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WAR DEPARTMENT.

REPORT

OR A

RECONNAISSANCE

FROM

CARROLL, MONTANA TERRITORY, ON THE UPPER MISSOURI, |

TO THER

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, AND RETURN,

MADE IN

THE SUMMER OF 1875,

BY

WILLIAM LUDLOW,

CAPTAIN OF ENGINEERS, BREVET LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, U. 8S. ARMY,
CHIEF ENGINEER DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1876.

CONTENTS.

Letters ot: transm i btaliecu.cnsselseu ade auw se cseusws-ic cic sues pewwie weet veaed base bn aude decetalucandaleableace de
Genojal Teportsc22 3 sade stondue meereattn candace Meigen: Aagseece dae nied ora be = bed ga dnedee aaoeARneduateeece beans
Orders saccivow sas seis s ve wibacmns seceiceged os Baedide aes sane Sedu Re sdaneten wneereemed hates cues memeawie atmos
Composition of the party and instruments employed .......20. 02-022 eee ee cece ee cee eee eee ee cee eee cece eens
Saint Paul to Carroll via Northern Pacifie Railroad and Missouri River ......-.2.2. 2-2. .eeeee cee ee eee eee
Carroll to Camp Baker, Montana, via Carroll Road 2... 0.222... 0200 cee eee ce eee epee eee cone ce eens cece eee
Judith Basin .. 2.22222. 0222.22 eee ee eee eee chariots a Sess n/a Ss ote Ae ape es eetae ated elsy sla ete fare feista we orelsiesreisixe.ar
Camp Baker to Rove: Ellis, Montana, via Bridger Pind, Badeuidewe ee see ve ws dee eee rawedinn smenlid en Sscehedicintey
Mort Elis:to:the: National Parkes. cecesensted as cuted. gelewat so pes sed zk Be eave oe, See eS rakes eee ne caeebescaas
Manmimoth T1ob- Springs.) 222 ce dst luiscae etian anes ee ceed ates ¥ x sew Meme ew eter eee eee sed aa re wrae
Mellowsatone Wallac <a oct scolds we we ge Me Se eee ey wee ee ead see sey ce ie Se Newt ea vden Meow eee eemebeeeaeeens see
Yellowstone LakGeeoucwenecas ena deege aes geaeeune qneelees seb ieceee be bee ye aces cadet bacecuesdes weeds
MG) Geyser gsi cose se ddes a5 Gees Bi cele sem isiee weber es Peeks odeg Shade Sonia e kame gee etuenuuan She hetetes
Upper Geyser Bagittesse tose eit ad ae See ca eee So teetistev are, Sa ede gate e-ckee ceeeueicueaiale eudvep od © Gioia Sad cer oo geel Souve.ates
PVG UUITIE GO TENTS seacasreie oie cictsieleiesaia’ 3 ce tears brs acerecd “esaia -armra'e’ eaiSin Gleam ze dsdcs Syeses Gara hee ev Simste Simao au asmie m andiane suoisun sere nresihaias
MNS COC AITO oe coc cle ce aes. ae de 4 ack nS od a Rees Doe alee detest house dened asym eae aabnmcee a Mem Ase Ae
Trip to the Little Rocky Mountains... ....-...-.-...-.-2-+- Naso est cy untae aetna wt atin niin 5 Od diem sau
Return to: Saint: Paw) i cccbvede sice-vlcasenn Sore needeutamsrenemeadedoekcweae seed deen evedemeenene eee" aad
Remarks and recommendations with reference to the Yellowstone Park....-. 222.222. ee ee eee eee eee eee
Légal éndetinénits establishing the park sicecc saseseecesice ceintese scans Sle oe cae ee sees nes uses eee dew eres os
Astronomical observations for time and latitude at Carroll, Camp Lewis, and Caing Bakery. ccec-souasces dee
Sammary table of daily instrumental observations, with deduced altitudes, latitude, and longitude of each camp,
and of the Montana posts, distances traveled, &.... 2-2-2 ee ee eee ne ee ce ee eee ee eee eee
Table of Missouri River distances from Benton to Bisinarck, from survey by Lieut. F. V. Greene, United States
Engineers, under direction of Capt. William J. Twining, Corps of Engiueers...-.-..----. .--.-+------
Report of Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Infantry, United States Army....-.-. 2... 2.2.2 ee eee ee ee ee eee ee
eee the Judith Basin........ ee aned shea eevee SE¥ Re ches sebe bem ekseeees Scenics wasiaisieuclelests € steleis ar
Trip from Carroll to Ellis, via follnwratnns RIV OE cecue on ound Shade aryeewesnd ais whee Boeae omen e ewes pe
Zovlogical report, by George Bird Grinnell .... 22.22. 62 eee cee ee ee eee eee cee ne eee cece ee tee e ee ceneee ceeees
Chapter. I-—-Mammals: ccceo03 oceee ss acee cose eeew see sone sasn chexersecersas bees <auedie dye ssi sees es else vee
Chapter TI—Bitds ..seivecaes cess estes ese ce seen
Partial list of mammals: and Virds: scssc20 neccse oi ae cexaes vote ceese senesced ees See Seen gees Sek eiewe ec serielse
Geological report, by Edward S. Dana and George Bird Grinnell ..-... 22. 22222 ee ce cece ee cee eee cence
Preliminary remarks on the alluvial deposits of the Upper Missouri River ........--...--------- 2-2 --eeee ee
From Carrollto: Box Elder Creehisac os 2 aaseusaseces ceeen ee tiewiee ahi ced cen tonne seetet hee eee beeen Mace ee
Judith: Moun tanec. sess cceaseseries nears se oes es so ake chee wee eee eeereuenes te Selleeec ss wou Gees ekeke bebe eRe
From Box Elder to Camp Lewis .. ..- a tities ee obs SS eeee Sivbots ols Sc ataeeeee tt Ske deosedts seeeeke be sees
Camp Lewis to the Judith Gap weciscscieiiesccesnaewe sane Seiden tol daeeCadereene nes ote gases ee Seecee kere seoe
Suow Mountain since cose cea ace eeeiecs Sabke) eee se dee See tet keas eel le eee Medes eee eee eES
Little Belt Mounutains...-....-.---.------ fed ae dese g Hy beeed See pss Seis eie Get aeae Sete nek RSE che EE SEE
Judith Gap tO thie Musselshell Cahon 2... cose cere ccmgeciem sins sete cee vewe asics seca eeeedee eee see Coes eRe
Musselshell Cajion to wee Pakers c.cctaicea ice jecccsenioss faye Ses LinGoiwse ae asete eat ame
Camp Baker to Fort Ellis.. ss easiness each tg Hafele tane te bola Sahn OE AGO UCae Gen GRA os Oh yaa Reeth ge aes
Piidgae MUTMNA INS sence Sse eeeseeee ke Ale ganSN gt at ETN Ecahe ea hea Ss Seek OS a OS
From the Bridger Mountains tie thie Fos of the Mussulletiail .. a SSeS faa nal ae ER
From Armells Creek to the mouth of the Judith ...... 0.0... 22 220220 ce ee ee ee ce ce ce ee ee eee ee eee es
Little Rocky Mountains :o0..c.0sccas s2sce. cenwcece ty cecmaneer aoe aren 420 Ge eend Semmes Oe de ANG MAEM Seas
The Geysers of the Yellowstone Park ..-...-.-.- +2221 2 eee eee cee eee ce cee eee cee cee cee ee eee
Goneral: CONGIUISIONS W265 Sense ees eoscera sore Ged Gaeta hs iw, nea Se Ses G5 A 0. diavres bl ghden a. tobe lacaiaerrend dugsal eed oone SRE ENS
Disthibution of formations: 4sicce seks cesesoneseeeeatous oecemaue sabe d ws Gee Boia bee teSeanede eRe eee
Period of mountain-elevation 1.2.2. coc. ce ces eee ce te ee ne teen ee ee ne teen see ee seen pene eens ten eer tenes
Description of new fossils, by R. P. Whitfield ...--. 222-4 -- 2-20 cece cee eee eee ee cee ce cee cee eee eee

! MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

General map of the reconnaissance, scale | inch=12 miles; at end of volume.

Map of the Judith Basin, scale 1 inch—6 miles; to faco........----- -- 2+ +2222 eee eee cee cee ec eee
Map of the Upper Geyser Basin, scale 1 inch—=500 feet; to face....-.....- 20+ -e eee eee ee cette cee cece eee
Two plates of new species of fossils; at end of descriptions of new fossils.

Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu319240288767 74

LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAT.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEFY OF ENGINEERS,
Washington, D. C., July 21, 1876.
Sur: Capt. William Ludlow, Corps of Engineers, Chief Engineer Department of Dakota, has
subinitted to this office a copy of the report of his reconnaissance from Carroll, Montana Territory,
on the Upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and return, made in the summer of 1875.
It embraces the reports of reconnaissances by Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Infantry, and scientific
reports by Messrs. George Bird Grinnell, Edward 8. Dana, and R. P. Whitfield.
I have respectfully to recommend that the report be priuted at the Government Printing-
Office, and that 1,500 copies be furnished on the usual requisition.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
, A. A, LUMPHREYS,
Lriy. Gen. and Chief of engineers
Hon. J. D. CAMERON, °
Seeretary of War.

Approved by the Secretary of War:
If. T. Crosby,
Chief Clerk.
WAR DEPARTMENT, July 21, 1876.

TIEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA,
~ OFFICE OF THE CULEF ENGINEER,
Saint Paul, Minw., March 1, 1876.

Sir: [have the honor to forward herewith a copy of my report of the reconnaissance of last
summer from Carroll, Mont., over the Carroll road, to Camp Baker, Mont., thence to Fort. Ellis,
Mont, including a brief tour through the Yellowstone National Park, and the return journey to
Carroll. Accompanying my report, for incorporation therewith, are those of Messrs. Grinnell and
Dana, which will be found both interesting and valuable.

A map of the reconnaissance is presented, which shows the authorities used, in addition to my
own field-notes, which were made as complete as possible. Two sketches are added, one of the
Judith Basin and the other of the Upper Geyser Basin, to be inserted in the proper places in the
report. :

A set of astronomical observations at Carroll, Camp Lewis, and Camp Baker, three principal
points on the Carroll road, are furnished ; also a tabular statement of latitudes, longitudes, distances,
&e., and a list of distances on the Missouri River, from a survey by the United States Boundary
Commission. The region included within the limits of the Yellowstone Park is, for its area, the
most interesting in the world. It is situated at the very heart of the continent, where the hidden
pulses can, as it were, be seen and felt to beat, and the closely-written geological pages constitute
a book which, being interpreted, will expose many of the mysterious operations of nature. My
own interest in this land of wonder is so keen as to lead me again to hope that it will be protected
from the vandalism from which it has already suffered, and that the suggestion of an accurate
topographical and geological survey, to complete the work so well inaugurated by Professor Hayden,
may be made the subject of favorable consideration and recommendation by the Chief of Engineers.

aspe ient servant
Very respectfully, your obedient s ; Pees:
Captain of Engineers.
The Cu1erF oF Encinrerrs, U.S. A.,
Washington, D. C.

RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

GENERAL REPORT.

GENERAL REPORT.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF DAkoTA,
OFFICE OF CHIEF ENGINEER,
Saint Paul, Minn., February 1, 1876.

Sir: [have the honor to submit herewith my report of the reconnaissance from Carroll, Mont.,
to Camp Baker, thence to Fort Ellis and the Yellowstone National Park, made during the months
of July, August, and September, 1875, in accordance with the instructions given in Special Orders
No. 110, dated Headquarters Department of Dakota, Saint Paul, Minn., June 14, 1875.

My report includes those of Mr. George Bird Grinnell on the paleontology and zodlogy and of
Mr. Edward 8. Dana on the geology of the region traversed. These reports will be found highly
interesting and valuable. Drawings of fossils collected by Mr. Grinnell form a portion of his report.

Lieut. R. E. Thompson’s report of the trip to the Judith Basin, and of the return from Carroll to
Ellis, are also submitted; Lieutenant Thompson’s topographical work having been incorporated in
the general map.

A map of the route pursued is presented on a scale of six miles to the inch, and a tabular
statement is appended to the report, giving the astronomically-determined positions of important
points, tables of distance, instrumental observations, &c.

The determinations of Forts Shaw and Ellis are those of Lieut. F. V. Greene, Corps of Engi-
neers, who was at those posts last summer on duty connected with the United States Boundary
Commission. His labors obviated the necessity for my going to Fort Shaw (which would have
consumed some valuable time), and also saved me additional delay at Fort Ellis, at which place,
out of six days I spent there, rain fell continuously for five.

The position of Fort Benton and the map of the Missouri River below that post are from the
survey of the same officer, under direction of Capt. William J. Twining, Corps of Engineers, chief
astronomer of the Boundary Commission, who with his party descended the river from Benton to
Bismarck in Mackinac boats, at the close of the season’s operations in 1874, carefully mapping it,
and establishing almost daily astronomical stations. The river distances determined by this survey
show an enormous reduction from the crude and exaggerated estimates given in existing tables,
and which have heretofore been accepted as fair approximations. Above Benton, the river is from
the various published authorities collated, and as far as possible reconciled.

The topography adjoining the route is from the field-notes of the reconnaissance.

Sketches of the Judith and Upper Geyser Basins are given in the body of the report, also from
field-notes.

The general topography of the Yellowstone Park is mainly taken from the published maps of
Dr. Hayden and Captain Jones; using, however, my own latitudes wherever good observations were
taken. This, however, was Dut seldom, since showers fell every day but one that we were in the
park, and the nights were almost invariably cloudy.

Inasmuch as no one who has seen this interesting region can fail to be deeply solicitous for its
care and preservation, I am impelled to express a hope for favorable consideration from the depart-
ment commander of the remarks and suggestions in relation thereto.

2W

10 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

I left Saint Paul on the evening of June 30, in obedience to Special Orders No. 110, series of 1875,
Departure from from headquarters Department of Dakota, and proceeded, via the Northern Pacific
Queers Railroad, to Bismarck, its western terminus, on the Missouri River.

[Special Orders No. 110.)

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF Dakota,
7 Saint Paul, Minn., June 14, 1875.
Capt. William Ludlow, chief engineer of the department, will, on July 1 proximo, proceed, via the Northern Pacific
Railroad and the Missouri River, to Carroll, Mont., and make a reconnaissance of the route from
that place to Camp Baker. Havivg completed this duty, he will proceed to the several posts in
the district of Montana, and determine their latitudes and longitudes. He will also, if time permits, make a recon-
naissance from Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone Park. Captain Ludlow is authorized to take with him his assistant and
the enlisted men of engineers under his command. He is also authorized to take with him a geologist and such other
scientific gentlemen, not exceeding four in all,as may desire to accompany his party. The commanding officer of the
District of Montana will furnish escorts to Captain Ludlow from point to point, wherever, in his judgment, it may be
necessary, sending a party to Carroll for that purpose; the transportation being sufficient to furnish one wagon, one
ambulance, and five saddle-horses for use of Captain Ludlow’s party.
By command of Brigadier-General Terry:

Orders.

O. D. GREENE,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
(Special Orders No. 127.]

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF DakoTa,
Saint Paul, Minn., July 7, 1875.
& *

ES * * * x

Ill. The Quartermastey’s Department will empioy one civilian guide and scout to accompany the reconnaissance
under Capt. William Ludlow, United States Engineers, authorized in Department Special Orders No. 110, current
series. He will be paid at the rate of $75 per month for the time he is actually employed, and will be furnished with
transportation by steamboat for himself aud horse from Bismarck to Carroll and return. The acting assistant quarter-
master at Fort Abraham Lincoln will take him up on his “ Report of persons and atricles.”

IV. Second Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Infantry, will report to Capt. William Ludlow, Engineer Corps, for duty
as topographer, with the reconnaissance under the latter-named officer, authorized by Special Orders No. 110, current
series, from these headquarters.

By command of Brigadier-General Terry:

O. D. GREENE,
Assistant Adjutant-General.

My party consisted (beside my brother, Mr. Edwin Ludlow, of New York, and assistant, Mr. W.
Composition ofthe H- Wood) of Messrs. George Bird Grinnell and Edward 8. Dana, both of Yale Col-
party. lege, who had come out to Saint Paul upon my invitation for the purpose of join-
ing me.
These gentlemen traveled at their own expense, receiving no compensation for their services; and
Messrs. Grime! I cannot but consider myself extremely fortunate in having induced them to
and ec «accompany me as special assistants. Mr. Grinnell would report upon the paleon-
aesietents. tology and zoélugy and Mr. Dana upon the geology of the country passed over.
The reports attest their zeal and industry, as well as the fullness of their qualifications for, and
conscientious devotion to, their voluntarily-assumed tasks.
Special Orders No. 121 directed my detachment of engineer soldiers, consisting of Sergeants
Becker and Wilson and five men, to report to me at Carroll for surveying purposes.
At Bismarck, the party was increased by the addition to it of Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Jn-
Lieutenant Thomp- fantry, who was to accompany it as topographer and general assistant, and of
sorde added tf tte © Carles Reynolds, a well-known frontiersman, who was to act as guide and hunter
party. for the expedition.
The instruments taken on the trip were asmall Wiirdemann transit-theodolite, No.94; a Spencer
Sentai ala Browning & Co.’s sextant, No. 6536; a Gambay & Son reflectin g-circle, No. 212; and
onthe reconnais. two chronometers, a mean solar of Arnold & Dent, No. 1362, and a sidereal of Bond
sankey & Sons, No. 202. These instruments, with the exception of the circle, had been
used on the reconnaissance to the Black Hills of the previous season, and were known to be good.
In addition were four odometers, two thermometers, two aneroid barometers, and an odometer-cart,
constructed for the purpose of measuring distances.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 11

The party, after three days’ detention at Bismarck, embarked on the steamer Josephine the even-
ing of July 5, and sailed early on the morning of the 6th. Directions had been save Bismarck on
given Sergeant Becker to make a survey of the river while going up. This was *¥e Josephine.
continued during the day; but as night fell, and the boat continued to run, it was found impossible
to take the necessary compass-bearings to points in advance.

Fort Stevenson, eighty-four miles from Bismarck, was reached at midnight. Here Lieutenant
Thompson and Reynolds landed for the purpose of procuring some necessary Fort Stevenson,
articles, intending to join the boat again at Fort Berthold, which, although twenty- ?4*
five miles above Stevenson by water, is only seven or eight miles by land.

