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THE MAMMALS

OF

PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

A BIOGRAPHIC, HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT

OF THE

FURRED ANIMALS OF LAND AND SEA, BOTH LIVING AND EXTINCT, KNOWN
TO HAVE EXISTED IN THESE STATES.

DESIGNED AS BOTH A POPULAR AND SCIENTIFIC PKESENTATION OF A BRANCH
OF NATURE-STUDY HITHERTO UNDULY NEGLECTED.

BY

SAMUEL N. RHOADS.

*

“Who teacheth us more than the beasts of the earth ?’’—JoB xxxv, 11.

ILLUSTRATED WITH PLATES AND A FAUNAL MAP.

PHILADELPHIA.
PRIVATELY PUBLISHED.
1902.

CoPYRIGHTED, 1903,
BY
SAMUEL N. RHOADS...

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

BY SAMUEL N. RHOADS.

INTRODUCTION.

Jos, the ancient divine and naturalist, asks, “Who teacheth us more than
the beasts of the earth or maketh us wiser than the fowls of heaven?” Owing
to the difficulty of making acquaintance with those “ beasts of the earth”
which we call A/amma/s, because of their nocturnal, subterranean or aquatic
habits, the study of mammalogy has never been as popular as that of the
“fowls of heaven.” It is, however, nq less an interesting and profitable
study and even yet furnishes the investigator, in spite of the great activity
of the past decade in that branch, a far richer field for original zodlogical
study than does ornithology. To man, himself a mammal, the importance of
this study, especially as regards his physical, mental and spiritual relation-
ships to the beasts of the earth, cannot, perhaps, be overestimated.

One of the most noticeable developments in biological research at the
present day is along the line of geographic distribution. It has resulted in
the solution of many vexed problems which the last century biologist vainly
pondered. In the prosecution of this line of research much is discovered of
an incidental character relating to the life-history of created things which
has hitherto been hidden away. ‘These are some of the facts which induced
me, eleven years ago, to begin the work which forms the subject of this
paper. In these studies I have been aided to a limited extent by the all-
too-meagre and often misleading faunal publications of previous authors.
More substantial and valuable aid has been received by means of voluminous
correspondence and personal interviews with naturalists, trappers, hunters,
old pioneers and frontiersmen living in the regions named. The main
source of information, however, has been personal field experience in nearly
every county in the two states. The collections of Pennsylvania and New
Jersey mammals, resulting from this work, and numbering about 2,000 speci-
mens, have recently been acquired by the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. For the use of the unrivalled literary and museum facilities of
this institution and the continued courtesy of its officers I am glad to have
this opportunity to express my thankfulness.

2 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

The scope of the work now completed, may be thus defined. It treats of
both living and extinct, recent and fossil, land and sea mammals found in
Pennsylvania and New Jersey in the feral state. It includes not only those
indigenous or native to the region but also those which have been intro-
duced there either from native or foreign regions, whether by man’s direct
importation or by voluntary migration due to faunal and floral changes
wrought by the deforesting and settling of the country since the beginnings
of colonial history. After giving each native species and sub-species its most
approved popular and scientific nomenclature with double literary references
for the student, the “ Zype locality,” “ Faunal distribution,” “ Distribution in
Pennsylvania and New Fersey,” “ Records” in the two states, “ Habits and
economic status,” “ Historic references,” “ Description of species,” and
enumeration of “Specimen sexamined,” are also given more or less fully as
each requires.

The fossil species are more briefly considered and in a separate division.
Reference has already been made to the importance of the study of faunal
distribution. A map of the two states, giving the limitations of the Lower
Canadian, Transition and Upper Austral life-zones represented in their limits,
has been prepared and the distribution of each species given in the text is
stated in terms of these. The results of my observations enable me to define
these with greater exactness than was heretofore possible, and to alter, in
some degree, the complexion of the zodgeographic map heretofore used as a
standard by students. As near as possible this is made to conform to our
knowledge of primeval conditions, a standard now difficult to reproduce,
owing to the vital biological changes which have resulted solely from the
deforestation of our country. Fire, axe, flood, summer sun and winter frost
have made the famous hunting grounds and natural game preserves of the
Pennsylvania Alleghanies a wilderness indeed. Where once the Canada
Lynx, Wolverene, Fisher, Marten, Canada Deer-Mouse, Woodland Jumping
Mouse, Northern Hare, and Marsh Shrew found a congenial home, the
average mid-summer temperature may now be roughly said to have risen 20
degrees, drought and flood quickly succeed each other, winds become tem-
pests and winter takes on an Arctic severity. Instead of white pines and
hemlocks we have scrub oaks and briars; instead of fern beds, sphagnum
and moist shade we find bare rocks, glaring sun, and withered vegetation.
The grinning opossum sneaks up the south slope as the last snowshoe hare
hops down the northern one, and the lowland cotton-tail forthwith jumps her
ancestral claim. While the rifle and the trap remained their greatest enemies,
the beasts of the earth and the fowls of heaven had an even chance, but the
era of axe and fire and commercialism has doomed them, unless the era of
forestry soon rescues them from extinction.

To explain more fully the use and intent of the accompanying map of the

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 3

faune or life-zones of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, I will quote G.S. Miller,
Jr.’s, lucid remarks thereon, given in his “Preliminary List of the Mammals
of New York,” “The importance of an acquaintance with the life-areas of
a region, as a key to the geographic distribution of the animals and plants, is
hardly to be over-estimated. Such knowledge furnishes ready and exact
means of defining the ranges of species without the tedious enumeration
of isolated localities, and offers moreover an explanation of the principal
factor governing those associations of species that constitute local faunze
and flor. Briefly defined, a 4/e-zone is a trans-continental area bounded
by certain isothermal (average temperature) lines, and characterized by
relative uniformity of fauna and flora. Together with the isotherms a life-
zone normally extends in an approximately east and west direction, but both
are subject to endless deviations. Elevations in the surface of the earth
cause the life-zones to bend to the southward, often many hundreds of miles
beyond their sea level position. Furthermore, a life-zone is not necessarily
‘continuous. It often happens that isolated hills or mountains reach a suffi-
cient height to have about their summits the climatic conditions char-
acteristic of a more northerly zone than at their bases. Effects similar to
those of elevation are produced by: isolated swamps and cold rock slides.”

Illustrative of these remarks we find on looking at the map of Pennsylvania
that the higher Alleghanian chain bearing the Canadian fauna on its crest,
‘cuts the eastern and western extension of the transition zone in half, while
the valley of the upper eastern branch of the Susquehanna brings about a
reversal of these conditions by bisecting the Canadian zone with an offset' of
the Transition. In Fayette and Somerset Counties a most striking alterna-
tion of Austral, Canadian and Transition zones occurs as we travel along the
Maryland line, due to the intrusive parallel range of the Alleghany ridge,
Laurel ridge, and Chestnut ridge, with their intervening valleys. In the
upper Austral zone of south New Jersey the “ boreal”’ or transition islands of
cool, dense-shaded cedar swamp and bog are a striking illustration of local
conditions, and a like instance is the typical Canadian fauna of certain
tamarack and fir swamps set in the midst of otherwise doubtfully Canadian
regions in the northern part of both states.

In North America seven life zones are represented. These are (begin-
ning at the north) the Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, Transition, Upper
Austral, Lower Austral and Tropical. The temperatures limiting three life
areas farmed in our limits are tabulated as follows, by Merriam :—These are
based on the two laws “(1) Zhe northward distribution of animals and
plants is determined by the total quantity of heat—the sum of the effective tem-
peratures. (2) The southward distribution of Boreal, Transition zone and
Upper Austral species is determined by the mean temperature of the hottesr
part of the year.” Southern limit of the Canadian zone is defined by the iso-

4 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

therm showing a normal mean temperature of six hottest consecutive weeks
of 64.4 degrees; of the Transition zone, ditto, 71.6 degrees; of the Upper
Austral, 78.8 degrees. The northern limits of the Transition and’ Upper
Austral zones are defined by the sum of normal, mean daily temperatures
for the year above 43 degrees, which is 10,000 degrees for the Transition
and 11,500 for the Upper Austral. ,

In the case of rare or exterminated species a series of records of their
historic or more recent occurrence in the various parts of the two states is
given by counties. These have been condensed and summarized from an
extended correspondence with observers, historians, scientific students, trap-
pers, furriers and sportsmen, some of whom, very old men, have since died,
and their valuable knowledge of pioneer conditions in our limits would
have largely gone with them had it not been thus recorded.

The habits and economic relations of most of the species are touched
upon ; those of greater interest, because so little known, as popularly mis-
judged or now exterminated, are more fully treated. In this connection it
may be stated that there is only one species of a#ive mouse in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey, namely, the mole mouse, underground’ meadow mouse,
or pine vole, AZ. pinetorum, whose food habits may be said to be so noxious
as to make its extermination a desideratum. Moles, shrews and common
meadow mice are greatly misunderstood even by those'who profess to study
them from an economic point of view. The status of the rapacious carnivora
—skunks, weasels, minks, coons, bears, wild cats, foxes, etc—which still form
a large part of the living population of our forests, deserves as thorough
study as has been recently given by the United States Department of Agri-
culture to rapacious birds. From the researches of Dr. Warren in Penn-
sylvania along this line we may predict that the popular verdict on these
vagabonds will in many cases be found faulty. The commercial importance
of many so-called “injurious” mammals, which yield either food or furs.
to man, is far greater than many realize. For instance the trade, and conse-
quent profits, arising from the trapping of muskrats in the Delaware Valley
alone amounts to many thousands of dollars annually, and offsets a hundred
fold their destruction of dikes, dams, forage crops or grain. The bodies
of these muskrats are rarely wasted, being so prized in Cumberland Go.,
New Jersey, as to have a standard market value of five to eight cents each.

The Cetacea, or Whales and Dolphins, generally ignored in mammal
study ‘because of the confusion so long existing as to their character,
identity and habits, have been given special attention, forming as they do,
such a numerous representation in the waters of New Jersey. No less
than eighteen species of these leviathans, ranging in length from ‘5 to 80
feet, wander to or now exist off our shores, some of the “largest entering
tidewater as far inland as Trenton. Nine additional extinct whales roamed

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 5

in the once tropical waters which covered southern New Jersey during the
Miocene period. Whaling formed, at one time, an industrial feature of the
New Jersey coasts, but has long been abandoned.

Species now extinct in our limits, which formed an important role in the
domestic economy of-our great-grandfathers are the Bison, Wapiti or Elk,
Beaver, Cougar or “ Panther’? and Wolf. The bison, only a straggler east of
the Susquehanna, and never abundant in Pennsylvania in the white man’s
memory, was last killed in Union Co., Pa., about 1800. The last Pennsylva-
nia Elk or Wapiti was killed in Elk Co., in 1867 by Cornplanter Indians
from the Cattaraugus Reservation. ‘This animal was formerly abundant over
the greater part of the state in the higher grounds, and was used as food.
Though the native Beaver has been practically exterminated in our limits
since 1875 there is a colony of wild beavers in Monroe Co., Pa., and several
others in Sussex Co., N. J., all of which, there seems little doubt, are de-
scendants of escaped imported beavers from Rutherford’s game preserve
near Allamuchy, Warren Co., N. J. They are increasing, and laws are
being enacted for their preservation. The last Pennsylvania Cougars or
“panthers” of which I have absolute proof of capture were a male anda
female, killed in Clinton Co. by George Hastings in 1871. A Centre Co.
specimen is recorded in the bounty records of that county for 1886, but I
have been unable to verify its reliability. Others have been reported killed
as late as 1893, but are of doubtful standing. Native Wolves apparently
existed in Pennsylvania as late as 1890. All wolves killed since then seem
to have been importations liberated by bounty thieves or escaped from
traveling shows. Wolfish dogs are a perennial source of local wolf stories.
The Canada Lynx, never numerous here, probably lingers in solitary cases
in the northern wilds of Pennsylvania. Bears, Wild Cats and Foxes are in-
creasing in our extensive deforested districts.

The list of fossil mammalia found in Pennsylvania and New Jersey greatly
exceeds that of the rest of the United States east of the Mississippi river.
This is due to the discovery of the numerous fossil-bearing limestone caves
and fissures in the Delaware valley, and to the researches of Leidy, Marsh
and Cope among these and in the marl beds of New Jersey.

Of mammals strictly non-recent, our list of fossil mammalia embraces the
following : Edentates or giant sloths, 5 species ; Sirenians or aquatic manatees
and dugongs, 2 ; Cetaceans or whales and dolphins, 9 ; Ungulates, such as the
elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, peccaries, deer and wild oxen, 16;
Rodents, such as pikas, giant beavers, rats and squirrels, 10; Pinnipeds,
such as walrus and sea leopard, 3 ; Carnivores, such as sabre-tooth cats, cave
bears, skunks and otters, 15, and Insectivores, such as shrews, 1. In all
there are 61 species of strictly fossil non-existent species recorded from our
limits, the greater part of which were originally discovered: in Pennsylvania

6 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

and New Jersey. If we add to these the go species found associated in the
fossil state with the others, but which are identical with existing species, we
have a list of 91 species of fossil mammalia recorded from Pennsylvania and
New Jersey. Comparing this with the list of species native to and recently
existing in the two states and which numbers 71 species and 25 subspecies.
or geographic races, we have the rather extraordinary result of a known
extinct mammalian fauna of two eastern states exceeding their existing
mammal fauna. This is the more noteworthy in that nearly all of the
terrestrial extinct species have been found in pleistocene, drift or terrace
periods, which are supposed to so closely antedate' the present age. In
contrast with this I may mention that the known extinct mammalian fauna
of New York, as given recently by Miller, only numbers 5 species. Another
interesting fact, shown by our list, is the former existence in Pennsylvania.
and New Jersey of living species now confined to the Arctic and sub-Arctic
faune of Canada. Of these I may mention the caribou, musk ox, moose,
wolverene and walrus. Of the southern or tropical fossil genera, once very
abundant in the Delaware Valley, none of the characteristic Sirenians.
giant sloths, shark-toothed dolphins, tapirs, peccaries, iastodons, rhinoceros.
or sabre-tooth cats now exist anywhere in the earth. These are two of the
many interesting proofs of the Arctic source of Postpliocene extinction.

It will naturally be asked, “ What previous publications have been made
regarding the mammalogy of Pennsylvania and New Jersey?”

The most pretentious, and in fact the only work relating to the entire
state of Pennsylvania is found in much scattered form in Dr. B. H. War-
ren’s part of the book entitled “ Diseases and Enemies of Poultry,’ pub-
lished in 18y7 by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. In this.
many mammals are treated at length from the economic standpoint, and
incidentally a large amount of valuable information, secured from residents of
the state, has been recorded regarding other species. As a book of general
reference, however, or as a list of species of Pennsylvania mammals, the book
makes no pretensions. A few local Pennsylvania county lists, almost worse
than useless because misleading, “have been inserted in older histories.’”
The same may be said of the local county literature relating to New Jersey.
Dr. C.C. Abbot’s list of mammals, published in the appendix to the “ Geology
of New Jersey ” in 1868, is the only one relating to the recent mammalia.
of that state worthy of mention. It enumerates forty-seven species, about
one-half of the number now known. Prof. E. D. Cope’s list of extinct New
Jersey mammals in the same book includes only twenty species, nearly all of
which were based on specimens from the marl beds. This number, in the
light of subsequent discoveries, is nearly doubled.

Since the studies just summarized were begun, twelve existing species, not
previously known to occur in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, have been there

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 7

discovered. Of these, four, a small weasel, a native cave rat larger than the
Norway rat, a red-backed wood mouse or vole, and a lemming-vole, the
former two from Pennsylvania, the latter from New Jersey, have been de-
scribed as new to science.

The specific synonymy used in the present paper is strictly confined to a
double literary reference ; first, to the earliest use of the name accompanied
by an original description of the species ; secondly, to the first use of the bi-
nomial or trinomial which I have considered applicable to it in the light of
present knowledge. The unpublished quotations from correspondents are suc-
ceeded by their last names only, and a list of these with their addresses given
in full at the end of the paper. Published quotations are accompanied by
references. No bibliographic list has been prepared owing to the very lim-
ited number of references of importance relating to our mammals except
those published in Philadelphia Journals of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
the American Philosophical Society, and in the American Naturalist. The
measurements given are in millimeters, their equivalents in inches being
given in brackets following. It may be explained that the “ Zype Locality”
is the place or region where the specimen or-specimens forming the original
description of the species, binomially named, was a native.

The excellence of the illustrations is largely due to the skillful reproductive
photography of Mr. H. Parker Rolfe, of Philadelphia.

Space fails me to here express more particularly the kind assistance rendered
by the many correspondents whose names are given in the appendix. They
have my grateful thanks.

Audubon, N. J., April 11, 1903.

LIST OF RECENT MAMMALS INDIGENOUS TO
PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Clas MAMMALIA.

Order MARSUPALIA; Marsupials.
|

Family DIDELPHIDA ; Opossums.

Genus Dide/phis Linnaeus, Systema Nature, 1758, Vol. I., p. 54.

Northeastern or Virginia Opossum. Didelphis virginiana Kerr.

1792. Didelphis virginianus Kerr, Animal Kingdom, Vol. 1, Systematic
catalog inserted between pages 32 and 33; description on another page.

Type locality—Virginia (Colonial).

Faunal distribution—New York to Florida, west to Mississippi valley.
Formerly confined to austral zones ; now invading the transition zone.

Distribution in Pa. and N. ].—Variably abundant in middle and southern
counties in all situations except in the mountain summits; extending north-
ward in lessening numbers along river valleys to and into New York state from
Lake Erie to the Hudson River. With the deforesting of the mountains in-
vading large areas of the Alleghanian regions previously unknown to them.
Equally ‘at home” in the lumber piles and hen roosts of the town as among
the untrodden haunts of the wilderness.

Records in Pa. (extralimital only given) :

Armstrong and Butler Cos.—1 have examined specimens from the Buf-
falo Creek region of these two counties.’”—Todd, 1902.

Cameron Co.—“ Last winter (1895) two were brought to Emporium.”
—Larrabee.

Centre Co.—Rare, and at lower levels only. One killed at State College
in 1895.—Fernald.

Clinton Co.—Specimen in Pierce’s collection taken near Renovo. I saw
tracks of one, Nov., 1898, along the Sinnemahoning at Round Island.—

(8)

Ohio.

MAMMALS |]

Yer:

CRAWFORD
\otweadville

Ningna Grk.
* MEKE ALL

a.

cm ERCER
LA NCE
a a

W: Virginia.

VENJANGO

BUTLE

ARM$TRonG *~——

Rt ade

ae
~~

: ti:
Teedure 1a (NDI mn aes

‘g CAMBR:

cee

lon
OMERS

Faunal TTlap fFenma GAN Ters
| Canadian Life. Zone,

CI Transifiow . s*

BM Austral » « any |

N. J., RHOADS.

Bik TavesP

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 9

Rhoads. Catch one in § or 6 years in bottom land ; also caught one in bear
trap on top of mountain (1800 ft.) near Round Island.—Nelson, 1896.

Columbia Co.—More plenty last four years (1896 to 1900) ; once very
rare at Fishing Creek.—Buckalew.

Erie Co—* A skull was picked up on the peninsula at Erie, spring of
1900.”—Todd.

Lycoming Co.—Coming in rarely at Eaglesmere in last six years (1890-96).
—Bennett.

Monroe and Pike Cos.—Rare on Pocono plateau, coming up to 1500 feet.
Specimens taken at Porter’s Lake. Less rare at Dingman’s Ferry.—Rhoads,
1895.

Somerset Co.— Becoming numerous near New Lexington in the last few
years. I killed one on my hen roost two months ago (Nov., 1900). Ten or
fifteen years ago none here.’’—Moore.

Sullivan Co., Lopez.—They reach the top of our mountains. I saw the
trail of one in a new fall of snow in January, 1901, near our camp. We

caught one in (March?) 1go1 near Lopez.—Behr.

Tioga Co.—Several caught in 1898 in vicinity of Canton.—Cleveland.

Onion Co.—Increasing at Mifflinburg.—Chambers, rgort.

Wyoming Co.—G. F. Smith records one in 1896 as a very rare occurrence,
—wWarren.

Records in N. J. (extralimital only given)—The opossum probably was
never absent from any part of New Jersey as it once was in the more
boreal parts of Pennsylvania.—Rhoads.

Bergen Co.—¥Found sparitigly along the Palisades.— Rhoads, 1902.

Hudson Co.—Audubon states (Quad. N. Amer., Vol. 2, p. 124) opossums.
were sometimes found within five or ten miles of New York City in New
Jersey.

fassaic Co.—Two were captured in 1895 and 1896 by hunters near
Greenwood Lake ; considered rare at that place. Occasional on the Bearfoot
Mountains (700 to 1400 feet). Rhoads, fide Leonard Wright. -

Ffabits, etc.—Spending the day in hollow trees, logs, deserted burrows,
drains, sewers, rai] and brush piles, ricks and outbuildings ; prowling at night
for fruit, nuts, mammals, eggs, birds, reptiles, mollusks, insects and crustacea.
In extremity a cannibal and eater of carrion. Owing its urban existence to
non-resistance, fecundity, omnivorous diet and a prehensile tail. Producing
sometimes as many as sixteen young, which at birth are three-fuurths inch
long, naked and with rudimentary hind limbs; each securely attached toa
teat within the abdominal pouch, from which they emerge when of the size
of small rats and cling by tail and feet to the body of the parent. Stated to
have three litters in a year. Its habit of eating wild birds, their eggs and
young, and its fondness for poultry offset in some degree its usefulness as a

10 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

‘scavenger, an eater of injurious animals, a producer of furs and food for man.
It may be safely classed as a useful animal whose overabundance in populous
districts may be easily checked by the trapper’s arts.

Order CETACEA; Whales and Dolphins.
Family BaLaENIDz ; Whalebone or Baleen Whales.
Genus Ba/aena Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1758, Vol. I, p. 75.

Black Right Whale. Balena glacialis Bonnaterre.

1789. Balena glacials Bonnaterre, Tableau Encycl. and Method.: des
Trois Regnes de la Nature, Cetologie, p. 3.

Type locality—Near the coasts of Norway and Iceland.

Faunal distribution.—North Atlantic Ocean.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.—Rare along the New Jersey coast in winter ;
sometimes ascending Delaware and New York Bays.

Habits, etc —Once abundant in the north Atlantic and nearing extinction,
but now increasing in numbers.—Holder, 1883. The baleen or sieve-like
bristles within the mouth separate the minute crustaceans and pteropods
which swarm in immense shoals where it feeds. To secure these it takes a
mouthful of water and in the act of closing it and ejecting the water the
baleen project from the palate automatically and close together in front of the
ejected water, straining out and retaining any food which it contains. True
says (Cat. Aquat. Mam. U.S. N. M., Ind. Fish Exhib., 1884, p. 13) that
this species “is believed to have been the object of very considerable fishery
in early colonial times, but has disappeared entirely for many years.”

Records in Pa. and N. J.:

“They were formerly abundant about the mouth of the Delaware river. A
letter of William Penn dated 1683 states that eleven were taken that year
about the Capes. Five specimens are stated to have been seen in tie Dela-
ware river since that time, and two of great size are recorded to have been
seen on the coast of Maryland.”—Cope, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1865, p.
168. The type specimen of Cope’s Balaena cisarctica, now considered a
synonym of B. g/acialis, was taken in 1862 in the river opposite Philadelphia.
Its skeleton is now mounted in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia. See Proceeeings of the Academy above cited.—
Rhoads, 1902.

New York Bay.— “Some are known to enter New York Harbor.”—
Cope, l. c.

A specimen, apparently of this species, is in the Rutgers College Museum,

MAMMELS PA. AND N. J., RHOADS. PLATE 4.

EAN
y (SMI .
D

A

Cowfich Whale CMesoploden)

L.Piked Whate. Galasnoptera)

Sea Porporse. (Tursiops)

<ezZZ

Great Rorqual.Balaenoptera) (Delphinus) Dolphin.

Sperm Whale. (Physeter) Harbor Porpoise. (Phoedena).
Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia) Grampus.

Blackfish (Globicephala)
Cave Nose Whale. (Ziphi us).

Bottlencse Whale (Hypercodon) Killer Whale. (Oreinus).

WHALES AND DOLPHINS (Cefaceans).

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. It

taken from the Raritan River, near Sayreville, N. J., May, 1874, by Capt. E.
G. Roberts. It is 42 feet long.—Rhoads.

One of this species ‘ was captured off the New Jersey coast by a crew of
experienced Egg Harbor whalers -by the usual method of harpooning. It
was exhibited during several weeks of the spring of 1882 ” after being brought
to New York City. It was not preserved. See Holder, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.
Hist., vol. i, p. 106.

This is probably the species recorded by Ord in 1815 in Guthrie’s Geog-
raphy, p. 292, as follows : “A young whale of this species [Balaena mysticetus’
of his list] was taken in the Delaware in the vicinity of the [Trenton] Falls
in the latter part of the year 1814; and exhibited at Philadelphia.”

“ Balaena mysticetus—Has been twice known to occur within the limits of
Delaware County.’’—Cassin, in History of Del. Co., Pa.,. 1862.

Genus Balaenopiera Lacepede, Histoire Naturelle des Cetacees, 1803-4, p.
xxxvi, in Tableau des Ordres.

Little Piked Whale; Least Rorqual or Fin Back. Balenoptera
acuto-rostrata Lacepede.

1803-4. Balenoptera acuto-rostrata Lacepede, Histoire Naturelle des.
Cetacees, p. xxxvi, Tableau des Ordres, pp. 134, 141.

Faunal distribution.—Atlantic Ocean, from Davis Straits to the Mediterra-
nean Sea and New Jersey.

Distribution in Pa. and N. F—Very rare on the New Jersey coast. A
doubtful specimen recorded from Pennsylvania waters.

Habits, etc.—This smallest of the fin- backs, rarely exceeds 30 feet in length.
It associates with the large rorquals and feeds largely on fish, though its.
baleen undoubtedly enables it to net crustacea, etc. It is distinguished from
other whales by its white under parts, including the under side of tail and.
flippers, and by the broad white band which crosses the outer side of the
latter. The sharp, piked snout gives it its name.

Records in Pa. and N. ¥.—* A pike-headed whale was caught some years.
since in the Delaware, near Reedy Island and shown in Philadelphia and
New York.’’—Ord, Guthrie’s Geography, 2d Amer. ed., 1815, p. 292. As
this specimen was subjected to examination, the peculiarity of its head, as.
indicated in the specific name given by Ord, would lend: color to the correct-
ness of the identification. It may, however, have been a Megapéera, as Ord
previously names it AZ. doops.

Mr. True sends me the following record of a capture : ‘ Long Beach, N. J.,
fall, 1866.” This probably refers to the specimen recorded by Cope, Proc.
A. N. Sci., Phila., p. 221, cast ashore opposite Westecunk on the outer side

12 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

of Little Egg Harbor near the residence of Wm. A. Crane. Cope. makes it
the type of a new genus (pp. 223-24) Agaphelus, and names it Agaphelus
gtbbosus,—Rhoads, 1902.

General notes on baleen whales of Pa. and N. F—The following relate
chiefly to whalebone whales in our limits of the Rorqual and Right Whale
species in this list: “In 1688 Phineas Pemberton of Pennsbury records one
up as far as Trenton Falls [Delaware River].” In 1733 “ two whales were
chased in the Delaware, opposite Philadelphia, but escaped.—Watson’s
Annals.”

In 1693 Thomas Leaming settled at Cape May, N. J., and that winter went
whaling, killing 8 whales, “5 of which they drove to the Hoarkills.” In r691
the whaling industry of Cape May was so profitable that the business of a
cooper for oil barrels “made the demand and pay for casks certain.’’—See
quotations from MSS. notes of T. Leaming in Geology of Cape May Co., N. J.,
1857, pp- 175,176. Master Evelyn’s Letter in Plantaganets’ “ New Albion,”
1648, says: “‘ There is much variety of . . . fish, whales and grampus,” etc.,
referring by implication to the southernmost section of New Jersey. In the
“Historical Collections of New Jersey,” Barber and Howe, 1865, p. 369,
there is a quotation from the manuscript of J. F. Watson, under date of July,
1833, which states: “I was surprised to learn from old Stephen Inman, one
of the twelve islanders of Long Beach, himself aged 75 years, that he and his
family had never ceased to be whale catchers along this coast. They de-
vote themselves to it in February and March. Generally catch two or three
of a season. . .. Whalebones of large size are seen bleaching on the
sand.” On page 41 of the Historical Collections, just cited, we read that
whales were “numerous in winter on the coast and in the bay, where they
frequently grounded ;” also, that on the 15th of February, 1668, a commis-
sion was granted to a Company in Elizabethtown [Elizabeth], N.-J., to take
whales for 3 years. During that period a whale was cast ashore at Navesink
and delivered to the Company. Vanderdonck in his Description of the New
Netherlands says: ‘Whales are numerous in winter on the coast and in the
bay, where they frequently ground on the shoals and bars.”

A whale 40 feet long, of a whalebone or baleen species, was taken in June,
1874, at South Amboy, N. J.—See Forest and Stream, vol. 2, p. 267. This is
‘probably the one in the Rutgers College Museum, previously recorded under
Batlaena glacialis.—Rhoads, 1902.

Mr. H. W. Hand writes me that a few of the large whales are seen an-
nually off Cape May, usually in the early winter— Rhoads, 1902.

,

Great Finback; Rorqual. Balenoptera physalus (Linneus).

1758. Balena physalus Linneus, Systema Nature, p. 75.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 13

1897. Balenoptera physalus True, Proceedings U.S. National Museum,
No. 1163, p. 633. .

Type locatity.—Spitzbergen (Marten’s “ Finfisch”’).

faunal distribution.—The common large whale of the Atlantic Ocean and
the one most frequently stranded upon our coasts.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J7—Occasional along the coast of N. J., some-
times entering bays.

Habits, ete.—Dr. True writes me that this is “a migratory animal and the
specimens stranded are probably from passing schools.” No doubt these
stranded animals on our New Jersey coast have been often crippled far at sea
by collision with passing vessels. The food of this species is chiefly fish,
herring and smelts being a favorite sort. It grows 60 to 70 feet long.
Species of Balenoptera are said to be able to stay under water 8 to 12 hours.
‘They are inoffensive when attacked. No doubt some of the stranded speci-
mens have been lured into shallow water on the New Jersey coast by the
‘schools of “ moss bunkers.” ,

Kecords in Pa. and N. J.—A jam, apparently of this species, was found by
‘me on the beach near Beach Haven, N. J., about 1885.—Rhoads. Mr. True
informs me that a specimen from Delaware Bay was stranded near Fenwick’s
Asland Life Saving Station, Delaware, May 2, 1896.

Great Blue Whale. Balenoptera musculus (Linneus).

1758. Balena musculus Linneus, Systema Nature, p. 76.

1898. Balenoptera musculus True, Proceedings United States National
Museum, No. 1163, p. 633.

Type locality. —Firth of Forth, Scotland (Sibbald’s spec.).

Faunal distribution—North Atlantic Ocean southward to shores of Eng-
land and New Jersey; a larger and more northerly ranging species than the
-common Finback.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.—Occasionally noted on the N. J. coast.

Habits, etc.—This, said to be the greatest of all animals living or extinct, is
‘much larger than any other species of whale. The “sulphur-bottom” form
‘found in the Pacific has been taken nearly 100 feet long. They can swim at
the rate of 12 miles an hour. Their food is mainly derived from schools of
‘the smaller-sized fish.

Records in N. J7—Cape May Co., Ocean City. A large specimen was
stranded October 1, 1891. Its skeleton (No. 5316, A. N.S. Catalog.) is
in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It was
measured in the flesh by Messrs. J. E. Ives and F. W. True, and found to
be 67 feet long. Prof. E. D. Cope describes it at length in Proc. A. N. Sci.,

1891, p- 474.

14 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.
Genus Megaptera Gray, Zodlogy Voyage Erebus and Terror, 1846, p. 16.
New England Humpback Whale. Megaptera nodosa (Bonnaterre).

1789. Balena nodosa Bonnaterre, Tableau Encycl. et Methodique ; Trois
Regnes de la Nature ; Cetologie, p..5.

1898. Megaptera nodosa True, Proc. U. S. National Museum, Nov. 4,
Vol. 21, p. 635. ,

Type locality—Shores of New England (Dudley in Phil. Trans. Roy.
Soc., Lond.).

Faunal distribution.—The East Atlantic form of the AZ. doops of authors is
numerous on the entire Atlantic coast of the United States.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7 —Occurring off the New Jersey coast ; speci-
mens having been taken on the coast of Maine, Massachusetts and Virginia,
and described by Cope (Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1865, 1866) as AZ. osphyia.

Habits, etc—Owing to the poor quality of this whale it is avoided by
whalers. It is distinguished from the rorqual by the great length and size of
its fins. The hump-like form of the dorsal fin gives it the common name.
They are extremely variable in color, black, white and gray being variously
combined. The Megapteras are the only baleen whales which “breach” or
leap clear of the water. They are very playful, striking each other resounding
whacks with the immense flippers and thrashing about in and out of the water
so as to be heard miles away in favorable weather. They have been known
to spout twenty feet high in calm weather. The young number one to two.
They feed on crustaceans and fish.

Records in Fa. and N. J.—It is possible that the record of a “pike-headed
whale” given by Ord (see under Balenoptera acutorostrata above) as taken
in the Delaware river, may have referred to this species. I know of no
records of the stranding of this whale on our shores.—Rhoads, 1902.

Family Puyserertn@ ; Sperm or Toothed Whales.

Genus Physeder Linnaeus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, 1758, p. 76.
Sperm Whale; Cachalot. Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus.

1758. Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, Systema Nature, Vol. 1, p. 76.

Type locality—Seas of Europe.

faunal distribution —Temperate and tropical seas of the world. Rarely
reaching arctic seas.

Distribution in Pa. and N. F—Rarely washed ashore on the New Jersey
coast. Not frequenting sandy seacoasts or shallow waters as do the rorquals.

Habits, efc.—This huge animal, the most desirable from an economic

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 15

standpoint on account of its “sperm oil,” subsists principally on the giant
squids and cuttle fish and larger species of true fish which it quickly
crushes in its toothed jaws. The color is black above, shading to gray.
Its enormous head, shaped above like a rounded box, is nearly one-third the
entire length of the animal. The flippers are small and it has only one
blow-hole instead of two, as in the toothless baleen whales. These whales
sometimes attack boats and even ships, crushing or staving them in.

Records in N. 7.—Mr. True kindly furnishes me with the following data:
Cape May, N. J., Aug., 1882, a scapula, radius and ulna in U.S. National
Museum, No. 20,872.—Young, 18'-6" long. Brigantine Beach, N. J., May 4,
1900. Young male.

Genus Kogia Gray, Zoédlogy Voyage Erebus and Terror, Vol. 1, 1846, p. 22.
Pigmy Sperm Whale. XKogia breviceps (De Blainville).

1838. Physeter breviceps De Blainville, Annals Anat. & Physiol, vol. 2,
P- 337-

1846. Kogia. breviceps Gray, Zodlogy of Voy. Erebus and Terror, Vol. I,
p. 22.

Type locality —Cape of Good Hope.

Faunal distribution.—Temperate and tropical seas of the world.

Distribution in Pa.and N. 7—Stranded at various points on the New
Jersey coast.

Habits, etc-—This seems to be the smallest of our whales. Its extremely
short nose and head distinguish it from the dolphins with which it has
resemblance because of small size. Their habits have not been put on
record. The color of a New Jersey specimen, as given by True, is dark
above, light beneath, the line of separation being straight along the middle
of the side above the flippers.

Records in N. J., Atlantic Co.—Barnegat City, N. J., Oct. 24, 1885, female.
—Cat. No. 15,222, U.S. National Museum. Loveladie’s Id., N. J., Oct. 25,
1885, male.—Cat. No. 15,223, U. S. National Museum. Atlantic City, N. J.,
Apr., 1888, Male.—Cat. No. 22,893, U. S. National Museum.

Cape May Co.—Corson’s Inlet, Sea Isle City, Feb. 18, 1894, a male, 10
feet long ; stranded on the beach, considerably mutilated. In Wistar Insti-
tute Museum, University of Pennsylvania. Ocean City, Nov. 2, 1899, a male,
11 feet long, weighing about 70o pounds. No. 3,700, catalogue of the
Wistar Institute. This fine specimen was driven into a small cove by fisher-
men and killed.

Monmouth Co.—Spring Lake, April 17, 1883; stranded on shore, Cat.
No. 13,738, U. S. National Museum, Wash’n. Figured in Hist. Aquat.
Amin., U.S. Fish Com., 1884, pl. 2.

16 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.
Family Zrpumpar ; Bottle-nosed or Beaked Whales.
Genus Ziphius Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, 1823, Vol. V, p. 352.
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale. Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier.

1823. Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, Vol. V, p. 352.

Type locality—Mediterranean coast of France.

Faunal distribution.—Temperate and tropical seas of the world.

Distribution in Pa. and N. ].—A rare straggler to the coast of New Jersey.

Habits, etc—Not known; at least undescribed with certainty. It was
originally named from a fossil skull fragment and subsequently found to be
also an existing species. The skull is much hollowed frontally, the pre-
maxillae and nasals rising high to the vertex of the cranium and projecting
forward over the nares. There are no functional teeth, except two small
ones in the apex of the lower jaw. Length about twenty feet.

Record in N. J., Atlantic Co.—At Barnegat City an adult female 19 ft.
4 in. long, was cast ashore Oct. 3, 1883. Its color was “light stone-gray,
darkest on the belly,” an unusual color pattern. This is the first and only
record of the genus in the northwestern Atlantic.—See True, Science, Vol. II, '

1883, Pp. 540.

Genus Ayperoddon Lacepede, Histoire Naturelle des Cetacees, 1803~4;
Tableaux des Ordres, p. xliv.

Bottlenose Whale; Pug-Head Whale. Aygeroidon ampullatus
(Forster).

1770. Balaena ampullatus Forster, Linnaean Travels, Kalm, Vol. I, p. 18,
foot-note.

1902. Hyperoddon ampullatus Rhoads, Science, N. York, Vol. 1 5, P- 756.

Lype locahty—Coast of Scotland.

faunal distribution—North Atlantic Ocean ; Straggling southward to
Rhode Island and Scotland.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—Likely to again occur off the coast of New
Jersey, one specimen having been taken in New York Bay, another at New-
port, Rhode Island.

Habits, etc.—This whale is common is the far north. It is small (20 to 30
feet), and the male has a square, high forehead suddenly rising from the
beaked snout. They go in small herds among the ice and are very tame,
leaping far into the air and diving head first like a fish. They go to great
depths to feed on a species of cuttle fish about 6 inches long. They migrate
southward in winter, rarely reaching the New England coast. This species

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 17

has a beak like the dolphin’s, only shorter. No teeth are visible above the
gums, two at the apex of the lower jaw are the largest, but non-functional.
Records in N. J.—New York Bay—De Kay records a specimen taken in
the “lower” bay in 1822; said to be a female.—Zodl. N. York, Vol. I, 1842,
p. 131.
Kalm says it was common during his voyage to America almost all the way
across the Atlantic to the shores of the United States.

Genus Mesoplodon Gervais, Annal. Scien. Nature, series 3, 1850, vol. 14, p. 16.
Sowerby’s Whale, Cowfish. M€esoplodon bidens (Sowerby).

1806. Physeter bidens Sowerby, British Miscellany, p. 1.

1877. Mesoplodon bidens Flower, Proceedings Zodlogical Society, London,
p. 684.

Type locality—Near Brodie House, Elginshire, Scotland.

Faunal distribution.—Not determined.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.—Recorded once from the N. J. coast.

Habits, etc.—Not described by authors. Known from the other Ziphoids
by generally having the two, solitary, mandibular teeth set nearly half way
back from the apex of the jaw, and sometimes these are of great size; actually
meeting over the rostrum. In dzdens they are less exaggerated.

Record in N. J., Atlantic Co—A male, 12% feet long, was stranded at
Atlantic City, March 28, 1889, and was secured for the U.S. National Mu-
seum at Washington, by Mr. F. W. True. Cat. No. 48448.—See Proc. Roy.
Phys. Soc., Edinb., vol. 10, p. 13.

Family DELPHINIDA ; Dolphins and Porpoises.
‘Genus Zursiops Gervais, Histoire Natur. des Mammiferes, 1855, vol. 2, p. 323.
Bottlenose Dolphin, Common Porpoise. Zursiops tursio (Fabricius).

1780. Delphinus tursio Fabricius, Fauna Groenland., p. 49.

1864. Tursiops tursio Gervais, Comptes Rendus, p. 876.

Type locality —Coast of Greenland.

Faunal distribution.—Atlantic Ocean, from Greenland to France and the
West Indies.

Distribution in Pa. and N,. 7—The commonest species of Delphinide on
the coast of N. J. Rarely entering bays and rivers.

Habits, etc— A company, called the Porpoise Fishing Co., was incorpor-
ated under the laws of New Jersey, Feb. 1, 1894, and undertook the capture

18 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

of this species on a large scale at Cape May. Though numbers were taken
the enterprise did not prove a success.”—True, MSS. note, 1902. :

They are most abundant in spring, rare in December and January, and
decrease greatly by July, They associate in large schools, as many as 66

being taken in the nets at one haul during the spring migration. At this
time the females are suckling young of various sizes, some of which had been
born the previous winter and fall. The number of sexes is about equal.
The average length is 9 feet. The largest taken at Cape Hatteras was 12 feet
long, and yielded 24 gallons of oil. The color is purplish lead-gray above,
the belly white, indistinctly separated by a line joining the base of the tail
and angle of the mouth. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper. Their
food is small fish. ‘The oil is of superior quality, and the skin makes an ex-
ceedingly strong leather. The number taken at the Hatteras fishery in season
of 1884-85 was 1,268.

Records in N. J., Cape May Co.—“ Caught in numbers at Cape May.”—
Jordan, Man. of Vert. U. S., 1899, p. 333.

A specimen from Cape May, taken Sept. 1, 1884, is in the U. S. Nat. Mu-
seum. Another, taken at Turkey Gut, near Cape May, Oct. 8, 1883, is also
in the National Museum. It is a skeleton of a female, No. 20,962.—True,
1902. |

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia “has been presented
with a skeleton of a very old individual by Dr. Howell of this city, who ob-
tained the animal some years since from a fisherman’s seine at Red Bank,
below opposite this city.”—Cope, Proc. A. N. Sci., Philada., 1865, p. 281.
This specimen was here described, and named Del/phinus erebennus. I am
told that it is yet in the Academy’s collection. It is considered by cetolo-
gists to be the same as Z. /ursto.— Rhoads, 1902.

Genus De/phinus Linneus, Systema Nature, 1758, Vol. I, p. 77.
Common Dolphin; Ring-Eyed Porpoise. De/phinus delphis Linneus.

1758. Delphinus delphis Linneus, Systema Nature, Vol. I, p. 79.

Type locality—Coast of Europe.

Faunal distribution—Temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic,
Pacific and Indian Oceans, generally avoiding harbors and bays.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—Not certainly found in the limits of Penna.
Living off the shores of N. J. Occasionally entering New York and (?)
Delaware Bays. Jordan says it is scarce on the coasts of North America.
Godman says they were abundant in 1827 in the bays and harbors of the
Middle States.

Habits, etc.—The habits and popular names of the dolphins and porpoises
on our coast are greatly confused, owing to their similarity in size and actions,

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 19 -

and the concealment of their watery surroundings. The common dolphin
may be known from the bottle-nosed animal by its long snout and peculiar
striped markings of the sides of body and head. ‘It is a much slenderer ani-
mal than the harbor porpoise or herring hog which frequents our bays and
rivers, the latter resembling in color and shape of head more closely the
bottlenose. The latter, however, is not nearly as stout and round-finned as
the harbor porpoise and has a “ beak’’ wholly lacking in the latter species.
This is “The Dolphin” of the ancients, mythology and fable. Its variegated
colors, swiftness, sociability and abundance in the Meditteranean make it the
most familiar of the Cetaceans. At the same time it has been so confused
with other species as to make most accounts of it unreliable.

Records in N. J.—True records 2 specimens from New York Harbor and
Bay.—Bull. Nat. Museum, 1889, pp. 56, 57.

Cape May Co., Ocean City.—A temale containing foetus was presented to
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1894. The skeleton of
the adult is No. 5360, Coll. A. N. S., Phila.

Genus Prodelphinus Gervais, Osteographie des Cetaces, 1880, p. 604.
Spotted Dolphin. Prodelphinus plagiodon (Cope).

1866. Delphinus plagiodon Cope, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, p. 296.

1889. Prodelphinus plagiodon True, Bulletin U.S. National Museum, No.
36, p. 66.

Type locality—Unknown. Type is “ No. 3,884 Mus. Smithsonian” Insti-
tution, Washington.—Cope. Probably from the east coast of United States.

faunal distribution—Abundant in the Gulf of Mexico and on the coast
of the United States as far north as Cape Hatteras.—True, 1884. Stated by
Jordan to reach the coast of N. J.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J-—The only mention that I discover referring
this species to our fauna, is by Jordan in the 1899 edition of his Manual of
the Vertebrates of Northern United States, page 333, in which he gives the
habitat as “North Atlantic, south to N. J.” He probably meant Souch
Atlantic, zorth to N. J. As Mr. True is stated by Jordan in the preface to
have “ revised ”’ his “ Cetaceans,”’ I conclude that “N. J.” is considered by
that gentleman within its range. Cope, in the Proc. A. N. S., 1865, p. 201,
under “ D. clymene Gray,” records a “specimen in the Museum of the
Academy from off New Jersey, presented by John Krider.” This I have just
examined and it appears to be Prode/phinus plagiodon. If so it is the only
N. J. record known to me. Dr. True, who recently examined it, finds this
skull to be identical with Gray’s figure of P. euphrosyne. In this opinion I
concur.

20 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Remarks on habits, characters, et¢e-—In the second reference made at the
head of this article True concludes this species is Cistinct from P. doris
(Gray.) The specimens he describes were taken, one in 1884, at Pensacola,
Fla., the other at Cape Hatteras, later. Both were males, and he considers
them the “most beautiful cetacean he ever examined,” distinguished from
D. delphis by the spotted gray body and the less falcate dorsal fin. The
schools seen were very numerous at both localities. The organs of the
Florida specimen showed that May and June was the rutting season. The
length is 6 feet, the height of dorsal fin 934 ches. The form of head and
body is like D. delphis.

Genus Phocena Cuvier, Regne Animal, Vol. I, 1817, p. 279.

Harbor Porpoise; Herring Hog; Phocena phocena (Linneus).

1758. Delphinus phocena Linneus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 77.

1888. Phocena phocena Jordan, Manual Vert. Animals of Nor. U. States,
Pp. 331+ :

Type locality—Coast of Europe.

Faunal distribution—North Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean from Baffin’s
Bay to France and Maryland; ascending bays and rivers, sometimes far
above tidewater limits.

Distribution in Pa.and N. /.-—Abundant on the seaboard, and in the bays
and inlets of N. J., coming within the limits of Penna. in Delaware-Bay and
River as far up as Trenton Falls. Sometimes ascends the Raritan and
Passaic Rivers and is a frequent visitor in New York Bay and the Hudson
River beyond the Northern border of N. J. ,

Habits, etc—This is pre-eminently a shore and river species, delighting in
the surf of sandy beaches and following the shoals of herring and other fish
from the bays into rivers and freshwater shoals scarcely deep enough to give
them cover. It is known from other porpoises and dolphins by the clumsy
rounded head (lacking a“ beak’’), and by the stout form and uniform dusky
coloration. It is a small animal, averaging about 5 feet in length. Dr. God-
man, who gives a most ample and graphic account of the dolphin in our har-
bors, says he has not seen the porpoise. Either he was mistaken in his
identification or else the relative abundance of the two has since then be-
come reversed.

Records in Pa. and N. /., Delaware River.—* Occasionally ascends the
Del. R. to within the limits of [Delaware] Co.”—J. Cassin, List of Quad. in
“ Hist. Del. Co., Pa.,” 1862, Appx.

See Cope’s Phocena lineata. 9 Type taken in N. Y. harbor in 1876, and
descr. by Cope from spec. now in U.S. National Museum, Cat. No. 12,481,

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 21

£. phocena, See Proc. A. N. S., 1876, p. 134. See True, Mon. Delph. ad ?
Cape May, No. 13,359, rec’d Dec. 27, 1881.

The type specimen of Phocena lineata Cope, which True considers the
same as communis was taken in our limits, in New York harbor in 1876.
True records two from Cape May in the National Museum.—Nos. 16,610, (a
female), and 13,359. ‘They have been seen in the Delaware as high up as
Trenton and are common in the Hudson north of the New Jersey State line.”
—Abbott, in Geol. N. J., p. 760.

Genus Grampus Gray, Spicilegia Zodlogia, 1828, p. 2.
Grampus; Cow Fish. Grampus griseus (Cuvier).

1812. Delphinus griseus Cuvier, Annals. de Museum, Vol. 19, p. 14, pl. 1,
fig. 1.

1889. Grampus griseus True, Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 36,
p. 125.

Type locality —Bay St. Brieux, France (English Channel).

Faunal distribution.—North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Mediterranean.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—Known only from the coast of N. J.

Habits, etc—This species associates with the black-fish and is rare in N.
England waters and more so on the N. J. coast, while the black-fish
(Globicephala brachyptera) is abundant. It is 12 to 15 feet long, has no
upper teeth, about 10 in the lower jaw, the head high, short and rounded ;
the color bluish-black, variegated with irregular gray streaks and cloudings,
beneath white. They can only mash and swallow their food, owing to
absence of functional teeth.

Records in N. J—Atantic Co.—(1) Atlantic City, stranded Feb. 2, 1887.
—True, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 36, 1889, p. 183.—(2) Brigantine Beach,
Mch. 31, ¢895, female, Photo. in U. S. N. M.—True.

Genus Globicephala Lesson (Oeuvres Compl. de Buffon, 1828, Vol. 1, fide
Agassiz), Noveau Tableau du Regne Animal, 1842, p. 200.

Northern Blackfish; Pilot Whale. Glodicephala melas (Trail).

1809. Delphinus melas Traill, Nicholson’s Journal, Vol. 22, p. 81.

1842. Globicephalus melas De Kay, Zodlogy of N. York, Mammalia, p. 132.

Type locahty.—Coast of England.

faunal distribution.—North Atlantic Ocean; south-west to Long Island,
and the N. J. coast ; south-eastward along the coasts of the British Isles.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—Occasionally reaching the coasts of N. J.
in their wanderings southward.

22 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Habits, etc.—One of the most abundant and valuable of the small whales
of the northeast coast of N. Ameica. They average about 15 feet long, some-
times reaching over 20 feet, weighing about 1,000 lbs., and yielding 3 to 5
barrels of oil. The “ porpoise jaw oil’’ from this whale is of fine quality for
delicate machinery. The flesh is good food and much used for bait. They
do not play like the porpoise, but often rise to blow and move leisurely along
unless they are pursued by “Killers” (Orcina) or whalers, when they may
be driven in great numbers on the beach and are generally thus captured.
They feed on menhaden, herring, mackerel and squids, and give birth to
their young in August. At birth these are 5 to 7 feet long. In winter they
are absent from our shores, returning in June. The color is black without
spots, a short narrow white area on belly. The head is short, rounded, and
the forehead very high, rising at right angles from the end of snout. The
lateral fins are remarkably shaped, like a long, curved cutlass blade. The
teeth number 8 to 12 in each jaw, and are small, becoming lost in old age.

Records in N. 7—* Atlantic coast of N. America to N. Jersey.”—True,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 36, 1889, p. 184.

Ocean Co.—A skull of this species, No. 3,014, from Long Beach, is in the
Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.—Rhoads, 1902.

Southern Blackfish. Glodicephala brachyptera Cope.

1876. Globiocephalus brachypterus Cope, Proceedings of Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, p. 129. ,

Zype locahty—Delaware Bay, Maurice River Cove, N. J.

Faunal distribution.—Southeastern Atlantic Ocean, from N. J. to the West
Indies.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—Delaware Bay; along the southern N. J.
coast, northward, possibly to Sandy Hook, where it would overlap the
southern range of G. me/as.

Tfabits, etc.—So far as known, the southern blackfish behaves like its north-
ern kinsman. It is distinguished by the relatively broader, shorter skull,
resembling G. scammoni of the Pacific seas. The dorsal fin is much nearer
the head than in scammoni. The pectoral fins are shorter and the teeth
fewer, while the premaxillar bones are wider and the animal is without any
white markings, being solid black. The length is 15 to 18 feet.

Records in Pa. and N. J., Cape May Co.—Hereford Inlet, recorded July,
1891.—True, 1902.

Cumberland Co.—“ A female of this genus was taken by fishermen in
February of the present year [1876] at the mouth of Maurice River, and was
sent to this city [Philadelphia] where it fell under my observation.”—Cope,
sup. cit. A previous specimen, a skull, from the west shore of Delaware Bay
(in Delaware) was recorded by Cope in 1866.—See P. A. N.5S., 1866, p. 7.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 23

Genus Orcinus Fitzinger, Wissen. — Populare Naturgeschichte. Sau-
gethiere, 1860, vol. 6, pp. 204-217.

White-bellied Killer. Orcinus orca (Linnzus).

1758. Delphinus orca Linneeus Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 77.

1899. Orcinus orca Palmer, Proceedings Biological Society, Washington,
vol. 13, p. 24.

Type locality—Coast of Europe.

faunal distribution.—Found in all seas. Probably most abundant in sub-
arctic and temperate waters.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.—Along the New Jersey coast.

Habits, etc—The notorious killer whale, the only cannibal of its order,
combines enormous strength and ferocity with a comparatively small size as
contrasted with that of the 100 foot whales which they hunt and destroy
like packs of wolves. Their length is about 20 feet, though often longer ;
their jaws are wide and set with about 24 very large, stout teeth with conical
recurved crowns and large roots, very unlike those of the rest of the De/phi-
nide. ‘The back-fin is like a sharp-pointed dagger, of great length, and set
almost at right angles to the body. It has erroneously been thought by some
a weapon of offense and destruction in “ripping’’ whales. Scammon calls
them “wolves of the ocean” in their manner of worrying the largest whales,
in packs. They also seize dead whales which are being towed ashore by
whalemen and quickly descend with them into the deep beyond recovery.
They are the only whales which eat mammalia, not only devouring the largest
fish, but seals and all other dolphins, porpoises, and large whales are the main
objects of their gluttonous rapine. Though the old walrus is safe from them,
the young are greedily eaten. When they seek safety on the parent’s back,
the killer dives and rams its nose against the dam, throwing off the calf and
seizing it in a twinkling. From the maw of one of these killers Eschricht
states that 13 porpoises and 14 seals were extracted. This was an Atlantic
Orcinus only 16 feet long. They are the terror of all dolphins, driving whole
schools of these and of fish upon the sand of our bays. The color is black
above, white beneath, a patch of white behind eye and on back near fin.

Records in N. 7.—While often found off the N. J. coast there seem to be
no records of its stranding or being captured. I have seen them in packs of
4 or 6 slowly trailing near the surface with the high dorsal fin standing
straight out of the water a distance of nearly 2 feet. This on the coast
near Beach Haven, N. J., and also near Atlantic City. It is thought by
bathers to be a shark. I have not heard of their being man-eaters.-—
Rhoads, 1902. :

24 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.
Order UNGULATA; Hoofed Mammals.

Family Cervipz—Deer.
Genus Odocoileus Rafinesque, Atlantic Journal, 1832, vol. 1, p. 10g.
Virginia Deer. Odocolieus americanus (Erxleben).

1777. [Cervus dama] americanus Erxleben, Systema Regni. Animal, vol.
I, p. 312.

1899. Odocotleus americanus Miller, Bulletin N. York State Museum, vol.
6, p. 299.

Type locahty —Eastern Virginia.

Faunal distribution —Lowlands, east of the Mississippi, from southern
New York and Michigan to South Carolina and Louisiana.

Distribution in Pa. and N, J.—Originally abounding in all situations com-
prised in the lower Transition and Upper Austral life zones, now confined in
its typical form to limited areas in southern N. J.; the deer yet found in
Pennsylvania being practically restricted to the Canadian form, Odocotleus
americanus borealis.

Records in Pa.—As above stated, the typical Virginia deer once found
in the valleys and lowlands of the Susquehanna, Allegheny, Monongahela and
Delaware river regions is exterminated. The nearest approach to this type
of deer in Pa. may yet be found in the Pocono and South Mountain regions,
for records of which see under O. a. borealis.

Records in N. J., Atlantic Co.— I was born in Atlantic County and lived
there more than 20 years. The southern part of Atlantic County and the
northern part of Cape May Co. are still famous places for deer. I have
known of three or four being killed there every year that the law permits.
As far as I have been able to judge from my travels through the southern
part of the state, the Virginia deer is practically confined to those 2 counties.
It seems most abundant along the Great Egg Harbor River, in the neighbor-
hood of Tuckahoe, Estelville, May’s Landing and English Creek. Hunters
from all other parts of south Jersey come there to hunt for deer.”—Prof.
Gifford in letter dated Feb. 4, 1901.' A doe with 2 fawns was chased into the
village of Mary’s Landing in the summer of 1893 and killed herself by being
impaled on an iron fence.—Gifford. Regularly hunted and killed in Atlantic
Co. Rarely driven north of the W. Jersey and Seashore R. R.—Price.
About 18 or 20 deer were killed this season [Fall rgor], mostly between
“Head of Tuckahoe Riv. and Milmay and Egg Harbor City. They are
hunted with dogs exclusively. Weather being dry many were started and
lost. The 3 years close season was a great benefit.”—Hand.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. ' 25

Burlington Co.—‘‘Zebulon Collins used to trap deer on ‘The Plains.’
About as late as 1873 to 1875 deer were plenty on the east and west ‘ Plains’
in the lower part of. Burl. Co. Half Way and Cedar Bridge were head-
quarters for hunts. The old hunters with me were Judge Burr, of Vincen-
town, Miller Howard and Theodore Creamer, old residents of ‘The Plains,’
also Zeb. Collins, Jos. Adams and Nick. Levy, all dead before this.”—Coffin
(extract from letters written in 1893 to Rhoads). ‘I saw a drove of 12, two
full antlered bucks among them, in 1878, at White Oak Cripple in Cumb.
Co, and this year I hunted for 2 days with John Pim for a guide and did not
find a trace or track. The woodchoppers .. . kill deer in June. No law
can restrict them. I saw two heads bought by a peddler in August, sold to
and mounted by a Trenton dealer. I saw no deer that had been killed [this
season] and heard of but three. I regard the story of 14 shot in Atlantic Co.
as a tavern keeper’s yarn. I don’t believe there are 50 deer in the counties
of Cumberland and Cape May.”’~-James Levy. of Phila. (extracts from an
interview published in the Phila. Times, Dec., 1894).

Cape May Co.—“ The big pines around Tuckahoe used to be a sure find,
but I have not heard of one being seen there this year.”—Levy, supra.
(1894.) “Attempts were made to [preserve] the deer and one of the last
parks to remain was that of Daniel Ludlam, of Dennisville, which was main-
tained until well into the present century.”—Lee, historic account.

Monmouth Co.—“ Charles O'Hogen killed a buck deer, the first deer that
has been killed in Monmouth Co. in many years. The buck was tracked
early this morning (Nov. 10, 1896) on the outskirts of the Oceanville roads
and was shot at twice by gunners who sighted it in the Oceanville swamps.
The shots frightened the deer and he crossed the Solomon Maps pond and ran
to Oakhurst.” O’Hogen shot the buck as it came running down the main
street of Oakhurst, passing within 10 feet of where he chanced to be standing
with a shot-gun in his hand. See Phila. Times, Nov. 11, 1896.

Southern N. J. in general.—Deer range over lower half of Ocean and

‘upper portion of Atlantic Cos.—Pharo. Some remain in Burlington, Atlantic,
Cape May and Ocean Cos. Two only known to be killed in Burl. and
Ocean Cos. in 1898 out of 22 killed in South Jersey. Season closed from
1898 to r901.—Van Note. Still found in upper Cape May Co. Also in
Cumberland and Atlantic Cos. Between 20 and 25 were killed in the fall of
1898.—Hand. In Monmouth, Burlington, Cumberland and Cape May
Counties (these then included Ocean and Atlantic Cos.) “multitudes are
killed. Ten or twelve are sometimes started in a single drive.’”—See
Doughty’s Cabinet of N. History, 1832. Several were killed in the Tuckahoe
region in fall of t901.—Rhoads.

Historical notes furnished by F. B. Lee.—In Samuel Smith’s Hist. Novo
Ceesarea, 1765, p. 502 e¢ seg., deer are recorded as very plentiful, generally

26 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

bringing forth 2 fawns at a time, and ‘great numbers are destroyed by traps
and hunting, by panthers, wild cats and sometimes wolves.” Smith dep-
recates the use of the “ enormous iron trap”’ for deer, their “‘ enormous wide
jaws of destruction being abhorrent to the common principles of humanity.”
Laws were ineffectually directed against these and also against “ the practice
of setting sharp stakes and loaded guns. . . common nuisances to man-
kind.” In 1758, Cape May Co., though sparsely populated, was stated in
Jacob Spicer’s diary to have a trade in deer skins and venison hams worth
120 pounds sterling. The early colonists, unable to secure cattle, endeavored
to domesticate deer for a supply of milk, but without success. In 1771 deer
were becoming scarce enough to claim the attention of the lawmakers. An
act was passed Dec. 21st providing that if any one “ shall kill destroy or take
any Roe Buck, Fawn or any sorts of Deere” between January 1 and Septem-
ber 1, he was to pay 4o shillings. Hunting on the Colony’s unimproved
land was limited to voters for Representatives in the General Assembly or
their sons being 18 years of age. Traps were limited in size to those set for
foxes. Penalties were named for the setting of a loaded gun and for watch-
ing for deer at night near a road. In 1772 an act was passed specially pre-
serving the deer of Morris County, particularly those remaining in Great
Swamp.
Habits, description of species, etc.—See next species.

,

Northern Virginia Deer. Odocoileus americanus borealis Miller.

1900. Odocoileus americanus borealis Miller, Bulletin N. York State Mu-
seum, Vol. 8, p. 83.

Lype locahity.—Bucksport, Maine.

faunal distribution.—Canadian zone of eastern N. America.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J-—Once abounding, but now sparsely
scattered or locally exterminated, in the upper Transition and lower Cana-
dian life zones. Now found, if ever, in New Jersey, as a straggler only.
Probably most numerous in the Pocono and South Mountain regions.

Records in Pa.—Adams Co.— In fall and winter of 1892, 32 deer were
killed legitimately within a radius of 10 miles among the Adams and Frank-
lin Co. Mountains. In 1895 over 50 were taken, and probably as many
more by pot-hunters and dogs out of season. In the fall of 1896 fifteen were
killed between Graefensburg, Buchanan’s Valley and Pine Grove in Cumber-
land Co., in the South Mountain region.”—Strealy.

Cambria Co.— A few remain.’’—Shields, tgo1.

Carbon Co.—Stray into Wilkesbarré Mtn., Luzerne Co., from Pine Swamp,
Kidder Twp., and headwaters of Lehigh in Coolbaugh and Tobyhanna Twps.,
Monroe Co. ; 28 killed in 1898.—Stocker.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 27

Centre Co.—Fairly abundant in Centre Co.—Fernald, 1goo.

Clinton Co.— Increasing here. I have heard of 20 being killed this fall
(1900) in this Co.”—Pfoutz. Gradually decreasing in numbers, but by their
tracks in the mountains north of Round Island would estimate that 10 or 15
range over three square miles in that vicinity. An adult buck and doe and
two yearlings were seen separately in various tramps covering a period of one
week in the range in the fall of 1898.—Rhoads. I killed 23 deer in the falk
season of 1873 (in the vicinity of Round Island) .—Nelson.

Columbia Co.—A few killed yearly north of Fishing Creek in the North
Mountain.—Buckalew, 1goo.

Crawford Co.—Exterminated in this Co., save possibly in Sparta Twp.
None killed in 1898.—Kirkpatrick.

Cumberland Co.—See under Adams Co., 1. c.

Lik Co.—Not over 24 captured in 1898. Much scattered.—Luhr.

Forest Co.—Numerous. Ten killed near Tionesta in November, 1898.—-
Zendle. Fifty killed in Forest Co. in winter of 1898—’9.—Haslet. Heard of
20 killed in the Co. in the winter of 1898—’9. From 500 to 600 were com-
monly killed yearly between 1868 and 1878.—Irwin. ,

Franklin Co.—See above, under Adams Co.

fulton Co.—Licking Creek township was considered one of the best hunt-
ing grounds for deer by the hunters of Fulton, Huntingdon and Bedford
Counties in 1896.—Ingersoll, 1896.

Hluntingdon Co.—Found near Mt. Union in 1896.—Ingersoll.

Lackawanna Co.—About exterminated.—Friant, 1900.

Lancaster Co.—One was captured in the borough (now city) of Columbia
in 1831.—See Doughty’s Cab. Nat. Hist., 1832, vol. 1, p. 285.

Luzerne Co.—Five brought to Pittston in fall of 1899. Most often found
in the North Mountain region ——Campbell.—See also under Carbon Co.

Lycoming Co.—Have increased in the last 3 years (1896 to 1898) in the
Loyalsock Creek grounds.—Parker, 1899.

McKean Co.—I know of only 4 being killed during the winter of 1g00—’o1
near Colegrove.—Dickeson.

Mifiin Co.—I hunted in Mifflin Co. the winter of 1898 and knew of 8
killed there.—Cleveland.

Monroe Co.—Present range in N. W. Twps. of our Co.; 4 killed in 1898.
—Bisbing. See also under Carbun Co.

Pike Co.—Numerous in Pike Co. About 30 killed there in 1898.—
Friant. The Co. (Milford) newspaper published a list of the deer killed in
1893 numbering 140.—See Rhoads in Proc. A. N. Sci., 1894, p. 388. Pike
Co. harbors most of the deer of northeastern Pa. From 25 to 40 killed there
in the fall of 1898.—Stevens.

Potter Co——Some-remain ; very few killed in 1898.—Austin.

28 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Somerset Co.—Scarce. No knowledge of any killed in Co. last season,
1898.—Moore.

Sullivan Co.—Range all over this Co., but quite rare now (1900). Heard
of 6 or 8 killed in this and Wyoming Cos. this season; 15 would probably
include all taken. A buck was sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences from
here, shot 2 miles east of Ricketts’ near Wyoming Co. line in 1891.—Behr,
1902.

Tioga Co.—Very few left in Tioga Co.—Babcock. Hunters killed three
in the Canton region in 1898.—Cleveland.

Union Co.—lIncreasing in the Allegheny Mts. of the northwest border.
Several killed in 1898.—Chambers.

Venango Co.— As many here in 1900 as there were 15 years ago. Many
more than 7 years ago. Twenty-seven killed in 1897. Hounding not
tolerated.”—Dorworth, 1900.

Wayne Co.—Very scarce. A few remain along the Delaware River.—
Kellew. Almost extinct.—Day.

Westmoreland Co.—Practically exterminated. None killed for several
years.—Rhoads, 1899.

Wyoming Co.—A few left ; only 2 killed in fall 1900.—Robinson. Range
in S. W. part of Co.—Behr. Mehoopany Creek is their haunt.—Campbell.
See above under Sullivan Co.

Records in N. F.—Sussex Co.—Long since exterminated in northern N. Te
but occasionally driven across the Delaware into Sussex Co. from Pike Co.
by dogs and hunters. I know of no recent records of this, however.—
Rhoads, See Proc. A. N. Sci., 1897, p. 25.

Warren Co.—* Occasionally seen in the mountains near the Water Gap.”
—Davison, 1902. Some deer straggle into the mountains and rarely shot.—
Strickland, 1902.

Habits, etc.—The following brief notes regarding the northern deer as seen
in Clinton Co., Pa., were given by Seth Nelson of Round Island.

The largest number of points ever known to him on one buck’s horn was
11, 2 in all. The heaviest bucks weigh 200 lbs. dressed, their offal weighing
50 Ibs., the average buck weighing 125 lbs. dressed, and the average doe 80
Ibs. Does have fawns in May, rut about October rst. Some velvet may re-
main on buck-horns in October. The does oftener have 2 than 1 fawn,
sometimes 3. They go to a thick windfall to drop young. Fawns are
weaned in 4 months or before the rutting season. They stay hid where
calved 2 or 3 weeks. Twin fawns stay together all their first winter. More
does than bucks are born. In the rutting season 1 buck may control 5 does,
mostly 3. He shot one doe with spike horns 2 inches long. In spring deer
feed on wintergreen, tree mosses, partridge berry, buds of trees and bushes,

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 29

“red root,” a broad-leaved grass and tender lichen and ferns. In the fall,
buckberry, chestnuts, acorns, beech-nuts and rhododendron form the bulk of
their food. In winter, on dead oak leaves, buds, sweet fern. When the snow
crusts they gather in herds and make paths in high laurel and thick hemlock
timber.

Description of species —The northeastern deer is a larger animal than the
Virginia deer, with heavier, coarser horns and teeth, and showing a great
contrast between the “red” summer and “gray” winter coats. In the
southern deer the summer and winter coats are not so contrasted, always re-
taining the reddish cast. No measurements are now available that would
give a proper idea of the average differences in size.

Genus Cervus Linnzus, Systema Nature, 1758, vol. 1, p. 66.

Eastern Wapiti, or “Elk.” Cervus canadensis (Erxleben).

1777. [Cervus elaphus] canadensis Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., Vol. 1,
Pp. 305.

1822. Cervus canadensis Desmarest, Mammalogie, Vol. 2, p. 433-

Dype locality—Eastern Canada.

faunal distribution.—Canadian and Transition zones, sometimes descend-
ing into the Upper Austral.

Distribution in Pa. and N. ¥—-Numerous up to the beginning of the
1gth century in the entire Pa. Alleghenian mountain system east of the
Allegheny River; rare in the Blue Ridge and Cumberland ranges; once
numerous on the Pocono plateau. Driven occasionally by stress of weather,
beasts of prey and man into the lowlands of the southern Allegheny, Susque-
hanna and Delaware River valleys, and the highlands of northern New Jersey,
where, in early historic times, it may have voluntarily made its habitat at cer-
‘tain seasons. Now extinct in our limits. Numerous localities in Pennsylva-
nia bearing the name of “Elk” in various combinations, indicate that it was
formerly known either as an abundant resident or as a straggler in nearly
every part of the state. Its remains show that it was formerly found in the
Delaware Valley as far south as Bucks Co.* in Penna., and Mercer Co. in
N. J., during the existence there of aboriginal man. (See list of fossil
species. )

Habits, etc.—The favorite haunts of the Alleghenian wapiti in Pennsylvania
-were the forest-covered mountain elevations where open glades or savannas
and old beaver meadows were surrounded by the primeval forest. Where
these features were combined in the vicinity of a “lick” or saline spring the

*The Durham Cave, Riegelsville, Bucks Co. remains are probably recent, but may have
-belonged more properly to Postpliocene age.

30 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

greatest numbers of these animals congregated, and it was in such localities
that the last representatives of this noble deer vainly sought to escape their
final destruction. From accounts received from numerous correspondents it
appears that the “Flag Swamp,” situated in the eastern part of Elk Co., near
the Cameron Co. line, and forming one of the headwaters of Bennett’s Branch
of the Susquehanna on the east and of a branch of the Clarion River on the
west, was the last refuge of the wapiti in Pennsylvania. A few are recorded
as living there in 1850 in a History of Elk County of that date. Between the
dates of 1860 and 1867 I have secured records of the capture of two or three
which are each claimed to be the last taken in the state. To one of these
undoubtedly that distinction belongs, so far as can be discovered. The one
recorded by Roosevelt for 1869 is the same as the one stated by Capt. Clay
to have been killed in 1866 (see records). It is probably the same as the
one stated in the Utica Globe article to have been killed by an Indian in
1867, and in the History of Elk Co. the same date is given for its extinction
in that county, reference no doubt being made to the same individual. This
“Flag Swamp Elk,” taken in November, 1867, in Elk Co., by an Indian of
the Cattaraugus reservation named Jim Jacobs, appears to have been the last
of its race in the Allegheny Mountains, unless it shall be proved that some
existed later in the mountain wilds of West Virginia. In the northeastern
Alleghenies of Sullivan, Luzerne and Wyoming counties they seem to have
totally disappeared in the second decade of the 19th century, although a few
remained in a favorite haunt called “Elk Forest” in the Pocono range of
Wayne Co. until exterminated between 1830 and ’40. In Tioga, Lycoming
and Potter counties they haunted the headwaters of Pine Creek and the Black
Forest until 1862, when the last was killed. The veteran pioneer, Mr.
Austin, saw their tracks as late as 1857 in Potter Co., and near the same time
a party of hunters captured 3 alive in Tioga Co. In Somerset and Bedford
counties, where the mountain glades and saline or sulphur springs were sought
out by numerous bands of wapiti and buffalo in early colonial times, their exter-
mination must have been of very early date, as records of them in these locali-
ties seem to rest upon place-names and tradition. (See note under Somerset
Co.) Even more obscure is the evidence of their former occurrence in the
southwestern counties of Pennsylvania, and in the parts of New Jersey per-
taining to the valley of the upper Delaware. Elk View, Elk Mills and Elk
Creek in Chester Co., and Elk River in Maryland, are names whose origin I
have not satisfactorily traced, but indicate the former presence of this animal
nearer the Atlantic seaboard than anywhere else in the United States. From
our knowledge of the partiality of the wapiti to mountain districts it is very
unlikely that it ever resided permanently in Chester Co. Kalm and one or
two historians of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries record them in
southeastern Penna., and Kalm relates how the “stags” (as distinguished

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 31

from the common deer) were driven down from the mountains into the vici-
nity of Philadelphia and killed in great numbers because of a great snow.
Such lowland invasions probably account for the place-names we have men-
tioned as well as for the remains of this animal in camp and village sites of the
aborigines on both sides of the Delaware as far south as Trenton. Not only
would the rigors of winter drive them from their mountain fastnesses, but the
increased persecutions from the starving wolves and of the Indians, and the
freezing of the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers, would induce the stricken
creatures to scatter over areas hitherto unknown to them. It is likely that at
no time during man’s existence in New Jersey was the wapiti a voluntary resi-
dent of that state even in the Kittatinny range, which is the natural continu-
ation of their ancient haunts in the Blue Ridge and in its northern section
was in easy reach of a hunted wapiti from the Pocono region seeking to
throw its pursuers off the scent in the waters of the Delaware. Only asa
straggler, therefore, can the wapiti be considered a member of the historic
fauna of New Jersey. It should be borne in mind, however, that the accounts
of earliest historians, coupled with our knowledge of the wapiti in the far west,
indicate that this species may have roamed at will in pre-Columbian times
over almost the entire region included in this paper.

Regarding the habits and food of the wapiti it may be stated that they are
similar to those of the Virginia deer in most respects. They are, however,
more addicted to keeping in companies throughout the year and, like the
moose, “yard up” during the season of deep winter snows. The males cast
their horns in February and March and by the month of August they are
again renewed in all their perfection. They make a loud whistling snort
when alarmed, and during the rutting season the bucks utter a loud note of
defiance which Godman says resembles both the neighing of a stallion and
the bellowing of a bull. Caton says it sounds like the whistle of a locomotive.
The young females give birth in May or June to one fawn, the older ones
generally two, and rarely three. When wounded, the wapiti is more ready to
turn on its pursuers than‘ deer. In flight they pursue a straight course and
will sometimes outstrip the chase of the most enduring hunter and hounds for
two or three successive days.

When deprived of their usual winter browse of elk grass and brake by deep
snow they subsist for months on the buds and branches of such trees as they
would not touch in summer, and when a crusted snow prevents them from
going outside their yards for water they'do without it for a long period.

Among the favorite trees which they seek to eat in summer is one called
by hunters the elkwood.* This they attack, not only devouring the leaves

* Also called the moose tree. It is the Acer spicatum, a dwarf species of maple growing
about fifteen feet high in the forests,

32 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

and twigs but denuding it of bark. By this means their whereabouts are
easily detected, the peeled saplings forming a conspicuous “sign” for the
hunter. Basswood is also much sought after, but very few deciduous trees
come amiss at any season, the elk being a most omnivorous and hearty feeder.
Audubon in the book “ Quadrupeds of North America,” thus speaks of a
pair which he had in captivity (Vol. 2, 1851, p. yo): “The pair from which
‘the figures on our plate were taken we purchased at Philadelphia. They
had been caught when young in the western part of Pennsylvania. The male
was supposed to be four or five years old and the female also was full grown.
They often whistled (as the hunters call this remarkable noise) which
in calm weather can be heard nearly a mile. This shrill sound appears to be
produced by an almost spasmodic effort, during which ‘the animal throws its
head upwards and then backwards.” Audubon further speaks of their grega-
rious habits, congregating to the number of 50 to 100 in a herd under one
master buck, whose movements are closely followed by the whole band,
whether in flight or on the watch; easily domesticated and living to a great
age, even 25 or 30 years in captivity ; lying down in midday and feeding be-
fore sunrise and after sunset. Caton, who had a large number in captivity,
and hunted them in the west, gives an account of them in his book on Amer-
ican Deer, from which the following points may be summarized: The fawn is
spotted as in the common deer: in wild, undisturbed country not a nocturnal
feeder; more polygamous than any other deer except the Red deer of
Europe ; master deer of the herd nearly always dangerous in captivity, a per-
fect tyrant during the rutting season, and at all times supremely selfish and
abusive ; does more courageous than bucks against a wild enemy, giving
chase in a body and striking with forefeet, the bucks following at a distance ;
better adapted to domestication than any other deer; more healthy and
hearty feeders, eating fodder a cow or horse will reject; young feign death,
when picked up, lying limp; follow dam in 2 days after birth, unusually
precocious in this respect as compared with other deer ; wallowing in summer
like the bison ; natural gait a trot, very rapid and continued when pursued ;
when closely pressed into a run soon become exhausted; in their natural
freedom inhabiting all kinds of country contiguous to woodland or forested,
whether mountain or plain, ranging from above timberline 10,000 to 12,000 ft.
to the sea level, but preferring mountainous regions, from which they never stray
a great distance unless from hunger or enemies; not as tenacious of life as
deer, an ordinary shot soon disabling or killing them ; hide of little economic
value, being soft and pliable as in other deer similarly tanned, but of little
strength and durability ; meat much esteemed ; horns used by the Indians as
bows; canine or fang teeth of males used as a valued ornament or charm.
The following notes by my valued correspondent, Mr. E. O. Austin, of
Potter Co., Pa., regarding the habits of the wapiti in that county are of much

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY, 33

interest. Under date of March 4th, 1901, he writes: “I settled at my
present residence, now in the borough. of Austin, in 1856, then a perfect
wilderness. When I came into this region, a young man, I could not be
surfeited with the stories told by old settlers and hunters as to what they had
seen. On the First Fork of the Sinnemahoning near Prouty Run [Potter
Co.] was the ‘Great Elk Lick’ of this region. About 1835 or '36 the first
settlers came into this region. The Elk with other wild creatures then
reigned here in their glory. Clifford Haskins, Charles Wykoff, the Jordans,
and John Glasspy, with others, were among the prominent men of the time.
They were all settled within three or four miles of this lick. They all told me
that they would go to the Elk-lick to get a deer as often as they wanted one
in the summer time. Here sometimes 50 or more could be seen at a time,
with the fawns playing around like young lambs. Cliff. Hoskins said he went
there once to get a deer when he saw several Elk in the lick and more in the
clearing around it. It being the first time he had seen Elk there he gazed in
wonder, when more came in until 40 or 50 had congregated. He watched
their grim play for some time and then shot one. The rest started back, then
stamped around their fallen comrade gazing in a bewildered way, and stam-
peded with the noise of thunder when Hoskins approached. Aunt Eleanor
Wyckoff lived a mile and a half from Elk Lick. She told me she thought her
brother, Mr. Jordan, was telling one of his big yarns when he told her of a
similar view of Elks, but one day after, when the men found they were around
again, she went with her husband to see them. She said ‘First some came,
then more, until the clearing seemed full of them and the men said there
were about 50 there.’ Regarding the caring above mentioned—where the
elk frequented a big lick they rubbed their horns against the trees, sometimes
in play or to rub off the velvet or skin from the new horns. This process
soon kills all the trees except some big old ones, so that a clearing of 2, 3 or
4 acres is made around the lick. A few thorn trees [ Crategus] come up on
it which grow so low and stout as to defy them, when it is called a ‘Thorn
Bottom.’ The elk are gregarious, living in small herds if unmolested, likely
in families, but they congregate at the licks in summer in considerable heads,

“T have no account of their ‘ yarding’ in this county. Their food in sum-
mer was nettles [Zafortia], elk or cow cabbage, elk grass [a wide-bladed
bunch-grass common to the woods], and the tender growing twigs of most
deciduous trees ; and in the winter this elk grass, which keeps green all winter,
the edible brake or cow brake [Pteris agutfina] or fern, and browse of deci-
duous trees. They migrate in families from section to section of the country,
much like deer, but farther away.

“John Glasspy told me of taking a contract to catch elk alive for some
fancier. They find and single out their elk, when two men with a small dog,
and each a coil of rope and well filled knapsack of grub, start on the chase,

34 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

and a long chase it is. But after three or four days the creature halts to see
what is following him. They then let loose the little dog. The elk seems to
wonder if he has been frightened by that little whiffet. The men have chosen
their time and place not far from some rocky ridge or large rock, accessible
to the elk. The dog attacks him with a great noise, and not much else. The
beast runs for a rock as the best fort of defense from the attack. While his
attention is absorbled by the antics of the little dog, it is easy to put a rope
over his horn with a long pole, or by throwing it noosed, and with two ropes
on his horns and two strong men, wide apart, to hold him, he soon becomes
tired and docile enough to be led out and home. This was not an un-
frequent occurrence in those times.”

The following article was published in the ‘“ New York Times” and repro-
duced in the “ Pittsburg Post” of April roth, 1896 :—

“When I started in to amuse and profit myself by following the chase in
northern Pennsylvania,” said Colonel Parker, of Gardeau, Pa., ‘‘elks were
running in these woods in herds. I have killed elk a-plenty in the Rocky
Mountain country and other regions since, but I never ran across any that
were as big as those of old-time Pennsylvania elk. I have killed elk on the
Sinnemahoning and Pine creek waters, and down on the Clarion river and
West branch, that were as big as horses. A 1o00-pound elk was nothing un-
common in that country, and I killed one once that weighed 1200 pounds.
These were bills. The cows would weigh anywhere from 600 to 800 pounds.

