a a STnhjaacad Nee atic atara ek oa eteatsemtetot ren wes : s ; oes “e : : ae > 7 pete ee ea = : eee ee 2 EP 8 SRA oe 0 A ED ens eet ae en Newnes DB a i aN Peal is ee Qt a reise ee ss ‘om oA ATTEND BAAN ming > aR = Ye Tapa Sosy SEES Re Seema ee pare Ree oe ape Ind" OF Sgaen s reer meter ar ie tee et ee iran eae na SS SEE ESS : = ae " Pee eres ES RO see gy kad eee eee ae aoa : - SStauao ey Sn ep ae hee A oe S06 lee Rd BLN eS eR we TH TE Aa Se PPh BAM chen Ro ace een a eee TN = oat eet 2 eae ain ene Eee a DEA ee than s) gins Leese ee: Tee CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE QL ‘| nnn Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024782611 SUPPLEMENT 10 THE CATALOGUE OF SEALS AND WHALES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY JOHN EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S., F.L.S., &e. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1871. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Suborder PINNIPEDIA aL Fam. 1. PHociro@ .......... 1 -Tribe I. Poocrna .......... 2 1. Callocephalus ........ 2 2. Pagomys ............ 2 8. Pagophilus .......... 2 equestris. N. Pacific.. 2 ochotensis. N. Pa- CMG ene Kets ete 2 4, Halicyon ............ 2 Richardi. N. Pacific.. 2 Pealei. Antarctic SeasP............ 2 5. Phoca ...........005 3 barbata. North Sea... 3 naurica. N. Pacific .. 38 Tribe Il. Haticuo@rina .... 38 6. Halichorus .......... 8 Tribe IIL, Monacuina ...... 3 7. Monachus............ 3 Tribe IV. Stenoruyncuma.. 3 8. Stenorhynchus ...... 3 lepton Falkland s., New Zealand... 4 9. Lobodon ............ 4 10. Leptonyx .......... 4 11. Ommatophoca ....., 4 Tribe V. CysropHorina .... 4 12, Morunga............ 4 elephantina. Falk- land Island ...... 4 angustirostris. Cali- OVNNG sitio. es 5 18. Cystophora ........ 5 Fam. 2. TRICHECHIDZ ...... 5 1. Trichechus .......... 6 rosmarus .......... 6 Fam, 8. OTARIADH.......... 6 Tribe I. Orantina ...... ll, 12 1, Olaria: «ecsacuces 11, 12 jubata. 8. America .. 18 Page Tribe II. CatLormunina.. 11, 14 2. Callorhinus ...... 11, 14 ursinus. Kamtschatka 15 Tribe III. AncrocePHatina. 11,15 38. Phocarctos........ 12, 15 Hookeri. Cape Horn 15 4, Avctocephalus .... 12, 17 antarcticus. Cape of Good Hope nigrescens. Falkland Islands .......... 0 cinereus. Australia.. 24 Forsteri. N. Zealand, 25 falklandicus. Falkland Islands .......... 25 nivosus. Cape of Good HOPS spits iareahoe bes 27 Tribe IV. ZaLopuina .... 12,27 5. Zalophus.......... 12, 27 Gilliespii. N. Pacific 28 6. Neophoca 2 2 lobata. Australia .... 28 Tribe V. Eumeroprmna 12, 29 7. Eumetopias........ 12, 29 Stelleri. California .. 30 8. Arctophoca........ 12, 31 Philippii. Juan-Fer- nandez Island .... 82 Order CETACEA .......... 34 Section I. MysTIcreTeE...... 85 Suborder I. Banaworpna .... 36 Fam. 1. BALZ]NIDZ ........ 36 1, Baleena...........005 37 mysticetus. North Sea 38 mediterranea. Medi- terranean ........ 38 angulata. North Sea P nordcaper. Iceland .. 39 {cullamacha, N. Paci- fe] sardines iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page 2. Neobaleena .......... 39 marginata, New Zea- land. .cdewiee eas 3. Eubalena............ 42 australis. Cape of Good A 2 Lo (eer 43 Sieboldii. Kamts- hatha. i. oe ca a's 43 [japonica. Japan] .. 43 cisarctica. Atlantic .. 43 4. Hunterius............ 44 Temminckii. Cape of Good Hope .... 44 biscayensis. St. Sebas- LO) a ee ees 44 Swedenborgii. North SOBs his canes es owe 44 5. Caperea ............ 45 antipodarum. New Zealand .......... 45 6. Macleayius .......... 45 australiensis. Austra- LABIA wicresis eee ona 46 britannicus. Dorset- SHWE ais dace scene 46 Suborder II, BALZzNoPTEROI- STDIN aa estacasaanr ieee aaa aes 46 Fam. 2. AGAPHELIDE ...... 47 1. Agaphelus .......... 47 ibbosus. N, Atlantic 48 2. Rhachianectes........ 48 . glaucus. California .. 48 Fam. 3. MEGAPTERID@...... 50 1. Megaptera longimana. North Sea 50 novee-zelandie. New Zealand .......... 50 Burmeisteri. Buenos AGIOS eis esses 50 americana. Bermuda 60 kuzira, Japan ...... 50 osphyia. Atlantic.... 51 versabilis. N. Pacific 51 2, Poescopia............ 51 Lalandii. Cape of Good HOPG siiiery creamery 51 3. Eschrichtius.......... 52 robustus. Atlantic .. 52 Fam. 4. PHYSALIDM ........ 52 1. Benedenia Knoxii. North Sea .. 52 2. Physalus ............ 52 antiquorum. NorthSea 53 Duguidii. North Sea 58 patachonicus, River Plata y.cceriinads 53 : Page braziliensis. Bahia .. 53 8. Cuvierius............ 54 Sibbaldii. North Sea 54 4, Rudolphius .......... 54 laticeps. North Sea.. 54 5. Sibbaldius borealis. North Sea.. 55 Schlegelii. Java .... 55 antarcticus. Buenos AWTCSs 4 938 be Sed « 55 sulphureus. N. Pacific 55 tectirostris. N. Pacific 56 tuberosus. North-east America ........ 56 Fam. 5. BALZNOPTERIDZ .. 56 J]. Baleenoptera.......... 56 rostrata. North Sea.. 56 velifera. Oregon .... 56 2. Swinhoia ............ 57 chinensis. Formosa .. 57 Section II. DentTicuTE .... 57 Suborder I1Il. PHysETEROIDEA 57 Fam. 6, CATODONTIDE ...... 58 1. Catodon macrocephalus. Trop. 59 2. Meganeuron.......... 59 Krefftii. Australasia 59 Fam. 7, PHYSETERIDM ...... 60 1. Physeter ..........65 60 tursio. North Sea.... 60 2. Kogia breviceps. Cape ofGood 60 Ope ws ee se jet: Macleayii. Australia, Td sce geaceaae gneve: 61 3. Euphysetes .......... 61 Grayii. Australia.... 61 Suborder IV. SusvorpEa .... 61 Fam. 8, PLATANISTIDE...... 62 1. Platanista .......... 62 gangetica. India .... 62 Indi. India ........ 62 Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA.. 62 Fam. 9. Intwm@ ...,........ 68 WTI ss sore artes soso 63 Geoflroyii. Brazil.... 64 Fam. 10. DELPHINIDH ...... 64 Tribe I. SrpNoNINA ........ 65 1. Steno ...........00, 65 frontatus. Indian Ocean............ 65 compressus, South Sea 65 chinensis. China .... 65 capensis: Cape of Good LODO sia. ooacseaacen 66 lentiginosus,' India .. 66 TABLE OF CONTENTS v Page [roseiventris. Moluc- OS) crsaaw ica dee 66 tucuxi. Brazil ...... 66 attenuatus. India 66 PUSCUB. ca cee ns 66 [brevimanus. Singa- POPE) ess cede ee 66 ee Spitzber- Ercotratus, North Sea] 67 2.Sotalia ............0. 67 guianensis, —_ British Guiana .......... 67 Tribe Hl. DELPuInina ...... 67 3. Delphinus .......... 67 longirostris. Japan, ape of Good Hope 68 delphis. North Sea .. 68 Moorei. S. Atlantic... 68 MOM i¥i5 ain eee dies < 68 Walkeri. S. Atlantic 68 Janira. Newfoundland 68 fulvifasciatus. Van Diemen’s Land.... 68 obliquidens. N. Pacific 69 omeegra. India .... 69 orsteri............ 69 4, Clymenia............ 69 stenorhyncha ...... 69 microps. CoastofBrazil 69 Alope. Cape Horn .. 70 Styx. West Africa .. 70 Euphrosyne. North Sea 70 gadamu. India...... 70 normalis............ 70 DGPS»: saence mess aot he 70 euphrosynoides...... 71 dorides ............ 71 obscura. 8. Pacific .. 71 similis, Cape of Good Hope............ 72 crotaphiscus ........ 72 esthenops .......... 72 5. ‘Delphinapterus Peronii. 8. Atlantic. 72 2 Gz TOPSi6: aac vn owe wn truncatus. North Sea. 74 erebennus. Philadel- PUTA. racnsnd sates 84 74 Metis. West Africa .. 74 Cymodoce. River Ura- SUB cic su aan 74 abusalam Cape of Good Hope ...... 74 Eurynome. South Sea 74 catalania. N.W. Aus- tala cies awancias 2 75 Page ie Eutropia bhusernaeereiat 15 Dickiei. Chili ...... 75 Heavisidii. Cape seas 75 Tribe III. Lagenornuyncuina 75 8. Hlectra.............. 76 obtusa ............ 76 BSE: ita actors eacnnge’ 76 fusiformis. India .... 76 acuta. North Sea.... 76 breviceps .......... 76 clancula. S. Pacific .. 77 crucigera .......... 77 thicolea............ 77 9. Beresd: 22555 25 geeees 78 intermedia.......... 78 10. Leucopleurus........ 78 arcticus. North Sea.. 78 11. Lagenorhynchus ..,. 79 albirostris. North Sea 79 Tribe IV. Pszruporcaina .... 79 12. Pseudorca.......... 79 crassidens. North Sea 80 meridionalis. Van Die- men’s Land ...... 80 13, Orcaella ............ 80 brevirostris. Ganges. . 80 fluminalis .......... 80 Tribe V. PHoc@NINA........ 81 14. Phocena .......... 81 communis. North Sea 81 {brachycium. Harbour - of peng eee 81 [vomerina. N. Pacific] 81 15, Acanthodelphis...... 81 co Brazil .. 81 eomeris .......... 81 phoceenoides. India.. 82 Fam. 11. GRaMPIDE........ 2 1. Grampus ..........., 82 Rissoanus. Nice .... 82 Cuvieri. North Sea... 82 Richardsonii. Cape of * Good Hope ...... 83 Fam. 12. GLoBIOCEPHALIDZ. 83 1. Globiocephalus ...... 83 svineval. North Sea.. 83 [melas. Mediterranean] a bein North Sea]... intermedius. oa. ware Bay]........ 84 [Edwardsii. South SOG} soe sin aac neds 84 [guadaloupensis. Gua- daloupej ........ 84. Grayi. Buenos Ayres 84 macrorhynchus. South DeWins greenies 5 84 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page [Scammonii. N. Paci- HIG? Leserchlatagepscanitale tine australis. Australia] 85 indicus. Bengal] .. 85 Sieboldii. Japan chinensis. China sibo. Japan] 2. Spherocephalus.. ... 85 incrassatus, British Channel.......... Fam. 18. ORcaDm .......... 85 DS COPGA i iaysstgonscaneenideecad 90 stenorhyncha. North Beainewedad kins amare 90 capensis. Cape of Good OPO reine errusseeisr dace africana. Algoa Bay.. 91 latirostris. North Sea 91 [gladiator, var. arcti- cus. Faroe oe 91 igleeter var. euro- . Atlantic] . [g! oion var. euro- peous. Mediterranean ]92 magellanica. Patago- May vnoncsee ours 92 tasmanica. Tasmania 92 rectipinna. California 92 atva. Oregon........ 92 2, Ophysia .........45. te pacifica. N. Pacific . Fam. 14, Bervewz ........ 88 1. Beluga ......0 ec. eos 94 catodon. North Sea.. 94 rhinodon. Arctic seas] 94 declivis. Arctic seas] 94 angustata. Arctic seas ]94 Page canadensis, Canada] 94 ingii. Australia.... 95 2. Monodon ..........+. 95 monoceros. North Sea 95 Fam. 15. Ponroportapm.... 95 1, Pontoporia .......... 95 Blainvillii. S. Atlantic 96 Suborder VI. ZrpHroipEa .... 96 Fam. 16. HypERoopoNTID”. . ee l. Hyperoodon.......... butzkopf. North Sea o7 [semijunctus, Charles- town]..........45 97 2, Lagenocetus.......... 97 latifrons. North Sea 97 Fam. 17. Er1oponTIDz...... 97 1. Epiodon ............ 98 esmarestii. North Sea 98 australis, Buenos Ayres 98 2. Petrorhynchus........ 98 mediterraneus. Medi- terranean ........ 98 capensis. South Sea 98 Fam. 18. ZIPHIIDM.......... 99 1. Berardius............ 99 amuxi. New Zealand 99 2. Ziphius ............ 100 owerbiensis. Britain 101 8. Dolichodon ........ 101 Layardii. Cape of ood Hope...... 101 4, Neoziphius.......... 101 europeus. Mediter- raneaN ........45 101 5. Dioplodon .......... 102 sechellensis. Sey- chelles.......... 102 SUPPLEMENT TO THE CATALOGUE OF SEALS AND WHALES. Suborder PINNIPEDIA. Phocide, Catalogue of Seals § Whales, p. 1. Pinnipedia, Idger, Prod. p. 138, 1811. Pinnipedes, Gill’s Prodomus, Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. v. 1866. Family 1. PHOCIDZ. Muffie hairy on the edge, and between the nostrils. Lars without any conch, merely a small aperture. Arms and legs very short; wrist very short. Toes subequal, arched, exserted. Hind feet large, fan-shaped ; ‘the inner and outer toes large and long, the three middle ones shorter. The palms and soles hairy. Claws distinct, sharp. Skull :—postorbital process none or obsolete; no alisphenoid canal; the mastoid process swollen, seeming to form part of the auditory bulla. The scapula expanded upwards and backwards towards the posterior superior angle. Testicles enclosed in the body of the animal, without any external scrotum. Phocide, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. pp. 268, 342, 344; Gill, Proc. Essex Instit. 1866, p. 5 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii, 1870. > B 2 PROCIDE. Sect. I. Cutting-teeth §, curved, conical, and small. The palate produced nearly to the hinder molars. Tribe I. PHOCINA. Skull tapering in front. Nose-hole moderate. Mbolars, except the first, with two roots. Phocina, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 20. Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas. 1. CALLOCEPHALUS. Callocephalus, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 20. 