July 7.—At 5 a. m., the boat reached Berthold, and stopped for two hours to land some freight,
and Lieutenant Thromisot and Reynolds again came on board. Berthold is the
agency for the combined tribes of Rees, Gros Ventres, and Mandans, who occupy
iu common a village built on the north bank of the river, surrounding an old stockade of the North-
western Fur Company, which had formerly a trading-post here. At that early hour, the village was
still asleep, and a stroll through it resulted only in arousing the numerous Indian curs that with
snarls and threatening aspect resented the intrusion.

July 8.—Was hot and uneventful. Toward afternoon, the mosquitoes became more and more
troublesome, and at night forbade sleep. About 11 p. m., the boat was stappetttor the purpose of
landing Reynolds (who had his horse with him), and disnatobing him in advance to Fort Buford,
with a note to the post-quartermaster for supplies and one to the post-surgeon. A member of the
party had been severely attacked with a disorder brought on by the heat and the effect of the river-
water, which it is injudicious for one unaccustomed to its use to indulge in freely.

July 9.—Arrived at Buford, three hundred miles above Bismarck, at 3 a.m. The surgeon, Dr.
Middleton, kindly came down at once and announced that the invalid was suffer-
ing from a sharp attack, and that it would be in a high degree dangerous for him
to proceed. I made preparations at once to go ashore and remain until the next succeeding boat,
which would pass in a week or ten days, should enable me to continue the journey.
Meanwhile Lieutenant Thompson would be in charge of the party, and instruc-
tions were given him to proceed to Carroll and examine thoroughly the neighboring country. A
full opportunity would at the same time be afforded to determine the latitude and risntaneuetitianio:
longitude of Carroll as a starting-point for the survey of the Carroll road, thence at Ag pares
to Camp Baker, which might then be proceeded with immediately on my arrival.

July 15.—The Josephine returned to Buford from Carroll, having safely landed the party, and
brought a note from Lieutenant Thompson to the effect that the Indians had been —yyas from Carroll
very troublesome on the Carroll road, had run off a drove of forty mules belong- — teceived at Buford.
ing to the Transportation Company, and had even boldly invaded Carroll and attempted to steal
horses from the picket-rope.

I received information also that three recruits of a large detachment which had recently gone
up the river, destined for Fort Shaw, had been killed in the immediate vicinity of Camp oe sev-
enty-five miles ‘out of Carroll.

Under the circumstances, and feeling some apprehension for the safety of the party, whieh had
an escort of ten men only, it was weary waiting at Buford for the next boat up, the arrival of which
was delayed from various causes, until I had nearly determined upon the overland trip of two hun-
dred and seventy-five miles to Carroll, dangerous as this would have been, on account of the activity
of the Indians and their large numbers in the vicinity of Fort Peck. However, the tart again on the
Key West at last arrived, on the morning of the 23a; and, hastily getting on Key West.
board, the journey was resumed. Wolf Point, the Assiniboine agency, was reached at 10 p. m. of
the 24th, and Fort Peck, the general up-river agency for the Sioux, on the evening of the 25th.

Peck, one hundred and eighty miles above Buford by water, stands on a narrow plateau of the
north bank of the river, almost overhung by the hills in rear. The buildings are
of logs, one story, and inclosed within a stockade. This agency is the most consid-
erable on the Missouri River. I was informed that from 8,000 to 10,000 people were fed there.

The distance to the hostile camps of Sitting Bull on the Yellowstone is not much in excess of
one hundred miles, and intercourse is easy and not infrequent. It seems more than probable that

Fort Berthold.

Fort Buford, Dak.

Stop at Buford,

Fort Peck.

12 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

in order to make up the large number which it is claimed is furnished with food and clothing from
this agency, the Indians of the Yellowstone must be included, the attitude of whom is one of vigi-
lant and unvarying hostility to all white men.

July 26.—Left Fort Peck at 3.a.m. Up to this point, the character of the river and its valley

Character of the appeared to be measurably unchanged, a broad, rapid, and turbid stream, about
HWEE, three feet deep in the channel, cutting into its banks at every turn, sand-bars fre-
quently appearing in the muddy bed; the valley heavily timbered with cottonwood, and well defined
by hills. Above Peck, the bed of the stream became more gravelly, the channel consequently more
stable, and the water somewhat clearer. The river narrowed to a width of from 150 to 300 yards;
the clay bluffs from 150 to 600 feet in height, more closely approached the banks, and became
exceedingly barren and unattractive, of dark-gray hue and ashen texture, with thin alkaline streaks
near the base. Small plates of selenite scattered over the surface glittered in the sun, and the
grass was exceedingly poor and scanty. As we advanced, small cedars appeared on the higher
elevations, and game became more abundant. Glimpses of deer half-concealed in the shrubbery were
frequently caught; large bands of elk were seen in the timbered “points ;” and the shore of the river
was everywhere dotted with the footprints of wild animals.

Three buffalo crossed the river in advance of the boat. One was killed and hoisted on deck ;
some Indians who fina come on board at Wolf Point greedily appropriating the refuse portions.
Just before sundown, a herd of seventy five or eighty buffalo were seen dashing down the left bank

A herd of buffalo 12 eager pursuit of three in advance, who had already entered the water and were
crossing the river. half-way across the stream. The herd at once plunged in, and it was soon evident
that the boat would intercept them. They kept on, however; the calves, of which there were sev-
eral, swimming by the lower side of the cows, and all making strenuous efforts to overtake the
leaders, who had meanwhile climbed the opposite bank. The stupid animals only turned back
when the foremost actually struck the boat with their heads, and then, with bovine snorts and bel-
lowings, they heaped together and climbed upon each other in desperate fright, within a few feet
of us. It would have been butchery to kill them, especially as we did not need the beef, and they
were allowed to escape unhurt.

July 27.—Carroll was reached at 7 p.m. Ifound a note from Lieutenant Thompson to the effect
that the vicinity of Carroll had been examined and the necessary observations
taken; and, finding that forage and rations were becoming scarce, it had been
determined to proceed on the road toward Camp Baker in order to save delay.

A courier was dispatched to Camp Lewis for escort and transportation by Lieutenant-Colonel
Otis, assistant inspector-general of the department, who was en route to Helena, and we awaited
the reply.

Carroll is a frontier “‘ town” of perhaps twenty or twenty-five log buildings, on the south bank of
the river, six hundred and forty miles above Bismarck and one hundred and sixty-five miles below
Fort Benton, the limit of navigation on the Upper Missouri. The town is situated on a timbered
plateau 15 or 20 feet above the level of the stream at low water, in the river-valley, which is some
800 to 900 feet in depth, with steep clay slopes covered with pine. It owes its existence to its being
the terminus of the road recently opened from Helena, and the point at which freights are trans-
ferred to and from the boats.

Montana has long suffered from its isolation and from the want of an outlet for its productions.
Until the opening of the Carroll road, the only regular communication with the outer world was by
the road from Helena to Corinne, on the Union Pacific Railroad, a distance of over four hundred

‘The Carroll route &04 fifty miles. The distance from Helena to Carroll is more than two hundred
trom Bielenu miles less than this, a difference which, to the heavy bull-trains averaging only
twelve or thirteen miles per day, represents a saving of fifteen or sixteen days in time. The Mis-
souri River as far up as Carroll is generally navigable for the flat-bottomed stern-wheel boats that
ply upon it until some time in October; and it is evident that by the aid of # connection at Bis-
marek with the Northern Pacific an important and valuable outlet for the wealth of the Territory
has been discovered, available from the opening of navigation in the spring until quite late in the
fall, a period of over five months.

Carroll, Mont.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 13

In addition to the encouragement to the industries of Montana, a large saving can be made by
the Government in the cost of transporting its troops and supplies for the up-river and Montana posts
by the use of this route. These considerations, supported by the necessity for maintaining troops to
act as a check upon the lawlessness of the large number of Indians annually congregating in the
vicinity of Fort Peck, constitute an appeal to the Government to protect the road against forays by
the Indians, an obligation which is recognized in the distribution of troops along the line of the
road. At Camp Baker, fifty-two miles east of Helena, is a permanent garrison of — yfititary posts on
two companies of infantry; at the forks of the Musselshell, fifty-six miles farther — e Carell read.
east, is a summer camp of two companies of infantry and one of cavalry; at the Judith Gap, thirty
miles farther, is a detachment of eighteen or twenty men; and at Camp Lewis, thirty miles farther
and seventy-five miles out of Carroll, is another summer garrison of two companies of infantry,
from which a small detachment guards the stage-station at Box Elder, forty miles out of Carroll-
These posts can conveniently receive their supplies from Carroll.

If, in addition to the garrison at the forks of the Musselshell and Camp Lewis, a force of cavalry,
sufficiently large to patrol the road and push reconnaissances south and east, could ceeceaana ae ke
be established between Camp Lewis and the Judith Gap,—and in this range the the use of cavalry on
requisites of wood, water, and grass are both excellent and abundant,—the route
could be made as permanently safe as any other highway, and such loss of property and life as
occurred last summer be prevented. The truth of the general proposition cannot, I Sugpentioan a do
think, be questioned that the settlements of Montana can best be protected by the defense of | the
troops removed from their immediate vicinity and pushed out toward the sources ments.
whence hostile incursions are to be apprehended.

July 30.—The stage came in an early hour, bringing word from the commanding officer at Camp
Lewis that, much as he desired to do so, he had no transportation or men that he could possibly
send. Colonel Otis therefore hired such transportation as could be obtained in
Carroll; and securing a few rifles and rounds of ammunition, we started soon after
midday, our escort being half a dozen unarmed recruits, en route to Shaw.

The road out of Carroll leads up a long sharp ridge to the west, constantly ascending, with many
turns, until an altitude of over nine hundred feet above the “town” is attained ; the view thence
was wide and varied. Up and down the river, the valley, sinuous and green, its steep slopes scored
by deep ravines, could be traced for many miles. Bordering that, the tumbled Bad Lands on the
south bank and the yellow prairie on the north, and in the distance the various ranges of mount-
ains in detached groups—the Bear’s Paw, seventy miles to the north and west; the Little Rockies,
thirty miles north; the Judith Mountains, forty miles south and west; with the Great and Little
Moccasins close by, and the Snowies beyond.

The road at first traversed a rolling, sterile prairie, gradually descending. Camp was made on
Little Crooked Creek, thirteen miles from Carroll, and in what are called the Bad Lands, which
extend out from Carroll for over thirty miles. The landscape is dreary to the last
degree, with rolling and broken outlines. The soil throughout the region is a
finely-ground clay of dark ashen hue and texture and irregularly striped by dirty alkaline streaks.
In the absence of rain, it is dry and dusty; but thoroughly wetted, it becomes a Camp on Little
greasy, slippery, fathomless mass of clinging mud, through which the straining Creeket Creek.
animals can hardly drag the heavily-weighted wheels. Wood is almost entirely wanting ; water
is very scarce, and when found is alkaline and tepid. The vegetation is sage and cactus, with
occasionally a little thin, poor grass. Near camp two trains were encountered going in to Carroll;
they halted for the night two or three miles behind us.

July 31.—Camp was broken early, and the journey resumed through the same enlivening scenery
for twenty miles, crossing Crooked Creek, a sluggish alkaline stream, deeply cut into the dark-gray
clay (where the sight of a party of mounted Indians some miles away disturbed our lunch and
started us on the road), to where the bounds of the Bad Lands were reached, and the road
ascended upon high rolling prairie, over which a push of seven miles led into the valley of Box
Elder Creek. This is a stage-station, forty miles from Carroll, where a guard of ;
four soldiers is maintained from Lewis. The halting-place is marked by a log forty uitlostromGat
cabin standing on the bank of the creek, a small stream of swift-flowing water, ™”

Start from Carroll.

Mauvaises Terres.

14 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

which has its source in the slopes of the Judith Mountains. During the day, two or three single
buffalo were seen, and antelope had appeared from time to time since leaving Carroll.

August 1.—The road led in a general southwest direction along the northern foot-hills of the_
mountains, which were eight to ten miles distant, rising steep and wooded to the height of some
2,000 feet. The road was good, although somewhat hilly, the grass fair, and the creeks, several
of which we crossed, were all bright little streams of good water. As we advanced, the mountains
began to define themselves. The Little and Greater Moccasins separated from the Judith and from
each other, between them appearing the distant Highwoods, with patches of snow; the Snowies,
to the south, also snow-crowned ; and, separating them from the Little Belt, could be seen the
depression which marks the Judith Gap. The road follows the western flank of the Judith, at the
southwest extremity of which, on the banks of Big Spring Creek, finally appeared the garrison-flag

Camp Lewis, on 0d the white tents of Camp Lewis, thirty-five miles from Box Elder. The camp
Big peuing Creek, ig situated in the level valley of the creek, the garrison consisting of two com-
drome: Carrol: panies of the Seventh Infantry, Captain Browning commanding. ‘The creek, the
main affluent of the Judith River, rises a few miles above Lewis, in a huge spring, from which the
stream emerges, full-grown, with a rapid, tumultuous current of ice-cold water, abounding with the
black-speckled mountain-trout. The course is northwest in a gravelly bed 15 or 20 feet wide and
1 to 2 feet deep. Wood has in a great measure to be hauled by the garrison from the mountains,
but the grass is rich and luxuriant.

August 2.—Lewis is the second stage-station on the Carroll road, seventy-five miles from the
“town.” We lay over one day to rest the animals.

August 3.—Took the road again at an early hour, ascending upon a partly level and rolling
prairie fairly grassed over, where rapid progress, parallel to the Snowy Range, was made, crossing
several fine creeks which rise in the Snowies and flow north and west into the Judith River.

The Judith Basin, a sketch of which is given, opened to the north and west, showing a fine,
well-grassed, gently-rolling prairie, some fifty miles east and west and sixty miles
north and south, of irregular diamond-shape, and inclosing about 1,500 square
miles, from the borders of which rose, massive and detached, the encircling ranges, the Judith,
Snowy, Little Belt, and Highwoods. Throughout this elevated region (and more especially later
in the Yellowstone Park), we had daily occasion to observe the marked depth and clearness of the
coloring, owing, I presume, to the utter purity of the atmosphere; the colors of objects compara-
tively near by seemed to possess an unsurpassable richness and reality, and even on distant mount-
ains, seventy-five or eighty miles away, while the colors were necessarily blended and their details
lost, they exhibited a wonderful transparency and distinctness, undimmed by the haze and vague-
ness which usually obscure such distant objects. It is this quality of the atmos-
phere that furnishes the chief beauty of the Judith Basin, which can hardly be
termed a mountainous country, although the various ranges grouped about it, and separated from
each other by broad intervals, form the principal feature of the landscape. Painted in a clear,
transparent purple upon the sky, and seeming hardly to rest upon the yellow prairie which forms
so fine a contrast, they look like massive islands in the tawny ocean that rolls against them.

The basin will some day be a great stock-raising, and, by the aid of irrigation, an agricultural
region. It has always been considered a fine hunting country, where game of all kinds could be
found, although we saw none, with the exception of a few antelope; the recent presence of the Crow
camp having driven it off.

At Ross’s Fork of the Judith, near the gap, and twenty-seven miles from Lewis, we met Lieu-
tenant Thompson, who had come out from Baker with two spring-wagons to meet us. Camp was
made, with good grass and fair water; wood scarce.

August 4.—Pulled out at6a.m. The road led directly through the gap. From the southeast
extremity of the Little Belt Mountains rises a fine spring, flowing east at first, and then doubling
back through the gap into Ross’s Fork.

The gap is formed by a depression five or six miles in width between the timbered Snowy and
Belt Ranges. It constitutes the head of the Judith Basin; to the south appearing
a broad, level stretch of prairie, sloping down to the Musselshell, twenty or twenty-
five miles distant. The Crow camp at the time we passed was said to be seven or eight miles to

Jadith Basin.

Judith Basin.

Judith Gap,

ere

JUDITH BASIN

10

1a\9°

Drawn under the direction of
Capt.W. LUDLOW Corps of Engineers,

To accompany his report.
Scale Linch = 6miles.

oO 10 20

_ 109° _|

N. PETERS, PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHER, WASHINGTON, 0 C.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 15

the eastward, on the southern slope of the Snowies. We also heard that a fight had taken place
two nights before between the Crows and a party of Sioux, and that a war-party of one hundred
Sioux had passed subsequently through the gap, going northward.

Emerging from the gap, the road led west and south over a dry, sterile, and dusty prairie, in the
teeth of a blistering southwest gale, across Hoppley’s Hole and Haymaker’s and Daisy Dean Creeks,
iuto the valley of the Mussellshell, whose freshness and greenness and abundance of timber afforded
the strongest coutrast to the country behind us. The hired teams were mortally weary, and had
been with the greatest difficulty urged all day against the strong, hot wiud. Released from har-
ness, they ran to the bank and leaped bodily into the stream, thrusting their muz- Camp on Mussel-
zles deep into.the cool water with great contentment. The river is twenty-five or 4! Kiver.
thirty feet wide, and on the average seven or eight inches deep, of clear, rapid flow, over a gravelly
bottom ; the valley level, wide, fertile, and richly grassed, with heavy clumps of timber ou the low
banks of the stream.

August 5.—Made an early start, aud at two or three miles from camp came to the “ forks” of the
Musselshell, where the north and soutb branches unite. Here a ranchman had Forks of the Mus-
established himself, raising cattle, and, by means of an irrigating-ditch, cultivating **!sbe!-
some seventy-five or eighty acres in oatsand wheat. Throughout Montana, owing to the very thor-
ough drainage, the general altitude above the sea, and the prevailing dryness of the atmosphere,
irrigation is essential to successful agriculture.

A stage-station of the Carroll road is made at this ranch, sixty-five miles from Lewis and fifty-
six miles from Baker.

The road followed west and north up the North Fork, passing through arocky, wooded cajfion of
considerable beauty. Here the road, overlooking the stream, whose windings it North Fork of the
followed, and deeply shaded by pines, made a very agreeable drive, the more so Musselshell.
that we were now beyond any danger from Indians. Emerging from the caiion, the road led west
and south over a high, rolling, and hilly prairie. At the foot of a long down-grade lay Copperop-
olis, which was found to consist of a mining-shaft and a deserted shanty. The Norte Pbeka Deep
North Fork of Deep Creek was reached at 4 p.m. and camp made. The creek Cte
abounded with trout, and the wood, water, and grass were plenty and good.