“The Pennsylvania elk’s eyes were small, but sparkled like jewels. I have
often seen a score or more pairs of these bright eyes shining in the dark
recesses of the pine forest, when the shadows might have otherwise obscured
the presence there of the owners of those tell-tale orbs. An infuriated bull
elk’s eye was about as fearful a thing to look at as anything well imaginable,
but so quickly changeable was the nature of these huge beasts that two hours
after having captured with ropes, one that had, from the vantage ground of
his rock, gored and trampled the life out of a half dozen of dogs, and well-
nigh overcome the attacking hunters, submitted to being harnessed to an im-
provised sled and unresistingly hauled a load of venison upon it six miles
through the woods to my cabin, and took its place among the cattle with as
docile an air as if it had been born and brought up among them.

“ The elk that Sterling Devins had mistaken for a mule, he and Ezra Prich-
ard followed all the next day, but lost its trail. Some Pine Creek hunters
got on its trail, drove it to its rock, and roped it. When Devins and Prichard
got back at night they found the Pine Creek hunters there and the elk in the
barn eating hay and entirely at home. That elk had quite an interesting
subsequent history. Ezra Prichard had, previous to the capture of this one
secured a pair of elks, broke them, and for a long time drove them to farm
work like a yoke of oxen. Sterling Devins was eager for a yoke of elk, and.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 35

he offered the Pine Creek hunters $100 for the one they had captured. They
refused the offer, but afterwards got into a dispute about its ownership, and it
was sold to Bill Stowell and John Sloanmaker, of Jersey Shore. These men
took the elk about the country, exhibiting it, and made quite a sum of money.
Next fall, although the elk was a cow, it became very ugly and attacked its
keeper, nearly killing him before he could get away. No one could go near
her, and her owners ‘ordered her shot. The carcass was bought by a man
who had a fine pair of elk horns. He was a skillful taxidermist, and he man-
aged to fasten the horns to the head of the cow elk in such a manner that no
one was ever able to tell that they hadn’t grown there. This made of the
head an apparently magnificent head of a bull elk, and it was purchased for
$100 on that belief, by a future governor of Pennsylvania.

“That cow elk was one of the last family of elk in the Pine creek country
[Potter Co.]. She and the bull and calf had been discovered some time be-
fore Sterling Devins ran across the cow, by Leroy Lyman, on Tomer’s run,
near the Ole Bull settlement [Abbot township]. Lyman got a shot at the
bull, but the whole three escaped. The same party of hunters that captured
the cow killed the bull afterward in the woods on Kettle creek. The calf the
dogs ran into Stowell’s mill pond, and there it was killed.

“A set of elk antlers of five feet spread and weighing from forty to vs
pounds, was not an infrequent trophy. George Rae, who was one of the
great hunters of northern Pennsylvania in his day—and he is one of the
greatest in the Rocky Mountains even to this day, in spite of his eighty-five
years—lived along the Allegheny at Portville. He had in his house and in
his barn, the walls almost covered with the antlers of elk he had killed, on the
peak of his roof, at one end, being one that measured nearly six feet between
the extremities. When George moved West forty years ago he left the horns
on the buildings, and only a few years ago many of them were still there, as
reminders of what game once roamed our woods.

“It required more skill to hunt the elk than it did to trail the deer, as they
were much more cautious and alert. For all that, an elk, when started from
his bed, did not instantly dash away, like the deer, but invariably looked to
see what had aroused him. Then, if he thought the cause boded him no
good, away he went, not leaping over the brush, like the deer, but, with his
head thrown back, and his great horns almost covering his body, plunging
through the thickets, his big hoofs clattering together like castanets as he
went. The elk did not go at a galloping gait, but traveled at a swinging trot
that carried him along at amazing speed. He never stopped until he had
crossed water, when his instinct seemed to tell him that the scent of his trail
was broken before the pursuing dogs.

“At the rutting season the elk, both male and female, were fearless and
fierce, and it behooved the hunter to be watchful. An elk surprised at this

36 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

season did not wait for any overt act on the part of an enemy, but was
instantly aggressive. One blow trom an elk’s foot would kill a wolf or a dog,
and J have more than once been forced to elude an elk by running around
trees, jumping from one to another before the bulky beast, unable to make
the turns quick enough, could recover himself and follow me too closely to
prevent it, thus making my way by degrees to a safe refuge. I was once
treed by a bull elk not half a mile from home and kept there from noon until
night began to fall. I haven’t the least doubt but he would have kept me
there all night if another bull hadn’t bugled a challenge from a neighboring
hill and my bull hurried away in answer to it.

“The whistle of the bull elk, as the hunters call it, wasn’t a whistle, although
there were changes in it that gave it something of a flute-like sound. The
sound was more like the notes of a bugle. In making it the bull threw back
his head, swelled his throat and neck to enormous size, and with that as a
bellows he blew from his open mouth the sound that made at once his chal-
lenge or call fora mate. The sound was far-reaching, and heard at a dis-
tance was weird and uncanny, yet not unmusical. Near-by, it was rasping and
harsh, with the whistling notes prominent.

“The Pennsylvania elk was never much scattered. When I first came to
the Sinnemahoning country, nearly seventy years ago, the salt marsh that lay
in the wilderness where my residence now is [Gardeau, in the extreme S. E.
corner of McKean Co., almost on Potter Co. line], was trampled over by
herds of elk and deer that came there to lick the salt from the ground as if a
drove of cattle had been there. I have seen seventy-five elk huddled at that
marsh. ‘That was the ‘Big Elk Lick’ of legend which the reservation [Corn-
planter] Indians had often talked to me about when I lived in Allegheny
county, New York, as a boy, and it was to find that lick that my father and I,
following the rather indefinite directions of one Johnnyhocks, an old Shongo
Indian, entered the Pennsylvania wilderness in 1826. The marsh is now the
site of a big hotel, it having been found that the depth of the swamp con-
cealed waters [Parker’s Springs] of rare medical value.

“To follow an elk forty miles before running it down was considered
nothing remarkable. I have done it many a time. Leroy Lyman, Jack
Lyman and A. H. Goodsell once started on an elk hunt from Roulette, Potter
county, struck the trail at the head of West creek in McKean county, thirty
miles from Roulette, followed it through Elk, Clarion and Clearfield counties,
and finally drove it to its rock eighty or ninety miles from where the trail was
first struck. They had followed the elk many days, and finally the quarry
was found, an enormous bull with a spread of horns like a young maple tree.
The horns were the only trophy that the hunters got from the long and tedious
chase [meat being unfit to eat], and that trophy was well worth it. It was
the largest and next to the finest pair of antlers ever catried by an elk in the
Pennsylvania forests, so far as there is any record.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 37

‘There are scattered through the woods, generally high on the hills, from
the Allegheny river down to the West branch and Clarion river, huge rocks,
some detached boulders.and others projections of ledges. These are known
as elk rocks, and every one of them has been, in its day, the last resort of
some elk brought to bay after a long and hard chase. It was the habit of the
hunted elk, when it had in vain sought to throw the hunter and hound from
the trail to make its stand at one of these rocks. Mounting it, and facing its
foes, it fiercely fought off the assaults of the dogs by blows of his fore feet or
tremendous kicks from its hind feet, until the hunter came up and ended the
fight with his rifle. It would be strange if one or more of the dogs were not
stretched dead at the foot of the rock by the time the hunter arrived on the
scene. I have more than once found dead wolves lying about one of these
elk rocks, telling mutely, but eloquently, the tragic story of the pursuit of the
elk by the wolves, his coming to bay on the rock, the battle and the elk’s
victory. The elk was not always victor, though, in such battles with wolves,
and I have frequently found the stripped skeleton of one lying among the
skeletons of wolves he had killed before being himself vanquished by their
savage and hungry fellows.

“Tn the winter time the elks would gather in large herds and their range
would be exceedingly limited. Sometimes they would migrate to other
regions, and would not be seen for months in their haunts, but suddenly they
would return and be as plentiful as ever. They had their regular paths or
runways, through the woods, and these invariably led to salt licks, of which
there were many natural ones in northern Pennsylvania. One of the most
frequented of these elk paths started in a dense forest, where the town of
Ridgway, the county seat of Elk county, now stands, led to the great lick on
the Sinnemahoning portage, and thence through the forest to another big
lick, which to-day is covered by Washington Park, in the city of Bradford
[McKean Co.]. Ihave followed that elk path its whole length, when the
only sign of civilization was now and then a hunter’s cabin, from the head-
waters of the Clarion river to the Allegheny, in McKean county. Hundreds
of elk were killed annually at the licks or while traveling to and from them,
along their well-marked runways.

“The biggest set of elk antlers ever captured in the Pennsylvania woods
was secured in the Kettle creek country by Major Isaac Lyman, Philip Tome,
George Ayres, i. D. Spoffard and William Wattles. Philip Tome was a great
hunter, and the famous interpreter for Cornplanter and Blacksnake, the great
Indian chiefs. He came over from Warren county to help Major Lyman
capture an elk alive, and the party started in on the first snow, with plenty of
ropes and things. They camped, but the elk were in such big herds that
they couldn’t get a chance at a single bull for more than a week. Then they
got the biggest one they ever saw and gave chase to him. They started him

38 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

from his bed on Yocum hill. The dogs ‘took him down Little Kettle creek
to Big Kettle, and up that two or three miles. There the elk came to bay on
arock. He kept the dogs at a distance until the hunters came up, when he
left the rock and started away again. Tome, knowing the nature of elk, said
that all they had to do was to wait and the elk would return to the rock.
They dropped poles and fitted up nooses. They waited nearly half a day»
and then they heard the bull coming crashing through the woods, down the
mountain sides, the dogs in full cry. He mounted his rock again. The
hunters he did not seem to mind, but the dogs he fought fiercely. While he
was doing that the hunters got the nooses over his immense horns and
anchored him to surrounding trees. They got the elk alive to the Allegheny
river, and floated him on a raft to Olean Point. From there they traveled
with him through New York State to Albany, exhibiting him with much profit,
and at Albany he was sold for $500. That elk stood sixteen hands high and
had antlers six feet long, and eleven points on each side, the usual number of
points being nine on a side.

“The last elk in Pennsylvania is supposed to have been killed in the
winter of 1867, by an Indian named Jim Jacobs, from the Cattaraugus reser-
vation. Jacobs followed the elk from Flagg Swamp, in Elk county, to the
wilds of Clarion county, through a hard snowstorm, where it came to bay on
a rock, and the Indian shot it. It was a bull elk and none had been seen or
heard in the region for several years before that.”

I wrote Mr. E. O. Austin, of Austin, Potter Co., distant 7 miles from
Gardeau as to his view of the narrative of Capt. Parker above quoted. He
writes me that he knew Parker, Lyman, Pritchard, and others named, nearly
all of whom, including Parker, are now dead. Sterling Devins still lives in
Homer township, Potter Co. They all told substantially the same stories of
elk habits as given by Parker, who was an old veteran, not only in age and
hunting exploits, but in his latter days as a story teller. Mr. Austin writes:
«“ What Col. Parker says of the #aéz¢s of elk and other wild animals is very
correct, but he was in the habit of making a good story of his exploits.” A
failing, I might add, which is common to so many “ great, old men,” that the
world knows how to make allowance for it.—Rhoads, 1902.

Records in Pa—Eastern Pa.—Kalm relates (Travels, 1781 ed., p. 199,
vol. 2) that the “Stags” [wapiti] came down from the mountains [of
Penna. and N. J.?] in 1705, and were killed in great numbers on account of
a great snow. Gabriel Thomas (History of Pennsylvania and West New
Jersey, (1698, p. 15), in the part devoted to Penna. speaks of the “red
deer,” “ vulgarly called s¢ags,’’ one of which he bought for two gills of gun-
powder. Farther on he states “there are vast numbers of other wild creatures
{in Penna.], as elks, buffalos,” etc. Regarding the name “ Stag,” McKay,
in his Zoology of New York uses this as the common name for the wapiti.

‘

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 39

‘Ord, in Guthrie’s Geography (Amer. ed., 1815, p. 306), uses the same
name for it. Godman uses both this name and “red deer” in his syn-.
onymy (Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 294). ‘Red deer” was used by the back.
‘woodsmen to distinguish it from the Virginia or ‘‘ wild deer,” as G. Thomas
calls them. The use of the term “ Elks,’ by Thomas, seems to show that
it was also used at that time to designate the wapiti. “Red deer” was pro-
bably given by the English to the wapition account of its resemblance to the
deer of England Cervus elaphas. The name was also literally applicable to
it on account of its color, as contrasted with that of the Virginia deer. Dr.
B. 8. Barton (Med. and Phys. Journal, 1806, p. 46), writes: “In the memory
of many persons now living, the droves of elks which used to frequent the
salines near the river Susquehanna in Pennsylvania [probably referring to
eastern.and central Penna.] were so great that for 5 or 6 miles leading to the
licks the paths of these animals were as large as many of the great public
roads of our country. Eighty elks have sometimes been seen in one herd
upon their march to the salines.”

LVorthwestern Pa.—I remember seeing 2 bull elk a man had captured
alive in one of our northern (Penna.) counties, but have forgotten which one
it was.” . ‘ Regarding those two elk, I was a boy at a county fair in the
early ’70’s, in Blairsville, Indiana Co. The man who owned the elk was there
with them, and said he had walked them down in the deep snow when they
were young. They were both bulls, and he drove them around the track in a
buggy. . . . As I remember they were small-sized [specimens]. I was on
a hunting tripin the west last fall, and saw hundreds of wild elk, so I am sure
these were the genuine article.” Shields, Jan.11, 1901. “At present [1851]
there is only a narrow range on the Allegheny mountains where the elk still
exists [in Penna],. . .and these would undoubtedly migrate elsewhere
were they not restricted by the extensive settlements on the west and
south.”—Aud. Bachm., Quad. N. Amer., vol. 2, p. g2. Audubon further
states that Mr. Peale, of Philadelphia, told him about 1846 that the only place
he could secure wapiti in the Atlantic States was on some barren mountains
in northwestern Pennsylvania, where he had hunted them. The specimens
figured in plate II. represent two Pennsylvania Elk which Audubon had in
captivity in New York.

Allegheny Co.—Place-name Elkhorn, in southernmost township.

Cameron Co.—* Two of the old settlers who first settled on the Driftwood
River, above Emporium, told me that during the thirties [1830 to 1840]
they counted in one drove at one time seventy elk in and around the Big
Lick, on the Driftwood. In 1839 my father killed one on the Driftwood about
a mile from Big Elk Lick.’—C. W. Dickinson. ‘“ Favorite places for them
were Hick’s Run and Driftwood River, this county.”—Larrabee. See also
notes under Elk Co.

40 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Centre Co.— The elk have all been exterminated in the vicinity of Pine
Glen.” They were here 30 years ago [1864?].—G. K. Boak. See Rep. Pa.,
Dept. Agric., 1896, p. 328.

Chester Co.—The following paragraph was written by a lifelong resident of
Colora, Cecil Co., Maryland, in answer to my inquiries regarding the origin
of the place names of Elk River, Elk Creek and Elkton in Md., with their
repetition in Chester Co., Pa., as Elk township, Big and Little Elk Creek, Elk
View and Elk Mills. It indicates how completely even the traditional origin
of names given in the earliest settlement of the country has ceased to be
handed down. Published local histories seem to be silent on the subject. As
we have Kalm’s evidence of the former appearance of elk in the vicinity of
Philadelphia, and the record of their existence in the Susquehanna valley as far
south as York (see York Co.), there is every reason to predict that, as historic
evidence accumulates, we will not find it necessary to account for these place-
names in Cecil and Chester Co. to the fancied resemblance of Elk River and
its tributaries to the skull and antlers of an elk. The extract referred to reads :
“ After living here 60 years I have never heard of the elk-deer béing found in
these regions. I have always had the idea that our creek obtained that pre-
fix from the circumstance of coming together in a common ‘estuary as the
horns of an elk to his skull. The creeks being thus named, the tidewater
part, the bay, was called Elk River. Hence also the name of the town and
railroad station.”’—Lloyd Balderston, 4-10-1901. I have recently made per-
sonal inquiry among the old residents of this region, and while there is no
absolute proof of the former existence of elk there 2ow known to them, it is
the general opinion that such was the case. Certain old salt and sulphur
springs are mentioned as forming a likely attraction.—Rhoads, 1902.

Clarion Co.—See place-name of Elk township and E)k City in the north-
western part of Co.

Clearfield Co.—* An elk was killed near the present site of Coalport by
Mr. James Turner in 1837.’"-—Abraham Neverling, see Rep. Pa. Dept. Agri-
culture, 1896, p. 328.

Ctnton Co.—Between 1831 and 1837 I used to hunt them in this and ad-
joining counties.—Seth. I. Nelson.

Columbia Co.—Place-name of Elk Grove on extreme northern border.

Crawford Co.—A. Huidekoper includes the “ elk” in the animal list in
his “Sketch of Crawf. Co.” (Mem. Penna. Hist. Soc., 1846). Ina History
of Crawf. Co. (1885, p. 260), we read, “Elk were rarely seen west of the
Allegheny river,” in that county—Rhoads.

Elk Co.—* At the head of Bennett’s Branch is a marsh, called Flag Swamp,
remarkable as probably the only one in the state where the Beaver may be
found [in 1850];. . . in the same region a few Elk remain.” . . . “Elk
were found in Flag Swamp as late as 1850, and the last elk killed in Pennsyl-

t
MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 4I

vania was taken in 1867 on Bennett’s Branch.”’—See Hist. Elk Co. (Chicago),
1890, pp. 573 and 578. ‘Colonel’ Cecil Clay informs me that an Indian
whom he knew killed one in Pennsylvania in 1869.”—Theodore Roosevelt,
in Forum, Aug., 1893. “The last Elk that I know about was killed on
Crooked Creek in this [Elk] county about 33 years ago [1866] by Corn-
planter Indians from the N. York reservation.’’ ‘These Indians killed one
elk and took out the other alive (a buck) in the winter of 1866 or early in
the spring of 1867. They captured the elk with muzzled ‘dogs and by use of
snow shoes. Crooked Creek rises at the foot of the ridge in Elk Co. that
divides the waters of the Susquehanna and Clarion Rivers.’”—Cap. Clay.
“Mr. Seth Nelson stated to me that one of the last elk known to have been
killed in that region was secured on Bennett’s Branch, Elk county, by a.party
of Cornplanter Indians about 1865. A hunter, Wilson Morrison, brought the
carcass of an elk about that time to Lock Haven [in a boat] claiming that he
killed it, but it was afterward understood that he paid $25 to the Indians for
it."—See Rhoads Proc. A. N. Sci., 1897, p. 208. In regard to the Utica
Globe article (see foot-note, supra cit.), Nelson has since informed me that
the dates are very misleading. His father and Parmenter did not hunt this
elk in 1867 as there stated but about 1835 or ’36. The story of how the
Indian, Jim Jacobs, outwitted them is correct. The elk was killed upon or
near the site of the town of St. Mary’s, then on “ West,’”’ now Elk, Creek.
When the railroad was graded through this region Flag Pond and Swamp
were drained off. It consisted of ‘one acre of water surrounded widely by
flags and willows.” Possibly it was a salt or licking pond. This is almost cer-
tainly the same locality mentioned as being at the head of Bennett’s Branch
-in.the History of Elk Co., its waters flowing on one side into Trout Run of
that Branch of the Susquehanna and on the other into Elk Creek, a tributary
of the Clarion River. Nelson states this 1835 elk was started in Potter Co.
and that it was by no means the “ Last Elk of the Sinnemahoning,” as stated
in the newspaper, for while tracking it his father saw signs of several others.

“The last elk supposed to have been killed in Penna. was killed by Geo.
Gaylord of Tioga Co., I think about 30 years ago.”—W. C. Babcock, Oct.,
1899. “I do not know the exact time that brother George [Gaylord]
killed the elk, but it was soon after the Civil war. He sent the horns to a
man in Philadelphia. He said that the horns had five prongs.’’—Mrs. J. H.
Harmon, Wellsboro, Pa., Oct., 1899. A five-prong buck elk was killed by
Geo. W. Gaylord of Farrandsville and James David of Beech Creek on Hick’s
Run of Bennett’s Branch of the Sinnemahoning River, 25 miles from Drift-
wood, near the line between Elk and Cameron counties. It was boated down
to Farrandsville, Clinton Co. Weight over 500 lbs. This was in the year
1862.—C. C. Pfoutz (in his first letter). In a later letter giving more exact
information, Mr. Pfoutz reiterates the identity of the men, Gaylord and

42 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

David, says he often talked with Gaylord about this hunt and long knew him
as a great hunter and, what is more rare, a ¢ruthful man! A friend of Gay-
lord’s, George Dewey by name, lumbering in Elk Co. came to Farrandsville
and told Gaylord of the elk. So Gaylord got his old hunting companion,
David, to bring his dogs. This was “after the big spring or summer flood of
1862, as they had to walk all the way up the river to the mouth of Hick’s
Run of Bennett’s Branch [owing to the absence of bridges and washing of
roads preventing use of horses].” They staid all night at “cracker”? Hick’s
cabin, who set them on the elk trai]. They hunted all day and camped one
night. The next day at 2 o’clock they started the elk, and in a few minutes
it stood at bay and began fighting the dogs, when Gaylord came up and killed
it. They hired a team and got it down to the creek, where they built a boat
and brought it to Farrandsville by water. Pfoutz says he lived with or near
Gaylord 16 years; thinks it was in November, 1862, that the hunt occurred,
as he was in the Civil war at the time. He strongly denies the story that this
’ elk was procured from Indians, as implied by Nelson in the following com-
munication : “James David and Wilson Morrison were said to have killed an
elk in Elk Co.in 1865. It was brought down the river in a boat. They did
not kill it, but bought it of 3 indians.” Cap. Clay thinks it possible this was
the Cornplanter elk of 1866. The dates nearly coincide, and the Susquehanna
was its natural portage to market. David may have been in both hunts.—
Rhoads.

“ The last elk killed in northwestern Pennsylvania was killed on Hick’s run
in the southwestern corner of Cameron Co.[?], in November, 1861. A party
of old hunters, accompanied by a boy about twenty years old, went in pursuit
of elk [namely], William Pepper, Ben. Sweezy, Enoch Sweezy, Hamilton
Sweezy (the boy) and Frank Lewis. They found the trail of an elk on Hick’s
Run, and Hamilton Sweezy having strayed away from the rest, was about to.
to shout to his comrades when he heard the baying of hounds. He stood
still and soon saw an elk coming toward him. It passed within four rods,
and as it did so he shot it, the elk running about 10 rods and falling dead,
leaving Hamilton Sweezy the_honor [?] of killing the last elk in northwestern
Pennsylvania, or perhaps the last one in this state.’—Dickinson. ‘ Once very
plentiful all through the Allegheny range of mountains. Last killed in winter
of 1861-62, 0n Hick’s Run, Cameron Co., by Pepper and Sweezy.”—W.
Dickeson. [Not Dickinson, supra. ]

I was told by the hunters in our engineering camp, about 40 years ago that
one had been killed [?] a yeas or two before that [1857?] near where we
were camped on one of the branches of Elk Creek, in Elk county, in this
state.”—Prof. J. E. Rothrock, Oct. 1899.

Forest Co—* There were elk here until, say 1835.”—Hazlet. “ Early set-
tlers saw and killed them up to 1830, I understand from good authority.”—
Irwin.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 43

Erie Co—Place-names, Elk Creek, E. C. Twp., and E. C. P. Office in
southwestern part of county. See under Erie Co. in the notes on American
Bison, by Ashe, next article.

Jefferson Co.—Place-names, Elk River in the north, and Little E. River in
the south of Co.

Luzerne Co.—In “ Bartram’s Observations” (London, 1751, p. 27), it is
recorded that fresh tracks of elk were seen above “Cayuga Branch, near
Tohiccon,” on the Susquehanna River, and later (p. 68), he states under date
of Aug. 10, 1742, “ Just above the junction of the east and west branches of
the Susquehanna River, where was a lick, one of the Indians shot and
wounded an elk.” On that day they made an observation and found the Jat-
itude to be 41%4°.

Lycoming and Tioga Cos.—The wapiti is “ now almost extinct in most
parts of Pennsylvania. * * * J found their horns repeatedly in the woods,
mossy and gnawed by mice or wolves. A pair of elks were shot on Pine
Creek in the spring [1835], and a herd of 13 was killed by a couple of hunt-
ers in February of last year [1834], near the headwaters of Pine Creek.” —
R. C. Taylor in Loudon’s Magaz. N. Hist., vol. 8, 1835, pp. 536, 539-.

McKean Co.—* In 1835 my father, Edward Dickinson, who was a green
hunter at that time, killed two large buck elk on Colegrove Brook in Norwich
Township, McKean county.”—C. W. Dickinson. The specimen of male elk
in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, was not
killed in Potter county, as often stated, but in McKean county.—W. W.
Larrabee’s statement to S. N. Rhoads in 1896. ‘In the forepart of the rgth
century elk were very plenty in this part [south part] of the state.’—C. W.
Dickinson.

Mercer Co.—B. 8. Stokley, in Memoirs of the Histor. Soc. Penna. (Vol. 4,
1846, p. 77), writes: “ One Buffalo horn and two Elk horns were found in
1795 and 1797 [in Mercer Co.].” “A few Elk were seen and one killed
near the western boundry of the county since 1794.”

Monroe and Pike Cos.—“ The Elk was probably never as numerous in this
[Pocono] region as in the central Allegheny mountains, those individuals
taken in tormer days being considered by the [present] natives as stragglers
from the main body. The last capture in Pike county was probably not later
than 1840 or 1845.” See Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1894, p. 389.

Northampton Co.—This Co. was included in the area alluded to by Penn
in his letter to the Free Traders in 1683 as containing “the elk as big as a
small ox.” Then part of Bucks Co.—Rhoads.

Philadelphia Co.—Peter Kalm in his “ Travels” (Vol. 1, p. 336), says that
an Indian living in 1748 had killed many “Stags” on the spot where. Phila-
delphia now stands. See also (antea) for references to eastern Penna.
There is much reason for believing this seemingly extraordinary statement.

44 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

The Virginia deer was not intended by it, that animal still being found in
Phila. Co. during Kalm’s stay. It should be remembered that the occur-
rence probably happened in the latter part of the 17th century, before Penn’s
arrival in America.

Potter Co——*“ About 1870 one was brought through our town [Canton,
Bradford Co.] which was killed in Potter Co., Pa. The first settlers found
them all through Northern Pa.”—Dr. J. E. Cleveland (first letter of Oct. 30,
1899). “I was living in Union [township] at the time I saw the elk in ques-
tion. They [the 2 hunters] passed through Canton as there was no other
way leading to Bradford Co. I call to mind the barn where they fed their
team and other circumstances, that fix the date as being in the fall of 1862
or ’63. I saw the hunters when they were on their way to Potter Co., a
father and son. They had two deer hounds with them. The old man told
me that he had formerly killed a number of elk, and that he had been in-
formed that signs of elk had been seen, where he had formerly hunted, in
Potter Co. In about two weeks they returned with a dead bull elk in their
sleigh. If I learned their names at the time, I have forgotten them.” “J.
M. Whitcomb of Union [township] says that he visited a hunter’s lodge in
{the Black Forest] Potter county owned by two brothers named Wilcox from
Bradford county. They had a dead elk in camp. This was in the early
sixties.”—Dr. J. E. Cleveland (second letter of Feb. 8, rg01). “I am glad
to be able to produce a witness to corroborate my previous statements re-
garding the elk I saw brought through Union, Pa. Alonzo Thomas, aged 77
years, whose Post office address is Alba, Bradford Co., Pa., informs me that
Sheffield Wilcox, late of Albany, Brad. Co., Pa., told him that the last bull
elk heard of on his hunting ground he [Wilcox] killed in Potter county, Pa.,
in 1862 or ’63. Mr. Thomas says that the direct route from the ‘ Black
Forest’ of Potter Co. to Mr. Wilcox’s home in Albany would be through
Liberty, Union and Canton. Mr. Thomas has probably killed more game
than any other man now living in this vicinity. He hunted for elk in Potter
Co. with Mr. Wilcox sixty years ago. Mr. Thomas lives about five miles
from Canton, is a well-to-do farmer and highly respected. In looking over
the history of Bradford Co. I find that Sheffield Wilcox, Sr., with a large
family, located in Albany Twp. in 1801. Sheffield Wilcox, Jr., was the
hunter.” —Dr. J. E. Cleveland (3d letter of Feb. 19, 1901).

“The last Elk taken in this county was killed on the head waters of the
West Branch of Pine Creek, somewhere about 1845 or 46. In 1852 I was
in a camp for some time, occupied by Mr. John Jordan, on a branch of the
First Fork of the Sinnemahoning. Mr. Jordan described graphically the hunt.
There were several engaged in it, but the exact date, if told, I do not remem-
ber. They had practically disappeared at that time, and the discovery of
this one raised a furor amongst the hunters, of whom Mr. Jordan was one.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 45

This was in Potter Co. In the spring of 1857, we saw tracks of many wild
beasts in wet places in the bottoms near Austin, where I had settled the pre- —
ceding year. One morning my 2 boys saw some tracks and said that some-
body’s cow had got lost in the woods. Now no stray cow could have been in
that place at that season. I saw the tracks; they were strange to me, but
Mr. Jobn Glassby, and Cliff Haskins, old hunters, pronounced them Elk
tracks, and said they were probably some strays passing from Pine Creek
{Potter Co.] to Elk and Forest ¢ounties, and would take the route through
the deer licks up the creek (Freeman’s Run) to the Salt Spring in Portage
Twp., this county. This they did as known by their tracks; I myself seeing
them for three miles on their route, and hearing of them to beyond the big
Salt Lick. No others were ever seen to my knowledge after these.”—E. O.
Austin.

Somerset Co.—* Exterminated. Last seen in this section [Elk Lick]
about 45 years ago.”—Mier, 1902.

Sullivan Co.— The last one killed was in the early part of the 1gth cen-
tury, in the western part of the county.’’—Behr.

“NEw ALBANY, BRADFORD Co., Pa.,
March 26, rgo1.

“The information I can give you in regard to the elk in what is now Sulli-
van Co. is very meagre indeed. I am sorry I cannot give you something more
-definite, but to fix dates definitely after lapse of many years where there are
no records, is almost impossible. Elkland township, now a moderately sized
township in Sullivan Co., adjoining Bradford Co. on the north, was erected as
a part of Lycoming in 1804, and contained at that time a large territory,
larger than all of Sullivan Co. now. It was so named on account of its terri-
tory being a great range for elk long before the township was erected : it was
‘known as “ The Elklands.” A small lake in this township bears the name
Elk Lake. Joel McCarty, one of the early settlers, saw at one time seventeen
-elk in this lake. He shot some, I cannot say how many. This was about
ninety or ninety-five years ago. Wm. J. Eldred, Esq., who died in 1888,
-aged 82 years, and was born here, often told me of seeing a drove of four-
teen elk as he was traveling along the “Old Gennessee”’ road which leads
-over the ‘mountain from here to what is now Towanda. As near as I can
‘tell, this was eighty years ago. Chas. Mullen killed at least one elk in this
township.

The last elk killed in this region (Sullivan, Bradford and Lycoming Cos.),
-was killed near Ringdale, Sullivan Co. [on the south branch of Loyalsock
Creek]. about 1830, by Messrs. Wilcox and Northrop (presumably Sheff. Wil-
-cox). They started him near New Albany, Bradford Co., and chased him,
the snow being deep, they wearing snow shoes.

“T know of no specimens left here. When -a boy one of. my uncles had

46 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

a pair of antlers. These were the only pair I ever saw that came off elk that
ranged the hills of Sullivan. é
“Yours very truly, Utysses Birp”

Susquehanna Co.—Place-names, two Elk Lakes in southwestern part of
Co. and Elk Mt. in southeastern part. ‘ Now and then an elk was seen in
Ararat Twp.” (p. 480). Near Harmony (northeastern Twp.) in 1820 John
Wrighter “ has seen from 30 to 4o elk at one time near his home, with horns
so large they appeared like immense chairs‘on their heads” (p. 484). Clif-
ford township ‘ was long known as the ‘ Elkwood’s Settlement,’ the township
as well as the mountain being the home of the elk in great numbers.”—E..
Blackman, Hist. Susq. Co., 1873.

Tioga Co.— Samuel Wedge of Miles Valley was one of a party which in
1858 or ’59 caught 3 elks alive in Tioga Co., and brought them to Wells-
boro.”—Mrs. J. H. Harmon of Wellsboro. See also (antea) under Lycom-
ing Co.

Venango Co.—I can find no record that the elk or wapiti have been seen
or killed [in Venango Co?] in the last 30 years."—H. C. Dorworth, 1gor.

Wayne Co.—TIt is stated in Goodrich’s History of Wayne Co. (Bethany,
1880) that the wapiti was never very numerous in that county. Their
favorite haunt lay in a tract of 11,526 acres in the township of Canaan, called
Elk Forest. Asa Stanton of Waymart is said to have (in 1880) the horns of
one killed in Canaan township. The last one heard of was in 1830. The
last one killed in Wayne Co. was taken “ about 60 years ago” [1839 or ’40].
—Elijah Teeple (letter of Nov., 1899).

York Co.—Several foot bones and the head of a femur of the wapiti were
taken from surface excavations made by Atreus Wanner on an Indian village
site at York several years ago. J examined these specimens in the Museum
of Science and Art, University of Penna., Phila. They were identified by
Prof. E. D. Cope, and undoubtedly had been the accompaniment of an In-
dian feast in comparatively recent times.—S. N. Rhoads, 1902.

For other records see list of “ fossil species.”

Records in N. J.—Bergen and Hudson Cos.—In Vanderdonck’s New Neth-
erlands, buffaloes and elk are enumerated as being found on the western
shores (or territory) of New York Bay, when discovered by Hudson.—-Rhoads.

(Burlington Co.?)—“ There are great numbers of wild deer [-Virginia deer}
and red deer [-wapiti] also, and these wild creatures are free and common
[property] for any to take and kill.” See Gabriel Thomas’ Hist. of West N.
J., 1698, p. 23. See also (antea) Kalm’s evidence, under eastern Penna.
records.

( Cape May Co?.),—In Plantagenet’s New Albion (1648) is quoted a letter
of “Master Evelyn,” who says in connection with a description of the shores
of Delaware Bay in Cape May Co.: “There is much variety of . . . fish,

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 47

whales and grampus, elks, deere that bring three young at a time.” See
Geology of Cape May Co.—Cook, 1857.

Mercer Co.— Various bones of elk from aboriginal refuse heaps near
Trenton are in the Peabody Museum of Archzeology at Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts.”—Dr. C. C. Abbott.

Sussex and Warren Cos.—“ A hunter near Delaware Gap, N. J., declared
that. his grandfather, who ‘ killed the last elk shot in Pike county,’ Pennsylva-
nia, stated that sometimes the hounds would drive both elk and deer across
the Delaware River onto Kittanning Mountain.”—See Rhoads, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., 1897, Pp. 25.

Family Bovin# ; Oxen, Sheep and Goats.
Genus Sison Hamilton Smith.

American Bison or Buffalo. Bison dison (Linnzus).

1758. [Bos] dison Linnzus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 72.

1888, [ison] bison Jordan, Manual Vertebrate Animals, p. 337.

Type locality—Mountains of S. E. United States.

Faunal distribution Lowlands from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic
Ocean and from the Great Lakes and Saskatchewan to the Gulf of Mexico
near lat. 25° occasionally wandering from these into the foothills and passes
of the Rocky and Alleghenian mountains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. F—No record of the existence of the
bison in New Jersey in recent times, save the one given by Vanderdonck
(1. c.), has been found. Its sub-fossil remains have been found near Trenton,
as also in the Delaware valley near the Water Gap in Penna., indicating the
ancient proximity of its eastern wanderings to New Jersey soil and the possi-
bility of its fortuitous presence in that state during the age of the Red Man.

In Pennsylvania once normally found in the valleys and mountain glades
of the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, whence it passed sparingly
eastward across the Allegheny passes into the tributary valleys of the Susque-
hanna, thence reaching the Delaware Valley as a straggler only. For a fuller
discussion of this, see Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1895, pp. 244-
248; also 1897, p. 207.

Records in Pa-——Armstrong Co.—Two townships in the southwestern
corner and a creek flowing through them into the Allegheny River are named
Buffalo.

Bedford Co—A creek, a mountain and a mill-village near each other in
the west-central part of Co. have this name.

Butler Co.—The southeastern corner of this Co. is named Buffalo town-

48 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

ship. It adjoins the township of the same name in Armstrong Co., and a
bend of Buffalo Creek intersects it.

Centre Co.—Buffalo Run flows north along the Bald Eagle range in the
central part of this county.—Rhoads.

Clearfield Co.—The region of Clearfield Creek was so named (and from it
the county) because “the buffaloes formerly cleared large tracts of under-
growth so as to give the appearance of cleared fields.’”—See Rev. John Ett-
wein’s “Notes of Travel from the north branch of the Susquehanna to
Beaver, Pa.” in 1772, in the Pa. Mag. Hist. for 1901, published by the His-
torical Society of Pa.—Jordan.

Crawford and Erie Cos—In a History of this Co. (1885, p. 260), a
quotation is given from a French memoir written in 1714 stating, ‘‘ Buffalos
are found on the south shores of Lake Erie, but not on the north shore.”—
Kirkpatrick. ‘“ Buffalos ranged south from Buffalo, N. York through Erie,
Crawford, Venango and Mercer Cos. French Creek, draining this region in
Pa., was called by the French before the revolution ‘La Bouffe River’ be-
cause of the buffaloes found there.”—Irwin. A township in southern Erie
Co. where French Creek (Le Boeuf Creek) in part has its rise is still named
Le Boeuf ; also a village in the same township and the most northern affluent
of the same creek in Green Twp.—Rhoads.

“The Onondargo [Lake, N. York] which has a portage communication
with [the sources of the Allegheny] River, is a fine lake of brackish water,
surrounded by springs, from two to five hundred gallons of the water of which
make a bushel of salt. * * All the [domestic] animals of those parts have
a great fondness for salt. The native animals of the country, too, as the
buffalo, elk, deer, etc., are well known to pay periodical visits tothe saline
springs and lakes, bathing and washing in them, and bathing in the water till
they are hardly able to remove from their vicinity. The best roads to the
Onondargo from all parts are the buffalo tracks, so called from having been
observed to be made by the buffaloes in their annual visitations to the lake
from their pasture grounds; and though this is a distance of above two hun-
dred miles, the best surveyors could not have chosen a more direct course or
firmer or better ground. I have often traveled these tracks with safety and
admiration. * *™ An old man, one of the first settlers in this country
[Northeastern Pa., presumably Erie Co.], built his log-house on the immedi-
ate borders of a salt spring. He informed me that for the first several seasons
the buffaloes paid him their visits with the utmost regularity ; they traveled. in
single files always following each other at equal distances, forming droves on
their arrival, of about three hundred each. The first and second years, so
unacquainted were these poor brutes with this man’s house or with his nature,
that in a few hours they 7zdéed the house completely down, taking delight in
turning the logs of wood off with their horns, while he had some difficulty to

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 49

escape from being trampled under their feet or crushed to death in his own
ruins, At that period he supposed there could not have been less than ten
thousand in the neighborhood of the spring. They sought for no manner of
food but only bathed and drank three or four times a day and rolled in the
earth, or reposed, with their flanks distended, in the adjacent shades, and on
the fifth and sixth days separated into distinct droves, bathed, drank, and de-
parted in single files, according to the exact order of their arrival. They all
rolled successively in the same hole and each thus carried away a coat of
mud to preserve the moisture on their skin, and which when hardened and
baked by the sun, would resist the stings of millions of insects that otherwise
would persecute these peaceful travelers to madness or even death.

“Tn the first and second years this old man with some companions killed
from six to seven hundred of these noble creatures, merely for the sake of the
skins, which to them were worth only two shillings each, and after this ‘work
of death’ they were obliged to leave the place till the following season, or till
the wolves, bears, panthers, eagles, rooks, ravens, etc., had devoured the car-
casses, and abandoned the place for other prey. In the two following years,
the same persons killed great numbers out of the first droves that arrived,
skinned them, and left the bodies exposed to the sun and air ; but they soon had
reason to repent of this ; for the remaining droves, as they came up in succes-
sion, stopped, gazed on the mangled and putrid bodies, sorrowfully moaned or
furiously lowed aloud, and returned instantly to the wilderness in an unusual
run, without tasting their favorite spring or licking the impregnated earth,
which was also once their most agreeable occupation ; nor did they, or any of
their race, ever revisit the neighborhood.’’—Ashe, Travels in America in 1806.
N. York, 1811, pp. 47, 48.

Cumberland Co.—Prof. Baird records finding bones of bison in caves near
Carlisle in the Patent Office Reports of 1851, but on inquiry from Dr. J. A.
Allen stated he could not be sure that these were of 2. d¢son without re-ex-
amination.—See Rhoads, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1895, p. 244.

Elk Co.— Running from the southeast corner of Warren Co. through Mc-
Kean Co.'s southwest corner and as far as Daguscahonda [central Elk Co.],
was the old Buffalo Swamp.”—See Hist. Elk Co., Chicago, 1890, p. 573.
This tract was at the headwaters of the Clarion and Allegheny Rivers, form-
ing.an elevated and extensive meeting place for the herds passing from one
water shed to another in their circuit of the northwestern corner of the state.
It would also form a northern rendezvous from which occasional herds or
individuals may have strayed into the valley of the Susquehanna. Owing,
however, to the absence of any record of them in Cameron, Clinton, and
Potter Cos., this, if ever, was a rare occurrence, the buffaloes of Centre,
Union and Perry Cos. coming east by way of Clearfield Co., or northeast by
way of the Juniata via the Bedford and Somerset Co. passes from the
Youghiogheny and Conemaugh.—Rhoads.

50 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Luzerne Co.—The first and third lower molars of a bison mounted together
on a card are in the collection of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. These are
labeled by Dr. J. Leidy as coming “ With the fossil teeth [of horse, musk ox,
etc.] from [Pittston] Luzerne Co., but apparently more recent Bison amert-
canus.” Ihave compared these with teeth of recent bison and find them
specifically identical—See Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1895, pp.
245, 246.

MeKean Co.—See above, under Elk Co.

Mercer Co.—A bison horn was found in this Co. in 1795, according to B,
S. Stokley in Memoirs Histor. Soc. Penna., vol. 4, p. 77. This indicates that
the bison had been exterminated in its former haunts in northwestern Pa,
long before the last one was killed in Union Co. in the central part of the
state. Undoubtedly the last isolated remnants of this species lingered many
years in the fastnesses of the Allegheny wilderness, cut off completely from
the haunts of their western ancestors by the early colonizing of the Ohio Val-
ley.—Rhoads. See also under Crawford and Erie Cos.

Monroe Co.—A fragment of the mandible of a bison about four inches long,
containing the alveoli of two missing molars and the last lower molar intact,
was found in Hartman’s Cave near Stroudsburg, about 3 miles from the
famous Gap of the Delaware River. Leidy figured this in the Report of the
Pa. Geolog. Survey for 1887, identifying it as belonging to the “ bison, B.
americanus” [= B. bison]. ‘The crown of the tooth has apparently been
charred and crumbled by fire in the same manner as other bones from this.
cave which surrounded and lay within the site of an ancient fire place in the
superficial layers of the cave floor.” The ramus itself “is unburnt and is
apparently of the same recent (unfossilized) age as the remains of the fox,
wolf and deer associated therewith. I have no hesitation in considering
Leidy’s identification correct, and from the character of the ethnological re-
mains found in the same cave and the appearance of the bone itself, would
judge it had formed part of the feast of a Delaware Indian [or some wild
beast] in comparatively recent times.’—See Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci.,
Phila., 1895, p. 246.

Perry Co.—The following place names indicate the most authentic south-
ern range of the buffalo on the Susquehanna (see antea under Cumberland
Co.). They are all located in the eastern part of the Co., near the junction
of the Juniata River with the Susquehanna. Owing to their number and the
topographical features of their location it is obvious that buffaloes were a
characteristic feature of this spot, probably crossing the Susquehanna here by
way of Haldeman’s Island into the mountains of Dauphin Co., on their
easterly migrations from the Ohio watershed. The names are Buffalo Town-
ship, B. Bridge, B. Creek and New Buffalo.—Rhoads.

Somerset Co.—A B. Bridge on B. Creek is located in the south central part,

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 5I

in Brother’s Valley Twp. 3B. Creek is a tributary of Castleman’s River near
where it reaches the great divide of the Allegheny Mts. opposite the sources
of the Juniata. There is a noted Elk Lick here near the Maryland boundary
to which the buffaloes undoubtedly resorted, passing thence over the divide
eastward toward Buffalo Mountain in Bedford Co, They may have also used
the more northerly pass by which the B. & O. railroad reaches Castleman’s
River, going west—Rhoads. “I am sure of one thing, the buffalo disap-
peared from the Co. before the Indian was driven westward. I suppose it is
approximately true that the buffalo must have left the Co. some time preced-
ing Braddock’s defeat in 1755.’’—R. Smith in a letter to Dr. H. D. Moore.

Onion Co.— Dr. J. A. Allen, whose excellent Memoir on the American
Bisons,* furnishes the best data on this subject, has conclusively proved its
existence up to the beginning of the roth Century, as far east as Buffalo Val-
ley, near Lewisburg, in Union Co. The last buffalo killed in that region was
shot by Col. John Kelly, ‘about 1790 or 1800,’ on the McClister farm ad-
joining his own, and situate in Kelly Twp., about 5 miles from Lewisburg.
Col. Kelly stated that an old Indian named Logan informed him of the for-
mer abundance of buffaloes in this valley.”—See Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Phila., 1895, p. 244. Buffalo Valley occupies an extensive area of east
central Union Co., surrounding Lewisburg and fronting on the Susquehanna
for many miles, reaching back to B. Mountain by way of B. Creek and Little
B. Creek, through three townships, East B., West B., and Buffalo. A place
named B. Cross-roads is located in the same region. In Scull’s noted map
of Pa. published in 1750, a “ Buffalow Creek” is practically the only geog-
raphical name given in what is now Union Co. This is significant as show-
ing the ancient origin of the present name, indicating it as the principal
route by which the buffaloes crossed from the three main branches of the
Susquehanna valley to and from the mountain wilderness of Union and Centre
Cos.—Rhoads.

Venango Co.—See antea, under Erie Co.

Washington Co.—In the west-central part of this Co. is a B. township,ein
which lies the source of a B. Creek flowing into the Ohio River—Rhoads.

Records in N. F—Bergen and Hudson Cos.—In Vanderdonck’s “ New
Netherlands,” both the buffalo and elk are stated to have been inhabitants of
the parts of New Jersey opposite New York when Hudson discovered that
region.—Rhoads.

Mercer Co.—A scapula and pelvis of recent bison (so identified by Prof.
E. D. Cope) were discovered in Indian refuse heaps near Trenton by Dr. C.
C. Abbott. They are now in the Peabody Archeological Museum, Cam-
bridge, Mass.—Abbott, 1900.

* Mem. Mus. Compar. Zodl., Cambridge, Mass., 1876.

52 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Order GLIRES; Rodents or Gnawers.

Family Sciurrip#@: Squirrels.
Genus Scuirus Linneus, Systeme Nature, 1758, vol, 1, p. 63.

Carolina Gray Squirrel. Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin.

1788. [Sccurus] carolinensis Gmelin, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 148.

Type locality.—*“ Carolina.”

Faunal distribution.—Upper and lower Austral zones, from New York Bay
and.the Ohio Valley to the northern part of the Gulf States. ,

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—The more typical southern form of caro-
“inensis is only found in southermost N. J., where it is quite rare and very
local in its occurrence. In other parts of the upper Austral regions of the
two states it is evenly distributed, but nowhere abundant as in former days.
In the mountain foothills it merges into the Canadian sub-species /eucotts.
Specimens from the mountains of northern N. J. belong more properly to
that form.

Description aud habits of species —This animal is so well known as to need
no further comment, except to call attention to its differences of color and
size from the northern race. These are given under the next species. The
“black phase ” of pelage, so common to /ezcotts is of only accidental occur-
rence in carolinensis. I have heard of the following records of this phase:

Lancaster Co., Pa.—See Rathvon’s History of the Co. 1869, p. 501.

Chester Co., Pa.—One was seen by my schoolmate, Henry Zook, previous
to the year 1876.—Rhoads.

Mercer Co., N. 7 —Dr. C.C. Abbott has known of them being taken many
years ago near Trenton. I never saw nor heard of the black squirrel in my
travels in northern N. J.—Rhoads, 1902.

Northern Gray or Black Squirrel. Sciurus carolinensis leucotis
(Gapper).

1830. Scturus leucots Gapper, Zodlogical Journal, vol. 5, p. 206.

1877. Sciurus carolinensis var. leucotis Allen, Monograph N. American
Rodentia, p. 7or.

Type locality —Region between York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada.

Distribution in Pa, and N. J.—Transition and Canadian life zones;
abundant in nut-bearing forests, but avoiding areas monopolized by coni-
ferous trees. Owing to the almost universal destruction of conifers and their
replacement by deciduous growth this species is now found in extensive
Canadian areas once dominated exclusively by the Red or Pine Squirrel.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 53

Records in Pa.—The following records have been secured chiefly with the
view of determining the numerical proportions of the normal “ gray” and the
melanistic (abnormal?) “ é/ack” phases of color in this species, and how the
ratio of “ blacks ” increase as we approach the Canadian life zone.

Cameron Co.—Grays and black equally divided in 1896.—Larrabee.
Black as numerous as gray in 1899.—Hays.

Cambria Co.—Blacks never as plenty as grays.—Shields.

Centre Co.—Blacks occasional in this Co.in 1899.—Rothrock. Black are
rare but gray abundant in 1900.—Fernald.

Clearfield Co.—Blacks as numerous a gray in 1899.—Hays.

Clinton Co.—Blacks as numerous as gray in 1899.—Hays. Black phase
rare south.of Elk and Clinton Cos.—Todd. Blacks less numerous than the
gray in 1901.—Pfoutz. Sometimes black outnumber grays 3 to 1, and some-
times grays seem more numerous.—Nelson. During two trips into the region
north of Round Island, covering about 5 weeks’ hunting, I saw about half a
dozen squirrels of this species, one of which was intense black, another
smoky gray ; the rest normal gray. They are rare on the mountain tops and
were not abundant anywhere in the spring of 1896 and fall of 1898.—
Rhoads.

Columbia Co.—Rare of late years (1899) ; about 1 black to 100 gray.—
Buckalew.

Crawford Co.—Blacks numerous near Titusville in 1900.—Price. A few
seen every year but less common now than gray (in 1900). In the History.
of Crawford Co. it is stated that the black squirrels were so common as to -
‘be a pest, the gray squirrel not appearing till the country was settled.—-Kirk-
patrick. . ;

£/k Co.—Black phase rare south of Elk Co.—Todd. Black and gray
plenty in Elk Co. in 189y.—Luhr. Black numerous, gray rarely seen in
1899.—Clay. Black as numerous as gray in 1899.— Hays.

Erie Co.—Black and gray evenly divided. Both scarce in 1899.—Bacon.

Forest Co.—Black often seen; more plenty than gray in 1900.—Zendle.
Blacks are abundant in 1900.—Haslet. Abundant in certain years; not as
plently as gray in 1900.—Irwin.

Franklin Co.—A specimen of black squirrel is in my collection shot by
Amos Light near Williamson, Oct. 15, 1897. It was sent by my kind friend
W. B. Crawford, who, with Dr. M. W. Strealy of Chambersburg, had been
endeavoring to secure one for years in the South Mountain region, where
they are very rare, though the grays are unusually abundant.—Rhoads.

Huntingdon Co.—Not many black at Mt. Union in 1896, but several are
killed in the Co. every year.—Ingersoll.

Lackawanna Co.—Blacks rather rare. Have a specimen stuffed, from La
Plume. Five specimens have been brought to me in as many years, 1895 to
1900.—Friant.

54 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Luzerne Co.—Some blacks are taken each season in this Co. Three were
brought into Pittston, Oct. 20, 1899.—Campbell. Only know of one taken
in Luzerne Co.—It was sent to me.—Stocker.

Lycoming Co.—Not as many black as gray, but numerous.—Parker.

McKean Co.—Black phase plentiful. Ten times as many blacks as grays.
W.C. Dickinson, 1901. ;

Monroe Co.—Saw a black fellow 2 years ago (1897). Rare in this Co.—
Bisbing.

Pike Co.—Blacks occasional.—Rothrock.

Potter Co.—Plenty of blacks. Grays seldom seen here.—Austin.

Somerset Co.—Blacks rare ; one shot in Shade township, Oct., 1899.—Mc-
Henry. Blacks rare in this Co.—Moore, 1900.

Sullivan Co.—Blacks often seen, but not as plenty as gray.—Bennett, rgor.
Abeut 1 in every 12 is black.—Behr, 1900.

Susquehanna Co.—I had 2 blacks taken there in Nov., 1898.—Campbell.

Tioga Co.—Still plenty, but fewer than the gray in 1899.—Babcock.
Numerous, but less so than gray in 1899.—Cleveland.

Onion Co.—No blacks killed (to his knowledge) in the Co. for 12 years.
Chambers, 1g00.

Venango Co=Blacks plentiful in northeastern part of Co. “I hunted
squirrels [there] with’ father 40 years and blacks always exceeded grays in
number.”—Dorworth, rg0o0.

Washington Co.—See a black occasionally.—Linton, 1900.

Wayne Co.—Rather rarely see a black. Never as common as gray here.
—Goodnough, 1900. Have had several blacks to mount from Wayne Co.—
Stocker, 1900. Very few here.—Kellew, 1900. Some left here.—Teeple,
1g0o. Very rare; have seen none for years,—Day, 1900. Occasional and
decreasing. Ratio in 1900, 1 black to 75 grays; 30 years ago ratios nearly
equal.—Stevens.

Wyoming Co.—*1 killed two last fall (1899) against 30 or 40 grays.”—
Robinson.

Records in N. J.—Passaic Co.— Very rarely met with [in N.J.]. Have
seen but two specimens, both taken in Passaic Co. in December, 1860.”—
Abbott, in Geol. of N. J., 1868, p. 756.

Remarks.—While a study of the foregoing data gives little light on the
cause of melanism in these squirrels, it is worthy of remark that there seems
to be a diminution of the relative number of blacks as the country becomes
deforested and settled upon. This may be the result (1) of a change in clima-
tological conditions unfavorable to melanism or (2) of the inability of a black
squirrel to escape the increasing number of hunters so easily as a gray
squirrel, owing to its conspicuous color. In regard to the first suggestion it

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 55

may be added that the midday summer temperature of these deforested
subcanadian areas where the blacks were once so numerous is greatly in-
creased above that of primeaval conditions and may have been the cause of
mortality among them, the greater exposure to the sum being much more
‘detrimental to a black animal than a gray one. In regard to the second
theory it may be also said that the natural enemies of the black squirrel would
derive the same peculiar advantage in its capture through deforestation
and consequent exposure as would man himself. In a word, the original
status of the black gray squirrel is dependent on an environment combining
the climate and flora of the Upper Transition and Lower Canadian life zones,
in which coniferous and nut-bearing trees were normally in the proportion of
about ten to one. As these conditions through human agency revert to those
of the Lower Transition and Upper Austral zones, with a corresponding
increase in population, the ratio of blacks to grays decreases.

Historic references —“ Squirrels came down [into the lowlands] from the
higher countries into [eastern] Pennsylvania at certain seasons. The inhabi-
tants attribute this to the coming of a rigorous winter.”—Kalm’s Travels, p.
316. Kalm does not share this opinion, as the year he was in Pa. (autumn
of 1749) when such a migration took place, it was a mild winter. He thinks
it caused by the scarcity of nuts in one place and their abundance in another.
On page 320 he says that from January, 1749, to January, 1750, Pennsylvania
paid bounties to lessen the squirrel pest at the rate of 3 pence a head; 8,000
being so paid! The bounty was then reduced one-half. See also, Watson’s
Annals, in which both gray and black squirrels are mentioned. In Ord’s
Zodlogy (Guthrie’s Geography, 2nd Amer. Ed., 1815, p. 292) he names the
black phase of Gray Squirrel as “Small Black Squirrel, Sezurus pennsylvanica,”
and in a foot note he says, ‘This has always been confounded with the fore-
going [gray squirrel], but it is a different species. It abounds in those parts
of Pennsylvania which lie to the westward of the Allegheny ridge.” * This is
of interest as showing that in the early part of the nineteenth century the
black squirrel was, as now, more typical of zorthwes¢ern Pa. than of any other
part of the state. On the same page Ord describes and names the “ New
Jersey Squirrel Scivrus hiemalis,” from Tuckerton, as being distinguished by
its “ bearded ears.” This name is a synonym of carolinensis.

Description of Species —From the common tawny colored gray squirrel of
the south Atlantic lowlands, the northern form /zcoz#is is distinguished by
greater size and a purer gray or silvery color at all seasons, not intermixed or
tipped above with reddish or tawny as in carolinensis. Largest individuals
often approach the fox squirrel in size, being 2 to 3 inches longer than full

*QOrd’s name being earlier than /ewcofis would have held good for the northern gray
Squirrel had he given a description of it. Lacking this, it has no place in nomenclature.

56 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

grown carolinensis from southern New Jersey. (See under “ Historic refer-
ences,” antea, for Ord’s names and descriptions of both forms.) The black
phase may be jet-black, reddish-black and grayish-black, intergrading in a
large series into typical grays. ‘‘ Black and gray young are found in the same
nest, and black and gray adults pair promiscously so far as observed.” —Nelson.

Measurements (carolinensis).—Total length, 455 mm. (18 in.) ; tail vert.,
205 (8) ; hind foot, 60 (234) ; (deucotis) 500 (1934) ; 220 (8%); 70 (2%).

Canadian Chickaree or Pine Squirrel. Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus
Bangs.

1899. Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Bangs, Proceedings N. England Zodlog-
ical Club, vol. 1, p. 28.

Type locality—Near Moosehead Lake, Maine.

Faunal distribution Canadian life zone, west from Newfoundland to
Michigan and Minnesota.

Distribution in Pa.—Only found in the “boreal islands” of the northern
tier of counties in Pa. Not present in N. J. Miller and Bangs* limit the
distribution of gymnicus southward to northern New York. I am induced to
give it a place in the fauna of Pa., because of a tendency in several specimens
from the denser coniferous forests of Sullivan, Luzerne, Clinton, Cambria and
Somerset Cos. to assume the character of gymnicus, as contrasted with
loquax of southern N. J.

Description of Species —As now defined, the typical form, Audsonicus, is
confined to Labrador. Sub-species gymunicus differs from it in having the
color darker and richer and the border of tail reddish instead of yellowish or
grayish. The underparts of hudsonicus and gymnicus are gray in winter
pelage, while in our next sub-species, /oguax, the lower parts are pure white
in winter. The hind foot in gymnicus averages 3 millimeters less than in the
other two forms. In the Pa. specimens of gymmnicus there is a decided de-
parture in the greater depth of color of upper parts, the grayish tinge of the
belly in winter and the undefined character of the so-called dorsal band, from
loguax of the lower Delaware Valley. On these accounts it would better
correlate with actual conditions if the southern range of gymnicus was ex-
tended to the Transition border of the Canadian Life Zone. The more this
guestion is examined the more am I convinced that the eastern Chickaree
does not merit sub-division into more than two geographic races—Audsonicus
inhabiting the Hudsonian and Canadian Zones with gray underparts in
winter, and /oguax the Transition and Upper Austral with underparts always
white. The evident inability of logically or geographically defining gymanicus
is patent in literature. As in the case of the black squirrel there has been

* See Bull. N. York S. Mus., 1899, vol. 6, No. 29.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 57

such a change in forest conditions where gymnicus was once found in Pa. that
it may soon become difficult to secure anything but /ogwax in those regions.

Measurements (gymnicus).—Total length, 290 mm. (11% in.); tail vert.,
120 (434); hind foot, 44 (134); (loguax) 315 (12%); 130 (5%); 47
(1%).

Southeastern Chickaree or Red Squirrel. Sciurus hudsonicus loquax
Bangs.

Sciurus hudsonicus loguax Bangs, Proceedings Biolog. Society, Washing-
ton, vol. 10, p. 161.

‘Type locality.—Liberty Hill, New London Co., Connecticut.

faunal distribution — Deciduous forests of the Transition and Upper
Austral zones of the eastern United States” (fide Miller). See foot-note
under S. A. gynmicus.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—Abounding everywhere below the Canadian
zone, where forests, groves or private grounds afford necessary shelter and
food. Semi-domesticated in some towns and villages and becoming a pest
on account of its robbery of birds’ nests. Ever persecuting, and said to de-
stroy, the Gray Squirrel. By no means confined to deciduous forests but
rather preferring pine lands, where they are most numerous in southern and
eastern N. J. In this last particular I must take exception to Miller’s re-
striction of their habitat, as above quoted.

Description of species —See antea, under S. h. gymnicus.

Western Fox Squirrel. Scurus rufiventer E. Geoffroy.

1803. Sciurus rufiventer E, Geoffroy, Catalog. Museum d’ Histoire Natur-
elle, p. 176.

Type locality —New Orleans, Louisiana.

Faunal distribution.—Upper Austral and Lower Transition zones from the
Allegheny Mountains (western base) to the Mississippi Valley.

Distribution in Pa-—Waving examined no specimens from Pa. west of the
Alleghanies,* I cannot verify the probable presence of this form in extreme
southwestern Pa. as implied by Miller in his Key to Mammals of N. East
N. America, p. 87, where he says it occupies the Transition and Upper
Austral zones of “the region immediately west of the Alleghanies.” That
the fox squirrel was found in this region is well established, as the succeed-
ing records will show. It is probably extinct there now, though there is a
possibility of some old mounted specimen being found in a condition which
would enable us to decide whether typical rujiventer belongs in this list.

* See however under list of American species introduced into Pa. and N. J.

58 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Records in Pa.—Beaver Co.—Said to have been taken several times in
B. Co. in recent years.—Todd, rgor.

Washington Co—One killed near the capital of W. Co. about 1870.
Once numerous; now about extinct.—Nease, 1900. Seen occasionally in
this Co.—Linton, 1899.

Description of spectes—Size not much greater than the northern gray
squirrel (.S. ¢. Zeucofis), much smaller than the southern fox squirrel (S. niger).
Ears and nose never white. Colors variable, but much deeper and more
ferruginous than in the next sub-species (S. rujiventer neglectus) ; sometimes
wholly black, or black-bellied with reddish gray upper parts, others again are
orange beneath. In S. r. meglectus the size is larger than in rujivender, the
belly usually white. Wholly black individuals of meglectus are rare, accord-
ing to Bangs.

Measurements (rufiventer).—Total lenth, 541 mm. (21% in.) ; tail ver-
tebre, 252 (10); hind foot, 73.7 (278); (meglectus) 590 (231%); 270
(10%) ; 73 (2%).

Northeastern Fox Squirrel. Sciurus rufiventer neglectus (Gray).

1867. Macroxus neglectus Gray. Annals and Magazine N. History, 3rd
series, vol. 20, p. 425.

1902. Sciurus rufiventer neglectus, Allen, Bulletin Amer. Museum Nat.
History, vol. 16, p. 167.

Type locality —Wilmington, Delaware.

Faunal distribution.—* The northeastern fox squirrel is an inhabitant of the
Upper Austral zone but occasionally wanders into the Transition zone.”—
Miller. Now rarely found in Fa. except in the Lower Transition zone.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.—Once found over all parts of the two states
except in the Canadian and Upper Transition areas of the mountains. Prob-
ably always rarer in Chester and Delaware‘Cos. and in southern N, J. than in
south central Pa. and northern N. J. Now exterminated in N. J. but found
occasionally in the Pa. counties bordering the lower Susquehasiia, also yet
recorded from the northwestern part of Pa. Destined to extermination in
our entire limits unless large areas of country in middle Pa. revert to a
wilderness condition or become game reservations under state protection.

Records in Pa.—Adams Co.—Warren, Poultry Book, p. 507.

Cameron Co.—Very rare ; none seen for years in Cameron Co.—Larrabee.
This record has not much significance, as it is not likely that the fox squirrel
was ever found, except as a rare straggler after the coniferous forests became
destroyed in the counties of Pa. which lie almost wholly within the Upper
Transition and Canadian life zones. See negative records under Clinton,
Forest, McKean, Lycoming, Potter, Sullivan, Tioga and Venango Cos.—
Rhoads.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 59

Clinton Co.—Nelson’s record of 3 killed in 1894 (Proc. Acad. N. Sci.,
Phila. 1879, p. 216) is wrong. The “fox squirrels” subsequently sent me by
Nelson were only very large gray squirrels with an unusual amount of rusty
on feet, sides, neck and mouth.—Rhoads. None ever found in these parts
(Mill Hall, Clinton Co.).—Pfoutz. Listed by Warren in Poultry book, p.
507, probably on my authority as above corrected.—Rhoads.

Crawford Co.—Rare. Two specimens from Huidecoper’s Hill, Vernon
Twp., near Meadville, were taken respecrively in October of 1898 and 1899.
“The last one is in my collection.” —Kirkpatrick.

Cumberland Co.—I mounted 3 killed in Cumberland Co. in 1893.—
Friant. Listed by Warren in Diseas. Poultry, 1897, p. 507. “One reported
seen near Pine Grove Furnace in 1892.” Nearly exterminated.—Rhoads,
1897, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., p. 216. “Dr. B. H. Warren writes me
that the nortnern fox squirrel is practically extinct in Pennsylvania except in
the counties of Dauphin and Cumberland.”—Bangs, Proc. Biolog. Soc.,
Washn., 1896, p. 150, foot note. A specimen from Carlisle, probably from
the National Museum collection and collected by Baird, is listed by Bangs as
having been examined.—Ibid, p. 153.

Chester Co.—Listed by Michener in Hist. Ches. Co. as “rare,” but this
list is not reliable-—Rhoads.

Dauphin Co.—See above, under Cumberland Co.

Delaware Co.—Listed as “rare” by Cassin in Appx. to Hist. Del. Co.,
1862.

Elk Co.—The last one was killed in 1889 in Elk Co.—Hays. I am
doubtful of this record.—Rhoads.

Fayette Co—Two specimens ‘from Rothrock are listed by Bangs as com-
ing under his notice in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washn., 1896, p. 153.

Forest Co.—Not found in Co.—Haslet.

Franklin Co.—Two specimens in my collection. One taken Sept. 24,
1896, by J. H. Light near Williamson,.the other shot Oct. 16, 1897, by C.
M. Deatrich near St. Thomas. Secured through Drs. M. W. Strealy and
W. B. Crawford, of Chambersburg.—Rhoads. A black fox squirrel was shot
about 1880 in northwest Franklin Co. in South Mountain. Several remain in
the South Mountains. One shot by Dr. W. B. Crawford in 1896.—Strealy,
Listed by Warren in “ Poultry” book, p. 507.

Fulton Co.—Listed by Warren in Diseas. Poultry, 1897, p. 507.

Huntingdon Co.—Listed by Warren, l. c.

Juniata Co.—Listed by Warren, 1. c.

Lancaster Co.—Cat or fox squirrel is given by Rathvon in his animal list
in Hist. Lanc. Co., 1861, p. 501.

Lycoming Co.—Not seen in this Co.—Parker, 1900.

McKean Co.—Unknown here.—Dickeson, 1900.

60 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Montgomery Co.— Rare,” as listed by Buck in Hist. Montg. Co., 1884,
P- 436.

Mifflin Co.—A few killed recently (1899) in the Co.—Rothrock. Listed
in Warren’s “ Poultry’ book, p. 507.

Northumberland Co.—We have seen it near Easton.”—Audubon and
Bachman, Quad. N. Amer., vol. 1.

Perry Co.—Listed in Warren’s ‘‘ Poultry ” book, p. 507.

Sullivan Co—‘ Rare (reddish), not on top of mountains, near Eagles-
mere.”—Bennett. From other sources I am led to question the existence
of this species in Sullivan Co. Probably Bennett refers to the large rusty-
colored gray squirrels which are sometimes taken on the foothills—Rhoads.

Tioga Co.—None in Tioga Co. or this part of Pa.—Babcock. Never
heard of one in Tioga Co. or northern Pa.—Cleveland.

Venango Co.—Never saw one in Venango or other northern Cos., though
a hunter of squirrels 20 consecutive years. No records known to him.—
Dorworth.

Wayne Co.—I shot one or two many years ago. Always rare in Wayne
Co.—Goodnough, 1900. Never had any in Wayne Co.—Stevens.

Wyoming Co.—“ The only place I know of its being found is in Wyoming
Co.”’—Stocker. I never heard of one here in Wyoming Co.—Robinson.

York Co.— We have seen it near York.”—-Audubon and Bachm., Quad.
N. Amer., vol. 1. Listed in Warren’s ‘‘ Poultry”’ book, 1. c., p. 507.

General Records.— Shot at rare intervals in some of the northern coun-
ties” of the western border of Pa.—Todd. Specimens of the light gray
phase of Pa. fox squirrel presented to the Academy of Nat. Sci., Phila., long
ago by Drs. Heerman and Woodhouse have no definite locality, but probably
came from localities east of the Susquehanna River. Mr. Ingersoll was un-
able to get any reliable notes of this species in his journey through Juniata,
Huntingdon, Blair, Cambria, Somerset and Bedford Cos. in 1896. Old
hunters with whom he conversed had: only known of them in the distant past.
—Rhoads. “This species is generally known in southeastern Pennsylvania,
where it chiefly abounds, as the fox squirrel.”—Baird, Mam. N. Amer., 1857,

Pp. 250.

Records in N. F.—Mercer Co.—‘ Specimens of this squirrel have been
quite frequently met with in the past three years. They seem to prefer a
clump of large shell-bark hickories with open ground about them.”—Abbott,
Geolog. Surv. of N. J., 1868, p. 756. Escaped from cages and increased for
atime. Now exterminated.—Abbott, 1900.

Southeast N. 7.—“ The southeastern portion of N. Jersey seems to be well
suited to them.”—Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. Amer., 1849, Vol. r.
“Not abundant.’”’—Beesley, Geol. Surv. C. May Co., 1857, p. 135.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 61

Northern N. 7.—“ Even the former existence of the fox squirrel in north-
ern N. J. rests on such unreliable evidence that I am unwilling to include it.”
—Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 30. “I can get no informa-
tion of any having been taken lately in New Jersey.’’—Bangs, Proc. Biol.
Soc., Washn., 1896, p. 150.

Description and Habits—¥or the characters of this race see above under
S. rufiventer. So far as I have read there is nothing to distinguish the habits
and habitat of this species from those of the gray squirrel living in the same
regions. It is more terrestrial, less agile and perhaps more partial to swampy
ground than the gray squirrel and is much persecuted by the latter.

Genus Zamias Mliger, Prodromus Systema Mammal. et Avium, 1811, p. 83.

Southeastern Chipmunk; Striped or Ground Squirrel. Zamias
striatus (Linnzus).

1758. Sciurus striatus Linneeus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 164.

1857. Zamias striatus Baird, 11th Smithsonian Report (Washington, D.C.,
U.S.A.), p. 55.

Lype locaity—Southeastern United States.

faunal distribution.—Upper austral and lower transition zones ; Atlantic
Ocean to Indian Territory.

Distribution in Pa. and N, F—Found abundant in the Austral and Trans-
ition regions of both states except in southern, and more especially south-
eastern, N. J., where it is rarely met with, though not absent from any county.
As it nears the Transition areas it becomes exceedingly abundant and grad-
ually assumes a lighter color which, in the “ boreal islands ” of the Pa. moun-
tain tops, merits classification with 7. s. Zysteri, the form next to be considered.
For further discussion of habits, economic status and specific characters the

reader is referred to subspecies Jstert.
‘

Northeastern Chipmunk. Zamias striatus lysteri (Richardson).

1829. Sciurus (Zamias) lysteri Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana,
vol. 1, p. 182.

1886. Zamias striatus lysteri, Merriam, American Naturalist, vol. 20,
p. 242.

Type locality —Penetanguishene, Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada.

Faunal distribution—Upper Transition and Lower Canadian zones ; Maine
to Lake Superior.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J7—See under striatus, above. Not found
in N. J.

Records in Pa.—Specimens most nearly approaching typical Aster? in my

62 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

collection from the mountains of Pa. are almost as near to N. J. s¢ria/us in
their coloration as to /ysteri from Maine. On the basis of palest specimens
those in the collection coming from Eaglesmere, Sullivan Co., and from the
mountain tops of Clinton, McKean and Cambria Cos. are nearest /ys/ert.
Specimens from the Pocono plateau are also quite pale, as well as those from
Summit Mills in southern Somerset Co.

A large series from the southern end of Greenwood Lake, Passaic Co., N. J.,
the most boreal locality in that state, show that Jys/ev7 has no place in her
fauna.

Habits, etc —Some peculiarities of this species are worthy of note. They
hibernate, as is generally supposed, at the approach of frosty weather and
come out again in spring; say about the first of April, At Greenwood Lake
they were amazingly abundant, and during the whole time spent there, the
last week in October, though the temperature descended to 20° there was no
sunshiny day that did not bring them out by 9g or 10 o'clock. Of forty
specimens secured there, no really fat one was found among them, though the
acorns, which they were busily harvesting and storing away, were abundant.
This is contrary to the usual condition of hibernating animals at that season.
I have been told by Seth Nelson of Clinton Co., and Otto Behr of Sullivan
Co. that sometime in February tracks in the snow show that chipmunks
emerge from their homes and caper about. Nelson thinks this is their rutting
season and that the females do not again come out of their burrows until the

Young are quite large, and much later than the males in spring. I cannot
vouch for this idea, but if true it has its aed. as I have shot in late
October young chipmunks about two-thirds grown, which could not have
been born much earlier than late July. Nevertheless, I have never, at any
season, secured a gravid female, but suckling ones have been sometimes taken.
in an advanced stage towards weaning. It is not unlikely that the female
chipmunk during parturition and for some time after the birth of her young
does not leave the burrow, but either lives on the food she has stored there,
or is fed by her male partner. While autumn is the time of greatest excite-
ment among chipmunks, I have been unable to certainly discover that this is
the rutting season. That late autumn or early winter is the rutting season
for the tree squirrels, including the flying squirrel, there seems no doubt, as
their young may be found in the nest in February and March. That many
chipmunks enter and appear to be at home in the same burrow in the late
fall is evidenced by my having trapped at the mouth of a single burrow, be-
tween the 15th and 25th of October, on the mountain 3 miles above Round
Island, Clinton Co., Pa., seven full-grown chipmunks, of which 1 was an adult
female, one an adult male, one a young female and four young males. Three
of the young males and the young female were so nearly alike in size that I
think them the offspring of the old pair, and that it was likely they all were.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 63

expecting to hibernate, with the exception of the fourth young male, in this
retreat. Of course this is only circumstantial evidence, but it is probable, as
the four young were hardly able to hew out among those rocky fastnesses a
retreat for themselves that year. In this same locality, though snow and hard
freezing weather intervened, the chipmunks would respond to a thawing,
sunshiny day as late as the roth of November, about the time we returned to
Pittsburgh. That the chipmunk varies its vegetable diet of nuts, seeds, grain,
buds and fruit with entrees of animal food is noteworthy. They not only eat
insects, snakes, mice, birds, eggs and various species of shelled snails, but
have been known to devour each other when wounded or caught in a trap.
As they are exceedingly abundant in many parts of the Transition zone, and
very fond of grain, those fields of wheat, oats and maize, etc., bordering upon
woodland suffer not a little from their thefts, but as their main food supply is
taken from nature’s spontaneous gifts their economic status is not a serious
‘problem. On the other hand, they are by far the most numerous, entertair-
ing, confiding and innocent of the very few diurnal mammals which continue
to exist in our populated districts.

Deséription of species—It will be sufficient to merely note the differences
distinguishing true s¢véatus from its more northern representative Zysteri.
The latter is rather longer tailed, has a longer hind foot but does not seem so
heavily built; more slender bodied. In fact the differences in measure-
ments are so slight in averaging a large series of each that I think the hind
foot the only reliable test. In color dyster@ is lighter (grayer) above, the
crown being yellowish rusty instead of rusty brown and the back clear ash
gray lacking the dark chestnut rump of s¢riatus. The back stripes are also
less clearly contrasted and the under surface of tail buffy instead of dark hazel.

Measurements (striatus) —Total length, 235 mm. (a3 in.) ; tail vertebre,

88 (37%) 5 hind foot, 33 (1795) : (4steri) 235 (934) 3 90 (3%) 3 35 (12%s)-
Genus Arcotomys Schreber, Saugthiere, vol. 4, plates 207 to 211.

Southeastern Woodchuck or Ground Hog. <Arctomys monax (Lin-
naeus).

1758. [Aus] monax Linnaeus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 60.

1780. Arciomys monax Schreber, Saugthiere, vol. 4, plate 208.

Type locality —Maryland.

Faunal distribution Upper Austral and Transition zones ; Massachusetts
to Georgia ; west almost to the plains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.—More or less abundant in all localities from
tide water to mountain top in Pa. within the limits of the Upper Austral and
Transition zones, being replaced in the Canadian zone by subspecies

64 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

canadensis, next considered. In New Jersey numerous everywhere north of
a line joining Lambertville and Perth Amboy; thence rapidly decreasing in
numbers especially eastward in the pine barrens region, where they are almost
unknown. In the vicinity of Trenton and Princeton they are rare, and in
Camden Co. of fortuitous occurrence. Thence southward their presence is
occasionally recorded in most isolated neighborhoods, seeming to set at
naught the common rules of geographical and faunal distribution. The same
peculiarity is noticeable in regions where they are generally abundant, certain
parts of which, exactly similar in character of soil, topography, climate and
flora, have been avoided by them apparently ever since the country was
settled upon by white men.

Records in Pa. (Peculiar distribution.)—Bucks Co.—Never seen around
_ Fallsington.— James Moon and Geo. M. Comfort. Never known in southern
part of Bucks Co.—D. Ray.

Montgomery Co.—Supposedly common in eastern Pa., its distribution in
Bucks and Montgomery Cos. is remarkable. The following is taken from the
History of Montgomery Co., 1884, W. J. Buck, pp. 435, 436: “After most
extensive inquiry among the descendants of our earliest families, the ground
hog seems never to have been known in Horsham, Moreland, Abington,
Cheltenham or Upper Dublin townships. Near Flourtown, Springfield twp.,
one was discovered about 1868 and regarded as a great curiosity. In Lower
Salford they disappeared a quarter of a century ago. A few are still found in
Upper Hanover and Upper and Lower Providence, but strange to say they
are common around Red Hill and Eastburn's Hill in Upper Merion.

Records in N. J. (chiefly extralimital.)—Ad/antic Co.—Two were reported
captured near Egg Harbor and there exhibited about 1880.—Rhoads.

Burlington Co.—“Very rare near Medford. About the year 1874 one was
killed on the south branch of Rancocas Creek near my farm.’’—Geo. Haines.
Joseph S. Evans in answer to a letter to William B. Evans of Moorestown
writes : “I remember in the summer of 1898 we cought one in a rail pile and
I think I remember hearing of one being caught in Edw. Darnell’s potato
patch last summer [1901] near Mount Laurel, Father says he only remem-
bers seeing 3 or 4 in his lifetime [near Marlton].”

Camden Co.—One was killed near Haddonfield, April, 1890, in a burrow
along the road to Chew’s Landing. It was mounted for, and is now in the
possession of John Hutchison. This is the only record known to me for
Camden Co. during a residence there of nearly forty years.—Rhoads, 1901.
An adult specimen was taken alive in July, t902, on a farm near Ashland and
seen by me in Haddonfield.—Rhoads.

Cape May Co.— A few are found at the head of Cedar Swamp Creek,
Upper township.”—Hand, 1go1.

Cumberland Co.—Saw one near Greenwich about 50 yearsago. The only
one.—Williams, 1902.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 65

Mercer Co.—* Not common around Princeton; even on the Rocky Hill
range it is scarce. I have several skins from this locality, but have not seen
more than a half dozen in the last ten years.”—Phillips, r9g01. Occasional
in vicinity of Princeton.—Scott. Not uncommon in this Co., but more
abundant in adjoining Cos.—Abbott, rg00. “In the last five years have col-
lected six adult specimens from Mt. Lucas. It is supposed to be rare, as
traces of it are seldom seen.”’—Silvester, 1901. None seen around Lawrence
Sta.—McGuigan, 1901. One taken alive near Lawrence and taken to Tren-
ton as a curiosity.—D. Ray, 1got.

Morris Co.—Several are found on farms near Gillette, in 1901.—Rhoads.

Ocean Co.—One found in burrow on McCoy farm near Tuckerton (about
1880?).—Jillson. One shot by Horace Pharo on Pharo farm at Tuckerton
about 1894.—Rhoads. One killed near Tuckerton in summer of 1897 and
another in 1898, so Jillson says,—Price, 1go1.

Salem Co.— About 30 years ago [1872] there was a burrow of the
Ground hog along the hill sides of Mannington Creek.” —Caspar W. Thomp-
son. “Our country [Salem Co.] was the home of but one species of Mar-
mot, familiarly known as Woodchuck. They lived in communities and bur-
rowed in wooded hillsides.” ——W. Patterson in “ Extinct Fauna of Salem Co.,”
read before the Salem Co. Histor. Soc., Mar. 10, 1896.

Union Co.—* One seen (by me) south of First Mountain, near Plainfield,
Aug. 14,1898. Another seen on Second Mountain, near Plainfield, April 23,
1899. Never seen south or east of Plainfield.” —Miller.

Habits, economic status, efc.—In nearly all the country covered by this
paper the habits of the ground hog are too well known. In the mountainous
districts where rocks abound and afford it greater security in its underground
retreats, it has become a pest to the tiller of the soil because of its great
abundance. There are sometimes twenty of their families on an area of 150
acres in Warren Co., N. J., where the farms reach up the sides of the Kitta-
tinny Mountain. Most of the northern counties of the state can mourn over
similar conditions. So bad are the Warren Co. ground hogs, there is a
special bounty put upon their scalps in Frelinghuysen Twp. of 10 cents each,
and in consequence thousands are slaughtered. The woodchuck is pre-
eminently a grass eater, and clover pleases him all too well. The following
extract from a letter by A. C. Sisson of La Plume, will illustrate how they re-
gard him in Lackawanna Co. in northern Pa. I take it from Dr. Warren’s
“Poultry”? book: “The ground hog is fast becoming one of the farmer's
and gardener’s most destructive enemies. I would most earnestly recom-
mend legislative aid in suppressing this intolerable nuisance. There should
be a bounty of at least twenty-five cents on every one killed. I have looked
in vain for one redeeming trait in this sneaking, groveling curse to the agri-

66 ; MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

culture of our State. He is a gross feeder, devouring nearly as much clover
as a full-grown sheep ; he eats to give him strength to dig holes, and then he
digs holes to give him an appetite for more clover. He takes supreme de-
light in tearing the bark from young fruit trees, and will wipe out entirely
a good-sized bean patch in a day.”