2. PAGOMYS. Pagomys, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 22. 3. PAGOPHILUS. Pagophilus, Gray, Cat. Seals §& Whales, p. 25. 1. Pagophilus? equestris. Brown, with a ring round the head, a ring round the fore limbs, and a broad band round the middle, white. The female whitish brown, with an obscure band across the hinder part of the back. Phoca equestris, Pallas, Zoog. Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 340; Schrenck, Amur-Land, p. 182, tab. 9. figs. 1-3, Phoca fasciata, Shaw, Zool, i. p. 276 (from the Ribbon-Seal, Pennant’s Quad. 276). Phoca annellata, Radde, Reisen im Stiden von Ost-Sibirien, 1862, i. p. 296, t. 1-3. Inhab. North Pacific. 2. Pagophilus? ochotensis. Phoca ochotensis, Pallas, Zoog. Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 117; Schrenck, Amur-Land, p. 181. Inhab. North Pacific. 4, HALICYON. Halicyon, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 27. 1. Halicyon Richardi. Halicyon Richardi, Cat. 8. § Whales, p. 30. Inhab, North Pacific ; Columbia River. 2. Halicyon Pealei. Halichcerus antarcticus, 7. Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. Mr. Gill says that this is a typical species of Phoca, but appears to be identical with those that occur along the Californian and Ore- gonian coast, so that there must be some error as to the assigned habitat in the Antarctic seas—and proposes the name Phoca Pealit (Pree, Essex Instit. vol. v. p. 4). 8. STENORHYNCHUS. 3 5. PHOCA. Phoca, Cat. Seals §& Whales, pp. 6 & 81. Erignathus, Gail, 1865, 1. Phoca barbata. Phoca barbata, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 81. Phoca lanica, Rees, Cyclopedia, Poca (from Lepechin). Inhab. North Sea. 2. Phoca naurica. Phoca barbata, Temminck, Fauna Japonica. Phoca naurica et Phoca albigena, Pallas, Zoog. Ross.-Asiat. i. pp. 108, 109 (vide Schrenck) ; Schrenck, Amur-Land, p. 181. Inhab. North Pacific; Japan. Mus. Leyden. Tribe II. HALICHGRINA. Muzzle broad, rounded. Skull higher in front. Nose-hole very large. Grinders conical; the two hinder. of the upper and the hinder one of the lower jaw double-rooted. Inhab. North Atlantic and Arctic Seas. 6. HALICHERUS. Halichcerus, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, pp. 6 & 33. Sect. II. Cutting-teeth four above, and four or two below. Tribe III. MONACHINA. Cutting-teeth +; upper transversely notched. Palatine bones not produced beyond the inner margin of the orbits. Inhab. Mediterranean and North Atlantic. 7. MONACHUS, Monachus, Gray, Cat. Seals §& Whales, pp. 6 & 17. Tribe IV. STENORHYNCHINA. Cutting-teeth 4; conical, acute. Hinder feet nearly clawless. Stenorhynchina, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 8. Inhab. Antarctic Ocean. 1. Lower jaw strong, angulated behind. Grinders two-rooted, except the Jist in each jaw. 8. STENORHYNCHUS. Stenorhynchus, Gray, Cat. Seals §& Whales, p. 15; Gill, J. c. p. 10. B2 4 PHOCIDE. 1. Stenorhynchus leptonyx. Stenorhynchus leptonyx, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 16. Stenorhynchus leptonyx (Sea-leopard), -Adbott, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 192 & 527. Inhab, Falkland Islands (Abbott, Lecomte). This Seal appears to extend from the Antarctic seas to New Zea- land, the shores of New South Wales, and the Falkland Islands. 2. Lower jaw moderate. The three front upper and first front lower grinders single-rooted ; the rest two-rooted, 9. LOBODON. Lobodon, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p.8; Gull, 1. ¢. p. 10. 3. Lower jaw very weak. Front grinder in each jaw single-rooted ; the rest two-rooted, 10. LEPTONYX. Leptonyx, Gray, Cat. 8. § W. p. 11; Gill, 1. ep. 10. 11. OMMATOPHOCA. ‘Ommatophoca, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p. 13; Gill, 2. c.p, 10. Tribe V. CYSTOPHORINA. Cutting-teeth 4; grinders with large swollen roots and a small compressed simple plated crown. Muffle of male with a dilatable appendage. Cystophorina, Gray, Cat. 8. & W. p. 38. 12. MORUNGA. Morunga, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 38. Macrorhinus, Gill, 1. c. p. 9. 1. Morunga elephantina. Morunga elephantina, Cat. 8. § W. p. 39. One of the Falkland Islands is called Elephant Island, from the former abundance of Sea-elephants there; but Mr. Sclater informs us that when Lecomte visited it, it was “ found to be quite deserted by this animal, which is said now to be entirely extinct * in the Falklands, though its former abundance in certain spots is well known, and is further testified by remains of its bones and teeth met with on the shores, specimens of which were obtained and sent home.” —P, Z. 8. 1868, p. 527. This latter assertion is a mistake, for the bones sent home were those of O. jubata, as is proved by the following remarks of Dr. Murie :—“ Lecomte and his companions believed these large old * See Dr. Sclater’s previous statement, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 189. TRICHECHID. ‘ 5 skulls of Otaria jubata [which he brought home] to be those of the Elephant-seal (Morunga clephantina), as it was stated by some of the party that these animals formerly did exist on this island. One of the pilots (Louis Despreaux by name) had resided thirty-two years on the Falkland Islands, and he distinctly remembered shooting many Elephant-seals in the neighbourhood in bygone years; but about twelve years ago they began to get scarce and disappear.” And further on he observes that they are “‘ now only rarely met with in the Falklands.” —P. Z. S. 1869, pp. 106 & 109. 2. Morunga angustirostris. Macrorhinus angustirostris, Gill, 1. c. p.138; Cope, Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philad, 1865, p. 51. Inhab. California from Cape San Lucas to Point Reyes. Its colour is light brown when the hairis grown to the full length. The males are from 18 to 22 feet long. Females 10 feet long. Canines of the males 4 or 5 inches long. : 13. CYSTOPHORA. Cystophora, Gray, Cat. 8. § W. p. 40; Gill, 1. ¢. North Atlantic, North Pacific. Callocephalus vitulinus. Halicyon Richardi. Callocephalus dimidiatus. Halicyon ? Pealii. Pagomys feetidus. Pagophilus ? equestris. Pagophilus greenlandicus. Pagophilus P ochotensis. Phoca barbata: Phoca naurica. Halichcerus grypus. Morunga angustirostris. Cystophora cristata, Antarctic Ocean. Caspian Sea and Lake Batkal. Lobodon carcinophaga. Callucephalus caspica. Leptonyx Weddellii. *Pagomys fostidus, Ommatophoca Rossii. s ; Stenorhynchus leptonyx. Propicul Atlantic. Morunga elephantina. Monachus tropicalis. Jamaica. Cystophora antillarum. West Indies. New Zealand. Stenorhynchus | 4 Mediterranean and Subtropical er Reese Atlantic. Australia. Monachus albiventer. Stenorhynchus leptonyx. Family 2, TRICHECHIDZ. Trichechide, Gray, Ann. Philosoph. 1825, p. 348; Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1869, iv. p. 268. Rosmaride, Gill, Proce. Essex Inst. v. 1866, p. 11. Trichechina (part.), Gray, Cat. 8. § W. p. 33. Muzzle very broad, truncate, convex, swollen above. Ears with- out any conch. Eyes prominent. Canines very large, exserted. 6 OTARIADZE. ry Cutting-teeth 4 in young, and 2 in adult; grinders all single-rooted. The anterior feet as large as the posterior ones; the fingers decrease in a curved line, destitute of claws; the hind feet with five toes, very gradually increasing towards the inner, all provided with claws; palms and soles hairy in the young, becoming chaffy. Tail rudi- mentary. Skull with no postorbital processes. A distinet alisphenoid canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, with its surface conti- nuous with the auditory bulla. The scapula, hinder margin nearly straight, with the spine a short distance from and somewhat parallel with it. Resting on its body with the fore feet extended and the hind feet doubled under it, moving by the exertion of the abdominal muscles. (See P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 112.) 1. TRICHECHUS. Trichechus, Gray, Cat. 8. §& W. p. 35. 1. Trichechus ? Trichechus rosmarus, Schrenck, Amur-Land, p. 179. Inhab. North Pacific. Family 3. OTARIADA. Nose simple; mufile rather large, callous above and between the nostrils. Ears with a cylindrical, external conch. Arms and legs rather elongate. The fore and hind feet fringed. Fore feet fin- like, with a scolloped naked membrane. Palms and soles bald, longitudinally grooved, more or less triangular. Fingers gradually diminish in size from the inner side. Hind feet elongate, narrow, all clawless. Toes nearly of equal length, the outer one on each side being rather the strongest (see Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 44, f. 15). Three middle toes clawed. The fur is generally provided with a more or less thick under-fur. Skull with a postorbital pro- cess. An alisphenoid canal. Mastoid process strong and salient, extending aloof from the auditory bulla. Cutting-teeth §, upper often bifid; canines conical; grinders 4 or. The scapula is curved backward to the upper angle, but with its spine or crest near the posterior margin. Testicles enclosed in the small external scrotum. They walk on their fore and hind limbs; they rest with the hind part of the body bent down, and the legs directed forward, like the Morse. The females lie on their backs to receive the caresses of the male ; and the young are born on shore and are gradually taught to swim. Otariade, Brookes, Mus. Cat. 1836, pp. 18,28; Gray, Ann. & Mag. NV. AT, 1869, iv. p. 268; Gull, Proc. Essea Inst. 1866, v. p.7 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 27. Arctocephalina, Gray, Cat. 8. & W. p. 44, The Eared Seals (Otariadw) form a distinct family from the Ear- OTARTADZ. 7 less Seals (Phocide). They have more power of using their limbs like the more typical mammalia, walking on them with the body raised from the ground; they rest with their hind limbs bent forwards. These habits are well shown in Dr. Forster’s figures, engraved by Buffon ; and they have been verified by the study of the living Hared Seal in the Zoological Gardens. Their scrotum and genital organs are exposed as in the Dog. The Otarice come to the surface during the process of mastication, and do not, like the Eared Seals, swallow under the water. They do not drink, while the common Seal occasionally sucks in water as a horse would. The pupils of the eyes dilate and contract to an enormous extent. The Sea-bears (Otariade) inhabit the more temperate and colder parts of the southern hemisphere, and the temperate and more northern regions of the Pacific Ocean. The Otariw appear to make periodical migrations towards the south; and the Sea-lions (0. jubata) come to the Falkland Islands in November, where they remain till June or July, when the greater number depart; but some remain there the whole year round (P. Z.8. 