August 6.—The road led down the valley of Deep Creek west and south to Brewer’s Springs,
where the luxuries of a hot bath, followed by a generous breakfast, were enjoyed. The waters well
up freely, strongly impregnated with sulphur, from several springs, with temperatures varying from
105° to 115° Fahrenheit. They are taken up-in wooden pipes, and introduced into Brewer's Hot Sul-
the bathing-houses. The odor is at first unpleasant, but the water is soft and Pbur Springs.
thoroughly delightful to the skin. The color is a milky, cloudy blue, and soft, delicate filaments
of sulphur adhere to the sides of the bath and stream from the mouths of the supplying-tubes. A
small hotel has been built for the accommodation of visitors. At this point unite the two forks of
Deep Creek, which, bearing the name of Smith’s River, flows here north and west past Camp Baker
to join the Missouri. The Carroll road bifurcates, one branch going west over the _gifareation of the
mountains, the other following the rich and fertile river-valley, which supports C@rtel! read.
thousands of cattle on its lush pasturage, until at sixteen and three-fourths miles from the springs
the road reaches Camp Baker, where it deflects to the west, toward Helena.

The post is an irregular-looking cluster of buildings planted in the midst of a level and stony
plain, surrounded by mountains, upon which frequent patches of snow appear.
An irrigating-ditch brings a current of water through the garrison, but hardly
appears able to vivify the arid soil. The troops at Baker are two companies of the Seventh Infan-
try, Major Freeman commanding. I found here my party awaiting me, and without loss of time
made preparations for the trip to Ellis. The transportation and escort which had hitherto accom-
panied the party had returned to Ellis, and as the road to that point was considered comparatively
safe, a small force only was needed.

August 7.—Pulled out at 8 a. m., with transportation consisting of two six-mule teains and a
four-mule ambulance, with saddle-horses for the party, and a sergeant and two men for guard and
camp duty. There are two routes from Baker to Ellis: one, called the Duck Creek Two voutes from
route, via the Missouri and Gallatin Valleys, is perfectly safe, being within the set- Baker te Fort Ellis.

Camp Baker, Mont.

16 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

tlements, but several miles longer than the other, called the “ outer” route, which, returning nearly
to Brewer’s Springs, goes up the South Fork of Deep Creek almost direct to Hilis, passing between
the Crazy and Big Belt Mountains. From the springs south, the valley is at first broad and level
and heavily grassed, the creek flowing northward. Many antelope were seen grazing in the mead-
ows. Camp was made at 3.30 p. m. near a fresh, cold spring issuing from the hill-
side on the east bank of the creek. The locality is the ordinary halting-place,
twenty-seven miles out of Baker, and is called Moss Agate Springs. The grazing and water are
excellent, but the supply of wood is small.

August 8,—Course continued nearly south up the valley. The creek gradually became smaller
and finally was dry. “Sixteen-mile Creek”, a branch of the Missouri, flowing a strong current west
and south, was crossed eleven miles from camp, and the road beyond lay over a dry, yellow, gently-
undulating prairie, which farther on grew more hilly, and became an interminable waste of sage-
brush. The antelope were numerous during the day. Cottonwood Creek, a small branch of Shield’s
River, was crossed thirteen and a half miles from Sixteen-mile Creek. The water is pure and

Camponbranchof Plenty, and the valley well supplied with cotton-wood trees. Continuing, the sage-
Blnelds! HIver: brush still occupied the ground, and camp was finally made on a small creek flow-
ing east, the valley of which furnished an ample supply of excellent water and grass, and wood
sufficient for camping purposes. Bridger Pass appeared seven or eight miles south of us, and
Flathead Pass opened.to the westward through the Big Belt Range.

August 9.—Pulled outat6a.m. The trail ledinto a broad valley, stretching eastward at the foot
of the mountains, richly grassed, intersected by several small streams, and affording the finest pas-
turage for three or four herds of cattle which were browsing in the meadow. These had probably
been driven over the mountains from the Gallatin Valley for the summer. Crossing the valley
brought us to the foot-bills of Bridger Pass, which, though much lower than the
neighboring mountains, still gave promise of an arduous climb for the heavy
wagons. A creek flows out of the pass, up the valley of which a road of fair grade could be easily
constructed. In the absence of this, the trail climbs several steep hills in succession, alternately
ascending and descending, but constantly rising, though with more than double the necessary labor,
until at the summit of a long, sloping hog-back, falling steeply on both sides, a preliminary divide
was reached, whence descent was made, following a small branch, into the valley of Brackett’s
Creek. This is a tributary of Shield’s River, flowing eastward and separating the
group of mountains over which we had passed from the main range, the pass
through which still lay before us. Crossing the creek, the second ascent was found to be more
gradual and less severe than the former, although of about equal altitude. Reaching the second
summit, the descent began down the left bank of Bridger Creek, flowing southward. The peaks
to the west across the valley were lofty, varied in form, and from certain points
of view exceedingly fine. Huge patches of snow rested in the more sheltered
places on their summits, and one could begin to realize the altitude of 10,000 feet above the sea,
which sufficed to maintain this wintry feature even under the clear, hot rays of the summer sun.
The timber throughout the pass is pine, with various small woods in the creek bottoms. Grass is
abundant, even among the timber, and the brooks are bright mountain-streams constantly fed from
the snow-fields above, and abounding with trout. Elk and deer are numerous, though they are
driven from the immediate vicinity of the trail by frequent travel and possibly by the flies, which in
great numbers and varieties proved a serious annoyance to the cattle. Still following Bridger
Creek, the road made along bend to the south and west, around the base of Bridger Mountain, into
the main valley, which turns west to join that of the Gallatin. Crossing the creek, the trail wound

Hort wiicendhe OYOT a Tange of hills, and descended into the valley of the North Gallatin, upon
sa the south bank of which, three or four miles farther west, Fort Ellis is situated.
The Bozeman Pass road, leading east and south to the Yellowstone, climbs the

hill-side opposite to where the road reaches the river.

Fort Ellis stands near the head of the Gallatin Valley, for the defense of which it was constructed.
It appears as an assemblage of log houses, irregularly placed from frequent additions, of uninvitin g
exterior, but comfortable within. The garrison, General Sweitzer commanding, includes four com-
panies of the Second Cavalry and one of the Seventh Infantry; but during the summer the mounted

Moss A gate Springs.

Bridger Pass.

Brackett’s Creek.

Bridger Mountains.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, 17

troops are required to guard the passes and make frequent scouts, sometimes of considerable extent,
and hence spend but little time in garrison. At the date of my arrival, two companies were absent,
one scouting, the other acting as escort to the party of the Secretary of War in the Yellowstone
Park, while a third was preparing for the field, and started early next morning.

August 10.—Employed the day in preparations for the trip to the park. The greater portion of
the necessary pack-animals were then in the park, and my arrival was fortunately 5. amations for
timed, since they were on the return, and expected back in two or three days. By the trip into tho el:
advancing to meet them, double that time could be saved. Accordingly,the bag-
gage was reduced to the smallest possible amount. All tranks and boxes were left bebind, and the
necessary articles put into canvas sacks, brought from Saint Paul for the purpose. Tents were dis-
carded and only tent-flies carried. The instruments were carefully rolled in bundles of bedding,
and the basket containing the chronometers strapped to the spring-seat of the odometer-cart,
Riding-animals were obtained and a six-mule team secured to carry the baggage and stores until
the pack-train should be met. Toward evening we went into camp about three
miles southeast from Ellis, on Coal or Rocky Cajion Creek, a small affluent of the
Gallatin, uniting with it near the fort.

August 11.—Broke camp at 6 a. m., and proceeded across the creek and up its valley. The
trail followed the creek-bottom, crossing it several times, and over a rocky, hilly
road, through a caiion of considerable grandeur, shaded by lofty, precipitous lime-
stone pinnacles. The general course was south and east, up the east bank of the creek, gradually
ascending and bending more to the southward. The road improved, the available space becoming
greater and the hills less steep. Crossing a low divide extending across the valley, the head of
Trail Creek, a tributary of the Yellowstone, was reached. Through both creek-
valleys, the flies were very numerous and annoying. There are two ranches on
Trail Creek, the second one twenty-five miles from Ellis, where the creek-valley widened and entered
that of the Yellowstone, which presented the familiar features of a broad, dry, stony stretch of
prairie, sloping down to a beautiful stream, with borders fringed with trees. The
river has a stony and gravelly bed, an impetuous current of six or seven miles an
hour, a depth of as many feet, and width of about 100 yards. The waters, constantly freshened by
mountain springs and torrents, are cold and clear, and alive with trout of great size and variety,
These range in weight from half a pound to two pounds and upward. Their favorite food is the
grasshopper, great numbers of which fall into the stream, but they will also take the fly freely.

The Snow Mountains border the river on the south and east, their lofty pinnacles glittering
with snow. Chief among the range is Emigrant Peak, rising 6,000 feet above the
valley and attaining an altitude of 11,500 feet above the sea. It is a very hand-
some mountain, of fine outline and great richness of coloring. Débouching from Trail Creek, the
road bends south and west up the left bank of the river. We here met the party of the Secretary
of War, in two spring-wagons, going in to Ellis. The pack-train had been left behind at Gardner’s
River Springs, to follow more leisurely. Pushing on up the valley, crossing several small brooks
flowing from the mountains, and passing two or three ranches, camp was made Chinn rear Bek
near Bottler’s ranch, half-way to the Mammoth Springs and thirty-five miles from — “¢’s Baveh-
Ellis. Sufficient wood was readily attainable, and a swift-flowing brook was close at hand; but the
grass, never luxuriant, had been thinned by frequent camping.

August 12.—Broke camp at 8 a.m. The road passed Bottler’s ranch, where travelers can find
fairly good food and todging, and proceeded up the level valley to a rocky point coming down from
the mountains to theriver-bank. Surmounting this, we followed up the valley again, crossing two or
three rude but sufficient bridges, at one of which was a toll-house. Itappeared that 44) :oaa from
a company in Bozeman had obtained a territorial charter for a toll road from that oe a Pera
place to the Mammoth Springs. The road had been made practicable for wagons, _ner’s River Springs.
and considerable work expended upon it up to the toll-bridge; but the main labor directed to the
caiion above, which had hitherto been a serious obstacle and impassable to vehicles. Continuing,
the road bent more to the south, and entered the cafion, following a hilly trail, blasted out of the
rocks. The cafion is some three miles in length, and the view from the highest partof — second Cason of
the road is very fine. The river, compressed to a width of 75 or 80 feet, is of a rich "B® ¥elowstone.

3 W

Camp on Coal Creek.

Cajion on Coal Creek.

Trail Creek.

Yellowstone River.

Emigrant Peak.

18 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

green hue, splashed with white, and flows with great velocity ; its surface breaking into great waves
and swirls. The mountains on either side are 2,000 or 3,000 feet in height, rising precipitously from
the brink, and exhibiting dark browns and grays, contrasting with the deep, somber hue of the pines
and the more sparkling green of the river, flecked with foam.

Camp was made at the upper end of the cafion, on the bank. All the essentials for camping

Camp in Second Were present, and trout abounded in the swift and turbulent waters. The gray-
eaten: ling, a long, slender fish, of less weight than the trout, but rivaling it in activity
and game qualities, competed successfully for the fly with the larger fish.

August 13.—Started at 6.30 a. m., and soon afterward met Lieutenant Doane, with the pack-
train. Thesix-mule team was exchanged for pack-mules, and, aftersome three hours’
delay, the journey was resumed.

Cinnabar Mountain stands in the valley, on the right of the trail, and, as seen from any point
of view, is a handsome peak. Looking from above it, on the river-bank, it stands
out from the other elevations and makes a very striking picture. The strata are
nearly vertical, with a perceptible overhang to the eastward, and strike nearly north and south.
On the south front of the mountain is an immense “ Devil’s Slide”, with smooth, dark, nearly verti-
cal walls, some 150 or 200 feet in height (the intervening material having been removed), which
curve to the right in ascending and reach the summit. Adjoining this are broad bands of red and
yellow, which follow the same curve, and seize the eye at once from their brilliancy of color and
vivid contrast.
The trail led us on up the valley, past two ranches, from which supplies were obtained, to
CampatGardiners Within a few miles of Gardiner’s River. At this point, it leaves the valley of the
River Hot Springs. —-Yellowstone, and, over a hilly route, passes across the angle between the two
streams, until, at the farther side of a level, well-grassed piece of prairie, it reaches the valley in
which the Mammoth Hot Springs are situated. The rain had descended heavily all the afternoon
and continued into the night.

August 14.—The day opened wet, but cleared in a few hours. A thorough examination was
made of the springs, which well repaid it.

They have been already described with great particularity and minuteness in the reports of
Dr. Hayden and Captain Jones, and a few words of description from me will suffice.

This remark is not to be confined to the locality of the springs, but must be understood as

No fall description applying, and in a still greater degree, to the whole park, of which I shall not even
lee attempt a full description, but content myself with recording only a few of the
more prominent and enduring impressions received in our hurried visit.

Pressed for time, with other work to do, our constant idea was one of eager haste, and we passed
rapidly from place to place, thoroughly enjoying every hour, but always with some new wonder in
advance, to divert our attention and to draw us on.

The park scenery, as a whole, is too grand, its scope too immense, its details too varied and
minute, to admit of adequate description, save by some great writer, who, with mind and pen equally
trained, could seize upon the salient points, and, with just discrimination, throw into proper relief
the varied features of mingled grandeur, wonder, and beauty.

The Mammoth Hot Springs are the first point of interest in the park, the northern boundary

Mammoth Hot Of Which was crossed yesterday some miles back. They occupy a small valley,
SPHngSs discharging eastward into that of Gardiner’s River, and which the spring-deposits
have partly filled. Our camp was pleasantly situated in the valley below the springs, among trees
growing out of these deposits, in which occasional pits and holes 15 to 20 feet in depth existed.
Above the camp rose the extinct spring, called, from the shape of the mausoleum which it had
itself constructed, the “Liberty Cap”, or ‘“‘Giant’s Thumb”, and beyond this again a succession of
terraces, rising to a height of some 200 feet, dazzling white in the sun, indicated the presence of
the active springs, which, indeed, had all along been evident enough from the vast clouds of vapor
constantly arising. The terraces exhibited great variety and beauty of form, much enhanced by
the quiverivg and sheeny effect of the thin, descending sheets of water.

The material is a carbonate of lime, deposited by the cooling of the waters, of a nearly pure
white, aud, while wet, of a moderate hardness. Upon drying, the deposit becomes soft and friable,

The pack-train met.

Cinnabar Mountain.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 19

aud a hunting-knife could be easily plunged into it to the hilt. The main springs occupy the upper
portion of the terrace, and spread out into large limpid pools of a superb blue tint, boiling violently
in places, and emitting clouds of steam. Overflowing the pools, the waters escape down the face of
the terraces, and, in cooling, gradually part with the carbonate held in solution, making constant
additions to the ornamentations of the surfaces, and constructing scalloped pools and “ bath-tubs”
of every form and temperature.

The whole vicinity of the springs returns a hollow echo to the tread, highly suggestive of pit-
falls beneath. The party, however, ov erran the neighborhood, at first with tentative step, and
afterward with all confidence, no accident occurring. Remains of extinct springs abound above
and below the active ones, while still others in full flow exist near the river’s edge.

The grass in the valley of the springs is poor, but on the small prairie above is excellent. Wood
and cold water are sufficiently abundant and convenient.

There are two “ranches” near the springs, which do daty as “ hotels”, and are available for the
use of travelers.

August 15.—Wagons can be taken as far as the springs without much difficulty; the road having
been made entirely practicable, though of an occasionally undesirable steepness. At the springs,
however, wheels must be abandoned, and everything carried upon pack-animals.

The odometer-cart was left behind, both on account of the difficulty of getting it aloug, and
the danger of rendering it unfit for use on the return trip to Carroll. The mean
solar chronometer was left with it, in charge of the “hotel”-keeper, and the sidereal
was rolled in a bundle of bedding, and intrusted to the somewhat uncertain fortunes of the packs.
All other reductions had heen made at Eliis, and camp was broken at 8.15 a. m.; the “outfit” con-
sisting, besides the party and the engineer soldiers, of three packers, a farrier, and a cook, in all
twenty-two persons and thirty-three animals, of which eleven were pack-mules carrying about two
hundred pounds.

The trail (a bridle-path only) leads up the valley of Gardiner’s River (which is of considerable
depth, and slopes steeply down to the water’s edge) across the West Fork, and ie cdemaeetaioiae
then the East, gradually climbing the eastern side of the valley to a plateau, ley.
whence on the right of the trail descend the waters of the river, and form a very pretty fall. The
slopes of the river-valley are composed of loose basaltic débris, making a toilsome path, deeply
gashed in places by washings from the foot of the great basaltic wall which towers above it on
the east. Although not insecure, the ascent to the plateau is unnecessarily difficult, and a little
labor expended upon it would serve to improve it greatly.

The falls are some 20 feet in width, and make three plunges, estimated at about

45, 55, and 30 feet each ; in all a descent of 130 feet.

Leaving the river,fthe trail follows up in an easterly direction the shallow valley of a small
brook called Black Tail Deer Creek, which traverses an open hilly prairie, and
affords an excellent and easily-traveled road. Reaching the head of the creek, the ere gar Pa Mlewitone
trail bore to the right, through a dry cailony place to the edge of the valley of @Y"*

Meadow Brook, where, turning sharply to the left, it descends along a steep high slope, out of which
the narrow trail is cut, to a fine open meadow, well grassed and watered, where camp was made,
thirteen miles from the springs. Several of the party rode on a mile and a half Vo tone ives
farther to the Yellowstone River. It was found to be a foaming torrent, some 60 near the fulls.

feet in width, with steep rocky banks. The water, a rich green in hue, was broken into pools and
eddies by obstructing bowlders, and a strong odor of sulphur pervaded the air. hiaiiaga-uebe Bie
Spanning the stream is a rough bridge some 80 feet in length, res ting upon cribs Yellowstone.

at either extremity, and affording a passage to the east bank, where, at a short distance from the
“bridge”, is the “ranch” of Jack Baronet.

Two or three miles below the “ bridge”, the two forks of the¥ellowstone unite, and, to the
traveler approaching it, the locality is marked by a large flat-topped butte, with steep escarpmeuts,
which stands in the angle, and from its shape is a noticeable object, contrasting with the pointed
hills and peaks which surround it. The West Fork drains the lake, and the Hast, a mountainous dis.
trict not yet thoroughly examined.