No bounties appear to have been paid on this animal in Pa., though I
make bold to assert it annually steals incalculably more value in agricultural
products than the combined value of poultry, live stock, etc., which are
destroyed by beasts and birds of prey coming under the ban of law. The
fur of the woodchuck has no value, and very few are used for food, so that
there is almost nothing “in his hide’’ to compensate for such thievishness as
in the fox, mink, skunk, wildcat, and opossum.

Description of species and measurements.—See under subspecies canadensis,

next considered.

Northeastern Woodchuck or Ground Hog. Arctomys monax cana-
densts (Erxleben).

1777. [Gus] canadensis Erxleben, Systema Regni Animal, vol. 1, p. 363.

1898. Arctomys monax canadensis Allen, Bulletin American Museum
N. History, vol. ro, p. 456.

Type locatity— Hudson Bay.

Faunal distribution—Canadian and Hudsonian life zones ; Newfoundland ;
west to Rocky Mts. ?

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—Not found in N. J. The woodchuck of
the limited Canadian areas of the northern Alleghenies may more properly
be classed with the dark race of the southern Hudson Bay region than with
the Maryland animal. This form is confined to the mountain tops of the
northern tier of counties. It is more essentially an inhabitant of the forested
lands, as contrasted with the habitat of monax. It is abundant.

Habits, etc.—See above, under monax. ,

Description of species—As no specimens of typical canadensis have been
described according to modern methods, I will take Bangs’ description of
Arctomys ignavus from Labrador as a basis for comparison with monax, it
being probable that zgzavus may properly become a synonym of canadensis.
This granted, the northeastern woodchuck is larger than monax and of a
dark grizzly gray, little varied with yellow or reddish tints, as in the latter
species. The difference in size is not great, amounting in the length of hind

foot to only 4% of an inch,
Genus Scivropterus F. Cuvier, Dents du Mammiferés, 1825, p. 255.

Virginia Flying Squirrel. Scturopterus volans (Linneus).

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 67

1758. [Mus] volans Linneus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 63.

1890. S[cturopterus | volans Jordan, Manual Vertebrate Animals, Northern
U. States, p. 321.

Type locality. —Virginia.

faunal distribution—Austral and transition zones; Maine to Georgia,
west to the plains.

Distribution in Pa. and N, 7.-—Found in uniform abundance in all locali-
ties, so far as known. Whether it is replaced in any of the restricted Cana-
dian areas by the large northern species, Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis
Mearns, has not been determined. All the flying squirrels so far examined
by me from these localities have been the small species, S. vo/ans. As there
is a possibility of the larger species being found, the following distinctions
between them may be given:

Description of species -—The Virginia species is drab on the upper parts,
slightly shaded with russet, not distinctly different in winter and summer fur.
The under parts are pure white to the extreme roots of the hairs. The total
length is 230 mm. (Q in.) ; tail vertebrae 100 (4) ; and hind foot 30 (1%).
In the northern species these measurements are respectively: 280 (11) ; 125
(5); 38 (1%); and the upper parts are glossy wood brown mixed with
cinnamon in winter and in summer sooty drab, the under parts being dirty
white, the hairs sooty at their roots.

Family Castorip&, Beavers.
Genus Castor Linneus, Systema Nature, 1758, vol. 1, p. 58.

Northeastern or Canada Beaver. Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820.
Castor canadensis Kuhl, Beitrage Zur. Zool. u. Vergl. Anat., p. 64.

Type locakty—Hudson Bay.

Faunal distribution.—Hudsonian and Canadian life zones; Atlantic Ocean
to Cascade.Mts. and Behring Sea.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J —The typical form was never found in N. J.
In Pa. this northern animal was at one time numerous in the higher mountain
lakes and headwaters of the Allegheny and Susquehanna rivers. It is in-
cluded in this paper solely on our knowledge of the presence of other animal
forms belonging to the Canadian fauna (Lynx, Wolverene, Bonaparte’s
Weasel, Cope’s Shrew, etc.) in the regions named. No specimens of native
beaver from Pa. or N. J. being known to exist, I have been compelled to in-
clude both the northeastern (cg¢nadensis) and the southeastern (carolinensis)
in this list on purely zoGgeographic grounds. I have no hesitation in believ-
ing that this course would be proven correct on a basis of comparison be-

68 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

tween specimens of the original beaver stock of southern N. J. and those of
the Canadian regions of Pa. It has been many years since beavers were sup-
posed to have been exterminated in the Pa. wilderness. Whether the records
of recent captures and observations of beavers in the State of Pa. are based
on survivors of the native race or are strays from captivity we are not always
able to discover, but in some cases, such as those mentioned under the next
subspecies, they were evidently from imported stock.

Records in Pa.—Cambria Co.-—-The following record of a Cambria Co.
beaver, coming as it does from a person of so much intelligence and fully
appreciating the need of accuracy in an identification of this kind, induces
me to insert it as probably correct. From the nature of its surroundings and
the absence of any evidence that a game preserve was ever located in the
neighborhood, it is not impossible that this beaver is one of the last if not
the last representative of the old beaver stock to be found in the Middle
States, unless there be some remaining in the Adirondacks, a fact not proved
in Miller’s recent List of New York Mammals :

“T saw a beaver on a branch of South Fork of Little Conemaugh [Portage
twp.] Sept. 16th, 1899. This branch is marked on old maps ‘Beaver Dam
Branch,’ though I do not know where or how long ago dams existed. Prior
to flood of 1889, this country was almost untouched. A lumber road now
runs through bed of old South Fork dam and up main fork, but much of the
timber on this ‘Beaver Dam Branch’ is intact. Hemlocks, 3 ft. through are
in great numbers. Many years ago there was a small saw-mill at about the
point marked with a red dot on sketch map [near Blair Co. line] ; and where
the stream re-enters the forest is a big pile of rotting slabs and butts, with
slack water above. The beaver was just below this and came splashing down
stream toward us, plunging into a pool not ten feet away just as he saw us,
apparently ; for he turned under water and ran up stream, disappearing under
the pile of slabs. I was uncertain as to its identity until it turned and we had
a good look at close range. The valley for four miles below this point is vir-
gin forest and only disturbed by trout fishers. In a few years, however, it
will be all cut over, as the hemlock is very valuable and the mills. but five or
six miles down stream.” Signed W. C. McHenry, Oct., 1899.

In answer to my further inquiries regarding this record, Mr. McHenry
wrote as follows :

* JOHNSTOWN, Pa., Dxc. 18TH, 00.

“DEAR Sir: Replying to your note of 17th, relative to the Cambria County Beaver,
would say that I have been unable to make another trip to the locality for additional evi-
dence. The only doubts I had, however, were removed last winter, when, in company with
the young man [Frank Phillips] who was with me on the South Fork trip, I visited the col-
lection of mammals at the Field Museum in Chicago and carefully inspected specimens of

the Beaver as well as animals with which it would be at all possible to confound it. This
confirmed us both beyond doubt that the animal we saw in good daylight and so close we

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 69

could have easily shot it with a pistol, and both in and out of water, first coming directly
towards us and then retreating, giving a good view of its hinder parts and tail, was a Beaver.
My first impression, as the animal came towards us and plunged into the pool, was that it
was an otter; this before I had a good look at it. Even when I saw the tail I could scarcely
credit my senses, as I supposed the Beaver was wholly extinct, and was glad to have my
friend’s positive confirmation that the tail was fa¢ and waéed, It was not until after return-
ing and on tracing our rambles on the map that I found we were on the ‘ Beaver Dam
Branch’ of the South Fork.

“Tf possible, I will make a trip to the spot this winter and try to confirm the record by
other evidence. It may be, however, that lumbering operations have been pushed that far
up stream,”

Centre Co.—‘ According to Mr. George K. Boak, Pine Glen, Pa., the
beaver was found in Centre Co. about 30 years ago.’’—Warren in Poultry
book, 1897, p. 494.

Clarion Co.—Last killed on Sandy Creek in northern Clarion Co., near
the Venango Co. line, in 1864.—Zendle.

Clearfield Co.—“ Mr. Abraham Neveling, of Coalport, Pa., says, “The last
beaver was trapped in Clearfield Co. in 1837.”—See Warren, Poultry book,
1897, p. 494. Avery large beaver meadow lies near Dubois.—Rhoads.

Clinton Co.—An old beaver dam on Fishing Creek.—Hays. Seth I. Nel-
son, who hunted in the thirties in Potter [and Tioga] Cos. when those coun-
ties were largely covered with virgin forest, and the elk, wolf and pekan were
still numerous, never met with living beaver. In contrast with this we have
the following statement from his son, Seth Nelson (Jr.) : “The last [beaver]
taken in this state was killed on Pine Creek nine years ago [1884]. A part
of Pine Creek is in Clinton Co.,* part in Potter Co. and part in Tioga Co.,
but the beaver was started in Potter Co. and followed down through Tioga
Co., and killed in Clinton Co.”—See Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila.,
1897, Pp. 210.

Crawford Co.—Formerly in Pymatuning and Conneaut marshes.—See
local beaver names in that region.—Kirkpatrick, 1g00.

Elk Co.—None known to exist in Elk Co. during my experience of 50
years.—Luhr, 1900. “At head of, Bennett’s Branch [near St. Mary’s] is a
marsh called Flag Swamp, remarkable as probably the only one in the state
in which the beaver may be found [about 1850].”—See Hist. Elk Co., 1890,
P- 473-

Forest Co.—There was a colony on Salmon Creek, Central Forest Co. 70
years ago.—Haslet, 1901. The Beaver Meadows in Jenks Twp. covered
2000 acres. Beavers were numerous in 1833 when Cyrus Blood settled in
Jenks, but soon exterminated.—Irwin. ;

Fefferson Co.—Late in “ the thirties’’ George Pelton brought beaver pelts
to Brookville—See McKnight’s Hist. Jeff. Co., 1898, p. 89. These pelts

* It forms part of the southeastern boundary of the Co.

7O MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

were probably taken on Beaver river, a few miles south of Brookville.—
Rhoads.

McKean Co.—“ About 70 years ago there was a nice beaver dam and
meadow with a fine lot of beaver on the Kinzua Creek in the southwestern
part of this county. This Beaver Meadow, as it was and is yet called, is
about two miles above the Kinzua Viaduct. At or near this meadow is where
the last beaver was caught in this county. Jerod Robison caught two or
three there in 1839. I have heard it stated that beaver have been caught
near these old meadows as late as the sixties, but could never hear what the
man’s name was who captured them.’”’—Dickinson, 1gor.

Monroe and Pike Cos.— The older residents concur in the opinion that
the beaver was exterminated nearly fifty years ago in northwestern Pa. Their
dams and meadows are still pointed out in numerous places along Bushkill
and Dingman creeks.’”’—See Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1894,
P-.390-

The following notice of living beavers in Monroe Co. was published in the
Sunday Worth American, Dec. 15, 1901:

“The animal population of Pennsylvania has lately been augmented by the
arrival of a score of beavers. Where they came from, and how they reached
the Keystone State, no one knows, but that they are here cannot be denied,
for their newly-built home has just been discovered on the farm of Judge
Edinger, near Stroudsburg, in Monroe county. ;

“It is a genuine beaver dam, one of those marvels of ingenious construc-
tion now seldom found anywhere save in the most inaccessible parts of Canada
and other northern countries.

“The presence of this dam and its builders in Pennsylvania, scarcely a
hundred miles from Philadelphia, is a problem that naturalists will find hard
to solve.

“ All the known habits of the beaver increase the mystery. He is one of
the most secretive of animals, and has but rarely been seen by human eyes,
so carefully does he shun mankind. Moreover, beavers have been so per-
sistently hunted in this country that they are likely to become extinct, and
are now rare even in the remote parts of Canada.

“The discovery of the dam came through accident. John Storm, a resi-
dent of Snydersville, stumbled on to it while following a rabbit in the hills
near his home. But for this chance, it might have remained hidden for years,
for its cunning builders had cleverly concealed it with a protecting shield of
twigs and branches.

“Visitors by the hundred, from city and countryside, have flocked to the
scene, and marveled at the skill with which the little animal engineers had
fashioned their strange abode.

“To all appearances, the beavers had been there for months, for the dam

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 71

was finished to the last straw, and, moreover, was abandoned, the fickle-
minded beavers having already started another dam some distance away.
The frost king evidently had interrupted the beavers before they had time to
finish the new structure, for found it was, frozen, in an incomplete state.

“ All around the stream, for a distance of half a mile on either bank, were
evidences of the busy beavers’ work. In one spot no less than seven trees
had been felled into the stream, which flows toward the new dam, in such a
way that the current would carry the supply of timber down to the builders.

“It was particularly interesting to note how cleverly the beavers selected
the trees to be felled. In every case, the trees cut had been growing close
to the bank in‘such a sloping position that the tree was sure to tumble into
the water as it fell. The keen teeth had attacked the tree always on the side
further from the water, so that the weight would assist the operation of felling,
and send it in the direction favorable to transportation.

“Some of the trees felled were of such a size that it would seem to have
been an impossibility for a beaver to haul it to the water ; but with the stream
as an ally, and the law of gravitation to help carry the tree to the stream, all
was easy.

“Tt is not likely that Judge Edinger will fail to take the necessary precau-
tions.

“¢T had one fellow,’ indignantly remarked the Judge to the writer, ‘ask
me if he could not go over there and shoot a beaver. Why, I’d almost as
soon he’d shoot me. I’m going to protect the beavers, and hope they'll thrive
until they are common sights along the river. One man told me I’d regret
it because of the damage to the timber. Well, they’re welcome to all the
trees they can cut down. What are the few trees compared to a beaver dam
on one’s own property?’

“No one has been fortunate enough to see a member of the new colony so
far. Nor is any one likely to during the winter, for when the cold weather
begins the beavers retire to their winter quarters.

“Judging by the work done, the colony must number at least a score ; most
of the young trees growing along the stream are probably doomed, for,
although work has of necessity been suspended, it evidently has not been
abandoned, for newly-cut trees are lying on the ice ready for resumption of
operations when the cold days give place to dam-building weather.”

In confirmation of this story, Mr. Edinger writes me, from Stroudsburg,
under date of Jan. 25, 1902:

“Your letter received in due course, and in reply would say that the ac-
count of the beavers on my farm, as published in the Worth American of
Sunday, Dec. 15th, 1901, is correct. From the cutting of the timber done
by them on my farm, I imagine they have been there for about two years, but
were only discovered last fall. They have built a temporary dam about one

72 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

hundred feet in length in a swamp about one hundred yards from the stream
of McMichael’s creek. They are now on the bank of that stream on my
property, as is seen by their late cutting of the timber. There are at least
one hundred trees that have been cut by them, some quite large ones, and
some cut as late as last week.”

In a letter of later date Mr. Edinger gives further particulars as follows :

“Your letter of January 30th received, and in reply relative to the beaver
would say that we do not know where they came from and do not know how
many there are. From the cutting done by them I would imagine there may
be six or eight. I have been informed there is a Park in N. J. about forty
miles from N. Y. City in which there are some beavers ; it may be possible
these may have escaped from there. McMichael’s creek, on which these
beavers have located, rises in Tunkhannock township this county, flows
through Chestnuthill, Hamilton, and Stroud township, through the borough
of Stroudsburg and empties into Brodhead’s creek. The latter empties in
the Del. River at the Water Gap, three miles from this town. We have not
seen any of the beavers but have tracked them by the late snow, and have
located them in under the bank of the stream (McMichael’s creek) ; they
have quite a lot of wood for food at the mouth of their home, the bank is
from four to six feet higher than the creek. I have put notices on the prem-
ises forbidding trespassing under full penalty of the Jaw. I don’t think that
anybody will disturb them. The water in McMichael’s creek at my farm and
where the beavers are is about fifty feet wide and from three to five feet in
depth. My farm is about two miles north of Stormsville, one mile east of
Kellersville, and about one mile southeast of Snydersville. Most of the
timber cut by them is swamp beech, white ash, and quaking asp. They use
mostly the bark of the white ash for food.”

I can see no other explanation of the presence of these beavers in Mc-
Michael’s creek than the one given by Mr. Edinger. The natural waterway
connection between the Allamuchy preserve and Stroudsburg would be down
the Peques river to the Delaware and up that to Brodhead’s creek. But
this would entail almost certain destruction. A somewhat safer course would
be across to the head of the Paulin’s Kill and thence to the Delaware. An-
other route would be across the southwest border of Sussex Co. by Swarts-
wood Lake across the Kittatinny lakes region to the Delaware, overland.
Their dispersion over a similar hill and lake region in Sussex Co. northward
makes this not only the safer but the most natural route.

Potter Co.—See notes under Clinton Co.

Sullivan Co.—Jared Robinson caught 2 in the beaver dam, now called
‘hay marsh,’ 4 miles above Lopez between 1818 and 1820.”—Behr, 1901.
Query: can this be the “Jerod Robison” who “caught two or three” in the
Kinzua creek region (see under McKean Co.) in 1839? It is not unlikely

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 73

that said Jared or Jerod is the guilty trapper by whose infamous pertinacity
the “last beavers” of Pennsylvania were gathered to their fathers !

Sullivan and Tioga Cos.— Nearly extinct [1834] in the Allegheny Mts.’”
Traces of their cuttings reported seen at headwaters of Pine, Lycoming, or
Loyalsock creeks.—See Taylor, London’s Magazine Nat. History, 1835, vol.
8, pp. 536 to 539. ‘None captured or seen in Tioga Co. in my recollection
of 50 yesrs.”—Cleveland, 1900.

Venango Co.—None seen or heard of in last 25 years.—Dorworth, 1900.

Wayne Co.—Beavers especially haunted the headwaters of the Lehigh and
Lackawaxen. Willows, birch and poplars were their favorite building
material. ‘The last one killed was near Honesdale. The last I ever saw
was caught in a trap by Edmund Nicholson, of Salem [township].” (No
dates given.) See Goodrich, Hist. Wayne Co., 1880.

Summary of foregoing records.—It is evident that this interesting animal
was practically exterminated in the eastern half of its Canadian habitat in Pa.
about 1830; that some remained in the headwaters of the west branch of the
Susquehanna till about 1840, and that almost the last stragglers of their race
were killed in Elk, Clarion, and Centre Cos., between the years 1850 and
1865. By what means the two specimens, one said to have been killed in
Clinton Co. in 1884, and the other reported seen in Cambria Co. in 1899,
succeeded in evading their deadly foes, both man and beast, for the remain-
ing third of a century we are at a loss to say, unless they were escaped im-
‘portations from some part of the country.

Description of species——It will suffice to merely indicate the racial differ-
ences between the northern and southern beavers of eastern North America.
The northern animal (canadensis) is rather smaller and with a shorter hind
foot than the southern (carolinensis), and the scaly portion of the tail is twice
as long as its width, while in the latter the relative width is considerably
greater. The upper winter fur of canadensis is blackish brown, the hairs
tipped with chestnut, rump and thighs dark chestnut. In carolinensis the
upper colors are hazel brown and the rump and thighs cinnamon rufous, the
under parts broccoli brown, making it a much duller and paler colored
animal than the Canadian beaver. The fur of the latter is long, full and soft
while that of the former is much shorter and relatively harsher and thinner at
the same season of year. :

Measurements.—( Canadensis) total length, 1100 mm. (35 in.) ; tail verte-
bree, 410 (1634) ; hind foot, 175 (634). (Carolinensis) total length, 1100
(35) ; hind foot, 184 (7%) ; scaly part of tail, 279x158 (11x6%/).

Southeastern Beaver. Castor canadensis carolinensis Rhoads.

1898. Castor canadensis carolinensis Rhoads, Transactions American
Philosoph. Society, Phila., vol. 19, p. 420.

74 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Type locakity—Dan River, near Danbury, Stokes Co., N. Carolina.

Faunal distribution.— Austral and transition zones; Massachusetts to
Florida, west to the Coast Range.

Distribution in Pa. and N. ]—This subspecies was formerly a native of
all the extensive regions included in the upper austral and transition zones of
the two states, supposedly intergrading into canadensis in the regions named
above under that species.

Records in Pa.—Owing to the earlier settling up of the country inhabited
by this race of beaver in Pa., I am not able to give any dates of its disap-
pearance in that state. As one of the chief items of barter with the aborigines
was beaver skins, this animal speedily was exterminated in the more accessible
tegions, leaving behind it only the name of creek, or river, lake, or meadow,
or township, yea, even a county to perpetuate its memory. Probably Penn’s:
colony had not been settled twenty years on the Delaware before most of the
beavers of the lower Delaware, Schuylkill and Susquehanna valleys had been
shipped as pelts to England. This was the condition about the year 1700.
By the time of the American Revolution, 76 years more of colonization had
practically wiped out the lowland beaver from all the great river valleys of the
state except the northern tributaries of the Ohio. On this account, practic-
ally all contemporary history of that period was too much engrossed in the
“winning of the west’ to record observations on natural history, and we have
hardly so much as a tradition of when and where the last valley beaver trod
incautiously upon a steel trap.

Records in N. J.—Owing to the inaccessible and unproductive character of
the lands of southern New Jersey, the beaver continued to exist in some of
the most retired swamps of Atlantic and Cape May counties long after its
brethren of the Pa. lowlands were exterminated. On this account, a few
records have been found indicating its approximate disappearance. All
beaver records given below dating later than 1820, we may safely include
under the class of species introduced by man into our limits—Rhoads.

Atlantic Co.—“T never saw one dead or alive” [very significant of their
absence since 1830, as he was a most noted hunter in Atlantic Co. for nearly
50 years]. About 1818, a friend of his saw them swim across Great Egg
Harbor River. Six old dams known to him in Atlantic Co.—2 at Hammon-
ton, 1 three miles south of Egg Harbor City, 1 between May’s Landing and
Weymouth and 1 south of Doughty’s Tavern.—Coffin. “In the northern part
of the county, between Atsion and Batsto, the water from the main branch of
the Machesautuxen was carried to the eastward through the high grounds by
means of ditches or canals, into a smaller stream called Sleepy Creek, where
dams were erected and where the beavers had their dwellings. . . . Higher
up the same stream a series of dams were erected, flooding the whole valley
for several miles and so destroying the timber that but little has grown upon

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 15

the soil, leaving it, however, a valuable pasturage for cattle during most of the
year.”—J. Clement, in Proceedings of the Surveyors’ Association of N. J.,
1880, p. 405. An examination of the map shows that this tract lies in Ham-
monton township at the head of the Nescochaque (Sleepy Creek?) branch of
Mullica River, about midway between Hammonton and Atsion. It is named
the Great Swamp. Probably the canal referred to was merely to secure
access to the Machesautuxen regions rather than a source of water supply,
as the tributaries of the Nescochaque reached far beyond the Great Swamp.
to Winslow and Cedarbrook and must have afforded abundance of water.
This is probably the region of the Hammonton beaver dams, mentioned above
by Coffin.—Rhoads.

Burlington Co.—“ Saw lately an old dam on Wading River. Another, close
by, is mentioned in an old deed to my grandfather, dated 1848. Other dams
can be found on Wading River and its branches.”—Price. See also under
“historical notes,” beyond.

Camden Co.—Exterminated in Camden Co. before 1820, one of their latest
haunts in that Co. being Beaver Branch of Big Timber Creek.— Chew. Some
of the beaver dams mentioned above by Clement as being built in the head-
waters of the Machchesautuxen must have extended the operations of beavers
into the southeastern end of Camden Co.—Rhoads.

Cape May Co.—A well-defined beaver dam may yet be traced at head of
Sluice Creek, 34 mile from South Dennis Station, Atlantic City R. R—Hand.
The Jast one seen near Dennisville was about 75 years (1814?) ago, but they
remained near Tom’s River (Ocean Co.) much later.—Miss H. L. Townsend
—jide Lee. “It was found in Cape May Co. 25 years ago, occasionally.”—
Abbott, Geol. N. J., 1868, p. 757.

Mercer Co.—Dams in Crosswicks Creek yet traceable. ‘Was formerly
very abundant, especially along the Assanpink Creek.’s—Abbott in Geol.
N. J., 1868, p. 757, and in letter to Rhoads.

Ocean Co.—See above, under Cape May Co. Tuckerton mill dam was.
originally built by beavers just at high tide limit of Tuckerton Creek. It
formed in the early history of that region the foundation for the first highway
across the creek. A comparatively recent washout in this dam exposed the
original beaver-gnawed material of its foundation.—Rhoads, fide Pharo.

Salem Co.—An old dam, 5 miles from Mickleton, bearing the name of
Beaver Pond, is cut off from Raccoon Creek. The ancient site of the dam
breast, cutting off a swampy section from the creek, is yet traceable, being
held in place by the roots of many willows growing upon it.—Rhoads, 1898.

Sussex Co.—An article published in “ Forest and Stream,” in August, 1900,
gave a detailed account of the existence of beavers in the wilds of Sussex Co
by Mr. J. von Lengerke. The locality was not stated. In answer to my
inquiries, under address and date of New York, February 24, 1902, I received
the following interesting letter regarding these N. J. beavers:

76 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

*¢ SAMUEL N. Ruoaps, Esa. :

“Dear Sir: I learn from trustworthy sources that beavers are to be found
in different localities, especially in Sussex county, N. J. To my knowledge,
there are three or four distinctly different waters which harbor them, but as
to their numbers, of course, I cannot speak. In looking over the grounds
where they seemed to live last year, I found but little fresh signs; it seems
that the animals have worked down stream, as a mile or two below their last
year’s haunt lots of new fresh signs are noticeable, including a dam built
under a bridge on a public country road. The water is dammed up several
feet on one side of the bridge and the dam seems very effective. This road,
of course, is not traveled much and there is many a day when not a single
wagon crosses the bridge.

“T have not had a chance to look after the details and follow the matter up
further, but expect to do so this spring and summer. There is a bill before
the Legislature in New Jersey, with a view to protecting the beaver in the
State, and as this is likely to pass and become a law, there would be no ob-
jection to naming the localities where the beaver are to be found. The place
I'refer to is near Roseville, Sussex Co., N. J. Another pond where I know
beavers are to be found is Losee Pond, near Two Bridges. There are also
beavers near Waterloo, N. J., and “ Forest and Stream” gave a description
of a solitary beaver in the Musconnetcong River.

“There are several other ponds which harbor beaver, but I have no per-
sonal knowledge thereof. Sussex county it seems harbors nearly all the
animals in the State, although a few may have gotten into Morris county.
Whether these animals are escaped stock I cannot say. If they are, they
have done extremely well, as no beavers were introduced anywhere in that
part of the State more than eight or ten years ago.

“I understand that the Messrs. Rutherford planted a few beavers in their
private pond at Tranquility Farm, near Allamuchy, N. J. At any rate, beaver
may be considered as belonging to the fauna of New Jersey again, and I have
no doubt that, with the protection which seems now to be assured, they will
do well in future. ;
“Yours very truly, J. Von LENGERKE.

“P. S. My waters, ‘Stag Lake,’ is above Roseville, and while I have no
resident beavers there, I know they visited there last winter, 1900-1901.”

See notes under Warren Co.

Warren Co.—“I have not seen anything of beaver in N. J. except those
which have escaped from Rutherford Stuyvesant’s game preserve at Alla-
muchy. On his reserve I noticed large trees which had been felled by these
animals. They may be found along the stream [Pequest] which leads from
his property.” —Gifford, Feb. 4, 1901. There is little doubt that the original
stock of beavers which are now spread over the southern part of Sussex Co.,

a

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 17

as narrated by Mr. Lengerke above, escaped from the Rutherford preserve.
—Rhoads, 1902.

Historical notes, etc.—Dr. Abbott in Geology of N.J., 1868, says in general
of the beaver of North N. J.: ‘ Probably no longer found in the state, but
may possibly exist in very limited numbers about the northern boundary line.”
This supposition, so far as it related to native or unprotected stock was prob-
ably unwarranted at that date—Rhoads. “To the beaver-hat trade with
Portugal and the West Indies, N. Jersey contributed a noteworthy share ;
but as the years of colonial existence drew to a close the making of beaver
hats dwindled into comparative insignificance. Every effort was made to
revive the beaver hat industry, but to no avail, and the commerce in this
article [beaver pelts] virtually died out in pre-revolutionary times.”—Lee.

Description of species.—See preceding species.

Family Mura, Mice and Rats.

Genus Peromyscus Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand. u. Hilfsbuch d. Naturge-
schischte, vol. 1, p. 95.

Miller’s Deer Mouse. ervomyscus canadensis (Miller).

1893. Sttomys americanus canadensis Miller, Proceedings Biological So-
ciety, Washington, vol. 8, p. 55.

1896. Peromyscus canadensis Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washn., vol. ro,
Pp. 49-

Type locality —Peterboro, Madison Co., N. York.

Faunal distribution —Canadian and upper transition zones of eastern
Canada and the United ‘States.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—Not yet found in N. J., but may be dis-
covered on High Knob, Sussex Co., or in the isolated mountain cedar
swamps west of Greenwood Lake, near Passaic Co. In Pa. confined to the
denser hemlock, tamarack and white pine forests of the Canadian fauna, in-
tergrading southward along the higher Allegheny ridges of Cambria and
Somerset Cos. into the small, longtailed race (?) found originally on Roan
Mountain in the southern Alleghanies. See next species.

Records in Pa—This large, forest-haunting species has been taken in its
most typical form in the following localities: Clinton Co., High Mts. above
Round Island, 2 ; Sullivan Co., Eaglesmere, 5 ; Lake Ganoga, 4.

Habits, etc—Among the deep, damp, moss-covered tangle of the ever-
green forests, especially where the mountain stream is darkly hid by rhodo-
dendron, Miller’s deer mouse loves to dwell. He is by no means the hermit
that a rambler in these solitudes might imagine, as he spies him peering out

78 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

from among the hemlock roots. Stealing about among these fallen logs and -
beds of moss and fern, in a perfect labyrinth of passageways, are scores of his

fellows, playing the tag and hide and seek of life and death with friends and

enemies. These long-eared, great-eyed and bewhiskered fellows must share

as best they may, the same by-ways and tunnels that form the hunting grounds

of many another sort of hidden creature whose doings have so long been as

a sealed book tomen. Stump-tailed wood mice with rusty backs (Zvofomys),

strong-scented shrews, some fat and blood-thirsty, some so slender there’s

room for two to pass, a Brewer’s mole or two and now and then a flash of
Zapus fleeting by. Life is indeed not lonely here, even in the quiet day-

time, but crowded, strenuous and only half suppressed. Ask the trout fisher-

man or the still hunter. They have some secrets yet unrevealed in books.

Except in the company he keeps there is but little difference in color and
habits between the deer mouse of the Alleghanian forests and his more
plebeian counterpart of the valleys. Indeed they both meet on common
ground along the lower edges of the Canadian zone, daring to venture a little
into each other’s peculiar domain, yet never, so far as is known, interbreed-
ing, but ever maintaining their specific characters.

Deer mice are a wonderfully large family all over this North American
continent, having more species by far than any other genus of American
mammals, yet they all have kept within a very narrow range of variation in
size, color and habits. What I have said, therefore, of Miller’s deer mouse
will apply largely to all of them. In a few words, they were in measure
to colonial Americans what the house mouse of the Old World now is to the
super-civilized citizens of the New World, only far more beautiful and enter-
taining. In the lumberman’s camp and settler’s cabin they supply the full.
measure of man’s need of a domestic mouse to steal his victuals, nibble his
papers, nest in his boots and dance high carnival in the sheltering eaves.

A word as to that cloud-dweller which we next consider, the dusky, long-
tailed sprite of the balsam woods, on the foggy peaks of the Great Smoky
Mountains. Of all dark ways, his are the darkest among eastern deer mice.
In consequence, all we know of him is that his looks do not belie his call-
ing, and when we place him alongside his Adirondack ancestors, he looks as
smoky as his native mountains and, strange contradiction, about a third smaller-
bodied with a long, slender tail. Such, in an intermediate degree, is his half-

_ way brother of the hemlocks at Summit Mills, in Somerset Co., near the
Maryland state line-—Rhoads. “At Summit Mills, a region altogether higher
than Krings in Cambria Co., canadensis seemed to replace /eucopus entirely,
and there I took them everywhere, in stone.walls along fields, in oak and
hemlock woods and one in a trap set on the mountain for cliff rats. Traps
set in low, damp ground for Zvosomys also often caught them.’’—Ingersoll.

Description of species.—( Canadensis) tail equal to or longer than head

MAMMALS PA, AND N. J., RHOADS.

ad Gruserac)
2727Y A722 Suvp4o Fy

MeadowJump un q Mouse.
(Zepus)

(sno shor)
“OSMOWT190(f S24 seurfoxy

ALL FIGURES NATURAL SIZE.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 719

and body, heavily haired, with well-defined tuft at tip. Body above, dull,
yellowish-brown, in adults; beneath, white ; tail colors to correspond ; feet
white. In nuditerre, the Cloudland race, the size is not only much smaller,
but the color above is a sort of smoky brown in adults and the underparts less
pure white.

Measurements.—( Canadensis) total length, 190 mm. (7% in.); tail verte-
bre, 100 (348); hind foot, 21.5 (1%). (nubiterre), Somerset Co., average

of 13 adults, 176 (7); 89 (334); 2134 (48).
Cloudland Deer Mouse. Peromyscus canadensis nubiterre (Rhoads).

1896. Peromyscus leucopus nubiterre Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
p. 187.

1897. Peromyscus canadensis nubiterre Rhoads, Ibid., p. 213.

Type locality—Summit of Roan Mt., Mitchell Co., North Carolina. Alti-
tude, 6370 ft.

faunal distribution —Canadian or balsam forest belts of the higher south-
ern Alleghanies, insensibly grading into canadensis along the middle Alle-
ghany ridge, from southern Pa. to southern West Virginia.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—Not found in N.J. The most closely allied
examples of Pa. nuditerrae that I have seen were taken in southern Somerset
Co. They are more characteristlc of the subspecies than of the typical form.

Habits, description of species, etc —See under preceding species.

Specimens examined.—Cambria Co., Krings, 9; Cresson and Summit, 6.
Somerset Co., Summit Mills, 20.

Rafinesque’s Deer Mouse. eromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque).

1818. Musculus leucopus Rafinesque, American Monthly Magazine, vol. 3,
Pp. 446.

1895. Peromyscus leucopus Thomas, Annals and Magazine, N. History, 6th
series, vol. 16, p. 192.

Type locality.—Pine Barrens of Kentucky.

faunal distribution.—Upper austral zone, grading into the subspecies next
considered (xoveboracensis), in the transition zone. These two include
practically all of the common lowland deer or white-footed mice ordinarily
met with in the New England and Middle States and the Ohio Valley. Two
other species somewhat overlap its range in the edge of the upper austral
zone, the Golden mouse (P. nuéali/) ,* a very distinct species, and the Cotton

* A supposed specimen of xzitfa//i was recorded by Baird in his Mammals of N. America,
vol. 8 of the Pacific R. R. Reports, 1857, p. 468, as coming from the Falls of Schuylkill, Pa.
I agree with Coues that this must be a wrong identification. Baird also included a Carlisle,

Pa, skull under this species, but there is enough variation in /eucopus to account for a re-
semblance in this to one of mutfa/ii. Baird lists it after a question mark.

80 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

mouse (P. gossypinus), similar in appearance to Rafinesque’s mouse but quite
distinct in other characters, being larger. The latter does not come nearer
our limits than eastern Virginia (possibly southeastern Maryland and south-
ern Delaware), but the former has been taken in Maryland and may occasion-
ally straggle along the eastern foothills of the Alleghany Mts. across the Pa.
border.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J7—Upper austral regions of both states in uni-
versal abundance, except in southern N. J., in the pine barren and coast
region, where it may be said to be rare but not absent from any place con-
tiguous to woods or thickets. Found in its most typical form in southern
N. J. merging into subspecies zoveboracensis. at elevations of about 1000 to
1500 ft.

Habits, etc.—Essentially the same as those above given for Miller’s Deer
Mouse. Often nesting in deserted birds’ nests among thickets and briars in-
stead of in hollow trees and logs as do the more northern forms. This
animal does some damage to grain crops near woodland, carrying away and
storing large quantities for so small an animal ina short time. As this is
done chiefly in winter where crops have been neglected or unhoused, the fault
lies less with them than with the farmer. Their chief diet is nuts, buds, bark,
seeds and tuberous roots of woodland growth so that they are not to be ac-
counted among ‘‘noxious” animals. Although so abundant they seem to
rarely fall a prey to hawks and owls as compared with the meadow mice or
even the shrews. This may be determined by the ratio of their skulls in the
pellets regurgitated by rapacious birds. Owing to their exquisite perception
of danger in all its forms and their great agility in leaping and climbing, it is
probable that they likewise escape being made a very large part of the diet
of weasels, foxes, skunks, etc., as compared with the more subterranean mice
and shrews.

Description of species.—P. leucopus and its northern ally P. 2. noveboracensis
may be distinguished from the P. canadensis group by the relative shortness
of their tails, that member being considerably less than half the entire length
of the animal. In canadensis the tail is longer than the head and body and
the prevailing color is a dull or light brownish gray, in fact very little real
color about it, but in the 4ucopus group the bright and dark russet or fawn
shades are a striking feature, so resembling those of a deer as to suggest the
name, deer mouse. A comparison of deer mice from the lower Delaware
valley with those found in the upper transition areas of Pennsylvania shows
that noveboracensis is of a duller grayish russet on the back and sides, the
richness of color observable in /eucopus being dimmed by the greater amount
of gray and black-tipped hairs. The darkly contrasting median dorsal area
of blackish is more defined in /ewcopus, and the fur of under parts is purer
white, showing less the plumbeous bases of hairs. The difference in size is

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 81

‘surprisingly small, in fact not appreciable in comparing ten adults from Cum-
berland Co., N. J., with a like series from Cambria Co., Pa., all measured by
the same collector.

Measurements.—Total length, 168 mm. (65%) ; tail vertebrae, 75 (212 ;)
hind foot, 21 (42); height of ear from crown, 15 (3%).

Specimens examined.—Pa., 50. N.J., 125.

Fischer’s Deer Mouse. Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer).

1829. [Mus sylvaticus| noveboracensis Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium,
p- 318.

1897. Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis Miller, Proceedings Boston So-
ciety N. History, vol. 28, p. 22.

Zype locality —New York.

Faunal distribution.— Transition zones and lower border of Canadian ;
New England to (?) Minnesota.

Distribution in Pa. and N, 7—Abundant in the transition limits of both
states; meeting Miller’s deer mouse and the Cloudland deer mouse on the
confines of the primeval coniferous forests at a height of about 2000 feet,
losing its racial distinctions from Rafinesque’s deer mouse at about 1000 feet
elevation.

Records in Pa. and N. J-—See under distribution.

Habits, description of species, etc—See under preceding species of /ero-
MySCUS, ‘

Specimens examined.—Pa., 138. N. J., 8t.

Genus Oryzomys Baird, Mammals of N. America, 1857, p. 458.

Northern Rice Rat or Marsh Rat. Oryzomys palustris (Harlan).

1837. Mus palustris Harlan, Silliman’s Amer. Journal Science and Arts,
vol. 31, p. 386.

1857. Oryzomys palustris Baird, Mammals of North America, p. 459.

Type locality —“‘ Fast Land,’ in the vicinity of Salem,” N. J.

Faunal distribution.—Brackish and salt water tide marshes of the lower
and middle austral zones; Delaware Bay to Chesapeake Bay and Potomac
River.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—Not foind in Pa. Recorded originally
from the marshes near Salem, N. J. Stated by trappers to be still found
there. Also reported to live in the marshes of Cohansey creek near Green-
wich, Cumberland. Co., and recently rediscovered by Henry Warrington in
the salt marshes of Cedar creek near Cedarville. The author has searched
in vain for it at Salem, at the mouth of the Maurice River, at Tuckahoe and

82 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

at Tuckerton. Failure at these places may have been due to the fact that
the more inaccessible tide marshes where Warrington found his specimens,
were not visited. It seems best for the present to limit its N. J. range to the
tidewater lands of Delaware Bay. It is found near Greenwich, Bay Side and
Newtown. :

Records in N. J —Cumberland Co.—Two specimens were captured by
Henry W. Warrington, Nov. 21, 1898, and presented by him to the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He “states that the specimens were
procured on the marshes bordering Delaware Bay about midway between
Port Norris and Salem, and that they were inhabiting old muskrat houses, in
which they had made their nests.’"—Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila.,
1898, pp. 480, 481. Specimens have been secured in January the present
winter and one sent to me from near Greenwich. In March, 1902, I caught
several in muskrat houses on the brackish marshes of Cohansey creek, about
2 miles from the bay. I was informed that they were found at Bay Side in
similar places and up Nantuxent creek as far as Newtown. No doubt the
tide marshes of the entire county are tenanted by them.—Rhoads.

Salem Co.—The following is extracted from Dr. Harlan’s original descrip-
tion of this rat: ‘ Habitat—Found in the fresh water swamps of New Jersey
and South Carolina. The present specimen was taken near ‘Fast Land’ in
the vicinity of Salem. A similar specimen was sent to me by Dr. Bachman,
of Charleston, 8. C.—Cab. of A. N.S., Phila.”--Harlan, Amer. Journal Sci.
and Arts, vol. 31, 1837, p. 386.

In my field efforts to secure topotypes of this animal I have been unsuc-
cessful, though informed by several muskrat trappers that they are found in
the marshes of Salem creek. No doubt this is true, though the animal is by
them confused with the young Norway rats found in the dikes, as evidenced
by a specimen of the latter sent me for an Oryzomys. A letter from Josiah
Wistar, an old resident of Salem, in answer to inquiry as to the meaning of
“Fast Land,” states “The term ‘Fast Land’ used by Dr. Harlan in 1836 was
probably intended to distinguish what we here call upland as tillable land
from marsh, or the land that has been reclaimed from the tides; so that no
particular or exact locality was intended to be specified.” This explanation,
in view of the absence of this species in this region from upland, as con-
clusively proved by myself and others, leaves us as much in the dark as ever.

Historical references.—“ The type of the genus Oryzomys was discovered
by Bachman in 1816 in the marshes of South Carolina. Twenty years later
he sent a specimen to Drs. Pickering and Harlan of the Academy of Natural
Sciences at Philadelphia. Bachman [provisionally] named this new rodent
Arvicola oryzivera and requested that a comparison be made between his
specimen and the Arvicola riparia of Ord, with which he was not familiar.
The comparison was made by Dr. Harlan, who incidentally found a specimen

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 83

of Bachman’s new species in the Academy collection. This specimen was
labeled as being taken near Fastland, near Salem, New Jersey, and Dr. Har-
lan, who was apparently unable to withstand the temptation of affixing his
name to a new species, pigeon-holed Bachman’s manuscript and himself de-
scribed the New Jersey specimen, under the name Mus palustris... . In
commenting on this obviously unfair treatment, Bachman states [Quadrupeds
of N. America, vol. 3, 1853, p. 216] that Dr. Harlan made use of the head of
the South Carolina specimen for an examination of the teeth. Harlan, how-
ever, makes no mention of Bachman’s specimen beyond the brief remark just
quoted [see antea, under Salem Co. records], and the type locality of Ory-
szomys palustris is, therefore, New Jersey. It is true that the type is the only
specimen known to have been taken in the state, but in view of the recent
discovery by Messrs. Rhoads and Stone of Synaptomys and Evotomys in
southern New Jersey, we may conclude our knowledge of the mammalogy of
the region may receive still further additions.”—Chapman, Bulletin Amer.
Mus. Nat. History, N. York, vol. 5, 1893, pp. 43, 44. See also Stone (Proc.
A. N.S., sup. cit.), who goes over the same historical ground, adding remarks
on the failure of Rhoads, up to that time, in rediscovering the rat in N. J.
and that for various reasons the identity of the Academy specimen was be-
coming more doubtful and with it the right of Oryzomys to a place in the
N.J. fauna. It should be stated that I made a careful search in 1892 for the
type specimen referred to without either finding it or any entry of it in the
catalogue. Harlan may have mislaid or lost the specimen, or disposed of it
in a manner no less questionable than his treatment of Bachman.— Rhoads.

“The specimen in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences which
Harlan used, was evidently without a skull and was supposed to have come
from Fastland, near Salem, New Jersey. If this locality was correct, the
specimen in question was probably not an Oryzomys at all. Anyway, Harlan
used the skull of Dr. Bachman’s South Carolina specimen (as positively stated
by Bachman himself) in drawing up his description, and as the skull was of
course the important factor in determining the new species, it seems that
South Carolina must unquestionably be regarded as the type locality of Ory-
szomys palustris.”—Bangs, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. 28,
1898, p. 188, foot-note.

Mr. Bangs’ endeavor to transfer the type locality of this species to South
Carolina, in the light of the Warrington and Rhoads captures, now loses its
only possible claim to recognition. His remarks as to the use of the Carolina
skull by Harlan in no way invalidate Harlan’s right to make, as was his in-
tention, the Salem specimen his type, no mention being made of the source
of the dental characters given in his description. Mr. Bangs’ supposition that
the Salem type contained no skull is not provable, and Bachman’s statement
that Harlan used the skull of his Carolina type in drawing up the characters

84 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

of palustris was only based on circumstantial evidence, so far as appears in
his account of the affair—Rhoads.

Habits, etc—I have the following notes from a muskrat trapper near
Greenwich who procured some of these water-rats for me on the tide marshes
of Cohansey Creek: “Found on all tide marshes in this locality. Uses same
runs as the muskrat and gets caught in the same traps. Perfect specimens.
hard to get, as they devour each other when fast in traps. Have seen them
in nests up among the reeds but believe the nests were built by marsh wrens.
and confiscated by the rats. They live in holes in the big muskrat houses,
which are mounds of reed and mud on our salt marshes where the tide rises.
and falls 5 feet. I have never seen them on the upland, but frequently found.
them on oyster boats tied to the banks. They will walk a line to get on board,
and once there, will gnaw holes in the sails and build a nest. I think they
are principally vegetarians, but when hungry will eat meat or anything that
comes handy. They do not live in colonies but are scattered over the:
marshes. They swim like a duck but do not move about in daytime.”

Mr. Bangs says of the rice-field mouse of Georgia (Oryzomys oryzivorus
(Aud, and Bachm.) ), “ while perhaps preferring fresh and salt-water marshes.
as its abode, it is by no means confined to such places. I have caught it in
dry, old fields, heavy swamps and hummocks, and even on sand hills.” a

Bachman says of it: “It burrows in the dykes or dams [of the Georgia”
rice fields] a few inches above the line of the usual rise of the water. Its.
burrow is seldom much beyond a foot in depth. It has a compact nest at the
extremity, where it produces its young in April. There are usually 4or5. A
singular part of the history of the rice mouse is the fact that in the extensive
salt marshes along the -borders of Ashley and Cooper Rivers, this species is.
frequently found a quarter of a mile from the dry ground. Its nest is sus-
pended on a bunch of interlaced marsh grass. In this situation we observed
one with five young. It has no disrelish to the small crustacea and mollusks
that remain on the mud at the rising of the tide. In an attempt at capturing
some alive, they swam so actively and dived so far from us, that the majority
escaped.”

In the latter part of March, 1902, I visited the Cohansey Creek marshes
and secured several of this interesting species. They were only found in the
tops of muskrat houses scattered over the salt marshes at the head of ordinary
high tide. These houses invariably had underground connection with a tide
ditch by which not only the muskrat, but other tenants of the house, viz.,.
Oryzomys, Microtus and Sorex, could escape when the house was attacked
from without. The runways of the water-rat and meadow-mouse often com-
pletely riddled the whole structure of the muskrat’s house and descended into
the marsh itself, making connection with the waterway exit of their host.
When it was torn to pieces, the nests of the smaller tenants of the muskrat.

NLOEIEEILINSUUIG DIMUJOIN’) LVAH AAVYU ANY HVA TIV

F . pant IV ‘Vd SIVWINY
‘y ALVId SQVOHY “Lf 'N ANV ‘Vd STIVNNVIN

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 85

house were found to be placed just above tide level near the top of the house.
They were globular and composed of fine grass, several being made in one
house. All four species, musk-rat, water-rat, meadow-mouse and shrew, as-
sociated in one house, how amicably I cannot say. Newly-born meadow-
mice were found in two houses. The water-rats did not take preferably to
water when exposed, but endeavored to hide among the reeds and debris.
Only 1 out of 15 observed was seen to dive and swim away. It swam swiftly,
like a muskrat, wholly under water. During high water they were most easily
caught, being loth to leave their abodes. Some were found half a mile from
upland on the marsh. None were found breeding. They are considered a
nuisance by muskrat trappers, as during ebb tide they prowl about the run-
ways and “leads” of the rats and frequently spring their traps, even when
under water. They also gnaw the bodies of the dead rats and mutilate their
skins. When ousted from their nests, they leap about like a rat, but do not
show fight as does the meadow-mouse.

Description of species.*—The series of N. J. specimens of Oryzomys recently
secured, shows that the typical northern animal is shorter and heavier built,
with shorter tail, ears and feet and, relatively, a much larger skull than
those from Georgia, the type locality of Bachman’s Oryzomys palustris ory-
ziverus. In color, palustris is lighter and grayer, the brownish tints in oryatv-
erus being replaced by pale tawny. Northern North Carolina specimens are
almost exactly intermediate. I would class them with oryz¢verus, making the
natural geographic limit of palustris typicus, the Chesapeake Bay and Poto-
mac River. I am informed they are found in muskrat houses on the Mary-
land peninsula. The colors of this rat are almost precisely like those of the
Norway rat. The appearance of the tail is also similar, but the ears are less
hairy. In adult size it equals, sometimes exceeding, a half-grown rat.

Measurements.—(Series of 6 old adults from N. J.) Total length, 237
mm. ; tail vert., 108; hind foot, 29; ear from crown, 12. (Series of 3 from
Georgia, Bangs’ collection) : 255-118-30-15. The skull of the largest N. J.
male, whose total tail and body length is 15 mm. less than that of the largest
male from Georgia, has a skull 1 mm. longer and 2 mm. broader than the
latter.

Genus Meotoma Say and Ord, Journal, Academy Natural Sciences, Philada.,
1825, vol. 4, p- 345.

Allegheny Cave Rat. Meotoma pennsylvanica Stone.

(?) 1857. Meotoma magtister Baird, Mammals of N. America, p. 498
(described from fossil specimens in Carlisle, Pa., caves).

* See also Rhoads, American Naturalist, Aug., 1902, pp. 661-663.

86 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

1893. Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone, Proceedings Academy Natural
Sciences, Philada., p. 16.

Type locality—Lewis’s Cave Rocks, 6 m. from Pine Grove, Cumberland
Co., Pennsylvania.

Faunal distribution—From border of lower Canadian through the transi-
tion zone. Also in isolated caves of the upper austral zone. Eastern Massa-
chusetts to Mississippi valley ; South in mountains to N. Carolina. Extremely
local in its habitat, being absent from extensive regions faunally and topo-
graphically connecting the eastern and western extremes of their distribution.

Distribution in Pa. and N. ¥—From records received, this native rat is
found at the present day chiefly in the mountainous parts of Pa., but it
occasionally descends to the cliffs and limestone caves of the great river val-
leys. Most diligent inquiry and field work in Pa. east of Pine Creek and
Williamsport in Lycoming and Tioga Cos., and in the entire country drained
by the eastern and northern branches of the Susquehanna and all of the
Delaware River drainage area, has failed to locate this rat’s existence in
recent times. The remains of a very closely allied fossil species (see JV.
magister) have been found in Durham Cave, Bucks Co. and in Hartman’s
Cave, Monroe Co. in the Delaware Valley, but no living Veofoma now appears
to exist in these places. West of the Susquehanna and Pine Creek, from
York to Fayette Cos. and from the Laurel Hill range north to eastern Mc-
Kean Co. and east to Tioga Co., there is a large section of middle Pa., in
shape like a truncated triangle based on the Maryland line, where this species
is quite uniformly distributed. No county included in this area is probably
without them, but often so sparingly distributed and in such out-of-the-way
places that many hunters and trappers have overlooked them entirely.

In N. J. the only locality yet known to be inhabited by them is the Bear-
fort Mountain south of Greenwood Lake. They have been taken on the
Hudson highlands both in New York and Massachusetts, but do not appear
to exist in the Palisades of N. J.

Records in Pa.—Adams Co.—In rocky gorges in South Mountain near
Graffenburg.”—Strealy. Skins of two of these examined.—Rhoads.

Bedford Co.—Four specimens taken by Ingersoll at Cook’s Mills—Rhoads.

Cambria Co.—Three specimens taken near Walsall, in 1896, by Ingersoll.
—Rhoads. “I have seen them in the Laurel Hill mountains near Johnstown
among the rocky clefts.”—-Shields, 1900.

Centre Co.—I have seen the species in Centre Co.’’—Warren, Poultry
Book, 1897, p. 515.

Clinton Co.—Abundant in all parts of the Co.; coming down the moun-
tains in winter into the barns along the Sinnemahoning Valley. Frequenting
rock piles in the high, flat woods and cliffs and caves on the mountain sides.
About fifty specimens examined from this county, from Round Island, Renovo

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 87

and Drury’s Run.—Rhoads. Abundant in the rocky woods around Mill Hall.
—Pfoutz.

Cumberland Co.—Lewis’s Cave rocks, about 6 miles from Pine Grove fur-
nace in South Mountain near the junction of the Adams, Franklin and Cum-
berland Co. lines, was the spot from which Mr. Stone’s type specimens of this
species were taken. I visited this locality in 1893, soon after the type had
been trapped, and found it characteristic of the haunts of this rat as found in
Clinton Co. No specimens were secured, but a young one was seen in this
place. Their nests and rubbish indicated a long possession of this retreat.
Other such retreats were noted higher up the mountain sides in two direc-
tions.—Rhoads. Specimens of the remains of a closely-allied species of cave
rat from the caves near Carlisle in this Co. were made the types of Baird’s
NVeotoma magister. No living representatives of Veofoma now inhabit these
caves, or did not at the time of my visit there in 1893. As will be seen later
on, I have heretofore contended that these fossil remains are of an animal
specifically identical with the living species.—Rhoads.

franklin Co—Two taken near Graffenburg were sent me by Mr. Strealy
for examination.—Rhoads.

Huntingdon Co.—* I have seen the species in Huntingdon Co.”——Warren,
Poultry Book, 1897, p. 515.

Juniata Co.—See Warren, ibid.

McKean Co.—Not known near Colegrove.—W. C. Dickeson. “The cave
or wood-rat was a native of the mountain district in the southeastern part of
McKean Co. This range of mountains divide the waters of the Allegheny
and Susquehanna. I have not heard of one of these rats being caught or
seen for 15 or 20 years.”—C. W. Dickinson, 1900.

Monroe and Pike Cos—“ Remains of this animal [Meotoma magister ?],
both fossilized and those apparently quite recent, were taken in 1880 from
Hartman’s Cave, in Monroe Co., by T. D. Paret, of Stroudsburg. I have, as
yet, been unable to determine whether this interesting animal is still living in
that county or in Pike Co. The evidence of every sort is negative, and this
after the most diligent inquiry [these remarks still hold good in 1902]. I
personally explored several ledges, notably those of High Knob and the cliffs
along the Delaware south of Milford without finding a trace of their existence.
It is not impossible, however, that the recent habitat of this species may be
traced, by isolated localities, along the Blue Ridge from South Mountain to
the Hudson River Highlands.”—Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1894,
Pp- 390.

Somerset Co.—Two specimens of “ wood-rat,” taken Jan. 2, 1900, near
New Lexington, were presented to the Carnegie Museum by Dr. H. D. Moore.
—Todd. D. G. Barclay trapped “ mountain rats” 2% miles south of Trent,
and Jacob Philippi trapped them 4 miles south of Rockwood.—Moore. A
specimen was taken at Summit Mills by J. C. Ingersoll in 1896.—Rhoads.

88 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Sullivan, Lycoming, Wyoming, Lackawanna, Wayne, Luzerne, Carbon,
Northampton and Lehigh Cos—Numerous competent observers from the
large area of country included by these counties agree that this rat is un-
known in that region. The probability of the discovery of this rat in the
Blue Ridge of Berks and Schuylkill Cos. is indicated by the following quota-
tion from “ Pennants’ History of Quadrupeds,” 1781, page 441, under caption
of “American Rat.” ‘Mr. Bartram [in Kalm’s Trav., 1771, pp. 47, 48]
mentions the rat, but does not determine the species, which lives among the
stones and caverns in the Blue Mountains, far from mankind; comes out at
night and makes a terrible noise, but in very severe weather keeps silent
within its holes.”

Tioga Co.—‘ Have heard of them in Tioga Co.”—Cleveland, rgoo.

Westmoreland Co.—I secured a specimen from Laurel Hill, about three
miles above Laughlintown on the road to Jenner, in 1898.—Rhoads.

York Co.—Near York Furnace station, in the Wind Caves along the Sus-
quehanna River, J. S. Witmer saw one alive in June, 1897. His unsolicited
testimony as to the peculiar characters of this animal, contrasted with those
of other rats, makes this identification reliable—Stone. Prof. Justin Roddy
of Millersville writes me he has specimens from the Wind Caves.—Rhoads,
1903.

Records in N. J—Passaic Co.—Soon after my arrival at Greenwood
Lake, I was told by a local sportsman that he had once caught a ‘ wood-rat’
on the nearby mountain in a dead-fall set for skunks. The summits of Green.
wood [Bearfort] mountain at the south end of the lake are made up exclu-
sively of great masses of glaciated conglomerate and shale. Chestnut and
scrub oaks and dwarfed pines and hemlocks sparingly cover the nakedness of
this desolate but picturesque locality. . . . After nearly two days of climbing
here, I stumbled upon an escarpment from which the rock masses had so
fallen into the gorge as to form a roof. Beneath this, unmistakable signs of
the rats were found, and in the two following days, three specimens were
trapped.”’—Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 28.

Warren Co.— “I was informed by a hunter at Delaware Gap that he
knew of such an animal on the Kittatinny mountain in Warren Co. This.
statement I was unable to verify, owing to my short stay at that place.”—
Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 28.

Habits, etc.—The following remarks relate to a visit made in the spring of
1893 to the Lewis’ Cave rocks from which Mr. J. G. Dillin secured the types
of Mr. Witmer Stone’s Veotoma pennsylvanica: “The rocks lie at the top of
the mountain and form the culminating point of a rocky outcrop topping the
ridge for.a mile or more in this locality, and which at intervals assumes a
very rugged and castellated outline. The cave rats live in the more inac-
cessible fissures and clefts of these rocks, selecting for their dormitories those

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 89

which are most secure from the approach or entrance of the predaceous:
animals which abound in such situations. The entrances and passageways to
these abodes are loosely barricaded with sticks, stones, leaves, feathers,.
bones, horse and cow droppings, buttons, glass, tin, egg-shells, cartridge-
cases, and other cast-away evidences of the sojourn of men and animals in.
this spot. Many of the sticks are three to four feet long and an inch in
diameter, and must have required the concerted strength of several rats to
move, and not a little ingenuity to convey up and over the precipitous clefts
to their resting-place. The bones were those of deer, smaller carnivora,
birds, and other animals brought thither by man and beast, or which had
sought refuge among the clefts to die. I was unable, from the nature of their
fastnesses, and lack of time and proper implements, to penetrate their dor-
mitories, and owing to the pilfering foxes, lost the only specimens that got
into my traps. One half-grown rat was seen running among the rocks. It
was lighter gray than adult specimens. Quantities of gnawed acorn hulls.
strewed their hiding places, and were the chief evidences of the diet of this
species. These acorns grow abundantly on the scrub oaks, Quercus banisteri,
characteristic of these mountain tops. While its main food supply is vege-
table, no doubt these rats are omnivorous, and take every opportunity to
satisfy their carnivorous appetite. The gnawed condition of the bones of
recent mammalia found in Pennsylvania cave deposits, is to my mind almost.
solely due to the work of this quadruped, a critical examination of these
marks showing not only their rodent origin, but that their size and character
fit no tooth so well as that of magister.

“Tam informed by Mr. H. C. Mercer (whose recent explorations of Vir-
‘ginia caves have been ably outlined in a Bulletin of the University of Penn-
sylvania, dated July 4, 1894) that the Virginia cave rats build a sub-globular
nest of grass, etc., on the cave floor, and that these are so well made inter-
nally as to resist considerable kicking about. Prof. E. D. Cope, who secured
the two specimens of magister tabulated above, from a cave in Wythe Co.,
Virginia, tells me that these nests are placed at or near the sides of the cave,
and are often large enough to fill a bushel basket.”—Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N.
Sci., 1894, pp. 219, 220.

“*My experience with the cave rat in Kentucky is confined to an unsuccess-
ful attempt to capture them in Mammoth Cave during a visit there in April,
1895, in company with Professor R. E. Call. At that time I examined their
rendezvous and conversed with some of the guides concerning them. Sub-
sequently I received alive an adult male specimen, and studied the habits of
the animal in captivity for nearly a month before sacrificing its life to science.

The only place where I noted evidences of this animal in Mammoth Cave
was about a quarter of a mile from the entrance, in the wide passageway
known as The Main Cave.

“go MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Piles of loose stones line the sides of the cavern at this point, and along
the foot of the arching walls are strewn the indescribable collection of
materials with which this animal is sure to adorn and litter its by-ways.
Among these were found the nuts and seeds of various trees and plants grow-
ing around the mouth of the cave, showing unmistakably the chief source of
their food supply, and that they by no means confine their wanderings to the
cave itself. I was unable to find the nests or remains of the rats, but the
numberless narrow passageways, stone heaps, and crevices undoubtedly con-
cezaled these from search as well as the live animals. Of their numbers it was
impossible to get information. The guides rarely see them, and their haunts
seem to be largely confined to the particular locality I have mentioned. No
instance had come to their (the guides’) notice of the rats building a nest
openly on the floor of the cave, as has been stated to be the custom of the
same species in the caves of Virginia.

The rat from Mammoth Cave, which I kept alive, was so precisely a
duplicate, both in appearance and actions, of one I had previously studied
and which came from Clinton County, Pennsylvania, that the thought of their
being different species or races could not be entertained, and the examina-
tion of their anatomy confirms such a negative view.

Any suspicion of blindness or deficient eyesight, such as is exemplified in
some of the lower orders of animal life in the cave, cannot attach to this
mammal. As in all the more strictly nocturnal rodents, the eyes of this
species are greatly developed; nevertheless, they are able to make most
intelligent use of them in broad daylight, if need be. My pet cave rat was
very sleepy in the daytime, and if given the materials would quickly make a
globular nest in which to hide. The favorite position of rest was on the side,
coiled, with the nose resting on the abdomen and tail curled around the
body. It frequently would “sit on its head,” as it were, by leaning forward
and placing its nose near the root of the tail, that member acting as a sort of
prop to prevent the animal from turning a somersault in its sleep. Some-
times it would lie stretched out at full length on its side, the tail straight and
the hind feet extended to their farthest limit. It invariably picked up objects
with its teeth, though its fore-feet were quite capable of the service, and the
dexterity with which it would manipulate a nut with one or both paws was
astonishing. In eating this kind of food it would quickly rasp a small hole,
and, inserting the long lower incisors, clip off pieces of the kernel and extract
them with great adroitness through an opening less than a quarter of an inch
in diameter. All kinds of vegetable and animal food were acceptable to it,
but it seemed to prefer nuts and grain to anything else, though cabbage and
apples were a favorite dessert, and it greatly enjoyed sharpening its teeth on
candy toys. It was a great drinker, lapping water like a dog. In defending
itself it would stand on its hind legs and strike with great force with the fore

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. or

feet, at the same time laying hold on an object thrust toward it with great
strength and forcing it toward a distant part of the cage. The odor of this
animal, even under ordinary conditions of care, is almost suffocating, and far
more mephitic than that of the Norway rat. When investigating an object,
the coarse and prominent whiskers of this rat are vibrated with astonishing
rapidity, forming a sort of halo about the face because of their incessant
motion. The function of these organs must be highly specialized in this
Neotoma, and undoubtedly has to do with its subterranean habits. On no
occasion did any of my caged rats utter a cry, save a sort of grunting squeak
when they yawned forcibly.”—Rhoads, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
19, 1897, pp. 54 to 56.

A nest of this species found in a small cavern near the crest of the moun-
tain at the sources of Cook’s Run, Clinton Co., was set among loose boulders
at the hinder end of the cavern and was composed externally of oak leaves,
small branches, sticks and moss. Within this mass, which would nearly fill a
half bushel measure, the nest proper was composed of grass and long strip-
pings of inner bark of chestnut and hemlock in a spherical form, with a single
entrance, so far as could be discovered, the nest being much damaged in
extricating it. It is now on exhibition at the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia.

Owing to its preference for uninhabited localities, this rat rarely enters into
economic relations to men. It sometimes makes its home in the outbuildings
or humble cabins of the wilderness settlers when they happen to locate near
the hiding places of this animal. In such instances they are both mischievous
and destructive, hiding away much more than they devour. Like the camp
rat or pack rat of the Rocky Mountains, they are, to some extent, a nuisance
to hunters, lumbermen and miners during their temporary sojourn in the wil-
derness haunts of this species, but any permanent inroads of civilization into
their territory result in their speedy extermination. They appear to defy the
encroachments of the Old World rats, AZ. rattus and M. norvegicus, when
they come in contact.

Description of spectes—For the benefit of those who are unable to look up
the literature to which references have been made concerning the relations of
NV. pennsylvanica and N. magister, it may be stated that Professor Baird’s
name of Weotoma magister for this rat was originally applied to what he con-
sidered a fossil species, described from some lower maxillaries taken in a cave
near Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Similar remains were afterward found in other
caves, but it was not till 1893 that Mr. Witmer Stone announced the discovery
of a living Veofoma in the South Mountain, not many miles distant from the
Carlisle cavern which produced Baird’s types. To this animal Mr. Stone gave
the name Meotoma pennsylvanica. Not long after, ] made a comparison of
the remains of the extinct(?) rat with Mr. Stone’s types, and in “A Contribu-

’

Q2 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

tion to the Life History of the Allegheny Cave Rat” (1. c.), endeavored to
show that the living and so-called “ fossil’? Meotome were specifically the
same. In his Review of the Meofomyinge (1. c.), Dr. Merriam considers them
distinct, but Dr. J. A. Allen, in a recent paper, inclines to the belief that they
are identical. Dr. E. A. Mearns and G. S. Miller, Jr., now (Bull. Amer. Mus.
N. History, 1898, pp. 334, 335, and Bull. N. York State Mus., 1899, p. 318)
agree that the fossil and recent species are distinct, having compared Baird’s
types with skulls of pennsylvanica. The differences pointed out by Mearns
consist in the relatively shorter, stouter mandible and dentition of magisder.
J have recently examined this scanty material with Mr. Stone, and find that,
so far as it goes, Mearns’ remarks are germane, though these differences
amount to only 1 millimeter in mandibular length and breadth, the tooth row
of magister being of the same length and about a hair’s breadth wider.

The general characters of pennsylvanica resemble, in a degree, those of the
common, or Norway rat, Mus norvegicus (decumanus of authors), but dis-
tinguished by greater size, much larger ears and eyes, thicker, shorter and
much more hairy bicolored tail, white feet and under parts, dark upper parts
and the heavy whiskers. The skull is instantly recognized by its great size,
long rostrum, lack of supraorbital ridges and the flat, prismatic-crowned
molar teeth. The cave rat is distinguished from the southern wood-rat,
Veotoma floridana, its nearest geographic ally, by greater size, more hairy
and bicolored tail and grayer (less brown) color above ; also by the blackish
areas around eyes and at bases of whiskers. The color of Zennsylvanica above
is a uniform tawny or buffy-gray (in some a sort of iron-gray), lined plenti-
fully with coarser and longer black-tipped hairs. Along sides, the buffy pre-
dominates, becoming white on under parts and feet, but reaching nearly
across the fore part of breast. Ears meeting when laid across top of head.
Whiskers reaching to or behind shoulders. Tail with upper half darker than
back, lower half white, the hairs long and somewhat depressed along sides.
Greatest length of skull twice its greatest breadth.

Measurements —Total length (average of 5 adults from Somerset and
‘Cambria Cos.), 421 mm. (16, in.) ; tail vertebrae, 193 (78) ; hind foot, 43
(144); ear, from crown of head, 28 (13). Skull: greatest length, 56 (2,3,);
greatest breadth, 28 (14).

Genus Zvotomys Coues, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences,
Phila., 1874, p. 186.

Gapper’s Wood Vole, or Red-back Mouse. Zvotomys gappert
«Vigors).

1830. Arvicola gappert Vigors, Zodlogical Journal, vol. s, p. 204.
1891. L.[votomys| gapperi Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 5, p. 119.

‘

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 93

Lype locaity.—Vicinity of Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada.

Faunal distribution.—Typical gapperi is restricted to the forests of the
Canadian and transition zones from Quebec to central Pa., and from the
Atlantic Ocean to Dakota.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—Abundant in the upper transition and
Canadian regions of Pa., but becoming local and sparingly found in the lower
transition areas. Grading toward Z. g. carolinensis in mountains of southern
Pa. In N. J. it is nowhere abundant, living only in isolated spots in the
Kittatinny, Walkill, Bearfort and Ramapo mountains. In southern N. J.a
‘darker race is found in the cedar swamps and wooded bogs which there
abound. This has been named by my friend Mr. Stone, Zvotomys g. rhoadst.

Records in Pa.—See list of specimens examined, below.

Records in N. ].—Passaic Co.—I am convinced that the reason this spe-
‘cies was not taken near Greenwood Lake was my neglect to set traps in the
white cedar swamps, some of which were seen on the mountain top near Lake
Waywayanda. They were found in less likely situations in the Walkill Val-
‘ley.—Rhoads, 1896.

Sussex Co.—* Thirteen specimens were trapped in and about Bear Swamp,
near Long Lake, and six more in a hemlock swamp in the bottoms of the
‘Walkill, about 2 miles south of the N. York state line.’”—-Rhoads, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 27.

Warren Co.—lIt is doubtful if this vole is found as far south as Warren Co.,
even in the mountains, unless it be that an exploration of the Allamuchy
region reveals it. I failed to secure it near Delaware Gap.—Rhoads, 1902.

Habits, etc.—What I have written regarding the ways and haunts of Miller’s
deer mouse applies largely to this dusky, short-tailed dweller of the forests.
He takes the place of the common meadow mouse in our cool forests and
swamps, rerely venturing far out of the woodland shades to meet this larger
“kinsman on the skirts of swamps and meadows. In fact the meadow mouse .
‘makes nearly all the advances along this line, no doubt to the disgust of the
‘wood mouse, whose cool runways he invades. Zvofomys seems to prefer
well-shaded, swampy, damp places, where he can often wet his feet in under-
‘ground paths and dive through the hidden pools of water. He lives on the
leaves and tender stems of many weeds and grasses and also enjoys the nuts
and seeds of several species of trees, especially beechnuts, chestnuts, hazle-
nuts and acorns, for which it frequently makes excursions into the dry upland
forests and hill tops. It also seems to be fond of certain shelled snails, as
Omphalina and smaller Pofgyra, these being found in the retreats where the
mice are trapped. They secure the snail by gnawing a hole into the apex of
the shell and drawing the body out backward. In winter J have found that
they live almost entirely on the leaves of the evérgreen strawberry bush,
_Euonymus americanus, which grows abundantly in the cedar swamps and

94 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

damp hemlock forests. As we approach the lower transition confines of its
range, this vole is much more restricted in its wanderings, rarely leaving the
sphagnum-covered bogs and stream banks which are most densely shaded by
evergreens. In such places I have found their burrows forming such a per-
fect network through the moss that scarce a foot of sphagnum could be found
without one or more of them, rarely coming to the surface but mostly running
along at or below the level of the hidden springs which feed the swamp.

This mouse rarely enters dwellings of any sort and is one of the most inof-
fensive of its genus, economically speaking. It forms a large part of the prey
of some rapacious animals, especially the Bonaparte’s Weasel, Putorius cicog-
nani, seeming to be more unsuspicious than other forest-dwelling mice and
less agile in escaping attack. It often runs about and searches food in open
daylight, climbing up the stems of Zvonymus to cut off a supply of leaves or
peering out at a human intruder from the mouth of its burrow, or making a
dash across the open hotly pursued by a voracious, short-tailed shrew or
quarrelsome deer mouse.

Description of species, etc.—See under next species.

Specimens examined,—Pa, : Sullivan Co., 26; Clinton Co., 10 ; Westmore-
land Co., 3 ; Monroe Co., 6 ; Somerset Co., 23 ; Potter Co. and McKean Co.,
several ; Susquehanna Co., 2. N. J.: Sussex Co., 2 localities, 19.

New Jersey Wood Vole, or Red-back Mouse. Zvotomys gapperi
rhoadsi Stone.

1893. Evotomys gappert rhoadsi Stone, American Naturalist, vol. 27, p. 55.

Lype locality —May’s Landing, Atlantic County, N. J.

Faunal distribution.—Transition islands of the upper austral zone in New
Jersey. Probably also to be found in similar places in Maryland and Dela-
ware.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—Not found in Pa. So far as I have explored
the typical white cedar swamps of New Jersey and done persistent trapping
therein, I have found this vole. This work covers parts of Atlantic, Burling-
ton, Camden, Cape May and Cumberland Cos. The most northerly point of
finding it was in the edge of a bog near Medford, in Burlington Co., the most
westerly and southerly, in swamps 3 miles west of Port Norris, Cumberland
Co. There are a few small isolated swamps of white cedar (Chamecyparis)
near the Delaware river, in Camden and Gloucester Cos., where I have briefly
trapped for them without success but have no doubt, from the character of
the regions and of the runways in these swamps, that Avo¢/omys was there in
small numbers. The taking of them near Medford is the first instance of any
being found in the Delaware river drainage, north of Delaware Bay. From
what we now know of the peculiar haunts and distribution of this race, it is

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY, 95

reasonable to extend their habitat northward and eastward in N, J., in con-
formity to the distribution of Chamecyparis swapaps, through eastern Mon-
mouth and Middlesex to Hudson Co, At what point they may be said to
intergrade with gapperi we have not the material to show, but the Pine Bars
ren regions south of Monmouth Co, are probably their most natural limit,

Lqbits, efc.—What has already been written regarding Gapper’s wood vale
will apply largely to the habits of this race. The cedar swamp vole, howeyer,
living as it does in a faunal region where the hot climate and vegetation of
the uplands immediately adjoining the swamps it frequents is injurious to so
boreal an animal, keeps very cloge to the damp, cagl interior and boggy mar-
gins of the swamp where the sphagnum is always dense and moist or the
cedar hummocks crowd closely together. Such an enyironment, permitting
no incursions into the sunnier uplands and requiring close contact with the
subterranean springs which make life bearable in summer in such austral sur-
roundings, has probably been the cause of the darker coloration of this vole,
as compared with Gapper’s vole of the north woods. From remarks made in
the original descriptions of it, there seems to be an idea that the cedar swamp

_race is partial to cranberry bogs, This is not the case, they rarely venturing
‘into the edges of the open bogs farther than the line of bushes which fringes
the borders of the cedar swamp, In the open bogs they are replaced by the
meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus.

Description of species ; Gapper’s wood vole is bright chestnut on the back,
sprinkled lightly with blackish hairs; sides grayish-buffy ochraceous ; belly
gray, washed with pale buff, the lateral line separating the upper and lower
colors not defined, the grayish-buff reaching far up the sides, restricting the
chestnut dorsal area to a sort of broad stripe; feet above, grayish-white.
Ears showing above body fur. The New Jersey wood vole is dark chestnut
above, thickly mingled with blackish hairs over back, head and sides, under-
parts as in gappert, hind feet dusky gray, upper body colors reaching down
sides and definitely separated along the ground line from whitish of under
parts.

G. S. Miller, Jr., in his key to Land Mammals of N. Amer., 1900, p. 111,
separates these two forms as distinct species on a basis of the cranial charag-
ters and of the size of the ears and sharp definition between upper and lower
body-colors, I have taken a large series of adult Zvofomys from, 1, southern
N. J., 2, northern N. J., 3, North Mountain, Pa., 4, Quebec, and 6, southern
Pa. and W. Va., and compared them with the following results: 1, there is
practically no difference in average measurements in the four series, the size
and character of ear not being diagnostic; 2, the color differences are not
sufficient of themselves to admit of more than racial separation ; 3, the cranial
characters (“skull and teeth much heavier than in Z. gafpert, in this respect
resembling £. caro/jnensis”’) appear to show constant difference in respect

96 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA “AND NEW ‘JERSEY.

of the folding of the’enamel in the second and third anterior’triangles of the
first upper molar. In nearly all the southern N. J. specimens of roads these
triangles are not complete but are confluent; the: molar triangles are also
more flattened and wider, in relation to the length of the teeth, than in gapperi
from northern latitudes. But these characters have exceptions, a skull from
the Walkill valley being exactly of this rhoadsi pattern and a topotype of
rhoadsi from May's Landing having the angles closed as in gapferi. As re-
gards size of skull, in the southern animal it does not grow as long as, but is
relatively a little wider than, gapper7. Specimens from Sussex Co., N. J., are
intermediates in this respect; however. From the anatomical standpoint,
therefore, we lack the necessary evidence to consider gapperi and rhoadst
distinct species. Geographically they have been supposed to be widely sepa-
rated, but, as I have previously shown, the gap which originally seemed to
exist has been narrowed by absolute research so much that our botanical
knowledge-of the rest of the country seems likely to span the remainder.

In this connection, I would remark that the suggestion made by Mr. Miller,
regarding the relationships of N. J. wood voles to the species carolinensis
inhabiting the balsam belts of the higher southern Alleghenies of North Caro-
lina, is most pertinent. My series of 22 specimens from Summit Mills, south-
ern Somerset Co., Pa., shows remarkably close approach to all the distin-
guishing characters of size given by Bailey (Proc. Biol. Society, Washn., 1897,
Pp. 130) to separate carolinensis specifically from gappert. In regard to color,
the Somerset Co. specimens are more like gapperi. The largest adults of
these measure as follows, in millimeters (Bailey’s similar measurements of
carolinensis following each in brackets): Total length, 148 (149); tail verte-
bre, 41 (44); hind foot, 20 (20.2); ear, 11; basal length of skull, 22.8
(23-5); nasals, 7.8 (7.5); zygomatic breadth, 14.5 (14.4); alveolar length
of upper molar series, 5.5 (6). Specimens from West Virginia and. from
Cambria Co., Pa., complete the links in an unbroken chain which connect
gapperi of northern Pa. and New York with his larger and darker kinsman,
é. g., carolinensis, of the Great Smoky Mountains, in much the same manner
as has already been pointed out in my remarks on Miller’s deer mouse and
the Cloudland deer mouse of the same regions. Taking Canadian gafperi as
the parent stock, we thus have two darker and larger off-shoots projected
southward into the austral zone, one by virtue of the moist, boreal, lowland
climate of cedar swamps, the other on account of a similar environment re-
sulting from an elevation of 6,000 feet above the sea, amid the moisture-laden
winds of both sea and land.

Measurements of species.—These body measurements apply alike to. gapperi
and g. rhoadsi. Total length, 140 mom. (53 in.); tail vertébra, 40. (125);
hind foot, 19 (2); ear,-from crown, it (zy). In rhoadsi the skull is not
materially larger than gaffer7 but the tooth rows are about 34 of a millimeter

MAMMALS PA. AND N. J., RHOADS. PLATE 5.

Nit if ry

BackhmansMoleMouse.
Cmicvotus)
Wilsons Meadow Mouse. Northern Wood Vole.
(omtevorws)) (Evotomys)
Ston esL emming

Vole.

(Synayrowy e)

ALL FIGURES NATURAL SIZE.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW ‘JERSEY: 97

Tonger and relatively wider, with flattened, less rounded, angulation of the
enamel folds. The hind foot of yappees averages 134 mm. shorter than in
rhoadsi. fe ,
Specimens examined—Atlantic Co., May’ s Landing, 8; Burlington Co.,
Bear Swamp, near Medford; 3; Camden Co., Ancora, 3; Cape May Co.,
Tuckahoe, vee Cumberland Co., near Port Norris, 7; Mauricetown, 5.

Genus Microtus Schrank, Fauna Boica, 1798, vol. 1, p. 72.

‘Pennsylvania Meadow Vole, or Common Meadow Mouse. M€icrotus
pennsyluanicus (Ord).

1815. Mus pennsylvanicus Ord, Guthrie’ s Geography, 2d Amer. Edition,
vol. 2, p. 292.

-1895. MW. [icrotus] pennsylvanicus Rhoads, American Naturalist, vel: 29; p-
940.

Type locality —Meadows below Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Probably on
“The Neck.”

Faunal distribution.—Abundant in neglected fields and marshes and along
borders of woodland in the lower Canadian, transition and upper austral
zones; Atlantic Ocean and Mississippi Valley, St. Lawrence Valley and Great
Lakes to Virginia and the Ohio Valley.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J. ee in all open situations beyond
the forest confines, in both states.