1869, p. 108). Navigators, from the general external resemblance of the animals, have yegarded the Sea-lion and Sea-bear of the northern and southern regions as the same animal. Pennant (who paid con- siderable attention to Seals) and most modern zoologists have done the same. Nilsson, in his excellent Monograph of the Seals, only mentions three species of Eared Seal :—1, Otaria jubata; 2, O. ursina; and, 3, O. australis. He believed that the first was common to the Falk- land Islands, Chile, Brazil, New Holland, and Kamtschatka, and the second to Magellan’s Straits, Patagonia, New Holland, and the Cape. We now know that the species have a very limited geographical distribution. When I published my ‘ Catalogue of the Seals in the British Mu- seum,’ in 1850, I was satisfied from Steller’s description that the species he described from the Arctic regions were distinct from those found in the Southern seas ; and when I at last succeeded in obtain- ing specimens and skulls from the northern regions of the Pacific, I not only found that my idea was confirmed, but that they did not even belong to the same genera. I had the skulls of these species figured in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1859, and thus greatly extended the knowledge of the animals. But there is yet much to be learnt respecting them. We do not know the species of Fur-seal described by Forster as inhabiting the coast of New Zealand. The skull of these animals changes so much in form as the animal arrives at adult and old age that it is not always easy to determine the species by it, unless you have a series of them, of different ages and states, to compare. Thus Dr. Peters, in his revision of the genus after the publication of my Catalogue and figures of the skulls in the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror’ and in the ‘ Proceedings 8 OTARIADE. of the Zoological Society,’ formed no less than five species from the skulls of the southern Sea-lion (Otaria jubata) —O. jubata, O. By- ronia, O. leonina, O, Godeffroyt, and: O. Ullow,—-referring the first four to the subgenus Ofaria, and the last to Phocarctos (see Monats- bericht, May 1866, pp. 265, 270). In his second essay, published a few months later (ibid. Nov. 1866), after his visit to London, he placed them all together in one subgenus (Otaria), and seems, by the way in which he has numbered four of them, to doubt their distinctness. It would have been better if he had at once simply reduced them to synonyms (as they must be reduced) and included with them 0. Ullow, which is only the skull of a young specimen, “such as was called O. molossina by Lesson and Garnot. I may observe that I had shown in my first ‘ Catalogue of Seals’ (1850), from the examination of the typical skull, that two or three of these nominal species were ouly very old or young skulls of the southern Sea-lion. It is the character of the Eared Seals or Otariade to have a very close, soft under-fur between the roots of the longer and more rigid hairs. They are therefore called Fur-Seals by the sealers, and are hunted for their skin as well as for their oil. The quantity and fineness of the under-fur differ in the various species; and the skin and under-fur bear a price in the market according to the country and the species from which they are obtained. Some species of the family have so little under-fur when they arrive at adult age, that they are of no value in the market to be made into “seal-skins ;” these are therefore called Hair-Seals by the sealers, They are only collected for the oil, as the skins are of comparatively little value. The skins of the Fur-Seal are much used in China, and are more or less the fashion in this country, sometimes being far more expen- sive than at others. The skins of the Hair-Seals are only used, like the skins of the Earless Seals or Phocide, for very inferior purposes, as covering boxes, knapsacks, &c.; but the animals are much sought after for the oil they afford. The furs of the different species of Fur-Seals are exceedingly dif- ferent in external appearance, especially in the younger specimens, or when the fur is in its most perfect condition. In most species the hairs are much longer than the under-fur ; they are flat and more or less rigid and crisp. In others the hairs are short, much softer, scarcely longer than the soft woolly under-fur ; in these spe- cies the fur is very dense, standing nearly erect from the skin, form- ing a very soft elastic coat, as in O. falklandicus and O. Stelleri. The hair of O. nigrescens is considerably longer than that of O. ci- nerea, but not so harsh, the fur of the half-grown O. nigrescens being longer, sparse, flat, rather curled at the end, giving a crispness to the feel; while the hairs of the very young specimens are abundant, nearly of equal length, forming an even coat that is soft and smooth to the touch. The length, abundance, and, indeed, the presence or absence of the under-fur greatly depend on the season at which the specimen as OTARIADA, 9 is obtained or observed. It is true that the sealers call some seals hair- and others fur-seals ; but that is only because what they call hair-seals never had more than a very small quantity of under-fur in the fur-season ; but, on the other hand, many fur-seals at some seasons have only a small quantity of the under-fur which is so long and abundant at other periods. Difficult as it is for the zoologist to distinguish the species by their external appearance, the skins of the different species of Fur-Seals are easily distinguished by the dealers, even when they are wet, showing that the practical fellmonger is in advance of the scientific man in such particulars, as the dealers in whalebone were in regard to the distinction of the species of the Whale by their baleen (see Zool. Erebus & Terror). The longer hairs of the Fur-Seals are very slender and pale-co- loured at the basal half of their length, and thicker and darker at the upper half, and often have a white tip. The basal half is sub- cylindrical, the upper half is flat, tapering at each end. The abso- lute length of the under-fur differs in the various species. Judging from the old and young specimens of A. nigrescens, the hairs seem to be longer, both absolutely and relatively to the under-fur, in the young than in the adult animals. The hairs of the Hair-Seals are shorter, flat, channelled above, and gradually tapering from the base to the tip, merely contracted at the insertion into the skin. The breadth of the hairs seems to vary in the different species; and in the younger specimens there are to be observed some soft hairs like the under-fur of the Fur-Seals. The Fur-Seals are Callorhinus ursinus, Arctocephalus antareticus, A. nigrescens, A. cinereus, A. Forsteri, A. falklandicus, Eumetopias Stelleri, Arctophoca Philippi. The Hatr-Seals are Otaria jubata, Phocarctos Hookeri, Arctoce- phalus nivosus, Zalophus Gilliespii, Neophoca lobatus. Dr. Peters, in his two papers on the Eared Seals (Otaria) uses the length of the ears and the existence or non-existence of the under- fur, as well as the characters used by Mr. Gill and myself, to separate the species of these animals into subgenera. The length of the ears may probably afford good characters for the separation of the species and groups, if they can be observed in the living animals. As yet, only one species of these animals, the Sea-lion or Sea-bear (Otaria leonina), has been observed alive in Europe; so that Dr. Peters’s notes could only be derived from the examination of more or less carefully preserved skins ; and, I fear, little dependence can be placed on them. The form of the hinder opening of the nostrils and the form of its front edge, when only one or two skulls of a species were examined, have been regarded as constituting a good character; but when an extensive series of the skulls of a single species, or of several species, have been examined, that part is found to vary considerably as to the width of its different parts, and especially in the form of its front edge. As far as my observations have extended, the hinder opening of the nostrils appears to become narrower, and especially its 10 OTARIADE. front edge, as the animal becomes adult or aged ; and in the skulls of the younger specimens it is broader, shorter, and the front edge is broader and more truncated or straight, with only a slight round- ing at the sides. The position of the grinders as regards the front part of the zygo- matic arch is a good character for the distinction of the species, especially if a series of skulls from animals of different ages, and from the same locality, of each species are compared together ; and it is the same with the rooting of the grinders themselves. But when adult skulls of different species are compared together, the forms of the skulls are so altered, the grinders generally so worn and altered by age, and their position in different species so similar, that the distinction of the species then becomes more difficult. The flap of thick bald skin produced beyond the hinder toes varies in length as compared with the toes, in the length of it before it di- vides into lobes, and the length of the lobes themselves in dif- ferent species, and thus affords characters for their separation ; but it is difficult to determine the proper length of it and its parts from a preserved specimen in the Museum. It is apt to be unnatu- rally stretched in length and width by the preparer, and it shrinks as it dries long after it is placed in the Museum. IfI am not deceived by the prepared skins, the flap appears to be longer in the adult than in the young specimens; and judging from the specimens in the Museum, it is longest in Callorhinus ursinus, and it gradually becomes shorter in Arctocephulus antarcticus, A, fallclandicus, Phocarctos Hookeri, A. cinereus, Otaria jubata, and A. nigrescens. It is very short in Neophoca lobata and Eumetopias Stelleri. The “ Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes,” by Mr. Theo- dore Gill, wherein he named several genera of this group, and a paper by Dr. Peters on the Otarze of the Berlin Museum, in the ‘Monatsbericht’ for May 1866, have induced me to reexamine the skulls and skeletons in the British Museum. I may observe that Dr. Peters considers all the Eared Seals one genus, but has divided them into seven subgenera, to each of which he gives a distinctive name. Dr. Peters’s paper is interesting as determining the specimens described by Pander and D’ Alton, Johann Miller, and other German naturalists, as well as describing the more recently received specimens in the Berlin Museum, which certainly is one of the most important on the Continent. Captain Thomas Musgrave, in a work entitled ‘ Cast away on the Aucklands, 12mo, 1866, pp. 141 and following, gives a very inter- esting account of the habits and manners of the Lion-seal, showing how unlike they are in their habits to the Seals without ears (Pho- cide). The female brings ferth her young far inland, and has to teach them to take to the water which is to be their future home. Captain Weddell gives nearly the same account of the habits of the Fur-Seal, as does also Mr. Hamilton (in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, p. 87). Mr. J. A. Allen, in the ‘ Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative OTARIADE. 11 Zoology’ at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., has published (1870) an essay on the Eared Seals (Otariade), with detailed descriptions of the North-Pacrfic species. He divides the family into subfamilies :— Subfam. 1. Trichophocine, without under-fur, and containing the genera Oraria, EKumerorras, ZALOPHUS. Subfam. 2. Eulophocine, with thick under-fur, containing Catio- RHINUS and ARCTOCEPHLUS. He gives figures of the skulls of different ages of the North- Pacific species. Mr. Allen had only the skins in salt and the bones of two North-Pacifie species to study, and he does not seem to be aware that the abundance of the under-fur greatly depends on the season and age of the animal when collected ; and unfortunately he seems to have had no specimens or skulls of the southern species to enable him to study their characters; yet with these limited materials he has ventured to propose a revision of the species of Otariade, and, from the same cause, has suggested the uniting of many incongruous species together. It may be very true that zoologists have erred (myself among the number) in making too many genera and species ; but the correction of this error requires as much study and consi- deration of the entire subject as have been used in their determina- tion ; and science is not advanced by hasty alterations founded on a few specimens. The Eared Seals are collected for their oil and skins. Most of the species have very dense under-fur of soft erect hairs between the bases of the longer hairs. These are called “ Fur-Seals;” and the skins, when deprived of their long hairs, are very valuable. The dressed furs of the various species and localities are of very different commercial and economic value. The skins of Neophoca lobata (of Australia) and Phocarctos Hookeri (of the Southern Ocean), being nearly destitute of this under-fur, are called Hair-Seals by the sealers. Their skins are of little comparative value, as they are only used like the skins of the Earless Seals (Phocidz). SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Section I. Palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles of the jaw. Grinders £.