The pack ‘‘ outfit.”

Gardiner’s River Falls.

20 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Rain fell again during the afternoon and night, and our experience of the weather in the park
seemed to be similar to that of Captain Jones, as recorded in his report. On one
day only of the two weeks passed in the park did we fail to have rain or shower,
and night observations were in consequence greatly interfered with.

August 16.—Camp was broken at 8.30. The herd had wandered during the night, and a couple
of hours were lost in getting them in and ready for the road. The pack-mules had
been employed on similar duty just before, and heavily laden. The construction or
adjustment of the army pack-saddle is doubtless capable of great improvement; at any rate, the
backs and shoulders of the animals were in very bad condition, and one of them was found to be so
unfit for a load that it was necessary to leave him at the bridge.

While in the park, as there was no grain for the animals, they were allowed free range at night,
and the grazing is so plentiful and nutritious that the majority of them held their own, although the
work was occasionally severe. There need be little or no apprehension from Indians, and guards
were not posted after leaving the Mammoth Springs.

The trail from Meadow Brook leads up the left bank of the Yellowstone, winding among some
low hills, and at four and a half miles from camp makes a precipitous plunge into
the valley of Tower Creek, crossing which it ascends the opposite bank by a more
gradual incline. The stream is a strong rapid brook, 12 or 15 feet in width, and a foot or two in
depth, with a stony bed, the waters fed from the snow-fields of the mountains. A
short distance below the crossing are the falls, which leap down 150 feet into a
narrow, dark cation some 480 feet in depth. Basaltic-tufa cones and columns in the vicinity of the
fall have suggested the name, and all the surroundings are picturesque in the highest degree. The
finest view of the falls can be gained from a projecting spur op the south bank just below them,
whence both the cafion and the creek-valley above can be seen. The stream discharges into the
Yellowstone River near by, and at its mouth very fine fishing rewards the visitor.

There seem to be two varieties of trout here, the bulky ones of the Yellowstone, with bright-
yellow bellies and stripings of red, and a smaller kind more silvery in appearance,
and exhibiting much greater activity and game qualities. These latter seemed to
come generally from the creek. The mouth of the creek may be called the lower end of the Grand
Cation, which extends up the river some sixteen miles to the foot of the Great Falls.

Leaving the creek, the trail, alternately rising and falling, and curving to the right and left,
gains the foot of a long, somewhat rolling ascent, which finally attains the western
shoulder of Mount Washburne. The flanks of this incline fall steeply on both
sides, displaying to the west an ocean of deep-green pine, surrounded by ragged, bare pinnacles, and
to the east breaking into the foot-hills of Washburne. This incline is approximately located on
Raynolds’s map, and called the Elephant’s Back, which name has on some later maps been trans-
ferred to a minor elevation near the Yellowstone Lake. The name is appropriate and descriptive,
and, having been given by the first topographer of the region, should be allowed to have its original
application.

Over this the trail by a gradual ascent reaches a high point on Mount Washburne, passing
between banks of snow, which had remained unmelted by the summer’ssun. Here, leaving the trail,

Summit of Mount the party ascended to the summit of the mountain. The climb was made in less
Wasbburite. than an hour, and can almost be accomplished on horseback, so rounded is the
mountain-top, although consideration for the saddle-horses would suggest making it on foot. In
passing some stunted pines near the trail, it was observed that there were vo branches or twigs on
the northwest side of the tree, and that those which sprung from the northeast and southwest sides
were twisted back and trailed away to the southeast. The explanation of this was not long in
doubt. Reaching the summit, the whole panorama of the park sprung into view: the lake, with
deeply sinuous shores and silver surface, interspersed with islands, with the Yellowstone River
crooking away from it toward us, was set, as it were, in a vast expanse of green, rising and falling
in huge billows, above which here and there jets of steam arose like spray; the encircling peaks,
ragged and snow-clad, almost too numerous to.count; Mount Humphreys, thirty or forty miles
southeast, Sheridan and Hancock the same distance to the south, and beyond and above them,

Rain in the park.

Army pack-mules.

Tower Creek.

Tower Falls.

Trout.

Elepbant's Back.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 21

ninety miles away, looking almost mysterious froin their distance and vast height, the Tetons, of a
pale purple hue, with their piercing summits glittering like icebergs. Only to the southeast, look-
ing toward the great Idaho Desert, did a space appear which showed no prominent peaks. We had
scarcely time to more than glance at this superb landscape, while resting and eating lunch with the
aid of a hatful of snow from a neighboring bank, when a ferocious squall of hail, rain, and snow
burst upon us from the northwest, and swept us like dust from the bald summit of the mountain.
We were instantly compelled to seek shelter on the lee side, where, cowering and half-frozen, we
awaited the passing of the storm. Motion, however, was absolutely essential to warmth; so, with-
out again trusting the untender mercies of the mountain, over which the wind
still blew keen and cold, we plunged into a deep ravine leading steeply down its
western flank, aud regained the trail at the foot. The storm had wet the rich black mold, and
made the path slippery and difficult through the deusest timber of spruce and pine, where hardly
sufficient cutting had been done to afford the narrowest of passage-ways. The projecting branches
flapped back their freight of rain-drops into our faces and clothing, and many of the broken twigs
bore trophies snatched from the packs.

There were several sharp pitches into and out of the valleys of small brooks, which could easily
be avoided. At present, the trail is unnecessarily hilly and fatiguing, although delightful on account
of the fine forest and the great number and variety of the flowers. The grass is everywhere luxu-
riant and sweet, the brooks are frequent, and flow in all directions, and camp could be made at
almost any point. The trail, however, might be greatly improved by means of a little well-directed
labor and the exercise of better judgment in selecting it. The work of a pack or saddle animal is
vastly increased by unnecessary ascents and descents, which both their couformation and the posi-
tion of the load render arduous, and the easiest road is one of even grade, though it be thrice the.
length of the more direct one.

Ascending to alow divide between two mountains, the valley of Cascade Creek was reached and

followed to camp. The last three or four miles were over a meadow whichin many 4, unt washburne
places was wet and very boggy. The hail here had fallen in considerable quantity, ae Cascade
and whitened all the ground; the sky was dark, and the air raw and wintry.
Camp was made on the east bank of the creek, where it leaves the meadow and enters the narrow,
steep valley through which it reaches the Yellowstone. A roaring camp-fire soon restored the
warmth and cheerfulness of the party, which had been somewhat impaired by the shivering weather.
We were only about a mile from the falls, and after everything had quieted down to silence their
deep roar became vaguely audible. The evening was again cloudy and rainy. Distance traveled
during the day estimated at eighteen miles.

August 17.—Lay over in camp to visit the falls. The night bad been cold, and by 8 a. m. the
hail of yesterday had not disappeared. Waiting an hour longer for the sun to dry
the heavy grass, we took on foot the trail which led us to the brink of the river-
valley, half-way between the Upper and the Lower Fall, which are half a mile apart. Reserving the
Lower Fall, whose deep thunder we could now plainly hear, we descended toward the Upper, and,
after a short scramble over loose trachytic blocks, climbed out upon a point which, projecting into
the cafion below the fall, furnished a fine view of it almost en face. The river makes a sharp bend
to the eastward just above the fall, which in consequence fronts nearly at right angles to the gen-
eral direction. From the sharp and narrow pinnacle on which we stood, or rather to which we clung,
the cataract, some 150 feet distant, was exposed in its full height and beauty. It upper ran,10 feot
is a slanting one, having a base of perhaps one-half its altitude, which, as measured in height.
by a cord brought for the purpose and marked in ten-foot lengths, is 110 feet. The water leaps down
its rocky slope between black, shining walls of trachyte, and its pure green is broken into foam and
spray from the very summit. From the foot the currents of air drove the clouds of vapor up the
steep sides of the caiion, which were clothed in vegetation of the freshest and most brilliant hue,
while a double rainbow illumined the surface of the stream below. The picture was certainly a
beautiful one, and we hung over it in delight for an hour, which, with the thunder of the Lower
Fall still fresh in recollection, was all the time we could afford. Half an hour of rough climbing
over bowlders and loose trachytic blocks, across Cascade Creek, and down the side Upper Fall.
of the main valley, brought us to a small plateau at the very erest of the main fall,

Mount Washburne.

Yellowstone Falls.

a2 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

and almost at the water’s edge, where the eye could plunge into the vast chasm below the fall,
known as the Grand Cafion. I had not time to think of it then, but was afterward not a little
amused to remember that we passed on the way one of the men who, seated on the bank, was pen-
sively watching for a trout to seize his grasshopper. He had evidently wearied of too much bacon
and scenery, and proposed a change at least of diet.

The view of the Grand Cafion from the point where we stood is perhaps the finest piece of scenery
in the world. I can conceive of no combination of pictorial splendors which could unite more
potently the two requisites of majesty and beauty.

Close at hand, the river narrowed in its bed to a width of some 70 feet and with a depth of 4

Lower Fall, height OF 5 feet, through the pure deep green of which the hardly wavering outlines of
310 feet. the brown bowlders beneath are distinctly visible, springs to the crest with an
intensity of motion that makes its clear depths fairly seem to quiver. Just before making the plunge,
the stream is again contracted, and the waters are thrown in from both sides toward the center, so
that two bold rounded prominences or buttresses, as it were, are formed where green and white com-
mingle. lying prostrate, and looking down into the depth, with the cold breath of the cafion fan-
ning the face, one can see that these ribs continue downward, the whole mass of the fall gradually
breaking into spray against the air, until lost in the vast cloud of vapor that hides its lowest third,
and out of which comes up a mighty roar that shakes the hills and communicates a strange vibra-

Lower Fall and tion to the nerves. From far below this cloud emerges a narrow, green ribbon,
Grand Canon. winding and twisting, in which the river is hardly recognizable, so dwarfed is it,
and creeping with so oily and sluggish a current, as though its fall had stunned it. On either hand,
the walls of the cafion curve back from the plunging torrent, and rise weltering with moisture to
the level of the fall, again ascending 500 or 600 feet to the pine-fringed margin of the cation; pinna-
cles and towers projecting far into the space between, and seeming to overhang their bases.

These details are comparatively easy to give, but how find words which shall suggest the mar-
velous picture asa whole! The sun had come out after a brief shower, and, shining nearly from the
meridian straight into the cafion, flooded it with light, and illuminated it with a wealth and lux-
uriance of color almost supernatural.

The walls appeared to glow with a cold, inward radiance of their own, and gave back tints of
orange, pink, yellow, red, white, and brown, of a vividness and massiveness hopeless to describe,
and which would overtax the powers of the greatest artist to portray. The lower slopes, wet with
spray, were decorated with the rich hue of vegetation, while through the midst the river, of a still
more brilliant green, far below pursued its tortuous course, and the eye followed it down through
this ocean of color until two or three miles away a curve in the cafion hid it from view and formed
its own appropriate background.

The height of the fall, as ascertained by attaching a heavy weight to the measured cord, and

Measurement ot lowering it down, is 310 feet. The first attempt to get the height was made from
the Lower Fall. the little plateau by the side of the crest, but the spray soon hid the weight from
view, and the water so tore at it that it was impossible to tell when the bottom had been reached,
A point was found, however, to the left and in advance of the crest and some eighty feet above it,
from which the weight fell nearly vertically, and by aid of the colored tags which marked the in-
tervals of the cord could be followed with the eye until it reached the brink of the stream below.
From this same point, a sort of perch upon the very border of the precipice, can be had a most
comprehensive view at once of fall and cation.

After making the measurement, we ascended the side of the cajion, and climbed out to one of
the projecting piunacles, half a mile farther down stream, whence a full view of the fall was
obtained. It was remarkable to note how small a portion of the view was actually filled by the fall
itself. Tremendous as it is, it seems but a minor incident in the picture constructed on the huge
scale of the cation.

From the projecting point, the width of the chasm across the top was estimated from the range

Lower Fall ana Of a carefully-sighted rifle at 700 yards. This, however, is greater than the aver-
Grand Cation. age width, the caiion just below narrowing considerably and gaining at the same
time in depth, which is about 300 yards. The corresponding cross-section would be similar to that

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. a3

in the accompanying sketch, which is intended to show the dimensions just below the fall, and
another section farther down.

weer 600 yds,-——~——

t --

1

{

1
a
3
>
i=}
S
a

!

The descent to the bottom of the cation from the east side is comparatively easy. From the
west side it has also been accomplished, but it is toilsome and not unattended with danger, and the
time necessary to descend and return would be considerable. Among other i aoetineatretoe:
improvements that suggest themselves to the visitor as proper to be made in the tom ol the nation ait
future is the construction of facilities for making this descent, such as rude but
strong ladders, which could readily be placed in position where their aid would obviate all dan ger
and decrease the fatigue. One of the party made an attempt to get down, but lost time in looking
for the most favorable place, and the afternoon waning, he was compelled to abandon the under-
taking.

August 18.—The morning opened cold and foggy. Camp was broken at 8. Took the trail
which crosses Cascade Creek near the river by a steep pitch, and after a short ride — proakcamp for the
over hilly ground and through timber reached comparatively open ground on the ke.
bank of the river, which was there 100 to 200 yards wide, and peaceful enough, flowing with smooth,
gentle current, between low, grassy banks. The pack-train meanwhile had taken a trail somewhat
farther to the westward, which avoided the steep descent into Cascade Creek and made an easier
crossing of it. The two trails united at a small creek discharging into the river, crossed it, and
through dense timber climbed around the shoulder of a mountain to again descend into the broad
open valley of Alum Creek. This is a shallow, sluggish stream of tepid, undrink-
able water, some 30 feet in width and an inch or two deep, with a general north-
east course to the Yellowstone. Off to the right, across an open prairie, appeared the Sulphur
Springs, or Soda Mountain, as it has been called, which we visited. Some forty
or fifty acres are covered with extinct and active springs and their deposits. Pure
sulphur in considerable quantity is distributed over the surface. Several springs were boiling
violently, one of them to a height of 3 or 4 feet, and emitting large volumes of steam. Pursuing
the course again toward the river, over a hilly prairie, and crossing one or two creeks and arms
of the river, and a broad meadow, the borders of which were springy and boggy, the trail led to the
edge of some timber, soon after entering which the Mud Geysers were found. We
passed on to a small pine grove, favorably situated for camp near the river and
twelve miles distant from Cascade Creek. Leaving the horses, we returned on foot to examine
the geysers. The main one is a bubbling pool of muddy, hot water, some 50 or 60 feet across,
with a sloping shore 4 or 5 feet high, and numerous small vents and springs within the perime-
ter. The water is thick with gray, unwholesome-looking mud, and exhales a foetid odor.

Another geyser, much moreimpressive in appearance, which however has not been seen to spout,
at least of late years, has a crater some 50 feet in diameter and 25 feet deep, narrowing at the bot-
tom to a mud pool of the consistence of boiling mush, about 15 feet across. From the northwest
side of this a perpetual boiling takes place, with a threatening roar and huge clouds of steam. If
the mud apparently splashed upon the trees in the vicinity would serve as an indication, when an
explosion does take place the display must be a very fineone. The “ Devil’s Workshop” is a small
steam spring issuing from a little cavern apparently 15 or 20 feet in depth horizontally, but con-

Alum Creek.

Sulphor Springs.

Mud Geysers.

24 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

stantly obscured by a great volume of vapor. Hollow, bubbling noises continually issue from it,
which simulate, by aid of the cavern, the metrical clang and clash of great pieces of machinery,
turning and splashing, accompanied by a recurring hiss of escaping steam. About 4 p. m., pistol-
shots from the Mud Geyser summoned us to witness an explosion. The water had risen gradually
until the smaller springs were submerged and:the basin enlarged to its full dimensions. Near the
center, the geyser was boiling and bubbling actively, and soon spurted to a height of 5 or 6 feet,
falling and rising again, and after about three minutes of excitement subsided, the water lowered,
being gradually swallowed down the several orifices, and the discharge was over. The geyser has
a period of about 44 hours, and several of the subsequent eruptions were witnessed. None
exceeded 10 or 15 feet in height. The force is evidently weakening, as indeed the large number of
dead and dying thermal springs seen in other localities additionally testify. This geyser has been
known in previous years to spout 50 and 75 feet. There is still, however, a wonderful amount of
force at work, and in a marvelous variety of forms.

The fish taken from the river near camp were in appearance large and fine, weighing two pounds
and upward; but out of the Jarge number caught, all, with one exception, were
affected by the worm mentioned by previous visiters and described by Professor
Leidy. The appearance and health of the trout do not seem to be noticeably injured by them, but
the presence of the worm in the flesh can almost invariably be detected from a slight protuberance
or rounding-out on the sides. Laying this open, the worm is found, white, the size of a knitting-
needle, and twisted in the flesh. We made no experiments to determine the flavor of these fish,
although many of the men ate them heartily and pronounced them perfectly good. It is certainly
most unfortunate that these fine fish should be so spoiled for the table. They abound in the lake
and river, and, affording the finest sport, would be an immense attraction could they be used for
food.

August 19.—Without moving camp, we rode seven or eight miles to a “ ranch” in a grove on the
west shore of the lake. From the Mud Geyser, the trail led through alternate for-
est and river side, with an occasional marsh, the landscape generally quiet and
pastoral. Ascending upon a high prairie point, the lake lay before us, a beautiful sheet of water,
with deeply-indented shores, and the wooded mountains closing it in on all sides. We chartered a
sinall center-board cat-rigged sail-boat, cleverly constructed by the owner of pine cut out of the for-
est with a whip-saw, and crossed to the east shore. The water appeared filled with a round green-
ish seed, probably of some aquatic plant, and little windrows of the same seed lay upon the beach,
thrown up by the waves. Some trout were taken with a spoon on the way over, all wormy, and a
squall or two gave variety to the sail and tested the weatherly qualities of the boat.

We passed the mouth of Pelican Creek, in the valley of which large numbers of thermal
springs have been found, and landed near Steamboat Point, seven miles from the
starting-point. Two or three steam-vents were seen, and one of them on the far-
ther side of the point has suggested thename. From a small aperture, colorless superheated steam
escapes with a hiss and roar that indicate an excessive tension, and imitating precisely the blowing-
off from a full boiler. Multitudes of grasshoppers, unwittingly encountering the steam, had met
instant death.

From the projecting point, some 12 feet above the water, the finest fly-fishing was found. An
are of nearly 180° could be covered with the fly in from 6 to 10 feet of water, out into the lake as
far as the skill of the fisherman would admit. The fish, though sometimes gorged with grasshop-
pers, would rise eagerly to the fly, and weighed from 13 to 4 pounds and upward. The largest meas-
ured 20 inches in length. None of them could be eaten.

