p. 179.
Dromicus (Alsophis) maculivittis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1877,
. 458,
Depmokius bilineatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xvii. 1877,
. 85.
Tarpotailish levis, Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881, p. 227, pl. xi.
figs. 4-6.
Gor picane alternatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. 1884,
p. 183, and Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. pl. xlv. fig. 8 (1888).
Dromicus ceruleus, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. ii. 1885,
p. 103, pl. iv. fig. 7.
Alsophis pulcher, Garm. Proc. Amer, Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 283.
Drymobius alternatus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 82, 1887,

. 70.
p Dremcbink melanolomus, Cope, J. c.
Drymobius levis, Cope, 1. c.; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 722,
pl. li. fig. 6 (1890).
Herpetodryas (Drymobius) boddaerti, var. heathii, Boettg. Ber,
Senck, Ges, 1889, p. 313.

12 COLUBRID.
Drymobius (Eudryas) boddaertii, Bocourt, 1. e. p. 720, pl. li. figs. 1
& 2

— dorsalis, Bocourt, J. c. p. 722, fig. 2.

— ceruleus, Bocourt, J. ¢. p. 727, fig. 4,

—— pleii, Bocourt, J. c. p. 728, fig. 8.

Zamenis melanolomus, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 122 (1894).

Maxillary teeth 22 to 25, posterior moderately or feebly enlarged.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half to twice as
long as broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal
longer than deep; one preocular, rarely touching the frontal; two
(rarely three) postoculars ; temporals 2+2 or 2+3 (rarely 142);
nine (rarely eight) upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth (or fourth
and fifth, or third, fourth, and fifth) entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals obtusely
angulate, 163-204; anal divided; subcaudals 84-136. Coloration
very variable.

Total length 1090 millim.; tail 310.

Tropical America.

A. Brownish, greyish, or olive above, uniform or with a pair of
light streaks along part or the whole of the body ; the scales
sometimes black-edged ; a more or less distinct dark streak on
each side of the head, through the eye; belly yellowish, uniform
or dotted with olive; throat sometimes spotted or marbled with
brown. (C. boddaertit, Sentz.)

a. 6 (V.170; C.111). = Mexico. M. Sallé [C.}.

b. d (V.186; C.112). Zacuapan, Mexico. Mr. H. Fink te

e-d. & (V.185; C.109) Tres Marias Ids. Hr. A. Forrer (C.].
& 9 (V. 190; C.?).

e-f. 6 (V.179; ©. 125) Yucatan.
& 2 (V. 185; C.?).

g-h. & (V.176; 0.120) Teapa, Tabasco. F. D. Godman, Esq.
& yg. (V. 174; C.?).

P.).
7, Yg. (V.172; C.106). Hacienda del Hobo, p Geides, Esq. [P.].
8S. Mexico.
k-l. & (V.176,174; C. Huatuzco, Vera Cruz. F.D. Godman & O.
111, 116). Salvin, Esqs. [P.].
m. & (V. 178; C.?). Vera Paz, low forest. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
n. Her. (V. 180; C. 120). Peten, Guatemala. O, Salvin, Esq. [C.].
o. 2 (V. 184; C. 109). W. Coast of Central H.M.S. ‘Beagle.’
g
g

America.
p. 2 (V. 196; C. 113). Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.}.
q. 9 (VY. 204; 0.117). St. Vincent, W.I. Mus. Comp Zoology
[E.].
r-s. 3 (V. 192; ©. 92) & St. Vincent. Mr. H.H. Smith [C.};

yg. (V. 200; C. 120). By Godman, Esq.

t. 3 (V,196; 0,122), Td, of Grenada, W.J. Mus. Comp. Zoology
(EJ.

57. DRYMOBIUS. 13

u. $ (V.198; C.117). MoustiquesId.,Grena- Mr. H.H.Smith(0.];

dines. F.D.Godman, Esq.
[P.].

v. & (V.7185 ;7C. ?). Brit. Guiana. 0. Bout
w. 3 (V. 182; C.101). Demerara. i

x,y. 3d (V. 176, 186; Vryheids Lust, Deme- Rev. W. T. Turner
C. 108, 112). rara. [C.].

z-a f (V.179; C.107) Surinam.
& 2 (V. 186; C. 106).

B. 2 (V. 193; C.115). Maracaibo. Mr. Lowe [C.].

y. 2 (V. 190; C. 99). Para,

6. 2 (V. 196; C. 101). Chyavetas, N.E. Peru.

B. Pale olive-brown above, with two whitish longitudinal lines and
narrow black cross-lines between them.

a, 9 (V.176; C. 101). Pallatanga, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley (C.].
b. Her. (V. 197; 0.?). Yurimaguas, N.E, Peru.
C.

Pale olive-brown above, with a dorsal series of large transverse
quadrangular blackish spots alternating with another series on
each side; a black streak through the eye; labials black-
edged ; throat and anterior ventrals spotted or marbled with
black, or blackish spotted with yellowish. (H. rappii, Gthr.;
C. alternatus, Bocourt.)

a, Yg. (V. 186; C. 108). Tres Marias Ids. Hr. A. Forrer [eh

b. Yg. (V.177; C. 108). Trinidad. ¥ F.W.Urich,Esq.[P.].

e,d-e. Yg. (V. 177, 186, Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.].
183; C. 126, 120, 123). (Types of H. rappii.)

f. Yg. (V. 178; C.96). British Guiana. G. op et

g. Yg. (V. 187; C. 101). Berbice.

A. Yy. (V.178; C. 102). Berbice. Lady Essex [P.].

a. Yg. (V. 173; C.?). Brazil.

(Types of H. rappit.)
k,t,m. 2 (V.185,176; |W. Ecuador. My. Fraser [C.].
C. 100, 98) & yg. (V.
178; C. 96).

D. Markings as in the preceding, but restricted to the anterior part
of the body; upper lip and lower parts uniform white.

a-b, Yg. (V. 183, 176; Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
C. 180, 136).

E. Brown above, with two or four black longitudinal streaks con-
nected, at least on the anterior part of the body, by black
cross-lines or bars; labials dark-edged; throat spotted or marbled
with brown, or dark, spotted with white ; belly yellowish, with
a series of black spots along the outer ends of the ventrals,
(D. pleii, D. & B.)

a. 2 (V.196; 0.113). Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.]. (One
of the types of H. rappii.)

14 COLUBRID 2,

F, Pale olive-brown above, with five dark longitudinal streaks ; a
dark streak through the eye; labials black-edged ; throat dark
olive, spotted with white. (H. quinquelineatus, Steind.)

a. 2 (V. 198; C. 96). Rosario de Cucuta, Mr. C. Webber (C.].
Colombia.

G. Olive above, whitish or pale olive beneath ; a dark brown verte-
bral stripe, and a less distinct dark stripe along each side.
(D. dorsalis, Bocourt.)

a,b. 8 (V.178; C.120) Duefias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
& 9 (V. 193; C. 112).

3. Drymobius affinis.

Herpetodryas affinis, Steinduchn. Sitzb, Ak. Wien, lxii. 1870, p. 348,
pl. vii. figs. 4 & 5,

Rostral just visible from above; internasals a little shorter than
the prafrontals; frontal very broad anteriorly, very narrow poste-
riorly, the lateral border very concave ; loreal twice as long as deep;
one preocular, in contact with the frontal; two postoculars ; tem-
porals 1 + 2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye.
Scales in 15 rows, all except the outer row keeled. Olive above,
yellowish brown below; upper lip yellow, black-edged below; a
black stripe on each side of the head; upper surface of head dotted
with black; anterior part of body with five narrow black stripes ;
gular region blackish, spotted with yellow.

Brazil.

4. Drymobius rhombifer.

Coryphodon rhombifer, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 236.

Herpetodryas dendrophis, part., Jan, Icon. Gén. 31, pl. iii. fig. 1
(1869).

Spilotes rhombifer, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 777.

Drymobius rhombifer, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. pl. xliii. fig. 1
(1888).

Zamenis rhombifer, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 120, pl. xlv. (1894).

Maxillary teeth 30 to 32, posterior moderately enlarged. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals much
shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once and
two thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral
or the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal as
long as deep or a little longer; one preeocular, not touching the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; nine upper labials,
fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in con-
tact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales strongly keeled, in 17 rows. Ventrals 148-163;
anal divided ; subcaudals 84-96. Pale brown above, with a more
or less distinct series of large rhomboidal dark spots edged with
blackish ; lower parts yellowish, with a lateral series of black spots,

Total length 950 millim. ; tail 300.

Colombia, Ecuador, Northern Peru.

a, Her. (V. 153; C. 85), Chiriqui. F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.],

57. DRYMOBIUS. 15

6. Her. (V. 160; 0.94). Colombia.
e. 2 (V. 163; C.?). Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Mr. Fraser (C.}.

(Type).
(V. 148; C.93) Moyobamba, Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].

P v. Lidth de Jeude
Nac Pek Ahn p caked Collection.
5. Drymobius bivittatus.
Leptophis bivittatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 540 (1854).
Thamnosophis bivittatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 82 (1863).
Tropidonotus subradiatus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865,
Pp. 227, and Icon. Gén, 27, pl. iil, figs. 1 & 2 (1868).

seed ot tetrateenia, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,
p. 23.

Maxillary teeth 32, posterior very feebly enlarged. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals shorter than
the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half as long as broad, a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one preocular, not
touching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; nine
upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much
shorter than the posterior. Scales strongly keeled, in 17 rows.
Ventrals 147-152; anal divided; subcaudals 109-128. Olive-
grey above, neck with black spots; body and tail with two broad
black dorsal stripes separated by the width of one scale, and with a
black lateral line running along the second series of scales ; a black
streak on each side of the head, above the lip, which is white ;
lower parts white, the shields olive-grey at the outer ends and
black-edged in front.

Total length 730 millim. ; tail 290.

Colombia.

a. 3 (V. 151; C. 128). Bogota. (Type of H. tetratenia).

6. Drymobius dendrophis.

Herpetodryas dendrophis, Sehleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 196 (1837), and
Abbild. p. 182, pl. xliv. figs, 25-28 (1844); Giinth. Cat. p. 118
(1858), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 358, pl. vi. fig. B;
Jan, Icon. Gén. 31, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1869).

— estivus, Berthold, Abh. Ges. Gétting. iii. 1847, p. 11.

—— poitei, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 208 (1854).

—— brunneus, Giinth. Cat. p. 116, and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xii.
1863, p. 358, pl. vi. fig. A; Salvin; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 456 ;
Garm. Bull. Essex Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 91.

Drymobius dendrophis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 561; Giinth.
Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 127 (1894).

Herpetodryas nuchalis, ‘Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1863, p. 285.

Masticophis brunneus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 105,

Dendrophidium dendrophis, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos, Soc. xxiii. 1886,
p. 278; Bocourt, Le Natur. 1889, p. 46, figs., and Miss. Se. Mex.,
Rept. p. 780, pl. xlix. fig. 4 (1890); Dugés, La Naturaleza, (2) ii.
1892, p. 100, pl. v.

16 COLUBRID.

Drymobius percarinatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soe. xxxi. 1893,
p. 344.

Maxillary teeth 32 to 38, posterior moderately enlarged. Rostral
broader than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as or a
little shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once
and three fourths as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout (longer in the young), as long as or a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal usually longer than deep ; one preocular,
not touching the frontal; two or three postoculars; temporals
2+ 2; nine (exceptionally ten) upper labials, fourth, fifth, and
sixth (or fifth, sixth, and seventh) entering the eye; five (rarely
four) lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales more or less strongly keeled,
in 17 rows. Ventrals 150-167; anal entire or divided; subcaudals
113-155. Olive-brown above, uniform or with blackish cross-
bands enclosing round whitish spots, or with whitish black-edged
cross-bands ; upper lip whitish; ventrals and subcaudals olive on
the sides, whitish, uniform or dotted or edged with olive, in the
middle.

Total length 1020 millim.; tail 420.

From Mexico to Ecuador and the Guianas.

a. te 3d (V.160; C. Mexico. M. Sallé [C.].
23).

b-e. 9 (V. 160, 167,160; Vera Paz, low forest. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
C. 113, 139, 116) &
yg. (V. 166; C. 145).

J. & (V. 152; C.119). Guatemala. O, Salvin, Esq. [C.].
g-h. 2 (V.160; C.128) Chiriqui. F. D. Godman, Esq.
& yg. (V. 150; C. [P.].
150).
2. Q (V. 156; C. ?). Guayaquil. (Type of HZ. brunneus.)
k-m. & (V. 162, 151, W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.].

156; C. 117, 125, ?)
& 9(V. 157; ©. ?).
n, Yg.(V. 159; C.140). Quito.

o. Yg. (V. 150; C.155). Zaruma, Ecuador. J. F. Gunter, Esq.
[C.].

p. Yg. (V.162; C. 142). Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.]}.

q. Skull, Cayenne.

7. Drymobius chloroticus.

Dendrophidium chloroticum, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, xxiii.

1886, p. 278.
Drymobius chloroticus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887,

p. 69; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mer., Rept. p. 718, pl. 1. fig. 7 (1890).
—— brunneus (non Giinth.), Bocourt, i. c. pl. 1. ig. 6.

Maxillary teeth not more than 25, posterior rather strongly
enlarged. Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; inter-
nasals shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal hardly once and a half
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal not or but slightly longer

57. DRYMOBIUS. 17

than deep; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 2+2; nine
upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, dorsals keeled. Ventrals
158-169 ; anal divided; subcaudals 114-117. Green above; ven-
trals yellow in the middle, green on the sides; young sometimes
with black cross bars.

Total length 1280 millim. ; tail 400.

Guatemala,

8. Drymobius margaritiferus.

Herpetodryas margaritiferus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 184 (1837),
and Abbild. pl. xliv. figs. 19 & 20 (1844).

Leptophis margaritiferus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 539 (1854).

Zamenis tricolor, Hallow. Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) iii. 1855, p. 34,
pl. iii.

Dromicus margaritiferus, Giinth. Cat. p. 126 (1858); Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 456.

Drymobius margaritiferus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 561;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 716, pl. xlix. fig. 2 (1890) ;
Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1891, p. 504.

Thamnosophis margaritiferus, Jan, Elenco, p. 82 (1863), and Icon.
Gén. 31, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1869) ; Dugeés, La Naturaleza, (2) i. 1888,
p. 132.

Drymobius margaritiferus, var. occidentalis, Bocowrt, J. c. p. 718.

Maxillary teeth 24 or 25, posterior strongly enlarged. Rostral
broader than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the
prefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and three fourths as
long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the end of
the snout, as long as or slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal
longer than deep; one preocular, not touching the frontal; two or
three postoculars ; temporals 2+2; nine upper labials, fourth,
fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five (rarely four) lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales more or less distinctly keeled, in 17 rows. Ven-
trals 144-159; anal divided; subcaudals 101-126. Black above,
each scale green at the base and with a yellow elongate spot or
‘longitudinal streak ; head pale brown or olive above, black on the
temples; labials yellow, with black sutures; ventrals and subcaudals
yellow, black-edged.

Total length 1260 millim. ; tail 430.

From South-western Texas and Mexico to Colombia and Vene-
zuela.

a-h. 3 (V. 158, 154, 154, Mexico. Hr. Hugo Finck (C.].

a. 3 (V. 148; C. 118). Mexico. M. Sallé [C.].
k. 2 (V. 145; C. ?). Presidio, nr. Mazatlan. Hr. A. Forrer (C.].
1. Yg. (V. 151; C.122). Jalapa. Hy. Hoege (C.].

c

VOL, II.

18 COLUBRID.

m-—p. 3 (V. 154; C.?) & Teapa, Tabasco. F, D. Godman, Esq.
2 (Vv. 149, 150, 154; [P.].
C. ?, P. 114).

q-s. g (v. 147, 152,151; Atoyac, Guerrero. F, D. Godman, Esq.
C. ?, 119, 123), [P.].

t. 2 (Vv. 152; C. 126). Omilteme, Guerrero. F. D. Godman, Esq.

[P.].
u-v. 6 (V. 151, 153; C. Sto. Domingo de Dr. A.C. Buller [C.].
101, 125). Guzman.

w. & (V. 156; C. 117). Belize. Dr. Giinther [P.].
x,y. 2 (V. 150, 148; Honduras.

C. ?,
2 wv. ee C. P). Dueiias, Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
a. Her. (V. 154; C, 120). Caracas.
B. Skull. Vera Cruz.

58. PHRYNONAX.

Spilotes, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 218 (1854) ; Giinth.
Cat. Col. Sn p. 96 (1858); Jan, Elenco a Ofid. p. 62 (1863) ;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex. , Rept. p. 685 (1888).

Phrynonax, Cope, Proc. ‘Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 348.

Maxillary teeth 15 to 20, the posterior slightly enlarged ; anterior
mandibular teeth longest. Head distinct from neck; eye large,
with round pupil; no suboculars. Body elongate, compressed ;
scales more or less distinctly keeled, disposed obliquely on the sides,
in 21 to 25 rows; ventrals obtusely angulate laterally. Tail long ;
subcaudals in two rows.

Tropical America.

Fig. 3.

COTTER.

Maxillary and mandible of Phrynonax sulphureus.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 21 or 23 rows.
A. Scales strongly keeled on the middle of the back.

Three postoculars ; temporals1+1.... 1. sulphureus, p.19. °
Two postoculars ; temporals2+2 .... 2. pocilonotus, p. 20.

B. Scales feebly keeled.

Preocular separated from the frontal ;

ten upper labials .....-.........- 3. guentheri, p. 20,
Prreocular separated from the frontal ;

nine upper labials................ 4, lunulatus, p. 21.

58, PHRYNONAX. 19

Preocular in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal; eight. or
nine upper labials.......... we... 5. fasciatus, p. 21,

TI. Scales in 25 rows.

Dorsal scales very strongly keeled .... 6. eutropis, p. 22.
Scales smooth, except the row next to
the vertebral, which is feebly keeled. 7. chrysobronchus, p. 22.

1, Phrynonax sulphureus,

Natrix sulphurea, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 26, pl. ix. (1824).
Coluber peecilostoma, Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. i. p. 250 (1825), and
Abbild. (1831) ; Schleg. Phys, Serp. ii. p. 158, pl. vi. figs. 5 & 6

(1837).
Spilotes peecilostoma, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 221 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat.
p- 100 (1858) ; Jan, Icon. G'én. 48, pl. v. figs. 3 & 4 (1876).

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals as
long as or a little shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal as long as
broad or slightly longer, as long as its distance from the rostral or
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep ; one preocular, not reaching the frontal; three postoculars ;
temporals 1+1; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye ; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 21 rows, all except the outer row strongly keeled. Ventrals
distinctly angulate, 208-226; anal entire; subcaudals 126-144.
Yellowish, olive, or brown above, with or without black spots or
irregular cross bars; the keels of the scales black; belly yellow or
olive, sometimes turning to black posteriorly.

Total length 2700 millim. ; tail 720.

Guianas, Brazil, North-eastern Peru, Ecuador.

A. Labials without black margins ; tail olive or brown.

a. d (V. 214; C. 129). Cabaros, Upper Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett
[C.].

6. Her. (V. 217; C. 189). Moyobamba, N.E. Peru. Mr. A.H. Roff Ph

ec. 2 (V. 216; C. 134). Guayaquil. Mr. Fraser [C.].

d. Yg. (V. 216; C. 136). 8, America. Zoological Society,

e. Yg. (V. 208; C. 140). 8S. America. Dr. on
[P.].

B. Sutures between some of the labials black; tail black.

f. &b (V. 217; C. 144). Demerara Falls.
g. 3 (V. 215; C. 139). S. America. Zoological Society.

A. Skull. Brazil.
c2

arr
ae
yi

by
Vee
|

uy
“

r
b

20 COLUBRID,

2. Phrynonax pecilonotus.
Spilotes peecilonotus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 100 (1858), and Biol.
C.-Am., Rept p. 117, pl. xliii. (1894).
? Spilotes peecilonotus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 691,
pl. xliii. fig. 4 (1888).
Spilotes argus, Bocowrt, 1. c. p. 692, pl. xlviii. fig. 10.*

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal a little longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the rostral, nearly as long as the parietals ;
loreal longer than deep; one preocular, not in contact with the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; eight or nine upper
labials, fourth and fifth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth, entering the
eye; six or seven lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 23 rows, the dorsals very strongly keeled, the keels form-
ing continuous raised lines in the middle of the body. Ventrals
obtusely angulate laterally, 201-208; anal entire; subcaudals
126-133. Blackish brown above, with yellow spots which may
form a vertebral stripe; upper lip yellow, with black edges to the
shields; ventrals yellow with blackish edge; posterior portion of
body and tail dark brown or black above and below.

Total length 1800 millim.; tail 500.

Central America.

a. 2 (V. 208; C. 183). Honduras. (Type.)

b. Q (V. 202; C. 182). Vera Paz. O. Salvin, Esq. [C..

e QV. 201; C. 126). Guatemala. L. Greening, Esq. [P.].

a oa ae Later A
‘ y 3. Phrynonax guentheri.
we Spilotes argus (non Bocourt), Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 118,
cs pl. xliv. (1894).

%

Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above ; inter-
nasals a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal a little longer
than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, a little shorter
than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one preocular, not in
contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 24+2; ten
upper labials, sixth and seventh, or fifth, sixth, and seventh, entering
the eye; seven lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are much longer than the posterior. Scales in 23
rows, median dorsals faintly keeled. Ventrals obtusely angulate
laterally, 213; anal entire. Black above, each scale with a yel-
lowish spot; the spots on the three vertebral series larger, forming
a light stripe bordered with black; lateral scales greyish, with
black border; head black above, with small yellowish spots; -tail
black, with yellowish spots forming four stripes, one above, one
beneath, and one on each side; anterior ventrals yellowish, black-
edged, posterior dark grey to black.

* T have examined the type specimen in the Brussels Museum.

58. PHRYNONAX, 21

Total length 1360 millim.
Mexico,

a. 2 (V. 218; C.?). Atoyac, Vera Cruz. Mr. H. H. Smith [0.);
F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].

73
4, Phrynonax lunulatus. @@-—* *° °~
Spilotes peecilonotus, part., Giinth. 2p. 100 (1858), and Biol.

Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 517, and

7 My spt. Pp.
Tropidodipsas lunulata,

1862, p. 348.
Spilotes lunulatus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 71 (1887).
—— lunulatus, part., Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex. Rept. p. 694,

pl. xlii. fig. 1 (1888).

Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above ; inter-
nasals shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and one third as
long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, slightly
shorter than the parietals ; loreal a little longer than deep; one
preocular, widely separated from the frontal; two postoculars ;
temporals 24+3,; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye; six or seven lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in
21 or 23 rows, dorsals feebly keeled. Ventrals very obtusely angu-
late, 202-204; anal entire; subcaudals 126-136. Olive-brown
above ; young with crescent-shaped brown, black-edged cross bands
on the back, of which mere traces are left in the adult; belly dotted
with brown.

Total length 1380 millim. ; tail 380.

Central America.

a. 3 (V. 202; C. 126). Mexico. Hr. Hugo Finck [C.].
(One of the types of S. paccilonotus.)

"Te ws Jo...
5. Phrynonax fasciatus, / #«~-+~ eer

Spilotes fasciatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 448.
fasciatus, part., Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,
p. 20.
Ahetulla polylepis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 709.
Spilotes lunulatus, part., Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 694 (1888).

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal a little
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
nearly as long as the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little
longer; one preocular, in contact with or very narrowly separated
from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; eight (or
nine) upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth (or fifth, sixth, and
seventh) entering the eye, last very long; seven or eight lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 23 rows, dorsals faintly keeled.
Ventrals very obtusely angulate, 191-207; anal entire; subcaudals
120-132. Young pale brown above, with crescentic brown, black-
edged cross bands; head pale brown, speckled with darker; belly

22 COLUBRID.

closely speckled or powdered with brown, Adult uniform dark

olive-brown. ;
Total length 1500 millim. ; tail 400.
Guianas and Amazons.

a. 2 (V. 201; C. 129). British Guiana, Demerara Museum.
b. Yg. (V. 200; C. 125). Surinam.
c. 2 (V. 207; C, 120). Peruvian Amazon, Myr. E. Bartlett [C.].

6. Phrynonax eutropis. (Pare I. fig. 1.)

Spilotes fasciatus, part., Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,
p. 20.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
as long as the prefrontals ; frontal slightly longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; one prxocular, forming a suture
with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; eight upper
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye, eighth very long;
seven or eight lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 25
rows, the dorsals very strongly keeled, the keels forming continuous
raised lines in the middle of the body. Ventrals very obtusely
angulate, 191; anal entire; subcaudals 126. Uniform brown
above ; upper lip and anterior lower surfaces yellow; belly turning
to olive-brown towards the tail.

Total length 1450 millim. ; tail 430.

Habitat unknown.

a. g (V. 191; ©. 126). == 9

7. Phrynonax chrysobronchus.

Spilotes chrysobronchus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876,
p- 1836, pl. xxviii. fig. 11; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 695
(1888).

Rostral as deep as broad ; internasals nearly as long as the pre-
frontals ; frontal about once and two fifths as long as broad, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ;
loreal longer than deep ; one preocular, nearly touching the frontal ;
two postoculars ; temporals 2+-2; seven upper labials, third, fourth,
and fifth entering the eye, last very long; seven lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are nearly as long as
the posterior: Scales in 25 rows, all smooth except the row next
to the vertebral, which is weakly keeled. Ventrals 220; anal
entire; subcaudals 117. Brown, the scales dotted with lighter ;
head darker ; one or more borders of the scales black; upper lip,
throat, and anterior part of belly yellow ; remainder of lower sur-
faces passing from brown to black below the tail.

Total length 1670 millim. ; tail 422.

Coast of Costa Rica.

59, sPILoTEs. | 23

59. SPILOTES.

Tyria, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826).

Spilotes, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 179 (1880).

Spilotes, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 218 (1854); Giinth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 96 (1858) ; Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 62 (1863) ;
Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 685 (1888).

Maxillary teeth equal, 19 to 22; anterior mandibular teeth
longest. Head slightly distinct from neck; eye moderate, with
round pupil; no suboculars, loreal often absent. Body elongate,
slightly compressed ; scales keeled, very strongly imbricate, acutely
pointed, with apical pits, in 14 or 16 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail rather long ; subcaudals in two rows.

South America.

1. Spilotes pullatus. pee

Coluber pullatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 35, pl. xx. fig. 3 (1754),
and &. N. i. p. 388 (1766).

Cerastes coronatus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 83 (1768).

Coluber coronatus, Gimel. S. N. i. p. 1088 (1788).

—— variabilis, Merr. Beitr. ii. p. 40, pl. xii. (1790); Wied, Beitr.
Nat. Bras. i. p. 271 (1825), and Abdild. (1831); Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 149, pl. vi. figs. 1 & 2 (1837).

plutonius, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 824 (1803).

Natrix caninana, Merr. Tent. p. 121 (1820).

Tyria pullata, Fitz. N. Class. Rept. p. 60 (1826).

Spilotes pullatus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 179 (1830); Bocourt, Miss.
Sc. Mex., Rept. pl. xliv. fig. 2 (1888).

variabilis, Dum. §& Bibr. vii. p. 220 (1854); Wucherer, Proc.

Zool. Soe. 1861, p. 324.

variabilis, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 99 (1858).

—— pullatus, var. anomalolepis, Bocourt, J. c. p. 685, pl. xliv. fig. 3.

Rostral slightly broader than deep, visible from above; inter-
nasals broader than long, much shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal
once and one third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as
or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, a
little shorter than the parietals; loreal very small or absent, the
posterior nasal often in contact with the preocular, which is
single; two postoculars; temporals 1+1; six or seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth or sixth very large ;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 16
rows. Ventrals 198-232; anal entire; subcaudals 90-120. Black
above, uniform or with yellow spots which may form cross bands ;
snout and sides of head yellow, the sutures between the shields
black ; belly yellow, with irregular black cross bands.

Total length 2100 millim. ; tail 490.

South America east of the Andes.

A. Black and yellow.

Q (V. 282; C. 103). Berbice.
g 217; C. 98). Brit, Guiana. Demerara Museum.

1
24 COLUBRID.

c,d. 2 (V. 222; C. 105) Upper Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett [C.].

& yg. (V. 218; C. 111).
e. ¥g. (V. 227; C. 108). Moyobamba,N.E.Peru, Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].
fF. o (V. 222; 0.117). Pernambuco. W. A. Forbes,Esq.[P.].
g. Her. 9 (V. 211; Minas Geraes.

C. 120).
h. 3 iv 198; ©.111). Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. vy. Ihering [C.].
7, Skeleton. Surinam.
K Skull. Brazil.

B. Nearly entirely black, only the anterior ventrals
being partly yellow.

i. o (V.219; C. 111). —-?

2. Spilotes megalolepis. (Pxarz II.)
Spilotes megalolepis, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (8) xv. 1865, p. 93.

Closely allied to the preceding, but internasals not broader than
long; frontal scarcely longer than broad; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; and scales much larger, the largest quite
as large as the parietal shields, and in 14 rows only. Coloration as
in S. pullatus, but darker, the posterior half of the body and the
tail being entirely black, above and below.

Total length 2300 millim.

South America (?).

a. 2 (V. 220; C.?). —? (Type.)

60. COLUBER.

Coluber, part., Linn. S. N. i. p. 875 (1766); Wagl. Syst. Amph.
p- 179 (1830); Bote, Ists, 1827, p. 518; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 125 (1837); Giinth. Cat. p. 87 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 287 (1864).

Natrix, part., Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 73 (1768).

Chironius, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826).

Tyria, part., Fitzing. 1. ¢.

Gonyosoma, Wagler, Icon. Amph. (1828), and Syst. Amph. p. 184;
Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 218 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. p. 122,
and Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 298.

Zamenis, part., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 188.

Rhinechis, Michahelles, in Wagl. Icon. Amph. (1833) ; Dum. & Bibr.
t.c. p. 225; Giinth. Cat. p. 85; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892, p. 687,

Xenodon, part., Schleg. 1. c. p. 80.

Tere part., Schleg. l. c. p. 178. -

Callopeltis, Bonap. Mem. Ace. Torin. (2) ii. 1839, p. 101.

Elaphis, Bonap. l. c. p. 102; Dum. & Bibr. t.c. p. 241; Ghinth. Cat.
p. 92, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 240; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept.
p- 683 (1888).

Pituophis, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iv. p. 7 (1842); Dum. & Bibr. t. c.
p. 232; Giinth. Cat. p. 85; Bocourt, 1. ce, p. 665; Cope, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 638.

Cynophis, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (2) iv. 1849, p. 246; Guinth.
Cat. p. 95, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 246.

60. coLuBER. 25

Alopecophis, Gray, J. ¢. p. 247. cs

Churchillia, Baird § Gir. in Stansbury's Explor. Great Salt Lake,
p. 350 (1852),

Plagiodon, Dum. § Bibr. Mém. Ac. Se. xxiii. 1853, p. 447, and Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 170.

Compsosoma (non Serv.), Dum. § Bibr. ll. ce. pp. 458, 291; Giinth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 243.

ee & Gir, Cat. N. Amer, Rept. p. 73 (1853) ; Bocourt,
¢. p. 678.

Ges. Baird § Gir. 1. c. p. 92.

Spilotes, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 218; Giinth. Cat.
p. a : Bocour't, lc. p. 685; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892,
p. 636, :

Ablabes, part., Dum. § Bibr. t.c. p. 804.

Arizona, Kennicott, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Rept. p. 18
(1859); Bocourt, U. c. p. 676,

ee part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 560; Bocourt, J. c.

5.

Pp.

Ccelognathus, Cope, 1. ¢. p. 563.

Natrix, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 338, and Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 71.

Coronella, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 236.

Phyllophis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 295.

Geoptyas, Steindachn. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lv. 1867, p. 269.

Allophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 686.

Coluber, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. 1888, p. 389; Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 330 (1890) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv,
1892, p. 630.

Pantherophis, Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 109.

OO

IN,
IS
:

Qe
Skull of Coluber ongissimus,

26 COLUBRID,

Maxillary teeth 12 to 22, subequal in size; anterior mandibular
teeth longest. Head distinct from neck, elongate; eye moderate or
rather large, with round pupil; loreal sometimes absent. Body
elongate, cylindrical or feebly compressed ; scales smooth or keeled,
with apical pits, in 15 to 35 rows; ventrals rounded or angulate
laterally. Tail moderate or long ; subcaudals in two rows.

Europe, Asia, North and Tropical America. :

The species comprised under this genus form a series nearly
parallel to that obtained in Zamenis, the extreme forms of both
these genera showing much the same amount of differentiation.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Rostral shield not deeper than broad, the portion visible from
above not half as long as its distance from the frontal.

A. Ventrals without or with a rather indistinct lateral keel *.

1. Scales in 15 to 19 rows.

a. Anal entire.

Scales in 15 rows, smooth..........00.. 1. dichrous, p. 30.
Scales in 17 rows, smooth or feebly keeled. 2. corais, p. 31.
Scales in 19 rows; dorsals more or less dis- [p- 33.
tinctly keeled sciccccveneveriaoue cers 3. nove-hispunie,
b, Anal divided.
Scales in 17 rows, keeled .............. 4. melanotropis, p. 33.
Scales in 19 rows, smooth.............4 5. porphyraceus, p.34.

2. Scales in 21 rows or more (rarely 19 in C. cantoris), smooth
or feebly keeled.

a. Anal usually entire.

Scales in 19 or 21 rows; subcaudals 65-76. 6. cantoris, p. 35.
Scales in 23 to 27 rows; subcaudals 75-94. 8. helena, p. 36.

b. Anal usually divided.
a. Scales smooth or faintly keeled.

* Rostral as broad as deep.

Scales in 23 rows; subcaudals 79-90 .... 7. hodgsonii, p. 35.
Scales in 31 to 35 rows; subcaudals 91-119. 9. triaspis, p. 37.

: * In some doubtful cases it will be necessary to try, also, division B of this
ey.

60. coLUBER. 27

** Rostral broader than deep.
T No subocular below the preocular.

t+ Scales in 23 rows or more; third labial not
entering the eye.

Scales in 33 rows, smooth or faintly keeled ;

ventrals 247-260; subcaudals 112 .... 10. chlorosoma, p. 38.
Scales in 27 to 33 rows, faintly keeled ;

ventrals 252-266; subcaudals 102-119. 11. flavirufus, p. 39.
Scales in 25 to 31 rows, faintly keeled on

the posterior part of the body; ventrals

200-239 ; subcaudals 60-88.......... 12. guttatus, p. 39.
Scales in 25 or 27 rows, all perfectly smooth ;

ventrals 222-260 ; subcaudals 68-89 .. 13. leopardinus, p. 41.
Scales in 23 or 25 rows; ventrals 201-228 ;

subcaudals 60-66 ..............000 14. hohenackeri, p. 42.

tt Scales in 23 rows; third and fourth labiais
entering the eye; ventrals 208-222; sub-

caudals 62-74...... 15. mandarinus, p. 42.
ttf Scales in 21 rows; ventrals 162-190; sub-
caudals 47-68...... 16. rufodorsatus, p. 43.

tt A subocular below the prwocular; scales in 23
to 27 rows; ventrals 172-214; subcaudals 50—
80° ssa cccaiiecaed 17. dione, p. 44.
B. Scales feebly but distinctly keeled, in 23 or 25 rows.
* Frontal considerably longer than broad. [p. 45.
Ventrals 195-234; subcaudals 63-90 .... 18. quatuorlineatus,
Ventrals 2380-284; subcaudals 90-107 .. 19. teniurus, p. 47.
**® Frontal not or but slightly longer than broad.

Scales in 23 rows; ventrals 208-221 ; sub-
caudals 61-76; loreal considerably

longer than deep .............-.00. 20. schrenckii, p. 48.
Scales in 25 rows (rarely 23 or 27); ventrals
200-234; subcaudals 67-85 ........ 21. vulpinus, p. 49.

3. Scales strongly keeled, in 27 rows. 40. lineaticollis, p. 64.

B. Ventrals with a distinct, though often very obtuse, lateral keel.
1. Anal usually divided ; scales in 21 rows or more.
a. Subcaudals less than 125,
a. No subocular below the preocular.
* Scales in 25 to 29 rows.

Scales smooth or very faintly keeled...... 22. leetus, p. 49.
Scales very distinctly keeled ............ 23. obsoletus, p. 50.

28 COLUBRID.

** Scales in 21 or 23 rows. [p. 51.
Third and fourth labials entering the eye.. 24. conspicillatus,
Fourth and fifth labials entering the eye.. 25. longissimus, p. 52.
$B. A subocular below the preocular.
* Scales in 23 or 25 rows.

Scales feebly keeled; ventrals 226-244 ; [p. 54.
subcaudals 97-122...... 0.0.0.0. eae 26. climacophorus,
Scales strongly keeled; ventrals 209-220 ;
subcaudals 80-96 .............0000. 27. phyllopiis, p. 55.
Scales strongly keeled ; ventrals 173; sub-
caudals 70 ......... ehalenauainiescwetensucatare 28. davidi, p. 56.
** Scales in 27 rows; ventrals 268-274; subcaudals
97-99 i ea wienwaia sn 29. moellendorffir, p.56.

b. Subcaudals 122-149; scales smooth or faintly keeled, in
23 to 27 rows; ventrals 236-263.

Two labials entering the eye; green above. 30. owycephalus, p. 56
Three labials entering the eye; tail black.. 31. janseni, p. 57.

2. Anal usually divided; scales in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals
193-210.

a. Scales in 19 rows.

a. Three labials entering the eye.

No loreal; subcaudals 120-121 ......., 32. frenatus, p. 58.
A loreal; subcaudals 91-107 .......... 33. prasinus, p. 59.
2. Two labials entering the eye; subcaudals 70-96.
3. Anal entire ; scales keeled. 34. quadrivirgatus,p.59.
a. Scales in 19 rows, 21 on the neck.
All caudal scales keeled...........00005 35. melanurus, p. 60.

ae eB oahnasenasees 36. radiatus, p. 61.
b. Scales in 21 rows, 23 on the neck. 37. erythrurus, p. 62.

c. Scales in 23 or 25 rows, 25 or 27 on the neck.
Rostral a little broader than deep; three

labials entering the eye.............. 38. enganensis, p. 63.
Rostral much broader than deep; two la-
bials entering the eye .............. 39, subradiatus, p. 64.

II. The portion of the rostral shield visible from above measuring
at least half its distance from the rostral.

A. Scales smooth.

Rostral deeper than broad; anal usually

AIWIdOd “enn ed dace occ rea teandeu aa aor deere 41. scalaris, p. 65.
Rostral as deep as broad; anal entire .... 42. arizona, p. 66.

60. coLUBER. 29

B. Scales keeled; anal entire.

A pair of preefrontals ; two labials entering

the eye; rostral not or but slightly

deeper than broad; scales in 27 or 29

TOWS: cis dnrs ere eriging § AG MS SS AAS EES 43. deppii, p. 66.
Prefrontals usually broken up into two

pairs or more; not more than one labial

entering the eye; rostral not or but

slightly deeper than broad; scales in 29

to 85 TOWS 6.6... cece cee ees 44, catenifer, p. 67.
Preefrontals broken up into two pairs or

more ; rostral much deeper than broad,

the portion visible from above measuring

more than half its distance from the

frontal; scales in 29 to 35 rows ...... 45. melanoleucus, p. 68.

TaBLE sHowine Numsers or ScaLes AnD SHIELDS.

I. Old-World specics.

Se. Vv. A. Cc Labials entering eye.

porphyraceus 190-215 | 2 52-76 | 4th, 5th.
CaNLOTIS 2.10.45 th 213-232 | 1-2 | 65-76 | 4th, 5th.
hodgsonti ate 233-246 | 2 79-90 | 4th, 5th.
helena ..-0s005 site 220-265 | 1 75-94 | 5th, 6th, or 4th, 5th, 6th.
leopardinus ........- 25-27 | 222-260 | 2 68-89 | 4th, 5th.
hohenackeri ......... 23-25 | 201-228 | 2 60-66 | 4th, 5th.
MANAATINUS «0.66.26 208-222 | 2 62-74 | 3rd, 4th.
rufodorsatus ......... 162-190 | 2 47-68 | 8rd, 4th, or 4th, 5th.
IONE ...ccc sees 172-214 | 2 50-80 | 4th, 5th, or 5th, 6th.
quadrilineatus 195-234 | 2 63-90 | 4th, 5th, or 5th, 6th.
LOMIUTUS oe eeeseeee P 230-284 | 1-2 | 90-107 | 4th, 5th, or 5th, 6th.
schrencktt ....0..006-- 208-221 | 2 61-76 | 4th, 5th.
conspicillatus 200-224 | 2 60-76 | 3rd, 4th.
longissimus... 212-248 | 2 60-91 | 4th, 5th, or 5th, 6th.
climacophorus ‘ 226-244 | 1-2 | 97-122 | 4th, Sth.
phyllophis .....00..06. 209-220 | 1-2 | 80-96 | 4th, Sth, or Sth, 6th.

di 173° 2 70 4th, 5th.
moellendorffit......... y 268-274 | 2 97-99 | 6th, 7th.
oxycephalus .......+ 233-263 | 2 | 122-149 | dth, 6th, or 6th, 7th.
JANSEN «2.0 02eee eevee 247-255 | 2 | 133-140 | 5th, 6th, 7th.
Frenatus.. vi 203-204 | 2 | 120-121 | 4th, 5th, 6th.
PTASINUS serene ie 198-206 | 1-2 | 91-107 | 4th, 5th, 6th.
quadrivirgatus ...... 19 193-210 | 1-2 | 70-96 | 4th, 5th.
MELUNUTUS woes eceeeee 19 193-234 | 1 89-109 | 4th, 5th, 6th.
TAMIALUS. 0... 0000eseee 19 224-242 | 1 85-100 | 3rd, 4th, 5th, or 4th, 5th,

or 4th, 5th, 6th.

CTYERTUTUS...0 eee eee 21 211-233 | 1 86-100 | 4th, 5th, 6th.
ENGANENSIS......000005 23 239-243 | 1 | 107-108 | 5th, 6th.
subradiatus ........- 23-25 | 228-242 | 1 80-100 | 5th, 6th.
SCALATIS ...-ceeeeeeeeee 25-29 | 201-220 | 1-2 | 48-68 | 4th or 4th, Sth.

30 COLUBRIDA.

II. American species.

Se. vy. A. Cc Labials entering eye.
Michrous ......6..060005 15 161-176 | 1 87-101 | 4th, 5th, or 3rd, 4th, 5th.
COPGIS viewawenes.dexneaite 17 184-215 | 1 53-83 | 3rd, 4th, or 4th, 5th.
nove-hispani@é ...... 19 204-222 | 1 | 115-188 | 4th, 5th.
melanotropis ........ 17 152 2 94 4th, 5th, 6th.
EPLASPIS 6... o ec eveeees 31-35 | 243-282 | 2 91-119 | 4th, 5tb, or Sth, 6th.
chlorosoma.. | 83 247-260 | 2 107-112 | 4th, 5th, or 5th, 6th.
flavirufus .| 27-88 | 252-266 | 2 | 102-119 | 4th, 5th, or 4th, 5th, 6th.
guttatus..... ....| 25-81 | 200-239 | 2 60-88 | 4th, 5th.
VUUPINUS —eeeeeeeeeee 23-27 | 200-234 | 2 67-85 | 4th, 5th.
(OLUS! seascatdantadethies 25-29 | 220-240 | 2 72-81 | 4th, 5th.
obsoletus........0.0200 25-29 | 217-245 | 2 72-93 | 4th, 5th.
lineuticollis ......... 27 244 1 69 4th, Sth, or 4th, 5th, 6th.
QPIZONE wee eeeeseeeeeee 27-31 | 212-227 | 1 46-59 | 4th, 5th.
epptt......cccceceeeeee 27-29 | 209-233 | 1 51-67 | 3rd, 4th, or 4th, 5th.
catentfer veccerceseee 29-35 | 204-245 | 1 66-72 | 4th or 0.
MelANOLEUCUS ....0..4. 29-35 | 209-239 | 1 45-65 | 4th or 5th.

1. Coluber dichrous.

Herpetodryas dichroa, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 284.

occipitalis, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 420, and
ix. 1872, p. 23.

Spilotes piceus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 105, and Journ. Ac.

Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 180.

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal nearly once
and a half as long as broad, a little longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal nearly as long
as deep; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 242, rarely
1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth, and usually also the
third, entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the posterior.
Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Ventrals 161-176; anal entire; sub-
caudals 87-101. Adult uniform olive-brown or blackish olive above
and on the sides of the ventrals, yellowish white inferiorly. Young
black above, with narrow yellowish cross bands; head yellow or
pale olive, the shields on the snout edged with black, with a large
black patch covering the forehead, a black spot below the eye, and
a blackish bar across the occipital region, or a pair of large black
blotches on the parietal shields and on the occiput.

Total length 1310 millim.; tail 360.

Brazil and North-eastern Peru.

a,b. 3 (V. 166, 169; C. 98,97). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C.].

ec. Yg. (V.175; C. 96). Pebas. Mr. Hauxwell [C.].
(Type of 1. occipitalis.)

d-e. 3 (V. 161, 169; ©. 94, 87). Pebas. Mr. E. Bartlett [C.].

60. coLUBER. 31

Ff. Q (V. 168; C.?). Yurimaguas, Hual- Dr. Hahnel [C.].
laga River, N.E.
Peru

g. Yg. (V.170; C.101). Mo obamba, N.E. Hr. A. H. Roff [C.].

eru.
h. ¥g. (V.176; C.97). | Sarayacu, N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C.];
Messrs. Veitch [P.].

2. Coluber corais.
? Coluber reticularis, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 281 (1803).

Coluber corais, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 587; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p.189,
Ba LS 9 & 10 (1837), and Abbild. p. 102, pl. xxviii. figs. 9-11
1 :
ar obsoletus (zon Say), Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iii. p. 61, pl. xii.
842).

—— couperi, Holbr. 1. c. p. 75, pl. xvi.

Georgia couperi, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 92 (1853).

obsoleta, Baird § Gur. lc. p. 158, and U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv.
ii., Rept. pl. xv. (1859).

Spilotes corais, Dum. § Bibr. vii. 2 228 (1853); Giinth. Cat. p. 98
(1858) ; Wucherer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 324; Giinth. Zool.
Ree. 1867, p. 140; Jan, Icon. Gén. 48, pl. iv. fiz. 6 (1876) ; Garm.
N. Am. Rept. p. 48 (1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892,
p. 636; Giinth. Biol. C-.Am., Rept. p. 116 (1894).

—— melanurus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 224; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad.
1860, p. 564; Jan, J. c. pl. v. fig. 2.

erebennus, Cope, J. c. pp. 842 & 364, and Proc, Ac. Philad. 1864,

p. 167; Sumichrast, Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. (2) xlvi. 1872, p. 259.

couperi, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, pp. 342 & 364; Garm.

Lc. p. 48.

Gera Solan Steindachn. Sttzb, Ak, Wien, lv. 1867, p. 271, pl. iii.
figs. 4-7.

oe flaviventris, Steindachn. 1. c. p. 269, pl. iv. figs. 4-7.

Spilotes corais, var. melanurus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii.
1876, p. 185; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 687, pl. xliv. fig. 1
(1888).

— : , var. erebennus, Cope, J, ¢.

Coryphodon constrictor, Jan, 1. ¢. pl. vi. fig. 1.

Spilotes obsoletus, Garm. 1. c. p. 48.

-—— corais, var. obsoletus, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 689.

xanthurus, 4. £. Brown, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1893, p. 433.

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals as
long as broad or a little broader, shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal as long as broad or a little longer, as long as its distance
from the rostral or the end of the snout, much shorter than the
parietals ; loreal nearly as long as deep; one pre- or two post-
oculars ; rarely a small subocular below the preocular; temporals
242; eight (rarely seven) upper labials, fourth and fifth (or third
and fourth) entering the eye ; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows (19 or 21 on the neck), smooth, or
with a short and feeble keel, disposed somewhat obliquely in the

32

COLUBRIDZ.

young. Ventrals without keel, 184-215; anal entire; subcaudals
53-83. Brown to black above, yellow to black inferiorly.

Total length 1880 millim. ;

tail 400.

From the Southesn United: States to Brazil and Bolivia.

A. Belly and lower surface of tail uniform yellow ; no black on the

labials.

a. Q (V. 215; C. 72).
b. 9 (V. 210; ©. 71).
e. g (V..203; C. 79).
d. 2 (V. 206; C. 78).
(V.178; C. 81).

(V. 212; C.?),

(V. 202; C. 72).

(V. 203; C. 73).

(V. 204; C. 76).

(V, 215; ©. 76).
Skull.

2
2
fof
g
ed
Dg:
ye. (V. 202; 0. 77).
ef
g
3
Ae
g

h.
2.
k.
l
m.
n.
B

(C. corais, Boie ;

Q (V. 211; 0.77) &

Trinidad.
Demerara.
Berbice
Caripe, Para.

Para.
Pernambuco.

Pernambuco.
Bahia.
Bahia.
Brazil.
Bolivia.
Cayenne.

C. flaviventris, Steind.)

J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
[P.].

J. P. G. Smith, Esq.

WA Forbes Esq. [P
Dr. O. Wucherer C1

Zoological Society.
M. Suarez [P.].

. Lower surface of tail black; belly with the shields often black-

edged or entirely black towards the tail; at least the labials

below the eye with deep black bars on the sutures ;
oblique black streak on each side of the neck.

D.& B.; C. collaris, Steind.)

a. Yg.(V. 184; C. 61).
b. 2 (V. 190; C. 69).

e-d. 2 (V. 203, 200; C,

77, 81).
e. 9 '(V, 189; C. 60).

f. Her. (V. 197; ©. 71).

g. Ye. (V. 198; ©. 77).

& (V.196; C. 77) &

yg. (V. 195; C. 76).

k. Her. (V. 199; C. 77).

1. Yg. (V. 209; C. 73).
m,n. 3 (V.198; C. 75)
& 9 (V.198; ©. 71).

o. & (V. 198; C. 76).

p. dV 202: ©. 77).

ms ae (V. 192, 203; C.
8, 76).

Duval Co., Texas.
Presidio, near Ma-
zatlan.

Tres Marias Ids.
Tampico.
Teapa, Tabasco.

Oaxaca.
Yucatan.

Stann Creek, Brit.
Honduras.

San Gerénimo.

Dueiias, Guatemala.

Lanquin, Guatemala.
Guatemala.
Cartago, Costa Rica.

usually an
(C. melanurus,

W. Taylor, Esq. [C.

Hr. A. Forrer rod
F. D. Godman, Esq.
LP.)

Hr. A. Forrer [C.].

F. D. Godman, Esq.
[Pals

F. (Pa Godman, Esq.

M. Sallé [C.1.

Rev. J. Robertson

O. Wittin, Esq. [C.].
0. Salvin, Esq. [C.]}.

O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
0. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

C. Nearly entirely black. (C. obsoletus, Holbr.; C'. couperi, Hoibr. ;

C. erebennus, Cope.)

a,b. & (V.189; C.68) & Mexico.

her. (V. 189; C. 78),
c. & (V. 198; ©. 65).

Atoyac, Mexico.

Mr. H. Finck [C.].
F. D. Godman, Esq.
[P.].

60. coLUBER. 33

3. Coluber nove-hispaniz.

Seba, Thes. ii. pl. xx. fig. 1 (1785).

Cerastes mexicanus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 83 (1768).

Coluber novee-hispanize, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. L088 (1788).

Spilotes variabilis, part., Giinth. Cat. p- 99 (1858).

pullatus auribundus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 300.
salvinii, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) ix. 1862, p. 125,
pl. ix. fig. 5, and Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 116, pl. xlii. (1894).
variabilis, Sumichr. Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. (2) xlvi. 1878, p. 259.
variabilis, var. auribundus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 50 (1883).
auribundus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 71;
Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 689, pl. xliv. fig. 5 (1888).

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals as
long as broad or a little broader than long, shorter than the pre-
frontals ; frontal as long as or a little longer than broad, as long as
its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, as long as or a
little shorter than the parietals; loreal small, as long as deep or a
little longer; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+1 or
1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye, seventh
and eighth very large; three to five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 19 rows (17 and 18 in spec. /), dorsals more
or less distinctly keeled. Ventrals 204-222; anal entire; sub-
caudals 115-138. Black above, varied with yellow, the yellow
forming regular cross bands on the posterior part of the body and on
the tail; belly yellow, with irregular black spots.

Total length 2120 millim.; tail 550.

Mexico and Central America.

© (V. 213; C.119). Mexico. Hr. Hugo Finek [C.].

a

b. Yg. (V. 210; C.120). Mexico, M. Sallé (C.}.
e. 2 (V. 212; C.116). Mexico.

d.¥
é

ge. (V. 204; C. 127). Belize.
, Ff. Her. (V. 212; C. StannCreek,Brit.Hon- Rev. J. Robertson
132) & yg. (V. 217; duras.
C. 130.
g. & (V. 212; C. ?). Atoyac, Guerrero. Pip: Godman, Esq.
h-i. & (V. 208; C. 134) Huatuzco, Vera Cruz. F. D. Godman, Esq.
& vg. (V. 212; C. 123). P

[P.}.
k. Her. (V. 215; C.188). Yzabal, Guatemala, O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
(Type of 8. salvint.)

1. 2 (V. 220; C. 127). Rio Motagua. * Py Godman, Esq.

4. Coluber ? melanotropis.
Dendrophidium melanotropis, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876,
p. 184, pl. xxvi. fig. 1.

Elaphis melanotropis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 382, 1887, p. 71.
Rostral broader than deep; frontal bell-shaped, wide in front,
coutracted behind, as long as the parietals ; loreal much longer than
deep; one preocular, with a subocular below it ; two postoculars ;
temporals 24+2; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering

VOL, II. D

34 COLUBRID.

the eye. Scales in 17 rows, all keeled except the two outer on each
side; the keels on the row on each side of the vertebral strongest.
Ventrals not angulate, 152; anal divided; subeaudals 94. Green
above and on the outer fourth of the ventral shields, yellow beneath ;
the keels of the median three dorsal rows black.

Total length 1240 millim.; tail 365.

Costa Rica.

5. Coluber porphyraceus.

Coluber porphyraceus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Svc. 1839, p. 51; Gtinth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 239, pl. xx. fig. J (1864) ; Anders. Proc, Zool.
Soc. 1871, p. 172, and An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 812 (1879) ;
Hubrecht, in Snelleman, Nat. Hist. Midden-Sumatra, Rept. p. 5,
pl. —. fig. 1 (1887).
Psammophis nigrofasciatus, Cantor, 1. ¢. p. 53.
Coronella callicephalus, Gray, Ann. § Mag, N. H. (2) xii. 1853,
p. 890; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1855, p. 289.
Coluber callicephalus, Giinth. Cat. p. 92 (1858).
Ablabes porphyraceus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 308 (1890).
Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, visible from above; inter-
nasals.shorter than the prefrontals; frontal broad, as long as or a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals; loreal rather small, longer than deep; a large pra-
ocular; two postoculars; temporals 142; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the
posterior. Scales smooth, in 19 rows. Ventrals without keel,
190-215 ; anal divided; subcandals 52-76. Pale reddish brown
above, with dark brown black-edged cross bands; a black streak
along the middle of the head, and another on each side, from the
eye to the first transverse band ; the whole or posterior part of body
and tail with two longitudinal black lines, in addition to the cross
bands; lower parts uniform yellow.
Total length 760 millim.; tail 140.
Eastern Himalayas, hills of Assam, Burma, Yunnan, Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra,

a. 3 (V. 197; C. 68). Khasi Hills. Sir J. Hooker [P.].
(Type of C. calhcephalus.)
b-c. g (V. 208; 0.76) & Khasi Hills? Dy. Griffith.
2 (V. 206; C. 73).
d-f. 2 (V. 2138, 2138; C.?, Khasi Hills. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
72) & yg. (V. 199; (eae
C. 66).
g. Yg. (V.195; C. 72). Himalayas. Col. Beddome [C.].
A-l. 2 (V. 212; C. 60), Darjeeling. W.T. Blanford, Esq.
her. (V. 202; C. 63), [Pele
& yg. (V. 205, 190; C.
59, 65).

m-o. 9 (V. 208; C. 57) Toungyi, Shan States, Lieut. Blak a
& yg. (V. 204,190; C, 5000 tt. ; ie
60, G4).

p. Yg. (V.215; C. 76). Singapore. Dr. Cantor.

(Type of P. nigrofasciatus.)

60. coLUBER. 35

‘ 6. Coluber cantoris.

Coluber reticularis (non Daud.), Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 51 ;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 382 (1890) ; W. Selater, Journ. As.
Soe. Beng. |x. 1891, p. 239.

Spilotes reticularis, Ginth. Cat. p. 98 (1858).

Compsosoma reticulare, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 245, pl. xxi. fig. D
(1864); Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 172; Theob. Cat. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 166 (1876).

Rostral as deep as broad, or a little broader than deep, visible from
above ; internasals broader than long, shorter than the prafrontals ;
frontal once and one fourth to once and a half as long as broad, as
long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer
than deep; one large preocular, often with a small subocular
below; two (exceptionally three) postoculars; temporals 242 or
2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 or 21
rows, feebly keeled on the posterior part of the body. Ventrals
213-232; anal usually entire; subcaudals 65-76. Brown above,
darker behind, anteriorly with squarish dark brown spots, posteriorly
with more or less distinct light cross bands; head uniform pale
brown ; lower parts yellowish, spotted with brown or black, or
nearly uniform dark brown.

Total length 1200 millim.; tail 225,

Himal yas, Khasi and Garo Hills, Burma.

a,b. & (Sc. 19; V. 220; A. = Nepal. 7 Pj Hodgson, Esq.

2; C. 72) & yg. (Se. 19;
V. 213; A.1; C. 65).

c. 2 (Sc. 21; V. 280; A.1; Sikkim. Messrs. v. Schlagin-
C. 73). tweit [C.].
d,e, f. 2 (Se. 21; V. 229; Sikkim. Sir J. Hooker [P.].

A.1; ©.78) & yg. (Sc. 21,
21; V. 221, 227; A.1,2;

C. 75, 70).
g-h. G (Se. 21; V. 225; A. Darjeeling. W.T. Blanford, Esq.
1; C. 74) & yg. (Se. 21; [P.].

V. 221; A.1; C. 73). Se: .

i, k, 1. & (Se. 21; V. 222; Khasi Hills. Sir J. Hooker [P.].
A.1; C. 75) & 2 (Se. 21,

1; V. 232, 232; A.1,1;

. 70, 76).

7. Coluber hodgsonii.

Spilotes melanurus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 97 (1858).

— hodgsonii, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 156, pl. xxvii.

Compsosoma hodgsonii, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 246 (1864) ;
Stoliceka, Journ, As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 189, and xl. 1871,
p. 480; Theob. Cat. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 166 (1876).

Coluber hodgsonii, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 332 (1890).

Rostral as deep as broad, visible from above; internasals broader
D2

36 COLUBRID.

than long, much shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and one
third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as or a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal longer than deep, often united with the prefrontal ;
one large preocular, rarely with a small subocular below it; two
postoculars ; temporals 242 or 2+3; normally eight upper labials.
fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior or
a little longer. Scales in 23 rows, feebly keeled on the posterior
part of the body. Ventrals 233-246; anal divided; subcaudals
79-90. Brownish olive above, most of the scales black-edyged ;
young with blackish cross bands; lower parts yellowish, the outer
part of the margin of each ventral shield blackish.
Total length 600 millim. ; tail 230.

Himalayas.
a. 2 (V. 245; C. 90). Tsomoriri, Ladak. Messrs. v. Schagin-) >
tweit [C.]. 3
b-c. 3 (V. 246; C. 79) Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.(
& 2 (V. 233; CO. 88). [P.]. ai
d. Q (V. 284; C. 88). Darjeeling. W.T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

8. Coluber helena.

Russell, Ind, Serp. i. pl. xxxii. (1796).

Coluber helena, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 277 (1808) ; Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept. p. 331 (1890).

Herpetodryas helena, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 192 (1887).

Cynophis bistrigatus, Gray, dnn. §& Mag. N. H. (2) iv. 1849, p. 246.

Piagiodon helena, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 170 (1854) ; Jan, Icon. Gén.
20, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1867).

Herpetodryas malabaricus, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxii. 1854,

580,

Oghoohis helena, Giinth. Cat. p. 95 (1858); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad.
1860, p. 565; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 247 (1864) ; Theob. Cat.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 167 (1876); Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xviii.
1879, p. 125; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 876 (1888).

malabaricus, Giinth. Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 248, pl. xxi. fig. A;

Theob. 1. c. p. 167.

malabaricus, var. carinata, F. Mill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel,

vi. 1878, p. 671.

Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; inter-
nasals broader than long, much shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal once and one third to once and three fourths as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals ; loreal somewhat longer than deep; one large pra-
ocular, sometimes in contact with the frontal; two postoculars ;
temporals 2+ 2 or 243; nine (exceptionally ten or eleven) upper
labials, fifth and sixth (or fourth, fifth, and sixth) entering the eve;
five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in
23 to 27 rows, smooth, or feebly keeled on the posterior part of the

60. coLUBER. 37

body and on the tail. Ventrals 220-265; anal entire; subcaudals
75-94. Young pale brown above, with black cross bands, each
enclosing four to six white ocelli; adult darker brown, with trans-
verse series of black squarish spots, or with more or less distinct
traces of the livery of the young; a vertical black streak below the
eye and an oblique one behind the eye; some specimens have a
white black-edged collar, others two black longitudinal streaks on
the head. Lower parts yellowish, with or without a few small
black spots; sometimes with a more or less distinct festooned
marking on each side.

Total length 1260 millim. ; tail 250.

India and Ceylon. :

a. vant 27; V. 228; Madras. Sir W. Elliot [P.].
94).
b-d. 9 (Se. 25; V. 242; Matheran. Dr. Leith [P.].
C. 85) & ye. (Se, 25,
25; V. 282, 228; OC.
90, 78).
ef. 2 (Se. 25, 25; V. Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.].
245, 265; C. 85, ?).
g-h. Yg. (Se. 25,25; V. Anamallays, Col. Beddome ([C.].
236, 247; C. 94, 75). (Types of C. malabaricus.)
7. Yg. (Se. 27; V. 226; Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.].

C. 80).

k. Q@ (Se. 25; V. 261; Peermad, Travan- H. 8. Ferguson, Esq.
C. 80). core. P.).
1. Hgr. (Se. 27; V. 231; Ceylon. R. Templeton, Esq.
CO. 81). [P.]. (Type of C
bistrigatus.)
m-r. o (Se. 27; V. 235; Ceylon. F

C. 88) & yg. (Se. 27,
27, 27, 27, 27; V. 224,
225, 231, 233, 220; C.
84, 94, 80, 82, P).

9. Coluber triaspis.

Coluber triaspis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 128, and Proce. Am.
Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 175 ; Giinth. Biol. C.--Am., Rept. p. 115
(1894).

Pityophis intermedius, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 23-24, p. 148
(1883).

Coluber mutabilis, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 175.

‘Natrix mutabilis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 71.

triaspis, Cope, l. ¢.

Scotophis mutabilis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 680, pl. xlvi.

fig. 2 (1888).

Rostral nearly as deep as broad, visible from above; internasals
broader than long, much shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once
and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one
preocular, sometimes in contact with the frontal ; two postoculars ;
temporals 2 or 3+3 or 4; eight (rarely nine) upper labials, fourth

38 COLUBRIDZ.

and fifth (or fifth and sixth) entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Scales in 31 to 35 rows, posterior dorsals faintly
keeled. Ventrals 243-282; anal divided; subcaudals 91-119.
Young pale brown above, with one or two dorsal series of large
dark brown black-edged spots, and an alternating lateral series of
smaller spots; two or three dark brown stripes on the occiput and
nape; two dark brown curved bands across the snout; adult uniform
brown ; lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 610 millim.; tail 115. Reaches a length of over
1 metre.

Mexico and Central America.

a. Her. (Se. 85; V. 264; Mexico. M. Sallé [C.].
C. 95).

b. Ye. (Se. 85; V. 254; City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.].
C. 91).

ce, Yg. (Se. 85; V. 260; Mexico.
C. 102).

d. Her. (Se. 85; V. 267; Mezquital del Oro, Dr. A.C. Buller [C.].
C. 100). Zacatecas,

10. Coluber chlorosoma.

Coluber chlorosoma, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 115, pl. xli.
(1894).

Rostral considerably broader than deep, just visible from above ;
internasals nearly as long as broad, or broader than long, much
shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and one fourth or once
and one third as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal
longer than deep ; one preocular; two postoculars ; temporals3+3
or 34+4; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and
sixth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are not longer than the posterior.
Scales in 33 rows, smooth or posterior dorsals faintly keeled. Ven-
trals 247-260 ; anal divided; subcaudals 107-112. Uniform pale
greyish above and on the outer ends of the ventrals, white beneath.

Total length 1050 millim.

Mexico.

a. 3 (V. 260; C. ?). Atoyak, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith \
[C.]; F. D. God-
man, Esq. ne >

b. g (V. 247; C.112), Amula, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith s
(C.]; F. D.God- 7
man, Esq. [P.]. =

ec. Head and neck. 8S. Ramon, Jalisco, Dr. A. C. Buller

1500 ft. [C.].
d. 3 (V. 247; C.107). 8S. Mexico. F.D. Godman, Esq.[P.}

Should perhaps rank as a variety of the following species.

60. coLUBER. 39

11. Coluber flavirufus.

Coluber flavirufus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 319, and Proc.
Am. Philos, Soc. xxii, 1885, p. 175; Giinth, Biol. C-Am., Rept.
p. 115 (1894).

Elaphis pardalinus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 642.

rodriguezii, Bocourt, Le Natur. 1887, p. 168, and Miss. Sc.
Mex., Rept. p. 683, pl. xlvi. fig. 1 (1888).

Natrix flavirufus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, 1887, p. 71.

Rostral considerably broader than deep, just visible from above;
internasals much broader than long, much shorter than the pre-
frontals ; frontal once and one third to once and a half as long as
broad, nearly as long as its distance ‘from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep; one large pra-
ocular (which may be divided into two); two postoculars ; temporals
2 or 34+3 or 4; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or
fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 27 to 33 rows, dorsals
faintly keeled. Ventrals 252-266 ; anal divided; subcaudals 102—
119. Yellowish or pale brown above, with a dorsal series of reddish
or chestnut-brown, black-edged, transverse spots, which may alter-
nate or be confluent into a zigzag band; a lateral series of spots,
alternating with the larger dorsal; two curved dark bands across
the snout, some symmetrical markings on the crown and occiput,
and two longitudinal bands on the occiput and nape, sometimes
confluent in front and behind; lower parts yellowish, with or with-
out small brown spots.

Total length 1220 millim. ; tail 260.

Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras.

a 9 (Se. 31; V. 252; Mexico. Hr. H. Finck [C.].
C. 102).

b. Yg. (Se. 81; V. 263; Belize.
C. 116).

e. Yg. (Se. 33; V.262; Ruatan Id. F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].
C. 117).

12. Coluber guttatus.

Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. ii. pl. lv. (1771); Merrem, Beitr. ii. p. 39,
pl. xi. (1790). |

Coluber guttatus, Linn. 8S. N. i. p. 885 (1766); Hari. Journ. Ac,
Philad. vy. 1827, p. 363, and Med. Phys. Res. p. 126 (1835); Holbr.
N. Am. Herp, tii. p. 65, pl. xiv. (1842); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 632; Hay, Batr. & Rept. Indiana, p. 92 (1893) ;
Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 114 (1894).

— maculatus, Bonnat. Encycl. Méth., Ophiol. p. 9 (1789); Harl.
il. ce. pp. 862, 125. ;

— compressus, Donnd. Zool. Beitr. p. 206 (198).

—— carolinianus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 460, pl. exix. (1802).

—— molossus, Daud. Rept. ip 269 (1803); Hari. Ul. ce. pp. 363,
126.

40 COLUBRIDA,

Coluber pantherinus, Daud. 1. c. p.318.

fluridanus, Hari. WU. ce. pp. 860, 124.

Scotophis guttatus, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am, Rept. p. 78 (1858) ;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 678, pl. xlvi. tig. 4 (1888).

emoryi, Baird §& Gir. lc. p. 157; Kennicott, Rep. U.S. Mex.
Bound. Surv. ii., Rept. p. 19, pl. xii. (1859).

Elaphis guttatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 273 (1854) ; Jan, Icon. Gén.
QI, pl. vi. (1867); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 55, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1883) ;
H. Garm. Bull. Ilhin. Lab, iii. 1892, p. 292.

rubriceps, Dum. § Bibr. t. e. p. 270.

Coluber guttatus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 89 (1858).

Scotophis calligaster, Kenn‘cott, Proc. Ae. Philad. 1859, p. 98.

Coluber rhinomegas, Cope, Proc. de. Philad. 1860, p. 265.

Elaphis alleghaniensis, part., Jan, l. ¢. 24, pl. ii. fig. 2.

Coluber emoryi, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 39 (1875).

? Coluber bairdi, Yarrow, in Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. uo. 17, 1880,

41.

Neicix emoryi, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, 1887, p. 71.

Coluber guttatus sellatus, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. 1888,
p. 387,

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, much shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once
and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal longer than deep; one pre-and two or three post-
oculars; temporals 2 or 3+3 or 4; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than
the posterior. Scales in 25 to 29 (rarely 31) rows; dorsals very
feebly keeled, Ventrals not or but very obtusely angulate laterally,
200-239; anal divided; subcaudals 60-88. Yellowish or pale
brown above, with a dorsal series of large, brown or red, black-
edged spots, and an alternating lateral series of smaller spots; a
curved dark band from eye to eye across the prefrontals, continued
behind the eye to the angle of the mouth; a f) or Q-shaped
marking from the frontal shield to the nape; labials usually with
black sutures or spots; belly yellow, with large squarish black
blotches.

Total length 1040 millim.; tail 160.

United States east of the Rocky Mountains; North Mexico.

A. 25 to 40 dorsal spots from the nape to the base of the tail;
labials with black sutures. (C. guttatus, L.)

a. a e ie 25; V. 234; N. America. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].
b. Yg. (Sc. 27; V. 231; New York.
C. 67).
e. é Ae 27; V. 207; Tennessee. Christiania Museum.
a 3 (Se. 27; V. 220; Marion Co., Flo- A. Erwin Brown, Esq.
C. 71). rida. P,

e. Skull, Charleston.

60. conuBER, 41

B. 35 to 50 dorsal spots from the nape to the hase of the tail ;
labials without black sutures. (C. emoryi, B. & G.)

a. cn 27; V. 207; Kansas, Smithsonian Instit. [P.].
. 67).
b. Ge — 31; V. 225; DuvalCo., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [C.].

13. Coluber leopardinus.

Coluber quadrilineatus (non Lacép.), Pall. Zoogr, Ross.-As. iii, p. 40
(1811) ; Giinth. Cat. p. 88 (1858); Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 73
(1873); Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. lvi. 1882, p. 298.

leopardinus, Bonap. Icon, Faun, Ital. (1834); Schleg. Phys.

Serp. ii, p. 169 (1887).

cruentatus, Steven, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. viii. 1835, p. 317.

Callopeltis leopardinus, Bonap. Mem. Ace. Tor. (2) ii. 1839, p. 482 ;
Nordm. in Demidoff, Voy. Russ. Mér. iii. p. 348, Rept. pls. vi., viii.,
ix. (1840); De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven. (3) xiii, 1868, p. 984, and
Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 38 (1874) ; Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. aus
Bosn. u. Herzeg. ii. p. 618 (1894).

Ablabes quadrilineatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 319 (1854),

Natrix leopardina, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 338.-

Coronella quadrilineata, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 247,
and Icon. Gén. 13, pl. v. (1865).

Callopeltis quadrilineatus, Schreib. Herp, Eur. p. 277 (1875);
Camerano, Mon. Ofid. Ital., Colubr. p. 52 (1891) ; Mina-Palumbo,
Nat. Sicil, xii. 1898, p. 127.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and
one third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer
than deep; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1 or 2+ 2or3;
eight upper labials, fourth and filth entering the eye; four or five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 25 or 27 rows. Ventrals
222-260, rounded ; anal divided; subcaudals 68-89. Greyish or pale
brown above, with a dorsal series of dark brown or reddish black-
edged transverse spots and a lateral alternating series of smaller
black spots, or with two dark brown black-edged stripes bordering a
yellowish vertebral stripe; usually a A-shaped dark marking
on the occiput and nape; a crescentic black band from eye to eye,
an oblique black band from the postoculars to the angle of the mouth,
and a black spot below the eye; lower parts white, checkered with
black, or nearly entirely black.

Total length 900 millim.; tail 160.

Southern Italy, Malta, Dalmatia, Balkan Peninsula, Crimea,
Asia Minor.

A. Spotted form. (C. leopardinus, Bp.)
a,b. 3 (Se. 25; V. 232; Malta. Miss Attersoll [P.].
C. 85) & yg. (Se. 27;
V. 241; C. 79).

42 COLUBRID.

ec. Hgr. (Se. 27; V. 245; Malta. C. A. Wright, Esq. [P.].
C. 81).

d 9 (be. 27; V. 247; Zara, Dalmatia. Count M.G. Peracca [P.].
C. 75

. 79).
e-g. d (Sc. 27, 25; V.241, Zara, Dr. F. Werner [E.].
238; C. 84, 84) & 2
(Se. 27; V. 245; C. ?).

h-z. 3 (Se. 25; V. 284; Zara. Hr. Spada-Novak [C.].
C. 88) & 2 (Sc. 25;
V. 238; C. 68).
B. Striped form. (C. quadrilineatus, Pall.)
a. @ (Se. 27; V. 247; Trieste. Dr. Riippell [P.].
C. 77).
&. Yg. (Se. 25; V. 226; Ionian Ids. Dr. Mann [P.].
C. 79).
e 3 (Se 25; V. 245; ——P
C. 81).

14. Coluber hohenackeyri.

Coluber rubriventris, Dwigubsky, Essay Nat. Hist. Russ. Emp. p. 67
[Russian] (1832).

hohenackeri, Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 70 (1878); Boettg.

Ber. Senck. Ges. 1890, p. 294.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal a little
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one
pre- and two postoculars; temporals 243; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales smooth or faintly keeled, in 23 (rarely 25) rows. Ventrals
201-228, rounded ; anal divided ; subcaudals 60-66. Grey above,
with four alternating series of dark spots; a A-shaped black marking
on the nape, a black streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth,
and a black line below the eye; belly yellowish or reddish, closely
spotted or marbled with blackish grey.

Total length 650 millim.; tail 110.

Transcaucasia and Asia Minor.

a-b, 3 (V. 211; C. 63) & yg. Amasia, Asia Minor.
(V. 221; C. 62).

15. Coluber mandarinus.

Coluber mandarinus, Cantor, Zool. Chusan, pl. xii. (1840), and Ann.
& Mag. N. H. ix. 1842, p. 483; Giinth. Cat. p. 91 (1858), and
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 288, pl. xx. fig. H (1864)*.

Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals shorter than the prefrontals; frontal a little longer than

* Moellendorff’s Coluber mandarinus (Journ. N. China Br. As. Soc. [2] xi.
1877, p. 104), “a black water-snake with orange-red marks,” from the province
of Chihli, Northern China, must be a different snake.

60. coLUBER. 43

broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
or a trifle shorter than the parietals ; loreal small, as long as deep;
one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 142 or 3; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the pos-
terior. Scales in 23 rows. Ventrals 208-222, rounded; anal divided;
subcaudals 62-74. Scarlet above, with black spots and a dorsal
series of large rhomboidal black spots with a yellow centre; head
with black symmetrical markings as in Simotes, viz. a cross band
on the end of the snout, a crescentic band across the forehead,
passing through the eyes, and a A-shaped one on the occiput ; lower
parts yellow, with large black transverse spots or cross bands.
Total length 700 millim. ; tail 120.

Chusan.
a. 2 (V. 222; C, 62). Chusan. Dr. Cantor. (Type.)
b. Her. (V. 208; C. 74). Chusan.

16. Coluber rufodorsatus.

Tropidonotus rufodorsatus, Cantor, Zool. Chusan, pl. xiii. (1840),
and Ann. § Mag. N. H. ix. 1842, p. 483.

Ablabes sexlineatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 824 (1854).

Coluber rufodorsatus, Giinth. Cat. p. 89 (1858), and Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 288, pl. xx. fig. G (1864); Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 79
(1878); Boettg. Ber. Offend. Ver. Nut. 1888, p. 70.

Coronella sexlineata, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 249,
and Icon, Gén. 14, pl. vi. tigs. 2 & 3 (1865).

Simotes herzi, Boetty. Zool. Anz. 1886, p. 519.

Ablabes rufodorsatus, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) v. 1890,
p. 188.

Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above ; inter-
nasals as broad as long or a little longer than broad, as long as or a
little shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal once and a half to twice
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little longer ;
one (rarely two) pree- and two postoculars; temporals 243: seven
(rarely eight) upper labials, third and fourth (or fourth and fifth)
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales
smooth, in 21 rows. Ventrals 162-190, rounded; anal divided;
subcaudals 47-68. Yellowish olive above, with an orange vertebral
line and four series of olive, black-edged, elongate spots, which are
posteriorly, or throughout, confluent into longitudinal bands; the
two median of these bands meet on the vertex; a A-shaped black
band on the snout, extending from eye to eye, and a black band
from the eye to the angle of the mouth; belly bright yellow,
checkered with black; tail with four or five black longitudinal
streaks.

Total length 650 millim.; tail 95.

Eastern Siberia and China,

44 COLUBRIDE.

a. 2 (V.190; C. 48). Western hills of §. W. Bushell, Esq.

Pekin. Pos

b-c. g (V.167; 0.57) & Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
© (V.174; C. 50). :

d-e. & (V. 165; C. 58) & Mountains north of A. E. Pratt, Esq. (C.].
2 (V.170; C. 47). Kiu Kiang.

SF @ (V.174; C. 49). Chikiang. Mr. Fortune [C.]}.

g 3 (V. 172; C. 59). Hang-Chau. J.J. Walker, Esq. [P.].

h. 9 (V.177; C. 50). Ningpo.

i-k. 9 (V.178,178; C.51, Chusan. Dr. Cantor. (Types.)
50).

1. 2 Vy, 182; C.50). Chusan. J. J. Walker, Esq. [P.}.

m-n. 2 (V. 183, 178; Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
C. 54, 49).

o-r. 6 (V.166, 162; C.60, Hoi-How, Hainan, J. Neumann, Esq. [P.].
58) & her. (V. 186, 184;
C. 53, 51).
s. Ye. (V. 167; C. 68). China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
t-u. 2 (V. 179; ©. 51) China.
& yg. (V. 169; C. 59).

17. Coluber dione.

Coluber dione, Pall. Reise, ii. p. 717 (1773), and Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii.
p. 89 (1811); Ménétr. Cat. Rais. p. 68 (1832).

Chironius dione, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 60 (1826),

Coluber eremita, Lichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 174 (1881).

trabalis, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 167 (1887).

—— meoticus, Rathke, Mém. Sav. Etr, Ac. St. Pétersb. iii. 1837,
p. 433, pl. i. figs. 9-12.

Ccelopeltis dione, Fichw. Faun. Casp.-Caue. p.120, pl. xxviii. figs. 1-3
1841).

Elsphis dione, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 218 (1854); Giiinth. Cat. p. 92
(1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 240 (1864) ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 21,
pl. iii. fig, A (1867); De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven, (3) xiii. 1868,
‘p. 931; Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 83 (1873); Schreib. Herp. Lui.
p. 246 (1875).

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and
one fourth to once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long
as deep, or a little longer; a large preocular, with a subocular
below it; two or three postoculars ; temporals 2+3 or 3+3; eight
or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering
the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are nearly as long as the posterior. Scales in 25 or
27 (rarely 23) rows, smooth or faintly keeled. Ventrals not or but
very obtusely angulate laterally, 172-214; anal divided ; sub-
caudals 50-80. Pale brown or greyish olive above, with blackish
cross lines or dark brown or reddish black-edged spots and usually
three more or less distinct pale stripes; two dark longitudinal
bands on the nape, usually united on the head and terminating on
the frontal shield; a curved dark cross band from eye to eye, and

60. coLUBER,

45

continued from the eye to the angle of the mouth; belly yellowish,

usually dotted or spotted with blackish.
Total length 900 millim. ; tail 170.
Southern Russia, Transcaucasia, and Temperate Asia and Japan.

uo 2 (Se. 25; V. 198;
C. 50).
b. Yg. (Se. 27; V. 180;
C. 66).
ce. 2 (Se. 25; V. 198;
C. 60).
d. 9 (Sc. 25; V. 198;
C. 58).
@ (Se. 25; V. 203;
C. 61).
g. 3 (Se. 27; V. 198;
C. 75) & 2 (Sc. 25; V.
206 ; C. 60).
h. S (Se. 23; V. 179;
C. 60).
t% Q (Se. 25; V. 200;
C, 64).
k-l. Her. (Se. 27, 25; V.
196, 187; C. 59, 64).
m-n, o-p. & (Se. 25, 27;
V. 188, 186; C. 69, 71)
& yg. (Se. 25, 25; V.
198, 198; C. 65, ?).

g. Ye. (Se. 25; V. 209;
C. 64).

r-s. 2 (Sc. 27; V. 202;
C. 68) & yg. (Sc. 23;

é.

Sf;

V. 187; 0. 76).

t. Yg. (Se. 25; V. 204;
C.'80).

uo

(Se. 27; V. 200;

C. 79).

v. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 180;
C. 68).

Caucasus.
Mangyschlak.
Wernoje.
Semipolatinsk,
R, Ili.

R. Emba.

Ussuri R.
Pekin.
Western hills of

Pekin,
Chefoo,

Chen Lang
Gan King.

Mountains north of
Kiu Kiang.

Kuan,

Hoi-How, Hainan.
China.
China.

St. Petersburg Mus,
[E.}.

St. Petersburg Mus.
E

St. Petersburg Mus.

Rev.
[C.].

St. hand Mus.

H. Lansdell

Warsaw Mus. [E.].

R.° Swinhoe,

sy Bushell, Esq.

Bl Sevitiuos, Esq.
[C.].

Esq.

Mr. John Brock
[P.].

A. E. Pratt, Esq.
[C.].

J. Neumann, Esq.
[PL

Sir E, Belcher [P.].

J. Brenchley, Esq.
Pj.

18. Coluber quatuorlineatus.

Coluber quatuorlineatus, Lacép. Serp. pp. 82, 163, pl. vii. fig. 1 (1789) ;
Bonnat. Encycl. Meéth., Ophiol. p. 44, pl. xxxix. fig. 1 (1790).

—— quadristriatus, Donnd. /. ¢, p. 207.
—— quaterradiatus, Gmel. Der Naturf. xxviil. 1799, p. 158, pl. iii.
fig. 1; Desmarest, Fawne Frang., Rept. pl. xiv. (1826); Schieg.
Phys. Serp. ii. p. 159, pl. vi. figs. 9 & 10 (1887); Werner, Verh.
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli. 1891, p. 759.

nauii, Donnd. Zool. Bertr, iti. p. 206 (1798).

elaphis, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 450 (1802); Metaxa, Mon. Serp.

Rom. p. 37 (1823) ; Frivaldshy, Mon. Serp. Hung. p. 44 (1823).

May. N. H. (6) vii. 1891, p. 280.

quadrilineatus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 266 (1803); Bouleng, Ann. §
sauromates, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 42 (1811); Eichw.

Zool. Spec. iii. p. 174 (1831); Nordm. in Demidoff, Voy. Russ.
Mer, ii. p. 845, Rept. pl. iii. (1840).

46 COLUBRID.

Coluber pictus, Pall. 7. ec. p. 45. .s

—— xanthogaster, Andrzejowsky, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i.
1832, p. 833, pl. xxiii.

—— alpestris, Ménétr. Cat. Rais. p. 68 (1832). .

—— peecilocephalus, Fisch. de Waldh. Bull. Soc, Nat. Mose. iv. 1882,

. 575.

th phe parreysii, Wagl. Icon. Amph. pl. xxvii. (1838).

Natrix elaphis, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital. (1834).

Elaphis quadrilineatus, Bonap, Mem. Ace. Tor. (2) ii. 1839, p. 483;
De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven. (8) xiii. 1868, p. 929, and Faun. Ital., Rett.
‘Anf, p. 43 (1874).

parreysii, Bonap. 1. ¢. p. 434.

Tropidonotus sauromates, Lichw. Faun. Casp.-Caue. p. 111, pl. xxv.

1841).

ElNphis t danciaas Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 254 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat.
p. 93 (1858); Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. vi. 1882, p. 302 ;
Camerano, Mon. Ofid. Ital., Colubr. p. 37 (1891) ; Mina-Palumbo,
Nat. Sicil. xii. 1892, p. 62.

sauromates, Dum. § Bibr.t.c. p. 288; Jan, Icon. Gén. 21, pl. ii.

(1867) ; Strauch, Schi. Russ. R. p. 92 (1873); Schrecb. Herp. Eur.

p. 250 (1875) ; Bedriaga, 1. c. p. 806, ;

dione, var. greca, Jan, Elenco, p. 61 (1863), and 1. c. pl. iii.

fig. B.

cervone, Schrezb. .c. p. 254; Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth, aus Bosn.

u. Herzeg. ii. p. 608 (1894).

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and
one fourth to once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; loreal nearly as long
as deep; one precocular, with a subocular below it; two or three
postoculars ; temporals 2+3 or 3+4; eight (exceptionally nine)
upper labials, fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth) entering the eye;
four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 25 (rarely 23) rows,
feebly but distinctly keeled, outer rows smooth. Ventrals 195-234,
rounded; anal divided ; subcaudals 63-90. Young with three or five
alternating series of dark brown black-edged spots on a pale brown
ground, the dorsal series largest, transversely oval or rhomboidal ;
in the specimens from Italy and Dalmatia (C. quatuorlineatus)
these spots gradually disappear with age, and are replaced by a
pair of black streaks along each side of the back; a black oblique
streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth; belly yellow, closely
spotted or marbled with brown, the spots usually disappearing
with age.

Total length 1350 millim. ; tail 240.

Mediterranean coast of France (?), Italy, Dalmatia, Greece,
Hungary, Southern Russia, Cis- and Trancaucasia.

A. Spots disappearing in the adult, replaced by black longitudinal
lines. (C. quatuorlincatus, Lacép.)

a. & (V. 218; C. 81). Bologna. aia J. Bianconi
P.}.

60. coLUBER. AT

b-c, d. 9 (V. 224; C.?), Naples. Count M. G. Peracca
her. (V. 210; 0.77), & [P.].
yg. (V. 223; C. 70).

e-f. 3 (V. 208; C.79) & Naples. Dr. F, 8. Monticelli
her. (V. 219; C. 71). [P.}.

g,h. & (V. 210; C. 79) Zara, Dalmatia. Dr. F. Werner [E.]}.

; & yg. (V. 218; C. 66).

i-k. 3 (V. 205; C.79) & Zara, Dalmatia.

Q (V. 217; C. 70). 8. Europe. Dr. Giinther [P.].

B. Spots persistent throughout life. (C. sauromates, Pall.)
a. Q (V. 210; ©. 66). Malo, Derbentsky Uluss, St. Petersburg Mus.
E

Gov. Astrakhan. a3
b. 2 (V. 206; C. 64). Shirvan. Berlin Museum [E.].
ce. @ (V. 211; C.71). ig Sir A. Smith [P.].

19. Coluber teniurus.

Elaphis virgatus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 79 (1858).

teeniurus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 565; Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 242 (1864) ; Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 103 (1878) ;
Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xix. 1887, p. 170.

Coluber nuthalli, Theob. Cut, Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 51 (1868).

Elaphis yunnanensis, Anders, An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 813 (1879).

erabowskyi, Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1885, p. 59, pl. iv. fig. 3.

Coluber teniurus, Bowleng. Ann. § May. N. H. (6) v. 1890, p. 189,
and Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 833 (1890); W. Sclater, Journ, As. Soe.
Beng. 1x. 1891, p. 289.

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ; internasals a little
broader than long, much shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once
and one third to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a
little shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; one large
preocular, sometimes in contact with the frontal, usually with a
small subocular below it; two postoculars ; temporals 2+ 2 or 2+3;
usually nine (sometimes eight) upper labials, fifth and sixth (or
fourth and fifth) entering the eye; five or six lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 23 or 25 rows, dorsals
feebly but distinctly keeled, outer rows smooth. Ventrals dis-
tinctly angulate laterally, 230-284; anal divided, rarely entire ;
subcaudals 90-107. Grey-brown or olive above, head and nape
uniform ; a black stripe on each side of the head, passing through
the eye; anterior part of back with black transverse lines or net-
work, posterior part with a pale vertebral stripe between two broad
black ones; belly yellowish anteriorly, greyish posteriorly ; a black
stripe along each side of the posterior part of the belly and along each
side of the tail, separated from the upper lateral stripe by a whitish
streak.

Total length 1500 millim. ; tail 300.

Manchuria, China, Sikkim, Cochinchina, Siam, Borneo, Sumatra.

48 COLUBRID.®.

a-c. & (Sc. 23; V.255; Western hills of W. Bushell, Esq.
A, 2; 0.107), hgx. (Se. Pekin. (P.}.
25; V. 2405 AL 2 =

d,e,f. ‘5 (Se. "95 : V. 232; Shanghai. R. Swinhve, Esq.
4.2; 0, 95), 2 (Se. 253 cea
V. 288; A. 2; C. a

A. 2: C. 101).

g. YQ. (Se, 25; V. 240; Chilkiang. My. Fortune [C.].
A.2;C. 94).

h. Ye. (Sc. 10; V. 231; Mountains of Kiu CO. Maries, Esq. [C.].
A.1; C. 92). Kiang.

a ¢ (Sc. 25; V. 239; Monntains of Kiu A. E. Pratt, Esq.
A. 2; C.?). Kiang. [C.].

k. Her. (Se. 23; V. 255; Darjeeling. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
A. 2; C. 99). [P.].

1 2 (Se. 23; V. 255; Darjeeling. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
A. 2; C. 95). [P.].

m-o. & (Sc. 25; V. 282; §.E. Borneo. Hr. Grabowski [C.].
A. 2; C.94), hgr. (Se (Types of E. grabowshy?.)
25; V. 278; A. 2; 0
98), & head.

p. & (Sc. 25; V.282; A. Pajo, Sumatra. Hr. C. Bock [C.].
2;-C. 97)

20. Coluber schrenckii.

Elaphis schrenckii, Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 100 (1878).
Coluber schrenckii, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) v. 1890, p. 139.

Eye rather small. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from
above ; internasals broader than long, shorter than the preefrontals ;
frontal slightly longer than broad, as long as or shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal considerably longer than deep ; one preocular, with (or with-
out) a small subocular below it ; two postoculars ; temporals 2+3;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little
longer than the posterior. Scales in 23 rows, feebly but distinctly
keeled, outer rows smooth. Veuntrals not distinctly angulate
laterally, 208-221; anal divided; subcaudals 61-76. Brown or
black above, uniform or with more or less regular pale brown cross
bands, disposed obliquely, and bifurcating on the sides; lips black
and yellow ; belly yellowish, uniform or closely spotted or checkered
with black.

Total length 1430 millim.; tail 230.

Amoorland, Corea, and Northern Japan.

A. Brown (young) or black above, with paler oblique cross bands;
belly closely spotted with black.

© (V. 220; C. 68). Ussuri R. Warsaw Museum [E.].
Yg. (V. 210; C.68), Seoul, Corea, C. W. Campbell, Esq. [P.],

60. coLUBER. 49

B. Uniform brown above, yellowish beneath, the caudal shields
_ edged with brown.

ce. 3 (V. 216; C. 76). Seoul, Corea. C. W. Campbell, Esq. [P.].

21. Coluber vulpinus.

Scotophis vulpinus, Baird & Gur. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 75 (18538),
and Rep. Explor, Surv. R. Miss. R.x. pl. xxix. fig. 51 (1859) ;
Huy, Batr. § Rept. Indiana, p. 90 (1898).

Coluber vulpinus, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 89 (1875).

Elaphis guttatus, var. vulpinus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 56 (1883).

Eye rather small. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible
from above measuring one third its distance from the frontal 3 Inter-
nasals broader than long, much shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal
nearly as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one pree- and two post-
oculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in
25 (rarely 23 or 27) rows, dorsals feebly but very distinctly keeled.
Ventrals 200-234; anal divided; subcaudals 67-85. Yellowish
brown above, with a dorsal series of large chestnut-brown black-
edged spots and an alternating lateral series of smaller spots ; head
with indistinct dark markings ; two dark stripes along the occiput
and nape; lower parts yellowish, checkered with black.

Total length 960 millim.

Northern United States east of the Rocky Mountains (Minnesota,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana).

a. 9 (V. 207; C. ?). Wisconsin. Smithsonian Institution [P.].

22. Coluber letus.

Scotophis letus, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 77, and in
Marcy's Rep. Red Riv. p. 227, pl. vi. (1853).
confinis, Baird § Gir. Cat. p. 76.
'® Coluber rosaceus, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. 1888, p. 388,
pl. xxxvi. fig. 3.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals
much shorter than the prefrontals; frontal a little longer than
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one pra- and
two postoculars; temporals 24+3; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye ; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales smooth or
faintly keeled, in 25 to 29 rows. Ventrals obtusely angulate
laterally, 220-240; anal divided; subcaudals 72-81. Above with
a series of large squarish brown black-edged blotches, separated by
brownish-white or grey interspaces; two alternating lateral series
of small spots on each side; a brown band across the end of the
snout, another from one angle of the mouth to the other, passing
through the eyes and across the forehead; a brown spot below the

VOL. II. E

50 COLUBRID.

eye ; lower parts yellow, with square brown spots, which are few
anteriorly and numerous posteriorly.

Total length 700 millim. ; tail 125.

South-eastern United States and Mexico.

u. & (Sc. 29; V. 220; C. 72). Mexico.
C. rosaceus, Cope, is probably a colour-variety of this specics.

23. Coluber obsoletus.

Coluber obsoletus, Say, in Long’s Exped. Rocky M. i. p. 140 (1823);
Harl. Journ. Ac. Philad. v. 1827, p. 847, and Med. Phys. Res.
p. 112 (1835); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 634;
Hay, Batr. § Rept. Indiana, p. 93 (1893).

—— alleghaniensis, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. p. 111, pl. xx. (1836), and
Qnd ed. iii. p. 85, pl. xix. (1842); Dekay, N. York Faun., Rept.
p- 36, pl. xii. fig. 26 (1842).

quadrivittatus, Holbr. op. cit, 2nd ed. iii. p. 89, pl. xx.; Giinth.
Cat. p. 88 (1858).

Scotophis alleghaniensis, Baird § Gir. Cat, N. Am. Rept. p. 78

1853).

ME lindheimeri, Baird & Gir. lc. p. 74.

Elaphis quadrivittatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 265 (1854); Garm. NV.
Am. Rept. p. 56 (1888).

spiloides, Dum. & Bibr. t.c. p. 269.

—— holbrookii, Dum. § Bibr. t.c. p. 272.

alleghaniensis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 248; Jan,
Icon. Gén, 24, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1867).

Coluber spiloides, Giinth. L. c. p. 90.

Scotophis ohsoletus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 830.

Coluber lindheimerii, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 39 (1875).

Elaphis obsoletus, Garm. J. e. p. 54 (1888); H. Garm, Bull. Ilhin.
Lab. iii. 1892, p. 290.

Pantherophis lindheimeri, Garm. Bull. Essex Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 108.

alleghaniensis, Garm. J. c. :

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals
broader than long, much shorter than the prefrontals; frontal a
little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral,
shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one pree- and
two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales
very distinctly keeled, in 25 to 29 rows. Ventrals obtusely angulate
laterally, 217-245 ; anal divided; subcaudals 72-93. Brown to
black above; young with a series of large dorsal dark spots and
two lateral series of smaller alternating spots, which may disappear
or be replaced by four dark stripes.

Total length 1360 millim.; tail 310.

United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

A. Nearly uniform black above and on the posterior two thirds of
the lower parts. (C. obsoletus, Say.)

a. & a 27; V. 288; N. America. Lord Ampthill [P.].

60. conusER. 51

b-c. 3 (Se. 27; V. 231; Raleigh, N. Carolina. Messrs, Brimley [C.].
C. 88) & her. (Se. 27;
V. 236; C. 78).

B. Dark brown above, but with distinct traces of the large spots ;
belly largely blotched with blackish. (C. alleghaniensis, Holbr.,
C. lindheimeri, B. & G.)

uw. ee 25; V. 282; Bloomington, Indiana. C. H. Bollman, Esq.
. 80). C

) ae
b& 2 (Se. 27; V. 233; Illinois. Sei eorten Tnstit.
C. 77). [P:)

C. Pale brown above, with large dark brown spots; yellowish
inferiorly. (C. spiloides, D. & B.)

a. As (Se. 29; V. 232; New York.

b. & Gs 29; V. 231; Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [C.}.
. 78).

D. Spots as in C, combined with stripes as in E; belly with large
brown spots.

a @ (Sc. 27; V. 241; N. America.
C. 77).

E. Pale brown above, with four dark brown or blackish stripes ;
belly yellowish, without or with a few brown spots. (‘C. quadri-
vittatus, Holbr.)

a,b. 3 (Se. 27, 27; V. N. America,
237, 241; C. 84, 89).

24, Coluber conspicillatus.

Coluber conspicillatus, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 211; Schleg. Phys. Serp.
ii. p. 171 (1837), and Faun. Japon., Rept. p. 85, pl. iii, (1838) ;
Giinth. Cat. p. 91 (1858).

Elaphis conspicillatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 285 (1854) ; Hilgendorf,
Sitzb. ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1880, p. 114.

Coronella conspicillata, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 249,
and Icon. Gén. 14, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1865).

Callopeltis conspicillatus, Giglioli, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 595.

Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, visible from above; inter-
nasals much broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep; one pra- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 2+2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
Jabials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little
longer than the posterior. Scales smooth, or faintly keeled on the
posterior part of the body, in 21 rows. Ventrals distinctly angu-
late laterally, 200-224; anal divided; subcaudals 60-76. Pale

EQ

52 COLUBRID.

brown above, with small black spots or a dorsal series of black cross
bars; some adult specimens almost uniform olive-brown above; a
black streak across the end of the snout, passing through the
nostrils, a curved one from eye to eye, another from the eye to the
angle of the mouth, a A-shaped one on the back of the head, with
the point on the frontal, and a black spot or vertical streak below
the eye; lower parts whitish, checkered with black. Young (e)
vermilion above, with small black spots edged with yellowish white.

Total length 830 millim.; tail 150.

Japan; Corea.

a,b. & (V. 219; 0.67) Japan. Leyden Museum.
& yg. (V. 217; C. 66).
ec. 3 (VY. 215; C. 67). Yokohama. H.MLS. ‘ Challenger.’
d. Yg. (V. 224; C. 63). Nikko. HL.MLS. ‘ Challenger,’
e Yg. (V. 206; C. 68). ne Japan, Lord Dormer [P.].
2500 ft.

25. Coluber longissimus.

Natrix longissima, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 74 (1768).

Coluber flavescens, Gimel. S. N.i. p. 1115 (1788); Daud. Rept. vi.
p. 272 (1803); Frivaldsky, Mon. Serp. Hung. p. 40 (1823) ; Lenz,
Schlangenk. p. 509, pl. vi. (1832); Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital. (1833) ;
De Betta, Erp. Veron., Mem. Acc. Verona, xxxv. 1857, p. 197.

esculapii (non L.), Lacép. Serp. pp. 98, 165, pl. vii. fig. 2

(1789); Bonnat. Encycl. Méth., Ophiol. p. 48, pl. xxxix. fig. 2

(1790) ; Host, 2n Jacq. Coll. Botan. iv. p. 3856, pl. xxvii. (1790) ;

Wolf, in Sturm, Deutschl. Faun. iii. Heft 2 (1799); Daud. Rept.

vii. p. 80 (1803) ; Metara, Mon. Serp. Rom. p. 87 (1828); Fri-

valdsky, l. e. p. 42; Desmarest, Fawne Frang., Rept. pl. xv. (1826) ;

Millet, Faune de Maine-et-Loire, p. 632, pl. iv. (1828) ; Schleg.

Phys. Serp. ii. p. 180, pl. v. figs. 1 & 2 (1837); Giinth. Cat. p. 88

(1858) ; Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 57 (1873); Boettg. Ber.

Senckenb. Ges. 1889, p. 271; Méhely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt,

Herp. p. 29 (1892) ; Sarauw, Nat. og Mennesk. Copenh. xi. 1894,

eee Diirigen, Deutschi. Amph. u. Rept. p. 808, pl. viii. fig. 1

(1894).

ooo Bonnat. 1. c. p. 59; Blanf. Zool. E. Pers, p. 420

(1876).

-—— asclepiadeus, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. iii. p. 205 (1798).

sellmanni, Donnd. 1. c. p. 207.

—— pannonicus, Donnd. 1. ¢. p. 208.

—— leprosus, Donnd. 1. e.

romanus, Suckow, Anfangsgr. d. Naturg. iii. p. 198 (1798).

scopolii, Merr. Tent. p. 104 (1820).

—— fugax, Bichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 174 (1881).

Zamenis eesculapii, Fitzing. Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr. i. p. 826 (1832);
Eichw. Faun. Casp.-Caue. p. 150 (1841).

Callopeltis flavescens, Bonap. Mem. Ace. Torin. (2) ii. 1839, p. 482.

Coluber sauromates, juv., Nordm. in Demidoff, Voy. Russ. Mér, iii.
p. 346, Rept. pl. vi. fig. 2 (1840).

Elaphis esculapii, Dim. § Bibr. vii. p. 278 (1854) ; Jan, Icon. Gén.
24, pli. fig. 4 (1867); Viaud-Grandm. Et. Serp. Vendée, p. 10
(1868) ; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 186 (1872); De Betta, Faun.
Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 48 (1874).

60. coLuBER. 53

Callopeltis vesculapii, Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 281 (1875); Tomasini,
Wiss. Mitth, aus Bosn. u. Herzeg. ii. p. 620 (1894).

Elaphis flavescens, Leydig, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiii. 1883, p. 176,

Callopeltis longissimus, Camerano, Mon. Ofid. Ital., Colubr. p- 54
(1891) ; Mena-Palumbo, Nat, Sicil. xii. 1898, p. 129.

Coronella austriaca, part., Sarauw, Nat.og Mennesk. Copenh. x. 1893,
p. 216. é

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and
one fourth to once and one third as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal as long as deep or longer; one pre- and two
postoculars ; temporals 2+3; eight or nine upper labials, fourth
and fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales smooth, or faintly
keeled on the posterior part of the body, in 21 or 23 rows. Ventrals
distinctly angulate laterally, 212-248; anal divided; subcaudals
60-91. Grey or olive-brown above, some of the scales with whitish
lines on the margins ; sometimes with four darker stripes along the
body *; a dark streak behind the eye; upper lip and a triangular
patch on each side behind the temple yellow; belly uniform pale
yellow. Young with dark brown dorsal spots, forming four or tive
longitudinal series, a A-shaped black marking on the nape, behind
the yellow temporal blotches, a dark brown bar across the forehead,
and a black vertical line below the eye; belly greyish or yellowish
olive.

Total length 110 millim. ; tail 240.

Central Europe, Denmark t, Italy, Dalmatia, Balkan Peninsula,
Cis- and Transcaucasia.

a-b. 3 (Se. 23, 23; V.225, France.
222; O. 78, 82).

eo (Se. 21; V. 223; C. Nantes.
82

d-f. g (Sc. 23; V.220; Schlangenbad. Dr. Giinther [P.].
CO. 83), 2 (Se. 23; V.
231; ©. 77), & her.
(Se. 23; V. 226; C. 86).

* The report of the occurrence of C. guatuorlineatus at Saumur, Maine-et-
Loire (Millet, Faune de Maine-et-Loire, p. 629), is evidently based on sucha
striped specimen, as pointed out by Viaud-Grandmarais, —

+ I have expressed doubts (Zool. 1894, p. 14) asto whether a large specimen
(1280 millim. ae with 218 ventral shields, from the island of Seeland, had
been correctly referred by Sarauw to Coronella austriaca. Further notes on
that specimen, captured at Peterswarft in 1863, and now preserved in the
Seminary at Skaarup, which Mr. Sarauw subsequently sent me at my request,
accompanied by a sketch of the head, changed my doubts into certainty: the
Peterswarft snake belongs to a distinct species, which turns out to be Coluber
longissimus. Three specimens have been examined by Mr. Sarauw, which are
perhaps the last survivors of a snake formerly inhabiting the forests of Southern
Seeland. It appears that, so far, no authentic specimen of Coronella austriaca
is known from Denmark,

54 COLUBRID,

g. @ (Sc. 28; V. 224; Schlangenbad. Dr. Giinther [P.].
C. 75).

h. Yg. (Sc. 21; V. 229; Weidling am Bach, Dr. F. Werner [E.].
C. 76). near Vienna.

i-k. § (Se. 23, 23; V.226, Near Vienna. Dr. F, Werner [E.].
219; OC. 84, 80). ;

i 2 (Se. 23; V. 226; Bologna. Prof. J. J. Bianconi
C. 75). i

m. & (Se. 28; V. 224; Travnik, Bosnia. Dr, F. Werner [E.].
C. 83). .

n,o, Skulls, France.

26. Coluber climacophorus.

Coluber climacophorus, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 210.

virgatus, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 145 (1837), and Faun.
Japon., Rept. p. 83, pl. ii, (1838).

Elaphis virgatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 261 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén.
21, pl. i. (1887).

virgatus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 94 (1858); Hilgendorf, Sitzb.

Ges. naturf. Freunde, 1880, p. 113.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal about once
and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; one
preocular, with a subocular below it ; two (rarely three) postoculars ;
temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 23 (rarely 25) rows, feebly but distinctly keeled, outer
rows smooth. Ventrals distinctly angulate laterally, 226-244 ; anal
divided (rarely entire); subcaudals 97-122. Young grey-brown or
pale brown above, with a dorsal series of large transverse, brown,
dark-edged spots, and a lateral series of smaller spots; these spots
usually disappear in the adult and are replaced by a pair of dark
stripes along each side of the back; a blackish streak from the eye
to the angle of the mouth; lower parts yellowish, uniform or dotted
or clouded with olive, or with small blackish spots. Old specimens
nearly uniform olive-brown above and below, with the lateral
ventral keel yellowish.

Total length 1680 millim.; tail 350.

Japan.

a,b. 9 (Se. 23; V. 231; Japan, Leyden Museum.
C. 100) & her. (Se. 23;
V. 284; C, 112).

e. Yg. (Se. 28; V. 222; Japan. Sir R. Owen [P.].
C. 108).

d. Yg. (Se. 23; V. 232; Japan. Mr. Adams [C.].
A.1; C.?)

ef. Q (Se. 23; V. 234; Nagasaki. Mr. Whitely [C.].

C. 108) & yg. (Se. 23;
V. 285; C. 118).

60. coLUBER. 55
9. Xe. (Se. 23; V. 229; Nikko. Mr. Whitely [C.].

h-i. Ye. (Se. 25, 23; V. Myanoshita. J. H. Leech, Esq.
232, 226; C. 100, 97). [P.)
k, a ony 25; V. 284; Onson Mt.,Shimabara. Mr. Holst (C.].

27. Coluber phyllophis.

Elaphis sauromates (non Pall.), Giinth. Cat. p. 93 (1858).

sauromates, part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 241, pl. xxi.
fig. E (1864).

Phyllophis carinata, Giinth. J. c. p. 295, pl. xxi. fig. B, and Ann. §
Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 170.

Elaphis, sp., Strauch, Schl. Russ, R. p. 99 (1878) ; Bedriaga, Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mosc. lvi. 1882, p. 309.

ce phyllophis, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) vii. 1891,
p. 280,

Snout projecting; eye rather large. Rostral much broader than
deep, visible from above; nasal sometimes entire or semi-divided ;
internasals as long as broad, or a little longer, at least as long as
the preefrontals; frontal once and one third to once and two thirds
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the end
of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep ; one preocular, with a subocular below it; two postoculars ;
temporals 2+3 or 3+38; eight (rarely nine) upper labials, fourth
and fifth (or fifth and sixth) entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are nearly
as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 23 rows
very strongly keeled, outer row smooth. Ventrals obtusely angu-
late laterally, 209-220; anal divided (rarely entire); subcaudals
80-96. Young pale olive above, with traces of a few black trans-
verse bands on the anterior part of the body, and a brown lateral
line on the posterior part of the body and along the tail; labials
yellowish, with brown sutures; belly yellowish, with a series of
black dots on each side. The adult of a darker coloration, most of
the scales and shields having black borders; anterior part of back
usually with more or less distinct black cross bands; belly more or
less dotted or spotted with black, the posterior ventrals and the
subcaudals usually edged with black.

Total length 1800 millim.; tail 380.

China.
a-c,d. & (V. 213, 215; Kiu Kiang. A. FE. Pratt, Esq.
A. 2,1; C. 93, 87), Q [C.}.
(V. 215; A.2; C. 88);
& yg. (V. 210; A. 1;
C. 86).
ed (V. 00 ;A.2;C.90). Wu-lee Lake, 25 miles P.W. Bassett-Smith,
8. of Ningpo. Esq. [P.}.

f. @ (V. 218; A. 2; C. Near Ningpo.
80).