Habits, History, etc —This species is Penis so abundant and its habitat
so much less concealed than that of our other small mammals it is by far the
best known, in a popular sense, of any. There are, however, many mistaken
ideas current about this species, even among so-called students ’of nature and
scientific observers. Especially is this the case in regard to its economic
status. In order to bring this subject to public notice, I published the re-
sults of my field observations made during several years’ study. of this mouse,
both as a farmer and as a collector of specimens for scientific purposes.. The
publications referred to are summed up in an article in the “American Natur-
alist,” of August, 1898, pp. 571 to 581. From this I will make the following
extracts :

“Let us take the most flagrant case of a so-called noxious mammal, one
which forms the bulk of the food of several of our hawks and owls which are
nowadays rightly classed as the farmer’s friends. The common vole, or
meéadow mouse (Mi¢rotus pennsylvanicus), belonging to the same subfamily
of rodents as the northern lemming, is rated by nearly all who. know him as
the incarnation of agricultural pests. On this standard, and this alone, have
Drs. Warren, Fisher, and Merriam based their verdict of the economic value

98 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY,

of nearly two-thirds of the eastern species ef hawks and owls which appear
on their rolls of honor, The rough-leg hawk is accorded first place on this
list because he eats almost nothing else but meadow mice of this species.
But it is a stubborn fact that the case of the meadow mouse has never been
proved against him. Nota tithe of the study devoted to his devourers has
been given to him, and no scientific analysis of his stomach contents or food
habits has yet been put on record. His plea of ‘ zot gui/ty” stands good so
far as the records of economic zodlogy are concerned. This may sound pre-
posterous to every reader of the statement, but it is undeniable, and not more
difficult to believe, after we have inquired into the facts of the case, than the
conclusions of the modern zodlogist regarding some of our hawks and owls.
‘Of course, meadow mice live almost wholly on vegetable food, the grasses
and grains of the farm, and that settles it.’ So retort the great majority, and
until a very recent period the writer had thoughtlessly been one of that num-
ber. As a farmer, I have had ten years’ acquaintance with the habits of the
meadow mouse in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and as a zodlogist, have
made about six years’ study of the same animal in ten eastern states. In
that time about a thousand specimens have been secured and examined, and
four hundred preserved for study, Without going into details, the following
is a summary of my conclusions as to the economic status of this species, the
common meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus of Ord:

“1, From go to 100 per cent. of the food of this mouse throughout the
year is vegetable, of which 60 to 80 per cent. consists of endogenous plants,
chiefly grasses; 15 to 30 per cent. consists of exogenous plants, chiefly
weeds ; 5 to 10 per cent. consists of tubers and roots; and 1 to 5 per cent.
consists of grain and seeds.

“2, From 1 to 5 per cent, of its diet consists of animal matter such as
other meadow mice, and the remains of dead animals.

“3, Its vegetable food the year round is largely made up of ‘ grasses,’
popularly so called, and during the summer season several species of native
and introduced weeds form a considerable share of its diet.

“4. Its destruction of grasses at all seasons is confined largely, and in the
majority of cases almost exclusively, to the rushes ( Juncus), sedges (Carex),
salt grass (Spartina), Indian grass (Andropogon), and other coarse forms
which have little or no agricultural value and are rejected by stock either as
hay or pasturage.

“5. 70 to 80 per cent. of the whole number of meadow mice in any given
area restrict their habitat to low, moist soils, bogs, and clearings, which are
classed by the farmer as waste land or untillable meadow, and in these situa-
tions they consume almost nothing which would be utilized by the husband-
man.

“6. 20 to 30 per cent. are found on upland soils. Of these, nearly all

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 99

éotifiie their foraging to neglected fetice fows, abandotied fields, weed
patches, brush piles, rubbish, and litter, catiséd by that clog to Anietican
Civilization, the shiftless farmer. In these situatiofis the meadow tiouse
destroys nothing, but-titilizes a great deal which otherwise would cuniber the
ground.

“4. The arable land of evety well-kept atid cultivated farm ot nursery,
whether in pasttite, grass, giain, orchard, truck, or young trees, is ptactically
deserted by this mouse. Iti short, it can only exist where 4 food supply is
fotind ini conjunction with proper shelter, a shelter in almost evety instance
synonytiiotis with neglect and waste on the part of the fartier and of utility
on the part of thé mouse.

“8. The meadow miowse rately éats graiti except when the rigots of excep-
tional winters-deptive it of green food. It then confines its appetite to what
is fourid on or in the grourid, and which has beeti exposéd by the farmet’s
improvidence. It very rarely disturbs seéds, fruits, tubers, roots, or végetables
during the growing season, arid does little damage in winter to those buried
in the ground, most of the ravages in thesé cases béing the work of the short:
tailed meadow mouse (Microtus pinetorum) and the white-footed mousé
(Peromyscus leucopus).

“9. On uplaiid soifs the meadow mouse is 4 stitface feeder, formitig its rin,
ways almost entirely above ground in the shelter of stirrounding vegetation
and débtis. The butrowing of this species is cotifined chiefly to éasily
worked, tnoist lowlarids, where it condtices largely to better dtainage and an
inicrease of vegétable growth.

“To summarize the case briefly, it may be truly said that as a converter of
waste vegetable tnatter into flesh-food for bird and beast the common meadow
mouse has no rival in the regions it inhabits. Besides the ttumerous species
of hawks and owls depending almost etitirély on this mouse, othet cartiivorous
birds, as the crow, jay, shrike and heron, devour a gteat many. It forms 4
latge patt of the metiu of several of our matiimals, as the wild cat, house cat,
fox, marten, weasel, mink, raccoon, sktiik, and opossum. The larger species
of snakés, the bullftog, atid some of the turtles, also devout them. Strike the
inéadow tiiouse from the food list of the tetis of thousands of animals which
devour him in thé éastern United States, arid the problettis of the économicé
zoologist would multiply an htiridfed fold.

“ The wotst charges proved against him aré: (@) the undermining and
tunneling of attificial water barriers; (4) the destruction of a sniall amount
of grain arid vegetables not séasonably harvested ot housed; (c) the con-

mption of a very small percentage of grasses which would have been util-
ied by the farmer; (@) the gnawing of the bark of fruit trees in severe
wiftter weather.* The insignificance of these items compared with the value

* Dr. A. K. Fisher, in 4 recent answer to my itiquities regarding the possible économie

100 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA. AND NEW JERSEY.

of the mouse as a tiller-of the soil, a destroyer of weeds, utilizer.of otherwise
useless grasses, and a food supply for two-thirds of our carnivorous birds,
mammals, and reptiles, is apparent. Exterminate the mouse, and the
changed food relations resulting therefrom would cause the extermination ‘of
many most beneficial animals and the conversion of others into pests to the
greatest detriment of agriculture. Let us not forget, on the other hand, that
any marked decrease of the animals which: prey on the meadow mouse is
equally to be deprecated, attended as it might be with similar consequences
to the ‘vole plagues’ of the old world. To maintain the balance of power
between these neutralizing. agencies, in the changed conditions inpees by.
advancing civilization, is the real province of economic natural science.’

In the above extract, only casual reference is made to the destructive pine
vole, or short-tailed, underground, mole-like cousin of the meadow mouse.
This species, whose vices are almost universally charged to the meadow
mouse and the mole, will be more fully treated beyond.

The meadow mouse makes its nest on the surface of the ground in uplands
where grass or débris lie thickest, forming it wholly of fine grasses in a globu-
lar form, with two exits on the under side. In swampy ground, they place it
in the top of a dense tussock out of reach of ordinary flood or tide. In the
salt marshes of the coast they are so excessively abundant that by stamping
about vigorously on the grassy margins of the pools they may be driven into
the water, diving and swimming with great agility to the farther side, and so
escaping. They greatly enjoy feasting upon the trapped. carcasses of their
fellows. or of other mice, in the winter season when snow. covers their more
natural food. I have found that they do this in summer occasionally.

The history of the naming of this mouse has more than a local interest. In
the earlier edition of Alexander Wilson’s Ornithology it is figured and a de-
scription given (vol. 6, p. 59), based on specimens observed near Philadel-
phia, either on “The Neck” meadows or on those near Bartram’s Garden,
along the Schuylkill, a place then frequented by Wilson. George Ord, the
subsequent editor of Wilson’s completed Ornithology and one of the early
presidents of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, made Wilson’s
description of this meadow mouse the basis of his name, Mus pennsylvanicas
which was published in 1815 in the second American edition of Guthrie’s
Geography. This work had become so nearly extinct in the next 50 years
tnat authors had adopted Ord’s subsequent name for the same species, 4777-
cola riparius. In November, 1893, I discovered a copy of this long-lost
edition of Guthrie’s Geography : and published a reprint of the part contrib-

value of the meadow mouse, denies that it is anything but a pest, and states that its destage
tion of trees in nurseries is alone sufficient'to condemn it. I have since corresponded with
two prominent Pennsylvania nurserymen, Mr. Thomas Meehan and the Wm. H. Moon Co.»
both of whom deny that they have suffered by this mouse to any extent.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. Io1

uted by Ord. So far‘as is known, this copy of Guthrie’s work is the only one
extant. - An author’s separate ‘is in the Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.

Description of species —Wi\son’s meadow mouse varies slightly in size and
coloration within our limits, specimens from the salt marshes. of southern
N. J. being larger and grayer than. those from, the mountain tops of. northern
Pa. Those in the latter region approach. somewhat the characters of the
northern meadow vole, J. p. fontigenus (Bangs), which is restricted to the
Hudsonian zone. There seems to be no approach in our Pa. & N. J. speci-
mens to the southeastern race, M. .p. nigrans Rhoads, found in the region of
Dismal Swamp, Virginia. In the. mountains of central Pa., Mr. Ingersoll
found a peculiar phase of coloration in this species, many specimens being
“of two shades of umber-brown over the whole of upper parts, two from Tus-
carora being almost a deep blackish-chestnut.” : :

‘The general color of this species, above, is a tawny gray-brown ;. beneath,
light gray washed with buff; .tail colors corresponding with those of body,
feet dark gray. The young. are much darker, plumbeous-gray. The upper
incisors or cutting teeth are smooth-faced, not grooved. The tail is over 4
the length of head and ‘body. Ears.not showing above body. fur..

Measurements.—Total length, 138 mm..(5%4 in.); tail vertebra, 38 (1 % di
hind foot, 19 (34).

Specimens examined.—Pa., 16 counties, 255; N.J., 13 counties, about 300.

Northern Pine-woods Vole, or Mole Mouse. Microtus pinetorum
scalopsoides (Audubon and Bachman.) :

1841. Arvicola scalopsoides Audubon and Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, Phila., vol. 1, p. 97.

1896. Microtus pinetorum ‘scalopsoides Batchelder, Pee ee Boston
Society Nat. History, vol. 27, p. 187.

Type locakity—Long Island, New York. Be GR? Se

Rauncl disiribusion —Aboumdine in sandy, loamy soils; both forested’ and
deforested, in the upper austral zone ; more sparingly found in the transition
zone, up to the summits of the higher Pa. Alleghanies near the: lower border
of the Canadian zone. Connecticut to Illinois ; intergrading southeastwardly
into the type form finetorum of Leconte, and southwestwardly into -4Z. ee
auricularis Bailey. .

Distribution in-Pa. and N. y. _ieecalivery abundant in light, dry soils of
the southern lowlands of both States, nearly every square yard of the arable
uplands being pierced by one or more of their tunnels.. In waste lands and
forests they are also frequent, especially ‘in the sandy pine barrens, but
swampy, clayey and rocky lands they dislike. As we rise from these localities
into the mountains they become rare, but not. waony. absent ull we elosely
approach a Canadian environment. ; aa

toe MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEw SERSEY.

Habits, ééc-—What thé tomton meadow riduse doés so latgely above
ground this strerittous cotisin pefforms betiedth the stirface. Utifortunateély
fot matikind atid fortunately for hiitiself, the pine vole is otte of the “ hidden
wotks of darkitess.” Out of sight is out of mind, and, in most cases, otit of
Knowledge. Thus it was that the pdpuldr and still petsistéht étrar atose of
attributing the tnysterious underground fobberlés which yearly spifit away
thousands of dollats’ worth of seeds, stain; tadical and tuberous-rooted vége-
tables, plait toots, bark of friiit and shade tréés, bulbs and buried winter
stores bélonging to the faritets of southérn N. J. and Pa., to thdles, shrews,
trieadow micé, insects, bifds; in short, anything which the vexed ingenuity of
tian cotild devise as a scapé-goat. On the ttact where I now reside at Al-
dubon, Camden Co., N: J., thefé might be fowtnd if a tiatrow belt alotig the
banks of a stream, and in the old unmowéd fields cottiptising about §0 of the
whole i25 Actes, cértaitt spots where meadow mice, Af, pennsylvanicus, were
comtndn. These would not aggregate 506 speciiietis, atid if the grotiiid had
been miowed the ritmber would be dimitished mote thah half. On the te-
thainder ptactically nd méadow tnice exist. But the entire soil of this tract
of ground, regardless of its cotidition, whether sdd, fallow, otchatd or Wood,
i$ ttavetsed mote ot less intricately with the burrows of the pitié woods vole.
In my garden of 2 acres they so abound that, after irrigatioti, their net-wotk
of runways, collapsed by the water, até mostly rériodéled before it has had
time to reach the subsoil, and a spade-full of earth thrown out at random
seldom fails to reveal one of their burrows or that of a mole, which both use
promiscuously. In this garden not a meadow mouse cares to set foot in
sutimer; yet these cousins of his destroy at ledst zo per cent. of the seeds
planted and ro to 15 per cent. of the growing and perfected potatoes, beets,
parsnips, celery, cabbages ahd tuta baga turnips. They destroyed a whole
planting of lima beans after growing in some cases to the height of eight
inches, many replanted ‘hills being eaten off three times. In the orchard
where meadow mice could not exist, these burrowing rascals have completely
denuded the entire basal system of roots where they diverge underground
from the parent trunk, in this way killing in 2 years apple trees 15 and 20
yéars old.

It would make easy calculation, on the basis of the experience of any truck
gardener in south Jersey (for my own experience is a fair sample, as I have
known while wotking on other farths and frdm the complaints of my neigh-
bors) to show that this mouse destroys matty tinies more value than all the
hoxious birds and mammals (the English sparrow excepted) put together.
To make the identification of this vole more certain, I will quote from a
paper published by mie in 1897 itt a local weekly. This paper answers a
southern correspondent who had confounded the depredations done by this
mouse in her garden with those of the short-tailed shrew ot mole shrew,

MAMMALS Or PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 103

Blevina brevicanda, found in the sate burrows: “Undoubtedly the greater
part, if fot all, of the depredations described intist be laid at the doot of att
atiimal very dissitiilat to thé shrew, fidniely the Pitté Vole (Microtes pine:
torum). 1 say dissimilat, atid yet the siort tail, sqtidt forth, fosserial fore
feet and very small eyes of the pine vole, together with its sithilar size, might
éasily deceive 4 casual observer and nidke one coiifoutid it with the shfew.
The pitie vole, however, is a todent and one of the sttictest vegetatians of its
order. It can be instantly distinguished from any of thé J#secibora, atid
frotn the shtéw in paiticular, by its rounded head, short, blufit snout and the
space ih the jaws separatitig the long curved fore teeth ftom the flat prism-
étownéd cheek-teeth or tidlats. In the shtew this vacaricy is filled by a
fétociotis armaturé of fatigs, and the pig-like stiut is log and poliited ; the
éyes also are neatly invisible, while the pind Vole has well develuped, bead-
like eyés. The shrew is of a uiiforti, dark; glossy lead color; slightly btowh-
ish and silvery ifi certain lights, while the vole ié rusty or browfi-ted above
ahd gtayish lead color below. The pine vole belviigs to thé same gerius as
the comttion meadow thousé which hautits our fields and swatips, making the
intricate nétwotk of surface tutis whith shows so plainly alotig the ferice rows
wheti snowdrifts melt away. Urtilike the meadow vole, the stibject of out
sketch rarely comes to thé sutface of thé gtdtind, but is almost as siibter-
ranean as the mole in its habits. Being less powetful than thé mole, it cot:
fines its tutinels to looser soils, préefering saridy, fallow groiind for its foraging
atid is especially fond of cultivated fields along the edge of woodland. Should
such a field be planted with some tuber-bearing ctop thé vole is in its ele-
ment, and the number of burrows which honeycomb the grotiid is almost
incrédible. It some sweet potato fields scarce 4 squate foot of the whole
field adjoining the woods was left unvisited. The amount of datiage which
such an army of todefts can perform may be imagined. I have ktiown them
to follow along the drills of newly coveted seed corn, péas atid wax beans so
industriotisly 4s to require the entire replanting of parts of the field. Their
diet however tnay iticlude the foots and bulbs of some noxious plants. They
eat wild garlic foots, often smelliig offetisivély of it. Whether insects are
eaten is dn interesting quéstion. It does not hesitate to use the burrows of
the mole ; ih fact, moles, shrews, deet mice ahd pite voles make free use of
each other’s highways in a most démoctatic fashion. Mayhap first goes
along Sca/ogs, the -four-footed plowman, industriously heaving the sod and
devouring earthworms and larger insects that fall into his furrow; then the
mole shrew (B/arina) trips through the passage gathering fragments and
nosing about for larger game. A pine vole, making a cross-cut, falls into
the breach and goes off on an easy exploring expedition for tap-roots, and in
due tinie the deer mouse (Ae+omyscus) tiptoes along gathering crumbs. In
these excursiohs the various tefiants of the tnanot often collide, the great

104 MAMMALS, OF PENNSYLVANIA. AND NEW JERSEY.

mole.undoubtedly being lord of misrule, the bloodthirsty shrew his licensed
retainer, while the mice quarrel over the crumbs. ‘They in turn fall a prey to
the arch spoiler B/arina, and are by nature’s processes reconverted into
grass or worms or.shrews and the endless cycle is again. complete. Well may
we exclaim, ‘All flesh is grass!’ and wonder, while man goes on interfering
with the nicely adjusted economies of, nature, what difference it makes
whether shrews eat vegetables or devour the vegetarian. In either event the
grass must suffer!”

On April 19th, 1901, my man lowed over the nest of this species set at a
depth of eight inches under the soil in an open field, and captured the par-
ents with’5 young all in the same burrow. Three of the young were twice as
large as the other two, the smaller being about an inch long. The nest was
globular, of dried grass and weeds. I have taken nursing and gravid females
of this species, as with other of the native mice irrespective of season. They
probably have 4 to 6 broods yearly, averaging 20 to 30 young per annum.

Mr. Miller (Key to Land Mam. E. N. Amer., 1900, p. 104) says this species
“ generally occurs in colonies.” This. remark does not apply to any I have
seen. It is more applicable to the meadow mice. He also restricts its
northern range to the lower part of the transition zone, but it will be seen in
my list that it goes farther, venturing into a mountainous, rocky country quite
the anthithesis of that in which it mostly abounds: i

Description of species —To the characters already given for this animal, it
should be added that the fur is dense, soft and more mole-like than in the
meadow vole. The ears are small and concealed from view. The tail is very
short, less than 4 the length of head and body. The northern subspecies,
scalopsoides, is less rusty than typical pinetorum of Georgia, having a grayer
or more plumbeous cast.

Specimens examined.—Pa. : Chester Co., Thorndale, 1; Westtown, I.
Clinton Co.,above R. Island (1800 ft.?), 4. Delaware Co., Marple, 1; Tin-
icum, 2. Greene Co., Waynesboro, 2. Monroe Co., Pocono, 1, near Cresco,
1. Pike Co., Porter’s Lake, 1. Philadelphia Co., emiintowe, 3. Baird
records specimens from Carlisle, Cumberland Co. N.J.: Camden Co., Had-
donfield, 8; Audubon, 7; Collingswood,:1. Cape May Co., Tuckahoe, 17.
Cumberland Co., Bridgeton, 15; Port Norris, 2. Gloucester Co., Bridge;
port, 1. Ocean Co., Tuckerton, 2. Warren Co., Delaware Gap, 2

x

Genus Fiber Cuvier, Lecons d’ ‘Anatomie Comparee, 1800, vol. 1, tabl. I.
Southeastern Muskrat. Fifer zidethicus (Linneus).

1766. [Castor] eibethicus Linnzus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 79.
1817. [Fiber] zibeticus Cuvier, Réegne animal, vol. 1, p. 192. pe

MAMMALS, OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY, - 105

- Type locality. —Eastern Canada. ; os

Faunal distribution.—The muskrat has been. recently separated into several
_ races so that the original zibeshicus is now restricted. to.eastern N. America
from the Rocky Mountains to: (not including) Labrador and. Newfoundland,
and the Atlantic Ocean, and: from.Georgia and. Louisiana to the Aretic zone.

Distribution in Pa. and N. F—Omnipresent i in all situations where there
is enough water to float it.

FTabits, ete—This animal is rightly penerded as.a great nuisance by those
who have the care or ownership of artificial water embankments, because of
its extensive and persistent burrowing. Owing to its aquatic habits, wariness
and prolific breeding, it defies extermination in the most populous. regions.
Were it not for the value of its fur and meat, which latter is largely consumed
by those who trap it and by the negroes and Italians, it would speedily be-
come a pest in some districts. Some of the Canal Companies of Pa. and
N.J. give a bounty on the scalps of muskrats taken on their property besides
employing regular trappers to hunt them the year around. In some of the
large reclaimed tide marshes of Salem and Cumberland Cos., N. J., the trap-
ping of these animals for fur is so profitable that the larger owners of these
dyked lands lease the privilege of trapping upon them for considerable sums
of money yearly. An examination of the reports of fur dealers in Pa. and
N. J. shows that muskrat furs number five times as many as all other kinds of
fur put together, with an aggregate value about double that of all the others.
The food of the muskrat is rarely secured at the expense of man, being con-
fined largely to aquatic vegetation of little use in agriculture. I have know
one in severe winter weather to travel overland through deep snow to a corn-
crib after grain. They damage some grain and vegetables, but the aggregate
amount is trifling. They have been accused-of eating fish, and have a habit
of gathering mussels from the mud and piling them upon logs and rocks to
die. The shell thus opens and the contents are devoured by some animal,
presumably the rats, though I have never seen them do it. No doubt, minks,
coons, foxes, etc., participate in this feast. The muskrat, like the beaver, has
two distinct classes of homes, the earth burrow and the house or ledge, in
either of which they live, but only rear their young in the former. Along
swiftly-flowing streams or lakes without extensive marshy tracts the-first kind
of home is alone practicable, but in tidewater and open swampy areas which
are always submerged and inaccessible except by wading:0t ‘boat, -the fats pile
up heaps of grass, reeds, mud and sticks to the height of 2 or 3 feet and 6 in
diameter, making an oven-shaped chamber near the top and. entering it from
below by two or more waterways leading to the distant bed of the stream.
This home generally overtops highest tides and flood, and is often so bulky
as to fill a cart. The muskrat gives birth to young at all seasons. Godman
states that their lodges are only used in winter and new ones are built each

106 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

season. This is not always the case. On the brackish tide marshes of Colan-
sey Cteek, Cumberland Co., N.J., I found thesé rat houses tenarited by other
inhabitants. of the marsh. The meadow mice, least shtews, and matsh tat —
(Oryzomys) had their galleties in the base and tiests iti the top of the house,
all three living in orié hottsé with the muskrat. The eggs of the shapper and
tertdapifi ate also fourid in these houses, atid a large ctab’s remains were often
found. The latter may have been brought there, however, to be eateti by the
thuskrats. I far northern climates, thésé houses are built over watet of suf-
ficient depth to inisute against a freezing out. Hearne states that the tats are
sometimes frozen in and all perish becdiise of the great size and hardness of
the outer dotiie, which also résists the external attacks of wild animals.

Description of species~-Otir Pa. and N. J. muskrat diffefs from other nom-
inal forms so slightly as to often be indistinguishable from them. It needs
no description here, being so different froth any other mammal.

Genus Synaptomys Baitd, Mamtials of North America, 857, p. 443.
Cooper’s Lemmiiig. Syxaptomys cooperi Baitd.
\

1854. Synaptomys cooperi Baird, Mammals of N. Amer., p. 558.

Type locality-Not known: Type presented by Cooper of Hoboken,
N. J.3 probably captured in N. J. or N. Y. near New York City.

Faunal distribution-—Lower Canadian and transition zones, N. England
to Mississippi valley.

Distribution in Pa. and N. ¥-—East of the Alleghanies in Pa. I have
not found this rare animal except in the upper transition zone and lower
edge of the Canadidn. One was taken in the Ohio valley (upper austral
zone) in Beaver Co., in similar situation to those taken by Quick and Butler
in Indiana. In N. J. it is, strictly speaking, confined to the transition zone,
becoming modified in the cedar swamps of southern N. J. into the race stonez.

Habits, description of species, ctc—See next article.

Specimens examined——Pa.: Beaver Co., Beaver, 1. Cambria Co., Kings,
5; Cresson; 3. Clinton Co.,; Mt. above Round Isl., 7. Monroe Co., near
Cresco, 3. Sullivan Co., Lake Leigh, 1.

Stone’s Lemming. Synaptomys cooperi stonei (Rhoads).

1893. Synaptlomys stonei Rhoads, Ametican Naturalist, vol. 27, p. 53.

1897. Synaptomys cooperi stonet Rhoads, Ptoc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., p.
392: also ibid., 1897, p. os.

Type locality —May’s Latiditig, Atlantic County, N. Jersey.

Faunal distribution—Sphagnum bogs, upper austral zone, eastern border,
southern N. J. to Lake Drummond, Va.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 197

Distribution in Pa, and N. F-—-Not found in Pa, In N. J, confined
closely to sphagnum bogs in the cedar swamp belt.

Listory, habits, ele--The air of mystery surrounding the discovery of
Cooper’s mouse and the long period elapsing after Baird’s announcement of
it before any specimens were secured east of the Alleghany mountains have
made its history peculiar. Another notable thing about it is the fact that it
reproduces or rather extends into the austral zone a type of mouse life which
bad heretofore been considered peculiar to an Arctic climate. Even in the
present day with improved methods and knowledge of mouse trapping it is
rarely caught, and certainly seems to be very rare compared with its abund-
ant associates, and allies, the meadow and woodland voles of the genera
Microtus and Evotomys. Stone’s lemming was first trapped in the deep
sphagnum surrounding a small open pool or spring of water near the edge of
the big dam at May’s Landing. A cedar swamp was near by on one side and
the pine barren woods nearly cast a shade over it next tothe pond, Not five
feet from the same spot My. Stone caught his new wood vole, Zvotomys,
while we were here on a previous visit. Specimens of both novelties were
taken’ later in the same’ place, and, as will be noted, several others have been
secured in other parts of N. J. Of the habits of this lemming we are quite
ignorant from observation of the living animal. The places where I have
found true cooperj in the east have never been in woodland, but generally
swampy mountain clearings near woods among dense grass and weeds, and
appearing to use the same paths as the common meadow mouse, By setting
traps in these you generally have to thin out the meadow mice before a
Synaptomys will have a chance to be caught, ratio of the two being as 1 to 30
in favor of A@icrotus. Undoubtedly swamp grasses and succulent weeds such
as we know to form the main food of Microfus are the lemming’s chief diet.
also. The same remarks apply to Stone’s lemming, only it keeps more
closely to the sphagnum beds where there is no need for it to expose itself to.
the sun and heat of a warmer clime. In these places it acts as a sort of go-
between for Aficrotus and Evotomys, yet it is more essentially Microtine in.
its associations here also, and frequent are the trapper’s disappointments to
find so many lemming-like captures turn out to be voles when their long tails
come to view. I have never found the nest of Synaptomys, but Quick and
Butler (Amer. Nat., 1885, p. 114) describe it as “always under cover, gen-
erally in a hollow log or stump and composed of fine grass. It is not so
securely built as the nests of some of the other species of this family.” An-
other peculiar circumstance in regard to Cooper’s lemming is the difference
of its chosen habitat in the Ohio Valley from what we find east of the Alle-
ghanies. I took a specimen in spring, 1898, on a high, dry, tocky hillside
pasture among grass and stump land about a mile from the town of Beaver,
Pa. <A large colony of AZ. pennsylvanicus lived on this hillside, but this was

108 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW: JERSEY.

thé ‘only lemming captured among a large number of voles. Quick and Butler
(supra cifat.) found them solely in Such places in Indiana, saying: ‘“ This
mouse is found’ on hillsides i in high, dry, blué grass pastures where flat ‘stones
are irregularly scattered over the surface; it ‘especially prefers what are
known as ‘ woods pastures ’ containing ‘little or no undergrowth.” He con-
tinues : “Cooper’s mouse has been found breeding from February to Decem-
ber. It has never been known by the authors to-bring forth more than four
young at a time. In all suckling females brought to our attention the mammz
hhave apparently been but four.” A female taken by me Oct. a 1898, in
Clinton Co., Pa., contained five embryos.

Quick and Butler say that the food of Cooper’s mouse is chiefly stems of
blue grass and white clover, and the tuberous roots of Swale artichoke”
(Helianthus).

Description of species.—The cooperi form of: lemming looks like a stump-
tailed, thick-set and undersized meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, the
color being very similar but the fur is softer and fuller. The color above is
grizzled gray and yellowish-brown, thickly:sprinkled with. black, the belly a
frosted or silvery lead color. From an examination of specimens from In-
diana and Ohio I am inclined to class these as intergrades between cooperi
and gosst. The peculiar habits of Ohio Valley specimens strengthen this
view. The Beaver Co. specimen is nearer cooperi of course. In subspecies
stonet the size and body measurements are greater than in cooferi; the rela-
tive size of skull and teeth is much larger and the colors darker, especially
on the under side, with a strong wash of clay color over the abdomen and
breast not seen in cooperi. In these differences there is a-significant parallel
to those distinguishing Hvotomys gapperi and EL. g. rhoadsi of the same
regions. Naturalists have recognized them in vofomys but are slow to
accord the same to the Syzapfomys under consideration. Dr. Merriam, who
later described a Synaptomys from Dismal Swamp, which differs from cooperi
in the same particulars as those given for stoned, ignores stone?, making it a
synonym of cooperi.’’ He makes his heda/etes a full species, and a form he
named goss? from Kansas as a subspecies of his Dismal Swamp animal! See
Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washn., 1896, p. 58, etc. For a resume of the
relations of these forms, see my article in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1897, pp. 305, 307-

“Measurements.—(coopert) total length, 118 mm. (45% in.); tail vertébre,
16 (5%); hind foot, 19% (34); skull, greatest pate, 26.5 (Iq); greatest
width, 16 (54). ee. in same order, 125 (445); 20 (48); 20 (48);
skull, 27.8 (ty); 17-7 (14):

| Specimens examined:—Atlantic Co., May's Landing, 3; Cape May Co.,
Tuckahoe, 1; _ Cumberland’ Co., Port Norsis, 3

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 109
. Family Drrovipz ; Jerboas.

Genus Zapus Coues, Bulletin U. S. Geolog. Surv. of Territories, 2d series,
"vol. 1, p. 253.0

Hudson Bay Zapus, or Meadow Jumping Mouse. Zapus hudsonius
(Zimmermann). :

“1780. Dipus hudsonius Zimmermann, ic Geschichte d. Menschen,
Thiere, vol. 2, p. 358.

1875. Zapus hudsonius Coues, Bulletin U. S. Geolog. Survey, Territories,
ad series, vol. 1, p. 253. ;
' Type locality —Hudson Bay.

‘Faunal distribution.—Hudsonian, Canadian and Transition zones ; Hudson
Bay and Gulf of St. Lawrence to northern N. Jersey, west to northern Rocky
Mts. and Great Plains, south in the Alleghanies to North Carolina.
| Distribution in Pa. and N. J—Abundant, locally, in open meadows,
swamps and in fields contiguous to water; rarely entering woodland. Re-
stricted in its typical form to the parts of Pa. and N. J. included in the tran-
sition and Canadian faunz ; giving place in the upper austral zone to sub-
species americanus. :

kecords in Pa. and N. F.—In the limits of distribution of typical Audson-
Zus it is so universally, and in many cases, abundantly represented where
swampy meadows abound, that it is superfluous to record localities where it
has come under observation.

Habits, etc—Many people who know this elegant creature from chance
observation in their outdoor rambles, and easily distinguish it from all other
of our so-called “ wild mice” by its enormous leaps, long tail and kangaroo-
like hind legs and feet, have no acquaintance with its habits. It does not do
much leaping in ordinary life, but rather as a quick way of escaping the
thousand terrestrial ills to which its humble, every-day life is subject. It is
of a most timid nature and ill-fitted to combat tooth and nail with the
«loughty meadow mice and shrews which infest its feeding grounds. Through
the cover of grass and weeds which overarch the hidden mouseways the leap-
ing Zapus finds a safe aerial passage from troubles earthy, sentimental and
otherwise. In all his jumping that lever-like tail is only a rudder and balan-
cing rod ever held at a gentle upward curve, tip-uppermost, from the ground,
and when flying through the air acting as a trailer and balancer to bring him
gracefully to his feet again in good shape for another leap. I can see no dif-
ference between this leaping of the long-tailed mouse and that of the tailless
spring-frog which haunts the same marshes, except that the frog does not rise
so high in the air. Their reasons for jumping are mostly identical. When

ra ce) MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANJA AND NEW JERSBY.

they find their danger is from above the grass they soon learn to skulk rather
than leap. I have been unable to trap this rodent after the first few killing
frosts, these being the signal for retiring into some snugly prepared corner
where they may curl into a spherical shape within a spherical nest of leaves
and grasses and sleep until frost departs again. This hiding place generally
seems to be placed far enough beneath ground to escape freezing in this lati-
tude. I know of no food provision being made for winter as with the chip-
munk. In fact they would be helpless to use it, as a freezing temperature
soon begins to stupefy them. Abbott states they appear to store up chinka-
pins for future use in November. They can be thawed out and frozen again
artificially several times before they succumb to this inhuman treatment.
When going into winter quarters they are excessively fat, as I can testify from
experience in removing this tenacious yellow blanket from the skins of them.
This fat is their fuel. By spring it is nearly gone. Their natural food I have
not been able to certainly identify, It is stated by some to be buds, seeds,
nuts and grasses. They eat corn and oatmeal bait from my trap, It is
likely they may devour a good many insects, for capturing which their agility
would eminently fit them, Inquiry along these lines might show this animal
to be one of the most useful (as it certainly is one of the least destructive)
of our small rodents. Abbott says they eat but little grain and are too scarce
to do any harm even if they had that failing.

Description of species.—Species of this genus may be known from all other
American mice by their haying a body the size of a house mouse with long,
slender, almost naked tail, which is 114 times as long as head and body, The
hind foot, in its great relative size to length of body, is also distinctive.
The head is very small and the slender front teeth have a distinct groove
running down the face of each, in this respect resembling the little harvest
mouse (fei¢hrodontomys), a species we do not find in Pa. and N. J. Lapus
hudsonius is to be distinguished from Z. 2. americanus, the next form to be
considered, by its larger size and the better defined, dark dorsal stripe in
contrast with the color of sides. In Audsonius the upper colors are yellowish-
brown, with sides light grayish-buff, lightly sprinkled with black. In gmezt-
canus the back is dusky-brown, tinged with reddish-buff, sides reddish-buff.
Both are snowy white beneath. Both forms of these meadow or open-ground
Zapus may be known externally from the woodland, Vapeozapus, by grayer
color, smaller size and the lack of a white tip or terminal part of the tail.

Measurements.—\ hudsonius) total length, 220 mm. (8% in.) ; tail verte-
bree, 130 (534); hind foot, 31 (135;.) (americanus) 190 (734) 3 115 (4%) 3

18 (1%). :

Barton’s Zapus, or Meadow Jumping Mouse. Zapus hudsonius
americanus (Barton).

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. IIt

1799. Meriones americanus Barton, Transactions American Philosophical
Society, Phila., vol. 4, p. 115.

1899. Zapus hudsonius americanus Batchelder, Bulletin New England
Zodlog. Club, vol. 1, p. 6.

Type locality.—Philadelphia, Pa.

Faunal distribution.—Upper austral zone ; Connecticut to eastern North
Carolina ; coast plains. Also in southwestern Pa.; probably west along Ohio
Valley lowlands. Western range not mentioned by Preble in N. Amer. Fauna,
No. 15.

Distribution in Pa. and N. ].—This lowland race is found in southeastern
and southwestern Pa., the two sections occupied by it being separated faunally
by the Alleghany mountains, in which only the northern type is found. Preble,
the monographer of this group, records no specimens from west of the Alle-
ghanies. I have examined specimens from the upper austral lowlands of the
southwestern corner of Pa. and would class them with americanus. InN. J.
this animal is sparsely found in the southern half of the state. A specimen
having been secured from Beach Haven, a coastal sand-island beach, indi-
cates that they may be found anywhere in this great territory. That they are
exceedingly rare in such situations or in other parts of the pine-barren region,
my own researches go to confirm the popular verdict.

Habits, etc.—I extract from Mr. Preble’s monograph of the genus Zapus
the following facts, which add to the information already given under Zapus
hudsonius. The average length of the longest leaps is about 8 feet. They
breed from May until September, both above and beneath the ground. They
build summer-house nests on the ground in the thick grass, globular with
a side entrance and composed of leaves of grass. A pair use this home.
Hibernation is not always complete or uninterrupted, Dr. Merriam having
seen them abroad in northern New York during the unusually mild winter of
1881-82. Mr. G.S. Miller, Jr., narrates how a young jumping mouse, whose
long tail had been cut off by the knife of a mowing machine, thereby wholly
lost control of its leaping powers. While stimulated by his approach to make
astonishingly long and high leaps, it would turn somersaults in the air, often
landing in a reversed position from the starting one and thus returning at the
next leap toward the object of its fears. That this misfortune would not
always prove fatal, I have proof from an old individual, whose stump tail was
about two inches lorig, entering my traps. It was otherwise in good condi-
tion, though the end of the tail showed it had been a long while in this plight.

Specimens examined (only extralimital records notéd).—Pa., Allegheny Co.,
Wilkinsburg, 1 ; Beaver Co., Beaver, 1; Greene Co., Waynesburg (recorded
by Jacobs) ; Washington Co., Washington, 2; Westmoreland Co., Laughlin-
town (intermediate),1. Numerous specimens from southeastern Pa. N. J.,
Burlington Co., east of Medford, 2; Mt. Holly, 1; Camden Co., extremely

112 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

.

rare, even near Camden ; Gloucester Co., near Woodbury (seen by Johnson) ;
Ocean Co., Beach Haven, 1.

Miller’s Woodland Jumping Mouse. Zafus insignis Miller.

1891. Zapus insignis Miller, American Naturalist, vol. 25, p. 742.

Type locality.—Restigouche River, New Brunswick, Canada.

faunal distribution Miller states that this mouse “is an inhabitant of the
Canadian zone, reaching the transition zone in ‘boreal islands’ only.” I
have found it in both Pa. and N. J. in parts of the upper transition zone where
no “ boreal islands” exist. It is found as far west as Lake Superior, south to
western Maryland, north to Labrador.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—So far this handsome dweller of the dark
forests has been recorded from a few isolated spots in the Alleghanian regions
of Pa. and with certainty in one locality in N.J. In some favored localities
it is numerous, in others, apparently similar, they are not found. Owing to
its choice of the most densely-wooded evergreen tracts, its range is, and long
has been, rapidly contracting.

Records in Pa.—Cambria Co., one collected near Cresson.—Rhoads.
Clinton Co., stated to have been seen among the trout streams by Nelson
and Peirce. £/k Co., a specimen from Howard Sta. in collection of Pierce
of Renovo.—Rhoads. Monroe Co., taken by W. A. Shryock near Pocono in
1893, the first record for Pa. One killed by Yaggie crossing Bushkill Creek
in 1894.—Rhoads. Potter Co., one was found dead near Cherry Spring,
June 23, 1898.—Todd. Somerset Co., a specimen in my collection taken
near New Lexington by Dr. H. D. Moore.—Rhoads. Swlivan Co., two taken
by Rhoads at Eaglesmere in August, 1896. Dr. Merriam states in a letter to
me that this species has been taken at Finzel, Md., 4% mile from Somersez
Co. line-—Rhoads.

Records in N.J.—Morris Co.—“1 secured four beautiful specimens of this
Zapus in woodland along a small rocky stream connecting a rhododendron
swamp with Lake Hopatcong near Nolan’s Point.”—Rhoads, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 29.

Passaic Co.—“At Greenwood Lake a dormant jumping-mouse, from the
description given me by the finder, being evidently of this species, was dug
out of a gravel bank during my stay (Oct. 24th to 30th, 1896). I visited the
spot, and from its situation in deep woodland near a brook, I am morally
sure it was Z. insignis. The narrator of the incident stated that he knew the
meadow species very well, but that this one was ‘much redder.’ ’’—-Rhoads,
ibid.

Habits, etc.—I have never seen one of these animals alive, being acquainted
with them only by post-mortem examinations, and by their foot-prints along

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. Il3

the sands margins of streams where they had been caught. From their strik-
ing appearance when found dead in a trap, I do not hesitate to place them
in the highest rank among all our east American mammals for exquisite color-
ation, grace of form and elegance of manners. No doubt their habits in some
tespects may be predicted from what we know of the commoner meadow
jumping-mice, whose hunting grounds in the far north to some extent overlap
those of their more refined and aristocratic cousins. Nevertheless the swamp-
mud and tangled-grass dweller has little in common with one who seems to
choose the night season only for his rambles along the clean shingle and sand
of the little trout brooks, creeping and leaping about from boulder to boulder
and diving among the ferns and deep beds of moss at each whisper of alarm.
In the daytime I have never seen them move about nor caught any in my
traps, and conclude they are more nocturnal than Z. hudsonius, “Napaoza-
p4s” seems never to be found out of close reach of a stream. If you fail to
catch him there, it is useless to look in other parts of the forests for him.
As he is attracted by raisins and oatmeal, there is little doubt of the rather
omnivorous character of his diet. Having been unable to trap this animal in
any given season as late as Z. Audsonius in the neighboring marshes, I con-
clude that it begins to hibernate sooner than that animal. The peculiar, and
in most cases conspicuous, white tip to the tail of the woodland jumping-
mouse cannot but excite our curiosity, especially when it is remembered that
Z. hudsonius does not show it. Owing to its variable amount, 14 of an inch
to 14 inches, it seems to show a condition of change, not improbably toward
a future atrophy of the terminal vertebree and shortening of a member which
some change in environment has shown to be uselessly or dangerously long.

Description of species.—There is only one American species of this sub-
genus known, divided into three races, typical ¢wsignis of the Canadian zone,
roanensis of the Great Smoky Mts., and abietorum of the Hudsonian zone.
None of these are known to reach farther west than Lake Superior. They
are characteristic of the east Canadian and Alleghanian territories. Any
Napaozapus can be distinguished from all other American jumping mice by
larger size, longer ears, fulvous or buff yellow coloration, especially on sides
of head, fore neck, and on ears, with much less admixture of the black hairs
seen in other species. It is never suffused with clay or fulvous on white
underparts as in Zagus, and lacks the upper premolar, a small peg-like func-
tionless tooth characteristic of Z¢pus, the absence of which in Vapgozapus is
the only reason for its subgeneric separation from our other jumping mice,
I am unable to reconcile the elevation of this subgehus to full generic rank
with the fundamental rules of classification.

114 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.
Family ERETHIZONTIDE ; Stifftailed American Porcupines.

Genus Erethizon F. Cuvier, Memoir Museum d’Histoire Naturelles, Paris,
1822, Vol. 9, p. 426..

Canada Porcupine; “Hedgehog.” Zvethizon dorsatum (Linneus).

1758. [Aystrix] dorsata Linneus, Systema Nature, vol.'1, p. 57-

1852. E[rethizon] dorsatum F. Cuvier, Memoir Museum d’Histoire Na-
turelles, Paris, vol. 9, p. 426.

Type locahty.—Eastern Canada.

Faunal distribution Canadian, Lower Hudsonian and upper transition
zones; Atlantic Ocean to the Great Plains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—Once abundant in all the mountainous and
well-forested areas of the Canadian and upper transition zones in Pa. Also
once found sparingly in parts of the mountains of northern N. J., but a long
while exterminated in that State.

Records in Pa.—The following have been sent in answer to inquiries as to
distribution and present status of this species :

Armstrong Co.— 1 have heard reports of the occurrence of this species in
the Buffalo Creek region of Armstrong Co.”—Todd, 1902.

Bradford Co.—Reported by Stevens.

Bucks Co.—Subfossil remains found in Durham Cave in 1893 near Riegels-
ville, identified by Prof. E. D. Cope:—Mercer. °

Butler Co.—< 1 have heard reports of the occurrence of this species in the
Buffalo Creek Region.”’—Todd, 1902.

Cambria Ca.— Rather scarce, but some found over the mountains in
1900.”—Shields. Plentiful in the vicinity of Lloydsville in winter of 1897-
1898.”’—Todd.

Center Co.—Present in wilder parts of the Co.—Fernald, 1900. |

Clearfield Co.—*“‘1 saw a dead specimen in northern part of Co., June,
1899.”—Todd. “An exceptionally fine one received from Mr. E. K. Morse,
killed near Penfield, Dec. 8, 1900.”—Todd. ‘

Clinton Co.—Several specimens have been sent me from time to time by
Seth Nelson, who reports them numerous. In my own experience I found
this to be the case in the same region in 1898. They seemed to prefer the
tops of the mountains, but sometimes came down to the banks of the Sinne-
mahoning.—Rhoads. Plenty around Mill Hall in 1879.—Pfoutz.

Columbia Co.— A stray one seen now and then; plenty on North
Mountain.”—Buckalew, 1900.

Crawford Co.—Rapidly disappearing ; only to be found in northeastern
corner of Co.—Kirkpatrick.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 115

£lk Co-—Decreasing.—Luhr, 1900.. No decrease inCo. Plentiful in the
mountains.—Clay, 1900.

£rie Co.—Not rare in the mountainous parts of Co., , but do not reach the
lake near Presque Isle.—Bacon, 1900. __- - “4

Forest Co.-~Abundant in hemlock: woods. —Zendle, 1900. Increasing in
this Co.— Haslet, 1900. As the Co..is cleared off. they decrease.—Irwin, 1900.
Plenty in this Co. and a great Hulsance; gnawing oil .derricks.—Dorworth,
1900. ’

Frankiin Co.—An unknown animal in this region “(South Mountain).—
Strealy, 1896. One was shot by George Wrights in: the ‘pie: near Upper
Strasburg, Sept. 18, 1897.—Strealy.

’ Fulton Co.—Will Montgomery shot one about. 1878. on » the west side of
Sideling Hill near Locust Grove. -——J. Cope.

Huntingdon Co.—Not known near Mt. Union -tageroll, 1896. A few
yet found near Entrikén in 1898.—Todd, fide I. Donaldson.

Jefferson Co.—‘‘I once handled a specimen. from near Reynoldsville.”—
Nease, 1898.

Juniata Co.—A mountaineer named Wildmann told Mr. Ingersoll. that he
had heard of one being killed in northern Juniata Co., on the Black Log
Mountain.—Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 210.

Lackawanna Co.—“T have received 3 specimens from the Co. to be
mounted in the last 10'years.”—-Friant, 1898.

Luzerne Co.—Numerous.—Campbell, 1g00.

Lycoming Co.— Generally distributed in the mountains of this Co.; not
decreasing.”"—Parker, 1900.

McKean Co.—Plenty, and a nuisance; eating oil derricks.—Dorworth,
sears Decreasing.—Dickeson, 1900.

‘ Monroe and Pike Cos.—Their “ presence on the Pocono plateau has always
been rather precarious, and with the vanishing forest areas, it has become-so
rare that it is believed by many hunters to be exterminated. The most active
of these gentlemen have not seen any ‘ for several years.’ ””—Rhoads, Proc.
Acad. N. Sci., Phila.,.1894, p. 393. A specimen shot several years ago in
Pike Co. is in the collection of E. W. Campbell, of Pittston—Rhoads, 1902.
Remains of this animal in the superficial layer of Hartman’s Cave, Monroe
Co. are referred to by Leidy (Rep. Pa. Geol. Surv., 1887) as those of existing
porcupine.—Rhoads.

Potter Co.—“ Decreasing. Plenty as late as ‘1880. Few left in 1900.”—
Austin. Plenty in 1900.—Dorworth.

Somerset Co.— Preble, my assistant in the Biological Survey, was told [in
1893] that the porcupine was formerly common at Crumb.”—Merriam.
Stated by Dr. H. D. Moore, of New Lexington, to be nearly extinct in his
vicinity. He sent me some of the quills from one freshly killed near there
Nov. 5, 1899. This specimen was sent to the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.

116 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY,

Sullivan Co.—\ have seeti them numerous around Eaglesmere.—Rhoads.
Common at Eaglesmere—Bennett, 1900. Becoming scatce.~-Rothrock,
tgoo. “In all timbered tracts, living chiefly on hemlock brush ; knew one
to stay in one tree two months without descending. Becoming scarcer.”—
Behr, rgoo:

Tioga Co.—“In hemlock forests and rocky ledges, still plentiful.” —Cleve-
land, 1900. Plenty. —Babcock, 1900.

Union Co—* Probably extinct in.this Co. The-last one known to me was
killed [or seen?] in 1879.’’—Chambers.

Venango Co—Not common in Venango Co. One was killed near Oil City,
Oct. 7, 1899.—Dorworth.

Warren Co—Plenty; disturbing oil derricks where saturated with salt
from the wells.—Dorworth, 1900.

Washington Co.—Two were said to have been found near the borough of
Washington in 1897.—Nease. :

Wayne Co.—Decreasing:—Goodnough, 1900. None found in the vicinity
of Maplewood.—Stevens, 1900. “Still found in Wayne Co. Two killed
near Dyberry this year [1900].”—Day. Scarce, some left where there is
timber.—Teeple, 1900. Frequently seen but decreasing.—Kellew, 1900.

Wyoming Co.—Plentiful. . On the increase.—Robinson, 1900.

Records in N.J—Warren Co.—I have understood from Mr. Strickland,
of Blairstown, that the porcupine was formerly found in the higher mountains
of this county near the Delaware. As it is a fearless swimmer it may cross
the river from Pike County occasionally.—Rhoads, 1902.

Habits, etc-—As the habits of this clumsiest, most stupid, ungainly and un-
touchable of rodents are known to so few people, I will outline them briefly.
They are nowhere “in their element.” In water they can just manage to
paddle and scull along, being too fat to sink. On land they crawl like a huge
tortoise both in pace and gait. When pursued on land they seek preferably
the nearest hole that will at least cover the head, wedging themselves tightly
therein, leaving the huge bristling back and the ponderous tail for the enemy
to fool with. Sometimes they take to a tree, ascending to the summit, but
they are slow climbers. The tail is used as a flail to parry attack. Thé
quills are not detached except by contact, anchoring themselves by the finely
barbed points, and thus become detached from their loose hold on the por-
cupine’s skin. They work their way into skin and muscles quickly and auto-
matically, and are found in all parts of the anatomy of wild animals which
sometimes eat porcupines when driven by hunger. Porcupines are said to be
arboreal. They do ascend and descend trees to get bark and twigs for food.
In doing so they again display their innate awkwardness, the huge tail lurch:
ing from side to side as they shin slowly up, threatening at every step to throw
the animal to the ground, but their strength is enormous, and sheer might of

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY: 117

hugging and clawing, tooth and nail, gets him his breakfast. Unless they can
reach the top of a large or tall tree before being seen, they will hastily de-
scend a smaller tree when discovered and bolt for theit rocky dens in the
most ludicrous and stupid fashion. They are more at home among rock piles
and caverns than anywhere else and once jammed head foremost in such re-
treats neither man nor beast can dislodge them. In these places they bring
forth the young. They spend a part of the winter here in a semi-hibernation.
At the same time they can remain indefinitely during the same season in the
lofty forks of a hemlock or pine. They are to some extent destructive of
timber by girdling the bark. -Owing to their love of salt they visit camps and
cabins and eat away the woodwork and utensils which have become saturated
with saline matter, causing great annoyance by the nightly noise and destruc-
tion. Oil derricks, etc., where saturated from salt springs are destroyed also.
They eat the flesh, bones and horns of dead animals in the woods with great
avidity. Sometimes they ascend an oak or other tree, and as if from mere
wantonness strew the ground with cartloads of brush, clipped from the
branches as with a knife. . My friend Seth Nelson explained to me that owing
to the back spines they were unable to copulate in the usual manner of quad-
rupeds, but the sexes ascend a tree and hang facing each other on opposite
sides of a small limb, thus embracing without damage, the underside of the
body being devoid of spines. Herrick, in “ Mammals of Minnesota,” says he
found one eating the tender shoots of Sagitéaria or narrow-leaved pond lily,
its stomach being crammed with these. In eating these it made a remark-
ably loud and clattering noise with its teeth. It appears that they eat a large
variety of vegetable food, but that the staple diet is from pine and hemlock
timber, the inner bark being especially relished. They have few young at
birth, generally two, and the relative size of the foetus just before birth is said
to be extraordinarily great, absolutely greater than that of the black bear.
When attacked by blows or mortally wounded, the moaning, groaning and
sighing sounds which they make are so human-like and pitiful that no person
thus treating them out of mere curiosity or wantonness, would be likely to
repeat the offense on these grounds alone. They often form an emergency
meat diet for the lumbetman and camper, their flesh, as I can testify, being
palatable and nourishing, though tough and dark in an old specimen. It has
a péculiar odor before cooking which would repel faint stomachs. Mr. 8.
Nelson tells me they smell in their dens like a negro ; have 2 to 4 young at a
birth ; eat fir, pine, aspen and chestnut bark and twigs, also moss; do not
hibernate ; flesh takes on quality of food, and is very good when they are eat-
ing chestnuts.

Description of species.—As it is impossible to confound this with any other
east American animal, I need merely state that it is bfownish and sooty black,
showing lighter where the greater quills of back and hind head grow thickest.

118 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

The hair is wiry, sparse and extends in places 3 or 4 inches beyond the quill
tips. The length of a full grown one is sometimes 3 feet, 1 foot of which is
tail. The tail is a flattened, elongate, blunt triangle ; the whole build of the
animal resembling that of an awkward, hunchbacked, hypochodriac beaver.
‘Their maximum weight when fat is very great, reaching upward of 35 or 40
pounds.

Family Leporip# ; Hares, Rabbits.

Genus Zepus Linnaeus, Systema Nature, 1758, vol. 1, p. 57.

Alleghenian Varying Hare; White Rabbit. Zepus americanus

virgininianus (Harlan).

1825. Lepus virginianus Harlan, Fauna Americana, p. 196.

1877. (Lepus americanus] virginianus Allen, Monograph N. American
Rodentia, .p. 307.

Type locakty—Blue Mountains, northeast of Harrisburg, Pa.

Faunal distribution —Canadian and upper transition zones, New Bruns-
wick to Minnesota, south in Alleghanies to North Carolina.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—Once an abundant dweller of the wooded
parts of the Canadian and transition zones of both states. Now almost ex-
terminated in N. J. and found only in numerous isolated and restricted situ-
ations in the Allegheny and Blue ridge mountain systems, this decimated
condition being due to deforesting and burning rather than to direct destruc-
tion by man or wild animals.

Records in Pa.—Bearing in mind the abundance of this species only 30
years ago, the following reports from its former haunts will give some idea of
present conditions :

Blair Co.—A specimen recently taken in this Co. is in Museum of Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila. They were reported to Ingersoll as living, in 1896, 10 or 12
miles from Tyrone.—Rhoads.

Cambria Co.—“Old hunters of southern Cambria Co. formerly knew of
them, but they had been killed off several years ago.”—Ingersoll, 1896. “A
few remain, especially around Shade Creek. They were formerly distributed
all over this county.”’—Shields, 1901.

Cameron Co.—‘‘ Numerous, but decreasing as the woods are cut off.’—
Larrabee, 1896.

Centre Co.—Found along the mountain tops—Fernald, 1900.

Clearfield Co.—Two specimens were sent to Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., from
Bell’s Landing (in 1890?).—Rhoads.

Clinton Co.—I saw one in July, 1895, near Round Island.—Nelson. ‘Some

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 119

left near Mill Hall, but not many.”—Pfoutz, 1901. Once abundant on the’
mountains near Round Island but so decreased that Nelson, after two years’
endeavor, was unable to get me any specimens except two or three old skulls.
I made special search for it in this region without finding a track in 1898.
The common rabbit, once a rare or unknown species in these mountains, is
now numerous there.—Rhoads, 1902.

Columbia Co.—“Once plenty, now superseded by the gray rabbit in Co-
lumbia Co., except in the North Mountain.”—Buckalew, rg00.

Crawford Co. Formerly in Pymatuning and Conneaut marshes and in
the Cussewago and French Creek valleys, but none killed for several years.”
— Kirkpatrick, 1900.

£% Co.—Quite plentiful—Clay, 1900.

Erie Co.—Once common ; last known to be taken in the Co. was 9 or 10
years ago.— Bacon, 1900.

forest Co.—I killed one, winter 1898, near Newtown Mills.—Zendle.
“‘Range with the deer; poor eating.”—Haslet. Rare in this Co.—Irwin,
1900.

Frankiin Co.—Mrz. Strealy, of Chambersburg, member of a hunting club,
whose acquaintance with the animals of the South Mountain (Franklin, Adams
and Cumberland Cos.) is thorough, says there are none of this species found
there nor has he known of them there in the past.—Rhoads, 1902. ,

Huntingdon Co.—Long extinct near Entriken.—Todd, 1901. Found west
of Mt. Union.—Ingersoll, 1896.

Juniata Co.—Not known of around Tuscarora.—Ingersoll, 1896.

Lackawanna Co.—Several taken in the Co. near Scranton have been pre-
served for hunters by G. P. Friant. One is in the Wagner Museum, Phila.—
Rhoads. I shot one in Lackawanna Co. near Clitton—Campbell, 1goo.
Plentiful in Lack. Co., called “ Hare.”-—Stevens, 1900.

Luzerne Co.—Numerous.—Campbell, 1900. Rare.—Stocker, rgoo.

Lycoming Co.—Found occasionally.—Rothrock, 1900. Found on North
Mountain.—Buckalew, 1900.
| MeKean Co.—Several taken near Warren, winter 1898—’99.—Todd. Found
throughout Allegheny and Susquehanna watershed.—Dickeson, 1900.

Monroe and Pike Cos.—“ Not uncommon in the higher mountain swamps.”
—Rhoads, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1894, p. 393. Some left in swamps near
Long Pond.—Campbell, 1902. “Some found in thinly-settled parts of north-
ern townships of Monroe Co.’’—Bisbing, 1900.

Potter Co—“ The ‘cottontails’ have overrun the country in Potter Co.
once inhabited solely by the northern hare.”—Austin, 1900, Yet numerous
in our Co.—Austin, 1900. :

Somerset Co.—* Preble was told in 1893 that the white rabbit was formerly
common near Crumb.” “Preble was told of the occurrence of Lefus virgin-

120 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

tanus at Finzel, Md., only % a mile from the Pa. line.’—Merriam. “ Not
plentiful at Elk Lick, but there are some.” —Mier, 1902.

Sullivan Co.—* Found all over wooded districts, but diminish as big timber
is removed. Rhododendron swamps ate their haunts in winter.””—Behr, 1901.
Abundant about Eaglesmere.—Bennett, 1896: “The ‘ Jack rabbit’ is found
,occasionally between Highland Lake and Eaglesmere and in other parts of
the Bald Eagle mountain.”—Parker, 1goo.

Tioga Co.—" Driven by gray rabbit from clearings into deep swamps.’’—
Cleveland, 1900. Plentiful; thousands in this locality (Blossburg).—Bab-
cock, 1900. '

* Union Co.—* Seen a few years ago in the mountains. Some probably re-
main in Union Co.”—Chambers, 1900:

Venango Co.—* Not found. Have endeavored to stock our woods with
them without success.”—Dorworth, 1900.

Wayne Co:x—Numerous.—Stocker, 1900. Fast decreasing. ~-Goodiough,
1900: Quite a nuthber to be found in swamps.—Stevens, 1900. “ Decreas-
ing; 3 or 4 shot in Nov., 1899, at White’s Valley, only half white.”—Day.
Soime left:—Teeple, 1900. A few killed in the swamps every winter.—Kellew,
1g00.

Wyoming Co—Found all over wooded distticts—Behr, 1901. Quite
plenty on the mountains in some places.—Robinson, 1900.

Records in N. ].—Passaic Co.—Exterminated in the vicinity of Gréenwood
Lake mountains about 1890. Larkin Hazen shot one in the mountain just
north of the state line, Orange Co., N. York, in 1891.— Rhoads.

Sussex Co.—They used to frequent the tamarack swamps near Culver’s
Lake and Long Pond, and were thought by hunters to still exist there in
1896. I was unable to find any in these swamps, however.—Rhoads.

Warren Co.—Mt. Sttickland, of Blairstown, told me that a few still existed
around the high mountain swamps and lakes of the Kittatinny Range.—
Rhoads, 1902.

Habits, etc —My knowledge of the habits of this hare is derived solely
from accounts given me by hunters. It does not differ very greatly from the
cottontail in habits; but prefers secluded swamps and shaded, wooded re-
treats to those more open ones ftequentéd by the smaller species. The
apparent driving out of this large speciés by the latter is'to my mind solely
due to defofestation, bringing about a climate fatal to its existence over vast
tracts once congenial. I doubt greatly if the small rabbit in any way perse-
cutes its tival, but it metely follows the “opening up of the countiy ” because
that process enables it to live where formerly the virgiti forest conditions
excluded it.

The food of this hare being chiefly of trees and bushes, is of such a nature
at certain seasons as to niake its flesh greatly inferior to that of the cotton-

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 12!

tail, being hard, dry and juiceless. Bachman says they never retiéat, when
pursued, to holes or burrows. When snow is deep its latge feet suppoit it so
that it can escape dogs as if provided with snowshoes, hencé one of its
popular names. It does not forage in open fields or country, hence is not
destructive to crops, however common. They have 2 litters of 4 to 6 each
yearly, born in May and July or August. They prefer coniferous to decidu-
ous woods.

Description of species —This animal, like the weasel, turns more or less
white in winter. In the transition zone it rarely becomes much white, some
individuals changing but slightly from their summer color. The dispute
regarding the method by which this color change is accomplished has been
often settled, but by no one more conclusively than by Dr. J. A. Allen, in the
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, in which he proves
that the summer and winter coats, whatever their colors may be, are acquired,
and the color also, by the molt which regularly occurs in spring and fall.
The animal has no power to change the color after the new hair begins to
grow, but the disposition and physical condition of the animal, the climate in
which it lives and other mysterious effects of its environment, determine the
amount of white which’shall be acquired in any given place and at any sea-
son. Undoubtedly this turning white in winter is primarily intended as a
protective measure for the existence of the species during the season of
snows, great cold and increased activity of beasts of prey. ,

The Alleghanian hare is larger, and longer by two inches, than the cotton-
tail hare of the same regions. Its most distinguishing features are color and
the great size of the hind foot. In winter the two are readily separated ; in
summer the larger species is bright rusty brown, with ears dusky at the tip
and bordered with whitish, while the cottontail is wood-brown or yellowish-
brown mixed with black hairs above, and has plain brownish ears.

Measurements.—Total length, 485 mm. (19) ; tail, 50 (12); hind foot,
140 (5%).

Specimens examined.—From following Pa. counties: Blair Co.,1. Clinton
Co., 6. Clearfield Co., 2. Lackawanna Co., 2. Luzerne Co.,1. Potter
Co., 2. Sullivan Co., 4. Tioga Co., 1.

Alleghenian Cottontail or Rabbit. Zesxzs floridanus transitionaus
(Bangs). |

1895. Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis Bangs, Proceedings Boston Society
Natural History, vol. 26, p. 408.

1899. Lepus floridanus transifionalis Allen, Bulletin America Museuin
Natural History, vol. 12, p. 13.

Type locality —Libetty Hill, New London Co., Connecticut.

{22 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Faunal distribution.—Transition and deforested Canadian zones ; southern
New England to and including watershed of Allegheny and Susquehanna
Rivers, south along the Alleghenies to (and beyond). Maryland, intergrading
northward and westward into’ subspecies. mearnst, pend sontimard, into mal-
Zurus, the races next considered. : oH ge Baga 8

Distribution in Pa. and N. J. Cagdalneates ey the transition zone in
these states (see map). Not found in northwestern Pa. , where it is. eerie
by the prairie race, Z. f. mearnst, next considered.

Records, habits, description of Spee etc.-—See:. beyond under L. t mal-
durus or Southeastern Cottontail. oo

Eastern Prairie Cottontail or Rabbit. Zepus ae mearnst
(Allen).

1894. Lepus sylvaticus mearnsi Allen, Bulletin American Museum Natural
History, vol. 6, p. 171.

1899. Lepus floridanus mearnsé Allen, Ibid., vol. 12, p. 13.

Type locahty.—Fort Snelling, Hennepin Co., Minnesota.

Faunal distribution —“ The eastern prairie cottontail is a member of the
eastern prairie fauna of the transition and upper austral zones. It would,
therefore, not. come within the scope of the present paper had it not recently
extended its range as far as Toronto, Ontario and central New York.”—See
Miller, Key to Land Mammals of Northeastern North America, 1900, p. 119.
Examination of specimens from northwestern Pa. show this to be the form of
cottontail now living in the transition and deforested Canadian zones in that
region. It intergrades on the west slope of the Alleghenies with ¢vansition-
atis, and probably in the southeastern (Ohio valley) lowlands of Pa. with
mallurus.

Records, habits, description of species, etc.—See under next race, ZL. f. mal-
lurus.

Southeastern, or Lowland Cottontail or Rabbit. Zesus floridanus
mallurus (Thomas).

1898. L.[epus| n.[uttalli] mallurus Thomas, Annals and Magazine Natutal
History, 7th series, vol. 2, p. 320.

1899. Lepus floridanus mallurus Allen, Bulletin American Museum Natural
History, vol. 12, p. 13.

Type locatity. _Raleteh, Wake Co., N. Carolina.

Faunal distribution —Austral zones; Atlantic Ocean,,to and including
Mississippi Valley; southeastern N. York to Georgia,

Distribution in Pa, and N.7J.—This isthe abundant and well known rabbit
of the lowlands of our State. Above elevations of approximately rooo ft. it

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 123
.

begins to grade into the larger, paler form of cottontail known technically as:
transitionalis east of the great Alleghenian watershed. . West of that range in
the northern drainage of the Allegheny River and of Lake Erie it grades into
the pale-rumped race, mearnsi.

Habits, ete—' Brer Rabbit ” is as well known to old and young: as some of
our best friends. The three divisions of his family now made by hair-splitting
naturalists seem to have made no alteration in his manners wherever found.
Being ever ready to explore and develop new fields, he has followed closely
on the heels of “ the man with an axe” and assumed “ squatter sovereignty
with timid nonchalance born of persecution. The meek shall indeed inherit
the earth, in proportion as they “ be fruitful and multiply and replenish” it.
Let us go to the rabbit, consider his ways, and be wise.

Description of species —I use the following guide to the three ‘races of cot-
tontai] found in our limits from Miller’s Key: 1. General color bright yellow-
ish brown with a strong admixture of black; a distinct black spot between
ears = L. f. transitionalis. 2. General color pale yellowish brown with very
faint admixture of black; no black spot between ears; rump noticeably paler
than back, hind foot often over 100 millimeters (4 in.) =Z.f. mearsni. 3.
Same general colors as mearnsi, but rump. noticeably paler than back and
hind foot generally under 100 mm. (4 in.) = Z.f. mallurus. There is a large
area of debatable ground in the Alleghanies, especially in the common water-
shed of the Allegheny and Susquehanna rivers, and in the southern ridge
where it enters Maryland, in which the mixture of the three forms is puzzling,
but most typical ¢ransit#ionais occurs in the mountains of central and north-
eastern Pa., mearnsi in Erie and Crawford Cos. and mad/urus in the lower
Delaware, Susquehanna and upper Ohio valleys. Series from these three
localities, all taken at the same season, are readily separable into the races
named. ~

Measurements.—(From Miller) (¢ransitionafs) total length, 430 mm.
(17 in.) ; tail, 55 (234); hind foot, 95 (334) ; mearnsi—475 (1834); 65
(234) ; 100 (4) ; mallurus—azo (17) 5 55 (2%) 5 95 (334):

Order PINNIPEDIA; Seals,

Family Puocipe ; Earless Seals.
Genus Phoca Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1758, vol. 1, p. 37.
Harbor Seal; Sea Dog. Phoca vitulina Linnaeus.

1758. Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, Systema Bers 1758, vol. I, p. 37.
Type locality.—Europe.
_Faunal distribution.—Waters, islands-and_bays of the north Atlantic Ocean ;

$24 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

wandering south in winter to North Carolina along the east Atlantic coasts;
accasionally ascending rivers.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—Now and then found in Delaware Bay and
river up to the rocks at Trenton Falls. Often noted in winter along the entire
N. J. coast. Numerous in the waters of northeastern N. J., New York Bay
and Hudson River at the same season.

Records in Pa. and N. J—As ali the following records from the Delaware
River may refer to both states in a faunal sense, they will not be separated :

Delaware River-—The following is extracted from Allen’s Monograph of
North American Pinnipeds, 1880, pp. 585, 586: “Dr. C. C. Abbott, the
well-known naturalist of Trenton, N. J., kindly writes me: ‘In going over my
note books I find I have there recorded the occurrence of seals (Phoca vitu-
Jina) at Trenton, N. J., as follows: December, 1861; January, 1864; De-
eember, 1866; February, 1870, and December, 1877. In [each of] these 5
instances a single specimen was killed on the ledge of rocks crossing the river
here and forming the rapids. In December, 1861, three were seen, and two
in February, 1870... A week later one was captured down the river near Bris-
tol, Bucks Ca., Pa. My impression jis that in severe winters they are really
much more abundant in the Delaware River than is supposed. Considering
how small a chance there is of their being seen when the river is choked with
ice, I am disposed to believe that an occasional pair or more come up the
river even as high as Trenton, the head of tide water, and 138 miles from the
ocean. On examination of old local histories, I find references to seals as |
not uncommon along our coast and as quite frequently wandering up our
rivers in winter. In conversation with an old fisherman, now 76 years old,
who has always lived near Trenton and has been a good observer, I learn that
every winter, years ago, it was expected that one or more seals would be killed
’ and that about 1840, two were killed in March, which were supposed to have
accompanied a school of herring up the river. In my investigations in local
archeology, I have found in some of the fresh-water shell heaps, or rather
camp fire and fishing village sites along the river, fragments of bones which
were at the time identified as those of seals. These gave me the impression -
that the seal, like many of our large mammals, had disappeared gradually as
the country became more densely settled, and that in pre-European times it
was common, at certain seasons, both on the coast and inland.’”’ Dr. Allen
subsequently received from Dr. Abbott records of the capture of 8 more seals
in New Jersey, mostly near Trenton, during the winter of 1878-79. In Wat-
son’s Annals is recorded a seal 4 ft. 4 in. long, weighing 61 Ibs., which was
captured in 1824 near the Repaupo (Gloucester Co.) flood gates, while an-
other approached the limits of Pa. (Chester Co.) by ascending the Elk River,
Maryland. De Kay, in his Zodlogy of New York, states that formerly they
were taken almost every year in the “ fyke nets” in the Passaic River, N. J.,

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 125

Hudson and Essex Cos., greatly to the ri of the fishermen, hecause they
destroyed the nets. :

In the “ North American” (Philadelphia nawepaper), under date of Octo-
ber 20, rg01, a despatch from Trenton, N. J., says: “A spotted seal, 6 ft. 10
in. long, was caught in the Delaware River here yesterday by William Hill
and Joseph Springard, two sixth-ward fishermen. The men-shot the animal
when it appeared alongside their rowboat.”

Warren records a seal, probably this species, “ taken in the Delaware River
two years ago [1895] at Chester City, Delaware Co.,”’ Pa.—Poultry Book,
P- 317.

Regarding its oecurrence on the N. J. coast, I find on:inquiry.among fish-
€ermen that it is frequently seen, sometimes shot and sometimes captured
accidentally in seines. I have seen two dead and one live one at Atlantic
City in the last 10 years. Dr. T. P. Price, of Tuckerton, recently informed
me that H. Shourds has seen about a dozen altogether in Tuckerton Bay and
that B. Chew saw one at Deep Point, Mullica River. Mr. H. W. Hand says
I or 2 are seen or shot in Cape May Co. waters yearly. Mr. W. S. Williams
writes that he saw one about 1890 feeding in his shad net in Cohansey Creek,
presumably near Greenwich, Comberlind Co. It was allowed to escape for
fear of breaking the seine.

Habits, étc-—This is the only American species known to wander volun-
tarily into fresh water in pursuit of fish. In so doing it gets into the fresh
water lakes of New York, hundreds of miles from salt water. In Pa. and
N, J. it is known only as a winter or fall migrant from its summer home off
the coasts of northern New England and farther north. In these regions it
inhabits the rocky reefs and outlying islands of the coasts, there bringing forth
its single young. Its food consists of fish; the flesh and skins of the young
are much prized by the aborigines. It is exceedingly wary where hunted
and difficult to kill with shot. Its commercial importance was always small.

Description of species-—Color variable. Usually yellowish gray varied with
irregular spots of dark brown, smaller on the underside than on back. Some-
times without dark spots, sometimes dark, streaked irregularly with lighter
color. It can be distinguished from the other two rarer species found in our
limits by its color and smaller size. Its total length when adult is about 5
feet.

Harp Seal. Phoca groenlandica Erxleben.

1777. Phoca groenlandica Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalium, vol. r, p.
588.

Type locaity—Greenland and Newfoundland.

Faunal distribution—Circumpolar seas, south along the east coast of

126 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

America normally to the Magdalen Islands, fortuitously to New England and
New Jersey.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—The only record of the occurrence of this
seal in our limits rests solely on the following mention made by Dr. J. A.
Allen in his Monograph, above cited, page 640: “I have, however, recently
been informed by Dr. C. C. Abbott, of New Jersey, that a seal, described to
him as being about 6 feet long, white, with a broad black band along each
side of the back, was taken near Trenton in that state during the winter of
1878-79. This description can of course refer to no other species than
Phoca groenlandica, and as it comes from a wholly trustworthy source it
seems to substantiate the occasional occurrence of this species as far south as
New Jersey.” :

T have written Dr. Abbott for further particulars regarding this record, but
he answers that he finds no reference to it in his note books, and that his
memory does not serve him reliably enough at this late date to add anything
to the data given by Dr. Allen.—Rhoads, 1902.

Habits, etc —This species forms the bulk of the sealing industry in the east
Atlantic. It is very numerous and gregarious, breeding off the coast of New-
foundland. It is unsuspicious and easily killed. It never is found numerous
except in the vicinity of ice. C

Description of species—-The Harp seal is so named from its distinctive
color markings, the male having a black face and a harp-shaped, irregular
band of black almost encircling the back, crossing below the neck and nearly
meeting at the rump. This is in contrast to a nearly white background. The
female is but slightly mottled with black. Length, 5 to 514 feet.

Genus Cystophora Nilsson, Skandinav. Fauna, vol. 1, p. 382.
Hooded Seal; Bladdernose. Cystophora cristata (Erxleben).

1777. Phoca cristata Erxleben, Systema Regni Animal., vol. 1, p. 590.

1841. Cystophora cristata Nilsson, Wiegmann’s Archiv. f Naturges., vol. 8,
bd. 1, p. 326.

Type locality—Southern Greenland and Newfoundland.
’ Faunal distribution —“ Restricted to colder parts of the North Atlantic
and to portions of the Arctic Sea.”

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.—Occasional straggler on the N. J. coast;
recorded two or three times from as far south as Chesapeake Bay in Maryland.

Record in N. J.—The following is the only record of this species in our
limits. I quote from the American Naturalist of Nov., 1883, pp. 1191, 1192:
“ Mammatls.—Mt. A. E. Brown writes to Forest and Stream concerning the
capture of the hooded seal near Spring lake, New Jersey, which was forwarded
to the Zodlogical Garden at Philadelphia: ‘It was in poor condition when

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 127

received, steadily refused food, and died on the ninth day after arrival, when
its incisor dentition (7+), the large development of claws on the hind feet,
with other details, proved it to be a young female hooded seal (Cystophora
cristata), Although a few specimens of this seal have been seen on our shores,
even as far south as the Chesapeake, yet its occurrence is sufficiently rare to be
worthy of note, and at this season of the year it may be inferred that a con-
siderable part, at least, of the voyage was performed on an iceberg or floe.
The short life of the animal gave little chance to observe peculiarities of
habit, the only ones observed being its extremely savage disposition, to a de-
gree far greater than I have ever seen in the common seal, and its habit of
floating in the water with the axis of the body almost perpendicular instead
of horizontal, as with most other seals. Both of these habits I find to be
mentioned by those who have observed the animal under motion. It is
much to be regretted that the specimen did not live, as its presence in the
same pond with specimens of three other North American seals, the common
seal (Phoca vitulina), the California elephant seal (AZacrorhinus angustiros-
tris), and Gillespie’s hair seal (Zalophus cahfornianus), would have offered a
rare opportunity for studying the moral differences of these species. It is
curious to observe that the habit of floating perpendicularly, above referred
to, is shared by it with the sea elephant, which it resembles in dentition, and
quite strikingly in internal anatomy, the two genera forming a group quite
apart in subordinate characters from the other Phocide.’”’

This animal was sent to the Zodlogical Garden by I. Roberts Newkirk of
Philadelphia.

Habits, ete.—This species, like the harp seal, is by preference a dweller on
the drift ice of the high seas, away from rocky islands or shores. It is com-
bative and quarrelsome and exceedingly difficult to kill. It feeds on fish,
crustaceans and mollusks. Owing to its scarcity it has a small commercial
value.

Description of species—Head and limbs nearly uniform black. Color
above bluish black varied with small whitish patches, lighter beneath. Male
with head surmounted by a movable muscular bag, extending from nose to
behind the eyes, and about a foot long. Length of old male 7% to 8 feet.

Order FERAE: Carnivores or Flesh Eaters.

Family FELipz ; Cats.
Genus Fe/is Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1758, vol. 1, p. 41.
Alleghenian Cougar; “Panther.” eds couguar Kerr.

1792. Felis couguar Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 151.

128 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Type locality —Pennsylvania.

Faunal distribution.—Northeastern United States, intergrading in Florida
and Louisiana into /. ¢. coryi (Bangs), in western Texas into /. ¢. aztecus
(Merriam), in the Rocky Mountains into 7. ¢. hippolestes (Merriam) and in
the Cascade Mts. into J. ¢. oregonensis (Rafinesque).

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—Originally found in every part of both
states, but always more abundant in the Alleghany mountains. In N. J. it
became extinct in the early part of the 19th century, the last probably occur-
ring in Sussex or Warren Cos, as strays from.northeastern Pa. No dates of
their extinction in N. J. have been secured. In Pa. they have not been
killed, so far as I can substantiate the accounts which have been published,
since 1871, though one statement would imply that 2 had been killed in
Clinton or Clearfield Co. in 1891.

Records in Pa— Bedford, Blair and Huntingdon Cos.— “Among the moun-
tains of the headwaters of the Juniata River, as we were informed, the Congar
is so abundant that one man has killed for some years from 2 to 5, and one
very hard winter, 7.” It has 3 or 4 young, 5 are a rare exception. The usual
number is 2.—Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. Amer., 1851, vol. 2, p. 311.

Berks Co.— Last Wednesday” a panther was killed in Albany township
in the Blue Mountains by Thomas Anson. Weight 146 lbs. Length, 4 ft.
5% inches, plus 2 feet of tail. Mr. Pfleger was also in the party. Signed,
O. D.S., Hamburg, Berks Co., Aug. 10, 1874.—See Forest and Stream, 1874,
vol. 3, p. 67.

Bradford Co.— Dr. W. 8. Lewis, of Canton, tells me that Post. Wilcox, a
grandson of Sheff. Wilcox, when a boy fifteen years old, in the winter of 1858,
killed a panther in Albany Twp. The doctor gives the particulars of the hunt
for the panther. I have no doubt of the truth of his statement.”—Cleveland,
tgo1. “Mr. A. D. McCrassey, who is at present Chief of Police of Canton
borough, informs me that, in 1869, with his wife, and a Mr. Northrop and his
wife, while taking a Sunday after-dinner stroll along the track of the Barclay
R.R., not far from Greenwood, Bradford Co., Pa., an animal jumped on the
track a few rods in front of them, halted, turned and looked at them a
moment, then disappeared in the woods, making tremendous leaps. Descrip-
tion: light yellow color, body five feet long, tail apparently as long as its
body ; head, large and round; ears, short and erect; eyes, large, round and
glaring. Mr. McCrassey does not name the animal.’"—Cleveland, rgor.

Cambria Co.— Panthers are stated by Hallock to be found near Ebensburg
in 1877. See Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, p. 140. On Stony Creek, 12
miles from Johnstown, a Mr. Kauffman and companion found a mangled
sheep from which they tracked a panther to a nearby ledge, from which, with
dogs, they dislodged it. It took refuge in a cave close by after being wounded.
Digging down to the cave from above, they killed it. This was about the
year 1875.—Shields, 1901.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 129

Cameron Co.—None have been killed in 20 years in the Emporium region.
Larrabee, 1896. ‘The last date of a panther that I can give is of the two
killed down on the Driftwood, between Stirling and Driftwood, in 1851, by
Isaac Rammage, who was an old: hunter at that time.”—Dickinson, 1901.

‘Centre Co.—*James Moore killed one in Centre Co. in 1893.’”—Nelson,
1900. The only specimen of Pa. panther known to me is in the museum of
State College at Bellefonte. It was presented to the State by Samuel E.
Brush, who shot it in Susquehanna Co., Pa., in 1856. It was exhibited in the
Pa. zodlogical display at the Chicago World’s Fair, 1892.—Rhoads, fide
Friant. A‘Centre Co. panther is recorded in the table of bounties paid by
that Co. in 1886, as given in the book “ Diseases and Enemies of Poultry ”
by Warren, p. 675.

Clearfield and Centre Cos.—The last known to me was killed by James
David and Nick Hastings on Big Run of Beech Creek, Clinton Co.—Pfoutz.
“Sometime during the year 1871 George Hastings and James David while
hunting on Big Run” killed two panthers which their dogs treed, for whose
scalps the county paid $12 each. This was in Beech Creek township.—See
Maynard’s Historical View of Clinton Co., 1875, p. 122.

Relative to the above statements, I give the following letter kindly answer-
‘ing my inquiries of an earlier date under caption of— —

“ BEECH CREEK, FEB’Y 28TH, 1901.

“ Dear Sir: Replying to your letter of inquiry of Jan’y 30, rgo1, will say the
panthers were killed by my brother, George G. Hastings, in December, 1871.
‘The first one was killed on the middle branch.of the ‘Big Run,’ % mile
above Winslow’s Splash dam. Was treed by a large bull-dog. My brother
shot it through top of shoulders. It jumped to the ground. The dog caught
and held it until my brother ran up and shot it through the head, killing it in-
stantly. The day following the second one was trailed from where the first
one was killed to the swamp branch of “ Big Run,” when the bull-dog was put
on the trail. The panther finally took refuge under a large rock. The dog
pursued it, caught it, and dragged it forth, when they had a hard fight. The
panther succeeded in breaking loose from the dog and sprang up on top of
‘the rock, where it remained in safety until my brother came up and shot it
through the heart. This one was killed near the mouth of ‘Raccoon Run,’
a tributary of the swamp branch of the ‘Big Run.’ The panthers were male
and female. The skins measured from end of nose to end of tail: female,
eight feet; male, nine feet.