August 20.—The trail to the Great Geyser Basin breaks away from the vicinity of the Mud Gey-

oe ser to the west and north over an open sage-brush prairie, gradually becoming

Divide between : . .

Yellowstone and more hilly, crosses Alum Creek near its head, and following up a small coulé with
Sone flowing water at six miles from camp, climbs @ hill and enters a heavy forest richly
grassed. The ascent through this forest to the summit of the divide between the Yellowstone and
Madison Basins is very gentle from the east. Two or three groups of sulphur springs were passed
on the way. The descent from the divide into Madison Valley is precipitous, winding down a drop
of a thousand feet through fallen and burned timber, and over a rocky, bare, and stony soil destitute

Wormy trout.

Yellowstone Lake.

Steamboat Point.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 25

of grass. Reaching the border of the valley of the Hast Fork of Madison River, the Bast Fork of Mad-
trail winds along the foot-hills, to avoid an alkaline, boggy meadow, finally crosses 8° River.

the meadow and two or three alkaline brooks, in which the animals mired badly, and follows down
the bank of the East Fork, which was forded two or three times. The stream is 10 to 20 feet wide
and 2 or 3 feet deep; a clear, swift current and gravelly bottom, the water tepid and alkaline from
the numerous hot springs which discharge into it. Camp was made in a grove of Cin Pacunteay
pine, after having traversed a pass between two hills which project into the Lower Geyser Basin.
Geyser Basin. A small rill furnished a sufficient sapply of good water, but the grazing was infe-
rior. Several hot springs had been passed before reaching camp, and to the south the geysers ap-
peared covering a large area. The distance traveled during the day was about twenty-six miles.

The upper valley of the Madison, including those of the forks, is quite barren and unattractive,
owing probably to the action of the chemical hot springs which abound everywhere. The border-
ing hills are stony and bare, and at the time of our visit were covered with dead and burned timber.
The landscape in consequence is uninviting, the grass poor, and good camping-places, such as can
be made at almost any point in the Yellowstone Basin, are not to be found.

August 21.—The morningewas devoted to the examination of the springs and geysers of the
Lower Basin, which are very numerous, and cover a large extent of ground, the Lower Geyser Ba:
principal ones being about half a mile to the southward and eastward of camp. *"
Minute descriptions of them have been published, and a detailed account is here unnecessary. Some
are boiling, others spouting springs, the latter generally intermittent. On a high mound built by
the geyser, we found a large pool about 25 by 15 feet, which was known to play, and the discharge
of which we awaited. The water, of a deep azure hue and a surpassing clearness, was rising grad-
ually but constantly to'the level of its scalloped and ornamented rim, constantly becoming hotter,
with bubbles of steam escaping more and more rapidly. Ebullition began near the middle, and the
geyser finally commenced to spout, throwing the water about in all directions and to heights vary-
ing from 10 to 50 feet. The display continued for over an hour, and we left it playing, but with
gradually-diminishing force. Meanwhile other smaller geysers in the vicinity played from time to
time, all apparently independent of each other. The pools of all these, exhibiting every variety of
form and ornamentation, possessed in common the beautiful azure tint and clearness of the water,
contrasting finely with the light-gray hue of the silica deposited by them. The margins of all were
incrusted with this in various forms of bead, coral, and sponge work, and wherever the geyser
water flowed silicious shale was deposited. ;

Passing over a low ridge, afew hundred yards to the southeast, we came upon the “ Paint Pots”.
This singular phenomenon consists of a “ pool” some 60 by 40 feet, with a raised
margin of dry and cracked mud, within which numerous mud puffs slowly rose and
fell, some through the partially liquid mass, which again closed over them, others possessing a small
crater of their own, to which additions were constantly making from the bursting of the sluggish
bubbles. Tbe pool displayed various colors, white, yellow, and red predominating, but shading into
each other very beautifully through all the intermediate and combined tints. Theclay was soft and
smooth to the touch, with scarcely a trace of grit, and near where the bubbles emerged from below
exceedingly hot.

Leaving these, and passing by many other springs and small geysers, we went down to the Fire
Hole River, crossed it, and pushed on up the west bank toward the Upper Basin, Botwesa the twé
wherein are situated the Grand Geysers. After some two or three miles of travel **"*
over fallen timber and through marsh and bog, we came upon some immense springs and pools, boil-
ing violently and discharging a great amount of water into the river. These exhibited many hues
of red, yellow, and green, from the presence of iron and vegetable growths; the pure geyser blue
appearing where the spring was deepest and clearest. From the pools, we continued, passing many
curious springs and small geysers, and then, crossing to the east bank, pushed rapidly on through
a sort of cafion on the river, until at about seven miles from camp, in the Lower Basin, we reached
the lower end of the Upper, and were at once hurried across to the west bank again to examine the
“Grotto”, which began to play as we arrived. This geyser does not spout to any —-pne “Grotto” Gey-
great height, 20 or 25 feet being the limit, but it is beautiful and interesting from °°
the shape of its crater, which, some 12 or 14 feet in height, is curved and convoluted into massive

4w

The Paint Pots.

26 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

arches and exceedingly gracefulforms. It played whenever we were by to see it, and evidently con-
tinues in operation for considerable perivds, from the dimensions of the crater it has built. These
craters are all constructed, by the geysers themselves, of the grayish-white silica, or geyserite, depos-
ited by the cooling of the water; the process being very gradual and stow. The water in all is of
the same pure clear blue, without a trace of anyimpurity. The taste, when cool, is the flat, insipid
one of distilled water.

Close by the “Grotto” stands the picturesque crater of the “Giant”, or “ Broken Horn”, a geyser
of the first class. From the aperture of this, large volumes of steam were escaping, and the water
was boiling violently 8 or 10 feet below the surface, occasionally rising in huge spurts and splashing
over, symptoms which led us to watch it unavailingly for an hour in hope of a discharge.

Meanwhile the pack-train had been making its way along the regular trail up the east bank, and,
Camp in Upper Teaching the Upper Basin, camp was established in the center of the basin on the

Geyser: Basin, west bank of Fire Hole River, in a small group of trees, with a fairly good marsh
in front for the cattle. We found the waters of the river cool and palatable, and sufficient wood for
camping purposes at hand. At short range from camp, and in full view of it, were the first-class
geysers named “ Old Faithful”, the ‘‘Bee Hive”, the “ Giantess”, the “Grand”, and the “Castle”;
while the “ Giant” and “ Grotto” were but a short distance farther down stream. Beside these,
the “ Pyramid” and “ Punch Bow!”, near the “ Giant”, could be easily seen. Almost as we reached
camp, ‘Old Faithful”, which stands at the head of the valley overlooking it, and
which has earned its name from the regularity of its dischai ges, gave us his first
display. The time was noted and the second discharge awaited. An hour after, we walked over to
the elevation which marked his crater, 400 yards from camp. In a few minutes, after some prelim-
inary spurts and splashes, the geyser, emitting a deep roar which shook the'ground, shot up a clear,
straight shaft of water, which, with two or three rapid impulses, gained an altitude of over 100 feet ;
clouds of steam towering far above and drifting with the wind. For full five minutes, the superb
column maintained its height, and then, with some unavailing efforts to check its fall, sank down,
and was swallowed up in the crater. An examination of this followed. An immense quantity of
water had been ejected, which, after bathing the crater and refilling the adjacent pools, flowed down
Crater of “ola the slopes and discharged by various channels into the river. The crater of “ Faith-
Maithiult ful” is one of the most beautiful of all. The lips are molded and rounded into
many artistic forms, beaded and pearled with opal, while closely adjoining are little terraced
pools of the clearest azure-hued water, with scalloped and highly-ornamented borders. The wetted
margins and floors of these pools were tinted with the most delicate shades of white, cream, brown,
and gray, so soft and velvety it seemed as though a touch would soil them. The material, however,
is the constant silica, of which also are composed the pretty pebbles which furnish an additional
charm to the pools.

The only blemishes on this artistic handiwork had been occasioned by the rude hand of man.
Vandalism of the Lhe ornamental work about the crater and pools had been broken and defaced in
visitors. the most prominent places by visitors, and the pebbles were inscribed in pencil
with the names of great numbers of the most unimportant persons. Such practices should be

-stopped at once. The geysers are more than worthy of preservation. It is not only that they con-
stitute a superb spectacle in themselves: they are likewise unique, both in performance and design.
Nature, abandoning for the time all thoughts of utility, seems to have been amusing herself in this
far-off and long-hidden corner of the world by devoting some of her grandest and most mysterious
2owers to the production of forms of majesty and beauty such as man may not hope to rival.

The geysers, in the slow process of centuries probably, have built up miracles of art, of an
snduring though brittle material, that can be ruined in five minutes by a vandal armed with an
Destruction of the @X, and nearly all the craters show signs of the hopeless and unrestrained bar-
craters by visitors. —_ arity of many of their visitors. It cannot fail to fill the mind with indignation to
see the utter ruthlessness of these sacrilegious invaders of nature’s sanctuary. To procure a specimen
of perhaps a pound weight, a hundred pounds have been shattered and destroyed, and always in
those places where the most cunning art has been displayed, and the ruin produced is correspond-

ingly great. Upon our arrival in the basin, we found several persons already encamped, and a

“Old Faithful”.

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TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 2)

whisky-trader snugly ensconced beneath his *paulin, spread in the shelter of a thick pine. The vis-
itors prowled about with shovel and ax, chopping and hacking and prying up great pieces of the
most ornamental work they could find; women and men alike joiniug in the barbarous pastime.

With regard to the play of the geysers, our visit was well-timed. Just at twilight, the “ Bee
Hive”, 400 feet distant, on the opposite bank of the river, gave an exhibition of its
power. The crater is a small, conical, gray mound of Silica, severely simple and
unpretentious in appearance, with an aperture of some 18 inches, from which steam gently escapes.
Near by is a small vent, which is the herald and precursor of its greater neighbor.

Before the “ Bee Hive” plays, this vent commences to emit steam loudly, with occasional splashes
of water. Soon the geyser begins to boil and steam, the water occasionally surging over. Sud-
denly comes a burst of 15 or 20 feet, and then almost instantly the slender shaft rises to a height of
near!~ °00 feet. So great is the impetus, and so slender the column, that the water, in its swift
ascent, .. .varly all dissolved into fine spray, which drifts off with the clouds of steam before the
wind, to fall like rain. The play lasted about three minutes, and ceased as suddenly as it had
commenced.

An hour and five minutes after his previous display, ‘ Faithful” again reared his magnificent
column, and during the nigbt, whenever the roar was heard, we looked out from our tents at the
grand sight, rendered more beautiful by moonlight. The intervals were exactly 65 minutes in every
case.

August 22.—We were aroused at an early hour by the report that the “ Bee Hive” was again
about to play. This proved a false alarm, but sufficed to draw us across the river, which was some
25 feet wide and 13 to 2 feet in depth, and while on the opposite bank we examined
the huge pool of the “Giantess”, which was known not to have played for some
weeks, for symptoms of agitation. We found it full to the brim with beautifully clear water, of a
deep blue, boiling gently, and giving out clouds of steam. It stands upon a hill of silica, 420 feet
from the “ Bee Hive” and 300 yards from camp.

While waiting for breakfast, attention was called to the Grand Geyser, half a mile below camp,
on the east bank, which had begun to send out great volumes of steam. Hastily
mounting the nearest horses, we hurried down to it. The Grand Geyser is
double, the two orifices 15 or 20 feet apart. The down-stream one has a handsome crater, while the
other has only an ornamental pool, several feet lower. It is from the pool, however, that the dis-
charge takes place. Rising with rapidly-succeeding impulses, the column rushed to a height of some
80 feet, sustained itself for a few seconds, fell, rose again, and receded to its basin. In a minute or
two, it again shot to the same height, again faltered, rose, and subsided. Still a third effort was
made and exhausted, and the waters receded until the empty basin was exposed to view, and could
be examined with impunity. Meanwhile the neighboring geyser was splashing its waters in all
directions, and discharging clouds of steam, while a steam-vent close at hand kept up a most out-
rageous roar. Though not so lofty a play as some observed by previous visitors, the exhibition was
very fine; the swiftly successive pulses of water and steam breakipg into beads and spray at inter-
vals up the full height of the column, accompanied by vast clouds of vapor, and the mighty roar
combined to make an imposing and beautiful spectacle.

The surroundings of the Grand” are the most ornate of all, and exhibit greater variety and
beauty than any other. ;

The “ Turban”, which stands at the northern edge of the “ pool”, serves to distinguish the gey-
ser. It is of singular form, highly ornamented, and I experienced almost a pang — «park's Head”, or
in becoming conscious of an apprehension that I should meet it again somewhere “Turban”.
on exhibition. Some visitor, a little more enterprising than his predecessors, will be sure to detach
it and carry it off. Shovel and ax had been busy with the geyser, and large quantities had been
removed. ;

While returning to camp, the “ Castle”, on the west bank, was observed to be in agitation and
givin g out vast quantities of steam. A discharge soon took place, to a height of 10
or 15 feet only; but from the commanding position of the geyser and its handsome :
appearance, possessing, as it does, a high mound, richly decorated, and several apertures through
which it plays at once, the sight is very fine. Several times during the morning it repeated its per-

The “Bee Hive”.

Pool of the Giantess.

“The Grand.”

The “Castle”.

28 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

formance, rarely exceeding, however, 20 or 25 feet. After breakfast we returned to the “ Giantess”,
which was evidently becoming more excited, and, while awaiting its discharge, examined the
surroundings more closely. ~

The basin is some 25 by 16 feet and 25 or 30 feet in depth, with scalloped margin; 70 feet
north of this stands a handsome boiling spring, which has built itself a sarcophagus 23 or 3 feet in
height, like a huge bath-tub, with richly ornamental borders. This operates in sympathy with the
“Giantess”; is excited, and boils violently with her; and we afterward found it empty and desolate,
upon the dissipation of her power.

About 11 o’clock, this, the greatest geyser, gave its first spout, and we continued watching its
subsequent action until nearly 3 p.m. The water was expelled by a succession of
violent splashes to a height of 15 to 50 feet, but without at first reaching a great
altitude. With occasional lulls, the performance went on, the water sometimes being thrown 100
feet in the air. Large stones and stumps were cast into the basin and hurled instantly to a height
of 200 feet, the high wind which prevailed at the time preventing the water and steam from attain-
ing a similar elevation. The water fell occasionally, leaving the basin empty; and by standing on
the windward side we could look down into it and see the large triangular-shaped vent at the
bottom, whence issued the transparent steam. Again and again the geyser renewed its strength,
sending ont vast volumes of steam with a deafening roar that shook the whole valley, and occa-
sionally snatching hold of a new reservoir of water and instantly ejecting it; each fresh access of
wrath or travail being heralded by deep, mighty thuds, as though some vast machinery were at
work beneath. The exhibition of enormous power wasted in these prolonged spasms of blind
rage was both fascinating and terrible, and the imagination, powerfully stimulated in the pres-
ence of such strength and fury, could not avoid imputing to the scene the attributes of gigantic
passion and suffering. It seemed as though the geyser, maddened by some inexpressible and
mysterious torment, were imprisoned beneath and gradually exhausting herself in unavailing
struggles to escape it by bursting the bonds that held her, the paroxysms of efforts being alternated
with intervals of stupor, again and again overcome by her still unabated rage.

During the afternoon, the “ Bee Hive” again played, the high wind depressing its column below
that of the previous discharge.

A party, about dark, came in from Virginia City. Following up the valley of the Madison

Virginia City to River, they had brought two wagons without much difficulty through the Lower

the geysers. Basin, but were compelled to leave them a short distance above on account of the
fallen timber and bog along the trail. The distance to the Upper Basin from Virginia City is one
hundred and ten miles.

August 23.—All the first-class geysers had now been favorably seen, with the sole exception of

The “Giant”, or the “Giant”, toward whose picturesque crater we went, with the intention of devot-

“Broken Horns! ing the day toit. The “ Broken Horn” is a well-chosen and descriptive name, and
worthy of being retained. The crater is a steeply conical mound of geyserite, 12 or 15 feet in
height, tapering toward the summit, and having the west side broken down, or rather partly
unconstructed. The geyser still boiled strongly, and we felt great bopes of seeing it play. Near by
are the “Grotto”, seen yesterday, and which played almost constantly during the day; the “ Pyra-
mid”, a cone of silica 25 or 30 feet high, with steam slowly escaping from it, but its life now nearly
extinct; the ‘Punch Bowl”, and smaller ones. The last-named geyser played frequently during
the day, some of its exhibitions being very fine. We waited the greater part of the day for the
“Giant” to give us a display, but though evidently powerfully excited and from time to time arous-
ing fresh hopes, to our great regret it failed todo so. Returning toward camp, the “Grand” again
gave indications of strong disturbance, and we remained there for an hour, but without result.

While waiting, we had additional evidence of the brutality of the average visitors, several of
whom, of both sexes, were busily chopping and prying out the most. characteristic
and conspicuous ornamental work. An earnest remonstrance was followed by a
sulky suspension of hostilities, which were, however, no doubt renewed as soon as we were out of
sight.

The “Saw Mill”, above the “Grand”, is an interesting geyser. Its lively play, and its quick,

The “ Giantess”.

More vandalism.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 29

energetic spouts of 25 or 30 feet -in every direction, are very pleasing, and its
borders abound in the pretty geyserite pebbles, some smooth, others ornamented,
and others again resembling a rose-bud, with closely-folded leaves.

Recrossing to the west side of the river, a close examination was made of the “Castle:” it has
quite a lofty mound, broad, handsomely terraced,and profusely decorated with scal-
loped pools and little upright pinnacles and towers. It plays with great frequency,
though not to a height exceeding perhaps 40 feet ; still its very frequent flow and almost constant
escape of large quantities of steam, with its striking-looking and highly-ornamented crater, con-
stitute it properly a geyser of the first class. This, too, showed, and even in a greater degree than
others, how greatly protection against vandalism is needed. From every part of the “Castle”
pieces had been chopped, loosening quantities of the rock and threatening to ruin the construe-
tion. Two women, with tucked-up skirts and rubber shoes, armed, one with an ax, the other with
a spade, were climbing about. Should this continue for another year or two, the beauty of form
and outline of the geyser-craters would be destroyed. It should be remembered
that these craters were constructed with the greatest: slowness by almost imper-
ceptible additions, which can only be made by a discharge from the geyser; while the material,
though hard, is very brittle and easily knocked to pieces. We got back to camp just in time to
prevent the fall of an uplifted ax, which a woman was evidently about to bring straight down on
the summit of the “Bee Hive”, whose modest crater forms so strong a contrast to the grandeur of
its play. Our shouts fortunately reached her just in time, and subsequent remonstrance induced
her at any rate to postpone the attack.