56 COLUBRID &.

g. Yg. (V. 220; A. 2; China. Dr, A. Ciinther [P.].
C. 95). (Type of Phyllophis carinata.)
hit. & (V. 215; A. 2; China. R.Swinhoe, Esq. (C.].
G. 96) & 2 (V. 209}
A. 2; C.90).

28. Coluber davidi.

Tropidonotus davidi, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. 1884,
p. 144%.

Snout slightly projecting; eye rather large. Rostral visible from
above; internasals as long as broad, two thirds the length of the
prefrontals; frontal twice as long as broad, as long as its distance

from the end of the snout, not longer than the parietals; loreal

longer than deep ; two preoculars, with a subocular below them ; two
postoculars ; temporals 2+3 or 3+4; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye. Scales in 23 rows, strongly keeled,
outer row smooth. Ventrals 173; anal divided; subcaudals 70.
Yellowish brown, with large irregular brown spots; head without
any markings.

Total length 750 millim. ; tail 160.

China.

29. Coluber moellendorfiii.

Cynophis moellendorffii, Boetiy. Zool. Anz. 1886, p. 520, and Ber.
Offend. Ver. Naturk. 1888, p. 72, pl. i. fig. 1.

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals
broader than long, hardly half as long as the prefrontals; frontal a
little longer than broad, not quite as long as its distance from the
rostral, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal twice as long as
deep; a large preocular, in contact with the frontal, with a sub-
ocular below it; two postoculars; temporals 2+3 or 2+2; ten
upper labials, sixth and seventh entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior. Scales in 27 rows, feebly but distinctly keeled, outer
rows smooth. Ventrals obtusely keeled laterally, 268-274; anal
divided; subcaudals 97-99. Grey above, with a dorsal series of
large, dark grey, black-edged hexagonal spots, and a lateral series
of alternating smaller spots; yellowish-white inferiorly, largely
checkered with black.

Total length 1655 millim.; tail 310.

Nanning and Canton, China.

30. Coluber oxycephalus.

Coluber oxycephalus, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 537; Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept. p. 335 (1890); W. Selater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1x.
1891, p. 239. :

* Tam indebted to Dr. Mocquard for notes on, and a sketch of, the head of
the type specimen preserved in the Paris Museum.

60. coLUBER. 57

Gonyosoma viride, TVagl. Icon. Amph. pl. ix. (1828).

Herpetodryas oxycephalus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 189, pl. vii.
figs. 8 & 9 (1837), and Abbild. pl. xliv. figs. 1-9 (1844) ; Cantor,
Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 80 (1847).

es chalybeus, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (2) iv. 1849,
p. 247.

Gonyosoma oxycephalum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 218 (1854); Giinth.
Cat. p. 122 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 294 (1864) ; Jan, Icon.
Gén. 31, pl. i, (1869) ; Stoliceka, Journ, As. Soc, Beny. xxxix. 1870,

Be & xlii. 1873, p. 123; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 189

( ).

Body rather compressed. Snout subacuminate, elongate, obliquely
truncate and projecting; rostral nearly as deep as broad, visible
from above; internasals one half to two thirds as long as the pra-
frontals, which are more than half as long as the parietals; frontal
as long as broad, or a little longer, as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ;
loreal very elongate; one large preocular, in contact with the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; nine to eleven upper
labials, two (rarely three) of which (fifth and sixth or sixth and
seventh) enter the eye; six lower labials in contact with the ante-
rior chin-shields, which are much longer than the posterior. Scales
in 23 to 27 rows, smooth or faintly keeled. Ventrals witha lateral
keel, 233 to 263; anal divided; subcaudals 122-149, Bright
green above, the scales usually finely edged with black; yellowish
or pale green below; a blackish streak along each side of the head,
passing through the eye; tail usually yellowish brown.

Total length 2300 millim.; tail 480.

Eastern Himalayas, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

a. 2 (Se. 25; V. 258; Tenasserim. Prof. Oldham [P.].
G. 123).

6. Her. (Sc. 27; V. 248; Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
C. 142).

c,d. 9 (Se. 25, 23; V. Singapore. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
952, 238; C. 136, 139).

e. d (Sc. 25; V. 283; C. —_ Borneo, Sir J. Brooke [P.].
133).

f. & (Se. 25; V. 241; C. Borneo. L. ti ik Esq.
136). P.}.

g,h. 2 (Se. 27; V. 251; — Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].

©. 122) & yg. (Se. 25;
V. 245 ; C. 122).
i-k, 1. 3 (Se. 25; V. 240; Java.
C. 148), hgr. (Se. 25;
V. 240; C. 139), & yg.
(Se. 25 ; V. 289; C. 128).
m. Yg. (Sc. 25; V. 2386; (Mauritius. ] Zoological Society.
C. 135). (Type of Alopecophis chalybeus.)

31. Coluber janseni. (Prazz I. fig. 2.)

Gonyosoma jansenii, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl, Ind. xvi. 1858,
p. 242.

58 ; COLUBRID,

Allophis (Elaphis) nigricaudus, Peters. Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 686.
Elaphis nigricaudus, Peters § Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878,
p. 387.

Very much like C. oxycephalus, but snout more obtuse and
rather shorter. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ;
internasals as long as broad, a little shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal once and one fourth to once and a half as long as broad, as
.ong as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal at least twice as
long as deep; one large preocular, in contact with the frontal ;
two postoculars; temporals 142 or 24+3; nine or ten upper
labials, fifth to seventh entering the eye; five or six lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much longer than
the posterior. Scales smooth or faintly keeled, in 23 or 25 rows.
Ventrals angulate laterally, 247-255; anal divided; subcaudals
133-140. Olive or yellowish brown above, some or all of the
scales black-edged ; entirely black posteriorly and on the tail; a
black lateral stripe may be present.

Total length 1990 millim.; tail 450.

North Celebes.

a. o (Se. 23; V. 247; Manado, Dr. Bleeker. (Type.)
C. 140).

b,c. d (Se. 23, 25; V. Manado. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].
258, 255; C. 140,
133).

32. Coluber frenatus. (Patz ITT. fig. 1.)
Herpetodryas frenatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (2) xii. 1858,
p. 390.
Gonyosoma frenatum, Giinth. Cat. p. 123 (1858), and Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 295 (1864) ; Theobd. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 190 (1876).
Coluber frenatus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 335 (1890).

Snout subacuminate, obliquely truncate and projecting. Rostral
a little broader than deep, hardly visible from above; internasals
much shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and one third to
once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; no loreal, prefrontal in
contact with the labials; one large preeocular; two postoculars ;
temporals 24 2 or 243; nine (or eight) upper labials, fourth, fifth,
and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in
19 rows, dorsals faintly keeled. Ventrals with a lateral keel, 203-
204; anal divided; subcaudals 120-121. Uniform bright green
above ; a black streak along each side of the head, passing through
the eye ; upper lip and lower parts pale green, ventral keel whitish.

Total length 830 miliim. ; tail 240.

Khasi Hills.

a. 2 (V. 203; C. 120). Khasi Hills. Sir J. Hooker [P.]._(Type.)
b. 2 (V. 204; C. 121), Khasi Hills. =‘ T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

60. coLUBER. 59

33. Coluber prasinus.

Coluber prasinus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1854, p. 291;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 334 (1890); W. Selater, Journ.
As, Soc. Beng, lx. 1891, p. 239.

Gonyosoma gramineum, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 294, pl. xxiii.
fig. D (1864) ; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 190 (1876) ; Anders.
An, Zool, Res. Yunnan, p. 824 (1879).

Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals a little broader than long, shorter than the preefrontals ;
frontal once and one fourth to once and one third as long as broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal square or longer than deep; one preocular (some-
times divided), usually in contact with the frontal ; two postoculars ;
temporals 142 or 2+2; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
-chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows; dorsals feebly keeled in the adult, smooth in the
young. Ventrals with a lateral keel, 198-206; anal divided
(rarely entire) ; subcaudals 91-107. Uniform bright green above;
upper lip and lower surfaces yellowish or greenish white.

Total length 900 millim.; tail 230.. '

Eastern Himalayas, Khasi Hills, Assam, Burma.

u. Yg. (V. 208; C. 100). Khasi Hills (?). Dr. Griffith.
(Type of G. gramineum.)
b,¢. & (V.198; C. 107) Khasi Hills, T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

c

” & her, (V. 200; C.?). [P.].

d. 2 (V. 198; C. 91). Toungyi, Shan States, Lieut. Blakeway [C.].
5000 ft.

34. Coluber quadrivirgatus.

Coluber quadrivirgatus, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 209; Schleg. Phys. Serp.
ii. p. 147, pl. v. figs. 15 & 16 (1837), and Faun. Japon. p. 84, pl. i.
(1838).

vulneratus, Bote, 7. c. p. 212. .

Compsosoma quadrivirgatum, Dum. § Bibr, vii. p. 801 (1854).

Elaphis quadrivirgatus, Giinth. Cat. p. 94 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén.
24, pl. 1. figs. 1-3 (1867) ; Hilgendorf, Sitz. Ges. naturf. Freunde,
1880, p. 114.

— bilineatus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 497.

Eye rather large; rostral broader than deep, just visible from
above ; internasals broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal once and three fifths to twice as long as broad, longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal usually as long as deep, or a little deeper ;
one preocular, usually with a subocular below it; two postoculars ;
temporals 2+2 or 243; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four or five lower labinls in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows, feebly but distinctly keeled (some-

60 COLUBRID.

times nearly smooth in the young), outer rows smooth. Ventrals
distinctly angulate laterally, 193-210; anal divided, rarely entire ;
eubcaudals 70- 96. Greyish olive or pale brown above, with darker
spots or cross bars, or with a pair of dark stripes running along each
side of the back; a dark streak from the eye to the angle of the
mouth ; lower parts yellowish clouded with olive-grey, or olive-grey
to blackish, the lateral ventral keels always lighter. Some speci-
mens entirely black, with the exception of the lips and throat,
which are yellowish.

Total length 1030 millim, ; tail 240.

Japan, Corea.

A. Olive or brown above, with more or less distinct spots or stripes.

a. 3 (V. 208; A. 2; 0. Japan. Leyden Museum.
88),
b- a 3 (V. 204, 204; A. Yokohama. HELMS. ‘ Challenger.’

2; C. 81, 84) & o

we 300; A.2; ©. 70).
ef Pi (V. 2609, 200; A. Nikko. C. Maries, Esq. [C.].
2,1; C. 80, 87).

g. Ye. (V. 195; A.2; C. Myanoshita,Japan. J. H. Leech, Esq. [P.].

h. Hor. (V. 202; A. 2; Prov. Satsuma, J. H. Leech, Esq. [P.].
C. 30). Japan.

a 6 (V. 199; A. 2; C. Gensan, Corea. J. H. Leech, Esq. [P.].
90).

B. Uniform black above and below, or blackish above with more or
less distinct black stripes.

k,l. 2 (V. 200, 202; A. Japan. Leyden Museum.
2; C. 84, 83).
m. & (V. 208; A. 2; C, Japar Zoological Society.
85).
n. Yg. (V. 203; A. 2; Japan. Sir R. Owen [P.].

C. 83

).
o-p. re av 203, 205; Kumamoto,Japan. J. H. Leech, Esq. (P.].
‘A. 2, 2; C. 83, 89).

+ 35. Coluber melanurus.

Coluber melanurus, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 141, pl. v. figs. 11 & 12
(1837), and <Abbild, pl. v. (1837); Bouleng. Faun. Ind, Rept.
p. 334 (1890).

Compsosoma melanurum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 299 (1854); Giinth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 244 (1864); Stoliczka, ie As. Soc. Beng.
xxxix. 1870, p. 188; Theod. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 165 (1876).

Spilotes melanurus, Glinth, Cat. p. 97 (1858).

Elaphis melanurus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 21, pl. iv. fig. 1, and pl. v. fig. 1
(1867).

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
as long as broad, or broader, shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal
once and one sixth to once and one third as long as broad, as long

60. coLUBER. 61

as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout or
from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; loreal not or but
slightly longer than deep; one large preocular ; two postoculars,;
temporals 2+2 or 2+3; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth
entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in
19 rows (21 on the neck), rather strongly keeled; all the caudal
scales keeled. Ventrals with an obtuse lateral keel, 193-234 ;
anal entire; subcaudals 89-109. Pale brown anteriorly, with a
yellow, black-edged vertebral stripe, which becomes gradually more
and more indistinct towards the hinder part, of the body, which,
like the tail, is darker brown or black; a series of black spots on
each side of the anterior part of the body, of ocelli with bright
yellow centres in the young; some adult nearly uniform blackish
brown; a black streak below the eye; an oblique black streak from
the eye to the angle of the mouth, and another on the temple aud
neck.

Total length 1500 millim.; tail 380.

Southern China, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo,

a. & (V. 214; C.?). China. — Lindsay, Esq. [P.]}.
b. Yg. (V. 222; C. 100). Pinang. Gen. Hardwicke | P.].
e. 3 (V. 217; C. 90). Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].
d. 2 (V. 219; C. 101). Sumatra. Leyden Museum.
e-f. 6 (V. 217; C. 99) & Deli, Sumatra. Mr. Iversen [C.].
Q (V. 222; ©. 100).
g. 2 (V. 221; C.?). Nias. Hr. Sundermann [(C.].
h. Ye. (V. 216; C. 103). Borneo. Sir E. Belcher [P.}.
i-k. Ye. (V. 203, 193; Borneo. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq
C. 89, 90). [P.].
1. Her. (V. 212; C. 106). Borneo. Sir J. Brooke [P.].
m. 9 (V. 230; C.102). Borneo. Sir Hugh Low [P.].
n-p. 6 (V. 206; C. 107) Rejang R., Sarawak. Brooke Low, Esq. | P.]
& yg. (V. 207, 230;
C. 101, 99).
g. 2 (V. 234; C. 107). Sarawak, A. Everett, Esq, [C.].
r. 3 (V.208; C. 98). Baram, Borneo, C. Hose, Esq. [C.j.
s. Her. (V. 221; C.91). Java.
t. Skull. Sarawak.

36. Coluber radiatus. :

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. xlii. (1801).

Coluber radiatus, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 185, pl. v. figs. 5 & 6
(1887); Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 73 (1847); Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 333 (1890); W. Sclater, Journ, As. Sve. Beng.
lx. 1891, p. 239.

—— quadrifasciatus, Cantor, Proe. Zool. Soc, 1889, p. 51.

Tropidonotus quinque, Cantor, J. c. p. 54.

Compsosoma radiatum, Dum. & Bibr, vii. p. 292 (1854) ; Giinth.
Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 248 (1864) ; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 165
(1876); Anders, An, Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 815 (1879).

62 COLUBRID,

Spilotes radiatus, Giinth. Cat. p. 96 (1858).
Elaphis radiatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 61 (1863).

Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above ;: internasals
as long as broad or a little broader, shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal once and one sixth to once and a half as long as broad, as
long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal usually longer than deep ;
one large preocular; two postoculars; temporals usually 2+2;
eight or nine upper labials, third to fifth, or fourth and fifth, or
fourth to sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows (21 on the neck), more or less strongly
keeled on the posterior half of the body, the outer series without
trace of a keel. Ventrals with an obtuse lateral keel, 224-242;
anal entire; subcaudals 85-100. Yellowish brown above, with
one or two black stripes on each side of the anterior half of the back,
the lower usually broken up; a black line across the occiput ; three
black lines radiating from the eye; lower parts uniform yellow
or speckled with olive.

Total length 1610 millim. ; tail 330.

Southern China, Eastern Himalayas, Bengal, Assam, Burma,
Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java.

a. 2 (V. 242; C. 86). India. Capt. Stafford [P.1.
b. 2 (V. 235; 0.95). Sikkim. Sir J. Hooker [P.}.
ce. Yg. (V. 239; C. 85). Khasi Hills, Sir J. Hooker [P.].
d,e,f,g. 3(V. 231,235; Toungoo. E. W. Oates, Esq. [P.].

C. 95,2), 2 (V. 295;
C.?), & hgr. (V. 234;
C

h. Yg. (V. 222; C. 85). Fort Stedman; Shan E. W. Oates, Esq. [P.} «
States, 3000 ft.

a. Yg. (V. 239; C. 92), Mereui. Dr. Cantor.
(Type of 7. guinque.)
k. Yg. (V. 235; C.87). Mergui. Prof. Oldham [P.].
i-m. 3 (V. 228; C.86) Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
& yg. (V. 224; C. 94).
n. Yg. (V. 234; 0.96). Pinang. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].

37. Coluber erythrurus.

Plagiodon erythrurus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p.175 (1854); Peters, Mon.
Berl, Ac, 1861, p. 684; Jan, Icon. Gén. 20, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1867) ;
Steind. Sitzd. Ak. Wien, c. i. 1891, p. 141.

Compsosoma melanurum, var., Dum. § Bibr. t.¢. p. 801; Giinth.
Proc. Zool. Soc, 18738, p. 169.

Elaphis subradiatus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 95 (1858).

Spilotes melanurus, part., Giinth. 1. c. p. 97.

rr a var. manillensis, Jan, Icon. Gén, 21, pl. iv. fig. 2

melanurus, var. celebensis, Jan, J. ¢. pl. v. fig. 2.

Compsosoma melanurum, var. erythrurum, Fischer, Jahrb. Wiss.
Anst. Hamb, ii. 1885, p. 101.

Very closely allied to OC. radiatus and C. melanurus, but differing

60. coLUBER, 63

from both in the more numerous scales, viz., in 21 rows on the
body and 23 on the neck. Scales less strongly keeled than in
C. melanurus, more as in C. radiutus; the outer row of caudal
scales smooth or very faintly keeled. Loreal usually not or but
slightly longer than deep ; fourth to sixth upper labials entering the
eye. Ventrals 211-233; anal entire; subcaudals 86-100. No
dorsal stripes.

Total length 1670 millim.; tail 370.

Philippines, Sooloo Islands, Celebes.

A. Pale brown or olive above, the scales edged with blackish ;
a more or less distinct oblique dark streak behind the eye, and
another (often absent) on each side of the neck. (C. erythrurus,
D. & B.; manillensis, Jan.)

a. Lower parts yellow, usually turning to red posteriorly and on

the tail.
a, b,c. & (V. 217, 228; Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C. ].
0187, 2) & ye. (V. 225; oe 6) Bet. [0-J
C. 95).
d. 2 (V. 288; C.?). Luzon. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].
e. od (V. 221; C.?). N. Leyte. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].

b. Upper and lower parts turning to blackish posteriorly ; tail
black.

Ft. @ (V. 226; C.97). Negros. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].

B. Brown above, reddish anteriorly ; no lines or spots on the head ;
a large Y- or A-shaped black marking on the neck; young
with black vertical bars on the sides. (C. celebensis, Jan.)

a, Lower parts bright yellow; posterior part of belly and tail
speckled with brown.

a-b. 3 (V. 222; C.96) & Macassar. Dr. A. B, Meyer [C.].
yg. (V. 225; C. 100).

b. Upper and lower parts turning to black posteriorly.

ce. do (V. 216; C. 96). Celebes.

d, e 2 (¥V. 228, 232; N, Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer (C.].
(.?, 90)

ios (V. 298 ; C. 98). Manado. Dr. A. B. Meyer ([C.].

88. Coluber enganensis.

Coluber enganensis, Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xii. 1892,
p. 524.

Intermediate between (. erythrurus and C. subradiatus. Differing
from the former in the more numerous scales, viz. 23 rows on the
body and 27 on the neck ; from the latter in the absence of a sub-
ocular separating the fourth labial from the eye, the deeper rostral,

64 COLUBRID.

which is but little broader than deep, and the shorter posterior
chin-shields, which are not or but slightly longer than the anterior.
Ventrals 239-243 ; anal entire; subcaudals 107-108. Brown above,
darker along the back, uniform or with black spots disposed in
longitudinal series on the anterior part of the body; a short dark
streak behind the eye; lower parts yellowish, spotted with pale
brown posteriorly.

Total length 1420 millim.; tail 310.

Engano Island, 8.W. Sumatra.

39. Coluber subradiatus.

Coluber subradiatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 186 (1837), and

Abbild. p. 101, pls. xxviii. figs. 7 & 8, and pl. xxix. (1840).
Compsosoma subradiatum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 297 (1854).
Elaphis subradiatus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 95 (1858).
nyctenurus, Jan, Elenco, p. 61 (1863).
subradiatus, Van Lidth de Jeude,in M. Weber, Zool. Evgebn.
p. 184 (1890). i

Nearly allied to C. radiatus, but differing in the following points :—
Rostral much broader than deep; a subocular below the ocular;
fifth and sixth labials entering the eye; anterior chin-shields
much shorter than the posterior; scales in 23 or 25 rows (25 or
27 on the neck). Ventrals 228-242; anal entire; subcandals
80-100. Pale reddish brown above, with a pair of black stripes
along each side of the anterior half of the body; these stripes may
be broken up into series of spots; a short black streak behind the
eye; lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 1250 millim.; tail 260.

Timor, Flores.

a. go (Sc. 28; V. 233; C. Timor. Leyden Museum.
93). (One of the types.)
b. Ye. (Se. 23; V. 230; —? Dr. Bleeker.
C. 96).

40. Coluber lineaticollis.

Arizona lineaticollis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 300.

Spiloteslineaticollis, Cope, Bull. US. Nat. Mus. no. 82, 1887, p. 72.

Pituophis lineaticollis, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 124, pl. xlvii.
(1894).

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals broader
than long, shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half as
long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal a little longer than deep; one (or two)
pre- and three postoculars; temporals 243 or 4; eight or nine
upper labials, fourth and fifth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth, entering
the eye; four or five lower labialsin contact with the anterior chin-
shields. Scales in 27 rows, dorsals strongly keeled. Ventrals 244;
anal entire; subcaudals 69. Pale brown above; head uniform;

60. coLuBER. 65

neck with four interrupted black stripes; a dorsal series of O0-
shaped black markings, and a series of smaller markings on each
side ; lower parts yellow, posteriorly with squarish black blotches.
Total length 1500 millim.; tail 230.
Mexico and Guatemala.

a. $ (V. 244; C, 69), Dueiias, Guatemala. 0. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

+1. Coluber scalaris.

Coluber scalaris, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. ii, p. 123 (1822); Bote, Isis,
1827, p. 536. <

—— hermanni, Desmarest, Faune Frane., Rept. pl. xix. (1826) ;
Lesson, Act, Soc. Linn. Bord. xii, 1841, p. 58.

ae agassizii, Michahelles, in Wagl. Icon. Amph. pl. xxv.
(1888).

Coluber agassizii, Dugés, Ann. Se. Nat. (2) iii. 1835, p. 189.

Xenodon michahelles, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 92 (1887).

Rhinechis scalaris, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital. (1888) ; Dum. §& Bibr.
vii. p. 227 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. p. 85 (1858) ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 20,
pl. 1. (1867); De Betta, Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 89 (1874)
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 290 (1875); Bedriaga, Amph. § Rept.
Portug. p. 78 (1889).

Snout strongly projecting ; rostral deeper than broad, forming an
acute angle posteriorly, wedged in between the internasals, the
portion visible from above nearly as long as its distance from the
frontal; internasals shorter than the prefrontals; frontal about
once and one third as long as broad, as long as or shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout, nearly as long as the parietals ;
loreal longer than deep; one pre-and two or three postoculars ;
temporals 2+3 or 2+4; seven or eight upper labials, fourth or
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which may be either longer
or shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 27 (rarely 25 or 29)
rows. Ventrals 201-220; anal divided (rarely entire) ; subcaudals
48-68. Young yellowish or pale brown above, with a series of
regular H-shaped black or blackish-brown markings along the
back, and small black spots on the sides; a Y-shaped black marking
on the snout, a black streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth,
and a black spot below the eye; belly yellow, spotted or checkered
with black, or nearly entirely black. These dorsal markings dis-
appearing in the adult, and replaced by a pair of brown stripes
running along the back ; the belly uniform yellow.

Total length 925 millim.; tail 160.

South of France, Pyrenean Peninsula.

a. & (Se. 27; V. 207; C. Near Nice. Dr, F. Werner [E.]
62).

b. Ye. (Se. 27; V. 210; Montpellier,
C. 58).

e. 2 (Sc. 27; V. 218; Spain. Lord Lilford [P.].
C. ?). :

VOL. II. F

66

COLUBRIDA.

d. Yg. (Sc. 27; V. 201; Coimbra. Dr. Lopes Vieira
C. 60). [P.].

e. Hgr. (Sc. 27; V. 204; Coimbra. Prof. Barboza du
A.1; C. 58), Boones [P.].

f. fb (Se. 27; V. 205; Alfeite, Portugal. Prof. Barboza du
C. 63). Bocage [P.].

g. Yg. (Se. 27; V. 218; Aldegallega, Portugal. Prof. Barboza du
C. 60). Bocage [P.].

h, Skull. Montpellier.

42. Coluber arizone.

Arizona elegans, Kennicott, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Rept.
p. 18, pl. xiii. (1859); Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 676
(1888).

Pityophis elegans, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p. 39 (1875).

Rhinechis elegans, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, xxiii. 1886, p. 284,
and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 638.

Snout strongly projecting ; rostral as deep as broad, forming an
acute angle posteriorly, the portion visible from above measuring
nearly two thirds its distance from the frontal; internasals nearly
as long as the preefrontals ; frontal a little longer than broad, a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout or than the
parietals; loreal longer than deep; one pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 2+3 or 4; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than the posterior.
Scales smooth, in 27 to 31 rows. Ventrals 212-227; anal entire;
subcaudals 46-59. Pale brown above ; the vertebral line yellowish,
but interrupted by a series of larger, oval, transverse, dark-edged
brown spots; a brown streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth;
lower parts white.

Total length 1020 millim. ; tail 160.

Southern United States, from California to the Mississippi; North
Mexico.

a. & (Se. 29; V. 212; Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [C.].

C. 59).
6. 9 (Sc. 27; V. 227; Warner’s Ranch, San Prof. C, Eigenmann
C. 46). pies Co., Cali- [C.].
ornia.

43. Coluber deppii.

~~. Elaphis pleurostictus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 244 (1854),
~ deppei, Dum. § Bibr. t. c. p. 268.
Pituophis vertebralis, Giinth. Cat. p. 86 (1858).
Arizona jani, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 369.
ian mexicanus (zon D. & B.), Jan, Icon. Gén. 22, pl. ii. fig. 1
1867).
== — deppei, Jan, 1. c. fig. 2; Duges, La Naturaleza, (2) i. 1888,
p. 128, pl. xiii. fig. 15; Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 124 (1894).

60. cOLUBER. 67

-——~ Spilotes deppei, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 82, 1887, p. 72.
~ Pituophis pleurostictus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 666,
pl. xlii. figs, 2 & 3 (1888),

Snout projecting ; rostral as broad as deep or slightly deeper, the
portion visible from above measuring one half or three fifths its
distance from the frontal; internasals much shorter than the pra-
frontals ; frontal once and a half as long as.broad, a little longer
than its distance from the rostral, as long or a little shorter than
the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one pre- and
two or three postoculars; temporals 3+4; seven or eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth or third and fourth entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are longer than the posterior. Scales in 27 or 29 rows, dorsals
feebly but distinctly keeled. Ventrals 209-233; anal entire; sub-
caudals 51-67. Yellowish brown above, with a dorsal series of
large quadrangular spots; sides with smaller spots; young with a
dark band across the forehead, from eye to eye; labials with black
sutures; lower parts yellowish, with square brown blotches,

Total length 1690 millim.; tail 180,

Mexico.

a. & (Se. 29; V. 220; City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.].
C. 55).

b. 2 (Sc. 29; V. 229; Hacienda del Castillo, Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
C. 61). Guadalajara,

c. @ (Sc. 27; V. 221; Tehuantepec. a Cy Sumichrast
C. 59). als

d-e. 3 (Se. 27; V. 228; Mexico. M. Sallé [(C.].
C. 56) & her. (Sc. 29;
V. 219; C. 58).

tig. & Se. 27, 27; V. Mexico.
212, 221; C. 55, 68).

h. & (Sc. 27; V. 218; S. Mexico. F. D. Godman, Esq.
C. 66). [P.].

44. Coluber catenifer.

Coluber catenifer, Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 1835, p. 290,
pl. xxvi. fig. 2. =

vertebralis, Blainv. 1. c. p. 298, pl. xxvil. fig. 2.

Pituophis catenifer, Baird & Gir, Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 69 (1858) ;
Giinth. Cat. p. 87 (1858); Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp.
p. 135, pl. viii. figs. 1-7 (1858); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 62
(1888) ; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 670, pl. xlvii. fig. 4
(1888) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 641; Stejneger,
N. Am. Faun. no. 7, pt. i. p. 206 (1893). :

—— wilkesii, Baird § Gir. l.c. p.71; Gar. 1. ¢. p. 187, pl. ix.

—— annectens, Baird & Gir. 1. c. p.72, and Rep. Explor. Surv. R.
Miss. R. x., Rept. pl. xxix. fig. 48 (1859).

—— vertebralis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 288 (1854); Bocourt, 1. e,

. 672, pl. xlii. fig. 1. ;
igs Lapa Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 246.
Pityophis hematois, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. pe
F

68 COLUBRID.

Pituophis melanoleucus, vars. catenifer and vertebralis, Jan, Icon.
Gén. 22, pl. i. figs. 1 & 3 (1867).

reticulatus, Bocourt, l. c. pl. xlvii. fig. 3.

cateniler deserticola, Stejneger, 1. ¢.

Snout projecting ; rostral as broad as deep or slightly deeper, the
portion visible from above measuring one half its distance from the
frontal; internasals much shorter than the prefrontals, which are
usually broken up into four shields ; frontal once and one fourth to
once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal
longer than deep ; one preocular, usually with a subocular below it ;
two or three postoculars and one or two suboculars ; temporals 3 or
444 or 5; eight upper labials, fourth usually entering the eye;
four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 29 to 35 rows,
dorsals more or less strongly keeled. Ventrals 204~245’; anal
entire; subcaudals 66-72. Yellowish or pale brown above; a
dorsal series of large dark brown or black spots; sides with small
dark spots; young with a dark band across the forehead, from eye
to eye, an oblique streak behind and another below the eye; lower
parts yellowish, uniform or with brown blotches.

Total length 1140 millim.; tail 190.

United States west of the Rocky Mountains; Western Mexico.

A. Fourth labial entering the eye.
Se. 81; V. 218; Monterey, California. J. H. Gurney, Esq.
)

Se.31; V. 204; San Francisco. Christiania Museum.

=

=

Se. 29; V. 212; California. Smithsonian Instit.
5

—

& .
Sek ee Pee dS
oO

(Sc. 38; V. 218; California.
(Se. 381; V. 241; Great Salt Lake. Christiania Museum.

&

Se. 29; V. 2238; W. Mexico. Haslar Coll.
70).

. (Se. 29; V. 209; ——?P
1).

SS

B. Eye separated from the labials by a series of suboculars.
h. Ff 83; V. 219; San Diego, California. Christiania Museum.

45. Coluber melanoleucus.

Coluber melanoleucus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 409 (1803); Harl. Journ
Ac. Philad. v. 1827, p. 359, and Med. Phys. Res. p. 122 (1835),

aayi, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 157 (1887).

Pituophis melanoleucus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iv. p. 7, pl. i. (1842) ;
Bawd & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 65 (1853) ; Dum. & Bibr. vii.
Pp. 288 (1854); Giinth. Cat. p. 87 (1858); Baird, Rep. Explor.

60. coLuBER. 69

Surv, R, Miss, R. x. pl. xxix. fig. 44 (1859) ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 22, pl.i.
fig. 2 (1867); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 51 (i888); Bocourt, Miss.
Sc. Mex., Rept. pl. xlvii. fig. 5 (1888); Giinth. Biol. C-Am.,
Rept. p. 125 (1894).

Churchillia bellona, Baird § Gir. in Stansbury’s Expl. Great Salt
Lake, p. 350 (1852).

Pituophis affinis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1852, p. 181.

—— hellona, Baird § Gtr. 1. c. p. 66, and Rep. Explor. Surv. R.
Miss. R. x. pl. xxix. fig. 46; Bocowrt, l. c. fig. 2.

— macclellanii, Baird § Gir. ll. cc. p. 68, fig. 47.

—— mexicanus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 236, pl. lxii.; Giinth. Cat.
p. 88; Bocowrt, 1. c. p. 674, pls. xlii. fig. 4 & xlvii. fig. 6.

—— sayi, Baird, Explor. Surv. R. Miss? R. x. pl. xxix. fig. 45; Cope,
Proc. OS. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 640.

eo catenifer, var. sayi, H. Garm. Bull. Illin. Lab. iii. 1892,

p. 2

Snout projecting; rostral much deeper than broad, the portion
visible from above measuring one half to two thirds its distance
from the frontal ; preefrontals broken up into four shields or more;
frontal once and one third to once and two thirds as long as broad,
as long as or a little longer than its distance from the rostral ;
parietals usually broken up behind; loreal longer than deep; one
large preocular, sometimes with a small subocular below it ; two or
three postoculars and one or two posterior suboculars ; temporals
3 or 4+4 or 5; eight or nine upper labials, fourth or fifth
entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are much longer than the posterior.
Scales in 29 to 35 rows, dorsals strongly keeled. Ventrals 209-239 ;
anal entire; subcaudals 45-65. Yellowish or pale brown above;
a dorsal series of large squarish, brown, black-edged spots ; sides with
small spots; young with a dark band across the forehead, from eye
to eye, and another from the eye to the angle of the mouth; some
or all of the labials with black sutures; yellowish white inferiorly,
usually with brown spots.

Total length 1480 millim.; tail 190.

North America and Mexico.

a,b,c. d (Sc. 31, 29, 29; Brit. Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
V.218, 216, 215; C. 61,
62, 62).

d. @ (Sc. 81; V. 220; Medicine Hat, Assi- Prof. C. Eigenmann
C. 53). niboia. [C.].
e. 2 (Se. 31; V. 221; Nebraska. Smithsonian Instit.
C. 52). (P.].
f. 2 (Se. 81; V. 229; New Mexico. a Instit.
C. 56). lls

gy he 2 (Se. 85, 85; V. Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [C.].
230, 237 ; C. 47, 47).

Zz & (Sc. 83; V. 230; Nuevo Leon. W. Taylor, Esq. [C.].
C. 45).

k,l. 3 (Se. 81; V. 215; N, America.
C. 57) & 2 (8c. 83;
V. 224; C. 52).

70 COLUBRID#.

m,n,o. d (Se. 29; V.211; Mexico.
C. 57), Q (Sc. 33; V.
938; C. 53), & her. (Sc.
35; V. 223; C. 55).

61. SYNCHALINUS.
Synchalinus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc. xxxi. 1893, p. 345.

Teeth equal. Head distinct from neck; eye large, with round
pupil; nasals and loreal fused into a single elongate shield. Body
elongate, compressed; scales smooth or faintly keeled, with apical
pits, in 23 rows; ventrals sharply angulate laterally. Tail long ;
subcaudals in two rows.

Central America.

1. Synchalinus corallioides.
Synchalinus corallioides, Cope, 2. ¢.

Similar in general appearance to Corallus hortulanus. Snout
subtruncate; rostral slightly visible from above ; internasals sub-
quadrate ; prefrontals wider than long; frontal shorter than
supraocular, with concave lateral borders; parietals as broad as
long ; nasal in contact with the single preocular; two postoculars ;
temporals 242; eight upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye, last very long; posterior chin-shields longer than the
anterior. Scales in 23 rows, three or four median rows faintly
keeled. Ventrals 209; anal entire; subcaudals 134. Yellowish
brown above, with a dorsal series of parallelogrammic spots of an
iron-rust colour, each of which has a small blackish spot at its
anterior extremity ; sides with wide vertical spots of the colour of
the dorsals, with which some may be confluent, forming with them
broad cross bands; a dark brown band from the eye to the side of
the neck; three dark bars below the eye; a dark marking on the
vertex ; belly dark mahogany on the middle line; a dark spot on
the outer ends of the ventrals, opposite to the lateral vertical bars.

Total length 450 millim.; tail 125.

Buenos Ayres, Costa Rica.

62. GONYOPHIS.
Gonyophis, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) viii. 1891, p. 290,

Maxillary teeth 23, equal; mandibular teeth subequal. Head
distinct from neck, elongate; eye moderate, with round pupil.
Body elongate, compressed; scales feebly keeled, with apical pits,
in 19 rows; ventrals with a suture-like lateral keel, and a notch on
each side corresponding to the keel. Tail long; subcaudals in two
rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals.

Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

63, HERPETODRYAS. 71

1. Gonyophis margaritatus.

Gonyosoma margaritatum, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 578, a
Ann. Mus, Genova, iii. 1872, p. 89, pl. v. fig. 3.

Gonyophis margaritatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) viii, 1891,
p- 290; Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1893, p. 357.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
as long as broad, shorter than the preefrontals; frontal a little
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; one praocular,
not in contact with the frontal, or just touching ; two postoculars ;
temporals 2+2; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth, or fifth
and sixth, entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows, feebly keeled. Ventrals 230-241; anal divided ;
subcaudals 108-120. Black above, each scale with a yellowish-
green spot, or green with black borders to the scales; hinder part
of body and tail with bright orange rings ; lower parts yellowish,
the shields with or without a black edge; a black streak on each
side of the head behind the eye, and another along the suture
between the parietals.

Total length 1530 millim. ; tail 370.

Borneo, Singapore.

a. Yg.(V. 233; C. 108). Mt. Dulit, Borneo. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].

63. HERPETODRYAS.

Chironius, part., Fitz. N. Class. Rept. p. 31 (1826).

Erpetodryas, Bove, in Férussac, Bull. Sc. Nat. ix. 1826, p. 235, and
Isis, 1827, p. 521.

Herpetodryas, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 180 (1830); Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1860, p. 562; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 732 (1890).

Macrops, Wagl. t.c. p. 182.

Herpetodryas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 173 (1837); Dum. §
Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 203 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 118
(1858).

Dendrophis, part., Dum. § Bibr. t.c. p. 193.

Phyllosira, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 349.

Fig. 5.

COT

Maxillary and mandible of Herpetodryas fuscus.

Maxillary teeth 28 to 32, posterior largest, stouter if not longer
than the rest; mandibular teeth subequal or decreasing in size

72 COLUBRID,

posteriorly. Head distinct from neck; eye large or rather large,
with round pupil. Body elongate, more or less compressed; scales
smooth or keeled, the laterals smaller and oblique, with apical pits,
in 10 or 12 rows; ventrals rounded or obtusely angulate laterally.
Tail long ; subcaudals in two rows.

Central and South America.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 12 rows; anal usually divided.
Four or more rows of scales keeled .... 1. sewcarinatus, p. 72.
Scales smooth, or only the two middle
rows Keeled. ..i4ss-eaenvee we seacces 2. carinatus, p. 73.
II. Scales in 10 rows.

Anal entire; scales smooth, or only the

two middle rows keeled .......... 3. fuscus, p. 75.
Anal divided; scales smooth ........ 4. melas, p. 76.
Anal divided ; scales keeled .......... 5. grandisquamis, p. 76.

1. Herpetodryas sexcarinatus.

Natrix sexcarinata, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 35, pl. xii. (1824),
and Syst. Amph. p. 180 (1880).
~ P Natrix cinnamomea, Wagi, J. c. p. 20, pl. vi. fig. 1
Erpetodryas quadiicarinatus, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 548,
Herpetodryas carinatus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 175, pl.vii.
figs. 5-7 (1837) ; Dum. §& Babr. vii. p. 207 (1854) ; Jan, Icon, Gén.
31, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1869).
carinatus, Boettg. Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. lviii, 1885, p. 233.
—— sexcarinatus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 355.

Eye smaller than in H. carinatus. Rostral broader than deep,
just visible from above; internasals as long as or a little shorter
than the prefrontals ; frontal once and one third to once and two
thirds as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal
longer than deep; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 142;
eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 12 rows, four or more of which are distinctly keeled. Ventrals
indistinctly angulate laterally, 142-159; anal divided (rarely
entire) ; subcaudals 100-128. Uniform brown or olive above and
on the outer ends of the ventrals; head often reddish; upper lip
and lower parts yellowish.

Total length 1350 millim. ; tail 450.

Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay.

63. HERPETODRYAS. 73

A. Uniform pale brown above.

a-c, d-f. 3 (V. 143, 148, Porto Real, Prov. Rio M. F. Hardy du
142; C. 118, 122, 125), Janeiro. Dréneuf [C.].
tee Res. 145; C.

ce, _(V. 144
ea 130, vet :

g. 3 (V. 145; C.128). —S. José dos Campos, Proy. Mr. A. Thomson
: 8. Paulo. [P.].

h-t. 3 (V. 146; C.?) & Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls
Q (V. 150; C. 119). [C.].

B. Olive above, tail with two black stripes.

k-l. § (V.155; C. 116) Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.].
& Q (V.151; 0.119).

2. Herpetodryas carinatus.

Coluber carinatus, Zinn. Mus, Ad. Frid. p. 31 (1754), and 8. N. i.
p. 384 (1766) ; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 115 (1808).

bicarinatus, Wied, Reis. Bras. i. p. 181 (1820), and Beitr. i.
p. 284 (1825), and Adbild. (1831).

Natrix bicarinata, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 23, pl. vii. (1824).

Coluber pyrrhopogon, Wied, Beitr. i. p. 291, and Abdild.

levicollis, Wied, Beitr. i. p. 296.

Chironius carinatus, Fitz. N. Class. Rept. p. 60 (1826).

Erpetodryas carinatus, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 548.

Herpetodryas carinatus, part., Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 175, pl. vii.
figs. 3 & 4 (1837); Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 207 (1854); Giinth. Cat.
-p. 115 (1858) ; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 562; Jan, Icon.
Gén. 31, pl. ii. figs. 2-4 (1869) ; Garm, Proce. Am. Philos. Soc.
xxiv. 1887, p. 284; Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 128 (1894).

fuscus, part., Dum. § Bibr. t. c. p. 209; Giinth. 1. c. p. 114.

—— carinatus, Wucherer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 824.

carinatus, vars. flavolineata and macrophthalma, Jan, Elenco,
p. 80 (1863).

Dendrophis, sp., F'. Miiller, Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 678.

Herpetodryas flavolineatus, Boetig. Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. lviii.
1885, p. 234.

: a _var. vincenti, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1891,

p. 855.

Eye very large. Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ;
internasals as long as or slightly shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal once and one fourth to once and two thirds as long as broad,
as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout or the parietals; loreal longer than deep ; one pra- and two
(rarely three) postoculars; temporals 1+1 or 142; eight or nine
upper labials, fourth and fifth, fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and
sixth, entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 12 rows, all smooth, or the two middle rows
faintly keeled (females), or the two middle rows more or less strongly
keeled (males). Ventrals feebly angulate laterally, 145-172;
anal divided (very rarely entire); subcaudals 110-171.

74 COLUBRID.

Total length 1530 millim. ; tail 500.

Central Monertials ; South America east of the Andes and north of
the Rio de la Plata; Lesser West Indies (Trinidad, Guadeloupe,
St. Vincent).

A. Dark brown or blackish above; the vertebral line pale brown ;
a series of large yellowish spots along each side of the body on
the outer series of scales; ventral and subcaudal shields yellow,
with a fine black edge. Temporals 1+2; two labials entering
the eye. (C. carinatus, L.)

a. 3 (V.156; C.?). Demerara.

b. go (V. 156; C. 124). Berbice. Lady Essex [P.].

e. 9 (V. 165; C. 125). Trinidad.

d. 2 (V.168; C. 110). Guadeloupe.

B. Olive above, with whitish spots, most of the scales black-edged ;
belly greyish; a black line along the middle of the lower
surface of the tail. Temporals 1+2; two labials entering the

eye.

a. Her. (V.154; 0.132). Berbice. Lady Essex [Et

b. Yg. (V. 155; C.114). Ecuador. Mr. Fraser (C.]

C. Olive or dark green above, usually with a more or less distinct
pale green or yellowish black-edged vertebral stripe ; caudal
scales black-edged ; lower parts pale olive or greenish yellow.
Temporals usually 1+2; usually three labials entering the eye.
(C. bicarinatus, Wied.)

a. Q (V. 147; C. ?). Chiriqui. F, D. Godman, Esq.

[P.

b. 2 (V. 164; 0.171). Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.].

ce. 2 (V. 145; C. 134). Pampa del Sacra- Mr. W. Davis [C.];

mento, N.E. Peru. Messrs. Veitch[P.].

d. Hgr. (V. 146; OC. 126). Caballo Cocha. Mr. W. Davis a

Messrs. Votehe
e. @ (V.145; C. ?). Pebas. H. W. Bates,
[C
f. 9 (V. 150; 0.187). Para. R. Graham, Esq.
[P.].
g. 9 (V. 157; ©. ?). Bahia. Ot 0. Wucherer
(C.].
h, i-k. 3 (V. 155; C. Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P.].
141) & @ (V. 154, 163;
C. 189, 141).

l. @ (V. 162; C. 140). Porto Real, Prov. M.Hardy du Dréneuf
Rio Janeiro. ~ (C

m. & (V. 160; C. 139). Rio Grande do Sul. Dr, H. von Ihering
[C.].

D. Blackish brown or black above; upper lip and gular region
yellowish ; belly plumbeous or blackish. Temporals 1 + 2;
eam entering the eye; three postoculars. (Var. vincentt,

gr.

a-b. 9 (V. 168, 166; St. Vincent. F. D. Godman, Esq.

C. 155, 148). [P.].
ce. @ (V. 164; C. 156). —?

63. HERPETODRYAS. 75

E. Pale brown or buff abovo, turning to blackish on the neck; a
bright yellow vertebral stripe on the anterior half of the body,
gradually vanishing behind; uniform yellowish white in-
feriorly. Temporals 1-1; usually three labials entering the
eye. (H. flavolineatus, Jan.)

a. 9 (V. 148; C. 181). Bahia.
6. Her. (V. 159; C. 125). Paraguay.
e, Hgr. (V. 159; C. 147). P
wt } ar

3. Herpetodryas fuscus.

Coluber fuscus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 32, pl. xvii. fig. 1 (1754),
and 8. N. i. p, 883 (1766) ; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 112 (18038).

saturninus, Linn, dl. cc. p. 82, pl. ix. fig. 1, & p. 884,

Natrix scurrula, Wagl. in Sper, Serp. Bras, p. 24, pl. viii. (1824).

Herpetodryas carinatus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 175, pl. vii.
figs. 5-7 (1837) ; Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 562.

Coluber spixii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1845, p. 241.,

pickeringii, Hallow. 1. e. p. 242.

Herpetodryas fuscus, part., Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 209 (1854); Giinth.
Cat. p. 114 (1858).

Dendrophis viridis, Dum. § Bibr. ¢. c. p. 202,. pl. Ixxix, fig. 1.

Herpetodryas sebastus, Cope, l. c.

Phyllosira flavescens, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 349.

Herpetodryas carinatus, vars. glabra, decalepis, scurrula, Jan, Elenco,
p. 80 (1863).

—— holochlorus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 178.

Eye large. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above;
internasals as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal
once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as
or longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or
a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or longer ;
one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+1; nine upper labials,
fourth, fifth, and sixth, rarely fifth and sixth only, entering the eye ;
five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 10
rows, all smooth, or the vertebral pair faintly keeled. Ventrals not
angulate laterally, 144-168; aual entire; subcaudals 111-133.

Total length 2300 millim.; tail 760.

Tropical South America.

A. Olive-brown above, yellowish or whitish inferiorly.
(C. fuscus, L.)

a. 9 (V. 158; 0.114). Brit. Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk

P.}.
b,c. 3 (V. 146; C. 124) Moyobamba, N.E. Myr. A. H. Roff(C.].
& 9 (V.151;'C.130). Peru.
d. 3 (V.147; C.122). Cayaria, N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davis rae
Messrs. Veitch [ P.].
e. & (V.156; C.?). Guayaquil. Mz. Fraser [C.].
J. Skull. Cayenne.
g- Skull. Brazil.

76 COLUBRID.

B. Dark green above, pale green below. (D. viridis, D. & B.)

a,b. 2 (V.162; C.117) Berbice. Lady Essex [P.].
& her. (V. 155; C. 113).

e. 9 (V.154; 0.128). Chyavetas, E. Peru.

d. 2 (V.158; C. ?). Guayaquil. Mr, Fraser [C.].

C. Black above, blackish olive below.

a. 3 (V.153; C.111). Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].
Peru.

D. Brown above, with more or less regular light, black-edged cross
bands, which are most distinct in the young; belly yellow or
olive. (C. saturninus, L.)

a. Yg.(V.145; C.183). Caracas.

b. @ (V.148; C. 127). Demerara Falls.

ce fo (V.144; 0.115). Brazil. Lord Stuart [P.].

d,e. 9 (V. 168; C.?) & Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C.].
yg. (V.144; C. 122).

E. Brown above, blotched with black. (NV. scurrula, Wagl.)

a. & (V.157; C.?). Xeberos.
b. 3 (V.153; C.?). Moyobamba. Mr. A. H. Roft [C.].

4, Herpetodryas melas.

Herpetodryas melas, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii, 1886,
p. 278.

Eye large. One pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1;
nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye;
anterior chin-shields shorter than the posterior. Scales in 10 rows,
all smooth, those of the median rows rather smaller than the
parietal shields. Ventrals 158; anal divided; subcaudals 139.
Black, except on the upper lip and the anterior half of the belly,
which are cream-coloured.

Total length 1210 millim. ; tail 470.

Nicaragua,

5. Herpetodryas grandisquamis.

Spilotes grandisquamis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 451.
Herpetodryas grandisquamis, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, viii. 1876,

p. 185; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 732, pl. xiii. fig. 5 (1890).
——- carinatus, Cope, J. c.

Eye rather large. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from
above ; internasals as long as the prefrontals; frontal once and a
half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parictals; loreal as long as deep or
a little longer; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 2+2;
nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 10 longitudinal rows,

Parad

64. pENDROPHIS. 77

about as large as the parietal shields, all except the outer row
keeled; the keels on the two median rows stronger. Ventrals
157-162; anal divided; subcaudals 118-135. Black, the throat
and anterior part of the belly yellow.

Total length 2200 millim.; tail 500.

Costa Rica.

64. DENDROPHIS.

Ahetulla, part., Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 1825, p. 208.

Leptophis, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 328; Jan, Elenco sist.
Ofid. p. 84 (1863). ;

Dendrophis, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 520; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept.
p. 337 (1890).

Dendrophis, part., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 182 (1880); Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 220 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vil. p. 193 (1854) ;
Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 148 (1858) ; Jan, J. c, p.85; Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 296 (1864).

Maxillary teeth 20 to 33, the posterior more or less enlarged,
stouter if not longer than the rest; anterior mandibular teeth
longest. Head distinct from neck, more or less elongate; eye
large, with round pupil. Body elongate, more or less compressed ;
scales smooth, in 13 or 15 rows, narrow, disposed obliquely, with
apical pits, those of the vertebral row more or less enlarged ;
ventrals with a suture-like lateral keel and a notch on each side,
corresponding to the keel. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows,
keeled and notched like the ventrals.

South-eastern Asia and Australia.

Fig. 6.

go

Maxillary and mandible of Dendrophis pictus.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Maxillary teeth 20 to 26; eye not longer than its distance from
the nostril.
A. Scales in 15 rows.
A single loreal; ventrals 165-190 .... 1. pictus, p. 78.
Two loreals; ventrals 154-171 ...... 2. bifrenalis, p. 80.
B. Scales in 13 rows.

Usually two superposed anterior tem- :

porals; ventrals 176-211........ + 93, calhgaster, p. 80.
Usually a single, much elongate anterior

temporal; ventrals 191-220 ; no dark

streak on the side of the head ..... . 4. punctulatus, p. 82.

78 COLUBRIDA.

II. Maxillary teeth 27 to 33; eye usually longer than its distance
from the nostril.

A. Scales in 15 rows.

Two postoculars; vertebral scales scarcely

enlarged on the anterior part of the

body; ventrals 174-188 .......... 5. grandoculis, p. 84.
Usually three postoculars; vertebral

scales very strongly enlarged ; ventrals

W792905 > Grok wate cmuternak aad 6. formosus, p. 84.

B. Scales in 13 rows.
Two postoculars; ventrals 149-161;

subcaudals 124-128 .............. 7. caudolineolatus, p. 85.
Two postoculars; ventrals 173-203;

subcaudals 131-151 ............0. 8. lineolatus, p. 85.
Three postoculars; ventrals 162; sub-

Caud ale TAS) occa eared 9. gastrostictus, p. 86.

1, Dendrophis pictus.

? Coluber aheetulla, Zinn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 35, pl. xxii. fig. 3
(1754).

? Coluber aheetulla, part., Linn. S. N. i. p. 387 (1766).

? Natrix ahetulla, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 79 (1768).

Coluber pictus, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1116 (1788).

decorus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 538 (1802).

Dipsas schokari, part., Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. vergl. Anat. p. 80 (1820).

Ahetulla decorus, Gray, Ann. Phil, x. 1825, p. 208.

Leptophis ahztulla, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 328.

Dendrophis picta, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 5380; Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 193.

? Dendrophis polychroa, Bove, 1. c.

Aheetulla belli, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. xxx. (1834).

Dendrophis pictus, part., Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 228, pl. ix. figs. 5-7
(1887); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 197 (1854); Girard, US. Explor.
Exped., Herp, p.129 (1858) ; Giinth. Cat. p. 148 (1858), and Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 297 (1864) ; Jan, Icon. Gién, 32, pl. i. fig. 3 (1869) ;
Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 190 (1876) ; Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept. p. 337 (1890).

Leptophis pictus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 82 (1847).

Ahztulla picta, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 556.

vena picta, var. andamanensis, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871,

. 184,
bape formosus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 49, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1879).

Maxillary teeth 23 to 26. Eye as long as its distance from the
nostril. Rostral much broader than deep, visible from above;
internasals as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals;
frontal once and one third to once and two thirds as long as broad,
as long as its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal elongate (in one specimen
divided into two, in another fused with the prefrontal) ; one pre-
and two postoculars; temporals 24 2, rarely 1+1 or 1+2; nine

64, DENDROPHIS. 79

upper labials, fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth, entering
the eye, rarely seven or eight; five, rarely four, lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals nearly as large as
outer; the enlarged vertebral scales originating abruptly a short
distance behind the head, by fusion of two nuchal scales. Ventrals
165-190; anal divided; subcaudals 122-164. Olive or bronze-
brown above; a black stripe on each side of the head, passing
through the eye, usually very strongly marked on the temple and
extending to the nape, where it may widen or break up into spots;
a yellow lateral stripe, bordered below, by a dark, usually black
line or stripe along the limit between the lower row of scales and
the ventral shields; upper lip yellow; lower parts uniform pale
yellow or greenish.

Total length 1180 millim. ; tail 440.

Eastern Himalayas, Bengal, hills of Southern India, Burma,
Indo-China, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

a. Hee 3 (V.184; 0.122). Sikkim. Sir J. Hooker [P.}.
b-c. Her. 9 (V.170,171; Bengal. Gen. Hardwicke
C. ?, ?). [P.].
d. Hor. dg (V. 165; C. 164). Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.].
e. Hgr. ¢ (V.177; C.149). Lao Mountains. M. Mouhot [C.].
f,g. Her. do (V. 167, 165; Camboja. M. Mouhot [C.].
C. 1380, 127)
hit. 9 (V.174, 174; C.?, = Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
132).
k-l. 2 (V.167,170; C.183, Sumatra. Leyden Museum.
145).
m. Her. 9 (V.165; C. 137). Nias. sa raaeoaiin
n-0,p. 3 (V.169; C.140) & 9 Borneo. Sir E. Belcher [P.].
(V.179, 174; OC. 123, 146),
q,r. 9 (V.178; C.P?) & yz. Borneo. Sir Hugh Low [P.].
(V. 178; C.1389).
8 9 (V.171; C. 181). Borneo. ‘ep: Dillwyn, Esq.
e P.}.
t-v. 2 (V. 167, 168, 169; Java. G. Lyon, Esq. [P.].
C. 128, 189, 180).
w. 9 (V. 166; C. 130). Java. A. Scott, Esq. [P.].
xz. 9 (V. 172; C. 141). Philippines. H. co Sq.
y. Ye. (V. 174; ©. 153). Philippines. 7 ae Esq.
= P.).
z-a. o (V. 169; C. 180) & Manado, Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer
her. (V. 168; C. 145). [P.]}.
B. &o (V. 190; C. 158). N. Ceram.
y- 2 (V. 185; C.160). . Misol. ,
Yg. (V. 166; C. 145). Ternate. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
P (Type of C. decorus.)

6
«. Her. (V. 170; C. 136).
¢. Skeleton. Borneo.

80 COLUBRID.A,

2. Dendrophis bifrenalis. (Pxuarz IV. fig. 1.)

Dendrophis picta, var. C, Giinth. Cat. p. 149 (1858).
bifrenalis, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 338 (1890).

Maxillary teeth 24 or 25. Head very narrow and elongate,
shorter than its distance from the nostril. Rostral much broader
than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as or a little
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and
two thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral
or the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; two loreals ;
one pree- and two postoculars; temporals 2+2; nine upper labials,
fifth and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals larger than outer. Ventrals 154-171;
anal divided; subcaudals 144-155. Dark olive above ; a yellowish
lateral stripe running along the outer row of scales; upper lip
yellow ; a black streak on each side of the head, passing through
the eye ; some oblique black bars may be present on each side of
the neck; ventrals and subcaudals pale greenish yellow between
the keels, dark olive between the keels and the light lateral stripe.

Total length 1030 millim. ; tail 380.

Ceylon.
a,b. Q (V.171; C.144) & yg. Ceylon.

(V. 154; 0.158). (Types.)
ce. Hgr. ¢ (V. 155; C.?). Ceylon. <A. Paul, Esq. [P.].

3. Dendrophis calligaster.

Dendrophis lineolata, part., Dum. & Bébr. vii. p. 200 (1854).

calligaster, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (8) xx. 1867, p. 53.

— lineolatus (non Hombr. § Jacg.), Jan, Icon. Gén. 32, pl. iii.
fig. 2 (1869).

salomonis, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 25.

aruensis, Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, vi. 1874, p. 349, pl. xii.

fig. g; Sauvage, Bull, Soc. Philom., (7) ii. 1878, p. 41.

katowensis, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ii. 1877, p. 37.

—— darnleyensis, Macleay, 1. c. p. 38.

—— punctulatus, part., Peters § Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii.
1878, p. 390.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 26. Eye not longer than its distance
from the posterior border of the nostril. Rostral once and two
thirds to twice as broad as deep, visible from above ; internasals as
long as or a little longer than the prefrontals; frontal once and
one third to once and three fourths as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, usually shorter
than the parietals; loreal once and a half to thrice as long as deep
(rarely absent, fused with the prefrontal); one pre- and two
(rarely three) postoculars ; temporals usually 24 2, sometimes 1+2;
eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth
entering the eye; five (rarely four) lower labials in contact with

64. DENDROPHIS. 81

the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 13 rows, the vertebrals about as large as the
outer, Ventrals 176-211; anal divided; subcaudals 125-151.
Coloration very variable, but amore or less distinct black or blackish
streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye, is constant,
and usually connected with its fellow across the rostral shield ;
upper lip and throat yellow ; some of the scales with more or less
distinct yellowish outer border.

Total length 1270 millim. ; tail 430.

Moluccas, New Guinea and ‘neighbouring Islands, Solomon Islands,
Cape York,

A. Bronzy or olive above; the dark streak on the side of the head
usually prolonged to the neck, where it may break up into
spots; pale olive beneath, more or less closely speckled with
darker. (D. calligaster, Gthr.; D. aruensis, Doria; D. darnley-
ensis, Macleay.)

a-b. 2 (V.194, 191; C. Mansinam, New M. L, Laglaize [C.].

141, 150). Guinea.

c-e. ¢ (V. 178; CO. 128) Islands of Torres Rev. 8. Macfarlane
& © (V. 184,185; C. Straits. [C.}.
182, 135).

S-g, h. 2 (V. 184, 190; Murray Id., Torres Rev. 8. Macfarlane
C. 149, 143) & her. Straits. C.].
(V.191; C. 136).

zl. § (V. 179, 178; C. Cornwallis Id., Torres Rev. 8. Macfarlane
as, P) & 2 (V. 180; Straits. C.].
C.P

m. 3 (v. 176; C. 136). Cape York. 378)
n. Q (V.178; C.145). St. Aignan, Louisiade B. ee Esq.
Archipelago. [P.
o. & (V.177; C. 142). Shortland Ids., Solomon H. B Guppy, Esq.
Group.
p-s. 3 (V.182; C.?), 2 Gela, SB mion Ids. C. M. Woodford, Esq.
(V. 183; C. 139), & her. C.].
(V. 181, 182; OC. 183,
142
£. 2 fy. 184; ©. 188). Guadalcanar, Solomon C. pen
Ids. .).

B. Like the preceding, but anterior dorsal region tinged with
vermilion.

a-b. 2 (V. 185, 178 ; Guadalcanar, Solomon C.M.Woodford, Esq.
C. 140, 183). Ids. [C.}.
C. Like A, but anterior dorsal region dark brown or black, with
the scales of the vertebral series yellow.
a. 2 (V. 183; C. 127). Aleya, S.E, New

Guinea.
b. 2 (V. 183; C. 127). Rossel Id., Louisiade B.H. Thomson, Esq.
Archipelago. Py].

VOL. II. &

82 COLUBRIDZ.

D. Bronzy above; the black streak on the side of the head pro-
longed as a broad band along each side of the anterior part
of the body; belly pale olive, immaculate. (D. katowensis,
Macleay.)

a-b. § (V.189; 0.144) N.W. New Guinea, M.A. Linden [C.].

& @ (V.190; C. 187).

E. Bronzy or olive above, the scales usually black-edged; the
black streak on the side of the head not prolonged on the
body, or but feebly marked; belly yellowish or pale olive,
immaculate. (D. salomonis, Gthr.)

a. @ (V. 211; ©.?). Timor Laut. H. O. Forbes, Esq.
[C.].

b. S (V. 201; C.?). Kei Ids. Capt. Langen [P.}.

c-e, f. 6 (V. 202, 197; Duke of York id. Rev. G. Brown [C.].

CO. 148, 2) & 2 (V. 207,
192; C. 1651, 148).
gh. 3 (V. 198, 194; Solomon Ids. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
C. ?, 148). (Types of D. salomonis.)
t. ¥g. (V. 180; C. 126). Alu, Shortland Ids., é. M. Woodford, Esq.

Solomon Ids. [C.}.

k. 2 (V. 200; C.?). San Christoval, Solo- H. B. Guppy, Esq.
mon Ids. P.}.

l,m. 2 (V. 202; C.?) & Santa Anna Id., Solo- H. B. Guppy, Esq.
yg. (V. 203; C. 143). mon Ids. [P.].

F, Olive-green to bright green above, uniform bright greenish
yellow beneath; black streak on the side of the head well-
marked but not continued on the body.

a-e. 9 (V.180, 182,188, Rubiana,New Georgia, C.M.Woodford, Esq.

186,187; C. 137, 126, Solomon Ids. [C.].
136, 131, 187).
G. Black above, dark olive-grey or blackish beneath.

a-b. 2 (V. 191, 190; Rossel Id., Louisiade B. H. Thomson, Esq.
P

C. 125, ?). Archipelago. [P.}.
e. 3 (V. 183; C. 186). Normanby, Louisiade B.H. Thomson, Esq.
Archipelago. [Pel.
d. 2 (V.179; C. 126). ea, Solomon C.M.Woodford, Esq.
8. [C.].

4. Dendrophis punctulatus.

cere punctulatus, Gray, in King’s Voy. Austral. ii. p. 482
(1827).

Dendrophis (Ahzetula) olivacea, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 54 (1842).
— (Ahetula) fusca, Gray, 1. c.

prasinus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 181, and U.S.
Explor. Exped., Herp. p. 131, pl. xii. figs. 7-10 (1858).
punctulata, Guinth. Cat. p. 149 (1858); Peters § Doria, Ann.
Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878, p. 390.

fuscus, Jan, Elenco, p. 86 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 32, pl. iii.
fig. 1 (1869).

eo Krefft, Snakes of Austral. p. 23, pls. iv. & v. fig. 6

64, DENDROPHIS. 83

Dendrophis gracilis, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. i. 1877, p. 15.
olivacea, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. W. ii. 1878, p. 220.

Maxillary teeth 24 to 26. Eye not longer than its distance from
the posterior border of the nostril. Rostral once and a half to ouce
and two thirds as broad as deep, visible from above; internasals
nearly as long as or a little longer than the prefrontals; frontal
once and one fourth to once and a half as long as broad, as long as
or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal once and a half to twice and a half as long
as deep; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals usually 1+ 2,
rarely 242, or 1+1, anterior very long; seven or eight (rarely
nine) upper labials, fourth and fifth (rarely fifth and sixth) entering
the eye ; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, the
vertebrals about as large as the outer. Ventrals 191-220; anal
divided; subcaudals 120-144. Brown or olive above, uniform or
with black edges to the scales; usually some of the scales with a
yellowish outer border; no black stripe on the side of the head;
upper lip, throat, and anterior ventrals yellowish.

Total length 1640 millim. ; tail 440.

Northern and Eastern Australia.

A. Ventrals and subcaudals pale olive or brownish, with the keels
yellowish, but unspotited.

a. 2, bad state (V. 220; Careening Bay, N. J. Hunter, Esq. [P.].
C. 187). coast of Australia. (Type.)
b, ce, d-e, f-a,h. 3 (V.207, Port Essington. Lord Derby [P.].

211, 209, 210, 208; C. (‘Types of D. olivacea and D. fusca.)
132, 140, ?, 144, 120), 2

(V. 215; C. 181), & yg.

(V. 211; C. 136).

z% 2 (V. 204 ; C. 182). N.W. Australia.

k. 9 (V. 212; 0.187). -N. Australia. J. Stokes, Esq. [C.].

i Yg. (V. 218 ; C. 135). N.E. Australia. Capt. Grey [P.].

m. 3 (V. 196; C. 127). Cooktown, N. Queens- Capt. Drevar [C.].
land.

n. @ (V. 196; C.?). Cape York.

o. & (V.193; C. 186). Albany Island. J. Gould, Esq. (C.].

p. Yg. (V. 204 ; C. 186). Queensland.

qg. 3 (V. 196; C. P). Moreton Bay. Mr. Strange [P.].

r. 2 (V. 199; C. ?). North Shore, Sydney. F. aa Rayner, Esq.

[C.].
st, u. 9 (V.194; 0.?), New South Wales. G. Krefft, Esq, [P.].
her. Py 904; ©, 132),
& yg. (V.191; C. 126).

B. Dark olive above, each scale partly black; posterior ventrals
marbled with black, or black in the middle with the posterior
border and the sides above the keels yellowish white; subcaudals
black, with two yellowish lines following the keels. (D. gracilis,
Macleay.)

a. Q (V. 202; C. 127). Queensland. .
G

84 COLUBRID.

5. Dendrophis grandoculis. (Prats IV. fig. 2.)
Dendrophis grandoculis, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 337 (1890).

Maxillary teeth 30 to 32. Eye extremely large, as long as its dis-
tance from the rostral or the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral
much broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals as
long as or a little longer than the prefrontals; frontal once and a
half to once and two thirds as Jong as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal elongate ;
one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 24+ 2 or1+2; nine upper
labials, fourth, fifth and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals not quite as large as
the outer, scarcely enlarged on the anterior part of the body.
Ventrals 174-188 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 117-124. Brown or
olive-brown above, with irregular small black blotches ; eye bordered
with whitish ; no lateral stripes; sides of neck sometimes tinged
with vermilion ; lower parts pale olive, with or without small black:
spots on the sides; three black lines along the tail, one on each side
and one below.

Total length 1200 millim.; tail 370.

Hills of Southern India.

a. 2 (V.176; 0.117). Tinnevelly hills, 2000-}

3000 feet.
bd. Head only. Coonoor Ghat, Wynad, Col, Beddome [0.].
2500 feet.” (Types.)

ce. 6 (V.174; C.117). Travancore. ‘ll
d. 9 (V. 188; C. 124). Peermad, Travancore, H. 8S. Ferguson, Esq.
3300 feet. [P.].

6. Dendrophis formosus.
Dendrophis formosa, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 542; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.

p. 282, pl. ix. figs. 3 & 4 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 199 (1854) ;
Giinth. Cat. p. 150 (1858).

Maxillary teeth 28 to 31. Eye very large, as long as its distance
from the rostral or the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral twice
as broad as deep, just visible from above ; internasals a little longer
than the preefrontals ; frontal once and one third to once andahalf
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
as long as the parietals ; loreal elongate ; one pra- and two to four
(usually three) postoculars; temporals 2+2; nine upper labials
(rarely eight), fifth and sixth or fourth, fifth, and sixth (or third,
fourth, and fifth) entering the eye; five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals strongly enlarged, consider-
ably larger than the outer, originating abruptly on the nape by fusion
of the two median scales. Ventrals 179-205; anal divided; sub-
caudals 132-158. Olive above, scales black-edged ; a black stripe
on each side of the head, passing through the eye and extending on

64, DENDROPHIS. 85

to the nape, where it considerably widens; no light lateral stripe ;
two black lines may be present along each side of the posterior part
of the body ; upper lip greenish yellow; lower parts pale green.
Total length 1310 millim. ; tail 450.
Mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java.

a, 2 (V.196; C. 158). Malacca. Governor of Singa-
pore [P.].
b-c. 9 (V. 191, 190; C. Borneo. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.
148, ?). Pe
d. 3 (V.182; C.146). Java. Leyden Museum.

e. 2 (V. 205; C. 147). Willis Mts., Kediri, | Baron v. Huegel [C.].
: Java, 5000 feet.
f, 138), @ (V. 195; C. Afghanistan (??),

7. Dendrophis caudolineolatus.

Dendrophis caudolineolatus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 506,
pl. xl. fig. 1; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 339 (1890).
? Dendrophis gregorii, Haly, Tuprobanian, iii. 1888, p. 51.

Maxillary teeth 30 to 32. Eye large, as long as or slightly longer
than its distance from the nostril. Rostral once and two thirds as
broad as long, visible from above, upper border forming an obtuse
angle; internasals as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals;
frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals ; loreal elongate; one preocular; two postoculars; tem-
porals 1+2 or 2+1; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth
or fifth and sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals moderately enlarged,
as large as outer. Ventrals 149-161; anal divided ; subcaudals
124-128. Bronzy olive above, anteriorly with oblique narrow black
streaks ; tail with four more or less distinct black lines, one above,
one along the meeting-edges of the subcaudals, and one on each
side; a black temporal streak; lower surfaces greenish white.

Total length 650 millim.; tail 235.

Ceylon.

a. gr. d (V.149;C0. 124). Ceylon. 3B. H. Barnes, Esq.
P,}. (Types.)

b. Yg. (V. 161; C. 126). Ceylon.

ce. Her. o (V.149; C. 128). Ceylon.

8. Dendrophis lineolatus.

Dendrophis lineolata, Hombr. § Jacq. Voy. Péle Sud, Zool. iii., Rept.
p. 20, pl. ii, tig. 1 (1842); Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ii. 1878,
40

=e lineolata, part., Dum. §& Bibr. vii. p. 200 (1854).

striolatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 25.

—— punctulatus, var. atrostriata, Meyer, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1874, p. 136.
——- punctulatus, var. fasciata, Meyer, J. c.

—— macrops, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 181, fig.

86 COLUBRID.

? Dendrophis breviceps, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. ii. 1877,
p. 37.

Dendrophis punctulatus, part., Peters § Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova,
xiii. 1878, p. 390.

? Dendrophis papux, Douglas-Ogilby, Rec. Austral. Mus. i. 1891,
p- 198.

Dendrophis elegans, Douglas-Ogilby, 1. c. p. 199.

Maxillary teeth 27 to 32. Eye very large, as long as its distance
from the centre or the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral once
and two thirds to once and three fourths as broad as deep, just
visible from above ; internasals as long ay or a little longer than
the preefrontals ; frontal once and one fourth to once and a half as
long us broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as
long as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal nearly twice as
long as deep ; one pre- and two pustoculars ; temporals 2+ 2, 1+ 2,
or 14+1; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and
sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the ante-
rior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 13 rows, vertebrals about as large as outer. Ventrals 173-203 ;
anal divided ; subcaudals 131-151. Olive above, some or all of the
scales black-edged ; some of the lateral scales with more or less
distinct yellowish or whitish outer border; head dark olive-brown
or blackish above, upper lip yellow; anterior part of body often
with black oblique cross bars; throat and lower surface of neck
yellow; belly and lower surface of tail greenish or greyish olive, the
keels yellowish; a blackish streak along the middle of the lower
surface of the tail.

Total length 1820 millim.; tail 570.

Pelew Islands, New Guinea, New Ireland.

a-b. 3 (V. 173; C. 181) Pelew Islands. Museum Godeffroy.
& her. (V. 177; 0.139).

c-d. F a 187; C.t ny x N.W. New Guinea. M.A. Linden [C.].
her. (V. 191; 0.14

e-g. 2 (V. 191, 198, 108; Fly River. Rev. 8. Macfarlane
C. 139, 186, 148). [C.].

h. 2 (V. 203; C.151). Aleya, S.E. New

Guinea.
a. o (V.192; C. 142). Duke of York Id. Rey. G. Brown [C.].
(Type of D. macrops.)

9. Dendrophis gastrostictus. (Prarz IV. fig. 3.)

Maxillary teeth 33. Eye very large, as long as its distance from
the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral nearly twice as broad as
deep, just visible from above; internasals as long as the prefrontals ;
frontal once and one third as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; loreal
once and two thirds as long as deep ; one pree- and three postoculars ;
temporals 242; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13

65, DENDRELAPHIS. 87

rows, vertebrals nearly as large as outer. Ventrals 162; anal
divided ; subeaudals 148. Bronzy above, head, nape and tail
blackish ; upper lip and throat yellow; ventrals yellowish, with
crowded black dots and small spots.

Total length 1120 millim. ; tail 420.

New Guinea,

a. 3 (V. 162; C. 148), N.W. New Guinea. M. A. Linden [C.].

65. DENDRELAPHIS.

Leptophis, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 828.

Dendrophis, part., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 182 (1830); Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 220 (1837) ; Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 193 (1854) ;
Giinth, Cat. Col. Sn. p. 148 (1858); Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 85
(1863) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 296 (1864).

Dendrelaphis, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 339 (1890).

Maxillary teeth 18 to 23 ; anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth
longest. Head elongate, distinct from neck; eye large, with round
pupil. Body much elongate, feebly compressed ; scales smooth, in
18 or 15 rows, narrow, disposed obliquely, with apical pits, those of
the vertebral row not or but very slightly enlarged; ventrals with a
suture-like lateral keel and a notch on each side, corresponding to
the keel. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows, keeled and notched
like the ventrals.

India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Maxillary and mandible of Dendrelaphis tristis,

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 15 rows.
Two labials entering the eye.......... 1. tristis, p. (88.
A single labial entering the eye ...... 2. subocularis, p. 89.
II. Scales in 13 rows.
Eye longer than its distance from the

nostril; ventrals 171-188.......... 3. caudolineatus, p. 89.
Eye as long as its distance from the ;
nostril; ventrals 167-182 ........ 4, terrificus, p. 90.

Eye as long as its distance from the
nostril; ventrals 191-193: no black
lines along the body and tail ...... 5. modestus, p. 91.

88 COLUBRID. :

1. Dendrelaphis tristis.

Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. xxxi. (1796) & ii. pls. xxv. & xxvi.
1801).

Gritbee tristis, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 480 (1803).

Dipsas schokari, part., Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. vergl. Anat. p. 80 (1820).

_Leptophis mancas, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 208.

Dendrophis chairecacos, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 541.

maniar, Bote, Jc. p. 542.

— boii, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 53.

pictus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 228 (1837) ; Dum. & Bibr,
vii. p. 197 (1853) ; Giinth. Cat. p. 148 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind,
p. 297 (1864) ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 32, pl. i. figs. 1 & 2 (1869); Theobd.
Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 190 (1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept.
p. 837 (1890).

Leptophis pictus, part., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 83 (1847).

Dendrophis pictus, var. vertebralis, Jan, Elenco, p. 85 (1863).

pictus, F. Dill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vii, 1878, p. 268.

—— helena, Werner, Zool. Anz, 1893, p. 81.

Eye as long as its distance from the nostril. Rostral about once
and one third as broad as deep, visible from above ; internasals as long
as or a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and a half
to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or slightly
shorter than the parietals ; loreal elongate; one pree- and two post-
oculars ; temporals 2+2; nine upper labials (rarely eight), fifth
and sixth (or fourth and fifth) entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 163-192; anal
divided ; subcaudals 113-140. Olive above, with or without black
margins to the scales; scales of outer row, and of middle row on
anterior part of body, usually yellowish; usually a round yellow
spot in the middle between the parietals; upper lip yellow, bordered
by a black streak along the temple; black spots or oblique bars may
be present on each side of the neck, and one or two black lateral
lines along the posterior part of the body ; lower parts yellowish or
greenish.

Total length 1310 millim.; tail 420.

Eastern Himalayas, Assam, India, Ceylon.

a, Her. J (V. 192; C.133). Darjeeling. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
b. d (V. 187; C.?). Khasi Hills. Sir J. Hooker [P.].
c-d. Her. § (V. 189; C. Khasi Hills (?). Dr. Griffith.

120) & 9(V.185;C. ?).

e. Her. 9 (V.185; 0.127). Sind. 2 Messrs. v.Schlagintweit
C.).

Ff. @ (V. 181; C. ?). Matheran, Bombay. Dr. Leith [P.].

gy. & (V. 184; C. 140). India. Dr. P. Russell.

h. @ (V. 166; C. 118). Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart.

a fo (V. 184; C. 182). Ceylon. E. W. H. Holdsworth,

Esq. [C.].
k,l,m. 2 (V. 168, 164; Ceylon. on
C. ?, 121) & yg. (V.165;
C. 127).

65. DENDRELAPHIS. 89

n. ame (V.177; Trincomalee. Major Barrett [P.].
v. Skull. ; India. Haslar Collection.
p. Skull. =p

2. Dendrelaphis subocularis.

Dendrophis picta, part., Anders. An. Zool. Res, Yunnan, p. 824
(1879).

—— subocularis, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi. 1888, p. 600,
pl. vi. fig. 2, and Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 338 (1890).

Eye as long as its distance from the anterior border of the nostril.
Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; internasals
nearly as long as the preefrontals; frontal once and two thirds as
long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals; loreal elongate; one pre- and
two postoculars ; temporals 2+2;. eight upper labials, fifth largest
and bordering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are much longer than the posterior. Scales in
15 rows. Ventrals 167-172; anal divided; subcaudals 74-105.
Olive-brown above, upper lip and a lateral streak yellowish white ;
an olive-brown stripe between the lateral yellowish streak and the
yellowish ventrals, occupying the extremities of the latter shields
and the lower half of the outer scales; a black line behind the eye,
above the labials ; anterior labials with black lines on the sutures ;
a rather indistinct pale greenish line along the nape, bordered on each
slde, in the young, by a series of large round black spots.

Total length 820 millim.; tail 220.

Upper Burma.

a. Hgr. (V. 167; C. 105). Bhamo, M. L. Fea [C.].
(One of the types.)

3. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus,

Ahetula caudolineata, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. lxxxi. (1834).

Leptophis caudalineatus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 85 (1847).

Dendrophis octolineata, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 201 (1885) ; Jan, Icon.
Gén. 32, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1869).

—. candelineats, Giinth. Cat. p. 150 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 297 (1864); Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc, Beng. xxxix. 1870,
p. 194; Giinth. Zool. Rec. 1870, p. 75; Stoliezka, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xiii. 1873, p. 128.

Dendrelaphis caudolineatus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 339 (1890).

Snout little longer than the eye, which exceeds its distance from
the nostril. Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above ;
internasals as long as or alittle shorter than the prefrontals; frontal
once and one third to once and two thirds as long as broad, longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal elongate ; one pr- and two postoculars ; temporals
24-2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth (rarely fourth, fifth, and
sixth) entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the

90 COLUBRID.

anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in13yrows. Ventrals 171-188; anal divided; subcaudals 100-112.
Light brownish bronze or greenish yellow above, the scales with
black edges forming more or less regular longitudinal lines; a
yellowish lateral streak edged above and below by a black band, the
lower of which extends on to the outer edge of the ventrals; lips and
lower surfaces pale metallic citrine, the tail with a black median line.

Total length 1420 millim.; tail 380.

Southern India, Malay Peninsula, Mergui, Borneo, Sumatra,
Philippines.

a-b. § (V.177;C.112) & Wynad, Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.].
2 (V. 184; ©. 100).
c. Her. (V. 176; C. 109). Perak. J.H. Leech, Esq. [P.].
d-e. 9 (V. 181, 187; C. Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
104, 110).
t-y. @ (V. 183; C. 109) Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].

& yg. (V. 180; C. 104).
hk. Q (V. 188; C. 110). Malay Peninsula (?). East India Company
P.

[P.].
t. 3 (V.174; CG. 100). E. coast of Sumatra. Mrs. Findlay a

k. Q (V.171; C.?). Nias. Hr. Sundermann(C. }.

Z. 9 (V.173; C. 100). Bunguran Id., Natuna A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Ids.

m. 9 (V.183; 0.111). Borneo. Sir J. Brooke [P.].

n. ¢ (V.175; C.108). Borneo. Sir H. Low [P.].

o. 9 (V. 186; C. ?). Borneo. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.

P.).

p. Yg. (V.176; C. 109). Matang, Borneo.

gq. Yg. (V.183; C.?). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.}.

r. Yg. (V. 172; C.106). Puerta Princesa. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].

4. Dendrelaphis terrificus.
Dendrophis picta, var. B, Giinth. Cat. p. 149 (1858).
—— punctulata, spec. 0, Giinth. I. ¢. p. 150.
terrificus, Peters, Mun. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 583.
—— philippinensis, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1879, p. 78, pl. iv.
Dendrelaphis terrificus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 339 (1890).

Eye as long as its distance from the nostril. Rostral a little
broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals as long as
or a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and a half as
long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than
the parictals; loreal elongate; one pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 24-2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth or fourth, fifth,
and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 13 rows. Ventrals 167-182; anal divided; subcaudals 92-113.
Olive above, some of the scales black-edged or with white outer
border ; a black stripe on each side of the head and neck, passing
through the eye, sometimes continued along the body and tail;
a black line along the outer edge of the ventrals and subcaudals,
which are of a pale yellowish green ; a black median line along the
lower surface of the tail. ,

66. CHLOROPHIS. 91

Total length 1050 millim.; tail 300.
Philippines, Celebes.

a. Q (V. 167; C. 100). N. Mindanao, A. Everett, Esq. [C.].

(Type of D. philippinensis.)

b,c. Q (V. 172; C.P) & Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq, [C.].
yg. (V. 182; C. 113).

d. Q (V. 179; C. 102). Manado. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].

5. Dendrelaphis modestus. (Prare IV. fig. 4.)

Eye as long as its distance from the nostril, Rostral broader
than deep, just visible from above ; internasals as long as the pree-
frontals ; frontal once and one third as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal elongate ; one pre-and two postoculars ; temporals
2+2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye; five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 191-193 ;
anal divided; subcaudals 114. Olive above, scales black-edged ;
a rather indistinct dark streak on each side of the head, passing
through the eye; upper lip and lower surface of head yellow; pale
green beneath, the posterior ventrals and the subcaudals margined
with blackish.

Total length 1120 millim, ; tail 315.

Ternate.

a-b. 2 (V.198,191; C.114,?). Ternate. © H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’

66. CHLOROPHIS *.

Philothamnus, part., Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. (1840) ; Peter's,
Reise n. Mossamb, iii. p. 128 (1882); Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lisb. ix.
1882, p. 1.

Leptophis, part, Dum, § Bibr, Erp. Gén, vii. p. 528 (1854); Jan,
Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 84 (1863).

Chlorophis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 52; Cope, Proc, Ac.
Philud. 1860, p.559; Thevb. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 49 (1868).

Ahetulla, part., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 151 (1858), and Ann. § Mag.
N. H., (8) xi. 1868, p. 288. a

Herpetathiops, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xviii. 1866, p. 27.

Fig. 8.

SS

Maxillary and mandible of Chlorophis natalensis.

* A snake figured, but not described, by Jan, as from Mozambique, Dendro-
phis subcarinatus, Icon. Gén. 32, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1869), perhaps belongs to this
genus, but has feebly-keeled dorgal scales and the dentition is represented as

isodont.

92 COLUBRID.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 25, posterior longest ; mandibular teeth
subequal. Head more or less elongate, distinct from neck; eye
large or rather large, with round pupil. Body cylindrical ; scales
smooth, with apical pits, in 15 rows, disposed obliquely, at least on
the anterior part of the body; ventrals rounded or more or less
distinctly keeled on each side, the keel not extending to the sub-
caudals. Tail long or rather long ; subcaudals in two rows.

Tropical and South Africa,

Synopsis of the Species.

I. No trace of ventral keels.
Three labials (fourth, fifth, and sixth)

entering the eye; subcaudals 111-122, 1. emini, p. 92.
Three labials (third, fourth, and fifth)

entering the eye; subcaudals 85-99.. 2. ornatus, p. 93.
Two labials entering the eye ; subcaudals

SOLOS eek ae i ae ay wees. 8. hoplogaster, p. 93.

II. Ventrals more or less distinctly keeled on the sides.

A. Anal divided (rarely entire).

1. Two labials entering the eye.

Fourth and fifth labials entering the eye ;

a single anterior temporal; subcaudals

TPL aa este wieeg a anteah ce ela ago at eid 4, neglectus, p. 94.
Fourth and fifth labials entering the eye;

usually two superposed anterior tem-

porals; subcaudals 114-124,........ 5. natalensis, p. 94.
Fifth and sixth labials entering the eye ;
subcaudals 90-100 .......-....0. 6. angolensis, p. 95.

2. Three labials entering the eye.

Ventrals 175-190; subcaudals 115-135 ;
temporals 1+1; body very slender

ANCOPIONY «sci aig paddies aie sees 7. heterolepidotus, p. 95.
Ventrals 150-182; subcaudals 94-138 ;
temporals usually 1+2....... vies. 8. irregularis, p. 96.
B. Anal entire ; subcaudals 78-92; three labials entering the
CYe- sta peisiantes wae ae 9. heterodermus, p. ‘7.

1. Chlorophis emini. (Puare V. fig. 1.)

Ahetulla irregularis, part., Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xi. 1863,

p. 285.
—— emini, Giinth. Ann, § Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 825,

Rostral a little broader than deep, the portion visible from above
measuring one third its distance from the frontal; internasals a
little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and a half to once
and two thirds as long as broad, a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal

66. CHLOROPHIs. 93,

nearly twice as long as deep; one preocular, usually not touching
the frontal; two postoculars ; temporals 1+2 or 1+1; nine upper
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials
im contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals rounded, 155-
190; anal divided; subcaudals 111-122. Green above, the inter-
stitial skin black; some of the scales with a white spot on the basal
half of the outer margin.

Total length 720 millim. ; tail 250.

Eastern Central Africa.

a 3 (V.155; 0.111). Monbuttu. ~ Dr. Emin Pasha [P.].
(‘Type.)
b-c. Yg. (V.190,183; C. 500 miles south of Constil J. Petherick [C.]}.
121, 122), Chartoum.

2. Chlorophis orndtus.

Philothamnus ornatus, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. ii. 1872, p. 80, & ix.
1882, p. 15, fig.

Internasals shorter than the prefrontals; frontal with straight
lateral borders, once and a half as long as broad, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal longer than deep; one preocular, in contact with
the frontal; two postoculars ; temporals 1+1; eight upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals rounded, 152-166; anal divided; subcaudals 85-99.
Bronzy green above, with a brown vertebral stripe edged with
yellowish ; yellowish or pale green beneath.

Total length 710 millim.; tail 200.

Guinea ; Angola.

3. Chlorophis hoplogaster. (Prat V. fig. 2.)

Ahetulla hoplogaster, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (8) xi. 1863,
p. 284; Boweng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 305 (1890).

Chlorophis oldhami, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 49 (1868).

Cyclophis oldhami, Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 159 (1876).

Philothamnus hoplogaster, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lish. ix. 1882, p. 17.

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above measur-
ing one third to two fifths its distance from the frontal; internasals
as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once
and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal once and
two thirds to twice as long as deep; one preocular, not touching
the frontal ; two postoculars ; temporals 1+ 1 or 142; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows, Ventrals rounded, without trace of
a keel, 150-169; anal divided; subcaudals 85-105. Uniform
green or olive above, greenish yellow inferiorly.

Total length 700 millim.; tail 220.

Central and South Africa.

94 COLUBRID.

u, b. g (V. 150; C.105) Port Natal. Mr. T. Ayres [C.]. |
& 2 (V. 156; C. 89). (Types.)
c. 9 (V. 154; ©.93). Port Natal. Rev. H.Calloway[P.|
d-e. 9 (V. 154, 159; C. Natal. E. Howlett, Esq. [P.].
85, 92).
f. 0’ (V 160; C.94). Damaraland,
g. 2 (V. 169; C. 95). Victoria Nyanza,

4. Chlorophis neglectus.

Philothamnus neglectus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1866, p. 890, and
Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 130, pl. xix. A. fig. 2 (1882); Pfeffer,
Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss, Anst. x. 1898, p. 84.

Aheetulla neglecta, Giinth. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1893, p. 620.

Snout rather pointed. Rostral broader than deep, the portion
visible from above measuring one third or two fifths its distance
from the frontal ; internasals as long as or a little shorter than the
prefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long
as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal twice as long as deep; one pre-
ocular, not touching the frontal; two postoculars ; temporals 1+1
or 1+2; eight (exceptionally seven) upper labials, fourth and fitth
(or third and fourth) entering the eye ; five (rarely four or six) lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as or shorter than the posterior. Scalesin 15 rows. Ventrals with
a slight lateral keel, 149-166; anal divided; subcaudals 77-114.
Green above, greenish yellow beneath; some purplish-brown blotches
may be present on the anterior part of the body.

Total length 800 millim. ; tail 230.

Fast Africa.
a. 2 (V.158; C. 100). Taita. Mr. Wray [C.].
b. 3 (V. 155; 0.100). Mkonumbi. Dr. J. W. Gregory [P.].
e. 9 (V. 159: C. 92). Lamu. F. J. Jackson, Esq. ia
d. Yg.(V. 149; C. 114). Zanzibar Coast.
e. 9 (V. 152; C. 91). Shiré Highlands. H.H. Johnston, Esq. [P.].
f-k. & (V. 158, 157; C. Zomba, Brit. C, H.H. Johnston, Tee fee

2

i

93,97), 2 (V.149,150; Africa.
C

15

1. Her. (V. 152; C. 84). Milanji, Brit. C. H.H. Johnston, Esq. [P.].

Africa,

5. Chlorophis natalensis.

Dendrophis (Philothamnus) natalensis, Smith, Ill. Zool. 8S. Afr., Rept.
pl. Ixiv. (1840).

Abeetulla irregularis, var. natalensis, Giinth. Cat. p. 152 (1858).

—— natalensis, Giinth, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xi. 1863, p. 285.

Philothamnus natalensis, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lisb. ix. 1882, p. 18.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal with
slightly concave lateral borders, once and a half to once and two

66. CHLOROPHIS. 95

thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal once and a half to twice
as long as deep (rarely absent); one preocular, not touching the
frontal ; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 (rarely 1+2); eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lowor labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals with distinct lateral keel,
151-169; anal divided; subcaudals 114-124. Olive-green above,
usually some of the scales with a white spot on the outer border,
and the skin between the scales black; greenish-white inferiorly.

Total length 1000 millim.; tail 330.

South Africa. ‘

a. & (V. 167; C. ?). Damara-land.

b. 2 (V. 164; C. ?). Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Statham ae

ec. Her. (V.166; C.118). Brit. Caffraria. F, P.M. Weale, Esq.
[P.].

d, a 2 (V. 169, 169; C. King Williamstown. a ee Esq.

114, ?). Pel.

fj. & (V. 156; ©.120). Port Elizabeth. J. M. Leslie, Esq.
[P.].

g & (V. 164; C.124). Port Natal. aan cai Calloway
P.].

h. 2 (V. 151; C.119). Orange River. Dr. Kannemeyer [P.].

a. Ad., skel. 8. Africa.

6. Chlorophis angolensis.
Philothamuus angolensis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. ix. 1882, p. 7.

_ Frontal rather short, with concave sides; loreal scarcely longer
than deep; temporals 1+2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth
entering the eye. Ventrals feebly keeled, 150-160; anal divided ;
subcaudals 90-100. Olive-green above, yellowish green beneath.
Total length 980 millim. ; tail 320.
Angola.

7. Chlorophis heterolepidotus. (Prats V. fig. 3.)

Ahetulla heterolepidota, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (3) xi. 1868,
p- 286, & (4) ix. 1872, p. 26. ane

Leptophis heterolepidota, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i. 1867, p. 69.

Philothamnus heterolepidotus, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. ix. 1882, p. 8,
fig.; Boetig. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 60; Efeffer, Jahrb. Hamb.
Wiss. Anst. x. 1898, p. 82. .

Aheetulla gracillima, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 326.

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above mea-
suring about one third its distance from the frontal; internasals as
long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal with slightly
concave lateral borders, once and a half to once and two thirds as
long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal once and two

96 COLUBRID.

thirds to twice as long as deep; one preeocular, not in contact with
the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+1; eight or nine upper
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth (exceptionally third, fourth, and fifth)
entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Ventrals with feeble lateral keel, 175-190; anal
divided; subcaudals 115-135. Green above, yellowish beneath.
Total length 650 millim.; tail 210.

Tropical Africa.
a. 9 (V.182; 0.117). W. Africa? (Type.)
b. go (V.178; C.128). Lagos. Dr, A. Giinther [P.].
ce. fo (V.186; C. 134). Lagos.
d, 2 (V.180; C.124). Lower Congo. M. A. Linden [C.}.
(Type of A. gracillima.
e. d (V.181; C.?). Angola, mo ? du Bocage

F. 2 (V. 188; C. 128). Coast of Zanzibar.

8. Chlorophis irregularis.

? Coluber czerulescens, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 54 (1803).

Coluber irregularis, Leach, in Bowdich, Miss. Ashantee, p. 494 (1819).

Dendrophis (Philothamnus) albo-variata, Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Afr.,
Rept, pl. lxv. & pl. Ixiv. fig. 3 (1840).

chenonii, Reinh. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. x. 1843, p. 246, pl. i.
figs. 13 & 14.

Leptophis chenonii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 545 (1854) ; A. Dum. Arch,
du Mus. x. 1860, p. 199; Jan, Icon. Gén. 60, pl. i. fig. 2 (1881).
Ahetulla irregularis, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 152 (1858), and Ann. §

Mag. N. H. (8) xi. 1868, p. 285.
Philothamnus irregularis, var. longifrenatus, Buchh. § Peters, Mon.
Berl, Ae. 1875, p. 199.
—— irregularis, Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1877, p. 615; Bocage, Jorn.
Sc. Lisb. ix. 1882, p. 4, fig.; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 61.
Aheetulla shirana, Giinth. dn. & Mag. N. H, (6) i. 1888, p. 326.
Chlorophis irregularis, Bouleng. Proc, Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 3806.
Philothamaus guentheri, Pfeffer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. x. 1893,
p. 85, pl. i. figs. 3-5.

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above mea-
suring one fourth to one third its distance from the frontal; inter-
nasals as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal
with concave lateral borders, once and one third to once and a half
as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal once
and a half to twice and a half as long as deep (rarely absent); one
preocular, in contact with or narrowly separated from the frontal ;
two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals usually 1+ 2, sometimes
1+1 or 2+2; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals
with moderately marked lateral keel, 150-182; anal divided (rarely
entire); subcaudals 94-133. Green or olive above, scales often

66. cHLOROPHIS. 97

with a white spot at the base, with or without a black upper border ;
interstitial skin black; sometimes with black spots or irregular
cross bands on the anterior part of the body; greenish yellow
inferiorly.

Total length 820 millim.; tail 240.

Tropical Africa,

a. $ (V.1738; C.127). Gambia. J. Mitchell, Esq. [P.].
b. 2 (V. 182; C. 106). McCarthie Id. Officers of the Chat-
ham Museum [P. ].
e-d. § (V.175; C.125) Bissao. V. H. Cornish, Esq.
& 2 (V. 180; C. 116). (C.J.
e-f. o (VY. 165 ; C. 133) Sierra Leone. Sir A. Kennedy [P.].
& 9 (V.1 62; C. 111).
g. & (V. 166 0. 122). Sierra Leone. H.C. Hart, Esq. [P.].
h-t,k-l. o (Vv. 168; C. Sierra Leone. :
130) & 9 (Vv. 168, 172,
171; OC. 111, 108, 103).
mn. 2 (V. 171; C. 122) Ashantee. T. E. Bowdich, Esq.
& head. [P.]. _(Types.)
o. 2 (V.176; C.119), Guinea? Leyden Museum.
p. 2 (VY. 157; C. 94). Gaboon.
g. @ (V. 154; C.?). Angola. Lieut. Cameron [P.].
r 9 (V. 158; C.103). Caconda, Angola. Prof. B. du Bocage

P.}.
-t. 2 (V. 162, 163; C. Zambesi Expedition. ily tink [C.].
105, 103).
u. Her. g (V. 157; C. Blantyre Mission Sta- H. A. Simons, Esq.
114). tion. [C.]. (Type of A.
shirana.)

vw. 9 (V. 154, 162; C. Shiré Valley.
98, 108).
xz. $ (V.170; C.114). Ugogo, EK. Africa, Capt. Speke [P.].

9. Chlorophis heterodermus.

Chlorophis heterodermus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1857, p. 5
Ahetulla heteroderma, Giinth. dun. § Mag. N. H. (3) xi. “i8ea,

p. 285.
Herpetethiops bellii, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xviii. 1866,

p. 27, pl. vii. fig. B.
Philothamnus heterodermus, Buchh. § Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1875,
.199; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. ix. 1882, p.18; Boetig. Ber. Sench.

Ges. 1888, p. 59.

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above mea-
suring hardly one fourth its distance from the frontal; internasals
as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal with
slightly concave lateral borders, as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal
once and a half to twice as long as deep; one preocular, usually
not in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 24 2;
nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering: the eye; five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals with moderately

VOL. II. H

98 COLUBRID.

strong lateral keel, 148-162; anal entire; subcaudals 78-92.
Green or olive above, the skin between the scales black; young
with black cross bars; lower parts greenish yellow. Specimens a
and ¢ black above, blackish olive beneath.

Total length 740 millim.; tail 200.

West Africa, from Sierra Leone to the Congo.

a. 9 (V. 162; C. 90), Sierra Leone. Sir A. Kennedy Ot
6. & (V. 150; C. 78). Freetown, Sierra R, Dinzey, Esq. [C.].
Leone.
ce. @ (V. 159; C. 85). Victoria Sherborough Lieut. Bell [C.].
Id., Sierra Leone. (Type of Herpet-
aethiops belli.)
d. Yg. (V. 148; C.90). Gold Coast. Wipd Evans, Esq.
e. Yg. (V. 156; 0.83). Lagos. ie
J. & (V. 158; C. 79). Oil River. a melas Esq.
P3}
g- & (V. 157; C. 83). W. Africa. Mr. Rich [C.].

67. PHILOTHAMNUS.

Philothamnus, part., Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. (1840); Peters,
Reise n. Mossamd, iii. p. 128 (1882); Bocage, Jorn. Sc, Lisb. ix.
1882, p. 1.

Ahzetulla, part., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p.151 (1858), and Ann. §& Mag.
N. H. (8) xi. 1863, p. 283.

Dendrophis, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 85 (1863).

Maxillary teeth 25, posterior longest ; mandibular teeth subequal.
Head elongate, distinct from neck; eye large, with round pupil.
Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 13 or 15 rows,
disposed obliquely, at least on the anterior part of the body; ventrals
with a suture-like lateral keel, and a notch on each side correspond-
ing to the keel. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows, keeled and
notched like the ventrals.

Tropical and South Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 15 rows.
A. Subcaudals 110-155.

Temporals usually 2+2 .......... 1. semwariegatus, p. 99.
Temporals 14+2..........00.--005 2. nitidus, p. 100.
Temporals 1+1.............-.00- 8. dorsalis, p. 101.

B. Subcaudals 163-175 ........ A. thomensis, p. 101.

II. Scales in 18 rows ............ 5. girardi, p. 102,

67. PHILOTHAMNUS. 99

1. Philothamuus semivariegatus.

? Coluber albiventris, Reuss, Mus, Senckenb. i. 1834, p. 144.

Dendrophis (Philothamnus) semivariegata, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr.,
Rept. pls. lix. & lx., & lxiv. fig. 1 (1840).

baal semivariegata, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xi. 1863,
p. 285.°

larkii, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 424, and Zool.
Rec. 1869, p. 116.

Philothamnus punctatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 889, and
Decken’s Reise, iii. Amph. p. 16, pl. i. fig. 2 (1869), and Reise n.
Mossamb. iii. p. 129, pl. xix. A. fig. 1 (1882); Bocage, Jorn. Se.
Lisb. ix. 1882, p. 14.

Dendrophis melanostigma, Jun, Icon. Gén. 82, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1869).

P eae nigrofasciatus, Buchh. § Peters, Mon, Berl. Ac. 1875,
p. 199.

irregularis, var., Fischer, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. 1881, p. 229,
pl. xiv. figs. 5-7,

—— smithii, Bocage, l. c. p. 12, fig.

Ahetulla bocagii, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 326.

Leptophis punctatus, Mocquard, Mém. Cent. Soc. Philom. 1888,
p. 128.

Philothamnus semivariegatus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 307.

punctatus, var. sansibaricus, Pfeffer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst.

x. 1893, p. 83.

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above mea-
suring one fourth or one fifth its distance from the frontal; inter-
nasals as long as or a little shorter than the preefrontals; frontal
with concave lateral borders, once and a half to once and two thirds
as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals ;
loreal at least twice as long as deep; one preocular, in contact with
or narrowly separated from the frontal; two postoculars ; temporals
2+2 (rarely 2+1,14+2, or 1+1); nine upper labials, fifth and
sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth, entering the eye ; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 169-207; anal divided ;
subcaudals 112-155. Green or olive above, with or without black
spots or cross bars; greenish yellow inferiorly.

Total length 1210 millim.; tail 450.

Tropical and South Africa.

A. Irregular black cross bars; some of the scales
with a whitish spot.

a, Hey, (V.199; 0.188). W. Africa.

B. No black spots or bars; some of the scales with a whitish spot.
g. 3 (V.196; C. 184). Gambia. Dr. P. Rendall [C.].

C. With black spots, at least on the anterior part of the back.

V.181; 0.122). Palapye, Kalahari R. J. Cuninghame
om , : Desert. Esq. [P.]. 7 ‘
Hoy. (V. 187; C.188), E. Africa. Dr. Livingstone [C.].
@ (V. 193; 0.187). Shiré Valley. Sir J. = [C.}.

H

S

2s &

100 COLUBRID &.

f. Ugr. (V. 200; C. 144). Blantyre Mission Sta- J. Grant, Esq. [P.].

tion. ‘
g & (V.188; C. 144). Lake Nyassa. i aes Mission
[C.}.
h. S (V.181; C.1838). Mozambique. Prof. B. du Bocage
[P.].
7% 9 (V.175; C. 153). Lake Tanganyika, Sir J. Kirk [C.].
ke 3 (V. 189; C. 147). Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.].
i-m. Yg. (V. 170, 175; Kilimandjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
C. 147, 136). [P 3}
n-0. 3 (Vv. 171; C. 141) Kurawa. Dr. J. W. Gregory
& 2 (V.177; a Py [F}
p. o (V. 166; C.142). Mkonumbi. Dr. J. W. Gregory

[P.].
D. Spots and bars absent or very indistinct.
gq 2 (V.179; C.126). Near Grahamstown. Rev. G. H. R. Fisk

(Pes
r. 2 (V.185; 0.111). Humbo, Angola. Prof. B. du Bocage
[P.]. (One of the
types of P. smithii.)
s. 2 (V. 196; C. 126). Angola. Lieut. Cameron [P.].
(Type of A. bocagit.
t. 5 (V. 199; CO. P). Bissao. Va Cornish, Esq.
u-w. 9 (V.171,173; C. Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.].
135 , 149) & yg. (Vv. 171;
0. F),
a. 9 (V. 169; C.180). E. Africa. Sir J. Kirk [C.].
y 2 (V. 173; C.188). E. Africa. ae Spe “a
a 2 (Vv. 171; C. ?). Melindi. regory
mr

2. Philothamuus nitidus. (Pare V. fig. 4.)

Ahetulla nitida, part., Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xi. 1863,
p. 286.

lagoensis, Giinth, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 26.

Philothamuus lagoensis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb, ix. 1882, p. 6.

Head narrow. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible
from above measuring about one fifth its distance from the frontal ;
internasals as long as the prefrontals ; frontal with concave lateral
borders, once and three fourths as long as broad, a little longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal twice to twice and a half as long as broad; one
preeocular, in contact with or narrowly separated trom the frontal ;
two postoculars; temporals 142; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth,
and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
inl5rows. Ventrals 163-165; anal divided; subcaudals 150-153.
Dark green above, pale green beneath.

Total length 880 millim.; tail 330.

Guinea.

67. PHILOTHAMNUS. 101

a 2 (V.163; C. ca. 150). Lagos. (Type of A. lagoensis.)
b $ (V.165; CO. 153). ? (One of the types of A. nitida.)

Possibly not specifically distinct from P. semivariegatus.

3. Philothamnus dorsalis.
Leptophis dorsalis, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lisb. i. 1866, p. 69.
Ahetulla dorsalis, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 424.
Philothamnus dorsalis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1876, p. 119; Bocage,
= Sc, Insb, ix. 1882, p. 9, fig.; Boettg. Ber. Senck, Ges. 1888,
p. 58,

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above mea-
suring about one fourth its distance from the frontal; internasals
as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal with
concave lateral borders, once and a half to once and two thirds as
long as broad, a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal at least twice as
long as deep ; one preocular, in contact with or narrowly separated
from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+1; nine upper
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 170-190; anal divided ;
subcaudals 118-145. Olive above, with a brown vertebral stripe ;
snout yellowish brown; lower parts yellowish.

Total length 840 millim.; tail 290.

West Africa, from the Ogowé to Benguela.

a. fb (V.172; C.?). Lower Congo. M. A. Linden [C.].

6 Her. 3g (V. 178; Angola. Prof. B. du Bocage [P.].
C. 141).

e. @ (V.179; C. 131). Angola. J.J. Monteiro, Esq. [P.].

d. 3 (V.179; C.145). Carangigo. Dr. Welwitsch (P 4

e. d (V. 184; C. 183). Benguela. Prof, B. du Bocage [P.].

4, Philothamnus thomensis.
Ahetulla nitida, part., Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xi. 1868, p. 286.
Philothamnus thomensis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. ix. 1882, p. 11, fig. ;
Bedriaga, Amph, et Rept. I. de la Guinée (Istetuto, xxxix.), p. 29
(1892).

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above mea-~
suring not more than one fourth its distance from the frontal ;
internasals as long as the prefrontals; frontal with concave lateral
borders, once and two thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal at least
twice as long as deep; one preocular, in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+1 or
142; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye;
five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, Ventrals

102 COLUBRID,

207-220; anal divided; subcaudals 163-175. Olive-green above,
some ofthe scales edged with black ; pale green beneath.

Total length 900 millim.; tail 320.

8. Thomé Island, W. Africa.

a. © (V. 207; 0.169). 8S. Thomé. Prof. B. du Bocage [P.].
(One of the types.)

b. o (V. 207; C.?). 8. Thomé. Prof. B. du Bocage [P.].

ec. d (V. 219; C. 167). [Demerara.] Col. Sabine [P.]. (One of

the types of A. nitida.)

5. Philothamuus girardi.
Philothamuus girardi, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb, (2) iii. 1898, p. 47.

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above mea-
suring about one fourth its distance from the frontal; internasals
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal nearly twice as long as broad,
with concave lateral borders; loreal much elongate, sometimes
divided into two; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+1,
rarely 1+2; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter thanthe posterior. Scales in13 rows. Ventrals
189-194; anal divided; subcaudals 145-153. Olive-green above,
with black edges to the scales, forming cross bars on the anterior
part of the body ; yellowish white beneath, with a black line along
the ventral keel.

Total length 780 millim.; tail 280.

Anno-Bom Island, Gulf of Guinea.

a. 3 (V. 186; C. 145). Anno-Bom Id. Prof. B. du Bocage [P.].
(One of the types.)