“Your letter was mislaid, hence the delay in reply.

(Signed) “EE. H. Hastincs.”

[P. S.]—“* My brother had the panther skins made into a lap robe, which

130 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

I think is still in his possession. Any further information he will cheerfully
give you. His address is George G. Hastings, Bellefonte, Pa.”

“There may be one or two in Clearfield Co., but the Askey boys and I
killed two 2 years ago.”—Nelson, 1893. ‘Those panther skins, with two.
others, went to Germany with a lot of other furs, by Schreader & Co. I did.
not kill the panther; it got in my bear trap, and was dead when I came to
the trap.”—Nelson, 1895.

Crawford Co.— In 1833, J. and P. Vasbinder killed 3 on Boone’s Moun-
tain.”—McKnight’s History Crawf. Co., 1898.

£lk Co.—Last one killed nearly 40 years ago in Elk Co.—Luhr. Found.
near Ridgway as late as 1877.—Hallock, Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, p. 140.

Forest Co.— Formerly numerous in Kingsley Twp. and at Panther Rocks,
15 miles above Tionesta on French Creek. Last killed about 1848.”—Irwin.

Lancaster Co—About 1830, a stray panther was seen or supposed to have-
been seen.—See Rathvon’s Hist. Lanc. Co., 1869, p. 501.

Luzerne Co.—From 1808 to 1820, Luzerne Co. paid bounties on panther:
scalps, $1822.—upwards of 50 being killed in 1 year. ‘There are no pan-
thers in this county at present, except occasionally one may be met with in.
the great swamps or on the North Mountain.”—Pearce, Annals Luzerne Co.,.
1860, pp. 489, 490.

Lycoming Co.—About this time [1840] a Dr. Reinwalt was called from.
his home at Liberty Corners, Tioga Co., to visit a patient at English Center,.
Lycoming Co., five miles distant. The Dr. went on first, taking his gun with
him, a double-barreled rifle, and as he did not return when expected, a party
went in search; but as a heavy body of snow had fallen before the search
began, his body was not found for nearly two weeks. It was lying near a.
large butternut tree. The wounds on the body indicated that a panther had
killed him. One barrel of his gun had been discharged and the other barrel:
had missed fire. The inference was, that a panther was perched on a hori-
zontal limb of the butternut tree when discovered by the doctor, that a shot
from his rifle wounded the brute, when it sprang from the limb upon the
unfortunate man.

“ Liberty, or what is more generally known as the Block-House, from a house:
built of hewn logs by the first settlers, as a protection from the Indians, was.
settled by the Germans, or Pennsylvania Dutch. They were a superstitious.
people, and believed in witchcraft. If a good marksman made a poor shot,
he attributed his poor luck to witchcraft, and applied the remedy: shooting
a silver ball from his gun. The winter following the doctor’s death, Jacob
Sechrist and a Mr. Messner, while hunting deer, discovered the trail of a.
panther, and presuming that they had found the track of the brute that had
killed their friend, Dr. Reinwalt, they vowed vengeance. Returning home
for provisions, the next morning, with their witch-proof rifles, they took the:

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 131

trail, and camping on the track when night overtook them, on the fourth day
they killed the panther, on the mountain east of the Loyalsock Creek, in Sul-
livan county, Pa., near Hillsgrove. They found ball in shoulder, probably
from the doctor's gun.”—Cleveland, 1gor.

McKean Co.—tThe last one killed was by Eastman and Smith, about 1858
or ’59.—Dickeson.

Mifiin Co.—“About 45 years ago [1854?] one was killed in the Seven
Mountains near Milroy. I saw the stuffed skin shortly after.’”—Rothrock‘
1900.

Monroe and Pike Cos.—‘A panther, I am assured by Mr. Eilenberger, has
not been killed in Pike Co. for 30 years, all reports to the contrary notwith-
standing.’’—Rhoads, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1894, p. 393. In October, 1873,
two were seen in Pike Co.—Forest and Stream, vol. 1, p. 141.

Northampton Co.—In 1827 a panther was killed 17 miles from Easton.—
See Watson’s Annals, 1830.

Potter Co.—T have not heard or seen a panther in 4 or 5 yeats.”—N. P.
Francis, Potter Co., 1893. All gone in Potter Co. Last killed many years
ago. I know of only 1 killed in this Co., viz., in 1841 by Henry Hurlburt.—
Austin, 1901. :

Sullivan Co.—‘* Now rare. The county treasurer’s report for 1834 showed
$300 paid for wolf and panther scalps” that year.—R. C. Taylor, Loudon’s
Mag. N. Hist., 1835, vol. 8, pp. 536 to 539. “ My father killed the last one
in this region certainly known to me between the years 1855 and 1860.”—
Bennett. “ About 1873 I heard of one being killed in Sullivan Co. W. B.
Lyon of Tioga Co. saw one the same year.’’—Cleveland. ‘One was killed
in Sullivan Co. near the Luzerne line about 3 years ago [1857].—Pearce,
Annals Luzerne Co., 1860, p. 490.

Susquehanna Co.—Last one killed in the Co. by a Mr. Orin, near Clifford,
in 1874.—Stevens. “I remounted a specimen shot by Samuel E. Brush of
Susquehanna, Susq. Co., in 1856. It was shot in the same Co., and was re-
mounted for the Chicago World’s Fair, Penna. exhibit. It measured 7 ft.
‘9 in. in length, was 30 inches high at shoulders, and weighed 147 lbs. when
shot. It wasarare species when captured. Now it is wholly extinct in the
‘Co.”—Friant, rgo1. Mr. Friant tells me that Dr. B. H. Warren and himself
persuaded Mr. Brush to give the specimen to State College, Bellefonte, Pa.,
for sake of its preservation. It is now there. The skull is in the specimen,
and the mouth is open so that its dental characters may be determined. The
skin is in fair condition, and not bleached by exposure and age.

Tioga Co.— About the year 1840, Jacob Seachrist with his nephew, John
Seachrist, who was then a boy, were hunting stray cattle on Briar Hill in Lib-
erty Twp. They had three dogs with them. The dogs got after a panther,
and drove it upatree. Jacob shot the panther, but before it died it killed

132 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

one of the dogs, and seriously wounded another.’’—Cleveland, 1901. “In
relation to the panther seen by W. R. Lyon, Esq., late of Ward, Tioga Co.,
Pa., Mr. Lyon was a hunter of large experience and a man of truth and
veracity. I got the date from his son, S. W. Lyon, a merchant of Canton,
Pa. In the winter of 1864 Mr. Lyon was returning home from Fall Brook, a
distance of four miles through the woods, when he discovered an animal
moving leisurely up a ravine toward the highway. When it reached the bridge
that spanned the gulf, it hesitated to cross the road, but when it saw Mr.
Lyon, who was standing about thirty yards from the bridge, it retreated with
speed across the ravine. Mr. Lyon told me that the panther was in plain.
sight for several minutes ; that he examined the tracks made in the snow, and
that he was positive that it was a panther.”—Cleveland, 1901.

Wyoming Co.—* My father killed the last one, before my time.”—Rob-
inson.

York Co.—One was killed at Shrewsbury in 1729. See Watson’s Annals,
1830, under “ Game.”

Records in N. J.—So far as can be ascertained by meagre and unsatisfac-
tory returns from my correspondents, the last N. J. panther was destroyed
about the third or fourth decade of the 19th century (1830 to 1840). It is
probable that the last specimens lingered in the swamps of Cape May, Ocean
and Atlantic Cos. The only other part of the state where they may have
lingered so late would be Warren and Sussex Cos., along the upper Delaware
Valley, opposite Pike Co., Pa.—Rhoads.

Burlington Co.—In 1748, an Indian killed a panther, which had just struck
down a buck deer, near Crosswicks.—See Smith’s Hist. of N. J., ed. 1879,
p. 503.

Camden Co.—See quotations beyond from county treasurer records of
Ebenezer Hopkins, under article on the gray wolf.—Rhoads.

Cape May Co.—“ Though it is impossible to get instance or records, the
concurrent testimony in Cape May Co. among old hunters proves that pan-
thers were often found there 50 or 60 years ago. My grandmother remem-
bers one being killed in this Co. about 70 years ago.”—Hand, 1900.

Mercer Co.—The bones of panthers are found in Indian refuse heaps in
the vicinity of Trenton.—Abbott, 1900.

“West Jersey."—The General Assembly of West Jersey convened at Bur-
lington, Nov. 4, 1697, enacted a bounty law for the extermination of wolves.
and panthers on the following grounds: “It being seen by daily and detri-
mental experience that the wolves are very destructive to the cattle and crea-
tures of the inhabitants of this Province, and it being represented that the
panthers are also great destroyers of stock,” etc. The bounty to “ whatsoever
Christian shall kill and bring the head of a wolf of prey or panther to any
magistrate of any county of this Province” was 20 shillings. Negroes and

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 133

Indians only received half this sum. A non-preying young wolf or panther
was only worth half as much bounty as an adult.—Lee.

After the “ Union of East and West Jersey,” in 1702, the legislature passed
a law (1709) for the destruction of these animals. In 1730, the bounty on
wolves was made 20 shillings and on panthers 15 shillings, whelps 5 shillings.
This was soon increased to 60 shillings for adult wolves and 10 shillings for
whelps. The panther nuisance had undoubtedly greatly abated by that date-
—Lee. :

Habits, etc—The following may be given as an epitome of the habits of an
animal never understood by the masses and concerning which so much has
been published of a fictitious character. The recent account of the Cougars
of Colorado, published in “ Scribner’s Magazine”? (1901), by Theodore
Roosevelt, is one of the best from the standpoint of the hunter, and in some
respects, from that of the naturalist. ‘He, however, minimizes too greatly the
ferocity of the beast on certain occasions, and seems to be unduly skeptical
as to their making an occasional unprovoked attack on man and their habit
of leaping from trees, rocks, logs or other vantage-points where they have laid
in wait for game. These habits of the animal have been testified of by ob-
servers whose competent judgment, experience and veracity are as much to
be relied upon as that of those who in these latter days are so ready to dis-
prove the statements of their ancestors in the chase, the laboratory and the
field of literature.

The characder of the cougar is eminently cowardly, sneaking, thievish, but
often courageous when with young. When starved, it is emboldened to fol-
low and (very rarely) attack a man. It may be fenced off when wounded by
the courageous use of a stick or gun barrel, but sometimes leaps upon its
assailant. It never seems to realize its power of offense or defense, and a
well-trained cur will inspire it with terror and quickly tree it.

It hunts by lying in wait, prowling and stalking. The larger game, as deer,
are approached until within 15 or 20 yards and then overtaken by a succes-
sion of quick bounds, sometimes clearing 20 to 30 feet at a leap, springing on
the back, clasping the neck and shoulders, and biting the neck until the ani-
mal falls. Smaller animals are struck down by the paw and throttled. It
drags its prey when unable to carry it clear of the ground in its mouth, hiding
it-after the first meal and returning nightly to it for food. Sometimes, when
game is plenty, they kill and suck the blood of several without eating the
carcass. Their favorite food is the deer, but they kill heifers, colts, calves,
sheep, hogs, larger game, birds, fish, porcupines, skunks, opossums, in fact
any animal large enough to claim attention. Their favorite haunts are in
mountains where rock caverns and ledges abound, but all primeval situations
afford them the requirements of a habitat. They do not hibernate. The
young, born in March, are laid in a bed of leaves in a cavern or hollow log,

134 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

and generally number 2, often 3, rarely 4. The male and female do not asso-
ciate after the birth of the young, but often hunt together before that season,
assisting each other in the destruction of large game. When engrossed in
catching deer, or in the excitement of killing or first eating their victim, their
innate fear of man vanishes. Godman relates how a pair in Centre Co., Pa.,
pursued a wounded buck before the hunter could overtake it and were killing
it when the hunter arrived on the scene. Though he shot and killed the
female, the male continued to throttle the deer and was shot 3 times in fatal
parts of the body while facing the hunter on the same spot; the buck mean-
while, having stumbled over it, regained its feet and ran off. When chased by
dogs, they sometimes leap directly from the ground to the lower branches of
a tree and thus ascend, but if forced to climb a tree whose limbs are out
of leaping reach, they go up the trunk precisely as does a cat, by short, cling-
ing jumps. The voice of the male panther, so far as I have observed it in the
Philadelphia Zodlogical Garden, is capable of most of the gradations and tones
of the domestic cat, and has a great similarity thereto in purring, mewing,
caterwauling and spitting notes. Multiply cat-calls by ten and you get the
kind of noises that have done more than anything else to give the “American
Lion” its reputation for qualities which it does not possess. Roosevelt says
that the sounds made by those hunted by him were low growls and snarls
with, rarely, a thunderous growl. They make no sounds which could be
compared with the roaring of lions, that we have account of.

Description of species —Until recently, all of the animals in America styled
* Pumas, Cougars, Panthers and Mountain Lions,” were classed by naturalists
under one scientific name, Fels concolor. As this binomial was given by
Linnzeus to a Brazilian specimen, and North American specimens had proved
to differ from those of South America in some degree, the modern naturalist
became restive. Only the lack of material for comparisons and the tedious
‘searching in the dusty tomes of nomenclature, characteristic of the priority-
hunting of to-day, had deterred the hair-splitters from putting forth a few
more old and familiar cougars in the rdle of new species and subspecies.
Some of these, alas, must receive old discarded names long languishing on
the perennial bosom of synonymy !

Dr. Merriam had already described, ere his “ Revision of the Pumas”
(Proc. Washn. Acad. Sciences, 1901) came forth, a species, /. hippolestes,
from Wyoming, and a race /. h. olympus, from the Pacific coast. These he
has retained, and has adopted couguar of Kerr as a separate species from
the Rocky Mountain Aippolestes. With the latter determination I must at
present differ, as he has given no evidence that there is any specific difference
between the Alleghenian and the Rocky Mountain animals. Owing to his
having a fine series of skulls and skin-data of the latter and only two unsexed
skulls of the former, he can present no absolute proof that his hypothesis of

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 135

the larger relative size of Aippoleszes skulls is correct. But even if this is the
state of the case, size alone, without dental and cranial differences, such as
separate species in other of the “ede, does not warrant the continuance of
hippolestes as a species. As Dr. Merriam has not indicated such departures
in the skulls he examined, it is not likely they exist or that he would have
overlooked them. On the same basis, I am unable to note that he has made
a good sfecific case for any one of the North American forms named in his
paper. Therefore, as /. couguar is by priority to be made the type of the North
Anterican puma group included in his Revision, and as all the members of
that group are (or were in the last 50 years) geographically connected by a
continuous distribution in the United States and Mexico, it behooves us, until
a more satisfactory series of specimens be studied, that the nomenclature of
these races should stand as I have placed them in the early part of this article.

The following are the characters given by Merriam for Adirondack speci-
mens: “Size medium, head (apparently) disproportionately small for size
of body; color, dull fulvous; skull, smallest of the known species. Color:
‘Body and legs of a uniform fulvous or tawny hue. Ears light colored within,
blackish behind. Belly pale reddish, or reddish-white. Face sometimes with
a uniform lighter tint than the general hue of the body..—De Kay. Skull
smaller and less massive than in any other North American species ; nasals
broader and blunter posteriorly than in Aippolestes and azéecus, but very much
smaller and narrower than in coryi from Florida; bulle smaller; basioccipital
broader, teeth smaller and more slender, particularly the large upper pre-
molars (carnassial and pm 2.).’”’ It is probable on zodé-geographical grounds
that not only do the Adirondack cougars average smaller than typical Pa.
specimens, but that if a series of the latter, showing by their sagittaal crest
development the great age of animal from which the skull was taken (as was
the case with some of the Roosevelt series of Aippolestes), were compared
with Aippolestes, the differences, which Merriam qualifies by the term “ap-
parently,” would largely fall to the ground.

I have written without success to obtain a description of the Pa. panther in
State College inuseum. Its body measurements have been already given as
taken from the stuffed specimen. The lengths of Pa. cougars usually given
in historic accounts are generally overestimated, often grossly so. It will be
found, however, on comparing the more reliable accounts of the size of
United States cougars that the differences, while favoring the usual rule of
greatest size in north temperate latitudes, diminishing toward the Gulf and
Mexico, are not great, and that some of the largest panthers ever taken have
been killed in Pennsylvania and Louisiana (Red River, See Doughty’s Cab-
inet, N. Hist., vol. 2). In the Roosevelt series from Colorado the average
total length of 3 males and 3 females, all adult, was 7 feet 2 inches, the largest
male being 8 feet long, the largest female 7 feet long. This large male was
fat and weighed 227 pounds.

136 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Genus Zynx Kerr, Animal Kingdom, 1792, vol. 1. Systematic catalog. in-
serted between pp. 32 & 33; description on p. 157.

East Canadian Lynx. Lynx canadensis Kerr.

1792. Lynx canadensis Kerr, Animal Kingdom, same reference as above
for genus.

Type locahty.—Eastern Canada.

Faunal distribution Canadian, Hudsonian and Arctic zones; Atlantic
Ocean to Rocky Mountains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—Always a rare species in even the most
boreal parts of Pa. I have no certain record from northern N. J., but it
probably straggled occasionally in former times into the most northern coun-
ties. It is now practically exterminated within our entire limits. In the
higher Alleghanies it once reached the southern border of Pa.

Records in Pa.— Cameron Co.— Mr. Larrabee, who recognized the specific
distinction between [wild cat and lynx] told me [in 1896] that he knew cer-
tainly of the capture of one in Cameron or Potter Co. within 16 years.”—
Rhoads, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1897, p. 222.

Columbia Co.—*1 ‘killea one 50 years ago [1849] in Columbia Co.
Know of none since.”’—Buckalew, 1899.

Forest Co.—It is 50 years since I saw one.”—Haslet, 1900.

Lackawanna Co.—I have examined a specimen of lynx in the private col-
lection of E. W. Campbell, West Pittston, Pa. This specimen is a male in
the summer coat. The size is not great but the teeth indicate an adult in
early prime. The ears are tipped with stiff, bristling, black hairs or tufts
about 134 inches long, their points being considerably worn. The tail is
short, and the feet relatively large as in Canada lynx as contrasted with bay
lynx. The color is a dull reddish gray, unspotted above, and a conspicuous
ruff surrounds the sides of neck. The lynx was killed, so I am informed by
Mr. Campbell, in late September, 1881, by Jesse Weaver in a timber tract ,
where he was chopping, in the mountains near the Welch Settlement, Spring
Brook township. The lynx was discovered lying on a tree limb and shot.
Another specimen of half grown lynx in Mr. Campbell’s collection, taken
later at Ash Gap, Lehigh River, by C. Donnelly and in winter fur, is of such
a light gray spotless color that there is a probability that it is a Z. canadensis.
It has ear tufts almost as large as in adult Z. ruffus. The following measure-
ments, among many others taken from this mounted specimen and kindly
furnished by Mr. Campbell, indicate it to be a lynx and not a wild cat:
Total length, 3 ft. 4 in.; tail vertebee, 434 in.; ear pencil, above ear tip, 134
in.; hind foot from end of longest toe to heel, measured along sole, 834 in. ;
width of hind foot pads, 34% in., length, 44 ; front foot, 314x3 in.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 137

Lycoming Co.—One was killed near Roaring Branch in 1896.—-Babcock.

McKean Co.— The following circumstantial account of the capture of a
lynx by an old Pa. hunter of long experience should remove any doubts as to
the former existence of Z. canadensis in Pa.:

Jamestown, N. Y., Vou. 30, 7899.
SAMUEL N. Ruoaps, Eso.

Dear Sir : T notice [in a local newspaper] an article inviting any person
having knowledge of certain animals found in Pennsylvania subject to extinc-
tion to give a brief account of same. I had a camp on Kinzua Creek, Mc-
Kean Co., Pa., where my partner and I spent twelve falls hunting and trap-
ping, from 1855 to 1867. In Dec., 1867, I killed a deer and hung the fore
quarters up on a tree as high as I could reach, taking the saddle into camp.
The next evening but one I came that way and found that some animal of
the cat kind had -come within about 10 feet of the tree and sprung upon the
meat ; had made a meal and jumped back into and followed away on the
same tracks by which it came. * * * Next morning I went back and set a
trap in the place where he left the ground to make his spring. The third
morning after I found my trap and clog gone and following up the trail found
him up a hemlock tree about 30 feet from the ground, trap and all. The
chain was wound around a large limb twice, and he hanging by one fore leg
caught in the trap, dead, frozen stiff. I went back to camp, got an axe and
cut the tree down to secure trap and game. I found a nice specimen of
Canadian Lynx, weighing about 40 Ibs. I judged so by hefting and compar-
ing him with my still-hunting dog whose weight I knew. I took his pelt off
and sold it with my other hides, not realizing that it was of any particular
value as a specimen. It was considerably taller on legs than a wildcat, longer
body, of a light gray, tail 6 to 8 inches in length, and the funniest thing about
it was its ears, which had stiff black hairs coming out from the inside of the
ear, and growing up and coming to a point at the end of the ears, then twist-
ing around like an old-fashioned horse-hair fish line for about 34 of an inch.
Right atop of this was formed a round ball of the black hair about as big as
a blue plum, so that when you held the head up and shook it a little, the
little bells on top of the ears would jump around in all shapes. Another
hunter that lives in that vicinity by the name of Aaron Parmeter, post office
address Kinzua, Warren Co., Pa., killed one about the same date while he
was watching for deer at a salt lick one evening. I have not hunted any in
Pa. for the past 25 years, but I think that they still exist in N. W. Pennsyl-
vania, and that a specimen can be had even now. * * *

© Respectfully yours, Tuos. J. FENTON.”

“The Lynx was never plenty in northwestern Pennsylvania. My father,

I 38 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Edward Dickinson, caught two in Norwich township on the west branch of
Potato Creek. One in 1842 or ’43, and one in 1851 or ’52. My father and
{ caught one in Nov.. 1867. This one was an old tom cat and showed all
signs of old age. This one is the last genuine lynx that I know of being
caught in McKean Co. We have acat here yet that is called a lynx, because
of its size and color. Some of them will weigh as high as forty-four pounds. |
But they are a darker gray than the lynx. I believe they are a cross between
the lynx and the common wildcat. A large wildcat will weigh from twenty-
four to thirty pounds.”—Dickinson, 1901.

“‘T have not seen a specimen of lynx in 30 years. It used to range over
this region in the head waters of the Susquehanna and Allegheny Rivers.” —
Dickeson, 1g00.

Monroe and Pike Cos.—* Many residents near Porter’s Lake assured me
that this species is occasionally trapped in that vicinity. The occurrence of
the Canadian lynx in these parts is not attested by any reliable records known
to me.”—Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1894, p. 393.

Potter Co.—Occasionally a lynx is brought to me for bounty; huge fore
legs, gray.—Austin, 1900.

Somerset Co.—The following letter answering more careful inquiry regard-
ing his previous report of having once had a specimen of Somerset Co.
Canada lynx, is of interest :

New Lexincton, Pa., Dec. 77, 2900.
Mr. S. N. Ruoaps, Phila., Pa.

Dear Sir : Yours of the 17th duly recd. In regard to the Canada Lynx
which I reported in the circular, I bought the skin from D. C. Barclay and
had it tanned at our tannery here and then made into a pair of long driving
gloves. Mr. Barclay called it a lynx. It had tufted ears, heavy legs and a
tail 6 or 8 inches long. It had an even [unspotted] color which from my
recollection was a light gray bordering yellowish. I have seen wildcats both
alive and dead and their color is of a much darker gray than this was. And
I never saw a wildcat skin (bark tanned, which shrinks them very much)
large enough to make a pair of gauntlet gloves such as these were. I have
seen Mr. Barclay since receiving your letter; he says “the animal positively,
was no wildcat. If it was not a Canada Lynx, then he could not name it.”
I have the engineer’s level at the base of the mountain which is 1837 ft. above
sea level. The animal was trapped about 300 ft. above this point, or 2137 ft,
above sea level.

Mr. Joseph King, an old man who hunts occasionally, told me to-day that
he believes there is another one in the mountain, as he has occasionally seen,
during the last several winters, tracks which are much larger than a wildcat
track. I am very sorry I cannot find a piece of my old gloves. My wife
thinks I gave them away after I had worn much of the fur off.

“T am, yours truly, H. D. Moors.”

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 139

Sullivan Co.—Three or four shot here [country between Loyalsock and
Pine Creeks, Sullivan, Lycoming and Tioga Cos] in fall [1834 ]—length 4 ft.”
As distinguished from wild cat— 3 feet, spotted.”—Taylor, Loudon’s Magaz.
N. Hist., 1835, vol. 8, pp. §36 to 539. Not known at Eaglesmere.—Ben-
nett, 1896. They say one was killed near Lopez 25 or 30 years ago (1871 to
1876).—Behr.

Tioga Co.— A description of the Canada Lynx would fit the lynx that I
killed in Pennsylvania years ago, except that the Canada Lynx is perhaps 1%
larger. I have seen the Canada lynx in Minnesota and northern Michigan.
I was called professionally to see a lady by the name of McIntosh in Mc-
Intosh Hollow on the Tioga River in Ward Township about the time of the
War of the Rebellion. The boys came from the woods with a load while I
was there and reported a deer killed in their ‘sugar-bush’ by a panther. The
snow was a foot or more deep. I procured a steel trap, and found on ex-
amination, when I reached the woods, that a deer had been killed the night
before by what I supposed to be a large wild-cat, or catamount, as the larger
species of cats were called. The animal had got on the body of a fallen
hemlock turned up by its roots, walked its whole length, and climbed on to
its roots, ahout eight feet from the ground. The deer, a medium-sized doe,
had been feeding near. The struggle was a fearful one, judging from the
blood and area of snow tramped down. JI set the trap by the carcass of the
dead deer. The next day, when I visited my patient, I went to look at the
trap, and found it gone, with its heavy drag. Followed half a mile toward a
large swamp, and found trap fast to a lynx, shot it, had the skin dressed and
made into a collar that I wore several winters.”—Cleveland, 1901.

Wayne Co.—Specimens have been taken in the northern part of this Co.
within 7 years.—Stevens, 1899. Very rare in Wayne Co.—Goodnough, rgoo,

Over the State-—During the past 5 years I have made very careful inquiries
in all sections where the Canada Lynx was reported to be present, but as yet
have not been able to discover a true example. ‘There are, however, it is
said, two or three well authenticated instances where the Canada Lynx has
been taken in Pennsylvania within the last 25 years——Warren, Poultry Book,

1897, P- 441.

Records in N. J/—None have been received nor probably ever will be at
this date, owing to the length of time since they were exterminated and the
confusion existing in the minds of hunters as to their identity. That they
once existed as stragglers in the northern part of the state is true beyond all
reasonable doubt.—Rhoads. Kalm states that the Swedes of N. Jersey
recognized the lynx as distinct from the wild cat. One was called the
“Warglo” or wolf-lynx, the other “ Kattlo” or cat-lynx. The former had
been known to kill “ stags.” See Kalm’s Travels. These remarks of Kalm
refer rather indefinitely to N. J., Pa. and N. York.

140 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Habits, etc—So far as appears from accounts of hunters, there is nothing
in the habits of a lynx differing from those of a wild cat except what it ac-
complishes on account of its greater size and agility. Both these animals
appear much more courageous and offensive in their encounters with men
and animals than the cougar or panther. They will not hesitate to fasten
themselves on the necks of deer, trusting to bring them down by sheer ex-
haustion and blood-letting before the deer can manage to drag them off by
running through brush or the branches of thick trees or by jumping into
water. Mr. Seth Nelson on one occasion was trout fishing at a large pool in
the woods of Clinton Co. when a crashing through the forest made him seize
his rifle in time to shoot both a wild cat and a doe which plunged into the
pool to free itself of its tormentor. They have been known to seriously
wound hunters in their own defense and even to make an unprovoked
attack. Wild cats are one of the greatest scourges of the life of the Pa. for-
ests, as fully revealed in the accounts given by correspondents to Dr. Warren,
formerly Pa. State Zodlogist, printed in the book, Diseases of Poultry, pub-
lished by the Pa. Dept. of Agriculture in 1897. Dr. Warren’s account of the
life, history and economic status of this animal is by far the fullest, most
entertaining, and based on the largest amount of information of any yet pub-
lished. From this I extract the following facts: “Favorite haunts:” For-
ests, rocky ledges, briary thickets, slashings and bark peelings strewn with
decaying logs, fallen trees and brush piles, grown up with rhododendron (buck
laurel). Vembers: Increasing in Elk, Clearfield, Forest, Cameron, Centre
and McKean Cos. where large districts have been deforested. Food: Poul-
try, ruffed grouse, wild turkeys, all other small birds, their eggs and young,
deer (especially fawns), lambs, young pigs, rabbits, squirrels, mice, porcupine,
skunk, opossum, fish, frogs. Breeding: In hollow tree or log in nest made
of leaves, moss, etc., some in ledges or caverns. Two to 4 young born in
May—(a female containing 3 young nearly ready for birth was sent me April
20, 1897, by S. Nelson.—Rhoads). Commercial value: Small, bringing
from 35 to 75 cents per pelt. Bounties: From 1885 to 1896 a two dollar
scalp bounty was paid on wild cats, as per Warren’s report. I believe no
bounties have since been paid.

Description of species—The Canada lynx can most certainly be distin-
guished from the bay lynx or wild cat by the length of its hind foot, meaning
by this the length from the end of the longest hind toe to the heel tip (gam-
brel joint) measured along the under side. Another distinctive feature in
adults of Z. canadensis is the stiff and generally long ear-tips, but as the wild
cat has more or less of a tip to its ears this character is somewhat misleading.
The great size of the feet and their being thickly furred over the sole in
winter is also a peculiarity of canadensis. The grayish, hoary, unspotted
color of the winter fur of the Canada lynx is quite in contrast to the brown-
ish or reddish gray and spotted or marbled coat of the bay lynx.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. I4I

Measurements (canadensis).—Total length, 1000 mm. (39% in.) ; tail
vertebrae, roo (4); hind foot, 225 (874); breadth of front foot about 80

(32's) 5 (vuffus) 900 (35%) 3 170 (634) ; 180 (714) 3 50 (2).
Eastern Bay Lynx; Wild Cat. Lynx ruffus (Gueldenstaedt).

1776. Felis ruffus Gueldenstaedt, Novi. Commentarii Acad. Scient. Imp.
Petropolitane (1775), vol. 20, p. 484.

1897. Lynx ruffus Rhoads, Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., p. 32.

Type locahty.—New York.

faunal distribution—Lower Canadian, transition and austral life zones;
Maine to Georgia ; west to, and including, Mississippi Valley.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—F¥ormerly abundant over the entire territory
named. Still numerous in the Alleghany region, and locally increasing in the
deforested wilderness of northwestern Pa. Exterminated in only 13 of the
counties of Pa. Occasionally met with in Mercer, Warren, Passaic, and
Sussex Cos., N. J., and supposed to linger in some of the southeastern coun-
ties of N. J.

Records in Pa.—Comparing Warren’s statistics of bounties and reports
from nearly all the counties of Pa. with my own long list of answers from
about 40 correspondents in different parts of the state the result is rather sur-
prising. By these it appears that there is only a comparatively small area
surrounding and north of Pittsburg, and a somewhat larger area between the
foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and Philadelphia in which the bay lynx
or wild cat has become exterminated. The counties wholly comprised in
these areas are Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Mercer,
and Washington, in the west, and Bucks,* Chester, Delaware, Montgomery
and Philadelphia in the east, 13 in all. As already stated above under the
article on Canada lynx, in some of the northwestern counties the wild cat is
actually increasing, especially since the bounty was removed. When we
couple this fact with the evidence that in only one-sixth of the entire com-
monwealth has this highly destructive animal been extirpated, we get some
conception of the wilderness condition of a great area in the Keystone state,
as well as of the peculiar fitness of the bay lynx to survive and thrive under
the altered conditions here imposed by man in the last hundred years.

Records in N. J —WNorthern part—* Very rare and probably will be wholly
extinct in a year or two. In Mercer, Middlesex, Essex, Hunterdon, etc., they
have been for some years extinct, and it is merely a matter of speculation as
to whether or not they are found about the Blue Mountains [Warren and

* The last specimen in these Cos. of which I find record is one shot in Bucks Co. near the
Montgomery Co. line in February, 1860 (Rockhill township).—See Buck, Hist. Montgom.
Co., 1884, p. 436.

142 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Sussex Cos.] and that portion of the state.”—Abbott, Geol. N. J., 1868, p.
753-

Southern part— In the southern counties, among the still undisturbed
swamps, there are yet, no doubt, perhaps two or three living.”’—Abbott, zdzd.

Cape May Co.—“ Rare.”—Beesley, Geol. Surv. N. J., 1757, Appx.

Mercer Co“ Three killed in Bear Swamp, near Lawrence station, in the
last 12 years. One of these is in the Princeton University Museum. I saw
one some time between 1850 and ’60 [1852] on the Delaware River meadows
between Trenton and Bordentown. It may have come down by the river
freshets.”’—Abbott, 1900. ‘In 1852 a specimen came down the Delaware
during a high freshet—was taken near Trenton, and although apparently dead
when found, it revived. This may have come from the northern part of the
state, but it is by no means certain.”—Abbott. Geol. N. J., 1868, p. 753.
“One was killed in Bear Swamp 1 mile from Clarksville about 1889 or ’91 on
J. Yard’s farm by J. Yard. Jt was shot in the early part of the fall gunning
season, running before the hounds.”—McGuigan. “A fellow named J. Toe,
16 years old, killed one in Ewen township in the Bear Swamp in 1872.”—
Ray. ‘The wild cat you were speaking of was shot in November, 1891, by
aman named Yard. We have no part of the animal in Princeton Museum.
It seems that this cat was sold to some students, who had it stuffed. Another
wild cat was shot near Clarksville in October, 1892, by John French.”—Sil-
vester, 1901. ‘In November, 1885, there was a very large specimen shot in
the swamp three miles from Princeton (some of the skeleton is in the
museum here). There was another individual seen and shot at about the
same time but was not killed, nor seen since.”—Phillips, rgor.

Ocean Co.—* Several persons at different times heard cries of an animal
believed to be a wild cat in the winter of 1897, below Tuckerton, near the
shore.”—Price and Jillson. ‘Some young wild cats were said to have been
found in a hollow tree in Manahawkin Swamp when the Tuckerton Railroad
was being built through said swamp [about 1870].”—Pharo.

Passaic and Sussex Cos——Not yet exterminated but very rarely taken. —
Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 32. “One occasionally killed
in Passaic Co. Last one about 1890.”—Nelson, 1900. ;

Warren Co.— Six wild cats have been killed during the past five years
within four miles of Blairstown.”—Davison, 1902.

Habits, description of species, ete-—See above under Lynx Canadensis,
Canada Lynx.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 143
Family CanipaE: Wolves, Foxes, Dogs.

Genus Urocyon Baird, Mammals of North America, 1857, p. 121.

Northeastern Gray Fox. Uvocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber).

1775. Canis cinereoargenteus Schreber, Saugthiere, vol. 3, plate 92.

1894. Uvrocyon cinereoargenteus Rhoads, American Naturalist, vol. 28, p.
524.

Zype locality.—Eastern North America.

faunal distribution—Transition and austral zones; Atlantic Ocean to
Lake. Michigan and the Great Plains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. F —Since the deforesting of the Canadian
zone in Pa. no county, nor perhaps any territory of considerable extent in
either state, is a stranger to it. It was formerly almost unknown in many
parts of the higher northern Alleghanies of Pa. It is generally more abund-
ant in the lowlands, decreasing, or giving place to the red fox, in the high-
lands.

Records in Pa.—Summarizing the reports made from all parts of the state
to Dr. Warren and myself, the present status of the gray fox in Pa. may thus
be stated: None seem to be found in Chester, Delaware and Montgomery
Cos. or in Washington Co., in localities where they would naturally be looked
for. The red fox is the only kind found in these counties. It is possible
that these unnatural conditions are due to the efforts of fox hunting ‘clubs,
which detest the gray fox and encourage the propagation of the red species.
In the northern counties where the climatic conditions are most Canadian
the gray fox constitutes only five to ten per cent. of the whole number on
which bounties were formerly paid. In Adams, Cumberland, Dauphin, Lan-
caster, and other counties, lying on the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge and
South Mountain, the grays begin to predominate. Both red and gray foxes
were noted as being found by Taylor in Lycoming, Tioga and Sullivan Cos.
in 1834, when that country was almost unbroken wilderness.

Records in N. J—The gray is the predominant form in the greater part of
N. J., being very abundant in certain sections of the southern half. In the
northern counties the reds and grays are about equal in numbers.

‘Habits, etc —The differing characters of the two species of fox found in
our limits may be expressed in the words used by Dr. Warren: “The red fox
is a sly, bold robber, but the gray fox is a cowardly, skulking sneak thief.”
The two have their counterparts in the timber and prairie wolves. When
hounded the gray does not run long distances, but seeks a thick cover and
dodges about it like a rabbit, soon taking to a tree or hole in the rocks. In
climbing, it shows strange affinity to the cats, not only leaping from limb to

144 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

limb in pursuit of prey, but ascending quite tall and limbless trunks by a
regular clawing and hugging process, literally “shinning it.” They have been
surprised in the top of a tree, curled up in the abandoned nest of a hawk.
To escape the hounds it sometimes leaps on a reclining tree trunk, runs along
some of the more distant branches and leaps as far as it can away from the
point of attack to break the scent, or it will hide in the forks of a big tree so
deftly as to sometimes nearly escape observation.

‘The food of both species of eastern fox forms an important consideration
in their relations to man. The concurrent opinion of nine-tenths of the
farmers and sportsmen of Pa. who contributed to Dr. Warren’s economic re-
port on these animals heartily condemn both species as vermin in the worst
sense. With this opinion I fully concur.’ The only argument brought up in
their favor is their destruction of mice, moles and insects. As I have pre-
viously pointed out in treating the M/uride@ and as IJ shall explain later in re-
gard to the J/nsectivora, the destruction of mice and moles is not necessarily
a benefit to man, the majority of the former not being proved to be noxious,
especially the woodland species which foxes principally devour. Owing to
their subterranean habits, the pine mouse, a truly noxious rodent, is rarely
captured, the wood vole (Zzvotomys), meadow vole (Aficrotus) and deer
mouse (fervomyscus) being the species forming the bulk of their mouse diet.
_ Their destruction of insects, especially grasshoppers, is no doubt beneficial

but seems to be only fortuitous, one turkey or chicken probably eating as
many of these in a day as all the foxes of a square mile in the same length of
time. When the fox comes along, as he is ever doing, and eats the turkey,
methinks his value as an insect-destroyer suddenly vanishes.

The following wild animals are also preyed on by both species of foxes:
fawns, rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks, opossums, skunks, porcupine, muskrats,
weasels, all kinds of game birds, any kind of small bird and the eggs and
young of all species. Of domestic animals, young lambs, pigs and poultry
form no small share of their diet. They also eat a large variety of wild fruits
and nuts and have been known to eat corn.

In summing up his observations and data Dr. Warren says: “ Foxes do
unquestionably more harm than good. The great destruction of wild birds is,
I believe, of more loss to agricultural interests than the benefit such interests
receive from foxes catching destructive mammals, grasshoppers and other
forms of insect life. Foxes not only destroy all kinds of song and insect-
eating birds and eggs they can get but they consume game of all kinds—and
many game birds at certain seasons of the year eat harmful insects. Advices
from different parts of our state, especially in some western counties, show
that foxes kill a great many young lambs and sometimes destroy whole litters
of pigs; this means a loss of money which in the aggregate is considerable
every year. There is little doubt they destroy annually many thousands of

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 145

dollars’ worth of poultry in Pennsylvania. Gray foxes do less injury to poul-
try interests because there are less of them in our state, and, as a rule, they
‘seem to prefer to stay in woods and thickets, away from the habitations of
man. ‘The gray fox seems to want to keep away from man’s improved posses-
sions, his evil work consisting mainly in destroying beneficial birds and game.”
Tn short—* Good foxes are dead foxes

Description of species—Rather smaller and shorter-legged than red fox.
Not subject to mealanism (black phase) as in the red species. Back a
eoarse grizzle of black and white; belly tawny ; cheeks and throat whitish ;
ears, sides of neck and legs reddish-yellow ; a black line along upper side of
tail.

Measurements.—Total length, 900 mm. (35% in.); tail vertebra, 260
{10%); hind foot, 125 (5).

Genus Vuiges Richardson, Fauna Boreali Americana, 1829, vol. 1, p. 83.

Southeastern Red Fox. Vulpes fulvus (Desmarest).

1820. Canis fulvus Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. 1, p. 203.

1842. Vulpes fulvus De Kay, Zodlogy of New York, Mammalia, p. 44.

Type locahty.—Virginia.

Faunal distribution.—Canadian, transition and upper austral zones, south-
ern Maine to Minnesota (Great Plains), south in mountains to N. Carolina,
and in lowlands encroaching into western Tennessee and eastern Virginia ;
merging in Nova Scotia into V. fulvus rubricosa (Bangs) of which V. ruédri-
cosa bangsi of Merriam, from Labrador (based on a young female !) appears
to be a synonym, and V. deletrix Bangs of Newfoundland would form another
subspecies, did not the arbitrary law of insular isolation overbalance the
physiological law of conspecific affinity. These rulings, of course, are subject
to the query discussed beyond, of the origin of Desmarest’s type of /u/vus.

Distribution in Pa. and N. ¥.—Nowhere wholly absent ; abundant in the
Canadian and transition zones; locally rare in the upper austral of southern
N. J. In earlier colonial times unknown in the austral zone, its primitive
distribution being greatly altered by its introduction into austral habitat by
fox-hunting man and by the altered environment of our lowlands. Owing to
the importation of European red foxes into this country in early colonial
times, our east American red fox is probably a mongrel species to that extent,
claiming as we do that there was originally a specific difference between the
two.

Records in Pa.—Consult remarks under this heading in article above on
gray fox. Kalm in his “Travels,” vol. 1, 1770, p. 283, says “the Red Foxes
are very scarce here [Pa. & N. J.]: they are entirely the same with the

146 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

European sort.” He further states that Bartram, of Philadelphia, told him,
the Indians were unanimous in saying the red fox was never in the country
before the Europeans. - In a discussion of the identity of the American and.
European red foxes in Doughty’s Cabinet of Natural History, 1830, vol. 1,
pp. 28, 29, there occurs the following significant allusion to the former
absence of the red fox in Perry Co., Pa.: “In 1787 when quite a boy I was
at the death of the first Red Fox killed in Perry Co., Pa. Not a person pres-
ent, nor any who saw it for some days, had ever seen or heard of an animal
of the kind. At last it was shown to a Mr. Lenarton, an old Jerseyman, who
pronounced it an English fox. He said the red fox was imported into New
York from England by one of the first English governors, who was said to be
a great sportsman, and turned out on Long Island, where they remained for
many years but at last made their way on the ice to the mainland and spread
over the country.’”-—See American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine, vol.
I, p. 74. Such statements as the above should be considered by present-day
investigators. The following from Audubon and Bachman is confirmatory of
the fact that a large part of the mountainous country inhabited by the red fox
in 1850 was destitute of them a hundred years previously : “ In the early his-
tory of our country the red fox was unknown south of Pennsylvania, that state
being its southern limit. In process of time it was found in the mountains of
Virginia, where it has now become more abundant than the gray fox.’’—
Quad. N. Amer., vol. 2, p. 270. In view of these statements and of the fact
that European foxes had been introduced into New England, Pennsylvania
and Virginia for sporting purposes by the middle of the 18th century (1750),
it looks quite likely that the red foxes mentioned by Kalm as being found in
N. J. and Pa. in 1770, also the one found in Perry Co. in 1789 and those de-
scribed by Desmarest* as coming from “ Virginia” in 1820 were pure
descendants of the European red fox. In such a case Vulpes fulvus of
course is a synonym of Vulpes vulpes (Linneus). Where then was the
American red fox in pre-Columbian times? If it was not in Perry Co. im
1789, nor in the mountains of Virginla till a much later date, it must have
been somewhere in the region north of the Great Lakes or in the, Hudson
Bay regions, where the Delaware Valley Indians, who talked to Bartram,
could not come in contact with it. This was probably the case, and in these
regions only are we to seek for specimens to establish the real differences be-
tween the two continental forms. No doubt the difficulty of determining the

* Based on the Renard de Virginie of Palisot de Beauvois, Bulletin de las Societe Philo-
mathique, 1800, p. 137. Curiously enough the tenability of V._fudvus Desmarest is further
weakened by its only reference, viz, to Beauvois just cited. Beauvois’ description is solely
based on the skul/ of a gray fox which he compares with that of the European red fox,.
thinking he had in hand the skull of an American red fox. Desmarest’s description of ex-
ternal characters was based on a red fox skin, locality not stated.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 147

‘status of the two in the past has been due to the use by naturalists of speci-
mens more or less thoroughly European in their ancestry. Prof. S. F. Baird
establishes the almost certain non-existence of the red fox in eastern Penn-
sylvania during comparatively recent times by the following statements which
‘are so pertinent to this matter that I quote them: “It is not a little remark-
able that there have as yet been no remains of the red fox detected among
the [post pliocene and more recent] fossils derived from the Carlisle and
other bone caves. The gray fox is abundantly represented, but not a trace of
the other. This would almost give color to the impression, somewhat preva-
lent, that the red fox of eastern America is the descendant of individuals of
the European red fox imported many years ago, and allowed to run wild and
overspread the country. The fact of their present abundance and extent of
‘distribution is no barrier to the reception of this idea, as the same has been
the case with horses brought over by the Spaniards after the discovery of
America, and set at liberty.”—-Mam. N. Amer., 1857, p. 130. It is also sig-
nificant that a general N. J. law, fixing bounties on wolves, was in 1714 ex-
‘tended to include “‘ Red Foxes,” indicating that they had not begun to be
troublesome until that date. So far as the above statements go, with many
others of like import, it may be asserted as an indisputable fact that no satis-
factory comparison was ever made and published which had for its subjects
a series of European and Virginian, or Pennsylvanian red foxes with skins,
skulls and data prepared according to modern standards. Such a comparison
‘would be an interesting and valuable contribution to mammalogy and might
reveal some significant facts.

Records in N. J.— Cape May Co.— Seldom taken.’’—Beesley, Geol. Surv.
N. J., 1857 Appx. ‘One caught near Dennisville by Chas. Crandole about
1875.’—Lee. Edward Harris, of Moorestown, N. J., the friend of Audubon,
wrote him regarding the method of hunting red foxes at Beesley’s Point in
December, 1845. The foxes were located on Peck’s beach, undoubtedly
placed there for the purpose by the hunters. They used no dogs, but -had
drivers with clap-boards and rattles to make a din. Beesley told Harris he
had known 7 red foxes to be cornered thus at the point of the beach. The
gray fox was not found on the beach. Audubon’s plate of the red fox was
taken from one of these Peck’s beach specimens sent him by Harris. It
may now be considered one of the most typical representations of the de-
‘scendants of imported Vulpes vulpes. See Aud. and Bach., Quad. N. Amer.,
1851, vol. 2, pp. 265, 266, 267.

Hudson Co.— On the height beyond Weehawken in the Jerseys a good
many red foxes are to be found, as well as more gray ones.” —Jd7d., p. 268.

Mercer Co.—* Formerly was very abundant throughout the state, but now
[1868] is very rarely met with. The last specimen seen in Mercer Co. was
in 1850, and it is doubtful if others are now living in that or the adjoining

148 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

counties. The northern and extreme southern sections of the state are the
favored localities."—Abbott, Geol. N. J., appx. p. 753. “Have known of
two individuals shot on Mt. Lucas, one in 1879, the other about 1890,”—
Silvester, 1901.

Undoubtedly the red fox is nowhere common in N. J. as in Pa., though
numerous in the more rocky, mountainous districts. It is very rare in the
pine barrens, those in Cape May Co. probably being the decimated descend-
ants of those introduced long ago on Peck’s beach and similar situations along’
shore where they were confined by the intervening waters of the bay. As
these were sometimes frozen over in severe winters, some of these foxes would
cross to the mainland and become scattered.

Habits, etc.—See above, under gray fox.

Description of species —Upper head, body and tail, bright, clear, yellowish
rufous ; belly, chin, throat and breast whitish. Legs brownish rufous, dark-
ening to the feet; tail tipped with white. Black and silver and cross foxes
are only melanotic phases of this species. As in the gray squirrel and wolf
of the same regions these color-phases seem more numerous northward. All
phases of color may be found in the same litter, one or both or neither of the
parents being so colored. A Samson fox is merely oue whose pelage has
become worn, thin, curly or crisp, generally from a disease which prevents,
interrupts or otherwise affects the molt. It indicates a run-down or depau-
perate condition, or may sometimes result from being caught in forest fires.
Warren records three living black or silver foxes in Pa. known to him, one in
Clinton Co., one near Lake Genoga, Sullivan Co., and a third in Pike Co.
Mr. E. O. Austin, of Austin, Potter Co., writes me that he saw the skin of one in
Coudersport many years ago. He also saw one running off when he was a boy.
The cross fox and silver fox he pronounces rare in Potter Co. The black fox
alluded to was sold for $200 by P. A. Stebbins, of Coudersport, a cross fox at
the same time bringing $80. Mr. Lin. Parker says that a strange, blackish.
animal with long hair and bushy tail was seen near Highland Lake two years.
ago. This may have been the Ganoga Lake black fox mentioned by Warren.
Audubon states that black foxes were “ occasionally, but very rarely, killed in
the mountainous parts of Pennsylvania” in his day, 1850.

Measurements.—Total length, 1000 mm. (3y%% in.) ; tail vertebrae, 360.

(14); hind foot, 150 (534).

Genus Canzs Linnzeus, Systema Nature, 1758, vol. 1, p. 38.

Appalachian Gray Wolf; Timber Wolf. Canis mexicanus nubilus
(Say).

1823. Canis nubilus (Say), Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains,
vol. 1, p. 169.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 149

1894. Canis mexicanus nubilus Rhoads, American Naturalist, vol. 28, p.
524.

Type locality.—Vicinity of Council Bluffs, Pottawatamie Co., Iowa.

faunal distribution Nothing can be now defined as to the faunal rela-
tions of the North American gray wolves. The name above given was ap-
plied to a wolf nearer than any yet named, geographically and faunally, to
the eastern animal, but as it belongs to a prairie-haunting wolf it may not be
applicable to our timber wolf in a subspecific sense. I adopt it as the most
tenable name for our wolf yet published, there seeming to be no old names
specially applicable to wolves found east of the Mississippi River and north
of Georgia. Perhaps occidentalis of Richardson may be as applicable.

Distribution in Pa. and N. F—Wolves were once commonly and uni-
formly distributed over the entire limits of the two states. They were ap-
parently exterminated in Pa. within the last 10 or 15 years, but more recent
accounts seem to indicate that a remnant of the typical Alleghanian animal
may still exist in the mountains separating Westmoreland and Somerset Cos.,
Pa. In N.J. they had been exterminated so early, even in the northern
wilds, that I can get no data as to the last survivors. They were approxi-
‘mately exterminated in N. J. in the early decades of the 19th century. As
one was killed in Wayne Co. in 1887, being driven in from New York state
by dogs, it is quite likely that a stray wanderer may have come from the same
sources into the Sussex Co. mountains as late as the middle of the century,
from New York or Pa.

Records in Pa.— General records.—* The following notes seem to indicate
that the wolf has never been wholly exterminated in Pennsylvania, but that
there yet exist some of these wary rovers of the wilderness, to attest the
theory that no country where the Virginia deer yet remain is free from their
incursions. It is well known that the wolf is frequently noted in the Alleghany
mvuuntains of West Virginia, and the nature of the country lying between
these and the wilds of western Pennsylvania so favors communication between
the two that it requires no stretch of fancy to understand how the crafty wan-
derers yet defy extermination.”—Rhoads, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, pp.
220, 221. “In view of the fact that for several years past the writer has
made especial efforts to verify the statement that this animal is still to be
found in Pennsylvania, and has failed, he is very much inclined to the
opinion that none of the species in a wild state are present in this Common-
wealth. It is true that bounty records in different counties of the state, as
late, perhaps, as six months since, show that wolf scalps have been paid for.
Such data, however, must not be taken as conclusive evidence of the presence
of these animals, for the heads and ears of grizzly, long-haired cur dogs, etc.,
or the pelts of wolves brought to Pennsylvania from other states, have in past
years proven of considerable value to scalp hunters, although expensive to
the local taxpayers.””—Warren, Poultry Book, 1896, p. 495.

150 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Bradford Co.—I purchased a pair of unbroken colts in the fall of 1877
and put them to work at once. They were still quite wild when a wolf
crossed the road in front of them as I was returning from Fox Centre, Sulli-
van Co., to Canton, Bradford Co.”—Cleveland.

Bucks Co.—A wolf was captured in Bucks Co. by John Smith about 1800.
—Mercer, “Tools of the Nation Maker,” 1897.

Cameron Co.—* Practically exterminated ; one hunter saw wolf tracks a
year ago.”—Larrabee, 1896. “I was told by 3 men that that they saw 2
wolves catch and kill a deer in Wyckof Run [Gibson Township] alongside of
the lumber railroad.”—Nelson. No date of this occurrence was given, but it
was furnished among some notes of recent records.—Rhoads, Proc. A. N.
Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 221.

Chester Co.—January 1st, 1816, a wolf was killed at West Nottingham.—
Watson’s Annals, 1830.

Clearfield Co.—“ The last wolf was killed in Clearfield Co. with a club by
a man on horseback, the winter of 1891—’92. It was killed by William Bon-
sall of the same county.”—Nelson; see Rhoads, P. A.N.5S., 1897, p. 221.
“The last [Pa.] wolf I have knowledge of was killed by myself in 1858, near
Janesville. The circumstances were as follows: Mr. Joseph McCully and
wife were on their way to the grist mill near Janesville ; a colt was following
the sled and a wolf came in pursuit. It followed within a mile of the settle-
ment. Mr. McCully aroused me in the early morning and related the facts
in the case, and I took the track of the animal and in a few hours shot him.”
—Abraham Neveling in Warren’s Poultry Book, p. 498.

Clinton Co.—I have been told by 2 hunters that they saw 2 wolves this
winter about 6 miles from my place [Round Island, 1893-94], but I have
been all through that woods and see no signs of anything but lynx, wild cats
and foxes.”—Nelson in Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 221.

Elk Co.— Few, if any, left in Elk Co. None captured in the last de-
cade.”—Luhr, 1900. “Last wolf was shot in Elk Co. in 1891.”—Clay. “A
wolf was killed in Elk Co. by a deer hunter about the year 1887.”—Stevens.

Forest Co.—The last known to me was killed in a big windfall on Hem-
lock Creek about 1855, but S. M. Henry, county treasurer, says the last one
killed in the county was taken by Emanuel Dobson in Jenks township in
1884.”—lIrwin. “A few lived in Forest Co. from 1850 to 1856.”—Haslet.

Franklin Co.—To illustrate the kind of wolf stories invented in Pa. and
evidence produced to verify them and secure bounty for scalps, the notorious
instance of Joe Poole’s “wolf” may be briefly given. My correspondent,
Mr. Strealy of Chambersburg, sent me the first newspaper accounts of this
capture, in which Poole, of North Mountain, an old, well-known trapper in
the Chambersburg region, produced the skin of a wolf which he declared he
trapped in Bear Valley, near Loudon, Peters township, in March, 1897. So

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. I5r

cunningly did Poole play his game that many hunters who visited him, skep-
tical of the truth of his story, went away convinced He had the genuine
article. Among these Mr. Strealy and some of his hunting friends did some
careful detective work, and were about converted to Poole’s logic. A photo-
graph of Poole, with the wolf skin in his lap, was taken and sent to me.
Meanwhile I believe the bounty was paid to Poole by the county treasurer.
Poole consented finally to sell the skin and to produce the skull of the animal
as further evidence of his sincerity and uprightness. I purchased these, and
they were forwarded to the Academy of Natural Sciences by Mr. Strealy.
An examination of the skin showed conclusively that it was from a coyote or
prairie wolf, and from the manner of tanning and method of skinning, re-
sembled closely a poor specimen of the skins of these animals shipped from
the west to our eastern markets for rugs. The skull sent was that of an old
dog, resembling closely the skull of a fox-hound. Poole had stated that he
killed the animal in his trap by a blow on the head with an axe or hatchet.
To give color to this he had slit the skin of the face with a knife, and pushed
one of the nasal bones of the skull down into the nasal cavity. That both of
these mutilations had been made after the tanning of the skin and the mac-
eration of the skull was plainly evident. These specimens of “ Pennsylvania
wolf’’ will be preserved, as an object lesson to future investigators of the Pa.
fauna, in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
—Rhoads.

Lackawanna Co.— The Lackawanna Co. records show that 4 wolves were
paid for in 1896. Dr. Isaiah F. Everhart and Mr. Geo. P. Friant, of Scran-
ton, are inclined to believe there is some mistake about these animals, as
neither has heard of a genuine wild wolf in that locality within the last 20
years.”’—Warren,, Poultry Book, 1897.

Lancaster Co.—See York Co.

Luzerne Co.—‘* About the year 1845 wolves were abundant in Tomhickon
Valley, between Catawissa and Hazleton, where, according to my friend Dr.
‘Thomas C. Thornton, they often attacked human beings, destroyed the set-
tlers’ cattle, sheep and poultry and devoured game.” Warren, Poultry Book,
p- 498. Warren continues to relate how the father of Dr. Thornton, also a
doctor, becoming lost in this region on his way to visit a patient, was beset
by wolves but fortunately defeated them after a two-day skirmish by the use
‘of ammonia, with which he saturated one of his leggings and struck the animals
as they came near, the mysterious character of his defense getting the better
of their rapacity more on account of its invisible nature than its physical ef-
fects. No doubt ‘the defense of a skunk is efficacious partly on the same
grounds. From 1808 to 1820 Luzerne Co. paid $2872 in $5 bounties for
wolf scalps. As many as 273 wolves were killed ini year. ‘ George Crock-
ett,occasionally brings the scalp of a wolf to Wilkesbarre [in 1860] for which
the county treasurer pays him $25.”—Annals Luz. Co., Pearce, 1860, p. 495.

152 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

McKean Co.— The last one killed in the county was about 14 years ago.”
—W.C. Dickeson, 1899. “From the 18th of May, 1869, to May rsth, 1872,
I caught 15 wolves and crippled 3 more. I think I have seen where wolves
have killed 150 sheep at least. I have seen where wolves have killed deer a
good many times. The last gray wolf killed in this county was taken by a
boy on the Kinzua Creek in 1886.”—C. W. Dickinson in Warren’s Poultry
book, p. 497. “This county used to pay a bounty on wolves; $25.00 ona
grown wolf and $12.00 on each whelp. Jn June, 1868, two men, Leroy Ly-
man, of Potter Co., and J. W. Stark, of Smethport, found a den or nest of
young wolves on Cole Creek, this Co. They got three whelps and later the
mother of them. On the 18th day of May, 1869, I found a nest of wolves on
the south fork of the west branch of Potato Creek. I got five young ones
and three weeks later caught both of the old ones, In October, 1870, I
caught another one. In Sept., 1871, I caught one; also in Oct., 1872, got
one, and May, 1872, I found a nest where I got seven whelps and caught an
old one, but he left a hind foot in my trap and made good his escape. This
wolf was the last wolf killed in this county, viz., in 1886 [killed by the boys,
later ].”—C. W. Dickinson, 1901. In a later letter Mr. Dickinson explains
that this same wolf, whose foot was left in his trap, was killed by a stone
thrown by one of two boys who found it in their rambles on Kinzua Creek,
exact locality not stated. The boys were from Bradford, McKean Co.—.
Rhoads.

Miftin Co.— In relation to wolves in Mifflin Co., Pa., it was stated by
one of our hunting party that the beds of thirteen wolves had been seen that
fall [1898] by some lumbermen. I gave no credence to the report, and
probably would not have thought of it again had I not seen a statement in a
newspaper giving an account of wolves attacking a school teacher in one of
the adjoining counties.” —Cleveland.

Monroe and Pike Cos—“T can get no information as to the date of the
disappearance of the timber wolf from this part of the state. Conservative
residents set it as nearly 40 years ago, but it is probable they existed toa
much later date.”—Rhoads, 1894. See in this relation Wayne Co. records.
—Rhoads, 1902.

Potter Co.— Practically extinct. I saw many as late as 1857 on the head-
waters of Pine Creek and the Sinnemahoning. The last I knew killed here
was taken by Leroy Lyman about 1875.”—Austin, 1900. The county
records for 1890 show that a wolf was paid for in Potter Co. that year by the
Co. Treasurer.—See Warren’s Poultry Book, p. 690.

Somerset and Westmoreland Cos.—While stationed at Laughlintown,
Westm. Co., collecting specimens for the Carnegie museum of Pittsburg in
1898, I was informed by several persons that wolves made their home in
Laurel Ridge, the part of the main range of the Alleghanies separating

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 153.

Somerset and Westmoreland Cos. It was stated that two or three had been
captured or wounded in the last few years in these mountains, and that their
tracks had been seen every winter in the snow, indicating there were several
of them. Since that time many newspaper accounts have been published
yearly as'to their being seen or chased by hunters in that region. My faith-
ful correspondent, Dr. H. D. Moore, of New Lexington, Somerset Co., has.
sent me some notice of these incidents, but was unable to vouch for them.
A dispatch to the Phila. North American, dated Feb. 28, 1901, kept these
rumors booming by a sanguinary account of how ‘three gaunt wolves, driven
from the mountains by hunger, descended upon the town of Rockwood,
Somerset Co., and attacked a team of horses standing in front of Miller’s
general store.” The hotel proprietor brained one; another was shot; the
third escaped. This story has not been followed up by me. Dr. Moore has
not yet corroborated it. Meanwhile, I have received the following from Mr.
W. E. McHenry, of Johnstown, Cambria Co.: “Our attorney, Mr. H. S.
Endsley, informs me that about two years ago [1897] a hunter named Aneer,
shot a gray wolf in Jefferson township, Somerset Co.” Under date of Feb-
ruary 6th, 1902, Dr. Moore sends me the following clipping from a Pittsburg
paper: “ Wolves from the mountain district in Westmoreland county are
playing havock with live stock. Near [Laughlintown] Vestry Eagan, a
farmer set a trap Sunday night and caught‘a gray wolf of unusual size.” Dr.
Moore writes that he is investigating the matter and that “ Laughlintown is
in a section of the mountain where a Somerset Co. man claims to have
trapped a wolf two years ago.” Since Moore’s letter a letter has been re-
ceived from an acquaintance living in Laughlintown, Mrs. Gertrude Fry,
stating: “Some men at the lumber camp in the mountains have captured a
live wolf and are keeping it in the camp.”—Dated Feb. roth, 1902. In his
Poultry book,. p. 495, Dr. Warren says: “A large wolf was lately slain in
Westmoreland Co., but investigation showed it had been shipped alive from
the far west and liberated to be pursued by hounds, from which it escaped, to
be subsequently taken as a genuine example of a Pennsylvania wolf.” Is this
the Aneer wolf? I have since received, through Mr. Todd, Dr. Moore and
Mrs. Fry, letters which show that the recent ‘‘ Vestry Eagan” (Aiken) wolf
was a myth and the story a deliberate lie. The Aneer wolf, through Mr.
Todd’s investigation, has reached the following stage of inquiry: ‘“ John
Aneer, aged 86, killed a wolf Feb. 5th, 1897; very ferocious; shot him ina
trap; too heavy to carry; brought it home on a horse ; removed the hide ;
sold it; received $3 for the pelt and $10 premium ; it was on exhibition at
Hotel Van Near, Somerset [Somerset Co.]; Charles Van Near bought the
pelt, had it tanned, making a robe of it. Aneer has seen no wolf tracks this
winter.’ These facts were communicated to Mr. Todd by a Mr. Queer,
grandson of Aneer, and by John L. Boyd, of Ligonier, Pa. In a letter dated

154 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Somerset, Pa., Hotel Van Near, April 10, 1902, we find C. S. Van Near’s state-
ments regarding the wolf in question. It will be seen that John “ Ancer,”
above quoted, should be John Queer, and that there seems no doubt of the
capture of the animal. Its origin, as suggested by Dr. Warren, is doubtful.
The letter is as follows: “Mr. Samuel N. Rhoads, Dear Sir: Your letter of
inquiry received in regard to wolf hide which I have. In reply would say
that he was a very large gray timber wolf, and was caught in a trap in Laurel
Hill Mountains by an old man by the name of John Queer. He measured
six (6) feet and two (2) inches from point of his nose to tip of tail without
any stretching. His height at shoulders was three (3) feet and at hips two
(2) feet and eight (8) inches. His front legs very strong and about the size
ofa man’s arm. Mr. Queer brought him here to Somerset, Pa., and got ten
(10) dol. bounty for him from the commissioners and I bought the hide and
gave him three (3) dol. for it, and I tried to get it mounted but was unable,
and had it tanned and have it yet. His colcr: the under side of his body is
rather light, his legs are a little brown and gray, his sides are gray, and
along back and tail are gray mixed with black and mostly black. If you wish
to see the hide you can see it any time here at Hotel Arlington, Somerset,
Pa. Very truly yours, C. S. Van Near.”

Sullivan Co.— “The last wolf killed here was in 1860, by Richard Wil-
liams.”—Behr., 1902. “ Long since exterminated.””—Bennett, 1896.

Tioga Co.—The county bounty records for 1896 show that $30 was col-
lected by Chas. Kerby for the killing of 3 wolves in Tioga. The newspaper
clipping which follows was sent me by a correspondent. It indicated not so
much the abundance of Pa. wolves as the scarcity of that love for truth which
so many people lose in their greed for filthy lucre: ‘“ Wellsboro, Pa., Jan. 24,
1897.—By the confession of one of the persons implicated, the particulars of
a unique story have just come to light in the lower end of this county. Last
fall, when Charles Lee’s circus returned to Canton to go into winter quarters,
the sheriff sold him out. Among the animals in the menageries were three
prairie wolves, which were sold for 50 cents each to Charles Kerby, of Cedar
Lodge. He kept them chained in his dooryard until cold weather set in,
when a bright thought struck him. With the aid of two men from Canton
the beasts were put in a box and hauled into a forest away back in Liberty
township, where they were shot. Although wolves have been extinct in
Pennsylvania for many years, there is an old law giving $10 bounty for wolf
scalps. Kerby took the three pelts to the office of Justice of the Peace De
Coursey, where he made affidavit that he killed them within the bailiwick of
Tioga, got the $30 bounty and went home happy.” See also Dr. Warren’s
remarks on this fiasco, p. 496 of the Poultry Book. “About 1885 Levi
Kissinger, of Roaring Branch, killed a wolf.”-—Cleveland. A fuller account
was later sent to me by Dr. Cleveland as follows: “Mr. Levi Kissinger, of

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 155

Liberty, writes: ‘In reply to your letter, I would say I killed that wolf, as
near as I could tell, in the fall of 1874, during one of the first tracking snows.
The wolf had killed, in the neighborhood of Jackson township, about 50 or
60 sheep before I shot him on Laurel Hill, between Tim Gray’s and Red
Ross’s. I received no bounty; they told me there was none. The skin I
gave to preacher King, for two dollars on his salary. The wolf was killed
before I moved from Union in 1875.’ W. C. Sechrist, Esq., of Canton, Pa.,
a descendant of the Sechrists of Liberty, says that he opened an office in
Canton in 1881, that Kissinger brought the wolf skin to his office after that
date, and is positive that Mr. Kissinger is mistaken in his date. I got the
date 1885 from John Sechrist, of Blossburg, Pa., who was living a near
neighbor to Mr. Kissinger when he killed the wolf.’’—Cleveland, 1901.

Wayne Co.— The last wolf was taken by Wm. T. Teeple in north central
part of Lebanon township in 1848.”—Kellew or Goodnough. ‘The last one
killed in this Co. was by Phineas Teeple more than 40 years ago.” —Teeple
and Day, 1899. ‘A wolf was killed at Prompton, central Wayne Co., near
Honesdale in 1887, by Daniel Routan. It was run in from N. York State by
a hound.”—Stevens. See Rhoads, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 221.

Wyoming Co.—O. B. Vose caught the last one in this Co. about 30 years.
ago.”—Robinson, 1900.

York Co.— Within ten years a wolf crossed the Susquehanna River from
York County” into Lancaster Co.—See Rupp’s Hist. Lanc. and York Cos.,
1844.

Records in N. F—In the absence of any records dating even approxi-
mately the disappearance of this animal from N. J., I give a few historic
references. The reader is referred to my quotations regarding N. J. bounty
laws on wolves under the article on the cougar or panther. Mr. F. B. Lee,
of Trenton, furnishes the following additional information in this matter. It
is taken from the Newark Daily Advertiser of 1843 or 1844: “In June, 1682,
a bounty of 15 shillings per head on wolves was offered by each [N. J.]
county and 15 shillings additional were paid by the town in whose limits the
animals might be killed, excepting the towns in Somerset Co., where seven
shillings were paid. In 1693 these laws were repealed and it was left to the ©
discretion of each town to adopt such measures as might be necessary to ex-
terminate the wolves. General legislation however was again resorted to in
March, 1714, and the bounty was extended to panthers and red foxes.” In
July, 1730, a repealer was passed against the red fox bounty, and the sum of
20 shillings was set on the head of every adult wolf, only 5 shillings for a
whelp, and for panthers 15 shillings. ‘These bounties being found insufficient
were increased in 1751 to 60 shillings for wolves and ro shillings for whelps.
From the manuscript account of my ancestor Ebenezer Hopkins, of Haddon-
field, county collector and treasurer of Gloucester Co., N. J., in the years

156 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

1753, 1749 and ’50, some idea of the number of wolves and panthers in that
then extensive county may be gathered. I give the names and dates merely :
“John Boston, Junior, 3 mo., 10, 1753, 2 wolf heads, 6 pounds sterling ;
‘Gideon Scull, 3 mo., 15, 1753, panther’s head, 15 shillings; George May,
12 mo., 3, 1749, wolf's head, 1 pound ; Indian Sam, 12 mo., 6, 1749, panther’s
head ; Indian Oliver, 4 mo., 4. 1850, wolf’s head, r pound; Richard Fry,
6 mo., 9, 1850, panther head, 15 shillings.” Nearly half of the whole num-
ber of entries of payments by E. Hopkins are of bounties on wild beasts.
Kalm states that at the time the small pox nearly exterminated the Indians
in N. J. and Pa. the wolves became very abundant and bold around their
villages, and that they were still abundant up country in 1770 in the two
states. The inhabitants of the N. J. seacoast used to capture wolves in pits.
Such places, used by his ancestors on the farm of Albert Pharo, Tuckerton,
N. J., were shown to me in 1891 by the owner, who stated they were used
for that purpose in his father’s early days. I am told by Dr. T. P. Price, of
Tuckerton, that similar pits are to be seen on the Phineas Burton farm farther
down shore.

ffabits, etc.—Literature, folk-lore, legend and tradition are so profuse re-
specting the cunning, wisdom, ferocity, cowardice and boldness of this ani-
mal, I can add nothing to it. E.S. Thompson’s classic chapters on the,
animal, recently published, apply as directly to the wolves of the east as to
those of the west.

Description of species—No specimens of a Pa. or N. J. wolf, not even a
skin or a skull, being known to me, I cannot define their characters. Black
and white wolves are not mentioned as being found in the state that I re-
member, the gray being typical in our limits. In Godman’s American
Natural History, vol. 1, 1826, p. 260, he says: “The wolf found in Pennsyl-
vania is of a reddish-brown color, the hair being tipped with black, but
especially so over the fore-shoulders and sides.” It is hoped that any per-
sons knowing of the existence of any of the recent remains of our Pa. and
N. J. wolf, whether fur, robe, mounted skin or skull, will forward them for
_ preservation in one of our state museums ere all evidence of their characters
be lost. The same remarks apply to the Pa. and N. J. panther, lynx, fisher,
beaver, fox squirrel and the N. J. deer.

Family Musre.ipa ; Otters, weasels, skunks, etc.

Genus Zu/ra Erxleben, Systema Regni Anim., 1777, vol. 1, p. 445.
Northeastern Otter. Zutra canadensis (Schreber).

1776. Mustela lutra canadensis Schreber, Saugthiere, pl. 126 B.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 157

1823. Lutra canadensis Sabine, Franklin’s Narrative, Journal to Polar Sea,
Pp. 653.

Type locality—Eastern Canada.

Faunal distribution —Hudsonian, Canadian and transition zones ; Hudson
Bay and Atlantic Ocean to the Cascade Mountains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—The more typical Canadian form of otter
may be said to be found only in the water courses and lakes of the higher
mountains of the two states, blending as we reach tide-water into the south-
ern form /a/axina, next considered. At one time evenly and numerously
distributed, it has become rare almost everywhere, and in many places is
only known as an occasional straggler from more favored localities.

Recoxds in Pa. and N. J7.—On consulting my records from about 100
different localities in all parts of the two states it seems superfluous to enu-
merate them in order. The otter, while supposed to be absent from a great
many localities, and never seen even by ordinary hunters and woodsmen,
often exists in the most thickly populated districts, escaping observation on
account of its aquatic and nocturnal habits and its extreme wariness. Indeed
it is now more abundant in the unpolluted tidewater streams of our country
in the immediate vicinity of towns and villages than in some of the wilds of
the mountains. This is owing to the destruction of fish and the otherwise
noxious condition of our streams in many extensive mountain tracts due to
the drainage from tanneries, mines, oil wells, chemical work$, factories and
foundries. In the unpolluted glacial lakes of northern Pa. and N. J. their
numbers are greater. The tidewater creeks of Pa. and N. J., both maritime
and inland, are never without some of these aquatic rovers. The cedar
swamps and inland dams of N. J. form a secure and uncontaminated
rendezvous for otters. In Chester, Delaware, Philadelphia and Bucks
counties of Pa., and more especially in Cumberland, Salem, Gloucester,
Camden, Burlington and Mercer of N. J., the affluents of the Delaware River
probably harbor more otters than in any other area of equal size in the two
states. Owing to the decline of expert trappers, they are rarely discovered
and more seldom captured, though their signs may be discovered along these
waters at any time by one conversant with them.

Habits, etc —Owing to their sociability, aquatic life, extreme agility and
playfulness and their simple diet of fish, in whose pursuit they exhibit so much
address and amazing skill, without the bloodthirsty and wanton destructive-
ness of other carnivorous species, the habits of the otter are of especial inter-
est. The principal food of the otter is fisb, they being able to chase and
capture with comparative ease such nimble species as the trout, salmon and
. picke rel, the latter species forming a large part of its diet in the lakes of the
north and the waters of the N. J. cedar swamps. It also devours more slug-
gish species in maritime waters, as the sucker, mullet and perch. The cray.

158 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

fish, eel, shrimp, fresh-water mussels and probably such tender-shelled bivalves
as are found in the bays frequented by them are also eaten. In the water,
the grace, swiftness and agility of this animal excite admiration. It can re-
main a long time beneath the surface, twisting and doubling in the chase,
leaping out and diving again as its victim breaks cover, and bringing the
prey to the bank when caught to eat it, devouring first the head as the most
delicate part. On land this animal is by no means awkward, often traversing
miles in the rutting season or in winter in a cross-country search for its com-
rades or for better hunting grounds. On such occasions it takes a direct
course, often crossing hilly and open country to attain its object. When
snow is on the ground it alternately leaps and slides along, taking advantage
of every slope for a long slide and often diving under the snow for long dis-
tances. This method of locomotion is so swift that Richardson says a swift
runner on snow-shoes often finds trouble to overtake and capture one. God-
man says, “‘ Their favorite sport is sliding, and for this purpose in winter the
highest ridge of snow is selected, to the top of which the otters scramble,
where, lying on the belly with the fore feet bent backwards, they give them-
selves an impulse with their hind legs and swiftly glide head foremost down
the declivity, sometimes for the distance of twenty yards. This sport they
continue apparently with the keenest enjoyment until fatigue or hunger in-
duces them to desist.” Snow is not necessary for this enjoyment. They
relish a steep mud slide and plunge from a creek or river bank into the
depths of a pool at all seasons quite as much. I discovered such a slide on
the banks of the Pennsaukin Creek near Lenola, Burlington Co., N. J., a few
years ago. This was in the near vicinity of a great otter den to which I will
allude later on. The slide was on the face of a blue clay exposure of the up-
per marl bed, rising directly from the waters of the tide marsh to a height of
40 feet and at an angle of 65 or 70 degrees. The slide began at about 30
feet above the water and descended to it, where now only a small stream re-
presents the main body of the creek which once ran deep and wide against
this wall of mud. So steep was this slide, and when wet, and in use, so slip-
pery, it would have been useless for sporting purposes without a diving pool
at the bottom. ‘This, no doubt, was its former condition, but the creek hav-
ing been deflected to the opposite side of the marsh it was used at the time
I discovered it only as a path; the otters having been previously driven from
their home in that place by the extensive excavations of a brick and terra
cotta works in the clay bed.

The otters of the middle and southern states are said by Audubon to have
their young in March, the number being from 1 to 3 in a litter. Owing to
the high value always maintained in the world’s markets for the fur of this
animal, it.is the more wonderful how it has escaped extinction in common
with other fur-bearing American species. Over 11,000 pelts were reported

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 159

to have been shipped from Canada by the Hudson Bay Co. alone to London
in 1873. Godman says that over 17,000 were sent in one year by the same
company in the early part of the 19th century. Their value as a raw fur at
present runs as high as $10 or $12 for northern specimens. Regarding the
home of our otter, I will quote from an account I published on “ New Jersey
Otters” in “The Friend,” a Philadelphia weekly, under date of February 24,
1894:

“Very few of us have ever seen a live otter, and perhaps the majority be-
lieve this animal to have long since become extinct in the settled parts of the
Middle States. On the contrary, it is not a rare inhabitant of the wilder
parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and is occasionally met with in the
larger streams of our more thickly populated districts.

“Tts apparent rarity is chiefly due to its nocturnal and aquatic habits and
to its extreme wariness, and, as will be shown, this deception is further
accomplished by its peculiar domestic economy in the construction of its
burrow.

“By this happy combination the otter exists among us to-day, the only
large fur-bearing animal fitted to survive in the midst of civilized surround-
ings such as have long since caused the extermination of its former associates,
the panther, wolf and beaver.

“This result cannot be attributed to the greater value of the latter as
objects of the chase, for the peltry of a full-grown otter is to-day worth much
more than that of a beaver, and nearly thrice that of a wolf.

“Recent inquiries into the habits and distribution of our native mammals
have been rewarded by answers from several correspondents in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey, and I have been struck with the frequency with which the
otter is made the subject of them. The larger number of these advices re-
lated to the presence of this animal in New Jersey. Among these was a kind
note from the editor of Zhe Friend, stating that he had seen a large burrow
(said to have been the home of an otter), while hunting fossils in a clay pit
on the bank of Pensaukin Creek, near Lenola, New Jersey, and I gladly
accepted my friend’s invitation to pay the place a visit.

“The site of this burrow was found to lie in the left bank of the creek, just
above the bridge on the Camden & Burlington County Railroad. It is about
five miles from the Delaware River and near the head of the tide-water
marsh. Extensive and deep deposits of brick clay, overlaid with a thin
stratum of ferruginous fossil-bearing marl, are here situated. In driving their
excavations through this bed, Augustus Reeve, the owner of the works, had
removed a wide and deep section of the creek bank, both at right angles and
parallel to the course of the stream, leaving a steep section of the face of the
bluff intact. Standing in the excavation, my attention was called to two holes
high up in the face of this solid clay wall. One of them was about ten feet

160 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

below the original surface of the bluff and fifteen feet higher than the creek.
Its horizontal diameter at that point was nearly two feet, its vertical diameter
somewhat less. It descended, at an angle of 45 degrees, toward the edge of
the marsh, but I failed to find an opening, either above or below the water,
at the point indicated. The walls of this tunnel were quite smooth at the
sides and bottom and arched throughout with wonderful regularity of outline
and dimensions, and exposure to the air had so hardened the clay matrix as
to give it the appearance of having been chiselled through rock. The other
opening lay at about the same level, fifteen feet to the right of the first. It
was smaller, more circular, and seemingly represented a branch from the
other, appearing to join it at an acute angle, about ten feet from the edge of
the marsh. Its diameter was about ten inches, too narrow to allow two large
otters to pass by each other. From the appearance of these excavations I
was sure they belonged to no animal whose home I had hitherto examined,
and after a short search was so fortunate as to find the foreman of the brick
works, who had engineered the entire ‘diggings.’ The first intimation he
had of the presence of otters in this locality was the discovery of a large hole
in the bottom of the creek, where it now runs through the swamp, seventy
yards from its former channel, against the bluff occupied by the burrow.
Otters had long been reported as frequenting the creek, but he had never
seen them. ‘The occasional loud splashing and growls of an animal (nota
muskrat) in that spot, however, confirmed his suspicions that the hole in the
creek bottom was still frequented by these wary fishermen. Not long after,
as his men were digging through the bluff, they broke into a large chamber,
‘big enough to hold a horse and cart.’ This was located six feet below the
surface and about forty feet from the edge of the bank. It terminated the
smaller burrow, previously alluded to as number two.

“Subsequent digging, a year or two later, showed that burrow number one
soon diverged far to the right of the point where I had examined it, and
terminated, at a depth of twelve or fifteen feet below the top of the bluff, in
an oval chamber, much smaller than the other, about six feet long and three
feet high. This arm of the Y was much the longer of the two, reaching sixty
or seventy feet from its junction with the first. The tunnel leading to it was
more than twice the size of that leading to the larger chamber. The man
emphatically declared that these dormitories and passage-ways contained no
litter, refuse or nesting material, nor any remains of the otter’s food, nor did
he discover any side-pockets or offsets, in which the animals would have
brought forth their young, other than those already described.

“The following summary of the construction of this dormitory or play-
house seems the most reasonable that can be offered: It had originally been
dug (probably hundreds of years ago) from the bottom of the creek, then
running deep against the bluff in which it is located, and had been excavated

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 161

at that time to the full extent observed by the workmen. It is possible the
large amount of soil thrown out of the excavation by the otters was the ulti-
mate cause of the obstruction of the creek and its final abandonment of that
channel for the one now occupied on the opposite side of the marsh. At
present no sign of an outlét to the burrow occurs at the foot of the bank, but
directly opposite, at the bottom of the present stream, eight feet below the
surface and seventy-five yards (estimated) from the clay bluff, lies the prob-
able entrance to the burrow. My informant stated that this opening con-
nected with it by a subterranean passage, so deep below the surface of the
marsh that he had not been able to find any other inlet to it. To reach the
bank, the otters simply dove to the creek bottom, and swam to it by their
underground water-way, in the most perfect security.