§. Under-fur sparse. Sea-lions. Tribe 1. Orarrina. 1, Otaria. Antarctic Seas. East and west coast of South America, Section II. Palate only extended behind to a line even with the middle part of the zygomatic arch. Sea-bears. Tribe 2, CatLorutnina. Grinders £.8. Skull oblong; face broad, shorter than the orbit; forehead arched. Flap of toes very long. 2. Callorhinus. Under-fur abundant. North-west coast of America. Tribe 8. ARCTOCEPHALINA. Grinders ¢.$; face of the skull shelving 12 OTARTAD A. in front; the fifth and sixth grinders behind the front of the zygo- matic arch. Flap of toes moderate. 8, Phocarctos. Grinders large, lobed, the six upper with two notches on the hinder edge. Under-fur sparse. South America. 4, Arctocephalus. Grinders thick ; crown conical. Under-fur abundant. Tribe 4. Zatoputs. Grinders £.2, large, thick, in a close continuous series; the fifth upper in front of the back edge of the zygomatic arch, 5. Zalophus. Grinders large and thick, in a close uniform series. Under-fur sparse. North Pacific. 6. Neophoca. Grinders large, thick, all equal, in a continuous uniform series. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. Australia: Tribe 5. Eumretopiwa. Grinders £. 5, more or less far apart; the hinder upper behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch, and separated from the other grinders by a concave space. 7. Eumetopias. Under-fur sparse. Flap of toes very short. West coast of North America, 8. Arectophoca. Under-fur abundant. Flap of toes long. West coast of South America, Sect. I. The palate produced behind to a line even with the condyles. The palatine surface of the maxillaries extending behind the teeth and with its postertor processes very long. It ts deeply concave behind, and becomes deeper as the animal increases in age. The hinder nostril is short, with a truncated front edge. Flap of toes rather long. Sea-lions. Tribe I. OTARIINA. Otariina, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. p. 269. 1. OTARIA. Grinders 8. In the adult skulls the fourth upper grinder is under the front edge of the orbit, and the sixth or last in a line with the back edge of the zygomatic arch. The hinder edge of the palate is rather in front, on the line of the condyles. The teeth in the younger skull are more lobed than in the adult; the upper grinders are also differently disposed: the third upper grinder is under the front edge of the orbit, and the fifth tooth is in a line with the back edge of the zygomatic arch, and the last or sixth tooth is far behind it (see skull, Cat.S. & W.p. 58, f. 18). This change is remarkable, as the teeth of the young and the adult Zalophus Gilliespii are similar in number and position. Otaria (subg. Otaria), Peters, Monatsb. 1866, p. 263. Otaria, Gray, Cat. Seals § Whales, p. 57 ;. Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 230; Gull, and Peéters. Platyrhynchus, F. Cuvier. 1. oTaRra. 13 1. Otaria jubata. Sea-lion. Fur dark brown; cheeks, temples, and sides of the forehead black; neck greyish brown ; back of the neck yellow-brown; belly dusky black; hairs flat, tapering, dark brown, yellow, and whitish intermixed, without any under-fur. Sea-bear, Illustrated London News; Boy’s Own Book. Otaria jubata, label in Zoological Gardens, 1865 ; Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat, Hist. 1868, i. p. 109; Murie, P. Z, 8. 1869, p. 101, t. viii. (male, female, and young); Abbott, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 190; Sclater, P. ZS. 1868, p. 528; Peters, Monatsber. 1866, p. 262. Otaria leonina, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 264,665 ; Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 59, f. 18. Otaria Godefiroyi, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, p. 266, t. 1. Otaria Byronia, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 269 & 666, Otaria ( Recaneine) Ulloz, Peters, DLonatsb, 1866, p. 270. Otaria Ullow, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, pp. 135, 136, t. vi. Otaria (Otaria) Ulloz, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 667 & 671. Inhab. South America, Falkland Islands, Chili. The oldest of the three adult skulls in the British Museum differs from the other two in the pterygoid processes of the hinder edge of the palate being closer together than in the rest; but this character seems to depend on the greater age of the animal, asit differs slightly in the other two specimens. In all the younger specimens, varying greatly in size, the pterygoid processes are far apart. Dr. Peters considers (1) Platyrhynchus leoninus of F. Cuvier, (2) Phoca Byronia of Blainville, and (3) an adult specimen which is in the Hamburg Museum, and of which he described and figured the skull as O. Godeffroyt, to be distinct species. I cannot see any difference between the skull in the College of Surgeons, on which Phoca Byronia was founded, and those in the British Museum ; and the figure of the skull described as O. Godeffroyi is very similar to the skull in the British-Museum collection which I have called Oz jubata. This animal has the harsh fur without any under-fur of Phoc- arctos Hookeri ; but it entirely differs from that animal in the colour of the fur. This cannot arise from the greater age of the animal, as it is not nearly so large as the half-grown P. Hookert in the British Museum. In the dark blackish-brown colour of the fur and the pale-brown colour of the nape, and in the absence of the under-fur, this Seal resembles the adult Neophoca lobata from Australia; but in that species the pale colour extends all over the crown, while in the young male Otaria jubata there are only a few paler scattered hairs on the middle of the crown and nose. Dr. Murie represents the skull of a nearly full-grown male and of a female nearly of the same age (P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 103. f. 1, 2). They greatly differ, the nose and the palate being much wider in the male than in the female, and the teeth in the male (but this may be only an individual peculiarity) were much worn down. 14 OTARIADA. He observes, “the whole of the palate is much narrower than in the male of the same size, especially in the maxillary region, and the teeth are much weaker and more sharply pointed.” He observes, “ The young of both sexes are alike of a dark brown or very deep chocolate colour. The males about a year old retain somewhat of the chocolate tint of their youth, which, however, is paler, and subsequently changes annually as the coat is shed. The females of equal age assume a dark grey hue dorsally, while the abdominal parts are light yellowish. As they grow older they alter little. “ Males a couple of years old or more become of a rich brown shade on the back and sides, and lighter or yellowish beneath. Old males alone are maned. «There is a sparse underwool on the young, which sensibly di- minishes with age. “The skulls of the adult male and female differ considerably, the latter being comparatively the narrower of the two—the former pos- sessing a somewhat different form of teeth, besides proportionally immense canines. “The teeth of Otaria jubata are subject occasionally to a peculiar wearing, of a median constricted character. “Between the female and male of this species, there is a wide difference as regards the stretch of the pectoral flippers. In the skin of the male the breadth from tip to tip of the fore flippers is equal to or greater than the length of the body; in the female the reverse obtains. This fact points to greater strength and swimming- power of the former.” Sect. Il. The palate rather produced behind. The front edge of the hinder nasal opening in a line with the middle of the zygomatic arch. ‘Sea-bears. Tribe II. CALLORHININA. Grinders £.§. Skull oblong; face broad, shorter than the orbit ; forehead arched. See Cat. S. & W. p. 45, f. 16 (skull). Callorhinina, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1869, vol. iv. p- 269. 2. CALLORHINUS. Skull elongate ; forehead rounded in front of the orbit, rather swollen. Palate rather concave, as wide in front as at the end of the tooth-line, rather narrowed behind. The sixth upper grinder just behind the hinder edge of the zygomatic arch; the grinders mo- derate, fifth and sixth upper and the fifth lower with two diverging roots. Front flapper small, narrow. Flap of toes very long. Callorhinus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 359; Annals & Mag. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 284; Cat. S. & W. p. 44, £. 16 (skull); Peters, Axctocephalvs, Gill! pee pean eee 3. PHOCARCTOS. 15 1. Callorhinus ursinus. Northern Sea-~Bear. B.M. Phoca ursina, Linn.; Pander § D’ Alton, t. 7. £. 1 (not good). Otaria (Callorhinus) ursina, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 273 & 672. Otaria Stelleri (part.), Lesson § Miiller. Callorhinus ursinus, Gray, P. Z, S. 1859, p. 859, t. 58 (skull) ; Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 235; Cat. Seals & W. p. 44, f. 16 Po i Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. pp. 44 & 78, tab. 2 & 3. gs. 1-8, Arctocephalus ursinus, Gill, Proc. Essex Inst. vol. v. 1866, p. 13 (not F. Cuvier), XY pick Arctocephalus monteriensis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 858 (skin only). oo aaa californianus, Gray, Cat. Seals 8 Whales, p. 51 (skin only). * Inhab. Kamtschatka. B.M. Tribe III. ARCTOCEPHALINA. Grinders &.£; face of the skull shelving in front; the fifth and 5 sixth grinders behind the front of the zygomatic arch. 3. PHOCARCTOS. The skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate concave, deep, with a thickened margin on each side in front, widest in the middle part of the tooth-line, and gradually narrowed behind the teeth; the internal nares oblong, longer than broad, truncate in front, the front edge in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch. Grinders large, compressed ; the fifth and sixth upper behind the back edge of the zygomatic arch. The grinders have compressed roots; some of them have a very indistinct longitudinal groove on the side; the fifth upper grinder has two distinct roots. The ear- bones scarcely prominent, with a flat lower surface. Flap of toes moderate. Thave not seen an adult skull of this genus. The skulls described are 10 inches long, but the bones are not knit (see Cat. 8. & W. p. 47, £. 17). : Arctocephalus § II., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 109. Phocarctos, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234. Otaria (part.), Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 44. 1. Phocarctos Hookeri. The Southern Hair-Seal. BM. .Fur brown-grey, slightly grizzled, pale, nearly white beneath ; hairs short, close-pressed, rather slender, flattened, black, with whitish tips, the tips becoming longer on the under part of the sides ; feet reddish or black ; whiskers black or whitish. Young pale yellow, varied with darker irregular patches; length 18 inches. B.M. Arctocephalus Hookeri, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, t. 14, 15 16 OTARIADA. (skull); Cat. Seals B. M. p. 45. f.15; P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 109, 360, Cat. Seals and Whales B. M. pp. 58, 54. Aretocephalus falklandicus, Burmeister, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. t. 9. £. 