‘

68. GASTROPYXIS.

Dendrophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 220 (1837).
es is, part.. Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 528 (1854) ; Jan,
lenco sist. Ofid. p. 84 (1863).
Ahetulla, part., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 151 (1858).
Gastropyxis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 556.
Hapsidophrys, part., Fischer, Abh. naturw. Ver. Hamb. iii. 1856,
p- 110; Giinth. lc. p. 144; Jan, Ic. p. 86.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 22, posterior longest; mandibular teeth
subequal. Head rather elongate, distinct from neck; eye large,
with round pupil. Body cylindrical; scales keeled, without or
with very indistinct apical pits, in 15 rows. Ventrals with a
suture-like lateral keel, and a notch on each side corresponding to
the keel. Tail very long ; subcaudals in two rows, strongly keeled
and notched like the veutrals.

West Africa.

69, HAPSIDOPHRYS. 103

1. Gastropyxis smaragdina.

Dendrophis smaragdina, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 237 (1837).

Leptophis gracilis, Hallow. Proc. Ac, Philad. 1844, p. 60.

smaragdinus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 587 (1854); Hallow. Proc.
Ae. Philad. 1854, p. 100; A. Dum. Arch, du Mus. x. 1860, p. 199,
pl. xvii. fig. 6; Jan, Icon. Gén. 49, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1879).

Hapsidophrys cceruleus, Fischer, Abh. nat. Ver. Hamb, iii. 1856,
p- 111, pl. ii. fig. 6; Giinth. Cat. p. 145 (1858).

Aheetulla smaragdina, Giinth. Cat. p.151.

Gastropyxis smaragdina, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 558.

Hapsidophrys smaragdina, Reichen. Arch. f. Nat. 1874, p. 292;
Boettg. Ber. Senck, Ges. 1888, p. 62, and 1889, p, 279.

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ; internasals longer
than the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half as long as broad, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as or slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal twice
to thrice as long as deep, sometimes confluent with the prefrontal ;
one preocular, in contact with or narrowly separated from the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; nine (rarely eight)
upper labials, fifth and sixth (or fourth and fifth) entering the eye ;
five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, all
strongly keeled and distinctly striated. Ventrals 150-174; anal
divided ; subcaudals 140-172. Dark bluish green above, pale green -
beneath and on the upper lip; a blackish streak on each side of the
head, passing through the eye.

Total length 980 millim. ; tail 390.

West Africa, from Sierra Leone to the Gaboon.

a. & (V. 157; C. 140). Sierra Leone. H. C. Hart, Esq. [P.].
b. & (V. 155; C. 152). Sierra Leone.
c,d. 9 (V. 156; C. 144) Ashantee.

& yg. (V. 155; C.?). ;

e-f. 2 (V.154; C. 147) Ancobra_ River, Major Burton and Capt.
& ye. (V. 157; C.?). Gold Coast. Cameron (P.].

g- 2 V. 162; C.?). Niger. Mr. Fraser [C.].

h-t. (V. 169; C. 161) Akassa, mouth of Dr. J. W. Crosse [P.}.
& her. (V.171; C.172). Niger.

k-l. Q (V.171,172; C.?, Oil River. H. H. Johnston, Esq.
145). [P.].

m. & (V. 164; C. 166). Fernando Po.

n. 9 (V. 153; C. 146). Guinea. Leyden Museum.

o-p. 9 (V.157,161; C.148, Eloby district, | H. Ansell, Esq. [P.].
147). Gaboon.

69. HAPSIDOPHRYS.
Hapsidophrys, part., Fischer, Abh. naturw. Ver, Ham. iii. 1856,
p- 110; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 144 (1858) ; Jan, Elenco sist: Ofid.
p. 86 (1863).
Maxillary teeth 30 to 32, posterior longest; mandibular teeth

subequal. Head distinct from neck ; eye very large, with round
pupil. Body cylindrical ; scales keeled, with apical pits, in 15 rows ;

104 COLUBRID.

ventrals with a suture-like lateral keel, and a notch on each side
corresponding to the keel. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.

West Africa.

1. Hapsidophrys lineata.

Hapsidophrys lineatus, Fischer, Abh. naturw. Ver. Hamb. iii. 1856,
p. 111, pl. ii. fig. 5; Giinth. Cat. p. 144 (1858) ; Jan, Icon. Gén.
33, pl. i. fig. 2 (1869); Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887,
p. 76.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
as long as the preefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once and two
thirds as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal at least
twice as long as deep ; one preocular (rarely two), not touching the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 242 (rarely 1+2); eight
or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering
the eye; four to six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows, striated and keeled, the outer row without or
with avery faint keel. Ventrals 158-170; anal entire; subcaudals
95-158. Upper parts striated black and green, each scale green
in the middle and black on the sides; upper lip and lower parts
pale green or yellowish green.

Total length 1100 millim.; tail 340. =

West Africa.

a. 9 (V.170; C. 95). Coast of Guinea,
b-c. 2 (V. 167; C. 115) Ancobra_ River, Major Burton and Capt.

& yg. (V.167; C.121). Gold Coast. Cameron [P.].
d. 5 (V. 167; C. 117). Ancobra River. Capt. Torry [P.].
e. 2 (V. 165; C.?). Oil River. H. H. Johnston, Esq. [P.}.
J. Skeleton. W. Africa.

70. THRASOPS.

Thrasops, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 67.
Thrasops, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 556.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 22, the three or four last longest and

Fig. 9.

Maxillary and mandible of Thrasops flavigularis.

separated from the rest by an interspace ; anterior mandibular teeth
feebly enlarged. Head rather short, distinct from neck ; eye large,

1. LEpropyts. 105

with round pupil. Body more or less compressed; scales very
strongly overlapping, disposed obliquely, in 13 or 15 rows, the
laterals much shorter than the dorsals, which are keeled ; apical
pits present ; ventrals rounded, or with an interrupted lateral keel
posteriorly. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.

West Africa,

1. Thrasops flavigularis.

Dendrophis flavigularis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1852, p. 205.

Thrasops flavigularis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 67; Peters,
Mon. Berl, Ac. 1876, p. 119,

sip onnry niger, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,

p.
Thrasops pustulatus, Buchh. § Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1875, p. 199.
Be var. pustulata, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889,
p. 279.

Rostral with straight vertical sides, a little broader than deep,
visible from above; internasals as long as the pretrontals; frontal
a little longer than broad, scarcely broader than the supraocular, as
long as its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout and as
long as the parietals ; loreal as deep as long; one preocular, not in
contact with the frontal; three postoculars; temporals 1+1; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; chin-shields short,
the anterior in contact with four lower labials. Scales in 13 or 15
rows, dorsals keeled. Ventrals 179-206; anal divided; subcaudals
130-140. Black, with or without yellowish spots on the back; lips
and throat yellowish or brownish white.

Total length 1700 millim. ; tail 500.

West Africa, from Sierra Leone to the Gaboon.

a. 3 (V.179; C. 180). Sierra Leone.

b. 3 (V. 187; C. 132). Monrovia, Liberia. Christiania Museum.
ce. 2 (V. 203; C. 140). Gaboon. (Type of HL. niger.)
d. Skull. Cameroons.

71. LEPTOPHIS.

Leptophis, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii, 1825, p. 828; Dum. § Bibr.
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 528 (1854); Jan, Elenco sist. Qfid. p. 84 (1863) ;
Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 182.

Leptophis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 183 (1830).

Ahetula, part. Gray, Graf. A. K. ix. Syn. p. 93 (1831); Giinth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 151 (1853). .

Dendrophis, part., Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 220 (1837).

Thrasops, part., Cope, Proc. de. Philad. 1860, p. 556.

Diplotropis, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. NV. Hf, (4) ix. 1872, p. 24.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 32, posterior longest; anterior mandibular
teeth longest. Head elongate, distinct from neck; eye large, with
round pupil. Body slender, cylindrical or slightly compressed ;
scales keeled or smooth, with apical pits, in 13 or 15 rows, disposed

106 COLUBRID,
obliquely, at least on the anterior portion of the body; ventrals

rounded or angulate laterally. Tail long ; subcaudals in two rows.
Central and South America.

Fig. 10.

Maxillary and mandible of Leptophis liocercus.

Synopsis of the Species.
J. Loreal present (rarely absent).
A. Scales smooth.

Nasals not elongate; loreal subquadrate.. 1. e@ruginosus, p. 107.
Nasals elongate ; loreal thrice as long as [p- 107.
GE Dy ica sisesudhadstepknievereataendieoaresbaas tats 2. depressirostris,

B. Scales keeled, except the outer row.

Loreal once and a half as long as deep;

ventrals without trace of lateral keel .. 3. moclestus, p. 107.
Loreal twice to thrice as long as deep;

ventrals feebly angulate laterally ...... 4. mexicanus, p. 108.

C. Five median rows of scales feebly keeled.
5. cupreus, p. 109.
D. Only the scales of the series on each side of the vertebral
keeled.
Ventrals not angulate, 160 ............ 6. saturatus, p. 110.

Ventrals feebly angulate laterally, 175-186 7. diplotropis, p. 110.
Ventrals feebly angulate laterally, 144.... 8. bilineatus, p. 111.

II. Loreal absent.

A. Scales in 15 rows, keeled; ventrals more or less distinctly
angulate laterally.

Scales of vertebral row more feebly keeled
than the one or two on each side of it;
frontal not more than once and a half as
lotig-as: broad se saresuseec- manors e uty eaeounars 9. occidentalis, p. 111.
Scales more or less distinctly keeled, the
keel on the middle row more feeble, or
obsolete; frontal at least once and a half [p. 112.
as long as broad........... eee e eee 10. nigromarginatus,

71. LEPTOPHIS. 107

Scales all except the outer row strongly
ee Sie eee 11. Uocercus, p. 113.

B. Scales in 15 rows, smooth 3 ventrals not angulate laterally.
12. ortonii, p. 114.

C. Scales in 13 rows, all except the outer row keeled.
13. urostictus, p. 114.

1. Leptophis zruginosus.

Leptophis wruginosus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) viii. 1876,
p. 132; Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 180 (1894).

Philothamnus eruginosus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc. xxiii.
1886, p. 279.

Nasal not elongate ; loreal present, subquadrate ; preocular
scarcely reaching frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; nine
upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye ; posterior chin-shields
longer than the anterior. Scales in 15 rows, not keeled, but finely
striate. Ventrals faintly angulate laterally, 146; anal divided;
subcaudals 142. Golden brown above ; vertebral line (one row of
scales) yellow on the anterior half of the body; a black streak on
each side of the head behind the eye; beneath blue, fading to
yellowish on the gular region.

Total length 405 millim.; tail 155.

Costa Rica,

2. Leptophis depressirostris.

Philothamnus depressirostris, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 557.
Leptophis depressirostris, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 180 (1894).

Rostral twice as broad as deep ; frontal as long as the parietals ;
nasals elongate; loreal present, thrice as long as deep; one pre-
and two postoculars; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering
the eye. Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Above uniform deep green ;
an inconspicuous temporal streak; a very delicate black line
traverses the centre of each of the two rows of scales that bound
the vertebral row ; upper lip and lower parts light green.

Total length 650 millim.

Cocuyas de Veraguas, Colombia.

8. Leptophis modestus.
Ahetulla modesta, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 26,

pl. vi. fig. C. :
Philothamnus modestus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc, xxiii. 1886,
. 279.
Lepioptik modestus, Giinth, Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 129, pl. xlviii.
(1894).

Eye a little shorter than its distance from the nostril. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals shorter than

108 COLUBRID.

the prefrontals; frontal once and one third as long as broad, as
long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals ;
nasal elongate, divided; loreal present, once and a half as long as
deep ; one preocular, not reaching the frontal; two postoculars ;
temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, all except
the outer strongly keeled; caudal scales smooth, except the basal
ones. Ventrals without trace of lateral keel, 171; anal divided;
subcaudals 171. Uniform olive-green above, pale green beneath ;
lips and throat yellowish ; a blackish streak on each side of the
head, behind the eye.

Total length 1300 millim.; tail 540.

Guatemala.

a. 6 (V.171; C.171). Rio Chisoy, below the 0. Salvin, Esq. [P.].
town of Cubulco. (Type.)

4, Leptophis mexicanus.

Leptophis mexicanus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 586 (1854); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 49, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1879).

Ahetulla mexicana, Giinth. Cat. p. 154 (1858).

Thrasops mexicanus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 557.

Hapsidophrys mexicanus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, xxii. 1885,
p. 382.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and
one third to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals ; nasal elongate, divided ; loreal present, twice to thrice as
long as deep; one preocular, not reaching the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four or five (rarely six) lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows, striated, all except the outer row strongly keeled ;
caudal scales keeled. Ventrals feebly angulate laterally, 154-174;
anal divided; subcaudals 141-172.

Total length 1340 millim. ; tail 520.

Northern Mexico to Costa Rica,

A. Pale bronzy brown or golden above, head blue or green; a
black lateral stripe on the head and body, passing through
the eye, enclosing some bluish-green spots in the anterior half
of the body; upper lip and lower parts mother-of-pearl or
pale golden.

a, Hgr. (V.166; 0.162). Amula, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith (C.];
F. D. Godman, Esq.

(P.].
b. Her. (V.164; 0.156). Teapa, Tabasco. Fp: Godman, Esq.
Pi).

71, LEPTOPHIS, 109

e. & (V.161; C.?). Mexico. Mr. H. Finck [C.]}.
d. $ (V.159; C. 165). —_ Belize. J. Smith, Esq. [P.].
ef. & (V. 154; 0.166) Stanun Creek, Brit. Rey. J. Robertson [C. }.
& 2 (V.165; C. 152). Honduras,
g,h,% 3 (V. 161; C. Honduras,
13s = (V. 166; C.
), 8 . (V. 173;
C1 7° ( 3

B. Two broad black stripes along the body (continued from the
sides of the head) separated by three series of pale reddish-
brown scales; upper surface of head and nape olive; lips
throat yellowish; belly and lower surface of tail’ pale

Town.

3 (V. 163; C. 166). Yucatan.

g

C. Pale bronzy olive above, head and neck green; the black lateral
stripe of the head continued on the body and tail as a broad
dark green stripe, some of the scales on which are tipped
or edged with black; upper lip and lower parts white.

© (V. 162; C.151). Jalisco, N. of Riode F. D. Godman, Esq.
Santiago. [P.].

&. & (V. 154; C.148). Atoyac, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith [C.];

F. D. Godman, Esq.

8

ped:
3 (V. 165; C. 152). Santo Domingo de Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
Guzman, Mexico.

S

D. Bright green above, the lateral scales on the anterior half of the
body tipped or edged with black; a black streak on each side
of the head, passing through the eyes; lips and throat bright
yellow; belly and lower surface of tail pale green.

a. 3d (V. 164; C. 162). Tampico. F. (Pj Godman, Esq.
b-g. & (V. 167,167,173; Mexico. =

C. 152, 162, 141) & 9°

(V. 169, 174, 1738; C.

146, 172, 157).

: 5. Leptophis cupreus.
Thrasops cupreus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 106.

Head unusually short and broad. Rostral much broader than
deep, little visible from above; nasal long and narrow; loreal
present, absent on one side in the type specimen; one pre- and
two postoculars ; temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye. Scales in 15 rows, the five median feebly
keeled. Ventrals 152; anal divided; subcaudals 136. Above
metallic copper colour; a dark streak on the side of the head,

110 COLUBRID.

passing through the eye; labials and chin yellowish white ; ventrals
brown, copper-coloured, with darker dashes.

Total length 520 millim.; tail 205.

Upper Amazon.

6. Leptophis saturatus.

Leptophis saturatus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 133.
Tapsidophnys saturatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc. xxiii. 1886,
p. 279.

Head short and wide; snout not longer than the diameter of the
eye. Frontal rather broad; nasals not elongate; loreal present,
nearly twice as long as deep; one preocular, nearly reaching the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; nine upper labials, fifth
and sixth entering the eye. Scales in 15 rows, one on each side of
the median vertebral weakly keeled. Ventrals not angulate, 160;
anal divided; subcaudals 133. Indigo-blue (in spirits), very dark
on head and spine; lips dark green; a blackish shade above the
labials behind the eye.

Total length 880 millim.; tail 340.

Sipurio, Costa Rica.

7. Leptophis diplotropis.

Aheetulla diplotropis, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 25,
pl. vi. fig. A.
Hapsidophrys diplotropis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886,
279

p. 279.
Leptophis diplotropis, Giinth, Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 180 (1894).

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once and
two thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal elongate, divided ; loreal
usually present, once and a half to thrice as long as deep; one
preocular, not reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
1+42; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye ; four or
five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, those of the
series on each side of the vertebral with a strong keel. Ventrals
feebly angulate laterally, 165-186; anal divided; subcaudals 126-
166. Olive or pale green above, with or without oblique black
cross bars; scales of the vertebral series yellowish or pale olive ;
a black stripe on each side of the head and neck, passing through
the eye; two black lines following the dorsal keels; upper lip and
lower parts pale greenish yellow.

Total length 1250 millim. ; tail 440.

‘Western Mexico.

a-c. Hgr. 9 (V. 181,175, Tehuantepec. F. Sumichrast [C.].

179; ©. 145, 133, 146). (Types.)
d. Her. 2 (V. 179; C, Tapana,Tehuantepec. F. Sumichrast [C.];
158). F. D. Godman &
O. Salvin, Esqs. [P.}.

71. LEPTOPHIS. 111

e. 2 (V. 180; C.?). Santo Domingo de Dr. A.C. Buller[C.].

Guzman.

J. Head and neck. La Laguna, Sierra de Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
Alica.

g-t. 3 (V. 171, 167; C. Amula, Guerrero. Mr. H. H.Smith [C.];

nate & 9 (V.165; F. D. Godman, Esq.

[P.].
K-l. § (V. 178; C.?) & Presidio, near Mazat- Mr. A. Forrer [C.].
Q (V.178; C. 149). lan.

m-n. 3 (V. 185; C.160) Tres Marias Ids. Mr. A. Forrer [C.].
& her. (V. 186: ©. 166),

8. Leptophis bilineatus. Re as
Diplotropis bilineata, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 24,
pl. vi. ie B.
Leptophis bilineatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. p. 279;
Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 180 (1894).

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals
as long as the prefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
the parietals; nasal moderately elongate, divided ; loreal present,
twice as long as deep; one preocular, not quite reaching the frontal ;
two postoculars; temporals 14+2; eight or nine upper labials,
fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth) entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, those of the series on each
side of the vertebral with a strong keel. Ventrals feebly angulate
laterally, 144; anal divided. Bright green above, light greenish
beneath ; two black lines following the dorsal keels; a very indis-
tinct dark streak on each side of the head, passing through the
eye.

"Total length 910 millim.
Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Tehuantepec.

a, 3 (V. 144; C.?). Costa Rica. O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].
(Type.)

9. Leptophis occidentalis. (Pxarz III. fig. 2.)

Dendrophis liocereus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 224 (1887);
Guichen. in Gay, Hist. de Chile, Zool. ii. p. 88 (1854).

liocercus, Berthold, Abh. Ges. Gotting. iii. 1847, p. 11.

Leptophis liocercus, part., Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 583 (1854).

Aheetulla liocercus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 153 (1858).

occidentalis, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 412; Peters, Mon,
Berl, Ac. 1878, p. 607.

Thrasops occidentalis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 557.

prestans, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 309.

Leptophis prastans, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 183;
Giinth, Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 180 (1894).

Thrasops (Ahetulla) sargii, Pischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881, p. 229,

1. xi. figs. 7-9.

Laptepkis tant Cope, Proc. Amer, Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 279.

occidentalis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc. xxiii. 1886,

p. 279.

112 COLUBRID.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and one fourth to once
and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral
or the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parie-
tals ; nasal elongate, divided; no loreal; prefrontal in contact with
the second and third, or second, third, and fourth labials; one
preocular, in contact with or not quite reaching the frontal; two
or three postoculars; temporals 14+2; eight or nine upper labials,
fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye: four or five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, all except
the outer row more or less distinctly keeled ; scales of middle row
more feebly keeled than the one or two on each side of it; scales
on the neck and tail smooth. Ventrals 152-185, feebly angulate
laterally ; anal divided; subcaudals 133-176.

Total length 2000 millim. ; tail 730.

Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.

A. Green above, the keels brown or black; yellowish or pale green
beneath ; a black streak on each side of the head behind the
eye, disappearing in old specimens.

a. 3S (V.152; C.?). WW. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.]. (Type.)
b-d. Her. g (V.178; Cartagena. Capt. Garth [P.].

C. 147) & yg. (V.174,

167; C.?, 159).

e. 2 (V.173; C. 155). Brazil ?

Ff. 2 (V. 185; C.170). British Honduras. F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].
g- & (V.172; C. 169). StannCreek, British Rev. J. Robertson [C-].
h. 9
uo

Honduras,
(V. 182; C.172). Tabasco. F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].
(V. 180; C.?). Amula, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith [C.];

F.D.Godman,Esq.[P.].

B. Black above and beneath, chin and throat white.

a, Her. 9 (V.165; C. Guayaquil. (Type.)
133).

6. Her. 9 (V. 163; C. ——P Royal College of Sur-
140). geons.

10. Leptophis nigromarginatus. (Puare III. fig. 3.)

Aheetulla nigromarginata, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xviii.
1866, p. 28.
Leptophis marginatus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) viii. 1876,

p. 177.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
as long as or a little shorter than the preefrontals; frontal once and
a half to once and three fourths as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as or slightly shorter
than the parietals; nasal elongate, entire or divided; no loreal;

71. LEPTOPHIS. 113

preefrontal in contact with labials ; one preocular, in contact with
or narrowly separated from the frontal; temporals 1+2; eight or
nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering the
eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows,
all except the outer row more or less distinctly keeled; the keel
on the middle vertebral series more feeble, or obsolete ; scales on
neck and tail smooth. Ventrals distinctly angulate laterally, 149-
161; anal divided ; subcaudals 106-163. Green above, head-shields
and scales broadly edged with black; keels black; ventrals and
subcaudals yellowish or pale green, uniform or edged with dark
green.

Total length 1010 millim. ; tail 390.

Upper Amazons.

a. 2 (V. 158; 0.115). Upper Amazons, Mr. E. Bartlett [C.].
Type.

b-e. 3 (V.155; 0.142) & Pebas. va
© (V. 161; C. 163).

d-e. 9 (V. 158, 149; C. Peruvian Amazons.
153, 150).

f-g. 3 (V. 155; C.117) Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].
& 2 (V. 153; C. 144). Peru.

h. 9 (V.151; 0.106). Sarayacu, N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davis py

Messrs. Veitch i .,
E a t.
aie dee AM.
11. Leptophis Hecercus. a ¢3

Coluber abetulla, part., Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1116 (1783); Bonnat.
Encycl. Méth., Ophiol. p. 28 (1789) ; Lacép. Serp, p. 228, pl. xi.
fig. 1 (1789).

boiga, part., Daud. Rept. vii. p. 68, pl. Ixxxiv. (1803).

liocercus, Wied, Abbild. (1824), and Beitr. Nat, Bras. i. p. 265

(1825).

richardii, Bory de St. Vince. Ann. Sc. Nat. i. 1824, p. 408,
pl. xxiv.

Ahetula liocercus, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix. Syn. p. 93 (1831).

richardi, Gray, J. ¢.

Leptophis ahztulla, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 328,

Dendrophis liocercus, part., Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 224, pl. ix.
figs. | & 2 (1837).

Leptophis liocercus, part., Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 533 (1845).

Ahetulla liocercus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 153 (1858).

—— liocercus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 418.

Thrasops ahvetulla, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 557.

— marginatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 349.

Aheetulla ahetulla, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1873, p. 607.

Leptophis liocercus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 49, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1879).

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals as
long as or shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and a half to
twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or
the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals ;
nasal elongate, entire or divided; no loreal; prefrontal in contact

VoL. II. I

114 COLUBRID.

with labials; one preocular (rarely divided) in contact with or
narrowly separated from the frontal; two (rarely three) post-
oculars ; temporals 1+2; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and
fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye; five or six (rarely seven)
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, all except the
outer strongly keeled on the body, smooth on the neck and tail.
Ventrals strongly angulate laterally, 151-167; anal divided ; sub-
caudals 140-173. Bronzy or golden above, head, neck, and usually
vertebral region bright green; or bright green above and on the
sides; the keels on the scales dark brown or black ; a black streak
on each side of the head, passing through the eye; scales and head-
shields sometimes black-edged ; upper lip and lower parts white or
yellow.

Total length 1720 millim.; tail 590.

South America east of the Andes.

a. & (V. 167; C.173). Tobago. A. Ludlam, Esq. [P.].

b. 9 (V. 159; C.?). Trinidad. Rey. C. Kingsley [C.].

e-d. & (V.160; C. 144) Trinidad. F. W. Urich, Esq.
& her. (V. 156; ©. 123). (P.].

e. d (V. 164; C.161). Demerara. Capt. Friend [P.].

J-h. & (V. 161, 153; C. Berbice.
154, 147) & 2 (V. 166,

161; C. 153, 148). ‘
i. & (V. 156; C. 163). Bahia. Mr. Ker [P.].
kK @ (V. 151; C. 150). = Brazil. Lord Stuart [P ].
1. 2 (V.160; C. ?). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
m. Skull. Caracas.
x. Skull, Cayenne.

12. Leptophis ortonii.
Leptophis ortonii, Cope, Jowrn. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 177.

Nearly allied to LZ. nigromarginatus, but scales smooth and
ventrals non-angulate. Blue above; a coppery golden spot within
the apex of many of the scales, which extends on those of the
external two rows so as to cover the scale except at its base; ven-
trals coppery golden, the front margin sea-green; the blue scales
have a black tip, and often a narrow border; head uniform green;
labials yellow, with a narrow black line along the upper margin of
the posterior ones.

Total length 965 millim. ; tail 390.

Middle Amazon, Peru.

13. Leptophis urostictus.
Aheetulla urosticta, Peters, Mon, Berl. Ac. 1878, p. 606.

No loreal ; nine upper labials. Scales in 13 rows, all except the

72. UROMACER. 115

outer keeled; smooth on the tail. Ventrals 163. Olive-green
above, the keels black; vertebral scales dotted with black on the
sides ; a black streak on each side of the head, behind the eye; pale
green beneath,

Bogota.

72. UROMACER.
Dendrophis, part., Schieg. Phys, Serp, ii. p. 220 (1887).
Uromacer, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Se. xxiii. 1853, p. 478, and Erp.

Gén. vii. p. 719 (1854) ; Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 87 (1863).
Ahetulla, part., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 151 (1858). :

Maxillary teeth 16 to 20, increasing in size posteriorly, the two
last very large and separated from the others by a wide interspace ;
anterior mandibular teeth longest. Head elongate, distinct from
neck; eye moderate, with round pupil, Body slender, very
elongate; scales narrow, lanceolate, smooth, with apical pits, in 17
or 19 rows; ventrals without or with a very obtuse lateral keel.
Tail very long; subcaudals in two rows.

Santo Domingo, West Indies.

Synopsis of the Species.

Snout twice as long as the eye, truncate at the

end; rostral twice as broad as deep ; scales ’

in 17 rows; ventrals 163-176 .......... 1. catesbyi, p. 115.
Snout twice and a half as long as the eye,

subacuminate ; rostral as broad as deep ;

scales in 17 rows; ventrals 182-193 .... 2. frenatus, p. 116.
Snout thrice as long as the eye, acutely

pointed; rostral deeper than broad; scales [p. 116.

in 19 rows; ventrals 192-210 .......... 3. oxyrhynchus,

1. Uromacer catesbyi.

Dendrophis catesbyi, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 226 (1837).

Uromacer catesbyi, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 721, pl. lxxxiii. fig. 2
(1854); Jan, Icon. Gén. 33, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1869),

Aheetulla catesbyi, Giinth. Cat. p. 154 (1858). a

Leptophis catesbyi, Cape, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 278.

Snout about twice as long as the eye, much depressed and
truncate at the end. Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely
visible from above; internasals longer than broad, shorter than the
prefrontals; frontal twice as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals; nasal
long and narrow, divided or semidivided ; prefrontal in contact with
the second labial; a small loreal between the preocular and the
prefrontal; one or two pre- and two or three ee tem-

I

116 COLUBRID.

porals 1+2; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering
the cye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 163-176; anal divided; subcaudals 162-206. Olive-
green above, each scale black-edged ; upper lip, two or three outer
rows of scales, and lower parts greenish white; a more or less
distinct white lateral streak; a blackish streak on each side of the
head and neck, passing through the eye.

Total length 1310 millim. ; tail 580.

Santo Domingo.
a, b, e« 3 (V. 170, 168; 8. Domingo.

CG. 181, 170) & @ (V.

165; C. 172).
d. 2 (V.168; C. 162), Hayti. Zoological Society.
e. 2 (V.170; 0.184). Cape Hayti. Hr. Rolle [C.].

2. Uromacer frenatus.
Aheetulla frenata, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xv. 1865, p. 94,

pl. ii. fig. B.
Uromacer inornatus, Garm. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887,
p. 284.

Head very long and narrow, body extremely slender; snout
rather pointed, projecting, twice and a half as long as the eve.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals much longer than broad, shorter than the prefrontals;
frontal rather more than twice as long as broad, a little shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout or than the parietals ;
nasal long and narrow, divided; prefrontal in contact with the
second labial; a small loreal between the preocular and the pre-
frontal; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight
upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 182-193: anal
divided; subcaudals 201-205. Greyish olive above and below,
punctulated or powdered with darker and with a few widely
scattered small black spots; upper surface of head and nape green
with a blackish lateral streak, passing through the eye, edged below
by a whitish streak. ‘

Total length 1250 millim.; tail 550.

Santo Domingo.

a 3 (V.191; C.?), P (Type.)
b. 3 (V. 190; C.?). Jeremie, Hayti. Dr. J. G. Fischer.
ec. do (V. 193; C. 205). 8. Domingo.

3. Uromacer oxyrhynchus.

Uromacer oxyrhynchus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 722, pl. Ixxxiii. fig. 1
(1854); Garman, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 284;
Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb, Wiss. Anst. y. 1888, p. 41, pl. iii. fig. 6.

73. HYPSIRHYNCHUS, 117

Aheotulla oxyrhyncha, Giinth. Cat. p. 154 (1858).
Peps oxyrhynchus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos, Soc, xviii. 1879,

p. 273.

Head very long and narrow, body extremely slender; snout
acutely pointed, strongly projecting, about thrice as long as the eye.
Rostral deeper than broad, scarcely visible from above ; internasals
much longer than broad, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal
twice and a half as long as broad, shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout or than the parietals; nasal long and narrow,
divided or semidivided; prefrontal in contact with the second
labial; a small loreal between the preocular and the prefrontal ;
one pra- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than
the posterior. Scalesin 19 rows. Ventrals 192-210 ; anal divided ;
subcaudals 185-202. Emerald-green above, pale green below; a
white and yellow lateral streak, running along the lower series of
scales; a black line, edged with white below, on each side of the
head, passing through the eye.

Total length 1270 millim.; tail 550.

Santo Domingo.

a. 2 (V. 210; C. 185). S. Domingo.
6. 3 (V. 210; C. 185). Cape Hayti. Hr. Rolle (C.].
ce. g (V. 197; C. 200). P

73. HYPSIRHYNCHUS.
Hypsirhynchus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 48 (1858).

Maxillary teeth 14 or 15, slightly increasing in size posteriorly ;
anterior mandibular teeth much larger than the posterior. Head
slightly distinct trom neck; eye moderate or rather small, with
round or subelliptic pupil. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, with
apical pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; sub-
caudals in two rows.

Santo Domingo, West Indies.

1. Hypsirhynchus ferox. (Pxars VI. fig. 1.)

Hypsirhynchus ferox, Giinth. lc. p. 49; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad.
1371, p. 218, and Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 273;
Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. v. 1888, p. 41.

—— scalaris, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 72; Garm. Proc, Am,
Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 284.

Snout rather elongate, acuminate, obliquely truncate, strongly
projecting, and slightly turned up at the end. Rostral broader than
deep, not or but scarcely visible from above; internasals as long as
broad or a little longer, shorter than the prefrontals, which may be

118 COLUBRID.

fused to a single shield; frontal not broader than the supraocular,
twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer
than deep; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; eight
upper Jabials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 166-177; anal
divided ; subcaudals 72-88. Pale grey-brown above, with a dorsal
series of rhombic or arrow-headed dark brown markings; head
with dark undulous markings above; lips and chin grey or brown;
a whitish streak from the eye to the side of the neck ; a more or
less distinct dark lateral stripe; lower parts spotted or powdered
with brown.

Total length 700 millim.; tail 140.

Santo Domingo.

a. 9 (V.174; C.72). §.Domingo*. (Type.)

b. § (V. 167; C. 86). Cape Hayti. Hr. Rolle [C.]. Fischer Coll.
ec. Yg. (V. 167; C.88). Gonaives. Hr. Rolle [C.].

d, Yg.(V.172; ©. 78). Hayti. Hr. Rolle [C.].

e. 9 (V.177; 0.75). Hayti. Christiania Museum.

74, DROMICUS.

Chironius, part., Fitzing. N. Class, Rept. p. 29 (1826).

Psammophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 201 (1887).

Dromicus, tpi Bibr. in R. de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Erp. p. 221
(1848) ; Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 646 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. Col.
Sn. p. 126 (1858) ; Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 66 (1863); Bocourt,
Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 707 (1890).

Tzeniophis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 226.

Liophis, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 76.

Alsophis, Cope, J. ¢.

Ocyophis, Cope, Proe. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 491.

Orophis, Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 86.

Fig. 11.

Maxillary and mandible of Dromicus angulifer.

Maxillary teeth 11 to 17, increasing in size posteriorly, followed,
after a considerable interspace, by two strongly enlarged ones ;
anterior mandibular teeth much larger than the posterior. Head

* Purchased of H. Cuming as from Barbados, I find that all the specimens
marked ‘‘ Barbados, Cuming’s Coll.,” belong to species found in 8. Domingo.

74, DROMICUS, 119

slightly distinct from neck ; eye moderate or rather large, with
round pupil. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, with apical pits,
in 17 to 23 rows; ventrals not or but obtusely angulate laterally.
Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.

West Indies, Chili and Peru.

Synopsis of the Species.
IT. Subcaudals 100 or more,

A. Fourth and fifth upper labials entering the eye; scales in 19
TOWS. Geen d tae we en ees ».... 1. chamissonis, p. 119.

B. Third, fourth, and fifth upper labials entering the eye ;
anterior chin-shields shorter than the posterior.

1. Scales in 17 rows.

Loreal present, tetragonal ............ 2. angulifer, p. 120.
Loreal absent ie saci asus ad ae ese ess 3. ater, p. 121.
Loreal present, pentagonal .......... A, sanctee-crucis, p. 122.

2. Scales in 19 rows.

Ventrals 172-189 .............0008 5. antillensis, p. 123.
Ventrals 191-210 ................. - 6. leucomelas, p. 123.
3. Scales in 21 or 23 rows ...... 7. rufiventris, p. 124.

C. Fourth labial entering the eye; posterior chin-shields no
longer than the anterior; scales in 21 rows.
8. anomalus, p. 125.

IL. Subcaudals 80-83; scalesin 19 rows. 9. ewiguus, p. 126.

1. Dromicus chamissonis.

Coronella chamissonis, Wiegm. N, Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xvii. i.
1835, p. 246, pl. xix. ;
Psammophis temminckii, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 218, pl. viii.
figs. 14 & 15 (1837); Guichen. in Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool, ii. p. 84
1848).
ea temminckii, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 663 (1854); Giinth.
Cat. p. 181 (1858); Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped. Herp. p. 161
1858).
ee tantillus, Girard, Proc. Ae. Philad. 1854, P. 227, and in
Gills, U.S. Nav. Astr. Exped. ii. p. 215, pl. xxxvii. figs, 7-12
1855).
pia ae biserialis, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 97.
Liophis temminckii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1862, p. 76, and Journ.
Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 181.
Dromicus chamissonis, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 65 (1867); Peters,
Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 719; Giinth. Zool. Rec. 1869, p. 115.
chamissonis, vars. dorsalis e¢ habeli, Steind. Festsehr. zool.-
bot. Ges. Wien, 1876, p. 306, pl. i.

120 COLUBRID,

Opheomorphus chamissonis, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. 1889,

p. 144.
Orophis biserialis, Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 85.

Eye moderate, superciliary border projecting ; snout moderately
elongate, obtuse. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from
above; internasals as long as broad, shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal twice as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal as long as deep or
longer; one pre- and two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals
142 or 242; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 179-225; anal divided; subcaudals
100-122. Length of tail 34 to 4 times in the total length. Brown
or olive above, with or without black spots ; a dark vertebral stripe,
four or five scales wide, bordered on each side by a more or less
distinct yellowish streak which begins on the canthus rostralis ;
this dorsal stripe may be broken up into two series of spots; labials
yellowish, usually with dark borders; belly yollowish or pale
olive, dark-dotted or with a light dark-edged longitudinal streak on
each side; chin and throat, in the young, brown, variegated with
yellow.

Total length 1160 millim. ; tail 310.

Chili, Peru, Galapagos Islands.

a. Q (V.198; C.103). Chili.

b. o (V. 188; CO. 108). Chili. Mr. Bridge [C.].
c,d. 2 (V. 200, 197; Colchagua.
C. 104, 100

e. Yg. (V.182; C.118). Luco Bay. Dr. Cunningham [P.].

J. Yg. (V. 209; C.110). Charles Id., Gala- OC. Darwin (P.].
pagos. (Type of HZ. biserialis.)

g. & (V.179; C.110). P

A. Skull. Chili.

2. Dromicus angulifer.

Dromicus angulifer, Bibr. in R. de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Rept. p. 222,
pl. xxvii. (Coluber cantherigerus] (1843); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 670
(1854); Ginth. Cat. p. 129 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 23, pl. vi.
(1867) ; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 440.

—— unicolor, Dum. § Bir. p. 658; Jan, op. cit. 24, pl. vi. fig. 2.

Alsophis vudii, Cope, Proce, Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 74.

—-- angulifer, Cope, J. ¢. p. 76; Garm. Proc, Am. Philos. Soc. xxiv.
1887, p. 282.

Dromicus (Alsophis) angulifer, var. adspersus, Gundl. § Peters, Mon.
Berl, Ac. 1864, p. 388.

adspersus, Gundi. Repert. fis. Cuba, ii. 1868, p. 116, and Erp.
Cubana, p. 78 (1880).

Diadophis rubescens, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, xxii. 1885, p. 403.

Alsophis caymanus, Garm. 1. c. p. 276.

angulifer caymanus, 4, &. Brown, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1893, p. 433.

Eye rather large, superciliary border projecting; snout rather

74. DROMICUS. 121

elongate. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; inter-
nasals as long as broad, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal
twice as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parictals; loreal longer than deep; one
pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2, anterior very large ;
eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals obtusely
angulate laterally, 164-180; anal usually divided; subcaudals 102-
129. Length of tail 3 to 32 times in the total length. Olive
or pale brown above, uniform or with small dark spots, or dark .
brown with small yellow spots; a more or less distinct dark T-
shaped marking on the head, the longitudinal branch on the parietal
suture; young with a dark streak on each side of the head, passing
through the eye; yellowish or pale olive inferiorly.

Total length 1150 millim.

Bahamas, Cuba, Caymans.

a. 2 (V.178; C.?). Cuba. M. Sallé [C.].

b. Yg. (V.176; C. 108). Cuba.

e. 2 (V. 180; C.118). = Little Cayman. Lieut. A. Carpenter [P.].
d,e, Skulls, Cuba.

3. Dromicus ater.

Natrix atra, Gosse, Nat. Soj. Jamaica, p. 228 (1851).

capistrata, Gosse, 1.c. p. 871.

Dromicus ater, Giinth. Cat. p. 127 (1858) ; Jan, Icon. G'én. 28, pl. iv.
(1867).

Alsophis ater, Cove, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 76 ; Garm. Proc. Am.
Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 282. ;

Dromicus (Ocyophis) ater, Bocourt, Miss, Sc, Mex., Rept. p. 718, pl. 1.
fig. 1 (1890).

ater, var. inconstans (Jan), Bocourt, l. e. p. 714, fig. 2.

Eye moderate, with projecting superciliary border; snout moderate.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above ; inter-
nasals as long as broad, shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once
and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; no
loreal, prefrontal in contact with the second and third labials; one
pre- and two postoculars; temporals 142; eight upper labiuls,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.

Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 171-185; anal divided; subcaudals
144-162, Length of tail 23 to 2% times in the total length. Olive
above and below, uniform or dotted with black; a more or less
distinct dark line on each side of the head, passing through the eye ;
some specimens uniform black.

Total length 1100 millim.; tail 480.

Jamaica.

122 COLUBRIDA,

A. Uniform black or blackish olive; chin sometimes yellowish. (1.
atra, Gosse.)

a,b. Q (V. 175, 181; Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [P.].
C. 160, ?). (Types.)

ce. 2 (V. 183; C. 162). Jamaica. R. Heward, Esq. [P.].

d. 3 (V.178; C. ?). Bluefields, Jamaica.

e. 2 (V. 173; C. 158). W. Indies.

B. Pale olive, with small brown or black spots, a dark temporal
streak, and usually a dark streak on the suture between the
parietals, (.V. capistrata, Gosse.)

a,b,c. 9 (V.183; C.?), Jamaica, P. H. Gosse, Esq. [P.].
her. (V. 176; C. 156), & (Types of NV. capistrata.)
yg. (V. 174; C. 158).

d. 9 (V.179; ©. 148). Jamaica. R. Heward, Esq, [P.].

e. Her. (V. 178; C.147). Jamaica. Capt. Parry [P.].

J. 3 (V.179; C. 150). Cinchona, Jamaica. ase Cockerell, Esq.

4, Dromicus sancte-crucis.

Psammophis antillensis, part., Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 214 (1837).

Dromicus antillensis, part., Dum. §& Bibr. vii. p. 659 (1854).

antillensis, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) iv. 1859, p. 210.

Alsophis sancticrucis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 76; Reinh. §
Liith. Vidensk. Meddel. 1862, p. 218 ; Cope, Prue. Ac. Philad. 1868,

. 812,

ae melanichnus, Cope, Proc. dc. Philad. 1862, p. 76; Garm. Proce.
Am, Philos, Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 288.

— portoricensis, Reinh. & Liitk, l. c. p. 221.

Eye moderate; snout moderate, somewhat projecting. Rostral
twice as broad as deep, not or scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals as long as broad, shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once
and three fourths or twice as long as broad, as long as or a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal pentagonal, as long as deep; one pra- and two
postoculars ; temporals 14+2; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and
fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17
rows. Ventrals 170-198; anal divided; subcaudals 120-147.
Length of tail about one third of the total. Dark brown above,
powdered with black, and with small yellow spots or lines which
may form more or less regular cross bands; flanks and ends of
ventrals blackish; a black streak, bordered with yellow, on each
side of the head, passing through the eye; upper lip yellow,
speckled with brown; lower parts yellow, uniform or with black
dots or fine black edges to the shields.

Total length 1240 millim.; tail 410.

West Indies (St. Croix, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo).

a, b-c. 3 (V.195; C. 145) & St. Croix. A. Newton, Esq, [P.].
@ (V. 195, 195; C. ?, 2),
d. & (V.191; C. 147). St. Croix. Hr. Riise (C.].

74, DROMICUS. 123

5. Dromicus antillensis.

Psammophis antillensis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 214 (1887).
Dromicus antillensis, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 659 (1854).
- ase” Giinth. Cat. p. 129 (1858) ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 25, pli.
g. ‘
Alsophis antillensis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 76; Reinh. §
Liith. Vidensk. Meddel. 1862, p. 218; Garm. Proc. Am. Philos,
Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 282.

Eye moderate; snout moderate, somewhat projecting. Rostral
twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals as
long as broad, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and two
thirds or once and three fourths as long as broad, as long as or a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals ; loreal pentagonal, as long as deep or a little longer ;
one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+2 ; eight upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye ; five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 172-189; anal divided; subcaudals
116-142. Length of tail 22 to 3 times in the total length. Pale
brown above, with small darker spots; a dark brown streak on each
side of the head, passing through the eye; frequently a dark streak
along each side of the body ; uppér labials and lower parts yellowish,
usually brown-dotted ; sometimes a brown line along each side of
the belly.

Total length 1000 millim. ; tail 350.

West Indies (Martinique, Dominica, Guadeloupe, St. John, St.
Thomas, Vieque, Santo Domingo).

a-c. 3 (V.178, 175; C. ?, 121) Dominica.
& 2 (V.181; C. 119).

d-f. 3 (V.179; 0.116) & 9 Vieque. Hr. Riise [C.].
(V. 189, 179; C. ?, 129).

g-n. & (V.177, 177; C. 126, St. Thomas. Hr. Riise (C.].

129), 2 (V. 180; C. ?), her.
(V. 181, 182, 184; C. 134,
133, 185), & yg. (V. 174;
C. 126

0, 3 (V. 178; C.122). St. Thomas. M. Sallé [C.].
p-q. & (V, 178,174; C. 181, St. Thomas.

131).
r Shell. W. Indies.

6. Dromicus leucomelas.

Dromicus leucomelas, Dum. §& Bibr. vii. p. 666 (1854); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 25, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1867); Giinth, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) ii.
1888, p. 366. :

Alsophis leucomelas, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 76.

sibonius, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 275 ; Garm.

Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 283. '

Eye moderate; snout moderate, somewhat projecting. Rostral

124 COLUBRID.

twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals as
long as broad or a little longer, as long as or shorter than the pree-
frontals ; frontal once and a half to once and three fourths as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as loug
as or a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal tetra- or pentagonal,
longer than deep ; one (rarely two) pra- and two postoculars; tem-
porals 1+2 or 1+1+42; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and
fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19
rows. Ventrals obtusely angulate laterally, 191-210; anal divided ;
subcaudals 103-144. Length of tail 23 to 33 times in the total
length. Coloration very variable: some specimens pale brown with
dark brown spots or with a dark zigzag vertebral band, others
yellow with black spots or black with yellow spots; a dark band on
each side of the head, passing through the eye, sometimes continued
along the body; belly yellow, uniform or with small black spots ;
hinder half of belly, and tail, frequently uniform black.

Total length 1300 millim. ; tail 370.

West Indies (Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante,
Dominica).

a-b. Yg. (V.196, 195; C. Antigua.
105, 103).

c-h. 3 (V. 200, 205; C. Montserrat. J. 8. Hollings, Esq. [P.}.
125, 132) & 2 (V. 206,
203, 191, 208; C. 121, ?,

113, 118).
a. 3 (V. 203; C. 139). Guadeloupe.
k-n, o-g. 3 (V. 195, 200; Dominica. G. A. Ramage, Esq. [C.].

C. 114, 120), 2 (V. 194,
200, 202, C. 115, 2, 2),
hgr. (V. 200; 0.115), &
yg. (V.191; C. 120).

7. Dromicus rufiventris.

Dromicus rufiventris, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 668 (1854); Giinth. Cat.
p. 180 (1858) ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 25, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1867).

Alsophis rijersmei, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 154.

rufiventris, Garm. Proc, Am. Philos, Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 282.

cinereus, Garm. l.c.

Eye moderate; snout projecting. Rostral much broader than
deep, not or but scarcely visible from above; internasals as long as
broad or a little longer, as long as or shorter than the preefrontals ;
frontal about twice as long as broad; loreal longer than deep; one
(sometimes two) pree- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight
upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 21 or 23 rows. Ventrals obtusely
angulate laterally, 200-220; anal divided; subcaudals 91-122.
Length of tail 33 to 43 times in the total length. Yellowish brown
above, with dark brown spots or interrupted longitudinal streaks ;

74, DROMICUS. 125

the spots vary exceedingly, and may be very small or so large as to
nearly cover the ground-colour; a dark band on each side of the
head, passing through the eye, widening on the temple, and some-
times continued along the body ; lower parts yellow, more or less
dotted with brown ; in some specimens the hinder part of the body
and the tail blackish brown.

Total length 1230 millim.; tail 270. /

West Indies (Anguilla, St. Martin, St. Bartholomew, Saba, St.
Eustatius, St. Kitts, Nevis).

A. Scales in 23 rows,

a. & (V.210; C. 114). St. Eustatius. Commodore Markham [P.].
b-h. & (V. 210, 215; C. St. Kitts. — Hogan, Esq. [P,].
97,97), hey. (V.211,215,
213, 204; C. 91, 95, ?,
100), & yg. (V. 213; C.
94).

z 2 (V. 214; C.96). St. Kitts. Mus. Comp. Zoology [E.].
k. @ (V. 201; C. 99). St.Bartholomew. Mus. Comp. Zoology LE :
1. go (V. 214; C.119). Nevis. Mus. Comp. Zoology [E.].
m. 9 (V. 217; C.98). —-P

B. Scales in 21 rows.

nm. & (V. 202; C.112). Anguilla, Mus. Comp. Zoology [E.].
(One of the ae of A. cinereus.)
o-p. 3 (V. 208; C.?) & Anguilla. W. R. Elliott [C.].

hgr. (V. 205; C. 114).

8. Dromicus anomalus.

Zamenis anomalus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 282.
Dromicus (Alsophis) anomaius, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst,
v. 1888, p. 87.

Eye moderate; snout projecting, rather pointed. Rostral nearly
as deep as broad, well visible from above; internasals as long as
broad, a little shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and one
third to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal longer than deep; one pre- and two postoculars; a large
subocular usually separating the eye from the fifth and sixth labials ;
temporals 1+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye, third
sometimes just touching the eye; five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales:
in 21 rows. Ventrals obtusely angulate laterally, 205-219 ; anal
divided; subcaudals 118-130. Length of tail 33 to 41 times in the
total length. Pale brown above, the head-shields and scales edged
with darker; young with numerous, more or less distinct, irregular
dark cross bands; ventrals yellowish, with the outer ends brown.

Total length 1950 millim. ; tail 550.

Santo Domingo.

126 COLUBRID.

a,b. 9 (V. 211; C, 120) & yg. Hayti. Hr. Rolle [C.].
(V. 218; C. 118). .
ce. 2, head imperfect (V. 214; C.?). —? Zoological Soc.

9. Dromicus exiguus.

Dromicus exiguus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p.79; Garm. Proe.
Am. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 282.

Eye moderate; snout prominent. Rostral nearly twice as broad
as deep, scarcely visible from above; frontal once and two thirds as
long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal very small; one pre- and two
postoculars ; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering
the eye; anterior chin-shields shorter than the posterior. Scales in
19 rows. Ventrals 137-140; anal divided; subcaudals 80-83.
Above light brown or yellowish, densely punctulated with darker ;
the median dorsal region of a deeper shade; distant dark brown
dots sometimes forming two parallel series along the back; a dark
brown stripe along the fourth row of scales nearly to the end of the
tail, continuous with a head-band which passes through the eye;
beneath yellowish, dotted with brown, especially towards the ex-
tremities of the ventrals.

Total length 433 millim.; tail 132 (Cope).

West Indies (St. Thomas, St. John).

a. Yg. (V. 128; C. 83). St. Thomas. ELMS. ‘ Challenger.’

75. LIOPHIS.

Liophis, part., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187 (1830) ; Dum. & Bibr. Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 697 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 42 (1858) ; Jan,
Arch. Zool, Anat. Phys. ii, 1863, p. 287; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad.
1862, p. 76.

Coronella, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1887).

ere a , Sehleg. lc. p. 80; Dum. § Bibr. t.c. p. 753; Giinth.

Lc. p. 53,

Wer petndeyns, part., Schileg, l. ce. p. 173.

Dromicus, part., Bibr. in R. de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Erp. p. 221
(1843); Dum. §& Bibr. vii. p. 646; Glinth. 1. c. p. 126; Cope, Proc.
Ae. Philad. 1862, p. 76; Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 66 (1863).

Fig. 12.

CaN

>

Maxillary and mandible of Liophis pecilogyrus.

Maxillary teeth 14 to 24, followed, after a considerable interspace,

75. LIoPHIs. 127

by two strongly enlarged ones; mandibular teeth subequal. Head
slightly distinct from neck; eye moderate or rather large, in one
species rather small, with round pupil. Body cylindrical; scale
smooth, with apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals not or but

obtusely angulate laterally. Tail moderate or long; subcaudals in
two rows.

South and Central America, West Indies, South-eastern North
America,

Synopsis of the Spectes.

I. Tail 4 to 7 times in the total length; eye moderate or rather
small, its length not twice its distance from the oral border.

A. Scales in 17 rows (exceptionally 19 in Z. teniurus).

1. Seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
ventrals 128, subcaudals 31.... 1. pygmcus, p. 129.

2. Hight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye.
a. Internasals as long as broad.

a. Eye rather small; ventrals 187-195.
2. triscalis, p. 129.

B. Eye moderate; ventrals 148-185.
Anterior chin-shields as long as the poste-

rior ; subcaudals 538-57..:......-.... 3. teniurus, p. 130.
Anterior chin-shields shorter than the pos-
terior; subcaudals 70 ...........--. 5. fraseri, p. 131.

b. Internasals broader than long.

Frontal once and a half as long as broad,

shorter than the parietals............ 4. albiventris, p. 180.
Frontal once and two thirds to twice as

long as broad, as long as or a little shorter

than the parietals ......... eee eres 8. melanotus, p. 134.

B. Scales in 19 rows.

1. Snout not pointed.

Subcaudals 40-63 2.6... eee eee eee 6. pecilogyrus, p.1381—
Subcaudals 75-80 .. 0.60. e cece cece e ee 7. perfuscus, p. 133.

2, Snout rather pointed; rostral largely exposed above; sub-
caudals 58-73.

Ventrals 149-168 ....... cee ects rece ee 9. almadensis, p. 184. —
Ventrals 169-197 ; uniform green above.. 10. viridis, p, 135, —

128 COLUBRID.E.

II. Tail 43 to 6 times in the total length; eye rather large.

Scales in 19 rowS .. 0... cere cece ee eens 11. typhlus, p. 136. a
Scales in 17 rowS 1.1... sere e eee ee eee 12. epinephelus, p. 137.

III. Tail not more than 4 times in the total length; eye large or
rather large ; eight or nine upper labials.
A. Fourth and fifth upper labials entering the eye.

Ventrals 136-150 ; subcaudals 58-81 .... 13. regine, p. 187.—
Ventrals 157-164 ; subcaudals 64-85.... 14. julie, p. 139.
Ventrals 185-200; subcaudals 82-105 .. 15. cursor, p. 139.

B. Third, fourth, and fifth (or fourth, fifth, and sixth) upper
labials entering the eye.
1. Eye not twice as long as its distance from the mouth.
Ventrals 140-150; subcandals 85-106 .. 16. andre, p. 140.
Ventrals 145-165; subcaudals 110-130 .. 17. parvifrons, p. 141.

2. Eye twice as long as its distance from the mouth. [p. 142.
18. melanostigma, —

IV. Tail not 4 times in the total length; eye moderate ; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye.

Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 131-134 .... 19. callilemus, p. 142.

Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 167 ........ 20. temporalis, p. 143.
Scales in 17 rows; ventrals126 ........ 21. flavilatus, p. 143.
TasLe sHowine Numbers or Scares AnD SHIELDS.
Se. V. 0. Lab.
PYUYMOAUS vivseeccceeeseeereees 17 128 31 7
triscalis ..... 17 187-195 62-85 8
LENUUTUS sees 17-19 148-185 53-57 8
albiventris..... aie 17 138-158 50-66 8
PPASCRE: cacusaanin 17 160 70 8
pecilogyrus .. 19 143-179 40-63 8
PCV FUSCUS .oesceee 19 182-194 75-80 8-9
MEIANOLUS ..seeees aes 17 144-157 53-65 8
almadensis 19 149-168 58-68 8
DIPTCIS: sainansioniaiess timdech 19 169-197 60-78 8
LYDRIUG cacsdericsaxdsedaieaesicny 19 186-171 46-57 8
epinephelus 17 137-161 51-59 8
PCGINE veveaee 17 136-150 58-81 8
UU sreveee 17 157-164 64-85 8
cursor 17 185-200 80-105 8
andre@ .... 17 140-150 85-106 8
POTVIPTONS ccsastismsiewerusiavanes 17-19 145-165 110-130 8
MELANOSLEGMA sv evaseceverenes 17 150-160 90-107 8
COLWULCMUS. .crecceeceeseree oe 19 130-134 70-110 7
LOMPOPALIS vee ceseccceesececenes 17 167 ? 7
Alavilatus soecccceccecseeeeeees 17 126 7 7

75, LIOPHIS. 129

1. Liophis pygmens.
Liophis pygmeeus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 103.

Head slightly distinct from neck, ovate, narrowed in front ; snout
slightly prominent. Rostral much broader than deep, just visible
from above; internasals broader than long; frontal large, elongate,
longer than its distance from the tip of the snout; supracculars
rather narrow ; loreal subquadrate ; one pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; chin-shields equal. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 128; anal
divided ; subcaudals 31. Above deep olive; leaden on the sides
and the ends of the ventral shields; a black line from the eye to
the angle of the mouth; a black occipito-nuchal collar, directed
backwards; a series of black spots on each side, confluent into a
band from the middle of the body to the end of the tail; below
uniform yellow.

Total length 185 millim. ; tail 30.

Napo or Upper Maranon.

2. Liophis triscalis, dee~ Hp Led
Seba, ii. pl. xxxviii. fig. 3 (1735).
Coluber triscalis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 885 (1766) ; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 877
1803).
tunic triscalis, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 672 (1854); Giinth. Cat.
p. 131 (1858). ; .
Liophis triscalis, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1863, p. 299, and
Teon. Gén. 18, pl. iv. tig. 1 (1866).
? Liophis rufus, Jan, J. ¢. p. 301.

Eye rather small. Rostral a little broader than deep, well
visible from above; internasals as long as broad, as long as or
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal about once and a half as long
as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout and a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as
deep or a little deeper than long; one or two pre- and two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 187-195; anal divided ;
subcaudals 62-85. Length of tail 43 to 6 times in the total
length. Pale brown or greyish above, with three more or less
distinct dark brown longitudinal streaks on the back and two
on the tail; lower parts whitish, uniform or dotted with brown.

Total length 710 millim.; tail 120.

Curacao, Venezuela, Surinam.

. 189; C. 84). Curacao. E. Hartert, Esq. [C.].
4 os. 191, 192 "b, 2,85), Surinam(?), Van Lidth de Jeude
ot Collection.
d. 2 (V. 192; C. 62). Paraguay (?).

VOL, Il. Kk

130 COLUBRID,

3. Liophis teniurus.

Liophis teniurus, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 51, pl. v. (1845) ;
Jan, Arch, Zool. An. Phys. ii. 18638, p. 296, and Icon. Gén. 18, pl. ii.
fig. 1 (1866). .

Aporophis taniurus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 277.

Eye moderate. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from
above; internasals as long as broad, as long as the prefrontals ;
frontal once and a half or once and two thirds as long as broad, a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long; one pra- and
two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 17
or 19 rows. Ventrals 148-185; anal divided; subcaudals 53-57.
Length of tail 42 to 5 times in the total length. Brown above,
anteriorly with black transverse spots or cross-bands, posteriorly
with two or four black longitudinal bands ; labials whitish, a black
lateral streak passing through the eye; a black A-shaped nuchal
collar ; belly white with black spots, some of which extend over a
whole ventral shield ; lower surface of tail black, with or without a
light streak along each side.

Total length 630 millim.; tail 125.

Peru and Ecuador.

a. 2 (Sc.17; V. 164; C.53). Mufia, Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C.];
Messrs. Veitch oT

b. & (Se.17; V. 148; C.57). Moyobamba, Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].

e. 2 (Sc. 19; V.157; 0.55). Guayaquil. a B. James, Esq.
Rol

4. Liophis albiventris.

Liophis regine, vars. albiventris ef quadrilineata, Jan, Arch. Zool.
Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 294, and Icon. Gén. 16, pl. vi. figs. 2 & 3
(1866) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 638, pl. xli. fig. 4 (1886).

Opheomorphus alticolus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 102.

Liophis alticolus, Bouleng. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (5) ix. 1882, p. 460.

Eye moderate; snout short. Rostral nearly twice as broad as
deep, just visible from above ; internasals broader than long, shorter
than the prefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, as
long as or slightly longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal deeper than long, some-
times very small or absent; one pre-and one or two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 138-158 ; anal divided; subcaudals 50-66. Length ol
tail 4 to 54 times in the total length. Olive or greenish above,
uniform or spotted with black ; a dark streak on each side of the
head, passing through the eye; labials white ; young with a pale
black-edged nuchal collar; a more or less distinct black streak,

75. LIOPHIS. 131

sometimes edged above and below by a series of whitish dots, along
each side of the posterior half of the body to the end of the tail ;
sometimes two other dark lines on the posterior part of the back,
confluent into one on the tail ; lower parts white, uniform or black-
spotted.

Total length 750 millim. ; tail 140.

Keuador,
A. Belly unspotted.
a. 2 (V. 158; C. 60). Olalla, 8490 ft. E. Whymper, Esq.
b. d (V. 152; C. 66). Quito. ee
e-d. f (V.151; C.61) & W. Ecuador. Mr, Fraser (C.].

Q (V. 155; C. 62).

B. Belly black-spotted.

e. 9 (V. 156; C. 57). Intac. Mr. Buckley [C.],
f. Yg. (V. 188; C. 55), Guayaquil. Mr. Fraser [C.].

5. Liophis fraseri. (Puare VI. fig. 2.)

Eye moderate; snout rather elongate. Rostral twice as broad as
deep, just visible from above ; internasals as broad as long, a little
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal nearly twice as long as broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal a little deeper than long; one pri- and two post-
oculars; temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in
17 rows. Ventrals 160; anal divided; subcaudals 70. Pale
olive above, with small black spots; a dark streak on each side of
the head, passing through the eye; upper lip white; four black
streaks along the posterior part of the body, the two upper confluent,
into one on the tail; lower parts white, with scattered small black

spots.
Total length 690 millim. ; tail 150.
Ecuador.
_ a. & (V. 160; C. 70). W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser (C.].

6. Liophis pecilogyrus.

Coluber M-nigrum, Raddi, Mem. Soc, Ital. Modena, xviii. (Fis.)
1820, p. 338.
? Coluber alternans, Licht. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 104 (1823).

Coluber peecilogyrus, Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. i. p. 371, and Abbild,
1825). :
om doliatus (non L.), Wied, Beitr. p. 368, and Abbild.

bicolor, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. i. 1834, p. 145, pl. viii. fig. 1.
Coronella merremii, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 58 (1837),
Liophis merremii, part., Dum. § Bibr. vil. p. 708 (1854); Giinth,
Cat. p. 44 (1858) ; Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. ar
K

132 COLUBRIDE.

Liophis merremi, Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp. p. 159, pl. xi.
figs. 1-6 (1858).

merremii, var. sublineatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 252.

regine, Burm. Reise La Plata, i. p. 528 (1861).

Ophiomorphus doliatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, pp. 75 & 348.

Liophis subfasciatus, Cope, J. ¢. p. 77.

pecilogyrus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 291, and

Icon. Gén. 17, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1866) ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H.

(5) xviii. 1886, p. 432,

regine, var. viridicyanea, Jan, Ul. cc., Icon. 18, pl. ii. fig. 1.

Opheomorphus meleagris, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxi. 1885,

. 191.

ee meleagris doliatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, xxiv. 1887,

p. 57,

Eye moderate. Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ;
internasals as long as broad or a little broader, shorter than the
prefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long
as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as or shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long
as deep or deeper than long; one pre-and two postoculars ; tem-
porals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye;
four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or longer than the posterior. Scales in
19 rows. Ventrals 148-179; anal divided; subcaudals 40-63.
Length of tail 5 to 6 times in the total length. Pale brownish,
olive, greenish, or red above, spotted and reticulated with black, or
with more or less distinct dark cross bands, or with alternating red
and pale olive transverse bands; some specimens blackish, with
small pale olive spots. Young with well-marked black spots
arranged symmetrically, or with broad black cross bands, con-
tinuous across the back or interrupted and alternate, and separated
by narrow pale interspaces; a broad black occipito-nuchal collar.
Lower parts yellowish or red, usually spotted with black.

Total length 660 millim. ; tail 120.

Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentine Republic.

a. Yg. (V. 145; C.50). Santarem, Amazon. H. W. Bates, Esq,

C.).
b. 3 (V. 179; C. 62). Rio Janeiro. J. recciniveay, Esq.
C.].
ce. d (V.176; C. 57). Rio Janeiro. Haslar Collection.
d. Her. (V. 174; C. 63). Tijuca R. R. Bennett, Esq.[P.].
e. 2 (V.175; C. 62). Tijuca R., near Rio W.Schaus, Esq. ty
Janeiro.
F-p, ¢ & (V. 162, 157, Porto Real, Prov.Rio M.F. Hardy du Dré-
162; C. 55, ?, 62), 2 Janeiro. neuf [C.].

(V. 157, 161; ©. 59,

56), her. (V. 160; C.

56), & ye. (V. 153, 152,

156, 156; ©. 69, ?

58, 62).

r-t. Her. d (V.146; C. 8. José dos Campos, Mr. A. Thomson [P.].

50), 2 (V. 153; 0.52), Prov. 8. Paulo.

& yg. (V. 148; C. 49).

u. 2 (V. 154; C. 47).

v, w-y. 2 (V.144; C. 58)
& yg. (V. 144, 150, 148;
C..50, 55, 53).

rae Her. . (W. 172, 178;

B-y. Hee (V. 155, 154;
C. 50, 49).

8-8. 2 (V.149, 155, 147;

C. 46, 43, 43), her. (Vv.

157; o. 44), & ye. (V.

152; C. 48

« @ (V.151; 0.2).

sa 3 (V.155; C.52) &
2 (V. 156, 157; C.
48, 51).
v-€. 9 (V. 150, 155; C.
46

a )s

o-o. 5 _(V. nae C. e)
Q (V. 149; C. 44), &
yg. (V. 152, 149; C.
43, 46).

tr. Q (V. 154; C. 44).

v. Skull,

7.
Liophis perfuscus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1862, p

75, LIOPHIS.
Santa Cruz, Prov.

Matto Grosso.
Rio Grande do Sul.

Brazil.
Paraguay.

Asuncion, Paraguay.

Dept. of Soriano, Uru-
guay.
Uruguay.

Buenos Ayres.

S. of Rio de la Plata.

Argentina.
Uruguay.

Liophis perfuscus.

133
8. Moore, Esq. [P.].

Dr, H. v. Ihering
[C.].

G. L. Conyngham,
Esq. [P.].

Prof. Grant [P.].

Dr. J. Bohls [C.].

R. Havers, Esq. [C.].

E. W. White, Esq.
Lieut. Gairdner [P.].

lbs

Dromicus perfuscus, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. &) xii. 1863, p. 349,

Eye moderate; snout short. Rostral broader than deep, visible
from above ; internasals as long as broad, as long as or a little
shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal about once and a half as long
as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal deeper than long;
one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1 or 142; eight or
nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering the
eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or longer than the posterior. Scales in
19 rows. Ventrals obtusely angulate laterally, 182-194; anal
divided; subcaudals 75-80. Length of tail 42 to 5 times in the
total length. Brown above, vertebral region darker; lower parts
greyish or yellowish brown *.

Total length 1000 millim. ; tail 200.
Barbados.
a-d. & (V.192; C.78), 9 Barbados. Col. Feilden [P.].
(Vv. 189; ©. 75), & ye.
(V. 182, 194; C. 77, 77). :

e 5 (V. 193; C. 80). College of Surgeons [P.].

* A young specimen, preserved in the Christiania Museum, is entirely black
above and beneath.

134 COLUBRID.

8. Liophis melanotus.

Coluber melanotus, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 534 (1802).

raninus, Merr. Tent. p. 106 (1820).

vittatus, Hallow. Proe. Ac. Philad. 1845, p. 242.

Dromicus melanotus, Giinth. Cat. p. 183 (1858); Garm. Proc, Am.
Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 282.

Liophis vittatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1859, Ms 297.

melanonotus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 253.
melanotus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 298, and
Icon. Gén. 18, pl. iii. fig. 4 (1866).

Eye moderate; snout short. Rostral nearly twice as broad as
deep, just visible from above ; internasals broader than long, shorter
than the prefrontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal deeper than long;
one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
obtusely angulate laterally, 144-157; anal divided; subcaudals
53-65. Length of tail 43 to 5 times in the total length. Yel-
lowish; vertebral region (4 or 5 scales wide) black, with a white
and black streak on each side; the vertebral stripe narrower on the
nape, and sometimes broken up into spots ; the dorso-lateral streaks
usually broken up into spots on the nape; head olive above, with
a black lateral streak passing through the eye; upper lip and lower
parts uniform yellowish white.

Total length 610 millim. ; tail 140.

Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada.

a-d. $ (V. 148, 151; C. Rosario de Cucuta, Mr. C. Webber (C.].
64, 61) & @ (V. 151, Colombia. 3
150; C. 65, 65).

e. 2 (V. 144; C. 58). Cartagena. Capt. Barth [P.].

J. 3 (V. 148; C.57). Sta. Marta.

g. Yg. (V. 144; C. 61). Colombia.

h. 3 (V. 1538; C. 53). Venezuela. Mr. Dyson (C.}.

v. 2 (V.145; C. 56). Tobago. W. J. A. Ludlam,
Esq. [P.].

9. Liophis almadensis.

Natrix almadensis, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 30, pl. x. fig. 3
(1824).

Liophis conirostris, Giinth. Cat. p. 46 (1858), and Zool. Rec. 1866,
p- 126.

almadensis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 78; Boettg.
Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. lviii, 1885, p. 228 ; Bouleng. Ann. §& Mag.
NV. HT. (5) xv. 1885, p. 194, & xviii. 1886, p. 482.

Lygophis conirostris, Cs Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 76.

Liophis wagleri, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1863, p. 297,
and Icon. Gén. 18, pl. iii. figs. 2 & 3 (1866).

? Liophis verecundus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. p. 300.

75, L{OPHIS. 135
oe (Lygophis) y-grescum, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. nat. Fr. 1882,
p. 129.

Be ge conirostris, Cope, Proc, Am. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
p. i

Eye moderate; snout short and rather pointed. Rostral broader
than deep, well visible from above; internasals as long as broad or
broader than long, as long as or shorter than the prefrontals;
frontal nearly twice as long as broad, as long as or longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal
deeper than long; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2 ;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 149-168; anal
divided; subcaudals 58-68. Length of tail 44 to 5 times in the
total length. Olive above, with four longitudinal series of dark
spots; a light streak along the posterior half (sometimes the whole)
of the body and tail; head brown, with a light V- or y-shaped
marking on the parietals; upper lip yellowish, the shields usually
with black sutures; belly yellowish, spotted or checkered with
black.

Total length 500 millim.; tail 105.

Brazil, Paraguay.

a. @ (V. 155; C.68). Brazil. J. 5. Bowerbank,} (Types of
Esq. [P.]. L. cont-
b. 2 (V.160; C.68). Bahia. Haslar Collection. | rostris.)
ce, d, e. 2 (V. 162; C. Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C.].
63) & yg. (V. 155,
157; ©. 64,?).
fry. & (V. 149; C.?) 8. José dos Mr, A. Thomson [P.].

& 2 (V.163; ©. 62). Campos, Prov.

S. Paulo.
ht. Q (V. 156, 154; Rio Grande do Dr. H. v. Ihering (C.].
C. 58, ?). Sul.
k. Yg.(V. 156; C.63), Paraguay. Lord Dormer [P.].

10. Liophis viridis.
Liophis viridis, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 58, pl. ix.
fig. 2.
oie var. prasina, Jan, Arch. Zool, Anat. Phys. ii. 1863,
p. 288, and Icon. Gén. 18, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1866).
Opheomorphus viridis, Cope, Proc. dc. Philad. 1868, p. 102.

Eye moderate; snout short and rather pointed. Rostral broader
than deep, well visible from above; internasals as long as broad, as
long as or shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once and two thirds
to twice as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as or a little longer than the parietals ; loreal as
long as deep or deeper than long; one pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering tho

136 COLUBRID.

eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales
in 19 rows. Ventrals obtusely angulatsi aterally, 169-197; anal
divided ; subcaudals 60-78. Length of tau 4 to 5 times in the total
length. Uniform green above, upper lip and lower parts uniform
yellowish white ; a black nuchal band may be present in the young,

Total length 550 millim.; tail 110.

Brazil, Argentine Republic.

a. 2 (V.175; C. 60). 8. America.

b. 9 (V.178; ©. 66). Pernambueo. (Types.)

ec, Yg. (V. 169; C. 73). Pernambuco. Wey. Forbes, Esq.

d. Yg. (V. 182; C. 78), Rio Janeiro, va Barker,
Sq

e. 9 (V. 197; C. ?). Salta, Buenos Ayres, see Druce, Esq.
P

jae le we OT 11. Liophis typhlus.
Colubardrshing Linn. 8. N. i. p. 378 (1766) ; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 135
(1803).

Natrix forsteri, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 16, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1824).
ae typhlus, Schleg. Phys, Serp. ii. p. b4 (1837) ; Dum. & Bibr.
i. p. 760 (1854) ; Giinth, Cat. p. 57 (1858).

Toutes typhlus, Jan, Arch, Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 800, and
Icon. Gén. 18, pl. iv. fig. 2 Cs Boettg. Zeitschr. f. ges.
Naturw. lyiii. 1885, p. 229.

Opheomorphus typhlus, Cope, Proc. ae Philad. 1868, p. 102.

Xenodon isolepis, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos, Soc. xi. 1869, p. 155,

Opheomorphus brachyurus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887,

p. 57.

Eye rather large; snout short. Rostral broader than deep, visible
from above ; internasals as,long as broad or slightly broader than
long, as long as or shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and
a half as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parictals;
loreal deeper than long; one pree- and two postoculars; temporals.
1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals obtusely
angulate laterally, 136-171; anal divided; subcaudals 46-57.
Length of tail 44 to 6 times in the total length. Olive or green
above, uniform or with small black spots, or some or all of the scales
with darker or lighter edges; young with a A-shaped black nuchal
band; upper lip and lower parts white; belly usually uniform,
rarely with very small dark spots.

Total length 650 millim. ; tail 120.

South America east of the Andes.

a. & (V.144; C. 55). British Guiana.
6. Q (V.147; e. 54). Berbice, Lady Essex [P.].
ce, Her. (V. 148; C. 55). Vryheids Lust, Deme- Rev. W. Turner (C.].

rara,

75, LIOPHIS. 187
d. 3 (V.155; C. 55). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer

C.).
e. 2 (V.171; C. 52). Corumba, Prov. 3. itaone, Esq. [P.].
Matto Grosso. |
Ff. S (V. 156; C. 54). Chapada Plateau, 8. Moore, Esq. [P.].
Prov. Matto Grosso. ;
g. 3 (V. 150; C. 46). S. Lorenzo, Rio Dr. H. v. Ihering

: ; Grande do Sul. [C.].
hi. Her. (V.149; C.56) Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].

& yg. (V. 153; C. 48). Peru.
k. Skull, Cayenne, j
AL Agent

12. Liophis epinephelus. —
Liophis epinephelus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 78, and Journ,
Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 186; Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 107,
pl. xxxvii. fig. B (1893).

Eye rather large; snout moderate. Rostral broader than deep,
visible from above; internasals as long as broad or a little broader
than long, as long as or shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once
and one third to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a
little shorter than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long; one pre-
and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in
17 rows. Ventrals 187-151; anal divided; subcaudals 51-59.
Length of tail 42 to 5 times in the total length. Olive, greyish,
or purplish above, with black cross bands; the scales between the
black cross bands edged with white or red; upper surface of head
dark olive or dark grey, usually with a black spot on each parietal
shield; upper lip white; belly white, usually with black spots ;
outer ends of ventrals grey. _

Total length 710 millim,; tail 150.

Costa Rica, Colombia.

a. 3 (V.143; C. 58). Cartago, Costa Rica. ;
b-g. 9 (V. 145, 147, 146, Irazu, Costa Rica. F. D. Godman Esq.
149, 149; C. 57, 57, 52, : [P.].
51, 59) & hgy. (V. 141;
C. 55).
h. 3 (V. 161; C. 53). Rio Fusio, Costa Rica. Mr. H. Rogers [C.];
F.D. Godman, Esq.

[P.}.
i-n. & (V. 187, 142; C. Chiriqui. G.C. Champion, Esq.
58, 55), @ (V. 189, 140; C.]. :
C. 59, 59), & yg. (V.
142, 147; C. 59, 58).

18. Liophis regine.

Coluber regine, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid, p. 24, pl. xiii. fig. 3 (1754)
and 8. N.i. p. 878 (1766); Daud. Rept. vii. p. 172 (1808).

? Coluber violaceus, Lacép. Serp. pp. 116, 172, pl. viii. fig. 1 (1789).

Coluber graphicus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 474 (1802). . ‘

188 COLUBRID.

Natrix semilineata, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 38, pl. xi. fig. 2
(1824).

Coronella regine, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 61 (1887).

Liophis reginz, part., Dum. & Bibr, vii. os 74 (1854) ; Jan, Arch.
Zool, Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 298, and Icon. Gén. 16, "Dl. vi. fig. 1
(1866).

regine, Giinth. Cat. p. 46 (1858).

—— teniurus (non Tsch.), Giinth. 1. c. pp. 46, 246.

—— merremii, part., Giinth. 1. c. p. 44.

—— regine, var. ornata, Jan, Ul, cv. 18, pl. ii. fig. 2.

Eye rather large; snout short. Rostral broader than deep,
visible from above; internasals broader than long, shorter than the
preefroutals; frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad,
much longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
the parietals or slightly shorter; loreal deeper than long; one pree-
and two postoculars; temporals 14+2; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than th
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 136-150; anal divided;
subcaudals 58-81. Length of tail 3 to 4 times in the total length.
Olive or greenish above, which colour extends to the ends of the
ventrals ; usually, each scale edged with black, forming a reticulate
pattern ; a more or less distinct black streak along each side of the
tail; upper lip yellow; young with a yellowish collar and an
oblique yellowish, black-edged band on each side of the head, from
the parietal shield to the last upper labial ; traces of these markings
are usually to be found in the adult; belly yellowish, usually with
black spots.

Total length 650 millim.; tail 165.

Tropical South America.

a. 3 (V.189; C.78). Trinidad. J. H. Hart, Esq. [P.]
6, c-9g, h,t. S(V. 189,144, Demerara.
141,140; C. 72, 71, 2,2),
(Vv. 144, 140, 139;
C, ?, 74, 76), & yg. (V.
136 ;
km, n. 3(V. 143 ; 0.77) Berbice.
& 2 (V.144, 146, 141;
C. on 68, P).
o-p. 3 (V. 148; 0.71) & Para.
@ (V. 140; C. 74).

q. 3 (V. 145; C. P). Para, R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
r-s. 5 (V. 149, 188; C. Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer
80, 62). [C.].
t, ] 4° (141, 141; C. 70, Bissahanihs N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].
eru.

v S (Vv. 144; C. 72). Sarayacu, N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C.];
Messrs. Veitch [P.].

wr. 9 (V.148; C.P) & Guayaquil. Mr. Fraser [C.].

yg. (V. 142; C. 71).
y. 2 CV. 140; C. 76). 8. America.
z o (V. 189; C, 75). —? (Type of C. graphicus.)

75. LIOPHIS. 139

Zamenis ater, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 22,
stated by the donor to have been obtained at, and described as
from, Biskra, Algeria, is a snake closely allied to Liophis regine, of
which it is probably a melanotic (insular?) variety, distinguished
by the somewhat more elongate body, the blackish colour of the
upper parts, and the uniform yellowish belly.

a-c. 3 (V. 156, 148; C. 2, 60) J. Brenchley, Esq. [C.].
& 2 (V.150; C. 62). (Types of Z. ater.)

14. Liophis julia.
Aporophis julise, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 274.

Dromicus julie, Garm. Proc, Am. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 281.
Liophis juliz, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) ii. 1888, p. 365.

Eye rather large; snout short. MRostral broader than deep,
visible from above; internasals broader than long, shorter than the
preefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal deeper than long; one pre- and two
postoculars; temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 157-164; anal divided; subcaudals
64-85. Length of tail 34 to 33 times in the total length, Black
above, each scale with a pale olive or whitish spot; head black,
with pale brownish variegations; no light nuchal collar in the
young; upper labials white, lower parts white, uniform or spotted
or checkered with black.

Total length 610 millim.; tail 170.

West Indies (Dominica and Marie Galante).

a-h. & (V. 163; C. 64),2 (V. Dominica. G. A. Ramage, Esq. [C.].
157, 163, 161, 160, 163; ©.
79, 80, 75, 79, 82), her. (V.
162; C. 79), & yg. (V. 158;
C. 85).

15, Liophis cursor.

Coluber cursor, Lacép. Serp. pp. 96, 281, pl. xiv. (1789); Bonnat.
Encycl. Méth., Ophiol. p. 27 (1789) ; Daud, Rept. vi. p. 411 (1808) ;
Moreau de Jonnés, Bull. des Sc. Soc, Philom. 1818, p. 111.

fugitivus, Donnd. Zool. Beitr, iii. p. 206 (1798).

ornatus, Shaw, Zool, iii. p. 477 (1802).

Herpetodryas cursor, part., Schleg. Phys, Serp. ii. p. 199 (1837).

Dromicus cursor, part., Dum. § Bibr. vil. p. 650 (1854) ; Jan, Icon.
Gén. 28, pl. v. fig. 3 (1867).

fugitivus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 1382 (1858); Bocourt, Miss. Sc.
Mex., Rept. p. 708, pl. 1. fig. 4 (1890). ;

? Liophis putnamii, Cope, Proc, Ae, Philad. 1862, p. 78.

Dromicus cursor, Garm. Proc. Am. Philos, Soc, xxiv. 1887, p. 280.

— omatus, Garm. 1. ¢. p. 281. ;

Liophis ornatus, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. 1889, p. 141,

fugitivus, Bouleng. Proc. Zovl. Soc. 1891, p. 353.

140 COLUBRID.

Eye rather large; snout moderate. Rostral broader than deep,
just visible from above; internasals a little broader than long,
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal twice as long as broad, as
long as or longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal deeper than long; one pre- and
two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Veutrals obtusely angulate laterally, 185-200; anal divided;
subcaudals 80-105. Length of tail 32 to 4 times in the total
length. Black and olive or black and yellow above, usually with a
light streak along each side of the hinder part of the body, some-
times extending to the nape; upper lip and lower parts yellow;
usually a black spot or border at the outer end of each ventral.

Total length 830 millim.; tail 220.

West Indies (Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia).

a-b. 9 (V. 187, 188; C.97,?). Guadeloupe.

c-f. 2 (V. 192, 188, 196; C. St. Lucia. Miss Alexander [P.].
88, 89, 88) & her. (V. 198;
C. 82).
g. 2 (V.191; C. 84). St. Lucia. Mus. Comp. Zool. [E.].
(One of the types of Dromicus ornatus.)
hk. 3(V.191; C. 86). St. Lucia. G. A. Ramage, Esq.
C.].
z% 2 (V. 189; C. 86). St. Lucia. nae Collection.
k. 3 (V.194; C. 85). St. Lucia.
1. S (V.194; C.?). Caracas (??).
m. 9 (V. 191; C. 85). f (Type of Coluber ornatus.)
n. 2 (V. 189; C. 82), —? Dr, Giinther [P.].
o. ¢o (V. 200; C. 86). —-?
p. Skull. Martinique.

16. Liophis andrezx.

Herpetodryas cursor, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 199 (1837).

Dromicus cursor, Bibron, in R. de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Erp. p. 225,
pl. xxviii. (1848).

cursor, part., Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 650 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén.
23, pl. v. fig. 2 (1867).

—— fugitivus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 182 (1858); Cope, Proc. Am.
Philos, Soc, xi. 1869, p. 164.

Liophis andrew, Reinh. § Liitk, Vidensk. Meddel. 1862, p. 214;
Bouleng. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 354.

Dromicus fugitivus, Gundlach, Erp. Cubana, p. 79 (1880).

—— cubensis, Garm. Proc. Am. Philos, Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 281.

Eye rather large; snout moderate. Rostral broader than deep,
just visible from above ; internasals as long as broad, shorter than
the prefrontals; frontal twice as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal
deeper than long; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 142;
eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which

75, LIOPHIS. 141

are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
140-150 ; anal divided; subcaudals 85-106, Blackish above, with
an interrupted yellow line or series of yellow spots on each side,
commencing from the tip of the snout; upper lip white; ventrals,
subcaudals, and outer row of scales white, edged with black.

Total length 655 millim.; tail 215.

Cuba.
a. @ (V. 148; C. 89), Cuba. M. Sallé [C.].
b-c. 9 (V. 150, 148; Cuba.

C. 90, 92).

17. Liophis parvifrons.

Dromicus fugitivus, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 182 (1858).
lineatus, part., Giinth. 1. c. p. 184.

— parvifrons, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 79, and Proc.
Amer, Philos, Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 273; Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss.
Anst. v. 1888, p. 40.

protenus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 25, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1867).

Leptophis frenatus, Fischer, Oster-Progr. Akad. Gymn. Hamb. 1883,
p. 8, pl. —. figs. 9-11 *.

Eye rather large; snout rather short. Rostral broader than deep,
just visible from above; internasals as long as broad or a little
broader than long, shorter than the praefrontals ; frontal twice as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as or a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal nearly as long as deep; _.
one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 141 or 1+2; eight upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 19 (exceptionally 17) rows. Ventrals 145-
165; anal divided; subcaudals 110-130. Length of tail 23 to 23
times in the total length. Brown or dark olive above, with two
light longitudinal streaks and a more or less distinct darker vertebral
line; the olive of the sides extending to the ends of the ventrals;
upper lip and lower parts whitish, the labials, the gular region,
and the anterior ventrals usually dotted with black. Specimen h
uniform black.

Total length 670 millim.; tail 250.

Santo Domingo.

a-b. § (V.158, 156; C.123,120), Hayti. Zoological Society.
cfg. 2 (V. 152, 155, 155, 153; Hayti. Hr. Rolle [C.].
C. 110, 114, ?, 112), & yg. (V.
150; C. 128).
h. & (V. 145; C. 128). 8. Domingo. M. Sallé (C.].
a. @ (V. 155; C.?). — P [Barbados].

* Through the kindness of Dr. F, Miller, I have examined one of the type
specimens, stated to be from Sierra Leone, preserved in the Basle Museum.

142 COLUBRIDA,

18. Liophis melanostigma.

Natrixs melanostigma, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 17, pl. iv. fig. 2
1824),

joni pleii (nun D. & B.), Giinth. Cat. p. 128 (1858),

melanostigma, Jan, Icon. Gv. 24, pl. v. fig. 3 (1867) ; Bouleng.
Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xviii. 1886, p. 433.

Liophis regina, part., Steind, Sitzh. Ak, Wien, lv. 1867, p. 268.

Aporophis cyanopleurus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, xxii, 1885,

p. 191

Eye large; snout moderate. Rostral broader than deep, just
visible from above; internasals a little broader than long, shorter
than the przefrontals ; frontal about once and two thirds as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little
longer, as long as the parietals; loreal a little deeper than long;
one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight (rarely nine)
upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth (or fourth, fifth, and sixth)
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 150-160; anal divided; subcaudals
90-107. Tail about one third of the total length. Olive above;
nape with two more or less distinct yellowish longitudinal bands ;
a lateral series of light and black dots on the fourth row of scales ;
sides and ends of ventrals plumbeous grey; upper lip yellowish,
edged with black above; ventrals yellowish, edged with grey or
black, and with a black dot or short streak on each side.

Total length 770 millim.; tail 250,

Brazil.
a. & (V. 160; C.107). Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P.].
b. 3 (V.153; 0.100). Rio Janeiro. Dr. Cunningham [P.].

c. 2 (V. 162; C. 98). Rio Grande do Sul. = Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.}.

19. Liophis callilemus. (Prats VI. fig. 3.)

Natrix callilema, Gosse, Nat. Soj. Jamaica, p. 384 (1851).

Dromicus callilema, Giinth. Cat. p. 181 (1858), and Ann. & Mag.
N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 357.

P Alsophis funereus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 77.

Eye moderate; snout slightly prominent, MRostral broader than
deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals as long as broad or a
little broader, shorter than the preefrontals; frontal a little longer
than broad, nearly twice as broad as the supraocular, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal small, square ; one pre-and two postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth enterin: the eye ; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as
or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals
130-134; anal divided; subcaudals 70-110. Length of tail 24
to 38} times in the total length, Brown above, with darker dots ;

75. LIOPHIS, 148

a blackish streak on the middle of the head and along the anterior
part of the back and a blackish lateral streak on the head and body,
passing through the eye; lips and gular region yellowish, variegated
with brown; belly uniform yellowish. Full-grown specimens
nearly uniform brown.

Total length 410 millim. ; tail 125.

Jamaica.

a, b-c, Her. 3 (V. 182; Bluefields, Jamaica, P. H. Gosse, Esq. [P.].
C. 110) & yg. (V. 181, (Types.)
134; ©. 97, 109).

d. 9 (V. 182; C. 70). Jamaica, R. Heward, Esq. [P.].

e, f. Hgr. S$ (V.183; C. W. Indies.
108) & yg. (V. 130;
C. 107).

20. Liophis temporalis.

Dromicus temporalis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 870; Garm.
Proc. Am. Philos, Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 281.

Mouth very inferior ; rostral plate prominent, but barely visible
from above; nasals distinct ; internasals small; frontal broad ;
loreal confluent with preocular; one or two postoculars; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; chin-shields equal.
Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 167; anal divided ; (tail mutilated).
Chocolate-brown above, with a yellow lateral streak, edged with
blackish above, running along the sutures of the two outer rows of
scales ; a blackish plumbeous band along the outer row of scales
and the outer ends of the ventrals ; indications of a yellow collar;
belly yellow.

Length of head and body 430 millim.

Cuba.

21. Liophis flavilatus.

Dromicus flavilatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 222, and Proce.
Am. Philos, Soc, xiv. 1877, p. 65; Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 58
(1883).

Closely allied to L. callileemus, but scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
126; subcaudals 77. Colour above a rich golden brown, the scales
of the two lower rows on each side broadly gold-edged; head dark
brown, darkest behind, with numerous but obscure paler vermicu-
lations ; sides of head paler, with a reddish-brown band from the
rostral plate through the eye to the middle of the last labial ; labials
whitish, with black dots on the posterior ; below white, lower labials
sparsely black-dotted; a pair of pale dots on the common occipital.

suture. :
S.E. United States (N. Carolina to Florida).

144 COLUBRID Z.

= 76. CYCLAGRAS.

Xenodon, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 753 (1854).
Leiosophis, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 320.
Cyclagras, part., Cope, Proce. Am. Philos, Soc, xxii. 1885, p. 185.
Maxillary teeth 18, the last two very strongly enlarged and
separated from the others by a short interspace ; mandibular teeth
subequal. Head distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round
pupil ; aseries of suboculars. Body moderately elongate, cylindrical ;
scales smooth, with apical pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
rather long; subcaudals in two rows,
South America.
1. Cyclagras gigas.
Xenodon gigas, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 761 (1854).
Leiosophis gigas, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 820, and
Icon. Gén. 48, pl. iii. fig. 6 (1876), & 50, pl. ii. figs, 25-27

1881).
ines gigas, Cope, Proc. Am, Philos. Soc, xxii. 1885, p. 185.

Rostral nearly as deep as broad, just visible from above; inter-
nasals much shorter than the prefrontals; frontal as long as broad
much shorter than the parietals; loreal nearly as long as deep ;
a, preocular, two postoculars, and three suboculars, separating the
eye from the labials ; temporals 2+2; eight upper labials ; four or
five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals
153-170; anal entire; subcaudals 60-87. Yellowish or reddish
brown above, with broad black cross bands or rings; a black stripe
from the eye to the side of the neck; anterior part of belly with
three longitudinal series of brown dots or small round spots.

Total length 2050 millim.; tail 550.

Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia.

a. & (V.170; C. 87). Para.
b. d (V. 158; C. 81). Bolivia. M. Suarez [P.].
77. XENODON.

Ophis, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 47 (1824), and Syst.

p. 172 (1830). ae ee ial ag

Xenodon, part., Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 540; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 80
(1887); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 753 (1854); Gtinth. Cat.
Col. Sn. p. 58 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 816.

Kenodon, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (8) xii. 1863, p. 353,"

Acanthophallus, Cope, Am. Nat. 1893, p. 482.

Maxillary short, with 6 to 15 teeth, followed, after an interspace
by a pair of very strongly enlarged fangs; mandibular teeth eub-
equal. Head distinct from neck; eye large, with round pupil.
Body cylindrical or depressed ; scales disposed obliquely, smooth
with apical pits, in 19 or 21 rows; ventrals rounded or obtusely
angulate. Tail short or moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

Tropical America,

asf

7. XENODON, 145

Skull of Xenodon merremii.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Maxillary teeth 13 to 1542; rostral shield not twice as broad
as deep.

A. Ventrals not angulate laterally, 130-157 ; anal entire; sub-
caudals 35-50; scales in 19 rows (rarely 21).

Rostral once and a half to once and two
thirds as broad as deep............4- 1. colubrinus, p. 146.
Rostral once and one third as broad as deep. 2. suspectus, p. 147.

B. Ventrals obtusely angulate laterally, 152-176 ; anal usually
divided ; subcaudals 50-69.

Scales in 19 rows; rostral as deep as broad. 3. guenther?, p. 147,
Scales in 21 rows; rostral broader than deep. 4. newwiedii, p. 148,

II. Maxillary teeth 6 to 12+2; rostral shield twice as broad
as deep ; anal usually divided.

Scales in 21 rows; 8 upper labials; maxil-

lary teeth 10 to 1242.............. 5. severus, p. 149.
Scales in 19 rows; usually 7 upper labials ;
maxillary teeth 6or 7+2.. ....+.... 6. merremii, p, 150.

VOL. Il. L

146 COLUBRID,

ee 1. Xenodon colubrinus.

Coluber rabdocephalus, part., Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. i. p. 351 (1825),
and Abbild. (1831).
Xenodon rhabdocephalus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 87 (1837) ;
Dum. §& Bibr. vii. p. 758 (1854) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii.
1863, p. 317; Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 114 (1894).
colubrinus, Giinth. Cat. p. 55 (1858), and Ann. §& Mag. N. H.
(8) xii, 1863, p. 853, pl. v. fig. E, and Zool. Rec. 1865, p. 126.
—— severus, part., Jan, lc. p. 317, and Icon. Gén. 19, pl. iii. fig, A
1866).

= pestholdi, Jan, ll. ce. p. 318, pl. iv. fig. 2.

— > calelialaia! Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1864, p. 890, & 1878,
. 607.

a sp., F. Miiller, Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 663.

severus, var. angustirostris, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.
p. 638, pl. xxxviii. fig. 3 (1886).

—— biprxocularis, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1886, p. 103.

Maxillary teeth 13-1542. Head moderately depressed. Rostral
shield once and a half to once and two thirds as broad as deep, the
portion visible from above measuring one fifth to one third its
distance from the frontal; internasals as long as broad or a little
broader than long, as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal as long as broad or a little longer, as long as its distance
from the rostral, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals;
loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one or two pre- and
two or three postoculars; temporals 1+2 (rarely 242); eight
upper: labials (exceptionally seven), fourth and fifth (or third and
fourth) entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are larger than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows (rarely 21), Ventrals not angulate laterally,
131-153 ; anal entire; subcaudals 36-50. Pale brown above, with
broad brown dark-edged ‘cross bands constricted or interrupted in
the middle ; a dark marking on the crown and nape, usually bifureate
behind, separated from a dark band, extending from the eye to the
angle of the mouth, by a pale oblique temporal streak ; lower parts »
yellowish, more or less obscured by brown dots, or with dark cross
bars in the young.

Total length 1100 millim. ; tail 150.

Central and Tropical South America.

a. 2.(V.151; C. 44). Para. R. Graham, Esq. hee
(Type.
b,c. 2 (V. 147, 146; Bahia. Dr. Wucherer neat )
C. 47, 45).
d. Yg. (V. 142; C. 45). Bahia. Haslar Collection.
e. 2 (V.148; C. 43). Moycbamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].
Peru.

f. Yg. (V. 141; 0.40). Sarayacu,N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davies tp)

Messrs. Veitch [P. ]. .
g-t. 2 (V.153, 148; O. Medellin,
49, 45) & yg. (V.148;
C. 42).

77. XENODON. 147

k, l-m. 9 (V. 149, 147; Panama. Christiania Museum.
C. 46, 44) & yg. (V.
143; C. 49).
n. @ (V. 144; C. 39). San Gerdnimo, Gua- O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
temala.

o-p. Yg. (V. 131, 132; British Honduras. Dr. Giinther [P.].
C. 43, 41).
gq. Yg. (V. 182; C. 42). Amula, Guerrero. F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].

SPACE Hore, F a iG

2. Xenodon suspectus.
Xenodon suspectus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 133.

Maxillary teeth 14+2. Head moderately depressed. Rostral
shield once and one third as broad as deep, the portion visible from
above measuring one fourth its distance from the frontal; internasals
a little broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal a
little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; loreal deeper than long; one pre-
and two postoculars ; temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are a little larger than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals not angulate laterally, 134-141;
anal entire; subcaudals 35-40. Olive above, with broad dark
black-edged cross bars contracted or interrupted in the middle ;
upper surface of head with black dots; sides of head black, with a
few yellow dots; chin and throat black, spotted with yellow ; belly
dark brown, with yellow spots on the sides.

Total length 650 millim, ; tail 100.

Upper Amazon.

a. g (V.141; ©.40). Moyobamba, N.E. Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].

3. Xenodon guentheri.+ (Prare VII. fig. 1.)

Maxillary teeth 13+2. Head moderately depressed. Rostral
shield as deep as broad, the portion visible from above as long as
half its distance from the frontal; internasals broader than long,
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parictals ;
loreal deeper than long; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals
142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye ; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
larger than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals obtusely
angulate laterally, 170; anal divided; subcaudals 57. Above
with dark brown, blacked-edged, angular, transverse spots separated
by narrow pale interspaces; nape with an elongate rhomboidal dark
brown spot with a central longitudinal light streak; head with
three dark brown angular transverse bands, the middle one across
the interorbital space and passing through the eye ; belly yellowish

with large black transverse spots. ;
L

148 COLUBRID.

Total length 430 millim.; tail 70,
Southern Brazil.

a. Her. g (V.170; Lagos, Sta. Catharina. Hr, Michaélis (C.].
C. 57).

4, Xenodon neuwiedii.

Xenodon rhabdocephalus, part., Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 758 (1854);
Giinth. Cat. p. 56 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868,
p. 817, and Icon. Gén. 19, pl. v. fig. 1 (1866).

—— neuwiedii, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xii. 1868, p. 354,
pl. v. fig. CO; Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 228.

severus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 317.

—— neovidii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 188,

Maxillary teeth 13-15+2, Head moderately depressed. Rostral
shield once and a half to once and two thirds as broad as deep, the
portion visible from above measuring about one fourth to one third
its distance from the frontal ; internasals broader than long (if but
very slightly), shorter than the prefrontals; frontal longer than
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or
deeper than long ; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+ 2;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are larger
than the posterior. Scales in 2lrows. Ventrals obtusely angulate
laterally, 152-176 ; anal divided (exceptionally entire); subcaudals
50-69. Above with more or less distinct, dark brown, black-edged,
angular cross bars separated by narrow yellowish or pale olive
interspaces ; usually a large A or A-shaped dark marking on the
nape; a f)-shaped dark band round the head, passing through the
eyes, and a dark cross bar between the eyes; belly yellowish,
usually with brown dots which crowd together to form cross bands ;
usually a few deep black spots on each side of the anterior part of
the body.

Total length 800 millim. ; tail 130.

Southern Brazil.

a,b, c-e. g (V. 170, 162; Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq.)
C. 65, 62), 9 (V. 162; [P.].
C. 56), & yg. (V. 156, 152;
C. 60, 50). -(Types.)
f-i. 3 (V. 174; C.65) & yg. Rio Janeiro.
(V. 154, 163, 166; C. 51,
53, 58). J
k-q. 3 (V. 159, 163; C. 63, Rio Janeiro. Mrs. Fry [P.].
59) & 2 (V. 162, 164,
165, 164, 159; C. 50, 51,

53, 50, 50).
r. & (V.175; C. 68), 8. José dos Myr. A. Thomson [P.].
Campos, Prov.
S. Paulo.
s. Yg. (V. 166; C. 64). Santos, Brazil, Christiania Museum.

t, Skeleton. Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P.].

dd
si

. XENODON. 149

5. Xenodon severus.
Coluber severus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 25, pl. viii. fig. 1 (1754),
and S. N. i. p. 379 (1766).
Cerastes severus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 81 (1768).
Coluber breviceps, Skazw, Zool. ili. p. 430 (1802).
versicolor, Merr, Tent. p. 95 (1820).
saurocephalus, Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. i. p. 359 (1825).
Xenodon severus, Schleg. Phys, Serp. ii. p. 83, pl. iii. figs. 1-5 (1837) ;
Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 756 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. p. 54 (1858).

severus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1863, p. 317, and
Icon, Gén. 19, pl. iii. fig. B (1866).

Maxillary teeth 10-1242. Head short, much depressed; body
more or less depressed. Rostral twice as broad as deep, the portion
visible from above measuring one fourth to one third its distance
from the frontal; internasals nearly as long as broad, as long as the
preefrontals or a little longer; frontal as long as broad or slightly
longer, as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the
rostral, shorter than the parietals; loreal deeper than long; one
pree- and two or three (rarely four) postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2 or
143; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five
or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are larger than the posterior. Scales in 21 rows. Ventrals not
angulate laterally, 128-149; anal divided; subcaudals 33-42.
Young with angular, brown, dark-edged bands separated by
narrow pale brown interspaces ; usually a round white spot on the
nape, and light and dark curved bands on the head; belly brown or
black, with large yellowish spots on the sides, These markings
usually become indistinct or disappear in the adult, some of which
are pale brownish or greyish above and yellowish inferiorly ; others
have broad black bands across the body, or black edges to some or
all of the scales, or the upper parts may be entirely black with a few
small yellowish spots.

Total length 1500 millim.; tail 190.

Tropical South America.

a, Yg. (V. 149; C. 36). Rosario de Cucuta, Mr. C. Webber (C.].
Colombia.

b. & (V. 135; C. 36). Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.].

c, d.Q (V.140, 189; C.38, Demerara.

38).
ef. - (V. 131; C. 40) & Berbice. Lady Essex [P.].
Q (V. 140; C. 37).

g. Yg. (V. 184; C. 41). Berbice.

A. 2 (V. 140; C,38). British Guiana.

i. Yg. (V. 186; C. 38). Surinam. ;

k, l. Her. Q (V. 189; Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
C. 37) & ye. (V. 142;
C. 40).

m,n. g (V. 184; C. 36) Para.

os

& ye. (V. 187; C. 84).

°, a WY. 136; 0. 34) Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A, H. Roff (C.].
& her. (V. 181; C. 36). Peru,

150 COLUBRID.

qg. @ (V. 136; C. 39). Cayaria, N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davies BL
; Messrs. Veitch [P.].
. 2 (V. 188; C. 35). Yurimaguas, N.E. Dr. Hahnel (C.}.
Peru.
s, &£ 9 (V. 144; C. 38) Guayaquil. Mr. Fraser [C.].
& yg. (V. 134; C. 87).
u. 2, skel. Demerara. Demerara Museum.

6. Xenodon merremii.

Ophis merremii, Wagl. in Spiv, Serp. Bras. p. 47, pl. xvii. (1824).

Coluber rabdocephalus, part., Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. i, p. 351, and
Abbild. (1825).

P Xenodon ocellatus, Bore, Isis, 1827, p. 541.

? Xenodon eeneus, Bore, 1. c. i

Xenodon rhabdocephalus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 87 (1837) ;
Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 758, pl. Ixxvi. fig. 5 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat.
p. 56 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 817, and Icon.
Gén. 18, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1866).

rhabdocephalus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xii. 1868,

p. 358, pl. v. fig. B; Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 325.

irregularis, Giinth. 1. c. p. 354, fig. D.

— severus, Boettg. Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. lviii. 1885, p. 282.

Maxillary teeth 6 or 7+2. Head short, much depressed ; body
more or less depressed. Rostral twice as broad as deep, the portion
visible from above measuring one third to one half its distance from
the frontal; internasals as long as broad or a little broader than
long, a little shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal longer than broad,
as long as or a little longer than its distance from the rostral, as
long as or a little longer than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long ;
one or two pre- aud two or three postoculars; one or two small
suboculars sometimes present; temporals 1+2; seven (rarely
eight) upper labials, third and fourth (or third or fourth only)
entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are larger than the posterior. Scales
in 19 rows. Ventrals not angulate laterally, 182-157; anal
divided (rarely entire) ; subcaudals 33-48. Pale brown above, with
broad brown, black-edged cross bands constricted or sometimes
even interrupted in the middle; head with dark curved bands ;
these markings may disappear or be reduced to blackish cross bars
in old specimens ; belly yellowish, uniform or dotted with brown.

Total length 1040 millim.; tail 130.

Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay.

a. Yg. (V. 146; C.48). Demerara. Capt. E. Sabine [P.].
6. 2 (V. 158; C. 36). Para.
(Types of X. trregularis.)
e. Yg. (V. 142; C. 42). Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].
d. 2 (V. 144; C. 387). Pernambuco, W. A. Forbes, Esq. [P.].
e. Yg. (V. 182; C. 44). a ings Pernam- G. A. Ramage, Esq. [C.].
uco.

f. 2 (V.150; 0.35). Bahia,

78, LYSTROPHIS. 151

g. Yg. (V.147;C. 41). Corumba, Mato 8. Moore, Esq. [P.|.
Grosso.

h-t. § (V. 187; C.41) San Lorenzo, Rio Dr. H. v. Ihering (C.].
& 9 (V.147;C.88). _ Grande do Sul, oe
k. Yg. (V. 157; C. 47). Brazil.
i-m. Her. g (V. 131; Asuncion, Para- Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
C. 86) & @ (V.144; — guay.
C. 34),
n. 9 (V. 146; C.39). S. America, Zoological Society.
o, Skull. Bahia.
p. Skull. 8. America.

78. LYSTROPHIS.

Heterodon, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 764 (1854) ; Giinth.
gas Sn. p. 82 (1858) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1864,
p. 5

Lystrophis, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, xxii. 1885, p. 193.

Maxillary very short, shorter than ectopterygoid, with 4 or 5
small teeth, followed, after an interspace, by a pair of strongly enlarged
fangs; mandibular teeth subequal. Head scarcely distinct from
neck; snout very short, projecting, cuneiform ; rostral very large,
trihedral, with sharp A-shaped edge, produced posteriorly in a
narrow branch separating the internasals ; eye moderate, with round
pupil. Body subcylindrical ; scales slightly oblique, smooth, with
apical pits, in 19 or 21 rows; ventrals obtusely angulate laterally.
Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.

Southern parts of South America, east of the Andes.

Synopsis of the Species.

Eye usually separated from the labials

by a series of suboculars; scales in

21 rows; ventrals 131-147; tail

pointed ........ Was WON Ts a ReRS 1. dorbignyi, p. 151.
Eye in contact with two labials; scales

in 19 rows; ventrals 133-144; tail

pointed . 0.2... eee e eee eee eee eee 2. histricus, p. 152.
Eye in contact with two labials ; scales

in 21 rows; ventrals 158-173; tail

rounded off at the end ............ 3. semicinetus, p. 153.

¢ 1, Lystrophis dorbignyi.

Heterodon dorbignyi, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 772 (1854); Gtinth. Cat.
p. 88 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 221;
‘Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 329; Jan, Icon. Gén. 48, pl. iii.
figs. 8 & 4 (1876) ; Boettg. Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. lviii. 1885,

. 233.
Ligetsophii dorbignyi, Cope, Proc, Am. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 193.

152 COLUBRID,

Frontal once and one third to once and a half as long as broad,
nearly as long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as or longer than the parietals; an azygous shield
separates the prefrontals; eye usually encireled by three to five
shields, in addition to the supraccular; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third or fourth rarely entering the eye; four or five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior
chin-shields small. Scales in 21 rows. Ventrals 181-147; anal
divided ; subcaudals 29-44. Yellowish or pale brown above, with
three series of large black or brown black-edged spots ; three black
A-shaped bands on the head and a larger one on the nape; lower
parts black and yellow (red?), the two colours in nearly equal
proportion.

Total length 560 millim.; tail 80.

Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Southern
Chili.

a-c. & (V. 186; C. 40), Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].

Q (V. 181; C. 29), &

yg. (V. 145; C. 40).

d. 3 (V. 184; C. 41). San Lorenzo, Rio Dr, H. v. Ihering [C.].
Grande do Sul.
e-g. 3 (V. 148; C. 44) me of Soriano, R. Havers, Esq. [P.].

& yg. (V. 136, 145; C. ruguay.

35) 40).

h-t. g (V. 141; C. 43) Montevideo

& @ (V. 182; C. 33).

hk. 2 (V. 185; C. 88). Buenos Ayres. G. Wilkes, Esq. [P.].

i 2 (V. 188; C. 36). Buenos Ayres.

mn. & (V. 147; C. 89) Argentina. Mr. Wilson [C.].

& 2 (V. 135; C. 36).

v. 2 (V. 183; CO. 34). 8. Chili. A. Lane, Esq. (C.];
H. B. James, Esq. [P.].

p. Skull. Argentina.

ae 2. Lystrophis histricus.