“The character of the soil in this spot and the great depth of the clay is
exceptionally favorable to the construction of such a refuge, and the steep,
slippery face of the bluff would afford an ideal sliding-place for the sportive
companies that must have formerly made this spot their rendezvous. A well-
defined furrow down the steepest face of the bank still indicates the probable
track of their coasting parties.

“‘On searching through the literature relating to the otter, it is apparent
that no American author ascribes to this species unusual abilities in the con-
struction of its home. Indeed, Dr. Coues concludes that ‘its fossorial ability
and the general intelligence it displays in the construction of its retreats have
been greatly exaggerated by some writers.’* Dr. Merriam, in his ‘Mammals
of the Adirondacks’ (page 91), says: ‘The nest of the otter is generally
placed under some shelving bank or uprooted tree.’ In ‘Godman’s Natural
History’ (vol. 1, p. 224), we have a more explicit account, in which he states
that the burrow is extensive, built in the bank of a stream or river, its entrance
being under water, and the terminus being an air-hole opening in the midst
of a bush or other place of concealment. Pennant says very much the same
thing, but it is quite probable that some of these authors do not speak from
actual experience. Dr. Coues admits that he has never seen the animal in
its native state, and concludes from ‘the shape of the fore limbs and condi-
tion of the claws. . . that the mining operations of the animal are neces-
sarily limited,’ and adds: ‘It does not appear that the underground retreats
of the otter are constructed with the skill and ingenuity of even those of the
muskrat.’

“That so little should be known of these retreats hitherto is easily under-
stood, when we consider the nature of the one unearthed on Pensaukin
Creek. Only by a most unusual combination of circumstances was such a
discovery made possible, and it was probably due to similar chance that the

* North American Mustelidz, p. 316.

162 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

earlier British writers were enabled to ascribe to their otters those burrowing
feats which modern authors have been at such pains to contradict, not on
their own experience, but by pure analogical reasoning. I am persuaded
that this Pensaukin habitation is not unique in the history of our New Jersey
otters, in proof of which it may be stated that I received from the editor of
‘The Friend,’ a few days after the examination of this burrow, the announce-
ment of another on the banks of Rancocas Creek, near Masonville. This was
discovered by a hunter, who, while traversing the wooded bank of the creek,
saw, to his consternation, a large pair of eyes staring from the ground. These
were surmounted by a pair of horns, giving the object a most Satanic appear-
ance They were found to belong to a cow, which had unwittingly caved into
the dormitory of an otter, and was meekly awaiting the fate which her own
exertions had so nearly sealed.”

Description of species —Because of its peculiar shaped, long, flattened body
and tail and the very short legs, giving it a most salamander-like appearance,
the otter is recognizable to almost every one. It has sometimes been mis-
taken for the beaver while in the water, but its supple, eel-like movements,
long pointed tail and flattened head should quickly undeceive the careful ob-
server. The northern or Canadian otter is distinguished from the race found
in southern N. J. and the Carolinas by its darker hue, being a dark seal brown
above; lower head and neck light Isabella color; remainder of lower parts
nearly as dark brown as the back. In southern N. J. specimens the upper
colors are vandyke brown tipped on upper head, neck and shoulders with
wood brown ; below, broccoli brown, the pale colors of lower head and neck
sometimes faded to grayish buff. The webs of the feet in canadensis are
densely hairy ; in /a¢axina nearly naked.

Measurements (canadensis): Total length, 1100 mm. (4334 in.) ; tail
vertebrae, 420 (1614); hind foot, 120 (434) ; (4ataxina) about the same
sized body with larger hind foot. High upland specimens in any region are
smaller than those from maritime marshes of the same latitude.

Southeastern Otter. wutra canadensis lataxina (F. Cuvier).

1823. Lutra lataxina ¥. Cuvier, Dictionaire des Scien. Naturelles, vol. 27,
p. 242.
1898. Lutra canadensis lataxina Allen, Bulletin Amer. Museum Nat. His-

tory, N. York, vol. 10, p. 460.

Type locality.—South Carolina.

Faunal distribution——Upper and lower austral zones ; southern Connecti-
cut to Georgia, west to Texas and Great Plains.

Distribution in Pa. and N,. J7—Lowlands of both states; most typical in
lower Delaware Valley and southeastern N. J.

e

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 163

Records, habits, description of species, ett—See data and remarks under
preceding species.

Genus Mephitis Cuvier, Legons d’ Anatomie Compareé, 1800, vol. 1,
tabl. 1.

Southeastern Skunk. Mephitis mephitis putida (G. Cuvier).

1798. Mustela] putida G. Cuvier, Tableau Elementaire del’ Histoire
Naturelle des Animaux, p. 116.

1901. Mephitis putida Allen, Bulletin American Museum Nat. History, N.
York, vol. 14, p. 333.

Type locality—Eastern Pennsylvania and N. Jersey, especially the region
now comprised in Philadelphia, Delaware, Camden and Gloucester counties,

Faunal distribution —Adopting Howell’s restriction of the habitat of this
skunk (North American Fauna, No. 20) it is found in the lower Canadian,
transition and upper austral zones ; Maine to N. Carolina, west to Indiana.

Distribution in Pa. and N. ].—Mostly abundant and generally of uniform
distribution over our whole territory, but like some other of our mammalia is
of very rare and fortuitous occurrence in many parts of southern N. J. It is
most abundant in rocky hilly country covered with deciduous growth, and be-
comes rare in extensively forested regions of coniferous timber.

Records in N. ]7.—TVhe skunk is exceedingly rare in Camden Co. I have
not seen one in my life, but have smelt them twice in the last 30 years. It is
not rare, in fact very abundant, according to Dr. T. P. Price, in certain parts
of Ocean and east Burlington Cos. A few are found in Cape May Co. In
west Burlington Co. it is rare, as also in Gloucester Co. It is stated by Mr.
W. S. Williams to be extiuct in the region around Greenwich, Cumberland
Co., though formerly plentiful—Rhoads, 1902.

Habits, etc—So implicitly does the skunk rely on its foul-smelling battery,
it often acts in the most peculiar ignorance of the common laws of self preser-
vation. If you come upon one abroad in the day time it acts as if short
sighted or unconscious of your presence and is likely to run almost against
you before it discovers its mistake. Meanwhile if you are an ignorant, timid
person you run off and tell some one you have been attacked byaskunk. If
more courageous, you may kick or throw stones and finally wish you had
done as the timid person did. After careful and painful study of Mr. Skunk,
both in his house and in mine, I think him the incarnation of that curt, in-
elegant, but often wholesome maxim, “ Mind your own business.” Fortu-
nately his poison is not deadly; his fur, under more elegant names, is an
abiding source of comfort to those who despise and fear him most, and his
absent-minded, patient, mincing ways and curious arts disguise an ento-

164 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

mologist and herpetologist whom farmer and scientist may take more kindly
into confidence. Among other services done to the agricultural interests of
the state, Dr. Warren secured a series of answers from his farmer and
naturalist friends as to the economic status of the skunk in Pa. These voice,
with notable exceptions, the popular prejudice against this animal entertained —
by those who never take the time to seek the good side of a disreputable
thing ; but the experience and testimony of Dr. Merriam and others who
have studied this question show that the skunk is the most indefatigable and
voracious feeder on all sorts of larger insects, grasshoppers, beetles, cut
worms, white grubs, etc., that can be found among the mammalia. The
harm they do is chiefly in the line of robbing bird’s nests of eggs and young,
and the destruction of poultry. As they cannot climb, these depredations
are confined to the ground. Skunks fall a prey to foxes, wild cats, weasels,
minks and large hawks and owls, but they are generally let alone while less
offensive food is obtainable. Their meat is white and well flavored, resem-
bling chicken. Their retreats are generally dug in the face of a steep slope,
much as those of the woodchuck, whose burrows they sometimes use.
Sometimes they use rocky caverns or hollow logs for shelter and breeding.
Being prolific, with as many as 8 young in a litter, they increase very fast
unless checked by normal conditions. Their furs average about 50 cents
each ; black ones as much as $1.50. The bite of a skunk under certain con-
ditions has proved fatal, with symptoms like hydrophobia.

Description of species—All of our skunks are black and white. In general
terms the farther north you go the more black they become. But there isa
wonderful variety of colors in any part of Pa. and N. J., some of the blackest
skins coming from the lower Delaware valley and very light ones from the
southern Alleghanies. The standard pattern of color is black with stripes of
white more or less wide along the sides and a white stripe from near the nose
reaching back between eyes to a half-collar or ruff of white on back of head.
The tail is tipped with white. In the blackest specimens the white stripe be-
tween the eyes is always present, though often reduced to a mere line or
spot. An examination of Howell’s definition of the specific differences
claimed to exist between the Canadian skunk, Mephitis mephitis, and our Pa.
and N. J. animal indicate clearly their non-separability. I have therefore
made putida a sub-species or race of mephitis in my classification. As but
one form of skunk is to be found in our limits, measurements are unnecessary.

Genus Gw/o Storr, Prodromus Method. Mammalium, 1780, p. 34.
Wolverene; Glutton; Carcajou. Guo /uscus (Linnaeus).

1766. Ursus /uscus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, vol. 1, p. 71.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 165

1823. Gulo luscus Sabine, Franklin’s Narrative, Journal to Polar Sea, p. 650.

Type locakity— Hudson Bay.

Faunal distribution—Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian Zones ; Atlantic to
Pacific Oceans; South to Pennsylvania and Colorado.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—Never found in N. J. A rare (the rarest)
animal in Pa. in the early half of the rgth century. Even then only found in
the most boreal localities of the state as a straggler.

Records in Pa.—Potter Co.—C. C. Burdette, hunter, told me of the kill-
ing of one on Pine Creek many years ago. One was caught in a wolf trap
near Great Salt Lick, Portage township. I think Joseph Nelson, of Wharton
township, caught it. I saw it, but no one knew what it was, nor ever saw
another like it. This occurred about 1858.’—Austin, 1900. “Uncle J. P.
Nelson killed a wolverene in Potter Co. on the east fork of the Sinnemahon-
ing in 1863.”-—Seth Nelson, 1898. These two records, coming to me from
entirely independent sources, and from hunters of so much intelligence, indi-
cate that one and the same individual is referred to. The disparity in dates,
of 5 years, is not surprising when memory alone furnishes record of an event
happening half a century previously. So great and long continued has been
my friend Austin’s experience as an original settler, hunter, naturalist, justice
of the peace and historian in Potter Co., I feel no hesitation in accepting
this record. It is attested by the aged brother of the man who killed the
animal, namely, Seth Iredale Nelson, another pioneer in the settlement of

‘the Sinnemahoning, still living at Round Island, and whom I know by ac-
quaintance to be a man of great intelligence and experience as a hunter, and
a man of strictest truth. These remarks are made because it is the only
record known to me of the existence of the wolverene in Pa., made by living
witnesses to the fact. Up to the present time northern New York was con-
sidered their most southern range in the Middle States, no records of it even
there being dated later than the one from Rensselaer Co. secured by Audubon
and Bachman in 1811. It has been long considered extinct in the Adiron-
dacks. So distinctly marked, large and peculiarly shaped an animal as the
wolverene would not only be recognized as a novelty by any Pa. trapper or
woodman, but would be identified quickly in any community of average
intelligence, much more by the fur dealers with whom they traded. The
only other record of this animal in Pa. that I have discovered is in Stokley’s
‘Observations on Mercer Co., Pa.,” published in the Memoirs of the Penna.
Historical Society, 1846, vol. 4, p. 77. In this he enumerates the animals of
the county, then covering a much larger and more mountainous area than
now. He says that there were found still in the county at that date, “A very
few white hares and an animal called the wolverene, supposed to be engen-
dered between a fox and a wild cat, never taken by white man and rarely by
Indians.” I hope that these remarks may stir up the memory or unspoken

166 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

knowledge of other instances, where this peculiar, carnivorous and fur bear-
ing animal may have been captured or seen in our limits.

Habits, efe.—For its size, which is about equal to that of a bear cub of 6
months, there is not a more powerful, voracious, cunning and fearless animal
than the wolverene. The most fabulous accounts of it were given by earlier
writers. Dr. Coues, in his Monograph of the Fur-bearing Animals, p. 45,
sums up its real character thus: The wolverene “ is simply an uncommonly
large, clumsy, shaggy marten or weasel, of great strength, without corre-
sponding agility, highly carnivorous, like the rest of its tribe, and displaying
great perseverance and sagacity in procuring food. It is imperfectly planti-
grade and does not climb trees like most of its allies. It lives in dens or bur-
rows and does not hibernate. It feeds upon the carcasses of large animals
which it finds already slain, but does not destroy such creatures itself, its
ordinary prey being of a much humbler character. It is a notorious thief,
not only of stores of meat and fish laid up by the natives of the countries it
inhabits, the baits of their traps and the animals so caught, but also of articles
of no possible service to itself; and avoids with most admirable cunning the
various methods devised for its destruction in retaliation.” They have their
young in underground burrows. There are four or five in a litter, born in
June or July. When surprised at large with her young the female is more
aggressive and dangerous than a bear in the same situation. One of the
most peculiar actions which has been observed in the wolverene is the shad-
ing of its eyes by the fore paws when gazing at an object of sudden surprise
or fear, especially a man. This action is evidently done for the same reason
that would induce a short-sighted person, or one blinded by sunshine, to
shade their eyes under similar circumstances. The fur of this animal is most
highly prized by the natives of the fur countries, the Kamtschatkans saying
that “the heavenly beings wear no other furs” than these. They form a
considerable fraction of the importations to London of the Hudson Bay Co.,
1,104 being sent in 1868.

Description of species.—Legs, short; when in motion, back high-arched,
body drooping fore and aft, tail and head carried low, looking like a shaggy
bear cub with a bushy tail. Tail thickly clothed with hair four to eight
inches long, shortest near the body, longest at tips, and drooping, the whole
tail looking like that of a moderately docked horse whose tail has not been
trimmed fora long while. Ears short, rounded. Color, blackish or deep
dusky brown, a peculiar broad stripe of chestnut or yellowish brown or
whitish clay color reaching from behind the shoulders and along the sides,
meeting on the rump that of the opposite side, almost enclosing a dark patch
along the middle of the back which reaches the neck and head. Whitish
and yellowish patches are found on the sides of head and on throat and
breast. Very young ones are of a general creamy color.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 167

Measurements.—Total length, 969 mm. (38 in.) ; tail vertebrae, 200 (8) ;
hind foot, 170 (634).

Genus Putorius Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1817, vol. 1, p. 147.

Northeastern Mink, Pxdorius vison (Schreber).

1778. Mustela vison Schreber, Saugthiere, vol. 3, p. 463.

1830. Putorius vison Gapper, Zodlogical Journal, vol. 5, p. 202.

Type locality.—Eastern Canada.

Faunal distribution — Lower Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian zones.
Great Slave Lake, Hudson Bay, Atlantic Ocean, northern Pennsylvania.
lower Great Lakes and the Rocky Mts. enclose the habitat of this species ;
replaced in the southeast by /utreocephalus, next considered.

Distribution in Pa. and N, J.—The typical Canadian form is not found in
N. J. In Pa. it is numerous in the most boreal mountain areas of the north-
ern border. It is the form named by Audubon and Bachman Pusorius
nigrescens, or “ mountain mink.”

Habits, description of species, ete.—See next, under Southeastern Mink.

Southeastern Mink, Putorius vison lutreocephalus (Harlan).

1825. Mustela lutreocepha/a Harlan, Fauna Americana, p. 63.

1896. Putoxius vison lutreocephalus Bangs, Proceedings Boston Society
Natural History, vol. 27, p. 4.

Lype locahty—Maryland.

Faunal distribution.—Transition and upper austral zones, Connecticut to
South Carolina, Atlantic Ocean to Rocky Mountains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.—Abundant or represented sparingly along
all watercourses in our limits, except where replaced by the northern mink,
P. vison,

Habits, e¢c—The mink is essentially an amphibious animal, second only in
aquatic feats to the otters in the family Musteide. Itis much more at home
on land than the otter, however, and on this account makes numerous and
often persistent raids on poultry some distance from water, in this respect
showing its affinity to the weasels. Fish form a large part of its diet, and its
destruction of these (especially of the brook trout and other game fish)
owing to its abundance as compared with the otter, makes it a serious pest to
anglers. It also destroys birds and eggs, cray-fish, frogs and batrachians to a
small extent. It is an accomplished and persistent mouser after the meadow
voles which abound in its chosen haunts, and is also the most deadly wild
enemy of the muskrat. Dr. Warren summarizes his reports concerning the
mink as showing that it is a noxious species which should be suppressed in

168 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

every practicable way. As its fur is of considerable value there is little fear
however that they will ever be so numerous as to becomea plague. The
burrows of the mink are made in banks near or along watercourses, though
sometimes they take possession of a hollow log and there have their young.
The latter number 5 or 6, though as many as 10 have been noted in
minkeries. The period of gestation is 6 weeks. The difference in size of
the males and females when grown is not so great as in the weasels, the
female mink weighing about 134 pounds, the male 1% pound more. The
minkeries alluded to are places where these animals are raised for the same
purposes as the European ferret. ‘They are easily tamed, make excellent
ratters, hunt vigorously and soon exterminate these pests. Other minkeries
breed the minks for their fur to.profit. The average values of raw mink furs
(northern Pa.) run from 50 cents to $1.50.

Description of species —The mink is readily distinguished from any of our
eastern weasels by its larger size, stouter body, uniform brown color and
bushy tail. From the marten it may be also known by its unicolor body and
the shortness of its tail and ears. In size the marten is somewhat larger, and
much longer furred. Nearly all minks have a white spot or spots on the
breast, a peculiarity shared by nearly all the Muszlde. The northern
species, vzson typicus, is a much darker seal brown (sometimes nearly black)
than the southeastern mink, /u¢reocephalus. The latter on the Carolina coasts.
becomes a sort of yellowish brown and with shorter, less dense and less
marketable fur. The southern race is larger than the mountain mink.

Measurements (vison).—Total length, 520 mm. (20% in.) ; tail vertebrze,
185 (7%); hind foot, 55 (2335) ; (dutreocephalus)—635 (27); 210 (8%) 3
7° (294).

Bonaparte’s Weasel, Lesser or Short-tailed Weasel. Pusorius
cicognant (Bonaparte).

1838. Mustela cicognanit Bonaparte, Iconograph. Fauna Italia, vol. 1,.
fascic. 22, p. 4.

1839. Putorius cicognanii Richardson, Zodlogy of Beechey’s Voyage of the
Blossom, p. 10.

Type locahty.—Northeastern North America.

Faunal distribution—Hudsonian, Canadian aud upper transition zones ;.
Atlantic Ocean to Lake Winnipeg in the north and Rocky Mountains in the
south.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—A very rare animal; only found in the
most boreal situations in Pa. None have come to notice from N. J. Bangs’
record of it from Long Island I am inclined to question. Miller includes
the whole transition zone in their habitat and surmises that the upper austrak

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 169

may be invaded by them. This scheme of distribution will not apply to Pa.
and N. J. Indeed, it was only by the most assiduous search among many,
hunters, trappers and taxidermists that I was able to secure the first authen-
ticated specimen of Pa. cicognant, the many reports of such as I have investi-
gated proving with two exceptions to be females of noveboracensis, the com-
mon long-tailed weasel of the eastern U. States.

Records in Pa.—(In general.) ‘The least weasel, according to the best
information obtained from local naturalists throughout the state, does not
appear to be of very frequent occurrence. In fact quite a number of zodlog-
ical students who are believed to be entirely competent to distinguish both
species, report the least weasel to be rare or unknown in their localities.
Mr. George P. Friant, of Scranton, Penna., during the past 10 years has had
over 100 weasels taken within a radius of 25 miles of his home, and of these
not more than 3 or 4 were the smaller species. The experience of Mr. Chas.
H. Eldon, taxidermist of Williamsport, Penna., is very similar to that of Mr.
Friant. During the past 8 years the writer has collected zodlogical speci-
mens in almost every county of the state, and in a collection of 70 odd speci-
mens (of weasels) at least 6 were of the small kind. From evidence at hand
it seems that the least weasel is to be found in the northern and mountainous
regions of Pennsylvania, and I am inclined to think it more plentiful than
some observers and writers believe.”—-Warren, Poultry Book, p. 422. Dr.
Warren adds that 75 weasel skins which he had were burned with the Pa.
State capitol in 1897, so that he could not name the localities from which the
least weasels came.

Lackawanna Co.—In January, 1902, I visited Mr. C. P. Friant, of Scran-
ton, who kindly presented me with a skin of Bonaparte’s weasel in summer
coat, which had been taken by a boy in the city limits of Scranton in rgoo.
This specimen I deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences. Mr. Friant
had previously written me in 1900: “The last lesser weasel I recall having
mounted was for a Mr. Smith who died soon after and I can’t trace the speci-
men. I have mounted 3 in the last 10 years. I have no doubt that they
were the species you designate as compared with the common weasel,” of
which he had mounted and handled a great number.—Rhoads.

Sullivan Co.—There is a very small weasel up here which turns white in
winter. Not positive of its identity—Behr, 1900. Mr. Behr has since
trapped eight or more weasels near Lopez in the winter of 1900-’or to prove
that he has seen the species, but all of them were noveboracensis. Most of
them were sent in spirits to the Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., where I examined
them. This is one of the best proofs of the great scarcity of cicognant, even
in the most boreal part of the state.

Wayne Co.—An adult female cicognani, No. 4280 of my collection of
mammals, was sent me in the flesh by Mr. L. N. Goodnough, of Wayne Co.,.

170 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Pa. He trapped it on a rocky hill near Rileyville, Dec. 2, 1900. It is in
full winter pelage. Mr. Goodnough writes: “I killed one of the same kind
about 40 years ago in Wayne Co. It had carried 12 small chicks to a pile of
stones.” As Mr. Goodnough is a trapper in a wild country, often capturing
weasels, the fact of his only seeing 2 in 40 years in this part of the lower
Canadian fauna is further evidence of the rarity of cécognani in Pa.

Habits, description of species, etc—See under next species—P. novebora-
eensis.

New York Weasel, Common Weasel, Long-tailed Weasel. Pusor-
tus noveboracensis Emmons,

1840. Putorius noveboracensis Emmons, Report Quadrupeds Massachu-
setts, p. 45.

Type locality—Southern New York.

faunal distribution.—Canadian, transition and upper austral zones ; south-
ern New England to the Carolinas, west to Mississippi Valley.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—More or less numerous in all situations and
regions of both states. Least abundant in the pine barrens and maritime
regions of southern N. J.

Habits, etc—Unceasing activity, boldness and rapacity characterize all our
weasels. They are the incarnation of blood-guiltiness and the death-dealing
life. Dr. Coues has in his masterly style given us a vivid picture of the living
appearance of this animal: “A glance at the physiognomy of the weasels
would suffice to betray their character ; the teeth are almost of the highest
known raptorial character, the jaws are worked by enormous masses of mus-
cles covering all the sides of the skull; the forehead is low and the nose is
sharp; the eyes are small, penetrating, cunning, and glitter with an angry,
green light. When the animal is glancing around with the neck stretched
up and the flat, triangular head bent forward and swaying from one side to
the other, we catch the likeness in a moment—it is the image of a serpent.”

The weasel climbs trees with great ease, leaping about among the branches
like a squirrel. It also has the habit of raising up on its hind legs and cran-
ing the neck about in making its observations. Its climbing feats enable it
to pursue and destroy many animals which would otherwise escape and do
escape the depredations of skunks, minks and other non-climbing members
of this carnivorous family. On this account the weasel is the more obnoxious
to birds than the others named. While the weasel is pre-eminently a mouser,
its preference for forests largely confines its depredations along this line to
species of muride which have little direct economic significance to man.
When a weasel visits a rat-or-mouse-infested barn it quickly rids the premises
of such vermin, but as they are ever on the move, the riddance is only tem-

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 171

porary, and when the mice fail them they begin to destroy the farmer’s
poultry at such a rate as quickly counteracts their good services. The man-
ner of killing its smaller prey is by a bite on the head. The brain is often
the only part eaten. Its blood-sucking has been greatly exaggerated. Where
many small, or a large animal, like a rabbit or fowl, is killed, they could drink
but little, owing to lack of capacity. Dr. Warren, quoting Hugh Malloy, of
Luzerne Co., Pa., who has made a specialty of weasel hunting and trapping,
narrates some points regarding their habits which may be summarized.
Malloy declares they never rest, but are always killing, summer and winter ;
even when snow was 8 inches deep and the mercury 7 degrees below zero,
he was unable to catch up with one by tracking when the weasel was on a
hunting journey. On one occasion he found “ eleven dead rabbits,” killed
by a weasel along whose track in the snow he had followed. All these were
“either hidden in the hole that they were started from, or pulled under the
snow, sometimes 20 feet to some brush pile.” These rabbits are killed by
biting between the ear and eye, the wound being so small it is difficult to
find. Regarding its capacity for blood he says it “ has great digestive powers.
I find when it is getting all the blood it wants, that in about every 20 yards
in the snow you will find its excreta about 34 inch long, thick as a slate pen-
cil and like frozen blood.” They do not kill old pheasants (grouse), but
destroy many young ones. Quails are a favorite winter food, at night whole
coveys being destroyed at once, and when found in spring are supposed to.
have been frozen or starved to death in snow-drifts. Malloy found in one
place 100 quail thus killed, a small mark at base of head showing what the
murderer had been. They track rabbits with great perseverance over snow
or bare ground by the power of scent, and rarely give up the hunt till the
rabbit is dead. The weasel often burrows long, deep and intricate passage-
ways for its home in some bank. John Burroughs describes how he watched
one of these (probably cécognanz) make repeated journeys over a certain
course in the woods from such a bank into the swamp, returning every few
minutes with a mouse (probably Zvotomys) which was stored in this burrow.
As I remember, a score or two of mice were thus stored away while Burroughs
sat watching the extraordinary feat. In attempting to unearth this cache
Burroughs was completely baffled by the extent and windings of the burrow.
They oftener hide and make their homes in stone heaps and rock piles. The
young are said to number on the average 5 or 6 in a litter, born in April or
May. In defending these they defy and attack any large animal, fastening
upon them until killed.

Description of species.—The lesser weasel (cicognani) may immediately be
distinguished from its associate, our common species, zoveboracensis, by the
relative shortness of the tail, that member rarely exceeding, in the male, 3
inches, and in the female, 214 inches, whereas in the other species the males

172 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

have tails 534 to 6 in. long and the females 414 inches. It should be noted
that the size of the females in both species is 14 to almost 34 less than that
of the males (see measurements). On this account small females of nove-
boracensis are about the same size as large males of cicognani, but the differ-
ence in the length of tail between these is striking. Bonaparte’s weasel always
turns white in winter even in its most southern distribution, but the N. York
weasel in the transition and austral zones very rarely turns white, the winter
pelage being merely paler than that of summer. In the most boreal localities
of Pa. the N. York weasel turns white in about 25 to 50 per cent. of the cases
observed by me. Whether the special conditions of a forested or deforested
environment, or of severity of weather or amount of snow-fall, cause this in-
dividual variation in winter pelage among the weasels of a given locality, I
am unable to say. Regarding the real conditions as they exist in northwestern
Pa., Malloy writes: “I do not believe there are any white weasels in summer,
but I do know that they are dark brown, light brown, dark red and light red
in winter and that I have caught them every week from Dec. 1 until April 5.
I caught a dark brown, a dark red and a pure white all in one night but at
different places. I never caught a ma/tese weasel in winter but have caught
many of them in summer.” This experience tallies exactly with that of Mr.
Behr, in Sullivan Co. I have a white winter weasel taken in Camden Co. a
few years ago and brought to me in the flesh. Regarding this seasonal change
of color in weasels, it should be understood that it is accomplished solely by
molting, the new hair, whether brown or white, not altering its color, except
from exposure and wear, from the time of its first appearance on the surface ‘
of the skin until it is shed again the next season. While this new brown or
white coat is growing, the old is slowly falling out, giving sometimes a patchy,
at others a peculiar faded, semi-white, appearance. This has given rise to
the popular idea that the color of the old hair is changing either to brown or
white, as the case may be. In no case of bird or mammal is a fundamental
color change caused by the voluntary action of the individual or by any other
normal force upon feathers or hair after these have once pierced the skin.

The pattern of coloration in summer, as well as the tint in the two species
now considered, is essentially the same, viz: dark or liver-brown above, in-
cluding tail, legs and head except lower jaw, white below, tip of tail black at
all seasons ; this tip being relatively long in the large, and short in small, spe-
cies. In the larger species the under parts are often pale sulphur yellow.

Measurements.-—(cicognani.) ‘Total length, male, 285 mm. (11 ¥ in.),
female, 225 (10); tail vertebrae, male, 77 (3%), female, 69 (234); hind
foot, male, 37 (134), female, 30 (138;). In the same order, measurements
for noveboracensis are: male, 405 (16), female, 325 (1234); male, 140 (5%),
female 108 (41%) ; male, 47 (134), female, 34 (1%).

ELI CL MACY ALCOA CC POU SIV Ut N IN ANC OEE RNOA ODE GE US SIN 6S eee ER b Nara cectacd o SRate—th & (Sa) pelle that al acid ia) CF A sien) | MESSI. — sf geaicer
(addy) sesuatuay Soyo ‘g@ *TASVAM LSVAT NVINAHDATIV *!

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 173
Allerhenian Least Weasel. Putorius allegheniensis Rhoads.

1900. Putorius alleghentiensis Rhoads, Proceedings Academy Natural
Sciences, Phila., p. 751. Issued Feb. 7, 1901.

Lype locality —Near Beallsville, Washington Co., Pennsylvania.

Faunal distribution Unknown ; probably Canadian and transition zones,
southern Alleghenies northward.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—Not found in N.J. For distribution in Pa.
see original description following, as also for Records, Description of species,
ele.

Owing to the rather remarkable discovery of this species in a region so
long ransacked by naturalists, I may be justified in giving at some length the
original announcement of its discovery. Nothing further than this has been
published, to my knowledge, concerning it, although Mr. Todd, of the Car-
negie Museum, has since then strenuously endeavored to get more specimens.
The description follows :

A New WEASEL FROM WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.

“One of the most unlooked-for results of recent systematic field study of
smaller mammals inhabiting the settled and populous areas of the Eastern
States is the discovery of a small weasel in the regions contiguous to the city
of Pittsburgh. Fortunately three specimens have been secured, each repre-
senting a phase of pelage characteristic of the seasonal moult. This weasel is
allied to the minute Arctic and Canadian Putorius rixosus Bangs, being some-
what larger than rzxosus and less than half the size of P. cicognanz, the small-
est species hitherto recorded from the Middle States. It may be diagnosed
as follows :

Putorius allegheniensis sp. noy. Allegheny Weasel.

Type, No. 6195, adult, Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. Captured by Robert Hawkins, near Beallsville, Washington
county, Pa., about the year 1885 or 1886.

“ Description of the type.—In size and color it resembles Putorius rixosus
Bangs from the Saskatchewan, B. A., but larger, darker and more thinly
furred. Skull broader and flatter, with interorbital space high, tumid and
constricted posteriorly. No supraorbital ridges.

‘“* Color (summer pelage).—Upper parts walnut-brown, abruptly separated
from the pure white of under parts, the line of demarcation running from
nasal pad along border of upper lip, through base of whiskers, just below base
of ear, along median lateral line of neck to anterior base of shoulder ; thence
down anterior profile of foreleg to elbow, rising thence along posterior profile
of leg to and along median lateral body line to flank, thence to heel and
posterior thigh as on foreleg, rising and encircling anal region to lower base

e

174 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

of tail. Tail colored like back with some scattering white hairs at tip (ex-
treme tip apparently missing). Forefeet and lower foreleg white ; hind feet
white only on toes and inside border. Whiskers mixed brown and white. The
color areas occupied respectively by brown and white are almost exactly
divided in equal parts. Compared with the type of vzxosus and another
summer specimen from Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, the type of ad/leghenien-
sis is much darker and duller hued. ‘

“ Measurements (of type, a well-mounted specimen, but undoubtedly
stretched).—Total length, 199; tail without hairs of tip, 19; hind foot, 20.
Skull: Basilar length, 29 ; zygomatic width, 15.3 ; mastoid width, 14 ; inter-
orbital constriction, 6; greatest mandibular length, 16.5.

“ Description of two other specimens —No. 4279, Coll. of S. N. Rhoads;
young adult (sex undetermined), cotype, in late winter early pelage, collected
by aforesaid R. Hawkins, near Beallsville, Washington county, Pa., about the
year 1885 or 1886.

““ Color.—Everywhere pure white except on head, where brown summer fur
is appearing, also about 15 dark brown and blackish hairs at tip of tail.

“ Measurements (specimen is a mummy, preserved without skinning, having
been eviscerated, poisoned and wired to a stand erect on its haunches. On
this account its tail and body measurements are of real value after allowing
an increase of five per cent. for shrinkage of intervertebral tissue).—Total
length, 145; tail vertebrae, 22; hind foot, 20. Skull: Basilar length, 28 ;
zygomatic width, 14.7 ; greatest mandibular length, 15.8.

“No. 547, adult female, Coll. of the Carnegie Museum, collected by Wil-
liam Seager, near Leetsdale, Allegheny county, Pa., April 25, 1898. This
interesting specimen is in the shape of a cabinet skin, with anterior half of
skull attached to lips and without sex matk or measurements on label. I
have determined its sex by the series of teats, evidently those of a female
having nursed young the previous season. The skull and teeth indicate full
maturity. The pelage is changing from winter to summer garb, this change
appearing to have but recently begun.

“ Color—White, except an irregular mottled stripe of brown, well defined
on head between nose, eyes and ears, narrowing along neck and back with
wider areas at shoulders and hips and disappearing on hindrump. Tail white
with about 20 brown-black hairs at tip almost concealed by surrounding white
hairs. A faint mottling of brown is appearing on all four legs and the upper
hind feet.

“ Measurements (skin stretched).—Total length, 175; tail, 22; hind
foot, 20.

“The two Beallsville specimens were kindly loaned to me October 27,
1899, by Mr. Jacob Nease, of Washington, ‘Pa., in response to a circular,
widely distributed in the State, requesting information concerning certain

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 175

rare manimals. The size of these tiny weasels, so different from anything to
be expected from that region, raised the question of their being a genuine
Pennsylvania product, and I wrote Mr. Nease for particulars. In answer,
Mr. James S. Nease, who conducted the entire correspondence on the subject
for his father, Jacob Nease, to whom the specimens belonged, sent me the
following letter :

“¢ BRALLSVILLE, Pa., 11-6-1899.

“* Mr. Jas. S, Neasz, WasHincTON, Pa. nee

“© Dear Sir: In reply to your letter of 2d inst., I have consulted father in
regard to the weasels which he sent your father to have stuffed. They were
caught under dead-falls set for skunks, and of course were wild as any weasel.
Father remembers well of catching them and sending them up, and got one
or two he did not send, but has not seen any since then, some ten or fifteen
years ago, if memory serves him right. They were caught when the bounty

was on hawks and owls.*
“Very truly, J. W. Hawkins,”

“While there seemed to be no question as to the statements of the gentle-
men above mentioned, the publication of them was deferred nearly a year,
when I was unexpectedly confronted with the specimen in the collection of
the Carnegie Museum. As it had been taken along the Ohio river, only a
few miles below Pittsburg, by a resident collector regularly employed by the
Museum, it was accepted as conclusive evidence that these weasels are
indigenous and living in those parts.

“Regarding the affinity of al/egheniensis with rixosus, it may be stated that
the nearest localities from which the latter has been recorded are Moose
Factory, Ontario, and Pembina, Minnesota, the latter being the specimen
mentioned by Prof. Baird under ‘Putorius pusillus Dekay’ in the Pacific R.
R. Reports. It will be seen that there is an immense stretch of territory
between these places and Pittsburgh, besides the great difference in the faunal
position of the localities. That the habitat of these weasels shall prove to be
continuous through the Appalachian system from Ontario southward is not
impossible, but that specimens from the intermediate country have as yet es-
caped notice is indeed strange. The facts now known ‘to us as to the differ-
ence between 7ixosus and its southern ally in size, cranial proportions and
color are sufficient to indicate specific values. It is singular that all the
known specimens of rixosus and adlegheniensis appear to be females, though
in every case the sex has not been absolutely determined. If any of them
are males the great difference in size between the sexes, so notorious in all
other species, is not apparent among the least weasels. Mr. Bangs, in his

* This bounty act was passed in May, 1885, and repealed about eighteen months later.

176 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

monograph of these mammals, gives as a special character of vixosus : ‘Tail
not tipped with black ’—but I find that his type of that species has several
distinctly blackish hairs among the brown ones at the tail tip, so also has the
specimen examined from Moose Factory. I am indebted to the Messrs.
Nease for consenting to part with the type, on condition that it be preserved
in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, as well as for their co-
operation in this investigation. Mr. Outram Bangs generously loaned me the
two specimens of *zxosus mentioned above, one of them belonging to the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy of Cambridge, Mass.’’-—Rhoads ; see Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., rg00, pp. 751 to 754.*

Genus Mustela Linneus, Systema Nature, 1758, vol. 1, p. 45.
Southeastern Marten ; American “Sable.” Afustela americana.

1800. [Mustela] americana Turton, Linnzus, System of Nature, vol. 1,
p- 60.

Type locality.—Eastern North America.

Faunal distribution.—Hudsonian, Canadian and upper transition zones ;
Atlantic Ocean to Cascade Mountains, there intergrading into JZ. a. caurina
Merriam. /

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.--Once abundant over all the mountain re-
gions of the two states and to a certain extent invading the foothills of the
transition zone. Early exterminated in the latter areas and now only known
from the less deforested regions of the higher Alleghenies. Wholly absent
from any part of N. J.; probably exterminated there 50 years ago.

Records in Pa.—Cameron Co.—“ Found in hard-wood timber. Received
several light-colored pelts from Shippen twp. in 1894; got 3 from same
township in 1895.’’—Larrabee, 1896. I have a skin taken in Cameron Co.,
and have seen others.—Friant, 1902. I have examined several marten furs
above recorded by Larrabee and Friant.—Rhoads, 1902.

Clinton Co.—* Once abundant ‘in the deechwoods of this and adjoining
counties; now very rare; saw tracks of two in Clinton Co., winter, 1895.”
—Nelson, 1896. None reported in the Co. since that date.—Rhoads, 1902.
“Mr. Thomas informs me that he caught 5 or 6 in dead falls on the head

*Iam indebted to Mr. Todd for the following additional records of this tiny weasel.
Both specimens are in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. One, a mumified skin and skel-
eton found in a museum of a Catholic school at Herman, Butler Co., Pa., by F. Altman. Its
measurements are, length 188 mm., tail vert., 33 mm., hind foot 20.5 mm. As these were
taken in flesh they are conclusive as to real size, indicating a longer-tailed animal than was
supposed. The specimen is‘ of much interest as showing a dark, chocolate, mid-winter
pelage and is unique in having same color on lower parts, with only the chin, throat and
breast white, as in Mustela.

i
MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 177

waters of Young Woman’s Creek [Clinton and Potter Cos.], in 1868.”—
Cleveland, 1goo.

Columbia Co.—* None known to me as killed in the Co. for 50 years. I
hear them occasionally in the big woods on North Mountain at night.”—
Buckalew, 1900. A skin was sent to Krider’s Phila. gun store by H. Coward
to be mounted. Being mutilated it was presented by Mr. Coward to the
Academy of Natural Sciences. He stated it was killed in his camp on the
mountain north of Benton, having made a raid on their butter in the spring
near camp. It is afemale, No. 1563, A. N.Sci.: catalog., taken in fall, 1892.
—Rhoads.

Crawford Co.—Formerly found in the Co.—See Huidecoper, Hist. Crawf.
Co., 1846. ‘

Elk Co.— I know of some [recently ?] taken by O. H. Day in Elk Co.”
—Goodnough, 1900. “ Formerly found. Now few are seen.”—Luhr, 1900.
* A few left.”—Clay, 1go00.

Forest Co.—* Almost extinct since 1875.”"—Haslet, 1goo. .

Lancaster Co.— Very rare, if not extinct.”—Rathvon, Hist. Lanc. Co.,
1869, p. 501.

Luzerne Co.— 1 have two specimens secured near Pittston.”—Campbell,
1902. The identity of these is questionable-—Rhoads, tgo02. |

McKean Co.—‘ There are a few martens yet, back in the forests, but
they arescarce. The last in this Co. that I know of were caught by Thos.
Mulkins in November and December, 1899. He caught 6 of them on
Haven’s Brook, Norwich twp. The last one he had mounted, and is now in
his parlor at Eldred. It is a nice specimen, but very light-colored, about as
light as I ever saw one.”—C. W. Dickinson, rgor. :

Monroe and Pike Cos.—‘‘¥ could hear of no specimens of this former resi-
dent having been captured for many years.”—Rhoads, Proc. A. N. Sci., 1894,
P- 394-

Potter Co.—JT received 22 pelts from a hunter who trapped them on the
east fork of the Sinnemahoning during th winter of 1894-’93.”—Larrabee,
1896. “Formerly abundant here and easily caught for its fur. I have caught
them as late as 1870, and a few have been caught later.”—Austin, 1900. See
under Clinton Co., Young Woman’s Creek Records.—Rhoads.

South Mountain, Bedford and Somerset Co. regions.—“ Dr. M. W. Strealy,
hunter and naturalist of Chambersburg, Pa., took considerable pains to in-
quire of old hunters of the South Mountain region concerning the. presence
of this animal. Among these persons was an old furrier whose father had all
his life been in the same trade in that section. Another informant was a
mountaineer 98 years old. Mr. Strealy states that neither of these men had
ever heard of the marten or sable being taken in the South Mountain or the
counties of that region.”—Rhoads, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 218.

178 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Inquiries of the same character made farther west in Bedford and Somerset
counties elicit the same kinds of answers. This is surprising, as the region is
more in the faunal zone, preferred by the marten, than Pa. and N. J. locali-
ties once known to be its habitat—Rhoads, 1902.

Sullivan Co.—* Found in several thickly-wooded parts of Sullivan and
Wyoming Cos. I saw tracks of some in the winter of 1899-1900. I caught
a female, Feb. 1, 1901, which I mounted for myself. A male [caught in
March? same year] I sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences.’’—Behr, rgor.
Still found in North Mountain.—Buckalew, 1900. ‘One was trapped near
Eaglesmere last winter [1895—’96 ].”’—Bennett.

Tioga Co.—Once found in all deep woods.—Hays.

Wayne Co.—Always rare in this Co.; none left.—Goodnough, 1900.
“Plenty in beech woods 30 years ago. Not now seen.”—Stevens, 1900.
Extinct ; once plenty.—Teeple, 1900.

Wyoming Co.—“A few still remain on the mountains.”—Robinson, 1900.
See also’Behr, under Sullivan Co.

Pa, in general.— Present, but only in small numbers, in a few sparsely-
settled sections of Cameron, Potter, Clearfield, Clinton, Sullivan and Elk
counties. Fur dealers claim from 25 to 50 are annually taken in this state.”
Warren, Poultry Book, 1897, p. 503.

ffabits, etc.—This animal, more than any other of its family, is an arboreal
species. For this reason, more than any other perhaps, has it become so
nearly exterminated in the mountains of northern Pa., where it once abounded.
While easily trapped and a desirable fur in Canada, the Pa. martens were
never so eagerly sought after, owing to their light color, as to have been
greatly reduced on this account. Owing to the prevalence of forest fires in
Pa., their habits peculiarly placed them at a disadvantage in the struggle for
existence as compared with more terrestrial species having their homes under
ground. My correspondents agree in saying that deciduous, hardwood timber
is preferred by this species in Pa. This seems at variance with its preferred
resorts in Canada. In all localities the marten is ever shy and retiring from
the abodes of man, unlike its kinsfolk, the mink and weasel, almost never dlis-
turbing domestic animals. Its food consists largely of squirrels, birds and
their eggs, small rodents and insectivora, toads, lizards, frogs and even fish.
When we consider the value of its fur, the marten may well be regarded as a
most useful animal in the economic sense. The number of their furs exported
from Canada in the past has been equal to that of all the other species of furs
combined. Richardson states that about 100,000 skins were annually col-
lected in the fur countries for many years, and Dr. Coues says that their
numbers do not seem to diminish in these unsettled regions as time goes on.
The marten usually makes its home in a hollow tree or in the nests of the
gray squirrel, which it evicts without ceremony. It is prolific, bearing 6 or 8

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 179

young at a litter. The strong, musky odor or stench of the mink and weasel
is not so noticeable in the marten. 3

Description of species.—The marten is nearly 134 times the size of a mink,
with a long, bushy tail, somewhat less than half the length of head and body.
Its head and ears are larger in proportion to the size of body than in the
mink, and it is in some degree a bicolored animal like the weasel. Above, it
is a light, rich brown, slightly paler on the underparts; the throat or breast
with a light; tawny or whitish patch, becoming orange in darker, richly col-
ored specimens. A male Pennsylvania specimen from Lopez, Sullivan Co.,
in winter pelage is brownish buff on sides, darkening on back, tail and legs to
blackish brown, the end of feet and tail being sooty. The broad median
stripe of breast and belly is browner than sides; the irregular throat and
breast patch is ochraceous; the top and lower head are Isabella color, light-
ening to ash on side of head and inside ears. Its length is 22 inches, tail
vertebra, 7 inches; hind foot, 3 inches.* .

Pennant’s Marten; Fisher, Pekan. Mustela pennanti Erxleben.

1777. [Mustela] pennant: Erxleben, Systema Regni Animal, vol. 1, p. 470.

Type locality.—Eastern Canada.

Faunal-distribution.— Hudsonian, Canadian and transition zones ; Atlantic
Ocean to Cascade Mountains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—While I have discovered no other record
of this animal in N. J., either historical or otherwise than the one given by
Dr. Abbott, it undoubtedly occurred in former days in the northern sections
of the state. Its distribution in Pa. was at one time almost universal, except
in the southern lowlands. Never numerous like the marten, it has now be-
come almost extinct. A few remain in the higher mountains.

Records in Fa—kIn 18971 wrote (Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., pp. 218,
219)—“ The Fisher or Black Cat has for many years been practically extinct
in Pennsylvania. Such at least is the verdict of nearly every hunter with
whom I have communicated ; and many men of middle age, who have had
20 years experience in mountaineering, never saw the track of one where
they were formerly numerous, while many other trappers had not even heard
of such an animal.”

Cameron Co.—* Mr. Larrabee of Emporium, Cameron Co., declares there
are yet a few in Shippen township. The tracks of one were seen and traps
set to catch it during the winter of 1895-’96.”—Rhoads, 1897.

Clinton Co.—* A fisher-fox was seen near Mill Hall a year ago.”—Pfoutz,
IgOL.

* See Rhoads, Proc, Acad, Nat, Sci., Phila., 1902, for a Synopsis of the American Martens

180 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Columbia Co.— A few have been killed in my memory in this county.”—
Buckalew, 1900. ‘

Dauphin Co.—The living animal from which Audubon made his figure in
Quadrupeds of N. America was taken by S. F. Baird “in company with an
older one in Peter’s Mountain, 6 miles above Harrisburg,” in early February,
1844.—See p. 312, vol. 1.

Forest Co.—* John Bush, of Tionesta, killed one about 1893 on the ice of
the Alleghany River. Its sale to a fur dealer proved its identity as a fisher
fox.” —Irwin, 1900.

Lackawanna Co.—‘\ recently saw one of two fishers which were killed by
Martin Crippen, of Olyphant, about 1885. It is in the collection of Dr.
Isaiah F. Everhart, of Scranton. This specimen and the other, which was
kept by Crippen, were mounted by Mr. G. P. Friant, of Scranton, who per-
sonally furnished me the data. They were associated, and had been living
some time near Olyphant in a den or burrow, making occasional raids on the
farmers’ poultry.”—Rhoads, 1902.

Lancaster Co.—On March 11, 1896, a fine male Pekan was shot by
Christ S. Nunnemacher on the borders of a.wood on Mill Creek, 2 miles
north of Bird-in-Hand and about 3 miles east of Lancaster. Mill Creek rises
in the Welsh Mountains. This animal had been making depredations on the
farmers’ poultry in that vicinity for some months and was finally discovered
by some dogs that accompanied Nunnemacher. The animal was taken to Dr.
M. W. Raub, of Lancaster, to be mounted, and the stuffed specimen is now
in his possession. In a letter from Dr. Raub I have received full confirmation
of the above facts and unmistakable evidence that the animal was not a
“ Marten,” as reported in the Lancaster newspapers of that date.’””-—Rhoads,
Proc. A. N. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 219.

Monroe and Pike Cos.—“ Of the Pekan, /. pennant, none of the inhabi-
tants whom I asked had any knowledge.”—Rhoads, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila.,
1894, P. 394-

Perry Co.—‘‘ The animal may be still found occasionally in the mountains
north of Carlisle in Perry Co. [Peter’s and Cove Mtns.].’—Coues, Fur-
Bearing Animals, 1877, p. 68.

Potter Co.— The elder Seth Nelson [told me] he caught many of them
in the beech woods of Potter and Tioga Cos., between the years 1827 and
1845.”—Rhoads, Ibid., 1897, p. 219.

Sullivan Co.— “In 1874 Mr. M. 8. Prescott, Harveyville, Luzerne county,

says: ‘One was killed on Loyalsock Creek, in Sullivan Co.’”—Warren,
Poultry book, p. 503. “They say that fishers were here 40 years ago.”—
Behr, 1900. :

Tioga Co.—See under Potter Co.—Rhoads. “ About 1853 I shot one in
Ward township on the Tioga river, the only one I ever saw, and have heard
of none since.”—Cleveland, 1900.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 181

Wayne Co.—I caught one in central Oregon township, Dec., 1857. It
was a female which had lived in the vicinity at least 2 years.”"—Goodnough,
1900. “Cousin Geo. Stevens caught one at the head waters of Butternut
Creek about 1879.”—Stevens, 1900. “Extinct; once numerous, in this
county.”—Teeple, 1900.

Pa. in general.—From reports of N. York City and Penna. fur dealers and
shippers it is learned that probably not over half a dozen Fishers are now
annually killed in this State. At the present time about the only counties
where these animals are to be found are Clearfield, Cameron, Elk and prob-
ably Clinton, Potter and Sullivan, and in all of these they are reported to be
very rare.’’—Warren, Poultry book, 1897.

Record in N. J.—“ Rarely met with. None exist in the central part of
the State; probably none in the southern section. About the mountains in
the northern counties a few are still living, but in no appreciable numbers.”
—Abbott, Geol. N. J., 1868, p. 753.

Habits, etc.—I am indebted to Dr. Coues’ monograph of the Mustelide for
the following notes on the life history of Pennant’s marten. Unlike the
marten, mink, weasel and wolverene, the pekan has no counterpart in the
Old World. It is in appearance and habits much like a large marten, only
its expression is more dog-like, and it seems to prefer low, wet grounds and
the banks of streams, whereas the marten is an upland, hill-haunting species.
Its commoner name of fisher is misleading, as it does not catch fish any
oftener than a cat, though showing a feline fondness for them when they can
be stolen. The name, pekan, is of doubtful origin, but probably an aboriginal
name. Its food is similar to that of the marten, consisting largely of small
rodents, but it is said to be very fond of the porcupine, and to also kill the
marten and racoon for food. It shows great address and agility in climbing
trees, and makes its home in a lofty hollow where the young are also hidden
away from danger till able to go abroad. They number three or four. When
brought to bay the pekan is most courageous, proving a much more danger-
ous foe to dogs than the fox. Audubon states that this animal is more strictly
nocturnal than many others so-called. Ross don’t agree as to this, and says
they do not keep so closely to the woods as the marten, but often hunt mice
on the large grassy marshes or prairies at the mouth of Slave River, B. A. It
is almost as bad at stealing bait from the marten traps as the wolverene, which
animal it is said to resemble in many characteristics. On account of their
rarity this species’ depredations never brought it into strained relations with
economic zodlogists.

Description of species —Size about three times that of marten. Body rela-
tively much stouter. General aspect fox-like or dog-like, with rounded, broad
ears and ‘a long, rounded tail, gradually tapering to a slender point froma
large, bushy root, the hairs quite long. The neck, legs and feet are much

182 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

stouter than in the marten and the claws much longer and stouter. The fur
is coarser and looser than the marten’s, with coarse, shining, bristly hairs in-
termixed. The color is variable but a general pattern and hue prevails. It
is darker below than above; belly, legs and tail being almost black. The
upper parts lighten more and more as the head is reached, from brownish-
black to grayish or even hoary-brown or tawny. The usual patches of lighter
color (white) are found on chest, arm pits, or even the belly between thighs.
Old specimens are the lightest colored, some become nearly white.

Measurements.—Total length, 890 mm. (35 in.); tail vertebrae, 355 (14);
hind foot, 120 (434).

Family Procyon ; Racoons.

Genus Procyon Storr, Prodromus Method. Mammal, 1780, p. 35.

Northeastern Racoon; Coon. Procyon lotor Linneus.

1758. [Ursus |lotor Linneus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 48.

1819. Procyon loter Desmarest, Dictionaire d’ Histoire Naturelle, vol. 29,
Pp. 91.

Type locahty —Eastern United States.

Faunal distribution.—Lowet Canadian, transition and austral zones, New
England to Géorgia, west to Rocky Mts.

Distribution in Pa. and N._7.—Uniformly numerous in all wooded tracts
in the two states except those most populous in the near vicinity or suburbs
of towns. Often found even in these situations as an explorer after poultry.

Habits, etc.—These are so familiar, I will merely allude to their economic
status. Dr. Warren reports several answers from correspondents which con-
demn this animal as a stealer of fish, especially trout. Others say it does not
catch many of these but is after cray fish chiefly. His raids on nesting tur-
keys I can vouch far, the eggs being sucked. His destruction of poultry is
occasionally severe and he likes green maize ears dearly. No doubt he is a
destroyer of birds’ nests, eggs and young, both terrestrial and arboreal. He
catches some mice, but being a slow sort of fellow, prefers more leisurely
employment. On this account, he is quite a vegetarian, grapes, nuts, fruits
and certain vegetables. falling to his share. His furs for warmth and his car-
cass for food about compensate for the direct losses sustained by humanity in
his depredations. Warren, however, thinks him entitled to persecution, a
thing to which the coon has become so accustomed that probably neglect
would be a more speedy means of extinction. We all devoutly wish his sur-
vival, however, as being one of the most characteristic Americans that wel-
comed Columbus.

‘MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 183

Description of Species—The “coon” may be immediately distinguished
from all other of our eastern mammals, large or small, by its club or baton-
shaped, cylindrical tail, adorned with alternate black and yellowish gray
tings, each about an inch wide. In size and shape he is rather similar to a
cub bear 6 months old. The resemblance to the bear in many respects led
Linnzeus to put the raccoon in the genus Ursus. His hind feet are planti-
grade as in the bear, and make a track like that of a child. He is peculiar
in being able to use the forefeet with such dexterity as to resemble the move-
™ments of the human hand. The face and expression of the coon is foxy, at
the same time having some of the elements of the marten, wolverine, and
fisher, his near relatives. The general color is coarse grizzled gray with
‘tawny or brownish suffusion of the under fur showing among the longer
hairs.. ;

Measurements.—Total length, 830 mm. (3234) in. ; tail vertebrae 250(97%) ;
hhind foot, 120 (434).

Family Ursip& ; Bears.

Genus Ursus Linnzeus, Systema Nature, 1758, vol. 1, p. 47.

East American Black Bear. Ursus Americanus Pallas.

1780. Ursus americanus Pallas, Spicilegia zodlogica, fascic, 14, p. 5.

Type locaity: Eastern North America.

Faunal Distribution —Hudsonian, Canadian, transition and Austral zones :
‘Hudson Bay and Atlantic Ocean to Georgia; west to Pacific Ocean and
Alaska.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—Once uniformly and abundantly repre-
sented in every county of the two states. Now almost exterminated in N. J.,
but occasionally crossing the Delaware from Pa. into Warren and Sussex
‘Cos. An occasional one is seen in the cedar swamps of southern N. J., but
not oftener than once or twice in ro years. In the most densely populated
counties of Pa. it is unknown, in about half of those remaining it is found
only as a straggler. In parts of the remaining counties it is almost as numer-
ous as ever known to have been. In other sections, where deforesting of
coniferous woods has been succeeded by scrub oak, chestnut, beech, briars,
vines and berry-producing plants, it has increased in numbers and may be
said to be abundant.

Records in Pa.—Bradford Co.—Thomas Leahy was reported to have killed
a brown black bear in Bradford Co. in 1882.—Brown.

Bucks Co.— One was tracked in snow and chased across country from
‘Bear Swamp, Mercer Co., N. J., in the winter of 1870, through Rocky hill to

184 ‘ MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Washington Crossing where it crossed the Delaware River on the ice and was
lost in Bucks Co., Pa.”—Ray, r1got.

Cameron Co.—More plentiful than 30 years ago.—Hays, 1900. “ Abel
Andrews and his sons have killed 23 in Cameron Co. in the years 1894 to
1899.”—Cleveland, 1901.

Centre Co.—Less abundant than 30 years ago.”—Fenton, 1900. Common
in Centre Co.—Rothrock, 1900.

Clearfield Co.—More plentiful than 30 years ago.—Hays.

Clinton Co.—Seth I. Nelson and his son, with whom I have hunted and
‘trapped bears near Round Island, concur in the belief that they have been
more numerous in that region in the past 20 years than before that time.
About the year 1883 the junior Nelson killed 7 bears in East Keating town-
ship alone. In 1893 he killed 4. In October, 1898, under his directions, I
* trapped two in one week within a quarter mile of each other near my camp
on top of the mountain. Their signs in the chestnut woods were so abundant
and fresh that a novice might have supposed a score passed along these feed-
ing grounds every night. These conditions prevailed over a stretch of coun-
try reaching the borders of Cameron and Potter Cos. Wherever the mast
was abundant the bears had been correspondingly numerous and active.—
Rhoads, 1902. Increasingly common in Clinton Co.—Rothrock, 1900.
More plentiful than 30 years ago.— Hays, 1900.

Columbia Co.— I have known of none in this Co. for 50 years.” —Bucka-
lew, 1900.

Crawford Co.—Extinct. Last one seen near Meadville in 1834.—Kirk-
patrick, rg0o.

£lk Co.—A few killed yearly.—Clay, t900. ‘In some years as plenty as.
in former times. Ten or 12 killed in 1898.”—-Luhr, 1900. More plentiful
than 30 years ago.—Hays, 1900.

Forest Co—vVery plenty. More so than 30 years ago.—Zendle, 1900.
Quite plenty in big forests.—Haslet, 1g00.

Franklin Co.— Exterminated in the South Mountain regions.” —Strealy,
Spg., 1897. “In November, 1897, a bear devastated the region of Cove
Mountain between Sylvan, Franklin Co., and Hancock, Maryland.”—Strealy,.
1899. ;

Lackawanna Co.—I handle a skin now and then killed in this Co—
Friant, 1900.

Luzerne Co.—‘* Taken every winter in east Luzerne Co.”—Stocker, 1900.
“They seem to be increasing.”—Campbell, 1900.

Lycoming Co.— Increasing yearly —Parker, 1900. Seely Bovier killed a
brown black bear in 1882 in Monet township.* It was a male 24 grown.—
See True, Proc. Nat. Mus., Washn., 1882, p. 653.

McKean Co.—Nearly as plenty as 30 years ago.—W. C. Dickeson, 1900.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 185

Mifflin Co.—One killed in 1897 by David Harshberger in this Co.—Roth-
rock, 1900.

Monroe and Pike Cos.— 1 handle about 6 or 8 skins every season killed
mostly in Pike and Monroe Cos.”—Friant, 1900. “Rarely killed, but evi-
dences of their existence are frequently seen in the mountains. They hiber-
nate here in severe winters.”—Rhoads, 1894. Yet found in Pike Co.—
Rothrock, 1900, Campbell, 1902. About as many in Monroe Co. as 30
years ago.—Bisbing, 1goo.

Potter Co.—Some caught yearly in Potter Co. They are migratory, seek-
ing mast. In an unfruitful season very scarce.—Austin, 1900.

Somerset Co.— The last one seen and killed was 30 years ago.’”’—Moore,
1899. “Very rare; one killed near Elk Lick about 4 years ago.’’—Mier,
1902.

Sullivan Co.—* The bear holds its own in this region.’—Behr, 1900. “I
think black bears are more plenty than 30 years ago.”—Bennett, 1901. Mr.
Bennett has trapped two more “red” bears near Eaglesmere. A claw with
the “red” hairs attached and the skull of one killed in the fall of 1899 was
sent to me and are in my collection. They belong to the brown variety of
the black bear.— Rhoads, 1902.

Tioga Co.—Not plentiful as formerly—Cleveland, 1900. They are in-
creasing.—Babcock, 1900.

Union Co.—Increasing every year.—Chambers, 1900.

Venango Co.—About 2 per year are brought into Oil City —Dorworth, 1900.

Washington Co.—One said to have passed near Washington town 40 or 50
years ago.—Nease, 1900.

Wayne Co.—Very rare. Last taken by Elijah Teeple in 1873.—Teeple,
1900, Many killed yearly in southern Wayne and Pike Cos. More numer-
ous than 25 years ago.—Stevens, 1900. Almost extinct in the county.—Day,
1900. ;

Westmoreland Co.—One was seen crossing the road from Laughlintown to
Jenner, on Laurel Ridge in July, 1898, by a gentleman who told me of the
fact a few hours after. I am informed by Mrs. Fry, of Laughlintown, that
one was seen (or killed) in the Co. in the present winter, 1901-02.—Rhoads.

Wyoming Co.—I caught 2 this fall and get 2 to 4 every fall.”—Robinson,

1900. .
Records in N. J —Atlantic Co—*T killed 8 bears s¢razghz in south Jersey
in my early days. The last known to me was killed by Billy Campbell near
Estelville.”’—Coffin, 1897. The very severe weather this winter has proved
the supposed extinction of the bear in south Jersey to be unfounded. The
following clippings are from the “‘ Public Ledger,’ Philadelphia. They cover
the adjoining corners of Atlantic, Cumberland and Gloucester Cos. There
is so.much evidence here presented, and of such a character, as to make it
worth recording.—Rhoads.

186 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

“VINELAND, Fed. 7, 1902.

Farmers near the Blackwater Swamp are very much excited over the in-
cursions of a bear, which has been carrying off live stock. Old bruin, whose
tracks showed that he had circled around the buildings of Farmer Stevenson
a few days ago, prowled around the barn of George Lyons last night, his
,tracks being very plain in the snow and slush.

The bear has been seen by William Jones and William Saul, and Farmer
Jones, near the lake, had two pigs carried off by the beast. He has been
tracked into the swamp two or three times, but every time he succeeded in
outwitting his pursuers. Hunting parties of farmers are still looking for the
animal.”

“VINELAND, Led. 14th.

The villagers of Newfield and farmers thereabouts are greatly excited over
bear hunts. Bruin was seen and shot at twice by hunting parties last night,
and was pursued toward his lair in Blackwater swamp, where he made his
escape.

The bold incursions of the bear during the last few days have greatly
frightened the farmers. The tracks of the bear were first discovered where
he circled around the barns of Farmers Stevenson and Lyons during the last
snowfall. Then Bruin stole two pigs from Farmer Jones, of near the lake, and
was seen by another farmer. Night before last the bear broke into the hog-
pen of J. Pasqualin, near Forest Grove, killed a hog and carried off one small
pig. While near the swamp around Maurice river, of which the Blackwater
river is a tributary, Peter Surran’s horse became frightened by the sudden
appearance of Bruin and almost ran away.

Two bear-hunting parties organized at Newfield early last night, one being
led by B. J. Buckman and the other by Joseph Louder. All the men had
shotguns, and each party had a pack of good dogs. The dogs of one of the
hunting parties finally got on the trail of Bruin, and young Louder shot at the
beast twice, but, it being dark, the bear succeeded in fighting off the dogs
and escaping. Another party will go out to-night in the hope of getting a
shot at the animal.”

Burlington Co.—See under Ocean Co.—Price.

Cape May Co.—The last black bear known near Dennisville was killed
about 1858, when three others were seen.—Lee. “Quite plentiful at certain
periods, particularly in the dense cedar swamps in the upper part of the
county where 5 have been killed the present autumn.” Beesley in Geol.
Sur. of N. J.—C. May Co., 1857, Appx. “The last one killed was about
1878 at Long Bridge Swamp in upper or Dennis township.”——Hand.

Cumberland Co.—See under Atlantic Co.

Gloucester Co.—See under Atlantic Co.

Mercer Co.—See under Bucks Co., Pa.

MAMMALS OF, PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 187

Ocean Co.— A bear was seen by one of the Pharo boys crossing the
Tuckerton R. R. ahead of his freight train as they were running through
Manahawkin Swamp, about 4 years ago.”—Pharo, 1893. “Very rare, if not
extinct, in this Co. They lived later in Manahawkin Swamp than anywhere
else in the vicinity, of Tuckerton. Around Shamong and New Lisbon [Bur-
lington Co.] there were more bears than near Tuckerton.’’—Price, rgo0.

Passaic and Sussex Cos——“No bears were reported to me as still existing
in the localities visited [in 1896]. The recent killing of bears at Port Jervis,
N. York, makes it possible that they occasionally wander into the northwestern
corner of Sussex County.’’—Rhoads—Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 31.

Warren Co.—“ A bear was seen in Warren Co. near the Water Gap about
9 years ago.”—Davison, 1902.

NV. J. in generai— Fast disappearing from the state, now never met with
in the central counties ; in inappreciable numbers in the northern mountain-
ous districts, and not more than half a dozen are annually killed in the
southern section of the state. The bear has been the last of the three large
carnivorous animals of the state to disappear before the settling and clearing
off of the land.”—Abbott, Geol. N. J., 1868, p. 755.

Hfabits, etc—Perhaps no large mammal is better known to so many per-
sons, old and young, than the bear. Zodlogical gardens, shows, the circus,
literature and folk-lore all contribute to this stock of knowledge. A few facts
not so well known may prove worth noting. The black bear is exceedingly
wary and more fearful of man than a deer. It can be within 20 feet of you
in thick woods or underbrush and escape without making a sound appreciable
to the ordinary ear. At the same time its weight may be 350 pounds and its
width 2 feet. There may be half a dozen bears feeding in a blackberry clear-
ing, and the freshest signs of their feeding and resting and tramping every-
where evident over hundreds of acres, yet the most careful stalking, sneaking,
listening and spying will not reveal their whereabouts. A small, nimble cur
dog will quickly send the largest bear up a tree. If the hunter comes suddenly
upon him in that plight, the bear will not always wait to climb down, but may
drop from the farthest branch sometimes 20 or 30 feet upon its posterior
parts and bounce off without apparent discomfort. In its terrestrial method
of feeding and omnivorous diet, the bear is very much like a pig, but is at a
great advantage over the pig owing to the poweriul arms and claws by which
it is continually digging, tearing and overturning the obstacles which protect
its prey. In our latitude the bear only fattens when the berry and nut crops
are abundant. Its spring and early summer diet of insects, mollusks, worms,
mice, reptiles, birds’ eggs and roots hardly makes life worth living for a vora-
cious bear, especially if he has been forced into his winter den with only a
small layer of fat and must come out and forage after every winter thaw.
New-born bears are most helpless things; much as the young infant, almost

188 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

naked, quite blind and exceeding small, needing the unceasing attention of
their mother for many weeks after birth, and in northern climes nature further
insures their safety by sealing up the dam in an ice-bound cave, the loosening
thaws of spring being her only hope of escape. The young number from 1 to
4, but 2 is the usual number. The bear at certain seasons, either of sexual
activity or in search for an abundant food supply in autumn, becomes a migra-
tory animal. On these accounts, especially in its search for mast, it is diffi-
cult to form an idea of their actual abundance or scarcity in a given region.
The answers of my correspondents indicate this condition and some of them
are shrewd enough to allude to it. Undoubtedly this ranging habit, coupled
with the fact that they are often tracked long distances across country by
hunters when found in places from which they have been exterminated,
accounts for their continually “turning up” in out of way places. An ex-
ceedingly severe winter will also finally drive the last hermits of their race in
such a place as the cedar swamps of N. J. into the haunts of man, resulting
in their so-called rediscovery after years of supposed extinction.

I now give a brief summary of Mr. 5. Nelson’s long experience as a bear
trapper in Clinton Co., Pa.: Meat averages 8 cents per pound in the mount-
ains. Highly prized by natives. Heaviest known to him weighed 408
pounds dressed; before butchering 500 pounds. Fur brings $12 prime.
Will eat carrion when starved, but if they can get nuts will reject all other
food except honey, yellow-jackets and bumble bee’s nests, and the chipmunks
which they dig out in fall for their stores of nuts, and eat the proprietor also.
They never hesitate when hungry to devour the porcupine, turning it over and
eating the contents of his coat of mail without injury. The she-bear has young
born in January. They are born 40 days after conception, the rut coming in
November, and she goes into her den, stump or log in December. When
born, young are absolutely hairless so far as can be seen, and so small that 3
can be held in one hand at a time, being the size of a half-grown guinea-pig,
the head very large for size of body. They emerge with young about the last
of March to early April. There are 2 to 4 cubs, sometimes only 1. The
nest is made of sticks, bark, leaves and moss. These young “den up” with
their mother the next season sometimes. The dam does not shed fur the
year she has cubs. (By the last two statements I infer he means the bear
does not bring forth oftener than alternate years.) The males only molt once
per year, in late summer and fall. They will sometimes wantonly kill 2 or 3
sheep in one night. ‘They also kill fawns.

Description of species—Our east American bear is normally black with
brownish markings about the nose and sometimes a white spot between fore-
legs. A very rare occurrence is the capture of the brown or red variety in
Pa. Three or four of these have been recorded above, and I am just informed
that another was captured the present winter (1901—’o2) in Sullivan Co., Pa,

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 189

These are only a color phase of the black species, as I have ascertained by
an examination of the skull and claws of one taken near Eaglesmere recently
by Mr. Bennett. Cubs in the same litter have been found in the western
U. States, one of which was black and the other brown. The same variations
occur in the grizzly bear, Ursus horribilis. In the Alaskan mountains a small
nearly white bear, closely allied to our black species, is found. A yellowish
race of the black bear is found in Louisiana, U. a. /uteol/us (Griffith).

Measurements—Taken from a 3 or 4-year-old male, trapped by S. N.
Rhoads, in Clinton Co., Oct. 29, 1898. Total length, 1342 mm. (51% in.);
tail, 106 (44%). They sometimes grow to be 534 feet long, and often weigh
over 300 pounds when fat.

Order INSECTIVORA: Insect eaters.
Family Soricip# ; Shrews.

Genus Sovex Linnzeus, Systema Nature, 1758, vol. 1, p. 53.

Eastern Masked Shrew. Sorex personatus I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire.

1827. Sorex personatus I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Memoir Museum d’ His-
toire Naturelle, Paris, vol. 15, p. 12, 122.

Type locality — Eastern United States.

Faunal distribution —Canadian, transition and upper austral zones; At-
lantic Ocean to Cascade Mountains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. F—Abundant chiefly in damp and marshy
situations in the Canadian and transition areas of both states. Rare in the
austra] areas except on the maritime marshes where it is more abundant, per-
haps, than in any other situation in our limits. Also numerous in the boreal
bogs of the southern interior of N. J. The only specimens of this shrew I
ever saw in the vicinity of Philadelphia were two. One was caught and
swallowed by a chicken on my uncle’s farm near Marple, Delaware Co., Pa.
The other I trapped in a pine woods near Haddonfield, Camden Co., N. J.
Two from Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa., are in the Cope collection.
Dobson records one from Haddonfield, N. J.

Ffabits, etc.—This is the least of our mammals, and being subterranean in
its living and rare in upland tracts below the mountains, is seldom seen alive.
Though I have trapped a great many, I never saw one alive outside of a trap.
It not only makes tiny galleries through the moss, vegetable mold and loose
sod of the places its frequents, but uses largely the burrows of the mice and
moles which associate with it. That it is semi-aquatic there can be no doubt,
as its runways often descend directly into subterranean springs, pools and

199 MAMMALS OF PENKSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

water courses, and on the tide marshes where it seems to flourish, it is often
subjected to inundations which wholly submerge its haunts for many hours at
atime. I have detected in its burrows the broken and emptied shells of the
smaller snails which may be found in moss and decaying mold and under
logs and the loose bark of rotting stumps. Of land snails the Pupide,
flelicida, and Zonitide, and in fresh water species the Zimneas and Physas
are preferred. What salt-water species they consume I cannot state, but no
doubt the small mollusca and crustacea of the salt marshes are utilized. The
insect diet of these shrews is no doubt large, but what species are preferred I
cannot state. The freshly killed remains of small beetles in their burrows
indicates Coleoptera as one of the class devoured. No doubt small, tender
larvee of all insects are preferred to the adults. That these tiny shrews are
omnivorous is shown by their fondness for the cheese, raisins, cornmeal, oat-
meal and pieces of meat with which they are attracted to a trap. They also
quickly mutilate an unfortunate shrew or mouse which may be imprisoned in
a trap, seeming to prefer the eyes and brains to other parts of the carcass.
Their fondness for dead and even decaying animals is attested by Godman.
The nest of this species I am not sure I have ever found, though one com-
posed of fine grasses in a rotten log where they frequented seemed too small
for any other species of mammal known to me. The eyes of this shrew are
well developed like those of the short-tailed or mole shrew (Béarina).
Owing to the length of tail, shortness of legs, weakness of feet and slender-
ness of body this shrew, is more like a weasel in build and habits than like a
mole. .

Description of species—As there is only one other species of the long-
tailed shrew, now known in our limits, which is likely to be confounded with
the masked shrew, I will define both under this heading. ‘The other species
is the smoky shrew, Sorex fumeus, next considered, a much rarer species and
confined to the mountainous regions of the two States. In those parts it is
found associated with S. personatus. The latter is smaller and lighter col-
ored, its hind foot being only % inch long, while the foot of /fumeus is two
millimeters (!, of an inch) longer. The color of /umeus is a general smoky
slate-color throughout, but that of Zersonatus is clear brown on the back and
the underparts are whitish gray. The second and third upper front teeth of
Jumeus are twice the size of the fourth and fifth ; in personatus there is a reg-
ular dimiution in the size of those teeth from the.third to fifth.

Measurements (personatus).—Total length, 105 mm. (4% in.) ; tail ver-
tebre, 40 (1;%;) ; hind foot, 12 (34); (fumeus) 115 (4%); 45 (134) 14
(5).

Smoky Shrew. Sorex fumeus Miller.

1895, Sorex JSumeus Miller, North American Fauna, No. 10, p. 68.

MAMMALS PA. AND N. J., RHOADS.

PATE vs

Water Shrews

?
(Seve

es

Cop

Stav-nose Mole,
(Cona yt ur a)

ALL FIGURES NA:

Masked Shrew.
(Sorex)

(Blorvine)

NorthernMole Shrew:

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 19°

Type locality.—Peterboro, Madison Co., New York.

Faunal distribution.—Canadian and upper transition zones of eastern
United States ; southward in higher Allegheny Mountains to N. Carolina.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—This species is comparatively rare wherever
found, as distinguished from the abundance of .S. personazus in certain locali-
ties. In the swamps and spring-heads of the colder mountain tops, where
the smoky shrew is most at home, fumeus and personatus are taken in about
equa] numbers. - As the list of specimens will show, the smoky shrew is evenly
distributed in Pa. within the Canadian and upper transition life zones. In
N. J. I have only found it twice in counties of the northern border. The
specimens taken by me in Beaver Co., Pa., indicate the nearest approach to
the austral zone I have noted in this species.

Habits, etc —I have never found this species in open country. It seems to
confine. itself to wooded situations, especially those where rocks abound. In
its food and general manner of life it undoubtedly resembles the masked
shrew living in the same places.

' Description of Species.—See above under Sorex fumeus.

Specimens examined or recorded.—Pa.—Beaver Co., Beaver, 2. Bedford
Co.,. Hyndman, 1., Cambria Co., Cresson, several; Krings,1. Clinton Co.,
near. Round Island, 7; Renovo, 4. Forest Co., Parrish, r. Monroe Co.,
Pocono, 2; Gresco, 1. Pike Co., Dingman’s Ferry, 2. Somerset Co., Sum-
mit Mills, 2. Sullivan Co., Lakes Ganoga and Leigh, 9; Eaglesmere, 3.
Susquehanna Co., Dimoch, 1. N. J.—Passaic Co., Greenwood Lake, 1.
Sussex Co., near Culver’s Gap, 1

Eastern Marsh Shrew ; Big Water Shrew. Sorex palustris albi-
barbis (Cope).

1862. Neosorex albibarbis Cope, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences,
Phila., p. 188.

1892. Sovex albibarbis Merriam, Proceedings Biological Society, Washn.,
vol. 7, p. 25.

Type locahty—Profile Lake, Grafton Co., N. Hampshire.

Faunal distribution—RHudsonian and Canadian zones; Atlantic Ocean to
Lake Superior ; Labrador to Pennsylvania.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J7—Only known from a single specimen taken
in northeastern Pa. Not likely to be found in N. J. May eventually be
found in parts of the higher Alleghanies of Pa., but long-continued trapping
with this object in view has failed to secure a second specimen. The extreme
rarity of this shrew in our limits is thereby fully demonstrated.

Records in Pa.—The following is the original announcement of the capture
of the eastern marsh shrew in Pa. It is quoted from the Proc. Acad. Nat.

192 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Sciences, Phila., 1894, p. 395: “It is with no small satisfaction that I an-
nounce the discovery of a member of this subgenus [/Veosorex] in Pennsyl-
vania. One specimen was taken along the banks of a rocky stream flowing
into the Big Bushkill, in Monroe county. It is the most southerly record for
the subgenus, the previous southern record being Warwick, Massachusetts.
After going over the ground somewhat, it appears proper to endorse the veri-
fication of Mr. G. S. Miller, Jr., in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History, in giving this shrew the name applied to New England ex-
amples by Prof. Cope, in 1862. Specimens from Lac Aux Sables, Quebec,
and from Lincoln, Maine, agree better in the brownish cast of lower parts
with Prof. Cope’s diagnosis of a/dibarbis as contrasted with the ‘ash-colored’
belly of S. palustris given by Richardson in the Fauna Boreali Americana.
In the Monroe county specimen, though identical in dentition and propor-
tionate measurements with my Canadian specimens, the colors are much as
in Richardson’s diagnosis of padustris, showing that the brown belly character
is inconstent in eastern specimens. It is probable, however, that the excep-
tions are in immature pelage. For a full discussion of these questions, see
paper by Mr. G. S. Miller, Jr.,” above referred to, vol. 26.—Rhoads.

Habits, etc —I can find no satisfactory references to the habits of this ani-
mal. From its structure and the nature of the localities it frequents, it must
be the most aquatic of our eastern shrews, confining its wanderings closely to
watercourses and lakes.

Description of specites—In size about equal to large specimens of the mole
shrew, Blarina brevicanda ; nearly 10 times that of the small species of Sorex
above treated. It is immediately distinguished from any American species
of Blarina or typical Sorex by the large, relative size of the feet, the hind
foot being very long, broad, bordered by a rim of stiff bristles and slightly
webbed, all these characters adapting it to more aquatic life as contrasted
with our other shrews. The tail is nearly as long as head and body and in
most respects similar to that of Sovex. Color above blackish slate, sparingly
mixed with light-tipped hairs, chin whitish or grayish, rest of under parts
heavily clouded with dusky. Tail bicolor, blackish above, whitish below.
The above is Merriam’s description of eastern specimens supposed to be
typical. Compare this with my remarks on the Pa. specimen above quoted.
As the evidence in hand points to only a racial or subspecific difference be-
tween palustris of Minnesota and Alberta and the New England a/bibardis I
have so indicated it at the head of this article.

Genus Blarina Gray, Proceedings Zodlogical Society, London, 1838, p. 124.

North Eastern Mole Shrew; Large bob-tail Shrew. ? Barina
brevicanda (Say).

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 193

1823. Sorex brevicandus Say, Long’s Expedition Rocky Mountains, vol. 1,
p- 164.

1857. Blarina brevicauda Baird, Mammals North America, p. 42.

Type locality.—Near Blair, Washington Co., Nebraska.

faunal distribution.—Canadian, transition and upper austral zones; At-
lantic Ocean to Nebraska and Manitoba; Quebec to Virginia; replaced
southward by &. carolinensis, a distinct species. (See Proc. A. N. Sci.
Phila., 1897, pp. 310, 311.)

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—This species stands pre-eminent above all
others of our mammals in its combined abundance and universality of dis-
tribution in all conceivable situations. Not a place nave I trapped over in
the two states but what it was among the first species to be caught. It is
found in our deepest, coldest mountain ravines, on the stony, barren moun-
tain top, in the banks and valleys of low tidewater streams and the maritime
marshes, and delights in roving from the cool spagnum bogs of the N. J.
cedar swamps, where the temperature may be below 60°, to the hot sand
barrens of the adjoining fields with a midday heat of 110°. Forest and plain,
sand and clay, barren or fruitful field, back woods and dooryard, heat and
cold, wet and dry, day and night, have common charms for this cosmopolite.

Habits, etc.—It is supposed by some observers that the fetid odor emitted
by certain glands of this species, more particularly the male, causes its rejec-
tion by all preying animals as cats, dogs, foxes, minks, skunks, weasels, owls
and hawks. Toa degree this is true, and I have found them lying dead in
open places mn the woodland or along lanes, paths and roads where they had
evidently been dropped by foxes, and owls, as the wounds in the body
showed. That they are not always rejected may be seen by examining the
lists of stomach contents and pellets or rejects of several species of hawks
and owls. Some cats and dogs will eat them. The most offensive males may
be generally rejected, and I doubt not this odor has a deterrent effect upon
would-be offenders, acting as a preservative of the species. The more I ob-
serve and inquire into the economy of the large mole shrew the more I am
convinced that it is locally the most potent factor in preserving the economic
equilibrium among the smaller mammalia which the Creator established as
conserving the highest good of the greatest number. The following was con-
tributed to the “ American Friend,” of Phila. (Nov. 26, 1896, p. 1149). It
gives a brief sketch of the life-history of this interesting animal.