1, 2, 8, 4 (skull only). Otaria (Phocarctos) Hookeri, Peters, Monatsh, 1866, Pp 269 & 671. Phocartos Hookeri, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 234 (the Hair-Seal of the sealers), Otaria jubata (part.), Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, ii. p. 45. Young or albino? entirely cream-coloured, about 2 feet long. Eared Seal, Pennant, Quad. ii. p. 278. Phoca flavescens, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 200, t. 73 (from Pennant). Inhab. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. Pennant, in his ‘ Quadrupeds,’ describes an Eared Seal, rather more than 2 feet long, the whole body of which was covered with longish hair of a whitish or cream-colour; it was brought from the Straits of Magellan, and preserved in Parkinson’s Museum on the south side of Blackfriar’s Bridge (see “ Eared Seal,” Pennant’s Quad. ii. p. 278). Dr. Shaw, in his ‘ General Zoology,’ gave the name of Phoca flavescens to this species, and figured it (i. p. 260, t. 73). This is very probably the young of the Hair-Seal of the Falk- lands, described by me as Arctocephalus Hookeri, which is of a pale- yellowish colour. Pennant does not mention the want of the under-fur. Dr. Burmeister observes :—‘‘ We have in the Museum [at Buenos Ayres] a young half-grown specimen [of Arectocephalus falklandicus | nearly 8 feet long. From this I have taken the skull, of which I send you a description and drawings” (Ann. N. H. 1866, xviii. p- 99, t. 9. £. 1, 2, 3, 4). From the comparison of the figures, and especially of the teeth and the form of the palate, with our older skull of Arctocephalus Hookeri, I have little doubt that it is the skull of a specimen of that species before the grinders were all de- veloped. It is not the skull of Otaria jubata, which the other spe- cimen he called A. falklandicus is, as proved by the form and position of the hinder nasal openings. The figure of the young skull differs from the older skull of A. Hookert in the British Mu- seum in having a notch in the middle, while the older skull of A. Hookert has a conical prominence in the same place. Such dif- ferences are found in skulls of Seals at different ages. The skull of the young animal described and figured by Dr. Bur- meister as Arctocephalus falklandicus (Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1866, xviii. p. 99, t. 9. f. 1 & 2), is probably the young skull of this species, It agrees with it in the elongated form of the skull, and in the large size and great development of the processes’ of the orbits. Dr. Murie regards Otaria Philippii as founded on the skull of this species (P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 108). Mr. Allen, on the contrary, includes Otaria Hookeri as a syno- nym of Otaria jubata. One could not have a better proof of the want 4, ARCTOCEPHALUS, 17 that Mr. Allen had of more materials when he undertook a revision’ of the family. 4. ARCTOCEPHALUS. Arctocephalus, F. Cuvier, Peters. The face of the skull elongate, forehead flat. The palate con- cave, especially in front, with a thickened margin on each side near the teeth, and then narrowed behind; the internal nasal opening elongate, longer than broad, narrow and arched in front, the edge in a line with the orbital process of the zygomatic arch, which is large and well developed. Flap of toes moderate. In the adult skull of A. antarctica, from the Cape, the fifth hinder grinder has only very short rounded callous roots, which are slightly divided into two lobes; and the hinder sixth upper grinder seems to have a root of the same character. But not having any skulls of younger animals, I am not able to describe what are the forms of the roots of these two teeth in the younger state. In the skulls of the older specimens (which are not adult, as they have the sutures between the bones still distinct), the fifth and sixth upper grinders have two distinct diverging roots. * The fifth and sixth upper grinders with two roots (P); the siath upper partly behind the hinder edge of the. zygomatic arch. Arcto- cephalus. (Africa.) 1. Arctocephalus antarcticus. The Cape Fur-Seal. Phoca antaretica, Thunb. Mém. Acad. Pétersb. iii. p. 322; Fischer's Synop. p. 242. : Arctocephalus schisthyperoés, Turner, Journ. Anat. 1868, p. 118, f. . Arctocephalus schistuperus, Giinther, Zool. Record, 1868, p. 20. Arctocephalus antarcticus, Gray; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool. ii. . 45. dec tocepledles Delalandii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, t. 69 (skull) ; Ann.’ §& Mag. N. H. 1866, vol. xviii. p. 235; Cat. S. § W. p. 52. : Phoca ursina, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. t. 219. f. 5. 7 , Arctocephalus ursinus, F. Cuvier, Mém. Mus, vol. xi. p. 205, t. 15, no. 1. a,b, ¢ (skull). ; ; Otaria ursina, Nilsson. Halarctus Delalandii, Gill, 1. ¢. p. 7. : Otaria (rere nau) pusilla, Peters, Monatsb. 1866, pp. 271 & 671. Junior. Petit Phoque, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 58,=Phoca pusilla, Schreb. Inhab. South Africa, Cape of Good Hope. The two adult skulls in the British Museum differ greatly in the width of the hinder nasal opening, in the form of the hinder lower. lateral processes of the occipital bone, in the form of the back of that bone, and in the shape of the condyles. , The skull from the Cape of Good Hope, in the Museum of the University of Edinburgh, was described and figured by Dr. Turner under the name of Arctocephalus schisthyperoés, in the. ‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ vol. iii. p. 113. The name pe : 18 ' OTARTADA, is changed to A. schistuperus by Dr. Giinther in the ‘ Zoological Record’ for 1868, p. 20. It is evidently the skull of a half-grown animal, with all its teeth developed, but with the sutures of the bones still apparent. It agrees in every respect with what I should expect to be the form and structure of the skull of Arcto- cephalus antarcticus from the Cape; but unfortunately the two skulls of that Sea-bear from the Cape which are in the British Museum are from old animals; and the specimen figured by Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 220, t. 18. f.5, is also adult. It differs from the skulls of the two adult specimens of that species in the British Museum in the hinder nasal aperture being much extended forwards and gradually tapering to a point in front, which reaches to the trans- verse palato-maxillary suture. This peculiarity in the form of the palate, which Prof. Turner has not observed in any other seal- skull, seems to have induced him to regard it as a distinct species. From the examination I have made of the skulls of Seals in the Museum and other collections, I am induced to believe that it is an individual abnormality of Arctocephalus antarcticus. I have observed a similar malformation in the palates of two other species. I was myself misled by their structure, before I met with the other examples, to regard a skull with such.a deformity as a distinct species. Pat one time I thought that it might be a peculiarity of the young state, as it had up to that time only been observed in skulls of half-grown animals. It occurs in half-grown specimens of Huotaria nigrescens; but the skulls of the very young spe- cimens of this Seal in the British Museum have the front edge of the hinder nasal opening truncated and slightly arched in form, with well-developed square palatine bones united by a central suture just as in the adult, but broader and straighter. It was this observation that induced me to return to my original opinion, that the skull which I had at first regarded as a young, skull of Arctocephalus monteriensis (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859), and then as a separate species under the name of A. californianus (Cat. Seals and Whales, p. 51), was only a monstrosity of 14, PHOCENA. Phoceena, Gray, Cat. 8. § W. p. 301; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8. Dorsal fin distinct, in the middle of the back, with a series of small spines on the upper part of its front edge. Teeth all compressed, truncate. Vertebre 64 to 66:—C. 7. D.13. L. and C. 44 to 46. 1. Phocena communis. Phoceena communis, Gray, 1. c. p. 302; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 8. Var.? Phoceena tuberculifera, ray, he. p. 304, : ; Inhab. North Sea. 1 thoes ne brachycium, Cope, Proc. Acad. N. Se. Phil. 1865, p, 6; 1869, p. 28. Inhab. Harbour of Salem. 2. Phoceena vomerina, Gill, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1865; Cope, Proc, Acad, N. 8. Philad. 1869, p. 18. Inhab. North Pacific. The Bay Porpoise. 15. ACANTHODELPHIS. Acanthodelphis, Gray, 1.c. 304; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8. Dorsal fin distinct, rather behind the middle of the back. Back, in front of the dorsal fin, with a single, and the upper part of the front edge of the dorsal fin with three series of oblong keeled tubercles. Teeth compressed, front one rather conical. 1. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis, Gray, J. c. p. 804; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 8. : Phoceena spinipinnis, Burmeister, Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres, vol. i. t. 23 (animal), 24 (skull). Inhab. Coast of Brazil. 16. NEOMERIS. Neomeris, Gray, J. c. p. 806 ; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8. Dorsal fin none. Head rounded. Teeth compressed, slightly notched in the middle of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate-falcate. The blade bone triangular, with a large coracoid and acromion process. The forearm-bones close together, linear. Metacarpal bones five, large. ‘The hand rather large ; the second and third fingers G 82 GRAMPIDZ, elongate, nearly equal, as long as the arm-bones, the fourth finger shorter, the first shorter, and the fifth very short. Vertebre 63:—C.7. D.13. L. and OC. 43. + 1. Neomeris phoczenoides. Neomeris phoceenoides, Gray, J.c. p. 806; Synops. Whales & Dolph. 8 c ‘Dal phinagsnas molagan,” Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc, vi. p. 24, a name given to a manuscript note of Mr. Elliot’s! Inhab. Indian Ocean; Bengal; Cape of Good Hope; Japan. Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, tab. v.) gives a detailed figure of the skull, the dorsal vertebree, the chest-bone, and the fore limb of this animal. B. Pectoral fin low down on the side of the body. The second and third Jingers very long, of nine or twelve phalanges (cf. p. 63). Family 11. GRAMPIDA. Head rounded ; forehead rather convex. Teeth conical ; of upper jaw early deciduous, of lower jaw only in the front over the short symphysis. Dorsal fin low, rather behind the middle of the back. Pectoral fins ovate, elongate. Skull depressed, with the lateral expansions horizontal, rather thickened and bent up over the orbit and slightly dilated and bent down over the notch. Intermaxillaries dilated, swollen in front of the blower. Atlas free; rest of cervical vertebree and dorsal processes united. The arm-bones short. Two middle fingers elongated, subequal, of eight or nine phalanges; the other fingers very short, of two or three phalanges. The breast-bone single, broad in front. 1. GRAMPUS. Grampus, Gray, J. c. pp. 280, 295, 393; Synops. Whales §& Dolph. p. 9. t Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the vomer. Bladehone triangular, the height about two-thirds the deel Beak of skull narrow, more contracted for two-thirds of ts gth. 1. Grampus Rissoanus. Grampus Rissoanus, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 298; Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 54, figs. 1-6 ; Murie, Journ. Anat, & Physiol. 1870, v. p. 129, t.5 (acody Beak of skull rather broad or gradually tapering towards the front ; intermaxillaries rather broad; bladebone triangular, the height three-fourths the width. Inhab. Nice. GLOBIOCEPHALID.&. 