Heterodon histricus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 224,
and Icon. Gén. 1], pl. iv. fig. 2 (1865); Stendachn. Verh. xool.-
bot. Ges. Wien, 1864, p. 282, pl. vi.

nattereri, Stendachn. Novara, Rept. p. 90 (1867).

Frontal as long as broad, shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals ; no azygous shield separating
the preefrontals ; one (or two) pre- and two (or one) postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye ; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields small. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 133-144 ;
anal divided ; subcaudals 27-37. Reddish above, with more or less
regular black cross bars edged with yellowish; sides yellowish,
spotted with black ; three black A-shaped bands on the head, and a
ae one on the nape; yellowish-white inferiorly, spotted with

ack,

79. HETERODON. 153

Total length 285 millim.; tail 45.
Southern Brazil.

a-b. 3 (V. 188; C. 33) Cio Cahy, near S. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
& her. (V. 133; 0.27), Jofio de Monte
Negro.

3. Lystrophis semicinctus.

Heterodon semicinctus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 774 (1854) ; Jan, Arch.
ee Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 224, and Icon. Gién. 48, pl. iii. fig. 5
(1876),

—— pulcher, Jan, Ul. cc. p. 222, Icon. 11, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1865).

Frontal as long as broad, shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals; usually an azygous shield
separating the preefrontals; one or two pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; eight upper labials (exceptionally seven), fourth
and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields small. Scales
in 21 rows. Ventrals 153-173; anal divided; subcaudals 25-41.
End of tail rounded off. Above with black cross bars disposed in
pairs, the interspace between the two yellow, that between the pairs
red; the red scales, and sometimes also the yellow ones, with a black
spot or a black edge; head variegated with black; a black band
between the eyes; belly black, usually yellow on the sides.

Total length 660 millim.; tail 80.

Uruguay, Bolivia, Argentina, Northern Patagonia.

a. o (V. 156; C. 30). Uruguay.
b. 2 (V. 153; C. 26). Rio de Cordova, E. Fielding, Esq. [P.].

Argentina.
e. & (V. 162; C. 36). Catamarca. Lord Dormer [P.].
d-e. Yg. (V. 159, 154; Argentina. E. W. White, Esq. [C.].

C. 33, 30). ;
f-g. 2 (V. 160; C. 27) Patagonia.
& her. (V. 162; C. 25).

79. HETERODON.

Heterodon, Latreille, Hist. Rept. iv. p. 32 (1800); Baird § Gur.
Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 51 (1853) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv.
1892, p. 642, . ;

Heterodon, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 96 (1887); Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 764 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 82 (1858) ;
Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii. 1863, p. 218; Bocourt, Mass. Sc.
Mex., Rept. p. 603 (1886).

Maxillary very short, shorter than the ectopterygoid, with 6 to
11 teeth, followed, after an interspace, by a pair of strongly enlarged
fangs; mandibular teeth subequal. Head scarcely distinct from
neck; snout very short, projecting, cuneiform ; rostral very large,
trihedral, with sharp A-shaped edge; eye moderate, with round

154 COLUBRID A,

pupil. Body stout, subcylindrical; scales keeled, with apical pits,
in 23 to 27 rows; ventrals rounded. ‘Tail short; subcaudals in
two rows,

North America.

Fig. 14.

Cer

4,
Maxillary and mandible of Heterodon platyrhinus,

Synopsis of the Species.

Maxillary teeth 9 to11+2; prefrontals

usually in contact with each other;

frontal longer than broad; rostral

narrower than the distance between

the: eV 68) se! ois aie gicsig obese ete 1. platyrhinus, p. 154.
Maxillary teeth 8 or 9+ 2; internasals and

prefrontals separated by small irre-

gular shields; frontal as broad as

long or slightly longer; rostral

narrower than the distance between

HG O68) 4 cosa fete tige Sean ates 2. simus, p. 156.
Maxillary teeth 6to8+2; internasalsand

prefrontals separated by small irre-

gular shields; frontal as broad as long

or broader; rostral as broad as the

distance between theeyes.......... 3. nasicus, p. 156.

1. Heterodon platyrhinus.

Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. ii. pls. xliv., lvi. (1748).

? Coluber leberis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 375 (1766).

Heterodon platyrhinus, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 32 (1800); Storer, Rep.
Fish. & Rept. Mass. p. 231 (1839) ; Holbr. N. Am. Rept. iv. p. 67,
pl. xvii. (1842) ; Dekay, Faun. N. York, Rept. p. 51, pl. xiii. fig. 28
(1842) ; Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 51 (1853); Giinth.
Cat. p. 82 (1858) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Bays. ii. 1863, p. 220,
and Icon, Gién, 48, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1876); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 75,
pl. vi. fig. 5 (1883) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 643 ;
HI. Garm, Bull, Iilin. Lab. iii, 1892, p. 302; Hay, Batr. & Rept.
Indiana, p. 102 (1893).

Coluber cacodemon, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 377, pl. cii. (1802).

Scytale niger, Daud. Rept. v. p. 342 (1803).

Coluber heterodon, part., Daud. Rept. vii. p. 153 (1803) ; Say, Amer.
Journ. i, 1818, p. 261.

79, HETERODON. 155

Coluber heterodon, Harlan, Phys. Med. Res. p. 120 (1835).

—— thraso, Harl. 1. ¢.

Heterodon niger. Troost, Ann. Lyc. N. York, iii, 1836, p. 186;
Holbr. 1, ¢. p. 63, pl. xvi.; Baird & Gir. Cat. p. 55; Dum. & Bibr.
vil. p. 769; Giinth. Cat. p. 88.

—— annulatus, Troost, 1. c. p. 188,

—— tigrinus, Troost, 1. c. p. 189.

—— cognatus, Baird § Gir. l. c. p. 54; Garm, Bull. Essex Inst.
xxiv. 1892, p. 106.

—— atmodes, Baird § Gir. l. c. p. 57.

Maxillary teeth 9 to 1142. Rostral considerably narrower than
the distance between the eyes; an azygous shield separating the
internasals ; preefrontals usually in contact with each other ; frontal
longer than broad, shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; loreal deeper than long; eye
surrounded by 10 or 11 shields in addition to the supraocular ;
temporals small, scale-like ; seven or eight upper labials; one pair
of chin-shields, in contact with three lower labials. Scales strongly
keeled, of outer row smooth, in 23 to 27 rows. Ventrals 120-150 ;
anal divided; subcaudals 37-60.

Total length 800 millim. ; tail 130.

United States, east of the Rocky Mountains.

A. Brown or red above, with a dorsal series of large square or
transverse dark brown or black spots, separated from each
other by light interspaces, and a lateral alternating series of
smaller spots; an elongate black blotch or band on each side
of the head, sometimes extending forwards to the frontal, a
transverse dark band between the eyes, and an oblique one
from the eye to the angle of the mouth; belly yellowish or
reddish, clouded with brown.

a,b. 3 (Se. 25; V. 127; Bloomington, C. H. Bollman, Esq.
C. 50) & yg. (Sc. 25; Indiana. [C.].
V. 128; C. 53). : ,

ce. 3b (Sc. 25; V. 127; Pennsylvania. Smithsonian Instit.
C. 52). [P.].

d. Yg. (Se. 23; V. 120; Charleston.
C. 52).

e. Yg. bse. 25; V. 128; 8S. Carolina. Smithsonian — Instit.
C. 49). [P.]. (As typical of

H. atmodes.)

fh, i. & (Se. 25; V.129, Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [0.}.
130; ©. 48, 48), @ (Se.
25; V. 134; C. 87), &
yg. (Se. 25; V. 128;

C. 48).
k. Q (Se. 25; V. 141; Texas.
C. 44).
1, Skeleton. N. America. .

m. Skull. N. America.

156 COLUBRID.

B. Uniform black or blackish above.

n. go (Sc. 25; V. 120; Georgia. Smithsonian Instit.
C. 56). [Ps].

0, p. 5d (Sc. 27; V. 181; N. America,

C. 51) & @ (Sc. 25;

V. 189; C. 42).

2. Heterodon simus.

Coluber simus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 375 (1766).

—— heterodon, part., Daud, Rept. vii. p. 158 (1803).

Heterodon platyrhinos, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 97, pl. iii. figs. 20-
22 (1837).

simus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iv. p. 57, pl. xv. (1842);
Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 59 (1853); Garm. N. Am.
Rept. p. 76, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1883) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892, p. 643; Hay, Batr. § Rept. Indiana, p. 105 (1893).

— platyrhinus, part. Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 766
(1854).

catesbyi, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 83 (1858).

nasicus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1863, p. 220.

Maxillary teeth 8 or 9+2. Rostral narrower than the distance
between the eyes; several small shields separating the internasals
and the prefrontals; frontal as broad as long or slightly longer,
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals ; eye surrounded by 10 or 11 shields in addition to the
supraocular ; eight upper labials; one pair of chin-shields, in
contact with three or four lower labials. Scales strongly keeled, of
two or three outer rows smooth, in 25 or 27 rows. Ventrals 114—
132; anal divided; subcaudals 30-55. Coloration as in H. platy-
rhinus.

Total length 470 millim. ; tail 90.

Mississippi and South Carolina.

uw. 2 (Se. 25; V. 121; Charleston.

C. 33).

b-c. & (Se. 25; V. 114; N. America, College of Surgeons [P.].
C. 40) & yg. (Se. 25; (Types of H. cateshy?.)
V. 124; C. 34).

3. Heterodon nasicus.

Heterodon nasicus, Baird §& Gir. in Stansbury, Explor. Great Salt
Lake, p. 852 (1852), and Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 61 (1853), and in
Marcy, Explor. Red Riv. p. 222, pl. iv. (1853) ; Hallow. Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1856, p. 249; Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Rept.
p. 18, pl. xi. fig. 1 (1859); Jan. Icon. Gén. 10, pl. v. (1865) :
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 604, pl. xxxviii. figs. 1 & 2
(1886) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 644.

catesbyi, part., Ginth. Cat. p. 83 (1858).
—— kennerlyi, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 336.
—— nasicus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 220.
simus nasicus, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p, 43 (1875);
Coues §& Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Geol, Surv. iv. 1878, p. 270; Garm.

80, APOROPHIS. 157

N. Am. Rept. p. 77, pl. vi. fig. 6 (1888); H. Garm. Bull, Iitin.
Lab. iii, 1892, p. 305.

Heterodon simus kennerlyi, Cowes § Yarrow, 1. ¢. p. 271.

Maxillary teeth 6 to 8+2. Rostral as broad as the distance
between the eyes; several small shields separating the internasals
and the prefrontals; frontal as broad as long or broader, shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or longer
than the parietals ; eye surrounded by 10 or 11 shields in addition
to the supraocular ; eight upper labials; one pair of chin-shields, in
contact with three or four lower labials. Scales all, except the
outer row, strongly keeled, in 23 rows. Ventrals 126-150; anal
divided; subcaudals 32-45. Pale brown or yellowish above, with
three alternating series of brown spots, the median largest and
usually broadest; a dark cross band between the eye, a broad oblique
band from the eye to the mouth, and three elongate blotches behind
the head; belly yellowish white, with deep black blotches, or
entirely black in the middle.

Total length 600 millim. ; tail 70.

United States, west of the Mississippi, North Mexico.

a. 3 (V. 148; C. 36). Kansas. Smithsonian Instit, Oe
b-c, d. 9 (V. 138, 188, Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [C.].
141; C. 35, 38, 38).
e. Yg. (V. 126; C.37). Texas. Smithsonian Instit. [P.].
(As typical of H. kennerlyi.)
f. @ (V. 188; C. 32), Texas. (One of the types of H. catesbyi.)

80. APOROPHIS.
Herpetodryas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 178 (1887).
Dromicus, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 646 (1854) ; Giinth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 126 (1858) ; Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 66 (1863).
Lygophis (non Tsch.), part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 75.
Aporophis, part., Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xvii. 1877, p. 34.

Maxillary teeth 18 to 22, followed after an interspace by two
enlarged ones; mandibular teeth subequal. Head narrow, slightly
distinct from neck ; eye large, with round pupil. Body cylindrical ;
slender; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows.
ventrals rounded. Tail rather long; subcaudals in two rows.

South America.

Synopsis of the Species.

Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 165-178 .. 1. lineatus,p.158.
Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 157-178; <- Lb frrg Volar jy CIY
frontal as long as the parietals...... 2. flavifrenatus, p. 158.
Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 155;

frontal a little shorter than the

parietals .... 2+. eee cree ees eee se 3. coralliventris, p. 159.
Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 137-143;

frontal as long as the parietals...... 4, amenus, p. 160.

Ate

158 ; COLUBRID. bvi
Ril ob Cot : =

Ge BF tS YEN RO -o ae (
Vert « CEIT tee! 1. Aporophis lineatus.

free te

Coluber lineatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 30, pls. xii. fig. 1, and xx.

fig. 1 (1754), and S. N. i. p. 382 (1766); Daud. Rept. vii. p. 25
1803).

Hopetcieyas lineatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 191 (1837).

Dromicus lineatus, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 655 (1854); Giinth.
Cat. p. 184 (1858).

lineatus, Jan, Icon. G'én. 24, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1867) ; Fischer, Arch,
J. Nat. 1882, p. 285. ‘

Lygophis lineatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 76.

dilepis, Cope, 1. ¢. p. 81.

Aporophis lineatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos, Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 191.

dilepis, Cope, J. ¢. Agree aaprete

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; posterior border

of internasals more than twice as broad as the anterior; suture
between the internasals as long as or shorter than that between the
prefrontals ; frontal narrow, twice to twice and one third as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one or
two pre-and two postoculars ; temporals 142; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; five or six lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scalesin 19 rows. Ventrals 165-
178; anal divided; subcaudals 79-93. Yellowish or pale olive
above, with a brown black-and-yellow-edged vertebral band com-
mencing on the snout; a black or brown lateral line, widening on
the side of the head and passing through the eye; lower parts
yellowish white.

Total length 650 millim.; tail 190.
Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay.

a-h, 3 (V. 165; C. 93), Demerara.

2 (V. 167, 169, 164,
166, 173; C. 90, 90,
82, 88, 90), & hgr. (V.
170, 168; C. 87, 87).

t. o (V. 175; C. ?). Berbice.
k. 9 (V.170; C. 79). Para. R. Greham, Esq. [P.].
Lm. Q (V. 178, 173; Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls roy

C. he a "6 feces = alts Mm. es i ae Be

‘ F /

2. Aporophis flavifrenatus.

Lygophis flavifrenatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 80.

Dromicus amabilis, Jan, Icon. Gén. 24, pl. v. tig. 2 (1867).

eis flavifrenatus, Cope, Proc. Am. Fhalus, Soc. xxii. 1885,
p. LOL.

esa flavifrenatus, Bouleng. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (5) xviii. 1886,
p. 483.

Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above;

posterior border of internasals more than twice as broad as the
anterior ; suture between the internasals as long as or-shorter than

80. APOROPHTS. 159

that between the prefrontals; frontal narrow, twice as long as
broad, considerably longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; loreal as long as deep or deeper
than long ; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
157-178; anal divided; subcaudals 76-94, Olive-brown above,
with two yellow longitudinal lines, commencing on the snout, and
separated by a dark brown band three scales wide; a black lateral
streak or series of spots; the two outer rows of scales pale olive ;
upper lip and pree- and postoculars yellowish ; lower parts greenish
white, the anterior border of each ventral black on each side.

Total length 700 millim. ; tail 190.

Southern Brazil to North-eastern Argentina.

a-b. 9 (V.166; 0.78) & Rio Grande. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
yg. (V. 160; C. 94).

d. 9 (V. 160; C. 86) 8S. Lorenzo, Rio Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
& yz (V. 157; C. 86). Grande do Sul.

e. 9 (V. 166; C. 76). Colonia Resisten- Prof. Spegazzini (a
oe cia,Central Chaco. Marquis G. Doria '

Cc

Alp
bile
er. (V. 178; C. ?). Candelaria, Prov. Marquis G. Doria [P.].

to}
Missiones.

8. Aporophis coralliventris. (Pare VII. fig. 2.)

Aporophis coralliventris, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) xiii.
1894, p. 346.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal twice as
long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a
little shorter than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long; one pre-
and two postoculars; temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in
17 rows. Ventrals 155; anal divided; subcaudals 71. Olive-
brown above, darker along the five median rows of scales, bluish
grey on the sides (three rows of scales) ; head without streaks or
markings; upper hp white; throat and anterior ventral region
white, rest of belly and tail coral-red, the shields edged with
black.

Total Jength 300 millim. ; tail 80.

Paraguay.

a. d (V.155; ©. 71). Island north of Concepcion, Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
near 8, Salvador. (Type.)

160 COLUBRID.

4. Aporophis amenus.

Enicognathus amenus, Jan, Arch, Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1863, p. 270,
and Icon. Gén. 16, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1866). :

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
nearly as long as broad, a little shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal twice as long as broad, considerably longer than its distance

_ from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal a little
deeper than long ; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth (or third, fourth, and fifth)
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17
rows. Ventrals 137-143; anal divided; subcaudals 92-94,
Olive-brown above, with a blackish vertebral line, which is indis-
tinct or absent on the anterior half of the body: two outer rows of
scales grey-brown, third row black, with a round white spot in the
centre of each scale; a black streak on each side of the head,
passing through the eye; upper lip white; lower parts white, with
a lateral series of black dots.

Total length 590 millim.; tail 210. The specimen in the
collection measures 235, tail 75.

Brazil.

a. Yg. (V. 187; ©. 92). Theresopolis, Prov. Rio Dr. E. A. Géldi [P.].
Janeiro,

81. RHADINZAA.

Liophis, part., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187 (1880) ; Dum. & Bibr. Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 697 (1854); Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 42 (1858); Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 287.

Coronella, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1837); Giinth. 1. ¢.
p. 84; Jan, lc. p. 286.

Dromicus, part., Dum. § Bibr. t. c. p. 646; Giinth. 1. ec. p. 126;
Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 76; Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 66
(1863) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 707 (1890).

Ophiomorphus (non Dej.), Cope, l. ¢. p. 75, and Proc. US. Nat.
Mus. xii. 1889, p. 144.

Lygophis (zon Tsch.), part., Cope, 1. ¢.

Rhadinea, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 100, and 1868, p. 132.

Calonotus (non Hiibn.), Jan, 1. c. p. 239.

Diadophis, part., Jan, 1. ¢. p. 261; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.
p. 618 (1886).

Enicognathus, part., Jan, 1. c. p. 266; Bocourt, 1. c. p. 625.

Ablabes, Jan, J. c. p. 279.

Aporophis, pat «(Cope, Proce, Am. Philos. Soc. xvii. 1877, p. 34.

Maxillary teeth 14 to 24, posterior largest, forming an uninterrupted
series, or the two or three hindermost separated from the others
by a very short interspace; mandibular teeth subequal. Head but
slightly distinct from neck; eye moderate or rather small, with
round pupil. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without apical pits,

81. RHADINTA. 161
in 15 to 21 rows; ventrals not or but ohtusely angulate laterally.

Tail moderate or long ; subcaudals in two rows.
Central and South America.

Fig. 15,

3 TE

Maxillary and mandible of Rhadinea merremii.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 15 to 19 rows.

A. Anterior chin-shields at least as long as the posterior ; tail not
more than one fourth of the total length.

1. Six or seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye.

a. Scales in' 17 rows.

One postocular .... 0... .. eee eee 1. leucogaster, p. 163.
Two postoculars ; nostril between two
MLAS OLS: ceseris sale Gove aetdac- Sas toer's we ge Ra 2. breviceps, p. 164.
Two postoculars ; nasal single ...... 3. calligaster, p. 164.
b. Scales in 15 rows ........ 4, mimus, p. 164.

2, Eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye.
a. Seales in 19 rows.

u. Ventrals obtusely angulate laterally.

Ventrals 147-159 ; subcaudals 50-73. 5. anomala, p. 165.
Ventrals 186-198; subcaudals 75-92. 6. sagittefera, p. 165.

B. Ventrals not angulate laterally.

Suture between the frontal and the
prefrontals not longer than that
between the frontal and the

supraccular .....--- sees eeeeee 13. obtusa, p. 171.
Frontal wide, supraocular suture
shorter than anterior.......... ++ 14. serperastra, p. 172.
M

VOL. O.

162 COLUBRID.

6. Seales in 17 rows.
u. Veutrals not more than 185.

* Parietals a little longer than their distance from the
internasals ; ventrals 143-163.
7. cobella, p. 166.

** Parietals as long as their distance from the inter-
nasals.

Ventrals 150-170, with black spots.. 8. purpurans, p. 167.
Ventrals 141-164, unspotted, uniform,

or edged with black ............ 9. merremti, p. 168.
Ventrals 165-183, unspotted, edged

with black 2.406 gi eek dee sek ee 10. fusca, p. 169.
Ventrals 147-165, unspotted, outer

ends green ........ 000. cece eee 11. jegeri, p. 170.
f. Ventrals more than 185 . 12. genimaculata, p. 170.

B. Anterior chin-shields shorter than the posterior, or tail more
than one fourth of the total length.

1. Scales in 17 rows.

a. Seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye.

Frontal once and a half as long as

broad ; subcaudals 58-71 ........ 15. affinis, p. 172.
Frontal once and two thirds as long
as broad ; subcaudals 66-75 ...... 16. peecilopogon, p. 173.

Frontal once and a half to once and
two thirds as long as broad; sub-

caudals 85-95 ...........-000 25. laureata, p. 179.

b. Eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye.
Ventrals 173; subcaudals 78 ...... 17. lachrymans, p. 174.
Ventrals 117-137 ; subcaudals 90-120. 21. decorata, p. 176.
Ventrals 117 ; subcaudals 79 ...... 22. vermiculaticeps, p.177.
Ventrals 145-183; subcaudals 88-

DBD atcseersinace Seceness cum ceiaaels 24, vittata, p. 178.

c. Eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye.
18. undulata, p. 174.

2. Scales in 19 rows.......... 23. clavata, p. 177.

3. Scales in 15 rows. :
Three postoculars .......-.....05. 19. melanauchen, p. 175.
Two postoculars............ 0.46. 20. occipitalis, p. 175,

TL. Scales in 21 rows ..csesv seers 26. godmani, p. 179.

81. RHADINZA. 163

Taste sHowine Numwpurs or ScaLEs AND SHIELDs.

Seales. | Ventrals. |Subcaudals.| Labials.
LOUCOGASTET. oe. cceecccaeeececnuee 17 140 30 6
breviceps ca mae 17 154 48-54 6-7
calligaster . 17 152 46 7
mimus .... sacl’ (TD ? ? 7
anomala......... — a] 29 147-159 50-73 7-8
sagittifera ree sisel) AD 186-198 75-92 8
cobella wee oe nae 17 143-163 45-57 8
PUPPUTANS — veeeeree aeaclt Lalit 150-170 51-65 8
METTEMEL vereeecvecee axe LT 141-164 47-58 8
Lo ae v| 17 | 165-183 | 51-60 8
JOYCE ivvirereecnees {| 17-19 | 147-165 55-62 8
genimaculata......... eens 17 191-208 51-66 8
ODLUSH... ecececcceeceee wel 19 174-192 65-79 8
SETDOROSURG con cecnancournadeesenids 19 164 78 8
affinis....... 2 17 147-185 58-71 7
pecilopogon . wves| LT 141-164 66-75 7
luchryMans ......ceveee aan 173 78 8
UNAULALA .eeeeecerseceee sean 17 149-167 52-85 8
melanauchen .......0.00- oie 15 148 60 8
Occtpitalis vo. cecceeceeee sae 15 152-483 64-86 8
DOCONALGs svewsisvenonssaars rere 17 117-1387 90-120 8
vermiculaticeps ......secceccees 17 117 79 8
clavata 19 127 89 8
vittata 17 145-183 88-132 8
laureata tes 17 159-164 85-95 7
QOMMONA sxcctiaart ceewessgscenss ere 21 168-176 72-92 8

1. Rhadinza leucogaster.

Liophis Jeucogaster, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1863, p. 289,
and Icon. Gén. 18, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1865).

Eye rather small; rostral broader than deep, just visible from
above; internasals broader than long; suture between the inter-
nasals a little shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal
about once and a half as long as broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as Jong as the parietals ; latter as long as
their distance from the internasals; loreal square; one pre- and
one postocular ; temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 140; anal divided; subcaudals 30. Brown above, with
black cross bands, some of the scales on the middle line between
the bands edged with white; a black lateral stripe on the hinder
part of the body, extending to the ends of the ventrals; lower
surface white.

Total length 180 millim.; tail 28.

Habitat unknown.

u 2

164 COLUBRID.

2, Rhadinza breviceps.

Liophis breviceps, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 252. _
Ophiomorphus breviceps, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 75.

Eye rather small; rostral broader than deep, just visible from
above; internasals broader than long, a little shorter than the pra-
frontals ; frontal not quite once and a half as long as broad, longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, slightly shorter than
the parietals; latter as long as their distance from the rostral ;
loreal deeper than long ; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals
1+2; six or seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-chields, which
are as long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17
rows. Ventrals 154; anal divided; subcaudals 48-54. Length of
tail 53 to 53 times in the total length. Brown above, the scales
edged with black, with more or less regular narrow black cross bands ;
below with black and white (red ?) cross bands of subequal width.

Total length 450 millim.; tail 80.

Ecuador ; Surinam.

a. b (V. 154; C. 48). » W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.].
b. 9 (V.154; C. 48). Palltanga, Ecuador. Mr. Bucliley (C.].

3. Rhadinea calligaster.

Contia calligaster, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 146,
pl. xxviii. fig. 12.

Snout narrowed; one nasal shield; loreal subquadrate; one
pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1 or 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; anterior and posterior
chin-shields equal. Scales in 17 rows. . Ventrals 152; anal divided ;
subcaudals 46. Dark brown above, with a narrow black vertebral
stripe; two lateral paler stripes; a black stripe along the ends of the
ventrals; labials broadly black bordered; belly yellow, with a
series of black crescents on the median front of each suture; middle
line of tail below black.

Pico Blanco, Costa Rica,

4, Rhadinea mimus.
Opheomorphus mimus, Cope, Proc. Ae. Philad. 1868, p. 307.

Snout short; internasals broader than long; frontal shorter
than parietals; loreal very small or absent; one pre- and two
postoculars ; temporals 14+ 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye. Scalesin 15 rows. Crimson, each scale with a
brown spot near its tip; ten black rings on the body, complete
across the belly; head above and spot below eye black.

Total length 340 millim.; tail 60.

Andes of Ecuador or Colombia.

81. RHADINZA. 165

5. Rhadingwa anomala.
Coronella anomala, Giinth. Cat, p. 37 (1858), and Zool, Rec. 1866 ;

p. 126; Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xviii, 1886, p. 431.
Pages rutilus, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 80, and 1863,

Coronella pulchella, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 251,
and Icon, Gén. 17, pl. iii. fig. 4 (1866).
Aporophis anomalus, Cope, Proc, Am. Philos. Soc. xvii. 1877, p. 93.

Eye moderate. Rostral broader than deep, jast visible from
above; internasals as long as broad, as long as or a little shorter
than the prefrontals *; frontal narrow, twice as long as broad, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little
longert; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight
(exceptionally seven) upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals indistinctly angulate laterally, 147—
159; anal divided; subcaudals 50-73. Length of tail 44 to 54
times in the total length. Brown or olive above, with large black
spots dotted with yellow, and two yellow longitudinal lines or series
of spots ; the black spots forming symmetrical vertical bars on the
sides; belly yellow.

Total length 570 millim.; tail 105.

From Southern Brazil and Paraguay to Buenos Ayres.

3 (V. 155; C.?). Parana. Haslar Collection.

(Type.)
b. 3 (V. 158; OC. 69). Paraguay. Prof Grent [P.].
e-d. 3 (V.159; C. 69) & Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
© (V. 155; C. 66).
ef. Q (V. 147, 154; Dept.of Soriano, Uru- R. Havers, Esq. [P.].
C. 66, 65). guay.

g-i. 3 (V. 152; 'C. 58) & Buenos Ayres. G. Wilks, Esq. [P.].
2 (V. 155, 155 ; C. 53,
3).

k-l. § (V.151; C. 59) & South of Rio dela Lieut. Gairdner [P.].
@ (V. 147; C. 50). Plata.

m. Skull. Rio Grande do Sul.

EAy .
6. Rhadinewa sagittifera. Aad

Chlorosoma sagittifer, Jan, in Burm. Reise La Plata, ii. p. 580
(1861) {no description].

. Liopeltis sagittifer, Jan, Elenco, p. 82 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 31,
I. v. fig. 2 (1869). e

ingten pulcher, Steind, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lv. 1867, p. 267, pl. ii.

Eye moderate; rostral a little broader than deep, well visible

* The type specimen is anomalous in having an azygous shield separating the

pair of prefrontals. : :
+ Fused with the preefrontal in the type specimen.

166 COLUBRID.

from above; nasals sometimes entire or semidivided; internasals
nearly as long as broad, as long as the prefrontals; frontal narrow,
nearly twice as long as broad, with concave sides, slightly longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ;
loreal a little longer than deep; one or two pre- and two post-
oculars; temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 186-198; anal divided ;
subcaudals 75-92. Length of tail 4 to 43 times in the total length.
Pale buff above, with two alternating series of large black spots ;
a broad black stripe from the eye to the side of the neck; upper lip,
two or three outer rows of scales, and lower surface white.

Total length 740 millim.; tail 170. Pict
Western Argentina. arte /arectea ata
ab, d (V.108 C88) & Mendoza, Zee” Anak, sar os
2 (V. 193; C. 75). PP seth i
c-f. go (V. 196, 197, 186; Tucuman. (STG pro st he

C. 86, 92, 82) & ye. Ve oe
(V. 187; ¢. 76). 8 LP

7. Rhadinza cobella.

Coluber cobella, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid, p. 24 (1754), and 8. N. i.
p. 878 (1766); Merr. Beitr. i. p. 16, nil iv., and ii. p. 82, pl. viii.
1790).

ial cobella, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 296 (1801).

Coluber cenchrus, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 189 (1803).

serpentinus, part., Daud. 1. c. p. 87.

Coronella cobella, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 68, pl. i. figs. 4 & 5
1837).

Lisphis cobella, Dum. §& Bébr. vii. p. 698 (1854); Giinth. Cat. p. 48
(1858) ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 16, pl. v. fig. 1 (1866).

Ophiomorphus cobella, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 75.

Liophis teniogaster, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. A 1863, p. 292,
and Icon, Gén. 18, pl. 1. (1866).

Eye rather small. Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ;
internasals as long as broad or a little broader, as long as or a
little shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once
and three fourths as long as broad, as long as or slightly longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one pra- and
two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 143-163; anal divided ;
subcaudals 45-57. Length of tail 4% to 6 times in the total
length. Brown or blackish above, with whitish lines or cross bands ;
belly yellowish (coral-red in life) with transverse black spots
or cross bands, always more or less marked in the young, which
have a blackish nuchal collar edged behind with whitish, and a

81. RHADINmEA. 167

pair of whitish dots close together on the parietal shields; upper
labials yellowish.

Total length 730 millim.; tail 125,

Guianas, Brazil,

A. Brown above, with darker spots and white edges to some of the
scales, the assemblage of short white lines sometimes forming
irregular cross bands. (C. cobella.)

a. Q (V. 150; C. 61). Trinidad. F. W. Urich, Esq. [P.].
b-n. 3 (V. 154, 151, 153 ; Demerara.

C. 57, 54, 51),

(V. 151, 155, 151, 153 ;

C. 56, 46, 52, 52), hyr.

(V. 151, 156, 154; C.

54, 58, 51), & yg. (V.

150, 148; C. 51, 54),
o. 9 (V. 153; C. 55). Demerara. J. Henslow, Esq. [P.].
p-u. & (V. 155,154,153; — Berbice.

C. 54, 58, 53).& 9

(V. 148, 150, 151; C.

52, 50, F).
v. 2 (V. 163; C. 45). Cayenne. H. C. Rothery, Esq. [P.].
w. 9 (V. 154; C. 56). Brazil. » Esq. [P|

B. Dark brown or black above, with regular transverse white
bands, widening towards the body. (L. teniogaster.)

a. 3 (V. 154; C. 52). Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.].
b. 9 (V. 157; C. 52). Bahia. Pepe Barker, Esq.
_e-d. & (V.150; C.49) & Bahia, Haslar Collection.

Q (V. 154; O. 53).

ef. Yg. (V. 157, 155; Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.].
C. 51, 50).

Penye es C. 56). Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].

A variety without spots on the belly is named by Jan (UI. cc.,
Icon. 16, pl. v. fig. 2) var. flaviventres.

a. Skeleton. S. America.
6, c. Skulls. Brazil.

8. Rhadinea purpurans.

Ablabes urans, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 312 (1854).

Disdiplie peepurans, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1863, p. 265,
and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. v. fig. 5 (1866).

Coronella orientalis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 236 (1864).

? Liophis cobella, var. collaris, Jan, i, cc. p. 298, Icon. 16, pl. v.
fig. 3 (1866). ;

‘Rhadinza chrysostoma, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1868, p. 104.

168 COLUBRID.

Coronella peecilolemus, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p.19.
Liophis purpurans, Giinth. 1. ¢.

Eye rather small. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible
from above ; internasals a little broader than long, as long as or a
little shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal nearly twice as long as
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, slightly
shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or deeper than
long; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 150-
170; anal divided: subcaudals 51-65. Length of tail 5 to 54
times in the total length. Dark brown above, with a lighter,
black-edged streak along each side of the posterior half of the body,
most distinct on the tail; sometimes a white line across the nape ;
upper lip white; below white, with square or transverse black spots,
which may be confluent on the anterior portion of the body, more
sparse posteriorly, and absent on the tail.

Total length 460 millim.; tail 90.

From the Guianas to the Upper Amazon.

a. Her. (V. 150; C. 53). Demerara. Zool. Society.

b,c. b (V. 156; C. 62) & 9 Upper Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett [C.].
(V. 170; C. 52). (Types of C. pecilolemus.)

d. Hgr. (V. 163; C. 65). ——? E. India Company.

(Type of C. orientalis.)

eben id open B97, ye:
9. Rhadinza merremii, 014 2145 4,
? Coluber miliaris, Zinn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 27 (1754), and S. N. i.

p- 880 (1766).
Coluber merremii, Wied, Reise Bras. ii. p. 121 (1821), Beitr. Nat.
Bras. i. p. 832, and Abbild. (1825). oF
miliaris, addi, Mem. Soc. Ital. Modena, xix. (Fis.) 1828,
p. 65. ‘
Natrix chiametla, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 14, pl. ii. b. fig. 2
(1824).
Coluber bicolor, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. i. p. 145, pl. viii. fig. 1 (1883).
Coronella merremii, part., Svhleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 58 (1837).
Liophis merremii, part., Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 708 (1854); Giinth.
Cat. p. 44 (1858) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii. 1868, p. 291.
Coronella australis, Giinth. l. ¢. p. 40.
' Ophiomorphus merremii, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1862, p. 75.
Liophis bicolor, Jan, i. c. p. 296.

Eye rather small. Rostral broader than deep, visible from
above; internasals as long as broad or a little broader, shorter
than the prefrontals ; frontal once and two thirds to twice as long
as broad; frontal as long as or a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal as
long as deep or deeper than long; one pre- and’ two postoculars ;
temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,

81. RHADINZEA, 169

which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in
17 rows. Ventrals 141-164 ; anal divided; subcaudals 47-58.
Length of tail 5 to 53 times in the total length. Yellowish or pale
olive-brown above, each scale edged with black ; lower parts uniform
yellow, the shields edged with black at the sides. Young with a
light nuchal collar.

Total length 500 millim. ; tail 95.

Brazil,

a-d, e-f. 3 (V.144, 141, Brazil.
150, 143; C. 58, ?,
49, 51), 9 (V. 146;

C, Pe & her. (V. 148;
fm)

C .
g. Yg. (V. 148; 0.50), Brazil. Lord ean ool
Ah. 2 (V. 148; C.?). Tijuca, near Rio W. Schaus, Esq. [P.].
Janeiro.
t. Yg. (V. 160; C. 56). Colonia Alpina, Dr. E. A. Géldi [P.].
Theresopolis,

Prov. Rio Janeiro,
kl. 2 (V. 152, 164; S. JosédosCampos, Mr. A. Thomson [P.].

C. 47, 56). Prov. 8. Paulo.
m. 2 (V. 145; C. 52). P Sir J. Richardson [P.].
(Type of C. australis.)
n, Skull. Brazil.

10. Rhadinza fusca.

Liophis merremii, Burm. Reise La Plata, i. p. 528 (1861).

? Opheomorphus merremii, var. semiaureus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad.
1862, p. 348.

Liophis merremii, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 291,
and Icon. Gén. 17, pl. v. (1866); Lensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868,

. 324,

Oeiecuesas fuscus, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
p- 190; Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xvi. 1885, p. 297.

Liophis fuscus, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xviii. 1886, p. 431.

Rhadinza fusca, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) xiii. 1894,
p. 346.

Eye rather small. Rostral broader than deep, visible from
above; internasals broader than long, shorter than the preefrontals;
frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter
than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long; one preocular, some-
times with a small subocular below it; two postoculars; temporals
142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 165-183; anal divided; subcaudals 51-60, Length of
tail 5 to 6 times in the total length. Yellowish or olive-brown
above, each scale edged with darker; ventrals and subcaudals
yellow, black-edged. Young with a A-shaped black band on the
occiput, another on the nape, and a series of large black spots along
each side, which unite into a stripe on the posterior part of the

170 COLUBRID,

body and on the tail ; these markings may be more or less distinctly
preserved in the adult.

Total length 1070 millim. ;: tail 175.

Southern Brazil to Buenos Ayres.

a, Hey. (V. 174; 0.59). Brazil. Capt. J. Parish [P.].
b, e-d. 2 (V. 180, 175; Rio Grande do Sul. Dr, H. vy. Ihering
C. 58, 58) & yg. (V. [C.].
169; U. 53).

e. 9 (V. 183; C. 51). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
J-m. & (V.172, 168, 167, Uruguay.

170; OC. 58, 57, 56, 51)

& 2 (V. 170, 170, 166;

C. 60, 59, 57).

This form may have to be regarded as merely a variety of the
preceding.

11. Rhadinza jegeri. (Parr VII. fig. 3.)

Coronella jegeri, Giinth. Cat. p. 37 (1858); Bouleng. Ann. §& Mag.
N. H. (5) xviii. 1886, p. 431.

Liophis (Ophiomorphus) dorsalis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863 p. 283 ;
Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 325.

Opheomorphus dorsalis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 102.

Eye moderate. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from
above; internasals as long as broad or a little broader, as long as
or shorter than the pretrontals ; frontal not twice as long as broad,
a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal deeper than long; one pre- and
two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than
the posterior. Scales in 17 rows (exceptionally 19). Ventrals
147-165; anal divided; subcaudals 55-62. Length of tail 44 to
5 times in the total length. Olive above, this colour extending to
the sides of the ventrals; vertebral region brown; lower surface
yellowish or salmon-pink, uniform or obscured with olive,

Total length 560 millim. ; tail 115.

Southern Brazil and Uruguay.

a, 2 (V. 153; C. 56), Brazil. Dr. Gardiner ot T
bd. Q (V.147; C. 62). Brazil. M. Clausen [G.]. ( ~7PE°:
c-e. ¢ (V. 157; C. 62), Rio Grande do Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
@ (V. 165; C.60),& Sul.
yg. (V. 164; C. 59).
Ff. 2 (V. 164; C. 55). Uruguay.

12. Rhadinea genimaculata.

Dromicus lineatus, part., Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 155 (1854).
Liophis (Lygophis) genimaculata, Boetty. Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw.
lvili. 1885, p. 229.

81. RHADINEA, 171

mee genimaculata, Bouleng, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) xiii. 1894,
p- 347,

: Eye moderate. Rostral slightly broader than deep, scarcely
visible from above ; internasals broader than long, as long as the
preetrontals ; frontal twice as long as broad, not much wider than the
supraocular, much longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep; one pre-
and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 191-208; anal divided; subcaudals
51-66. Pale grey-brown above, with three dark brown light-edged
longitudinal streaks; the vertebral streak widest, hardly two scales
wide, and commencing on the occiput; the lateral streaks widening
abruptly at the angle of the mouth and extending, through the eye,
to the end of the snout; upper lip and lower surface uniform white;
a pink stripe along the middle of the belly and under the tail.

Total length 390 millim. ; tail 75.

Paraguay.
a. & (V.191; C. 55). Paraguay. Hr. H. Rohde [C.].
(One of the types.)
b 2 (V. 199; C. 55). Asuncion. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].

13. Rhadinza obtusa.

Rhadinea obtusa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 101.
Enicognathus, sp., F. Mill. Verh. nat. Ges. Lasel, vii. 1882, p. 144.
Coronella obtusa, Bouleng. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (5) xv. 1885, p. 194.

Eye rather small. MRostral a little broader than deep, scarcely
visible from above; internasals broader than long, as long as the
prefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, twice as
broad as the supraocular, longer than its distance from the end of
the snout and a little shorter than the parietals; loreal square ; one
pre- and two postoculars; temporals 142; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than
the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 174-192; anal
divided ; subcaudals 65-79. Pale brown above, with a dark brown
vertebral streak, occupying one scale and two halves, commencing on
the snout; a dark brown lateral streak, extending round the snout
and passing through the eye; sides and outer ends of ventrals
dark olive-grey ; upper lip and lower surface yellowish, unspotted.

Total length 380 millim. ; tail 95.

Southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina.

a. & (V. 187; C. 79). Rio Grande do Sul. Dry. H. v. Thering [C.].

b. 2 (V. 185; C. 74). “Dept. of Soriano, R. Havers, Esq. [P.].
Uruguay.

ce. 3 (V. 174; C. 65). Colonia Resistencia, Prof. Spegazzini [C.];
C. Chaco. Marquis G. Doria[P.].

172 COLUBRID.

14. Rhadinza serperastra.

Rhadinga serperastra, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 212, and
Journ. Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 140.
Ablabes serperastra, Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 105 (1893).

Internasals transverse, narrow ; frontal wide, supraciliary suture
shorter than anterior, total length exceeding that of common
parietal suture; loreal square; one pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering tke
eye; chin-shields subequal. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 164;
anal divided ; subcaudals 78. Dark brown, with six longitudinal
yellow or white lines; head dark brown above, with a pale shade
across frontal and two just behind parietals; labials black, yellow-
spotted; belly yellowish, with a series of dark spots on the ends of
the ventrals.

Costa Rica.

15. Rhadinea affinis.

Dromicus affinis, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 128 (1858).

? Enicognathus melanocephalus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys.
it. 1863, p. 269, and Icon. Gén. 16, pl. 1. fig. 4* (1866).

Coronella iheringii, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xv. 1885,
p. 194.

Fye moderate. Snout short; rostral broader than deep, scarcely
visible from above; internasals broader than long, shorter than the
prefrontals ; frontal about once and a half as long as broad, a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout and shorter than
the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or a little deeper than long;
one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+2, the second upper
very long; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 147—
185; anal divided; subcaudals 58-71. Length of tail 34 to 5
times in the total length. Grey-brown above; a black band on
each side of the head, passing through the eye, uniting with a broad
transverse band on the occiput, covering the posterior half of the
parietals; the rest of the upper surface of the head with black
variegations, or almost entirely black; a triangular light spot
behind the eye and two roundish ones close together behind the
point of the frontal; the black occipital band edged with lighter
behind; a blackish longitudinal line on the nape, sometimes con-
tinued along the back as a vertebral series of small spots ; a roundish
dark spot on each side of the nape; pale yellow inferiorly, with one
or two black dots on the side of each ventral and one on each
caudal ; a few other minute dots may be scattered on the ventrals ;
chin and throat brown, with yellowish, black-edged spots or ver-
miculations.

Total length 710 millim.; tail 145.

Brazil.

81. RHADIN mA, 173

a. Her? (V.170; C. 64). Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P.].
6. Her. f(V. 147; C. 71). Rio Janeiro. G. Busk, Esq. [P. |
(Types.)

c-e. d (V.178; C.?) & Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering
yg. (V. 172, 176; C. (C.]. (Types of
58, P). C. theringit.)

f, 2 (V. 185; C. 65). Theresopolis, Fischer Collection.

16. Rhadinga pecilopogon.

Dromicus affinis, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 128 (1858).

Rhadinxa peecilopogon, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 100;
Gunth, Zool. Rec. 1866, p. 125.

Enicognathus elegans, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1863, p. 268,
and Icon. Gén, 16, pl. 1. fig. 3 (1866).

Dromicus melanocephalus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 277.

? Liophis persimilis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 308.

Coronella peecilopogon, Bouleny. Ann. § Mug. N. H. (5) xv. 1885,
p. 194, and xviii. 1886, p. £31.

Enicognathus bilineatus, Lischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. ii. 1885,
p. 98, pl. iii. fig. 5.

Eye rather small. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible
from above; intervasals broader than long, shorter than the pri-
frontals ; frontal once and two thirds as long as broad, much longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, and a little shorter than
the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one pre-
and two postoculars; temporals 142; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 17 rows. Ventrals 141-164; anal divided; subcaudals 66-75.
Length of tail 33 to 4 times in the total length. Back brown, with
three black longitudinal lines or series of dots; sides usually dark
grey, which colour extends upon the sides of the ventrals; head
dark brown or blackish, with a white line round the snout, along
the canthus rostralis, and from the eye to the second upper tem-
poral; upper lip white, brown-dotted ; ventral region yellowish in
the middle, with a lateral series of small black spots or short lines,
which may be confluent into a streak on the hinder half of the
body.

otal length 440 millim.; tail 120.
Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

a-b. g(V. 151; C.75) & Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
2 (V. 160; C. 69). :

ec. 9 (V. 163; C. 70). Sta. Catharina. Dr. H. vy. Thering [C.].

d. 3 (V. 141; C. 72). Santos. Dr. J. G. Fischer's

Collection. (Type
of Z. bilineatus.)
e. of (V. 155; C. 66). Brazil. Haslar Collection.
(One of the types of D. affinis.)
fg (V. 154; C.72). Paraguay. Prof. Grant [P. |.

174 COLUBRID.

17. Rhadinza lachrymans.
Lygophis lachrymans, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869,
p. 164. =
Rhadinea lachrymans, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 140.
Dromicus lachrymans, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 114 (1894).

Snoutshort; rostral broader than deep ; internasals broader than
long ; frontal broad, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep; one pree- and two postoculars ; temporals 14+2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; anterior chin-shields shorter
than the posterior, Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 173; anal divided ;
subcaudals 78. Chestnut-brown above ; end of ventrals and first three
and a half rows of scales blackish, yellowish-margined above from
side of neck to end of tail; on the anterior half the body is divided
by a yellowish band on the first and second rows of scales; head
above brown ; a deep brown band from eye across sixth labial,
another across seventh, and a black spot on each side of neck; below
and labials bright yellow, the anterior upper labials brown margined.

Habitat unknown.

18. Rhadinea undulata.

Coluber undulatus, Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. i, p. 329, and Abbild.
(1825). .

Enicognathus melanocephalus, part., Dum. §& Bibr. vii. p. 330 (1854) ;
Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii. 1863, p. 269, and Icon. Gén. 16,
pl. i. fig. 4 (1866).

Coronella decorata (non Giinth. 1858), Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859,
p. 412.

Dromicus brevirostris, Peters, Mon. Bert, Ac. 1863, p. 280, and 1871,
p. 400.

undulatus, Peters, J. c. 1863, p. 281.

Fnicognathus teniolatus, Jan, Ul. ec. p. 272, 16, pl. ii. f. 4.

Dromicus boursieri, Jan, Icon. Gén. 25, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1867).

viperinus, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) 1. 1868, p. 418.

Lygophis nicagus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 132.

Rhadinea teniolata, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 154.

Coronella whymperi, Bouleng. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (5) ix. 1889,
p. 460, fig.

? Enicognathus joberti, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. 1884,
p. 146,

Rhadinza nicaga, Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 102.

Coronella teniolata, Boettg. Ber, Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 195.

Snout very short; rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from
above ; internasals as long as broad, or a little broader, shorter than
the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as
long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or deeper than
long; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 142 (rarely 2+2);
eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 149-167 ;

~

81. RHADINZTA, 175

anal divided ; subcaudals 52-85, Length of tail 3 to 43 times in
the total length. Brown above, with a blackish vertebral streak or
ZIgZAg band, becoming indistinct on the anterior part of the body
in the adult ; a black streak from the eye to the side of the neck, and
another along each side of the tail; upper labials yellowish, uniform
or spotted with black, or blackish spotted with yellow; a light,
black-edged spot on each side of the nape, and usually a pair of
light dots close together on the parietals; yellowish inferiorly,
uniform or the edges of the ventrals blackish ; a black spot at the

outer end of each ventral; chin and throat usually dotted or spotted
with black.

Total length 410 millim.; tail 135.
Brazil, Ecuador, Guiana *,

a-b. 3 (V. 156; C. 66) & Milligalli, Ecuador, E. Whymper, Esq. ba

Q (V. 154; 0. ?) 6200 feet. (Types of C_ whymperi.
ce. Hgr. (V. 165; C. 57). W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.].
d-e. Hgr. (V. 160, 161; Pebas. Mr. J. Hauxwell [C.].
C. 60, ?). (Types of D. viperinus.)

19. Rhadinea melanauchen.

Enicognathus melanauchen, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863,
p. 267, and Icon, Gén. 16, pl. i. tig, 2 (1866).

Eye rather small. Rostral much broader than deep, scarcely
visible from above ; internasals as long as broad, nearly as long as the
prefrontals ; frontal once anda half as long as broad, a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; loreal square; one pree- and three postoculars ; temporals
1+2; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals
148; anal divided; subcaudals 60. Reddish brown above, with
blackish cross bands; a large blackish, white-edged transverse spot
on the nape; lips and chin white, speckled with black; lower
surface uniform white.

Total length 350 millim.; tail 95.

Bahia.

20. Rhadinea occipitalis.

Coronella elegans (non Tsch.), Giinth. Cat. p. 38 (1858).

Enicognathus occipitalis, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863,
p. 267, and Icon. Gén. 16, pl. i. fig. 1 (1866).

Dromicus (Lygophis) wuchereri, Girinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3)
xii. 1864, p. 225, fig. : ;

Liophis reginz, part., Steind. Sitz. Ak. Wien, lv. 1867, p. 268.

Dromicus miolepis, Boettg. Zool, Anz. 1891, p. 895.

Rhadinza occipitalis, Bouleng. Ann, §& May. N. H, (6) xiii. 1894,
p. 347. ;

* I have examined a specimen from Cayenne, preserved in the Basle Museum.

oe Pore f

re

6356

176 COLUBRID.

Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals; frontal
nearly twice as long as broad, much longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, and slightly shorter than the parietals ; loreal
as long as deep, or a little deeper than long; one pre- and two
postoculars ; temporals 1+2 or 242; eight upper labials, third,
fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 152-183; anal divided;
subcaudals 64-86. Tail 33 to 43 times in the total length. Back
olive-brown, with two alternating series of blackish, light-edged
spots, which are largest and sometimes confluent into cross bands
on the anterior part of the body, and may be Jost altogether poste-
riorly ; sides usually darker, sometimes blackish grey ; head brown
above, with a blackish lateral streak, passing through the eyes, and
a white line round the snout, along the canthus rostralis and supra-
ciliary edge; usually a pair of white dots close together on the
parietals ; sometimes a pair of larger light spots on the occiput ;
upper lip white; belly white, with a lateral series of black dots,
which may be confluent into a longitudinal line,

Total length 475 millim. ; tail 105.

Brazil, Paraguay, North Argentina, Bolivia, Eastern Peru. ~

a. 2 (V. 160; C. 66). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [P.].

(Type of D. wuchereri).
b. 9 (V. 183; C. 64). Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
e. Yg. (V.175; C. 68). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls (C.).

d. 3 (V.178; C.?). Candelaria, Argen- M. J. Bove [C.];
tina, Marquis G. Doria| P.].
é. fb (V.172; C. 73). Cashiboya, N.E. Mr. W. Davis [C.];
Peru, Messrs. Veitch [P-].
Sd (V.165; C0. 70). Peru ?
per

21. Rhadinga decorata.

Coronella decorata, Giinth. Cat. p. 35 (1858); Zool. Rec. 1866,
p. 125, and Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 111 (1893).

Diadophis decoratus, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 250; Bocourt,
Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 624, pl. xl. fig. 3 (1886).

Enicognathus vittatus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868,
p. 271, and Icon. Gén. 16, pl. ii. tig. 2 (1866).

Rhadinza decorata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 101, and Journ.
Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 138.

Dyrcomicus ignitus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 201.

Rhadinea ignita, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 140, and
Proc, Amer. Philos, Soc. xxxi. 1898, p. 344.

Coronella ignita, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 111 (1898).

Eye moderate. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from
above; internasals broader than long, shorter than the pree-
frontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parictals;
loreal square; one or two pre- and two postoculars; a small
subocular’ may be present below the procular; temporals 1+2;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or fiye

81, RHADINZA. 177

lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 117-137;
anal divided; subcaudals 90-120. Length of the tail more than
one third of the total. Pale brown above, with a yellowish black-
edged streak along each side of the back, an oblique yellow black-
edged streak on the outer border of the parietal, and a yellow black-
edged spot on each side of the nape; upper lip yellow, black-edged;
sides darker than back; yellow below, with or without a black spot.
or dot at the outer end of each ventral.
Total length 410 millim. ; tail 180.
Central America,
u, &. & (V. 128, 128; C.120,?). Mexico. M. Sallé ) (Types.)
ce. S (V.122; C.?), 2 (V.129; Atoyac. Mr. H. H. Smith ([C.];
C. 102), & hgr. (V. 122; C. 2). F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].
Nase AN feet ?? Spee
22. Rhadinza vermiculaticeps.
Teeniophis vermiculaticeps, Cope, Proc. Ae. Philad. 1860, p. 249.
Rhadinea vermiculaticeps, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1863, p. 101.
Coronella vermiculaticeps, Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 111 (1898).

Snout short, eye large; frontal elongate; loreal as deep as long ;
one pre- and two postoculars ; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; posterior chin-shields longer than the anterior.
Seales in 17 rows. Ventrals 117; anal divided; subcaudals 79.
Yellowish brown above, with two deep brown dorsal streaks, sepa-
rated by the width of one scale, diverging on the neck and extend- =
ing to the outer posterior angle of the supraocular shield ; another
dark streak on each side of head and body, passing through the
eye; head brown above, vermiculated with yellowish; labials
whitish, narrowly edged with brown; chin and belly yellowish
white, each ventral with a deep brown dot at each end near the
posterior border.

Total length 330 millim. ; tail 115.

Veragua, Costa Rica.

23. Rhadinea clavata.

Dromicus clavatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 388; Bocourt,
Miss, Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 711, pl. xlv. fig. 2 (1890).

Rostral visible from above; frontal once and a half as long as
broad, a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal a little longer than
deep ; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 142; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals
127; anal divided ; subcaudals 89. Pale brown above, with three
dark longitudinal lines ; head brown above, with a dark longitudinal
streak on the frontal, and a yellow line on each side beginning
above the nostril and terminating club-shaped behind the eye; a
short yellowish-brown longitudinal band on each side of the nape;
labials yellowish white, edged above by a black line; beneath yellow.

Total length 240 millim. ; tail 87.

Mexico.

VOL. I.

178 COLUBRIDA.

24. Rhadinea vittata.

Enicognathus vittatus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1863,
p. 271, and Icon. Gén. 16, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1866); Bocourt, Miss. Sc.
Mex., Rept. p. 630, pl. xli. fig. 1 (1886). :

Dromicus teniatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 275 ; Giinth. Biol.
C.-Am., Rept. p. 118 (1894).

Rhadinea fulvivittis, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 189.

teeniata, Cope, J... p. 140.

Diadophis fulvivittis, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 158 (1883).

ptr quinquelineata, Cope, Proc. Amer, Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1866,

27

vittata, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 82, 1887, p. 80.
Diadophis decoratus, Garm. Bull. Essex Inst. xix. 1888, p. 127.
Coronella quinquelineata, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 111 (1898).
Dromicus omiltemanus, Giinth. 1. c. p. 118, pl. xl. fig. B (1894).
fulvivittis, Giinth. l.c. p. 118,

Eye rather small. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from
above; internasals broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal as long as or a little longer than deep; one pre-
and two postoculars ; sometimes a small subocular below the pra-
ocular; temporals 1+2 or 1+1; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 145-183; anal divided ;
subcaudals 88-132. Length of tail 3 to 33 times in the total
length. Dark brown above, with two yellow longitudinal streaks
commencing on the snout, or yellowish brown with three dark
brown or black stripes; upper lip and lower parts yellowish white.

Total length 700 millim.; tail 210.

Mexico.
A. A black dot at the outer end of each ventral.
a-b, Hgr. 2 (V.182,183; City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.].

aT:

e. 3 (V.172; 0.?), La Cumbre de los Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
2 (V. 182; C. 88), & Arrastrados, Ja-
yg. (V. 165; C. 106). lisco.
Jf. Her. 2 (V. 158; C. Omilteme,Guerrero, F. D. Godman, Esq.
88). [P.]. (Type of D.
omeltemanus.)

gy. Her. g (V. 175; C. Mexico.
90).

B. Ventrals without black dots ; two outer rows of scales
yellowish.
h. 3 (V. 163; C. 99). Xantipa, Guerrero, Mr. H. H. Smith [C.];
tp D. Godman, Esq.
a. Yg. (V.162; C.182). Amula, Guerrero. Mr. if H. Smith [C.];
BL Godman, Esq.

81. RHADINZHA, 179

C. Ends of ventrals and four outer rows of scales closely speckled
with blackish; yellow lateral streak interrupted on the
temple.

k. Yg.(V.166; C.180). Amula, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith [0.];
F. D. Godman, Esq.

[P.].
i,m. Her. ¢ (V.156; 8. Mexico. F, a Godman, Esq.
e 129) & 2 (V.169; [P.].
.?P).

Rhadinea fulviceps, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886,
p. 279, from Panama, appears to be very closely allied to A. vittata.

25. Rhadinza laureata.

Dromicus laureatus, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 419,

1. xix. fig. E; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 710, pl. xlv.

fas Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 112, pl. xl. fig. A
Rhadineea loreata, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 140.

Eye rather small. Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely
visible from above; internasals much broader than long, much
shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once and
two thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as or a little
longer than deep; one pre-and two postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ven-
trals 159-164; anal divided; subcaudals 85-95. Head and
vertebral region dark brown, sides yellowish brown or pale reddish,
with an ill-defined darker lateral streak, on and below which the
scales are speckled with black; a fine yellow line round the snout
on the canthus rostralis, extending posteriorly to the second temporal
or to the last labial shield; a crescentic white black-edged line may
border the head posteriorly ; a white streak on the upper lip, edged
with black above ; labials speckled with brown ; lower parts uniform
white or with a few minute blackish dots.

Total length 510 millim.; tail 170.

Mexico.

a. 3 (V. 163; C.95). City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.].

(Type.)
b-e. § (V. 164, 163,159; La Cumbre de los Dr. A.C. Buller(C.].
C. 87, 90, 90) & hgr. Arrastrados, Jalisco.
(V. 160; C. 85).

26. Rhadinza godmani.

Dromicus godmanni, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xv. 1865,
. 94,
Shadows godmanii, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 189.
Henicognathus godmanii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 631,
pl. xl. fig. 5 (1886). 6
N

180 COLUBRID,

Coronella godmani, Giinth. Biol, C.-Am., Rept. p. 110, pl. xxxix.
tig. B (1898).

Eye rather small; snout very short. Rostral broader than deep,
scarcely visible from above ; internasals much broader than long,
about half as long as the prefrontals ; frontal once and one third to
once and a half as long as broad, a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal square
or longer than deep; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals
1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 21 rows.
Ventrals 168-176; anal divided; subcaudals 72-92. Length of
tail three and a half to four times in the total length. Pale brown
above, with three or five dark brown longitudinal streaks; head
dark brown, bordered with yellow spots posteriorly ; upper labials
dark brown with yellow spots; yellowish beneath.

Total length 445 millim. ; tail 130.

Guatemala.
a-d. & (V. 176, 173; C. 88, Dueias, Messrs. Salvin & Godman
92), 9 (V. 176; C. 72), & (C.]. (Types.)

yg. (V. 170; C. 81).

82. UROTHECA.
Xenodon, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 80 (1837).
Urotheca, Bibr. in R. de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Rept. p. 217 (1843).
Liophis, part., Dum. §& Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 697 (1854) ; Giinth.
ie Sn. p. 42 (1858); Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 633
4 Bilacertes Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 253.
€ Elapochrous, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1860, p. 294.
Cosmiosophis, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 289.
Leiosophis, part., Jan, 1. c. p. 320.
Cyclagras, part., Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 488.
Maxillary teeth 11 to.14, increasing in size posteriorly, followed
after a short interspace by:two enlarged ones; mandibular teeth
subequal. Head scarcely distinct from neck; eye moderate or
rather small, with round pupil; usually one or more subocular
shields. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 17
to 21 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail long, thick throughout, ending
obtusely ; subcaudals in two rows.
Cuba, Central and South America.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Eye in contact with two labials; scales in 17 rows.

A. Four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
Anterior chin-shields much’ shorter than

the posterior ; temporals 14+2........ 1. dumeriliz, p. 181.
Anterior chin-shields as long as the pos-

terior ; temporal 1+1 ............ 2. lateristriga, p. 181.

82. vRoTHECA. 181
B. Five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields.

Temporals 142; black above, with narrow
bright transverse lines ............., 3. euryzona, p. 182.

or black and yellow rings............ 4. elapoides, p. 182.
IL. Eye separated from the labials by a series of suboculars; scales
in 19 or 2l rows ................., 5. bieincta, p. 184.

1. Urotheca dumerilii.
Urotheca dumerilii, Bibr. in R. de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Rept.
p- 218, pl. xxvi. (1843).

es dumerilli, Garm. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887,
p- 280.

Eye moderate; snout short, truncate. Rostral just visible from
above ; internasals half as long as prefrontals; frontal once and
two thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; two
preoculars, with a small subocular below them; two postoculars ;
temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 128-153 ; anal divided. The tail of the type specimen is
probably mutilated, hence the small number (42) of subcaudals.
Brown above; a blackish lateral streak, running along the outer
ends of the ventrals; lower parts orange.

Total length 344 millim.

Cuba.

2. Urotheca lateristriga.

Liophis lateristriga, Berth. Gdtting. Anz. iii. 1859, p. 180; Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 303, and Icon, Gén. 18, pl. v.
fig. 2 (1866).

Dromicus frenatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 278.

multilineatus, Peters, l.c. p. 279.

nuntius, Jan, Icon, 24, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1867).

—— lateristriga, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 103. ~
Ablabes decipiens, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 105, pl. xxxvii.
fig. A (1893).

Eye rather small; snout very short, rounded. Rostral much
broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals much shorter
than the prefrontals ; frontal about once and a half as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal nearly as long as deep (fused with the lower pre-
ocular in one of the specimens in the collection) ; one or two pre-
oculars, usually with a small subocular below; two postoculars;
temporals 1+1; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are nearly as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.

pa

182 COLUBRID,

Ventrals 133-163; anal divided; subcaudals 83-110. Brown
above, with one or two yellowish streaks along each side, the
lowermost bordered inferiorly by a dark purplish-brown streak
running along the ends of the ventrals and the lower half of the
outer row of scales; this dark streak.may be replaced by a series
of black spots along the outer ends of the ventrals; a dark brown
streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye; upper
labials yellowish above, brown inferiorly; lower parts uniform
yellowish.

Total length 580 millim.; tail 200.
Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela.

a Q (V. 162; CO. 88). Intac, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley (C.].
b-d. 3 (V. 144,183; C.?, Ivazu, Costa _ F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].

110) & 9 (V.151; C.?). Rica. (Types of Ablabes decipiens.)

3. Urotheca euryzona.

Pliocercus euryzonus, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 72, and 1865,
p. 190.

Liophis splendens, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 302, and
Icon. Gén. 18, pl. v. fig. 1 (1866).

Elapochrus euryzona, Giinth, Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p.197 (1898).

Eye moderate; snout short and broad. Rostral twice as broad

as deep, just visible from above; internasals half as long as the
prefrontals ; frontal about once and a half as long as broad, slightly
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal as long as deep; one prxocular, with a small sub-
ocular below it; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 120-138; anal
divided; subcaudals 116. Black above, with narrow pale (red?)
transverse lines, about half the length of a scale, and equidistant ;
these lines widen into irregular broad cross bars on the abdomen,
where the red and black are in nearly equal proportions; a few
small pale spots on the head.

Total length 560 millim.; tail 260.
Colombia and Ecuador.

a fo (V. 120; C. 116). Nanegal, Ecuador, E. Whymper, Esq.
[C.].

38000 feet.

; 4, Urotheca elapoides. “< ys te ge

—

Pliocercus elapoides, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 258; Salvin, ‘is
Proce, Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 227; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 190 ;
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 876; F. Miill. Verh. nat. Ges.
Basel, vi, 1878, p. 660.

elie deppii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1860, p. 294, pl. —

Doe
Pleiocercus eequalis, Salvin, I. c.; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865,
p- 190; F. Miill. 7. c. p. 662, pl. ii. fig. A.

82. UROTHECA. 1838

Liophis tricinctus, Jan, Arch. Zool, Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 801, and
Icon, Gén. 18, pl. iv. figs. 4-6 (1866).

Pliocereus dimidiatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 190, and

Journ, Ac. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 188, and Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xxil, 1885, p. 183,

— Sarg, Fisch. Arch. f. Nat. 1881, p. 225, pl. xi. figs. 1-3.
Liophis elapoides, Garm. N. Aim, Rept. p. 69 (1883) ; Bocourt, Miss.
Se. Mev., Rept. p. 635, pl. xli. fig. 6 (1886).
elapoides, vars. diastema et equalis, Bocourt, lc. figs. 7 & 8.

Elapochrus wqualis, Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 106, pl. xxxvi.
tig. A (1893), Peg Sat
—— dimidiatus, Giinth. 2. ¢. p, 107.

Eye rather small; snout short, rounded. Rostral nearly twice
as broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than
the prefrontals; frontal as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal as long as deep ; one or two preoculars and a small subocular ;
two postoculars ; temporals 141 (rarely 142); eight (rarely nine)
upper labials, fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth) entering the eye ;
five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are a little longer than the posterior. Scalesin 17 rows. Ventrals
124-143; anal divided ; subcaudals 85-127. Red above, the scales
usually tipped with black, with single or triple black annuli, the
annuli when triad separated by yellow interspaces ; some large black
spots may be present on the red areas; head black in front and
behind, with a yellow band across the parietal shields and the
temples ; belly yellowish between the rings.

Total length 550 millim.; tail 240. |

Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica. “7 - >

The individuals of this species vary immensely in the number and
arrangement of the annuli, as may be seen by referring to -the
descriptions and figures quoted in the synonymy. I am therefore
disposed to regard the forms diastema (5 triad annuli on the body)
and equalis as extreme colour-varieties of one species. I have dealt
in the same manner with <Atractus elaps and A. latifrons, which
present analogous variations.

A. Black annuli triad, with yellow interspaces.
a. 7 to 10 annuli on the body ; irregular black blotches on the

red areas.
a. & (V. 126; C. 97). Mexico.
b. 3 (V.128; CG. ?). Teapa, Tabasco. F. Dedede ret tpt
ce. 2 (V.1383; C.110). Jalisco. F.D. Godman, Esq. [P.}.

b. 8 annuli on the body; no black spots.
d. Yg. (V.130; C. 104). Dueitas, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].

B. 25 to 27 equidistant black annuli on the body.

7, 183; C. 92). S.Gerénimo,Guate- Robert Owen, Esq. [C.]}.
ei mala, (Type of B. @qualis.)
f. Yg. (V. 181; C.112), Vera Paz,lowforest. O. Salvin, Esq. [O.].

184 COLUBRIDE.
Il as te Ss
5. Urotheca bicincta. ““ ‘ia C
Coluber bicinctus, Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 276 (1804).
Elaps schranckii, Wagi. in Spiv, Serp. Bras. p. 1, pl. i. (1824).
Xenodon bicinctus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 95 (1887).
Liophis bicinctus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p.716 (1854) ; Guinth. Cat. p. 43
1858).
ees bicinctus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 321.
Eye rather small ; snout short, rounded. Rostral much broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals as long as or shorter
than the prefrontals ; frontal as long as broad or a little longer,
as long as or shorter than its distance from ‘the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal nearly as long as deep or
longer than deep; six scales surround the eye in addition to the
supraocular, the labials being excluded from the eye; temporals
242 or 343; eight or nine upper labials; chin-shields short.
Scales in 19 or 21 rows. Ventrals 168-192; anal entire; sub-
caudals 69-94. Reddish brown above, with black annuli arranged
in pairs, each pair bordered with yellow in front and behind; a
black band behind the eye, confluent with another across the occiput
and descending to the gular region; belly yellow, spotted with
black; tail with complete annuli.
Total length 1950 millim. ; tail 650.
Guianas, Brazil.

a. & (Se. 19; V.171; C.90). British Guiana. Demerara Museum.
b. 2 (Se. 21; V.176; C. 72). 8. America.
c. Ye. (Se. 19; V.169; C.87). 8. America. Zool. Soe.

83. TRIMETOPON.
Trimetopon, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 177.

Maxillary short, with 12 teeth, which gradually increase in length
to the last ; mandibular teeth subequal. Head scarcely distinct from
neck; eye small, with round pupil; a single prefrontal. Body elon-
gate, cylindrical ; scales smooth, with very indistinct apical pits, in
15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.

Central America.

1. Trimetopon gracile.
Ablabes gracilis, Giinth. Ann. § May. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 18, pl. iii.
ig. D

fig. D.
Trimetopon gracile, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1886, p. 177.

Snout short, rounded. Rostra] more than twice as broad as deep,
scarcely visible from above; internasals small, much broader than
deep ; prefrontal nearly twice as broad as deep; frontal once and
one third to once and a half as long as deep, a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ;
loreal small, longer than deep; one pre- and one postocular ;
temporals 1+1; seven or eight upper labials, third and fourth or
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in

84. HYDROMORPHUSs.—85, DIMADES. 185

contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 141-149 ; anal divided ;
subcaudals 60-65. Dark brown above, with five blackish longi-
tudinal lines; a more or less distinct yellowish collar ; lateral scales
lighter in the centre; labials yellowish, spotted with black; lower
parts uniform whitish.

Total length 290 millim. ; tail 77.

Costa Rica.

a-b. 3 (V. 149, 141; C. 65, 60). Cartago, Costa Rica. (Types.)

84. HYDROMORPHUS.
Hydromorphus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1859, p. 276.

’ Maxillary short, with 14 teeth, which gradually increase in length
to the last; mandibular teeth subequal. Head scarcely distinct
from neck ; eye very small, with round pupil; a single prefrontal ;
nostril directed upwards, in a single shield; loreal entering the
eye. Body rather elongate, cylindrical ; scales smooth, in 17 rows ;
ventrals rounded. Tail short ; subcaudals in two rows.

Central America.

1. Hydromorphus concolor.
Hydromorphus concolor, Peters, 1. ¢. p. 277, pl. —. fig. 3.

Head much depressed, with broadly rounded snout. Nostrils
directed upwards, the nasals separated by a pair of very small
internasals ; prefrontal twice as broad as long; frontal slightly
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, much
shorter than the parietals ; loreal twice as long as deep; a small
preocular between the supraocular and the loreal ; two postoculars ;
temporals 142; six upper labials, third bordering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior
chin-shieldssmall. Scalesin17 rows. Ventrals 175; anal divided ;
subcaudals 31. Dark greyish brown above; sides and lower parts
paler, the scales and shields being partly yellowish.

Total length 850 millim.; tail 86.

Costa Rica.

85. DIMADES. ~f¢ / 7 ae)
Pseudoeryx, part., Fitzing. N. Class, Rept. p. 29 (1826).
Helicops, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 170 (1880).
Homalopsis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 297 (1837).
Dimades, part., Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 65 (1842).
Dimades, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 76 (1849). ‘
Colopisma, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 836 (1854) ; Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 241.

Maxillary teeth 15 to 17, gradually increasing in size; man-
dibular teeth subequal. Head small, not distinct from neck ; eye
rather small, with round pupil; nostril directed upwards, in a semi-
divided nasal; a single internasal; no loreal. Body cylindrical,

186 COLUBRID.

stout; scales as broad as long, smooth, without apical pits, in 15
rows; ventrals rounded. Tail rather short; subcaudals in two rows.
South America.

1. Dimades plicatilis.

Coluber plicatilis, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 28, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1754),
and 8, N.i. p. 876 (1766); Daud. Rept. vii. p. 198 (1803).

Cerastes plicatilis, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 81 (1768).

Elaps plicatilis, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 294 (1801).

Pseudoeryx daudini, Fitzing. N. Class, Rept. p. 55 (1826).

Homalopsis plicatilis, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 551.

plicatilis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 358, pl. xiii. figs. 21 &
22 (1887).

Dimades plicatilis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p.65 (1842), and Cat. p.76 (1849).

Calopisma plicatile, Dum. 8 Bibr. vii. p. 344 (1854); Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 242, and Icon. Gién, 29, pl. v. figs. 2 & 3
(1868).

Snout very short, rounded ; rostral broader than deep, just visible
from above, in contact with the nasal fissure; nasals in contact
behind the rostral ; internasals small, rhomboidal, at least twice as
broad as long; frontal twice to twice and a half as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; one pree- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals
129-140; anal divided ; subcaudals 32-51. Brown above, uniform
or with two rows of small black spots; a black lateral band, with a
series of small whitish spots; a black streak on each side of the
head, passing through the eye; lips yellowish, spotted or ver-
miculated with brown; helly yellowish with black dots, which may
form regular longitudinal series; a series of large black dots runs
along each side of the belly, on the first row of scales, and is con-
tinued on the subcaudals.

Total length 920 millim. ; tail 120.

Guianas, Brazil.

a, 2 (V. 187; C. 36). British Guiana.

b,c. o (V. 185; C. 46) British Guiana. Demerara Museum.
& 2 (V. 140; C. 36).

d. 3 (V. 182; C. 47). Berbice.

e. Hgr. (V. 129; C.51). Para.

fj. Hgr. (V. 181; C. 46). P

College of Surgeons [P.].

86. HYDROPS.

Hydrops, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 170 (1830); Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 75
(1849) ; Dum. § Bibr. Erp, Gén. vii. p. 482 (1854).

Homalopsis, part., Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 297 (1837).

Higina, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67 (1842), and Cat. Sn. p. 75.

Calopisma, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 241.

Maxillary teeth 14 or 15, gradually increasing in size; man-
dibular teeth subequal. Head small, not distinct from neck ; eye
very small, with round pupil; nostril directed upward, in a semi-

86. HyDRoPs. 187

divided nasal; a single internasal ; no loreal. Body cylindrical,

slender ; scales short, smooth, without apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows;

ventrals rounded. Tail rather short; subcaudals in two rows.
South America.

Z 1. Hydrops triangularis. 7
Elaps triangularis, Wagl. in Spix, Serp. Bras, p. 5, pl. 2a. fig. 1 (1824).
ean martil, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 856, pl. xiii. figs. 19 & 20

8387). ;
Hydrops martii, Gray, Zool. Mise. p- 68 (1842), and Cat. p. 75 (1849) ;
Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 484 (1854) ; Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N, H. (4)
i. 1868, p. 421.
Higina fasciata, Gray, Ul. ce. pp. 67, 75.
Calopisma martii, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii, 1865, p. 242, and
Icon, Gén. 29, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1868).

Snout broadly rounded. Rostral much broader than deep, scarcely
visible from above; nasals in contact with each other behind
the rostral ; internasal thomboidal, nearly twice as broad as long ;
frontal a little longer than broad, as long as or longer than its dis-
tance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one
pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+1; eight upper labials,
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 145-176; anal divided;
subcaudals 40-66. Purplish brown above, red on the sides, white
below ; with black annuli, which may be interrupted and alternate
on the middle dorsal and ventral lines.

Total length 780 millim.; tail 110.

Guianas, Brazil.

a-b, c-e. Hgr. (V. 165, Demerara. (Types of H. fasciata.)
170, 168, 176, 168; C.
56, 58, ?, 56, 54).
Yg. (V. 167; C. 46). Demerara. Zoological Society.
i. 2 (V. 169, 161,166; Berbice.
C. 45, 43, 45).
Her. (V. 166; C. 64). _ Surinam. W. Carruthers, Esq. [P.].
Yg. (V.175; C. 42). Surinam.
m,n. Hgr. (V. 159; C. 60) e
& yg. (V. 157; C. 58).
2. Hydrops martii.
Elaps martii, Wagler, in Spix, Serp. Bras. p. 3, pl. ii. fig 2 (1824).
Hydrops callostictus, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 421,
pl. xvii. fig. B.
Very closely allied to the preceding, but scalesin 17 rows. Ven-
trals 168-179; subcaudals 71-76. Red, back purplish, with black
anuuli, which are bordered on the upper surface of the body with
round whitish spots.
Total length 265 millim. ; tail 60.
Brazil and N.E. Peru.

. Hgr. (V. 168; ©. 71). Chyavetas, Upper Mr. E. Bartlett [C.].
aoe : ds Deacon (Type of Z, callostictus.)

f
9-
k.
é.

“7

188 COLUBRID.

87. SYMPHOLIS.

Sympholis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 524 (1862); Bocourt,
Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 555 (1883).
Cheilorhina (non Liith.), Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 57.

Maxillary teeth small, 12, increasing in length posteriorly. Head
not distinct from neck; eye very small, with round pupil; inter-
nasals fused with the preefrontals; nasal fused with the first labial ;
loreal and preocular present. Body cylindrical; scales very short,
smooth, without pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail very
short, obtuse; subcaudals in two rows.

Mexico.

1. Sympholis lippiens.

Sympholis lippiens, Cope, J. c., and Am. Journ. Se. § Arts, xxxv. 1863,
p. 458; Bocourt, 1. c. pl. xxxiv. fig. 5.

Cheilorhina villarsii, Jan. 1. c., and Icon. Gén. 48, pl. i. fig. 5 (1876).

Geophis lippiens, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 103 (1883).

Snout rounded, feebly prominent. Rostral as deep as broad,
visible from above; frontal longer than broad, pointed in front,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals ; supraocular nearly as broad as the frontal ; a small loreal
and a small preocular; one postocular, which may be fused with
the supraocular ; one temporal; five upper labials, first fused with
the nasal, third, or second and third, entering the eye; asingle pair
of small chin-shields. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 213; anal
entire; subcaudals 15. Yellow, with black annuli, which are more
or less incomplete inferiorly ; snout black.

Total length 500 millim.

Guadalajara.

88. CORONELLA. .

Coronella, part., Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 84 (1768) ; Bote, Isis, 1827,
p. 519; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén.
vil. p. 607 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 34 (1858); Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 2386; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept.
p. 607 (1886).

Zacholus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 190 (1860).

Calamaria, part., Schleg. 1. c. p. 25.

Herpetodryas, part., Schleg. J. c. p. 178.

Ophibolus, Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p.82 (1853) ; Cope, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 607.

Diadophis, Baird §& Gur. l.c. p.112; Cope, lc. p. 614.

Osceola, Baird & Gir. lc. p. 183; Cope, 1. c. p. 606.

Ablabes, part., Dum. & Bibr. t..c. p. 304; Giinth. 1. c. p. 27.

Meizodon, Fischer, Abh. Nat. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 112.

Coryphodon, part., Giinth. J. c. p. 107.

Lampropeltis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 254, and 1861, p. 302.

Diadophis, part., Jan, l.c. p. 261; Bocourt, 1. ce. p. 618.

Bellophis, Lockington, Proc. Cal, Acad. vii. 1877, p. 52.

Coronella, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 308 (1890).

Maxillary teeth 12 to 20, increasing in size posteriorly, some-

AP

88. cORONELLA. 189

times very slightly; mandibular teeth subequal. Head not or but
slightly distinct from neck; eye moderate or rather small, with
round pupil. Body cylindrical or slightly compressed ; scales smooth,
with apical pits, in 15 to 25 rows; ventrals not or but obtusely
angulate laterally. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.

Europe, South-western Asia, India, Africa, America north of the
Equator.

Skull of Coronella austriaca.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. One preocular; scales in 17 rows or more.

A. Anal divided ; scales in 19-21 rows.

1. Rostral as deep as broad; usually two superposed anterior
temporals,

Third and fourth (rarely fourth and fifth)
labials entering the eye; scales in 19

LOWS coc e eee cece tere rere e renee 1. austriaca, p. 191.
Fourth and fifth labials entering the eye;
scales in 21 rOWS ....-. eee e eee rene 2. amalie, p. 193.

2. Rostral much broader than deep; usually two or three
superposed anterior temporals ; scales usually in 21 rows.

Supraccular extensively in contact with

the prefrontal ......6. eee ee sees 3. girondica, p. 194.
Preocular reaching or nearly reaching the

frontal. cacavws ss edeshewedeioe ae B68 4, semiornata, p. 195.

190 COLUBRID.

3. Rostral a little broader than deep; a single anterior tem-
poral; scales in 19 rows,

Four lower labials in contact with the

anterior chin-shields ; belly yellow .... 5. coronata, p. 196.
Five lower labials in contact with the an-

terior chin-shields ; belly blackish .... 6. regularis, p. 196.

B. Anal undivided.
1. Upper portion of rostral broad; normally seven upper labials.

a. Scales in 19-25 rows; ventrals 198-240, not angulate
laterally ; rostral once and a half as broad as deep.

Eye moderate ; scales in 19-23 rows; dark

brown or black above, with yellow or

white markings ..............e0000. 7. getula, p. 197.
Eye small; scales in 21-25 rows........ 8. calligaster, p. 198.

b. Scales in 21-23 rows; ventrals 188-214; rostral twice
as broad as deep.

Portion of rostral visible from above mea-

suring less than one fourth its distance

from the frontal.............+ee eee 9. leonis, p. 199.
Portion of rostral visible from above mea-

suring one third to one half its distance

from the frontal......... 00 eee ee eee 10. triangulum, p. 200.

c. Scales in 19-25 rows, usually 21 or 23; ventrals angu-
late laterally ; rostral once and a half as broad as deep.

Ventrals 179-210; first black band on

NApe OMY ys cress ear eg nas alva salen 11. gentilis, p. 201.
Ventrals 198-224 ; body compressed ; first
black band on nape only ............ 12. zonata, p. 202.

Ventrals 204-240; first black band form-

ing a complete ring, extending across the
TAT OAL: Biwre-anse sd acne PAA Mla ees 13. micropholis, p. 203.

d. Scales in 17-19 rows; ventrals 161-180.
14, doliata, p. 205.

2. Upper portion of rostral not broader than the anterior
nasal; eight upper labials .... 15. brachyura, p. 206.

II. Usually two preoculars ; anal divided; scales in 15-17 rows.

Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 136-160 .... 16. punctata, p. 206.
Scales in 15 rows ; ventrals 182-222 .... 17. amabilis, p. 207,
Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 183-237 .... 18. regalis, p. 208.

88, cORONELLA. 191

TABLE sHowine Numsers or ScaLES AND SHIELDs.

Ant.

Se. vy. A Cc Lab. |Pr.oc. temp.

GUSEIACA oo. es ese, 153-199 | 2(1) | 42-70 | 7(8) | 1(2) | 20)
amaie v0. 5 190-198 | 2 | 52-64] 8 1 2
girondica .. : 170-200 | 2 | 55-72) 8 1 | 2-3
semiornata ; 176-204 | 2 | 63-88] 8 1 | 2(1)
coronata........ ns 180-205 | 2 | 63-75| 8 1 1
regularis ...., can 186-200 | 2 | 58-73] 8 1 1
getula....r0. ake 198-240 | 1 | 41-65] 7 1 2
calligaster ..........0. 192-213 | 4 | 40-52) 7 | 1 | 1-2
LeONIS os eeeseeeeseeeee 200 1 51 7 1 2
triangulum 184-214 | 1 | 43-55] 7 1 | 2(1)
GentiliS eevee, 9 179-210 | 1 | 4453]7(8)| 1 | 2
ZONA bSuiescuetaes 198-224 | 1 | 45-66] 7 1 2
micropholis 204-240 | 1 | 46-60 | 7(8) | 1 | 2(1)
doliata ......ccescceee 161-180 | 1 | 31-54) 7 1 1
brachyura .... 23 | 2138-223 | 1 | 46-53 | 8 1 2
punctata 15 136-160 | 2 | 36-62 | 7-8 )2(1)| 1
amabilts.......ccc.c00 15 182-210] 2 | 53-63] 7-8) 2 1
TEGAUS iceeevecrecens 17 ‘| 183-237 | 2 | 56-77] 7-8) 2 1

1. Coronella austriaca.

Coronella austriaca, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 84, pl. v. fig. 1 (1768) ;
Lindaker, Abh. b6hm. Ges. Wiss, i. 1791, p. 128; De Betta, Erp.
Veron., Mem. Accad. Verona, xxxv. 1857, p. 183; Giinth. Cat.
p. 34 (1858); Gray, The Zool. 1859, p. 6780; F. Bond, t. .
p- 6787; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 250; De Betta,
Atti Ist. Ven. (8) xiii. 1868, p. 920; Strauch, Schlang. Russ. R.
p. 43 (1878) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 803 (1875) ; De Betta, Faun.
Ltal., Rett. Anf. is 86 (1876); Boettg. Zeitschr. ges. Nat. xlix.
1877, p. 286; Collett, Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. Christ. 1878, no. 3,
p. 2; Leydig, Abh. Senck, Ges, xiii. 1883, p. 183 ; Boetig. in Radde,
Faun. Flor. Casp.-Geb. p. 67 (1886) ; Camerano, Mon. Ofid. Ital.,
Colubr. p. 59 (1891); Werner, Verh. xool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli.
1891, p. 764; Méhely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt, Herp. p. 26 (1892) ;
Bouleng. The Zool. 1894, p. 10; Diirigen, Deutschl. Amph. u. Rept.
p. 821, pl. viii. fig. 2 (1894).

Coluber levis, Lacép. Serp. pp. 98, 158 (1789); Hermann, Observ.
Zool. p. 278 (1804). /

—— austriacus, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 1114 (1789); Sturm, Deutschi.
Faun. iii. Heft 2 (1799) ; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 19 (1803) ; Metaxa,
Mon. Serp. Rom. p. 89 (1823); Lenz, Schlangenk. p. 500, pl. vii.
fig. 10 (1832); Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital. (1836).

versicolor, Razoum. Hist. Nat. Jorat, p. 122, pl. ii. fig. 6 (1789) ;
Daud. t.c. p. 96. ;

—— coronella, Bonnaterre, Encycl. Méth., Ophid. p. 31, pl. xxxvi.
fig. 2 (1790). .

—— ferruginosus, Sparrman, Vetensk. Ak. Handl. Stockh. xvi. 1795,
p. 180, pl. vii. fried

Natrix coronilla, Schranck, Faun. Boica, i. p. 291 (1798); Reider §
Hahn, Faun. Boica, ii. - — (1832),

Coluber cupreus, Georg, eschr. Russ, R. iii. p. 1884 (1800); Pail.
Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 45 (1811).

192 COLUBRID 2.

Coluber alpinus, Georg?, 1. ¢.

? Coluber ponticus, Georgi, J. ¢.

Coluber gallicus, Herm. 7. c. p. 281.

caucasius, Pall. 1. ¢. p. 46.

Coronella levis, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 539; Eich. Zool. Spec. iii.
p- 175 (1881); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Mér. iii. p. 350,
Rept. pls. xii. & xiii. (1840); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 610 (1854);
Jan, Icon. Gén, 14, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1865); Cooke, Our Rept. p. 53,
pl. iv. (1865) ; Viaud-Grandm. Et. Serp. Vend. p. 12 (1868) ;
Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 177 (1872); Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 145
(1876) ; Cambridge, Proc. Dorset N. H. Club, vii. 1886, p. 84,
pl. vi.; Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. aus Bosn. u. Herzeg. it. p. 622 (1894).

Zacholus austriacus, Fitzing. Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr. i. p. 326 (1882) ;
Bonap. Mem. Acc. Tor. (2) ii. 1889, p. 481; Gliickselig, Lotos,
i. 1851, p. 198.

Coluber nebulosus, Ménétr. Cat. Rais. p. 73 (1832).

eas levis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 65, pl. ii. figs. 12 & 13

1837).

Zasholne fitzingeri, Bonap. 1. c.

levis, Eichw. Faun. Casp.-Cauc. p. 118 (1841).

Coronella levis, vars. caucasica e¢ egyptiaca, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat.
Phys. ii. 1863, p. 238.

—— austriaca, var. italica, Schreib. 1. ce. fig.

—— levis, var. leopardina, F. Muill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vii.
1884, p. 283.

Snout obtuse or more or less prominent: rostral at least as deep
as broad, more or less produced posteriorly between the internasals,
the portion visible from above at least half as long (in some speci-
mens quite as long) as its distance from the frontal, rarely separating
the internasals, which are shorter than the prefrontals; frontal as
long as or longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep; one (rarely two) pre-
and two postoculars ; temporals 2+ 2 or 243 (rarely 1+2); seven
(rarely eight) upper labials, third and fourth (or fourth and fifth)
entering the eye; four (rarely three) lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 153-199; anal divided
(rarely entire); subcaudals 42-70. Brown or reddish above, often
with one or three lighter stripes, with small dark brown or brick-
red spots usually disposed in pairs; frequently two dark brown or
brick-red stripes on the nape, usually confluent with a large dark
blotch on the occiput; a dark streak on each side of the head, from
the nostril to the angle of the mouth, passing through the eye,
sometimes extending along each side of the neck; lower parts red,
orange, brown, grey, or blackish, uniform or speckled with black
and white. Spec. u is pale brown above, with four black lines
along the anterior part of the body, and two small, yellowish, dark-
edged spots close together on the back of the head, separated by
the parietal suture.

Total length 720 millim.; tail 140.

Europe, as far north as 623° (in Great Britain only in Hampshire
and Dorsetshire, perhaps also in Surrey), Transcaucasia, Talysch
Syria.

88. coRONELLA.

a. 3 (V. 158; C. 61). Bournemouth,
b. Her. 2 (V.165; C.48). Bournemouth.
e. d (V. 154; C. 58), Ringwood.
af. S (V. 153, 163; C. Hampshire.
57, 54) & her. 9 (V
177 ; ©. 55),
g. 3 (V. 154; C. 56) Hampshire.
h. Q (V.173; C. 45). Argenton, Indre.
wl. 2 (V. 181,174,175; Houffalize, Bel-
C. 51, 47, 54). gium.
m-n. 3 (V. 161; C.53) Hanover.
& © (V. 187; OC. 45).
o-g. 9 (V.178, 185,184; Kahlenberg, rear
C, 45, 47, 51). Brandis, Saxony.
r. 3 (V.170; C. 58) Walkmiihle, near
Kisenberg, Al-
tenburg.
8. 3 (V. 165; C. 57), Jocketa, near Plau-
en, Saxony.
t. Yg.(V. 190; C. 51). Saxony.

u. $ (V. 172; 0. 47).

v, wa, B~y, 6, -€,

nw. So

(V. 175, 171, 175, 168,

Between Kierling
and Weidling,
near Vienna.

Near Vienna.

168, 188; C. 57, 57,

54, 2, 58, 44), 9
187, 187, 188, 181; C
51, 52, 49, 58), & ye.

(V.

(V. 176, 175,191, 177;

C. 60, 58, 51, P).
x. 3 (V. 164; C. 62).

rA-v. g (V. 174; C. 56),
2 (V. 186; C. 50), &
yg. (V. 190; C. 47).

&o. 5 (V. 166; C. 54)
& 2 (V. 189; C. 48).

mw. 2 (V. 179; C. ?).

. Yg. (V. 161; C. 53).
. Yg. (V. 167; 0. 47).

r. 3 (V. 166; C. 61).
v. 2 (V.177; C. 50).
. Yg. (V. 168; 0.57).
x: & (V.177; ©. 58).

a)

y. Yg. (V.198; C. 44).
o, aa. Skulls.

Admont, Upper
Styria.
Carinthia.

Transylvania,
Turin,

Bologna.
Ferrieare,
nines.
Corunna.
Pontevedra.
Travnik, Bosnia.
Saagdan, Kuban,
Ciscaucasia.
Tiflis.
France.

Apen-

2. Coronella amalia.

193

Lord A. Russell [P.].
Master J. L. Monk [P.].
F. Bond, Esq. [P.].
Zoological Society,

F. Beckford, Esq. [P.].
M. R. Paratre [E.}.
Malle. L. Héger [P.].
Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].

Dr. W. Wolterstorff

Dr. Wolterstorff
EP. J.
Dr. W. Wolterstorff

[P.].
Dr. A. B. Meyer [P.].
Dr, F. Werner [E.].

Dr. F. Werner [E.].

Hr. F. Henkel [E.].
Hr. F. Henkel [E.].

Dr. F. Werner [E.].

Count M. G. Peracca
[P.]. ; ;

Prof. J. J. Bianconi [P.].
Prof, G. B. Howes [P.].
M. V. L. Seoane [P.].
M. V. L. Seoane [P.].
Dr. F. Werner [P.].
St.Petersburg Mus. | E.].

St.Petersburg Mus. [E. ].

Rhinechis amaliz, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1881, p, 570, and Abh. Senck.

Ges, xiii. 1883, p.

98, pl. i. fig. 1.

Coronella amaliz, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) iii. 1889, p. 305,
and Tr, Zool, Soc, xiii. 1891, p. 144, pl. xviii. fig. 1.

VOL. ll.

0)

194 COLUBRID.

Intermediate between C. austriaca and C. girondica. Snout pro-
minent; rostral as deep as broad, produced between the internasals,
the portion seen from above about half as long as its distance
from the frontal; suture between the internasals one third the
length of that between the prefrontals; frontal a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than
the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one pre- and two post-
oculars; temporals 2+38; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields three fourths the length of the
anterior. Scales in 21 rows. Ventrals 190-198; anal divided;
subeaudals 52-64, Grey-brown above, with reddish-brown spots
and four rather indistinct dark longitudinal bands; vertebral region
light; a pair of elongate dark brown spots on the nape; a black
streak on each side of the head, from the nostril, through the eye,
to the angle of the mouth; a dark band between the eyes, crossing
the prefrontals; a black line below the eye; lower parts coral-red,
with quadrangular black spots.

Total length 390 millim. ; tail 72.

Morocco and Algeria.

a-b. 2 (V. 193; C. 63) Benider Hills, near M.H. Vaucher [C.].
& yg.(V.190; C. 64). Tangier.

3. Coronella girondica.

Coluber girondicus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 432 (1803).

meridionalis, Daud. vii. p. 158 (1803).

riecioli, Metaaa, Mon. Serp. Rom. p. 40, pl. —. figs. 3 & 4
(1823); Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital. (18°2).

Coronella meridionalis, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 539.

Coluber rubens, Gachet, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. iii. 1829, p. 255."

Coronella levis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 65 (1837).

Zamenis riccioli, Bonap. Mem. Ace. Tor. (2) 11. 1839, p. 432.

Coronella girondica, Dum. §& Bibr. vii. p. 612 (1854) ; Guinth. Cat.

p. 85 (1858) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 251, and

Icon. Gén. 17, pl. iii. figs. 1-38 (1866) ; Boetty. Abh. Senck. Ges.

ix. 1873, p. 150; Schreeb. Herp. Eur. p. 299 (1875) ; De Betta,

Faun. d'Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 387 (1875) ; Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 151

(1876); Bedriaga, Amph. et Rept. de Portug. p. 65 (1889) ; Came-

rano, Mon. Ofid. Ital., Col. p. 64 (1891); Bouleng. Tr. Zool, Soe.

xiii. 1891, p. 145; Caruccio, Boll. Soc. Rom. i. 1892, p. 55; Ko-

lombatovit, N. Nadod. Kralj. Dalm. p. 12 (1893).
riccioli, De Betta, Mem. Acc. Verona, xxxv. 1857, p. 191, and

Atti Ist. Ven. (3) xiii. 1868, p. 921.
—— levis, var. hispanica, Boetty. Ber. Offend. Ver, Nat. x. 1869,
p. 55,

Snout scarcely prominent ; rostral much broader than deep, just
visible from above; suture between the internasals not more than
half as long as that between the prefrontals ; frontal as long as or
a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one pre- and two
postoculars ; temporals 243 or 3+3; eight upper labials, fourth

88. CORONELLA. 195

and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than the
posterior. Scales in 21 (rarely 19) rows. Ventrals 170-200; anal
divided ; subcaudals 55-72. Brown, greyish, or reddish abcve, with
dark brown or blackish transverse spots or bars; a pair of elongate
blackish spots or a U-shaped mark on the nape ; a black streak
from the eye to the angle of the mouth, and a dark band between
the eyes, crossing the prefrontals; a black line below the eye ;
lower parts yellowish or red, with quadrangular black spots or with
two black longitudinal bands or series of spots.

Total length 620 millim.; tail 125.

South of France, Italy, Pyrenean Peninsula, Morocco, Algeria.

a. 3 (V. 186; C. 65). Montpellier.

6. 2 (V. 196; C. 56). Maritime Alps. Count M. G. Peracca
P.}. :

e. Hgr. 9 (V.183; C.61). Genoa. Coane M. G, Peracca
Pf,

d. Ye. (V. 194; 0.59), Ferrieare, Apennines. Paot G, B. Howes [P.}.

e. ¢ (V. 185; C. 64). Pisa, Prof. Della Torre [E.].

f. 2 (V. 194; C. 58). Italy. Prof. J.J.Bianconi[P.].

g-h. 3 (V. 187; C. 65) Serra de Gerez, Dr. Gadow [C.}.

& yg. (V. 190; C. 58). Portugal.

t. 3 (V. 180; C. 67). Coimbra. Dr. J. L. Vieira [P.].

k. 2 (V. 191; C. 64). Morocco. M. Curty[C.]. Héron-
Royer Collection.

2. Skull. Montpellier.

4. Coronella semiornata.

Coronella semiornata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p, 622; Giinth.
Cat. p. 89 (1858) ; Peters, Reise n, Mossamb. iii. p. 116, pl. xvii.
fig. 2 (1882).

Zamenis fischeri, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1879, p. 777.

Coronella inornata, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. i. 1884, p. 6,

1. i. fig. 2.
a a ee Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1893, p. 117.

Snout not prominent; rostral much broader than deep, just
visible from above; internasals as long as the prefrontals; frontal
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal longer than deep; one prwocular, reaching or nearly
reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 243
(rarely 142); eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye: four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 21 rows.
Ventrals 176-204 ; anal divided; subcaudals 638-88. Olive-brown
above, with black transverse lines on the anterior portion of the
body ; these lines indistinct or broken up in the adult; upper lip
and pre- and postoculars yellowish ; ventrals yellowish, uniform or
edged with black.

Total length 610 millim. ; tail 150.

East Africa.

02

196 COLUBRID.

A. Head olive above.

a. & (V. 185; C. 83). E. Africa. Sir J. Kirk (C.].
b. Yg.(V. 186; C. 86). Coast of Zanzibar.

B. Head black above.
ce. Yg. (V. 189; C. 87)... Mombasa. D. J. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

5. Coronella coronata.

Calamaria coronata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 46 (1887).
Ooronella (Meizodon) bitorquata, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860,
. 428, fig.
sapbtietas Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 254, and
Icon. Gén. 15, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1866).
Mizodon coronatus, Sted. Sitzb. Akad. Wien, Ixii. i. 1870, p. 382.
Meizodon bitorquatum, Matschie, Zool. Jahrb. v. 1890, p. 332.

Snout scarcely prominent. Rostral a little broader than deep,
just visible from above ; internasals as long as or shorter than the
prefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one prae- and two post-
oculars ; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows.
Ventrals 180-205 ; anal divided; subcaudals 63-75. Olive above,
which colour extends to the outer ends of the ventrals; a black
band across the occiput, another across the nape; a black spot on
the loreal region and another on each side of the neck; the space
between the black bands and spots yellowish; belly yellowish.

Total length 520 millim.; tail 115.

West Africa. :

a. Yg. (V. 205; C. 75), Senegal. (Type of C. bitorquata.)
b. 2 (V. 188; C. 68). McCarthy Island. Officers of the Chatham

Museum [P.].
v. & (V. 180; C. 70). W. Africa.

6. Coronella regularis.

Meizodon regularis, Fischer, Abh. Nat. Hamh, iii. 1856, p. 112, pl. iii.
ay Giinth. Cat. p. 250 (1858) ; Matschie, Zool. Jahrb. v. 1890,
p. 614.

Coryphodon margaritiferus, Giinth. Cat. p. 109.

Coronella (Meizodon) regularis, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 428,
fig. ; Jan, Icon. Gén. 15, pl. iii. figs. 2 & 3 (1866); Fischer, Oster-
Progr. Ak. Gymn. Hamb. 1883, p. 15.

elegans, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 255.

Very closely allied to the preceding. Differs in the rather shorter
frontal shield, the presence of five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, and in the coloration. Dark olive, each scale
black in the centre and with a white dot; three black bands across

88. CORONELLA. 197

the head, separated by narrow pale lines and followed by one or
more black bands across the nape ; lips and gular region yellowish ;
lower parts whitish, the borders of the shields blackish.

West Africa.

wu. Yg. (V. 187; C. 58). W. Africa. Sir J. Richardson [P.].
(Type of Coryphodon margaritiferus.)

7. Coronella getula.

Coluber getulus, Zinn. §. N. i. p. 882 (1766); Catesby, Nat. Hist.
Carol, pl. lii. (1771); Daud. Rept. vi. p. 314, pl. Ixxvii. fig. 1
(1803) ; Hart. Journ. Ac, Philad. v. 1827, p. 358, and Med, Phys,
Res, p. 122 (1835) ; DeKay, N. Y. Faun. iii. p. 37, pl. x. fig. 21
(1842) ; Giinth. Cat. p. 249 (1858).

? Coluber eximius, Hari. i. cc. p. 360.

Coluber (Ophis) californie, Blainv, N. Ann. Mus. iv. 1835, p. 292,
pl. xxvii. fig. 1. :

Herpetodryas getulus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 198 (1837).

Coronella getulus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iii. p. 95, pl. xxi. (1842) ;
Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 616 (1854); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii.
1863, p. 244, and Icon, Gén. 12, pl. vi. & 14, pl. v. (1865). ;

sayl, Holbr. l. c. p. 99, pl. xxil.; Dum. & Bibr. p. 619; Giinth.
Cat. p.41; Jan, ll. ce.

Ophibolus boylii, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 82 (1858).

splendidus, Baird & Gir. i. c. p. 83.

-— sayi, Baird § Gir. i.c. p. 84, and in Marey’s Explor. Red Riv.
p. 228, pl. vii. (1853).

—— getulus, Baird & Gir. 1. c. p. 85; Cope, Check-list N. Am.
Rept. p. 37 (1875); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 68, pl. v. figs. 38 & 4
(1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892, p. 611; H. Garm.
Bull. Ilin. Lab. iii, 1892, p. 297; Hay, Batr. § Rept. Indiana,
p. 110 (1893).

Coronella balteata, Hallow. Proc, Ac. Philad, 1858, p. 226, and Rep.
Explor, Surv. R. R. x. pt. 4, pl. v. (1857).

california, Dum. § Bibr. p. 628.

Lampropeltis sayi, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 254

splendida, Cope, l.c. p. 255.

—— getula, Cope, J. ¢.

boylii, Cope, J. c. ,

boylii, var. conjuncta, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 301.

Coronella pseudogetulus, Jan, Ul. cc. p. 247, Icon. 12, pl. vi. fig. 2.

Ophibolus californise, Cope, Check-list, p. 87. ;

—- getulus niger, eiseni, multicinctus, Yarrow, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. v. 1882, p. 488.

Snout slightly prominent; rostral about once and a half as broad
as deep, the portion visible from above measuring about one third
its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals about
half as long as that between the prefrontals ; frontal considerably
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep, or deeper than
long, or longer than deep, sometimes absent; one pre- and two
(rarely three) postoculars ; temporals 242 or 2+3; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or

198 COLUBRID &,

longer than the posterior. Scales in 21 or 23 (rarely 19) rows,
Ventrals 198-240; anal entire; subcaudals 41-65. Dark brown
or black above, with yellow or white markings; labials and lower
parts black and white or black and yellow.

Total length 1780 millim. ; tail 200.

North America.

A. Above with small yellow spots or narrow yellow transverse
bands restricted to the back. (OC. sayi.)

a. & (Se. 19; V. 209; C. 39). Indiana.
b. & (Se. 21; V. 211; C. 46). Arkansas.
ce. @ (Se. 21; V. 216; C. 45). Louisiana.

d,e-f. 2 (Se. 21; V. 207; C.49) New Orleans. M. Sallé (C.].
& yg. (Se. 21, 21; V. 201, 198;
C. 60, 53).
g. 3d (Se. 23; V. 218; C. 53). Duval County, W. Taylor, Esq.
Texas. [C.].
h,i. 3 (Se. 21; V. 209; C. 54) Texas,

& @ (Se. 21; V. 206; C. 50).
hk. Skull. New Orleans.

B. Above with yellow transverse bands connected with their
fellows on the sides. (C. getula.)

a. Her, (Sc. 21; V.210; 0.39). District of Columbia. Smithsonian Inst.
b-d. 3 (Sc. 23; V. 216; C.52), Marion Co.,Florida. A. Erwin Brown,
2 (Sc. 28; V. 218; C.?), & Esq. [P.].
her. (Se. 23; V. 214; C. 47). :
ef. & (Sc. 21; V.217; C.50) N. America.
& yg. (Se. 21; V. 211; C. 50).

C. More or less complete whitish annuli round the body,
widening on the belly. (C. californie, C. boylit.)

a. & (Sc. 28; V. 225; C. 56). Camp Taylor, Prof. C. Eigen-
Marion Co., Cal. mann [C.].
b-d. 3 (Se. 23; V.228; C.46), San Diego, Cali- Christiania Mus.
2 (Se. 23; V. 2385; C. 54), & fornia.
yg. (Se. 23; V. 226; C. 54).

e. Yg. (Sc. 28; V. 228; C. 54). California. Smithsonian Inst.
Sf. ¥g. (Se. 21; V. 218; C. 55). California. Lord Walsing-
ham [P.].

8. Coronelia calligaster.

Coluber calligaster, Harlan, Journ. Ac, Philad. v. 1827, p. 859, and
Med. Phys. Res. p. 122 (1835).

guttatus (non L.), Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 168 (1887).

Coronella rhombomaculata, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iii. p. 103, pl. xxiii.
(1842); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 243, and Icon.
Gén. 17, pl. ii. figs. 1 & 2 (1866).

ee rhombomaculatus, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 86
(1853).

Ablabes triangulum, var. calligaster, Hadlow. Proe. Ac. Philad. 1856,
p. 244.

88. CORONELLA. 199

Ophibolus evansii, Kennzcott, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 99.

Lampropeltis calligaster, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 255.

rhombomaculata, Cope, 1. v.; Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiv. 1891, p. 503.

Coronella evansii, Jan, ll. cc. p. 248, fig. 3.

—— tigrina, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. p, 244.

Ophibolus calligaster, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p. 87 (1875),
and Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 610; A. Garm. Bull.
Iilin. Lab, iii. 1892, p. 293.

triangulus, vars. calligaster et rhombomaculatus, Garm. N.

Am. Rept. pp. 66 & 156 (1883).

Eye small. Snout scarcely prominent. Rostral about once and
a half as broad as deep, the portion visible from above measuring
about one third its distance from the frontal; suture between the
internasals shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal con-
siderably longer than broad, as long as or longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parictals ; loreal longer
than deep; one pree- and two postoculars; temporals 1+ 2 or 2+3;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer
than the posterior. Scales in 21 to 25 rows. Ventrals 192-213;
anal entire; subcaudals 40-52. Pale brown above, with large,
transversely elliptic, dark, black-edged spots on the back and an
alternating series of smaller ones along the side; a pair of elongate
dark spots or bands on the nape, and a dark oblique streak behind
the eye; red inferiorly, with brown spots.

Total length 790 millim.; tail 110. 7

North America east of the Rocky Mountains, as far north as
Virginia.
a. 9 (Sc. 25; V. 210; C. 49). Missouri. Smithsonian Institution

[Bs
b. Yg. (Sc. 21; V. 199; C. 49). Florida. Dr. Guillemard [P.}.
c. @ (Se. 25; V. 204; C. 40). N. America. Dr. Riippell.

9. Coronella leonis.

Coronella leonis, Giinth. Biol. C.--Am., Rept. p. 110, pl. xxix. fig. A
(1893).

Snout longer and eye larger than in C. triangulum. Rostra
twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; suture between the
internasals about two thirds the length of that between the pre-
frontals ; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its distance
from the rostral, shorter than the parietals ; loreal twice as long as
deep ; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 2+3; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the
posterior. Scales in 23 rows. Ventrals 200; anal entire; sub-
caudals 51. Grey above, with a dorsal series of oo-shaped red,
plack-edged spots; a ( \-shaped marking on the nape; a black

blotch with red centre on the frontal and another on each parietal

200 COLUBRIDA,

and a small oblique black spot on the temple; belly yellowish, with
a few black blotches; an interrupted black stripe along the lower
surface of the tail.