Another party of four men came over in the afternoon from the lake. Including my party,
there were now some thirty visitors in the basin.

August 24.—Broke camp for the return to Ellis. I should have liked to return by way of the
Madison Valley for the purpose of examining that route, which at present is the
only practicable one for wagons into the park; but I had reason to believe that
the Missouri River navigation would probably close about September 20, and the long journey of
three hundred and seventy-five miles back to Carroll had yet to be made, and a few days’ delay at:
Ellis, in order to refit and procure fresh transportation, to be allowed for. We took the back trail
to the Lower Basin, examining en route the Fan, Riverside, and Sentinel Geysers. The day was
cold, dark, and wet, the air chill and raw. Below the Upper Basin we met three men going to the
geysers, each of whom, I supposed, would carry off 20 pounds of specimens and destroy 500. The
trail between the two basins is about the worst in the park, and stands in urgent — qyain from Upper
need of improvement, which could readily be effected, and without the use of ‘Lower Basin.
skilled labor. Timber, fallen and standing, could easily be chopped and thrown aside, and the
marshy places in great part avoided by making the trail on- higher ground along the foot-hills.
Jrossing the Lower Basin, which the rain had made wiry, and passing our former camp, we
continued up the valley of the Hast Fork, the principal features of which are alkaline marsh,
dead timber, and little or no grass, the surrounding hills being equally uninteresting to the rapid
traveler.

I was desirous, on the score of time, to také the trail direct from the East Fork to Gardiner’s
River Springs, but a brief examination convinced me that nothing would be gained, Trail back to the
as it was obstructed with fallen timber. The ascent out-of the Madison Valley 5
to the divide was laboriously made, the rise being fully 1,000 feet, and the back trail down the
Yellowstone slope pursued. The Sulphur Springs, three in number, were briefly examined en route.
They exhibit considerable activity, though evidently waning in force. The jets of vapor deposit
small cones of nearly pure sulphur.

Emerging from the timber, and soon after reaching the head of Alum Creek, we left the trail
going on to the Mud Geyser, and inclining to the left crossed a range of prairie-hills, and followed
down the left bank of Alum Creek until the main trail down the Yellowstone was reached. This
was pursued for two or three miles farther, and camp made in a drenching rain on a small creek,
which we named “Jay Creek,” and near the point where the two trails from Cascade Creek had united
coming up. We had traveled for eleven hours and made about thirty-six miles.

G

The ‘Saw Mill”.

The ‘Castle.

Geyser craters.

The return to Ellis.

30 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

August 25.—Took the back trail over which the pack-train had traveled on the journey out, past
our former camp of the 16th and 17th on Cascade Creek, and up the creek-valley. The day was
very wet and cold, and desirous as I was of again looking at the Grand Caiion, I was unwilling to
impair my vivid recollection of it by seeing it for the last time deprived of its marvelous wealth
and brilliancy of color.

As we neared the belt of hills stretching nearly east and west across the trail, and commenced
to ascend the shoulder of one of them, we were greeted with a sharp burst of hail, followed by suc-
cessive gusty showers. The rain made the mountain-trail a hard one, turning the rich, black mold
in the narrow bridle-path to a slippery mud, and making the up and down grades equally severe on
the animals. The trail gradually ascends from the head of Cascade Creek to the divide between
two mountains, thence following partly the valley of another creek, which rises nearly at the sum-
mit of the divide, descends a long winding slope, with many fatiguing and unnecessary rises and
falls, until the west part of Mount Washburne is reached. Ascending this rap-
idly but laboriously to the shoulder, we were in a few minutes enveloped in a
blinding snow-storm from the west ‘and north, which forbade another ascent to the summit of the
mountain, and continued until we were about to descend from the Elephant’s Back. The ther-
mometer fell below freeziug, the wind blowing in furious gusts, and the snow occasionally turning
to hail, with frequent splashes of rain. As we were about leaving the Elephant’s Back, half-
frozen and entirely discontented with the weather, a change took place. A rift suddenly opened
in the clouds to the northward, and rapidly widening disclosed the mountain-tops brilliantly white
with fresh-fallen snow, which reflected the clear rays of the sun; the dense strata of clouds drifting
black and heavy beneath: the sun soon after reached us with grateful warmth.

The trail winds rapidly down to Tower Creek, just before reaching which two deer were seen, the
only game animals we encountered in the park. A number of trout were taken at the mouth of the
creek, and we were much disappointed to find that out of twenty-five cooked for supper two certainly
were affected by the worm previously mentioned. It has been hitherto stated, and generally
believed, that the wormy trout were confined to the lake and river above the falls. It afterward
‘appeared that one captured in Cottonwood Creek between Ellis and Baker, and several from Deep
Creek east of Baker, were affected in the same way. Camp was made at the former place on
Meadow Brook, and rain came on again in the evening.

August 26.—A visit was paid to Baronet’s Ranch, across the bridge, in the forks. We found

Baronet’s Ranch there a large collection of specimens from Amethyst Mountain, on the east side of
at the bridge. the river, a locality which we had not time to visit. The specimens were mainly
impure amethysts and forms of quartz chalcedony, &c.

The weather continued unpropitious as ever, and in a drenching rain the back trail up Meadow

Trail from the Brook was resumed. In such weather, the trail is difficult and in places not a little
gomidge” | pack to dangerous. It leads along and ascends slopes of clay which the rain makes exceed-
Springs. ingly treacherous and slippery, where a misstep would -precipitate a mule with
its pack or a horse with its rider down several hundred feet. A great improvement could be
made with comparatively little labor by widening the trail and placing rocks on its outer edge. Rain
fell all day, with occasional intervals of sunshine; the trail over the broad rolling divide between
the Yellowstone and Gardiner’s River affording a good road, however, even in such weather. The
Gardiner’s River Falls were passed, and the long, sloping descent made into the valley, out of which
we again climbed to the springs, just before reaching which camp was made. The rain lasted all
night with great severity ; the temperature steadily falling nearly to the freezing-point. Soon after
our arrival, an ambulance from Ellis reached the springs, bringing Major Benham and his wife, who
were about to make a tour of the park.

August 27.—Leaving Lieutenant Thompson in charge of the party, I took the ambulance, and
accompanied by Mr. Wood set out for Ellis, desiring to precede the party and gain time by having
transportation ready to take us on to Carroll. The mountains and hills were covered with heavy
snow but two or three hundred feet above us. The roads were exceedingly muddy and slippery;
fresh rain falling at intervals during the day. At the toll-house, a certified memorandum of the
Government transportation taken over the road was given to the proprietors. The tolls charged
each way were $5.50 for a six-mule team, $4 for a four-mule team, and $1 for a single animal.

Mount Washburne.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. al

Bottler’s Ranch was reached at 5 p. m., and very good meals and lodging obtained. We
observed a small herd of cattle near by, with which three young buffalo were
apparently entirely domesticated.

I was informed that the gold washings at Emigrant Gulch, adjoining the peak of the same
name, were this year paying well; the owners taking out $10 to $25 per man, and Washings at Emi-
the net profit on each laborer being $5 to $15 per day. grant Gulch. .

August 28.—Started at 7 a.m. The heavy rains had cleared up in a hard white frost. The
Bottlers have about 90 acres under cultivation, irrigating from the mountains.

Under the bright sky, Emigrant Peak looked exceedingly handsome: the upper 2,000 feet covered
with a broad mantle of new-fallen snow, and the air washed clean of all impurities, brought out with
exceeding clearness the noble outlines and rich coloring. The road out of the Yellowstone Valley
up Trail Creek needs additional work upon it, side-cutting and bridging. That down Coal and
Rocky Cafion Creek is capable still of great improvement. Ellis was reached at
2.30 p. m.

August 29.—Rain fell all day. The Gallatin valley was a Sea of mud.

August 30.—Rain continued throughout the day. At 2p. m., Lieutenant Thompson, with the
party and pack-train, arrived.

August 31.— Weather showed no signs of improving. The necessary transportation could not
be procured at the post, and it became necessary to hire a citizen’s team in Bozeman.
September 1.—Still raining. This prolonged continuance of wet was pro-

nounced to be unparalleled in the valley.

September 2.—Still raining. Despairing of any cessation of bad weather, I determined to make
a start and try to get over the ground if only a few miles a day. Accordingly pulled out of Ellis
in the afternoon with a train consisting of a four-mule ambulance, a six-mule team, Transportation out
and a citizen’s team, consisting of six mules and a wheel-team of two broncos or % Fils
Montana ponies, the eight hauling a wagon and atrail-wagon. This is the ordinary freight-wagon of
the Territory. The trail is attached to the lead-wagon by a broad, short tongue, at the extremity
of which an iron eye fits upon the pintle or trail-hook, projecting from the rear of the rear axle.
Both wagons are provided with powerful brakes, which are set in descending hills. The two wagons
can together carry over fair roads from 6,000 to 8,000 pounds. The escort consisted of two ser-
geants and eight men of the cavalry.

By 9 p. m., the train, with the greatest difficulty, had made about six miles only, and camp was
pitched in Bridger Creek Valley. The trail-wagon had to be left for the night some two or three
miles back. Unfortunately, this wagon contained the greater part of our bedding and personal
belongings, and, as the temperature was very low, water freezing in the buckets, the night was
anything but a comfortable one.

September 3.—Sent back and brought up the trail, after which, with almost infinite labor, we
made four miles and camped. Mauch of the difficulty of hauling over this Bridger
Pass could be obviated by cutting and rough-bridging, with the labor of troops.

Three of the party came into camp late. They had been hunting in the pass; had seen a num-
ber of elk on Bridger Mountain, and killed two or three.

September 4.—Broke camp at 7, with the sun shining, and pulled up the long hill, the descent
from which reaches Brackett’s Creek. This hill is a plain illustration of the slight trouble required
to avoid excessive labor. A road around this hill, nearly on a level grade, might easily be made.
In fact, the road is there, except that in one place, for a hundred yards, the slope is so steep as to
imperil the equilibrium of a heavily-loaded wagon. A half-day’s work with fifty men would make
it entirely practicable. From Brackett’s Creek there is a road leading down it for a short distance;
then north, up the valley of Shield’s River, past the Three Peaks, to the headwater of the South
Fork of Musselsbell. It was represented, however, that this road was marshy in places, and, -with
the immense amount of rain which had fallen, would probably be impassable. I concluded, there-
fore, to take, in preference, the more hilly route over which we had come from Baker. About dark,
after ten miles of very laborious pulling, camp was made on the north side of the mountains, at
the intersection of two small streams flowing out of the pass.

September 5.—Pulled out at 6.30, and, after great difficulty, and with continual doubling of

Bottler'’s Ranch.

Arrive at Ellis,

Heavy rain.

Bridger Pass.

32 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

teams and dropping the trail-wagon, which had again to be brotight up, we got clear of the foot-
hills at the entrance of the pass. Crossing the creek, which flows from the westward out of Flat-
head Pass, and its broad meadow-valley, we continued past the camp of August 8, and over the
roiling sage-brush prairie to Cottonwood Creek, where we camped, having made sixteen miles.
During the day, three of the party ascended the mountains on the west of Bridger Pass, and obtained
a superb view over the Gallatin Valley beyond.

September 6.—Broke camp at 7. Fair progress was made, but the effect of the wet weather

Camp on South WAS Still evident in the lower places, and wherever a small creek crossed the road.
Fork of Deep Creek. Fourteen miles from Cottonwood Creek we passed Sixteen Mile Creek, and inclin-
ing eastward, and leaving the Baker road, made camp three miles farther on, at the head of the
south fork of Deep Creek. There was but little wood in camp; the grass and water, however, being
good.

September 7.—Taking Reynolds, the guide, I started on in advance of the train for the forks of
the Musselshell, with the double object in view of intercepting the Carroll mail-stage at that point,
with probable advices for me, and of obtaining, if possible, some additional, or at least fresh, trans-
portation, the animals having been greatly pulled down by the severity of the work since leaving
Ellis.

Leaving the head of Deep Creek, the trail crosses a divide 200 or 300 feet high, and strikes the
head of the South Fork of the Musselshell, which it follows to the janction with the North Fork.

The route for five or six miles is rough and broken, but finally follows the creek, which flows
SouthForkof Mus gently in a wide, fairly-grassed valley, surrounded by mountains. Many hundreds

aelepelle of cattle were grazing in this valley, which is an excellent stock-range. The
“Forks” were reached at noon, thirty miles from camp. Captain Ball’s company of the Second

Forks of Mussel. Oavalry and Rawn’s of the Seventh Infantry were in camp on the broad, level
anel tongue of land in the angle of the two streams. This camp is just on the border
of the Indian range; is well supplied with all the principal requisites of wood, water, and forage;
and would be an admirable location for a permanent post for the protection of the Carroll road and

Remarks and sug- the thriving settlements to the westward. These districts are threatened almost
oe an eee. every summer with forays by the Indians, from which garrisons far in their rear
fon of garrisons: could scarcely avail to guard them. These hostile invasions are always sudden
and generally unforeseen, and onl) the promptest movements of troops can be of effect. It is not
difficult to see that such movements would be greatly expedited and their effect by so much increased
by meeting the Indians at the very door, as it were, and punishing them there, rather than by
trusting to the uncertain chance of overtaking them after the depredations had been comniitted.
The garrison and post of Camp Baker, for example, moved forward and established anew at the
forks of the Musselshell, would make almost secure the whole country behind, and, in addition,
would afford a most favorable point from which to send out scouts and reconnaissances, or, on occa-
sion, to initiate a campaign into the Indian country. Another consideration would be that the
farther east such a post was established the cheaper and easier it would be to supply.

September 8.—The train came in at 9 a. m., having camped for the night five or six miles back.
CampatHoppley’s 1 was fortunate enough, through the kindness of Lieutenant English, Seventh
ole: Infantry, to obtain the loan for two days of an additional six-mule team, with

which at noon we pulled out on the Carroll road, in company with Captain Browning and Lieuten-
ant Woodruff, Seventh Infantry, made the twenty miles to Hoppley’s Hole, and camped by a spring
just north of the road. Wood was obtained from the eastern margin of this broad and deep couwlé,
in which, however, the grass was poor and thin.

September 9.—Started at 7 a. m., in advance of the train, with Captain Browning and a small
Spikeanih party, for Camp Lewis. Near the spring, in Judith Gap, a small detachment of

\ Highteeuth Infantry men was in camp. Scattered herds of buffalo could be seen
grazing on the prairie south of Snowy Mountains. Deviating to the right of the Carroll road, we
kept along the foot-hills of the mountains, crossing two or three small streams, and finding the grass
of the hill-slopes rich and luxuriant. An hour’s halt for rest was made on Little Trout Creek, and,
resuming the journey, a heavy, recently-made Indian trail was crossed, leading northward. Lewis
was reached at 5.15 p. m., after a rapid ride of forty-five miles.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, 33

September 10.—The train came in at 2 p. m., having camped on Buffalo Creek the night before.

September 11.—Pulled out at 8 a. m., and in a couple of hours met the Carroll stage at Warm
Spring Creek. I was informed that the steamer Josephine would probably leave i ;

amp on Armell’s

Carroll on the 18th or 19th, but was likely to make another trip, certainly if the Creek.

stage of the river would admit, Camp was made on Armell’s Creek, twenty-five miles from Lewis,
with excellent wood, water, and grass. Opposite camp, on the othe side of the creek, was a
plantation of wild nape in full bearing. Mr. Grinnell was exceedingly desirous of examining for
fossils the lower extremity of the Judith Basin near the Musselshell River. As there was still a
margin of seven or eight days, with the chance of a later trip of the boat, I determined to divide the
party, sending a portion of it, under command of Lieutenant Thompson, to the mouth of the
Judith River, while I should go on to Carroll, ascertain as exactly as possible the probabilities of a
later boat, and send out word at what time the party should re-assemble. Mr. Dana concluded to
accompany me to Carroll; his engagements at the East not admitting of any further delay on his
part. The wagons were ‘therefore reloaded with the view of sending one six-mule team and the
greater part of the cavalry escort to the Judith.

September 12.—The six-mule team was loaded with fifteen days’ rations; all superfluous baggage
being loaded into the others. The supposed best route to the mouth of the
Judith was to incline southwest from camp for a few miles, until the divide
between Warm Spring and Armell’s Creeks was reached, thence west and north to the head of
Dog River, and along the divide between that and Judith River, through a certain pass in the Bad
Lands, of which we had general information only, to Claggett’s Ranch or Camp Cooke, at the mouth of
the Judith. At 8.30 the load was completed, and the two parties separated ; Mr. Danaand myself,
with a sergeant and one man of the cavalry escort aud a sergeant and four men of the engineer
detachment, proceeding on the road to Carroll, while all the others started for the
Judith. We reached Box Elder Station nine miles from camp, the edge of the Bad
Lands at sixteen miles, and Crooked Creek at thirty-two miles.

The day had been very hot and dusty, and we found no water between Box Elder and Crooked
Creek. The bed of the creek was absolutely dry, and the single pool near the road had been trampled
into a thick mud by the thirsty animals unhitched from two mule-trains and one bull-train, which
had halted for the night on the creek. We had brought no water with us, and Gaia eltenaaea
the prospects of a camp were wholly uninviting. About a mile farther down the Crooked Creek.
creek-bed I observed two or three cottonwood-trees, and an examination of the locality resulted in
the pleasing discovery of three small but undisturbed pools of water, tepid and alkaline, but
much better than none. The grass in the vicinity too, though exceedingly poor and thin, had not
been grazed by the freight-trains. Numbers of antelope had been seen all day, and from the high
ground on the edge of the Bad Lands small herds of buffalo dotted the broken landscape toward
the river.

September 13.—Pulled out at 8 a.m. Crossed Little Crooked Creek, and soon after ascended
upon the high, rolling prairie, winding over which the road eventually leads out upon a high, narrow

._ ridge near the river, where, turning to the eastward, the steep descent of 900 feet
is made into the river-valley, where Carroll is situated. It was ascertained that
the boat would probably reach Carroll on the 19th, and leave next day.