83 2. Grampus Cuvieri. B.M. ee Cuvieri, Gray, 1. ¢. p. 295, fig. 60; Synops. Whales & Dolph. re griseus, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 54. figs. 1-6. Inhab. North Sea, Hampshire. tt Triangle in front of the blowers short, broad. 3. Grampus Richardsonii. es Richardsonii, Gray, i. c. p. 299; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p.9 Inhab. Cane of Good Hope. Family 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDE. Globiocephalide, Gray, J. c. pp.62, 313 ; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p.8. Head blunt, very much swollen. Teeth in the front part of both jaws, cylindrical, simple; symphysis very short, shorter than the tooth-line. Dorsal fin faleate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides of the body ; fingers elongate, many-jointed. Atlas and the rest of cervical vertebre united, or the hinder one free. Scapula triangular, with large coracoid and acromion processes. Arm-bones very short. Metacarpal bones in cartilage. The two middle fingers very long, of twelve to ten joints; the rest of the fingers short, of three or four phalanges; index finger short, slender, four-jointed ; ring- finger shorter, three-jointed ; little finger very short, of one pha- lange. Breast-bone of three separate pierced pieces; the hinder one narrow. 1, GLOBIOCEPHALUS. Globiocephalus, Gray, 1. c. p. 813 ; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8. Skull :—palate flat; beak rather tapering in front. First to sixth cervical vertebrae anchylosed into one mass, seventh free. Vertebre 58 or 59:—C. 7. D.11. L. and C. 40 or 41. * Black, with a white streak beneath. 1. Globiocephalus svineval. B.M. Globiocephalus svineval, Gray, l.c. 814; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8. Inhab. North Sea, coast of England. The Pilot Whale. 1, Globiocephalus melas, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 51. Delphinus globiceps, Risso, Europe Mérid. vol. iii. f 1. Inhab. Mediterranean. «2 84 GLOBIOCEPHALID. 2. Globiocephalus affinis, Gray, Cat. 8S. §& W. p. 317. Inhab. North Sea. 8. Globiocephalus intermedius, Gray, Cat. S. § W. A 318, Globiocephalus, n. sp., Cope, Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 7. Inhab. Delaware Bay. Teeth six above. 4, Globiocephalus Edwardsii, Gray, Cat. S. § W. p, 820. Inhab. South Sea. Cape of Good Hope. 5. Globiocephalus guadaloupensis. Globiocephalus intermedius, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. (skull). Globiocephalus intermedius (part.), Gray, Cat. S. & W.p. 319. Inhab. Guadaloupe. Mus. Paris. 2. Globiocephalus Grayi. Globiocephalus Grayi, Burmeister, Ann. 3 Mag. N. H. 1868, i. p. 52, t. 2. £, 2, 3; Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres; Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 9. Inhab. Buenos Ayres. ** Black, or only slightly paler beneath. 3. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus. B.M. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, Gray, 1. c. Pe 820; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9; Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 52. f.4; Hector, Trans. New- Zealand Instit. 1870, p. 38. Inhab. South Sea. New Zealand (Gervais). «“ Two skulls in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand, one in longitudinal section ; one lower jaw ; six cervical, four lum- bar, thirteen caudal vertebre ; two scapule; two hyoids. Both skulls are of the same dimensions :— inches © Lengths acaeg eins wads ener es eee 26 Length. of 10se sg. sou ew idea eee Sede ne Bes eun 15 Length of tooth-series................5. eg 8 Length of lower jaw .... 2... ee cece 15 (This is of a different individual.) Width at notch 6... .. eee eee 11 Width at orbit... 0... cee 17 Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole ........ 75 Width at middle of nose............2...0005 9-5 Height of occiput... 0.0.0... eee eee eee 14 Scapula, transverse diameter ................ 15 Scapula, longitudinal diameter .. ..........: 12 “ Hyoid arch 11 inches wide by 7 inches high... © ' “Sternum 10 x 7 inches—with three sternal ribs, each 7 inches ong. “The first rib is 10 inches from head to tip, but is bent with an arch of 5 inches. ORCADE, 85 “The atlas, axis, and three other cervicals are anchylosed. The compound cervicals have a conjoined length of 4 inches. Vertical diameter of foramen magnum 22 inches. Conjoined length of the ‘four lumbars 8 inches; height, including spinous processes, 85 inches. Caudal apparatus, of thirteen segments, 16 inches ; two of these are anchylosed. Teeth 23.” Hector. 6. Globiocephalus Scammonii, Cope, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Philad. 1869, p. 11. Black above and below. Inhab. North Pacific. 7. Globiocephalus australis. Inhab. Coast of Australia. In Museum of Sydney. 8, Globiocephalus indicus, Gray, Cat. 8. & W. p. 822. Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Black fish. 9. Globiocephalus Sieboldii, Gray, 1. c. p. 323. Inhab. Japan. 10. Globiocephalus chinensis, Gray, J. ¢. p. 323. Inhab. China. 11. Globiocephalus sibo, Gray, J. c. p. 823 (sub G. Sieboldii). Inhab. Japan. Called “Sibo golo.” Purple, with a white spot behind the dorsal fin. 2, SPHHROCEPHALUS. Spheerocephalus, Gray, 1. c. p. 823; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9. Palate of the skull convex, shelving on the sides. Beak oblong, of nearly the same width the greater part of its length. 1. Spherocephalus incrassatus. BM. Spherocephalus incrassatus, Gray, J. c. p. 824, figs. 63 & 64; Synops. Whales & Dolph, p. 9. Inhab. British Channel, Bridport. IL. Pectoral jin broad, rounded or truncated at the end ; hand shorter than the arm-bones ; second finger the longest, the rest gradually shorter ; phalanges of the second finger six or exght (cf. p. 63). Family 13. ORCADZ. Orca, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 278; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 8 Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Dorsal fin faleate. Skull heavy; wings of sides expanded; beak short, broad; triangle in front of 86 ORCADZE, Orca stenorhyncha. 1. orcd. Orca capensis. 87 88 t ORCADAL. Orca stenorhyncha. 1. orca. 89 Fig. 10. Orca capensis. 90 ORCADE, the blowers flat. Lower jaw thick in front; symphysis short. Teeth large. Vertebre 51 or 52:—C. 7. D.11lor12. L. and C. 33. : The first three cervical vertebre united into one mass by their bodies and dorsal processes, the rest more or less free. Pectoral fin broad and rounded at the end. Carpal bone single, in a large mass of cartilage.” 1. ORCA. Orea, Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 70. Beak of the skull from the notch before the orbit the same length as from the notch to the condyles; the width at the notch three- fifths of the length of the beak. The occipital end of the skull slightly concave. Condyles of moderate size. Lower jaw broad on the sides, very thick and solid in front. A. The beak of the skull tapering and narrow in front, end narrow, Gladiator. 1. Orca stenorhyncha, (Figs.7&9.) © . BM. Orca stenorhyncha, Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 71, figs. 1 & 3 (skull). Orca gladiator, Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 279. Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton from Weymouth, and a skull from the English coast. B.M. Intermaxillaries narrow in the middle and rather dilated in front; but the extent of dilatation varies in the two specimens. The examination of the four skulls of Orca found on the English coast show they belong to two very distinct species, one with a much more attenuated beak than the other. B. Beak of the skull spatulate ; sides of the hinder od nearly parallel, of the front half arched and converging ; end rounded, middle rather wider than at the notch. Orca. 2. Orea capensis. (Figs. 8 & 10.) B.M. ons cay aa Gray, Cat. Seals §& Whales, p. 283; P. Z. 8.1870, p. 71, 8. . Dalshinna orca, Owen. . Grampus gladiator, Smith, South-African Zool. p. 126, Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (Viney, B.M.; Villette, Mus. Coll. Surg. no. 1139); Seychelles Islands (Swinburne Ward). In the Cape specimen the intermaxillaries are nearly of the same width in the whole of their length ; in the Seychelles skull they are ee in the greater part of their length, and rather dilated in ront. Mr. Swinburne Ward has kindly sent a very beautiful skull of a «Killer ” taken in the sea near the Seychelle Islands. 1. orca. 91 To determine this skull I have been induced to compare the skulls of the genus in the British Museum, which it is very necessary to do from time to time, as specimens gradually accumulate, and often arrive when I am occupied on other subjects, and consequently are put aside for future examination. ; In this examination I have observed that in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and Whales’ I have confounded with the skull described under the name of Orca capensis one from the North Pacific, the former being the true Orca capensis, and the skull now received from the Seychelles Islands being of the same species. The skull figured in the ‘ Zoology of the Erebus and Terror’ under the name of O. cupensis is from a specimen received from the Zoolo- gical Society, to which it was presented by Capt. Delville, who said he obtained it in the North Pacific(?). Itis quite a different species, for which I propose the name of.Orca pacifica. I doubt its being from the North Pacific, as I believe there is a skull of the same species in the Paris Museum, collected by M. Eydoux, and said to have come from Chili. 3. Orca africana. Orca gladiator, var. australis, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 47. f. 2. Inhab. Algoa Bay. Skull much smaller, 24 inches long. 4, Orca latirostris. B.M. Orca latirostris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 76. : Orca gladiator, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 48, f. 2, 3. Delphinus orca, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. tab. 22. fig. 4 (skull). The skull very similar to that of the Cape species, but much - smaller; but the beak is rather narrower, the intermaxillaries mo- derately broad, slightly dilated in front. Inhab. North Sea. An adult skull from the coast of Essex (361 a), and another with- out the lower jaw, are in the British Museum. These skulls of the smaller British, or, rather, European Orca are distinguishable from those of O. gladiator by the smaller size and the broader, rounder nose—and from the skulls of the Cape-of-Good- Hope species by being of a much smaller species, and having a de- pressed crown of the head. I believe the skull figured under the name of Delphinus orca by Cuvier, Oss. Foss. vol. v. tab. 22. figs. 3, 4, represents this species, from the form of the beak and the narrowness of the occiput: this figure has been copied by various British and other authors. . 1. Orca gladiator, var. arcticus (O. Eschrichtii), Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 47. fig. 3. Inhab. Faroe Islands. 92 ORCADA, 2. Orca gladiator, var. europseus, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 47. £. 4. Orca gladiator, Gervais, 1, c. t. 48. f. 1. Inhab. the Atlantic. Skull about 40 inches long. 3. ees var. europseus, Van Beneden § Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 47. £6. Delphinus orca, Gervais, Zool. et Paléont, Frangaise, t. 37. f. 3, 4. Inhab. Mediterranean, Cette. Skull about 22 inches long. Itis about the same size as the Orca from Algoa Bay; but the brain-cavity is rather broader and the beak is not so acute in front. Gervais, in the ‘ Zoology and Paleontology of France,’ figures the skull of a young Delphinus orca, taken on the coast of Cette, which is now in the Museum of Paris. It appears to belong to this spe- cies; or it may be that the Orca of the Mediterranean does not grow to the usual size; or, again, it may be of a different species ; for the skull is only fifty-eight centimetres long and thirty broad. 