Total length 610 millim. ; tail 95.

Nuevo Leon, North Mexico.

a. Q (V. 200; C. 51). N. Leon. W. Taylor, Esq. [C.j. (Type.)

10. Coronella triangulum.

Coluber triangulum, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 822 (1808).

eximius (non Harl.), Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iii. p. 69, pl. xv.
(1842) ; DeKay, N. Y. Faun. iii. p. 38, pl. xii. fig. 25 (1842) ;
Giinth. Cat. p. 91 (1858).

Pseudoelaps Y, Berth. Abh. Ges. Wiss, Gotting. i. 1843, p. 67, pl. i.
figs. 11 & 12.

Ophibolus eximius, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 87 (1853).

clericus, Baird §& Gir. lc. p. 88.

Ablabes triangulum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 315 (1854) ; Hallow. Proc.
Ae, Philad, 1856, p. 244.

Lampropeltis triangula, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 256.

Coronella eximia, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 242, and
Icon. Gén. 17, pl.i. fig. 3 (1866).

doliata (typica), Jan, Ul. cc. p. 241, Icon. 14, pl. iv. fig. A
(1865) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 609, pl. xxxix. fig. 2
(1886).

Ophibolus doliatus triangulum, Cope, Check-list N. Am, Rept. p. 4
(1875); and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 881 (1889), and Am.
Nat. 1893, p. 1067, pl. xxiv. fig. 1.

triangulus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 65, pl. v. fig. 1 (1883); H.

Garm. Bull, Illin. Lab. iii. 1892, p. 295.

doliatus parallelus, clericus, e¢ collaris, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xi. 1888, p. 883, & xiv. 1892, p. 608, and Am. Nat. 1893,

p. 1067, pls. xxiv., xxv., & xxvii.

doliatus temporalis, Cope, Am. Nat. 1893, p. 1068, pl. xxv.
fig. 4.

—— doliatus, Hay, Batr. § Rept. Indiana, p. 107 (1898).

Snout not prominent ; rostral twice as broad as deep, the portion
visible from above measuring one third to one half its distance from
the frontal; suture between the internasals one third to two thirds
the length of that between the preefrontals ; frontal nearly as broad
as long or little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep ;
one pra- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2, 2+ 3, or, rarely, 142;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than |
the posterior. Scales in 21 (rarely 19) rows. Ventrals 184-214;
anal entire; subcaudals 43-55. Above with large brown or red,
black-edged, elliptic, transverse spots separated by narrow yellowish
or greyish cross bars, which widen towards the abdomen; a lateral
series of smaller spots, alternating with the dorsals; a black oblique
streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth; often one or two
small light spots on the parietal suture behind the frontal; lower

‘parts white, usually largely spotted with black.

88. CORONELLA. 201

Total length 760 millim.; tail 120.
North America east of the Mississippi.

A. A light V- or Y-shaped marking on the occiput. (C. trrangulum.)

a. & (V. 207; C. 50). Canada. Chatham Mus.
b-c. 2 (V. 198; 0.52) & Bloomington, Indiana. C.H. Bollman, Esq.
il

yg. (V. 196; C. 43). [C.].
d-e. Her. (V.197; C.46) New York. Mr. J. Murray [P.].
& yg. (V. 190; C. 47).
JF. Yg. (V. 206; C. 58). N. America. E. Doubleday, Esq.
P.}.

9%, tk. & (V.195; C. N. America.
49), 2 (V.193; C. 49),
her. (V. 202; ©. 51), &
ye. (V. 202; C. 51).

B. A light transverse collar behind the parietals.
(Var. collaris, Cope.)

a, Hgr. (V. 195; ©.45). N. America. G. Henshaw, Esq.
P

.].
b, Her. (V. 198; C. 46). N. America, Dr. i Green [P.].
ec. Hgr. (V. 189; ©. 51). N. America.

This variety connects C. triangulum with C. gentilis and C. doliata.

11. Coronella gentilis.

Ophibolus doliatus, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 89 (1853) ;
Duges, La Naturaleza, iii. 1875, p. 222, pl. — (P); Cope, Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892, p. 608.

gentilis, Baird & Gir. l. c. p. 90, and Marcy’s Explor. Red Riv.
p- 229, pl. viii. (1853).

Coronella doliata, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 621 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat.
p. 41 (1858).

doliata, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 247; Wied, N.
Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i. 1865, p. 99.

Lampropeltis doliata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 256.

annulata, Cope, J. c. p. 257. :

—— wultistriata, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 328;
Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1891, p. 502.

annulata, part., Kennicott, 1. c. p. 829.

Coronella doliata, var. gentilis, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii.
1863, p. 241, and Icon. Gén. 17, pl. i. fig. 2 (1866) ; Bocourt, Miss.
Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 610, pl. xxxix. fig. 5 (1886).

Ophibolus doliatus coccineus, gentilis, annulatus, ef doliatus, Cope,
Check-list N. Am. Rept. pp. 4, 36 (1875), and Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xi. 1888, p. 381, and Am. Nat. 1898, p. 1067, pls. xxvi. &
xxviii.

— multistratus, Cope, Check-list, p. 37.

triangulus, vars. mexicanus (?), doliatus, et gentilis, Garman,
N. Am. Rept. p. 66 (1888). :

—— doliatus syspylus, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. 1888, p. 883,
and Am. Nat. 1893, p. 1067, pl. xxvii. fig. 1.

? Coronella mexicana, Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 110 (1893).

Snout slightly prominent; rostral about once and a half as broad
as deep, the portion visible from above measuring about one third

202 COLUBRID.

its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals much
shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal a little longer
than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parictals ; loreal longer than deep; one pre- and
two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; seven (rarely eight)
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are usually longer
than the posterior. Scales in 21 (rarely 23) rows, Ventrals
obtusely angulate laterally, 179-210; anal entire; subcaudals
44-53. Scarlet, with pairs of black rings enclosing a yellow one;
these rings may be interrupted on the belly, and the black nuchal
band never extends across the throat; the greater part of the upper
surface of the head black.

Total length 490 millim. ; tail 80.

Southern United States, North Mexico.

a-f. 3 (V.191, 188; 0.52, New Orleans. M. Sallé (C.].
49), 9 (V. 191, 202;
C.46, 50), & her. (V. 188,
191; C. 53, 52).
g. Her. (V. 188; C. 48). Texas,
h, Hgr. (V. 179; C. 49). N. America. Sir R. Murchison [P.].

to

12. Coronella zonata.

Coluber (Zacholus) zonatus, Blainv. N. Ann. Mus. iv. 1835, p. 293.

Ophibolus pyromelanus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 305.

pyrrhomelas, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p. 37 (1875) ;
Yarrow, Wheeler's Rep. Explor. Surv. W. 100th Mer. v. pl. xix.
(1875) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 610.

Bellophis zonatus, Lochington, Proc. Cal. Acad. vii. 1877, p. 52.

Coronella multifasciata, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 616, pl. xl.
fig. 2 (1886).

Body compressed in its posterior half. Snout slightly prominent ;
rostral about once and a half as broad as deep, the portion visible
from above hardly one third its distance from the frontal; suture
between the internasals shorter than that between the prefrontals ;
frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep (rarely absent); one pree- and two postoculars ; temporals
243; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Scales in 21 (or 23) rows. Ventrals
obtusely avgulate laterally, 198-224; anal entire; subcaudals
45-66. Scarlet, with pairs of blacks rings enclosing a yellow one ;
these rings very numerous (47-55) and close together on the pos-
terior half of the body, where the red interspaces are scarcely
wider than the yellow rings or may disappear altogether; head
black anteriorly, yellow posteriorly ; a black band across the nape,
not extending to the throat,

88. CORONELLA. 203

Total length 780 millim. ; tail 125.
Arizona and California.

a. 2 (V. 209; 0.60). Sta. Cruz, California. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].

Coronella doliata, part., Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 621 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat.
p. 41 (1858).

Lampropeltis micropholis, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 257.

polyzona, Cope, 1. ce. p. 258.

amaura, Cope, 1. c. ;

Coronella formosa, Jan, Arch. Zool, Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 241, and
Icon. Gén. 14, pl. iv. tig. B (1865) ; Bocourt, Miss, Sc. Mex., Rept.
p. 612, pl. xxxix. fig. 3 (1886).

doliata, var. conjuncta, Jan, I. ce. p. 242, fig. 0; Bocourt, . ¢.

p. 611, fig. 6.

ee aa var. formosa, Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880,
p. 44. ;

Ophibolus polyzonus, Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880,
p. 181.

triangulus, var. zonatus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 67 (1883).

Coronella formosa, vars. anomala, oligozona, polyzona, et abnorma,
Bocourt, l. c. figs. 4, 7, 8.

Ophibolus doliatus polyzonus, occipitalis, e¢ annulatus, Cope, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 382, and Am. Nat. 1893, p. 1067,
pl. xxviii. fig. 1.

Lampropeltis annulata, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1891,

. 603.

Girone annulata, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 109, pl. xxxviii.

(1898).

Snout slightly prominent; rostral about once and a half as deep
as broad, the portion visible from above measuring one third to
two thirds its distance from the frontal; suture between the inter-
nasals shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal as long
as or a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parictals;
loreal usually longer than deep; one pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 2+ 2 or 2+3 (exceptionally 1+ 2); seven (rarely eight)
upper labials, third and fourth (or fourth and fifth) entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or longer than the posterior. Scales in 21 or
23 (exceptionally 19 or 25) rows. Ventrals obtusely angulate
laterally, 204-240; anal entire; subcaudals 46-60. Scarlet,
usually with pairs of black rings enclosing yellow ones; the red
scales may be tipped with black; head black above, usually with a
continuous or interrupted yellow band across the snout and
another across the occiput; the first black ring usually extends
across the throat.

Total length 1370 millim.; tail 170.

America, from Texas and Mexico to the Equator.

13. Coronella micropholis. “@v /" 9 24

204 COLUBRID,

A. Annuli separated by broad red interspaces ; the red scales
not tipped with black.

a. Yg. (Sc. 21; V. 221; Mazatlan. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
me 5
ee “ie. 21; V. 215; Presidio,nr.Ma- Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
¢ 53). zatlan.

c-e. 3 7 23; V. 280; Tres Marias Ids, Hr. A. Forrer [C.].

CG. 56) & yg. (Se. 23, 23;
V. 232, Bale. 87, B
2

SF. & (Se. 1; Vv. 215; ©. 5). Mezquital del Dr. A.C. Buller (C.].
Oro, Zacatecas.
g 2 (Se. 23; V. 228; Para. J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
C. 59). [P.}.

B. Annuli separated by broad red interspaces, the scales of
which are tipped with black.

a. & (Sc. 21; V.281; C.?). City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.].
bd (Se. 21; 'y. 218; C. 55). Tierra Colorado, Myr. H. H. Smith (C.];

Guerrero, F. D. Godman, Esq.
[P:
ce. Yg. (Sc. 21; V. 209; Amula, Guerrero. Mr. et H. Smith [C.];
C. 50). F. D. Godman, Esq.
[Pl
d. Hgr. gb (Se. 21; V. 229; Huatuzco. F. D. Godman, Esq.
C. 59). [P.].
ef. Her. (Sc. 25; V. 231; Teapa, Tabasco. F. D. Godman, Esq.
C. 56) & yg. (Se. 23 ; [P.].
V. 227; ©. 51).
g. Yg. (Se. 23; V. 2138; Yucatan.
C. 49).
h. @ (Se.21; V.280; C.?). S. Mexico. * Pj Godman, Esq.
Pil
i-k, 3 (Se. 21; V. 223; Mexico. Mr. ‘Warwick [C.].
C. 58) & her. (Se. 28;
V. 226; C. 49).
1,m-n. 3 (Se. 23, 21; V. 224, Mexico. Mr. H. Finck [C.].

291; C. 55, 54) & her.
(Sc. 21; V. 223; C. 51).

o. Yg. (Se. 23; V. 2380; Belize. Dr. Giinther [P.].
C. 56).

p-q. Yg. (Sc. 23,23; V.228, Duefias, Guate- O, Salvin, Esq. [C.].
226 ; C. 56, 50), mala,

rv, Hgr. 9 (Sc. 19; V. 280; Irazu, Costa F. D. Godman, Esq.
C. 51). Rica. [P.].

s. Yg. (Sc. 19; V. 232; Chiriqui. G. ee es (C.];
C. 58). iP (Po. Godman, Esq.

t. é (Se. 21; V. 231; ——? Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].

.?),

C. Black rings irregular ; belly black.

a. H re (Sc. 21; V. 204; Mexico. Mr. Warwick [C.].

88. cORONELLA. 205

D. Black, with yellow rings, the red colour appearing on
each side as rounded spots.

a. Ye. (Se. 21; V. 218; Tehuantepec.
C. 47). ; sit

E. Red above, each scale tipped with black, the rings reduced
to mere traces here and there.

a, Her. (Se. 28; V. 218; Yucatan.
C. 55).

F. Almost uniform black, with very indistinct traces
of the light annuli.

a f (Sc. 21; V.225;C.51). Trazu, Costa F. D. Godman, Esq.
Rica, [P.].

14. Coronella doliata.

Coluber doliatus, Linn. S. N.i. p. 879 (1766); Harl. Journ, Ac.
Phalad. v. 1827, p. 362, and Phys. Med. Res. p. 125 (1835).

—— doliatus, part., Daud. Rept. vii. p. 74 (1803).

dumfrisiensis, Sowerby, Brit. Mise. p. 5, pl. iii. (1804).

Coronella coccinea, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 57 (1837); Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 239, and Icon. Gén. 17, pl. i. fig. 1
(1866) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 608, pl. xxxix. fig. 1

1886).

ae doliata, Holbr, N. Am. Herp. iii. p. 105, pl. xxiv. (1842).

Calamaria elapsoidea, Hodbr. 7. c. p. 119, pl. xxviii.

Osceola elapsoidea, Baird §& Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 183 (1853),
and Rep. U.S. Surv. R. R. x. pt. iii. pl. xxxiil. fig. 97 (1859);
Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 606.

Lampropeltis coccinea, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 257.

Ophibolus doliatus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 64, pl. v. fig. 2 (1888) ;
H. Garm. Bull. Illin. Lab, iii. 1892, p, 298.

—— elapsoideus, H. Garm. 1. ¢.

Snout much depressed, slightly prominent; rostal once and a
half as broad as deep, the portion visible from above measuring
about half its distance from the frontal; suture between the inter-
nasals shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal a little
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal usually absent; one pra-
and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
in 17 or 19 rows. Ventrals 161-180; anal entire; subcaudals
31-54. Head and body scarlet, with pairs of black rings enclosing
each a white one; the first white ring on the nape; these rings
may be interrupted on the ventral surface.

Total length 230 millim.; tail 35.

South-eastern United States.

a. 2 (Sc.17; V.161; C.42). N. America. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.].

206 COLUBRID.

15. Coronella brachyura.
Zamenis brachyurus, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xviii. 1866,
p. 27, pl. vi. fig. A.; Blanf. Journ. As. Soe. Beng. xxxix. 1870,
p. 372; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 176; Theob. Cat. Rept.

Brit. Ind. p. 171 (1876).
Coronella brachyura, Bouleny. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 309 (1890).

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; suture between
the internasals shorter than that between the prefrontals ; frontal
once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal as long
as deep; one preocular; two postoculars ; temporals 242; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are slightly longer
than the posterior; the latter widely separated from each other by
three series of scales. Scales in 23 rows. Ventrals 213-223;
anal entire; subcaudals 46-53. Olive-brown above, with rather
indistinct light variegations on the anterior half of the body; lower

surface whitish.
Total length 445 millim. ; tail 55.
Deccan.

a, 2 (V. 223; C. 46). Poonah. Dr. Leith [P.]. (Type.)

16. Coronella punctata.

Coluber punctatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 876 (1766); Daud. Rept. vii.
p. 178 (1803) ; Harlan, Journ. Ac. Philad. v. 1827, p. 354, and
Med. Phys. Res. p. 117 (1835) ; Storer, Rep. Fish. §& Rept. Mass.
p. 225 (1839) ; Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iii. p. 81, pl. xviil. (1842) ;
DeKay, N. Y. Faun, iii. p. 39, pl. xiv. fig. 29 (1842).

torquatus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 553 (1802).

Calamaria punctata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 89 (1887).

Diadophis punctatus, Baird §& Gir. N. Am. Rept. p. 112 (1853);
Cope, Proe. Ac. Philad. 1860, p.250; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys.
ii. 1868, p. 268, and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1866); Garm. N.
Am. Rept. p. 72, pl. it. fig. 2 (1883) ; Bocourt, Miss, Sc. Mex., Rept.
p- 618, pl. x1. fig. 1 (1886) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892,
p. 617; H. Garm. Bull. Illin. Lab. iii. 1892, p. 300.

Ablabes punctatus, Dum. §& Bibr. vii. p. 810 (1854); Giinth. Cat.
p. 28 (1858).

occipitalis, Giinth. 1. c. p. 29.

Diadophis occipitalis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 250.

punctatus, var. pallidus, Cope, 1. c.; Bocourt, l. c. p. 621.

—— dysopes, Cope, 1. c. p. 251.

Snout not prominent ; rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, just
visible from above; suture between the. internasals shorter than
that between the preefrontals; frontal a little longer than its dis-
tance from the end of the snout, about two thirds the length of the
parietals ; loreal as long as deep or a little deeper than long; two
(rarely one) pree- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, or cight, fourth

88. CORONELLA. 207

and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Ventrals 136-160; anal divided; subcaudals 36-62.
Dark grey above, with the upper lip and a nuchal collar yellow and
black-edged ; yellow or orange inferiorly, each ventral with a small
black spot at its outer extremity,

Total length 360 millim. ; tail 65.

North America, east of the Rocky Mountains; Mexico,

A. A median row of black spots along the belly.

a-b. 9 (V. 151; C. 42) & Raleigh, N.Caro- Messrs. Brimley (C.].
her. (V. 149; ©. 41). lina.

ce. & (V.155; C. 56). Wisconsin. hristiania Museum.
d. 2 (V.151; C. 40). United States,
e. 9 (V. 149; C. 41). Mexico. (Type of A. oceipitalis.)

B. No black spots along the middle of the belly.

f. 3 (V.158; C. 50). Nova Scotia. J. M. Jones, Esq. [P.].
g. Ye. (V. 146; C. 62). Chippeway,
Canada.
h. Ye. (V. 159; C. 51). Delaware. E. Doubleday, Esq.
[P.].
7. Q (V. 160; C. 47). Bloomington, In- C. Bollman, Esq. [C.].
diana.
k. & (V. 155; C. 58). Kansas.

17. Coronella amabilis.

Diadophis amabilis, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 113 (1853),
and Rep. U.S. Surv. R. KR. x. pt. iii. pl. xxxiii, fig. 83 (1859) ;
Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 615.

—- docilis, Baird § Gir. Ul. ec. p. 114, fig. 84.

— pulchellus, Baird § Gir. U. cc. p. 115, fig. 85; Cooper, Rep.
U.S. Surv. R. RK. xii. pt. ii. p. 802 (1860).

— punctatus, var. stictogenys, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1860,

. 250.

e texensis, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 328.

punctatus, var. amabilis, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863,

p. 265, and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1866); Garm. N. Am.

Rept. p. 159 (1883) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 620 (1886) ;

H. Garm. Bull. Iitin. Lab. iii, 1892, p. 300.

punctatus, var. docilis, Jan, ll. cc. fig.2; Garm. 1. ¢. p. 72;

Bocourt, 1. ce. p. 619.

punctatus, var. pulchellus, Jan, dl. cc. fig.38; Cope, Proc. Ac.

Philad. 1883, p. 27; Bocourt, i. c. p. 620. :

Differs from the preceding in the more elongate body, the ven-
trals numbering 182 to 210, and the subcaudals 53 to 63. Dark grey
or blackish above, with a yellow nuchal collar ; belly and the scales
of the outer row orange, usually with numerous round black spots.

Total length 470 millim.; tail 80.

United States west of the Mississippi.

208 COLUBRID.

a. 3 (V.194; C. 59). San Diego, Cali- Prof. OC. Eigenmann

fornia. [C.].
b. 2 (V. 210; C. 58). San Bernardino, Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
California.
ce. Her. (V. 195; C. 54). Santa Cruz, Cali- Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
fornia.
d. Q (V. 205; C. 62). Upper Sacramento Mr. Gruber [C.].
: River Valley.
e. dg (V.196; C. 63). California. Lord Walsingham [P.].
F. @ (V.198; C. 53). California. Christiania Museum.

18. Coronella regalis.

Diadophis regalis, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p.115 (1853),
and Rep. US. Surv. R. R. x. pt. iii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 86 (1859),
and Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Rept. pl. xix. fig. 2 (1859) ;
Garm. N, Am. Rept. p. 73 (1883); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1883,
p. 12, and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 615.

ve teott; Proc. Ac. Philad,=1859;-p-99.

? Diadophis docilis, Kennicott, in Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. u., Rept. p. 22, pl. xxi. fig. 8 (1859).

Diadophis punctatus, var. arnyi, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863,
p. 265, and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. vi. fig. 5 (1866); Bocourt, Miss. Se.
Mex., Rept. p. 622 (1886); HZ. Garm. Bull. Iltin. Lab. iii. 1892,

. 802.

Ze, punctatus, var. letus, Jan, Ul. ec. fig. 6; Bocourt, 1. c. p. 622,
pl. xl. fig. 4.

Liophis (Diadophis) arnyi, Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868,
p. 418.

Diadophis punctatus, var. dougesii, Villada, La Naturaleza, iii. 1875,
p. 226, pl. —.

— punctatus, vars. modestus ef regalis, Bocourt, 7. c. p. 623.

texensis, Garm. Bull. Essex Inst. xix. 1888, p. 127.

Liophis regalis, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 108 (1893).

—— letus, Giinth, 1. ¢.

Distinguished from C. punctata and C. amabilis by having 17
rows of scales. Ventrals 183 to 237; subcaudals 56 to 77. Tem-
porals 1+1 or1+42. Olive-brown, bluish grey, or blackish above,
with or without a yellow nuchal collar; belly yellow or orange,
with numerous black spots.

Total length 490 millim.; tail 100.

From Illinois and Kansas to Mexico.

u. 3 (V. 183; C. 56). City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.].

89. HYPSIGLENA.

Hypsiglena, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 246, and Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 617.

Pseudodipsas, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1860, p. 521.

Comastes, Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 102 (1868).

Maxillary teeth 12 to 16, the two posterior strongly enlarged
and separated from the rest by an interspace; mandipular teeth

89. HYPSIGLENA, 209

subequal. Head distinct from neck; eye rather small, with verti-
cally elliptic pupil. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, with apical
pits, in 19 or 21 rows; ventrals rounded, Tail moderate; sub-
caudals in two rows.

Southern parts of North America, Central America, Venezuela.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Subcaudals 39-55. ots me

A. Scales in 21 rows; usually a subocular below the preocular.
Rostral once and a half as broad as

deep, the portion visible from above,

nearly half as long as its distance

from the frontal ................ 1. ochrorhynchus, p. 209.
Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep,

the portion visible from above one

fourth to one third its distance from ;

the frontal, wie oe sateats aoe eecs 2. torquata, p. 210.

B. Scalesin19 rows; nosubocular.. 3. affinis, p. 210,

II. Subcaudals 80-93.

Scales in 19 rows............-..00, 4. discolor, p. 211.
Scales in 21 rows; body cylindrical .. 5. latifasciata, p. 211.
Scales in 21 rows; body feebly com-

PVOSSCD wie eek a asa eae ove ese ++ 6. ornata, p. 211.

1. Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus.
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 246;
Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 80 (1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiv. 1892, p. 617; Stejneger, N. Am. Faun. no. 7, pt. ii. p. 204
893).
dae zal realinis Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 246 ; Stejneger, J. c.
—— texana, Stejneger, i. c. p. 205.

—— torquata, var., Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 187 (1894).
Snout conical, prominent. Rostral once and a half as broad as
deep, the portion visible from above nearly half as long as its dis-
tance from the frontal; internasals shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal once and one third to once and a half as long as broad, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one
preocular, usually with a subocular below it; two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye: four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- 7
shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior.
Seales in 21 rows. Ventrals 167-175; anal divided; subcaudals
41-55. Grey or pale buff above, with a dorsal series of large
transverse dark brown or blackish spots and two alternating series
of smaller spots on each side; three elongate dark blotches on the
nape, the lateral ones produced forwards as a lateral streak, which
passes through the eye and is white-edged beneath ; upper surface

VOL. II. EF

210 COLUBRID.

of head and lips finely dotted with dark brown; lower parts uniform
white.

Total length 225 millim. ; tail 57.

Lower California, California, Arizona, Texas, North Mexico.

a-b. 9 (V. 172, 171; C. Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [P.].
41, 43).
c. ae 168; C. 45). Nuevo Leon, Mexico. W. Taylor, Esq. [P.].

2. Hypsiglena torquata.

Leptodira torquata, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) v. 1860, p. 170,
pl. x. fig. A; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1860, p. 521.

Comastes quincunciatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 102 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 38,
pl. i. fig. 1 (1871).

Hypsiglena torquata, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, 1887, p. 78.

torquata, part., Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 137 (1894).

Snout rounded, obtuse. Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep,
the portion visible from above one fourth to one third as long as its
distance from the frontal; internasals shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal once and one third to once and a half as long as broad, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one pre-
ocular, with a subocular below it ; two postoculars; temporals 1+ 2;
eight (exceptionally seven) upper labials, fourth and fifth (or third
and fourth) entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 21 rows. Ventrals 169-174; anal divided; subcaudals
41-55. Greyish or pale brown above, with a dorsal or two alter-
nating dorsal series of large dark brown spots separated by yellowish
interspaces ; sides with two or three alternating series of small dark
brown spots; a large dark brown blotch on the nape, preceded by a
yellow collar ; a dark brown streak on each side of the head, passing
through the eye ; head speckled with dark brown ; lower parts white.

Total length 400 millim.; tail 60.

Mexico to Venezuela:

a, & (V. 169; C. 53). Ventanas, Durango. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
b-c. ¢ (V. 170, 171; Presidio, near Mazat- Hr. A. Forrer fe
C. 49, 50). lan.
d. 9 (V.174; C. 41). Nicaragua. Derby Museum.
(One of the types.)

3. Hypsiglena affinis. (Pare VIII. fig. 1.)
Hypsiglena torquata, var., Giinth, Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 187 (1894).

Agrees in structure and coloration with H. torquata, except that
the subocular is absent, the upper labials are seven in number, third
and fourth entering the eye, and the scales form only 19 rows.
Ventrals 162-168 ; subcaudals 39-51.

Total length 310 millim. ; tail 52.

Mexico.

a. & (V. 164; C. 43). Zacatecas. J. M. Cameron, Esq. [P.].

89. TYPsIeLENa, 211

b. Her. 2 (V.168; ©. 89). Mezquitaldel Oro, Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
Zacatecas.
e. 9 (V. 162; C. 51). Jalisco. F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].

4. Hypsiglena discolor.
Leptodira discolor, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 817.
Hypsiglena discolor, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 78 ;
Giinth, Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 137, pl. xlix. fig. 1 (1894).

Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, just visible from above;
internasals shorter than the prefrontals; frontal slightly longer
than broad ; loreal as long as deep or slightly longer than deep; one
pree- and two postoculars; temporals 142; seven or eight upper
labials, third and fourth or fourth and fifth entering the oye; anterior
chin-shields as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 19 rows. Ventrals 173-180; anal divided; subcaudals 85-89.
Above with blackish cross bars separated by pale yellowish-brown
interspaces ; upper surface of head dark, nape yellowish; labials
yellowish with blackish sutures; uniform yellowish white beneath.

Total length 560 millim.; tail 155.

Mexico.

a-b. 5 (V. 180,173; C. 85, 89). Oaxaca. M. Sallé [C.]. (‘Lypes.)

5. Hypsiglena latifasciata.

Hypsiglena latifasciata, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 138, pl. xlix.
fic. 2 (1894).

Rostral nearly thrice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from
above; internasals a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal
nearly twice as long as broad, with concave sides; loreal deeper
than long; one preocular, with a small subocular below it; two
postoculars; temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; anterior chin-shields shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 21 rows. Ventrals 186; anal divided; subcaudals circa
80 (end of tail absent in the specimen). Dark brown ahove, with
ten widely separated whitish cross bands; head whitish, spotted
with brown, except on the occiput; beneath dirty white.

Total length 350 millim.

South Mexico.

a. 2 (V.186; 0.2). S. Mexico. FD. Godman, Esq. [P.]. (Type-)

6. Hypsiglena ornata.
Comastes ornatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. 1884, p. 141.
Hypsiglena ornata, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, 1887, p. 78.
Scaling as in H. torquata, but body feebly compressed, ventrals and
subcaudals more numerous, rostral smaller, and eye larger. Eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye. Ventrals 185-189 ;
subcaudals 84-93. Yellowish above, with a dorsal series of large
brown spots, and smaller spots alternating with them on the sides.
Total length 260 millim.; tail 87.
Isthmus of Darien.

fe . ope ty
Y4e/ lar abe i ;
f ee

212 COLUBRID.

é 90. RHINOCHILUS.
Rhinocheilus, Baird §& Gir. Cat, N. Am. Rept. p, 120 (1858) ; Cope,
Proe, Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 244; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii.
1863, p. 217; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 602 (1886) ; Cope,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 605.

Maxillary teeth 16 to 19, the two posterior largest; anterior
mandibular teeth a little larger than the posterior. Head not dis-
tinct from neck, with pointed, strongly projecting snout; eye
moderate, pupil round; rostral large. Body much elongate, cylin-
drical ; scales smooth, with apical pits*, in 17 to 23 rows. Tail
moderate ; subcaudals entire, or only the posterior divided.

North America, Mexico, Venezuela.

Synopsis of the Species.

Scales in 23 rows ..........00 cc eeeeee 1. lecontit, p. 212.

Scales in 19 rows ........ 00.000 eee ue 2. thominoti, p. 213.

Scales in 17 rows ..............00 eee 3. antonii, p. 213.
eS 1. Rhinochilus lecontii.

Rhinocheilus lecontei, Baird §& Gir. Cat. is 120 (1853), and Rep,
US. Explor. R. R. x. pt. iii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 90 (1859), and U.S.
Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Rept. pl. xx. (1859); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat.
Phys. ii. 1863, p. 217; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 304; Jan,
Icon. Gén, 48, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1876); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 73
(1888) ; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 602, pl. xl. fig. 7 (1886) ;
Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 606; Giinth. Biol. C.-
Am., Rept. p. 100 (1898).

Rostral as deep as broad, the portion visible from above at least
half as long as its distance from the frontal; suture between the
internasals as long as or a little longer than that between the
prefrontals +; frontal a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout or than the parietals, twice as broad as the supraocular ;
loreal longer than deep; one or two pre-and two or three post-
oculars ; temporals 242 or 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields small, and separated
from each other by two or three series of scales. Scales in 23 rows.
Ventrals 191-206; anal entire; subcaudals 40-55. Black above,
with brick-red square spots or cross bands; head and sides black
aud yellow; lower parts yellowish white, with black spots, at least
on the sides.

Total length 940 millim. ; tail 140.

California to Texas.

a, b,c. & (V. 191, 205; Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [C.].
C. 49, 50, 6 or 11 last
divided) & hgr. (V. 201;
C. 42, 8 last divided).

* Stated to be absent in R. thominoti and antonii.
t In spec. ¢ the prafrontals are separated by the internasals, which are in
contact with the point of the frontal.

»

91. cEMOPHORA. 213

d. Her. 9 (V. 204; 0.46, San Diego, California. Prof. C. Eigenmann
11 last divided). [C.].

e. 2 (V. 194; C. 42). California.

Var. tessellatus, Garm. 1. c. p. 74.

Ventrals 178, subcaudals 37 entire and 14 pairs.
Coahuila, Mexico.

2. Rhinochilus thominoti.

ee thomiuotii, Bocourt, Le Naturaliste, (2) i. 1887, p. 45,
gs.

Portion of rostral visible from above about half as long as its
distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals shorter
than that between the prefrontals: frontal a little shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout; loreal longer than deep; one
pre- and two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye ; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields nearly as large as the
anterior and in contact with each other infront. Scales in 19 rows.
Ventrals 181; anal entire ; subcaudals 82, all single. Reddish yellow
above ; upper surface of head and a broad nuchal band brown ; lower
parts yellow.

Total length 280 millim. ; tail 67.

Venezuela.

3. Rhinochilus antonii.
Rhinocheilus antonii, Dugés, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 290, fig.,
and Le Naturaliste, (2) i. 1887, p.46, and La Naturaleza, (2) i. 1888,
p- 66, pl. vii.; Bocourt, Miss, Sc. Mex., Rept. pl. xlv. fig. 4 (1888).
Head-shields as in R. lecontiz. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
200; anal entire; subcaudals 41, last three divided. Black above,
with narrow yellow (red?) cross bands; lips yellow; belly yellow,
checkered with black.
Total length 310 millim.; tail 35.
San Blas, near Mazatlan, Mexico.

91. CEMOPHORA.

Heterodon, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 96 (1887). :
Simotes, part., Dum. § Bibr, Erp. Gén. vii. p. 624 (1854); Giinth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 23 (1858).
Cemophora, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 244; Jun, Arch. Zool.

Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 280; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mew., Rept. p. 567
(1883) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 602.
Stasivtes, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. il. 1862, p. 76.

Maxillary teeth 8 to 11, posterior much longer than anterior ;
mandibular teeth subequal. Head not distinct from neck, with
pointed, strongly projecting snout ; eye small, pupil round ; rostral
and frontal large; nostril in a single or divided nasal. Body
elongate, cylindrical ; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 19 rows.
Tail rather short; subcaudals in two rows.

North America.

214 COLUBRID.

1. Cemophora coccinea.

Coluber coccineus, Blumenb., Voigt’s May. Phys. u. Naturg. v. 1788,
p. ll, pl.i.; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 48, pl. Ixxxiii. fig. 1 (1803) ;
Harlan, Journ. Ac. Philad. vy. 1827, p. 3856, and Phys, Med. Res.
p. 119 (1835).

Elaps coccineus, Mery. Tent. p. 145 (1820).

Heterodon coccineus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 102, pl. iii. figs. 15 & 16
(1887).

in ome coccineus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iii. p. 125, pl. xxx.
(1842); Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 118 (1853), and Rep.
U.S. Explor. Surv. R. R. x. pt. iii. pl. xxxiti. fig. 89 (1859).

Simotes coccineus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 637, pl. Ixxxii. fig. 2 (1854) ;
Giinth. Cat. p. 26 (1858).

Cemophora coccinea, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 244; Jan, Arch.
Zool, Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 230, and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. v.
figs. 1 & 2 (1865); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p.78, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1883) ;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 567, pl. xxxv. fig. 6 (1883) ;
Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 602.

copii, Jan, Ul. ce. fig. 3.

Portion of rostral visible from above as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
usually shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal as long
as broad or a little longer, longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as the parietals, at least twice as broad as the
supraocular ; loreal longer than deep; one or two pre- and one or
two postoculars; temporals ] +2 (rarely 2+2); six or seven upper
labials, second and third or third and fourth, or third only entering
the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; posterior chin-shields small. Scales in 19 rows.
Ventrals 157-188; anal entire; subcaudals 35-45. Red above (in
life), with yellow or pale olive transverse bands between pairs of
crescentic black bands; lower parts white.

Total length 660 millim.; tail 80.

South-eastern United States.

a. 3 (V. 166; C, 44). Charleston.
b. So (V. 168; C. 41). Raleigh, N. Carolina. Messrs. Brindley [C.].
c. bd (V. 174; C. 45). Lake Kerr, Florida. A. Erwin Brown,
Esq. [P.].
d-e. 9 (V. 169, 177; Marion Co., Florida. A. ae Brown,
C. 39, 43). Esq. [P.].
St. & (V. 168; C. 37). Florida. Dr. Guillemard [P.].

g-h, t. S (V. 174, 157; N. America.
C. 48, 39) & 2(V.174;
C. 40).

92. SIMOTES.

Coronella, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1887).
Xenodon, nat. Belieg. t. ha 80.

Simotes, part., Dum. § Bibr. Mém. Ac. Se. xxiii. 1853, p. 472, and
_Erp. Gén. vii. p. 624 (1854); Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 23 (1858).
Simotes, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 232; Giinth. Rept.

Brit. Ind. p. 212 (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 309 (1890).

92. sIMOTEs, 215

Holarchus, Cope, Proc. Amer, Philos. S iii
Dicraulax, Cope, Am. Nat. 1893, 480. eee nce

Maxillary teeth 8 to 12, posterior very strongly enlarged an
red iba mandibular fects edbeanal: "Head shoes not a atinot
Sie neck ; eye rather small, with round pupil; rostral large.

ody cylindrical ; scales smooth or feebly keeled, in 13 to 21 rows,
with or without apical pits; ventrals rounded or obtusely keeled
laterally. Tail short or moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

Southern China, East Indian continent and archipelago.

Fig. 17.

Skull of Simotes albocinctus.

Synopsis of the Speeies.
I. Anal eutire.

A. Portion of rostral seen from above as long as or a little shorter
than its distance from the frontal.

1. Scales in 19 or 21 rows.
a, Two superposed anterior temporals; fifth or fourth and
fifth labials usually entering the eye.

a, Four internasals; ventrals not angulate laterally.
1. splendidus, p. 217.

3. Two internasals ; ventrals angulate laterally.

Suture between the internasals as long
as or longer than that between the
prefrontals; frontal large, consider-
ably longer than its distance from the
end of the snout .....-...seeeeee 2. purpurascens, p. 218.

216 COLUBRID A.

Suture between the internasals as long

as or shorter than that between the

prefrontals; frontal moderate .... 3. cyclurus, p. 219.

b. A single anterior temporal.

Portion of rostral seen from above

shorter than its distance from the

frontal jacccesgcm sos ee eae eee © 4, albocinctus, p. 220.
Portion of rostral seen from above as

long as its distance from the frontal. 5. formosanus, p. 222.

2. Scales in 17 rows.

a. Fourth and fifth labials entering the eye; a single
anterior temporal........ 6. violaceus, p. 222.

b. Fourth or third and fourth labials entering the eye.

a. A single labial entering the eye; a single anterior
temporal .............. 7. woodmasoni, p. 223.

$B. Two labials entering the eye: two superposed anterior
temporals............ 8. octolineatus, p. 224.

y. Two labials entering the eye; a single anterior tem-

poral.

* Two postoculars.
Loreal longer than deep ............ 9. phenochalinus, p. 225.
Loreal rather deeper than long ...... 10. forbesti, p. 225.

*# One postocular.
Scales smooth ...........2 0.000 11. signatus, p. 226.
Seales feebly keeled .............. 12. subcarinatus, p. 226.

3. Scales in 15 rows .......... 18. annulifer, p. 226.

B. Portion of rostral visible from above much shorter than its
distance from the frontal; scales in 17 or 19 rows.

Temporals 1+1-+2; ventrals 146-169 ;

subcaudals 30-47 ...........-.. 14. teniatus, p. 227.
Temporals 14+2 or 2+2; ventrals 170-

191 ; subcaudals 55-60 .......... 15. chinensis, p. 228
II. Anal divided.

A, Scales in 19 rows ............ 16. vaillanti, p. 228.

B. Scales in 17 rows. ;
1. Nasal undivided ; fourth and fifth labials entering the eye;
ventrals 167-168; subcaudals 43-46.
17. beddomii, p. 229.
2. Nasal divided, rarely semidivided.
Third and fourth labials entering the
eye; ventrals 170-202 ; subcaudals
41-59 ......, Hea SAREE BH 18. arnensis, p. 229.

92. sInorEs, 217

Fourth and fifth labials entering the eye;

ventrals 171-180; subcaudals 34-42. 19. theobaldi, p. 230.
Fourth and fifth (rarely third and fourth)

labials entering the eye; ventrals

148-173 ; subcaudals 27-37 ...... 20. cruentatus, p. 231.
C. Scales in 15 rows ....... ..ee. 21. torquatus, p. 232.
D. Scales in 13 rows ............ 22. planiceps, p. 232.
Tasis sHowine Numpers or Scates AND SHIELDS.
Se. Vv. A Cc Lab. |Ant. temp.

splendidus ...........+ 21 193 1 41 8 2
PUrpuUrascens ...... 19-21 | 160-210 | 1 | 40-60 8 (7) 2
CYCLUTUS vo. ceeseeeeeeee 19-21) 156-210 |} 1 | 87-58 8(7)/ 2
albocinctus............ 19 | 177-205! 1 | 51-69] 7(8)) 1
(fOrMOsanus ......... 19 | 162-173 | 1 | 46-55] 7-8 1
VIOLACEUS — aceaveeeees 17 ‘| 160-196 | 1 | 83-41 8 1
WOOEMASONE veces. 17 | 180-186 | 1 57 6 1
octolineatus ......... 17 | 156-197 | 1 | 43-61 6 2
phenochalinus ...... 17 ~+| 156-173 | 1 | 36-45 7 1 (2)
SOTDEStE oo. eeeeseeeenes 155-165 1 45 7 1
signatus oh 141-157 | 1 | 47-59 7 1
subcarinatus 155 1 50 7 1
annulifer ... dae 153 1 49 7 1
CENTATUS.......eceeeeee 146-169 1 80-47 8 1
chinensis .........00 170-191 1 | 55-60 8 1-2
vaillanti — veseceeeeeee és e 2 ? 8 1
beddomit ...ccsseeees 167-168 | 2 | 48-46 8 1
GTNENSIS sees eee eees 170-202 | 2 | 41-59 7 1
theobaldi ........008 171-180 | 2 | 84-42 8 1
CYUENEALUS .. 0... eeeee 148-178 | 2 | 27-37 8 (7) 1
COPQUALUS .e.eeeeee oe 144-159 | 2 | 27-34 7 1
PUGNACEDS vss secevneee 132 2 27 5 1

1. Simotes splendidus.

Simotes splendidus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 231, pl. xxxiii.;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 310 (1890).

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal; each of the internasals broken up into
two shields, there being four small shields in a transverse series ;
frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, slightly:
longer than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long; preocular single,
with a small subocular below it, between the third and fourth
labials; two or three postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields about
two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in 21 rows. Ventrals
193; anal entire ; subcaudals 41. Cream-colour, with sixteen large,
brown, black-edged spots above, longer than the interspaces between
them; these spots indented in front and behind, and with at least

218 COLUBRID &,

a trace of a yellowish median line; the anterior spot is produced
angularly to the posterior border of the frontal; the rest of the
upper surface of the head speckled with dark brown; tail with a
yellow vertebral line; an irregular series of small blackish spots
along each abdominal edge, the lower surfaces being otherwise
immaculate.

Total length 560 millim. ; tail 65.

Southern India.

a. 2 (V. 193; C, 41). Wynad. Col. Beddome [C.]. (Type.)

2, Simotes purpurascens.

Xenodon purpurascens, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 90, pl. ili. figs. 18 &
14 (1837), and Abdild. p, 47,-pl. xiv. (1844); Cantor, Cat. Mal.
Rept. p. 67 (1847).

Simotes trinotatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 631 (1854); Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 219 (1864).

——- albocinctus (non Cant.), Dum. § Bibr. p. 633, pl. Ixxxii. fig. 1.

Calamaria brachyorrhos (zon Schleg.), Motl. § Dillw. Nat. Hist. Lab.
p. 49, pl. — (1855).

Simotes purpurascens, var. C, Giinth. Cat, p. 25 (1858).

purpurascens, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 235, and

Icon. Gén. 12, pl. v. tig. 2 (1865); Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890,

p. 84; v. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leyd. Mus. xii. 1890, p. 255.

labuanensis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 217.

catenifer, Stoliczha, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlii. 1873, p. 121,

pl. xi. fig. 3.

dennysi, Blanf. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1881, p. 218, pl. xxi. fig. 1.

—— affinis, Fischer, Abh. naturw. Ver, Hamb. ix. 1885, p. 4, pl. i.
fig. 1.

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals as long
as or longer than that between the prefrontals; frontal large,
considerably longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as
long as or longer than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one
or two preoculars, with one or two suboculars below; two or three
postoculars ; temporals 2+3 or 242; usually eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye, or fourth excluded by the second
subocular ; four or five lower lubials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are about twice as long as the posterior. Scales
in 19 or 21 rows. Ventrals 160-210, angulate laterally; anal
entire ; subcaudals 40-60. Brown above, with darker, black-edged
sinuous transverse bands, or with yellowish black-edged cross bars ;
a large arrow-headed dark-brown marking on the occiput and nape,
with the apex on the frontal and usually confluent with a dark-
brown chevron-shaped transverse band passing through the eyes; a
dark oblique temporal streak ; belly yellowish, with square blackish
spots, which may be confined to the sides.

Total length 680 millim.; tail 110.

8. China, Cochinchina, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo,
Java. a

92, simorzs. 219

A. Pale transverse bands narrower than the interspaces between
them ; scales in 19 rows. (S. purpurascens, Schleg.)

a, Yg. (V. 182; ©. 48). Java,
&. Her. (V. 169; ©. 51). Matang, Borneo.

B. Narrow dark transverse bands; scales in 19 rows.

a. Her, (V. 186; ©. 54). Singapore. Governor of Singapore [P.].

b. Yg. (V. 166; C. 53), Deli, Sumatra. Mr. Iversen (C4

ce. Yg. (V. 169; C. 59). Sumatra. Dr. Bleeker.

d-e. & (V.170; C.?) & Nias, Hr, Sundermann [C.].

@ (V.174; C. 58).

SJ. 3 (V.171; C.?). Labuan, Borneo. L. L. Dillwyn, Types of
Esq. [P.]. S. labua-

g. 3 (V. 187; C. 60). —P nensis.

C. Narrow dark transverse bands; scales in 21 rows.
(S. trinotatus, D, & B.)

a. 2 (V. 190; C. 53). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
, Her. (V. 165; C. 53). Deli, Sumatra. Prof. Moesch [C.].

3. Simotes cyclurus.

Coronella eyelura, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 50.

Simotes bicatenatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 217 (1864) ; Theobd.
Journ. Linn. Soc. x. 1868, p. 40; Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
xl. 1871, p. 480; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 170.

—— fasciolatus, Giinth. 1. c. p. 218, pl. xx. fig. B.

—— cochinchinensis, Gitnth. 0. c. p, 219, pl. xx. fig. C.

ae Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 61, pl. iii. figs. 13 & 14
(1867).

—— obscurus, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 48 (1 868).

crassus, Theobd. l. c.
ceyclurus, Bouleny, Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 311 (1890); W. L.
Sclater, Journ. As, Soc. Beng. lx. 1890, p. 235.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above nearly as long
as its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals as
long as or shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal as
long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little longer, and
as long as the parietals; loreal as long as deep, or a little deeper
than long ; preocular single, usually with a small subocular below
it, between the third and fourth labials ; two postoculars ; temporals
242; normally eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four, rarely three, lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields one half or two thirds the length
of the anterior. Scales in 19 or 21 rows. Ventrals 156-210,
angulate laterally ; anal undivided ; subcandals 37-58. Pale brown
or greyish above, with or without four darker brown stripes, the
median pair separated by the vertebral series of scales; antero-
lateral border of some of the scales frequently black ; markings on
the head as in S. albocinctus; lower surfaces yellowish, uniform,
or with squarish brown spots on each side below the angle of the

220 COLUBRID.2.

ventrals ; these blotches may be subconfluent or form two chain-like
series; subcaudals unspotted or with a few small scattered dots.
Total length 700 millim.; tail 100.
Bengal and Assam, Burma, Siam, Cochinchina, and Southern
China,

A. Above with very ill-defined dark longitudinal streaks; belly
with a lateral series of square brown spots. Scales in 19 rows.
(S. cyclurus, S. bieatenatus.)

a. & (V.175; C. 37). ‘Toungoo. E. W. Oates, Esq. [P.].
b. Ye. (V.170; C. 37). Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.].
c. Yg. (V. 156; C. 43). S. China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
d. & (V. 166; C. 43). —P College of Surgeons.

(Type of S, bicatenatus.)

B. Above with four more or less distinct dark longitudinal streaks
and a light vertebral line; belly with a lateral series of square
brown spots. Scales in 19 rows.

a. 2 (V.175; C. 40). Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.].
b. & (V. 167; C. 44). Tenasserim. Col. Beddome [C.].
C. Like the preceding, but ventral spots absent or reduced to a few
small dots.
a-b, Her. (V.171, 173; Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.].
C. 46, 43).

D. No longitudinal streaks, no ventral spots. Scales in 19 rows.

a,b. 3 (V. 167; C. 46) Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.].
& yg. (V. 150; C, 49).

E. No longitudinal streaks, no ventral spots. Scales in 21 rows.
(S. fasciolatus, S. cochinchinensis.)

u,b. § (V.160; C.42) Pachebone, Siam. M. Mouhot (C.]. (Types
& 2 (V.165; C. 45). of 8. fasciolatus.)
e. Hgr. (V. 173; C. 41). Siam. M. H. Newman, Esy. [P.}.
d. Yg. (V. 210; C. 47). Lao Mountains. M. Mouhot [C.]. (‘Type
of S. cochinchinensis).

F. Above with four dark stripes as in B, which are crossed by black
bars; belly immaculate. Scales in 21 rows.

u. Her. (V.180; C. 53). Bia-po, KarinHills, M. L. Fea [C.].

4, Simotes albocinctus.

Coronella albocincta, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 50.

Xenodon purpurascens, var., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 67 (1847);
Blyth, Journ, As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1854, p. 289.

Coronella punctulatus, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (2) xii. 1868,
p. 389.

Simotes purpurascens, vars. D and E, Giinth. Cat. p. 25 (1858).

- punctulatus, Ginth, Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 217 (1864); Anders,

Proc, Zool, Soc, 1871, p. 169.

92. sImores, 221

Simotes albocinctus, part., Giinth. 1. v. p. 218.

—— amabilis, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) i, 1868, p. 416,
pl. xvii. fig. A.

—— albocinetus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 312 (1890).

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than its
distance from the frontal; suture between the intérnasals shorter
than that between the preefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal as long as
deep or a little longer, seldom united with the prefrontal ; preocular
single or (rarely) divided into two; two postoculars; temporals
142; normally seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; four (rarely five) lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields about two thirds the length of
the anterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 177-205; anal undivided ;
subcaudals 51-69. Brown or brick-red above ; head yellowish, with
a dark brown or black-edged red crescentic band across the forehead
to below each eye, sometimes interrupted in the middle, an oblique
one on each side from the parietal to behind the angle of the mouth,
and a chevron-shaped one from the frontal to the nape, sometimes
with a detached round spot in front; lower surfaces yellowish or
coralline-red, more or less spotted or marbled with black; the black
spots may be small, squarish, far apart, and confined to the sides,
or the black may predominate on the belly ; or the ventrals may be
alternately black and yellow.

Total length 800 millim.; tail 130.

Eastern and Central Himalayas (to 4000 feet), Khasi and Arakan
Hills.

A. Upper parts unspotted, with 27 to 34 light, black-edged cross
bands two scales wide, separated by 5 to 8 series of scales.
(S. albocinctus, Cant.)
a. 2 (V. 208; C. 53). Khasi Hills. Sir J. Hooker [P.]. (Type
of C. punctulatus.)
b-e. 3 (V. 183; C. 64), Himalayas. T. OC. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
her. (V. 184, 194; 0.59,
54), & ye. (V.195; 0.54).
SF. & (V. 195; ©. 65). Himalayas. Col. pe
g-h. @ (V. 203; C. 51) Darjeeling. W. T. Blanford, Esq, [P.].
& yg. (V. 188; C. 66). eae
2, Skull. Darjeeling. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

B. Upper parts unspotted, with 55 light, black-edged cross bars,
separated by 3 or 4 series of scales. (S. amabilis, Gthr.)

_(V. 178; ©. 64). Arakan Hills. |W. Theobald, Esq. [C.].
ete ; (Type of Ss. amabilis.)

C. Upper parts with dark spots, without cross bands.

a-b. 9 (V. 202; C. 55) Khasi Hills. Sir J. Hooker [P.].

& yg. (V. 198; C. 62). na _
e. o (V, 193; C. 65). Sikkim. Messrs. v. Schlagintweit([C.].
d. 2 (V. 205; C.F). Darjeeling. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].

222 COLUBRID.

ef. 3 (V. 194; 0.63) & Darjeeling. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
her. (V. 194; C. 69).
9g & (V. 203; C. 56). Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Ai. g (V. 182, 177; 2 Dr. Griffith.
C. 62, 68).

5. Simotes formosanus. (Puarx VIII. fig. 2.)

Simotes formosanus, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N.H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 20;
Fischer, Abh. naturw. Ver. Hamb. ix. 1886, p. 12.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals shorter
than that between the prefrontals; frontal longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal square ;
preocular single or divided; two postoculars; temporals 142;
seven or eight upper labials, third and fourth or fourth and fifth
entering the eye; three or four labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which measure about once and a half the size of the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals obtusely augulate, 162-
1738; anal entire; subcaudals 46-55. Pale brown above, with a
very indistinct lighter vertebral line and ill-defined dark cross bands
produced by the black borders of some of the scales; ventrals yel-
lowish, brown on the sides, or with a lateral series of small blackish

spots,
Total length 600 millim.; tail 95.
8. China.
a. 3 (V. 163; C. 55). Takao, Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
(Type-)
b. @ (V. 1738; C. 46). Swatow. Christiania Museum.

6. Simotes violaceus.

Coronella violacea, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 50.

Simotes cinereus, Giiinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 215 (1864).
swinhonis, Giinth. l.c. pl. xx. fig. E.

—— multifasciatus, Jan, Icon. Gién. 12, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1865).
semifasciatus, Anders. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. 1871, p. 16.
violaceus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 312 (1890).

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal or a little shorter; suture between the
internasals usually shorter than that between the prefrontals;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as the parietals ; loreal usually longer than deep ; preocular single,
usually with a small subocular below, between the third and fourth
labials; one or two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; three or four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields one half or less than one half the size of the anterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 160-196; anal undivided; subcaudals
33-41. Pale brown, purplish or reddish above; markings on the
head very indistinct.

92. simotEs. 223

Total length 760 millim.; tail 75.
Bengal, Assam, Burma, Camboja, Southern China.

A. Brown or reddish above, without dark markings; belly unspotted.
(S. violaceus, S. cinereus.)

a. 3 (V.164; C.?). Camboja. M. Mouhot [C.].

Type of S. cinereus.)
b. 3 (V.169; C. 35). sa Be S.Shan States, Lieut. Blakeway (C.].
5000 ft.

B. The black edges of some of the scales forming more or less
distinct dark cross bands; belly unspotted. (8. swinhonis.)

a. § (V.161; C.37). Amoy. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

b-e. $ (V.165; C.39) ——?P Haslar Hospital. {
& 9(V.174; C. 34). (Types of S. swinhonis.)

d. 3 (V.160; C. 38). Hainan. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

e. 9 (V.166; C. 33), Island of Hong Kong. HLM.S. ‘Challenger.’

C. Intermediate between A and D.
a. 5 (V.172; C.38). Tenasserim. Col. Beddome [C.].

D. Above with more or less distinct dark cross bands; belly
with quadrangular brown spots. (S. multifasciatus, S. semt-
_ fasciatus.)

a. 3 (V.175; 0. 38). Assam. Wipy Blanford, Esq.
b. go (V.171;C. 34). Toungyi, S. Shan States, Lieut. ‘Blakeway [C.].
5000 ft.

7. Simotes woodmasoni.

Simotes wood-masoni, W. L. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1x. 1891,
p. 235, pl. vi. fig. 2.

Nasal divided; portion of the rostral seen from above a little
shorter than its distance from the frontal; suture between the inter-
nasals shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals;
loreal small, longer than deep; one preocular; one subocular,
separating the third labial from the eye; two postoculars; tem-
porals 1+ 2; six upper labials, the fourth alone entering the eye;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields small. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals strongly
angulate, 180-186 ; anal undivided; subcaudals 57. Brick-reddish
above, with traces of seven lighter stripes ; head with a dark median
longitudinal mark extending from the frontal to the nape, where it
bifurcates, an oblique dark streak across the anterior nasal and the
three anterior labials, a dark streak across the forehead through
the eyes to the fourth and fifth labials, and an oblique dark streak
across the parietals and the sides of the nape; dusky reddish
beneath.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

224 COLUBRID.

8. Simotes octolineatus.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. xxxvili. (1801).

Elaps octolineatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 299 (1801).

Coluber octolineatus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 540 (1802); Daud. Rept.
vii. p. 17 (1803).

Coronella octolineata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 77 (1887).

Simotes octolineatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 634, pl. lxxxii. fig. 3
(1854); Giinth. Cat. p. 24 (1858) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii.
1863, p. 285, and Icon. Gén. 12, pl. v. fig. 1 (1865); Bouleng. Kaun.

Ind., Rept. p. 313 (1890), and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) ix. 1892,
74

meyerinkii, Steindachn. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, c. 1891, p. 294.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above a little sborter
than its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
nearly as long as that between the prefrontals ; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals;
loreal as long as deep; preocular single; two postoculars; tem-
porals 24+ 2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior
chin-shields about two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in
17 rows. Ventrals obtusely angulate, 156-197; anal undivided ;
subcaudals 43-61. Yellow with six black longitudinal stripes, or
blackish with yellow longitudinal lines, which are much narrower
than the interspaces between them ; head yellow, the two-median
dorsal bands meeting on the frontal; a black creseentic cross band
anteriorly, passing through the eyes, and an oblique band on each side
from the parietal shield to below the angle of the mouth; lower
surfaces uniform or with a series of black spots on each side of the
ventrals, sometimes confluent into a line.

Total length 680 millim. ; tail 100.

Java, Borneo, Sooloo Islands, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula ;
Anamallay Hills, 8. India.

A. Yellowish above, with six black longitudinal stripes.

a. Yg. (V.168; 0.54), Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.].

b. § (V. 165; C.61). Singapore. Dr. Dennys i

e-d. 9 (V. 178, 183; Sumatra. Mrs, J. Crosley [P.].
C. 54, 51).

e. 9 (V.175; 0.54) & Bandjermassing, L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.
her. (V.183; 0.54). — Borneo, [P.].

f. Yg. (V. 168; C. 61). Java. J. Bowring, Esq. [P.].

B. Black above, with five narrow yellow longitudinal lines.

a. Yg.(V.197; C.61). Sumatra. Sir S. Raffles.

b-c. ¢ (V. 171; C. 59) Nias. Hr. Sundermann [C.}.
& yg. (V.171; C.61).

d. 2 (V.175; C. 58). Borneo. Sir H. Low [C.].

C. Markings disappearing in the adult, which is dark brown above,
with a somewhat ill-defined light vertebral stripe. (S.meyerinkit,
Steind.)

a. 9 (V. 158; C. 48). Tawi-Tawi, Sooloo Ids. A. Everett, Esq. [C.}.

92. simoTEs. 225

9. Simotes phenochalinus.

? Xenodon ancorus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 182, and U.S.
_ Explor, Exped., Herp. p. 167 (1858).
Simotes purpurascens, var. C, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 25 (1858).
—— phenochalinus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 244.
-— aphanospilus, Cope, J. ¢. p. 245.
ancoralis, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 283, and
Icon. Gén. 11, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1865); Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 61 (1867).

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as or a
little shorter than its distance from the frontal; suture between
the internasals usually shorter than that between the prafrontals ;
frontal a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
as long as the parietals ; loreal longer than deep; one pre- and two
postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2 (in one specimen 2+2); seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are about once and a
half as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals angulate
laterally, 156-173; anal entire; subcaudals 36-45. Pale brown
above, the vertebral region sometimes more reddish, with large
transverse rhomboidal or escutcheon-shaped, purplish, black-edged
spots ; a large arrow-headed, purplish, black-edged marking ‘on the
head and nape, often confluent with a transverse band passing
through the eyes; an oblique temporal streak; lower parts yellowish,
uniform or with small brown spots.

Total length 670 millim. ; tail 95.

Philippine Islands.

a-b. 3 (V.156; C. 42) Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. (C.].
& 9(V.172; C. 39).

e. b (V. 157; C. 45). Luzon. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].

d. 9 (V. 170; C. 36). Java (?).

e. 9 (V.178; C. 36). P Dr, Giinther [P.].

10. Simotes.forbesii.
Simotes forbesii, Bowleng. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1888, p. 387, pl. xlii.

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals shorter
than that between the prefrontals; frontal longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal slightly
deeper than long ; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are nearly
twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals slightly
angulate laterally, 155-165 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 45. Greyish
brown above, the borders of the scales darker ; head with symmetrical
dark markings; two fine dark brown lines along the back, separated
by three longitudinal series of scales ; belly yellowish, with a lateral
series of brown spots, more or less confluent into a stripe.

Total length 3U5 millim. ; tail 58.

Timor Laut.

a-b. 2 (V. 155, 165; ©. 45, Timor Laut. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [C.1.

45). (Types.)

VOL. lI. Q

226 COLUBRID.

11. Simotes signatus.

Simotes purpurascens, var. F, Gtinth. Cat. p. 26 (1858).
signatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 216, pl. xx. fig. F (1864).

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals as
long as or shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals; a small square loreal; one pre- and one postocular ;
temporals 14+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17
rows. Ventrals 141-157; anal entire; subcaudals 47-59. Dark
brown above, with yellowish cross bands or transverse rhomboidal
spots; the first two cross bands chevron-shaped ; head with dark
brown symmetrical markings separated by yellowish interspaces ;
belly yellowish, with a lateral series of brown spots.

Total length 520 millim.; tail 130.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java.

a. § (V.149; C. 59). Singapore. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].

b. 9 (V. 157; C. 47). Singapore. Haslar Collection.
i (Types.)

ce. 9 (V.151; 0.50). Deli, Sumatra. Prof. Moesch [C.].

d. & (V.141; 0.52). Java. Dr, Ploem [C.].

12. Simotes subcarinatus.

Simotes subcarinatus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 595, pl. xxxix.
fig. B.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals shorter
than that between the prefrontals ; frontal nearly as broad as long,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals; a small square loreal; one pre- and one postocular ;
temporals 1+1+42; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye ; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are nearly twice as large as the posterior. Scales feebly
keeled, in 17 rows. Ventrals 155; anal entire; subcaudals 50.
Dark brown above, with yellowish, black-edged cross streaks, the
anterior of which are chevron-shaped ; head yellowish, with sym-

metrical dark brown markings ; belly yellowish, with a few brown
spots on the sides.

Total length 395 millim. ; tail 80,
Borneo.

a. Q (V. 155; C, 50). Sarawak. (Type.)

13. Simotes annulifer. (Pxate VIII. fig. 3.)
Simotes annulifer, Bowleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 524.
Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above slightly shorter

92. simorzs. 227

than its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
slightly shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal as
broad as long, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; a small loreal ; one pre-and two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 153; anal entire; subcaudals 49. Brown above, with 26
black annuli on the back, enclosing largo and oval yellowish-brown
spots; sides black-spotted, with vertical and oblique yellowish
lines ; head yellowish brown above, with a dark brown bar
across the forehead, passing through the eye; a large A-shaped
marking from the frontal shield to the nape, and an oblique bar on
the temple; labials, chin, and throat black-spotted; lower parts
white, with a series of small black spots on each side.

Total length 160 millim. ; tail 30.

North Borneo.

‘a. Yg. (V. 158; C. 49). N. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
(Type.)

14. Simotes teniatus.

Simotes teniatus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 189, and Rept.
Brit, Ind. p. 216, pl. xx. fig. A (1864); Steind. Novara, Rept.
p. 60 (1867) ; F. Mill. Verk. nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1882, p. 144.

—— quadrilineatus, Jan, Nouv. Arch, Mus. ii. 1866, Bull. p. 7,
and Icon. Gién, 12, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1865).

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above about half as
long as its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal slightly longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than
the parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; one preocular, usually with
a small subocular below it, between the third and fourth labials ; two
postoculars; temporals 1+1+2, anterior very small; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are about once and a
half as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 or 19 rows. Ventrals
146-169 ; anal entire; subcaudals 30-47. Brown above, with a
darker dorsal band enclosing a light vertebral line; a dark lateral
streak or series of spots; a dark interocular band, passing through
the eyes and extending to the mouth, or a large triangular spot
covering the upper surface of the snout; an oblique dark temporal
band, sometimes descending to or even extending across the throat,
confluent or not with a large nuchal spot; usually a blackish spot
at the base, and another at the end of the tail ; lower parts whitish,
with squarish black spots which may be confined to the hinder
portion of the body.

Total length 320 millim. ; tail 60.

Siam, Camboja, Cochinchina. ;

Q

228 COLUBRID.

a, b, e-e. § (Sc. 19, 17, Camboja. M. Mouhot [C.].
17, 17; V. 159, 146, (Types.)
149, 149; C. 43, 42, 41,
40) & 9 (Sc. 19; V.
161; C. 34),

SJ @ (Se. 17; V. 169; Bangkok. Dr. Giinther [P.]}.
C. 30
g: é ce 19; V. 153; Siam. Sir R. Schomburgk
Pi.
a - ae 17, 19; V. Siam. wr Newman, Esq.
150, 152; C. "41, 43). [PJ]:

15. Simotes chinensis. (Puats IX. fig. 1.)
Simotes chinensis, Guinth. Ann. § May. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 16.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above one half to
three-fifths as long as its distance from the frontal ; suture between
the internasals as long as or longer than that between the pre-
frontals; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
as long as the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one pra-
and two postoculars; a subocular may be present below the pra-
ocular ; temporals 142 or 242; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth, or fifth, entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are about once and a half the
length of the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals angulate
laterally, 170-191; anal entire; subcaudals 55-60. Pale grey-
brown above, with narrow blackish-brown transverse bands, 15 to
17 in number; a dark brown arrow-headed marking on the occiput
and nape, with the apex on the frontal shield; a crescentic dark
brown band anteriorly, passing through the eyes; yellowish
inferiorly, with quadrangular black spots.

Total length 600 millim.; tail 120.

China.

a. Yg.(V.191; ©. 55). Mountains north of <A. E. Pratt, Esq.
Kiu Kiang. [C.]. (Type. )
b-d. 3 (V. 176; C. 59) Hoi-How, Hainan. J. Neumann, Esq.
& yg. (V. 172,170; C. [Pel
60, 58),

16. Simotes vaillanti.
Simotes vaillanti, Sawvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. 1877, p. 107.

Nasal divided ; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 142;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye. Scales in 19
rows. Anal divided. Olive-brown above, with or without two
dorsal black lines commencing from the eyes, and with black trans-
verse spots ; belly yellowish.

China.

92. sIMoTES, 225

17. Simotes beddomii, (Purare IX. fig. 2.)
Simotes beddomii, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 31-4 (1890).

Nasal undivided ; rostral comparatively small, the portion seen
from above much shorter than its distance from the frontal; suture
between the internasals much shorter than that between the pra-
frontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; pra-
ocular single; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields
about two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 167-168 ; anal divided; subcaudals 43-46. Brown‘above,
with three light longitudinal lines, intersected by dark brown trans-
verse spots or lines; head with well-marked dark brown markings,
viz. a crescentic band anteriorly, passing through the eyes, and a
chevron-shaped band behind, the apex on the frontal; each of the
four anterior labials with a brown spot; a dark brown nuchal spot,
angular anteriorly, divided behind by the light vertebral line ;
lower surfaces yellowish, with very few, scattered, small brown
spots ; tail immaculate.

Total length 330 millim.; tail 50.

Southern India.

a-b. 3 (V.167; C. 43) Wynad. Col. Beddome [C.].
& yg. (V. 168; C. 46). (Types.)

18. Simotes arnensis.

Seba, Thes. ii. pl. Ixii. fig. 4 (1785); Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pls. xxxv.
& xxxvili. (1796).

Coluber arnensis, Shavo, Zool. iii. p. 526 (1802).

russelius, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 395, pl. Ixxvi. fig. 2 (1803).

Coronella russelii, Sckleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 78 (1837).

Coluber monticolus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 52.

Simotes russellii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 628 (1854); Giinth. Cat.
p. 24 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. il. 1863, p. 233,
and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1865); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 218 (1864). ;

——albiventer, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 213.

arnensis, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 314 (1890).

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal or a little shorter; suture between the
internasals usually nearly as long as that between the prefrontals ;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little
shorter, and a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal, if distinct,
longer than deep, frequently united with the prefrontal ; preocular
single ; two postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye ; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields one half or two thirds
the length of the anterior. Scales in 17‘rows. Ventrals angulate

230 COLUBRID.

laterally, 170-202; anal divided; subcaudals 41-59. Pale brown
or orange above, with well-defined black cross bands, which vary
in number and in width according to individuals, and may be edged
with white; an angular or transverse black band between the eyes,
another behind, with the apex on the frontal, and a third on the
nape; lower surfaces uniform yellowish, rarely spotted with brown
or with a brown posterior border to the ventrals.

Total length 600 millim.; tail 90.

India and Ceylon, northwards to Nepal and the Himalayas.

A. Belly uniform yellowish.
a-d. § (V.178,172;C. India.

59, 50), Q (V.192; O.
45), & ye. (V.186, 188;

©. 54, 50).
e. 9 (V. 183; C. 45). Nepal. B. oe Esq.
P.).
Ff. Yg. (V. 187; C. 63). Sikkim. Messrs. v. Schlagin-
tweit [C.].
g. 2 (V. 190; C. 47). Deccan. Col. Sykes (C.].
A. 3 (V. 186; C. 54). Bombay. Dr. Leith ie ;
z Yg. (V. 202; C. 48). Deesa. Dr. Leith | P.}.
k. 3 (V.175; C. 53). Madras. Rev. G. Smith Pl
l,m. 3 (V.170;C.50) = Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.}.
& 2 (V. 185; C. 46).
n. 2 (V.190; C. 47). Ceylon. Sir J. Banks [P.].
v. & (V. 179; C.?). Near Kandy. Capt. Gascoigne [P. ].
(Type of S. albiventer.)
p. 2 (V. 199; C. 47). —?P
B. Belly spotted with brown.
a, Yg. (V. 185; C. 46). Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
b. @ (V. 180; C. 41). 8. India. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
RSAlp

19. Simotes theobaldi. (Pxaze IX. fig. 3.)

Simotes theobaldi, Giinth. Ann. &§ May. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 417;
Bouleng. Faun, Ind., Rept. p. 815 (1890).

Nasal divided or semi-divided ; portion of rostral seen from above
shorter than its distance from the frontal; suture between the
internasals much shorter than that between the preefrontals ; frontal
a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals ; loreal twice as long as deep, longer than
the posterior nasal; preocular single; two postoculars; temporals
142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior
chin-shields about two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in
17 rows. Ventrals 171-180; anal divided; subcandals 34-42.
Brown above, with three light longitudinal lines, between which are

92. srmorzs. 231

transverse blackish bars ; head with well-marked dark markings,
viz. a crescentic band anteriorly, passing through the eyes, and a
chevron-shaped band behind, the apex on the frontal; a large
blackish nuchal spot, partly divided by the light vertebral line;
lower surfaces yellowish, with or without square black spots; tail
immaculate.

Total length 380 millim.; tail 30.

Burma.
A. Belly with square black spots. e

a. 2 (V. 180; C. 35), Pegu. " W. Theobald, Esq.

(C.J. (Type.)
B. Belly unspotted.

a. Q (V.174; © 35). Minhla. M. L. Fea [C.].

6. 2 (V.174; C. 34). Near Toungoo. E. W. Oates, Esq.
P|

e. do (V.171; C. 42). Thayetmyo. E. Wet, Esq.
Bi,

20. Simotes cruentatus. (Puate X. fig. 1.)

Simotes cruentatus, Giiinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 417;
Theob. Journ. Linn, Soc, x. 1868, p. 41; Stoliezka, Proc, As. Soc.
Beng. 1872, p. 145; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 315 (1890).

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals much
shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the
parietals; loreal longer than deep, but usually shorter than in the
preceding species; preocular single; two postoculars ; temporals
142; eight (rarely seven) upper labials, fourth and fifth (or third
and fourth) entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields about two
thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
148-173; anal divided; subcaudals 27-37. Brown above, with
four more or less distinct darker longitudinal lines; symmetrical
dark markings on head broken up, rather indistinct in the adult, an
oblique spot below the eye and a large patch on the occiput being
distinguishable ; lower surfaces yellowish (coral-red in life) with
square black spots, at least on the posterior third of the belly; a
large black spot at the base of the tail, and sometimes a second near

the tip. . ee
Total length 350 millim. ; tail 45.
Pegu. ;

a-d. 3 (V. 164, 165, 163, Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq.
164; C. 33, 37, 87,56) (C.]. (Types.)

& 2 (V. 167; C. 30).
e. Yg. (V. 148; C. 36). Pegu. bi aces Esq.

232 COLUBRIDZ.

J-g. 3 (V. 169, 160; C. Toungoo. E. W. Oates, Esq.
31, 35). (P.].

h-i. & (V. 162, 165; C. Burma. Col. Beddome [C.}.
37, 37).

21. Simotes torquatus.

Simotes torquatus, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi. 1888, p. 597,
pl. v. fig. 1, and Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 316 (1890).

Nasal undivided; portion of rostral seen from above shorter
than its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the prefrontals ; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout and a little shorter than the
parictals; loreal usually a little longer than deep; one prew- and
two postoculars ; temporals 142; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields about two thirds the
size of the anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 144-159; anal
divided ; subcaudals 27-34. Grey-brown above, with four rather
indistinct darker longitudinal streaks, replaced in the young by
series of small blackish spots; upper surface of head with some-
times very indistinct symmetrical markings; a large dark brown
(black in the young) spot below the eye, and a broad band of the
same colour across the occiput, behind the parietal shields; lower
parts white, usually with some black quadrangular spots on the
posterior ventrals.

Total length 290 millim.; tail 38.

Upper Burma.

a-b. 2 (V. 150; C. 31) Bhamo. M. L. Fea (C.]. (Types.)
& yg. (V. 144; C. 30).

22. Simotes planiceps.

Simotes planiceps, Bouleng. Ann. Mus, Genova, (2) vi. 1888, p. 597,
pl. v. fig. 2, and Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 316 (1890).

Head much depressed; nasal undivided; rostral very much
produced above, entirely separating the internasals and wedged
in between the prefrontals; frontal elongate, longer than its dis-
tance from the end of the snout and than the parietals; loreal
longer than deep ; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1;
five upper labials, third entering the eye ; four lower labials in con-
tact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields hardly
half as large as the anterior. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 132;
anal divided; subcaudals 27. Pale brown above, with small oblique
black markings occupying the anterior outer border of some of the
scales; a black cross band on the occiput, behind the parietals;
upper lip yellow, with an oblique black streak below the eye,
crossing. the suture between the third and fourth upper labials;

93. OLIGODON. 233

lower parts pinkish, with square black spots mostly arranged in
pairs.

Total length 130 millim.; tail 15.

Minhla, Burma.

93. OLIGODON.

Oligodon, Bove, Isis, 1827, p. 519; Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 191
(1830); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 54 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. Col.
Sn. p. 20 (1858) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii. 1862, p. 36;
Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 205 (1864); Boweng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept. p. 317 (1890).

Calamaria, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 25 (1887).

Homalosoma, part., Jan, Jc. p. 33.

Rhynchocalamus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 491.

Tripeltis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 487.

Characters of Simotes, but maxillary teeth fewer still (6 to 8),
-and no pterygoid teeth, the palate being entirely edentulous or with
two or three teeth on each palatine. Scales in 15 or 17 rows.

Southern Asia; Lower Egypt.

This genus may have to be united with the preceding, S. venustus,
being, as pointed out by Dr. Giinther (Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i.
1868, p. 416), intermediate between Simotes and Oligodon.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 17 rows.

A. Anal divided; no loreal shield; two postoculars.

Portion of rostral seen from above as

long as, or a little shorter than, its

distance from the frontal; latter

shield as long as the parietals...... 1. venustus, p. 235.
Portion of rostral seen from above as

long as or a little shorter than its

distance from the frontal; latter

shield shorter than the parietals.... 2. travancoricus, p. 236.
Portion of rostral seen from above much

shorter than its distance from the

frontal: saci sata gres Coe ek ks 3. affinis, p. 236.

B. Anal entire ; loreal usually present.
Two postoculars ; subcaudals 35-46 .. 4, bitorquatus, p. 237.
One postocular ; subcaudals 52-62.... 5. trilineatus, p. 238.
TI. Scales in 15 rows.
A. Anal entire.
1. Nasal divided.

One postocular ; no loreal; only the
third upper labial entering the eye.. 6. modestus, p. 238.

234 . COLUBRID.

One postocular; loreal present; third
and fourth labials entering the
OVO ~ at cs ie Gea Or eo Oe SG A 7. notospilus, p. 239.

Two postoculars ; loreal present...... 8. everetti, p. 239.

2. Nasal undivided; two post-
OOUlars: Lae iWeae eet wes 9. propinguus, p. 240.

B. Anal divided.
1. Nasal divided.
a. No internasals.... ....... 10. brevicauda, p. 240.

bd. A pair of internasals.
a. Asingle postocular...... 11. dorsalis, p. 241.

p. Two postoculars.

* Ventrals not more than 160, subcaudals not more
than 35.

Portion of rostral seen from above about

half as long as its distance from the

fPONGAL steers Hy sitoae-aen. wae ee 12. templetonii, p. 241.
Portion of rostral seen from above mea-

suring about two thirds its distance

from the frontal ................ 13. sublineatus, p. 242.
Portion of rostral seen from above as

long as its distance from the frontal. 14. ellioti, p. 242.

** Ventrals 154 or more, subcaudals more than 35.

Portion of rostral seen from above as

long as or a little shorter than its

distance from the frontal.......... 15. subgriseus, p. 243.
Portivun of rostral seen from above con-

siderably shorter than its distance

from the frontal ................ 16. vertebralis, p. 245.

2. Nasal undivided.
Two postoculars; six upper labials;

ventrals 145-151 .............. 17. waandersti, p. 245.
One postocular; seven upper labials ;
ventrals 181-229 .............. 18. melanocephalus, p. 246.

Oligodon dorsale, Berthold, Gotting. Nachr. 1859, p. 179, stated
to be from Bengal, perhaps belongs to a different genus. It is
described as :—“ Grey above, with a white median line, and a curved
brown interocular band; white beneath; rostral shield large;
scales rhomboidal, smooth, in 18 rows; ventrals 183, anal single,
subcaudals 46 ; tail one fifth of total length.”

93. oLIGoDoN. 235

Nn
TaBLE sHowine Numprrs or Scaes AND SHIELDS.

Se. Vv. A. Cc Lab
VOWUSCUB: ia. siieeriecalscicnecniaca 17 | 148-162} 2 28-36 | 7 (6)
travancoricus ... 17 |145-151} 2 35-87 | 7
OffMIS vee eee ees 17 |129-142|) 2 25-36 | 7
bitorquatus...... 17 |140-155| 1 35-46 | 7
trilineatus ...... 17 | 145-157] 1 52-62 | 7
modestus...s..... 158-170] 1 41 6
notospilus 142 1 32 7
everetli oo... 154 1 46 7
propinguus 140 1 27 7
brevicauda 164-173} 2 25-29 | 7
BOP SAS: wdncsseanenun aisgate 174-188} 2 387-51 | 7
templetonii 185-152] 2 28-31 | 7
sublineatus 136-160} 2 26-35 | 7
elliott ......000. ee fads 152 2 29 vi
subgriseus ... | 15 |158-218| 2 38-56 | 7
vertebralis 154 2 54 7
waandersii say 145-151 2 22-28 | 6
melanocephalus 181-229) 2 53-68 | 7

1. Oligodon venustus.

Oligodon venustus, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxii. 1853, p. 528;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 317 (1890).

Simotes binotatus (non D. § B.), Giinth. Cat. p. 24 (1858).

venustus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 213 (1864), and Ann. &

Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 416.

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above as long as
its distance from the frontal or a little shorter; sutwre between
the internasals shorter than that between the prefrovtals ; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals; no loreal, the posterior nasal sometimes forming a
suture with the preocular; preocular single; two postoculars ;
temporals 142; usually seven (rarely six) upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye, sixth frequently exeluded from the labial
border and taking the position of a lower anterior temporal ; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior
chin-shields one half to two thirds the length of the anterior.
‘Seales in 17 rows. Ventrals 148-162; anal divided; subcaudals
28-36. Pale brown or greyish above, with a series of paired large
oval or rhomboidal blackish spots edged with yellowish, which are
usually united mesially ; a large, more irregular spot below each
dorsal spot; head-markings consisting of a crescentic anterior
cross band, passing through the eye, an oblique band on each side,
from the parietal to below the angle of the mouth, and a broad
angular band on the nape ; top of head frequently with black vermi-
culations, Lower surfaces black and yellow, the two colours in
nearly equal proportions, except under the tail, where the yellow
predominates, or where sometimes black spots are entirely wanting.

236 COLUBRID.

Total length 480 millim.; tail 65.
Sonth-western India.

ub. § (V.144; C.34)& Madras Presidency. TT. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
2 (V. 152; C. 30).

c. Her. g (V. 146; C. Madras Presidency. Col. Beddome [P.].
34).

d. @ (V.151; C. 33). Nilgherries, 7000 ft. Col. Beddome i

‘e. Her. 2 (V. 154; C. Coonoor, Nilgherries, W. Davison, Esq. [P.]
29). 5900 ft.

J-g. Her. (V.162; 0.28) Nilgherries. E. A. Minchin, Esq.
& yg. (V. 147; C. 32). [P.}.

2. Oligodon travancoricus. (Pratn X. fig. 2.)

Oligodon travancoricus, Beddome, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 685;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 318 (1890).

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as or a
little shorter than its distance from the frontal; suture between the
internasals shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal as
long as or longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; no loreal, the posterior nasal forming a
suture with the preocular, or the prefrontal forming a suture with
the second labial: preocular single; two postoculars; temporals
1+2 or 2+3; upper labials seven, third and fourth entering the eye,
sixth excluded from the labial margin ; three lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields two thirds
the length of the anterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 145-151;
anal divided; subcaudals 35+37. Greyish or pale brown above,
with 25 to 33 black or dark brown, light-edged cross bands on the
body, and five or six pairs of spots on the tail; three broad black,
light-edged transverse bands on the head, viz., a frontal, an occipital,
and a nuchal, connected or not longitudinally on the median line ;
a small white spot may be present in the middle between the
parietals. Lower surfaces white, with large square black spots.

Total length 450 millim.; tail 65. JI have examined a specimen
belonging to the Trevandrum Museum, which measures 465 millim.;
tail 65.

Travancore hills.

a. Her. 6 (V. 145; Tinnevelly hills. Col. Beddome [C.].
C. 37). (Type.)

b-c. § (V. 147,146; High Range, Tra- A. S. Ferguson, Esq.
C. 37, 35). vancore, [P.].

a

3. Oligodon affinis.

Oligodon affinis, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) ix. 1862, p. 58,
and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 209, pl. xix. fig. B (1864); Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 318 (1890).

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above half as long

93. oLIeoDon. 237

as its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals as
long as that between the prefrontals, or a little shorter; frontal
much longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
the parietals ; no loreal, the posterior nasal sometimes forming a
suture with the preocular; preocular single; two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2, or 1+1+42; upper labials seven, third and fourth
entering the eye ; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields about two thirds the length of
the anterior. Scalesin 17 rows. Ventrals 129-142 : anal divided ;
subcaudals 25-36. Brown above, with more or less distinct darker
cross lines: head with dark symmetrical transverse markings, which
are usually connected by a median longitudinal streak. Lower
surfaces white (in spirit) with square black spots, both colours
being distributed in nearly equal proportion.

Total length 330 millim.; tail 50.

South-western India.

a. 2 (V. 132; C. 27). Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.].

(Type.)
b-c, d-f. 3 (V.187, 129; Wynad, 30v0 feet. Col. Besdonis [C.].
C. 33, 36), 2 (V. 136,
189; C. 25, 28), & yg.
(V. 142; C. 26).

4. Oligodon bitorquatus.

Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. p. 39, pl. xxxiv.

Oligodon bitorquatus, Bore, Isis, 1827, p. 519.

Calamaria oligodon, Schleg. Pays. Serp. ii. p. 40, pl. i. figs. 27-29
(1837), and Abbild. p. 96, pl. xxv.

Oligodon subquadratus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 55 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat.
p. 21 (1858) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 87, and
Icon. Gén. 18, pl. iv. figs. 5 & 6 (1865).

Rabdosoma amboinense, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxii.
1860, p. 42.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals shorter
than that between the preefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal usually present, a little longer than deep; one
pree- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+2 or 2+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields one half to two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales
in 17 rows. Ventrals 140-155; anal entire; subcaudals 35-46,
Purplish brown or blackish above, with yellow (or red) dots and
usually a vertebral series of larger spots; head with symmetrical
blackish markings and one or two chevron-shaped yellowish bands,
the second on the occiput and nape; belly red, with quadrangular
or transverse black spots.

Total length 370 millim. ; tail 67.

Java, Amboyna.

238 COLUBRID.E.

a~b. 3 (V. 144, 144; C. Java. Leyden Museum.
87, 45).
c. 2’ (V. 142; 0.2). Java. Hr. Friihstorfer [C.].
d. 2 (V. 155; C. 46). Salak, Java. R, Oi aaa Esq.
3 (V.148; C.41). Batavia. a
3 (V. 150; C. 87). Willis Mts., Kediri, Baron v. Huegel [C.].

Java, 5000 feet.
Yg. (V. 155; C. 44). Amboyna. Dr. Bleeker. (Type of

Rabdosoma amboinense.)

5. Oligodon trilineatus.

Simotes trilineatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 636 (1854); Jan, Arch.
Zool, Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 324, and Icon. Gién. 12, pl. iv. fig. 1
(1865).

Oligodon trilineatus, Fischer, Abh. naturw. Ver. Hamb, ix. 1885, p. 7.

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above nearly as long
as its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
nearly as long as that between the preefrontals ; frontallonger than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals;
loreal small, longer than deep; one pre- and one postocular;
temporals 142 or 242; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are nearly twice as long as the posterior. Scales
in 17 rows. Ventrals 145-157; anal entire; subcaudals 52-62.
Dark brown or blackish above and below; head yellowish brown,
with blackish oblique bands interrupted on the crown; a yellow
vertebral stripe, a fine yellowish line along each side of the back,
and a white line along each side of the belly.

Total length 330 millim.; tail 80.

Pulo Nias.

a-b, 2 (V. 147; C. 60) Nias, Herr Sundermann[C.].
& her. (V. 157 ; C. 54).

6. Oligodon modestus. (Prare X. fig. 3.)

Oligodon modestus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 210 (1864), and Proe.
Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 77.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals a little
shorter than that between the prefrontals ; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; no
loreal; one pre-and one postocular ; temporals 142 or 143; six
upper labials, third largest and entering the eye; three or four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 158-170;
anal entire ; subcaudals 41. Dark brown above, with a yellowish
vertebral streak ; a yellowish chevron-shaped band on the occiput ;
lower parts yellowish, with quadrangular black spots.

93. oLIaopon. 239

Total length 350 millim:; tail 55,
Philippine Islands,

a. 3 (V.158; C. 41). Philippine Islands. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].
Type.
& 3 (V.170; C.41). — S. Negros. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].

7. Oligodon notospilus.

eee notospilus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 169, pl. xviii.
fig. A.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal
very small, longer than deep; one pre-and one postocular; tem-
porals 142; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-sbields,
which are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 142; anal entire; subcaudals 32. Dark purplish brown
above, with yellow dots and a series of large transverse, rhomboidal,
yellow, black-edged spots ; head yellow, with two chevron-shaped
black bands, the anterior passing through the eyes, the posterior
with the point on the frontal shield ; uniform yellowish inferiorly.

Total length 260 millim. ; tail 40.

Philippine Islands.

a. 2 (V. 142; C. 32). Mindanao. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].
Type.)

8. Oligodon everetti. (Prare XI. fig. 1.)
Oligodon everetti, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 524.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above slightly shorter
than its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the prefrontals ; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the
parietals ; loreal very small, longer than deep; one pre- and two
postoculars; temporals 142; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than tho posterior. Scales in 15
rows. Ventrals 154; anal entire; subcaudals 46. Slaty grey
above, with three blackish-brown stripes, the middle one three scales
wide and enclosing a series of small yellowish-brown rhomboidal
spots; head brown above, with two chevron-shaped black bands,
the anterior passing through the eyes, the posterior with the point
on the frontal shield; uniform coral-red beneath, the outer ends of
the ventral shields black. ;

Total length 370 millim. ; tail 70.

North Borneo.

a. @ (V. 154; C. 46). Mt. Kina Baloo. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
(Type.)

240 COLUBRID,

9. Oligodon propinquus.

Oligodon propinquus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii. 1862, p. 38,
and Icon. Gén. 48, pl. i. fig. 1 (1876).

Nasal undivided; portion of rostral seen from above a little
shorter than its distance from the frontal; suture between the
internasals longer than that between the prefrontals ; frontal longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ;
loreal small, a little longer than deep ; one pra- and two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 140; anal entire; subcaudals 27. Black above, with
yellowish dots; a series of small yellowish spots along the back ;
belly whitish.

Total length 285 millim. ; tail 40.

Java.

10. Oligodon brevicauda.

Oligodon brevicauda, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) ix. 1862,
p. 58, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 211, pl. xix. fig. A (1864) ; Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 319 (1890).

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above longer than
its distance from the frontal; no internasals; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; no
loreal, the posterior nasal forming a suture with the preocular; .
preocular single; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
lJabials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields about
two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals
164-173; anal divided; subcaudals 25-29. Brown above, with a
light vertebral band, most marked posteriorly, bordered on each
side by a dark brown or black band; a black narrow streak along
each side; a rhomboidal dark spot on the frontal, confluent with a
broad crescentic transverse band anteriorly, which passes through
the eyes; a dark band from behind the eye to the angle of the
mouth; a large dark nuchal spot. Lower surface red, with large
quadrangular or transverse black spots ; tail without, or with only
a few, black spots. Spec. d very dark, almost black above and
below, the black markings being just distinguishable.

Total length 480 millim.; tail 50.

South-western India.

a. § (V.1738; C. 28). Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.]}.
(Type.)

6. 2 (V. 165; C. 25), Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.}.

ec. 2 (V.172; C. 29). West slope of Nilgher- Col. Beddome {C.].

ries, 3000 ft.
d. 2 (V. 164; C. 29), Peermad, Travancore, H.S. Ferguson, Esq.
3300 ft. P.):

93. oLTeoDoN, 241

11. Oligodon dorsalis.

Elaps dorsalis, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. Ixxxv. fig, 1 (1834).

Oligodon dorsalis, Giinth. Cat. p- 22 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 210 (1864) ; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 168; Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 319 (1890).

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals as
long as that between the prefrontals or shorter ; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals;
loreal as long as deep; prwocular single; postocular single; tem-
porals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields about two thirds the length of the anterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 174-188; anal divided; subcaudals
37-51. Brown above, with a yellowish vertebral streak, on each
side of which is a series of small black spots; a black lateral streak ;
a large subtriangular blackish spot on the forehead, connected with
a very large occipital spot by a longitudinal streak on the frontal ;
lower surfaces black and vellow (in spirit), the black predominating
on the belly, the yellow on the tail.

Total length 360 millim.; tail 65.

Khasi, Naga, and Chittagong hills.

a. 3 (V.177; C. 47). P Gen, Hardwicke [P.]. (Type.)
b. g (V.174; C51). es Dr. Griffith.

12. Oligodon templetonii.

Oligodon templetonii, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) ix. 1862,
p. 57, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 209, pl. xix. fig. C (1864); Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 320 (1890).

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above about half as
long as its distance from the frontal; suture between the inter-
nasals longer or shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal
much longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
the parietals ; loreal longer than deep, sometimes entering the eye ;
preocular single; two or three postoculars ; temporals 1+2:;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, sixth
usually excluded from the labial border ; three or four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields
about two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 135-152; anal divided; subcaudals 28-31. Brown
above, with a yellowish vertebral streak, which becomes more
distinct on the tail, and is crossed by about eighteen narrow dark
brown bands; head-markings very indistinct except an oblique
band below the eye; lower surfaces white with square black spots,
both colours being distributed in nearly equal proportion.

Total length 270 millim, ; tail 40.

Ceylon.

VoL, II. n

242 COLUBRID.
a. 3d (V. 135; C. 31). Ceylon. R. Templeton, Esq. [P.].

(Type.
b-c. g (V.1389; C.30) & yg. Udagama. E, E. Green, Esq. [P.].
(V. 152; C. 28).

13. Oligodon sublineatus.

Oligodon sublineatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 57 (1854); Gunth.
Cat. p. 21 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 38; ee Rept. "Brit. Ind. B 209 (1864); Jan, Icon. Gén. 48,
pl. i. "fig. 2 (1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 320 (1890) ;
W. L. Seluter, Journ. As, Soe. Beng. 1x. 1891, p. 237.

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
nearly as long as that between the prefrontals ; frontal longer than
its distance trom the end of the snout, as long as the parietals, or
slightly longer; loreal as long as deep, or a little longer, rarely
absent; preocular single; two postoculars; temporals 1+2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
posterior chin-shields about two thirds the length of the anterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 186-160; anal divided ; subcaudals
26-35. Pale brown above, some of the scales edged with dark
brown; frequently a more or less regular series of paired dark
brown dorsal spots; head with dark brown markings; an angular
transverse band anteriorly, passing through the eyes; a longitu-
dinal band from the middle of the frontal to a little beyond the
parietals, and a large spot on each side of the nape; the longitu-
dinal band and the nuchal spots sometimes confluent; lower
surfaces yellowish, with three (rarely two) longitudinal series of
small dark brown spots, the lateral series often confluent into a line.

Total length 315 millim. ; tail 35.

Ceylon, Nicobars.

a-b. 2 (V. 151, 160; C. 27, 28). Punduloya, E. E. Green, Esq. [P.].

4000 ft.
c. & (V. 1388: C. 383). Kandy. Capt. Gascoigne [P.].
d. Yg. (V. 159; C. 26). Ceylon. G. H. K, Thwaites, Esq.

P.
e,f, g-0. 8 (V. 188,136: C. 35, Ceylon. [Ph
4), 9 (V. 149, 149, 146, 152;
C. 28, 27, 26, 26), & her.
(V. 150, 147, 137, 146; C. 29,
29, 32, 31).

14. Oligodon ellioti.
Oligodon ellioti, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 207, pl. xix. fig. G
(1864) ; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 821 (1890).

Nasal divided; portion of rostral seen from above as long as its
distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals as long
as that between the preefrontals : frontal longer than its distance

93, oLIeopon. 243

from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal as long
as deep ; preocular single; two postoculars ; temporals 142;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields about two thirds the length of the anterior. Scales in
15 rows. Ventrals 152; anal divided; subcaudals 29. Brown
above, with a median series of large rhombic black spots, on each
side of which is a small spot separated by a whitish border; head
with black markings, viz. an angular band across the forehead,
passing through the eyes, and a second behind, with the apex on
the frontal, descending to below the angle of the mouth, and con-
fluent with a large nuchal spot; an angular interrupted, narrow
black band across the throat ; lower surfaces whitish, unspotted.

Total length 270 millim. ; tail 30.

Madras Presidency.

a. Q (V. 152; C. 29). Madras Pres. Sir W. Elliot [P.]. (Type.)

15. Oligodon subgriseus.

Oligodon subgriseus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 59 (1854); Giinth. Cat.
p. 21 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool, Anat. Phys. ii, 1862, p. 89;
Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p, 207, pl. xix. fig. F (1864); Jan, Icon.
Gén, 48, pl. i. fig. 3 (1876); Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliii.
1879, p. 114; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 821 (1890); W. L.
Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1x. 1891, p. 287.

Simotes binotatus, Dum. § Bibr. t. c. p. 630; Jan, Ul. cc, Icon. 11,
pl. vi, fig. 8 (1865) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 214.

Xenodon dubium, Jerdon, Journ. As, Soc. Beng. xxii. 1858, p. 528

1854).
ongode, spilonotus, Giinth. 1. ¢. p. 207, pl. xix. fig. E.
—— fasciatus, Giinth. 1. c. p. 208, pl. xix. fig. D.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as, or
a little shorter than, its distance from the frontal; suture between
the internasals usually shorter than that between the prafrontals ;.
frontal longer than its distance from the end of snout, as long as
the parietals ; loreal about as long as deep ; preocular single; two
postoculars ; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact: with the
anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields one half to two thirds
the length of the anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals angulate
laterally, 158-218; anal usually divided; subcaudals 38-56.
Brown above, with a series of large thomboidal dark spots or trans-
verse bands, or pairs of spots, with or without a more or less
distinct light vertebral line ; head with dark markings, usually
consisting of a crescentic band across the forehead, through the
eyes, to the fourth and fifth labials, a band, widening posteriorly,
from the parietals or from the frontal to the angle of the mouth,
and a large spot, bifid posteriorly, from the frontal to the nape ;
the upper surface of the head sometimes almost oS blackish

R

244

COLUBRID.

brown, with small yellowish markings; lower surfaces immaculate
or with small brown spots or dots on each side.:

Total length 480 millim. ;

tail 65.

From Baluchistan, Sind, and Bengal to Southern India and

Ceylon.

A. Belly unspotted.

a. & (V. 186; C. 55).

b,c. 2 (V. 218; C. ?) & yg.
(V. 200; C. 48).

d. 9 (V. 204; C. 44).

e. do (V.169 C. 45).

f-h. gr. (V. 179, 182, 190;
C. 48, 61, 42).
i. Yg. (V. 203; ©. 45).

k-l. 3 (V. 166, 160; C. 47,
45

).

m. Her. (V. 167; C. 48).

n, 0, p. 2 (V. 178, 171, 168;
C. 40, 43, 41).

q, r-s. 3 (V.178; C. 53), 9
(V. 187; ©. 43), & her.

. (V.174; C. 48).

t-v, w. 3 (V.175, 184; ©. 51,
53) & her. (V. 182, 178;
C. 46, 52).

z-y, 2-8. (V. 185, 185;
C. 50, 41), her. (V.178, 177 ;
C. 39, 46) & yg. (V. 164;
C. 42).

y-¢. 2 (V. 176, 182, 182;
C.51,49, 52), & yg. (Vv. 160;

55).

C.
1 9 (V. 169; C. 44).
6. & (V. 158; C. 47).
. & (V.171; ©. 48).
x. & (V. 1683 C. 48).
d. > (V.189; C. 42).

yw. Q (V. 187; C. 45).

Kurrachee. Dr. Leith [P.].
Sind. Dr. Leith [P
Ajmere, Raj- W. T. Blanford, Esq.
puta [P.].
Aska, Ganjam. E. A. Minchin, Esq.
[Ps].
Bangalore. Si A. Minchin, Esq.
Py).
Madras. J. E. Boileau, Esq.
[P.]
Madras. — Bevan, Esq. [P.].
(Types of O. spilonotus).
Malabar. (Type of O. spilonotus).
Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.].
Wynad. Col. Beddome [C.].
Nilgherries. Hon. J. Dormer [P.].
Nilgherries. Col. Beddome [C.].
Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.].
Merchiston, H. = Ferguson, Esq.
Travancore.
Poumadi, Tra- H. 8 ’ Ferguson, Esq.
vancore. P.
Trincomalee. Major Barrett [P.].
Ceylon. W. Ferguson, Esq. [P.].
Ceylon. E. W. H. Holdsworth,
Esq. [C.].
Ceylon.

B. Belly with small brown spots or dots.

& (V. 159; 0. 45) & 2
Ww. Sa; C. 40).
(V. 158, 158; ©. 46,

e-o. gf (V. 164, 165, 166;
C. 44, 42, 41), 2 (V. 178,
175; C. 40, 38), & yg.
(V. 178, 169, 163, 175, 168;
6. 39, 42, 42, 38, 42).

Deccan. Col. Sykes

Types of
P.}. ypes |
Deccan. E. India: er alas
Comp. ba
Matheran. Dr. Leith [P.].

93. oLIGODON. 245

16. Oligodon vertebralis. (Prater XI. fig. 2.)
Simotes vertebralis, Gitnth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 91.

Nasal divided ; portion of rostral seen from above considerably
shorter than its distance from the frontal; suture between the
internasals longer than that between the prefrontals ; frontal longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than
the parietals ; a small square loreal ; one pre-and two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye ; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are nearly twice as large as the posterior. Scalesin 15 rows.
Ventrals 154; anal divided; subcaudals 54. Brown above, with
small yellow, hlack-edged spots, the largest of which form a verte-
bral series; head yellowish, with two chevron-shaped, brown,
black-edged bands, the anterior passing through the eyes, the
posterior with the apex on the frontal; lower parts yellowish,
throat spotted with brown.

Total length 345 millim.; tail 75.

Borneo.

a. 3d (V. 154; C. 54). Bandjermassing. LL. L. Dillwyn, Esq. [P.].
(Type.)

17. Oligodon waandersii. (Prare XI. fig. 3.)

Rabdion waandersii, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxii. 1860,
p. 83.

cruciatum, Bleek. 1. c. p. 82.
Oligodon waandersii, Giinth, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 91.

Nasal undivided ; portion of rostral seen from above shorter than
its distance from the frontal; suture between ‘the internasals as
long as that between the prefrontals; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; no
loreal, nasal in contact with preocular; one pre- and two post-
oculars; temporals 14+2; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are about twice as long as the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 145-151; anal divided; subcaudals
22-28. Reddish brown above, with a few widely separated yellow
brown-edged small spots, mostly disposed in pairs; a yellowish
collar; lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 220 millim. ; tail 23.

Boni Id., Celebes.

a, & (V. 151; C. 28). Boni. Dr. Bleeker. (Type of
Rubdion waantersii.)
b. Yg. (V. 145; C. 22). Boni. Dr. Bleeker. (Type of

Rabdion cructatum.)

246 COLUBRID.

18. Oligodon melanocephalus.

Homalosoma melanocephalum, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p- 84, and Icon. Gén. 13, pl. iii. fig. 4 (1865); Boettg. Ber.
Senckenb. Ges. 1878-79, p.60; F. Miill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel,
vii. 1885, p. 678.

Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864,
p. 491, and Zool. Rec. 1865, p. 152; Boettg. Ber. Senckenb. Ges.
1879-80, p. 189; Tristram, Faun. Palest. pl. xvi. fig. 1 (1884).

Coronella melanocephala, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 489.

Oligodon melanocephalus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 317 (1890).

Nasal undivided ; portion of rostral seen from above as long as
or a little longer than its distance from the frontal; suture between
the internasals nearly as long as that between the prefrontals ;
frontal. longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals ; a small square loreal present or absent ;
one pre- and one postocular ; temporals 141 or 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields very small. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 181-229; anal
divided; subcaudals 53-68. Yellow or reddish above; upper
surface of head and nape bluish black ; lower parts yellowish white.

Total length 460 millim.; tail 75.

Syria, Sinaitic Peninsula, Lower Egypt.

a, 9 (V. 218; C. 54). Merom. Canon Tristram [C.].
(Type of Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus.)
b. 2 (V. 211; C. 56). Haifa. A. Smith Woodward,

Esq. [P.].
e. Her. (V. 229; C. 59). Sinaitic Peninsula. H.C. Hart, Esq. [C.].

94. PROSYMNA.

Prosymna, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 80 (1849) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys.
ii. 1862, p. 55; Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 106 (1882).

Temnorhynchus (non Hope), Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Afr., Rept. App.
p. 17 (1849) ; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 235.

Rhinostoma, part., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 8 (1858).

Ligonirostra, Cope, Am. Journ. Sc. § Arts, (2) xxxyv. 1863, p. 457.

Maxillary bone short, with seven or eight teeth increasing in size
posteriorly, the first tooth minute, falling below the centre of the

Fig. 18.

SNS

Maxillary of Prosymna sundevallii.

eye, the hindermost very large, strongly compressed, blade-like ;
palate toothless, or with a few minute teeth on the pterygoids;

94, PROSYMNA. 247

mandibular teeth few, very small, equal. Head not distinct from
neck; snout much depressed, projecting, with angular horizcntal
edge ; eye rather small, with vertically subelliptic pupil ; nostril in
a semidivided nasal, a horizontal suture extending from the nostril
to the loreal; preetrontal usually single. Body cylindrical, short ;
scales smooth or keeled, with apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows. Tail
short, ending in a horny spine; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical and South Africa.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Seales smooth.

A. Two internasals; two superposed anterior temporals.
1. sundevallii, p. 247.

B. A single internasal ; a single anterior temporal.

1. Third and fourth or fourth and fifth upper labials entering
the eye; two or three postoculars.

Width of the frontal not half the width of

the head: subeaudals 50 ............ 2. frontalis, p. 248,
Width of the frontal more than half the

width of the head; subcaudals 19-34... 3. ambigua, p. 248.

2. Second and third upper labials entering the eye; ono
postocular .................. 4. meleagris, p. 249.

Il. Seales keeled ..............-0005. 5. jani, p. 249.

1. Prosymna sundevallii.

Temnorhynchus sundevalli, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept., App. p. 17
(1849); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 235.

Rhinostoma cupreum, Giinth. Cat. p. 9 (1858).

Temnorhynchus frontalis, part., Peters, lc. p. 236, pl. —. fig. 2.

Rostral very large and broad, with sharp horizontal edge, usnally
in contact with the prefrontal; a pair of internasals, separated from
each other or in contact with their inner angles; preefrontal single
(rarely divided); frontal large, more than half the width of the
head, considerably longer than the parietals ; loreal square or rather
deeper than broad; one pre- and two or three postoculars ; tem-
porals 22 or 2+3; usually seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye (rarely eight, fourth and fifth entering the eye);
only one pair of well-developed chin-shields. Scales smooth, in 15
rows. Ventrals 125-169; anal entire; subcaudals 23-38. Pale
brown above, each scale edged with darker; head yellowish, with a
more or less distinct dark brown band between the eyes and a large
dark brown crescentic bloteh bordering the parictals posteriorly ; two

248 COLUBRID.

rows of small brown spots along the back; uniform whitish
inferiorly.

Total length 300 millim. ; tail 43.

South Africa,

a. 2 (V. 164; C. 24). Durban, Natal. Capt. Munn [P.].
bd. Her. (V. 155; C. 25). Orange R. Dr. Kannemeyer [P.].
e. o (V. 154; C. 88). 8. Africa. (Type of Rhinostoma cupreum.)

d-e, f-h. & (V. 144; C. 8. Africa.
98), 2 (V.161; C. 28),
& her. (V. 180, 125,
185; C. 28, 27, 28).

2. Prosymna frontalis.

Temnorhynchus frontalis, part., Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 236,
pl. —. fig. 1. 2
Prosymna frontalis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iv. 1878, p. 217, and viil.

1882, p. 288.

Closely allied to P. sundevallii, but frontal smaller, not half the
width of the head, rostral smaller and separated from the pre-
frontal by a single band-like internasal, temporals 1+ 2, and tail
more elongate. Ventrals 167; subcaudals 50.

Total length 135 millim.; tail 57.

Otjimbingue and Mossamedes, 8.W. Africa.

3. Prosymna ambigua.

Prosymna ambiguus, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iv. 1873, p. 218.
Ligonirostra stuhlmanni, Pfeffer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. x. 1893,
p. 78, pl. i. figs. 8-10.

Rostral very large and broad, with angular horizontal edge; a
single internasal and a single prefrontal ; frontal large, more than
half the width of the head, a little longer than the parietals ; loreal
longer than deep; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 142;
six or seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; only
one pair of well-developed chin-shields. Scales smooth, in 16 or
17 rows. Ventrals 183-152; anal entire; subcaudals 19-34.
Blackish above, each scale usually greyish in the centre; lower
parts whitish or brown.

Total length 255 millim.; tail 27.

East Africa, Angola.

a-k. & (V. 184,187,188; Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.].
C. 32, 81, 34), 2 (V.
150, 141, 151; ©. 24,
19, 21), hgr. (V. 137,
140, 140; C. 24, 21, 20),
& yg. (V. 152; C. 22).
1. Ad., bad state. Shiré Valley, Zambezi.

95, LEPTOCALAMUS. 249

4. Prosymna meleagris.
Calamaria meleagris, Reink. Vid. Selsk. Afhandl. x. 1848, p. 238,
pl. i. figs. 4-6.
Prosymna meleagris, Gray, Cat. p. 80 (1849); Jan, Arch. Zool.
Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 55.
Temnorhynchus meleagris, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1875, p. 198.

Rostral very large, with angular horizontal edge; a single inter-
nasal and a single prefrontal ; frontal at least half the width of the
head, longer than the parietals ; loreal much longer than deep ; one
pre- and one postocular ; temporals 142; five upper labials,
second and third entering the eye; only one pair of well-developed
chin-shields. Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Ventrals 140-170; anal
entire ; subcaudals: 22-34. Black above each scale with a whitish
terminal dot; uniform yellowish white inferiorly.

Total length 270 millim.; tail 40.

West Africa.

a. 3 (V. 140; C. 88). Lagos, Dr. J. G. Fischer.
b. g (V. 154; C. 33). W. Africa.

5. Prosymna jani.

Prosymna janii, Bianconi, Mem. Acc. Bologna, (2) i. 1862, p. 470,
pl. i.; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 56, and Icon. Gén.
48, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1876); Peters, Reisen. Mossamb. iii. p. 106 (1882).