There was a possibility that a later trip would be made; but, as this depended entirely upon the
stage of water, which was very low and still falling, reliance could not be placed uponit. The
week’s heavy rains in the upper valleys had caused a rise of about six inches in the channel at
Carroll, but this rise had been already exhausted, and more rain could hardly be looked for. I
therefore dispatched a megssenSer to Lieutenant Mirompeou to be back in Carroll on the night of the
19th.

September 14.—Mr. Dana was desirous of examining the Little Rocky Mountains some thirty
miles to the north and west, and we accordingly made preparations for a trip to them. The ambu-
lance was placed in a Mackinac boat ready for transportation across the river in the morning.

September 15.—Crossed theriver in the Mackinac, swimming the animals. The party consisted of
Mr. Dana and myself and four men; one driving a pait of mules in the ambulance, Trip to the. Tide
which carried the rations and scanty allowance of bedding. Some of the Carroll Rocky Mountains.

5 Ww

The party divided,

Box Elder Creek.

Return to Carroll.

34 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

hunters at first wished to accompany us, but were afterward deterred by reports of Indians near
the mountains. I did not altogether regret this; for a small party entirely under control might be
safer than a larger one withoutdiscipline. In orderto get the ambulance out of the boat, we dropped
down stream a mile and a half to the “ point” below on the north bank, whence a hay-road led up
the hill, climbing the 800 or 900 feet of ascent which was necessary to reach the prairie above,

En rowe to Little (ence winding along narrow ridges formed by the deeply-penetrating coulés and
Rocky Mountains. ravines setting back from the river-valley. Reaching the prairie, the Little Rockies
were in full view, and we traveled rapidly toward them over a dry, stony, nearly level road, with
a brief halt for water at a pool in an unnamed creek-bed. Reaching the margin of the high prairie
overlooking Little Rocky Creek, the descent appeared precipitous and the valley below difficult
to travel. We therefore proceeded directly toward the mountains, and took our chance of finding

Camp near the Little Water. Approaching within three or four miles, a very good camp for our small
Rocky Mountains. party was found near some springs. There was no wood, but we were fortunate
enough to find a few pieces of drift brought down from the mountains during a freshet, and buffalo.
chips were abundant. Two or three herds of buffalo were grazing witbin sight,
gradually moving off as they became aware of our presence, and the antelope were
more numerous than I had ever seen them. Soon after sunset, the harvest moon swung its broad
disk above the eastern horizon, and flooded the yellow prairie with almost the light of day, shining
brilliantly all night from a cloudless sky. The air was still, and the temperature mild and pleasant:
About midnight, the snorting of the horses aroused me, and I found the men all up to keep the
buffalo which surrounded the camp from coming so near as to stampede our cattle. They were
approaching us to get water from the springs upon which we were encamped. The animals loomed
up huge and black in contrast with the yellow prairie, and were evidently in great numbers, as their
deep rattling snorts and snuffles could be heard in all directions.

In the gray light of early dawn, an antelope, attracted by the white cover of the ambulance,
walked nearly into camp, and furnished an excellent breakfast. It was a barren doe, very fat and
tender, with small horns, an inch or two in length.

September 16.—Mr. Dana spent the day exploring and examining the mountains. Camp was
broken at 8 with the intention of finding another farther east in a sort of bay in the south side of
the range, where wood would be more convenient, and which should offer better protection in case
the Indians should discover us.

The presence of buffaloin such great numbers, and the known propinquity of a large Indian

Little Rocky Camp some twenty-five or thirty miles to the eastward, on Pouchette Creek, induced
Mountains. me to believe that a more concealed camp would be much safer. The party was
so small that it would be just as well to remain undiscovered. Entering the valley, it was found full
of buffalo and antelope. The adjacent coulés and ravines were thoroughly examined for water
without success, and I finally concluded to return to last night’s camp. This is ordinarily an inju-
dicious thing to do; but the quiet demeanor of the buffalo induced me to believe that they had not
recently been hunted. Sending the ambulance back to camp, I took one man, and entered a pass
behind the prominent mountain, where a well-worn game-trail furnished a good path. The mount- -
ains are well wooded and some 1,200 or 1,500 feet in height, apparently destitute of running water
at this season. At a narrow place in the trail, a buffalo was encountered, who, after an instant’s
halt, uttered a frightened snort, and whirlirg his huge bulk around with ludicrous suddenness, set
off at full speed. A few deer were seen, but no elk or sign of any. The mountains, in fact, seem
to be too destitute of water to abound in the ordinary game. Emerging from the pass directly north
of and in view of camp, the bed of the stream which supplied the springs below was found to be dry
and stony. High upon the mountain-slopesa herd of buffalo were grazing, and Mr. Dana was dis-
tinguished approaching them with his carbine. His shots killed one, and started the herd at head-
long speed down the mountain. Hastily concealing ourselves in the bed of the stream, the herd
swept past, losing two more of their number. I endeavored to overtake on horseback a calf, the
mother of which had been killed, but my horse developed no great amount of speed, and the calf
certainly did, skipping away from me with the utmost agility. We returned to camp and had a
quiet night, though unpleasantly cold without tents, water freezing in the buckets.

Buffalo.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 35

September 17.—We had seen all that was necessary of the Little Rockies, and had more game than
could be carried in; a prolonged stay might be attended with serious consequences, —gagians encoun.
and camp was therefore broken at 8 for the return to Carroll. Steering by com- — ‘red.
pass, we had proceeded for a couple of hours, when we saw half a mile ahead three men engaged in
skinning a buffalo. Observing us, they mounted and started off, but soon halted and began to
approach us. They proved to be Indians, a small hunting-party from the large camp, and got us to
understand that they wanted to go in to Carroll with us as soon as they could dispose of the buf-
falo they were occupied with and another farther on. Though not anxious for their society, I
assented, intending, in case of the appearance of a large party, and having any trouble with them, to
hold the three as a sort of hostage. They worked with great earnestness and skill; and, having
loaded three ponies with beef in a very short space of time, two of them joined us. The head-man
pointed northeast, to where he said were forty-five lodges of his people. He denied being a Sioux,
but spoke the language too well to be anything else. Approaching the river opposite Carroll, the
two Indians wanted Mr. Dana and myself to go directly down the bluff to the river
with them; but as my rifle had become disabled by an accident, and the pistol
cartridges were exhausted, their offer was declined. One of them wished to assure me that he was
unarmed, and throwing back his blanket showed an empty pistol-holster, and said he had lost it
running buffalo. The same movement, however, exhibited the handle of a pistol on the other side.
Apparently disgusted at our refusal, they plunged down the hill out of sight, and eventually reached
town first.

September 18.—Crossed the ambulance back to Carroll. The steamer Josephine was looked for
hourly during the day.

September 19.—At 2 p. m., Lieutenant Thompson, Mr. Wood, and the wagon arrived, and a few
hours later Messrs. Grinnell, Ludlow,.and Reynolds reached town in a small Mack- Judith Basin party
inac, with which they had descended the river from the Judith. BERING:

A march of forty-four miles in two days—September 12 and 13—had taken the party from the
camp on Armell’s Creek to the mouth of the Judith, where they remained two days, and returned to
Carroll in four days. The lower portion of the Judith Basin is largely occupied by Mauvaises
Terres, precipitous and forbidding, and very difficult to travel. A few interesting fossils were found;
but the extent of the field and the limited time available prevented thorough search. <A large camp
of Gros Ventres was in the basin intending to winter there, and game was scarce. At 5 p.m., the
Josephine reached Carroll and discharged.

September 20.—Boat took on 60 tons of freight, and left at 4.30 p.m. Lieutenant Thompson
was instructed to take the cavalry escort and transportation to Ellis and to return
to Saint Paul via the Union Pacific.

The subsequent journey down the river was uneventful. The stream was very low, with only
18 inches of water on Buffalo Rapids, and we were frequently aground. When within. fifteen or
twenty miles of Buford, we met the Key West and exchanged freights; the Josephine returning to
Carroll to make one more trip. :

September 26.—We left Buford on the Key West at 8 a. m., reached Bismarck on the 29th, and
Saint Paul October 2. :

Thus terminated this most interesting trip, which had covered by rail, water,
and on horseback thirty-three hundred miles of travel in ninety-three days through every variety
of landscape, from the most forbidding to the grandest and most picturesque.

I beg leave to add the following suggestions relative to the National Park. The main points
are such as would present themselves to any visitor capable of appreciating the

‘ coe . Remarks and sug-
wonders of the park, and have been in some cases anticipated in the remarks and gestions relative to
3 - 5 one ‘National Park.
recommendations of previous visitors. Nevertheless, a repetition of them can do
no harm, and will at least show what the concurrent testimony on the subject is.

Congress, by an act approved March 1, 1872 (sections 2474 and 2475, Revised Statutes, ap-
pended hereto), set aside the area therein defined (and which intended to include all the more
remarkable objects and scenery) as a national domain, and consecrated it to the enjoyment and
improvement of all mankind. For this purpose, the park was placed under the control of the Sec-

Return to Carroll.

Leave Carroll.

Fort Buford.

36 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

retary of the Interior; but, unfortunately, the act provides no further practical measures for its
improvement than authorizing the making of small temporary leases (the revenues from which should
be devoted to the proper management and improvement of the park) and the promulgation of
regulations mainly looking to the preservation of the game. Iam not informed as to whether any
such leases have been made; but it is certain that no expenditures have been made for the improve-
ment of the park, nor even for its proper protection. Of the preservation of the game I will men-
tion some facts further on. The park remains in the same wild, secluded condition in which it was
discovered, a few squatters and hunters inhabiting it. The number of visitors is not great, but is
yearly increasing, and is mainly made up from the inhabitants of the Montana towns. Until some
railroad facilities shall make the journey less expensive and fatiguing, the people at large can
eee oes hardly avail themselves of the “pleasuring ground” so provided. Meanwhile,
fev ae Canons in however, those who from propinquity are able to do so are entering upon the pos-
session of their privileges, and abusing them by the wanton destruction of what
was intended to be for the edification of all.

The treasures of art and beauty, cunningly contrived by the hand of nature, are in process of
removal to territorial homesteads, and the proportion of material destroyed to that carried off is
as ten to one. Hunters have for years devoted themselves to the slaughter of the
game, until within the limits of the park it is hardly to be found. I was credi-
bly informed by people on the spot, and personally cognizant of the facts, that during the winter
of 1874 and 1875, at which season the heavy snows render the elk an easy prey, no less than from
1,500 to 2,000 of these, the largest and finest game animals in the country, were thus destroyed
within a radius of fifteen miles of the Mammoth Springs. From this large number, representing
an immense supply of the best food, the skins only were taken, netting to the hunter some $2.50
or $3 apiece; the frozen carcasses being left in the snow to feed the wolves or to decay in the
spring. A continuance of this wholesale and wasteful butchery can have but one effect, viz, the
extermination of the animal, and that, too, from the very region where he has aright to expect
protection, and where his frequent inoffensive presence would give the greatest pleasure to the
greatest number.

The cure for these unlawful practices and undoubted evils can only be found in a thorough
mounted police of the park. In the absence of any legislative provision for this, recourse can most
readily be had to the already existing facilities afforded by the presence of troops in the vicinity and
by the transfer of the park to the control of the War Department. Troops should
be stationed to act as guards at the lake, the Mammoth Springs, and especially
in the Geyser Basin. A couple of signal-sergeants might profitably be employed in keeping
meteorological and geyser records, which would be of great interest and value.

In time, with faithful supervision, the park could easily be made self-supporting. Franchises
and leases will be valuable, and properly administered would furnish a revenue sufficient to pro-
ceed gradually with all the improvements required. But meanwhile, and before any improvements
can be judiciously undertaken, an indispensable preliminary would be a thorough and accurate
topographical survey, which, having been completed, would serve to indicate where roads and
bridle-paths could best be opened or most improved. The boundaries of the park could at the
same time be run and laid down upon the ground.

For this a small annual appropriation of from $8,000 to $10,000 should be made, and the survey
might properly be under the charge of an engineer officer, who, while making his survey and map,
might at the same time be turning his attention and devoting perhaps a certain sum to the selection
and construction of better routes of travel. While it would not be possible at once to make the park
practicable for vehicles, the pack-trails could be vastly improved at slight expense; the survey indi-
cating the best routes. An observatory on Mount Washburne, with a wire to Bozeman, could be
constructed cheaply, and furnish a starting-point whence all the higher peaks, and from them the
intervening country, could be mapped. Rough bridges could be constructed where needed, and
the worst portions of the trail corduroyed. This preliminary work accomplished, and about two
seasons’ work would be required for it, the yearly appropriation being continued, the roads could
by degrees be made practicable for wagons and carriages. Lodging-places could be constructed at

Slaughter of game.

Recommendation.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 37

the Mammoth Springs, the bridge, the falls, the lake, and the geyser basins, for the accommoda-
tion of visitors; and these, after the construction by the engineer officer, should be under the
charge of an officer detailed to make constant inspections of them and of the detachments doing
guard and police duty in the park. Visitors should be forbidden to kill any game. The hunters
should have their arms and spoils confiscated, besides being liable to prosecution.

For the accomplishment of these purposes, it would certainly be most convenient and expedient
to take advantage of the presence and organization of the military, and to intrust the care of the
park, at least temporarily, to the War Department; at least until such time as a civilian superin-

tendent, living in the park, with a body of mounted police under his orders, should suffice for its
protection.

The day will come, and it cannot be far distant, when this most interesting region, crowded with
marvels and adorned with the most superb scenery, will be rendered accessible to all; and then,
thronged with visitors from all over the world, it will be what nature and Congress, for once work-
ing together in unison, have declared it should be, a National Park.

Respectfully submitted.

WILLIAM LUDLOW,
Captain Corps of Engineers, U. S. A.,
Chief Engineer Department of Dakota.
The ASSISTANT ADJUTANT-GENERAL,

Department of Dakota, Saint Paul, Minn.

ACT APPROVED MARCH 1, 1872.
(Revised Statutes of the United States, sections 2474 and 2475.)

Src. 2474. The tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming, lying near the headwaters of the Yellow-
stone River, and described as follows, to wit, commencing at thejunction of Gardiner’s River with Revised Statutes
the Yellowstone River, and running east to the meridian passing ten miles east of the most eastern _ sections 2474 and
point of the Yellowstone Lake; thence south along said meridian tothe parallel of latitude passing
ten miles south of the most southern point of Yellowstone Lake; thence west along said parallel to the meridian passing
fifteen miles west of the most western point of Madison Lake; thence north along said meridian to the latitude of the
junction of the Yellowstone and Gardiner’s Rivers; thence east to the place of beginning, is reserved and withdrawn from
settlement, occupancy,-or sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or
pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who locate or settle upon, or occupy any
part of the land thus set apart as a public park, except as provided in the following section, shall be considered tres-
passers and removed therefrom.

Suc. 2475. Such public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty
it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and publish such regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the care
and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all tim-
ber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within the park, and their retention in their natural condition.
The Secretary may, in his discretion, grant leases for building purposes, for terms not exceeding ten years, of small par-
cels of ground, at such places in the-park as may require the erection of buildings for the accommodation of visitors ;
all of the proceeds of such leases, and all other revenues that may be derived from any source connected with the park
to be expended under his direction in the management of the same, and the construction of roads and bridle-paths
therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of the fish and game found within the park, and against their
capture or destruction for the purpose of merchandise or profit. He shall also cause all persons trespassing upon the
same to be removed therefrom, and generally is authorized to take all such measures as may be necessary or proper to
fully carry out the objects and purposes of this section.

38

RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR TIME AND LATITUDE AT CARROLL, CAMP
LEWIS, AND CAMP BAKER.

Observation for time.

Station, Carroll, Montana.—Date, July 12, 1875.—Object observed, Arcturus.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Chronometer, Bond & Son,

Double altitudes observed.

° , u

74 50 00

73 50 00

74 20 00

202.—Index error, —60/’.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.

Corresponding times.

Latitude = L
N. polar dist. = A

WAL Al

I

hom 8 True altitude = A
18 54 25.
54 (55.5 Qm=L+A+A
55 26.5
55 57. ™m
56 26.5 m—A
56 58.5
18 57 29. log cos m
—— log sin (m—A)
18 55 56.9

log cos m sin (m—A)

log cos L sin A
log sin? 3p

log sin 4p

ap
p in are

p in time
KAR

Equation of time

True time
Time by chron.

Chron. fast

Wl Wl

Wl

WM WM th

° t aw

47 35 00

70 10 00

37 08 20
154 53 20

77 26 40

40 18 20

9. 3372319
9. 8108128

19, 1480447
9. 8024365

19. 3456082

9. 6728041

sou

05 02
10 04
m.
3 44
14 09

8.
40. 27
59.5

17 54 39.77
18 55 56.87

1 01 17.1

Refraction = R
Parallax = P
Semi-diam. = Sd
R, P,and Sd
Observed 2 alt.

HA

Index error

2 alt. corrected

Altitude
R, P, and Sd

True alt. =A

Hl

log cos L
log sin 4

I} Il

log cos L sin A

fe} , “

74 19 00
37 09 30
—1 10

37 08 20

9, 8289930
9, 9734435

9, 8024365

Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian.

Station, Carroll, Montana,—Date, July 12, 1875.—Sextant, Spencer Browning.—Index error, — 60/.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer,
‘Wood.—Computer, Wood.

Observed double altitudes.

° ‘ “uw

94 33 29
1 00

94 32 29

47 16 14.5
50. 0

AT 15 24.5

Corresponding times.

hom 8. log cos p = 9. 3515862
19 19 43. log A = 3. 6897527
20 36. —_—
21 20. log A cos p = 3. 0413389
22 07. = 1099.9
22 42.5
23° 45.5 ct ue
19 24 45.5 1st term = 18 19.9
—_ ——. Alt=A = 47 15 24.5
19 22 08.5 —-
2d term = 47 33 44.4
Latitude = 59.7
47 34 44.1

MR POlATIS s2ciueremasseancowe seewad saseeeeh Lawenecess Soacecscccaenes

Sid. time at mean

Sid. interval from mean time of culmination
Retardation of mean on sidereal time...
Mean time of culmination of star...-

noon at this station...

Error of chron. at time of observation.