5. Orca magellanica. Orca magellanica, Burmeister, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3. xviii. p- 101, t.9. £5; An. Mus. Publ. de Buenos Ayres, i. p. 373, tab. 22 ; Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 8; P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 76. Inhab. Patagonia. Mus. Buenos Ayres. This species, according to the figure, is very like Orca latirostris. 6. Orca tasmanica. Orca gladiator, var. australis, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 47. fig. 1. Inhab. Tasmania. Skull about 32 inches long. 7. Orca rectipinna. Orca rectipinna, Cope, Proc, Acad, Nat. Ser. Philad. 1869, p. 12. No white spot behind eye. Inhab. California. 8. Orca atra. Orca ater, Cope, J. c, 1869, p. 12. Black above and below, with white spot behind eye. Inhab. Oregon, Aleutian Islands. The following are the measurements of the different skulls of the BELUGIDZ. 93 genus in the collection of the British Museum ; they were carefully taken with calipers by Mr. Edward Gerrard. . O. stenorhyncha. sie’ ri ai O. pacifica.| pry 361 B. 361e 1065 8, e.| 361 a. 1065 a. 362 a. Length feo ease 1% in, lin.Jin. lin.Jin. lin} in. lin} in. lin. |in. lin. naga. centre of occipital condyle a9. OleT Uae Olas 2) 86 6/14 oO Length of nose ............ 17 6/18 6/22 6/17 0] 18 0|7 0 of tooth-line ........;/138 6/14 0/16 0/18 O] 14 6/4 9 of lower jaw ........ 27 6/30 0/31 0/26 0] 29 6 |11 3 Breadth at the notch ....... 10 6|11 0/12 0/10 O/] 12 6] 4 9 at the orbit ......../18 0;19 6/20 0/18 O| 21 0/8 6 at temple above ..../18 0/19 6/20 0/18 0] 20 0|9 0 at middle of beak....; 9 0/10 Oj}11 0} 9 6] 10 0 | 3 6 ——-— at intermaxillaries ..| 3 3/ 3 31 4 6) 3 8) 8 6]0 9 2. OPHYSIA. Ophysia, Gray, P. Z. 8, 1870, p. 76; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 8. Skull :—beak from the notch before the orbit the same length as from the notch to the condyle; width at the notch two-thirds the entire length of the beak. Intermaxillaries very narrow, slightly dilated in front ; brain-cavity broad; occiput deeply concave. Lower jaw very broad on the sides, very thick and solid in front. 1. Ophysia pacifica. BM. Ophysia pacifica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 76. Delphinus globiceps, Grant, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 65. Delphinus orca, Eydoux, Mus. Paris. Orca capensis, Gray, Zool. Ereb. & Terr. p. 34, tab. 9, not Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 283; Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 48. fig. 1, Orca (Ophysia) capensis, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 8, tab. 9 (skull). Inhab. North Pacific (Capt. Delville, R.W.). Skull, from the Zoological Society’s collection. Family 14. BELUGID. Belugine, Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 116. “Head rounded in front. Teeth in both jaws more or less early deciduous, rarely wanting or, rather, not developed. Back without any dorsal fin. Pectoral fin small, ovate. Skull with the lateral expansion of the maxilla over the orbit, and the side of the beak, shelving downwards. Fingers short; index and middle fingers nearly the same length, the rest rather shorter; phalanges 2,5,6,4,3. Cervical vertebre generally free; the second with a large dorsal process. 94 BELUGIDA. “The Narwhal and the Beluga appear to separate themselves from all the rest, by certain well-marked structural conditions, especially the characters of the cervical vertebrae. As these two animals are in almost every part of their skeleton nearly identical, even to the number of the vertebree and phalanges, I am disposed to look upon the exceptional dentition of the former as an aberration of secondary importance, and to unite the two genera into a distinct subfamily, placing it next to the Platanistidee.”—-F lower, 7. c. p. 114. 1. BELUGA. Beluga, Gray, Cat. S. & W. pp. 281, 806, 393; Synops. Whales & Dolph, p. 9. Lateral wing of the maxilla over the orbit shelving downward. Teeth conical in both jaws, early deciduous. Male without any spiral horn-like tooth. Fingers short. Metacarpal bones surrounded with cartilage. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion pro- cesses. Second cervical vertebra with a large dorsal process. Vertebre 50:—C. 7. D.10. L.and C. 33. 1. Beluga catodon. B.M. Beluga catodon, Gray, 1. c. p. 307, fig. 61; Synops. Whales & Dolph. P. 9, tab. 29. f. 3 Uanere, S Delphinus canadensis, Gray, Synops. Wales §& Dolph. t. 5 (head false, with beak). Beluga albicans, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 44. f. 1-5. Delphunaptensa, Lucas, Vidensk. Selsk, Skr. Rekke 5, Band ix. tab. 8 (skull and teeth, showing how they are worn). Inhab. North Sea, mouths of rivers. 1. Beluga rhinodon, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p. 5, 1869, p. 18, fig. 1. Inhab. Arctic seas. 2. Beluga declivis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p.5, 1869, p. 14. Inhab. Arctic seas. 3. eee Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philad. 1869, p. 20, gs. F Beluga concreta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p. 5. Inhab. Arctic seas. These are probably varieties of B. catodon, showing that the at- tachment of the cervical vertebrae, the number of ribs, and the form of the acromion are liable to vary. 4, Beluga canadensis, Wyman,-Proc. Bost. Soc, Nat. Hist. 1865. Inhab. Canada. I believe it to be the same as the former. PONTOPORIADSE, 95 2. Beluga Kingii. ae ena Gray, Cat. 8. § W. p. 809; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 9, t. 7. Inhab. Australia. 2. MONODON. Monodon, Gray, J.c. pp. 281 ; ; » pd. Mai Grey ma A itp. Pe Whales & Dolph. p. 9 _ Lateral expansion over the orbit shelving down. Teeth in both Jaws very early deciduous. Male with one, rarely two, very long, projecting, spiral tusks in the left side of the upper jaw. Cervical vertebre:—first free, thin; second and third united by the spinal processes. Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes. Fingers short. ; Vertebre 50:—C.7. D.11. L.6. C. 26, “Tn the skeleton of two males in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, the bodies of the second and third cervical vertebrae are firmly united.”— Flower. 1. Monodon monoceros. B.M. Monodon monoceros, Gray, J.c. p. 811; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p.9; Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét. t. 44. 6-9, ae . ot han Inhab. North Sea. Family 15. PONTOPORIADE. Head long-beaked. Beak slender, smooth. Nostrils on the nape, crescent-shaped. Teeth in both jaws permanent, conical, with a swollen ring round the base. Dorsal fin short, trigonal. Pecto- ral fin short, truncated. Fingers 5, nearly equal; the thumb very short, of one joint ; the index finger the longest, the rest gradually shorter to the little finger. Bladebone broad, with two ridges. Skull long-beaked, the beak compressed. Lower jaws united to- gether nearly to the base. Cartilages of ribs ossified. Vertebre 42:—C.7. D.10. L.7. C. 18. 1. PONTOPORIA. Pontoporia, Gray, Cat. S. & W. pp. 230, 231 & 893; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 5; Flower, Trans, Zool. Soe. vi. p. 87 ; Burmeister, An. Mus. P. Buenos Ayres, p. 389, Stenodelphis, Gervazs, 1847. Beak of the skull high, compressed. .Symphysis of the lower jaw very long. : 96 HYPEROODONTIDE. 1. Pontoporia Blainvilli. B.M. . Pontoporia Blainvillii, Gray, lc. p. 2831; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 5, t. 29 (skull); Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 106, t. 28 (skull); Burmeister, An. Mus. P. Buenos Ayres, i. p. 387, tab. 23 (animal), tab. 25 & 26 (skeleton). Inhab. South Atlantic, Monte Video. The animal figured by Gervais as Delphinus (Stenodelphis) Blain- villit (Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 23) differs from Burmeister’s figure in having an elongated subfalcate pectoral fin, and a higher dorsal, and a broad white streak, commencing from the blower and extending down the back to near the tail. If this is not a figure of the animal seen at sea, which I suspect it must be, it must bea different species. Suborder VI. ZIPHIOIDEA. Ziphiide, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 326. Ziphioidea, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9. Head beaked. Nostrils two, united into a single transverse or crescent-like blower on the centre of the back of the crown. Teeth only in the front or sides of the lower jaw, fitting into pits in the upper one. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin ovate, small, low down on the side of the body: fingers short, 4- or 5-jointed; second and third the longest ; fourth rather shorter; first and fifth rather short. Cervical vertebre more or less united into one mass. Family 16. HYPEROODONTIDA. Hyperoodontina, Gray, J. ¢. p. 827. Hyperoodontide, Gray, Synops. Whales §& Dolph. p. 9. Blower lunate. Beak of the skull with a high crest on each side above, formed by the elevation of the maxillary bones in front of the blower. Teeth 2 or 4, in front of the lower jaw, conical. Cervical vertebree united into one mass. 1. HYPEROODON. Hyperoodon, Gray, l. c, pp. 827, 828; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p.9 Beak of the skull bent downwards: crest of the back of the beak sharp-edged, above as high as the occiput. Vertebree 44 or 45 :—C. 7 (all united into one solid mass), D. 9. L.10. C. 18 or 19. : EPIODONTID A, 97 : 1, Hyperoodon butzkopf. B.M. Poperoaier butzkopf, Gray, J. ¢. p. 880; Synops. Whales §& Dolph. p. 9, t. 3. Hyperoodon rostratum, Reinhardt, in Eschricht’s Vid. Selsk. v. t. 7 male foetus and skeleton); Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. t. 3. Inhab. North Sea. 1. Hyperoodon semijunctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p- 15 (280), 1869, p. 21. Inhab. Charlestown Harbour. Most likely a variety of H. butzkopf. 2. LAGENOCETUS. Lagenocetus, Gray, lc. pp. 8327, 386; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 9. Beak of the skull straight, erect, very large, flattened, higher than the occiput. 1. Lagenocetus latifrons. B.M. Lagenocetus latifrons, Gray, 1. c. p. 8389; Synops. Whales & Dolph. 9 Pie paroodan latifrons, Gray, Zool. Ereb. § Ter. t.24; Reinhardt, in Eschricht’s Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. v. t. 6 (skull). Inhab. North Sea. “Plate 6 represents the skull of a male of Hyperoodon latifrons (Gray), from the Firder, of which the complete skeleton, 25 feet long, is preserved in the University’s Museum. «« Eschricht believed, as is known, that H. latifrons was established on a very old male of the common Dégling, Hyperoodon rostratus ; but Gray’s species must now be regarded as well grounded. “ Plate 7 represents the male (foetus) of the common H. rostratus. All figures of half the natural size.”—Reimhardt. Family 17. EPIODONTIDA. Epiodontina, Gray, Cat. 8. & W. p. 827. Epiodontide, Gray, Synops, Whales & Dolph. p. 9. Blower lunate. Skull:—beak simple; maxillaries not dilated above; intermaxillaries enlarged behind, forming a more or less deep cavity round the nostrils. Teeth 2 or 4 in front ofthe lower jaw, conical or cylindrical. Cervical vertebre :—first, second, and third united into one mass, which is produced and truncated above ; the rest thin, free. 98 EPIODONTIDZ. 1. EPIODON. Epiodon, Gray, 1. c. pp. 827, 340; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 10. Skull :—vomer simple, small ; intermaxillaries elevated, and form- ing a moderately deep, well-marked basin round the nostrils. Fingers 5; carpal bones 6; phalanges 2, 3, 4,3, 3. Sternal bones separate from the front, lanceolate. Vertebre 42; the “ front caudal with chevron bones. First four cervical vertebrae united by their bodies into one mass ” (Ostéog. Cét. t. 22. f. 4). 1. Epiodon Desmarestii. Epiodon Desmarestii, Gray, 1. c. p. 341; Synops. Whales § Dolph. 