Upper head-shields as in P. meleagris ; two pre-and two or three
postoculars; temporals 142; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye. Scales keeled, in 17 rows. Ventrals 117; anal
entire; subcaudals 32. Pale reddish brown above ; the greater part of
the upper surface of the head and nape black, leaving a pale spoton
each supraocular and a cordiform one on the middle of the nape
a black cross bar on the neck, followed by a double series of bla 3
spots along the anterior two thirds of the back; yellowish wh °E
inferiorly.

Total length 180 millim.; tail 32.

Inhambane, Mozambique.

95. LEPTOCALAMUS.

Leptocalamus, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 16.
Enulius (non Cope), Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 586 (1883).

Maxillary very short, not extending forwards beyond the anterior
extremity of the palatines, with 4 or 5 small teeth, followed, after
an interspace, by a very large, compressed, blade-like fang; man-
dibular teeth small, equal: teeth on palatines and pterygoids few.
Head not or but slightly distinct from neck ; snout depressed, strongly
projecting ; eye small, with round pupil ; nostril between two nasals ;
loreal (or loreal and prefrontal) entering the eye. Body cylindrical,

250 COLUBRID.©.

elongate ; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows ; ventrals
rounded. Tail long, ending obtusely ; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical America.

Synopsis of the Species.

Scales in 17 rows; portion of rostral visible

from above one half or three fifths its dis-

tance from the frontal ‘rontal as long as

its distance from the end of the snout;

prefrontal entering the eye............ 1. torquatus, p. 250.
Scales in 17 rows; upper portion of rostral

as long as its distance from the frontal;

frontal longer than its distance from the

end of the snout; a small preocular .... 2. sumichrasti, p. 250.
Scales in 15 rows; upper portion of rostral

about one third its distance from the

frontal; frontal longer than its distance

from the end of the snout; prefrontal

entering the eye .......... 0. cece eee 3. sclateri, p. 251.

1. Leptocalamus torquatus.

Leptocalamus torquatus, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,
p. 17, pl. iii. fig. A.

Geophis unicolor, Fischer, Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen, vii. 1880,
p. 227, pl. xv. figs. 1-3.

Enulius murinus (non Cope), Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 537,
pl. xxxv. fig. 9 (1883).

Leptocalamus unicolor, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, xxii. 1885,
p. 178; Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 100 (1893).

Geagras longicaudatus, Cope, Am. Nat. 1884, p. 162.

Rostral large, broad, the portion visible from above one half or
three fifths its distance from the frontal; internasals shorter than
the prefrontals, which largely enter the eyes; frontal large, as
long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a
little shorter than the parietals ; supraocular very small; loreal as
long as the nasals ; no preocular ; two postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; a single pair
of small chin-shields. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 177-203; anal
divided; subcaudals 90-10%. Pale reddish brown above, uniform
or with a yellow band across the occiput; lower parts uniform
yellowish.

Total length 305 millim.

Mexico.

a. 3 (V. 188; C. ?). S. America (?). (Type.)

2. Leptocalamus sumichrasti.

Enulius sumichrasti, Bucourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 538, pl. xxxi.
fig. 6 (1888).
Geagras sumichrasti, Cope, Am. Nat. 18384, p. 162.

96. ARRHYTON. 251

Snout shorter than in LZ. torquatus; upper portion of rostral as
long as its distance from the frontal; prefrontal separated from the
eye by asmall preocular. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 191; sub-
caudals 93. Uniform grey-brown above, yellowish white beneath.

Total length 346 millim. ; tail 105.

Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

3. Leptocalamus sclateri. (Pxiare XII. fig. 1.)

Rostral smaller than in L. torquatus, nearly twice as broad as
deep, the portion visible from above measuring about one third its
distance from the frontal; internasals shorter than the prefrontals,
which largely enter the eyes; frontal large, kite-shaped, slightly
longer than broad, much longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as the parietals; supraocular very small; loreal
longer than the nasals; no preocular; two postoculars ; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; five
small equal chin-shields, the anterior a pair in contact with three
labials. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 144; anal divided; sub-
caudals 98. Uniform dark brown above; head yellow, with a black
blotch on the snout and another round each eye; lower parts uni-
form yellowish.

Total length 380 millim.; tail 150.

S. America.

a. @ (V. 144; C. 98). S. America, P. L. Sclater, Esq [P.].

96. ARRHYTON.
Arrhyton, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 244 (1858).
Cryptodacus, Gund. § Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 1002; Bocourt,
Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 560 (1883).
Colorhogia, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 81.

Maxillary bone short, with 8 small teeth, followed, after a con-
siderable interspace, by a strongly enlarged fang; palatine and
pteryguid teeth few; mandibular teeth small, equal. Head slightly
distinct from neck; eye rather small, with round pupil; nasal
entire orsemidivided. Body cylindrical, moderately elongate; scales
smooth, without apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

Cuba.

Synopsis of the Species.

Nasal semidivided ; prefrontals distinct, in

contact with labials...............4.- 1. teniatum, p. 252.
Nasal entire; preefrontals and loreal distinct. 2. vittatum, p. 252.
Nasal entire; prefrontals coalesced ; loreal

distinct........ gesaiere reams Genes 3. redimitum, p. 252.

252 COLUBRID.E.

1, Arrhyton taniatum. (Prater XII. fig. 2.)

Arrhyton teeniatum, Giinth. Cat. p.244 (1858); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad.
1860, p. 421; Gundl. Repert. Fis-Nat. Cuba, ii. 1866, p. 116, and
Erp. Cubana, p. 75 (1880).

Arrhyton fulvum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad, 1862, p. 82.

Rostral twice as broad as deep, visible from above; nasal semi-
divided; suture between the internasals hardly half as long as that
between the prefrontals; frontal slightly longer than broad, thrice
as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals ; no loreal, preefrontal in con-
tact with second labial; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 171; aval
divided; subcaudals 75. Yellowish; upper surface of head and
three longitudinal streaks brown ; lower parts white.

Total length 230 millim.; tail 50.

Cuba.
a. Her. (V. 171; ©. 75). Cuba. Zoological Society.
(Type.)
2. Arrhyton vittatum. 6

Cryptodacus vittatus, Gundl. & Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 1002;
Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 889; Gundl. Repert. Fis.-Nat.
Cuba, ii. 1866, p. 116; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 561,
pl. xxxv. fig. 7 (1883).

Arrhyton bivittatum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, p. 82.

Rostral twice as broad as deep, visible from above; nasal undi-
vided ; suture between the internasals shorter than that between
the prefrontals; frontal as long as broad or a little longer, much
broader than the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal square or longer
than deep; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 or 17 rows. Ventrals
115-116 ; anal divided; subcaudals 64-73. Yellowish above, with
three brown longitudinal lines, the median sometimes indistinct;
yellowish white inferiorly.

Total length 297 millim. ; tail 105.

Cuba.

3. Arrhyton redimitum.

Colorhogia redimita, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 81.
Cryptodacus redimitus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 561,
pl. xxxv. fig. 8 (1883).

Nasal undivided; prefrontals fused to a single shield; frontal
broad, as broad as long, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer

97. sIMOPHIs, 253

than deep ; one pra- and one postocular; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-
shields longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
141; anal divided; subcaudals 120. Pale grey-brown above, with :
sae darker longitudinal streaks; lips and lower parts yellowish
white.

Total length 390 millim. ; tail 90.

Cuba.

ZL
97. SIMOPHIS.

Rhinostoma, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826) ; Guinth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 8 (1858).

Heterodon, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 96 (1887).

Simophis, Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1860, p. 521.

Rhinaspis (Fitz.), Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1863, p. 215.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 22, equal; mandibular teeth equal. Head
slightly distinct from neck, with prominent, cuneiform snout; eye
moderate, pupil round ; rostral large, with obtuse transverse keel ;
nostril between two nasals. Body elongate, cylindrical; scales
smooth, with apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals angulate laterally.
Tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows,

Brazil.
1. Simophis rhinostoma. a
Heterodon rhinostoma, Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 100, pl. iii. figs. 17-
19 (1837).

Rhinostoma schlegelii, Giinth. Cat. p. 8 (1858).

Simophis rhinostoma, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1860, p. 521.

Rhinaspis proboscideus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863.
p. 215.

Portion of rostral visible from above measuring about two thirds
its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals as
long as that between the preefrontals ; frontal a little shorter than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ;
loreal square; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 2+2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 170-190; anal
divided; subcaudals 64-66. Yellowish above (red in life?) with
black rings arranged in threes, the narrow interspaces between the
three rings black-spotted ; snout black and yellow; vertex and
occiput black, with a yellow bar across the frontal and a round
yellow spot in the middle of the suture between the parietals ; belly
with black transverse spots in addition to the rings.

Total length 510 millim.; tail 105.

Brazil.

a. 9 (V.172; C. 64). Brazil. Prof. C. Machado [P.].

254 COLUBRID.

2. Simophis rohdii.
Rhinaspis rohdei, Boettg. Zeitschr. f. Naturw, (4) iv. 1885, p. 231.

Distinguished from the preceding in having the rostral more
pointed behind, forming a right angle; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; and seales in 17 rows. Ventrals 171;
anal divided: subcaudals 67. Coloration same as in S. rhinostoma.

Total length 730 millim. ; tail 140.

Paraguay.

98. SCAPHIOPHIS.
Scaphiophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1870, p. 644.

Maxillary teeth very small, sabequal, 12 or 13 on each side;
mandibular teeth small, subequal. Head short, rarely distinct from
neck, with broad, beak-shaped, hooked snout; rostral very large,
with sharp horizontal edge, concave inferiorly; nostril a curved
slit between two nasals; a series of suboculars; eye moderate, with
round pupil. Body elongate; scales smooth, with apical pits, in
21 series or more; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or rather
short ; subcaudals in two rows, or the anterior single.

Tropical Africa.

1. Scaphiophis albopunctatus.
Scaphiophis albopunctatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1870, p. 645,
pl. i. fig. 4; Bocourt, Ann. Sc, Nat, (6) ii. 1875, art. 3; Fischer,

Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss, Anst. ii. 1885, p. 100, pl. iii. fig. 6; Bocage,
Jorn. Se. Lisb. xi. 1887, p. 195; Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7)

xi. 1887, p. 77.
raffreyi, Bocourt, 1. c.

The upper surface of the rostral once and a half to twice as long
as its distance from the frontal ; internasals and prefrontals broad,
the former as long as or a little shorter than the latter; frontal a
little longer than broad, nearly twice as broad as the supravcular ;
parietals broken up into four-shields or more; usually two small
superposed loreals ; one pree- and two postoculars ; three suboculars,
separating the eye from the labials ; temporals small, scale-like ;
five upper labials, fifth very long; a single pair of large chin-
shields, in contact with three lower labials on each side. Seales in
25 to 81 rows on the neck, 21 to 25 on the middle of the body.
Ventrals 210-240; anal divided; subcaudals 51-65. Pale brown
above, uniform or spotted with black, or with whitish dots; lower
parts white.

Total length 960 millim. ; tail 160.

Tropical Africa, from the coast of Guinea and the Congo to the
Upper Nile and Abyssinia.

a, 3d (Se. 28; V. 214; Semmio, E. Central Herr F. Bohndorff
“ ©, 15). Africa, [C.].

99. conTIA. 255

99. CONTIA.

Leptophis, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii, 1826, p. 328; Baird § Gir.
Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 106 (1853).

Calamaria, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 25 (1887).

Herpetodryas, part., Schleg. 1... p. 178; Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén.
vil. p. 203 (1854).

Chlorosoma, part., Baird § Gir. 1. c. p. 108.

Contia, Baird & Gir. lc. p. 110; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860,
p- 251; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 556 (1883) ; Cope, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 599.

Sonora, Baird §& Gir. 1. e. p. 117.

se cree part., Dum. § Bibr. t. c. p. 8304; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 27
(1858).

Lamprosoma (non Kirby), Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 311;
Bocourt, !. c. p. 558.

Conopsis, Giinth. 1. c. p. 6; Bocourt, 1. c. p. 563.

Cyclophis, part., Giinth. J. c. p. 119.

Toluca, Kennicott, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, Rept. p. 23 (1859) ;
Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p, 241.

Chionactis, Cope, 2. c. and Proc. US. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 604.

Liopeltis, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 559; Jan, Elenco sist.
Ofid. p. 81 (1863).

Homalosoma, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p, 83.

Oxyrhina (non Meig ), Jan, 1. ¢. p. 59.

Achirhina, Jan, J. e. p. 61.

Exorhina, Jan, I. e.

Psilosoma, part., Jan, 1. ¢.

Eirenis, Jan, t. c. 1863, p. 256.

Pseudoficimia, Bocourt, l. ce. p. 572.

Phyllophilophis, Garman, N. Am. Rept. p. 40 (1888)..

Pseudocyclophis, Boetty. Zool. Anz. 1888, p. 262.

Pseudocyclophis, part., Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 299 (1890).

Maxillary teeth small, equal or subequal, 12 to 20; mandibular

teeth subequal. Head small, not or but slightly distinct from neck ;

eye small or moderate, with round or vertically subelliptic pupil ;
nasal often single or semidivided ; loreal sometimes absent; inter-
nasals sometimes fused with the prefrontals. Body cylindrical ;
scales smooth or keeled, with apical pits, in 13 to19 rows; ventrals

rounded. Tail short, moderate or long; subcaudals in two
rows.

South-western Asia and Sind ; America.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Rostral shield moderate.

A. Seales keeled, in 15 rows ; ventrals 148-166; subcaudals
DUTTA B rors os cored or gees oearenaen dies 1. cestiva, p. 258.

B. Scales smooth.

1. Nasal entire (exceptionally semidivided).

256 COLUBRID.

a. Seven upper labials; portion of rostral visible from above
not more than half as long as its distance from the

frontal.
a. Ventrals 103-148.
Scales in 15 rows; subcaudals 65-94 .... 2. vernalis, p. 258.
Scales in 13 rows; subcaudals 51-64 .... 3. agassizwi, p. 259. 2.

Scales in 15 to 19 rows; subcaudals 24-52. 11. coronella, p. 264.

B. Ventrals 150-235; subcaudals 48-85; scales in 15 or
17 rows.

* Rostral as deep as broad or a little broader than

deep; scales in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals 150-191.

Froatal at least twice as long as broad .. 4. decemlineata, p. 260
Frontal not twice as long as broad ...... 5. collaris, p. 260.

** Rostral considerably broader than deep; scales in
15 rows.

+ Frontal as long as the parietals ; ventrals 158-171.
6. fasciata, p. 262.

tt Frontal much shorter than the parietals.
Frontal once and two thirds as long as

broad ; ventrals 186 ................ 7. angusticeps, p. 262.
Frontal not once and a half as long as
broad; ventrals 159-187 ............ 8. rothi, p. 262.

Frontal once and a half as long as broad,

about once and a half as broad as the

supraocular; ventrals 194-216 ...... 9 persica, p. 263.
Frontal once and a half as long as broad,

nearly twice as broad as the supraocular ;

ventrals 211-235 .................. 10. walieri, p. 263.

6. Seven upper labials ; portion of rostral visible from above
measuring one half to two thirds its distance trom the
frontal.

u, Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 126-137; subcaudals
BG Si aiathicas haces seer 12. taylori, p. 265.

3. Seales in 15 rows.
* Body without black cross bars.

Ventrals 145-163 ..........00...0000, 13. episcopa, p. 265.

Vertrals 183 c2csa ves ekaaneis aie enines 14. torquata, p. 266.
** Body with black cross bars.

Ventrals 158-167; subcaudals 50-52.... 15. isozona, p. 266.

Ventrals 147-158; subcaudals 24-44 .... 16. occipitalis, p. 266.

99. conTIaA.

257

c. Eight upper labials; ventrals 183; subcaudals 50 ; scales

in 17 rows

17. pachyura, p. 267.

2. Nasal divided or semidivided ; scales in 15 rows; ventrals
147-167; subcaudals 29-39,

Two postoculars
Three postoculars

Ce ee eee ee ee eee ee ee

18. mitis, p. 267.
19. semiannulata, |

[p. 268.

II. Rostral large, the portion seen from above as long as or a little
shorter than its distance from the frontal; scales in 17 rows.

Nasal entire or semidivided ; ventrals 110-

187; subcaudals 23-40

Nasal divided; ventrals 141-160; sub-

caudals 38-48

TABLE sHow1nc NumBERs oF ScALES AND SHIELDS.

seen

I. Old-World species.

20. nasus, p. 268.
21. frontalis, p. 270.

Scales. Ventrals. | Caudals. | Postoculars.| Labials.
decemlineata ... 17 152-175 64-85 2 7
collaris ......... 15-17 150-191 50-78 1-2 7
fasciata .....0.. 15 158-171 48-62 2 7
angusticeps 15 186 86 1 7
TOCRL seccecrreeee 15 159-187 40-60 2 7
persica .... 1s 194-216 63-77 1 7
waltert 15 211-235 73-82 1 7
coronella ...... 15-19 103-148 24-52 1-2 7
II. American species.
Scales. Ventrals. | Caudals. | Postoculars.| Labials.
estiva ... 15 148-166 | 111-148 2 7
vernalis ... 15 119-148 65-94 1-2 7
agassizit ...... 13 128-138 51-64 2 7
taylori ssw... 13 126-137 387-46 2 7
CPISCOPA ...++++4- 15 145-163 35-57 2 7
torquata .....- 15 183 38 2 7
USOZONEA .....04-- 15 158-167 50-52 2 7
occipitalis ...... 15 147-158 34-44 2 vi
pachyura 17 133 50 2 8
MALS ..eecerevoee 15 147-167 29-39 2 7
semiannulata ... 15 149 39 3 7
MASUS .erseeseveee 17 110-137 23-40 2 vi
frontalis ...... 17 141-160 38-48 2 7

VOL. II.

258 COLUBRID.

1. Contia estiva.

Coluber estivus, Linn. 8. .N. i. p. 887 (1766) ; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 101
(1803) ; Harl. Journ. Ac. Philad. v. 1827, p. 857, and Phys. Med.
Res. p. 121 (1835). er

Leptophis xestivus, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1826, p. 3829; Holbr. N. Am.
Herp. iv. p. 17, pl. iii. (1842); Baird §& Gir, Cat. N. Am. Rept.
p. 106 (1858), and Rep. U.S. Explor. R. R.x. pt.iii. pl. xxxii. fig. 79

1859).

nes ezstivus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 186, pl. vii. figs. 12
& 13 (1887); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 209 (1854).

Leptophis majalis, Baird § Gir. Ul. ec. p. 107, fig. 80, and Marcy’s
Explor, Red Riv. p. 232, pl. ix. (1853).

Cyclophis estivus, Giinth. Cat. p. 119 (1858); Garm. N. Am. Rept.
p. 40 (1883).

Opheodrys estivus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 560.

Liopeltis eestivus, Jan, Elenco, p. 81 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 31, pl. v.
fig. 1 (1869).

Philophyllophis majalis, Garm. Bull. Essex Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 108,

Phyllophilophis zstivus, H. Garm. Bull. Illin. Lab. iii. 1892, p. 283.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; nasal un-
divided; suture between the internasals shorter than that between
the preefrontals ; frontal once and a half as long as broad, as long
as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep; one pre- and
two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields longer than the anterior,
and in contact anteriorly. Scales striated and keeled, in 15 rows.
Ventrals 148-166; anal divided; subcaudals 111-148. Uniform
green above, upper lip and lower parts yellowish or greenish
white.

Total length 670 millim. ; tail 260.

United States, east of the Rocky Mountains,

a, 9 (V.159; C.114). Michigan.

b. & (V. 148; C.180). Bloomington, Indiana. C.H. Bollman, Esq. [C.].
e. 2 (V. 151; C. 120). Delaware. H. Doubleday, Esq. py
d. Yg. (V.152; C.148). Florida. Dr. Guillemard [P.].

e. 2 (V. 153; C. 127). New Orleans. M. Sallé [C.].

St. @(V. 162; C.114). Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. (C.].

g. & (V. 159; C, 180). Texas.

A, Skull. United States.

2. Contia vernalis.

Coluber vernalis, Harlan, Journ. Ac. Philad. v. 1827, p. 861, and
Phys. Med. Res, p. 124 (1885) ; Storer, Rep. Fish. & Rept. Mass.
p. 224 (18389); Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iii. p. 79, pl. xvii. (1842) ;
De Kay, N. ¥. Faun. iii. p. 40, pl. xi. fig. 22 (1842).

Chlorosoma vernalis, Baird & Gir. Cat. N, Am. Rept. p. 108 (1853),
and Rep. U.S. Explor. R. R. x. pt. iii, pl. xxxii. fig. 81 (1859),

Herpetodryas vernalis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 243.

Cyclophis yernalis, Giinth. Cat. p. 119 (1858); Garm. N. Am. Rept.

99. conTrIA. 259

p. 39, pl. iii. fig. 4 (1883), and Bull, Essex Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 108 3
IT, Garm. Bull, Illin. Lab. iii, 1892, p. 282.
Liopeltis vernalis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 560; Jan, Icon..
én. 31, pl. v. fig. 3 (1869).

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above nearly-
half as long as its distance from the end of the snout; nasal un-
divided; suture between the internasals shorter than that between
the preefrontals ; frontal nearly once and a half as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal small, square, or a little deeper than long, or a
little longer than deep, rarely united with the nasal; one (rarely
two) pre- and two postoculars; temporals 142 (rarely 1+1);
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields longer than the anterior, and in contact anteriorly. Scales
in 15 rows. Ventrals 119-148; anal divided; subcaudals 65-94.
Uniform green above, upper lip and lower parts yellowish or greenish
white.

Total length 450 millim. ; tail 160.

North America, east of the Rocky Mountains.

a. Q (V. 127; C. 65). Halifax.
b. & (V. 129; C. 80). Tlinois. Smithsonian Instit. [P.]..
ec. @ (V. 185; C. 77). Florida.
d-e. § (V. 119; 0.74) N. America,
& Q (V.181; CO. 75). ; , fre few
f. & (V. 126; C. 89). —? (Named by Dr. Shaw C. cyanews.). |
¢ Ha i S {
3.-Contie-agassinil. gee Ve

Eirenis agassizii, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 260, and
Icon. Gén. 15, pl. v. tig. 3 (1866).
Liopeltis brevicauda, Jan, Elenco, p. 82 (1863), and Icon. 31, pl. vi.
fig. 1 (1869).
Kites see Gee Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xvi. 1885, p. 87.
Rostral as deep as broad, visible from above; nasal entire or
semidivided; suture between the internasals as long as or shorter
than that between the preefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once
and two thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal small, square,
rarely united with the nasal; one pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 141 (rarely 1+2); seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior ; latter in contact
with each other. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 128-138; anal
divided ; subcaudals 51-64. Olive above, uniform or with two
light, black-edged dorsal streaks; sometimes a reddish-brown
vertebral band; labials whitish, edged with black; lower parts
uniform greenish white.
Total length 380 millim. ; tail 85.
Southern Brazil, Uruguay.

260 COLUBRID.

a-d. & (V. 132, 185; C. 63, Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
62), 9 (V.138; GC. 51), &
her. (V. 134; C. 63).

e. Her. ¢ (V. 128; C.61). Uruguay.

4, Contia decemlineata.

Ablabes decemlineatus, Dum, § Bibr. vii. p. 827 (1854); Giinth.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 489.

Eirenis collaris, vars. inornata, decemlineata, et quadrilineata, Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 256, and Icon, Gén. 15, pl. iv.
figs. 2-4 (1866).

—— decemlineatus, F. Miill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878,

. 595,

inornatus, F. Miill. 1. ¢.

Ablabes modestus, vars., Boetig. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 144.

Homalosoma modestus, part., Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torino, ix. 1894,
no. 167, p. 14.

Rostral as deep as broad or a little broader than deep, just visible
from above; nasal undivided; suture between the internasals as
long as or alittle shorter than that between the prefrontals ; frontal
narrow, at least twice as long as broad, not broader than the supra-
ocular, as long as ora little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal considerably longer
than deep; one (rarely two) pra- and two postoculars; temporals
1+2 or 14383; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; four, rarely five, lower labials in contact with the anterior

- chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields as long as or a little shorter than
the anterior and in contact with each other. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 152-175 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 64-85. Pale brown
above, uniform or with black longitudinal lines arranged in pairs ;
no dark cross band on the nape; lower parts uniform white.

Total length 730 millim.; tail 160.

Syria.

a. & (V. 164; C. 738). Lebanon. Canon Tristram [C.}.
b-e. & (V. 168, 170; C. 76,75), Merom. Canon Tristram ie
@ (V. 175; C. 66), & ye. (V.
167; C. 73).
f-h, i, k. & (V. 166, 167,168,168; Galilee. Canon Tristram [C.].
C. 78, 81, 76, ?) & 9 (V. 159;
C. ?).
i. Agr. (V. 162; C. 85). Mt. Hermon. Canon Tristram (C.].

5. Contia collaris.

Coluber collaris, Ménétr. Cat. Rais. p. 67 (1832).

—— nigricollis, Dwigubsky, Nat. Hist. Russ. Emp., Amph. (Russian),
p. 26 (1832).

reticulatus (non Ménétr.), Krynicky, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1837,

. 60.

Geronella modesta, Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 82.

Tyria argonauta, Eichw. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1839, p. 806, and Faun.
Casp.-Cauc. p. 114, pl. xxvi. figs. 1 & 2 (1841).

99. conrra. 261

Psammophis moniliger, Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Mér. iii.
p. 842, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1840).

Coronella collaris, Berth. in Wagn. Reise n. Kolchis, p. 332 (1850).
Ablabes modestus, Giinth. Cat. p. 27 (1858) ; Strauch, Schl. Russ. R.
p. 36, pl. i. fig. 1 (1878) ; Boetty. Ber. Senck, Ges. 1890, p. 294.

Contia modesta, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 339.

Eirenis collaris, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii. 1863, p. 257, and
Icon. Gén. 15, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1866),

Ablabes collaris, Strauch, U.¢. p. 41, pl. i. fig. 2.

Cyclophis modestus, Blanj. Zool. Li. Pers. p. 403 (1876); Boettg.
Sitzb. Ac. Berl. 1888, p. 171, and Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892, p. 147 ;
Meéhely, Zool. Anz. 1894, p. 85.

—— collaris, Blanf. 1. c. p. 405.

— modestus, var. semimaculata, Boettg. Ber. Offend. Ver. Nat.

, p. 68, pl. —.

Cyclopiais modestus, var. punctatolineata, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges.

1892, p. 147.

Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above ; nasal
undivided; suture between the internasals as long as or a little
shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal once and a half
to once and two thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal square
or a little longer than deep; one (rarely two) pre- and two (rarely
one) postoculars ; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; four (rarely five) lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields smaller than
the anterior, and usually separated from each other by scales.
Scales in 15 or 17 rows. Ventrals 150-191; anal divided; sub-
caudals 5J—78. Pale olive above, each scale lighter in the centre ;
head and nape in the young black, with yellow spots or cross bands,
the black nuchal collar edged with yellow; these markings becoming
indistinct in the adult; lower parts uniform white. Some varieties
have longitudinal series of dark dots, which may form lines on the
tail.

Total length 480 millim.; tail 110.

From the Archipelago, Cyprus, and Asia Minor to the Caucasus
and Persia.

a-b. g (Sc. 15; V. 151; C.62) Areshsky, Gov. St. Petersburg Mus.
& 2 (Sc. 15; V. 164; 0.53). — Elizabethpol. [E.].
e-d. g (Sc. 17; V.176; C. 78) Constantinople.
& yg. (Sc. 17; V.165; C. 75).
e. Many specs. (Se. 17), ¢ (V. Xanthus. Sir C. Fellows [P.].
164, 162, 161, 164, 168, 163,
156; C. 73, 64, 65, 66, 66, 68,
62), 9 (V. 172, 172; ©. 56,
55), & yg. (V. 159, 177, 170,
150, 174; C. 67, 62, 55, 69,

63).
f-g. 2 & yg. (Sc. 17; V.185, Valley of the R. MacAndrew,
154; C. 59, 78). "“Meinder. Esq. (P.].
h. Yg. (Sc. 15; V. 158; C. 60). my of Nine- Wey Loftus, Esq.
veh. |e
t-k. Yg. (Sc. 15, 17; V. 163, Euphrates Exped.

173; C.?, 61).

262 COLUBRIDZ.

6. Contia fasciata.

Eirenis fasciatus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 260, and
Icon, Gén. 15, pl. v. fig. 2 (1866).

Cyclophis fasciatus, Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 406 (1876) ; Boettg. Zool.
Jahrb. iii. 1888, p. 920.

Ablabes fasciatus, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 142.

Rostral broader than deep; nasal undivided ; frontal as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ;
loreal very small, as long as deep; one pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 142 or 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; chin-shields small, posterior separated by a scale.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 158-171; anal divided; subcaudals
48-62. Sandy grey above, with numerous narrow cross bands of
brownish olive, breaking up into spots on the posterior third of the
body and on the tail; belly salmon-colour in life, the anterior
portion of each ventral shield brown near the sides.

Total length 340 millim.; tail 82.

Syria, Persia, Transcaspia.

7. Contia angusticeps.

Head narrow and elongate. Rostral twice as broad as deep, just
visible from above ; nasal undivided; suture between the internasals
longer than that between the prefrontals; frontal once and two
thirds as long as broad, hardly once and a half as broad as the
supraocular, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals; a very small loreal, longer than
deep; one pre-and one postocular ; temporals 1+1; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 186; anal divided;
subcaudals 86. Pale greyish brown above, each scale darker in the
centre; a darker bar between the eye, another across the parietals
and temples, and a third across the nape ; lower parts uniform white.

Total length 340 millim. ; tail 85.

Cherat, Baluchistan.

This species is described from a single specimen in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, submitted to me by Mr. W. L. Sclater.

8. Contia rothi.

Eirenis rothi, Jan, Arch, Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 259, and Icon.
Gén, 15, pl. v. fig. 1 (1866) ; #. Mill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878,
659

p. 659.

Ablabes modestus (non Mart.), Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 489.

—— rothi, Boetig. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 143.

Homalosoma‘ coliaris, Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torino, ix. 1894, no. 167,
p. 15.

Rostral much broader than deep, just visible from above; nasal
undivided ; suture between the internasals as long as or shorter than

99. conTTA. 263

that between the prefrontals; frontal not once and a half as long
as broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal very small, longer than deep ;
one pre-and two postoculars ; temporals 141; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields smaller and in
contact with each other. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 159-183 ;
anal divided; subcaudals 40-53. Brownish yellow above; head
and nape black, with three or four yellow transverse lines; the
black of the nape descending to the sides of the throat ; lower parts
uniform white.
Total length 300 millim. ; tail 55.

Syria.
a-b. 3 (V.174; C,52) & hgr. Sarona, near Senckenberg Mus. [E.].
(V. 161; C. 53). Jaffa.
aod (V. 159; C. 47). Lebanon. Canon Tristram [C.).
er (V. 159, 160; C. 47, Galilee. Canon Tristram [C.].

9. Contia persica.

Cyclophis persicus, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 892, fig. ;
Blanf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 408, pl. xxviii. fig. 1 (1876).
Pseudocyclophis persicus, Boetty. Zool. Jahrd. iii. 1888, p. 922.

Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, just visible from above ;
nasal undivided ; suture between the internasals nearly as long as
that between the preefrontals; frontal once anda half as long as
broad, about once and a half as broad as the supraocular, as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the
parietals ; no loreal, nasal touching or nearly reaching the pre-
ocular; one pree- and one postocular ; temporals 1+1; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are at least twice as
large as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 194-216;
anal divided; subcaudals 63-77. Yellowish or pale olive above,
unspotted ; upper surface of head and nape black, the black descend-
ing in front of the eye to the anterior lower labials; the rest of
the labial region, the rostral, and the lower parts uniform yellowish
white.

Total length 400 millim.; tail 90. The specimen in the collec-
tion measures 230; tail 45.

Persia.

a. Her. (V. 196; C. 63). Persia.

10. Contia walteri.

Pseudocyclophis walteri, Boetty. Zool. Anz. 1888, p. 262, and Zool.
Jahrb, iii. 1888, p. 922, pl. xxxiv. fig. 1; Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept. p. 800 (1890), and Proc, Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 682.

Rostral once and a half as broad as deep, visible from above ;
nasal undivided ; suture between the internasals longer than that

264 COLUBRID.

between the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half as long as broad,
nearly twice as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, and much shorter than the parietals ;
loreal, if present, small, longer than deep; one prw- and one post-
ocular; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Ventrals 211-235; anal divided; subcaudals 73-82.
Pale olive or reddish above, anteriorly with more or less distinct
black transverse lines, posteriorly uniform or with small black spots ;
head sometimes black above; lower parts white.

Total length 450 millim.; tail 110.

Transcaspia and Sind.

a, Hgr. (V. 235; 0.73). Ashkabad, Trans- M. P. A. Warent-
caspia. zoff [C.].
b. 9. (V. 211; C. 78). Kofistan, Sind. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
Pi}

11. Contia coronella.

Calamaria coronella, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 48 (1837).

Homalosoma coronelloides, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 34, and Icon, Gén. 18, pl. iii. fig. 5 (1865).

— coronella, Jan, ll. cc. p. 36, pl. iv. fig. 3; Lortet, Arch. Mus.
Lyon, iii. 1883, p. 184, pl. xix. fig. 3; Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torino,
ix. 1894, no. 167, p. 18.

Ablabes coronella, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 489; Boettg.
Ber, Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 140.

Rostral much broader than deep, well visible from above; suture
between the internasals as long as or shorter than that between
the prefrontals; nasal undivided ; frontal longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, nearly as long as or longer than the
parietals, not more than once and a half as broad as the supra-
ocular; a small square loreal present or absent; one preocular ;
one postocular (rarely two); temporals 1+1 or 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-shields
short and in contact with three or four labials, second pair very
small and separated by a scale. Scales in 17 rows (rarely 15 or
19). Ventrals 103-148; anal divided; subcaudals 24-52. Pale
brown above, with brown spots which may be confluent into
transverse bands ; a broad crescentic dark brown collar, descending
to and sometimes extending across the throat ; lips yellowish, witha
blackish vertical streak below the eye and another between the two
last labials; yellowish white inferiorly ; belly with round brown spots.

Total length 295 millim.; tail 45.

Syria.
a. 9 (Se.17; V.128; C.29). Merom. Canon Tristram [C.].
b-c. 3 (Se. 17; V. 103, Lake of Galilee. Canon Tristram lst
103; C. 28, 29).
d. 9 (8e.19; V.123;C. 24). Lebanon. Canon Tristram [C.].
e-g. @ (Sc. 17; V. 120; Haifa. Senckenberg Museum

C. 31) & yg. (Se. 17; (E.].
V. 127, 128; C. 32, 27).

99. cONTTIA. 265

12. Contia taylori. (Pare XII. fig. 3.)

Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above one
half to two thirds as long as its distance from the frontal; nasal
undivided ; suture between the internasals as long as or shorter than
that between the prefrontals; frontal about once and a half as long
as broad, broader than the supraocular, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal
small, longer than deep; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals
1+1 or 142; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields; posterior chin-shields very small and separated from each
other. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 126-137; anal divided;
subcaudals 37-46. Pale brown above, each scale darker along the
centre ; upper lip and lower parts white.

Total length 270 millim, ; tail 55.

Texas, North Mexico.

a-c. $ (V. 126,133,187; Duval Co., Texas, W. Taylor, Esq. [P.].
C. 46, 46, 46).
d. 2 (V. 186; C. 37). Nuevo Leon. W. Taylor, Esq. [P.]

13. Contia episcopa.

Lamprosoma episcopum, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept.
p. 22, pl. viii. fig. 2 (1859) ; Bocourt, Miss, Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 559,
pl. xxxiv. fig. 4 (1883).

Contia episcopa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 251, and Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. no. 17, 1880, p. 20; Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 94, pl. vi.
fig. 2 (1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 600.

Homalosoma episcopum, Jan, Arch. Zool. An. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 35,
and Icon. G'én. 13, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1865).

Rostral a little broader than deep, the portion visible from above
about half as long as its distance from the frontal; nasal undivided ;
suture between the internasals shorter than that between the pra-
frontals; frontal about once and a half as long as broad, broader
than the supraocular, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal small, longer than
deep; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 1+1;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields very small. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 145-163; anal
divided ; subcaudals 35-57. Uniform yellowish or greenish brown,
each scale with a lighter margin; lower parts uniform yellowish
white.

Total length 250 millim.; tail 60.

Texas, North Mexico.

a-b, § (V.145; C. 57) & her. Nuevo Leon. W. Taylor, Esq. [P.].
(V.148; C. 48).

266 COLUBRID.&,

14. Contia torquata.

Contia episcopa torquata, Cope, Bull. U.S, Nat. Mus. no. 17, 1880,
p. 21.

Like C. episcopa, but ventrals 183. Subcaudals 38. Ground-
colour light yellow tinged with brown above; three median dorsal
rows of scales orange; top of head, from anterior border of frontal
to end of parietals, black ; a black cross band on the nape; some-
times a dark stripe along each side of the body; lips and below
immaculate.

N.W. Texas.

15. Contia isozona.

Contia isozona, Cope, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 304; Yarrow,
Wheeler's Rep, Explor. W. 100th Mer. v. p. 587, pl. xviii. fig. 1
(1875) ; Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 92 (1883).

ae isozona, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 17, p. 21
80).

Rostral a little broader than deep, the portion visible from above
measuring about half its distance from the frontal; nasal un-
divided ; suture between the internasals shorter than that between
the prefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; a small loreal, longer than
deep ; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very
small and separated by a scale. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 158-
167; anal divided; subcaudals 50-52. Orange above, with black
cross bands; tail with complete annuli; loreal and postocular
region, posterior half of frontal and supraoculars, and anterior half
of parietals black ; sides and lower surface whitish.

Total length 250 millim ; tail 50.

Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Texas.

a. 9 (V. 159; C. 50). Fort Yuma, Arizona. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].

16. Contia occipitalis.

Rhinostoma occipitale, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 95.

Lamprosoma occipitale, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 110;
Baird, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, Rept. p. 21, pl. xxi. fig. 1
(eee Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 558, pl. xxxiv. fig. 6
(1883).

Chionactis occipitalis, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 85 (1875),
and Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 605.

Contia occipitalis, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 91 (1883).

Rostral a little broader than deep, the portion visible from above
about half as long as its distance from the frontal ; nasal undivided ;
suture between the internasals shorter than that between the pra-
frontals ; frontal not once and a half as long as broad, broader than
the supraoculars, longer than its distance from the end of the

99. conrta. 267

snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal very small, longer than
deep; one pree- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields very
small and separated from each other. Scales in15 rows. Ventrals
147-158 (172?); anal divided; subcaudals 34-44. Yellowish
above, reddish in the middle, with black transverse bands forming
complete annuli round the tail; white inferiorly.

Total length 285 millim. ; tail 56.

Arizona and Texas.

17. Contia pachyura.
Contia pachyura, Cope, Journ. Ae. Philad. viii. 1876, p. 145.

Frontal rather elongate, but shorter than the parietals ; loreal
large, deeper than long; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals
1+1; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; chin-
shields equal, rather elongate. Scales in 17 rows, Ventrals 133;
subcaudals 50. Black, the lower lateral rows of scales with a
rufous shade ; scales of the first row with grey tips; head blackish
brown, with a black line from eye above labials; latter yellowish,
unspotted ; belly yellowish, each shield with a black extremity.

Total length 335 millim.

Sipurio, Costa Rica.

18. Contia mitis.

Contia mitis, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 110 (1853); Girard,
U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp. p. 125, pl. x. figs. 6-12 (1858), and
Rep. US. Explor. R. R. x. pt. iii. pl. xxxvi. fig. 7 (1859); Cope,
Proc. Ac, Philad. 1861, p. 74; Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 93 (1883) ;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 557, pl. xxxiv. fig. 3 (1883).

Ablabes purpureocauda, Giinth. Cat. p. 245 (1858).

Homalosoma mite, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 35, and
Icon. Gén. 13, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1865).

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; nasal divided
or semidivided ; suture between the internasals as long as or shorter
than that between the prefrontals; frontal not once and a half
as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal small, longer than deep ;
one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 142; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields very
small and in contact with each other. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals
147-167; anal divided; subcaudals 29-39. Brown above, sides
darker; a yellowish line along each side of the back; a blackish
streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye, anda
black spot on the rostral; ventrals whitish, with a broad black
anterior border.

Total length 310 millim. ; tail 40.

California.

268 COLUBRIDZ.

a 3 (V. 147; C. 36). California. Smithsonian Institution.
(As typical of C. matis.)
b-c. § (V.160; 0.35) & California. Mr. Bridges [(C.]. (Types
2 (V. 166; C. 32). of A. purpureocauda.)
d. Yg. (V. 151; C. 34). Murphy, California. Christiania Mus.
e. 9 (V. 161; ©. 29). Vancouver Id. H.MLS. ‘ Plumper.’

19. Contia semiannulata.

Sonora semiannulata, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 117 (1858),
and Rep. U.S. Explor. R. R. x. pt. iii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 88 (1859),
and U.S. Mex, Bound. Surv. ii. Rept. pl. xix. fig. 8 (1859).

Contia semiannulata, Garm. NV. Am. Rept. p. 90 (1883).

Nasal divided; frontal broader than the supraocular; loreal
longer than deep; one preocular; three postoculars, upper largest
and slightly touching the frontal; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 149; anal divided; subcaudals 39. Orange above, with
black cross bands, which form annuli round the tail; sides and
belly dull green.

Total length 240 millim.; tail 50.

Sonora.

According to Cope (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 601)
this species may prove to be the same as C.. isozona, the bad state
and abnormal condition of Baird and Girard’s specimens possibly
accounting for the differences on which the two have been
separated.

20. Contia nasus.

Conopsis nasus, Giinth. Cat. p. 6 (1858); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1869, p. 875; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 568, pl. xxxv.
fig. 2 (1888); Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 97, pl. xxxiv. fig. B
(1893)

Oxyrhina varians, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 60.

(Exorhina) maculata, Jan, l. c. p. 61, and Icon. Gén. 48, pl. ii.
figs. 2-4 (1876).

Conopsis maculatus, Bocourt, J. c. p. 564, pl. xxxv. fig. 3.

lineatus, Bocourt, lc. p. 565, pl. xxxv. fig. 4, and Bull. Soc. Zool.

Fr, 1892, p. 41.

varians, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 566, pl. xxxv. fig. 5; Dugés, La Natu-
raleza, (2) 1. 1888, p. 123.

Ficimia nasus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 83 (1888).

maculata, Garm. i. c. p. 84.

Chionactis diasii, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. 1886, p. 188.

Snout prominent, more or less pointed. Rostral large, the portion
visible from above as long as its distance from the frontal; inter-
nasals often fused with the prefrontals; nasal entire or semi-
divided ; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
as long as the parietals, once and a half to once and two thirds as
broad as the supraocular; a small square loreal present or absent ;
one pre- and two (rarely one) postoculars ; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-

99. conTra. 269

’ shields short and in contact with three or four labials 3 second pair
very small. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 110-137; anal divided ;
subcaudals 23-40. Grey or pale brown above, with dark brown
(sometimes light-edged) spots or cross bands, or with a series of
small dark spots forming a vertebral stripe, which may be accom-
panied by another more or less distinct stripe along each side;
upper surface of head speckled with dark brown, sometimes with
symmetrical markings; belly yellowish or red, uniform or with
blackish dots or square black spots.

Total length 290 millim.; tail 50.

Mexico.

A. Internasals distinct.

a-e. 3 (V.123; C.36) & La Cumbre de los Dr. A.C. Buller [C.].
Q (V. 187, 183, 135, Arrastrados, Tal-
128; C. 29, 31, 28, pa Mascota, Ja-

28). lisco.
t-g. Yg. (V. 185, 122; Puebla. Paris Museum [E.].
C. 30, 26). .
h-l. 2 (V. 129,133,181; S. Mexico. Mx. H. H. Smith(C.),
C. 30, 30, 31) & yg. F. D. Godman, Esq
(V. 125; ©. 29). [P.].

m. 3 (V.181; C. 35). Mexico.

B. Internasal distinct on one side, fused with the prefrontal
on the other.

n-o. Yg. (V.128, 122; C. La Cumbre de los Dr, A. C. Buller [C.].
27, 39). Arrastrados.
C. Internasals fused with the prefrontals.
p-r. & (V. 128, 125; C. La Cumbre de los Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
38, 37) & 2 (V. 188; Arrastrados.
C. 29)

s-w. 3 (V.115, 119; C. Omilteme, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith [C.},

33, 36), 2 (V. 180, F. D. Godman, Esq.
129; Ci. 28, 26), & yg. [P.].
(V. 129; C. 28).

x. & (V. 1382; C. 36). Milpas, Durango. Hr. A. Forrer.

y-6. 3 (V. 181, 128; C. Mexico. M.Sallé[C.]. (Types.)

40, 39) & Q (V. 129,
128, 130, 132; ©. 31,
?, 33, 38). a
e. o (V. 181; C. 35). California (?). My. Bridges [C.].

Toluca lineata, Kennicott, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Rept.
p. 23, pl. xxi. fig. 2 (1859), and Rep. U.S, Explor. R. R. x. pt. iii,
pl. xxxv. fig. 8 (1859),= Oxyrhina (Achirhina) defilippii, Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 61, are based on what are, in
all probability, anomalous specimens of C. nasus, in which the
frontal shield is so produced anteriorly as to separate the pree-
frontals.

270 COLUBRID.

21. Contia frontalis.

Toluca frontalis, Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 167.

Ficimia olivacea, part., Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 875.

Pseudoficimia pulchra, Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 672, pl. xxxv.
fig. 12 (1883).

Ficimia frontalis, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 82 (1888).

Geagras frontalis, Cope, dm. Nat. 1884, p. 163.

Pseudoficimia frontalis, Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 96 (1893).

Snout short, projecting, pointed, slightly turned up at the end,
concave above. Rostral large, its upper portion as long as or a
little shorter than its distance from the frontal; nasal divided;
internasals shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal nearly as broad as
long, as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of
the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; supraocular about
one third the width of the frontal; no loreal; one pre- and two
postoculars ; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, second or second
and third in contact with the prefrontal, third and fourth entering
-the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very small. Scales in 17 rows.
.Ventrals 141-160; anal divided; subcaudals 38-48. Pale brown
above, yellowish along the middle of the back, with three longitu-
dinal series of brown, black-edged spots, those of the middle series
largest, broader than long; a brown black-edged cross bar between
the eyes, and vermiculations of the same colour on tho back of the
head ; upper lip whitish, with some vertical brown spots; lower
parts uniform white.

Total length 245 millim.; tail 47.

Mexico.
a, g (V.150; C. 48). Ventanas, Durango. Hr. A. Forrer [(C.].
6, Hgr. (V. 153; C.47). Presidio, nr. Mazatlan. Hr. A. Forrer bet

100. FICIMIA,

Ficimia, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 80 (1849); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys.
ii, 1862, p. 58; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 569 (1888) ;
Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 98 (1893).

Amblymetopon, Giinth. Cat. Col Sn. p. 7 (1858).

Gyalopion, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 248, and Proe. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 603.

Maxillary teeth 13 to 15, small, equal; mandibular teeth small,
equal. Head not distinct from neck; snout projecting, pointed ;
eye small, with round pupil; rostral very large, in contact with or
approaching the frontal; internasals small or absent ; nostril pierced
in a divided or semidivided nasal, the anterior portion of which is
fused with the first labial; no loreal, prefrontal in contact with the
labials. Body cylindrical, short; scales smooth, with apical pits,
in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.

Arizona, Texas, Mexico.

100. rrermia, 271

Synopsis of the Species.
Rostral shield forming a suture with the

frontal ves dedi caitrad a satan esencgtic 1. olivacea, p. 271.
Rostral shield separated from the frontal ;
seven well-developed upper labials .. 2. cana, p. 272.
Rostral shield separated from the frontal ; [p. 272.
seventh upper labial very small .... 3. quadrangularis,

1. Ficimia olivacea.

Ficimia olivacea, Gray, Cat. p. 80 (1849) ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien,
lxii. i. 1870, p. 844, pl. vi.; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 570,
pl. xxxv. fig. 11 (1883) ; Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 98, pl. xxxv.
figs. B & C (1893).

Amblymetopon variegatum, Giiinth. Cat. p. 7 (1858).

Ficimia elaiocroma, Jan, Arch, Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 58.

publia, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 126, and Am. Nat.
1884, p. 168; Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 98.

—— variegata, Cope, 1. ¢.

—— olivacea, part., Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 875.

— ornata, Bocourt, /. c. p. 571, pl. xxxv. fig. 10.

Snout short, concave above, and strongly turned up at the end.
Rostral forming a broad suture with the frontal, separating the
prefrontals ; internasals small or absent; frontal as broad as long,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, nearly as long as
the parietals ; supraocular about one third the width of the frontal ;
one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1 or 1+2; seven
upper labials, second in contact with the prefrontal, third and fourth
entering the eye; three tower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very small, scale-like. Scales
in 17 rows. Ventrals 138-160; anal divided; subcaudals 34-42.

Total length 390 milim. ; tail 65.

Mexico.

A. Uniform dark brown above, white below. (ff. olivacea, Gray.)

a-b. & (V. 152, 150; Mexico. Mr. Hugo Finck [C.].
C. 42, 41). (Types.)

In one of the specimens the internasals are fused with the pre-
frontals, whilst in the other the internasal is distinct on one side.

B. Yellowish or pale brown above, with dark brown transverse
spots or cross bars; sides with dark brown spots; head with
symmetrical dark markings ; lower parts uniform white.

a. Internasals distinct. (2. publia, Cope.)

a. Yg. (V. 140; C. 36). Cuernavaca. M. Boucard [C.).
b. Yg. (V. 142; C. 36). Yucatan.

272 COLUBRID.

b. Internasals fused with prefrontals. (A. variegatum, Gthr.)

c. Yg. (V. 160; C. 37). Mexico. M. Sallé co}
d. 2 (V. 149; C. 36). Mexico. ;
(Types of A. variegatum.)

e. Her. 9 (V. 142; 0.35). Mexico.
’

2. Ficimia cana.

Gyalopion canum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 248; Yarrow,
Wheeler's Rep. U.S. Explor. Surv. W. 100th Mer. v. p. 624,
pl. xviii. fig. 2 (1875).

Ficimia cana, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 88 (1883); Giinth. Biol.
C.-Am., Rept. p. 99 (1893).

Closely allied to the preceding, but rostral pointed behind and
wedged in between the prefrontals; internasals present, small ;
seven upper labials, as in the preceding. Ventrals 130-131; sub-
caudals 28. Pale yellowish or reddish brown above, with brown,
dark-edged cross bars, which are broken up into spots on the sides ;
a large triangular dark spot on the nape, with the point between the
parietals; a dark band across the head, to the lower labials, passing
through the eyes across the interocular region; lower parts uniform
white.

Total length 205 millim. ; tail 28.

Arizona and Western Texas.

a. 2 (V. 181; C. 28). El Paso, Texas. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].

3. Ficimia quadrangularis.

Ficimia quadrangularis, Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 99, pl. xxxv.
fig. A (1893).

Scaling as in F. cana, but seventh upper labial very small, seale-
like. Ventrals 129; subcaudals 23. Ground-colour nearly white,
each scale with a narrow brown margin; a series of large sub-
quadrangular blackish-brown spots along the back ; no spots on the
sides; a large blackish band on the nape, confluent with a large
blackish blotch covering the frontal and supraocular shields and
the greater part of the parietals ; lower parts white.

Total length 320 millim.; tail 37.

Western Mexico.

a. @ (V.129; C. 23). Presidio, near Mazatlan. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
(Type.)
101. CHILOMENISCUS.

Chilomeniscus, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1860, p. 389, and 1861, p. 3802,
and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892, p. 598.

Maxillary teeth equal or the posterior a little stouter. Head not
distinct from neck; snout rounded, very prominent, and much’
depressed ; eye small, with round pupil; rostral large; no loreal ;

102, womatosoma. 273

nasal single, confluent with theinternasal. Body cylindrical, short ;
scales smooth, with apical pits, in 13 rows; ventrals rounded, Tail
short ; subcaudals in two rows. ,

Lower California, Sonora, Arizona.

1. Chilomeniscus stramineus.

Chilomeniscus stramineus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 389, and
Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 594.

cinctus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 303.

Carphophis straminea, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 99 (1883).

cincta, Garm. 1. c. p. 100.

Chilomeniscus stramineus fasciatus, @ope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892, p. 595.

Internasals separated by the rostral or forming a short suture ;
frontal a little longer than broad, nearly as long as the parietals ;
supraocular very small; nasal not reaching the single preocular ;
two postoculars ; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-shields in contact with the
symphysial, twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 13 rows.
Ventrals 108-117; anal divided; subcaudals 21-26. Reddish
brown above, dotted with dark brown, or with black cross bars
which may form complete annuli.

Total length 235 millim. ; tail 33.

Lower California and Sonora.

2. Chilomeniscus ephippicus.

Chilomeniscus ephippicus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, p. 85;
Coues, Wheeler's Rep. Explor. Surv. W. 100th Mer. v. p. 625,
pl. xviii. fig. 3 (1875).

Rostral entirely separating the internasals; frontal a little longer
than broad, nearly as long as the parietals; nasal in contact with
the preocular; two postoculars; temporals 141; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-shields
separated from the symphysial, posterior very small. Scales in
18 rows. Ventrals 113; anal divided; subcaudals 28, Reddish
or yellow above, with black cross bars which do not quite reach
the ventrals; tail with nearly complete black rings; snout red,
rest of head black; belly white.

Total length 140 millim.; tail 20.

Nevada and Arizona.

102. HOMALOSOMA.

Duberria, part., Fitzing. N. Class, Rept. p. 29 (1826). ;

Homalosoma, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 190 (1830); Dum. § Bibr. Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 109 (1854) ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 19 (1858) ; Peters,
Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 107 (1882).

Calamaria, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. i. p. 25 (1837).

Homalosoma, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 33.

Maxillary short, with 10 to 12 teeth; maxillary and mandibular
VOL. I. T

274 COLUBRID.

teeth small, anterior longest. Head small, not distinct from neck ;
eye small, with round pupil; nostril in a single nasal; loreal small
or absent. Body cylindrical, short; scales smooth, with apical
pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short, subcaudals in two
rows.

Africa.

Fig. 19.

TCT

Maxillary and mandible of Homalosoma lutrix,

Synopsis of the Species.
I, Ventrals 115-144.

A. Nasal not in contact with preocular ; usually two postoculars ;
frontal as long as parietals' .... 1. lutriw, p. 274.

B. Nasal in contact with preocular ; one postocular; frontal
shorter than parietals.

Frontal much longer than broad; suture

between the internasals longer than

that between the prefrontals........ 2. shiranum, p. 276.
Frontal scarcely longer than broad; suture

between the internasals shorter than

that between the prefrontals ...... 3. abyssinicum, p. 276.

II. Ventrals 97-110; nasal not in contact with preocular ; two
postoculars ; frontal as long as parietals.

4. variegatum, p. 276.

1. Homalosoma lutrix.

Coluber lutrix, Linn, S. N. i. p. 875 (1766).

duberria (Klein), Merr. Beitr. p. 7, pl. i. (1790).

Elaps duberria, Schneed. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 297 (1801).

Coluber tetragonus, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 97 (1802); Daud. Rept. vii.
p- 207 (1808).

arctiventris, Daud. t. c. p. 221; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 82 (1820).

Duberria arctiventris, Fitzing. N. Class, Rept. p. 55 (1826).

coisa arctiventris, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 86, pl. i. figs, 24-26

rer ag arctiventris, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept., App. p.16
1 :

—— lutrix, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 110 (1854); Giinth. Cat. p. 20
(1858); Jan, Arch. Zool, Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 38, and Icon,
Gén. 18, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1865).

Cyclophis catenatus, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 49.

102. HomaLosoMa, 275

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; suture between
the internasals a little shorter than or nearly as long as that
between the preefrontals; frontal once and a half to twice as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as the parietals, once and a half to once and two thirds as broad
as the supraocular; nostril in the anterior half of the nasal, which
is never in contact with the prwocular; a small square loreal usually
present ; one pra- and two (rarely one) postoculars ; temporals 142;
six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of
chin-shields in contact with each other, the anterior in contact with
three or four labials. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 115-144; anal
entire; subcaudals 21-46. Coloration very variable; belly and
lower surface of tail uniform yellowish in the middle and greyish
on the sides, usually with a regular lateral series of black dots.

Total length 390 millim. ; tail 65.

South Africa.

A. Pale brown or yellowish above, with a vertebral series of black
dots; greyish olive or plumbeous on the sides, which are
limited above by a series of black dots; lateral ventral dots
large. ;

a-e. 5 (V. 122, 127; C.35, 8. Africa, Sir J. Macgrigor [P.].
40), hgr. (V. 127, 127;
C. 34, 33), & yg. (V. 119;
C. 31).
S-g. @ (V. 184,126; C. 28, 8. Africa.
33

).
h. 3, skeleton. S. Africa.

B. Reddish brown above, blackish olive on the sides, greyish
towards the belly ; a fine black vertebral line; lateral ventral

dots large.

# 9 (V. 126; C. 27). 8. Africa.

C. Like the preceding, but the vertebral line and the ventral dots
indistinct.

k. 2 (V.118; C. 87). Port Natal. Mr, T. Ayres (C.].

D. Uniform olive-brown above, passing to greyish on the sides; the
lateral ventral dots very small.

i. bd (V. 115; C. 45). 8. Africa.

E. Reddish brown or brick-red above, grey on the sides; lateral
ventral dots well marked.

m. & (V.118; C. 42). 8. Africa.
n. 9 (V. 128; C. 37). Port Elizabeth. Mr. J. L. Pye [P.].
Tr

276 COLUBRID A.

F. Uniform reddish brown above and on the sides; lateral ventral
dots well marked.

0. 3 (V. 125; C. 46). Port Elizabeth. J. M. Leslie, Esq. [P.].

2. Homalosoma shiranum. (Pxare XIII. fig. 1.)
Homalosoma lutrix (non L.), Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 555.

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; suture between
the internasals thrice as long as that between the prefrontals;
frontal once and two thirds as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals,
nearly twice as broad as the supraocular; nostril in the anterior
half of the nasal; no loreal, nasal forming a suture with the pre-
ocular ; one pre- and one postocular; temporals 142; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of short chin-
shields in contact with each other, the anterior in contact with
three labials. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 142; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 33. Uniform olive-brown above ; belly yellowish white in
the middle ; outer ends of ventrals and lower rows of scales grey.

Total length 310 millim. ; tail 47.

Nyassaland.

a. 2 (V. 142; C. 83). Shiré Highlands. H.H. Johnston, Esq. [P.].

3. Homalosoma abyssinicum. (Puare XIII. fig. 2.)
Homolosoma lutrix (non L.), Blanf. Zool. Abyss. p. 458 (1870).

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; suture between
the internasals hardly half as long as that between the prefrontals ;
frontal scarcely longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals, a little broader than
the supraocular; nostril in the anterior half of the nasal; no
loreal, nasal forming a suture with the preocular; one pre- and
one postocular ; temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields in contact with each
other, the anterior in contact with three labials. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 120 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 32. Olive-brown above, with
a fine, interrupted, black vertebral line; sides black, dotted with
whitish ; belly greyish olive, spotted and freckled with black on
the sides.

Total length 235 millim.; tail 43.

Abyssinia.

u. do (V. 120; C. 32). Ashangi. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

4, Homalosoma variegatum.

Homalosoma variegatum, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 622, and
Reise n. Mossamé, iii. p. 107, pl. xvi. fig. 1 (1882); Bowleng. Ann,
§ Mag. N. H. (6) ii, 1888, p. 140.

103, ABLABES. 277

_Eye rather larger than in H. lutri#, Rostral broader than long,
visible from above; suture between the internasals a little longer
than that between the preefrontals ; frontal once and a half as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as the parietals, nearly twice as broad as the supraocular ; nostril
Just anterior to the middle of the nasal; a small loreal, nearly as deep
as long; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; six or
seven upper labials, third and fourth or fourth and fifth entering the
eye; two pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other, the
auterior in contact with three labials. Scalesin 15 rows. Ventrals
97-110 ; anal entire; subcaudals 25-36. Belly reticulated black
and whitish.

Total length 250 millim. ; tail 33.
South-east Africa (Inhambane and Delagoa Bay).

A. Dark brown above, with irregular lichen-like brownish-white
variegation.

a. 9 (V.110; C. 25). Delagoa Bay. 8.-African Museum [P.].

B. Olive-brown above, with three series of dark brown spots.
& 3 (V.97; C. 36). Delagoa Bay. 8.-African Museum [P.].

103. ABLABES.

Coronella, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1837).

Herpetodryas, part., Schleg. U. c. p. 173.

Ablabes, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 804 (1854) ; Giinth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 27 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 223 (1864).

Cyclophis, part., Giinth. Il. ce. pp. 119, 229.

Eurypholis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 498.

Liopeltis, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 559; Jan, Elenco
sist. Ofid. p. 81 (1863).

Homalosoma, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 33.

Diadophis, part., Jan, t. c. 1863, p. 261.

Cyclophiops, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi. 1888, p. 599.

Ablabes, Bouleng. Fuun. Ind., Rept. p. 3804 (1890).

Maxillary teeth small, equal, 15 to 30; mandibular teeth sub-
equal. Head not or scarcely distinct from neck ; eye rather small
or moderate, with round pupil; loreal present or absent; nasal
entire or divided. Body cylindrical, usually slender; scales smooth
or feebly keeled, without apical pits, in 13 to 17 rows; ventrals not
angulate laterally. Tail moderate or long; subcaudals in two
rows.

South-eastern Asia and Japan.

278 COLUBRID.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 15 rows.
A. Scales feebly keeled ............ 1. semicarinatus, p. 278.

B. Scales smooth.
1. Seven or eight upper labials.

u. Loreal present; nasal divided or semidivided.

Rostral as deep as broad or a little

broader than deep; anal divided .... 2. major, p. 279.
Rostral as deep as broad; anal entire .. 3. dori, p. 279.
Rostra] much broader than deep ...... 4. frenatus, p. 280.

$B. Loreal present; nasal single . 5. stoliczke, p. 281.

y. No loreal; nasal single.

Snout twice as long as the eye ....... 6. tricolor, p. 281.
Snout not twice as long as the eye .... 7. calamaria, p. 282.

2. Six upper labials; nasal divided; loreal present.
8. rappii, p. 282.
II. Scales in 13 rows.

A. Tail not more than one third of the total Jength.
Seven upper labials, third and fourth

entering the eye. .... 6... eee 9. baliodirus, p. 283.
Eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye 2... eee eee eee 10. scriptus, p. 284.
B. Tail more than one third of the total length; subcaudals 77—
VOB ice) thioaias aeialerase yee aoa aen a 11. longicauda, p. 284.
IIL. Scales in 17 rows .............. 12. nicobariensis, p. 285.

1. Ablabes semicarinatus.

Eurypholis semicarinatus, Hallow. Proc. Ac, Philad. 1860, p. 493.

Cyclophis nebulosus, Giinth. Ann. §& May. N. H. (4) i. 1868,
p. 418, pl. xix. fig. C.

Ablabes semicarinatus, Bowleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 148.

Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above; nasal
divided ; eye a liltle more than half the length of the snout; suture
between the internasals much shorter than that between the pre-
frontals ; frontal as long as or a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal about twice
as long as deep ; one prie- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+2;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower

103. ABLABES, 279

labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, with a very feeble
keel along their anterior half. Ventrals 174-192; anal divided;
subcaudals 70-82. Olive above, the scales lighter in the centre;
the lower scale on each side yellowish, margined with olive or black ;
young with dark spots anteriorly and four dark longitudinal bands
on the hinder half of the body, which disappear or become rather
indistiuct in the adult; upper lip and lower parts uniform
yellowish.

Total length 770 millim. ; tail 160.

Loo Choo Islands and Japan.

a-e. & (V. 190, 190, 190; Loo Choo Ids. H. Pryer, Esq. [P.].
C. 82, 76, ?) & 2 (V. 192,
187; C. 70, 72).
f. Yg. (V. 185; C. 76). Gee zee Choo Mr. Holst [C.].
sland.
g. Yg. (V. 174; C. 74). Nagasaki. Mr. Whitely [C.].
(Type of C. nebulosus.)

2. Ablabes major.
Cyclophis major, Giinth. Cat. p. 120 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 230, pl. xvii. tig. I (1864).
Herpetodryas chloris, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 503.
Ablabes major, Boettg. Ber. Senckenb. Ges. 1894, p. 140.

Rostral as deep as broad or a little broader than deep, just
visible from above; nasal divided ; eye about two thirds the length
of the snout; suture between the internasals shorter than that
between the prefrontals; frontal as long as or a little longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal longer than deep; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals
142; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
broader and a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 163-177; anal divided; subcaudals 70-87. Uniform
green above, yellow beneath.

Total length 960 millim. ; tail 250.

China.
a. 2 (V. 163; C. 71). Near Ningpo. (Type )
b. 9 (V. 170; C. 82). Chusan Archipelago. J.J. Walker, Esq. [P.].
e. & (V. 164; C. 79). Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. fe F
d-e. 9 (V.170; C.87)& Mountains North of A. Is. Pratt, Esq. [C.].
yg. (V. 166; C. 82). Kiu Kiang.

fi. Q (V. 170, 168, 176, Island of Formosa. BR. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
171; C. 86, 86, 85, 83).

km. 9 (V.168, 171,169; China.
C. 70, 76, 77).

3. Ablabes doriz.

Cyclophiops dorize, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi. 1888, p. 599,
pl. vi. fig. 1 ,

280 COLUBRID,

Ablabes doris, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 306 (1890); W. L.
Sclater, Journ. As. Soe. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 235,

Snout convex, profile curved from the frontal region to the lip ;
rostral as deep as broad, visible from above; nostril between two
nasals ; internasals a little shorter than the preefrontals; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal small, a little longer than deep; a large preocular,
usually with a second, very small, below; two or three postoculars ;
temporals 1+2 or 2+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; posterior chin-shields about half as large as the
anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 173-187 ; anal undivided ;
subcaudals 77-80. Uniform green above, white below, the green
colour extending on to the ends of the ventrals.

Total length 910 millim.; tail 210.

Kakhyen Hills and Assam.

a. Yg. (V. 173; C. 77). Kakhyen Hills. M. L. Fea [C.].
(One of the types.)

4. Ablabes frenatus.

Dipsas monticola (non Cant.), Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii.
1854, p. 294.

Cyclophis frenatus, Giinth. Cat. p. 120 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 230, pl. xix. fig. I (1864) ; Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1870,
p. 80; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 188; Theob. Cat. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 157 (1876); Blanf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 408 (1876).

Ablabes frenatus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 806 (1890).

Snout short, convex; eye rather large, three fourths the length
of the snout ; rostral broader than deep, visible from above; nasal
divided or semidivided, suture between the internasals shorter than
that between the prefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, about two thirds the length of the parietals ;
loreal small, as long as deep or a little longer ; one preocular ; two
postoculars, only the upper in contact with the parietal ; temporals
1+ 2, rarely 2+2; upper labials seven, third and fourth entering
the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 151-163 ; anal divided; subcaudals 87-96. Olive above,
the scales on the anterior part of the body black-edged ; a broad
black stripe from the eye to the nape, gradually narrowing and
disappearing on the anterior fourth of the body ; four light longi-
tudinal narrow lines more or less distinct on the front half of the
body ; lower surface uniform yellow.

Total length 690 millim. ; tail 230.

Khasi Hills; Assam.

a. 3 (V.161; C.95). [Mountains near Af- Dr. Griffith. E. India
ghanistan.”] Khasi Co.{P.}. (Type.)

Hills.
bo. Her. (V.151; C.87). Khasi Hills. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
ce. S (V. 163; C.96). [Mesopotamia. ]

103. ABLABES. 281

5. Ablabes stoliczke.

Ablabes stoliczke, W. L. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. \x. 1891,
p. ie pl. vi. fig. 1; Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xiii. 1893,
p. 320.

Snout rather long and much depressed, twice as long as the dia-
meter of the eye; rostral much broader than deep, visible from
above ; nasal undivided, thrice as long as deep ; internasals a little
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal not broader than: the supra-
ocular, nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; a small loreal; one pre- and two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth:
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 15
rows. Ventrals 150-154; anal divided; subcaudals 116-134.
Pale olive-brown above ; upper lip and lower parts yellowish white ;
a black streak from the eye along the temple and the side of the
neck, separating the brown colour of the upper parts from the
white of the lower.

Total length 600 millim.; tail 255.

Mountains of Burma and Assam.

6. Ablabes tricolor.

Herpetodryas tricolor, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 187, pl. vi. figs. 16-
ie (183 2) ’ g. fny Pp 1. Pp »P &

Cyclophis tricolor, Giinth. Cat. p. 121 (1858), and Proc. Zool. Soc.
1872, p. 590 ; Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlii. 18738, p. 122.

Liopeltis tricolor, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 559; Jan, Icon.
Gén. 31, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1869).

Snout rather long and depressed, twice as long as the diameter
of the eye; rostral broader than deep, visible from above; nasal
undivided; suture between the internasals as long as or a little
shorter than that between the prefrontals ; frontal not broader than
the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; no loreal, the prefrontal in contact with
the second and third lJabials; one pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 14-2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in
15 rows. Ventrals 140-187 ; anal divided; subcaudals 103-130.
Olive or greenish above; a black streak on each side of the head
and anterior part of the body, passing through the eye; upper lip
and lower parts yellowish white ; a pale olive streak along each side
of the belly.

Total length 560 millim.; tail 220.

Java, Sumatra, Borneo,

a. d (V. 140; C. 118). Java. Leyden Museum. (One of the
types.)

b. Q (V. 1873 C. 108). Java. A. Scott, Esq. [P.1.

282 COLUBRID.

ce. 3 (V. 153,160; C. Borneo, —_L.. L, Dillwyn, Esq. [P.].
125, 124) & 9 (V. 171;

C. 127).
J. 3 (V. 158; C. 180). Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
gy. 2 (V. 148; C. 108). P Dr. Bleeker. (Ablabes schlegeli,
Blkr.)

7. Ablabes calamaria.

Cyclophis calamaria, Giinth. Cat. p. 250 (1858), and Rept. Brit, Ind,
p. 231, pl. xvii. fig. K (1864).

Homalosoma baliolum, Jan, Arch, Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 36,
and Icon, Gén. 18, pl. iv. fig. 4 (1865).

Cycluphis nasalis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 231, pl. xvii. fig. M.

Ablabes calamaria, Bouleny. Faun, Ind., Rept. p. 805 (1890).

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; nasal single and
united with the loreal ; suture between the internasals as long as
that between the prefrontals or shorter; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the parie-
tals ; one preocular (rarely two); two postoculars, only the upper
in contact with the parietal; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are larger than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 1380-154; anal divided; subcaudals
64-76. Pale brown above, with or without two more or less distinct
black longitudinal lines ; lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 410 millim.; tail 110.

Ceylon, Madras Presidency, Bombay.

a,b. & (V. 180, 184; C. Ceylon. Types.

76, 76). : es
e. 3 (V. 184; C. 68). Ceylon. R.Templeton,Esq.[P.].
d. 2 (V. 186; C. 64). Kotavivi,Nilgherries. Dyr.J.R.Henderson[P. }.
e. Her. (V. 142; C0. 64), Sevagherry Ghat. Col. Beddome [C. ].
SF. 2 (V. 180; C. 69). Madras Presidency. Col. Beddome [C.].
g-t. 9 (V. 154, 148,154; Matheran. Dr. Leith [P.}.

C. 70, 68, 64).
& 2 (V. 149; C. 72). —? Dr. Giinther [P.}.

(Type of C. nasalis.)

8. Ablabes rappii.

Ablabes rappii, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 154, pl. xxvi. fig. B,
and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 225 (1864); Anders. Proc. Zoul. Soc. 1871,
p- 171; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 807 (1890).

—— owenii, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 155, pl. xvi. fig. A.

Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; nostril
between two nasals; suture between the internasals a little shorter
than that between the prefrontals; frontal slightly shorter than
its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep; one
preocular; two postoculars, only the upper in contact with the
parictal; temporals 1+1; six upper labials, third and fourth

108, ABLABES. 283

entering the eye ; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which equal or a little exceed the posterior in length.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 178-195; anal divided; subcaudals
60-75. Brown above, with a broad dark collar and a double series
of transverse dark spots on the anterior part of the body ; these
markings most distinct in the young; lower parts uniform
yellowish.

Total length 460 millim.; tail 110.

Himalayas from Simla to Darjeeling.

a. 3 (V. 185; C. 63), Sikkim. Messrs. v. Schlagintweit
nee (C.J. (Type.) - ;
6. Yg. (V. 184; OC. 60). Sikkim. Messrs. v. Schlagintweit

F [C.]. (Type ofA .owenit.)
e-d. 3 (V.189; ©. 74) & — Darjeeling. W.T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
her. (V. 178; C. 68).
e. 5 (V. 180; C. 71). Darjeeling, T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
SF. S (V. 182; C. 69) & Darjeeling.
her. (V. 184; C. 75).
g- 2 (V.195; C.?). Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

9. Ablabes baliodirus.

Coronella baliodeira, Boze, Ists, 1827, p. 589; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
Paar ii. figs. 9 & 10 (1837); Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 66
(1847).

Ablabes baliodeirus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 813 (1854); Gtinth. Cat.
p. 29 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 224 (1864).

Diadophis baliodeivus, Jun, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 268,
and Icon. Gén. 165, pl. v. fig. 4 (1866).

Ablabes baliodirus, var. cinctus, Fischer, Abh. naturw. Ver. Hamb..
ix. 1886, p. 8, pl. i. fig. 2. ;

Rostral-broader than deep, just visible from above ; nasal divided ;
eye three fourths the length of the snout; suture between the
internasals shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; a small loreal, as long as deep or deeper than long; one
or two pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; ,four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
shorter than the posterior. Scalesinl3rows. Ventrals 118-187;
anal divided ; subcaudals 58-75. Brown above, usually with small
black-edged yellow spots, sometimes with blackish cross bands or
two series of large alternating black blotches on the anterior part
of the body, or with two light, dark-edged streaks along the body
and a third on the nape; head sometimes yellowish ; lips yellowish
white, with the Jabial sutures black ; lower parts yellowish or coral-
red, the brown of the upper parts usually descending to the sides of
the ventrals, each of which may bear a black dot at the end; some-
times a black line along the middle of the lower surface of the tail.

Total length 400 millim.; tail 125,

Java, Boruev, Sumatra, Pinang.

284 COLUBRID.

a. 3 (V. 127; C. 66). Java, Leyden Museum. (One
of the types.)
b-c. go (V. 123; C.68)& Q Java. Hy. Friihstorfer [C.].
(V. 184; ©. 58).
d. 3 (V. 127; C. 69). Java. ;
e. 2 (V. 187; C. 64). Salak, Java. oe Eq.
Ja le
SJ. Q (V. 127; C. 59). Willis Mts.,Kediri, Baron v. Huegel [C.].
Java, 5000 ft.
g. & (V. 124; C.?). Borneo. Sir E. Belcher [P.].
A. Q ( (Vv. 134; C. 60). Sarawak.
i. 6 (V. 180; C. 75). Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P.].
k. Q W. 135; C. 70). Baram, Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. fat
1. $ (V.118; C. 66). Buneuran Id., A. Tverett, Esq. [C
Natuna Ids.
m, & (V.187; C.?). Padang, Sumatra.
-0 3b (V. 120, 124; Deli, Sumatra. Prof. Moesch [(€.}.
we. 68, 74).
p-q. or (V. 121, 119; Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
C. 71, 70).

10. Ablabes scriptus.

Ablabes scriptus, Theod. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. 1868, p. 42, and Cat.
Rept. As, Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 49, and Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 154
(1876) Bouleng. Faun. Tha. , Rept. p- 805 (1890),

Closely allied to A. baliodirus. Scales in 13 rows. Preocular
one; postoculars two, small; loreal very small, much smaller than
postocular ; preefrontals broader than long; upper labials eight, the
third, fourth, and fifth entering the orbit ; a long narrow temporal,
forming a suture with both postoculars and the sixth and seventh
labials ; seventh labial largest, more than twice as broad as the
temporal; two pairs of chin-shields, the hinder rather larger than
the other, first in contact with four labials; lower labials seven,
fifth largest. Colour above brown; a few black dots on either side
of spine on the front part of the trunk; a black mark under the eye,
followed by a white upright border involving the postoculars; a
black-hordered white patch on the last upper labial, and a white
collar on the nape. Beneath white.

Martaban, Burma.

11. Ablabes longicauda.

Ablabes longicaudus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 574, and Ann.
Mus. Genova, i iii. 1872, p. 39, pl. v. fig. 1.

quinquestriatus, FE. Miller, Verh. nat. Ges, Basel, vi. 1878,

p. 657, pl. ii. fig. B, and vii. 1882, p. 143.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; nasal divided ;
eye three fourths the length of the snout; suture between the
internasals as long as or a little shorter than that between the
prefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parictals ; a small loreal, as long as deep or
a little deeper than long, sometimes confluent with the posterior
nasal; one or two pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+42

103. ABLABES. 285

eight (or seven) upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth (or third and
fourth) entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which aro slightly longer than the posterior.
Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 114-122; anal divided; subcaudals
77-103. Lustrous dark brown or black above, with three yellowish
longitudinal lines lost on the hinder half of the body ; the vertebral
line beginning behind the nape, the laterals widening anteriorly and
desvending obliquely with their black borders towards the throat ;
a yellow chevron-shaped collar, pointing backwards; the black of
the upper surface of the head descending as a triangular patch on
the temple; eye bordered with black; upper labials yellowish, with
a few small black spots: lower parts uniform yellowish white.

Total length 430 millim. ; tail 170.

Borneo, Sumatra, Pinang.

a-b. & (V.118, 116; = Rejang River, Sarawak. BrookeLow,Esq.[P. ].
C. 84, 77).
e. 6 (V.117; ©. 93). Rejang River. Rajah Brooke [P.].
d. & (V. 122; C.?). Mt. Batu-Song, Sara- C. Hose, Esq. [C
wak, 2000 ft.

The following snake is perhaps to be regarded as a variety of
A. longicauda; the description is, unfortunately, insufficient, and
the figure represents the animal with a vertical pupil :—

DIaADOPHIS BIPUNCTATUS, v. Lidth de Jeude, in M. Weber, Zool.
Eryebn. p. 184, pl. xvi. fig. 9 (1890).

One pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
Jabials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 13 rows.
Veutrals 117; subcaudals 90. Upper parts dark brown, lower
parts yellow, without stripes or spots; head and neck black; two
small white spots on the parietal shields; three yellow cross bands
on each side of the neck, the first pair meeting in the middle and
forming a collar, the third not clearly marked ; a yellow spot behind
and under the orbit; the three anterior upper labials partly yellow,
partly black; a triangular black spot at each end of the ventral and
caudal shields, close to the. outer row of scales, the spots forming
a continuous black line along each side of the belly.

Kaju Tanam, Sumatra.

12. Ablabes nicobariensis.

Ablabes nicobariensis, Stoliezka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870,
p. 184, pl. xi. fig. 1; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 807 (1890).

Rostral low, wide, not reaching the top of the head; nostril
between two nasals; internasals about half the size of the pre-
frontals; frontal somewhat larger than the supraoculars ; parietals
about one fourth larger than the frontal, in contact with both post-
oculars; loreal united with the postnasal ; one pre- and two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; upper labials seven, third and fourth

286 COLUBRID.

entering the eye; both pairs of chin-shields subequal in size.
Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 189; anal divided; subcaudals 87.
Anterior half of the body reddish brown above, posterior blackish
grey ; head above blackish, the first three labials with yellow spots ;
a short broad yellow streak from behind and helow the eye poste-
riorly to the angle of the mouth; a black collar, margined on both
sides with an interrupted yellow band, of which the anterior is the
most distinct; an indistinct series of blackish-grey dorsal spots,
almost forming a dark undulating band; sides marbled and freckled
blackish grey, this colour being separated from the upper brown one
by a series of closely-set black spots, which are partially conspicuous
on the posterior part of the body; chin dusky; lower parts yellow
with a vermilion tinge, each ventral with a large black spot near
its outer extremity.

Total length 440 millim.; tail 110.

Camorta, Nicobars.

104. GRAYIA.

Heteronotus (non Lap.), Hullow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 67.

Grayia, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 50 (1858).

Glaniolestes, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 191.

Leionotus (non Bibr.), Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 68 (1863), and Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. i. 1865, p. 240.

Macrophis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb, i. 1866, p. 67.

Maxillary teeth equal, 22 to 25; mandibular teeth equal. Head
distinct from neck ; eye moderate, with round pupil ; nostril directed
upwards, in a semidivided nasal shield. Body cylindrical, stout ;
scales short and smooth, without apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail rather long; subcaudals in two rows.

Tropical Africa,

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Fourth upper labial entering the eye; two postoculars; two
superposed anterior temporals.

Seven or eight upper labials; ventrals 145-161. 1. smythit, p. 286.
Nine upper labials; ventrals 219.......... 2. furcata, p. 287.

II. Fourth and fifth upper labials entering the eye; three post-
oculars; a single anterior temporal .... 3. giardi, p. 288.

1. Grayia smythii. (Prarz XIII. fig. 3.)

Coluber smythii, Leach, in Tunkey’s Explor. R. Zaire, App. p. 409
1818).

; levis (non Lacép.), Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1844, p. 118.

Corouella triangularis, Hallow. Proc. Ac, Philad. 1854, p. 100.

Heteronotus triangularis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 68.

Grayia silurophaga, Giinth. Cat. p. 51 (1858); F. Miill. Verh. nat.
Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 683.

Leionotus schlegeli, Jan, Elenco, p. 68 (1863), and Arch. Zool. Anat.
Phys. iii, 1865, p. 241.

104. GRAYIA. 287

Gravia triangularis, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lisb. i. 1866, p. 47; Giinth.

Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 825; Boettg. Ber. Senck, Ges.
1887-88, p. 51.

Macrophis ornatus, Bocage, t. c. p. 67.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
longer than broad, as long as or longer than the prefrontals ; frontal
once and two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter
than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one prae- and two
postoculars ; temporals 2+3; seven or eight upper labials, fourth
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 17 (rarely 19) rows. Ventrals 145-161; anal divided;
snbeaudals 74-108. Brown or olive above, with black cross bands
tapering to a point towards the ventrals, or with light black-edged
cross bands widening towards the belly ; or dark olive with the scales
edged with black; or uniform blackish olive ; belly yellow, uniform
or spotted with black, or entirely blackish.

Total length 1250 millim.; tail 450.

West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Angola.

A. Belly yellow, with or without black spots.

a. 9 (V. 147; C. 93). Boma, Congo. Dr. Leach [P.].

(Type of C. smythit and of
G. silurophaga.)
b. Yg. (V. 150; C.?). Mouth of the Loango. Mr. H. I. Duggan

[C.].
ce. 6 (Se. 19; V. 147; Gaboon.
C.?).
d. @ (V. 161; C.?). Opposite Fernando Po. Mrs. Burton [P.].
ef &o (V. 154; C. 99) Oil River. H. H. Johnston, Esq.
& 9 (V. 161; C. 89). [P.}.
g. & (V. 148; C. 97). Sierra Leone. Sir A. Kennedy [P.].
A. Her. §(V.151; 0.97). W. Africa. Mr. Rich (C.].
% Her. go (V. 149; Africa.
C. 101). (Types of G. silurophaga.)
B. Belly black.
ke Yg. (V.147; C. 82). Gaboon.
1. Yg. (V. 145; C.?). Cette Cama, Gaboon.
m. Yg. (V.148; C.74), Congo.

2. Grayia furcata.

Grayia furcata, Mocguard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 71.

Distinguished from G. smythii by the smaller and more irregular
temporals, nine upper labials instead of seven or eight, and the
more numerous ventral shields (219). Subcaudals 88. In colour
resembling the barred form or G. smythii; posterior ventral and
subcaudal regions blackish.

Total length 1012 millim.; tail 292.

Brazzaville, Congo.

288 COLUBRID.

3. Grayia giardi.
Grayia giardi, Dollo, Bull. Mus. Belg. iv. 1886, p. 158, fig.

One pre- and three postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye. Scales in 19 rows.
Lake Tanganyika.
105. XENUROPHIS.
Xenurophis, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xii. 1868, p. 357.

Maxillary teeth 35, closely set, equal; mandibular teeth equal.
Head distinct from neck; eye large, with round pupil. Body
cylindrical ; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail long, with two dorsal series of very large, shield-
like scales; subcaudals in two rows.

West Africa.

1. Xenurophis cesar.

Xenurophis cesar, Giinth. lc. pl. vi. fig. C; Bouleng. Zool. Rec. 1891,

Rept. p. 11.
Grayia longicaudata, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) iii. 1891,

C. BR. p. 9.

Eye as long as the snout. Rostral twice as broad as deep, just
visible from above; internasals as long as or a little longer than
broad, a little shorter than the prefrontals; frontal not broader
than the supraocular, once and two thirds to twice as long as broad,
slightly longer than its distance from tho end of the snout, as long
as the parietals ; loreal as long as deep, or deeper than long; one
pre- and two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye ; five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows (in 4 rows on the tail).
Ventrals 125-149; anal divided; subcaudals 143-161. Dark olive
above, with regular narrow, whitish, black-edged cross bands; a
few light spots on the head and two whitish black-edged oblique
bands on each side, the anterior behind the eye, the second on the
temple ; lower parts uniform yellowish white.

Total length 600 millim. (tail injured) When intact the tail
is nearly as long as the body.

West Africa.

a, 2 (V. 145; C.?). Fernando Po. (Type.)
b. Her. (V. 149; C. 143). Mouth of the Loango. oh H. I. Duggan
C.}.

106. VIRGINIA.

Virginia, Baird §& Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 127 (1858) ; Jan, Arch.
Zool, Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 28; Bocourt, Miss. Sr. Mex., Rept.
p. 542 (1883) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 599.

Carphophis, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 181 (1854).

Maxillary teeth 22, small, subequal; mandibular teeth small,
equal. Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small, with round

107. ABaAsTor. 289

pupil ; no preocular ; loreal and prefrontal entering the eye. Body
cylindrical ; scales smooth or feebly keeled, in 15 or 17 rows, without

apical pits; ventrals rounded. ail short; subcaudals in two rows.
North America.

1. Virginia valeria.

Virginia valerie, Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 127 (1858);
Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1862, p. 24, and Icon. Gén. 12,
pl. ii. fig. 5 (1865) ; Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 98, pl. vii. fig. 8
(1888) ; Z. Garm. Bull. Iilin. Lab. iii, 1892, p. 307.

Carphophis harpertii, Dim. § Bibr, vii. p. 135 (1854).

Virginia harperti, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p. 85 (1875);
Garm. 1, ¢. p. 99. :

harpertii, part., Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 548, pl. xxxii.

fig. 3 (1883).

Rostral nearly as deep as broad, visible from above; internasals
much shorter than the prefrontals; frontal longer than broad,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal once and a half to twice and a half
as long as deep; two or three postoculars; temporals 142; six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, smooth or feebly
keeled. Ventrals 111-128; anal divided; subcaudals 24-37.
Yellowish or greyish brown above, uniform or with minute black dots
which may form two or four longitudinal series ; dull yellow beneath.

Total Jength 220 millim.; tail 40.

United States, from Maryland and Illinois to Georgia and Texas.

a-c. 6 (V. 112,118; C.34, Raleigh, N. Carolina. Messrs. Brimley [C.].
86) & 2 (V. 115; C. 24).

2. Virginia elegans.

Virginia elegans, Kennicott, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1859, p. 99; Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1862, p. 24, and Icon. Gén. 12, pl. ii. fig. 6
(1865) ; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 599.

harpertii, part., Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 548, pl. xxxii.

fig. 4 (1888).

Differs from the preceding in the narrower scales (which may
be fecbly keeled) in 17 rows. Ventrals 185; subcaudals 31. Uni-

form light olivaceous brown above, dull yellowish white beneath.
Southern Illinois, Arkansas, Texas.

107. ABASTOR.

Pseudoeryx, part., Fitzing, N. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826).

Helicops, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 170 (1830).

Homalopsis, part., Sehleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 297 (1837).

Abastor, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 78 (1849); Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am.
Rept. p. 125 (1853); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 603.

Calopisma, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 836 (1854); Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 241.

Maxillary teeth subequal, 15 to 17; mandibular teeth subequal.
VOL. II. U

290 COLUBRID.

Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small, with round pupil;
nostril directed upwards, in a semidivided nasal ; no preocular,
loreal and prefrontal entering the eye. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without apical pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
moderate or rather short ; subcaudals in two rows.

North America.

1. Abastor erythrogrammus.

Coluber erythrogrammus, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 93, pl. Ixxxiii. fig. 2
(1803).

—— seriatus, Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 278 (1804).

Homalopsis erythrogrammus, Bove, Isis, 1827, p. 581.

plicatilis, var., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 355 (1837).

Helicops erythrogrammus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iii. p. 107, pl. xxv.
(1842). ; .
Abastor erythrogrammus, Gray, Cut. p. 78 (1849); Baird § Gir.

Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 125 (1853).

Calopisma erythrogrammum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 887 (1854); Jan,
Arch, Zool. Anat. Phys. iii, 1865, p. 248, and Icon. Gén. 29, pl. iv.
fig. 2, & pl. v. fig. 1 (1868).

Hydrops erythrogrammus, Garm. N..Am. Rept. p. 35 (1883) ; ZH.
Garm, Bull. Illin. Lab. iii. 1892, p. 280.

Rostral large, broader than deep, the portion visible from above
nearly as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals broader
than long, much shorter than the prefrontals; frontal once and
two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal at
least twice as long as deep; two postoculars; temporals 1+2;
seven (rarely eight) upper labials, third and fourth (or fourth and
fifth) entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the ante-
rior chin-shields, which are a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 157-185; anal divided; subcaudals
37-55. Black above, with three red stripes; the two or three
lower rows of scales yellow or reddish; lower parts yellowish or
red, with two or three regular series of roundish black spots.

Total length 900 millim.; tail 120.

Mississippi Valley and eastwards.

a-e. 5 (V.166; 0.46), 2 (V.178; N. America. Lord Ampthill [P.].

C. 40), her. (V. 165; C. 47), &

xg. (V. 166, 157; ©. 47, 51).

f. Xg.

(V. 166; C. 49). N. America. Mrs. Phillips [P.].
g. Yg. (V. 182; C. 37). N. America,
h. Yg. (V. 167; C. 50). Marion Co., A. Erwin Brown,
Florida. Esq. [P.].

108, FARANCIA.

Homalopsis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 297 (1837).

Farancia, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 68 (1842), and Cat. Sn. p. 74 (1849) ;
Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 128 (1858) ; Cope, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 605.

Calopisma, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 336 (1854); Jan,
Arch. Zoot. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 241.

108. FARANCIA. 291

Maxillary teeth subequal, 17 or 18; mandibular teeth subequal .
Head small, not distinct from neck ; eye small, with round pupil ;
nostril directed upwards, in a semidivided nasal; a single internasal ;
no preocular, loreal and prefrontal entering the eye. Body cylin-
drical; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 19 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.

North America.

Skull of Farancia abacura.

1. Farancia abacura.

Coluber ovivorus, part., Daud. Rept. vi. p. 841 (1808).

—— abacurus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. p. 119, pl. xxiii. (1836).

Homalopsis reinwardtii, Schleg. me Serp. ii. p. 857 (1837).

Helicops abacurus, Holbr. op. cit. ed. 2, i. p. 107, pl. xxvi. (1842).

Hydrops reinwardtii, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 68 (1842).

Farancia drummondi, Gray, 1. ¢.

_— fasciata, Gray, Cat. p. 74 (1849).

—— abacurus, Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. eee y 123 (1853).

Calopisma abacurum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 342, pl. lxv. (1854).

_— reinwardti, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ili. 1865, p. 243, and
Icon. Gén. 29, pl. vi. (1868). }

Hydrops abacurus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. 4 36, pl. i. fig. 5 (1883) ;
‘H. Garm. Buil. Illin. Lab, iii. 1892, p. 281.

Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above, forming a
suture with the internasal, which is much broader than long;
frontal about once and a half as long as broad, longer than its

v2

292 COLUBRID BE.

distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parictals;
loreal much longer than deep; two postoculars ; temporals 1+2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer
than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, more or less distinctly
keeled in the ischiadic region. Ventrals 168-206; anal divided ;
subcaudals 34-49. Black above; sides and belly red, with black
cross bars or alternating spots.

Total length 1020 millim.; tail 150.

Mississippi Valley and eastwards.

a,b,c. Sd (V.170; C.46) New Orleans. M. Sallé (C.].
& 2 (V. 189, 191; C.
36, 36).
d. 2 (V.199; C.37), skin N. America.
& skeleton.
e. Yg. (V. 172; C. 34). N. America. Mrs. Drummond [P.}. (Type
of F. drummondi.)
Ff. Yg. (V. 168; C. ?). N. America. Sir R. Murchison [P.].

109. PETALOGNATHUS.

Dipsas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837).

Petalognathus, Dum. § Bibr. Mém. Ac. Se. xxiii. 1853, p. 466, and
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 468 (1854).

Leptognathus, part., Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 177 (1858); Jan,
Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 100 (1863); Cope, Proe. Ac. Philad. 1868,
p. 107.

Fig. 21.

Skull of Petalognathus nebulatus.

Maxillary short, with 15 or 16 teeth, which gradually decrease
in size; posterior mandibular teeth gradually decreasing in size.
Head short and thick,-very distinct from neck; eye large, with

' 109. PETALOGNATHUS. 293

vertically elliptic pupil; no praocular, loreal and prefrontal

entering the eye. Body elongate, compressed; scales smooth,

without pits, in 15 rows, the middle row formed of enlarged

scales; ventrals rounded. ‘Tail long ; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical America, i

1. Petalognathus nebulatus.

Coluber nebulatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 32, pl. xxiv. fig. 1 (1754),
and S. N.i. p. 388 (1766); Daud. Rept. vi. p. 413 (1803).

sibon, Linn. 8S. N.i. p. 883; Daud. t. c. p. 485.

Cerastes nebulatus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 83 (1768).

Dipsas nebulatus, Bove, Isis, 1827, p. 560; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 275, pl. xi. figs. 14 & 15 (1837).

Petalognathus nebulatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 464 (1854).

Leptognathus nebulatus, Giinth. Cat. p. 177 (1858) ; Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1868, p. 108; Jan, Icon. Gén. 37, pl. v. fig. 8 (1870) ;
_Garm. N, Am. Rept. p. 18 (1883).

Snout short, as long as or a little longer than the diameter of the
eye. Rostral as broad as deep or a little broader than deep, not
or scarcely visible from above; internasals about half the length of
the preefrontals ; frontal once and one fourth to once and one third
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; two
(rarely three) postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven (rarely eight)
upper labials, fourth and fifth (or fourth, fifth, and sixth) entering
the eye; five (rarely six) lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales smooth,
in 17 rows. Ventrals 170-197; anal entire; subcaudals 73-102.
Grey or grey-brown above, with blackish spots, or mottled black
and white, with more or less regular cross bars which may have a
light edge; belly yellowish, with black dots and more or less
regular black cross bars or large alternating spots.

Total length 790 millim. ; tail 210.

Central and South America, from Mexico to Northern Brazil and
Ecuador; Trinidad and Tobago.

a-b. § (V.177, 176; C. Mexico. Mr. Hugo Finck [C. ].
85, 83).

C. e'Wi74; C. 81). City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.].

d-g. § (V. 178, 176; C. Teapa, Tabasco. F. D. Godman, Esq.
82,92) & Q (V.174, [P.].

175; C. 81,77). ;
h. 2 (V.170; C. 90). N. of Coban, Guate- F. C. Sarg, Esq. [C.].

mala.
7. 9 (V.178; C.84). Hacienda Rosa de Dr. E. Rothschub [C.].
Jericho, Nicaragua,
8250 ft.
k. & (V. 194; C. 98). W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser fet
Lm. 2 (V.175; C. 86) & Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C. ].
yg. (V.179; C. 98).
n. 9 (V. 183; C. 91). Tobago. A. Ludlam, Esq. [P.}..

294 COLUBRID.

o-u. g (V. 181, 180; C. Demerara. Mr. Snellgrove (C.].
89, 88) & Q (V. 173,
174, 174, 182, 182; C. -
82, 84, 76, 82, 102).
v-n. & (V. 181, 181,174; Berbice.
C.90, 95, 86), 2 (V.176,
178, 174, 177, 172, 180;
C. 84, 85, 74, 79, 75, ?),
& yg. (V.173, 181;

73, 90).
6. g (V. 192; C, 92). Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. (P.].
t, Skeleton. Berbice.

110. TROPIDODIPSAS.
Tropidodipsas, Giinth. Cat. Sn. p. 180 (1858), and Zool. Rec. 1872,
75.

P-
Galedon, Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 95 (1863).
Leptognathus, part., Jan, 1. ¢. p. 100; Cope, Proe. Ac. Philad. 1868,
. 107.

Tropidogeophis, F. Miill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1878, p. 411.
Tropidoclonium, part., Bocourt, Miss, Se. Mex., Rept. p. 788 (1893).

Maxillary short, with 12 to 16 teeth, which decrease in size in
front and behind; posterior mandibular teeth gradually decreasing
in size. Head distinct from neck; eye moderate or large, with
vertically elliptic pupil; preeoculars may be absent. Body elongate,
cylindrical or a little compressed ; scales smooth or feebly keeled,
without pits, in 13 to 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate ;
subcaudals in two rows.

Central America.

Synopis of the Species.
I. Eye rather large ; loreal shield not entering the eye; two pra-
oculars; frontal a little longer than broad.
Scales in 17 rows .... 2... 6. cece ee eee 1. faseiata, p. 295.
Scales in 15 rows ........ 0... ..00000, 2. philippii, p. 295.
II. Eye moderate.
A. Scales feebly keeled, in 17 rows; one or two preoculars.

Loreal at least once and two thirds as long as

deep, entering the eye; frontal not broader

than long; six upper labials .......... 3. fischeri, p. 296.
Loreal short, entering the eye or separated

from it by the preoculars; frontal a little

broader than long ...............04. 4. sartorii, p. 296.

B. Scales smooth, in 15 or 13 rows; no preocular.

Scales in 15 rows ; frontal as long as broad. 5. annulifera, p. 297.
Scales in 13 rows; frontal longer than broad. 6. anthracops, p. 297.

110. rroprpoprpsas. 295

1. Tropidodipsas fasciata,
Tropidodipsas fasciata, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 181 (1858).
Leptognathus fasciata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, pp: 109 & 137.
——— (Tropidodipsas) subannulatus, F. Miill, Verh. nat. Ges. Basel,
viii, 1887, p. 274, pl. i. fig. 5.

Eye rather large. Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible
from above ; internasals two fifths the length of the priefrontals ;
frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep,
not entering the eye; two preoculars ; two postoculars; temporals
1+2 or 242; seven or eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye, sixth or seventh largest; four or five lower
labials in contact with the antcrior chin-shields, which are a little
longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, dorsals feebly keeled.
Ventrals 171-176; anal entire; subcaudals 71-78. Dark brown
or black, with 20 to 38 white (red ?) or pale brown annuli, some of
which are complete, others broken up above and below and forming
alternating cross bars; throat and a bar across occiput white or
pale brown. :

Total length 600 milhm. ; tail 140.

Mexico.
a-b. 9 (V.176; C.71) & —? Zoological Society.
yg. (V. 171; C. 78).

v. Her., bad state. Mexico. Mr. Hugo Finck [C.].
(Types.)
2. Tropidodipsas philippii.
Tropidodipsas fasciata, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 181 (1858).
Leptognathus philippii, Jan, Elenco, p. 101 (1863), and Icon. Gén.
37, pl. v. fig. 1 (1870). :
—— albocinctus, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss, Anst. ii. 1885, p. 107,
pl. iv. fig. 9.

Eye rather large. Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible
from above; internasals two fifths the length of the prefrontals ;
frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parictals; loreal as long as
or slightly longer than deep, not entering the eye; two prxoculars;
two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye, sixth largest; six lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are more than twice as long
asthe posterior. Scales in 15 rows, dorsals faintly keeled. Ventrals
178-180; anal entire; subcaudals 67-71. A series of large
roundish blackish-brown spots, separated by narrow whitish inter-
spaces, occupies the upper parts, the spots descending to the sides
of the belly ; upper lip white; belly white, with a few dark brown
spots; the dark brown predominates under the tail.

Total length 330 millim. ; tail 80.

Western Mexico, California (?).

: ; C.71). Mexico. One of the types of T. fasciata.)
3, 5 Wy 78; C. an San Diego, California (?). br. J.G. Ficher,
(Type of L. albocinctus.)

296 COLUBRID.

iy 3. Tropidodipsas fischeri.
Virginia fasciata, Fischer, Jahrb, Hamb. Wiss, Anst. ii. 1885, p. 95.
Elapoides fasciatus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 85.
Tropidoclonium annulatum, Bocourt, Le Natur. 1892, p. 182, and
Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 738, pl. liv. fig. 3 (1893).
Geophis fasciata, Giinth. Biol. C.-Amer., Rept. p. 98, pl. xxxiv.
fig. A (1893).

Eye moderate. Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible
from above ; internasals two fifths the length of the prefrontals ;
frontal as long as or a little longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal once and two thirds or twice as long as deep, entering the
eye, with a preocular above it; two postoculars; temporals 142;
six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest ;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, dorsals feebly
keeled. Ventrals 174-196; anal entire; subcaudals 51-59.
Brownish grey above, with numerous black cross bars, which
expand into rhomboidal blotches on the back, and descend as
narrow bars to the sides of the belly, some of the anterior forming
more or less complete annuli; head black above, lips white ; lower
parts white, with a few black spots on the belly and numerous
ones under the tail.

Total length 540 millim. ; tail 110.

Guatemala.

a. & (V.180; CO. 57). Guatemala. Stuttgart Mus. [E.].
(One of the types.)

4, Tropidodipsas sartorii.

Tropidodipsas fasciata, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 181 (1858).

sartorii, Cope, Proc, Ac, Philad, 18638, p. 100.

Leptognathus dumerilii, Jan, Elenco, p. 101 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 37,
pl. v. fig. 2 (1870).

sartorii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, pp. 109 & 187.

Geophis annulatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1870, p. 648, pl. i. f. 2;
F. Miill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 409.

Galedon annularis, Jan, Icon. Gén. 36, pl. v. fig. 1 (1870).

Leptognathus sexscutatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. 1884,

p. 137

— leucostomus, Bocourt, l. c. p. 188.
—— (Tropidodipsas) bernouillii, F) Mull. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, viii.
1887, p. 272, pl. i. fig. 3.
—— (Tropidodipsas) cuculliceps, F. Mill. l. c. p. 278, pl. i. fig. 4.
Eye moderate. Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible
from above; internasals half the length of the preefrontals ; frontal a
little broader than long, a little shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; loreal short and
separated from the eye by the preeoculars, or fused with the lower
preocular; two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; seven or eight upper
labials (exceptionally six), fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering
the eye, sixth largest ; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 17
rows, dorsals feehly keeled. Ventrals 170-190; anal entire; sub-

110. TRoprpopiPsas. 297

caudals 51-74. Black, with 16 to 80 white (red), usually black-
dotted annuli, which may be interrupted on the belly ; snout and
chin black ; throat, and a bar across occiput or nape, whito (red).
Total length 620 millim.; tail 140.
Mexico and Guatemala.

A. Most of the annuli interrupted on the belly.

a. 2 (V.170; C. 51). Mexico. (One of the types of T. fasctata.)
Loreal shield entering the eye, between two preoculars, on one side,

separated from the eye by the preoculars on the other side.

&. & (V. 190; 0.56). Yucatan.
Loreal bordering the eye on both sides.

ce. 9 (V. 182; C. 56). P Zoological Society.
Loreal shield entering the eye, between two preoculars, on one side,

separated from the eye by the praoculars on the other side.

B. Annuli all complete.

a. $ (V.181; C.68). Hacienda Cubilgiitz, north F. C. Sarg, Esq.
of Coban, Vera Paz. [P.].
Loreal bordering the eye on both sides.
e. 3 (V.179; C. 66). Orizaba.
Loreal bordering the eye, longitudinally cleft.

5. Tropidodipsas annulifera. (Prare XIV. fig. 1.)

Eye moderate. Rostral a little broader than deep, just visiblo
from above; internasals half the length of the prefrontals ; frontal
as broad as long, slightly shorter than its distance from the end of
the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal once and a half
as long as deep, entering the eye; prefrontal entering the eye; no
preocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 3; six or seven
upper labials, third or fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye;
four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are once and a half as long as the posterior. Scales smooth,
in 15 rows. Ventrals 156; anal entire; subcaudals 52. Black,
with 20 white (red?) complete annuli, which are broader on the
belly than on the back ; throat, and a band across the occiput, white.

Total length 430 millim.; tail 90.

Habitat unknown.

a. 3d (V. 156; C. 52). ——? Zoological Society.

6. Tropidodipsas anthracops.

Leptognathus anthracops, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, pp. 108 &
136.

Physiognomy of 7. sartorii. Frontal longer than broad ; loreal
longer than deep, entering the eye ; no preocular ; two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye, sixth largest. Scales smooth, in 13 rows. Veutrals 177;
anal entire; subcaudals 76. Black, with yellow rings continuous
on the belly, but not on the anterior parts above; yellow scales
black-edged ; temples and nape yellow.

Total length 480 millim.; tail 130.

Nicaragua.

298 COLUBRID.

111. DIROSEMA.

Maxillary short, with 10 to 16 teeth, the anterior and posterior
of which are the shortest; mandibular teeth small, decreasing in
length posteriorly. Head distinct from neck; eye small, with
vertically elliptic pupil; preocular absent, loreal and prefrontal
entering the eye. Body moderately elongate, cylindrical; scales
without pits, smooth or feebly keeled, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals
rounded. ‘Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.

Central America.

Connects Tropidodipsas with Geophis.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Scales in 17 rows.
Nostril between two nasals; fifth upper

labial largest; scales smooth........ 1. bicolor, p. 298.
Nostril between two nasals; sixth upper

labial largest ; scales faintly keeled .. 2. omiltemanum, p. 299.
Nasal undivided; sixth upper labial ;

largest; scales keeled.............. 3. psephotum, p. 299.
IT. Scales in 15 rows.............00- 4. brachycephalym,

[p. 299.

1. Dirosema bicolor, (Prats XIV. fig. 2.)
Geophis bicolor, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 416,

and Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 91 (1898).

Rhabdosoma guttulatum, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, xxii. 1885,
p. 885.

Snout broad, rounded. Rostral a little broader than deep, visible
from above ; internasals much broader than long, two fifths to one
half the length of the prefrontals; frontal as long as broad or a
little broader than long, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout; nostril between two rather large nasals; loreal twice as long
as deep; two postoculars (rarely one); temporals 1+2 or 1+1+2;
six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest and
usually in contact with the parietal; two pairs of chin-shiclds,
anterior longest and in contact with three or four lower labials.
Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals 151-168; anal entire; sub-
caudals 38-50. Black above, with a more or less distinct lateral
series of whitish dots; the scales of the two or three outer series
white in the centre ; upper lip white; lower parts white, uniform
or spotted with black.

Total length 425 millim.; tail 95.

Mexico.

a-d. $ (V.159,151;C.47, City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.]}.
50) & 9 (V. 167, 168; (Types.)
C. 38, 41).

e-f,g. & (V. 149; C. 46) LaCumbre de los Arra- Dr. A. C. Buller
& 2(V. 163,161; C. 42, strados, Jalisco, 8500 [C.].
46). ft.

112. arractus. 299

2. Dirosema omiltemanum.

Geophis omiltemana, Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 92, pl. xxxiii.
fig. A (1808). nena ot
Snout broad, rounded. Rostral a little broader than deep, visible
from above; internasals much broader than long, about two fifths
the length of the prafrontals ; frontal broader than long, as long as
or slightly longer than its distance from the end of the snout, much
shorter than the parictals; nostril between two rather large nasals ;
loreal at least twice as long as deep; a small subocular may be
present between the loreal and the third and fourth labials; two
postoculars ; temporals 1+2; six upper labials, fourth or third and
fourth entering the eye, sixth very long; two pairs of chin-shiclds,
the anterior a little the longer and in contact with four lower labials.
Scales in 17 rows, dorsals faintly keeled. Ventrals 150-166 ; anal
entire ; subcaudals 38-51. Black, with whitish cross bars widening
towards the belly, which is white; these bars less distinct and
closer together on the posterior part of the body; upper lip white ;
subcaudals brown or speckled with brown.
Total length 305 millim.; tail 65.

Mexico.

a-c. $ (V. 150; C. 51) & Omilteme, Guerrero. Mr.H.H. Smith (C.J;
her. (V. 166, 156; C. 38, F. D. Godman,
50). Esq.[P.]. (Types.)

3. Dirosema psephotum.
Catostoma poe, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) viii. 1876, p. 146.

Elapoidis psephotus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 886.
Geophis psephota, Giiinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 94 (1898).

Nasal undivided; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, sixth longest; two pairs
of chin-shields, posterior short. Scales keeled, in 17 rows. Ventrals
162; anal divided; subcaudals 73. Above uniform black; below
black with the half or less of an occasional ventral shield red,
forming a tessellated pattern.