“It is surprising how few, even among very intelligent people, have the re-
motest conception of what constitutes a shrew. I venture that ninety per
cent. of the persons I have conversed with on the subject have had no other
idea of shrews than the kind depicted in Shakespeare’s comedy, and when I
gravely state to them that I have caught so many shrews the effect is rather
amusing. Though rarely seen, even by the most curious observers of nature,

194 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

the subject of this article far outnumbers any other species of native mammal
found in eastern North America. Like other members of its family it is in-
sectivorous, depending almost wholly on animal food for subsistence, and with
its near kinsman the mole, which it greatly resembles, is supposed to feed
principally on worms. :

It belongs to the genus B/arina, or short-tailed shrews, distinguished from
the typical shrew of the genus Sorex by the abbreviated tail, and by slight
differences in the structure of the skull and teeth. There are four or five
species of these short-tailed or mole shrews in the eastern United States, but
all yield in point of size, numbers, and universality of distribution to
Blarina brevicauda. A full-grown specimen is about five inches long, less
than one inch of this being devoted to the tail. The shape of the body and
head, the character of the fur and the apparent absence of eyes suggests the
mole, and many people undoubtedly confound the two, but an examination of
the feet shows a decided difference, those of the shrew being shaped and
placed more as in the mice, and the shrew never attains more than half the
bulk of a full-grown mole.

It is to the underground habits of so many of our small mammals that we
must charge much of our ignorance of this interesting class of creatures.
Add to this the fact that their chief period of activity is at nightfall, and the
wonder ceases. There are, however, means of getting at many of the secrets
of their little lives, and it is surprising how much one can unearth by the
judicious use of a few mouse-traps in the nearest bit of wild land, or even in
one’s own garden or lawn. Turn over fallen logs, boards, fence-rails, and
stones, scratch among fallen patches of leaves or high grass, part the tussocks
in the meadow or the sphagniim in some deep, shady bog, and ten to one,
the first thing you are likely to catch in the intricate and innumerable run-
ways and burrows that thread these places is Blarina brevicauda. Be it
mountain or valley, forest or plain, rocky or sandy, wet or dry, hot or cold,
in season and out of season, the professional mouse-trapper over the entire
country from Hudson’s Bay to the Carolinas, and from the Mississippi to the
Atlantic Ocean, first, last, and all the time, expects to be bored with a super-
fluity of mole shrews. From the point of view of a respectable native mouse
there cannot exist a more pestiferous busy-body, free-booter and cannibal
than a Blarina. There is only one way of escaping his intrusions, and that
is to climb a tree, but not one mouse in ten can do that. Some of the most
valuable catches 1 ever made along a line of traps bear the tooth marks of
this ferocious little meat-eater. Other specimens are often completely de-
voured, and often they devour each other. Confined in a vessel with much
larger and more agile species than themselves they quickly vent their spleen
at the restraint, by persistently hounding their companions to death, and de-
vouring them. In this way one of these shrews is stated by John Morden, of

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 195

Hyde Park, Ontario, to have eaten three times its own weight of meadow
mice in twenty-four hours. :

In view of their great numbers we naturally query what economic relations
they bear to man and to nature. Undoubtedly the purely mechanical effect
of their universal burrowing and rooting in the soil is an important factor in
that economy. It is known that they subsist to some extent on vegetable
food, chiefly nuts, but they do only indirect damage to agriculture by dis-
turbing the roots of plants. On the other hand, there is little doubt that
they destroy an amazing number of noxious grubs, beetles, and worms, and
it is probable that the part they play as underground scavengers is import-
ant. They also do much in checking the increase of the native mice of our
meadows and woodlands.

Of the domestic habits of the mole shrew we know very little, and that, in
a general way, would seem to point toward anything but conjugal felicity or
fidelity, and their fraternal relations may safely be set down as far below par.

A friend of mine who has long peered curiously into nature’s secrets with-
out a mouse-trap, relates that the only time he ever saw one of these creatures
alive, its hind foot was being slowly chewed by another of the same species,
which had firmly anchored itself underground in a position which would
allow it to enjoy the repast without observation. The squeaks and struggles
of its victim first attracted the notice of my friend.

The mole shrew builds a nest of grass and leaves in dry, underground situ-
ations, to which it resorts not only for its own shelter, but for that of its
young. Four to six young compose a litter, and, as with our native mice,
the young are born at all seasons of the year, though less frequently in win-
ter.’”—Rhoads.

I may add that they eat a good many of the various genera of snails and
undoubtedly devour certain of the salamanders and other batrachians and
reptiles which haunt their burrows. For a discussion as to the false charges
made against this animal by agriculturists read my previous remarks under
habits of the northern pine vole, Aficrotus pinetorum scalopsoides.

Description of species—For a general account see above quotation. The
color is uniform, sooty slate-brown above, more ashy below. When the fur is
smoothed flat it has the peculiar sheen or gloss of the mole. Specimens
from southern N, J. are lighter colored and less sooty, nearly light slate in
some cases. Having examined about 400 specimens of the large eastern
Blarina from many localities between Quebec and Virginia, I incline to the
belief that Sorex /alpoides of Gopper should apply to this animal as a sub-
species or race of typical drevicauda found in the Great Plains region. The
specific separation of 8. carolinensis, which I have previously advocated,
removes the only objection cited by Merriam (N. Amer. Fauna, No. 10, p.
11) which may be considered as valid against this course. The varying dif-

196 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

ferences in size of eastern series from N. England, New York, etc., as cited
by Merriam, do not show anything more than what we would expect. The
variation among these is small, as I have just determined by averaging a very
much larger series from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, Quebec, Central
Pa. and Northern and Southern N. J. in my collection. This only establishes
the fact that Quebec specimens are about 5 millimeters longer (h. foot, 1
mm. longer) than those from Pa. and N. J., which latter do not materially
differ in size. In short there is a uniformly smaller size and paler coloration
in the Blarinas east of Nebraska. This pale coloration finds its extreme on
the N. England and N. Jersey coasts. I believe the diminutive examples
from Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket are insular forms which should not be
considered in this connection.* As to the inapplicability of Gapper’s name
because given to an intermediate form, we have often had to accept such
names in preference to using another. If, however, talpoides is not con-
sidered applicable we have a better name, given by Bachman in the Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila., in 1837, to a specimen from
northern N. J., viz: “Sorex dekayi (Cooper, mss.).” The alternatives would
therefore be: Blarnia brevicauda talpoides (Gapper), 1830, or Blarina
brevicauda dekayt (Cooper, mss., Bachman), 1837; habitat: Eastern Canada
and the United States from Lake Superior and the Mississippi Valley to the
Atlantic Ocean.

Measurements (series of 70 from Alleghany Mts., Pa.).—Total length,
122mm.; tail vertebre, 23; hind foot,15. (Series of 30 from southeastern
peninsula of N.J.), 120, 24,15. (Series of 40 from northern N. J.), 122,
24, 15.5. (Series of 13 from Lac Aux Sables, Charlevoix twp., Quebec,
Canada), 125, 26, 16.

Least Mole Shrew ; Small bobtail Shrew. Blavina parva (Say).

1823. Sorex parvus Say, Long’s Expedition to Rocky Mountains, vol. 1,
p. 163.

1895. Blarina parva Merriam, North American Fauna, No. 10, p. 17.

Type locahity.—Near Blair, Washington Co., Nebraska.

Faunal Distribution.—Austral zone, rarely into lower edge of transition ;
New Jersey to Florida; west to Texas and Nebraska, intergrading with 2.
parva floridana (Merriam) and in southern Texas with 2B. parva berlandiert
(Baird).

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—A rare species wherever found. I have
only noted it in the lowlands of the two States, the most northern record be-
ing that given by Miller for the Hackensack marshes, Bergen Co., N. J. No

*Since this writing Mr. O. Bangs has described these insular Blarizas under the racial
names @/oga and compacta.—See Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Pub., 3, 1902, pp. 75-78.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 197

record of it is known to me from southwestern Pa., where it may be expected
to occur, however.

Records in Pa.— Chester Co.—An alcoholic specimen from West Chester
is in the Cope collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila. A skin
from Thorndale is in my collection.—Rhoads, 1902.

Cumberland Co.—Baird describes a specimen from Carlisle in Mammals
N. America, p. 50.

Records in N. J7.—Bergen Co.— Mr. Frank M. Chapman writes me that
there is in the American Museum of Natural History, a specimen of this
shrew taken on then Hackensack marshes in New Jersey only a few miles
from the New York State line.’”—Miller, Bull. N. Y. State Museum, 1899,
p- 362.

Cape May Co.—Two specimens in my collection were captured near Cape
‘May a few years ago.—Rhoads, 1902.

Mercer Co.—I found in pellets of long-eared owls kindly sent me by Mr.
A. H. Phillips, of Princeton, N. J., 3 skulls of this species. The pellets were
collected by Mr. Phillips in 18yr, near Princeton.—Rhoads, 1902.

Ocean Co.—Merriam records 3 specimens from Tuckerton. See North
Amer. Fauna, No. 10, p. 18. I trapped one several years ago on Barrel
island, in Tuckerton Bay.—Rhoads, 1902.

Union Co.—Mr. Waldron Miller, of Plainfield writes that he found the
skulls of 14 B. Jarva in 50 long-eared owl pellets collected in 1902, near
Berkeley Heights. Strange to say, these pellets only contained 3 skulls of
B. brevicauda,

Habits, etc—Never having seen this animal alive, and having only trapped
3 specimens, my knowledge of it is very deficient. It is: evidently at home
in both marshy and upland grounds, and frequents the same hiding places as
the masked shrew, Sorex personatus. Its capture on Barrel Island proves it
must be an expert swimmer as neap tides often nearly cover everything on
the island from sight, and the shrews have to cling to wreckage and drift for
hours before regaining a foothold on the island.

Description of Species —A short, chunky, bobtailed shrew with body about
as long as that of S. personatus and fumeus, but twice as thick ; the tail only
half as long as theirs. Color above, sepia to dark hair brown; beneath, ash
gray. :

Measurements.—(Specimen from Cape May, N. J.), total length, 8134mm.
(3% in.) ; tail vertebrae, 22 (44) ; hind foot, 11 (7%) ; (specimen from Bar-
rel Isl., Tuckerton Bay, N. J.), 87,17, 11. By comparing these measure-
ments, made in the flesh by the same collector from specimens taken in the
same region, we see that Dr. Merriam’s specific distinctions between 2.
parva and B. floridana, based on size, are set at naught. It would be inter-
esting to know what the collector’s measurement of the 3 Tuckerton, N. J.,

198 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

examples were. Dr. Merriam merely says they were larger than Raleigh
specimens, The dental characters assigned to floridana and deriandieri are
not sufficient for specific recognition. As above given, 1 prefer to recog-
nize these merely as two races of parva. '

Family Tavpm#, Moles.

Genus Sca/ops Illiger, Prodromus Systema Mammalium et Avium, 1811,
p. 126.

Eastern Naked-tail Mole; Common Mole. Scalops aguaticus (Lin-
uzeus).

1758. [Sorex] aguaticus Linneus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 53. —

1825. Scalops aguaticus F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammiferes, p. 251.

Type locahty.—Eastern United States.

Faunal distribution—Transition and austral zones, Massachusetts to
Georgia, west to the foothills of the main ridge of the Allegheny and Blue
Ridge mountains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—So far as known to me this mole is found
in every county in N. J. In Pa., east of the Allegheny mountains, it is gen-
erally and abundantly present in all lowlands and in river bottoms among the
mountains, but as the mountains are ascended they disappear, being replaced
by the Brewer’s or hairy-tailed mole in the upper transition and Canadian
zones. In Pa., west of the Alleghenies, all the evidence secured by the field
work of Mr. W. E. C. Todd and myself, as well as the testimony of other ob-
servers, is against the existence of S. aguaéicus in that region, all the speci-
mens examined from the region proving to be either Parascalops or Condylura.

Regarding the distribution of this species, Dr. F. W. True in his mono-
graph of the American moles (Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, 1896) endeavors
(pp. 8 to 10) to reconcile therewith the schemes of faunal distribution in
North America, proposed by Drs. J. A. Allen and C. H. Merriam. Ele finds
difficulty in so doing because Dr. Allen’s map provides for an Alleghenian
fauna, which almost cuts in half the distribution of Sca/ops as Dr. True has
given it in his map. The real difficulty, however, is caused by Dr. True’s
lack of data regarding the distribution of Sca/ofs in the Allegheny mountains.
He says “it unquestionably occurs in the Alleghany mountains—that is, in
the southern extension of the cold temperate or boreal area.” On looking
over his list of specimens examined, however, as well as his authenticated
records from literature, I find none which prove it an inhabitant of this
“boreal area,” except the specimen from Roan Mountains (No. 54748 Dep.
Agric. Coll.) mentioned on p. 451. This may have come from the side of

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 199

the mountain below the boreal summit, as in the case of the one from N.
Carolina mentioned next in the table. This is confirmatory of my own in-
vestigations in the region named. It is also confirmatory of the correctness
of Dr. Allen’s faunal scheme so far as it relates to this region and of the in-
correctness of Dr. Merriam’s map mentioned by True, which includes the
entire Pa. Alleghenian region in the “transition fauna.” Dr. True’s map of
the Northern distribution of Sca/ops along the southern shore of Lakes Erie
and Ontario, so far as it relates to Pa., Ohio and N. York, is, in the light of
subsequent investigations, proved to be faulty, the Star-nosed and Brewer’s
moles being the only ones certainly recorded from these regions to my knowl-
edge. The character of the evidence on which Dr. True included any part
of the region north of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence, so far as given
in his “ Revision,” is equally untrustworthy. Everything points to a more or
less complete Alleghenian barrier, separating northern S. aguaticus, typicus
from its western representatives, the only land connection being made around
the southern end of the Allegheny system in northern Georgia.

Habits, etc —The common naked-tailed mole of the region east of the
Alleghenies seems to prefer open grounds to woodland, and is practically
absent from large hemlock forests even in the lower transition zone. Alluvial
soils, devoid of rocks and stones, they most delight in, but wherever the earth-
worm abounds, even in rocky and gravelly places, the mole follows suit in pro-
portionate numbers. I have seen their characteristic sand heaps, by which their
work may be distinguished from that of the mole shrew and the pine mouse,
in the midst of the N. J. pine forests. In such places, however, the earth-
worms are very rare, and some other animal food must have been the attrac-
tion. The incessant digging, or rather ploughing of the mole, is accom-
plished almost solely by the use of the fore-legs and head, the weak hind legs
being merely props in comparison. The fore-legs are nearly all feet in an
external view, the powerful, short, massive shoulder and arm being hidden
wholly by'the contour of the body. When burrowing is going on the pig-like
snout is set on a level with the bottom of the burrow, the shovel-like paws are
extended directly forwards with theiz long nails against tip of nose on each
side, and with a simultaneous upward throw of the nose and sidewise strokes
of the paws, the earth is forced upward and sidewise as with a wedge. In
surface digging and in moist, loamy soils, the earth is merely compacted lat-
erally and raised vertically without extraordinary effort, not making conspicu-
ous surface ridges, but when they must go deeper and in hard clayey or dry
soils the strength exerted must be enormous, and where too solid for the com-
pacting wedging process the soil must be removed by other means. In the
mere traversing of this sort of ground the soil can he packed behind the ani-
mal, but as they generally wish to have a back door escape in emergencies,
the burrow is completed by forcing the earth to the surface along lateral and

200 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

vertical shafts. This work casts up the large mounds of a half to quarter
peck, sometimes seen in the grounds they frequent. How this earth is con-
veyed I cannot state. The mole is very suspicious of a steel or other trap
set izfo tne ground along its burrow and invariably fills it with earth, burrow-
ing under or around it until it can regain the main passageway. At the same

‘ time it has no fear of repairing a tunnel which is repeatedly crushed in from
‘above and is thus easily caught by a trap devised on that principle. In cap-
turing a mole while it is digging near the surface one must be very alert and
quick of movement, being sure to insert the spade or hoe several inches be-
hind where he seems to be and throw out a good quantity of soil or he will
escape by a sudden retrograde movement that is remarkable. The quickness
and speed by which it can thus escape shows that it must run backwards in
its open burrow, as the size of the burrow and the speed of its escape would
not allow of turning. Godman describes their subterranean home :—“ It
was an oval cavity about 6 or 7 inches in length by 3 in breadth and was
placed at about 8 inches from the surface in a stiff clay. The entrance to it
sloped obliquely downwards from the common gallery about 2 inches from
the surface. Three times I entirely exposed this all by cutting out the whole
superincumbent clay with a knife, and 3 times a similar one was made a little
beyond the situation of the former.” Godman thinks them gregarious or
living at peace in families, an idea I can concur in, having caught three or
four individuals of different ages and sexes in the same burrow in a short
period. This mole is active during winter in such places where the frost
does not prevent its excavations. At this season it must work at consider-
able disadvantage in the northern limits of its range, having to burrow much
more deeply to find the hibernating insects and worms on which it so largely
subsists. That the mole voluntarily comes to the surface of the ground and
so remains there is not conceivable when we observe its movements in that
unfortunate plight. The snout is capable of exquisite discernment in discov-
ering prey and the nature of things coming in contact with it and ability to
take hold of and force into the mouth the living insects and worms encoun-
tered. It is continually in motion and serves largely the place of hands and
eyes to an animal practically devoid of either.

One of the most interesting and important considerations regarding the
mole is its relation to agriculture in particular and to nature in a more gen-
eral sense. ‘The following observations are quoted from articles published
by me in Forest and Stream in 1898. The first was written in review of a
Bulletin published on this subject by the Pa. Department of Agriculture in
the same year. Its subject was “The Economic Status of the Mole,” by
Harry Wilson. I quote: .

“On page 17 Mr. Wilson gives us some ‘ Miscellaneous Notes’ on the
common mole (Scalops aguaticus), which are of value as adding somewhat to

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 201

our knowledge of the habits of that species, the actions of this mole in swim-
ming evidently being based on his personal observations, though the author
fails to say so. The fact that Scalops aguaticus can swim, however, is not an
argument in favor of the propriety of Linneus’s specific name, as Mr. Wilson
inclines to think. The most strictly terrestrial mammals can, when forced to
take the water, swim better than the common mole, and it remains a fact that
our knowledge of the habits of this species shows it to be one of the least
aquatic of the American Zafpide.

In Part II. the economic relation of these moles to agriculture and their
distribution in Pennsylvania is discussed. The economic question is treated
on the basis of the examination of thirty-six stomachs of Scalops aguaticus
taken in eastern Pennsylvania between June 19, 1896, and Oct. 13, 1897.
No examinations of the stomachs of the star-nose mole are recorded. For-
tunately these mole stomachs were submitted in several cases to the proper
specialists, and the identifications can be relied upon as representing the
fullest and most accurate record of the food of the common species through-
out the year which we yet possess.

Of the 36 specimens examined, all contained animal food-matter ; 27 had
eaten earthworms in common with other material; 7 had eaten earthworms
alone; 27 had eaten insects of which a large proportion were injurious
species, as Lachnosterna,; 9 had eaten insects only, and ro had taken vege-
table matter in connection with insect food. None had taken vegetable mat-
ter only. Only 2 of those containing vegetable matter could have devoured it
intentionally ; one of these had short sections of grass blades in its stomach,
apparently bitten off piece by piece, but as this stomach also contained a
June bug or May beetle, Prof. Howard thinks the mole was only indirectly
wesponsible. In the other case the fragments of nearly a whole grain of corn
were found.

Mr. Wilson’s conclusions as to the economic status of the mole, referring
in this case solely to the common Scalops aguaticus, may thus be summarized :
1. Stomach examinations with very few exceptions (and these perhaps fortui-
tous), acquit the mole of intentionally devouring vegetable food. 2. The
mole is strictly insectivorous (independently of its earthworm diet), devouring
a larger portion of injurious than of beneficial insects. 3. Having so proved.
it is equivalent to proving that its work is beneficial to agriculturists, the
mechanical injury to vegetation due to its burrowing being more than com-
pensated by its destruction of noxious insects. 4. The ravages of field mice
and other small burrowing rodents which fullow the runways of the mole-are
almost always the cause of the popular prejudice against the latter animal.

We agree largely with these conclusions so far as they go, and only wish
that our author had been able to give judgment as to the star-nose mole.
From what we know of its habits and distribution, however, as well as its

202 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

scarcity in arable lands, it is safe to say that a more harmless mammal than
the star-nose does not exist.

An important and generally ignored subject in the economy of the mole is
the significant fact that its food consists largely of earthworms. Most investi-
gators seem to think that if it can be proved that the mole eats nothing but
earthworms and insects, then he is clear of suspicion and an unmixed benefit
to agriculture. One of Mr. Wilson’s correspondents significantly says that
he considers the common mole injurious to growing crops ‘ by its destruction
of earthworms’! Jt seems most pertinent that the next question for our
agricultural departments along this line of research should be first to decide
whether Darwin’s views as to the value of earthworms to soils and agriculture
are correct. This once decided in the affirmative, it remains for the cham-
pions of the mole to prove that its destruction of worms is a necessary check
to their excessive increase, and that the mechanical effects of the mole as a
worker on soils are of greater value than, that of the worms it destroys.
Another matter, in which the mole figures largely in hilly districts, where the
soils are easily washed by rains, is its agency in the denudation of top soils.
In some parts of the Ohio Valley the effect of their tunneling on arable hill-
sides is most disastrous.”

The second paper in Forest aud Stream from which I make extract was on
“Owls, Mice and Moles.” The part relating especially to moles in this is as
follows :

“Until lately we have known very little of scientific fact about the diet of
our common mole (Scalops aguaticus). Under the direction of the Pennsy]-
vania State Board of Agriculture, an expert examination of about forty stom-
achs of the common mole shows that only one had intentionally devoured
vegetable food, and that all had largely depended on earth-worms, June bugs,
click beetles and other “ injurious” insects, earth-worms forming the bulk of
their diet. There are more than two ways of judging these facts from the
standpoint of economic zoédlogy. Mr. Harry Wilson, the gentleman who
conducted the inquiry, decides to his own satisfaction that any animal, if
proved to be insectiverous, and not herbivorous or granivorous, is beneficial
to the farmer. On these grounds he is content to rest his case, acquit the
mole of wilful trespass, and commend him to the tender mercies of the hus-
bandman. But the market gardener and the florist and the owner of a level
lawn exclaim: ‘ Not so; we will grant that he does not eat our seeds, vege-
tables, bulbs and grass roots, but he uproots and undermines them, and makes
a thousand passageways in which noxious mice and shrews may forage and
destroy.”

One observer, Mr. E. H. Darlington, of West Chester, Pennsylvania, voices
the opinion of another and a surprisingly small class. In answer to the ques-
tions: “Do you consider the mole injurious to growing crops? In what

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 203

way ?”’ tabulated in the bulletin referred to, he answers: “By the destruction
of earthworms.’”’ Mr. Darlington is the only one of forty correspondents who
suggests that the earthworm diet of the mole is an injury to crops. Probably
a much smaller proportion of the people than one in forty ever considered
that phase of the question. We have become accustomed to watching the
robins doing yeomen service above ground in this line, and unconsciously
have got to thinking that the earthworm was made solely for dietary pur-
poses. Darwin, however, bas beautifully demonstrated* the hidden economy
of the earthworm, and how its value as a converter of decay into food is only
exceeded by its agency in tillage and the manufacture of arable soils.

In the light of this evidence, the fact, now fully recognized by zodlogists,
that the mole is not a vegetable feeder marks, but one step in our investiga-
tions of its economic status. A second step in the right direction is the im-
portant discovery that it destroys a large number of insects. But the bur-
den of proof, strictly speaking, yet rests upon the admirers of the mole. To
thesé we would put three significant questions: (1) In its widest accepta-
tion, is the mechanical action of moles on the soil more beneficial than inju-
rious to vegetation? (2) Is the insect food of moles chiefly composed of
species classed as injurious by recognized authorities? (3) Is the destruc-
tion of earthworms by moles an indirect injury to agriculture or a beneficial
check to the excessive increase of the earthworm? The writer believes that
the mole will eventually triumph in this controversy. The mole has been
cleared of many accusations of ignorant and short-sighted people, and no
doubt can satisfy the anxious inquiries of would-be. friends. We have good
reason to predict that our humble and industrious Sca/ogs is unwittingly pur-
suing a wise economy in its varied relations to soils, drainage, forestry, agri-
culture and animal life, maintaining that wonderful balance of nature which
man, above all other creatures, has conspired to disturb.”

Description of species —This mole is- immediately distinguishable from
Brewer’s mole (with which it is so generally confounded in the higher moun-
tainous districts and the lowlands of Pa. west of the Alleghenies) by its tail
being only an inch long and apparently destitute of hairs, the skin being a
whitish pink, like that of a white pig. In Brewer’s mole the tail is 4% inch
longer and covered throughout with long, rather stiff, black hairs forming a
sort of rounded brush far beyond the end of the tail proper. In size there is
no great difference between the species; in color Brewer’s is the darker
(brownish slate) animal. From the star-nose mole, which has a disk of
radiating fleshy rays on the end of the nose and a long thick, almost naked,
black tail, there is no difficulty of separating our common upland Scalops. A

'

*«The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms,” Charles Darwin.
New York, 1882.

204 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

race of Scalops aguaticus found in western Ohio and the Mississippi Valley
beyond, is of a much lighter (silvery or yellowish drab) color. Whether a
modified form of this race (machrinus) is to be found in Pa., in the lowlands
of Greene, Washington and Beaver counties, is worthy of research. So far
no specimens of any other moles than Brewer’s and the star-nose have been
received from western Pa., nor do I know of any authentic records of Scalops
from there.

Another animal confounded with the mole is the large mole shrew (Blarina
brevicauda), but they are immediately separable by an examination of the
fore feet, those ef the mole being flat, wide, circular and ten times the size of
the shrew’s, the latter resembling those of a mouse. In color the two
animals are quite similar, as also in the peculiar quality of the fur.

Measurements.—Total length, 162 mm. (63 in.) ; tail vertebrae, 27 (1745) ;
hind foot, 16.5 (34).

Genus Parascalops True, Diagnoses of New North American Mammals,
1894, pt. 2 (Proc. N. 5. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, p. 242).

Brewer’s Mole, Eastern Hairy-tail Mole. /Perascalops brewert
(Bachman).

1844. Scalops brewert Bachman, Boston Journal Natural History, vol. 4,
p. 32.

1895. Parascalops breweri True, Science (U. States) (new series), vol. 1,
p- 191.

Type locality—New England? Said (erroneously, fide Miller) by Bach-
man to be from Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts.

faunal distribution Canadian, transition and (rarely?) edge of upper
austral zones ; Gulf of St. Lawrence to western Ohio; northern New Jersey to
North Carolina, in the mountains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7—Investigations carried on in Pa. since Dr.
True’s “ Revision” of our moles show that dveweri is the common mole of
the more mountainous portions of the state and that west of the higher water-
shed of the Allegheny mountains, even in the lowlands, it wholiy replaces
Scalops aquaticus.

Only one N. J. specimen is known to me. The northern mountains of the
state, we are morally certain, will be found to harbor it.

Records in Pa.—Allegheny Co.—Specimens from Pittsburg and Carnot in
the Pittsburg Carnegie Museum.—Todd, rgor.

Beaver Co.—Specimens from Beaver, ditto.—Todd, 1901.

Butler Co.—Several specimens from Leasureville, ditto—Todd, 1got.
Three of these are in my private collection.—Rhoads, tgoz. : ,

MAMMALS PA.

AND N. J., RHOADS.

PLATE 8.

Com mon Mole.
eae Shrew:

wae im zy

(Sealey s)

t
Brewer's Mole.
(Rarascalops)

ALL FIGURES Né""

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 205

Blair Co.—“ Dr. J. A. Allen mentions a specimen from Hollidaysburg ©
which is in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts.”
—True, Revision l. c., p. 73.

Lycoming or Tioga Cos.—This species, distinguished by him from Condy-
Jura by its then current name, “ Zalpa americana, Black Mole,” is given in
R. C. Taylor's list of the animals observed by him in the “northeastern
extremity of the Allegheny Mountain range in Pennsylvania.”—See Loudon’s
Mag. N. Hist., 1835, vol. 8.

Somerset Co.—Specimen from New Lexington in Carnegie Museum, Pitts-
burg.—Todd, rgo1.

Sullivan Co.—Mr. Behr, of Lopez, has found several specimens in that
vicinity, most of which show conspicuous white markings on the head or
other parts of the body. An alcoholic example recently sent by him is in the
Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.—Rhoads, 1902.

Washington Co.—I examined a specimen mounted by J. S. Nease, secured
near Washington.—Rhoads, 1902.

Westmoreland Co.—A specimen was secured alive in ihe open country
outskirts of Laughlintown, and another under a log in woodland not far
from the same place, in 1878.—Rhoads.

Western Pa. in general—My field experience and correspondence agrees
with that of W. E. C. Todd, who writes: “ Brewer’s is the common mole of
West Penna. All reported instances of Sca/ops from that region turn out to
be Parascalops.”—Rhoads, 1902.

Records in N. J—A mounted specimen, labeled “ New Jersey, Edward
Harris,” has long since been in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. Harris was a resident of Moorestown, Burlington Co., N. J. It is not
likely that the specimen was taken in that county, however.—Rhoads, 1902.

General record.—The Hairy-tailed Mole “is much less abundant than the
preceding [Scalops aquaticus], to which it bears a great resemblance. This
mole seems to prefer low, wet grounds even more than the preceding species,
and burrows somewhat deeper,’’ etc.—Abbott, Geol., N. J., 1868, appx., p.
752. Regarding this statement Dr. True remarks: “No specimens are re-
ferred to, and I knowof none from the state in any museum. It would
seem, therefore, that the occurrence of the species in New Jersey lacks con-
firmation.’-—Revision N. American Moles, p. 73. The burden of proof in
this case rests with Dr. Abbott, with the probabilities against him.—Rhoads,
1902.

Habits, ete-—I know of little that may be said to distinguish the habits of
this species from that of the naked-tailed mole, except that it is often found
in rather densely wooded tracts, a trait not noted in Sca/ops. It is also a
tiller of the arable soils of the farmer and gardener, being often plowed out
of the grounds in its haunts in western Pa., and in those regions seems as

206 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

much at home in the lowlands and the door yards and side-walks of the
suburbs as does Sca/ops in the east. Its economic relations are probably
identical with those of Scalops.

Description of species —See comparisons under preceding species. This
species is often found curiously pied or streaked with white on the head,
breast, feet or tail.

Measurements—Total length, t47 mm. (542 in.); tail vertebra, 30 (13%);
hind foot, 19 (34).

Genus Condylura Miger, Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium, 1811,
p. 125.

Star-Nose Mole; Long-tailed or Swamp Mole. Cozdylura cristata
(Linnaeus).

1758. [Sorex] cristatus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, vol. 1, p. 53.

1819. Condylura cristata Desmarest, Journal de Physique, vol. 89, p. 230.

Type locality —Pennsylvania.

Faunal distribution—Lower Hudsonian, Canadian, transition and upper
austral zones ; Gulf of St. Lawrence to Manitoba; southern New Jersey to
N. Carolina and Tennessee, in the mountains.

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.—This species is not absent from any part of
Pa., being found abundantly in the cool banks of mountain streams and in
bogs and swamps, and more sparingly in the open lowlands which are peren-
nially damp. InN. J. the same remarks apply and in the “barrens” of the
southern and eastern part they ‘exist only in the sphaguum bogs and cedar
swamps.

Records in Pa.—From a mass of correspondence on the distribution of the
mole in Pa., as well as from specimens examined, it would evidently be
superfluous to give them in detail. The only locality where True seems not
to have heard of them in Pa. is in the southwestern corner. From this
region I have examined one specimen, as I now remember, sent me by J. S.
Nease as having been taken near his home in Washington, Washington, Co.
In Southeastern Pa. it is often found in the most austral and lowland situa-
tions along water courses and in swamps.

Records in N. J7—Specimens from the northern half of the state are
numerous in collections ; from the southern half I have examined them from
Vincentown, Burlington Co., Haddonfield, Camden Co., and Tuckahoe, Cape
May Co. Iam informed by Mr. T. P. Price, of Tuckerston, that the Jillson
boys have captured 2 or 3 near Tuckerton, Ocean Co.

Habits, etc.—As contrasted in habits with the other moles found in Pa. and
N. J., this species may be designated as the most aquatic in its preferences.

i

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 207

It is, more literally, a mud and muck dweller. The other species avoid
marshy and inundated grounds, and show no marked preference for the
vicinity of water, but the star-nose always likes to have his nose and feet wet.
In consequence of having such a “soft snap,” his forefeet and legs are pro-
portionately weaker than in either Scalops or Parascalops, and, if we may
judge by its remarkable resemblance to that of the muskrat, his tail is often
brought to play in swimming. I have no doubt that the anatomy of this
species, as well as its chosen habitat infallibly indicates a much more aquatic
life than we have yet been able to prove by actual observation. As the boggy
nature of its house is distasteful to earthworms and other animals on which
the upland moles subsist, we must conclude that these form but a small part
of its diet, but the numerous aquatic and sub-aquatic insects and crustaceans
which harbor in wet meadows and stream banks would form bountiful supply.
Owing to its choice of hunting grounds the agriculturist rarely comes in con-
tact with it, except when it gets too rampant in its digging, and muck-piling
on a nice piece of meadow sod, or punches holes through the dykes and
dams. Little does the farmer know, however, what is the cause of all this
trouble, much less that if it were not for this self-same “pesky varmit’’ his
meadow would soon get so “ stale, unprofitable flat” and sour that his cows
would abandonit. This mole has 4 to 6 young.

Description of species ——The color is a dull, blackish slate, quite different
from the glossy sheen of the common mole. The tail is about half the length
of head and body, and in the rutting season that of both sexes is greatly
swollen, so as to resemble an elongated plummet, the base of the tail being
constricted to less than 14 the greatest diameter. The radiated disk of the
nose is a conspicuous character, quite unique in the American mole family.
Its office is not exactly understood, but probably enables it to discover food.

Measurements.—Total length, 170 mm. (634 in.) ; tail vertebra, 71 (274) ;
hind foot, 27 (145).

Order CHIROPTERA; Bats.

Family VESPERTILIONIDAE, Plain-nosed, web-tailed Bats.

Genus Myotis Kaup, Skizzirte Entw., Gesch. u Naturl. Syst. d. Europ.
Thierw., 1829, vol. 1, p. 106.

Lecontes’ Little Brown Bat. Myots lucifugus (Leconte).

1831. V.[espertilio] lucifugus Leconte, McMurtrie’s Cuvier’s Animal
Kingdom, vol. 1, p. 431.
1897. Myotis lucifugus Miller, North American Fauna, No. 13, p. 59.

208 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Zype locality.—Georgia. ?Near Riceboro, Liberty Co.

Faunal distribution—North America north of Mexico, except in the
Rocky Mountains and Pacific coast south of southern Alaska; viz. inhabit-
ing the Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, transition and austral life zones.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—While this bat is to be found throughout
our limits, it is apparently more numerous in the transition and Canadian life
zones than in the austral.

Description of species —Color dull, glossy brown above ; beneath, on belly,
paler, more yellowish ; ears and wings light brown. Size small; teeth differ-
ing from those of the next species (swvdudatus) in the form of the third lower
premolar. ‘When viewed from the side this tooth is conspicuously broader
in proportion to its height in A7. sududatus. When viewed from above the
tooth is much larger in J7. sudu/atus and distinctly longer than broad, while
in MM. lucifugus it is nearly as broad as long.” These two species may be
generically separated from other species in our limits by the following tooth
formula: Incisors, jy, 3-5 3 canines, $<} ; premolars, 23 ; molars, 3-8, equal-
ing 38 teeth in all, 20 in the lower jaw and 18 in the upper jaw. The back
of the membrane between the legs is naked in this genus except at the
extreme base. In /ucifugus the ear laid forward barely reaches the end of
the nose, in swéu/atus the ear reaches considerably beyond the nose. They
do not differ appreciably in color nor in size.

Measurements.—(lucifugus) Total length, 85 mm. (33% in.); tail vertebre,
38 (154); forearm, 38 (134): (subulatus) 85 (334); 38 (134); 35 (196).

Specimens examined or recorded.—Pa., from Beaver, Butler, Cambria,
Clarion, Clinton, Elk, Erie, McKean and Westmoreland Cos. N. J. from

Camden and Warren Cos.

Say’s Little Brown Bat. A/yotis subulatus (Say).

1823. V.[espertifio] subulatus Say, Long’s Expedition, Rocky Mountains,
vol. 2, p. 65.

1897. Myotis subulatus Miller, North American Fauna, No. 13, p. 75.

Type locality.—Arkansas River, near La Junta, Otero county, Colorado.

Faunal distribution—North America; east of the Rocky Mountains;
north of the Arctic zone.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J.—Occurring, or likely to occur, in all locali-
ties.

Habits, etc.—The habits of both species of small brown bat found in Pa. and
N. J,, so far as they are disentangled, seem to be similar. Dr. H. Allen says
they are a strictly “ pastoral ” as contrasted with the “urbal” kinds which
infect houses and and outbuildings. They seem to congregate in caves and
hollow trees, or under the bark of decayed tree trunks. Mr. Todd found

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 209

lucifugus ‘exceedingly abundant in a cave near Hillside, Westmoreland Co.,
Pa., in February, 1900, roosting in clusters containing hundreds of individu-
als.” Dr. Abbott states that these bats “ appear about the first of May in N.
J., and as soon as it is dusk, commence a flight that lasts the greater part of
the night, killing in the time an indescribable number of insects.” The insect
diet of our bats is a feature quite worthy of consideration, as they are exclu-
sively insectivorous, so far as we know. They devour a great quantity of
mosquitoes, as I have plainly observed before dark while sitting in a swarm of
these pestiferous insects, the bats snapped them up within a few feet of my
head. Probably nothing comes amiss which can be readily seized, but the
relatively small size of the mouth of bat as compared with that of the swifts,
swallows and night-hawk would confine it to small species.£ The finely broken
elytra or wing cases of beetles can be found in their excrement. As the bat
chews its food before swallowing, it is difficult to identify the contents of its
stomach. The flight of the little brown bat is much more rapid than that of
Pipistrellus, more erratic than that of the small red bat, and the animal is easily
distinguished from the large brown bat by its small size. As compared with
the flight of the silver-haired bat I cannot distinguish it. Most of our bats
have one or rarely two young. These cling by their mouths to the teats of
the mother until large enough to grasp her body. Thus laden, she pursue$
her nightly avocations until they can be left “ hung up” in some secret place
till her return. The method of alighting is first by the wing or arm hooks
head upward, assisted by the hind feet. As soon as the latter are firmly
implanted the bat turns head downward and hangs by the sharply recurved
nails of the hind feet. Frosty weather in autumn, or such as makes insects
dormant, has the same effect on all our bats in varying degrees. By this time
they have become excessively fat, and in this condition go into hibernation in
such places as are not subjected to very low winter temperatures, preferably
caves. From these they emerge in spring with the reappearance of noctur-
nal insect life. Sometimes they come out duriug a February thaw, and go
back again until April. The females are said to become gravid in the fall,
and bring forth in the spring, an unusually long period of gestation, if true.
A more or less extensive migration of some species of bat from the Canadian
zone southward is supposed to occur. Especially is this the case with the
genus Zasuirus, including the red and hoary species of our list. The voice
of all our bats resembles the combination of hissing sharp squeaks and the
clicking or gritting of teeth. They not only utter these when abused, but
also in their encounters and gambols in the air, and when a large cluster are
dislodged in a cave, these shrill, piercing cries, as they reassemble, are very
disagreeable and sometimes painful to the ear.

Description of species —See under preceding species, Af. lucifugus.

Specimens examined or recorded.— Allegheny Co., Carnot, “ A ‘few speci-

210 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

mens received.”—-McKees’s Rocks, 1. Butler Co., Leasureville, 1.—Todd,
1902. Crawford Co., Meadville, 1.—Miller, 1897.

Genus Lasionycteris Peters, Montsaberichte Koenig Preuss. Akad. Wissen-
schaften, Berlin, 1866, p. 648.

Silvery Black Bat. esitonycteris noctivagans (Leconte).

1831. V.[espertilio] noctivagans Leconte, McMurtries’ Cuvier’s Animal
Kingdom, vol. 1, p. 431.

1894. Lasionycteris noctivagans Cuvier Supra cit.

Type locahity.—Eastern United States.

Faunal distribution —Hudsonian, Canadian, transition and upper austral
zones: Atlantic to Pacific Oceans. Rare in middle austral zone.

Distribution in Pa, and N. 7.—Numerous in all parts of the country where
I have collected bats, but appearing to diminish in the lowlands of southern
N. J.; not nearly as abundant in Camden Co., N. J., as in Philadelphia Co.,
Pa., through only separated by the Delaware River. Mr. Todd, who has
collected many bats in the region of Pittsburg, only reports one of this
species from Westmoreland Co. Dr. Abbott says it is not common in N. J.,
“Have met with but few in a very large collection.”—Geol. N. f.

Habits, etc—Merriam speaks of the preference of this species to hunting
food over water, skimming around like swallows. It is the earliest species of
bat to appear after sunset and by far the most common bat in the Adirondack -
region, 63 out of 7o specimens found in a cave being noctivagans. The
young, 1 to 2 in number, are born in early July.

Description of species.—This bat is instantly distinguished from all other of
our American bats by its peculiar color, a deep black-brown, less brown than
black, more or less abundantly tipped with silvery white except on the head.
The dental formula for the ea and genus is: incisors, $=} ; canines, 1-1 ;
premolars, 2= a3 molars, 2 aE 33, or 36 teeth in all, 20 in the lower jaw and 16 in
the upper jaw. The back of the tail membrane is hairy on the basal and
naked on the terminal half.

Measurements—Total length 100 mm. (4 in.); tail vertebrae, 40 (12,);
forearm, 40 (1%).

Genus Pipistre/lus Kaup, Skizzirte Entw. Gesch. u. Naturl. Syst. der Europ
Thierw., vol. 1, p. 98.

Georgia Pigmy Bat. Pipistre/lus subflavus (F. Cuvier).

1832. V.[espertifio] subflavus F. Cuvier, Nouveaux Annal. Museum d’
Histoire Naturelles, Paris, vol. 1, p. 17.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 211

1897. Lipistrellus subfiavus Miller, North American Fauna, No. 13, p. go.

Type locality —Eastern United States ; probably Georgia.

faunal distribution.—Austral and lower transition zones; Atlantic Ocean
to Iowa and. Texas.

Distribution in Pa. and N, 7—Found abundantly in the lowlands of the
southern sections. Declining in numbers northward and there intergrading
into the darker race, obscurus, next considered.

Habits, etc—The flight of this small bat is weak and fluttering, like that of
a large butterfly, and the species may be so distinguished at sunset among
the other species which then come abroad.

Description of species—At once known by its small size (smallest of our
eastern bats) and yellowish, pale color, undulated by brownish or blackish
tipped hairs above. The teeth in this species and genus number 34, disposed
as follows: incisors, 2-2 ; canines, +4 ; premolars, 3- ; molars, 3-2, making
18 in the lower and 16 in the upper jaw. From odscurus this species is
separated by color alone, the northern race being duller, less yellow, and the
dark tips of back hairs more Gonspieagns. The size of both forms is the
same.

Measurements—Total length, 85 mms (33% in.); tail vertebrze, 40 (1,°,);
forearm, 35 (134).

Specimens examined or ST ae ae re Co., Beaver, 2.—Todd,
1902, Cumberland Co., Carlisle, 7—Miller, 1897. Delaware Co., Marple,
2.—Rhoads, 1902. Philadelphia Co., Germantown.—Stone. N. J.—Cam-
den Co., Haddonfield, several:—Rhoads, 1902.

New York Pigmy Bat. Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller.

1897. Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller. North American Fauna, No.
13, P- 93-

Type locality —Lake George, Warren County, N. York.

Faunal distribution—Upper transition zone; Lake George to Ohio;
probably to Minnesota.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J —The only specimens known from our limits
were taken by Mr. Todd in Beaver Co., Pa. He writes me it is “ the com-
mon form at Beaver.” See his notes published in Annals of the Carnegie
Museum, vol. 1, No. 1. The five specimens alluded to were identified by
G. S. Miller, Jr. This form is to be looked for in the lowlands of western
and northern Pa. —

Habits, description of species, etc—See under P. subflavus preceding.

212 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Genus Zpresicus * Rafinesque, Annals of Nature, Phila., 1820, p. 2.

Northeastern Large Brown Bat; House Bat. piesicus fuscus
(Beauvois).

1796. Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois, Catalogue Peale’s Museum, Phila., p. 14.

1900. Eptesicus fuscus Mehely, Magyarorszag Denevereinek Mono-
graphiaja, p. 208.

Type locality —Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Faunal distribution —Canadian (lower), transition and austral life zones ;
Maine to Washington, south to Florida and the mountains of California.

Distribution in Pa. and N. J—With the possible exception of certain
boreal tracts on the culminating ridges of the Alleghanies in Pa. the range of
this abundant and familiar bat is universal in the two states.

Habits, efc.—Among American bats this species may be said to correspond
in its fondness for the homes of man to the mouse and rat, or to the robin
and the wren among birds. During summer they are as likely to hang up
for day dreams behind an unused shutter or door, or crack in the wall, or
shady porch or outhouse, as anywhere else. At night they incessantly circle
about the house and lawn and street lamps until some fleeing insect suddenly
leads one into the kitchen or the bedchamber and, ten-to-one, a panic ensues,
resulting in no small noise, destruction of furniture and the miserable death
of the innocent, harmless and useful bat. Such an occurrence as this, related
by Audubon, happened in his Kentucky home in 1818 in the bed room
occupied by the traveler Rafinesque. It resulted in the destruction of a
favorite violin, etc., and so far as we are able to follow the sequel, in the im-
mortality of the bat as “ Zptesicus melanops Raf.,” which, being interpreted,
is no less than a synonym of Hpéesicus fuscus (Beauvois), the subject of this
article. It is interesting to note that Rafinesque, in describing the genus
LEptesicus, says, “The name means house flyer ;” and of the species me/anops
he says, “It comes often in the house at night ;” recording in this way the
indelible impressions of his midnight battle two years before. This bat is
accused of bringing bed-bugs and other insect vermin into houses. I have
never found any vermin on them except lice of a species not parasitic on
man. The dirt, caused by their congregation in attics, would attract and
harbor vermin, however.

Description of species—On account of its size, being much the largest of
that color in the east, our big brown bat may be separated from other eastern
species solely on this basis. It isa large edition of two small brown species
belonging to the genus A/yotis previously considered. Generically it is dis-

* Mr. Miller informs me that Apresicus is not generically separable from ‘Vespertilio, in this
agreeing with Dr. Oldfield Thomas,

we A ASE WN vy cmemans, PLATE 9.

Pygmy Bal.
(Piptstyellus)

Silvery Bat.
Lasionyeterts)

Northern Rea Bak.
(Mesiurusy

Rafin esqués Brown Bat :
(Eptest ou s)

ate

ALL FIGURES NATURAL SIZE,

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 243

tinct from A/yoris, and also from the genus WVyciice’us (which is also repre-
sented in Pa. and N. J. by a small brown bat) in the number and arrange-
ment of the teeth. They tabulate thus: incisors, 33 canines, 3
premolars, 5-5; molars, 2-8, making in all 32 teeth, of which 18 are in the
lower and 14 in the upper jaw. In Florida and the Gulf States this species is
represented by a cinnamon-hued race, osceola; in Mexico and the West
Indies by other races ; in the southwestern States by pale, desert forms.
Measurements.—Total length, 110 mm. (43% in.) ; tail vertebrae, 45 (134);

forearm, 45 (13{).
Genus Lasiurus, Gray, Zodlogical Miséellany, 1831, N 0. I, p. 38.

Northern Red Bat; Tree Bat. Lasiurus borealis (Miller).

1776. Vespertilio borealis Miiller, Natursystem ; Supplement, p. 21.

1877. Lasiurus borealis Miller, North American Fauna, No. 1 3, P- 105.

Lype locality New York.

faunal distribution, —Canadian, transition and austral zones; Ontario to
the Gulf States ; Atlantic Ocean to the Great Plains.

Distribution in Pa.and N. J7—Everywhere abundant and apparently resi-
dent.

Habits, etc.—Not differing essentially from those of our small bats, except
that they resort largely in the day time to the foliage of trees for a resting
place, either singly or in pairs. I have never seen large groups or clusters of
individuals of this species as in the other kind, nor have I found them in
caves, except very rarely a single one near the entrance. I have observed
this species returning from apparently extensive flights over the ocean on the
N. Jersey coast in the early morning before sunrise. On one or two occa-
sions in September single individuals have been observed flying directly
toward the shore, so exhausted as to make little progress against a land
breeze and alighting on the nearest object as soon as land was reached. It
is possible that these had been blown tosea during their migrations along the
coast. The flight of this bat is remarkably direct, rapid, strong and lofty,
the motion of the long, slender-pointed wings, reminding one of the swift or
night hawk.

Description of species—The color of the zed bat is characteristic, separat-
ing it at a glance from all others associating with it. It is rufous red through-
out, paler on the lower parts. The hairs above are tipped with gray ; their
bases are blackish. Some specimens are so profusely tipped with gray as to look
like a different race. A marked character of the genus to which the red and
hoary bats belong is the densely furred inter-femoral or tail membrane. No

214 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

doubt this serves a useful purpose as a blanket in cold weather. ave tooth
system is: incisors, ' 3 canines, +1 ; premolars, 2 aa a molars, 3 335 =32, of
which 18 are in the lower and 14 in the upper jaw. A minute peg- “like upper
premolar is found at the base of the large canine tooth on the inner side.

From the hoary bat (Z. cinereus) next considered, the red bat is known by
being only about two-thirds the bulk of that animal, which is brownish or
yellowish gray instead of red. The Hoary bat is much larger than ary other
Pa. or N. J. bat.

Measurements.—(borealts), total ee Imo mm. (4¥ in.) ; tail verte-
bre, 50 (2); forearm, 40 (i's) (cinerus), 135 (5%); 57 (2%), 52

(275)-
Hoary Bat. Lasiurus cinereus (Beauvois).

1796. Vespertilio cinereus (“ inereus,” sic.) Beauvois, Catalogue of Peale’s
Museum, Phila., p. 15.

1864. Lasiurus cinereus H. Allen, Monograph Bats North America, p. 2.

Type locahty.—Philadelphia (?), Pennsylvania.

faunal distribution —Miller (Monog. Vespert., N. Amer., p. 112), gives
it as ‘‘ Boreal North America from Atlantic to Pacific. The hoary bat breeds
within the Boreal zone, but in autumn and winter it migrates south to the
southern border of the United States, and probably much farther.”’

Distribution in Pa. and N. 7.-—All the instances of the capture of this bat
in the two States indicate that it was either in the spring or fall migration.
It may breed (reside during the summer) in the summits of the higher Alle-
ghanies, but I have never yet seen it there. It winters in our limits.

Records in Pa. Clinton Co.—I examined a mounted specimen in 1896,
taken near Renovo, in the collection of A. K. Peirce, shot in spring of 1891.
— Rhoads.

Delaware Co.—A specimen in my collection was shot near Collingdale, .
several years ago during a February thaw, actively flying about the borders of
a wood in pursuit of insects in full daylight, cloudy sky. It was taken by
Chas. Voelker, now of Aldan, same county.—Rhoads.

Philadelphia Co.—The type of cinereus, described from a specimen or spe-
cimens in Peale’s Museum by Beauvois, was probably taken in this county.
Beauvois says: ‘This is found in Pennsylvania.” ‘A specimen captured
near Philadelphia, was presented to the Philadelphia Museum by the late
Professor Barton.””—Godman, Nat. Hist., 1826, vol. 1, p. 69.

Records in N. J.—The only record for N. J. known to me is that given by
Cooper in the Annals of the New York Lyceum (1837), 1848, vol. 4, p. 56,
who says that the specimen from which his description of the Hoary Bat was
taken “was shot by Mr. J. F. Ward in the month of November near the

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 215

heights of Weehawken [ Huds. Co.], in New Jersey, near this city [New York]
in broad daylight. It was hovering and fluttering about the precipice in the
manner of other bats, and occasionally darting towards the low grounds,
mote like a bird. I have witnessed at the same locality the similar evolu-
tions of a bat, probably of this species, that was flying about early one fine
afternoon, though it kept below the shadow of the rocks.”

Ffabits, etc—Merriam states that this bat can be easily recognized while
awing by its great size, long, pointed wings -and swift, irregular flight. It
covers a great extent of country in its forays after food. It did not appear
in the Adirondacks on very hot summer evenings, waiting for the temperature
to fall to a point below 60°. If it was 55° to 58° soon after sunset it would
come out early. Its geographic distribution extends farther into the Arctic
confines than that of any other species of bat. Its breeding habits are not
understood. A specimen with four recently nursed teats was taken on the
30th of June. They act as if rutting in early August in the Adirondacks.
The only young he ever saw was shot in early August, nearly full grown.
This would indicate birth in May or June.

Description of spectes—See under preceding species, A. borealis.

Genus WVycticeius Rafinesque, Journal de Physique, 1819, vol. 88, p. 417.

Rafinesque’s Little Brown Bat. Vycticeius humeraks (Rafinesque).

1818. Vespertilio humerals Rafinesque, American Monthly Magazine, vol.

3: P- 445-

1819. M.[ yeticetus| humerats Rafinesque, Journal de Physique, vol. 88,
Pp. 417-

Dype locality.— Kentucky.

Faunal distribution.“ Austral zones in eastern United States; west to
Arkansas and southern Texas.’’—Miller.

Distribution in Pa. and N,. J—The only records of this bat in our limits
that are known to me are the twelve specimens examined by G. S. Miller, Jr.,
in his “ Revision” as coming from Carlisle, Pa. They are, I presume, in
the National Museum, and were probably collected many years ago in a cave
near Carlisle by Prof. Baird. It is strange that among the hundreds of bats
which have been more recently collected in Pa. and N. J., none of this
genus should have been taken, as the majority of our specimens have been
secured in localities more austral than Carlisle. It must be an extremely
rare species, if not absent, in the Delaware Valley. The Susquehanna Valley,
connecting more directly by way of the Chesapeake, in a faunal sense, with
their chosen haunts in Maryland and Virginia, seems to be the most northern
record of their wanderings.

216 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Habits, etc.—I know of no reference to the habits of this bat, nor have I
ever seen it alive to distinguish it from other species of small brown bats
found in the same regions.

Description of species—In color and size not certainly distinguishable from
Myotis, but easily separated by a look at the upper front teeth, or incisors.
In Rafinesque’s brown bat there is only 1 on each side, separated by a space
from the large pointed fang or canine tooth. In the little brown (A4yous)
bats these incisor teeth number 2 on each side, or 4 in all. The color of
humeralis is “dull umber brown above, paler below, the fur everywhere
plumbeous at extreme base, but the dark, basal color less well defined than in
other species with which Wycticeius is found associated.”—Miller. The teeth
are distributed as follows: incisors, }-5 ; canines, <i ; premolars, $+ ; molars,

1-1?
8-8 1 2
8-3 18 30.

Measurements.—Total length, 90 (334) ; tail vertebrae, 36 (13/,) ; forearm,,.

36 (17%).

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 217

List or FERAL (WILD) Exotic (IMPORTED) SPECIES FOUND IN Pa. AND N. J.

Swine, ‘‘Razor Back.” Sus scrofa Linnaeus.
Sheep. Ovrs aries Linnaeus.

Cattle; Kine. Bos taurus Linnaeus.

Horse. LEguus caballus Linnaeus.

The above 4 species of domestic animals, brought over by the early
colonists to N. J., in many places were left to shift for themselves, and soon
became quite as wild as the native deer with which they associated. In
some instances they were liberated on the large maritime beaches or islands
on the southeast coast of N. J., which formed natural confines for them
throughout the year. On these they were hunted, slaughtered or captured
alive as animals gone wild. The same~remarks apply to the “ Plains” of
Burlington Co., N. J., where pig and cattle hunts were once a periodical
cause of sport and excitement, and even in the last 20 years live stock has
been rounded up and shot in the “Plains” as the only means of securing it.
Owing to the degeneration of stock thus running wild in early days, as also
on account of trespass, the early colonists framed many laws regulating these
abuses. JI am indebted to Mr. Francis B. Lee, of Trenton, for the following
researches along this line :

“There is one phase of animal life in Colonial West Jersey which, whilst
not strictly relating to the native forest beasts, forms an interesting phase in
the history of state fawnas. The island beaches which stud theecoast from
Cape May to Barnegat were from early days pasturage grounds for domesti-
cated animals ; which being neglected by their owners, in time became actually
Jere nature. Such were the wild cattle of Avalon, Cape May county, on the
beach variously known as Leaming’s, Tatem’s and Seven Mile, or upon the
strand known as Ludlam’s Beach. The owners of these beaches, branding
their cattle and sheep by “ ear-marks,” placed the animals thereupon and
their neglected descendants have only within the past decade been extermi-
nated, as have been the buffaloes.

Aaron Leaming znd. of Cape May, in a manuscript record of 1771 thus
alluded to the question of cattle grazing: The animals were turned on the
beach from the “shore” “about the middle of October, and brought off
about the middle or last of June, and live without hay or any care taken of
them, and when they are not disturbed by gunners or other trespassers, do
very well.” .

The great woodlands lying to the eastward of the Delaware river settle-

218 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

ments, such as Burlington and Salem, offered opportunities for stock raising.
West Jersey early experienced conflicting rights to herbage and to animals,
and commonage was claimed by the original emigrants, and indeed for sev-
eral generations thereafter all domesticated animals were allowed to run at
large, and so great did the nuisance become that the Assembly as early as
1683 was compelled to restrain the running at large of hogs not only as a
protection to marshes and meadows, but to prevent the establishment of a
custom which would lead to domesticated animals reverting to their wild
state. The act of 1683 was found insufficient, as the hogs were thereafter
allowed to “damnify and greatly injure ye meadows,” English grass, fences
and the like. To restrain which practice the Legislature in 1695 passed a
“local option ” hog act, relegating the entire matter to local supervision. In
this connection it is interesting to note that the owners of “ stone horses” or
stallions were restrained by the act of 1683 from allowing their animals to
range in the woods. To come within the act, the beast had to be three
years old and under fourteen hands in height. The penalty for violation of
this law was £5. In 1730 an act was passed to restrain small stallions from
running at large between March and October, inasmuch as these animals
were “very hurtful to the Breed of Horses in His Majesty’s Province of Mew
Fersey.”” In 1751 one of the last acts of the Colonial legislature was that
preventing rams from running at large from August 20 to December 20, and
bears many points in common with the act to restrain young stallions. The
act is dated December 6, 1775.

House Mouse. Mus musculus Linneeus.

Norway or Barn Rat. Mus norvegicus Erxleben.
Black Rat. Aus ratfus Linneus.

The first two of these European immigrants to America need no comment,
for they now abound throughout our continent, Pa. and N. J. being no excep-
tion to this rule. The black or blue rat, however, once common, and the
first to appear on our shores with the earliest colonists, is said by many to be
exterminated in the United States. Mr. Miller reports it as found in central
Massachusetts but knows of no other place in the northeastern states where
it is numerous. By careful inquiry I find it is quite numerous locally in parts
of northern Pa. Some of these reports are herewith given.

Pa—Bradford Co.— Plentiful on farms away from railroad lines in Brad-
ford Co.”—Cleveland, rgoo.

Cambria Co.—* Numerous in 1899 on farm of Jacob Kauffmann 7 miles
from Johnstown. I killed 6 with a pocket rifle. They are also found on
Henry Otts’ farm, 15 miles south of Johnstown.”—Shields, 1900.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 219

y

Elk Co.—“ Many in some parts of this Co. They travel to and fro.”—
Luhr, rgoo.

Forest Co.—Not totally exterminated.—Irwin, 1900.

Lackawanna Co.—Mr. Friant recently showed me specimens taken in
Scranton and vicinity where it seems not to be rare-—Rhoads, 1902.

Luzerne Co.— I saw one Oct., 1899, along the Susquehanna near Pitts-
ton.”—Campbell, 1900.

McKean Co.—“ We have a number of specimens taken at Kane by A. K.
Pierce.’”—Todd, 1902. ‘All through the rural districts in McKean Co. the
black rat is about as common as the gray rat. Do not think I mean ‘gray’
when I say ‘black,’ for the two kinds are as easily distinguished as the black
and gray squirrels.” —C. W. Dickinson, 1901.

Monroe and Pike Cos.—I found this rat was predominant in the barns and
houses of the backwoods in 1896, during my travels in the Pocono regions.—
Rhoads, 1902.

Somerset Co.—The “blue rat” or black rat is said by farmers to abound
in the parts of Somerset Co. remote from railroads—Moore, 1901.

Sullivan Co.—* The black or ‘blue’ rat is still here, but not plenty.”—
Bennett, 1902. “I have seen none near Lopez for about 12 years.”—Behr,
19Ol.

Tioga Co.—“ Not exterminated, but rarely seen.””—Cleveland, 1900.

Washington Co.—* 1 am 42 years old, yet never saw one in this Co. They
were plenty 55 years ago.” —Nease, 1900.

Wayne Co.—“1 caught nearly 100 in my store and barn at Maplewood in
1898.’”—Stevens, 1900. Mr. Stevens gives as his experience that this rat is
now (1897) confined to Lackawanna, Wayne, Pike and Monroe counties,
being numerous around Maplewood, the Norway rat being th2re very rare.
They are stated to migrate continually in colonies from place to place and to
be very destructive in farm buildings.—Rhoads. Abundant in Wayne Co.—
Goodnough, 1900. Scarce in Wayne Co —Teeple, 1900.

Westmoreland Co.—The only rat I saw at Laughlintown during 2 weeks
collecting there in 1898, was a young black rat, now in the Carnegie Museum _
collection.—Rhoads.

Wyoming Co.—None seen or heard of near Forkston in 40 years.” —
Robinson, 1900.

From the above accounts, it may be judged that a balance of power locally
favoring the black rat as against the predominating gray species of the low-
lands, is permanently established in the upper transition and Canadian life
zones of Pennsylvania. I have no recent authoritative records for New Jer-
sey, but as my inquiries in the northern parts of that state are deficient in
thoroughness, I venture to predict that the black rat also holds its own in
similarly favored localities in the northern section of the state-—Rhoads, 1902.

220 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.
European or “Belgian” Hare. Lepus europaeus Pallas.

This animal, escaped from domestication, has now become scattered over
many localities in the northern half of New Jersey, especially in the parts
radiating from Columbus, where it first spread from the estate of Pierre Loril-
lard, according to common report. It is now found sparingly in the wild
parts of Camden and Burlington Cos., N. J., and is regularly hunted in Bucks
Co., Pa., during the game season. It is the species coursed in England by grey-
hounds and resembles in size and actions our American Jack Rabbits, but has
less extraordinary ears and relatively shorter limbs. It does not multiply
rapidly, as the European or English rabbit, Zepus cuniculus, so that its in-
crease in our limits may not be looked on as a serious economic problem.

Domestic Cat. Fes domesticus Linneus.

In some districts this domestic animal “takes to the woods” and reverts
to its feral condition. It is shot and trapped under these circumstances by
hunters, and often gives rise to fabulous stories of its nature, size and

‘rapacity.

Domestic and Indian Dog. Canis familiaris Linnzus.

The remarks above made regarding cats apply even more fully to the dog.
These wild and often wolfish-looking dogs give rise and color to many a fake
wolf story in these days, as they always have in the past.

Regarding the dog of the Pa. and N. J. Indians, found by the earliest dis-
coverers of America, there has been much written, after it was too late to
determine its relationships with the wolves and dogs of the rest of the world
by an examination of specimens. But owing to its apparently hybrid char-
acters such examination would likely prove unavailing in the main question
whether the Indian dog was a dog at all, and if so, whence derived. I will
leave this question by quoting from B.S. Barton’s remarks in the “ Medical
and Physical Journal,” vol. 1, part 2, 1805, pp. 1 to 31, on “ Native Amer-

‘ican and Indian Dogs.”’ After stating (1) That the Indian dogs undoubtedly

existed. in Pa. before the Swedes first planted their colony there, and (2) that
they had pointed, upright (fide Kalm) ears like those of Sweden, Barton con-
cludes they must be a cross between the wolf and fox or wolf and some other
species of dog. He says (p. 14), “ This species [Indian dog] or breed is
still [1805] preserved in the greatest purity among the Six Nations, from
whom the Delawares acknowledge that they received it. The Delawares call
this dog Lenchum or Lenni-Chum which signifies ‘ the original beast.’ ”

Dr. Daniel G. Brinton in his “ Zenage and their Legends,” says the only
domesticated animal known to the New Jersey aborigines was a small species
of dog with pointed ears, which animal was called @//um. These were not

. MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 221

only used for protection ahd hunting, but likewise for food and especially for
cermonial purposes.

European Red Fox. Vudpes, vulpes (Linnzus).

For discussion of the status of the American red fox as affected by the
colonial importation of the European species into our limits, when there were
said to be no red foxes known in eastern Pa. and N. J., see article on Vulpes
fulvus under our native species previously considered.

InTRoDUCED NorTH AMERICAN SPECIES, PERMANENT AND FERAL
IN Pa. or N. J.

Franklin’s Spermophile; Gray Gopher or Ground Squirrel.
Citelleus franklini (Sabine).

1822. Arctomys frankfini Sabine, Transactions Linnean Society, vol. 13,
p. 587.

Type locality.—Vicinity of Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, Canada.

faunal distribution Upper austral, transition, Canadian and Hudsonian
zones of the Great Plains ; Illinois and Lake Winnipeg to Kansas and Alberta :
north to Great Slavej}Lake. Introduced in southern N. J.

Distribution in N, 7.—Southern Burlington and Ocean Counties; said at
one time to have spread from Tuckerton, their original breeding ground, to
Tabernacle, Red Lion and Chatsworth in Burlington Co. Now fortuitously
reported from parts of the same region, but less abundant than when first on
the increase as reported by Allen and Bishop in 1877.

Habits, history, etc—The accidental introduction and colonization of this
squirrel in a region wholly remote, and differing greatly in its faunal charac-
ters from the habitat of any member of its peculiar genus, is a remarkable
circumstance. It serves as a suggestive illustration of the complex problems
which involve the study of the geographic distribution of animals, especially
where migratory, cosmopolitan and meddlesome man -has entered promi-
nently into the local struggle for existence. The first publication of note
regarding this occurrence is found in Coues’ and Allen’s Monograph of the
N. American Rodentia, 1877, pp. 883, 884, as follows :

“This species also occurs in New Jersey, where it is rapidly increasing in
numbers. I learned of its introduction there through Mr. Samuel Jillson, who
first wrote me about it some three or four years since. Writing him recently
about it for further information respecting the date and manner of its intro-
duction, as well as for information respecting its present numbers and the
area of its range, he has kindly replied as follows, under date of ‘Tuckerton,
New Jersey, May 6, 1877’: ‘ The date of its introduction is May, 1867, when

222 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. .

a single pair was brought here by Mr. Sylvester Mathis from Illinois. This
pair soon gnawed out of their cage and escaped. This was in the village of
Tuckerton. They are now found in Manahawken, nine miles north of Tuck-
erton, and also four miles south of Tuckerton and very likely farther. They
are very common on all the farms about here, three miles from the village [of
Tuckerton]. They seem to always keep in the fields, as J have never seen
them in the woods. I find very little dirt at the mouth of their burrows,
sometimes none. From one to two buckets of water poured into their holes
will bring them out. We kill all we can on our farm. They destroy young
chickens and turkeys, and the dogs dig large holes in our fields trying to get
at the Gophers. I once found one in a salt hay stack in spring, dead, coiled
up in the smallest ball possible. I also found one dead in my barn well. I
think many of them winter in stacks and under outbuildings, for I never could
drown out any late in the fall, in the flat fields. They are never seen here in
winter, and no doubt are then dormant.’ ”

Dr. Allen mentions another article on this subject, published by N. H.
Bishop, in “ Forest and Stream,” Jan. 4, 1877, which covers the same ground
and conjectures “whether the changed conditions will ultimately modify
materially its habits and structure.” To determine this and discover its dis-
tribution and abundance, I made a trip to Tuckerton in 1893, visiting the
Messrs. Jillson and others in the surrounding country. This was during the
fall season and the animals were hibernating. I secured no specimens except
one mounted several years before by Mr. Jillson. Three or four burrows
known to have been inhabited were visited without securing any. It was the
general opinion that they were much diminished, though still present around
Tuckerton. I found the skull of one lying near some salt hay ricks on the-
edge of the salt marsh. Since that date I have frequently endeavored, by the
offer of 50 cents or even $1 each, to secure specimens without success. This
indicates their scarcity and the difficulty of catching them, which the natives
complain about.

Mr. G. H. Van Note, of Barnegat, wrote me, in 1899: “I think a few are
left.” Mr. T. P. Price, of Tuckerton, writes, under date of Dec., 1900: “I
have twice seen them within the past year and Joseph Webb (barber) told
me he saw one last ‘dove season.’” Mr. James A. G. Rehn, of Philadelphia,
tells me that in a recent zodlogical trip through the “ Plains” of south central
Burlington Co. he had conversation with a Mr. Wills, of Speedwell, regarding
animals of that region. Wills told him of a squirrel, evidently of this species,
which within a year or two had damaged cornfields near Eagle, 1 mile west
of Speedwell, undermining the hills of corn. He had in former years cap-
tured them in cornfields near Speedwell.—Rhoads, 1902.

Description of species—The color of typical Spermophilus frankiint is
stated by Allen to be yellowish-brown above, varied with black, the black

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 223

formed in small squarish spots ; eyelids white ; lower head, neck, thighs and
rump pure gray, whiter on belly. Tail grayish with blackish border tipped
with white; vertebre about 1% length of head and body; hairs long, giving
a bushy appearance as in a shortened red squirrel’s tail. Body fur harsh and
stiff. Ears small and short.*

Measurements.—Total length, 15 inches; tail vertebra 534 in.; hind foot,
2 in.

Canadian Beaver. Castor canadensis Kuhl.

The instances of wild beavers in Pa. and N. J., which are the existing de-
scendants of animals escaped from private parks and game preserves and
imported from other parts of the United States and Canada, are given in the
preceding article on this species.

Eastern Prairie Cottontail; Rabbit. Zepus floridanus mearnsi
(Allen).

It is probable, as implied by Miller and Bangs (see Proc. Boston Soc. N.
History, 1895, p. 410), that this species has entered its present habitat in the
mountainous parts of Pa. and N. York since the transformation of the faunal
conditions of those states by deforesting. If this be true, there is a probabil-
ity that this race was not found in Pa. in aboriginal times, unless there always
was a strip of normally open country on the southern shores of Lake Erie.
See previous remarks under this species.

? Western Timber Wolf. Canis mexicanus Linn. (subsp. ?)

It is a fair and open question whether the “ native wolves,” which are stated
to yet linger in the wilds of western Pa., even if eventually proved to exist
there, are not from stock escaped from shows or other forms of captivity or
purposely imported and released in the days of the scalp acts of 1885, etc.
On this account I have placed the species in this supplemental list.

List or Species OF DouBTFUL OCCURRENCE IN Pa. AND N. J.
Black Killer ; Square-Nosed Grampus. Psewdorca crassidens (Owen).

Being found on the coasts of Tasmania, Peru, Denmark and (?) Davis
Strait, this rare species is considered as “ pelagic” in its range. No record,

* Since the above writing, Mr. A. H. Jillson has sent me two fresh skins of this spermo-
phile, both adult females, stating, “ They were killed on Oct. 10, 1902, at Tuckerton, N. J.,
by a boy.”” His measurements of total length were 1434 in. and 16% in. Mr. Bangs com-
pared them with western skins for me and says they match exactly specimens from Minne-
sota and are paler than Dakota skins.

224 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

nearer to our limits than those above given has been made to my knowledge.
Owing to the infrequency of capture of these savage and inaccessible tyrants
of the sea, it is quite possible that the black killer has been frequently mis-
taken, while in its native element, for the common white-bellied species,
Oricinus arca. It is likely to be found off the N. J. coast, and may be known
by its peculiar square-nosed, lizard-like head. It is about the same size as
the common killer. The roots of the teeth are round and the dorsal fin
rather low and slender pointed.

Skunk Porpoise; Striped Dolphin. Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray).

It is possible that some of the dolphins which Godman so graphically de-
scribes as being observed by him in the “ waters” off Sandy Hook were of
this species. This is emphasized by his figure of D. dephis, whose color pat-
tern and shape of body and fins, without head, fit the skunk porpoise very
well. The head is that of the “ true dolphin,” however, and so is his descrip-
tion. The abundance of the dolphins observed by him off Sandy Hook and
the close resemblance between Z. acutus and D. delphis conjointly indicate a
state of affairs not now existing as to the distribution and abundance of these
species.

L. acutus has been taken off the southeastern coast of Massachusetts in
considerable numbers. It is, without reasonable doubt, at least a straggler
to the waters of northern N. J., as are some other marine species of similar
range and habits. The Lagenorhynchus is immediately known from De/phinus
by its very short, broad beak. In other respects it resembles the latter,
being a foot or two longer. The number of teeth in Z. acutus is 22 to 45, in

D. delphis 47 to 65.
Eastern Moose. <Adces americanus Jardine.

The fossil remains of moose have been found in Pa. caves (see under fossil
list). Certain statements of earliest travelers to America imply that the
moose was found on the west shores of Hudson River opposite New York
and in northeastern Pa. There is a Moosic in Lackawanna Co., a Moose-
head in Luzerne Co., and Chinklaca-moose, the Indian Village (now Clear-
field), in Clearfield Co. In Doughty’s Cabinet of Natural History, vol. 1,
p. 281, a Philadelphia correspondent says that the horns of moose were
found in a salt lick in the Alleghany mountains, Pa., near the New York state
line. These items are here noted in support of the theory that the moose in
late pre-Columbian times wandered into the Alleghany mountains of Pa.
from its more favored haunts in the lake regions of New York. Miller states
it “once ranged throughout the state’ of New York. If this can be verified
by history it would be an interesting fact, at once removing any improba-

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 225

bility of its range in parts of northern Pennsylvania quite as well suited to its
needs.

Western Fox Squirrel. Scuirus rufiventer E. Geoffroy.

The fox squirrel of the southwestern corner of Pa., once numerous, now
about extinct, probably was an intergrade, nearer typical rujiventer than
S. 2. neglectus, the coast form. It is much more rusty than eastern Pa. speci-
mens, if this conjecture prove correct.*

Canadian Flying Squirrel. Scutropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns.

This southern race of the large northern flying squirrel is found in the
Catskill mountains, and may eventually be taken in the colder forests of the
northern Pa. Alleghanies. It is distinguished from the common flying
squirrel of the south by its size, being 11 inches long, 2 inches longer than
volans. Its upper color is similar to vodans, but the under parts are not pure
white, as in that species, but a dirty white, with the hairs dark at base. I
am making strenuous efforts to secure this species in Sullivan Co. through
Mr. Otto Behr.

Golden Deer Mouse. Peromyscus nuttali (Harlan).

This beautiful and striking species, so easily identified by its uniform
golden or fulvous brown color, paler beneath, has been recorded from Penn-
sylvania by Prof. Baird in Mammals of N. America, p. 468. One of the
specimens was a skull from Carlisle. Owing to the similarity of the skull of
this species to that of /eucopus this record cannot be relied upon. Another
specimen, skin and skull, said by Coues to have the appearance of a /eucopus
skinned out of alcohol, was recorded by Baird from Falls of Schuylkill, Pa.
I am unwilling to admit P. nuvta/i to our fauna on this evidence. At the
same time the species may eventually be taken as a straggler in southern
York, Adams, Franklin or Lancaster Cos., as it ranges quite high in the
southern Alleghanies, as far as West Virginia or perhaps Maryland.

Virginia Harvest Mouse. Retthrodontomys leconti impiger Bangs.

The same remarks as to possible occurrence in Pa., just given under the
golden deer mouse, will almost equally apply to this tiny little dweller of the
fields and brush lands of the lower austral zone. It has been found in the

* Since this writing Mr. Todd has kindly sent me a specimen of Fox squirrel taken near
Industry, Beaver Co., which, in comparison with eastern Pa. skins, does not indicate any
approach to the western race; in fact it is lighter than one Adams Co, specimen, It isa
female, and was collected Oct. 16, 1902. Its measurements are 555-257—70.

226 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

vicinity of Washington, D.C. Being more of a lowland dweller, it may only
be sought for in the lower Susquehanna valley. The Delaware Bay and Val-
ley form a natural barrier to its dispersion in southern N. J., whose faunal
conditions would be more favorable to its peculiar meeds than anywhere in

Pa.

Batchelder’s Shrew. Sorex macrurus Batchelder.

Hoy’s Shrew. Sorex hoyi Baird.

Lesueur’s Shrew. Sorex personatus lesueuri (Duvernoy).
Fisher’s Shrew. Sorex longirostris fishert (Merriam). -

Of these, macrurus and hoy may be looked for in north Pa., /esveuri in
west Pa., and fisher? in southern N.J. They can only be distinguished by
critical and expert examination of the teeth. Hoy’s shrew, however, is strik-
ingly grayer than any other in Pa., and Batchelder’s has a very long, ¢hzck tail
as compared with the rest. They are all as small as or smaller than Zersonatus,
a description of which has been already given.

Big-eared Bat. Corynorhinus macrotis (Leconte).

The only allusions to the occurrence of this southern bat in our limits are as
follows: “I am informed by Prof. Baird that specimens of a Syzous, proba-
bly of this species, were received some years ago by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion from Meadville, Pa., but that they have become in some way misplaced
and are not now to be found.’’—H. Allen, Monog. Bats, N. Amer., 1864,
p. 64.

“On the authority of Prof. Baird it has been obtained at Meadville, in
northwestern Pennsylvania. At my request, Prof. J. H. Montgomery, of Alle-
ghany: College, Meadville, recently collected a number of bats trom this
neighborhood, but has not succeeded in procuring Corynorhinus.’—H.
Allen, Monog. Bats N. Amer., 1893, p. 57.

While it is not impossible that a flying animal, normally found as far north
as the Carolinas, might be driven by storm so far from its habitat, this record
is open to doubt. Much less does it indicate the probability of its recur-
rence in our southern limits.

FOSSIL MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Order CHIROPTERA; Bats.
Family VESPERTILIONIDE ; Typical Bats.
Myotis subulatus (Say). Say’s Bat.

1889. V.[espertiiio] subulatus Leidy, Ann Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 5.
Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
These may prove to have been MV. /ucifugus Le C. See list of recent bats.

Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois). Greater Brown Bat.

1889. Vespertilio fuscus Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 5.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
See also

1871.? Vespertilio Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 95.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Numerous slender
bones. See list of recent bats for references.

Order INSECTIVORA; Insect-eaters.
Family Soricwwz ; Shrews.
Blarina simplicidens Cope. Fossil Mole Shrew.

1899. Blarina simplicidens Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), xi,
pt. 2, p. 219.

Type locality—Port Kennedy—l. c. Type No. 150, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Left mandibular
ramus.

Family TaLrip&; Moles.
Scalops aquaticus (Linnzus). Eastern Mole.

1889. Scalops aquaticus Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 5.
Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.

See also
(227)

228 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

1871. Scalops sp. Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 94.
Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna.

Humerus. See
list of recent moles for references.

Order FER@; Carnivores or Flesh Eaters.

Family Ursip&. ‘Bears.

Ursus americanus Pallas. American Black Bear.

1889. Ursus americanus Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv. (1887), p. 18.

Pleistocene. Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Penna.

1899. Ursus americanus Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 226. Port
Kennedy, Montg. Co., Penna. Remains of 8 individuals.

See previous list
of recent bears for references.

Ursus haplodon Cope. Appalachian Cave Bear.

1871. Arctodus pristinus Cope (not Leidy), Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
xii, p. 96.
1895. Arctotherium pristinum Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 447.
1896. Ursus haplodon Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 383.
Type locahty—Port Kennedy—l. c. Type No. 85, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Remains abundant.

Family Procyonip# ; Racoons, etc.

Procyon lotor (Linnzus). Eastern Racoon.

1889. Procyon lotor Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penna. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp. 5-18.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Penna.

Skulls and numerous
other bones.

See list (anéea), for recent Racoon references.

Family Canip& ; Dogs, Foxes, etc.
Canis priscolatrans Cope. Fossil Coyote.

1899. Canis priscolatrans Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), vol.
xi, pt. 2, p. 227, pl. xviii, figs. 3 and 3 g.
Type locakity—Port Kennedy—l. c. Type No. 57, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Various remains.

Canis mexicanus nubilus (Say). Appalachian Timber Wolf.

1889. Canis dupus Leidy, Ann. Rep., Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 5.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 2290

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
Fragments of mandible, teeth, etc. See list (améea), for recent wolf refer-
ences.

Vulpes latidentatus Cope. Fossil Red Fox.

1899. Vulpes latidentatus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), vol. xi,
pt. 2, p. 228, pl. xviii, figs. 4 and 4 a.

Type locality—Port Kennedy—l. c. Type No. 60, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. One upper molar.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Miiller). Gray Fox.

1889. Vulpes virginianus Leidy, Ann. Rep., Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp.
5 and 18.

1809. Vulpes cinereoargentatus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2),
vol. xi, pt. 2, p. 228.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Hartman’s Cave,
near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna. Durham Cave, near Riegelsville,
Bucks Co., Penna. Five mandibular rami and two lower molars. See list
(antea), for recent fox references.

Family Mustetip#; Weasels, Skunks, Otters, etc.

Mustela diluviana Cope. Fossil American Marten.

1899. Mustela diluviana Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), vol. xi,
pt. 2, p. 229, pl. xviii, figs. 5 and 5 a.

Type locality —Port Kennedy—l. c. Type No. 65, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Three rami and
one left inferior sectorial tooth.

Putorius noveboracensis Emmons. New York Weasel.

1889. Putorius noveboracensis Leidy, Ann. Rep., Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887,
Pp: 5.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
See list (anéea), of recent weasels for references.

Gulo luscus (Linneus). Wolverene.

1899. Gulo luscus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), vol. xi, pt. 2,
p. 229.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Five rami and
one left, superior, sectorial tooth. See list (azéea) of recent wolverene for
references.

230 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.
Mephitis mephitica putida (Boitard). Northeastern Skunk.

1875. Mephitis frontata Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., p. 7.

1889. Mephitis mephitica Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp.
5 and 18.

Pleistocene. Cave, near Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Penna. Hartman’s
Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna. Durham Cave, near Riegels-
ville, Bucks Co., Penna. See list (anéea) for recent skunk references.