10 p10... Ziphius aresques, Gervais, Ostéog. Cétac. t. 21. f. 1-4. Ziphius decavirostris (de Z. aresques), Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 22. f, 4-11 Ziphius cavirostris, Gervais, Zool. et Paléon. Frangaise, t. 38. f. 1, t. 89. f. 2-7. Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean, Hérault. 2. Epiodon australis. Ziphiorrhynchus cryptodon, Burmeister, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. 1866, xvii. y L. oO Epiodon cryptodon, Burm. 1. e. p. 303, t.6; Gray, Synops. Whales eolph. "Ny, p. 303, y, Synop: § Datphicnch areas australis, Burmeister, Zeitsch. Nat. vol. xxvi. 1865, p. 262; An. Mus. Buenos Ayres, t. 15-21. Ziphius de Buenos Ayres, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 31. f. 5. Inhab. Buenos Ayres. Vertebraa 49: cervical 7, dorsal 10, lumbar 12, caudal 20. 2, PETRORHYNCHUS. Petrorhyuchps, Gray, Cat. 8. & W. pp. 327, 342; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 10. Skull trigonal. Vomer swollen, forming a large, elongated tu- bercle between the callous intermaxillaries. Intermaxillaries form- ing a deep basin round the nostrils. 1. Petrorhynchus mediterraneus. ee cavirostris, Gervais, Zool. et Paléon. Frang. t. 38. f. 2, t. 89. Ziphius du Canton Gironde, Ostéog. Cét. t. 21. fig. 6. Ziphius fos. des Bouches du Rhéne, Ostéog. Cét. t. 21. f. 7, Ziphius de Corse, Ostéog. Cét. t, 21. figs, 8, 9. Inhab. Mediterranean. 2. Petrorhynchus capensis. B.M. Petrorhynchus capensis, Gray, I. c. p. 346, figs. 67, 68: Whales § Dolph. p. 10. 4 P » Higs. 67, 68; Synops, ZIPHIIDA. 99 Ziphius indicus, Van Beneden ; Gray, Cat. 8. § W. p. 846, fig. 69. zaps du Cap-de-Bonne-Espérance, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 21. Ziphius de la mer des Indes, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. ¥1. f. 11-18. Inhab. South Sea. Cape sea (H. Layard). Though M. van Beneden’s figure (copied in Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 347. f. 69) is so unlike the figure of Petrorhynchus capensis .in the Cat. Seals & Whales, pp. 344 & 345. figs. 67 & 68, yet the cast of the beak of M. van Beneden’s specimen resembles the latter figure and our specimen. Family 18. ZIPHIIDA. Ziphiina, Gray, Cat. S. & W. pp. 327, 348. Ziphildes, Gray, Syaops Wadler & Dolph. p. 10, Skull beaked. Maxillaries not dilated above. Intermaxillaries linear, rather swollen on the sides of the nostrils. Teeth on the sides of the lower jaw compressed. Cervical vertebrae more or less united into a consolidated mass. * Symphysis of the lower jaw produced behind the teeth. 1. BERARDIUS, Berardius, Gray, J. ec. pp. 827, 848; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 10., Teeth 2. 2, in the front of the sides of the lower jaw, conical, com- pressed. Lower jaw gradually tapering in front. Symphysis mo- derately long, as far from the hinder tooth as from the tip. 1. Berardius arnuxi. Berardius arnuxi, Gray, 1. ¢. p. 348, fig. 70; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 10; Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 23 (ckull), Inhab. New Zealand. “ Skull and lower jaw, a cervical vertebra, scapula, hyoid, pad- dles, and pelvic bones of one individual. « Single tooth of another individual, weight 206 grains. In, “ Length of head 1.0... 0... cece ce ee eee eee eee 234 Length of nose 2... 0... cee ects 17 Length of dental groove....-... 0... eee eee ees 7 Length of lower jaw ...........-. (eonmeeasas 19 Width at notch .... 0... cece ee tees 54 Width at orbits 0... eee eee ee 94 Width of intermaxillary at blow-holes............ 42 bo Width of nose .... sce eee eee ee ete Height of occiput ...... 6. ice eee eee eee ees 92 “One small tooth imbedded close to the tip of lower jaw on left side, 1 inch high, weight 384 grains, irregular ia ae H 100 ZIPHIID A, “This is the skull of a young animal. A groove containing a strong ligament ‘connecting the muscle of the forehead with the snout is deeply imbedded in the intermaxillary groove. The snout is described as long and flexible. Atlas and axis anchy- losed. Length of cervical vertebre 3,1, inches. Scapula, lon- gitudinal diameter 10 inches, transverse diameter 6 inches. Pad- dles, length 14 inches, width 3} inches. Hyoid arch 53 x 4 inches high. Pelvic bones 24 inches. “The specimen was cast on the beach on the west coast, and prepared by Dr. Knox.”— Hector. “Your Berardius proves to be quite different from the first one we got, both in the dentition and form of the skull. We have had several good papers on it from Dr. Knox. He has made a beautiful preparation, showing that the tooth does not pass through the gum.”—Dr. Hector, letter dated 30th October, 1870. “A fine specimen of Berardius arnuai has been cast ashore on the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand. It was made into a skele- ton, which is now in the museum at Canterbury. The skeleton is complete, only wanting one of the pelvic bones. It was 30 feet, long, and a young animal; not a single epiphysis is anchylosed, The cervical vertebre, which, in the old animal evidently form a compact mass, are still partly free; the first three vertebre (in- cluding the atlas) anchylosed, and of these the first two completely, and of the second and third the neural arches are as yet not com- pletely united into one bone. It has ten ribs.”—Julius Haast. The animal was 30 feet 6 inches long. Deep velvet-black, belly greyish, tail with two falcate lobes 61 feet broad. The pectoral fins are a little above the middle of the body, 17 inches broad and 19 inches long, of a triangular form. Dorsal fin small, faleate, not very far from the chin(?). ‘“ The animal has the power of protruding the four teeth at will.” They live on cephalopods. The stomach contained about a half-bushel of the horny beaks of the Octopus, which were nearly all the same size. It was evidently a young animal, as all the disk-like epi- physes of the vertebra are still separate, as was the case with the limb-bones. The seven cervical vertebra were beginning to coalesce; the first three are already anchylosed, the first two completely, and the second and third only partially, as the neural arches and transverse processes are not yet united in one bone. It has ten dorsal ver- tebree ; the lumbar and caudal vertebrae were not observed. (Dr. Haast, Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1870.) * Symphysis of the lower jaw to or nearly to the teeth. 2. ZIPHIUS. Ziphius, Gray, 1. ¢. PP. 327, Pork Synops. Whales §& Dolph. p. 10. Micropteron, Flower, 1. c. p.8 28, Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth of 4, NEOZIPHIUS. 101 the male large, short, compressed, truncated at the end; of female small, curved. Lower jaw often with sundry rudimentary teeth, gradually tapering in front; symphysis elongate, and reaching to the middle of the teeth in the male, and beyond it in the female. Cervical vertebre free. Scapula with large coracoid and acromion processes. Vertebre 46:—C. 7. D.10. L.10. ©. 19. “* Micropteron: cervical vertebra: all united in one solid mass.” —Flower, 1. ¢. p. 328. 1. Ziphius Sowerbiensis. B.M. Ziphius Sowerbiensis, Gray, J. c. p. 350, fig. 71; Synops. Whales Dip. whe lacey. - Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 22 & 23 (skull and ear-bone); Van Beneden, Mém. de? Acad. Bruz. vol. x, t. 3. pen Sowerbiensis, Gervais, Zool. et Paléont. Francaise, t. 30. Inhab. British Channel. Irish Sea. 3. DOLICHODON. Dolichodon, Gray, 1. e. p. 353; Synops. Whales § Dolph. p. 10. Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth (of male) very long, strap-shaped, produced, arched obliquely, trun- cated at the end, with a conical process on the front of the terminal edge. Lower jaw weak, very slender in front. Symphysis elon- gate. 1. Dolichodon Layardii. B.M. Ziphius Layardii, Gray, 1. c. p. 358, fig. 72. Dolichodon Layardii, Gray, Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 10. Inhab. Cape of Good. Hope (H. Layard). 4. NEOZIPHIUS. Teeth 2, in the front of the lower jaw, with a compressed, short, triangular crown. Lower jaw strong, rather narrow in the middle, and suddenly tapering in front of the tooth. Symphysis to the back edge of the teeth. 1. Neoziphius europzus. Dioplodon europzeus, Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t. 24 (skull). Inhab. Mediterranean. 102 ZIPHIIDZ. 5. DIOPLODON. Dioplodon, Gray, J. e. pp. 827, 8355 ; Synops. Whales & Dolph. p. 10. Teeth 2 or 4, conical, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Lower jaw broad behind, suddenly contracted in front. Symphysis moderate, not reaching halfway to the teeth. 1. Dioplodon sechellensis. a sechellensis, Gray, Synops. Whales § Dolph. t. 6. f. 1, 2 skull). Diguiedon sechellensis, Gray, Cat. S. & W. p. 855; Synops. Whales Dolph. p. 10, t. 5. £4; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1870, vi. p. 848, fig. Ciceleton ; Gervais, Ostéog. Cét. t, 25 (skull). Dioplodon densirostris, Gervais, Zoul. Paléont. Frane. t. 43. f. 3-6. Inhab. Seychelles. Mus. Paris. Lord Howe’s Island (Krefft). The form of the lower jaw gives a very peculiar appearance to the skeleton. The cervical vertebrae are united together by their bodies and large dorsal spines, the latter forming a thick conical process. The bodies of the dorsal vertebree are very small, en- larging in size towards the tail; they are thirty-six in number. The four terminal caudal ones are very small, forming a kind of cylindrical process. There are eight chevron bones. The tho- racic cavity is small. There are twelve ribs on each side. The dorsal processes of the first eighteen vertebra have an anterior basal process, which becomes gradually smaller. : Upper arm-bone very slender, slightly curved; the lower arm- bones moderate, straight, parallel to each other, and rather longer than the upper arm-bone. The ribs very broad at the upper end, and gradually tapering towards the chest, where they are nearly cylindrical. “The total length of the skeleton, without cartilage, is 14 feet 8 inches; the head measures 2 feet 54 inches in length, and the lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches in length. The first three cervical ver- tebre are anchylosed; the next one is more or less free; and the remaining three are anchylosed again. The dorsals are ten in number, the last bearing a short rib 8 inches in length. Five of these ribs are jointed direct to the sternum; the following two meet the cartilage of the fifth rib. “The sternum is composed of four pieces, 20 inches long, with a width of between 5 and 7 inches. It is not yet sufficiently cleaned to enable me to have it photographed ; this, however, will be done as soon as possible, and copies forwarded to the Society. The lumbars number twenty, the last nine having V-bones attached. The fifth lumbar is 174 inches high, 4 inches wide at the top, and 113 inches at the base, including the side processes. The eleventh lumbar is the widest, being 43 inches at the top. The caudals probably amounted to 13; but five of these are missing ; the basal one is very small, about the size of a pea; and as it was firmly attached to the second last, there can be no mistake about it. 5, DIOPLODON. “ The head is 2 feet 54 inches long and 14 inches across at the. widest part; the lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches long and 6} inches high behind the tooth. The left tooth measures 6 inches in length, 32 inches in width, and is 18 inch thick {not well represented in the figure]. The space between the teeth measures 73 inches. The limbs - are very imperfect; all the smaller bones are missing ; and there is only a part of one scapula. I did not find the pelvie bones. “This animal was captured about a year ago, near Lord Howe’s Island.” —Krefft, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 426. THE END, Dioplodon sechellensis, PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.