Total length 480 millim.; tail 128.

Costa Rica.

4, Dirosema brachycephalum.
Colobognathus brachycephalus, Cope, Proc. Ae. Philad. 1871, p. 211.

Catostoma brachycephalum, Cope, Journ. Ac, Philad. (2) viii. 1876,

p. 147. :
Elapoidis brachycephalus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887,
. 85

Give yescnedlad 3 six upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye, fifth in contact with the parietal. Scales in 15 rows, with a
faint trace of carination near the posterior part of the body.
Ventrals 124; anal entire; subcaudals 38. Black above, with a
yellowish collar and a yellowish lateral streak; ventrals reddish,
brown-margined.

Total length 200 millim.

Costa Rica.

300 COLUBRIDE.

112, ATRACTUS, #2 Vu } 3

Atractus, Wagler, Isis, 1828, p. 741. O.

Brachyorrhos, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 190 (18380).

Calamaria, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 25 (1837).

Rabdosoma, part., Dum. § Bibr. Mém. Ac. Se. xxiii. 1853, p. 440,
and Erp. Gén. vii. p. 91 (1854); Ginth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 10 (1858) ;
Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1862, p. 10. .

Isoscelis, Giinth. 1. ¢. p. 204.

Adelphicos, Jan, l. ¢. p. 18; Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mer., Rept. p. 558
(1883).

Rhegnops, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 128.

Rabdosoma, Bocourt, J. c. p. 538,

Fig, 22.

Skull of Atractus crassicaudatus.

Maxillary short, with 8 to 12 teeth; maxillary and mandibular
teeth decreasing in size posteriorly. Head not distinct from neck;
eye small, with round or subelliptic pupil; nostril between two
nasals ; praocular usually absent, loreal and prefrontal entering the
eye. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 or 17 rows ;
ventralsrounded. Tail short or rather long ; subcaudals in two rows.

Central and South America.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Symphysial shield separated from the chin-shields.
A. Loreal not more than once and a half as long as decp.

Scales in 15 rows; one postocular .... 1. elaps, p. 302.
Scales in 17 rows; one postocular .... 2. latefrons, p. 303.
Scales in 17 rows ; two postoculars.. . 3. modestus, p. 304.

112. arractus. 301

B. Loreal at least twice as long as deep.
1. Two pairs of chin-shields; usually a single postocular.
Scales in 15 rows; prefrontals as long

as broad ; eight upper labials ...... 4, vittatus, p. 304.
Scales in 17 rows; prefrontals as long
as broad; six upper labials ........ 5. latefrontalis, p. 304.

Scales in 17 rows; prefrontals much.
longer than broad; six upper labials. 6. longiceps, p. 305.

2. A single pair of moderately broad chin-shields ; anal entire.
a. Scales in 17 rows.
a. Two postoculars.
* Prefrontals a little broader than long.
Ventrals 140; rostral broader than deep ;

six upperlabials ................ 7. peruvianus, p. 305,
Ventrals 143-158 ; rostral broader than
deep ; seven upper labials ........ 8. guentheri, p. 305,

Ventrals 175-191; rostral nearly as
deep as broad ; seven upper labials .. 9. bocourti, p. 306.

** Preefrontals as long as broad; ventrals 146-161.

Rostral once and a half as broad as deep ;

frontal slightly broader than long .. 10. maculatus, p. 306.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; frontal

as long as broad or a little longer.... 15. crassicaudatus, p. 310.

*** Preofrontals a little longer than broad.

Frontal as long as broad or slightly

longer than broad; loreal twice and

a half to thrice and a half aslong as

broad; ventrals 163-182 .......... 11. major, p. 307.
Frontal a little longer than broad ; loreal

twice as long as broad; ventrals 160. 12. isthmicus, p. 307.
Frontal as long as broad or a little

broader than long; loreal twice and

a half to thrice and a half as long as

deep; ventrals 143-160 .......... 13. badius, p. 308.
GB. A single postocular ; frontal longer than broad; eight
upper labials .......... 14. torquatus, p. 309.

b. Scales in 15 rows.
a. Snout obtuse; ventrals 150-172; subcaudals 16-32.

* Hight upper labials.

Prefrontals longer than broad; both

postoculars in contact with temporal. 16. dubois:, p. 310.
Prefrontals as long as broad ; lower post-

ocular not in contact with temporal.. 17. occipitoalbus, p. 310.

304 COLUBRID.

3. Atractus modestus. (Pxrare XV. fig. 1.)

Rhabdosoma erassicaudatum (non Dum. & Bibr.), Giinth. Proc, Zool.
Soc. 1859, p. 411.

Snout rounded. Rostral rather large, broader than deep, the
portion visible from above one third as long as its distance from the
frontal; internasals moderately large, a little broader than long;
frontal as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral,
shorter than the parietals; loreal once and a half as long as deep ;
two postoculars ; temporals 14-2; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the single pair
of moderately large chin-shields, which are separated from the
symphysial. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 173, anal entire ; sub-
caudals 38. Uniform plumbeous above, on the sides of the ventrals,
and on the subeaudals; ventrals yellowish in the middle.

Total length 380 millim.; tail 50.

Ecuador.

u. o (V. 178; C. 88). W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.}.

4. Atractus vittatus. (Piatr XV. fig. 2.)
Rhabdosoma crassicaudatum, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 11 (1858).

Snout obtusely pointed. Rostral small, as deep as broad, visible
from above; internasals very small; prefrontals as long as broad ;
frontal as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral,
much shorter than the parietals; loreal thrice as long as deep; one
(or two) postoculars ; temporals 1+1; eight upper labials, fourth,
fifth, and sixth entering the eye; two pairs: of chin-shields, the
anterior rather elongate, in contact with four lower Jabials, and
separated from the symphysial, the posterior two thirds the length
of the anterior and in contact along their inner borders. Scales in
15 rows. Ventrals 148 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 18. Dark brown
above, with four black longitudinal lines, the space between the
inner and outer pair lighter, reddish brown; belly yellow, much
spotted with black; two black stripes along the lower surface of
‘the tail.

Total length 405 millim. ; tail 35.

Venezuela.

a. 2 (V. 148; C. 18). Caracas.

5. Atractus latifrontalis.

Geophis latifrontalis, Garman, N. Am. Rept. p. 103 (1883), and
Bull. Essex Inst. xix. 1888, p. 127.

Rhabdosoma mutitorques, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
p. 384,

Geophis mutitorques, Giinth. Biol. C.--Am., Rept. p. 93 (1893).

Snout broad, rounded. Rostral broader than deep; internasals
small; prefrontals as long as broad; frontal broader than long ;

112. arracrus. 305

one postocular (exceptionally two); temporals 142; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields,
posterior half as long as anterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
172-179 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 24-22. Uniform dark plumbeous
above, margins of scales lighter; a yellow occipital bar may be
present, crossing the parietal shields; ventrals white, mottled with
leaden, or uniform leaden.

Total length 455 millim.; tail 45.

Mexico (San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo),

6. Atractus longiceps.
Rhabdosoma longiceps, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. 1886, p. 189.

Agrees in most respects with . latifrontalis, but snout more
elongate and prefrontals much longer than broad. Ventrals 173;
subcaudals 28. Extremity of tail with a compressed horny cap.
Colour everywhere blackish; some brownish shades on the sides
near the head; free edges of ventral and subcaudal shields, and of
lateral scales, lighter.

Total length 445 millim. ; tail 44.

Vera Cruz, Mexico.

7. Atractus peruvianus.

Rabdosoma peruvianum, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 12,
and Icon. Gén. 10, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1865).

Snout obtuse. Rostral much broader than deep, just visible from
above; internasals small; preetrontals not quite as long as broad ;
frontal small, as long as broad, as long as the prefrontals, much
shorter than the parietals; loreal at least twice as long as deep;
two postoculars: temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
single pair of chin-shields, which are moderately large and separated
from the symphysial. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 140; anal
entire ; subcaudals 31. Brown above, with five longitudinal series
of black spots; ventrals black, with a white spot at the outer end;
lower surface of tail white, spotted with black.

Total length 280 millim. ; tail 40.

Peru.

8. Atractus guentheri.

Rhabdosoma maculatum, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 241 (1858).

Geophis guentheri, Wacherer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 186], p. 115, pl. xix.
fic. 1; Giinth. Zool. Rec. 1865, p. 151.

Rabdosoma univittatum, Jun, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 15, and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1865).

Snout rounded. Rostral small, broader than deep, just visible
‘from above; internasals very small; praefrontals broader than long;
frontal a little broader than long (or as long as broad), as long ay

VOL. Il. x

304 COLUBRID.

3. Atractus modestus. (Prats XV. fig. 1.)

Rhabdosoma erassicaudatum (non Dum. & Bibr.), Giinth. Proc, Zool.
Soc. 1859, p. 411.

Snout rounded. Rostral rather large, broader than deep, the
portion visible from above one third as long as its distance from the
frontal; internasals moderately large, a little broader than long ;
frontal as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral,
shorter than the parietals; loreal once and a half as long as deep ;
two postoculars ; temporals 1+-2; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the single pair
of moderately large chin-shields, which are separated from the
symphysial. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 173; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 38. Uniform plumbeous above, on the sides of the ventrals,
and on the subcaudals ; ventrals yellowish in the middle.

Total length 380 millim.; tail 50.

Ecuador.

a, o (V.178; C. 88). W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.].

4. Atractus vittatus. (Prare XV. fig. 2.)
Rhabdosoma crassicaudatum, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 11 (1858).

Snout obtusely pointed. Rostral small, as deep as broad, visible
from above ; internasals very small; prefrontals as long as broad ;
frontal as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral,
much shorter than the parietals; loreal thrice as long as deep; one
(or two) postoculars ; temporals 1+1,; eight upper labials, fourth,
fifth, and sixth entering the eye; two pairs: of chin-shields, the
anterior rather elongate, in contact with four lower labials, and
separated from the symphysial, the posterior two thirds the length
of the anterior and in contact along their inner borders. Scales in
15 rows. Ventrals 148; anal entire ; subcaudals 18. Dark brown
above, with four black longitudinal lines, the space between tho
inner and outer pair lighter, reddish brown; belly yellow, much
spotted with black ; two black stripes along the lower surface of
‘the tail.

Total length 405 millim. ; tail 35.

‘Venezuela.

a. 2 (V. 148; OC. 18). Caracas.

5. Atractus latifrontalis.
Geophis latifrontalis, Garman, N. Am. Rept. p. 103 (1883), and

Bull. Essex Inst, xix. 1888, p. 127.

pe es mutitorques, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1886,
p. 384,

Geophis mutitorques, Giinth. Biol. C.--Am., Rept. p. 93 (1893).

Snout broad, rounded. Rostral broader than deep; internasals
small; prefrontals as long as broad; frontal broader than long ;

112. arractvs. 305

one postocular (exceptionally two); temporals 1+2; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields,
posterior half as long as anterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
172-179 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 24-82. Uniform dark plumbeous
above, margins of scales lighter; a yellow occipital bar may be
present, crossing the parietal shields; ventrals white, mottled with
leaden, or uniform leaden.

Total length 455 millim. ; tail 45.

Mexico (San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo).

6. Atractus longiceps.
Rhabdosoma longiceps, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. 1886, p. 189.

Agrees in most respects with A. latifrontalis, but snout more
elongate and preefrontals much longer than broad. Ventrals 173 ;
subcaudals 28. Extremity of tail with a compressed horny cap.
Colour everywhere blackish ; some brownish shades on the sides
near the head; free edges of ventral and subcaudal shields, and of
lateral scales, lighter.

Total length 445 millim. ; tail 44.

Vera Cruz, Mexico.

7. Atractus peruvianus.

Rabdosoma peruvianum, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 12,
and Icon. G'én. 10, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1865).

Snout obtuse. Rostral much broader than deep, just visible from
above; internasals small; preefrontals not quite as long as broad;
frontal small, as long as broad, as long as the preefrontals, much
shorter than the parietals; loreal at least twice as long as deep;
two postoculars: temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
single pair of chin-shields, which are moderately large and separated
from the symphysial. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 140; anal
entire ; subcaudals 31. Brown above, with five longitudinal series
of black spots; ventrals black, with a white spot at the outer end;
lower surface of tail white, spotted with black.

Total length 280 millim. ; tail 40.

Peru.

8. Atractus guentheri.
Rhabdosoma maculatum, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 241 (1858).
Geophis guentheri, Wucherer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 115, pl. xix.
fig. 1; Giinth. Zool. Rec. 1865, p. 151.
Rabdosoma univittatum, Jun, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p- 15, and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1865).

Snout rounded. Rostral small, broader than deep, just visible
from above; internasals very small; prefrontals broader than long;
frontal a little broader than long (or as long as broad), as long ag

VoL. II. x

306 COLUBRID 2.

its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the
parietals ; loreal twice as long as deep; two postoculars: temporals
142 (or 242); seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; four (or three) lower labials in contact with the single pair of
chin-shields, which are moderately large and separated from the
symphysial. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 143-158; anal entire;
subcaudals 19-33. Pale yellowish brown or orange above, with or
without dark edges to the scales; uniform whitish beneath.

Total length 330 millim.; tail 45.

Brazil ; Venezuela.

A. A broad black vertebral stripe and a black line along each side,
replaced by a series of spots on the anterior part of the body.
a. 3 (V. 148; C. 30). Caunavieras, south Dr. Wucherer [C.].
of Bahia. (Type.)

B. Two or four longitudinal series of black, light-edged, alternating
spots or narrow cross bars.

b,¢e. 9 (V. 152; C. 19) Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P.].
& her. (V. 158; C. 21).

d, e. Yg.(V. 145,143; C. Brazil? G. Lennox Conyngham,
26, 27). Esq. (P.].
nO 9. Atractus bocourti.

~~" / Rabdosoma maculatum, part., Bovourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 540,

pl. xxxv. fig. 1 (1883).

Snout obtuse. Rostral small, nearly as deep as broad, just
visible from above; internasals very small; prefrontals slightly
broader than long; frontal a little broader than long, as long as its
distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals; loreal
twice and a half as long asdeep; two postoculars ; temporals 1+2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the single pair of chin-shields, which are
moderately large and separated from the symphysial. Scales in
17 rows. Ventrals 175-191; anal entire; subcandals 25-39.
Pale brown above, with five longitudinal series of small black spots ;
a black streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye,
another along the nape, and a fifth along the tail; yellowish
beneath, with some irregular black blotches and on each side a
series of partly confluent small spots or short streaks, forming two
lines along the belly.

Total length 390 millim. ; tail 40.

Northern Peru, Ecuador.

a. Q (V.175; C. 25). Acomayo, N. Peru. Messrs. Veitch [P.].

l
Clo 10. Atractus maculatus. (Prare XIV. fig. 3.)

Isoscelis maculata, Giinth. Cat. p. 204 (1858).
Rhabdosoma maculatum, part., Giinth. i. ¢. p. 241.
Rabdosoma zebrinum, Jan, Arch. Zool, Anat. Phys, ii. 1862, p. 15,

112. arractus. 307

Snout rounded. Rostral small, once and a half as broad as deep,
just visible from above; internasals very small, a little broader
than long; preefrontals as long as broad; frontal slightly broader
than long, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, much
shorter than the parietals; loreal nearly thrice as long as deep;
two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
single pair of chin-shields, which are moderately large and separated
from the symphysial. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 148-159;
anal entire; subcaudals 21-26. Pale yellowish or reddish brown
above, some of the scales edged with black, with numerous regular
black transverse spots or bars; upper lip and lower parts uniform
whitish.

Total length 335 millim.; tail 40.

Brazil.
a o (V. 148; C. 26), Brazil P (Type.)
b. @ (V. 159; C. 21). Pernambuco. W. A. Forbes, Esq. [P. }.

11. Atractus major.

Rhabdosoma maculatum (non Giinth., 1858), Giinth. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1859, p. 411.

Rabdosoma badium, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 13, and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. i. fig. 1 (1865).

Snout obtuse. Rostral small, nearly as deep as broad, just
visible from above; internasals very small; prefrontals longer
than broad ; frontal as long as broad, or slightly longer than broad,
as long as its distance from the internasals or from the rostral,
much shorter than the parietals ; loreal twice and a half to thrice
and a half as long as deep; two postoculars; temporals 1+2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower
labials in contact with the single pair of chin-shields, which are
moderately large, and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 17
rows. Ventrals 163-182; analentire; subcaudals 30-45. Brown
above, with darker spots, which may be large and light-edged,
forming a handsome pattern ; labials yellowish, with brown sutures ;
yellowish beneath, dotted or spotted with brown or black.

Total length 700 millim. ; tail 80.

Ecuador, Brazil.

a-b,c. 2 (V.174,168; C. W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.}.
43, 30) & yg. (V. 163;
C. 43)

d. 9 (V.170; C.31). —_Intac, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C.}.
e. Yg. (V. 182; C. 36). Pallatanga, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley (C.].
f. Yg. (V. 169; C. 45). Canelos, Ecuador. Mr, Buckley [C.].

12. Atractus isthmicus.

Rabdosoma zebrinum (non Jan), Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept.
p. 539, pl. xxxiv. fig. 1 (1883).
x2

308 COLUBRID.

Rhegnops zebrinus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 178.
Geophis zebrina, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 94 (1893).

Snout rounded. Rostral small, nearly as deep as broad; inter-
nasals very small, broader than long; prefrontals a little longer
than broad; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ;
loreal twice as long as deep; two postoculars; temporals 1+2;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ; four lower
labials in contact with the single pair of chin-shields, which are
moderately large and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 17
rows. Ventrals 160; anal entire; subcaudals 34. Pinkish yellow
above, with about forty irregular transverse brown spots; lower
parts dotted all over with reddish brown.

Total length 155 millim. ; tail 18.

Tehuantepec.

13. Atractus badius.

Brachyorrhos badius, Bote, Isis, 1827, p. 540.

flammigerus, Bore, 1. c.

Calamaria badia, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 85 (1837).

Rabdosoma badium, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 95 (1854); Giiinth. Cat.
p. 11 (1858).

badium, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 18, and

Icon. Gén. 10, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1865).

badium, var. multicinctum, Jan, Ul. ce. p. 14, pl. iv. fig. 5.

? Rabdosoma badium, var. rubinianum, Jan, il. ce. fig. 4.

? Rabdosoma dubium, Jan, il. cc. p. 18, Icon. 11, pl. iii. fig. 4.

Rhabdosoma microrhynchum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 102.

Rabdosoma maculatum, part., Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 539,
pl. xxxiv. fig. 2 (1883).

Geophis badius, Boetty. Ber. Senckenb. Ges. 1888, p. 192.

Snout obtuse. Rostral small, a little broader than deep, just
visible from above; internasals very small; frontal as long as
broad or a little broader than long, as long as or shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals ;
loreal twice and a half to thrice and a half as long as deep; two
postoculars ; temporals 14+2; seven (exceptionally eight) upper
labials, third and fourth (or fourth and fifth) entering the eye ;
three or four lower labials in contact with the single pair of chin-
shields, which are rather elongate, moderately broad, and separated
from the symphysial. Scalesin 17rows. Ventrals 143-160 ; anal
entire; subcaudals 20-47. Coloration very variable.

Total length 430 millim. ; tail 60.

Guianas, Northern Brazil, Peru, Ecuador.

A. Dark brown above; anterior part of body paler brown or

reddish, with pairs of black annuli; belly uniform whitish or
with a median series of black spots.

a. @ (V. 155; C. 38). Surinam.
. 9 (V. 150, 153; Surinam. Hr. Kappler [C.}.

112. arractus. 309

d. 9 (V. 154; CO. 35). Surinam. eer Esq.
e. fo (V. 146; C. 47). Cayenne. =

B. Pale reddish brown above, with more or less regular black
cross bars ; belly spotted with brown.

FS. & (V. 154; C. ?). Surinam. Hy. Kappler [C.].

C. Black above, with pale brown cross bars; belly with a median
series of black spots.

g. 3 (V. 158; C.88). Yurimaguas, Hual- Dr, Hahnel [C.}.
laga R., N. Peru.

D. Pale reddish brown above; snout black, back of head yellow,
followed by a black collar; back with two alternating series of
black spots, connected on the anterior part of the body by a
black vertebral line ; belly dotted all over with brown.

h. 3 (V. 147; C. 30). Mandos, Brazil. Sr. A. Peixoto [C.].

EK. Brown above, with black-edged yellow cross bands; back of
head yellow; belly dotted with brown, with two series of
brown spots along the middle line.

ik. Q (V. 145, 164; Para.
C. 24, 24).

14. Atractus torquatus.

Calamaria badia, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 35 (1887).
Rabdosoma torquatum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 101 (1854).

varium, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, pp. 18, 125,
and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1865).

Snout obtusely pointed. Rostral small, nearly as deep as broad,
just visible from above; internasals very small; prefrontals at
least as long as broad; frontal once and one third to once and a
half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal three times as long as
deep; one postocular; temporals 1+1 or 142; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four (or three) lower
labials in contact with the single pair of chin-shields, which are
rather elongate, moderately broad, and separated from the sym-
physial. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 140-165; anal entire ;
subcaudals 35-47. Pale brown above, with small darker spots or
narrow cross bars; yellowish beneath, with small brown spots.

Total length 600 millim. ; tail 75.

Guianas.

a,b. 3 (V. 155; C, 47) & Demerara Falls.
@ (V. 165; C. 48).

ft

ee

case

310 COLUBRID&.

15. Atractus crassicaudatus.

Rabdosoma crassicaudatum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 103 (1854) ; Jan,
Arch, Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1862, p. 15, and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. ii.
fig. 1 (1865).

Rhabdosoma crassicaudatum, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 11 (1858).

Snout obtuse. Rostral small, nearly as deep as broad, just
visible from above; internasals very small; preefrontals as long as
broad ; frontal as broad as long or a little longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than
the parietals ; loreal at least twice as long as deep ; two postoculars ;
temporals 1+2; seven upper labials (rarely six), third and fourth
(or third) entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with
the single pair of chin-shields, which are moderately large and
separated from the symphysial. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 146-
161; anal entire; subcaudals 19-27. Dark purplish brown or
blackish above and below, with small yellowish spots on the back
and larger ones on the belly; outer row of scales yellowish; a
yellowish blotch on each temple.

Total length 230 millim.; tail 25. Reaches to 420 millim.

Colombia and Venezuela.

a. Q@ (V. 150; C. 22). Colombia.
b. Yg. (V. 146; C. 23). — Bogota.
ce. & (V. 147; C. 25). Caracas.
d, e. Skulls. Caracas.

>

16. Atractus duboisi.
Rabdosoma duboisi, Bowleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 44.

Snout obtuse. Rostral small, nearly as deep as broad ; inter-
nasals very small; prefrontals longer than broad; frontal slightly
broader than long, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal thrice as long as deep;
two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the single pair of chin-shields, which are rather elongate, moderately
broad, and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 150-172; anal entire; subcaudals 16-32. Dark brown
or blackish above, with two longitudinal series of small round
yellow spots; ventrals dark brown or black in the middle, yellow
on the sides; subcaudals black.

Total length 120 millim.; tail 9. Reaches to 335 millim.;
tail 25.

Andes of Ecuador.

a. Yg. (V. 172; C. 16). Intac. Mr. Buckley [C.].

17. Atractus occipitoalbus.

tabdosoma occipitoalbum, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 16, and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. ii. tig. 4 (1865).

112. arracrus. 311

Snout obtuse. Rostral small, as deep as broad, just visible from
above; internasals small; prafrontals as long as broad; frontal as
long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal nearly three times as long as
deep; two postoculars, lower very small and not in contact with
the temporal; temporals 142; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the single
pair of chin-shields, which are rather elongate, moderately broad,
and separated from the symphysial. Seales in 15 rows. Ventrals
150; anal entire; subcaudals 22. Black above and beneath;
parietal shields, temporal and gular regions white.

Total length 205 millim.; tail 24.

Western Andes of Ecuador. ,

18. Atractus reticulatus. (Pare XV. fig. 3.)

Geophis reticulatus, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xvi. 1885,
p. 87.

Snout rounded. Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible
from above; internasals very small; prefrontals as long as broad ;
frontal a little broader than long, as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal twice as
long as deep; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the single pair of chin-shields, which are moderately
large and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 156; anal entire; subcaudals 26. Pale brownish above,
each scale edged with dark brown; an ill-defined dark brown
collar; lower parts uniform whitish.

Total length 315 millim.; tail 40.

Southern Brazil.

a. 2 (V. 156, C. 26). S. Lorenzo, Riv Grande Dr. H. von Ihering [C.].
do Sul. (Type.)

19. Atractus emmeli.
Geophis emmeli, Boetig. Ber. Senckenb. Ges. 1888, p. 192, fig.

Snout rounded. Rostral somewhat broader than deep, just
visible from above; internasals very small; prefrontals as long as
broad ; frontal nearly once and a half as broad as long, a little
shorter than the prefrontals, much shorter than the parietals;
loreal more than twice as long as deep; two postoculars; temporals
142; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the single pair of chin-shields, which
are rather elongate, moderately broad, and separated from the
symphysial. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 167-170; anal entire ;
subcaudals 28-30. Dark brown or olive-grey above, somewhat
paler across the back of the head ; yellowish, greenish, or greyish

312 COLUBRID.

beneath, spotted with black ; posterior ventrals and subcaudals black,
with light edges.
Total length 303 millim. ; tail 34.

River Mapiri, Bolivia. / yor, 4e-
yy : q2 f PE he Yo JD 6 ant
Qa. bor gen Rat. a :
20. Atractus trilineatus.

Atractus tvilineatus, Wagl. Isis, 1828, p. 742, pl. x. figs. 1-4.

Rabdosoma lineatum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 105 (1854) ; Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 17, and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. il. fig. 5
(1885) ; Garm. Proc. Amer, Philos, Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 280.

Rhabdosoma lineatum, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 11 (1858).

Rabdosoma trivirgatum, Jan, //. cc. p. 17, pl. iii. fig. 1,

punctatovittatum, Jan, Ul. ec, p. 17, pl iii. fig. 2.

Geophis lineatus, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 15.

Snout obtusely pointed. Rostral small, as deep as broad, visible
from above; internasals small; prefrontals at least as long as
broad; frontal as broad as long, or a little broader than long, about
as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals :
loreal at least twice as long as deep; two postoculars (rarely one) ;
temporals 1+2, rarely 2+2; eight (rarely seven) upper labials,
fourth and fifth (or third and fourth) entering the eye; four or five
lower labials in contact with the single pair of chin-shields, which
are rather elongate, moderately broad, and separated from the
symphysial. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 125-150; anal entire ;
subcaudals 11-19. Brown above, with three or four darker longi-
éudinal lines; white beneath, uniform or with a few brown dots.

Total length 225 millim.; tail 15.

Guianas, Trinidad.

a-c. 3 (V. 125; C.18) & Berbice.
© (V. 187, 189; C. 12,

14).

d. 2 (V.181; C. 11). Demerara River. 8.8. Lawrence, Esq.

P.).

e-f. § (V. 181; C.19) Maccasseema, Brit. we L. Sclater, Esq.
& 2 (V.140; C. 12). Guiana. [P.].

g. 2 (V. 148; C. 18), Brit. Guiana.

A-l. 9 (V. 147, 140; C. Trinidad. H. B. Guppy, Esq.
13,18) & yg. (V. 140, [P.}.

136; CG. 14, 19).

m-g. d (V. 129; C.17) 8. America. My. Mather (C.].
& yg. (V. 130, 140, 135,
137; C. 17, 12,12, 19).

r. O (V. 133; C. 12). 8. America. C. Baker, Esq. [P.].

21. Atractus quadrivirgatus.

Rhabdosoma lineatum, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 11 (1858).

Adelphicos quadrivirgatum, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. lv, and Icon, Gén. 11, pl. iii. fig. 5 (1865) ; F. Miill. Verh. nat.
Ges, Basel, vi. 1878, p. 654; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Me.., Rept. p. 554,
Si fies. 11 & 12 (1883); Giinth. Biol, C-Am., Rept. p. 94
(1898),

112. arracrus. 313

Rhegnops visoninus, Cope, Proc. lc. Philad. 1866, p. 128.

—— sargii, Fischer, ’Tuhrb, Hamb. Wiss. Anst. ti. 1885, p. 92.
Adelphicus sargii, Cope, Bull. U.S, Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 85.
visoninus, Cope, le.

Snout obtuse. Rostral small, a little deeper than broad, visible
from above; prefrentals nearly as long as broad ; frontal nearly as
broad as long, as long as its distance from the rostral or from the
tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal at least twice as
long as deep ; two postoculars ; temporals 1+1, rarely 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; a single pair of
large chin-shiclds, separated from the symphysial; in consequence
of the great width of the chin-shields, the three anterior lower
lalials are much reduced, very narrow. Scalesin15 rows. Ventrals
126-144; anal divided; subcaudals 25-43. Pale reddish brown
above, with four or five dark brown or blackish longitudinal lines
or stripes ; white beneath, with a brown line along the middle of
the tail, and sometimes also along the belly.

Total length 365 millim.; tail 55.

Central America.

a. 9 (V. 133; CO. 35). Mexico. M. Salié [C.].

b. ¥g. (V. 126; C. 43). Honduras. Mr. Dyson [Ch

ce. Hgr. 2 (V. 141; C. Guatemala. Stuttgart Mus. [E.}.
28). (One of the types of RB. sargi.)

d. Q (V.144; 0.28). —P

22. Atractus fave.

Calamavria favee, Filippi, Cat. Ray. Serp. Mus. Pavia, p. 16 (1840).

Rabdosoma longicaudatum, Dum. § Babr. vii. p. 106 (1854) ; Giinth.
Cat. p. 12 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 15,
and Icon. Gén, 11, pl. i. fig. 2 (1865).

—— favie, Jan, ll. ce. p. 16, pl. ii. fig. 3.

Snout rounded. Rostral moderately large, a little broader than:

deep, just visible from above ; internasals small, broader than long ;
prefrontals broader than long ; frontal as long’ as broad, as long as
its distance from the frontal, much shorter than the parietals ; Jor eal
nearly twice as long as deep ; a small preeocular sometimes present,
above the loreal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; a single pair of
moderately large chin-shields, in contact with the symphysial and,
on each side, with three lower labials. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
171-185; anal entire; subcaudals 58-66. Tail long and thick,
ending in an obtuse point. Brown above, with darker spots and a
rather indistinct darker vertebral line; yellow (red ?) beneath, with
large black blotches, which mostly alternate.

Total length 420 millim.; tail 110.

Brazil ?

.3o (V.175; C. 58). -—? Dr. Giinther [P.].
5 8 (V. 172; C. 66) —? ,

i

314 COLUBRID.

ad 113. GEOPHIS.

Catostoma (non Lesueur), Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 194 (1880). __

Geophis, Wagler, 1. c. p. 842; Bocourt, Miss, Se. Mexr., Rept. p. 528
(1883). 7

Rabdosoma, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén, vii. p. 91 (1854) ; Giinth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 10 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii. 1862,
p. 10.

Colohognathus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1859, p. 275.

Geophidium, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 923.

Elapoides, part., Jan, J. v. p. 20.

Colophrys, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 130.

Parageophis, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 534.

Maxillary short, with 7 to 12 small, equal teeth; mandibular
teeth subequal. Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small,
with round or vertically subelliptic pupil; nostril between two
nasals ; no preocular, loreal and prefrontal entering the eye;
internasals and supraoculars present or absent; parietals in contact
with labials. Body cylindrical; scales smooth or keeled, without
apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or
short ; subcandals in two rows.

Central and South America.

Fig. 23.

Skull of Geophis semidoliatus.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. A single pair of chin-shields ; scales in 15 rows; ventrals 170.
1. poeppigit, p. 316.

113. eEorais. 315
II. Two pairs of chin-shields,

A. Maxillary bone extending in front much beyond the palatines ;
scales perfectly smooth.

A supraocular ; third upper labial enter-

ing the eye; scales in 15 rows; ven-

frals 147-174 gcc sec esweweey es aves 2. semidoliatus, p. 316.
No supraocular; third and fourth upper

labials entering the eye; scales in 17

rows ; ventrals 135-144 ............ 3. rhodogaster, p. 317.
B. Maxillary bone extending in front a little beyond the pala-
tines.
Scales in 15 rows, perfectly smooth; ven-
trals 176 ..... hacarguaiar tur gov nis Geta beoesccanie 4, dugesii, p. 317.
Scales in 15 rows, striated and keeled ;
ventrals 129-188.............2005- 5. sallai, p. 318.

Scales in 17 rows, striated and keeled on
the posterior half of the body; ventrals
WSI-1S4, ci cewiecarrias i coyideas 6. chalybeus, p. 318.

C. Maxillary bone not extending in front beyond the palatines.

1. Upper portion of rostral uot measuring more than one
third its distance from the frontal; scales in 15 rows.

Scales perfectly smooth on the anterior
part of the body, striated and very feebly
keeled further back ................ 7. hoffmanni, p. 319.
Scales very distinctly striated and keeled,
the kee] rather strong on the posterior / [p. 820.
part of the body and on the tail ...... 8. dolichocephalus,

2. Upper portion of rostral measuring at least two thirds its
distance from the frontal; scales all smooth, or those at
the base of the tail very faintly keeled.

a. Scales in 15 rows.

A supraocular; prefrontals as broad as

ONS” Bet gentirnns Ate sy cao wes oowees 9. petersii, p. 321.
A supraocular; prefrontals longer than

LONE IG a cskcae ide comwausbhoum acs: 10. championi, p. 321.
No supraocular.......... 06.000 e eee 11. godmana, p. 322.

b. Scales in 17 rows.

First lower labial in contact with its fellow

behind the symphysial.............. 12. dubius, p. 322.
Symphysial in contact with the anterior

chin-shields .........-.. 000 ee eeue 13. rostralis, p. 323,

316 COLUBRIDE.

1. Geophis poeppigii.
Rabdosoma pippigi, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii, 1862, p. 11, and
Icon. Gén, 10, pl. iii. fig. 4 (1865).

Eye very small, much shorter than its distance from the mouth.
Snout rounded. Rostral rather large, once and a half as broad as
deep, the portion visible from above about half as long as its
distance from the frontal ; internasals and prefrontals much broader
than long; frontal much broader than long, as long as its distance
from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals; supraocular
small; loreal nearly twice as long as deep, shorter than the two
nasals togethér ; one postocular; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye, fifth largest; a single pair of chin-shields, in
contact with four lower labials and separated from the symphysial.
Scales smocth, in 15 rows. Ventrals 170; anal entire; subcaudals
? Brown above; barred brown and white beneath; on the
anterior part of the body the white bars of the ventral surface
extend some way up the sides; upper lip and temporal region white.

Total length 570 millim.

Brazil.

2. Geophis semidoliatus.

Rabdosoma semidoliatum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 93 (1854).

Rhabdosoma semidoliatum, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 10 (1858).

Geophis semidoliatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1859, p. 276; Bocourt,
Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 534, pl. xxxi. fig. 7 (1883); Giinth. Biol.
C-Am., Rept. p. 90 (1893).

Catostoma semidoliatum, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 339.

Elapoides semidoliatus, Jan, Arch. Zool, Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 22,
and Icon, Gén. 12, pl. ii. tig. 1 (1865).

Maxillary extending considerably beyond the palatine in front,
the first tooth below the nostril. Eye extremely small, its length
hardly half its distance from the mouth. Snout rounded, project-
ing. Rostral rather large, a little broader than deep, the portion
visible from above measuring one third to two fifths its distance
from the frontal; internasals a little broader than long, about two
fifths the length of the preefrontals, which are nearly as long as
broad ; frontal as long as broad, or slightly broader than long; as
long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals ;
supraocular small; loreal once and two thirds to twice as long as
broad; a minute postocular, sometimes fused with the supra-
ocular ; five upper labials, third entering the eye ; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the
posterior and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows,
everywhere pertectly smooth. Ventrals 147-174; anal entire;
subcandals 24-28. More or less regularly barred black and yellow
or orange above, uniform yellowish beneath; head and nape black,
with a yellowish bar across the temples and the parietal shields.

Total length 330 millim.; tail 30.

Mexico.

113. GEOPHIs. 317

a-c, § (V. 155; C. 28) Jalapa.
& 2 (V. 173, 172;

C, 25, ?).
d-e. 3 (V. 147; C. 26) Jalapa. Mr. Hoege [C.].
& 2 (V.174; C. 24).
F. Ye. (V. 162; C. 27). Orizaba.
g. 3 (V. 147; C. 26). Huatuzco. F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].
h. 2 (V. 160; C. 25). Mexico. Mr. Hugo Finck [C.].
a Skull. Jalapa.

3. Geophis rhodogaster.

Colophrys rhodogaster, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 180, fig.

Geophis rhodogaster, Bocourt, Miss, Se. Mex., Rept. p. 531, pl. xxxi.
fig. 12 (1883).

chalybzea, part., Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 87 (1898).

Maxillary extending considerably beyond the palatine in front,
the first tooth below the suture between the first and second labial
shields. Eye very small, measuring two thirds to three fourths its
distance from the mouth. Snout rounded, feebly projecting. Rostral
moderate, slightly broader than deep, the portion visible from above
measuring about one third its distance from the frontal ; internasals
nearly twice as broad as long, one half to two fifths the length of
the préefrontals ; preefrontals a little broader than long; frontal
broader than long, as long as or a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; no supra-
ocular, frontal bordering the eye; loreal nearly twice as long as
deep; one postocular ; six upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior,
and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 17 rows, every where
perfectly smooth. Ventrals 135-144; anal entire; subcaudals 30-
43. Uniform dark brown above; upper lip, outer row of scales, and
lower parts uniform orange.

Total length 345 millim.; tail 55.

Yucatan, Guatemala, Costa Rica.

a-b. § (V.141; C. 32) & Rio Chisoy, below the 0, Salvin, Esq. [C.].
2 (V. 136; C. 38). town of Cubulco,
Guatemala,

4, Geophis dugesii.
Geophis dugesii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 573, pl. xxxvii.

fic. 1 (1883) ; Dugés, La Naturaleza, vi. 1884, p. 359, pl. ix. fig. 1.
Elapoides dugesi, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 386.

Eye quite as long as its distance from the mouth. Snout rounded,
feebly prominent. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible
from above measuring hardly one third its distance from the frontal ;
internasals nearly twice as broad as long, two fifths the length of
the prefrontals, which are as broad as long; frontal slightly longer

318 COLUBRID.

than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; a narrow supraocular; loreal nearly
twice as long as deep; one postocular; six upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior and
separated from the symphysial. Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Ven-
trals 176; anal entire; subcaudals 44. Black above, with widely
separated yellowish cross bars ; lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 220 millim. ; tail 40.

Tangancienaro, Mexico.

5. Geophis sallai. (Prare XVI. fig. 1.)
Geophis chalyhea, part., Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 87 (1893).

Maxillary extending a little beyond the palatine in front, the
first tooth corresponding to the suture between the second and
third labial shields. Eye very small, measuring two thirds to three
fourths its distance from the mouth. Snout rounded, feebly pro-
jecting. Rostral moderate, a little broader than deep, the portion
visible from above measuring one fourth to one third its distance
from the frontal; internasals much broader than long, one fifth to
one fourth the length of the preefrontals, which are longer than
broad; frontal as long as broad or slightly broader than long, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parictals; a very small supraocular ; loreal twice to twice and a
half as long as deep; one postocular; six upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than
the posterior and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 15
rows, smooth on the nape, finely striated and feebly but very
distinctly keeled on the body and base of tail. Ventrals 129-143;
anal entire; subcaudals 30-41. Blackish brown above, scales of
outer row lighter in the centre; belly uniform yellowish white ;
subcaudals edged with brown.

Total length 300 millim. ; tail 55.

Mexico.

u, be. f (V. 129; C. 41) Mexico. M, Sallé [C.}.
& O05, 188) 18g G:
36, 30).

6. Geophis chalybezus.

Catostoma chalybeum, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 194 (1830).

Geophis chalybeus, Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1859, p. 275; Bocourt,
Miss, Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 530, pl. xxxi. fig. 11 (1883).

Elapoides sieboldi, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 21, and
Icon. Gén, 12, pl. i. fig. 4 (1865).

Catostoma nasale, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1868, p. 131, fig.

Ninia sieboldii, Garm. NV. Am. Rept. p. 96 (1883).

Rhabdosoma nasale, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soe, xxii. 1885,
p. 385.

113. @eoPHIs. 319

Elapoides chalybzeus, Cope, /. c. p. 386,
Geophis chalybea, part., Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 87 (1898).
—— mesta, part., Giinth. l. c. p. 90, pl. xxxiii. fig. C.

Maxillary extending a little beyond the palatine in front, the
first tooth corresponding to the suture between the second and third
labial shields. Eye very small, measuring two thirds to three
fourths its distance from the mouth. Snout rounded, feebly pro-
jecting. Rostral moderate, as deep as broad or a little broader than
deep, the portion visible from above measuring one third to two
fifths its distance from the frontal; internasals much broader than
long, one fourth to one third the length of the prefrontals, whith
are longer than broad; frontal as long as broad or slightly broader
than long, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; a very small supraccular ; loreal twice
to twice and a half as long as deep; one postocular; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower
Jabials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer
than the posterior and separated from the symphysial. Scales in
17 rows, smooth on the anterior part of the body, finely striated and
feebly keeled on the posterior part and on the base of the tail.
Ventrals 131-154; anal entire; subcaudals 25-40. Blackish brown
above, scales of outer row lighter in the centre; young with a
yellowish blotch across temples and occiput ; belly uniform yellowish
white; subcaudals edged with brown.

Total length 330 millim.; tail 45.

Mexico and Guatemala.

a. Yg. (V. 182; C. 40). Amula, Guerrero, Mr. H. H. Smith [C.];
F.D. Godman, Esq. | P.].
b-c. 9 (V. 188,140; C. Dueiias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
30, ?).
d. Hen very bad state. Pacific coast of 0. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
Guatemala.

7. Geophis hoffmanni.

Colobognathus hoffmanni, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1859, p. 276, pl. —.
fig. 2.

Papoides hoffmanni, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 22,
and Teon. Gén. 12, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1865).

Geophis meestus, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 15.

hoffnanni, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 529, pl. xxxi. fig. 8
1883).

et en mestum, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887,

. 85.
Gesonts chalybea, part., Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 87 (1893).
meesta, part., Giinth, 1. ¢. p. 90.

Maxillary not extending beyond palatine in front, the first tooth
corresponding to the suture between the second and third labial
shields. Eye small, as long as or a little shorter than its distance
from the mouth. Snout rounded, feebly projecting. Rostral mode-
rate, as deep as broad or slightly broader than deep, the portion

320 COLUBRID.&.

visible from above measuring one fourth to one third its distance
from the frontal; internasals much broader than long, one fourth
to one third the length of the prefrontals, which are longer than
broad; frontal as long as broad or slightly broader than long, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; a very small supraocular; loreal twice
to twice and a half as long as deep; one postocular (rarely two) :
six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little
longer than the posterior and separated from the symphysial. Scales
in 15 rows, smooth on the anterior part of the body, finely striated
and feebly keeled on the posterior part and on the base of the tail.
Ventrals 124-145; anal entire; subcaudals 28-36. Blackish
brown above, young with a more or less distinct yellowish blotch
across temples and occiput ; ventrals and subcaudals brown edged
with whitish, or whitish edged with brown.
Total length 450 millim. ; tail 70.

Costa Rica.
a, Her. g (V. 180; C. Costa Rica. Prof. Peters [E.].
34). (One of the types.)
b-e, f. 9 (V. 141, 141, Irazu, Costa Rica. O. Salvin & F. D.
145,138; C. 34, 34, Godman, Esqrs. [P.].
36, 84) & her. (V.
135; ©. 36).

g. Yg. (V. 145 ; C. 86). Cartago, Costa Rica. (Type of G. mastus.)

8. Geophis dolichocephalus.

Colobognathus dolichocephalus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871,
p. 211 *; Giinth. Zool. Ree. 1872, p. 72.
Geophis chalybzus, var., Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,
16

p. 16.
Catostoma dolichocephalum, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876,
p- 147.
Elapoides dolichocephalus, Cope, Proc. Amer, Philos. Soc. xxii.
1885, p. 386.
Geophis dolichocephalus, Giinth. Biol. C.--Am., Rept. p. 87 (1893).
chalybeea, var. quadrangularis, Giinth. 1. c. p. 89, pl. xxxiii.
fig. B.

Maxillary not extending beyond palatine in front, the first tooth
corresponding to the suture between the second and third labial
shields. Eye small, nearly as long as its distance from the mouth.
Rostral moderate, as deep as broad, the portion visible from above
measuring about one third its distance from the frontal ; internasals
broader than long, one fourth to one third the length of the pra-
frontals, which are longer than broad ; frontal as long as broad, as

* It appeared to me probable that “thirteen longitudinal series of scales,”
in the description, was a slip of the pen or a misprint for “ fifteen longitudinal
series.” Having communicated with Prof. Cope on this matter, he has kindly
examined the type specimen, and informs me that the scales are in 15 rows.

113. axopuis. OH:

long as its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than
the parietals; a small supraocular ; loreal twice and a half as long
as deep; one postocular ; six upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are longer than the posterior and separated from the sym-
physial. Scales in 15 rows, smooth on the nape, finely striated and
keeled on the body and tail, the keels quite strong on the posterior
part of the back and on the base of the tail. Ventrals 131-138;
anal entire; subcaudals 39-46. Black above, with two alternating
series of large yellowish spots, some of which are confluent and
form cross bars; belly uniform white, tail blackish.

Total length 290 millim. ; tail 35.

Costa Rica.

a-b. 9 (V.135, 188; C. ?, 46). Cartago, Costa Rica.

9. Geophis petersii. (Prare XVI. fig. 2.)
Geophis chalybza, part., Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 87 (1893).

Maxillary not extending beyond palatine in front, the first tooth
corresponding to the suture between the second and third labial
shields. Eye very small, measuring two thirds to three fourths
its distance from the mouth. Snout obtusely pointed, pro-
minent. Rostral slightly deeper than broad, the portion visible
from above measuring three fourths its distance from the
frontal ; internasals twice as broad as long, one third the length
of the prefrontals, which are as long as broad; frontal as long
as broad, a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; a small supraocular; loreal twice
and a half as long as broad; one postocular; six upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are not longer than the pos-
terior and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows,
smooth, a few at the base of the tail faintly keeled. Ventrals 144—
145; anal entire; subcaudals 35-36. Uniform dark brown above,
white beneath.

Total length 200 millim. ; tail 28.

Mexico.

a-b, 3 (V. 144; C. 36) City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.].
& 9 (V.145; ©. 35).

10. Geophis championi. (Pare XVI. fig. 3.)
Geophis chalybzea, part., Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept, p. 87 (1898).

Maxillary not extending beyond palatine in front, the first tooth
corresponding to the suture between the second and third labial
shields. Eye very small, measuring two thirds its distance from
the mouth. Shout obtusely pointed, prominent. Rostral a little

VoL. II. Y

322 COLUBRID.

deeper than broad, the portion visible from above measuring three
fourths its distance from the frontal; internasals broader than long,
half as long as the preefrontals, which are a little longer than broad ;
frontal nearly as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, a little shorter than the parictals ; a small supraocular ;
loreal twice as long as deep; one postocular; six upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are not longer than the pos-
terior and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows, all
perfectly smooth. Ventrals 125; anal entire; subcaudals 33.
Uniform iridescent black above; ventrals and subcaudals whitish
edged with blackish.

Total length 250 millim. ; tail 40.

Panama.
a. 3 (V. 125; C. 33), Chiriqui. J. G. Champion, Esq. [C.];

F. D. Godman, Esq. [P.].

11. Geophis godmani. (Prare XVI. fig. 4.)
Geophis chalybeea, part., Giinth. Biol. C--Am., Rept. p. 87 (1898).

Maxillary not extending beyond palatine in front, the first tooth
corresponding to the suture between the second and third labial
shields. Eye small, a little shorter than its distance from the
mouth. Snont obtusely pointed, very prominent. Rostral rather
large, slightly deeper than broad, the portion visible from above
measuring two thirds or three fourths its distance from the frontal ;
internasals a little broader than long, half as long as the prefrontals,
which are a little longer than broad; frontal as long as broad, as
long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals ; no supraocular ; prefrontal forming
a narrow suture with the parietal between the frontal and the eye ;
loreal once and a half as long as broad; a minute postocular ; six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are not longer than
the posterior and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 15
rows, all perfectly smooth. Ventrals 144-145; anal entire; sub-
caudals 27-28. Uniform blackish brown above, yellowish beneath ;
a few transverse brown blotches under the tail, sometimes also on
the belly.

Total length 400 millim. ; tail 55.

Costa Rica.

a-b. 9 (V. 145; C. 28) & Irazu, Costa Rica. O. Salvin & F. D. God-

her. (V. 144; C. 27). man, Esqrs. [P.].

12. Geophis dubius.

Geophidium dubium, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 923.

Geophis fuscus, Fischer, Abh, naturw. Ver. Hamb. ix. 1886, p. 11,
pl. ii. fig. 5.

—— chalybeea, part., Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 87 (1893).

113. GEopHis. 323

Maxillary not extending beyond palatine in front, the first tooth
corresponding to the suture between the second and third labial
shields. Eye very small, its length about two thirds its distance
from the mouth. Snout obtusely pointed, very prominent. Rostral
rather large, as deep as broad, or a little deeper than broad, the
portion visible from above measuring at least two thirds its distance
from the frontal; internasals often fused with the preefrontals *;
frontal as long as broad or slightly broader than long, as long as or
a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; a very small supraocular; loreal once
and a half to twice as long as broad; one postocular; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior and separated from the sympbysial.
Scales in 17 rows, perfectly smooth, a few at the base of the tail
with faint traces of keels. Ventrals 1384-146; anal entire; sub-
caudals 43-48. Uniform dark brown or blackish above, yellowish
white beneath.

Total length 340 millim.; tail 60.

Mexico.
a-b. o (V. 184; C. 48) & Mexico. M. Sallé [C.}.
Q (V. 146; C. 43).
ec. Her. § (V. 141; C. 48). Jalapa. Dr. J. G. Fischer.

(Type of G. fuscus.)

13. Geophis rostralis.

Elapoides rostralis, Jan, Icon. Gén. 12, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1865).

Geophis dubius, Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 532, pl. xxxi.
fig. 9 (1883).

rostralis, Bocourt, 1. c. p. 583, pl. xxxi. fig. 10; Giimth. Biol.
C.-Am., Rept. p. 89 (1893).

Rhabdosoma rostrale, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887,
p. 85.

Maxillary not extending beyond palatine in front, the first tooth
corresponding to the suture between the second and third labial
shields. Liye very small, its length about two thirds its distance
from the mouth. Snout obtusely pointed, very prominent. Rostral
rather large, as deep as broad, the portion visible from above measur-
ing at least two thirds its distance from the frontal ; the internasals
may be fused with the prefrontals +; frontal slightly broader than
long, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals; a very small supraocular; loreal once and a half
to twice as long as deep; one postocular, sometimes fused with the
supraocular ; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
anterior chin-shields longer than the posterior, in contact with the

* Inspec. a the internasals are distinct; in 6 the left internasal is fused
with the prefrontal; in c the internasals are no longer distinguishable.
+ As in the specimen in the Collection.

EL

324 COLUBRID.

symphysial and with three labials. Scales in 17 rows, perfectly
smooth, a few at the base of the tail with faint traces of keels.
Ventrals 186-151; anal entire; subcaudals 36-48. Uniform
blackish brown above, yellowish white beneath.

Total length 310 millim. ; tail 50.

Mexico. :

a. 9 (V.146; C. 40). Mexico. M. Sallé [C.}.

114. CARPHOPHIS.

Calamaria, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 25 (1837).

Carphophis, Gervais, in D’Orbigny, Dict. d Hist. Nat. iii. p. 191
(1849) ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 17 (1858) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat.
Phys. ii. 1862, p. 23; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 535°
(1883).

Carphophiops, Gerv. 1. c.; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 78, and
Proc. US. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 596.

Carpophis, part., Dum. § Bibr. Mém. Ac. Se. xxiii. 1858, p. 442.

Celuta, Baird §& Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 129 (1853) ; Cope, Proe.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 599.

Carphophis, part., Dum. § Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 181 (1854).

Maxillary teeth very small, subequal, about 10; mandibular
teeth subequal. Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small,
with round pupil; internasals present or absent; supraocular very
small; nostril in a single nasal; no przocular, loreal and pre-
frontal entering the eye. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without
apical pits, in 13 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals
in two rows.

North America,

1. Carphophis amenus.

Coluber ameenus, Say, Journ. Ac. Philad. iv. 1825, p. 237; Harl.
Journ. Ac. Philad. v. 1827, p. 855, and Med. Phys. Res. p. 118
(1835) ; Storer, Rep. Fish. & Rept Mass. p. 226 (1839).

ey amcena, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 31, pl. i. figs. 19 & 20

837).

Brachyorrhos amenus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. iii. ¢. 115, pl. xxvii.
(1842).

Carphophis amcena, Gerv. in D' Orb. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. iii. p. 191
(1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 181 (1854); Giinth. Cat. p. 18 (1858) ;
Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 23, and Icon. Gén. 12,
pl. i. fig. 4 (1865); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 100, pl. vii. fig. 1
(1883); Bocourt, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 535, pl. xxii. figs. 1
& 2 (1883) ; H. Garm. Bull. Illin. Lab. iii. 1892, p. 809; Hay,
Bar. § Rept. Indiana, p. 78 (1898).

Carphophiops vermiformis, Gerv. J. ¢.

Celuta amoena, Baird § Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 129 (1858).

vermis, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 99.

helene, Kennicott, 1. c. p. 100.

Carphophiops amcena, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 79, and Proc.

WS. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 596,

115. srinosoma. 325

Carphophiops vermis, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 34 (1876),
and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892, p. 597.

helene, Cope, J. ¢.

Carphophis helenee, Garm. lc. p. 100; H. Garm. 1. c. p. 308.

Snout rounded, somewhat projecting. Rostral as deep as broad,
the portion visible from above one half to two thirds as long as its
distance from the frontal; nasal entire; internasals distinct, or
fused with the prefrontals; supraocular very small; frontal as long
as broad or a little longer, longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal about twice as long as
deep ; an elongate temporal; five upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye, fifth largest; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 112-138; anal divided; subcaudals
24-37. Brown above, yellowish (red in life) beneath.

Total length 300 millim. ; tail 50.

Mississippi Valley and eastwards as far north as Massachusetts.

A. Internasals distinct.

a. @ (V.181; C. 28).

6. 3 (V. 123; C. 37).

e. 2 (V. 121; C. 28).

d,e. 2 (V. 188, 181;
C. 27, 27).

f. 3 (V. 126; C. 36).

g- 2 (V. 181; C. 25).

Delaware. E. Doubleday, Es.
P.).

Pennsylvania. Christiania Museum.

Pennsylvania.

N. America. Lord Ampthill [P.].

B. No internasals.

Illinois.
Llinois. Smithsonian Institution.

h-k. 9 (V. 120, 125,

Bloomington, Indiana. C. Bollman, Esq. [C.].
127; C. 24, 25, 28). a

a
ws

115. STILOSOMA.* “ ‘
Stilosoma, A. E. Brown, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1890, p. 199; Cope, Proc.
U.S. Nat, Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 595.

Head not distinct from neck ; eye moderately small; one nasal;
internasals distinct, or fused with the prefrontals ; no loreal; pre-
ocular present or absent; parietals in contact with the labials.
Body very slender, cylindrical and rigid; scales smooth, without
pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tailshort ; subcandals in two

rows.
Florida.

1. Stilosoma extenuatum.
Stilosoma extenuata, 4. FE. Brown, l. c.
Snout rounded. Rostral prominent but not recurved; supra-

* Mr. A. Erwin Brown informs me (12 Aug., 1893) that, since describing
this remarkable new genus, he has received three more specimens from Lake Kerr,
Florida, no two of which agree in the lepidosis of the head. I havetherefore modi-
fied the diagnosis according to the notes he has kindly communicated to me.

326 COLUBRID.

ocular short and broad; frontal hexagonal; parietal large, in
contact with the fifth labial ; two small postoculars ; three temporals,
the first between the fifth and sixth labials and the parietal; six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest ; three
pairs of chin-shields, Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 235; anal
entire; subcaudals 44. Silvery grey above, with a series of dark
brown black-edged spots; an elongate triangular dark patch on the
parietals, pointing backwards; a dark bar running back from the
eye to the upper margin of the labials ; fore part of the head macu-
lated with black ; lower surface silvery grey, much blotched with
plack.

Total length 532 millim. ; tail 50.

Florida.

116. GEAGRAS.

Geagras, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 141.
Sphenocalamus, Fischer, Oster-Progr. Akad. Gymn. Hamb. 1883,
p. 5.

Maxillary teeth 12, very small, equal ; mandibular teeth very small,
equal. Head not distinct from neck; snout much depressed,
strongly projecting, with angular horizontal edge; eye very small,
with round pupil; nostril between two large nasals and the inter-
nasal; no loreal, posterior nasal in contact with the preocular.
Body cylindrical, short ; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 15
rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.

Mexico.

1. Geagras redimitus.

Geagras redimitus, Cope, l.c., and Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
p. 177.

Sphenocalamus lineolatus, Fischer, 7. c. pl. —. figs. 3-5.

Geophis redimita, Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 92 (1893).

Rostral very large, flat beneath, its upper portion convex and as
long as its distance from the frontal; internasals broad, shorter
than the prefrontals ; frontal large, a little longer than broad, longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than
the parietals; supraocular narrow; one pre- and one postocular ;
temporals 1+2; six upper labials, fourth bordering the eye, fifth
in contact with the parietal ; two pairs of chin-shields, anterior in
contact with the symphysial, posterior small. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 117-119; anal divided ; subcaudals 25-3U. Pale reddish
above, each scale on the anterior half of the body with a brown
median streak; head brown above, with two yellow longitudinal
streaks meeting on the rostral; lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 185 millim.; tail 25.

Western Mexico.

a @ (V. 117; C. 29), Mexico. L. Greening, Esq. [P.].

117. MAcRocALawus.—118. rpr0PHOLIs, 327

117. MACROCALAMUS.
Macrocalamus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 198 (1864).

Maxillary teeth about 10, subequal; mandibular teeth subequal.
Head not distinct from neck; eye small, with round pupil; nostril
pierced between a nasal and the first upper labial ; no internasals ;
no loreal; a preocular. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without
apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals
in two rows.

Malay Peninsula ?

1. Macrocalamuis lateralis.
Macrocalamus lateralis, Giinth. 1. c. p. 199, pl. xviii. fig. D.

Rostral deeper than broad, extending on to the upper surface of
the head, separating the nasals; frontal longer than broad, a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals ; one pre- and one postocular: temporals 1+2;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; first lower
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-
shields small and separated from each other. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 118; anal entire ; subcaudals 20. Reddish brown above,
with a few small blackish spots ; a dark brown lateral stripe, enclos-
ing a series of small whitish spots; whitish inferiorly, with a few
brown dots.

Total length 300 millim.; tail 32.

Malay Peninsula?

a. & (V.118; C. 20). —-? Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
(Type)
118. IDIOPHOLIS.
Idiopholis, Wocguard, Le Natur. 1892, p. 35, and Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr.
v. 1892, p. 191.

Maxillary teeth numerous, very small and equal. Head not
distinct from neck; eye very small, with round pupil; nostril
pierced between two small nasals; a pair of small internasals
separated by a small azygous shield; no supraocular; no loreal ;
no preocular ; no anterior temporal. Body cylindrical ; scales
smooth, without apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
short; subcaudals in two rows.

Borneo.

1. Idiopholis collaris.

Idiopholis collaris, Mocquard, Le Natur. 1892, p. 35, and Mém. Soc.
Zool. Fr. v. 1892, p. 191, pl. vii. fig. 1.

Snout short, obtuse. Rostral narrow, deeper than broad; frontal
broader than long, as long as the preefrontals, about half as long as
the parictals ; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye,
fifth largest and forming a suture with the parictal ; anterior chin-

328 COLUBRID.

shields longer than the posterior. Scalesin ]5 rows. Ventrals 127 ;
anal entire; subcaudals 28. Dark brown above, somewhat lighter
beneath ; a broad yellowish-white collar behind the parietals.

Total length 190 millim.

Sebroeang Valley, N.E. Borneo.

119. RHABDOPHIDIUM.

Rabdion, part., Dum. § Bibr. Mém. Ac. Set. xxiii. 1868, p. 441, and
Erp. Gén, vii. p. 115 (1854) *.

Rhabdion, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 248 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool.
Anat. Phys. ii, 1862, p. 28.

Maxillary teeth 10 to 12, subequal: mandibular teeth subequal.
Head not distinct from neck; eye small, with round pupil; nostril
pierced in a small nasal, which is in contact with or narrowly
separated from the preocular; a pair of internasals; no temporals,
the parietals in contact with the labials. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
short ; subcaudals in two rows.

Celebes.

1. Rhabdophidium forsteni.
Rabdion forsteni, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 116 (1854); Giinth. Cat.

p. 243 (1858) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1862, p. 29, and
Icon. Gén. 13, pl. i. fig. 4 (1865).

Snout rather pointed. Rostral broader than deep, well visible
from above; suture between the internasals a little shorter than
that between the prefrontals; frontal longer than broad, longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than
the parietals, about twice as broad as the supraocular; a rather
large preocular, reaching or nearly reaching the nasal; one post-
ocular; five (or six) upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ;
three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are longer than the posterior. Scalesin 15 rows. Ventrals 137—
158; anal entire; subcaudals 22-31. Uniform blackish above,
brown beneath.

Total length 370 millim. ; tail 45.

Celebes.

a, b. 2 (V. 158, 158; C. 26, 22). — Celebes,

120. PSEUDORHABDIUM.
Rahbdion, part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém, Ac, Sc. xxiii. 1858, p. 441, and
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 115 (1854).
Pseudorabdion, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 10.
Oxycalamus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 199 (1864).

Maxillary teeth 10 to 12, subequal; anterior mandibular teeth
slightly longer than the posterior. Head not distinct from neck ;

* Name preoccupied (Rhabdium, Wallr., 1833).

120. psEUDORHARDIUM. 32¢

eye small, with round pupil; nostril pierced in a minute nasal ;
internasals small; no loreal; preeocular small or absent; no tem-
porals, the parietals in contact with the labials. Body cylindrical ;
scales smooth, without apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail short; subcaudals in two rows,

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

1. Pseudorhabdium longiceps.

Calamaria longiceps, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 63, pl. —. fig. 1
(1847).

Rahdion torquatum, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 119 (1854); Peters, Mon.
Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 684.

Pseudorabdion torquatum, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p- 10, and Icon. Gién. 10, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1865).

Oxycalamus longiceps, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 199 (1864);
Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng, xiii. 1873, p. 120. :

Pseudorhabdion longiceps, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xvi.
1885, p. 389.

Snout rather pointed. Rostral small, as deep as broad, well
visible from above; suture between the internasals one third or
one fourth the length of that between the prefrontals; frontal a
little longer than broad, as long as or a little shorter than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals, more than twice
as broad as the supraocular ; preocular small (rarely absent) ; one
postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields; three lower
labiaisin contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are about twice
as large as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 129-146;
anal entire; subcaudals 10-28. Tail pointed. Iridescent brown or
black, with or without a yellowish collar; usually a yellowish
vertical spot above the angle of the mouth.

Total length 230 millim. ; tail 35 (¢).

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes.

a. & (V.182; C. 25). Pinang. Dr. Cantor. (Type.)
b-c. § (V. 182; 0.24) & Perak. L. Wray, Esq. [P.].
(V. 141; C. 19).

d. 2 (V. 148; C. 18). Perak. G. E. Dobson, Esq. [P.].
e. 9 (V. 188; C. 20). Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.}.
J. Yg. (V. 180; C. 28). Singapore. H.N. Ridley, Esq. [P.].
g-h. 3 (V. 182; C. 28) & Deli, Sumatra. Prof. Moesch [C.].

© (V. 146; C. 19).
a. 2 (V. 187: C. 10). Nias. Hr. Sundermann [C.].
k. @ (V. 1387; C. 21). Pontiana, Borneo. Prof. Peters [P.].
Lo (V. 129; C. 28), Borneo.

2. Pseudorhabdium oxycephalum.

Rhabdosoma oxycephalum, Giinth. Cat. p. 242 (1858).
Oxycalamus oxycephalus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 168, fig.

Closely allied to the preceding, but differing in the following

330 COLUBRID As.

characters :—Frontal a little broader than long, about half as long
as the parictals; supraocular smaller still and confluent with the
postocular; no preocular. Uniform iridescent blackish brown.
Total length 280 millim.; tail 20.
Philippine Islands.

a. 2 (V.152; C. 16). Philippines. =H. Cuming, Esq. [C.}. (Type.)
&. 3 (V. 136; C. 23). Negros. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C. ].

121. CALAMARIA.

Calamaria, Bote, in Férnussac, Bull. Sc. Nat. ix. 1826, p. 236, and Isis,
1827, p.519 ; Dum. § Bibr. Erp. G&. vii. p. 60 (1854); Giinth. Cat.
Col. Sn. p. 3 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 4;
Giinth,. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 195 (13864); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept.
p. 231 (1890).

Calamaria, part., Schley. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 25 (1837).

Typhlocalamus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 595.

Maxillary teeth 8 to 11, subequal; anterior mandibular teeth a
little longer than the posterior. Head not distinct from neck; eye
small, with round pupil; nostril pierced in a minute nasal; no
loreal ; no internasals ; preocular present or absent ; no temporals,

Skull of Calamaria linnei.

the parietals in contact with the labials. Body cylindrical ; scales
smooth, without apical pits, in 13 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
short; subcaudals in two rows.

From Assam, Burma, and 8. China to the Malay Archipelago.

121. CALAMARIA. 331

Synopsis of the Species.
I. 129 to 225 ventrals.

A. Five or six upper labials, third and fourth or fourth and fifth
entering the eye.

1. Frontal longer than broad.
a. Symphysial in contact with the chin-shields.
a. Frontal not twice as broad as the supraocular.
* Rostral broader than deep.

Diameter of the eye less than its distance

from the mouth ...............45. 1. lumbricoidea, p. 333.
Diameter of the eye equal to its distance
from the mouth...............645 2. vermiformis, p. 333.

Diameter of the eye more than its distance

from the mouth ; frontal shorter than

the parietals ........... Syikdon bane 3. stahlkenechtii, p. 335.
Diameter of the eye more than its distance

from the mouth; frontal as long as

the parietals .......... eee eee eee 4. baluensis, p. 335.

** Rostral as deep as broad.
+ Frontal as long as the parietals.

Frontal once and two thirds as long as

broad sas aes be anbiore twee ou 5. grabowskii, p. 336.
Frontal once and a half as long as broad. 6. albiventer, p. 336.
Frontal once and one third as long as

DYOAd ¢0da nana gins date aee ae 7. margaritifera, p. 336.
tt Frontal shorter than the parietals.
Ventrals 126-144 .................. 8. prakkii, p. 337.
Ventrals 175-195 .. 6.6... 0... eee ee 9. grayt, p. 338.

B. Frontal at least twice as broad as the supraocular.
Rostral as deep as broad; frontal as long

the parietals ...............-005. 10. bitorques, p. 338,
Rostral as deep as broad ; frontal shorter
than the parietals ................ ll. gervaisii, p. 338.

Rostral a little broader than deep ; frontal
a little shorter than the parietals .... 12. sumatrana, p. 339,

6. First lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the
symphysial,
a. A preocular; a postocular.

* Frontal not more than twice as broad as the supra-
ocular.

+ Diameter of the eye much more than its distance
from the mouth.. 13. everett, p. 340.

3832 COLUBRID.

tt Diameter of the eye not more than its distance
from the mouth.

Rostral as deep as broad ; first and second

labials subequal in size ............ 14. virgulata, p. 340.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; second
labial larger than first ............ 15. leucogaster, p. 341.
Rostral much broader than deep; anal
divided. sce ccnterwawiesesotses 16. occipitalis, p. 342.
** Frontal more than twice as broad as the supra-
OCU Al 6 iis enews 17. bicolor, p. 342.

G. A preocular ; postocular fused with the supraocular.
18. lateralis, p. 342.
y. A preocular ; two postoculars.
19. beccarii, p. 348.
6. No preocular.......... 20. rebentischiz, p. 343.
2. Frontal as broad as long; rostral broader than deep.
a. First lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the
symphysial.
No preoculat oc ica sss owen eae yee 21. agamensis, p. 343.
AG PER OC UNL y5.c50 oxstur ees sue dacautlinan nia wdaband 22. leucocephala, p. 344.
b. Symphysial in contact with the chin-shields ; no preocular.
23. schlegeliz, p. 345.
B. Four upper labials, second and third entering the eye.
1. Frontal longer than broad.
a. Symphysial in contact with the chin-shields.
u. A preocular.
Tail obtuse; the portion of the rostral
visible from above shorter than its
distance from the frontal .......... 24, lunnei, p. 345.

Tail obtuse; the portion of the rostral
visible from above at least as long as

its distance from the frontal........ 25. borneensis, p. 347.
Tail ending in a sharp point.......... 26. benjaminsii, p. 347.
(. No preocular .......... 27. javanica, p. 347.
b. First lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the
symphysial.
Frontal as long as the parietals, not twice
as broad as the supraocular ........ 28. brevis, p. 348.

Frontal shorter than the parietals, at
least: twice as broad as the supraocular. 29. pavimentata, p. 348.
2. Frontal as broad as long.
First lower labial in contact with its
fellow behind the symphysial ; tail
rounded at the end .............. 30. septentrionalis, p, 349,

121. cALAMARIA. 333

Symphysial in contact with the chin-
shields; tail pointed .............: 31. melanota, p. 349.

C. Four upper labials, third entering ;
th6: C90” sci ceases eo'h ox 32. lovit, p. 350.

II. Ventrals 300-820 ; no distinct post-
OCUNAL iacxuy say nr Rees Ee baw ess 33. gracillima, p. 350.

1. Calamaria lumbricoidea.

Calamaria lumbricoidea, Boze, Isis, 1827, p.540; Schley. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 27, pl.i. figs. 14-16 (1837) ; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 89 (1854) ; Jan,
Arch, Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, 1862, p. 8, and Icon. Gén. 10, pl. ii.
fig. 2 (1865) ; v. Ledth de Jeude, Notes Leyd. Mus. xii. 1890, p. 254,

lumbricoidea, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 5 (1858).

—— variabilis, v. Lidth de Jeude, in M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn.
p. 1883, pl. xvi. fig. 8 (1890).

Rostral broader than deep, well visible from above; frontal longer
than broad, slightly shorter than the parietals, not twice as broad
as the supraocular; one pre-and one postocular ; diameter of the
eye less than its distance from the mouth; five upper labials, the
four anterior subequal in size, third and fourth entering the eye;
symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; both pairs of
chin-shields in contact with each other. 13 rows of scales. Ventrals
177-217 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 16-23. Tail ending in a point.
Dark brown above, whitish inferiorly ; lower surface of the tail with
a dark brown longitudinal streak.

Total length 420 millim. ; tail 35.

Java; Celebes.

A. Head uniform dark brown above.

a, & (V.191; C. 22). Java. Leyden Museum.
B. A yellowish band across the parietal shields.
b. b (V.177; C. 19). Java.

2. Calamaria vermiformis.

Calamaria vermiformis, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 85 (1854) ; Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat, Phys, ii. 1862, p. 8, and Icon. Gen. 10, pl. ii. fig. 3
(1865).

—— temminckii, Dum. § Bibr. t. c. p. 87; Giinth. Cat. p. 5 (1858).

—— schlegelii (non D. §& B.), Giinth. lc.

dimidiata, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxi. 1860, p. 295,

—— melanorhynchus, Bleek, 1. c.

— alkeni, Bleek. 1. c.

—— flaviceps, Giinth. Ann. § Mag, N. H. (8) xv. 1865, p. 90.

—— vermiformis, var. sumatranus, v. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leyd.
Mus. xii. 1890, p. 18.

Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; frontal
longer than broad, not twice as broad as the supraocular, shorter
than the parietals ; a pre- and a postocular; diameter of the eye

334 COLUBRID.

equal to its distance from the mouth; five or six upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; symphysial in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields in contact or separated.
13 rows of scales. Ventrals 153-210; anal entire; subcaudals
15-26. Tail ending in a point. Dark brown or black above;
beneath yellowish, with or without large black transverse spots or
cross bands, or uniform blackish brown.

Total length 410 millim. ; tail 33.

Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Moluccas.

A. Head yellow; body with transverse series of small yellowish
spots; belly with large black spots or cross bands.

2 (¥. 164; C. 20). Sarawak, Sir J. Brooke

Py. (Types of
b. Her. (V. 153; C. 26). Borneo. A. R. Wallace, © flavi-
Esq. [P.]. cops)

B. Head yellow, with a black lateral streak, passing through the eye; _
above with yellowish cross bars disposed regularly, each of
which in the middle expands into a longitudinally oval spot;
belly barred black and yellow, the yellow bars confluent with
the dorsals.

a. Her. (V. 184; C. 26), Mt. Batu-Song, ©. Hose, Esq. [C.]

Sarawak, 1000 ft.

C. Head yellow above, entirely or partially ; body without spots ;
belly with black cross bands.

a. & (V. 154; C. 25). Borneo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.].
b. 2 (V. 169; C. 18). Borneo.
ce. Yg. (V.193; C. 22). Sumatra. Dr. Bleeker. (Type of

C. melanorhynchus.)
d. Her. (V. 167; C. 20). E. coast of Suma- Mrs. Findlay [P.].
tra.

D. Head uniform dark brown or black above, like the body ; belly
with large black spots or cross bands.

a. 9 (V. 161; C. 20): Matang, Borneo.
6. 3 (V. 188; C. 24). Sumatra. Dy. Bleeker,
(Type of C. alkeni.)

c-d. $ (V. 168, 164; Padang, Sumatra.

C. 22, 22
e. 2 (V.194; C. 18). Java. C. Eom Esq. [P.}.
#9. 3 (V.162; 0.23) Ternate. HLM.S. ‘Challenger.’

& Q (V. 183; C. 17).
E. As in the preceding, but lower parts without or with mere traces

of spots.

a. Yg. (V. 202; C.17). Java. Dr. Bleeker. (Type of

C. dimidiata.)
b. Yg.(V. 210; C. 15). Java. Dr. Ploem [C.].

121. CALAMARIA. 335

c,d. 9 (V. 205,177; Java.
C. 15, 19).
e. (3d V. 159; C. 22), Padang, Sumatra.

F. Blackish brown above and below; labial and gular regions and
a lateral streak running along the two outer rows of scales
yellowish.

a. Q (V.179; C. 17). Deli, Sumatra. Hr. Hartert (C.]; Fischer
Collection,

3. Calamaria stahlknechtii.

Calamaria stahlknechti, Stoliezka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. 18738,
p- 119, pl. xi. fig. 2; Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xvi. 1885,
p. 888.

Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; frontal
longer than broad, not twice as broad as the supraocular, shorter
than the parietals ; a pre- and a postocular; diameter of the eye
exceeding its distance from the mouth; five upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; symphysial in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; posterior chin-shields separated from each other.
Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 147-163; anal entire; subcaudals
22-23. Tail ending in a point. Uniform brown or olive above ;
yellowish (red) inferiorly, with or without more or less distinct
black transverse spots or cross bands.

Total length 265 millim.; tail 24.

Sumatra and Nias.

a-c. & (V. 147, 148, 150; C. 23, Nias. Hr, Sundermann [C.].
22, 22)

ay oH).

4, Calamaria baluensis. (Prare XVII. fig. 1.)
Calamaria baluensis, Bowleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 524.

Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; frontal
nearly twice as long as broad, not twice as broad as the supra-
ocular, as long as the parietals; eye rather large, its diameter
much greater than its distance from the mouth; one pre- and one
postocular ; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of
chin-shields in contact with each other. 13 rows of scales. Ven-
trals 175; anal entire; subcaudals 28. Tail ending in a point.
Brown above, with small black spots; an interrupted black streak
along each side of the head and neck, passing through the eye:
upper lip and lower parts white; belly with three longitudinal
series of small black spots; a black line along the lower surface of
the tail.

Total length 340 millim. ; tail 33.

North Borneo.

a. 3b (V. 175; C. 28). Mt. Kina Baloo. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
(Type.)

336 COLUBRID&.

5. Calamaria grabowskii.
Calamaria grabowskyi, Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1885, p. 50, pl. iv. fig. 1.

Rostral nearly as deep as broad; frontal once and two thirds as
long as broad, not twice as broad as the supraocular, as long as
the parietals; a pre- and a postocular; diameter of the eye more
than its distance from the mouth; five upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; symphysial in contact with the anterior
chin-shields ; both pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other.
13 rows of scales. Ventrals 187; anal entire: subcaudals 20-22.
Tail ending in a point. Brown above, with small black spots;
ventral shields and outer row of scales black, edged with white.

Total length 430 millim.; tail 32.

Borneo.

a-b. 9 (V. 187,187; C. 20, 22). 8.E. Borneo. Hr. Grabowsky [C.];
Dr. J. G. Fischer,

(Types.)
5. Calamaria albiventer.

Changulia albiventer, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. Ixxxvi. fig. 3 (1884).
Calamaria linnei, var., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. G2 (1847).
albiventer, Giinth. Cat. p. 4 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 197 (1864).

Rostral nearly as deep as broad, well visible from above; frontal
once and a half as long as broad, as long as the parietals, not twice
as broad as the supraocular; one pre- and one postocular ; diameter
of the eye equal to its distance from the mouth; five upper labials,
the four anterior subequal in size, third and fourth entering the
eye; symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both
pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other. 18 rows of scales.
Ventrals 143-167; anal entire; subcaudals 16-21. Tail ending
in a point. Brown above, with four yellow (vermilion) longitudinal
streaks; lower parts uniform yellow (carmine), with a black streak
running along the junctiou of the ventrals with the lower row of
scales; a black line along the middle of the tail.

Total length 390 millim.; tail 20.

Pinang.
a, 6. 2 (V. 160, 157; C. 17, 17). Pinang. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
; ; ; (Types.)
c-d. 2 (V. 167, 166; C. 17, 16). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
ef. o (V. 143; C. 21) & —?

(V. 159; C. 16).

7. Calamaria margaritifera. (PLare XVII. fig. 2.)

Calamaria margaritophora, Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl, Ind. xxi.

1860, p. 294.
maculolineata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 403.

Rostral as deep as broad, well visible from above ; frontal longer
than broad, nearly as long as the parietals, not twice as broad as

121. caramaRta. 837

the supraocular; one preocular; one postocular; diameter of the
eye equal to its distance from the mouth; five upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; symphysial in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields separated (or in
contact). Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 165 (149); anal entire;
subcaudals 12 (19), Tail ending in a point. Brown above, with
longitudinal black lines or series of spots; head blackish above ;
scales of the outer series with a yellowish spot; lower parts uniform
yellowish.

Total length 280 millim. ; tail 13.

Sumatra, Java.

a. 9 (V. 165; C. 12). —? Dr. Bleeker. (One of the types.)

The following appears to be closely allied to, and may have to be
regarded as a colour-variety of, C. margaritifera :—

CALAMARIA HOEVENII.

Calamaria hoevenii, Edeling, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxxi. 1870,
p. 380.

Rostral well visible from above ; frontal once and a half as long
as broad; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields; a small scale
between the two pairs of chin-shields. 13 rows of scales. Ven-
trals 169; anal entire; subcaudals 9. Brown above, head marbled
with black ; back with transverse pale black-edged bands; a series
of whitish spots along the outer row of scales ; lower parts yellowish
with black spots.

Total length 305 millim.; tail 13.

Sumatra.

8. Calamaria prakkii.

oe prakkei, v. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leyd. Mus. xv. 1893,
p. 262.

Rostral as deep as broad, well visible from above; frontal once
and a half as long as broad, shorter than the parietals; one pre-
and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields; no
azygous shield between the four chin-shields. Scales in 13 rows.
Ventrals 126-144; anal entire; subcaudals 25-30. Tail obtuse,
with a conical scale at the end. Dark brown above, with bluish
gloss; scales of the outer row with a light spot; some specimens
brown, with rather indistinct blackish longitudinal lines; an indi-
cation of a light collar may be present; belly yellow, with or
without small dark spots; lower surface of tail usually with a
median black line.

Total length 260 millim. ; tail 40.

North Borneo.

VOL. U1. Z

338 COLUBRID At.

9. Calamaria grayi.

Calamaria grayi, Giinth. Cat. p. 6 (1858). ; A.
hilippinica, Steindachn. Verh. xool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi.
~ 186 , p. O14, pl. xiii. figs. 4-6.

Snout very short and broadly rounded. Rostral nearly as deep
as broad, well visible from above; frontal a little longer than broad,
shorter than the parietals, not twice as broad as the supraocular ;
one pre- and one postocular; diameter of the eye less than its
distance from the mouth; five upper labials, the four anterior sub-
equal in size, third and fourth entering the eye; symphysial in contact
with the anterior chin-shields ; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact
with each other. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 175-195; anal
entire; subcaudals 14-24. Tail ending in a rather obtuse point.
Young reddish white, with black rings; adult uniform blackish
above, alternately barred black and white below.

Total length 365 millim.; tail 35,

Philippine Islands.

a,b. S (V.175; CO. 24) & Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].
yg. (V. 195; C. 16). (Types.)

10. Calamaria bitorques.

Calamaria gervaisii, part., Giinth. Cat. p. 4 (1858).
bitorques, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. Tazo, p. 585.

Rostral as deep as broad, well visible from above; frontal longer
than broad, as long as the parietals, about twice as broad as the
supraocular ; one pree- and one postocular; the diameter of the eye
nearly equals its distance from the mouth ; five upper labials, the
four anterior subequal in size, third and fourth entering the eye;
symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of
chin-shields in contact with each other. 13 rows of scales. Ventrals
151-199; anal entire; subcaudals 13-21. Tail ending in a point.
Brown above, the young with dark transverse bands separated by
yellowish interspaces; only the two or three anterior of these cross
bands persist in the adult ; lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 265 millim.; tail 20.

Philippine islands.

a. 9 (V. 199; C. 13). Luzon. Dr, A. B. Meyer [C.].

b,c. a Vv. 183; C. 15) & Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].
. 151; 0. 18). 5

d, A SS (V. 158 ; A 30) & Philippines. Hr. Salmin [C.].

yg. W. 158; ©. 21).

11. Calamaria gervaisii.

Calamaria virgulatia (non Bote), Hydoux § Gervais, in Guér, Mag.
Zool. Cl. iti, 1837, pl. xvi. figs. 7-10, and Voy. Favorite, v. Zool.
pl. xxx. figs. 7-10 (1839).

—— gervaisii, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 76 (1854) ; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat.
Phys. ii. 1862, p. 8, and Icon. Gin, 10, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1865).

—— gervaisii, part., "Giinth, Cat. p.4 (1858).

Rostral as deep as broad, well visible from above ; frontal longer

121. cALAMARIA. 339

than broad, shorter than the parictals, about twice as broad as the
supraocular ; one pre- and one postocular; diameter of the eye less
than its distance from the mouth ; five upper labials, the four anterior
subequal in size, third and fourth entering the eye; symphysial
in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields
in contact with each other. 13 rows of scales. Ventrals 152-178;
anal entire; subcaudals 12-18. Tail ending in an obtuse point.
Brown or blackish above, with or without darker or lighter spots
and streaks; a black spot at the outer extremity of each ventral
shield, and a blackish line along the lower surface of the tail.

Total length 255 millim.; tail 20.

Philippine Islands.

A. Brown above, with three light dorsal streaks or series of spots
bordered by series of black dots; belly uniform yellowish or
with a few scattered black dots.

a,b. 2 (V. 167; C. 13) & Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].
’ ye. (V. 1703 0. 17). ip a
e. 2 (V. 171; C. 12). Luzon. Dr. A. B, Meyer [C.].

B. Brown above, with four more or less distinct blackish longi-
tudinal lines; ventrals dotted with brown anteriorly.

d,e. 3 (V. 162; C.18) & Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. (C.].
"9 (V.178; G. 12). Seale
f. & (V. 163; C. 17). Philippines. Hr. Salmin [C.].
C. Blackish brown above, with minute whitish dots; ventrals black
anteriorly.
g- 2 (V. 169; C. 14). 8S. Negros. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].

12. Calamaria sumatrana.

Calamaria sumatrana, Edeling, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxxi.
1870, p. 379; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 34; W.L. Selater,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1x. 1891, p. 233.

Rostral a little broader than deep; frontal longer than broad, a
little shorter than the parietals, rather more than twice as broad as
the supraocular; one pre- and one postocular; the diameter of the
eye equals its distance from the mouth; five upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields in contact
with each other, the anterior in contact with the symphysial. Scales
in 18 rows. Ventrals 129-176; anal entire; subcaudals 12-31 *,
Tail ending in a point. Reddish brown or dark brown above,
with five black longitudinal lines or series of small black spots;
each scale of the outer row with a white spot; a more or less
distinct yellow collar on the nape, continuous or narrowly inter-
rupted in the middle; sometimes a similar marking at the base
of the tail; lower parts uniform yellowish, with a more or less
distinct black line along the middle of the tail.

* The male specimen from Singapore in the Calcutta Museum has 129
ventrals and 31 subcaudals.
22

340 COLUBRIDE.

Total length 265 millim. ; tail 12.
Sumatra, Singapore.

a. @ (V.168; ©.18). District of Deli, Sumatra. Prof. Moesch [C.].
b-c. ¢ (V. 142; C. 24) Sumatra? Dr. Bleekev.
& Q (V. 153; C.14).

18. Calamaria everetti. (Prarz XVIII. figs. 1 & 2.)

Calamaria everetti, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 525, and Ann.
§ Mag. N. H. (6) xiv. 1894, p. 84. :

Rostral broader than deep, well visible from above ; frontal once
and a half as long as broad, shorter than the parietals, not twice as
broad as the supraocular ; one pre- and one postocular; eye rather
large, its diameter much more than its distance from the mouth;
five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of
chin-shields in contact with each other; first lower labial in contact
with its fellow behind the symphysial. Scales in 13 rows. Ven-
trals 144-184; anal entire; subcaudals 16-23. Tail ending in a
point. Brown above, with longitudinal series of darker spots,
forming two lines along each side; each scale of the outer row
white in the centre, dark brown on the borders; upper surface of
head brown, spotted with darker; lower parts yellowish, with a
dark line along the middle of the tail.

Total length 330 millim.; tail 18.

Borneo, Palawan.

A. Nape dark brown, with a yellow collar; belly unspotted.
uw. Yg. (V. 144; C. 23). Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. (C.J. (Type.)
B. No collar; belly unspotted.
b. Yg.(V.175; 0.18). Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
C. Nocollar; a series of black dots along the middle of the belly.
c. 9 (V. 184; C. 16). Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].

14. Calamaria virgulata.

Calamaria virgulata, Bove, Isis, 1827, p. 540; v. Indth de Jeude,
Notes Leyd. Mus, xii. 1890, p. 254.

modesta, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 74 (1854); Jan, Arch. Zool.

Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 8, and Icon, Gén. 10, pl. ii. fig. 5 (1865) ;

Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 168.

monochrous, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxi. 1860,

p. 293.

—— hbogorensis, v. Lidth de Jeude, in M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn.
p. 182, pl. xvi. figs. 6 & 7 (1890).

Rostral nearly as deep as broad, well visible from above ; frontal
longer than broad, shorter than the parietals, about twice as broad
as the supraocular ; one pre- and one postocular; diameter of the
eye equal to its distance from the mouth; five upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; first pair of lower labials in contact be-
hind the symphysial ; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each
other. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 151-199; anal entire; sub-

121. CALAMABRIA. 341

caudals 15-28. Tail obtuse. Dark brown or black above, uniform
or with yellowish spots, or yellowish with brown spots; lower parts
blackish, uniform or variegated with yellow, or yellow in the middle
and black on the sides.

Total length 440 millim. ; tail 30.

Sumatra, Java, Celebes.

A. Dark brown or black above, with yellow spots; lower parts
black and yellow.
a-b. 3 (V. 170; C. 27) Manado, Celebes. Dr, A. B. Meyer [C.].

& @ (V. 193; C. 19).
B. Dark brown with yellow spots above, uniform black beneath.
e. 2 (V. 198; C. 15). Java, Dr. Ploem [C.].
C. Dark brown above, with small black spots or lines, without

yellow spots or with only a few on the anterior part of the
body ; ventrals yellow in the middle, black on the sides.

d. 9 (V.199; C. 19). Java, Dr. Ploem [C.].

e-g, h-i. & (V. 158, 156, Rarahan, Java. Dr. Beccari [C.];
156, 163 ; C26, 28, 26, Marquis G. Doria
25) & 2 (V. 183; C. 15). P.}.

k-l, m-o. 3 (V.164,162; Mt. Singalang, Dr. Beecari [C.];
C. 24, 24) & 9 (V.178, Sumatra. Marquis G. Doria
174,179; C. 20, 18, 19). [P.].

p. 2 (V. 196; C. 18). Manado, Celebes. Dr, A. B, Meyer [C.].

D. Uniform black above and below.

g. & (V. 151; C. 22). Fort de Kock, Dy. Bleeker.
Sumatra. (Type of C. monochrous.)

15. Calamaria leucogaster.

Calamaria leucogaster, Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nedert. Ind. xxi. 1860,
p. 293; Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xv. 1865, p. 89; Edeling,
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxxi. 1870, p. 381.

—— arcticeps, Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xviii. 1866, p. 25,
pl. vi. fig. C.

Snout rather pointed; rostral as deep as broad, well visible from
above ; frontal longer than broad, shorter than the parietals, about
twice as broad as the supraocular; one pre- and one postocular ;
diameter of the eye equal to its distance from the mouth; five
upper labials, second larger than first or third, third and fourth
entering the eye, or (spec. @) six upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; first pair of lower labials forming a suture behind
the symphysial ; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each other.
Scales in 138 rows. Ventrals 133-151; anal entire; subcaudals 14-
17.. Tailending inapoint. Brown above; nape blackish, followed
by a narrow yellow collar; tail with two blackish transverse spots ;
uniform yellowish inferiorly.

Total length 200 millim.; tail 13. ,

Sumatra, Borneo,

350 COLUBRID.

Rostral as deep as broad, well visible from above; frontal as
broad as long, three or four times as broad as the supraocular,
shorter than the parictals ; one prae- and one postocular ; diameter
of the eye less than its distance from the mouth ; four upper labials,
second and fourth largest, second and third entering the eye; sym-
physial in contact with the anterior chin-shields; two pairs of chin-
shields, in contact with each other. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals
133-142; anal entire; subcaudals 16-24. Tail ending in a point.
Black above, each scale lighter in the centre ; lateral scales, ventrals,
and subcaudals white, with a black edge.

Total length 240 millim. ; tail 30.

Borneo and Java.

a-d. & (V. 184, 133; S.E. Borneo.
C. 24, 24) & 2 (V.
142, 185; ©. 16,17).

32. Calamaria lovii. (Puars XX. fig. 2.)

Calamaria lovii, Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xix. 1887, p. 196,
fig.

Rostral nearly as deep as broad, visible from above; frontal as
broad as long, shorter than the parietals, thrice as broad as the
supraocular ; no preocular ; one postocular; diameter of the eye about
half its distance from the mouth; four upper labials, third entering
the eye; symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
both pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other. Scales in 13
rows. Ventrals 211-225; anal entire; subcaudals 15-22. Tail
ending obtusely. Plumbeous or dark brown above, with longitu-
dinal lines of light dots; upper lip yellowish; anterior fourth of
the body with a lateral series of large yellowish spots; a few other
such spots on the tail.

Total length 265 millim.; tail 22.
Borneo.

A. Belly uniform blackish, plumbeous; a yellow
cross bar above the vent.

a 3 (V. 211; C. 22). Rejang R., Sarawak. meee Lows Esq. [P.].
‘ype.

B. Belly blotched, dark brown and yellow.
&. 2 (V. 225; C.15). Niah R., Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. [0.].

33. Calamaria gracillima.
Galenigrie eracillima, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 594, pl. xxxix.
‘Ryphlocalaanae gracillimus, Giinth. 1. c. p. 589.

Rostral as deep as broad, visible from above; frontal a little

122. TtyYPHLOGEOPHIS. 361

broader than long, shorter than the parietals; eye extremely
minute ; supraocular very small, confluent with the postocular; no
preocular; four upper labials, second and fourth largest, second
and third entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its
fellow behind the symphysial ; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact
with each other. Body extremely slender. Scales in 13 rows.
Ventrals 300-320; anal entire; subcaudals 13-14. Tail obtuse,
rounded at the end. Blackish, with a few yellowish (red?) spots
along each side of the body and a pair at the base of the tail.§
Total length 285 millim. ; tail 10.

Borneo.
a Q fy 820; C. 13). Borneo. (Type.)
&. & (V. 800; C. 14). Matang.

The following species is doubtful :—

Catamagia catenata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Beng. xxiii. 1854,
p- 287.

Frontal almost as large as the parietals. Scales in 13 rows.
Ventrals 187; subcaudals 41. Predominant colour dusky above,
formed by minute black specks upon a pale ground-tint ; below pale
buff and marked with lateral series of square black spots; four
black lines throughout above, the upper bordering a pale medial
streak, which is simple upon the tail, but along the body forms a
concatenation of elongate oval spots; an imperfect whitish-buff
collar, and similar marks before and behind the eye. |

Assam.

122. TYPHLOGEOPHIS.
Typhlogeophis, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 77.

Maxillary teeth 8, subequal; mandibular teeth subequal. Head
not distinct from neck; eye concealed under the ocular shield; no
supraocular; nostril pierced in a minute nasal; internasals small;
no loreal or preocular; no temporals, the parietals in contact with
the labials. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without apical pits,
in 15 rows. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.

Philippine Islands.

1. Typhlogeophis brevis. (Pare XX. fig. 3.)
Typhlogeophis brevis, Giinth. J. e.

Snout rather pointed ; rostral very small, nearly as deep as broad
just visible from above; suture between the internasals about half
the length of that between the preefrontals ; frontal small, as long
as broad, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, half
as long as the parietals; five upper labials, fourth in contact with the
ocular, fifth very large; two pairs of chin-shields, anterior largest,

352 COLUBRIDE.

Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 153; anal entire; subcaudals about
15. Uniform blackish, scales and shields with whitish edge.

Total length 330 millim.

Philippine Islands.

a. Q (V. 1538; C.?) Philippines. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
(Type)

The position of the following genera is doubtful :—
AMASTRIDIUM.
Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 370.

“Body cylindrical, elongate; tail moderate, slender. Head
distinct, broad, short, tapering rather abruptly. Superior maxillary
teeth in a continuous series, the last abruptly the longest, not
grooved. Pupil round. Top of head flat, separated on the muzzle
from the sides by an angle. Superciliaries prominent. One
anterior, two postoculars. Loreal none. Nasals large, one or two,
the nostril situated in the centre of the anterior. Scales on the
posterior part of the body slightly keeled. Anal and subcaudal
scutelle divided.”

A. VELIFERUM, Cope, J. c.

“Seales in 17 longitudinal rows, smooth on the anterior half of
the body ; posteriorly a few dorsal rows with faint keels, becoming
stronger towards the tail, and extending on all the scales near the
anal region, where they are tuberculous as in Aspidura trachyprocta.
Tail nearly one third the total length. Occipital [=parietal] plates
large, almost reaching the labials j in front, posteriorly acuminate ;
vertical [=frontal] long, acute behind; superciliaries large, promi-
nent, broad behind. Postfrontals (= preefrontals] small, their
anterior outline regularly curved; prefrontals [= internasals]
small, quadrangular. Rostral nearly rectangular, not appearing on
the surface of the head. Postnasal high, its apex visible from above,
opposite the suture between the pree- and postfrontals. Superior
labials seven, eye resting on third and fourth. Inferior labials
nine, Geneials two pair, “the anterior shorter. Gastrosteges 127,
urosteges 85. Above and below reddish brown, paler in the centres
of the gastrosteges. Every fourth scale of the fifth row on each
side pale, the adjacent scales on the fourth and sixth rows generally
darker. Top of the head much lighter, varied anteriorly; palest
behind the eye and above the labials. The latter are dark with a
few light spots.”

Total length 355 millim.; tail 120.

Cocuyas de Veraguas, Colombia.

123. DASYPELTIS. 353

ANOPLOPHALLTUS.

Megalops (non Lacép.), Hallow. Proc, Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 488.
Anoplophallus, Cope, Am. Nat. 1893, p. 480.

“Mandibular teeth increasing in length posteriorly, recurved,
nearly straight ; two internasals, much smaller than the prefrontals ;
frontal a little longer than broad, pentangular; a frenal [loreal] ;
two antoculars ; two postoculars; eye resting on the fourth supra-
labial; pupil ovoid; eyes very prominent; body slender, much
compressed ; abdomen angular ; tail rather short.” (Hallowell), “A
long loreal and no preocular plate.” (Cope.)

A. MACULATUS.

Megalops maculatus, Hallow. 1. ¢.

“21 rows of smooth scales; body presenting numerous sub-
quadrangular and oblique blotches above, of a brown colour; inter-
mediate spaces white with a tinge of yellow; under surface white,
Abdominal scuta 170; a bifid praanal; 61 subcaudal scutelle.”

Total length 375 millim.; tail 95.

Tahiti.

Subfam. 3. RHACHIODONTINAL.

Leptognathiens, part., Duméril, Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. p. 464, 1853 ;
uméril §& Bibron, Erp. Gén. vii. p. 25, 1854,

Rachiodontide, Giinther, Cat. Col. Sn. p. 141, 1858.

Rachiodontide, Jan, Elenéo sist. Ofid. p. 106, 1863.

Dasypeltinz, part., Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 494.

Only a few teeth, on the posterior part of the maxillary and
dentary bones and on the palatines. Some of the anterior thoracic
vertebra with the hypapophysis much developed, directed forwards,
and capped with enamel,

A single genus.

prone Leela. Bae
123.(DASYPELTIS. : fo
Anodon (non Lam.), Smith, Zool. Journ, iv. 1829, p. 443. :
Dasypeltis, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 178 (1880) ; Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn.

p. 141 (1858).
Rachiodon, Jourdan, Le Temps, 13. 6, 1833 (?); Dum. §& Bibr. Erp.

Gén. vii. p. 487 (1854); Jun, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 106 (1863),
Tropidonotus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 297 (1837).
Deirodon, Owen, Odontogr. p. 220 (1845).

Teeth very small, few, 3 to 7 in each maxillary, and as many in
the mandible ; palatine but no pterygoid teeth. Head small, not
or scarcely distinct from neck; no mental groove; eye moderate,
with vertically elliptic pupil; nostril in a semidivided nasal, which
is in contact with the preocular; no loreal. Body cylindrical or
slightly compressed, elongate; scales strongly keeled, with apical

VOL, IT. 2a

354 COLUBRID.

pits, in 23 to 27 rows; scales on three or four lateral rows oblique
and with more or less distinctly serrated keels ; ventrals rounded.
Tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

Tropical and South Africa,

Fig. 25.

EDT

Skull of Dasypeltis scabra.

1. Dasypeltis scabra.

Coluber scaber, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 36, pl. x. fig. 1 (1754), and
S. N. i. p. 884 (1766) ; Merr.. Beitr. Nat. Amph. i. p. 34, pl. ix.
(1790) ; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 263 (1808).

Gee Leach, Tuckey’s Explor. R. Zaire, App. p. 408

18).

Anodon typus, Smith, Zool. Journ. iv. 1829, p. 443.

Rachiodon scaber, Jourdan, Le Temps, 18.6. 1833 (?); Dum. &
Bibr, vii. p. 491, pl. lexxi. fig. 38 (1854); Jan, Elenco, p. 106
(1863), and Icon. Gén. 39, pl. ii. fig. 4 (1872).

Tropidonotus scaber, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 828, pl. xii. figs. 12 & 18
(1837); Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. x. 1848, p. 265, pl. i. fig. 24.

toe inornatus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pl. Lxxiii.
(1842).

scaber, Smith, 1. c.

fasciatus, Smth, 1. c.; Peters, Mon, Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 644.

Deirodon scaber, Owen, Odontogr. p. 220 (1845).

Dipsas carinatus, Hallow. Proc, Ac. Philad. ii. 1846, p. 119, &
1857, p. 69.

123. DASYPELTIS. 355

Rachiodon abyssinicus, Dum. § Bibr. t. ¢. p. 496.
inornatus, Dum. § Bibr. t. ¢. p. 498. .
Dasypeltis scabra, Giinth. Cat. p. 142 (1858); Peters, Reise n. Mos-
samb. iii, p. 120 (1882) ; Boetty. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1887, p. 163,
& 1888, p. 75. .
palmarum, Giinth. 1. c.; Stejneger, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. xvi.
1894, p. 733.
Dipsas medici, Bianconi, Mem. Ace. Bologna, x. 1859, p. 501,
1. xxv.
Revhiodon scaber, vars. abissinicus, unicolor, subfasciatus, Jan,
Elenco, p. 106.
Dasypeltis scaber, var. mossambica, Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1864,
p- 644, and Reise n. Mossamd. iii. p. 120.
—— scaber, vars. breviceps, abyssinicus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864,
. 645.
Rachiodou scaber, var. inornatum, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lisb. i. 1867,
. 227,
‘Daaypells scaber, var. fasciolata, Peters, Mon, Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 451.
—— scabra, var. medici, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb, iii. p, 121;
Mocquard, Mém. Cent. Soc. Philom. 1888, p. 181.
scabra, var. fasciata, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi.
1887, p. 81; Boetty. Ber. Senck, Ges. 1888, p. 76.
scabra, var. palmarum, Bouleng. Zoologist, 1887, p. 179; Boettg.

le.p. 77.
elongata, Mocguard, Mém. Cent. Soc. Philom, 1888, p. 1381,
pl. xii. fig. 2.

—— abyssina P, Stejneger, 1. ¢.

Snout short, rounded, very convex; rostral broader than deep,
just visible from above ; internasals a little shorter than the pre-
frontals ; frontal often more or less distinctly grooved along the
middle, a little longer than broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as the parietals or shorter ; one (rarely
two) pre- and two (rarely one or three) postoculars ; temporals
2+3 or 3+4 (rarely 143); seven (rarely six or eight) upper labials,
third and fourth (or second and third) entering the eye; a pair of
large chin-shields, followed by a pair of smaller ones. Scales in
23 to 27 rows. Ventrals 185-263 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 41-94.
Pale olive or pale brown above, uniform or with dark brown spots,
usually disposed in three longitudinal series; a A-shaped dark
marking on the nape, preceded by one or two on the head; the
latter may be broken up into spots; upper labials with brown
vertical bars; belly yellowish, uniform or dotted or spotted with
brown or blackish.

Total length 760 millim.; tail 105.

Africa, as far north as Sennar and Sierra Leone.

A. Vertebral spots elongate and more or less confluent into a
zigzag vertebral band; a black stripe along upper surface of
tail; belly spotted with blackish.

a-c. Hgr. d (Sc. 25; V. Port Elizabeth. H. A. Spencer, Esq.[P.].
189 ; C. 66), 2 (Sc. 27;
V. 204; C. 59), & ye.
(Se. 26; V 207 ; C.52).
242

356 COLUBRIDE.

d. Yg. (Sc. 25; V. 185; Matabele-land. C. Beddington, Esq.
C. 59). [P.}.

e-f. & (Sc. 25; V. 193, 5. Africa.
188; C. 67, 64).

B. A dorsal series of large squarish or rhomboidal dark spots,
separated by light intervals, alternating with a lateral series
of spots or cross bars; belly spotted or dotted only at the sides.
(C. scaber, L.)

a. (Se. 27; V.221;C. Capeof Good Hope. T.M.S. ‘ Herald.’

48).
b. @ (Se. 27; V.214;C. Cape of Good Hope.
4]

c. Ye. (Se. 28; V. 208; S. Africa. Leyden Museum.
C 60).

d. @ (Se. 27; V.237;C. Zomba, Brit. C. H. H. Johnston, Esq.
54). Africa. [P.].

e-g. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 210; Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.].

CO. 73) & 2 (Se. 25, 27 ;
V. 225, 229; C. C0, 58).

h. Yg. (Se. 25; V. 233; Kilimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
C. 59). [P.].

t. Ye. (Sc, 28; V. 214; Wadelai. Dr. Emin Pasha [P. ].
C. 68). .

k. Her. go (Sc. 25; V. Kithu-Uri, FE. Dr. J. W. Gregory [P.].
201; C. 58). Kikuyu.

1. Yg. (8c. 23; V. 209; W. Africa. Mr. Rich [C.].
C. 67).

m. 3& (Sc. 23; V. 226; Old Calabar. R. Logan, Esq. [P.].
C. 89).

n. Q skeleton. E. Kikuyu. Dr. J. W. Gregory [P.].

C. Pale reddish brown above, with the markings very much effaced.
Intermediate between B and F.

a, b. 9 (Se. 25,27; V. Zomba, Brit. C. H. H. Johnston, Esq.

237, 245 ; C. 80, 79). Africa. (P.].

D. Dorsal markings as in B, but ventrals edged with blackish.

a, Yg. (Sc. 23; V. 242; Abyssinia. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
C. 63). [P.}.

E. Dorsal spots confluent with lateral ones, forming cross bands ;
belly unspotted. (D. medici, Bianc.; D. fasciolata, Peters.)

a. Hgr. (Se. 25; V 238; Mouth of the Zam- Capt. Bedingfield [P.1.
C. 60). bezi.

F. No spots or markings of any kind. (C. palmarum, Leach ;
D. inornata, Smith.)

a. Ver. § (Sc. 23; V. Boma, Congo, Dr. Leach. (Type of
224; C. 74). C. palmarum.)
6, ae (Se. 25; V. 229; Cacuaca, Angola. Dr. Welwitsch [C.].

¢. Her. o (Se. 25; V. Natal. E. Howlett, Esq. [P.].
233; C. 85).

ADDENDA. 357

d. 2 (Se. 25; V.224;C. Port Natal. Mr. T. Ayres (C.].

e. g (Ge. 24; V.214; C. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith{P.]. (One
86). of the types of D. znornata.)

Re eal (Se. 25; V. 281;C. 8. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].

9: A (Se, 24; V.231;C. Kilimanjaro. F, re Jackson, Esq.
i 2 se 25; V. 243; C. Uganda. sobtt allot, Esq. [P.].
ADDENDA.

—+—

Adds Page 18. Drymobius boddaertii.

A. (C boddaertit).
«. 9 (V. 187; 0.91). Chontalez Mines, Nicara- R. A. Rix, Esq. [C.];

gua, Le M. Crowfoot,
. Esq. [P.].
Lower parts bright orange.
Add:— Page 15. Drymobius rhombifer.
Ff. 3 (V.151; C. 93). Chontalez Mines, Nicara- R. A. Rix, Esq. [C.]i
gua. W. M. Crowfoot,
Esq, [P.].
adds Page 16. Drymobius dendrophis.:
rt. 9(V.157; C.?), Chontalez Mines, Nicara- R. A. Rix. Esq.[C.];
her. (V. 165; C. gua. W. M. Crowfoot,
123), and yg. (. _ Esq. [P.].
162; C. ly.
Add:— Page 37. Coluber helena.
s-w. 9 (Se, 27, 26; V. 238, 239; Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].

C. 81, 87) & yg. (Se. 27; V. 287,

223, 520; oa 86, 91, 100).

Add :-— Page 52. Coluber longissimus..
Coluber eesculapii, Liithen, Vidensk. Meddel. 1894, p. 73.

Add :-— Page 57. Coluber oxycephalus.
n. Ad., head and tail. Balabac. . A. Everett, Esq. [0.],

‘Aaa Page 58. Coluber janseni.

Coluber Ce aaa jansenii, F. Miill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, x.
1894, p. 8

Z

358 ADDENDA.

Add :— Page 63. Coluber erythrurus.
Coluber erythrurus, F. Mill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, x. 1894, p. 828,

A. (C. erythrurus).

g. & (V. 285; C. 112). Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Add :-— Page 79. Dendrophis pictus.

n. 2 (V. 189; C. 154). Balabac. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Add :— Page 80. Dendrophis bifrenalis.

d. 9 (V. 164; C. 155). Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].
Add :— Page 89. Dendrelaphis tristis.

gr. b (V. 182; CO. 128) & yg. Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].

V. 182; C. 184).
(

Add:— Page 90. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus.

rt. 2 (V. 185; C. 109) & yg. Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
(V. 182, 182; C. 107, 106).

u-v. Her. (V.177; C. 101) & Balabac. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
yg. (V. 178; C. 108). :
w-2. 6 (V. 183; C. 118) & 2 Sibutu. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].

(V. 189; C. 108).

Add:— Page 96. Chlorophis heterolepidotus.
g. 3 (V. 183; 0.132). Mouths of the Niger. Alvan Millson, Esq.
P.].

Add :— Page 98. Chlorophis heterodermus.
h. 3 (V. 147; C. ?). Mouths of the Niger. Alvan Millson, Esq.
P.).

[
i-k, § (V.151,156; C. | Mouthofthe Loango. Mr, H. J. Duggan
98, 95). [C.}.