Mephitis fossidens Cope. Pitted-tooth Fossil Skunk.

1896. Mephitis fossidens Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 386.

Type locality.—Port Kennedy—l. c. Type, No. 69, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Jaws of a number
of individuals.

Mephitis orthostichus Cope. Intermediate Fossil Skunk.

1896. Mephitis orthostichus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 389.

Type locality—Port Kennedy—l.c. Type, No. 171, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Rami and teeth
of several individuals. :

Mephitis leptops Cope. Slender-jawed Fossil Skunk.

1899. Alephitis leptops Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), xi, pt. ii,
Pp. 235, pl. xviii, figs. 9 and g a.

Type locality. Port Kennedy—l.c. Type No. 75, Mus. A.N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Two mandibular
rami.

Mephitis obtusatus Cope. Pigmy Fossil Skunk.

1899. Mephitis obtusatus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), vol. xi,
pt. ii, p. 236.

Type locality-—Port Kennedy-—l.c. Type lost or mislaid by Prof. Cope.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co. Penna. Right mandibular
ramus.

1896. Genus Osmotherium Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 385.

Osmotherium speleum Cope. Osmotherian Skunk.

1896. Osmotherium spelaum Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 385.

Type locality.—Port Kennedy—l.c. Type No. 67, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montg. Co., Penna. Left mandibular ramus
with teeth.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 231
1896. Genus Peélycictis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 390.

Pelycictis lobulatus Cope. Great Fossil Weasel.

1896. Pelycictis lobulatus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 390.

Lype locality—Port Kennedy—l.c. Type No. 66, Mus. A.N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Left mandibular
ramus,

Lutra rhoadsii Cope. American Fossil Otter.

1896. Lutra rhoadsti Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 391.

Lipe locality—Port Kennedy—l.c. Type No. 61, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Portions of right
and left mandibular rami with teeth.

1838. Genus Zaxidea Waterhouse, Proceed. Zodlogical Society, London,
Pp. 154.

Taxidea taxus (Schreber). American Badger.

1778. Ursus taxus Schreber, Saugthiere, vol. 3, p. 520, pl. 142 B. -

1894. Zaxidea taxus Rhoads, Amer. Nat., June, p. 254.

1899. Zaxtdea americana Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci., Phila. (2), vol. xi,
pt. ii, p. 239.

Type locality —“ Labrador and around Hudson Bay.”

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Maxillary, pre-
maxillary bones and left mandibular ramus. This existing species was never
found recent east of Lake Michigan.

Family Ferip#: Cats.

1833. Genus Machairodus Kaup, Descr. d’Ossements Foss. Mam. Mus.
Darmst., pt. 2, p. 24.

Machairodus gracilis (Cope*). North American Sabre-tooth Tiger.

1880. Smilodon gracilis Cope, Amer. Naturalist, p. 857.

1899. Macherodus gracilis Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), xi,
ft. ii, p. 240, pl. xx, fig. 1. .

Type locality—Port Kennedy—l. c. Type in Cope Colln. (? Amer. Mus.
N. Hist., N. Y.)

* Prof. Cope’s study of this species and merceri inclined him to the opinion that one or
both would ultimately fall under Machairodus (see page 247 of Journal A. N.S.). He had
these names greatly confused in his MSS. corrections.

232 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Various whole
bones, cranial fragments and dentition of 4 individuals.

Machairodus merceri (Cope). Mercer’s Sabre-tooth Tiger.

1895. Uncia mercerit Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 448.

1899. Smilodon mercerit Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), xi, pt. ii,
p. 245, pl. xx, figs. 2 and 2c.

Type locahty—Port Kennedy—l.c. Type No. 50, Mus. A.N. 5.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery County, Penna. Premolar
teeth and two mandibular rami.

Felis inexpectatus (Cope). Fossil Puma.

1895. Crocuta inexpectara Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 148.

1899. Uncia inexpectata Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), xi, pt. ii,
Pp. 247, pl. xxi, figs. 1-1 f.

Type locality —Port Kennedy, |. c. Type, No. 52, Mus, A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Pa. Various bones and
teeth.

Felis eyra Fischer. Eyra Cat.

1814. Felis eyra Fischer. Zodgnosia, vol. 3, p. 228.

1895. Felis eyra Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 449.

Type locahty—Paraguay.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Left mandibular
ramus and calcaneum. This existing species is not found north of Texas.

Lynx canadensis Kerr. Canada Lynx.

1889. Fels canadensis Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 5.
Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
Five mandibular rami, etc. See (amea) list of recent cats, for references.

Lynx calcaratus Cope. Fossil American Wild Cat.

1895. Lynx rufus Cope (not Gueldenstadt), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
Pp. 448.

1899. Lynx calcaratus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), xi, Pt ii,
/p. 250, pl. xxi, figs. 2-2 a.

Type locality.--Port Kennedy, l.c. Type No. 56, Mus. A. N.S,

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Remains of a
number of jaws and teeth. This species is nearly identical in size and gen-
eral characters with the existing wild cat.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 233

Order PINNIPEDIA; Seals and Walrus.

Family RosmMarip& ; Walruses.

1777. Genus Rosmarus Scopoli, Introduc. Hist. Nature, p. 490.

Rosmarus virginianus (De Kay). Fossil Atlantic Walrus.

1842. Trichechus virginianus De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. York, vol. 1, p. 55, pl.
19, fig. 1, a, b.

1898. Rosmarus virginianus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 201.

LDype locatity—Accomac Co., Virginia. Type destroyed by fire. Dr. Leidy
describes two specimens taken on the coast of New Jersey in the Transactions
of the Amer. Philosophical Society, vol. 11 (N.S.), pp. 83-86, pls. 4 and 5.
One of these is in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, the other,
taken at Long Branch, is in the N. Jersey State Museum in Trenton. A por-
tion of a mandible was found in southern Chester Co. in 1900, probably found
by fishermen in the Chesapeake Bay.—Rhoads, 1902.

Family Puocipé ; Seals.

1875. Genus Ogmorhinus Peters, Montsab. K. P. Akad. Wissensch.,
Berlin, p. 393.

Ogmorhinus vetus (Leidy). Fossil Sea Leopard.

1854. Stenorhynchus vetus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. 6, p.
377; Cope, Geol. New Jersey, p. 740.

Lype locality—Near Burlington, N. Jersey. Type lost.

Miocene. Near Burlington, Burlington Co., New Jersey ; Shiloh, Cumber-
land Co., New Jersey.

Order TILLODONTIA; Gliriform Ungulates.
Family TILLOTHERIDA.

1868. Genus Anchippodus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 232.

Anchippodus riparius Leidy, Bank Anchippode.

1868. Anchippodus riparius Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 232.
Type locakty.—Shark River, N. J.
Eocene. Shark River, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Tooth.

234 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.
Order UNGULATA; Hoofed Mammals.
Family ELePpHANTID#& ; Elephants.
1799. Genus Mammut* Blumenbach, Naturgesch., p. 698.
Mammut americanus (Kerr). Ohioan Mastodon. é

1792. Elephas americanus Kerr, Animal Kingdom, vol. 1, p, 116.

1798. Elephas americanus Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat., p. 149. ;

1799. Mammut ohioticum Blumenbach, Naturgesch., p. 698.

1868. Zrilophodon ohioticus Cope, Geol. New Jersey, p. 740.

1871. Mastodon americanus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 12, p. 95
(e¢ auct.).

Type locakty—Big bone lick, Kentucky.

Pleistocene. The. most important records of the Mastodon in Pennsyl-
vania and New Jersey are as follows:

Pennsylvania :

Bedford Co.—Bedford (Spgs?). See Mitchell’s Appx. to Cuv. Theo. of
Earth, 1818, p. 363. .

Chester Co.—Michener records a tooth from White Clay Creek, near
Avondale, deposited in the West Chester Academy of Science.

Franklin Co.—Near Chambersburg, a tooth. (See Phila. Med. and Phys.
Jour., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 157.)

Luzerne Co.—Pittston, remains found in association with those of Bison,
Equus, etc. (See Leidy, Cont. Ext. Vert. Fauna Washn. Terr., 1873, p.

255.)

Montgomery Co.—Port Kennedy, abundant bones and teeth. (See Cope,
sup. Cit.)

? Co.—Dr. B. 8. Barton, in Med. and Phys. Journal (1806), records

a large tusk of a mastodon (?) found in the Chemung River, one of the
branches of the Susquehanna.
New Jersey :

Bergen Co.—Corona (jide W.S. Valiant, Curator of Rutgers’ College Mu-
seum).

Burlington Co.—(1) Near Pemberton, an almost complete skull, with
ribs, leg bones, etc., of a single individual, was exposed in the bed of a small
stream in 1877, and excavated by J. Coleman Saltar and Emlen McConnell.
The skull is in the museum of the Acad. Nat. Sci. (See Heilprin, Proc. A.
N. Sci. 1887, p. 414.) (2) Another skull is recorded from Pemberton. It

* Cuvier’s name, Mastodon, must give place to this, the aboriginal designation. Blumen-
bach’s “ fig. 19,” in his Abbildungen, fixes its identity,

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 235

was taken in a swamp, and long used as a door-step by a person ignorant of
its character.

Essex Co.—Verona, a perfect tooth. (Cope, in Geol. N. J. 1868, pp. 740,
741.)

Gloucester Co.—Harrisonville, Mullica Hill and Woodbury. The first 2
localities were given me by Mr. Valiant. I record the Woodbury specimen
on the authority of Dr. J. C. Currie, of that city, who states it was obtained
on Mantua Creek, and is in his yard.

Mercer Co.—Near Trenton, a specimen of tusk, said to be found associ-
ated with stone implements in the Trenton gravels in 1878, 12 ft. below the
surface, is in the Rutgers’ College Museum.

Monmouth Co.—(1) Englishtown, in marl (fide Mr. Valiant). (2) Free-
hold, bones found by O. R. Wills (Cope, l.c.). (3) Hartshorne’s Mills (a
milk tooth) (Cope, I. c.), (4) Long Branch, skeleton standing in a marsh.
(See Geol. Surv. N. York 18?, p. 4.). (5) Marlboro, mandibular ramus of
young one with milk dentition. In Rutgers College Museum. (6) Poplar,
in 1824, skeleton. (See Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 11, p. 246; also Godman’s N.
Hist., 1826, p. 249.)

Morris Co.—(1) Boonton (fide Mr. Valiant). (2) Morris Canal, near
Schooley’s Mt., in 1827. (See Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 14, p. 188.) A very
large and perfect skeleton.

Salem Co.—Mannington. Probably the finest specimen of this animal now
preserved in this or any other country is in the museum of Rutgers College,
New Brunswick, N. Jersey. It was recently mounted by Ward, of Rochester:

. Very few bones were missing, these being almost exclusively tail vertebra.
Its great size and the extraordinary preservation and development of the
tusks, forming a double or spiral curvature upward and outward to the length
of 9 feet, render it a most unique and valuable specimen. It was excavated
from a bed of gray (“recent or tertiary”) marl on the “ Chestnut Hill” farm,
then owned by J. R. Hackett, and was embedded 6 or 8 feet below the sur-
face. The extreme standing length from the ends of the tusks to the poste-
rior border of the pelvis is 22 feet. To this should be added an additional
length of 5 feet of tail vertebra. The total length of the tail vertebre, as
restored by Ward, is 6% feet. Height at shoulder 9 feet 8% inches.
Length of skull 3 feet 8 inches ; its width 2 feet 10 inches.

These facts were furnished by the obliging curator, Mr. Valiant, and veri-
fied by me during a recent visit to the Museum.—Rhoads.

Sussex Co.—Near Greenville, bones dug up about 1853 (Cope I. c.).

Warren Co—(1) Near Hope, skeleton, sent to N. York (Cope I. c.).
(2) Near Vienna (tooth), on farm of J. Hance (Cope l.c.). (3) Between
Vienna and Hackettstown ; six skeletons in marshy bog on the farm of Wm.
Ayers, under 6 feet of mud. (See Lyell’s Elements of Zodlogy.)

236 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.
1758. Genus Zephas Linneus, Systema Nature, p. 33.

Elephas columbi Falconer. American Fossil Elephant.

1857. Elephas columbi Falconer. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 13 ;
table facing p. 319.

1868. Llephas primigenius Cope. Geol. N. Jersey, p. 740.

Type locality—Mexico and the southern United States.

Pleistocene. Cope (sup. cit.) records teeth of this animal from the
“Gravel Drift” in N. Jersey. J have examined a molar in the Rutgers
College Museum, taken near Plainfield, Union Co., N. J. Prof. S. Mitchell,
in his Appx. to Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth, N. York ed., 1818, p. 384, de-
scribes and figures a tooth taken near Shrewsbury, Monmouth Co., N. J.

Remains of the true fossil elephant in the eastern U. States are very rare
as compared with those of the mastodon. Michener in his list of the mam-
mals of Chester Co., Pa., records a tooth from Hockesson Valley.

Family RuinocerotTiw#& ; Rhinoceroses.
1832. Genus Aceratherium Kaup, Isis, p. ?.

Aceratherium matutinum (Marsh). Appalachian Rhinoceros.

1870. Rhinoceros matutinum Marsh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 3

(nomen nudum),
1894. Rhinoceros matutinus Marsh. Amer. Journ. Sci. xlvi, p. 411.
1898. [Aceratherium] matutinus Trouessart. Catalogus Mammalium,

p- 748.
Type locatity-—Squankum, N. J. Type in Yale Univ. Museum.
Miocene. Squankum, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Molar.

Family Tapirm# ; Tapirs.
1877. Genus Zapiravus Marsh. Amer. Jour. Science, p. 252.

Tapiravus validus (Marsh). Marsh’s Fossil Tapir.

1871. Lophiodon validus Marsh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 9.
1877. T. [apiravus] validus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xiv, p. 252.
Type locatity—Cumberland Co., N. J. Type in Yale Univ. Mus. ?
Miocene. Cumberland Co., New Jersey. Molar.

1798. Genus Zapirus Cuvier, Tableau Element. Del. Hist. Nat., p. 152.
Tapirus haysii Leidy. Hays’s Fossil Tapir.

1850. Tapirus Americanus fossilis Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. iv,
p. 180.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 237

1854. Zapirus Haysit Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. vi, p. 106
(nomen nudum).

1860. Zapirus haysit Leidy, in Holmes’ Post-Pliocene Fossils of S. Carol.,
p. 107, pl. xvii, figs. 1-12.

1871. Zapirus haysit Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 95.

Lype locality—Big Bone Lick, Kentucky.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Remains very
abundant.

Family Equip# ; Horses.

1758. Genus Zguus Linnzeus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 73.
Equus complicatus Leidy. Complicate Fossil Horse.

1858. Equus complicatus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. rz.

1860. Equus fraternus Leidy, in Holmes’ Postpliocene Fossils of S. Carol.,
p. 100, pl. xv, figs. 6, 8, 16, 17, 18; pl. xvi, figs. 23, 27-29; Cope, Geol.,
New Jersey, p. 741; Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., (2), xi, pt. 2, p.
255, 1899.

Type locality—Near Natchez, Mississippi.

Pleistocene? Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Various bones and
teeth, ‘“ Terrace deposits.” Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J. Pea shore
clay bed in the Delaware, Camden Co., New Jersey.

1842? Equus major DeKay, Zodlogy of New York, Mammalia, p. 108;
(nomen nudum) ; Leidy, Contr. Ext. Vert. Fauna, p. 244, 1873. ‘Near the
Navesink Hills in New Jersey” (Monmouth Co.). (Also see teeth from Hart-
man’s Cave, Monroe Co., Pa.) “ Pittstown (Pittston) on the banks of the
Susquehanna River, Luzerne Co., Penna.” (with mastodon). “ North branch
of the Susquehanna.” (Possibly a duplication of the preceding one.)

Equus pectinatus (Cope). Pectinate Fossil Horse.

1899. Equus fraternus pectinatus Cope, Journ. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., vol,
II, p. 255 or 6.
1901. Lguus pectinatus Gidley, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist., N. York, vol

14, Pp. 133.
Type locality —Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania.
Pleistocene—Magolonyx beds. Nine superior molars and premolars,
Family Suip# ; Pigs.
1894. Genus Ammodon Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 46, p. 409.
Ammodon leidyanum Marsh. Leidy’s Fossil Pig.

1870. Elotherium leidyanum Marsh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 3
(Nomen nudum.)

238 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

1894. Ammodon Leidyanum Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xlvi, p. 409, pl.
ix, figs. 2 and 3.

Type locality—Squankum, |. c. Type in Yale Univ. Mus.?

Miocene. Squankum, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Premolar.

Family Tavassuip& ; Peccaries.
1889. Genus AZ~lohyus Cope, American Naturalist, p. 134.

Mylohyus tetragonus Cope. Cope’s Fossil Peccary.

1899. Mylohyus tetrargonus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., (2), xi,
pt. ii, p. 260, pl. xxi, Figs. 3 and 3 b.

Type locality —Port Kennedy, l.c. Type No. 108, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Imperfect ramus
with 6 teeth,

Mylohyus pennsylvanicus (Leidy). Pennsylvania Fossil Peccary.

1889. Dicotyles pennsylvanicus Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Sury., 1887,
p. 8, pl. ii, figs. 3-6.

1893. Mylohyus pennsyluanicus Cope, Publica. Univ. of Penna., vol. 6, p.
171. .

Tee: Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., (2), vol. xi, pt. ii, p. 262.

Type loca&ty—Hartman’s Cave, 1.c. Type in Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
Durham Cave, near Reigelsville, Bucks Co., Penna. Irwin’s Cave, Port
Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Jaws and teeth.

Mylohyus nasutus (Leidy). Long-Snouted Fossil Peccary.

1869. Dicotyles nasutus Leidy. Extinct Mammals Dak. and Neb., p. 385,
pl. xxviii, figs. 1 and 2.

1899. Mylohyus nasutus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), xi, pt. ii,
p. 263.

Type locality.—Gibson Co., Indiana.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Superior Canine.

Eocene. Shark River, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Molar.

Miocene. Squankum, Monmouth Co., New Jersey.

1875. Genus Zhinohyus Marsh, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. ix, p. 248.

Thinohyus antiquus (Marsh). Marsh’s Fossil Peccary.

1870. Dicotyles antiquus Marsh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 11.
(nomen nudum.)

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 239

1894. Percherus (Dicotyles) antiquus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xlvi,
p. 411, pl. x, fig. 1.

1894. Thinohyus (Dicotyles) antiqguus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol.
xlviii, p. 2712.

Type locality —Shark River—1. c. Type in Mus. Yale Univ.
Miocene. Shark River, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Molar.

1848. Genus /Vatigonus Le Conte, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. V, p. 103.
Platigonus vetus Leidy. Leidy’s Platygone Peccary.

1883. Platygonus vetus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 301.
Type locahity—Mifflin Co., Penna. Type in Mus. A. N. S.
Limestone Quarry, Mifflin Co., Penna. Fragments of jaws with teeth.

Family Bovip#; Oxen and Bisons.

Bison bison (Linnzus). American Bison.

1873. Bison latifrons Leidy, Cont. Ext. V. Fauna, Wash. Ter., p. 255,
pl. xxviii.

1889. B[ison] americanus Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 5.

Pleistocene? Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.,
jaw fragment with last molar. Pittston, Luzerne Co., second upper and first

and third lower molars (recent?). Specimens in Mus. A. N. Sci., Phila.
See list (a¢ea) for recent bison references.

Bison, sp. (Cope.)
1871. Bos Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 96.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Various bones.

1816. Genus Ovibos Blainville ; Bulletin Soc. Philomatique, p. 76.

Ovibos (Bootherium) appalachicolus (Rhoads). Appalachian Musk Ox.

1895. Bison appalachicolus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 248.

1897. Ovibos (Bobtherium ?) appalachicolus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Phila., p. 492.

Type locality —Durham Cave—l. c. Type No. 29, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Penna. Horn
core.

Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann). Musk Ox.

1780. Bos moschatus Zimmermann, Geographisch. Geschichte, vol. ii, p. 86.
1822. Ovibos moschatus Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 492.

240 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Type focality—Churchill River, Keewatin, Canada. Prof. F. W. Putnam
writes as follows regarding a specimen of this animal which I was informed
by Dr. C. C. Abbott had been found near Trenton, N. J. “We have in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, a fragment of the scapula
of a musk ox found on March 13, 1899, while digging sand underlying the
Trenton gravel at the place known as the sand pit on Hancock Street. The
specimen was found ten feet below the present surface.”

Family Cervip# ; Deer.
1899. Genus Zeleopternus Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 263.

Teleopternus orientalis Cope. Cope’s Cameloid Deer.

1899. Zeleopiernus orientalis Cope. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., (2),
vol. xi, pt. ii, p. 264, pl. xxi, figs. 4 and qa.

Type locality —Port Kennedy, 1l.c. Type No. 39, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Molar teeth of
three individuals.

1835. Genus Aes Jardine, Naturalist’s Library, 21, p. 125.

Alces americanus Jardine. East American Moose.

1835. Alces americanus Jardine, Naturalist’s Library, vol. 21, p. 125.

1889. Alce americanus Leidy, Ann. Rep., Penn. Geol. Survey, p. 19.

Type locahity—Eastern Canada. ;

Pleistocene. Durham Cave, near Reigelsville, Bucks Co., Penna. In
Doughty’s Cab. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 281, a Phila. correspondent says horns
of moose were found in a salt lick in the Allegheny Mountains, Pa., near the
New York State line.

1885. Genus Cervalces Scott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 184.

Cervalces scotti (Lydekker), Scott’s Fossil Moose.

1825. Cervus americanus Harlan (not of Erxleben). Fauna americana,
P- 245-

1885. Cervalces americanus Scott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 184.

1898. Alces scott? Lydekker, Deer of all Lands, p. 60.

Type locality—Mt. Hermon,|.c. Type mounted in Mus. Princeton Univ.,
N. J.

Pleistocene. Shell marl beneath a bog. Mt. Hermon, Warren Co., New
Jersey. Skeleton.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 241

827. Genus Rangifer Ham. Smith, Griffith's Cuv. Animal Kingdom, vol. 5,
P- 304.
Rangifer caribou (Gmelin). Woodland Caribou.
1788. [Cervus tarandus], var. C., caribou Gmelin, Linn. Sys. Nature, p.
177-
1889. Rangifer caribou Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 5.
Lype locality—Eastern Canada. “ New France” of Charlevoix.
Pleistocene. Hartman's Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
Jaw fragments and teeth.

Rangifer groeenlandicus (Gmelin). Barren Ground Caribou.

1788. [Cervus tarandus] var.B, grenlandicus Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nature,
Pp. 177.

1868. Rangifer grenlandicus Cope, Geol. New Jersey, p. 740.

1869. Cervus tarandus Leidy, Ext.Mamm., N. America, p. 377.

Type locaity.—Greenland.

Drift Period. Gravel, New Jersey. An antler from Trenton, N. J., in
Peabody Museum, Mass., fde Putnam, 1901. Vincentown, Burlington Co.,
New Jersey.

Cervus canadensis Erxleben. Wapiti; American Elk.

1868. Cervus canadensis Cope, Geol. New Jersey, p. 742; Leidy, Ext.
Mamm., N. Amer., p. 377, 1869.

1889. Cervus canadensis Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp. 6

and 19.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna. ;
Durham Cave, Bucks Co., Penn. Fragments of bones and teeth. Gravel
Drifts, New Jersey. Deal, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Portions of antlers.
See list (azfea) for recent wapiti references.

Odocoileus americanus (Erxleben). Virginia Deer.

1868. Cariacus virginianus Cope, Geol., New Jersey, p. 742.

1869. Cervus virginianus Leidy, Ext. Mamm. N. Amer., p. 376; also
1889, Annual Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp. 6 and 19.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna. Dur-
ham Cave, near Reigelsville, Bucks Co., Penna. Numerous bones and teeth. .
Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Penna. ‘Marl pits and superficial drift,’ New
Jersey. Burlington and Monmouth counties, New Jersey. See list (ansea)
for recent deer references.

Odocoileus Sp. (Cope).
1899. Cariacus sp., Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., (2), vol. xi, pt. ii,
p- 266.

242 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Various bones and
portions of the same, considered by Prof. Cope to be referable probably to the
Virginia deer, O. americanus (supra).

Odocoileus levicornis (Cope). Slender Horned Fossil Deer.

1896. Cariacus levicornis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 393.

Type locality —Port Kennedy, 1. c., Type No. 41, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Right superior
molars, various bones and portions of base of antlers.

Order GLIRES: Rodents or Gnawers.
Family ERETHIZONTID£ ; Non-prehensile Porcupines.

Erethizon dorsatus (Linneus). Appalachian Porcupine.

1871. Evrethizon cloacinum Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 93.

1889. Erethizon dorsatus Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp.
5 and 18.

1899. Lrethizon ? dorsatum Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., (2), vol.
xi, pt. ii, p. 198.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Several molars.
Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna. Durham Cave, near
Reigelsville, Bucks Co., Penna. Parts of skulls and numerous bones and
teeth. See list (azzea) for references to recent porcupines.

Family Scturip# ; Squirrels.

Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin. Carolina Gray Squirrel.

1889. Sciurus carolinensis Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp.
5 and 18.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.,
and Durham Cave, near Reigelsville, Bucks Co., Penna. Bones and teeth.
See list (anéea) for references to recent squirrels.

Sciurus calycinus Cope. Cope’s Fossil Chickaree.

1871. Sciurus calycinus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 86.
ype locality—Port Kennedy, 1. c. Type probably in Amer. Mus., N.
Hist. of N. York.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Two imperfect
rami with molars.

Tamias striatus (Linneus). Eastern Chipmunk.
1889. Zamias striatus Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 6.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 243

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna. Ten
mandibular rami, etc. See list (@#/ea) for references to recent chipmunk.

Arctomys monax (Linnxus). Maryland Marmot, Woodchuck.

1889. Arctomys monax Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp. 5
and 18.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., and Dur-
ham Cave, near Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Penna. Skulls and various bones.
See list (anzea) for references to recent marmot.

Family Casrorip& ; Beavers.

Castor canadensis Kuhl. American Beaver.

1889. Castor fiber Leidy (not of Linn.), Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv, 1887,
pp. 5 and 18 ; Cope (not of Linn.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 378, 1896.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Left mandibular
Tamus and three superior molars. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Mon-
roe Co., and Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Penna. Various
bones. “Portions of skull and jaws with teeth found together with remains
of the Mastodon in marshes in New Jersey.” (Leidy in Holmes’ Post Plei-
ocene Fossils of S. Carol., p. 112.) See list (au¢ea) for references to recent
beaver.

Family Murip#; Mice, Rats, etc.

Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque). Rafinesque’s Deer Mouse.

1880. Hesperomys leucopus Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 6.
Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna. One
mandibular ramus, etc.

Peromyscus sp.— (Cope).

1871. Hesperomys sp., Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 87.

1897 (Peromyscus). Pub. Univ. of Penna., vol. 6, p. 170. (Mercer).

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., ‘Penna. Durham Cave,
Bucks Co., Penna. Rami with teeth; various bones. See list (aéea) of
recent Peromyscus.

Neotoma magister Baird. Allegheny Cave Rat.

1857. Weotoma magister Baird. Mamm. N. Amer., p. 498.

1889. Meotoma floridana Leidy (not Say and Ord), Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol.
Surv., 1887, pp. 6 and 19.

“Bone caves of Pennsylvania’ (near Carlisle). Baird.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.

244 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Numerous bones. Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Penna. See
list (antea) of recent Veotoma.

1881. Genus Anapiogonia Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., p. 91.

Anaptogonia hiatidens (Cope). Great Anaptogon Vole.

1871. Arvicola hiatidens Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 91.

1896. Anaptogonia hiatidens Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 379.

Type locahty—Port Kennedy, 1.c. Type in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N.
York. ?

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Lower molars.
This vole is twice the size of the meadow mouse.

1899. Genus Sycium Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. xi, pt. 2, p. 203.

Sycium cloacinum (Cope). Cope’s Sycium Vole.

1896. Anaptogonia cloacina Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 380.

1899. Sycium cloacinum Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (2), vol. xi,
pt. ii, p. 203.

Type locatity—Port Kennedy, l.c. Type No. 147, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery County, Penna. Molars (4) of
2 individuals. Size about the same as 4. hiatidens, supra.

Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord). Wilson’s Meadow Vole.

1889. Arvicola riparius Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 6.
Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
Two mandibular rami, etc. See list (azéea) for reference to recent Microtus.

Microtus diluvianus Cope. Great Diluvian Vole.

1896. Microtus diluvianus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 381.

Type locahty—Port Kennedy, l.c. Type No. 144, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Molars. This vole
is apparently larger than any existing Mcrotus.

Microtus speothen (Cope). Isodeltan Fossil Vole.

1871. Arvicola speothen Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 87,
fig. 13.

1871. Arvicola tetradelta Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 88,
fig. 14.

1896. Microtus speothen Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 383.

Lype locality—Port Kennedy, l.c. Type in Amer. Mus. N. Hist., N. Y.?

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Left mandibular
ramus. ’

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 245

Microtus dideltus (Cope). Fossil Pine Vole.

1871. Arvicola didelta Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 89,
fig. 15.

1871. Arvicola sigmodus Cope; Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 90,
fig. 17.

1899. Microtus dideltus Cope, Journ. Acad. Wat. Sci., Phila. (2), vol. xi,
pt. ii, p. 207.

Type locality—Port Kennedy, |. c. Type in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.?

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Mandibular rami
and superior dentition. This vole is so closely related to the existing J/.
pinetorum as to suggest their identity.

Microtus involutus (Cope). Involute Fossil Vole.
1871. Arvicola involuta Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 89, fig. 16.
1896. M.[tcrotus | involutus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 382.

. Lype locakity—Port Kennedy, l.c. Type in Amer. Mus. N. Hist., N. York. ?

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery County, Penn. Mandibular
ramus with full series of teeth.

Fiber zibethicus (Linneus). Eastern Muskrat.

1869. Fiber zibethicus Leidy, Extinct Mamm. N. Amer, p. 406 ; Ann. Rep.
Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp. 5 and 19, 1889.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
Various bories and teeth. Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Penna.
“Associated with Mastodon remains in New Jersey.” See list (aztea) of
references to recent muskrat.

Family ZAPODIDA ; American Jumping Mice.
1873. Genus Zapus Coues, Bul. U.S. Geolog. Surv., No. 5, ser. 2, p. 253.

Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann). Eastern Meadow Zapus.

1871. Faculus ? hudsonius Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 86.
Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. One mandibular
ramus. See list (a@m/ea) for references to recent Zapus.

Family Casroroipip# ; Giant Beavers.
1838. Genus Castoroides Foster, Second Report Geol. Surv. Ohio, p. 81.

Castoroides ohioensis Foster. Great Fossil Beaver.

1838. Castoroides ohioensis Foster, Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio,
p. 81.

246 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

1889. Castoroides ohioensis Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, p. 14+

Lype locality.—Near Nashport, Muskingum (“Licking”) Co., Ohio.

Pleistocene. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
Incisors and molar teeth. Also recorded by S. Lockwood in Hist. of Mon-
mouth Co., N. J., as having been found there.

Family Ocnotonmz ; Pikas.
1795. Genus Ochotona Link.

Ochotona palatinus (Cope). Cope’s Fossil Pika.

1871. Praotherium palatinum Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 94,

fig. 20.
1899. Logomys palatinus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., (2), xi, pt. ii,

Pp. 209. .
Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Palatal region of

one individual with four molars.
Family Leporip#; Hares.

Lepus floridanus mallurus (Thomas). Eastern Cottontail Rabbit.

1871. Lepus sylvaticus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 933
Leidy, Ann. Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., 1887, pp. 6 and 19, 1889.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Remains of nu-
merous individuals. Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Penna.
Various bones and teeth. Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Penna.

Order SIRENIA: Manatees, Dugongs, etc.
Family TRICHECHID2; Manatees.
1758. Genus Zrichecus Linnzeus, Systema Nature, vol. i, p. 34.

Trichecus sp. (Leidy).
1869. MWanatus sp. Leidy, Extinct Mamm. N. America, p. 414.
“ Miocene and later formations of New Jersey.”

Family Duconcipz ; Dugongs.

1871. Genus Hemicaulodon Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xi, p. 191.

Hemicaulodon effodiens Cope. Great Extinct Dugong.
5871. Hemicaulodon effodiens Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xi, p.
191, pl. 5, fig. 6.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 247

Type locality.—Shark River, l.c. Type may be in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
N. York.
Eocene. Shark River, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Incisor.

Order CETACEA: Whales, Dolphins.
Family SquaLopontip#&: Shark-toothed Whales.
1840. Genes Sguvalodon Grateloup, Act. Acad. Roy. Sci., Bourdeaux, p. 208.

Squalodon atlanticus (Leidy). Biserrate Squalodon.

1856. Macrophoca atlanticus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 220.
1867. Sgualodon atlanticus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 132.
Type locakity.—Shiloh, 1. c. Whereabouts of type not known.

Miocene. Shiloh, Cumberland Co., New Jersey. Molars.

Squalodon sp., Cope.

1868. Sgualodon sp., Cope, Geol. New Jersey, p. 740.
Miocene. Squankum, Monmouth Co., New Jersey.

Family PLaTanistip# ; Little-necked Whales.
1869. Genus Priscodelphinus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 326.

Priscodelphinus harlani, Leidy. Harlan’s Sword Dolphin.

1851. Priscodelphinus harlant, Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 327.

1851. Priscodelphinus grandevus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p.
327 (three lines lower).

Type locality—*“ Greensand of N. Jersey.” Leidy,l.c. Type in Mus.
A.N.S.

Miocene. Mullica Hill, Gloucester Co., New Jersey. Shiloh, Cumber-
land Co., New Jersey. Vertebrze. .

Priscodelphinus lacertosus (Cope). Lacertine Sword Dolphin.

1868. Delphinapterus lacertosus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p.
190 (above).

1868. Delphinapterus hawkinsii Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.¥p.
190 (below).

- Dype locality—Shiloh, l.c. Type may be in Amer. Mus. N. Hist., N. York,

Miocene. Cumberland Co., N. Jersey.

Priscodelphinus uraeus (Cope). Urean Sword Dolphin.
1869. Zretophys uraeus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila, p. 8.

248 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

? 1871. Priscodelphinus lacertosus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., p. 363.
1876. Priscodelphinus uraeus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., p. 363.
Type locality—Shiloh, 1. c. Type may be in A. M. N. H., N. York.
Miocene. Shiloh, 1.c. Vertebra.

1868. Genus /xacanthus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 159.

Ixacanthus coelospondylus Cope. Ixacanth Sword Dolphin.

1868. Zxacanthus coelospondylus Cope (same reference as for genus) :
Geology N. Jersey, p. 739.

Type locality —Maryland.

Miocene. Shiloh, Cumberland Co., N. Jersey. Cope states that the
presence of this species in the New Jersey Miocene is doubtful. Proc.
Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xi, p. 364.

1868. Genus Zarachis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 189.

Zarhachis velox Cope. Slender Zarachian Whale.

1869. Zarhachis velox Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 10.

Type locakty—Shiloh, 1.c. Type may be in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N.
York.

Miocene. Shiloh, Cumberland Co., New Jersey. A single vertebra.

1875. Genus Agabelus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., p. 363.

_Agabelus porcatus Cope. Porcate Sword Dolphin.

1875. Agabelus porcatus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xiv, p. 363.

Lype locality—Cumberland Co., l.c. Type may be in Amer. Mus. N.
Hist., N. Y.

Miocene. Cumberland Co., New Jersey. Muzzle.

°

Family PuyseTerRip& ; Sperm Whales.
1758. Genus Physeter Linnzeus, Systema Nature, vol. 1, p. 76.

Physeter vetus (Leidy). Leidy’s Sperm Whale.

1853. Physeter antiguus Leidy (not Gervais), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
p- 378; Cope, Geol. New Jersey, p. 739.

1869. Catodon vetus Leidy, Extinct Mamm. N. Amer., p. 436.

1898. [Physeter] antiguus-vetus Trouessart, Catal. Mamm., p. 1055.

Type locality—Ashley River, S. Carolina.

Miocene. Shiloh, Cumberland Co., New Jersey.

MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 249
Order EDENTATA; Anteaters, Sloths, etc.

Family MyLopontip& ; Colpodont Ground Sloths.

1840. Genus Mylodon Owen, Zodl. Beagle, p. 67.

Mylodon missouriensis (Harlan). Harlan’s Ground Sloth.

1841. Oryctotherium missouriense Harlan, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 2,
p. 351. :

1842. Mylodon harlani Owen, Descr. Ext. Gig. Sloth, p. 15.

1871. Mylodon ? harlani Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 85.

Type locahty.—Benton Co., Missouri.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Ungual phalanges
and portion of tibia.

Family MEGALONICHID2 ; Diastemodont Ground Sloths.

1797? Genus Megalonyx. Jefferson, Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., Phila.,
vol. 4, 1798 [1797?], p. 248.

Megalonyx loxodon Cope. Loxodont Ground Sloth.

1871. Megalonyx loxodon Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 74, fig. 2.

Type locaiity—Port Kennedy, l.c. Type in Amer. Mus. N. Hist., N. Y.?

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Single superior
canine molar.

Megalonyx wheatleyi Cope. Wheatley’s Ground Sloth.

1871. Megalonyx wheatleyi Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 75,.
figs. 1, 3-8.

1871. Megalonyx dissimilis Cope (not Leidy), Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
xii, p. 83.

1871. Megalonyx sphenodon Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. xii, p. 83.

Type locality—Port Kennedy, l.c. Type in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N.
York.?

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Remains very
abundant.

Megalonyx tortulus Cope. Cope’s Lesser Ground Sloth.

1871. Megalonyx.tortulus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, p. 84, fig. 12.

Type locality —Port Kennedy, l.c. Type in Amer. Mus. Hist., N. York.?

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Canine and pos-
terior molars.

250 MAMMALS OF PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY.

Megalonyx scalper Cope. Chisel-tooth Ground Sloth.

1899. Megalonyx scalfer, Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., (2), xi, pt.
ii, p. 218, pl. xviii, figs. 2 and 2a.

Type locality—Port Kennedy, l.c. Type No. 84, Mus. A. N.S.

Pleistocene. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Penna. Canine molar.

This species and J. doxodon are probably based on aberrant forms of AZ.
wheatleyt. The improbability of four species of Mega/ony-x, distinct from MZ.
Jeffersoni, occurring side by side inthe same bone pit, is further emphasized
by the fact that many intermediate forms between specimens taken as the
types of Prof. Cope’s species. are to be found in this collection. I concur
with Prof. Cope that 1. whead/leyi seems entitled to rank as distinct from
M. jeffersoni.

LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS WHOSE NAMES APPEAR IN
THIS WORK.

Abbott, Charles C., Trenton, Mercer Co., N. J.

Allen, J. A., American Museum, Nat. History, N. York.
Austin, E. O., Austin, Potter Co., Pa.

Babcock, W. C., Blossburg, Tioga Co., Pa.

Bacon, S. E., Erie, Erie Co., Pa.

Bangs, Outram, 240 Beacon st., Boston, Mass.

Behr, Otto, Lopez, Sullivan Co., Pa.

Bennett, Richard, Eaglesmere, Sullivan Co., Pa.
Bisbing, Randall, Minsi, Monroe Co., Pa.

Buckalew, John M., Fishing Creek, Columbia Co., Pa.
Campbell, E. W., Pittston, Luzerne Co., Pa.
Chambers, J. B., Mifflinburg, Union Co., Pa.

Chew, Miss Ivy, Chew’s Landing, Gloucester Co., N. J.
Clay, A. A., Rasselas, Elk Co., Pa.

Cleveland, J. E., Canton, Bradford Co., Pa.

Coffin, Bodine, May’s Landing, Atlantic Co., N. J.
Crawford, W. B., Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Pa.
Davidson, Alvin, Campus, Easton, Northampton Co., Pa.
Day, Geo. N., Dyberry, Wayne Co., Pa.

Dorworth, H. C., Oil City, Venango Co., Pa.
Dickeson, W. C., Colegrove, McKean Co., Pa.

CORRESPONDENTS WHOSE NAMES APPEAR IN THIS WORK. 25t

Dickinson, C. W., Smethport, McKean Co., Pa.

Edinger, James, Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pa.

Evans, William B., Moorestown, Burlington Co., N. J.
Fernald, H. T.. Amherst, Mass.

Fenton, T. J., Jamestown, N. Y.

Friant, Geo. P., Scranton, Lackawanna Co., Pa.

Fry, Mrs. Norman, Laughlintown, Westmoreland Co., Pa.
Gifford, John, Ithaca, N. Y. :

Goodnough, L. N., Rileyville, Wayne Co., Pa.

Grinnell, Geo. B., Broadway, N. York City.

Haines, George, Medford, Burlington Co., N. J. (deceased)
Hand, H. Walker, Cape May, C. May Co., N. J.

Haslet, 8S. H., Tionesta, Forest Co., Pa.

Ingersoll, J. C., of Maryland (deceased).

Irwin, Sam’l D., Tionesta, Forest Co., Pa.

Jillson (‘ Brothers”), Tuckerton, Ocean Co., N. J.
Kellew, John, Carley Brook, Wayne Co., Pa. -
Kirkpatrick, H. C., Meadville, Crawford Co., Pa.
Larrabee, W. W., Emporium, Clinton Co., Pa.

Lee, Francis B., Trenton, Mercer Co., N. J.

Linton, Edward, Washington, Washington Co., Pa.

Luhr, Charles, St. Marys, Elk Co., Pa.

McGuigan, S., Port Mercer, Mercer Co., N. J.

McHenry, W. E., Cambria Iron Works, Johnstown, Cambria Co., Pa.
Mercer, H. C. Doylestown, Bucks Co., Pa.

Merriam, C. Hart, Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Mier, Samuel, Elk Lick, Somerset Co., Pa.

Miller, Gerrit S., Jr., National Museum, Washington, D.C.
Miller, W. D. W., Plainfield, Union Co., N. J.

Moore, Henry D., New Lexington, Somerset Co., Pa.
Nease, Jas. S., Washington, Washington Co., Pa.

Nelson, Julius, Rutgers College, N. Brunswick, N. J.
Nelson, Seth Iredale (Sr.), Round Island, Clinton Co., Pa.
Nelson, Seth (Jr.), Round Island, Clinton Co., Pa.
Nelson, William, Paterson, Essex Co., N. J.

Parker, L. E., Pennsdale, Lycoming Co., Pa.

Pfoutz, C. C., Farrandsville, Clinton Co., Pa.

Pharo, M. W., Haddonfield, Camden Co., N. J.

Phillips, A. L., Princeton, Mercer Co., N. J.

Preble, E. W., Dept. Agric., Washington, D. C.

Putnam, F. W., Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass.
Price, T. P., Tuckerton, Ocean Co., N. J.

252 CORRESPONDENTS WHOSE NAMES APPEAR IN THIS WORK.

Ray, David, Lawrence Sta., Mercer Co., N. J.

Rehn, J. A. G., Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Robinson, Alva T., Forkston, Wyoming Co., Pa.
Roddy, Justin, Millersville, Lancaster Co., Pa.
Roosevelt, Theodore, White House, Washington, D. C.
Rothrock, J. T., West Chester, Chester Co., Pa.
Savage, Jas., Buffalo, New York.

Scott, W. E. D., Princeton, Mercer Co., N. J.

Shields, H. A., Johnstown, Cambria Co., Pa.

Silvester, C. F.. Princeton Univ., Mercer Co., N. J.
Stevens, G. D., Maplewood, Wayne Co., Pa.

Stocker, J. E., Luzerne Co., Pa.

Stone, Witmer, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Strealy, M. W., Chambersburg, Franklin Co., Pa.
Strickland, Charles, Blairstown, Warren Co., N. J.
Teeple, Elijah, Lookout, Wayne Co., Pa.

Todd, W. E. C., Carnegie Mus., Pittsburg, Alleghany Co., Pa.
True, F. W., National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Valiant, W. S., Rutgers Museum, N. Brunswick, N. J.
Van Note, G. H., Barnegat, Atlantic Co., N. J.

Von Lengerke, J., Broadway, N. York City.

Williams, Walter, Greenwich, Cumberland Co., N. J.
Warren, B. H., West Chester, Chester Co., Pa.
Zendel, Christopher, Newtown Mills, Forest Co., Pa.

THe ENp.

INDEX.

A.

Aceratherium matutinum, 236
acuto-rostrata, Balenoptera, 11, 14
acutus, Lagenorhynchus, 224
Agabelus porcatus, 248
Agaphelus gibbosus, 12
albibarbis Neosorex, 191

Sorex, 191

“palustris, 191

‘Alces americanus, 224

scotti, 240
Allegheny Cave Rat, 85, 243

Cottontail or Rabbit, 121

Cougar, Panther, 126
Alleghenian Least Weasel, 173

Varying Hare, 118
allegheniensis, Putorius, 173
American Badger, 231

Bison, 47, 239

Sable, 176
americana, Alces, 224, 240

Mustela, 176

Ursus, 183, 228
americanus, Alces, 240

Bison, 239

borealis, Odocoileus, 24, 26

canadensis, Sitomys, 77

Cervalces, 240

Cervus, 240

« — dama, 24

Elephas, 234

fossilis, Tapirus, 236

Mastodon, 234

Meriones, 111

Odocoileus, 24, 241

virginianus, Lepus, 118
Ammodon leidyanum, 237
ampullatus, Balzna, 16

Hyperodédon, 16
Anaptogonia hiatidens, 244

clovacinum, 244

Anchippodus riparius, 233
antiquus, Dicotyles, 238
Perchcerus, 239
Physeter, 248
vetus, Physeter, 248
Thinohyus, 239
Appalachian Cave Bear, 228

Gray or Timber Wolf, 148, 228

Musk Ox, 239
Porcupine, 242
Rhinoceros, 236
appalachicolus, Bison, 239
Ovibos, 239
aquaticus, Scalops, 198, 227
Sorex, 198
Arctomys, genus, 63
franklini, 221
monax, 63, 243
“canadensis, 66
aries, Ovis, 217
Arvicola didelta, 245
gapperi, 92
hiatidens, 244
involuta, 245
riparius, 244
scalapsoides, 101"
sigmodus, 245
speothen, 244
tetradelta, 244
atlanticus, Macrophoca, 247
Squalodon, 247

B.

Badger, American, 231
Balzena ampullatus, 16
cisarctica, 10

genus, 10
glacialis, 10, 12
musculus, 13
mysticetus, 11
nodosa, 14

(253 )

254

Balezena physalus, 12
Balenide, 10
Balenoptera, genus, 11
acuto-rostrata, 11,14
musculus, 13
physalus, 12, 13
Baleen, ro.
Whales, ro, 12
Barren Ground Caribou, 241
Barton’s Zapus, 110
Bats, 207, 227
Bat, Big-eared, 226
Georgia Pigmy, 210
‘Hoary, 214
House, 212, 227
Leconte’s Little Brown, 207
Northeastern Large Brown, 212,
227
Northern Red, 213,
Rafinesque’s Little Brown, 215
Say’s, 208, 227
Silvery Black, 210
Tree, 213
Batchelder’s Shrew, 226
Bay Lynx, Eastern, 141
Beaked Whale, Cuvier’s, 16
Bears, 4, 5, 183, 228
Bear, Appalachian Cave, 228
Black, 183, 228
Cave, 5
Beaver, 5, 67, 243
American, 243
Canada, 67, 223
Giant, 5
Great Fossil, 245
Southeastern, 73
bidens, Mesoplodon, 17
Physeter, 17
Big Water Shrew, 191
Biserrate Squalodon, 247
Bison, 5, 47, 239
American, 47, 239
americanus, 239
appalachicolus, 239
bison, 47, 239
genus, 47
latifrons, 239
Blackfish, Northern, 21
Black Whale, 10
Bladder-nose Seal, 126
Blarina, genus, 192

INDEX.

Blarina brevicauda, 192, 193
carolinensis, 193
parva, 196
simplicidens, 227
Blue Whale, Great, 13
Bonaparte’s Weasel, 158
boops, Megaptera, 14
borealis, Lasiurus, 213
Odocoilus americanus, 24, 26
Vespertilio, 213
Bos, 239
bison, 47
moschatus, 239
taurus, 217
Bottled-nosed or Beaked Whale, 16
Bottle-nose Dolphin, 17
Bovide, 47, 239
brachyptera, Globicephala, 21, 22
brevicauda, Blarina, 192, 193
Sorex, 193
breviceps, Kogia, 15
Physeter, 15
breweri, Parascalops, 204
Scalops, 204
Brewer’s Mole, 204
Buffalo, 47

C.

caballus, Equus, 217
calcaratus, Lynx, 232
calycinus, Sciurus, 242
Cameloid Deer, Cope’s, 240
Canada Beaver, 67
Canadian Flying Squirrel, 225
Lynx, East, 136
Chickaree, 52
canadensis, Arctomys monax, 66
carolinensis, Castor, 73
Castor, 67, 223, 243
Cervus, 29, 241
« elaphus, 29, 39
Felis, 232
Glis, 66
Lutra, 156
“ Jataxina, 162
lutra, Mustela, 156
Lynx, 136, 232
nubiterrae, Peromyscus, 79
Peromyscus, 77
Sitomys americanus, 77

Canide, 143, 228
Canis, genus, 148
cinereoargenteus, 143
familiaris, 220
fulvus, 145
lupus, 228
mexicanus, 223
sf nubilus, 148, 228
nubilus, 148
priscolatrans, 228
Carcajou, 164
Cariacus levicornis, 242
virginianus, 241
Caribou, 6, 241
Barren Ground, 241
Rangifer, 241
Woodland, 241
Carnivores, 5, 127, 228
Carolina Gray Squirrel, 52, 242
carolinensis, Blarina, 193
Castor canadensis, 73
leucotis, Sciurus, 52
Sciurus, 52, 242
Castor, genus, 67
canadensis, 67, 223, 243
a carolinensis, 73
fiber, 243
zibethicus, 104
Castoridze, 67, 243, 245
Castoroides ohioensis, 245
Cat, Domestic, 220
Eyra, 232
Fossil American Wild, 232
Sabre-toothed, 5, 6
Wild, 4, 5, 141
Catodon vetus, 248
Cattle, 217
Cave Bear, 5
Rat, Allegheny, 85, 243
carvirostris, Ziphius, 16
Cervalces americanus, 240
Cervide, 24
Cervus, Genus, 29, 241
: americanus, 240
canadensis, 29, 241
dama americanus, 24
elaphus canadensis, 29
tarandus, 241
virginianus, 241
Cetacea, 4, 5, 10, 247
Chickaree (Canadian), 56

INDEX.

Chickaree, Cope’s Fossil, 242
Southeastern, 57
Chipmunk, Eastern, 242
Northeastern, 61
Southeastern, 61
Chiroptera, 207, 227
cicognani, Mustela, 168
Putorius, 168
cinereoargenteus, Canis, 143
Urocyon, 143, 229
cinereus, Lasiurus, 214
: Vespertilio, 214
cisarctica, Baleena, 10
Citellus franklini, 221
cloacinum, Anaptogonia, 244
Erethizon, 242
Sycium, 244
Cloudland Deer Mouse, 79
clymene, Delphinus, 19
ceelospondylus, Ixacanthus, 248
Common Dolphin, 18
Porpoise, 17
Weasel, 170
communis, Phoczena, 21
Complicate Fossil Horse, 237
complicatus, Equus, 237
concolor, Felis, 134
Condylura genus, 206
cristata, 206
Coons, 4, 182
Cooper’s Lemming, 106
cooperi, Synaptomys, 106
stonei, Synaptomys, 106
Cope’s Cameloid Deer, 240
Fossil Chickaree, 242
“ Peccary, 238
“Pika, 246
Lesser Ground Sloth, 249
Corynorhinus macrotis, 226
Cougar, 5, 127
couguar, Felis, 127
Cow Fish (or) Grampus, 21
Cowfish (or) Sowerby’s Whale, 17
Coyote, Fossil, 228
crassidens, Pseudorca, 223
cristata, Condylura, 206
Crystophora, 126
Phoca, 126
Sorex, 206
Crocuta inexpectata, 232
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale, 16

255

256

Cystophora, genus, 126
cristata, 126

D.

Deer, 5, 24, 241, 242, 243
Cope’s Cameloid, 240
Northern Virginia, 26 :
Slender Horned Fossil, 242
Virginia, 24, 241

Deer-Mouse, Canada, 2
Cloudland, 79
Fisher’s, 81
Golden, 225
Miller’s, 77
Rafinesque’s, 79, 243

Delphinapterus hawkinsii, 247
lacertosus, 247

Delphinide, 17

Delphinus, genus, 18
clymene, 19
delphis, 18
erebennus, 18
griseus, 21
melas, 21
orca, 23
phoczena, 20
plagiodon, 19
tursio, 17

delpbis; Delphinus, 18

Dicoty‘es antiquus, 238
nasutus, 238
pennsylvanicus, 238

Didelphide, 8

Didelphis, genus, 8
virginiana, 8

didelta, Arvicola, 245
microtus, 245

Diluvian Vole, 244

diluvianus, Microtus, 244

Dipodide, 109

Dipus hudsonius, 109

dissimilis, Megalonyx, 249

Dog, Domestic or Indian, 220

Dolphins, 4, 5, 8, 247

Dolphin, Bottle-nose, 17
Common, 18
Harlan’s Sword, 247
Ixacanth Sword, 248
Lacertine Sword, 247
Porcate Sword, 248

INDEX.

Dolphin, Shark-toothed, 6
Spotted, 19
Striped, 224
Urean, 247
domesticus, Felis, 220
doris, Prodelphinus, 20
dorsata, Erethizon, 114, 242
Hystrix, 114
Dugongide, 246
Dugong, Great Extinct, 246

| Dugongs, 5, 241

E.

East American Black Bear, 183
Eastern Bay Lynx, 141
Hairy-tail Mole, 204
Marsh Shrew, 191
Masked Shrew, 189
Moose, 224
Naked-tail mole, 198, 227
Prairie Cotton-tail, 122, 223
Wapiti, 29
Edentates, 5, 249
effodiens, Hemicaulodon, 246
elaphus, Cervus, 39
Elephant, 5, 234
Elephantide, 234
Elephas americanus, 234
Elk, 5, 29, 241
Elotherium leidyanum, 237
Eptesicus, genus, 212
fuscus, 212, 227
Equus caballus, 217
complicatus, 237
fraternus, 237
sf pectinatus, 237
major, 237
pectinatus, 237
erebennus, Delphinus, 18
Erethizon, genus, 114
cloacinum, 242
dorsatum, 114, 242
Erethizontide, 114, 242
euphrosyne, Prodelphinus, 19
europzeus, Lepus, 220
Evotomys, genus, 92
gapperi, 92
“ rhoadsi, 94
Eyra Cat, 232
eyra, Felis, 232

Extinct Species, 5, 6, 227

P.

familiaris, Canis, 220
Fauna, Arctic, 3, 6
Austral, 3
Boreal, 3
Canadian, 3
Hudsonian, 3
Transition, 3
Tropical, 3
Faunal Areas or Life Zones, 3
Felide, 127, 231
Felis, genus, 127
canadensis, 232
concolor, 134
couguar, 127
domesticus, 220
eyra, 232
hippolestes, 134
inexpectatus, 232
ruffus, 141
Fere, 127, 228
Fiber, genus, 104
zibethicus, 104, 245
Castor, 243
Fin-Back, 11, 12
Great, 12
Least, 11
Finfisch, Martens’, 13
Fischer’s Deer Mouse, 81
Fisher, 2, 179
fisheri, Sorex longirostris, 226
Fisher’s Shrew, 226
floridana, Neotoma, 243
floridanus mearnsi, Lepus, 223, 122
mallurus, 122, 246
transitionalis, Lepus, 121
Flying Squirrel, Virginia, 66
fossidens, Mephitis, 230
Fossil] American Marten, 229
¢ Wild Cat, 232
Atlantic Walrus, 233
Beaver, Great, 245
Chickaree, Cope’s, 242
Coyote, 228
Deer, Slender Horned, 242
Horse, Complicate, 237
“ Pectinate, 237
Mammals, 5, 6, 227

INDEX. 257

Fossil Mole Shrew, 227
Moose, Scott’s, 240
Otter, American, 231
Peccary, Cope’s, 238
«Long snouted, 238
“« Marsh’s, 238
sf Pennsylvania, 238
Pig, Leidy’s, 237
Pika, Cope’s, 246
Pine Vole, 245
‘Puma, 232
Red Fox, 229
Sea Leopard, 233
Skunk, Intermediate, 230
«“ Pigmy, 230
“« Pitted-tooth, 230
“ Slender-jawed, 230
Tapir, Hay’s, 236
«© Marsh’s, 236
Vole, Involute, 245°
“* TIsodeltan, 244
Weasel, Great, 231
fossilis, Tapirus americanus, 236
Foxes, 4, 5, 143
Fox, European Red, 221
Fossil Red, 229
Northeastern Gray, 143, 228
Southeastern Red, 143
Squirrel, Western, 57
af Northeastern, 58
franklini, Arctomys, 221
Citellus, 221
Spermophilus, 222
Franklin’s Spermophile, 221

_| fraternus, Equus, 237

pectinatus, Equus, 237
frontata, Mephitis, 230
fulvus, Canis, 145

Vulpes, 145
fumeus, Sorex, 190
fuscus, Eptesicus, 212, 227

Vespertilio, 212, 227

G.

gapperi, Evotomys, 92
Arvicola, 92
rhoadsi, Evotomys, 94
Gapper’s Wood Vole, 92
Georgia Pigmy Bat, 210
gibbosus, Agaphelus, 12

258

glacialis, Baleena, ro
Glires, 52, 242
Glis canadensis, 66
Globicephala brachyptera, 21, 22
melas, 21, 22
scammoni, 22
Glutton, 164
Gopher, Gray, 221
gossypinus, Peromyscus, 80
gracilis, Machzrodus, 231
Smilodon, 231
Grampus, 12, 21, 223
griseus, 21
grandevus, Priscodelphinus, 247
Gray Fox, Northeastern, 143, 229
Gray Wolf, 148
Great Blue Whale, 13
griseus, Grampus, 21
groenlandica, Phoca, 125
groenlandicus, Rangifer, 241
Ground Hog, Northeastern, 66
Southeastern, 63
Ground Squirrel, 61, 221
Gulo, genus, 164
luscus, 164, 165, 229
gymnicus, Sciurus hudsonius, 56

Fi.

haplodon, Ursus, 228
Harbor Porpoise, 20
Seal, 123
Hare, 118
Alleghenian, Varying, 118
European or Belgian, 220
Northern, 2
harlani, Mylodon, 249
Priscodelphinus, 247
Harlan’s Ground Sloth, 249
Sword Dolphin, 247
Water Rat or Mouse, 81.
Harp Seal, 125
hawkinsii, Delphinapterus, 247
Hay’s Fossil Tapir, 236
haysii, Tapirus, 236
Hedgehog, 114
Hemicaulodon effodiens, 246
Herring Hog, 20
Hesperomys leucopus, 243
hiatidens, Anaptagonia, 244
Arvicola, 244

INDEX.

hippolestes, Felis, 134

Hoary Bat, 214

Hooded Seal, 126

Hoofed Mammals, 24

Horse, 5, 217, 237
Complicate Fossil, 237
Pectinate Fossil, 237

House Bat, 212

Hoy’s Shrew, 226

hoyi, Sorex, 226

Hudson Bay Zapus, 106

hudsonius, Dipus, rog
gymnicus, Sciurus, 56
loquax, Sciurus, 57
Jaculus, 245
Zapus, 109, 245

humeralis, Nycticeius, 215
Vespertilio, 215

Humpback Whale, New England, 14

Hyperoddon, genus, 16
ampullatus, 16

Hystrix dorsata, 114

I.

impiger, Reithrodontomys leconti, 225
inexpectata, Felis, 232
Crocuta, 232
Uncia, 232
Insectivora, 189, 227
insignis, Zapus, 113
involuta, Arvicola, 245
Microtus, 245
Involute Fossil Vole, 245
Isodeltan Fossil Vole, 244
Ixacanth Sword Dolphin, 248
Ixacanthus coelospondylus, 248

ii

Jaculus hudsonius, 245

Jumping Mouse, Meadow, 109, 110
« — Miller’s, 113
« Woodland, 2

K.

Killer, Black, 223
White-Bellied, 23

Kogia, genus, 15
breviceps, 15

INDEX.

L.

Lacertine Sword Dolphin, 247
lacertosus, Dephinapterus, 247
Priscodelphinus, 247, 248
leevicornis, Cariacus, 242
Odocoileus, 242
Lagenorhynchus acutus, 224
Lasionycteris noctivagans, 210
Lasiurus, genus, 213
borealis, 213
cinereus, 214
lataxina, Lutra, 162_
“canadensis, 162
latidentatus, Vulpes, 229
latifrons, Bison, 239
Least Mole Shrew, 196
Rorqual, 11
Leconte’s Little Brown Bat, 207
leconti impiger, Reithrodontomys, 225
leidyanum, Ammodon, 238
Elotherium, 237
Leidy’s Fossil Pig, 237
Platygone Peccary, 239
Sperm Whale, 248
Lemming, Cooper’s, 106
Stone’s, 106
Leporide, 118, 246
leptops, Mephitis, 230
Lepus, genus, 118
americanus virginianus, 118
europeus, 220
floridanus mallurus, 122, 246
ff mearnsi, 122, 223
a transitionalis, 121
nuttalli mallurus, 122
sylvaticus mearnsi, 122
as transitionalis, 121
virginianus, 118
Lesser Weasel, 168
lesueuri, Sorex personatus, 226
Lesueur’s Shrew, 226
leucopus, Hesperomys, 243
Musculus, 79
novoboracensis, Peromyscus, 81
nubiterrse, Peromyscus, 79
Peromyscus, 79, 243
leucotis, Sciurus, 52
“carolinensis, 52
Life Zones, 3
lineata, Phoczena, 20

259

Little Piked Whale, 11
lobulatus, Pelycictis, 230
Lagomys palatinus, 246
longirostris fisheri, Sorex, 226
Long-tailed Mole, 206
Weasel, 170
Lophiodon validus, 236
loquax, Sciurus hudsonius, 57
lotor, Procyon, 182, 228
Ursus, 182
Lowland Cottontail Rabbit, 122
loxodon, Megalonyx, 249
Loxodont Ground Sloth, 249
lucifugus, Myotis, 207
Vespertilio, 207
luscus, Gulo, 164, 165, 229
Ursus, 164
lupus, Canis, 228
Lutra, genus, 156
canadensis, 156, 157
is mustela, 156
“ lataxina, 162
lataxina, 156
rhoadsii, 231
lutreocephalus, Mustela, 167
Putorius vison, 167
Lynx, genus, 136
calcaratus, 232
Canada, 2, 5, 232
canadensis, 136, 232
East Canadian, 136, 232
Eastern Bay, 141
ruffus, 136, 141, 232
lysteri, Sciurus (Tamias), 61
Tamias striatus, 61

M.

Macherodus gracilis, 231
merceri, 232
macrocephalus, Physeter, 14
Macrophoca atlanticus, 247
macrotis, Corynorhinus, 226
Sciuropterus sabrinus, 225

.| Macroxus neglectus, 58

magister, Neotoma, 85, 243
major, Equus, 237
mallurus, Lepus floridanus, 122, 246
“ — nuttalli, 122
Mammals, Existing, 5, 6
Extinct, 5, 6

260

Mammals, Fossil, 5, 6
Recent, 5, 6, 8
Mammut americanus, 234
ohioticum, 234
Manatus sp., 5, 246
Marmot, Maryland, 243
Marsh or Rice Rat, Northern, 81
Marsh’s Fossil Peccary, 238
“ Tapir, 236
Marsupialia, 8
Marsupials, 8
Marten, 2, 176, 229
Fossil American, 229
Pennant’s, 179
Southeastern, 176
Marten’s “ Finfisch,” 13
Mastodon, 6, 234
americanus, 234
Ohioan, 234
matutinum, Aceratherium, 236
Rhinoceros, 236

mearnsi, Lepus floridanus, 122, 223

«“ sylvaticus, 122
Megaptera, genus, 14
boops, 11, 14
nodosa, 14
osphyia, 14
Megalonyx dissimilis, 249
loxodon, 249
scalper, 250
sphenodon, 249
tortulus, 249
wheatleyi, 249
melas, Delphinus, 21
Globicephalus, 21, 22
Mephitis, genus, 163
fossidens, 230
frontata, 230
leptops, 230
mephitica, 230
mephitis putida, 163, 230
obtusatus, 230
orthostichus, 230
putida, 163
merceri, Macherodus, 232
Uncia, 232
Mercer’s Sabre-tooth Tiger, 232
Meriones americanus, 11
Mesoplodon, genus, 17
bidens, 17
mexicanus, Canis, 223

INDEX.

mexicanus, nubilus, Canis, 148, 228
Mice, 77, 243
Microtus, genus, 97
diluvianus, 244
dideltus, 245
involutus, 245
pennsylvanicus, 97, 107, 244
pinetorum, 4
of scalapsoides, 101
speothen, 244
Miller’s Jumping Mouse, 112
Minks, 4, 167
Mink, Northeastern, 167
Southeastern, 167
missouriensis, Mylodon, 249
Oryctotherium, 249
Mole, 4, 198, 204, 227
Brewer's, 204
Common, 198
Eastern Hairy Tail, 204
«Naked Tail, 198, 227
Long-tailed. 206
Star-nose, 206
Swamp, 206
Shrew, Fossil, 227
“Least, 196
«Northeastern, 192
Monax, Arctomys, 63, 243
canadensis, Arctomys, 66
Musty, 63
Moose, 6, 224, 240
East American, 240
Eastern, 224
Scott’s Fossil, 240
moschatus, Bos, 239
Ovibos, 239
Mouse, Canada Deer, 2
Cloudland Deer, 79
Fischer’s Deer, 81
Golden Deer, 225
Harvest, 225
Miller’s Deer, 77
Rafinesque’s Deer, 79, 243
Common Meadow, 97
House, 218
Meadow, 97
as Jumping, 109, 110
Miller’s Jumping, 113
Woodland Jumping, 2
Mole, 4, 101
Red Back, 92, 94

Mouse, Virginia Harvest, 225
Wood, 7
Muride, 77, 243
Mus monax, 63
musculus, 218
norvegicus, 218
palustris, 81
pinetorum, 97
rattus, 218
sylvaticus noveboracensis, 81
volans, 6, 7
musculus, Baleenoptera, 13
Balena, 13
leucopus, 79
mus, 2, 18
Musk Ox, 6, 239
“Appalachian, 239
Muskrat, 4, 204, 245
Eastern, 245
Southeastern, 104
Mustela, genus, 176
americana, 176
cicognani, 168
diluviana, 229
lutra canadensis, 156
lutreocephala, 167
pennanti, 179
putida, 163
vison, 167
Mustelide, 156, 229
Mylodon harlani, 249
missouriensis, 249
Mylohylus nasutus, 238
pennsylvanicus, 238
tetragonus, 238
Myotis, genus, 207
lucifugus, 207, 227
subulatus, 208, 227
mysticetus, Balzna, 11

N.

nasutus. Dicotyles, 238
Mylohyus, 238
neglectus, Macroxus, 58
Sciurus rufiventer, 58
Neotoma, genus, 85
floridana, 243
magister, 85, 243
pennsylvanica, 85, 86
Neosorex, albibarbis, 191

INDEX.

New England Humpback Whale, 14
New Jersey Wood Vole, 94
New York Pigmy Bat, 211
New York Weasel, 170, 229
noctivagans, Lasionycteris, 210
Vespertilio, 210
nodosa, Balena, 14
Megaptera, 14
Northeastern or Canada Beaver, 67
Chipmunk, 61
Fox Squirrel, 58
Gray Fox, 143
Large Brown Bat, 212
Mink, 167
Mole Shrew, 192
Otter, 156
Racoon, 182
Woodchuck, 66
Northern Blackfish, 21
Gray or Black Squirrel, 52
Red Bat, 213
Rice or Marsh Rat, 81
Virginia Deer, 26
norvegicus, Mus, 218
noveboracensis, Mus sylvaticus, 81
Peromyscus leucopus, 80, 81
Putorius, 170, 229
nubilus, Canis, 148
“ mexicanus, 148, 228
nubiterree, Peromyscus canadensis, 79
nuttalli, mallurus, Lepus, 122
Peromyscus, 79, 225
Nycticeius, genus, 213, 215
humeralis, 215

O.

obscurus, Pipistrellus subflavus, 211
obtusatus, Mephitis, 230
Ochotona palatinus, 246
Odocoileus, genus, 24, 241
americanus, 24, 241
of borealis, 24, 26
leevicornis, 242
Ogmorhinus vetus, 233
Ohioan Mastodon, 234
ohioensis, Castoroides, 245.
ohioticum, Mammut, 234
Mastodon, 234
Opossum, Virginia, 8
orca, Delphinus, 23

261

262

Orcinus, genus, 23
orca, 23
orientalis, Teleopternus, 240
orthostichus, Mephitis, 230
Oryctotherium missouriense, 249
Oryzomys, genus, 81
palustris, 81
Osmotherian Skunk, 230
Osmotherium speleum, 230
osphyia, Megaptera, 14
Otter, 5, 156, 229
American Fossil, 231
Northeastern, 156
Southeastera, 162
Ovibos (Boétherium) appalachicolus,
239
moschatus, 239
Ovis aries, 217
Oxen, 5
Ox, Musk, 6, 239

Fe

palatinum, Lagomys, 246
Praotherium, 246
palatinus, Ochotona, 246
palustris albibarbis, Sorex, 191
Mus, 81
Oryzomys, 81
Panther, 5, 127
Alleghenian Cougar or, 127
Parascalops, genus, 204
breweri, 204
parva, Blarina, 196
parvus, Sorex, 196
Peccary, 5, 6, 238
Cope’s Fossil, 238
Long-snouted Fossil, 238
Marsh’s Fossil, 238
Pennsylvania Fossil, 238
Leidy’s Platygone, 239
pectinatus, Equus, 237
“« fraternus, 237
Pekan, 179
Pelycictis lobulatus, 231
pennanti, Mustela, 179
Pennant’s Marten, 179
Pennsylvania Meadow Vole, 97
pennsylvanicus, Dicotyles, 238
Microtus, 97, 244
Mus, 97

INDEX.

pennsylvanicus Mylohyus, 238
pennsylvanica, Neotoma, 85, 86
Perchcerus antiquus, 239
Peromyscus, genus, 77
canadensis, 77
et nubiterre, 79
gossypinus, 80
leucopus, 79, 243
g noveboracensis, 80, 81
a nubiterre, 79
nuttali, 79, 225
personatus, Sorex, 189
lesueuri, Sorex, 226
Phoca, genus, 123
cristata, 126
groenlandica, 125
vitulina, 123
Phoczena, genus, 20
communis, 21
lineata, 20
phoceena, 20
phoceena Delphinus, 20
Phoczna, 20
Phocide, 123, 233
Physeter, genus, 14, 248
antiquus, 248
es vetus, 248
bidens, 17
breviceps, 15
macrocephalus, 14
vetus, 248
Physeteridee, 14
Pig, Leidy’s Fossil, 237
Pigmy Sperm Whale, 15
Pika, 5, 246
Cope’s Fossil, 246
Piked Whale, 11
Pilot Whale, 21
Pine Squirrel, 56
pinetorum scalopsoides, Microtus, 101
Pinnipedia, 123, 233
Pinnipeds, 5, 123, 233
Pipistrellus, genus, 210
subflavus, 210, 211
as obscurus, 211
plagiodon, Prodelphinus, 19
Plantanistide, 247
Platigonus vetus, 239
Pleistocene, 6
Porcate Sword Golphin, 247
porcatus, Agabelus, 247

INDEX.

Porcupine, Appalachian, 242
Canada, 114
Porpoise, Common, 17
Harbor, 20
Ring-eyed, 18
Skunk, 224
Post Pleiocene, 6
Prairie Cottontail, Eastern, 122
Praotherium palatinum, 246
Priscodelphinus grandzevus, 247
harlani, 247
lacertosus, 247
uraeus, 247
priscolatrans, Canis, 228
Procyon, genus, 182
lotor, 182, 228
Procyonide, 182, 228
Prodelphinus, genus, 19
doris, 20
euphrosyne, 19
plagiodon, 19
. Pseudorca crassidens, 223
Pughead Whale, 16
Puma, Fossil, 232
putida, Mephitis mephitis, 163
Mustela, 163
Putorius, genus, 167
allegheniensis, 173
cicognani, 168
noveboracensis, 170, 229
rixosus, 173
vison, 167
« — Jutreocephalus, 167

R.

Rabbit, 118, 223, 246
Alleghenian Cottontail or, 121
Eastern Prairie Cottontail or, 122,
223
Jack, 120
Southeastern or T.owland Cotton-
tail, 122, 246
White, 118
Racoon, Northeastern, 182, 228
Rafinesque’s Deer Mouse, 79, 243
Little Brown Bat, 215
Rangifer Caribou, 241
groenlandicus, 241
riparius, Arvicola, 244
Rat, 5, 81, 243

263

Rat, Allegheny Cave, 85, 243
Black, 218
Cave, 6, 85
Northern or Marsh, 81
Norway, 6, 218
rattus, Mus, 218
Redback Mouse or Wood Vole, 92, 94

-Red Fox, Southeastern, 145

Reithrodontomys leconti impiger, 225
Rhinoceros, 5, 6, 236
matutinum, 236
Rhinocerotide, 236
rhoadsi, Evotomys gapperi, 92,l94
rhoadsii, Lutra, 231
Right Whale, r2
Ring-Eyed Porpoise, 18
riparius, Anchippodus, 233
rixosus, Putorius, 173
Rodents, 5, 52, 242
Rorqual, Least, 11
Rosmaride, 233
Rosmarus virginianus, 233
ruffus, Felis, 141
Lynx, 136, 141, 232
rufiventer, Sciurus, 57, 225
neglectus, 58

S:

“Sable,” American, 176
sabrinus macrotis, Sciuropterus, 225
Say’s Little Brown Bat, 208
Scalops, genus, 198
aquaticus, 198, 227
breweri, 204
scalopsoides, Microtus pinetorum, 101
Arvicola, 101
scalper, Meglonyx, 250
scammoni, Globiocephalus, 22
Sciuride, 52, 242
Sciuropterus, genus, 66
sabrinus microtis, 225
volans, 66, 67
Sciurus calycinus, 242
carolinensis, 52, 242
i leucotis, 52
hudsonius gymnicus, 56
ae loquax, 57
rufiventer, 57, 225
as neglectus, 58
striatus, 61

264

Sciurus (Tamias) lysteri, 61
scotti, Alces, 240
Scott’s Fossil Moose, 240
scrofa, Sus, 217
Sea Dog, 123
Sea Leopard, Fossil, 223
Seal, Harbor, 123
Harp, 125
Hooded, 126
Sheep, 217
Short-tailed Weasel, 168
Shrews, 4, 5, 189, 227
Shrew, Batchelder’s, 226
‘Eastern Marsh, 191
“Masked, 189
Fisher’s, 226
Hoy’s, 226
Lesueur’s, 226
Marsh, 2
Smoky, 189
Water, 191
Fossil Mole, 227
Least Mole, 196
Northeastern Mole, 192
sigmodus, Arvicola, 245
Silvery Black Bat, 210
simplicidens, Blarina, 227
Sirenians, 5, 6, 246
Sitomys americanus canadensis, 77
Skunk, 4, 5, 156, 229
Intermediate, 230
Osmotherian, 230
Pigmy Fossil, 230
Pitted-tooth Fossil, 230
Slender-jawed Fossil, 230
Southeastern, 163, 230
Sloth, Chisel-tooth Ground, 250
Cope’s Lesser Ground, 249
Diastemodont Ground, 249
Giant, 5, 6
Harlan’s Ground, 249
Loxodont Ground, 249
Wheatley’s Ground, 249
Smilodon gracilis, 231
mercerii, 232
Sorex, genus, 189
albibarbis, 191
aquaticus, 198
cristata, 206
fumeus, 190
hoyi, 226

Sorex, longirostris fisheri, 226
macrurus, 226
palustris albibarbis, 191
parvus, 196
personatus, 189
ee lesueuri, 226
talpoides, 195
Soricidee, 189, 227
Southeastern Beaver, 73
Chickaree, 57
Chipmunk, 61
Marten, 176
Mink, 167
Muskrat, 104
or Lowland Rabbit, 122
Otter, 162
Red Fox, 145
Skunk, 163
Woodchuck, 63
Sowerby’s Whale, 17
spelzum, Osmotherium, 230
speothen, Arvicola, 244
Microtus, 244
Sperm Whale, 14
« — Pigmy, 15
Spermophile, Franklin’s, 221
Spermophilus franklini, 222
sphenodon, Megolonyx, 249
Spotted Dolphin, 19
Squalodon atlanticus, 247
Biserrate, 247
Squirrels, 5, 52, 225, 242
Squirrel, Carolina Gray, 52, 242
Ground, 221
Northeastern Fox, 58
Northern Gray or Black, 52
Pine, 56
Red, 57
Striped or Ground, 61
Virginia Flying, 66
Western Fox, 57, 225
Star-nosed Mole, 206
Stenorhynchus vetus, 233
stonei, Synaptomys cooperi, 106
striatus, Sciurus, 61
Tamias, 61, 242
subflavus, Pipistrellus, 210, a11
obscurus, Pipistrellus, 211
Vespertilio, 210
subulatus, Myotis, 208, 227
Vespertilio, 208, 227

Sus scrofa, 217
Swamp Mole, 206
Swine, 217
Sword Dolphin, Harlan’s, 247
s Ixacanth, 248
se Lacertine, 247
ef Porcate, 248
sf Urean, 247
Sycium cloacinum, 244
Vole, Cope’ 8, 244
sylvaticus mearnsi, Lepus, 122
transitionalis, Lepus, 121
Synaptomys, genus, 106
cooperi, 106
es stonei, 106

aie
Talpide, 198, 227
talpoides, Sorex, 195
Tamias striatus, 61, 242
f lysteri, 61

Tapir, 5, 6, 236

Hay’s Fossil, 236

Marsh’s Fossil, 236
Tapiravus validus, 236
Tapiride, 236
Tapirus americanus fossilis, 236

haysii, 236
tarandus, Cervus, 241
taurus, Bos, 217
Taxidea americana, 231

taxus, 231
Tayassuide, 238
Teleopternus orientalis, 240
tetradelta, Arvicola, 244
tetragonus, Mylohyus, 238
Thinohyus antiquus, 238
Tiger, N. Amer. Sabre-tooth, 231

Mercer’s Sabre-tooth, 232
Tillodontia, 233
Tillotheride, 233
Timber Wolf, 148
Toothed or Sperm Whales, 14
tortulus, Megalonyx, 249
transitionalis, Lepus floridanus, 121

“« sylvaticus, 121

Tree Bat, 213
Trichechide, 246
Trichecus sp., 246

virginianus, 233

‘

INDEX.

Trilophodon ohioticus, 234
tursio, Delphinus, 17
Tursiops tursio, 17

U,

Ungulata, 5, 24, 234]
Uncia inexpectata, 232
mercerii, 232
Urean Sword Dolphin, 247
uraeus, Priscodelphinus, 247
Tretophys, 247
Urocyon, genus, 143
cinereoargenteus, 143, 229
Urside, 183, 228
Ursus, genus, 183
americanus, 183, 228
haplodon, 228 ©
lotor, 182
luscus, 164
taxus, 231

V.

validus, Lophiodon, 236
Tapiravus, 236
velox, Zarachis, 248
Vespertilio borealis, 213
cinereus, 214
fuscus, 212, 227
humeralis, 215
lucifugus, 207
noctivagans, 210
subflavus, 210
subulatus, 208, 227
Vespertilionide, 207, 227
vetus, Catodon, 248
Ogmorhinus, 233
Physeter, 248
Platigonus, 239
Stenorhynchus, 233
Virginia Deer, 24, 241
“Northern, 26
Flying Squirrel, 66
Harvest Mouse, 225
virginianus, Cariacus, 241
Cervus, 241
Lepus, 118
“ americanus, 118
Rosmarus, 233
Trichechus, 233
Vulpes, 229

265

266

vison, Mustela, 167
Putorius, 167
lutreocephalus, Putorius, 167
vitulina, Phoca, 123
volans, Mus, 67
Sciuropterus, 66, 67
Vole, Cope’s Sycium, 244
Diluvian, 244
Fossil Pine, 245
Great Anaptogon, 244.
Involute Fossil, 245
Lemming, 7
New Jersey, 94
Northern Pine Woods, tor
Pennsylvania Meadow, 97
Wilson’s Meadow, 244
Wood, 7, 92
« Gapper’s, 92
Vulpes, genus, 145
cinereoargentatus, 229
cinereoargenteus, 229
fulvus, 145
latidentatus, 229
virginianus, 229
vulpes, 221

W.
Walrus, 5, 6, 233
Fossil Atlantic, 233
Wapiti, 241
Eastern, 29
Weasel, 4, 7,156, 229, 231
Alleghenian Least, 173

Bonaparte’s, Lesser or Short-

tailed, 168
Great Fossil, 231

New York or Common, 170, 229

Western Fox-Squirrel, 57

Whales, 4, 5, 8, 247

Whale, Baleen, 10
Black Right, 10
Bottle-nosed or Beaked, 16
Cuvier’s Beaked, 16

INDEX.

Whale, Great Blue, 13
Leidy’s Sperm, 248
Little-piked, 11
New England Humpback, 14
Pigmy Sperm, 15
Pilot, 21
Pug-Head, 16
Right, ro
Slender Zarachian, 248
Sowerby’s Cowfish, 17
Sperm or Toothed, 14
Whalebone, 10, 12

‘Whaling, 5

wheatleyi, Megalonyx, 249
Wheatley’s Ground Sloth, 249
White-Bellied Killer, 23
White Rabbit, 118
Wild Cats, 4, 141
Wolf, 5, 143, 223, 228
Gray or Timber, 148, 223, 22
Wolverine, 2, 6, 164, 229
Wood Vole, Gapper’s, 92
«New Jersey, 94
Woodchuck, Northeastern, 66
Southeastern, 63, 243
Woodland Caribou, 241

Zs

Zapus, genus, 109, 245
Barton’s, 119
Eastern Meadow, 245
Hudson Bay, 109
hudsonius, 109, 245
es americanus, 110
insignis, 113
Zarachian Whale, Slender, 248
Zarachis velox, 248
Zibethicus Castor, 104
Fiber, 104, 245
Ziphiidee. 16
Ziphius, genus, 16
cavirostris, 16

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