Add :— Page 105. Thrasops flavigularis.

ef. Yg. (V. 207, 202; Mouth of the Loango. Mr. H. J. Duggan

C. 146, 148). C.].

Olive in front, with black edges to the scales; variegated yellowish
brown and black behind; ventrals and subcaudals black, with large round
or oval yellowish spots. One of the specimens has nine upper labials,
fifth and sixth entering the eye.

Add :— Page 111. Leptophis bilineatus.

b-e. 3 (V. 145; C. Chontalez Mines, Nicara- R. A. Rix, Esq. (C.];
125) & 2 (V. 147, gua. W. M. Crowfoot,
148, 146; C.?, 126, Esq. [P.].

131).

Dorsal keels very feeble in the females.

ADDENDA. 359

Add:— Page 147. Xenodon colubrinus. cae

r-s. Q (V. 187; C. Chontalez Mines, Nicara- R. A. Rix, Esq. (C.];
46) & yg. (V. 150; gua. ‘ W. M. Crowfoot,
C. 45). Esq. [P.].

ore

Add :— Page 177. Rhadinza decorata.

f-g. & (V. 119; C. Chontalez Mines, Nicara- R.A. Rix, Esq. [C.J ;
95) & ye.(V. 115; 9 gua. ~ W. M. Crowfoot,
C. 111). [Pals

One of the specimens has nine labials on one side, fifth and sixth
entering the eye.

4

a= Page 183. Urotheca elapoides. on

g-i. Hgr. (V. 189; Chontalez Mines, Nicara- R. A. Rix, Esq. (0.];
C. ?) & yg. (V. 133, gua. W. M. Crowfoot,
183; C. 105, 114). Esq. [P.].

20 to 24 black annuli on the body, broader than the red interspaces.

Add:— Page 187. Hydrops triangularis. c-
Pseuderyx inagnitus, Bocourt, Le Natur. 1894, p. 155. Dove “

Add :— Page 194. Coronella amalia.

c-m. 3 (V. 180; C. 64), 2 Near Tangier. M. H. Vaucher [C.].
(V. 189, 179, 186, 191;
(. 52, 52, 63, 69), & yg.
(V. 186, 174, 184, 181,
177; C. 65,65, 58, 65,60).

The largest specimen measures 500 millim.; tail 85.

Add :— Page 196. Coronella semiornata.
d. 2 (V.176; C. 82). Lake Nyassa.
Add :— Page 210. Hypsiglena torquata. Le
Liophis janii, Dugés, Mém. Ac. Montp. vi. 1866, Proc.-Verb, p. 32.
Add :— Page 222. Simotes formosanus. hele. 4
imei hainanensis, Boettg. Ber. Senckenb. Ges, 1894, p. 183, pl. iii.
8. .
aaa Page 230. Simotes arnensis.
g-r. 9 (V.181; C. 46) & her. Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].
(V.171; C. 49). i meet
Aa Page 242. Oligodon templetonii.

d. g (V. 189; C. 29). Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].

360 ADDENDA.

Page 245. Add :—
16 a. Oligodon teniurus.
Oligodon teniurus, F. Mill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, x. 1894, p. 820.

Nasal entire. Portion of rostral visible from above as long as
its distance from the frontal ; suture between the internasals a little
longer than that between the preefrontals ; frontal once and a half
as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one pre-
aud two postoculars ; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye ; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows, Veutrals 145-154; anal divided; subcaudals 23-28.
Dark brown above, anteriorly with small orange dots, posteriorly
with a reddish vertebral stripe; flanks pale grey, separated from
the belly, on the anterior third of the body, by a black stripe oc-
cupying the outer ends of the ventrals ; lower parts yellowish white,
clouded with fine greyish dots,

Total length 275 millim. ; tail 35.

Celebes.

a, S (V. 145; ©. 28). Pinogo, Bona Valley. Drs. P. & F. Sarasin [P.].
(One of the types.)
Page 324, Add :—

113 a. AGROPHIS.
Agrophis, F. Miill. Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, x. 1894, p. 827.

Maxillary teeth 14, subequal ; mandibular teeth slightly decreasing
in size posteriorly. Head small, not distinct from neck ; eye very
small, with round pupil; nostril between two nasals, the anterior
of which is very small; no preocular, loreal and prefrontal entering
the eye ; internasals and supraoculars very small; parietals in contact
with labials. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without apical pits,
in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short ; subcaudals in two rows.

Celebes.

1. Agrophis sarasinorum.

Agrophis sarasinorum, F. Miill. 1. c. fig.

Snout long, obtusely pointed. Rostral large, the portion visible
from above a little shorter than its distance from the frontal; pre-
frontals twice as long as nasals; frontal large, rhomboidal, as broad
as long, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; supraocular very small; a minute postocular;
five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest
and forming a long suture with the parietal; symphysial not quite
touching the anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 189-141; anal entire;
subcaudals 37-40. Tail pointed. Blackish brown above, strongly
iridescent, whitish beneath ; ventrals and subcaudals darker in front.

Total length 190 millim. ; tail 30.

Celebes.

a. 2 (V. 141; C. 37). Gunung Masarang. Drs. P. & F. Sarasin [P.].

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

abacura (Farancia), 291.

abacurum (Calopisma),
291.

abacurus (Coluber), 291.

abacurus (Farancia), 291.

abacurus (Helicops), 291.

abacurus (Hydrops), 291.

Abastor, 289.

Ablabes, 9, 25, 160, 188,
255, 277.

abnorma (Coronella),203.

abyssina (Dasypeltis), 355.

abyssinicum (Homaio-
soma), 276.

abyssinicus (Rachiodon),
355.

Acanthophallus, 144.

Achirhina, 245.

Adelphicos, 300.

adspersus(Dromicus).120.

zeyptiaca (Coronella),
192.

zneus (Xenodon), 150.
zqualis(Elapochrus),183.
zequalis (Liophis), 183.
sequalis (Pleiocercus),182.
ota (Leptophis),

ge ie (Philotham-
nus), 107.
zesculapii (Callopeltis),53.
esculapii (Coluber), 52,
357.
zsculapii (Elaphis), 52.
zsculapii (Zamenis), 52.
gestiva (Contia), 258.
gestivus (Coluber), 258,
zstivus (Cyclophis), 248.
zstivus (Herpetodryas),
15, 258.
estivus (Leptophis), 258.
eestivus (Liopeltis), 258.
zestivus (Opheodrys), 258.
zstivus(Phyllophilophis),

JO,

affinis (Dromicus), 172,
173.

affinis (Drymobius), 14.
affinis (Herpetodryas), 14.
affinis (Hypsiglena), 210.
affinis (Oligodon), 236.
affinis (Pituophis), 69.
affinis (Rbadinea), 172.
affinis (Simotes), 218.
agamensis (Calamaria),
343.
agassizii (Ablabes), 259.
agassizii (Coluber), 65,
agassizii (Contia), 259.
agassizii (Hirenis), 259.
agassizii (Rhinechis), 65.
Agrophis, 360.
Ahetulla, 77, 91, 98, 102,
105, 111.
ahetulla (Ahetulla), 113.
a (Coluber), 78,
118.

abeetulla (Leptophis), 78,
113.

abetulla (Natrix), 78.

aheetulla (Thrasops), 113.

albiventer (Calamaria),
336.

albiventer (Changulia),
336

albirenter (Simotes), 229.

albiventris (Coluber), 99.

albiventris (Liophis), 130.

albocincta (Coronella),
220.

albocinctus (Leptogna-
thus), 295.

pe (Simotes), 218,

albopunctatus (Scaphio-
phis), 254

albovariata (Dendrophis),
96

albovariata (Philotham-
nus), 96

alkeni (Calamaria). 333.
alleghaniensis (Coluber),
50.

alleghaniensis (Elaphis),
40, 50,

alleghaniensis (Panthero-
phis), 50.

alleghaniensis (Scoto-
phis), 50.

Allophis, 25.

almadensis(Liophis), 134.

almadensis (Natrix), 134.

Alopecophis, 25.

alpestris (Coluber), 46.

alpinus (Coluber), 192.

Alsophis, 118.

alternans (Coluber), 131.

i a (Coryphodon),

alternatus (Drymobius),
11

alticolus (Liophis), 180.
alticolus (Opheomor-
phus), 130.
amabilis (Coronella), 207.
amabilis ( Diadophis), 207.
amabilis (Dromicus), 158.
amabilis (Simotes), 221.
amaliz (Coronella), 193,
amalize (Rhinechis), 193.
Amastridium, 352.
amaura (Lanpropeltis),
203. (canes

ambigua (Prosymna),248,

Amblymetopon, 270.

ainboinense (Rabdosoma),

amcna (Calamaria), 824.

si (Carphophiops),
24,

ameena, (Celuta), 324,
ameenus (Aporophis), 160.
ig (Brachyorrhos),

362
amenus (Carphophis),
324.

ameenus (Coluber), 32.

ameenus (Enicognathus),
160.

ancoralis (Simotes), 225.

ancorus (Xenodon), 224.

andamanensis (Dendro-
phis), 78.

andreze (Liophis), 140.

angolensis (Chlorophis),
95

angolensis (Philotham-
nus), 95.

angulifer (Alsophis), 120.

angulifer(Dromicus),120.

angusticeps (Contia), 202.

angustirostris (Xenodon),
146. :

annectens (Pituophis), 67.

annularis (Galedon), 296.

annulata (Coronella),203.

annulata I ae ee ae
201, 2

sie (Tropidoclo-
nium), 296.

annulatus (Geophis), 296.

annulatus (Heterodon),
155,

annulatus (Ophibolus),
201, 203

annulifer (Simotes), 226.

annulifera (Tropido-
dipsas), 297.

Anodon, 353.

anomala (Coronella), 165,
203

anomala(Bhadinza), 165.
anomalolepis (Spilotes),
23.

anomalus (Alsophis), 125.

anomalus (Aporophis),
165.

ae (Dromicus),

25

anomalus (Zamenis), 125.

Anoplophallus, 353.

anthracops (Leptogna-
thus), 297.

anthracops (Tropido-
dipsas), 297.

antillensis (Alsophis),123.

antillensis (Dromicus),
122, 123.

antillensis (Psammophis),
122, 123

antonii (Rhinochilus),
213.

aphanospilus (Simotes),
225

Aporophis, 157, 160.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

arcticeps(Calama ria), 341.

arctiventris (Calamaria),
2T4.

arctiventris (Coluber),

arctiventris (Duberria),
2

arctiventris (Homalo-
soma), 274.
argonauta (Tyria), 260.
argus (Spilotes), 20.
Arizona, 25.
arizonse (Coluber), 66.
arnensis (Coluber), 229.
arnensis (Simotes), 229,
359.
arnyi (Diadophis), 208.
arnyi (Liophis), 208.
Arrhyton, 251.
aruensis (Dendrophis), 80.
asclepiadeus (Coluber),52.
ater (Alsophis), 121.
ater (Dromicus), 121.
ater (Ocyophis), 121.
ater (Zamenis), 139.
atmodes (Heterodon),155.
atra (Natrix), 121. -
Atractus, 300.
atrostriata (Dendrophis),
85

auribundus (Spilotes), 33.
australis (Coronella), 168.
austriaca (Coronella), 53,

austriacus (Coluber), 191.
austriacus(Zacholus), 192.

badia (Calamaria), 308,
309,

badium (Rabdosoma),
307, 308.

badius (Atractus), 308.

badius (Brachyorrhos),
308.

baclius (Geophis), 308.

bairdi (Coluber), 40.

baliodeira (Coronella),
283.

baliodeirus (Diadophis),
283.

baliodirus (Ablabes), 283.

baliolum (Homalosoma),
282.

balteata (Coronella), 197.

baluensis(Calamaria),335.

beccarii (Calamaria), 343.

beddomii (Simotes), 229,

bellii (Ahzetulla), 78.

bellii (Herpetaethiops),97.

bellona (Churchillia), 69.

bellona (Pituophis), 69.

Bellophis, 188.
benjaminsii (Calamaria),
347.

bernouillii (Leptogna-
thus), 296.
bernouillii (Tropido-

dipsas), 296.
bertholdi (Xenodon), 146.
bicarinata (Natrix), 73.
bicarinatus (Coluber), 73.
bicatenatus (Simmotes),
‘219.
bicincta (Urotheca), 184.
bicinctus (Coluber), 184.
bicinctus (Leiosophis),
184.
bicinetus (Liophis), 184.
bicinctus (Xenodon), 184.
bicolor (Calamaria), 342.
bicolor (Coluber), 131,168.
bicolor (Dirosema), 298.
bicolor (Geophis), 298.
bicolor (Liophis), 168.
bifossatus (Coluber), 10.
bifossatus (Drymobius),
10

bifrenalis (Dendrophis),
80, 358.

bilineata (Diplotropis),
111.

bilineatus (Drymobius),
ll.

bileseatius (Elaphis), 59.

bilineatus (Enicogna-
thus), 173.

bilineatus (Herpetodry-
as), li.

bilineatus
111, 358

binotatus Busted, 235,
243.

(Leptophis),

vibe zocularis (Xenodon),
146.
bipunctatus (Diadophis),
285.

biserialis (Herpetodryas),
119.

biserialis (Orophis), 120.

bistrigatus(Cynophis),36.

bitorquata (Coronella),
196.

bitorquatum (Meizodon),
196.

bitorquatus (Oligodon),
237

bitorques (Calamaria),
338.
bivittatum (Arrhyton),
252.
bivittatus (Drymobius),
15.

bivittatus (Leptophis), 15.

bivittatus (Thamnoso-
phis), 15.

bocagii (Ahzetulla), 99.

bocourti (Atractus), 306.

boddaertii (Coluber), 11.

boddaertii (Drymobius),
11, 357.

boddaertii (Eudryas), 12.

boddaertii (Herpeto-
dryas), 11.

i a (Calamaria),

40.

boiga (Coluber), 113.

boii (Dendrophis), 88.

borneensis (Calamaria),
47. ;

boursieri (Dromicus), 174.
boylii (Lampropeltis),
197.

boylii (Ophibolus), 197.
brachycephalum (Cato-
stoma), 299.
brachycephalum (Diro-
sema), 299.
brachycephalus (Colo-
bognathus), 299.
brachycephalus (Ela-
poidis), 299.
Brachyorrhos, 300.
brachyorrhos (Cala-
maria), 218.
brachyura (Ooronella),
206.
brachyurus (Opheomor-
phus), 136.

brachyurus (Zamenis),
‘ 206. 5
revicauda (Liopeltis),
259. ee
brevicauda (Oligodon),
240.
breviceps (Coluber), 149.
gre (Dasypeltis),

breviceps (Dendrophis),
86. =

breviceps (Liophis), 164.

breviceps (Ophiomor-
phus), 164.

breviceps (Rhadinza),
164.

brevifrenum
soma), 302.
brevirostris (Dromicus),

(Rabdo-

brevis (Calamaria), 348.
brevis (Typhlogeophis),
351 :

branneus (Drymobius),
6.

ALPHABRTICAL INDEX.

brunneus (Herpetodryas),
15. ;

brunneus (Masticophis),
15

sacodamon (Coluber),
4,
cxerulescens (Coluber), 96.
cxruleus (Dromicus), 11.
cxeruleus(Drymobius), 12.
cxruleus (Hapsidophrys),
103.

cesar (Xenurophis), 288.

Calamaria, 188, 233, 255,
278, 300, 324, 330.

calamaria (Ablabes), 282.

calamaria (Anguis), 345.

calamaria (Cyclophis),
282.

calamarius (Coluber),

californize (Coluber), 197.

californie (Coronella),
197.

californiz (Ophibolus),

97.

californiee (Ophis), 197.
callicephalus (Coluber),
34

callicephalus (Coronella),
34.

calligaster (Ablabes), 198.

calligaster (Coluber), 198.

calligaster (Contia), 164,

calligaster (Coronella),
8

calligaster (Dendrophis),
80.

calligaster
tis), 199.

calligaster (Ophibolus),
199.

(Lampropel-

calligaster (Rhadinza),
164.
calligaster (Scotophis),
40

callilzma (Dromicus),
142.

callilama (Natrix), 142.

callilemus (Liophis),
142.

Callopeltis, 24.
callostictus (Hydrops),
187.

Calonotus, 160.
Calopisma, 185, 186, 289,
290.

cana (Ficimia), 272.
caninana (Natrix), 23.
cantoris (Coluber), 35.
canum (Gyalopion), 272.

363

capistrata (Natrix), 121.
capistratus (Coluber), 10.
carinata (Cynophis), 36.
carinata (Phyllophis), 55.
carinatus (Chironius), 73.
carinatus (Coluber), 73.
carinatus cane 354.
carinatus (Herpetodryas),
72, 73, 75, 76.
carolinianus (Coluber),
39.

Carphophiops, 324.

Carphophis, 288, 324. _

catenata (Calamaria), 301,

catenatus (Cyclophis),
274.

catenifer (Coluber), 67.

cater (Pituophis), 67,
69.

catenifer (Simotes), 218.

catesbyi (Ahetulla), 115.

catesbyi (Dendrophis),

~ 115.

catesbyi (Heterodon),
156.

catesbyi (Leptophis), 115.

catesbyi (Uromacer), 115.

Catostoma, 314,

caucasica (Coronella),

92.

caucasicus (Coluber), 192.

caudalineatus (Lepto-
phis), 89.

caudolineata (Ahetula),

caudolineata (Dendro
phis), 89.

caudolineatus (Dendre-
laphis), 89, 358.

caudolineolatus (Dendro-
phis), 85.

caymanus (Alsophis), 120.

celebensis (Elaphis), 62.

Celuta, 324.

Cemophora, 213.

cenchrus (Coluber), 166.

cervone (Hlaphis), 46.

eh ens (Dendrophis),

8

chalybaea (Geophis), 317,
318, 319, 320, 321, 322.

chalybeum (Catostoma),
fee

chalybwus (Elapoides),
819, oe

a a (Alopecophis),
57.

chalybeus (Geophis), 318,
3820.

chamissonis (Corouella),
119.

364

chamissonis (Dromicus),

chamissonis (Opheomor-
phus), 120.

championi (Geophis),
321.

Cheilorhina, 188.
ehenonii (Dendrophis),
96.
chenonii (Leptophis), 96.
chiametla (Natrix), 168.
Chilomeniscus, 272.
chinensis (Simotes), 228.
Chionactis, 255.
Chironius, 2+, 71, 118.
chloris (Herpetodryas),
279.
chlorophea (Hypsiglena),
209.

Chlorophis, 91.
Chlorosoma, 255
chlorosoma (Coluber),

ch oroticum (Dendrophi-
dium), 16.

chloroticus (Drymobius),
16.

chrysobronchus (Phryno-
nax), 22.

chrysobronchus
tes), 22.

chrysostoma (Rhadinza),
1

(Spilo-

67.
Churchillia, 25,
cineta (Carphophis), 273.
cinctus (Ablabes), 283.
cinctus (Chilomeniscus),
273.
cinereus (Alsophis), 124.
cinereus (Simotes), 222.
cinnamomea (Natrix), 72.
clavata (Rhadinea), 177.
clavatus (Dromicus), 177.
clericus (Ophibolus), 200.
climacophorus (Coluber),
54

cobella (Coluber), 166.

cobella (Coronella), 166.

cobella (laps), 166.

cobella (Liophis),
167.

cobella (Ophiomorphus),
166.

166,

cobella (Rhadineza), 166.

coccinea (Cemophora),
214,

coccinea (Coronella), 205.

coccinea (Lampropeltis),
205.

coccineus (Coluber), 214.
coccineus (Elaps), 214.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

coccineus (Heterodon),
214.
coccineus (Ophibolus),

5

coccineus (Rhinostoma),
214.

coccineus (Simotes), 214.

cochinchinensis (Simotes),
219.

Ceelognathus, 25.

cognatus (Heterodon),
‘155.

collaris (Ablabes), 261.

collaris (Coluber), 260.

collaris (Contia), 260.

collaris (Coronella), 261.

collaris (Cyclophis), 261.

collaris (Hirenis), 260,
261.

collaris (Geoptyas), 31.
collaris (Homalosoma),
262.
collaris (Idiopholis), 327.
collaris (Liophis), 167.
collaris (Ophibolus), 200.
Colobognathus, 314.
Colophrys, 314.
Colorhugia, 251.
Coluber, 24.
colubrinus
146, 359.
Comastes, 208.
compressus (Coluber), 39.
Compsosoma, 25.
concolor (Hydromor-
phus), 185.
confinis (Scotophis), 49.
conirostris (Aporophis),

(Xenodon),

eonirostris (Liophis), 184.

conirostris (Lygophis),
134.
conjuncta (Coronella),
203.

conjuncta (Lampropeltis),
197.

Conopsis, 255.

alae (Coronella),
51

conspicillatus (Callopel-
tis), 5

copia (Coluber),

as uations (Elaphis),
51.

constrictor
don), 31.
Contia, 255.
copii (Cemophora), 214.
corais (Coluber), 31.
corais (Spilotes), 31.

(Corypho-

corallioides (Synchali-
nus), 70
coralliventris
phis), 159.
coronata (Calamaria),
196.
coronata (Coronella), 196,
coronatus (Cerastes), 23.
coronatus (Coluber), 23.
coronatus (Mizodon),
196.
Coronella, 25, 126, 160,
188 214, 277.
coronella (Ablahes), 264.
coronella (Calamaria),
264.
coronella (Coluber), 191.
coronella (Contia), 264.
coronella (Homalosoma),
264.
coronelloides
soma), 264,
coronilla (Natrix), 191.
Coryphodon, 7, 9, 188.
Cosmiosophis, 180.
couperi (Coluber), 31.
couperi (Georgia), 31.
couperi (Spilotes), 31.
crassicaudatum (Rhabdo-
soma), 304, 310.
crassicaudatus(Atractus),
310.
crassus (Simotes), 219.
Crossanthera, 9.
cruciatum (Rabdion),
5.

(Aporo-

(Homalo-

cruentatus (Coluber), 41.

cruentatus (Simotes),
231.

Cryptodacus, 251.

cubensis (Dromicus), 140.

cuculliceps (Leptogna-
thus), 296.
cuculliceps (Tropido-

dipsas), 296.
cupreum (Rhinostoma),

247.
cupreus (Coluber), 191.
cupreus (Leptopbis), 109.
cupreus (Thrasops), 109.
cursor (Coluber), 139.
cursor (Dromicus), 139,

140,

cursor (Herpetodryas),
139, 140.

cursor (Liophis), 139.

euvieri (Calamaria), 344,

cyanopleurus (Aporo-

phis), 142.
Grcleeas, 144, 180.
Cyclophiops, 277.

Cyclophis, 255, 277.
cyclura (Coronella), 219.
cyclurus (Simotes), 219.
Cynophis, 24.

darnleyensis (Dendro-
phis), 80.

Dasypeltin, 353.

Dasypelvis, 353

daudini (Pseudoeryx),
186

davidi (Coluber), 56.
davidi (Tropidonotus),
56.

- decalepis (Herpetodryas),
75

decemlineata (Contia),
260.

decemlineatus (Ablabes),
260.

decemlineatus (Hirenis),

decipiens (Ablabes), 181.
decorata (Coronella), 174,
176

76.
decorata(Rhadinza), 176,
359.

decoratus (Diadophis),
176, 178.
decorus (Aheetulla), 78.
decorus (Coluber), 78.
defilippii (Oxyrhina), 269.
Deirodon, 353.:
Dendrelaphis, 87.
Dendrophidium, 9.
Dendrophis, 71, 77, 87,
98, 102, 105, 115.
dendrophis (Dendrophi-
dium), 15.
dendrophis (Drymobius),
15, 357. ;
dendrophis (Herpeto-
dryas), 14, 15.
dennysi (Simotes), 218,
deppei (Elaphis), 66.
deppei (Pituophis), 66.
deppei (Spilotes), 67.
deppii (Coluber), 66.
deppii (Elapochrous),
182.

depressirostris (Lepto-
phis), 107.

depressirostris (Philo-
thamnus), 107.

deserticola (Pituophis),
68

Diadophis, 160, 188, 277.

diasii (Chionactis), 268.

diastema (Liophis), 183.

aa (Herpetodryas),
30.

’

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

dichrous (Coluber), 30.

Dicraulax, 215.

dilepis (Aporophis), 158

dilepis (Lygophis), 158.

Dimades, 185.

dimidiata (Calamaria),
333.

dimidiatus (Elapochrus),
183.

dimidiatus (Pliocercus),

dione (Chironius), 44.

dione (Ccelopeltis), 44.

dione (Coluber), 44.

dione (Elaphis), 44, 46.

Diplotropis, 105.

diplotropis (Ahetulla),
110

diplotropis (Hapsido-
phrys), 110.

diplotropis (Leptophis),
110.

Dipsas, 292.

Dirosema, 298.

discolor (Hypsiglena),
211.

discolor (Leptodira), 211.
docilis (Diadophis), 207,
208.

doliata (Coronella), 200,
201, 203, 205.

doliata (Lampropeltis),
201

doliatus (Coluber), 131,
205.

doliatus (Ophibolus), 200,
201, 203, 205.

doliatus (Ophiomorphus),
132. :

dolichocephalum (Cato-
stoma), 320.

dolichocephalus (Colobo-
gnathus), 320.

dolichocephalus (Ela-
poides), 320.

dolichocephalus (Geo-
phis), 320.

dorbignyi (Heterodon),
151

dorbignyi (Lystrophis),
151.

dori (Ablabes), 279,
doriz (Cyclophiops),
279.
dorsale (Oligodon), 234,
dorsalis (Ahztulla), 101.
dorsalis (Dromicts), 119.
dorsalis (Drymobius), 12,
dorsalis (Elaps), 241.
dorsalis (Leptophis), 101.
dorsalis (Liophis), 170.

365

dorsalis (Oligodon), 241.

dorsalis © (Ophiomor-
phus), 170.

dorsalis (Philothamnus),
101.

dougesii (Diadophis),
208

Dromicus, 9, 118, 126,
157, 160.

drummondi (Farancia),
291.

Drymobius, 8, 25.

Duberria, 273.

duberria (Coluber), 274.

duberria (Elaps), 274.

dubium (Geophidium),
322.

dubium (Rabdosoma),
308.

dubium (Xenodon), 243.

ped (Geophis), 322,
323,

duboisi (Atractus), 310.

duboisi (Rabdosoma),
310.

dugesi (Elapoidis), 317.

dugesii (Geophis), 317.

dumerili (Calamaria),
343.

dumerilii (Dendrophis),
8

dumerilii (Dromicus),
8l.

dumerilii(Leptognathus),
296.

dumerilii (Urotheca),
181.

dumfrisiensis (Coluber),
205.

dysopes (Diadophis), 206.

Eirenis, 255.

eiseni (Ophibolus), 197.

eae (Ficimia),
1

Elaphis, 24.

elaphis (Coluber), 45.
elaphis (Natrix), 46,
Elapochrous, 180.
Elapoides, 314. :
elapoides (Liophis), 183,
Pade (Pliocercus),

elapoides (Urotheca),
182, 359,

elaps (Atractus), 302.

elaps (Geophis), 302.

elaps (Rhabdosoma),
302

elapsoidea (Calamaria),
205.

366

elapsoidea (Osceola), 205.

elapsoideus (Laimpropel-
tis), 205,

elegans (Arizona), 66.

elegans (Coronella), 175,
196.

elegans (Dendrophis), 86.

elegans (Hnicognathus),
173.

elegans (Pityophis), 66.

elegans (Rhineabie), 66.

elegans (Virginia), 289.

ellioti (Oligodon), 242.

elongata (Dasypeltis),
355.

emini (Abeetulla), 92.
emini (Chlorophis), 92.
emieli (Atractus), 311.
emmeli (Geophis), 311.
emoryi (Coluber), 40.
emoryi (Natrix), 40.
emoryi (Scotophis), 40.
enganensis (Coluber), 63.
Enicognathus, 160.
Enulius, 249.
ephippicus (Chilomenis-
cus), 273.
epinephelus (Liophis),
137.

episcopa (Cuntia), 265,
266.

episcopum (Homalo-
soma), 265.
episcopum (Lampro-
soma), 265.
erebennus (Spilotes), 31.
eremita (Coluber), 44.
Erpetodryas, 71.
erythrogrammum (Calo-
pisma), 290.
erythrogrammus (Abas-
tor), 290.
erythrogrammus (Colu-
ber), 290.
erythrogrammus (Heli-
cops), 290.
erythrogrammus (Homa-
lopsis), 290.
erythrogrammus (Hy-
drops), 290.
erythrurum (Compso-
soma), 62.
erythrurus (Coluber), 62,
308,

erythrurus (Plagiodon),
62.

Eudryas, 9.
Eurypholis, 277.
euryzona (Elapochrus),

euryzona (Urotheea), 182.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

euryzonus (Pliocercus),
1

eutropis (Phrynonax), 22.
evansii (Coronella), 199.
evansii (Ophibolus), 199.
everetti (Calamaria), 340.
everetti (Oligodon), 239.
exiguus (Dromicus), 126.
eximia (Coronella), 200.
eximius (Coluber), 197,
200.
eximius (Ophibolus),
200.
Exorhina, 235.
extenuatum (Stilogoma),
825,

Farancia, 290.
fasciata (Contia), 262.
fasciata (Dendrophis), 85.
fasciata (Farancia), 291.
fasciata (Geophis), 296.
fasciata (Higina), 187.
fasciata (Leptognathus),
294

fasciata (Tropidodipsas),
294, 295, 296.

fasciata (Virginia), 296.

fasciatus (Ablabes), 262.

fasciatus (Chilomeniscus),
278.

fasciatus (OCyclophis), 262.

fasciatus (Dasypeltis),
354.

fasciatus (Hirenis), 262.

fasciatus (Hlapoides),296.

fasciatus (Oligodon), 243.

fasciatus(Phrynonax), 21.

fasciatus (Spilotes), 21,
22.

fasciolatus (Simotes), 219.

faves (Atractus), 313.

fave (Calamaria), 313.

faves (Rabdosoma), 313.

ferox (Hypsirhynchus),
117.

ferruginosus (Coluber),
191

Ficimia, 270.

fischeri (Tropidodipsas),
296.

fischeri (Zamenis), 195.

fitzingeri (Zacholus), 192.

flammigerus (Brachy-
orrhos), 308.

flavescens (Callopeltis),
52.

flavescens (Coluber), 52.

flavescens (Elaphis), 53.

flavescens (Phyllosira),
75.

flaviceps (Calamaria),

flavifrenatus (Aporophis),
158.

flavifrenatus (Dromicus),
158.

flavifrenatus (Lygophis),
158.

flavigularis (Dendrophis),
105.

flavigularis (Thrasops),
105, 358.

flavilatus
143.

flavilatus (Liophis), 143.

flavirufus (Coluber), 39.

flavirufus (Natrix), 39.

flaviventris (Geoptyas),
31.

(Dromicus),

flaviventris (Liophis),
7.

flavolineatus (Herpeto-
dryas), 78.

floridanus (Coluber), 40.

forbesii (Simotes). 225,

formosa (Coronella), 208.

formosa (Dendrophis),
84

formosanus (Simotes),
222, 359.

formosus (Dendrophis),
84.

formosus (Leptophis), 78.

forsteni (Rabdion), 328.

forsteni _(Rhabdophi-
dium), 328.

forsteri (Natrix), 136.

fraseri (Liophis), 131.

frenata (Ahetulla), 116.

frenatum (Gonyosoma),
58.

frenatus (Ablabes), 280,

frenatus (Coluber), 58.

frenatus (Cyclophis), 280.

frenatus (Dromicus), 181.

ae (Herpetodryas),
5

frenatus (Leptophis), 141.

frenatus (Uromacer), 116.

frontalis (Contia), 270.

frontalis (Ficimia), 270.

frontalis (Geagras), 270.

frontalis | (Prosymna),
8

frontalis (Pseudoficimia),
270.

frontalis (Temnorhyn-
chus), 247, 248,

frontalis (Toluca), 270.

fugax (Coluber), 52.

fugitivus (Coluber), 139.

fugitivus (Dromicus),
139, 140, 141.

fugitivus (Liophis), 139.

fulviceps (Rhadinza),
179.

fulvivittis (Diadophis),
178.

fulvivittis (Dromicus),

fulvivittis (Rhadinea),
178.
fulvum (Arrhyton), 252.
funereus (Alsophis), 142.
furcata (Grayia), 287.
fusca (Absetula), 82.
fusca (Dendrophis), 82.
fusca (Rhadinza), 169.
fuscus (Coluber), 11,75.
fuscus (Dendrophis), 82.
fuscus (Geophis), 322.
fuscus (Herpetodryas),
738, 75.
fuscus (Liophis), 169.
meee (Opheomorphus),
169.

Galedon, 294.

gallicus (Coluber), 192,

gastrogramma (Cala-
maria), 349.

Gastropyxis, 102.

gastrostictus (Dendro-
phis), 86.

Geagras, 326.

genimaculata (Liophis),
170.

genimaculata (Lygophis),
170.

genimaculata(Rhadinsa),
170.

gentilis (Coronella), 201.

gentilis (Ophibolus), 201.

Geophidium, 314.

Geophis, 314.

, Geoptyas, 25.

Georgia, 25.

gervaisii (Calamaria),338.

getula (Coronella), 197.

ae (Lampropeltis),
197.

getulus (Coluber), 197.

getulus (Coronella), 197.

getulus (Herpetodryas),
197.

getulus (Ophibolus), 197.
giardi (Grayia), 288.
gigas (Cyclagras), 144.
gigas (Xenodon), 144.
gigas (Leiosophis), 144.
— (Philothamuus),

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

girondica (Coronella),
94 :

girondicus (Coluber), 194.
glabra (Herpetodryas),
5

Glaniolestes, 286.

godmani (Coronella), 180.

godmani (Geophis), 322.

godmani (Rhadinza),
179.

godmanii (Henicogna-
thus), 179.

godmanni (Dromicus),

«

Gonyophis, 70.

Gonyosoma, 24.

grabowskii (Calamaria),
33

ae (Elaphis),

47.

gracile (Trimetopon),
184.

gracilis (Ablabes), 184.

gracilis (Dendrophis), 82.

gracilis (Leptophis), 103.

gracillima (Abetulla), 95.

gracillima (Calamaria),
350.

gracillimus (Typhlo-
calamus), 350.

greca(Elaphis), 46.

pe noeeah

grandisquamis (Herpeto-
dryas), 76.

sae aaa (Spilotes),
6.

grandoculis
phis), 84,

graphicus (Coluber), 187.

grayi (Calamaria), 338.

Grayia, 286.

gregorii (Dendrophis), 85.

guentheri(Atractus), 305.

guentheri (Geophis), 305.

guentheri (Philotham-
nus), 96.

ees (Phrynonax),

(Dendro-

guentheri (Xenodon),
147.

guttatus (Coluber), 39,
198.

guttatus (Elaphis), 40, 49.

guttatus (Scotophis), 40,

guttulatum (Rhabdo-
soma), 298.

Gyalopion, 270.

habeli (Dromicus), 119.
heematois (Pityophis), 67,

367
hainanensis (Simotes),

Hapsidophrys, 102, 103.

harperti (Virginia), 289.

harpertii (Carphophis),
289.

heathii (Drymobius), 11.
heathii (Herpetodryas),
11

helena (Coluber), 36, 357.

helena (Cynophis), 36.

helena (Dendrophis), 88.

helena (Herpetodryas),
36.

helena (Plagiodon), 36.
helen (Carphophiops),
i (Oarphoph
helenz larphophis),
825. asia
helen (Celuta), 324,
Helicops, 185, 289.
hermanni (Coluber), 65.
Herpetethiops, 91.
Herpetodryas. 8, 24, 71,
126, 157, 188, 255, 277.
herzi (Simotes), 48.
a ane (Ahzetulla),

heterodermus (Chloro-
phis), 97, 358.
heterodermus
thamnus), 97.
Heterodon, 158, 218, 253.
ee (Coluber), 154,

(Philo-

heterolepidota (Ahex-
tulla), 95.
heterolepidota (Lepto-
phis), 95.
heterolepidotus (Chloro-
phi), 95, 358, :
heterolepidotus (Philo-
thamnus), 95.
Heteronotus, 286.
hexagonotus (Ptyas), 8.
hexagonotus(Xenelaphis),

herahionotus (Coluber),

hesahonotus
phis), 8.
ae (Coryphedon),

Higina, 186.
hispanica (Coronella),
194.

(Xenela-

aoe (Heterodon),

histricus (Lystrophi
ase (Lystrophis),

hodgsonii (Coluber), 35.

368

hodgsonii (Compsosoma),
35

hodgsonii (Spilotes), 35.

hoevenii (Calamaria),
337.

hoffmanni (Colobogna-
thus), 319.

hoffmanni (Hlapoides),
319

hoffmanni (Geophis}, 319.
hohenackeri(Coluber),42.
Holarchus, 215.
holbrookii (Elaphis), 50.
holochlorus (Herpeto-
dryas), 75.
Homalopsis, 185, 186,
289, 290.
Homalosoma, 233, 255,
273, 277.
hoplogaster (Ahztulla),
93.

hoplogaster (Chlorophis),
93.

hoplogaster (Philotham-
nus), 93.
Hydromorphus, 185.
Hydrops, 186.
Hypsiglena, 208.
Hypsirhynchus, 117.

Idiopholis, 327.

ignita (Coronella), 176.

ignita (Rhadinea), 176.

ignitus (Dromicus), 176.

jheringii (Coronella), 172.

inagnitus (Pseuderyx),
359.

inconstans (Dromicus),
121.

inornata(Coronella), 195.

inornatus (Dasypeltis),

— 854.

inornatus (Hirenis), 260.

inornatus (Rachiodon),
355.

inornatus (Uromacer),
116.

intermedius (Pityophis),
37

iris (Calamaria), 344.

irrecularis (Ahetulla),
92, 94, 96.

a oa (Chlorophis),

irregularis (Coluber), 96.

irregularis (Philotham-
nus), 96, 99.

irregularis (Xenodon),
150.

isolepis (Xenodon), 136.

Isoscelis, 300.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

isozona (Contia), 266.
isthmicus (Atractus), 307.
italica (Coronella), 192.

jegeri (Coronella), 170.
jegeri (Rhadinza), 170,
jani (Arizona), 66.
jani (Prosymna), 249.
janii (Liophis), 359.
janseni (Coluber), 57, 357.
jansenii (Gonyosoma), 57,
307.

javanica (Calamaria),347.

joberti (Hnicognathus),
174.

julie (Aporophis), 139.

juliz (Dromicus), 139.

julie (Liophis), 139.

katowens's (Dendrophis),
80.
kennerlyi (Heterodon),
5b.

1
kirkii (Ahsetulla), 99.

labuanensis
218.

lachrymans (Dromicus),
174.

lachrymans (Lygophis),
174

(Simotes),

lachrymans (Rhadinza),
174,

letus (Coluber), 49.
leetus (Diadophis), 208.
letus (Liophis), 208.
lxtus (Scotophis), 49.
lxvicollis (Coluber), 73.
levis (Coluber), 191, 286.
lxvis (Coronella), 192,
194.
levis (Drymobius), 11.
levis (Herpetodryas), 11.
levis (Zacholus), 192.
lagoensis (Aheetulla), 100.
lagoensis(Philothamnus),
100.
Lampropeltis, 188.
Lamprosoma, 255.
lateralis (Calamaria), 342.
lateralis (Macrocalamus),
327.
lateristriga (Dromicus),
1

lateristriga (Liophis),
181. i

lateristriga (Urotheca),
181.

latifasciata (Hypsiglena),
211. :

latifrons (Atractus), 303.

latifrons (Geophis), 303.

latifrontalis \(Atractus),
304.

latifrontalis (Geophis),
304.

laureata (Rhadinza),
79

laureatus (Dromicus),
179.

leberis (Coluber), 154.

lecontii (Rhinochilus),
212,

Leionotus, 286.

Leiosophis, 144, 180.

leonis (Coronella), 199.

leupardina (Coronella),
192.

leopardina (Natrix), 41.

leopardinus (Callopeltis),
41

leopardinus (Coluber),
41.

leprosus (Coluber), 52.

Leptocalamus, 249.

Leptognathiens, 353.

Leptognathus, 292, 294,

Leptophis, 9, 77, 87, 91,
102, 105, 255.

sai i eee

leucogaster (Calamaria),
341.

(Liophis),

(Rhadinza),

leucogaster
163.

leucogaster
163.

leucomelas
123.

leucomelas (Dromicus),

(Alsophis),

leucostomus (Lepto-
gnachus), 296.

lichtensteinii (Coluber),
10

Ligonirostra, 246.

lindheimeri (Coluber),
50.

lindheimeri (Panthero-
phis), 50.

lindheimeri (Scotophis),

lineata (Hapsidophrys),
104.

lineata (Toluca), 269.

lineaticollis (Arizona),
64,

lineaticollis (Coluber), 64,

lineaticollis (Pituophis),
+.

lineatum (Rabdosoma),
312.

lineatus (Aporophis), 158.

lineatus (Coluber), 158.

lineatus (Conopsis), 268.

lineatus (Dromicus), 141,
158, 170.

lineatus (Geophis), 312.

lineatus (Herpetodryas),
158

lineatus (Lygophis), 158.

lineolata, (Dendrophis),
80, 85.

lineolatus (Dendrophis),
80, 85. :

lineolatus (Sphenocala-
mus), 326.

linnzi (Calamaria), 336,
345, 349.

liocercus (Ahectulla), 111,
118

liocercus (Coluber), 113.
liocereus (Dendrophis),

111, 118.

liocercus (Leptophis),
111, 118.

Liopeltis, 255, 277.

Liophis, 118, 126, 160,
180.

lippiens (Geophis), 188.

lippiens (Sympholis),
188.

longicauda (Ablabes),
284.

longicaudata (Grayia),
288.

longicaudatum (Rabdo-
soma), 313.
Jongicaudatus (Geagras),
0.

longiceps (Atractus),
305.

longiceps (Calamaria),
329.

longiceps (Oxycalamus),
329,

longiceps (Pseudorhab-
dium), 329.

longiceps (Rhabdosoma),

~ 3085:

longifrenatus (Philo-
thamnus), 96.

longissima (Natrix), 52.

longissimus (Callopeltis),
53.

longissimus (Coluber),

loreata (Rhadinza), 179,
lovii (Calamaria), 350.
lumbricoidea (Calama-
ria), 333, 344,
areas (Tropidodipsas),
1.

VOL. II.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

lunulatus §(Phrynonax),
21.

lunulatus (Spilotes), 21.

lutrix (Coluber), 274.

lutrix _(Homalosoma),
274, 275.

Lystrophis, 151,

macclellanii (Pituophis),
69

Macrocalamus, 327.

Macrophis, 286.

macrophthalma (Herpe-
todryas), 73.

Macrops, 71.

macrops (Dendrophis),
85.

macrurus (Calamaria),
344,

maculata (Ficimia), 268.

maculata (Isoscelis), 306.

maculata (Oxyrhina),
268.

maculatum (Rhabdo-
soma), 305, 306, 307,
308.

maculatus (Anoplophal-

lus), 353.

maculatus (Atractus),
3806.

maculatus (Coluber), 39.
maculatus (Conopsis),
268.

maculatus (Megalops),
853.

maculiyittis (Alsophis),

maculivittis (Dromicus),
11

maculolineata (Calama-
ria), 336.

maculosa (Calamaria),
345.

mezoticus (Coluber), 44.

majalis (Leptopbis), 258.

meee Sup byllophis)

major (Ablabes), 279.
major (Atractus), 307.
major (Cyclophis), 279.
i Gaia (Cynophis),

malabaricus (Herpeto-
dryas), 36.

mancas (Leptophis), 88.

eS digi (Coluber),

maniar (Dendrophis), 88,

manillensis (Elaphis), 62.

margaritatum (Gonyo-
soma), 71.

369

margaritatus (Gonyo-
phis), 71.
margaritifera (Calama-

ria), 336.
margaritiferus (Corypho-
don), 196.
margaritiferus (Dromi-

cus), 17.
margaritiferus (Drymo-
bius), 17.
margaritiferus (Herpeto-
dryas), 17.
margaritiferus (Lepto-
phis), 17.
nargaritiferus (Thamno-
sophis), 17.
margaritophora (Cala-
maria), 336.
marginatus (Leptophis),
112

marginatus (Thrasops),
3

martapurensis (Calama-
ria), 344.
martii (Calopisma), 187.
martii (Homalopsis), 187.
martii (Hydrops), 187.
medici (Dipsas), 855.
megalolepis (Spilotes), 24.
Megalops, 353.
Meizodon, 188.
melanauchen (Enico-
gnathus), 175.
melanauchen(Rhadinga),
175. ,
melanichnus (Alsophis),
122. ooPen)

melanocephala (Coro-
nella), 246.
melanocephalum (Homa-
losoma), 246.
melanocephalus (Dromi-
cus), 173.
melanocephalus (Enico-
gnathus), 172, 174.
melanocephalus (Oligo-
don), 246,
melanocephalus (Rhyn-
chocalamus), 246.
Mufepeleuans (Coluber),

tnelenoluras\ Fitunphie),
melanolomus

phis), 11.
i aaa (Zamenis),

(Mastico-

melanonotus (Liophis),
134, ee

melanorhynchus
maria), 333.
2B

(Cala-

370

melanostigma
phis), 99.

melanostigma (Dromi-
cus), 142.

melanostigma,
142.

mmelanostigma
142.

melanota (Calamaria),
349.

melanotropis (Coluber),
33.

(Dendro-

(Liophis),
(Natrix),

melanotropis (Dendro-
phidium), 33.

melanotropis (Elaphis),
33

melanotus (Coluber),
134,

melanotus (Dromicus),
34.

melanotus (Liophis), 134.

melanurum (Compso-
soma), 60, 62.

melanurus (Coluber), 60.

melanurus (Elaphis), 60,
62.

melanurus (Spilotes), 31,
3 2.

melas (Herpetodryas),
76.
meleagris (Calamaria),
249.
meleagris (Opheomor-
phus), 132.
meleagris (Prosymna),
249.

meleagris (Temnorhyn-
chus), 249,

meridionalis (Coluber),
194.

meridionalis (Coronella),

merremii (Coluber), 168.

merremii (Coronella),
131, 168.

merremii (Liophis), 131,
138, 168, 169.

merremii (Ophiomor-
phus), 168, 169.

merremii (Ophis), 150.

merremii (Rhadinza),
168.

merremii (Xenodon), 150.

mexicana (Aheetulla),108.

mexicana (Coronella),
201.

mexicanus (Cerastes), 33.

mexicanus (Hapsido-
phrys), 108.

mexicanus (Leptophis),
108.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
mexicanus (Ophibolus),
201

mexicanus (Pituophis),

66, 69

mexicanus (Thrasops),
meyerinkii (Simotes),
224.

michahelles (Xenodon),
micropholis (Coronella),

micropholis
peltis), 203.

microrhynchum (Rhab-
dosoma), 308.

miliaris (Coluber), 168.

mimus (Opheomorphus),
164.

(Lampro-

mimus (Rhadinza), 164.

miolepis (Dromicus), 175.

mite (Homalosoma), 267

mitis (Contia), 267.

M-nigrum (Ooluber),
3l.

modesta (Ahztulla), 107.
modesta (Calamaria), 340.
modesta (Contia), 261.
modesta (Coronella), 260.
modestus (Ablabes), 260,
261, 262.
modestus (Atractus), 304.
modestus (Cyclophis),
261.

modestus (Dendrelaphis),
91,

modestus (Diadophis),
208.

modestus (Homalosoma),
260.

modestus (Leptophis),
107.
modestus (Oligodon),
238.

modestus (Philotham-
nus), 107.

moellendorffii (Coluber),
56.

moellendorffii(Cynophis),
56.

meesta (Geophis), 319.

meestum (Rhabdosoma),
319.

meestus (Geophis), 319.

molossus (Colu ber), 39.

moniliger (Psammophis),
261.

monochrous (Calamaria),
340.

monticola (Dipsas), 280.
monticolus(Coluber),229.

mossambica (Dasypeltis),
355.

multicinctum (Rabdo-
soma), 308

multicinctus (Ophibolus),
197.

multifasciata (Coronella),

multifasciatus (Simotes),
222.

multilineatus(Dromicus),
181.

multipunctata (Cala-

maria), 345.

multistratus (Ophibolus),

multistriata (Lampro-
peltis), 201.

murinus (Enulius), 250.

mutabilis (Coluber), 37.

mutabilis (Natrix), 37.

mutabilis (Scotophis), 37.

mutitorques (Geophis),
304.

mutitorques

soma), 304.

(Rhabdo-

nasale (Catostoma), 318.
nasale(Rhabdosoma),318.
nasalis (Cyclophis), 282.
nasicus (Heterodon), 156.
nasus (Conopsis), 268.
nasus (Contia), 268.
nasus (Ficimia), 268.
natalensis (Ahztulla), 94.
natalensis (Chlorophis),
94

natalensis (Dendrophis),
94.

natalensis (Philotham-
nus), 94.
Natrix, 24, 25.
nattereri (Heterodon),
2,

nauii (Coluber), 45.
nebulatus (Cerastes), 293.
nebulatus (Coluber), 293.
nebulatus (Dipsas), 293.
nebulatus (Leptogna-
thus), 293.
nebulatus
thus), 293.
nebulosus (Coluber), 192.
nebulosus (Cyclophis),
278.

neglecta (Aheetulla), 94.
neglectus (Chlorophis),
94.

(Petalogna-

neglectus
nus), 94.
neovidii (Xenodon), 148.

(Philotham-

neuwiedii (Xenodon),
nicaga (Rhadinwa), 174.
nicagus (Lygophis), 174,
nicobariensis (Ablabes),

niger : (Hapsidophrys),
105.

niger (Heterodon), 155.

niger (Ophibolus), 197.

niger (Scytale), 154.

nigricaudus (Allophis),
58. ;

nigricaudus (Hlaphis),
58

nigricollis (Coluber),
260.
nigro-alba (Calamaria),
344.

nigrofasciatus (Psammo-
phis), 34.

nigrofasciatus
thamnus), 99.

nigromarginata (Ahsxtul-
Ta), 112.

nigromarginatus (Lepto-
phis), 112.

nitida (Ahztulla), 100,
101

(Philo-

nitidus (Philothamnus),
100.

notospilus (Oligodon),
239.

nove-hispanix (Coluber),
33. ;

nuchalis (Herpetodryas),
15.

nuntius (Dromicus), 18].

nuthalli (Coluber), 47.
nyctenurus (Elaphis),
64.

obscurus (Simotes), 219.

obsoleta (Georgia), 31.

obsoletus (Coluber), 31,
50.

obsoletus (Elaphis), 50.

obsoletus (Scotophis), 50.

obsoletus (Spilotes), 31.

obtusa (Coronella), 171.

obtusa (Rhadinza), 171.

occidentalis (Ahetulla),
111.

occidentalis (Drymobius),
17.

a al (Leptophis),
111,

occidentalis (Thrasops),

oceipitale (Lamprosoma),
266.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
occipitale (Rhinostoma),
266.

occipitalis (Ablabes), 206.

occipitalis (Calamaria),
342.

occipitalis (Chionactis),
266.

occipitalis (Contia), 266.
occipitalis (Diadophis),
206.

occipitalis
thus), 175.

occipitalis (Herpetodry-
as), 30.

occipitalis (Ophibolus),
203.

(Enicogna-

occipitalis (Rhadinza),
75.

15.

occipito-album (Rhabdo-
soma), 310.

occipito-albus (Atractus),
310.

ocellatus (Xenodon), 150,

ocbrorhynchus (Hypsi-
glena), 209.

octolineata (Coronella),
224,

octolineata (Dendrophis),
89.

octolineatus (Coluber),

224,

octolineatus (Elaps), 224.

octolineatus (Simotes),
224.

Ocyophis, 118.
oldhami (Chlorophis),
93

oldhami (Cyclophis), 93.

Oligodon, 233.

oligodon (Calamaria),
237

oligozona (Coronella),
203

olivacea (Ahetula), 82.
olivacea (Dendrophis),
82.

olivacea (Ficimia), 270,
271.

omiltemana (Geophis),
299.
omiltemanum
ma), 299,
omiltemanus (Dromicus)
178.
Ophibolus, 188.
Ophiomorus, 160.
Ophis, 144.
orientalis
67.

(Dirose-

(Ooronella),

ornata (Ficimia), 271.
ornata (Hypsiglena), 211.

371

oMfiata (Liophis), 138.
ornatus (Chloropbis), 93.
ornatus (Coluber), 189.
ornatus (Comastes), 211.
ornatus (Dromicus), 139.
ornatus (Liophis), 139.
ornatus (Macrophis), 287.
ornatus (Philothamnus),

Orophis, 118.

ortonii (Leptophis), 114.°
Osceola, 188.

ovivorus (Coluber), 291.
owenii (Ablabes), 282.
Oxycalamus, 328.
oxycephalum (Gonyoso-

ma), 57.
oxycephalum (Pseudo-
rhabdium), 329.

oxycephalum (Rhabdo-
soma), 829.

oxycephalus (Coluber),
6, 357.

oxycephalus (Herpeto-
dryas), 57.

oxycephalus
mus), 329.

Oxyrhina, 255.

eens (Aheetulla),
117.

(Oxycala-

oxyrhyncha (Leptophis),
117.

oxyrbynchus (Uromacer),
117.

pachyura (Contia), 267.

pallidus (Diadophis), 206.

palmarum (Coluber),
354,

palmarum (Dasypeltis),
355.

pannonicus
52

(Coluber),
pantherinus (Coluber),
10, 40.

pantherinus (Corypho-
don), 10.

aa (Drymobius),
0.

pantherinus (Ptyas), 10.
Pantherophis, 25.

papuz (Dendrophis), 86.
Parageophis, 314.
a (Ophibolus),

pardalinus (Elaphis),
parreysii (Elaphis), 46.

parvifrons (Dromicus),
141

parvifrons (Liophis), 141.
252

372

pavimentata (Calamaria),
348.

percarinatus (Drymo-
bius), 16.

perfuscus (Dromicus),
133.

perfuscus (Liophis), 133.
persica (Contia), 2638.
persicus (Cyclophis), 263.

persicus —(Pseudocyelo-
phis), 263.

persimilis (Liophis), 173.

perusianum (Rabdoso-
ma), 300.

peruvianus (Atractus),
305.

Petalognathus, 292.

petersii (Geophis), 321.

phenochalinus (Simotes),
224.

philippii (Leptognathus),
295.

philippii (Tropidodipsas),
295.

philippinensis (Dendro-
his), 90.
philippinica (Calamaria),
338

Philothamnus, 91, 98.
Phrynonax, 18.
Phyllophilophis, 255.
Phyllophis, 25.
phyllopbis (Coluber), 55.
Phyllosira, 71.
piceus (Spilotes), 30.
pickeringii (Coluber), 75.
picta (Abeetulla), 78.
picta (Dendrophis), 78,
80, 89, 90.
pictus (Coluber), 46, 78.
pictus (Dendrophis), 78,
pictus (Leptophis), 78, 88.
Pituophis, 24.
Plagiodon, 25.
planiceps (Simotes), 232.
platyrhinus (Heterodon),
154, 156.
pleii (Dromicus), 11, 142.
pleii (Drymobius), 12.
ee (Elaphis),
6

pleurostictu (Pituophis),
6

plicatile (Calopisma), 186.

plicatilis (Cerastes), 186.

plicatilis (Coluber), 186.

plicatilis (Dimades), 186.

plicatilis (Elaps), 186.

plicatilis (Homalopsis),
186, 290.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Pliocereus, 180.
plumbiceps (Coronella),
195

plutonius (Coluber), 23.
peecilocephalus (Coluber),
46

poecilogyrus (Coluber),
131.

peecilogyrus (Liophis),
131.
peecilolzmus (Coronella),
peecilonotus(Phrynonax),
20,

pecilonotus (Spilctes),

1

a, ie

pecilopogon (Coronella),
173.

peecilopogon (Rhadinza),
173.

pecilostoma (Coluber),

poecilostoma (Spilotes),
19.

poeppigii (Geophis), 316.

poeppigii (Rabdosoma),
316

poitei (Herpetodryas), 15.
polychroa (Dendrophis),
78

polyhemizona (Ablabes),
8

polylepis (Aheetulla), 21.

polyzona (Coronella),203.

polyzona (Lampropeltis),
203.

polyzonus (Ophibolus),
208,

ponticus (Coluber), 192.
porphyraceus (Ablabes),
34.

porphyraceus (Coluber),
34.

portoricensis (Alsophis),
122

prestans(Leptophis),111.

prestans (Thrasops), 111.

prakkii (Calamaria), 337.

prasina (Liophis), 135.

prasinus (Coluber), 59.

proboscideus (Rhinaspis),
258.

propinguus (Oligodon),
240.

Prosymna, 246,

protenus (Dromicus),
141.

Psammophis, 118.

psephota (Geophis), 299.

ee (Catostoma),

psephotum (Dirosema),
299.
psephotus
299.
Pseudocyclophis, 255.
Pseudodipsas, 208.
Pseudoeryx, 185, 289.
Pseudoficimia, 255.
pseudogetulus (Coro-
nella), 197.
Pseudorhabdium, 328.
Psilosoma, 255.
publia (Ficimia), 271.
pulchella (Coronella),

(Elapoidis),

165. ;
pulchellus (Diadophis),
207.
pulcher (Alsophis), 11.
pulcher (Heterodon),153.
pulcher (Liophis), 165.
pulchra (Pseudoficimia),
270.
pulchriceps
phis), 11.
pullata (Tyria), 23.
pullatus (Coluber), 23, 33.
pullatus (Spilotes), 23.
punctata (Calamaria),
206.
punctata (Coronella),206.
punctatolineata (Cyclo-
phis), 261.
punctatovittatum (Rab-
dosoma), 312.
punctatus (Ablabes), 206.
punctatus (Coluber), 206.
punctatus (Diadophis),
206, 207, 208.
punctatus (Leptophis),99.
punctatus (Philotham-
nus), 99.
punciulata (Dendrophis),
82

(Mastico-

punctulatus (Coro-
nella), 220.

punctulatus (Dendro-
phis), 80, 82, 85.

punctulatus (Leptophis),
82

punctulatus (Simotes),
220.

purpurans (Ablabes), 167.
purpurans (Diadophis),

purpurans (Liophis), 168.

purpurans (Rhadinza),
167.

purpurascens (Simotes),
218, 220, 225, 226.

purpurascens (Xenodon),
218, 220.

purpureocauda (Ablabes),
267.

pustulatus (Thrasops),
105.

putnamii (Liophis), 139.

pygmaeus (Liophis), 129.

pyromelanus(Ophibolus),
202.

pyrrhomelas (Ophibo-

lus), 202.

pyrrhopogon (Coluber),
73.

quadrangularis(Ficimia),
272.

quadrangularis(Geophis),
320,

quadricarinatus (Erpeto-
dryas), 72.

quadrifasciatus(Coluber),
61.

quadrilineata(Coronella),
41.

quadrilineata (Hirenis),

0.

quadrilineata (Liophis),
130. ‘

quadrilineatus (Ablabes),
41,

quadrilineatus (Oallopel-
tis), 41.

quadrilineatus (Coluber),

quadrilineatus (Elaphis),
46.

quadrilineatus (Simotes),
227.

quadrimaculata (Cala-

maria), 348, 349.
quadristriatus (Coluber),
45.

quadrivirgatum (Adel-
phicos), 312.

quadrivirgatum (Compso-
soma), 59.

quadrivirgatus(Atractus),
312.

quadrivirgatus (Coluber),
59.

quadrivirgatus (Elaphis),
59.

quadrivittatus (Coluber),
50.

quadrivittatus (Elaphis),
50.

quaterradiatus (Coluber),
45.

quaterradiatus (Elaphis),
46.

quatuorlineatus (Colu-

ber), 45, 53.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

quincunciatus(Comastes),
210.

quinque (Tropidonotus),
61

quinquelineata (Coro-
nella), 178.

quinguelineata (Rhadi-
nea), 178.

quinquelineatus(Herpeto-
dryas), 11.

quinquestriatus(Ablabes),
284,

Rabdion, 328. .

rabdocephalus (Coluber),
146, 150.

Rabdosoma, 300, 314.

Rachiodon, 353.

Rachiodontide, 353.

radiatum (Compsosoma),
61

radiatus (Coluber), 61.

radiatus (Elaphis), 62.

radiatus (Spilotes), 62.

raffreyi (Scaphiophis),
254,

raninus (Coluber), 134.

rappii (Ablabes), 282.

rappii (Drymobius), 11.

rappii (Herpetodryas), 11.

rebentischii (Calamaria),
345

redimita (Colorhogia),
252.

redimita (Geophis), 326.

redimitum (Arrhyton),
252.

redimitus (Cryptodacus),
252.

redimitus (Geagras), 326,
regalis (Coronella), 208.
regalis (Diadophis), 208,
regalis (Liophis), 208.
reginze (Coluber), 187.
reginee (Coronella), 138,
regine (Liophis), 130,
132, 137, 142, 175.
regularis (Coronella),196.
regularis(Meizodon), 196.
ae (Calopisma),
1.

reinwardtii( Homalopsis),
291.

reinwardtii (Hydrops),
sy (Hydrops)

reissii (Drymobius), 11.

reissii (Herpetodryas), 11.

ee (Compsosoma),

i (Coluber), 31,
35.

viv

reticularis (Spilotes), 35.

reticulata, (Calamaria),
345.

reticulata(Herpetodryas),
1l

reticulatus (Atractus),
3

reticulatus (Coluber), 260.
reticulatus (Hlaphis), 67.
reticulatus (Geophis),
311.
reticulatus(Pituophis),68.
rhabdocephalus (Xeno-
don), 146, 148, 150.
Rhabdophidium, 328.
Rhachiodontinz, 353.
Rhadinza, 160.
Rhegnops, 3800,
Rhinaspis, 253.
Rhinechis, 24.
Rhinochilus, 212.
rhinomegas (Coluber), 40.
Rhinostoma, 246, 253.
rhinostoma (Heterodon),
253.
rhinostoma (Simophis),
253.
rhodogaster (Colophrys),
317,

rhodogaster (Geophis),
317.

rhombifer (Coryphodon),
14.

rhombifer (Drymobius),
14, 357.
rhombifer (Spilotes), 14.
rhombifer (Zamenis), 14.
rhombomaculata (Coro-
nella), 198.
rhombomaculata (Lam-
propeltis), 199.
rhombomaculatus (Ophi-
bolus), 198.
Rhynchocalamus, 233.
riccioli (Coluber), 194.
riccioli (Coronella), 194.
riccioli (Zamenis), 194,
richardi (Abetula), 113.
richardii (Coluber), 113.
rijersmeei (Alsophis), 124,
rodriguezii (Elaphis), 39.
roelandti (Calamaria),
344,
rohdii (Rhinaspis), 254,
rohdii (Simophis), 254,
romanus (Coluber), 52.
rosaceus (Coluber), 49,
io (Rhabdosoma),

rostralis (Elapoides), 323.
rostralis (Geophis), 323,

374

rothi (Ablabes), 262.
rothi (Contia), 262.
rothi (Hirenis), 262.
rubens (Coluber), 194.
rubescens ( Diadophis),
120.
rubinianum(Rabdosoma),

rubriceps (Elaphis), 40.

rubriventris (Coluber),
42.

rufiventris (Alsophis),
24,

rufiventris (Dromicus),
9.

rufodorsatus (Ablabes),
3.
rufodorsatus (Coluber),

rufodorsatus
notus), 43.
rufus (Liophis), 129.
russelii (Coronella), 229.
russelius (Coluber), 229.
russellii (Simotes), 229.
rutilus (Lygophis), 165.

(Tropido-

sagittifer (Chlorosoma),
165.

sagittifer (Liopeltis), 165.

sagittifera (Rhadinza),
165.

sallxi (Geophis), 318.

salomonis (Dendrophis),

salvinii (Spilotes), 33.
sanctze-crucis(Dromicus),
122.

sancticrucis (Alsophis),
122.
sansibaricus _ (Philo-

thamnus), 9°).
sarasinorum (Agrophis),

360.
sargii (Adelphicus), 313.
sargii (Aheetulla), 111.
sargii (Leptophis), 111.
sargii (Pliocercus), 183.
sargii (Rhegnops), 313.
sargii (Thrasops), 111.
sartorii (Leptognathus),

296.

eartorii (Tropidodipsas),
296. 3

saturatus(Hapsidophrys),
110. i

saturatus (Leptophis),
110.

saturninus (Coluber), 75.

saturocephalus (Coluber),
149.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

sauromates (Coluber), 45,
52.

sauromates (Hlaphis), 46,
55:

sauromates
notus), 46.
sayi (Coluber), 68.
sayi (Coronella), 197.
sayi (Lampropeltis), 197.
sayi (Ophibolus), 197.
sayi (Pituophis), 69.
scaber (Coluber), 354.
scaber (Dasypeltis), 354.
scaber (Deirodon), 354.
scaber (Rachiodon), 354.
scaber (Tropidonotus),
354.
scabra (Dasypeltis), 354.
scalaris (Coluber), 65.
scalaris (Hypsirhynchus),
117

(Tropido-

scalaris (Rhinechis), 65.

Seaphiophis, 254.

schlegeli (Leionotus), 286.

schlegelii (Ablabes), 282.

schlegelii (Calamaria),
333, 345.

schlegelii (Rhinostoma),
253.

schokari (Dipsas), 78, 88.

schranckii (Elaps), 184.

schrenckii (Coluber), 48.

schrenckii (Elaphis), 48.

sclateri (Leptocalamus),
251.

scopolii (Coluber), 52.

Scotophis, 25.

scriptus (Ablabes), 284.

scurrula (Herpetodryas),
75

scurrula (Natrix), 75.
sebastus (Herpetodryas),
75.

sellatus (Coluber), 40.
sellmanni (Coluber), 52.

semianulata (Contia),
268.

semiannulata (Sonora),

semiaureus (Ophiomor-

phus), 169.
semicarinatus (Ablabes),
278
semicarinatus
pholis), 278.
semicinctus (Heterodon),
153.
semicinctus (Lystrophis),
153.
semidoliatum (Cato-
stoma), 316.

(Eury-

semidoliatum
soma), 316.

semidoliatus (Elapoides),
316

(Rabdo-

semidoliatus (Geophis),
316

semifasciatus (Simotes),
2,
semilineata (Natrix), 138.
semimaculata (Ablabes),
261.
semiornata (Coronella),
195, 359.
semivariegata (Ahetulla),

semivariegata (Dendro-

phis), 99.
semivariegatus (Philo-

thamnus), 99.
septentrionalis (Cala-

maria), 349.
seriatus (Coluber), 290.
serpentinus (Coluber),
166.
serperastra (Ablabes),172.
serperastra (Rhadinza),

severus (Cerastes), 149.
severus (Coluber), 149.
severts (Xenodon), 146,
148, 149, 150.
sexcarinata (Natrix), 72.
sexcarinatus (Herpeto-
dryas), 72.
sexlineata (Coronella),43.
sexlineatus (Ablabes), 43.
sexscutatus (Lepto-
gnathus), 296.
shirana (Ahetulla), 96.
shiranum (Homalosoma),
76.
siamensis (Calamaria),
sibon (Coluber), 293.
sibonius (Alsophis), 123.
sieboldi (Elapoides), 318.
sieboldii (Ninia), 318.
signatus (Simotes), 226.
silurophaga (Grayia), 286.
Simophis, 253.
Simotes, 213, 214.
simus (Coluber), 156.
simus (Heterodon), 156.
sinkawangensis (Cala-
maria), 343.
smaragdina (Ahetulla),
103.

smaragdina (Dendro-
phis), 103,
smaragdina (Gastro-

pyxis), 103.

smaragdina
phrys), 103.

smaragdinus(Leptophis),
103

(Hapsido-

smithii (Philothamnus),
99

smythii (Coluber), 286.
smythii (Grayia), 286.
Sonora, 255.
Sphenocalamus, 326.
spiloides (Coluber), 50.
spiloides (Elaphis), 50.
spilonotus (Oligodon),
248

Spilotes, 18, 23, 25.

spixii (Coluber), 75.

splendens (Liophis), 182.

splendida(Lampropeltis),
197

oe (Ophibolus),

197.

splendidus (Simotes),
217.

stahlknechtii (Calamaria),
335.

Stasiotes, 213.

stictogenys (Diadophis),
207.

Stilosoma, 325.

stoliczkz (Ablabes), 28].

straminea (Carphophis),
278.

stramineus (Chilomen-
iscus), 273.

striolatus (Dendrophis),
85.

stuhlmanni _—_(Ligoni-
rostra), 248,

subannulatus _(Lepto-

gnathus), 294.
subannulatus (Tropido-
dipsas), 295.
subcarinatus
phis), 91.
subearinatus (Simotes),
6.

(Dendro-

subfasciatus (Liophis),
182.

subfasciatus (Rachiodon),
3855.

subgriseus (Oligodon),
243,

sublineatus (Liophis),132.
sublineatus (Oligodon),
242,

sublutescens (Corypho-

don), 8.
subocularis (Dendrela-
phis), 89.

aan (Dendrophis),

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

subquadratus (Oligodon),
237.

subradiatum (Compso-
soma), 64.

subradiatus (Coluber), 64.

subradiatus (Elaphis), 62,
64

subradiatus
notus), 15.

sulphurea (Natrix), 19.

sulphureus (Phrynonax),
19.

(Tropido-

sumatrana (Calamaria),
333, 339. Zz

sumichrasti (Geagras),
250.

sumichrasti (Leptocal-
amus), 250.

sundevalli (Temnorhyn-
chus), 247.

sundevallii (Prosymna),
247.

suspectus (Xenodon),147.

swinhonis ects) 22

Sympholis, 188.

Syacklinus 70.

syspylus (Ophibolus),201.

teniata (Rhadinea), 172.

teeniatum(Arrhyton),252.

teniatus (Dromicus), 173.

teniatus (Simotes), 227.

teniogaster (Liophis),
166.

teniolata (Coronella),
174.

teniolata (Rhadinza),
174.

teniolatus (Enicogna-
thus), 174.

Taniophis, 113.

teaniurus (Aporophis),
130.

teniurus (Coluber), 47.

teniurus (Elaphis), 47.

teniurus (Liophis), 130,
138.

teniurus (Oligodon),
360,

tantillus (Tzniophis),
119. ; oe

taylori (Contia), 265.

temminckii (Calamaria),
333.

temminckii (Dromicus),
119.

temminckii (Liophis),
9.
temminckii

phis), 119.
Temnorhynchus, 246,

(Psammo-

oe

templetonii (Oligodon),
241, 359.

temporalis (Dromicus).
143.

temporalis (Liophis,
148. :

temporalis (Ophibolus*.
200. :

terrificus (Dendrelaphis}.
90.

terrificus (Dendropbis«.
90.

tessellatus (Ablabes), 11.
tessellatus (Rhinochilus),
218.
tetragunus
274.
tetratenia
drvas), 15. ae
texana ( Hypsiglena), 209.
texensis (Diadophis .
207.
Thamnosophis, 9.
theobaldi (Simotes’, 230.
thomensis (Philotham-
nus), 101.
thominoti (Rhinochilus).
215.

thraso (Coluber), 155.
Tarasops, 104, 105.
tigrina (Coronella). 199.
tigrinus (Heterodun),

(Coluber),

(Herpeto-

Toluea, 255.

torquata (Contia}, 266.

torquata (Hypsigiena),
209, 210, 359.

torquata (Leptodira),
210.

torquatum (Pseudorab-
dion), 329.

torquatum (Babdion),
329

torguatuin (Rabdosoma),
torquatus (Atractus),
309.

torquatus (Coluber), 206.

torquatus (Lepitocala-
Mus), 25

torquatus (Simotes), 232.

trabalis (Coluber), 44.

Heyencorieus (Oligodon),

triangula (Lampropel-
tis), 200. a i

triangularis (Coronella’, ‘
286 ;

trianguiaris (Elaps), 187.
oe (Grayia,,

376

triangularis (Heterono-
tus), 286.

triangularis (Hydrops),
187, 359.

triangulum (Ablabes),
198, 200.

triangulum (Coluber),
200.

triangulum (Coronella),
200,

triangulus (Ophibolus),
199, 200, 201.

triaspis (Ooluber), 37.

triaspis (Natrix), 37.

tricinetus (Liophis), 183.

tricolor (Ablabes), 281.

tricolor (Cylophis), 281.

tricolor (Herpetodryas),
281.

tricolor (Liopeltis), 281.

trilineatus (Atractus),
312.

trilineatus (Oligodon),
238.

trilineatus (Simotes), 238.

Trimetopon, 184.

trinotatus (Simotes), 218.

Tripeltis, 233.

triscalis (Coluber), 129.

triscalis (Dromicus), 129.

triscalis (Liophis), 129.

tristis (Coluber), 88.

tristis (Dendrelaphis),
88, 358.
trivirgatum (Rhabdo-

soma), 312.
Tropidoclonium, 294.
Tropidodipsas, 294.
Tropidogeophis, 294.
Tropidonotus, 9, 353.
Typhlocalamus, 330.
Typhlogeophis, 351.
typhlus (Coluber), 136.
wee (Liophis), 135,

18

typhlus (Opheomorphus),
136.
typhlus (Xenodon), 136.

typus (Anodon), 304.
Tyria, 23, 24.

undulata (Rhadinza),
174,

undulatus (Coluber),
4

undulatus (Dromicus),
174.

‘unicolor (Dromicus), 120.

unicolor (Geophis), 250.

unicolor (Leptocalamus),
250.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

unicolor (Rachiodon),
355.
univittatum
soma), 305.
Uromacer, 115.
urosticta (Aheetulla),
115.
urostictus
115.
Urotheca, 180.

(Rabdo-

(Leptophis),

vaillanti (Simotes), 228,

valeriz (Virginia), 289.

variabilis (Calamaria),
333.

variabilis (Coluber), 23.

variabilis (Spilotes), 23,
33.

varians (Conopsis), 268.

varians (Oxyrhina), 268.

variegata (Ficimia), 271.

yariegatum (Amblymeto-
pon), 271.

variegatum (Homalo-
soma), 276.

varium (Rabdosoma),
309.

veliferum (Amastri-
dium), 352.

venustus (Oligodon),
235.

venustus (Simotes), 235.

verecundus (Liophis),
134.

vermiculaticeps (Coro-
nella), 177.
vermiculaticeps (Rha-
dinza), 177.
vermiculaticeps (Tznio-
phis), 177.

vermiformis (Calamaria),
333.

vermiformis (Carpho-
phiops), 324.

vermis (Celuta), 324.

vermis (Carphophiops),
325.

vernalis (Chlorosoma),

vernalis (Coluber), 258.

vernalis (Contia), 258.

vernalis (Cyclophis),
258.

vernalis (Herpetodryas),
258.

vernalis (Liopeltis), 259.

versicolor (Calamaria),
345.

versicolor (Coluber), 149,
191

vertebralis (Coluber), 67.

vertebralis (Oligodon),
245.

vertebralis (Pituophis),
66, 67, 68.

vertebralis (Simotes),
245.

villarsii (Cheilorhina),

vincenti (Herpetodryas),
73.

violacea (Coronella), 222,

violaceus (Coluber), 137.

violaceus (Simotes), 222.

viperinus (Dromicus),
4

virgatus (Coluber), 54.
virgatus (Hlaphis), 47,
54.

Virginia, 288.

virgulata (Calamaria),
338, 340.

viride (Gonyosoma), 57.

viridicyanea (Liophis),
132.

viridis (Dendrophis), 75:

viridis (Liophis), 135.

viridis (Opheomorphus),
135.

visoninus (Adelphicus),
313.

visoninus (Rhegnops),
313.

vittata (Rhadinea), 178.

vittatum (Arrhyton),
252.

vittatus (Atractus), 304.

vittatus (Coluber), 134.

vittatus (Cryptodacus),
252.

vittatus (Enicognathus),
176, 178.

vittatus (Liophis), 134.
vudii (Alsophis), 120.
vulneratus (Coluber), 59.
vulpinus (Coluber), 49.
vulpinus (Elaphis), 49.
vulpinus (Scotophis), 49.

waandersii (Oligodon),
245.

waandersii (Rabdion),
245.

wagleri (Liophis), 134.

walteri (Contia), 263.

walteri (Pseudocyclo-
phis), 263.

whymperi (Coronella),
174.

wilkesii (Pituophis), 67.
woodmasoni (Simotes),
23.

aad.

wuchereri (Dromicus),
75.

wuchereri (Lygophis),
175.

=e (Coluber),
6.

xanthurus (Spiloies), 31.

Xenelaphis, 7.

Xenodon, 24, 126, 144,
151, 180, 214.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Xenurophis, 288.
Y (Pseudoelaps), 200.

y-grecum (Liophis), 185,

(Lygophis),

yunnanensis (Elaphis),
47.

y-grecum
35

Oo.

Zacholus, 188,
Zamenis, 24.

377

zebrina (Geophis), 308.

zebrinum (Rabdosoma),
3806, 307.

zebrinus (Rhegnops),
308.

zonata (Coronella), 202.
zonatus (Bellophis), 202.
zonatus (Coluber), 202.
zonatus (Ophibolus), 203.
zonatus (Zacholus), 202.

Fig.

wr

LIST OF PLATES.

Prate I.

1. Phrynonax eutropis, Blgr., p. 22.
2. Coluber janseni, Blkr., p. 57.
Upper and side views of head and neck.

Prats II.

Spilotes megalolepis, Gthr., p. 24.
Upper, lower, and side views of head and neck.

Prate ITI.

. Coluber frenatus, Gray, p. 58.
. Leptophis occidentalis, Gthr., p. 111.
nigromarginatus, Gthr., p. 112.

Upper view of head and anterior part of body, and
side view of head.

Prats LV.

ig. 1. Dendrophis bifrenalis, Blgr., p. 80. Upper view of head

and neck.

la. ——. Side view of head.

1b. —— ——. Side view of middle of body.

2. grandoculis, Blgr., p. 84. Upper view of head
and neck.

2a. Side view of head.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

LIST OF PLATES. 379

3. Dendrophis gastrostictus, Blgr., p. 86. Upper view of
head and neck.

8a. ——. Side view of head.

3b. Lower view of middle of body.

4, Dendrelaphis modestus, Blgr., p. 91. Upper view of
head and neck.

4a. Side view of head.
Prare VY. :

1. Chlorophis emini, Gthr., p. 92.

2, —— hoplogaster, Gthr., p. 93.

3. heterolepidotus, Gthr., p. 95.

4. Philothamnus nitidus, Gthr., p. 100.

Upper, lower, and side views of head and neck.

Prats VI.

1. Aypsirhynchus ferox, Gthr., p. 117.

bo

. Liophis fraseri, Blgr., p. 131.

callilemus, Gosse, p. 142.

Upper view of head and anterior part of body, and
side view of head.

Puate YII.

1. Xenodon guentheri, Blgr., p. 147.
2. Aporophis coralliventris, Blgr., p. 159.
3. Rhadinea jegeri, Gthr., p. 170.
Upper and side views of head and anterior part of body.

Puare VIII.

. 1. Hypsiglena affinis, Blgr., p. 210. Upper view of head

and anterior part of body.

la Side view of head and anterior part of

body.
2. Simotes formosanus, Gthr., p. 222. Upper view of head
and anterior part of body.

2a. ——. Side view of head and anterior part of

body.

380

LIST OF PLATES.

Fig. 3. Simotes annulifer, Blgr., p. 226. Upper view of he

Fig.

Fig.

and anterior part of body.

3 a. Side view of head and anterior part of boi
36, —— ——. Enlarged upper view of head.
Prats 1X.

1. Simotes chinensis, Gthr., p. 228.

2. —— beddomii, Blgr., p. 229.

3. theobaldi, Gthr., p. 230.

Upper and side views of head and anterior part of bo
and enlarged upper and side views of head.
Puare X.

1. Simotes cruentatus, Gthr., p. 231.

2. Oligodon travancoricus, Bedd., p. 236.

3. —— modestus, Gthr., p. 238.

Upper, lower, and side views of head and anterior 5
of body.
Pratz XI.
. Oligodon everetti, Blgr., p. 239.
vertebralis, Gthr., p. 245.

3. waandersti, Blkr., p. 245,

Upper and side views of head and anterior part: of bc
and enlarged upper and side views of head.
Prate XII.

1. Leptocalamus sclateri, Blgr., p. 251. Upper and
views of head and anterior part of body, and enlai
upper and side views of head.

2. Arrhyton teniatum, Gthr., p. 252. Enlarged up
lower, and side views of head.

3. Conia taylori, Blgr., p. 265. Upper and side view

head and anterior part of body, and enlarged upper
side views of head.

Fig. 1.

LIST OF PLATES. 381

Prats XIII.

. Homalosoma shiranum, Blgr., p. 276. Upper view of

head and anterior part of body, and enlarged upper and
side views of head.

abyssenicum, Blgr., p. 276. Upper view of head
and anterior part of body, and enlarged upper and side
views of head.

. Grayia smythii, Leach, p. 286. Upper and side views of

head and anterior part of body.

Prats XIV.
Tropidodipsas annulifera, Blgr., p. 297.

2. Dirosema bicolor, Gthr., p. 298.

3.

Fig.

moo b>

Atractus maculatus, Gthr., p. 306.
Upper and side views of head and anterior part of
body.

Prate XV.

. Atractus modestus, Blgr., p. 304. Upper and side views

of head and anterior part of body.

vittatus, Blgr., p. 304. Upper, lower, and side
views of head and anterior part of body.

reticulatus, Blgr., p. 311. Upper and side views of
head and anterior part of body.

PLatE XVI.

. Geophis sallei, Blgr., p. 318. x3.

petersii, Blgr., p. 321. x38.
championi, Blgr., p. 821. x3.
godmani, Blgr., p. 322. x 23,
Upper, lower, and side views of head.

382 LIST OF PLATES.

Prats XVII.

Fig. 1. Calamaria baluensis, Blgr., p. 335.

margaritifera, Blkr., p. 336.

Upper, lower, and side views of head and anterior part
of body, and lower view of tail.

Prats XVIII.

Fig. 1. Calamaria everetti, Blgr., p. 340.

, young.

rebentischii, Blkr., p. 343.

Upper and side views of head and anterior part of body,
and enlarged side views of head.

Prats XIX.

. Calamaria borneensis, Blkr., p. 347.

javanica, Blgr., p. 347.

brevis, Blgr., p. 348.

lovit, Blgr., p. 350.

Upper and side views of head and anterior part of body,

Bebop

and enlarged upper and side views of head.

Prats XX,

Fig. 1. Calamaria septentrionalis, Blgr., p. 349.
2. Typhlogeophis brevis, Gthr., p. 351.
Upper, lower, and side views of head and anterior part
of body, lower and side views of tail, and enlarged
upper view of head.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLIET STREET.

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LIST OF THE CURRENT

NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS
OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM,

a

The following publications can be purchased through the Agency of
Messrs. Loncmans & Co., 39, Paternoster Row; Mr. Quanritcu,
15, Piccadilly ; Messrs. Kraan Pavt, Trencu, Triisner &
Co., Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road; and Messrs.
Durau & Co., 37, Soho Square ; or at the Natrurat History
Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W.

Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds,
Reptiles, and Fishes of Nepal and Tibet. Presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Hsq., to the British Museum. 2nd edition. By
John Edward Gray. Pp. xii., 90. [With an account of the
Collection by Mr. Hodgson.] 1863, 12mo. 2s. 3d.

Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific
Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. “ Alert,” 1881-2. Pp.
xxv., 684. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo.

Summary of the Voyage - By Dr. R. W. Coppinger.
Mammalia - - - ,, O. Thomas.
Aves , RB. B. Sharpe.
Reptilia, Batrachia, Pisces », A. Giinther.
Mollusca - » . A. Smith.
Echinodermata » F. J. Bell.
Crustacea - , H. J. Miers.
Coleoptera » C. O. Waterhouse.
Lepidoptera - , A.G. Butler.
Alcyonaria and Spongiida » 9. O. Ridley

12. 10s

MAMMALS.

Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Edward Gerrard. Pp. iv. 296. 1862,
8vo. 5s. :

Catalogue of Monkeys, Leniurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.RS.,
&e. Pp. viii. 137. 21 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 4s.

Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mam-
malia in the British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S.,
&e. Pp. vii., 398. 47 Woodcuts. 1869, 8vo. 6s. 6d.

a 80204, 3000.—2/94. Wt. 22597. E.& 8. A

2 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF ‘THE

Hand-List of Seals, Morses, Sea-Lions, and Sea-Bears in the
British Museum. By Dr. J. HE. Gray, F.R.S., &e. Pp. 43.
30 Plates of Skulls. 1874, 8vo. 12s. 6d.

Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum. By John
Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. 2nd edition. Pp. vii., 402. 101
Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8s.

Supplement. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. vi,
103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6d. ;

List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department of
the British Museum. By William Henry Flower, LUL.D.,
F.R.S., &c. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.
Pp. iv., 36. 1885, 8vo. 1s. 6d.

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linneus) in the
British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp.
viii, 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Hand-List of the Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Ruminant
Mammals in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.RS.,
&e. Pp. vii. 176. 42 Plates of Skulls, &c. 1873, 8vo. 12s.

Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas. Pp. xiii., 401.
4 coloured and 24 plain Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 17. 8s. ‘ :

BIRDS.

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum :—

Vol. III. Catalogue of tke Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Colio-
morphe, containing the families Corvide, Paradiseide,
Oriolide, Dicruride, and Prionopide. By R. Bowdler
Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 343. Woodeuts and 14 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ]
1877, 8vo. 17s.

Vol. IV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-*
morphe: Part 1., containing the families Campophagidee
and Muscicapide. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi.,
494. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 12.

Vol. V. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphe:, Part II., containing the family Turdide
(Warblers and Thrushes). By Henry Seebohm. Pp.
xvi., 426. Woodeuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1881, 8vo. 1d.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 3

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum—continued.

Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphe: Part III., containing the first portion of the
family Timeliide (Babbling Thrushes). By R. Bowdler
Sharpe. Pp. xiii, 420. Woodcuts and 18 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ]
1881, 8vo. 12.

Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphe: Part IV., containing the concluding portion of
the family Timeliide (Babbling Thrushes). By R.
Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 698. Woodeuts and 15
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 11. 6s.

Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphe : Part V., containing the families Paride and
Laniide (Titmice and Shrikes) ; and Certhiomorphe
(Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans Gadow, M.A.,
Ph.D. Pp. xiii, 386. Woodcuts and 9 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1883,
8vo. 17s.

Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Cinnyrimorphe,
containing the families Nectariniide and Meliphagide
(Sun Birds and Honey-eaters). By Hans Gadow, M.A.,
Ph.D. Pp. xii., 310. Woodcuts and 7 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1884,
8vo. 14s.

Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes :
Part I., containing the families Dicezide, Hirundinide,
Ampelide, Mniotiltide, and Motacillide. By R. Bowdler
Sharpe. Pp. xiii.,682. Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates,
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885.
8vo. 10. 2s.

Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes :
Part IL., containing the families Coerebide, Tanagride,
and Icteride. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S.
Pp. xvii, 4381. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes,] Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. 1886, 8vo.12,

Vol. XIJ. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringill-
formes: Part II., containing the family Fringillide. By
R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xv., 871. Woodcuts and 16
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 1/. 8s.

Vol. XIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Sturni-

A2

4

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum—continued.

formes, containing the families Artamide, Sturnide,
Ploceide, and Alaudidw. Also the families Atrichiide
and Menuride. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 701.
Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.; 1890, 8vo., 12. 8s.

Vol. XTV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Oligo-
myode, or the families Tyrannide, Oxyrhamphide,
Pipridz, Cotingide, Phytotomide, Philepittide, Pittide,
Xenicide, and Eurylemide. By Philip Lutiey Sclater,
M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xix.,494. Woodcuts and 26 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1888, 8vo. 1d. 4s. :

Vol. XV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. ° Tracheo-

. phone, or the families Dendrocolaptide, Formicariide,
Conopophagide, and Pteroptochide. By Philip Lutley
Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 371. Woodcuts and 20
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 12.

Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picarie in the Collection of
the British Museum. Upupe and Trochili, by Osbert
Salvin. Coracie, of the families Cypselide, Caprimul-
gidx, Podargida, and Steatornithide, by Ernst Hartert
Pp. xvi. 703. Woodcuts and i4 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1892,
8vo. Ill. 16s.

Vol. XVII. Catalogue of the Picaria in the Collection of -
the British Museum. Coracie (contin.) and Halcyones,
with the families Leptosomatide, Coraciide, Meropide,
Alcedinide, Momotide, Totide, and Coliide, by
R. Bowdler Sharpe. Bucerotes and Trogones, by
W.R. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xi., 522. Woodcuts and 17
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. 1. 10s.

Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariz in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores, containing the family
Picide. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv.,597. Woodcuts
and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 1d. 6s.

Vol. XTX. Catalogue of the Picarie in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges : containing
the families Rhamphastide, Galbulide, and Bucconide,
by P. L. Sclater ; and the families Indicatoride#,Capitonide,
Cuculide, and Musophagide, by G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii.,
484: 13 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1Z. 5s.

Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5

Pp. xvii., 658: woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1d. 10s.

Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Columba, or Pigeons, in
the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 676: 15 coloured plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898, 8vo. 12, 10s.

Vol. XXIT. Catalogue of the Game Birds (Pterocletes,
Galline, Opisthocomi, Hemipodii), in the Collection
of the British Museum. By W. RB. Ogilvie Grant.
Pp. xvi., 585: 8 coloured plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes,] 1893, 8vo. 1/. 6s.

Hand-List of Genera and Species of Birds, distinguishing those
rors. in the British Museum. By G. R. Gray, F.RS.,

CC.

Part II. Conirostres, Scansores, Columba, and Galline.
Pp. xv., 278. [Table of Genera and Subgenera: Part II.]
1870, 8vo. 6s.

Part III. Struthiones, Gralle, and Anseres, with Indices
of Generic and Specific Names. Pp. xi., 350. [Table of
Genera and Subgenera: Part III.] 1871, 8vo. 8s.

List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray :—

Part IIT., Sections III. and IV. Capitonide and Picida.
[With Index.] Pp.137. 1868, 12mo. 1s. 6d.

Part IV. Columbe. [With Index.] Pp. 73. 1856,
12mo. Js. 9d.

Part V. Galline. Pp. iv. 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12mo. 1s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By George
Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 72. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 8vo. 1s. 6d.

REPTILES.

Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbzenians in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
FERS. &. Pp. viii, 80. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1844, 12mo., 1s. te

Catalooue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the Britis
Musou. By John Edward Gray, F.BS., &. :-—

Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). Pp. 79.
18565, 4to. 22. LOs.
Supplement. With Figures of the Skulls of 36 Genera.
Pp. ix., 120. 40 Woodcuts. 1870, 4to. 10s.
Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872, 4te. 2s. Ed.
Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis-
benians. Pp. vi., 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to. 3s. 6d.

50 plates.

6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British
Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.RS., F.LS., &c. Pp. iv.,
124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873, 8vo. 4s.

Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles
in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. By
George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311. 78 Woodcuts and 6
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889,
8vo. 15s.

Gigantic Land Tortoises (living and extinct) in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Albert C. L. G. Ginther, M.A., M.D.,
Ph.D., F.R.S. Pp. iv., 96. 55 Plates, and two Charts of the
Aldabra group of Islands, north-west of Madagascar. [With a
Systematic Synopsis of the Extinct and Living Gigantic Land
Tortoises.] 1877, 4to. 12. 10s.

Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Second edition. By George Albert Boulenger :—

Vol. I. Geckonide, Eublepharide, Uroplatidea, Pygo-
podide, Agamide. Pp. xii, 436. 32 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s.

Vol. II. Iguanide, Xenosauride, Zonuride, Anguida,
Anniellidez, Helodermatide, Varanide, Xantusiida,
Teiide, Amphisbenide. Pp. xiii, 497. 24 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885,
8vo. 20s.

Vol. III. Lacertide, Gerrhosauride, Scincide, Anelytro-
pide, Dibamide, Chameleontida. Pp. xii., 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 1d. 6s.

Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopide, Glauconiida,
Boidew, Ilysiide, Uropeltide, Xenopeltide, and Colubride
aglyphe, part. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. xiii., 448.
26 Woodcuts and 48 plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 12. 1s.

Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 281. [With
Geographical, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1858,
12mo. 4s.

BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi. 160. 12
Plates. [With Systematic, Geographical, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 7

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia, s. Ecaudata, in the Collection
of the British Museum. Second Edition. By George Albert
Boulenger. Pp. xvi., 503. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 1d. 10s.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia, s. Caudata, and Batrachia
Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum. Second
edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. viii, 127.. 9
sie [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
v0. 9s,

FISHES. .

Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Dr. Albert Giinther, F.R.S., &e. :—

Vol. III. Acanthopterygii (Gobiide, Discoboli, Oxuder-
cide, Batrachidew, Pediculati, Blenniidz, Acanthoclinide,
Comephoride, Trachypteride, Lophotidw, Teuthidide,
Acronuride, Hoplognathide, Malacanthide, Nandide,
Polycentride, Labyrinthici, Luciocephalide, Atherinide,
Mugilide, Ophiocephalide, Trichonotide, Cepolide,
Gobiesocidwe, Psychrolutide, Centriscide, Fistularide,
Mastacembelide, Notacanthi). Pp. xxv., 586. Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes, and
a Systematic Synopsis of the families of the Acanthop-
terygian Fishes.] 1861, 8vo., 10s. 6d.

Vol. IV. Acanthopterygii pharyngognathi and Anacan-
thini. Pp. xxi. 584. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1862, 8vo. 8s. 6d.

Vol. V. Physostomi (Siluride, Characinide, Haplochi-
tonidw, Sternoptychide, Scopelidw, Stomiatide). Pp.
xxii, 455. Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 8s.

Vol. VII. Physostomi (Heterophygii, Cyprinidae, Gono-
rhynchide, Hyodontida, Osteoglosside, Clupeide,
Chirocentride, Alepocephalide, Notopteride, Halo-
sauride). Pp. xx.,512. Woodcuts. [With System-
atic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1868, 8vo. 8s.

Vol. VIII. Physostomi (Gymnotide, Symbranchidz,
Murenide, Pegaside), Lophobranchii, Plectognathi,
Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Lep-
tocardii. Pp. xxv.,549. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 8s. 6d. -

List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. By J. E. Gray. Pp. x.,
160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ]
1851, 12mo. 3s. as

atalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence "heodore

: Groton, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii., 196. [With a
Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. 6d.

38 LIst OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80. 4 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.

MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the British
Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.BS.,
&e. Pp. xii, 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British:
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by Philip
P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi. 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s.

List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British |

Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet
in the “ Voyage autour du Monde, exécuté pendant les années
“ 1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette ‘La Bonite,’” and in the
“ Histoire naturelle des Mollusques Ptéropodes,’ Par MM.
P.C. A. L. Rang et Souleyet. Pp. iv., 27. 1855, 12mo. 8d.

Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis Pieiffer.
Pp. iv., 192. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Auriculide, Proserpinide, and Truncatellide in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. 1s. 9d.

List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. By
John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.

Part I. Volutide. Pp. 23. 1855, 12mo. 6d.
Part II. Olivide. Pp. 41. 1865, 12mo. 1s.
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the Collection of
the British Museum. By M. Deshayes :—
Part 1. Veneride, Cyprinide, Glauconomide, and Petri-
colade. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, 12mo. 3s.
Part II. Petricolade (concluded); Corbiculade. Pp.
217-292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d.

BRACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. [Jssued as “ Catalogue of
‘the Mollusca, Part IV.”] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodeuts. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3s.

POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk, F.R.S.
Pp viii, 39, 38 Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1875,
Ryvo. 5s, :

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). | 9

CRUSTACEA,

Catalogue of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum.
Part I. Leucosiadw. By Thomas Bell, V.P.R.S., Pres. L.S.,
&c. Pp. iv., 24. 1855, 8vo. 6d.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the
Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.,

&c. Pp. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index. ]
1862, 8vo. 11. 5s,

INSECTS.

Coleopterous Insects.

Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum :—

Part V. Cucujide, &c. By Frederick Smith. [Also issued
as “List of the Coleopterous Insects. Part I.”]
Pp. 25. 1851, 12mo. 6d.

Part VI. Passalide. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23.
1 Plate. [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. 8d.

Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 174.
4Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. 6d.

Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.
6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. 6d.

Part IX. Cassidide. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor of
Natural History, Stockholm. Pp.225.. [With Index.]
1856, 12mo. 3s. ®

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. Part I. Lycide. By Charles Owen
Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 16s.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the Collection
ofthe British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S.
Pp. xvi., 234: 1 plate. [With a Topographical Catalogue and
an Alphabetical Index.] 1857, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A,
F.L.S. Pp. xiii.,648. [With Topographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 10s. 6d.

Catalogue of Halticide in the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Rev, Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S. Physapodes and
(Edipodes. Part I. Pp. xii, 301. Frontispiece and 9 Plates.
1860, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of Hispide in the Collection of the British Museum.
By coseph S. Baly, M.E.S., &c. Part I. Pp. x. 172. 9
Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.

a 80204, a6

10 LIST OB PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Hymenopterous Insects,

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo.:—
PartI. Andrenide and Apide. Pp. 197. 6 Plates. 1853,
2s. 6d.
Part II. Apide. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1854, 6s.
Part III. Mutillide and Pompilide. Pp. 206. 6 Plates.
1855, 6s.
Part IV. Sphegide, Larride, and.Crabronide. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856,
6s.
Part V. Vespide. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857, 6s.
Part VI. Formicidae. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 6s.
Part VII. Dorylide and Thynnide. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 2s.
Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Frederick Smith. Pp. xxi., 240.
{ With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 10s.
List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the Typical
Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. I., Tenthredinide and
Siricide. By W. F. Kirby. Pp. xxviii, 450. 16 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
8vo. 12. 18s.

Dipterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. 12mo.:—

Part II. Pp. 231-484. 1849. 3s. 6d.

Part IV. Pp. 689-1172. [With an index to the four
parts, and an Index of Donors.] 1849. 6s.

Part V. Supplement I. Stratiomide, Xylophagide, and
Tabanide. Pp. iv., 330. 2 Cuts. 1854. 4s. 6d.

Part VI. Supplement II. Acroceride and part of the
family Asilidw. Pop. ii, 331-506. 8 Cuts. 1854. 3s.

Part VII. Supplement III. Asilide. Pp. ii., 507-775.
1855. 3s. 6d.

Lepidopterous Insects.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in
the Collection of the British Museum :—
Part I. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xiii, 62. 20
Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1877,
Ato. 20,

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 11

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera,
&ce.— continued.

Part III. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xviii, 82.
41-60 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1879, 4to. 27. 10s.

Part V. By Arthur Gardiner Butler, Pp. xii., 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1881, 4to. 22. 10s.

Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index. ]
1886, 4to. 22. 4s.

Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124,
121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 22.

Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.
139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 22.

Part IX. The Macrolepidoptcra Heterocera of Ceylon.
By George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176
Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in,‘or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893,
4to. 2. 2s.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyride in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.LS., &. Pp. vi, 211. 5 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in the’
Collection of the British Museum. . By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.LS., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycenide in the British Museum. B
W. C. Hewitson. Pp. 15. 8 Coloured Plates. 1862, 4to. 1d. 1s.

List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Papilionide. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.

List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mv.:—
Part VI. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pp. 1258-1507. 1855,
3s. 6d.
Part XIX. Pyralides. Pp. 799-1036. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XVI.-XIX.] 1859, 3s. 6d.
Part XX. Geometrites. Pp. 1-276. 1860, 4s.
Part XXI. —————— Pp. 277-498. 1860, 3s.

Part XXII. —— Pp. 499-755. 1861, 3s. 6d.
Part XXIII. ————-—_ Pp. 756-1020. 1861, 3s. 6d.
Part XXIV. ———-——-__ Pp. 1021-1280. 1862, 3s. 6d.
Part XXV. —————_ Pp. 1281-1477. 1862, 3s.
Part XXVI. -——-—-— Pp. 1478-1796. [With an

Alphabetical Index to Parts XX—XXVI.] 1862,
4s. 6d.

12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects, &e.—continued,
Part XXVII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286.
1863, 4s.

Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.
1863, 4s.

Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4s.

Part XXX. ~ Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XXVJI-XXX.] 1864, 4s.

Part XXXI. Supplement. Pp. 1-321. 1864, 5s.

Part XXXII. Part 2. Pp. 322-706.
1865, 5s.

Part XX XIII. ————— Part 3. Pp. 707-1120.
1865, 6s.

Part XXXIV. —————_ Part 4. Pp. 1121-1538.
1865, 5s. 6d.

Part XXXV. ———— Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040.
[With an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI-XXXvV. ]
1866, 7s. :

Neuropterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. :—

Part I. (Phryganides—Perlides.) Pp. iv., 192. 1852,
2s. 6d.

6d.
Part II. Sialide—Nemopterides. Pp. ii. 193-476.
1853, 3s. 6d. 5
Part III. Termitide—Ephemeride. Pp. ii, 477-585.
1853, 1s. 6d.

Part IV. Odonata. Pp. ii., 587-658. 1853, 12mo. ,1s.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen. Part I.
Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12mo. 6d.

s

Orthopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Phasmidw. By John Obadiah Westwood,
E.LS. &c. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 4to. 32. ;

Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattariz in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &e. Pp. 289.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.]
and Supplement to the Blattariz in the Collection of the British
Museum. Gryllide. Blattarie. Locustide. By Francis
Walker, F.L.S., &e. - Pp. 224. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1869, 8vo. 5s. .

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HisTORY), 13.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the

ae ot the British Museum. By Francis Walker,

Part II. Locustidas (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.
Part III. Locustide (continued).—Acridide. Pp. 425-
604. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo, 4s.
Part IV. Acrididw (continued). Pp.. 605-809. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.

Part V. Tettigides.—Supplement to the Catalogue of Blat-
taria.— Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distribution

of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850; 43; 116. [With
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.

Hemipterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. 8S. Dallas, F.L.S.:—
Part I. Pp. 368. 11 Plates. 1851, 12mo. 7s.
Part II. Pp. 869-590. Plates 12-15. 1852, 12mo. 4s.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, E.LS.,
&e. 8v0.:—
Part I. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867, 5s.
Part II. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-417. 1867. 4s.
Part III. Pp, 418-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I., II., IfI., and a Summary of Geographical
Distribution of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4s. 6d.
Part IV. Pp. 211. [Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6s.

Part V. Pp. 202. 1872. 5s.
Part VI. Pp. 210. 1873. 5s.
Part VII. Pp. 213. 1873. 6s.
Part VIII. Pp. 220. 1873. 6s. 6d.

Homopterous Insects.

- List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker. Supplement. Pp.
ii., 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 4s. 6d.

VERMES.

Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms, con-
tained in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Baird.
Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of the Animals in
which the Entozoa mentioned in the Catalogue are found; and
an Index of Genera and Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s.

14 LIS! OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

ANTHOZOA.

Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariide in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. EH. Gray, F.RS., &c. Pp. iv., 40.
2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 1s. 6d.

Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corais in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &. Pp. iv., 51.
14 Woodcuts. 1870, ‘seo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum
(Natural History). Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By
George Brook. Pp. xi., 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes, Explanation of Plates,
and a Preface by Dr. Giinther.] 1898, 4to. 1d. 4s.

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.LS., F.Z.S., &. Pp.
xii, 248. [With a List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British
Museum. Second edition. Part I. Andrenide and Apide.
By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New Issue. Pp. xi. 236. 11
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 6s.

Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Yormicide, and
Vespide in the Collection of the British Museum. By Frederick
Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1858, 12mo. Gs.

A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By George Johnston, M.D., Edin.,
F.R.C.L. Ed., Lt.D. Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, &c. Pp. 365.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1865, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii. 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 coloured). [With Table of Con-
tents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index, Pieseripsion
of the Plates, &c.] 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6d.

List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the
British Museum; with Synonyma and References to figures.
12mo. :—

Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 1850. 2nd
Edition. By H. T. Stainton and HE. Shepherd. Pp. iv.
224. 1856, 12mo. 1s. 9d.

Part VII. Mollusca, Acephala, and Brachiopoda. By
Dr. J. HE. Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851, 12mo. 3s. 6d.

Part XI. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.
Pp. iv., 51. 1852, 1s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), 15

List of the Specimens of British Animals, &¢.—continued.
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By Frederick
Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, 12mo. Is. 4d.
Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 16. 1853, 12mo. 6d. .
Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White.
Pp. iv., 42. 1858, 12mo. Is.

PLANTS.

List of British Diatomacez in the Collection. of the British Museum.
By the Rev. W. Smith, F.L.S., &. Pp. iv., 55. 1859, 12mo. 1s.

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera, Insec-
tivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268. 33
Woodeuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ] ,
1885, 8vo. 5s.

Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artio-
dactyla. Pp, xxii.,324. 389 Woodeuts. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 6s.

Part IIT. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders Peris-
sodactyla, ‘Toxodontia, Condylarthra, and Amblypoda.
Pp. xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4s.

Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Probos-
cidea, Pp. xxiv.,235. 32 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.

Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders Si-
renia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and
Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 845. 55 Woodeuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1887, 8vo. 6s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368. 75
Woodeuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891, 8vo. 10s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British

Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,

GS. —

‘ a I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Protero-
sauria, Pp. xxviii. 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With Sys-
tematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia—continued.

Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and
Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii., 239.
53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms. ]
1889, s8vo. 7s. 6d.

Part IV. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia; and Supplement. Pp.
xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species
to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo. 7s. 6d. :

Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, ¥.G.S., F.Z.S.:—
Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii., 474.
13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index,
and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1889,
8vo. 21s.
Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii),
' Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi, and
Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean Actinop-
terygii). Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and 16 Plates.
[With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of
Genera and Species.] 1891, 8vo. 21s.

Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligocene
and Eocene Mullusca in the British Museum (Natural History),
with references to the type-specimens from similar horizons
contained in other collections belonging to the Geological
Department of the Museum. By Richard Bullen Newton,
F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 865. [With table of Families and Genera,
Bibliography, Correlation-table, Appendix, and Alphabetical
Index.] ‘ 1891, 8vo. 6s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratidez, Endoceratide,
Actinoceratide, Gomphoceratidz, Ascoceratide, Poterio-
ceratide, Cyrtoceratide, and Supplement. Pp. xxxi.,
344. 51 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 10s. 6d. ;

Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder Nauti-
loidea, consisting of the families Lituitidz, Trochocera-
tide, Nautilide, and Supplement. Pp. xxviii. 407. 86
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms. |
1891, 8vo. 15s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). “ 17

A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms and
the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By Henry

Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii, 155. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of the
British Museum (Natural History), with an account of the
morphology and systematic position of the group, and a revision
of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge, jun., of the
Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History),
and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. (of Eton
College). [With Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of
Contents, General Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] Pp.
xv., 3822. 20 Plates. 1886, 4to. 25s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History). With descriptions of
new and little known species. By George, Jennings Hinde,
Ph.D., F.G.S. Pp. viii., 248. 38 Plates. [With a Tabular
List of Species, arranged in Zoological aud Stratigraphical
sequence, and an Alphabetical Index.] 1883, 4to. 12. 10s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera in tne British Museum
(Natural History). By Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. xxiv., 100. [With Geographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Paleozoic Plants in the Department of Geology
and Paleontology, British Museum (Natural History). By
Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii, 288. [With alist of works
quoted, and an Index.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.

GUIDE-BOOKS.

(To be obtained only at the Museum.)

A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, 8.W. [By W.H. Flower.] With 2
Plans, 2 views of the building, and an illustrated cover. Pp. 78.
1893, Svo. 3d.

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Osteological,
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology ot the British Museum
(Natural History). [By A. Gimther.] 4th Edition. Pp, 126.
57 Woodcuts and 2 Plans. Index. 1892, 8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Department of
Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A.
Giiuther.] 3rd Edition. Pp. iv. 119. 101 Woodcuts and 1
Plan. - Index. 1893, 8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Echinoder-
mata, Vermes), in the Department of Zoology of the British
Museum (Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 2nd Edition.
Pp. iv., 74. 51 Woodeuts andl Plan. 1888, 8vo. 4d.

18

A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology
and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [New Edition. By Henry
Woodward. }|—

Part J. Fossil Mammals ard Birds. Pp. xii., 108. 119
Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6d.

Part II. Fossil Reptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates. Pp.
xii., 109. 94 Woodcutsand 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of
Geology and Palzontology, British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, South Kensington. [By Henry Woodward. |
2nd Edition. Pp. 51. 81 Woodcuts. Index. 1888, 8vo. 4d.

Guide to Sowerby’s Models of British Fungi in the Department of
Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Worthington
G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts. With Table of
Diagnostic Characters and Index. 1893, 8vo. 4d.

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. 32. Plan. 1893, 8vo. 1d.

An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the
Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, S.W. [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. 120. With
numerous Diagrams, a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an
Index. 1894, 8vo. 6d.

The Student’s Index to the Collection of Minerals, British ‘Maseum
(Natural History). New Edition. Pp. 32. With a Plan of
the Mineral Gallery. 1893, 8vo. 2d.

An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of. the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. [By L. Fletcher. ]
Pp. 91. [With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an Index to
the Metecrites represented in the Collection.] 18938, 8vo. 3d.

W.H. FLOWER,
Director.
British Museum
(Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, S.W.

February id5th, 1894.

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