Time by chron. of culmination .......-...-..... Susetienesseces esas

Sid. time of observation

Hour-angle, p, in mean time
Sidereal equivalents in arc

log sin p 9, 98875
log A 3. 68975
log Asin p 3. 67850
log (A sin p)? 7.35700
log a 4, 38454
log tan A 0. 03425
log 2d term 1 T19
2d term 59.7
— 50”

1» 01m 174.1

88° 38! 25”
4895"

hom &
1 12 47.7

1 01 171
"2 14 048
19 22 085
6 51 56.3
102° 59/ 05”

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes.

89

Station, Carroll, Montana.—Date, September 20, 1875.—Object: observed, @-—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, —1/ 15/.—€hro-
nometer, Arnold & Dent, 1362,—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 27in, 61.—Ther., 619.

3 % Obs’d 2 cir-| Obs’d alti- ,
Times it Mer. dist. sin a2 cos cos D |Red, tomer.| cum-meri-| tudes, cor-| True alti- Bae eh : Lat. deduced
chron VY) =p. sin l” |——Sosq | in are=z2. dian alti-| rected for] tudes=a. z-A. |= 90°+D—A.
=k tudes. index error. 5 oat
h. Mm 8 U7 “ a“ “uw fo} t a“ fe) t a“ fo} ri a“ °o t “u fe} t we
12 50 43. 4 42. 43 40 86 24 50 43 11 47 43 26 56 43 27 36 47 34 51
51 12. 4 13. 35 33 87 29 00 43 52 27 05 27 38 49
51 42.5 3 42.5 QT 25 86 25 30 12 07 27 16 a7 41 46
52 18.5 3 06.5 19 “ 18 87 29 50 4417 27 30 27 48 39
52 47, 2 38. 14 a 13 86 25 50 12 17 27 26 27 39 48
5314.5 210.5 9 Ay 9 87 30 00 44 22 27 35 27 44 43
53 39. 1 46. 6 3 6 86 25 40 12 12 27 21 Q7 27 60
54 15. 1 10. 3 & 3 87 30 10 44 27 27 40 27 43 44
54 53.5 31.5 0 3 0 86 26 00 12 22 27° 31 27° 31 56
55 27. 02. 0, 3 0 87 30 00 44 22 27 35 27 35 52
55. 50. 25. 0 q 0 86 25 50 12 17 27 26 27 26 61
56 19.5 54.5 2 | 2 87 29 50 44 17 27 30 27 32 55
56 46. 1 21. 4 8 4 86 25 40 12 12 27 QL 27 25 62
57 24.5 2 00. 8 q 8 87 29 50 44 17 27 30 27 «38 49
57 57.5 2 32.5 13 i) 12 86 25 30 12 07 27 «16 27 28 59
58 25.5 3 00.5 18 o 17 87 29 30 44 07 27 W 27 37 50
58 46.5 3 21.5 22 21 86 25 20 12 02 27 11 27 32 55
59 20. 3 55. 30 28 87 29 20 44 02 27 15 Q7 43 44
12 59 49 4 24, 38 | J 35 86 25 00 43 11 52 43 27 OL 43° 27 36 47 34 51
Mean latitud 0: sc iaane oe see neccecn es Seeecame trite siwsmienebecectad ia ececeameeeen bishescins veneGealeawes aaeeReeeela 47 34 51
hm 8. son sou

App. Lat. =1 cos 9. 82899 Chron. correction —1 02 04.16 Semi-diam. +15 58, —15 585

ec. cos 9, 99993 Equation of time + 6 38.92 Refraction — 55.9 — 54.9

@ cos 0, 13922 —— Parallax + 63 0 + 6.3

—_ — 55 25.24 ——_ —-§

9, 96814 +15 09. —16 47.

Determination of the time by observed equal altitudes of the sun’s limb.

TO CORRECT THE CHRONOMETER AT NOON.

Station, Carroll, Montana.—Date, September 20, 1875.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Chronometer, Arnold & Dent, 1362.—Observer,
Wood.—Computer, Wood.

; i Chron. fast of
Corresponding times. :
Observed t-—t/= |Equationof mene
double alti- elapsed | eqnal alti-| PRY Toer oy
tude. / time. tudes=2. | oon alee Iti.
A.M.= P.M.=? tudes.
fa hem 8. hom. 8. h, m. 8. hom
72 10 00 10° 51 40.5 2 58 34.5
52 04.5 5k 10.5
52 29. 57 47.
52 51.5 57 23.
53° 14.5 57 00.
53 38. 56 37.
re 54 03. 56 14.5 4 2 +16.80} 1 02 04.16
54° 27. 55 (50.
54 50.5 55 27.5
55 14.5 55 (04,
55 38.5 54° 42.
56 02. 54 16.5
73 10 00 10 56 26.5 2 53 53 =|)
id 34° 03.08
T= 412m log A (page 164) = — 9. 4263 log B = + 9. 3627 .
6 =—58". 33 ine 6 si =— 1.7659 log 6 = — 1. 7659 14 56 13.81
L= 47° 35/ log tan = 0.0392 log tan D = +4 8.2597 —_—_—_
lst term = +17. oh tun aa 25 50 16,89
=— 08 = . =-9 —_ —_——
ee ee 12 55 08.44
« = +16*,8 = equation of equal altitudes. 16. 80

12 55 25,24—eq. of time.
11 53 21.08

1 02 04,16

40 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Observation for time.

Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.. eats z uly 25, 1875.—Object observed, Altair.—Ref. Circle, Gambay and Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & Son,
2.—Observer, Wood .—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25i,95.—Ther., 58°.

Double altitudes observed. Corresponding times. ees
Latitude = L = 47 03 40 o fou
OP Ue hom & N. polar dist. =A = 81 27 35 Refraction = R = 63
18 11 45. True altitude=A = 39 22 52 Parallax = P =
12 30.5 —_-—_ Semi-diam.=Sd =
13 32, 2Qm=—L4+A+A = 167 54 07 R, P, and Sd =
14 28.5 Observed 2 alt. = 78 47 50
15 20. m = 83 57 03 Index error =
15 55.5 m—A = 44 34 11 ———_-.
16 34.5 2 alt. corrected = 78 47 50
17° 38.5 log cos m = = 9. 0227658 —_—_——__
720 00 00 18 31.5 log sin (m—A) = = 9. 8461989 Altitude = 39 23 55
67 58 20 18 19 20.5 — R, P, and Sd — 1 03
See. ——_— log cos m sin (m—A) = 18. 8689647 ————.
187 58 20 18 15 33.6 log cos L sin A = 9. 8284436 True alt. = A = 39 2 52
78 47 50 log sin? 4 p = 19. 0405211 log cos L = 9, 8332861
log sin A = 9.9951575
log sin 3 p = 9.5202605 —__—_-
. MOE a log cos L sin A = 9, 8284436
tp = 19 20 58
p in are = 38 41 56
hom 8.
p in time = 2 34 47.7
* AR = 19 44 43.8
Equation of time =
True time = 17 09 561
Time by chron. = 18 15 33.6
Chron. fast = 1 05 37.5

Observation for time.

Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.—Date, July 25, 1875.—Object observed, Arcturus.—Ref. Circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond &
Son, 202. ~ Observer, Wood. —Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'.95.—Ther., 58°.

° ‘ “ o Ff “

Double altitudes observed. Corresponding times. Latitude=—L = 47 03 40 Refraction =R = 50
- N. polar dist =A = 7 10 00 Parallax =P =
Oy ot hom 8. True altitude=—A = 46 36 46 Semi-diam.=Sd =
17 56 00. ——— R, P, and Sa =
59 00. Qm=L+A+L+A = 163 50 26 Observed 2 alt = 93 15 13
59 54.5 —_—_ — Index error = -
18 01 19.5 m = 81 5 13 a
te z 5 m—A = 35 18 2&7 Qalt. corrected = 93 15 13
720 00 00 04 13. 5 log cos m = = 9. 1473335 Altitude = 46 37 36
212 32 10 05 OL. Jog sin (m—A) = 9. 7619011 R, P, and Sad = 50
—_—_— 06 09. — — —_——.
932 32 10 18 07 02. log cos m sin (m—A) = 18. 9097346 True alt. =A = 46 36 46
—_——_— —_—_— log cos L sin A = = 9, 8067296 :
93 15 13 18 02 25.5 —_——— log cos L = 9, 8332861
log sin? 4 p = 19. 1030050 log sin A = 9.973435
log sind p = 9,5515025 log cos LainO = _ 9,8067296
° ty “
ip = 20 51 29
p in are = 41 42 54
hom. 8
pin time = 2 46 51.6
KR = 14 09 59.2

Equation of time =
True time = 16 56 50.8
Time by chron. = 18 02 2.5

Chron. fast = 1 0 347

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, 41

Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian.

Station, Camp Lowis, Montana.—Dato, July 25, 1875,—Rot. Circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observor, Wood,—

Computer, Wood.—Bur., 25'9.95.—Ther., 58°.

Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times.
Pe AE ht hom 8. log cos p == 9. 5393086 log sin p 9, 97228
18 50 45.5 log A == 3, 6895752 log 4 3. 68958
51 37, —— =
52 44.5 log A cos p = 3, 228-838 log Asin p 3, 66186
53 53.5 = 1694" -
54 42, log (A sin p)? 7. 32372
19 00 36, Op. See log a 4, 32454
OL 30.5 Istterm = 28 14 log tan A 0. 02399
02 30.5 Alt=A = 46 34 55 _—_-
720 00 00 03° 19.5 2d term = 54 log 2d term — 1, 73225
21L 55 00 19 04 08.5 > 2d term 54!’
<= —. Latitude = 47 04 03
931 55 00 18 57 34.75
93° 11 30 —
4635 45
50
46 34 55
50”
1» 05" 364.1
88° 38! 27"
4393"
hom 8.
AR DP VATIG). isaac. aise tase ao ta iessigeetisiaicjeeraesient b Pa Vee Oman oem ee 1 12 59.65
Siu. time at mean noon at this station........
* Sic. interval from mean time of culmination.
Retardation of mean on sidereal time......
Mean time of evtUmination of star...... att
Error of chron. at time of observation. ...-....22-. 22-02. eee eee eens 1 05 36.10
Time by chron. of culmination...........2.2. 2220-0022 e een eee ee ee eee 2 18 35.75
Clock-time of observation ...........2------acee cence ec cen eee eee ceceee 18 57 34.75
Hourangle:-p; iavsid: Hm 6 sscsc0x sees cme came scczein seam secede w 7 “ar 01.
sideves equivalentg@ it B20 .iccccceena we aeguvenspenaees permnenervens 110° 15’ 15”

PIM APCs ideas ses icine's cba acwmenemae meee tecin PustaeeetaseeeteeTet

Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes.

Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.—-Date, July 25, 1875.—Object observed, « Opbiuchi.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, — 20’.—

Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25i".95.—Ther., 58°.

6W

. . +9 Obs’d 2 cir- | Obs’d alti- ;
oe ie Mer. dist. Sent he cos l cos D |Red. to mer. gore: Sate a T a 6 alti- pa ee yas ia deduoed
. =p: in arc=@. jan alti-| rected for | tudes=a. — a [== 90°4+ D—A.
chron. =k rene tudes. index error. So
Rh ™ t wa Ww € “a fo} ‘ “ oO t a oO t a“ fo} t “ ° * “
18 26 45,5 8 00.5 126. 2 27 111 07 30 55 33 35 55 33) «(01 55 35 28 47 03 39
Q7 16. 7 30. 110. 2 08 08 40 34 10 33 36
QT 44, 7 02, 97. 1 53 08 00 33 50 33 16 09 58
28 10. 6 36. 85.5 1 39 08 50 340415 33° 41 20 47
28 36.5 6 09.5 74.3 1 26 09 40 34 40 34 06 32 35
29 14,5 5 31.5 60. 1 10 10 10 34 (55 34° 21 31 36
29 45.5 5 00.5 49. 57 11 00 35 20 34° 46 43 24
30 26. 4 20. 37. as 43 11 20 35 30 34 56 39 28
30 54. 3 52. 29, 4 34 11 20 35 30 34° 56 30 37
31 49.5 2 56.5 17. a 20 11 30 35 35 35 (01 21 46
32 19. 2 27. 12, ef 14 11 30 35° 35 35 (01 15 52
32 47. 1 59. 8. m4 9 11 50 35 45 35°11 20 47
33 %2.5 1 23.5 4. a 5 12 20 36 00 35 26 31 36
34 12.5 33. 5 0.6 s 1 12 00 35 50 35 (16 17 50
34 53. a 0. 3 0 12 50 36 15 35 (41 41 26
35 38.5 52.5 1.5 A 2 12 00 35 (50 35 (16 18 49
36 16.5 1 30.5 4.5 4 5 12 00 35 50 35 16 Pal 46
36 50.5 2 04.5 8.5 a 10 12 10 35 55 35 21 31 36
37 30, 2 44. 14.7 a 17 12 00 35 50 35 16 33 34
38 01.5 315.5 21. 8 24 11 30 35 35 35 (01 25 42
38 35, 3 49. 28.6 o 33 11 00 35 20 34 46 19 48
39 05. 4 19, 36. 6 42 10 50 35 15 34° 41 23 44
40 18. 5 32. 60. 1 10 10 30 35 (05 34 31 41 26
40 47.5 6 01.5 TU. 1 23 10 00 34 50 34 16 39 28
41 39. 6 53. 93, 1 48 09 40 34 40 34 06 54 13
42 10. 7 24, 107.5 2 03 08 00 33 50 33 16 19 48
42 42.5 7 56.5 124, 2 24 08 00 33 50 33 16 40 27
18 43 17. 8 31. 141.8 2 45! 111 07 30 55° 3335 55 33 «(01 55 35 46 47 03 QL
MEAD... 0 cee eee e ee eee eee ner ete eee ee cette teeter nee eer e ee ewan e ee nnn nance ens erennenes gate cece ae prise 47 03 37
Oo 4 a hom. &. Semi-diam.
App. lat.=1 == 47 03 50. cos 9. 83326 Chron. correction 1 05 36 Refraction 34”
Dec. = 12 39 07.4 cos 9.99932 A of * 17 29 10 Parallax
a = 55 35 20. cos 0.24785 —_—
, 18 34 46
0. 07043

42

RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Observation for time.

Station, Camp Luwia, Montana.—Date, September 10, 1875.—Object observed, Arcturas —Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Caronometer,
Bond & Son, 202.—Index error, 1/ 20’.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'».75.—Ther., 50°.

fe} a “we
Double altitudes observed. Corresponding times. Latitude =L = 47 03 50
N. polar dist. = A == 70 10 00
OF ee ho m 8. True altitude=A = 30 02 54
60 40 00 20 02 08 — ——
02. 37. 2m=L+A4A = 147 16 44
03 (06.5 a
03 36. ™m = 73 38 22
04 05. m—A = 43 35 28
04 35.5
59 40 00 20 05 045 log cos m = 9. 4497575
——— eee log sin (m—A) == 9. 8385388
60 16 00 20 03 35.93 AOR
log cos m sin (m—A) = 19. 2882963
log cos L sin A = = 9. 8067069
log sin? §p = 19. 4815894
log sin 3p = 9. 7407947
fe} y aw
ap = 33 24 16
p in are = 66 48 32
hom. 8.
p in time = 4 2 14.13
RR = 14 09 58.65
Equation of time =
True time = 18 37 12.78
Time by chron. = 20 03 35.93
Chron. = 1 26 23.15

Refraction =R = 1 26
Parallax = P =
Semi-diam.=Sd =

R, P, and Sd =

Observed 2alt. = 60 10 00
Index error = 1 20

2 alt. corrected =: 60). 08 40
Altitude = 30 04 20

R, P, and Sd = — 1
Truealt.-A = 30 02 54
log cos L = = 9, 8332634
log sin A = 9,9734435

ll

log cos L sin A

9. 8067069

Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian.

Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.—Date, September 10, 1875,—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, —1/ 20’.—Chronometer, Bond
& Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25i>, 75.—Ther., 50°.

Observed donble altitudes. Corresponding times.

Og ote ot hom. 8 log cos p = 8. 9318631

93 50 30 20 14 34.5 log A = 3. 6HB4192
SL 20 15 31. —
52 00 16 35. log A cos p= 2. 6202829
53 50 18 25. = AVL
54 10 19 53.5
55 10 20 32, Qo 6 ue
55 40 20° 59. Ist term = 6 57.1
56 (00 QL 37. Alt. =A = 46 55 55.
56 10 22 12. Qhterm = 1 O13
5630 22. 38.5 ens
56 40 23 05. Latitude = 47 03 53
57 10 23° 45.5

93 57 30 20 24 17.5

93 54 49 20 20 19.96
1 20

9353 29

46 56 45

50
4655 55

BR POlATIG coos. e sae aie we pea eemew swan eyeade es pamgeke seeEweeeeteete ened

Sid. time at mean noon at this station.......
Sid. interval from mean time of culmination.
Retardation of mean on sidereal time ...-...

Mean time of culmination of star .....

Error of chron. at time of observation...................s2ss0ss0eeeee

Time by chron. of culmination
Clock-time of observation...-.

Horan gle, 9; sid tiMs ce essed sadce emcooos mace nbaade ase aseaar
Bidereal equivalents 1) alCisenevaeweateans ress cuswansaasamen wn wae

PIN BTC sie eseisiee cent cis sieaiaisislsisialaieesale: siniisieiistmed wueecime nee eRe

log sin p 9. 99841
log A 3. 68842

log Asin p 3. 68683
log (As in p)? 7. 37366
log a 4. 38454
log tan A 0.02931
log 2a term 1, 78751
2d term 61.3

50”
1) 26m 238,15
88° 38’ 40”
4880"

hom 8.
1 13 33.66

1 26 23.15

2 39 56.81

20 20 19.96

6 19 36.85

94° 54’ 13”

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, July 31, 1875.—Sextant, Speucer Browning, 6536.—Chronometer,

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

43

Determination of the time by observed equal altitudes of the sun’s limb,

TO CORRECT THE CHRONOMETER AT NOON.

Wood —Computer, Wood.

Arnold & Dect, 1362.—Obse: ver,

Corresponding times, onion Td a
Observed t—t= [Equationof) Mn mee
double alti- lapsed | equal alti- Supivon my
tudes, timo, tudes = a, chil al et)
— ee id - %
A.M.=t P. M.==0 tudes.
Oo Me hom 8 hom. 8. h. m. Ss. hom. 8.
73 20 00 9 39 53.5 5 00 45.5
40 07. 00 30.5
40 23.5 00 «15.
40 38. 00 00.5
40 52.5 4 59 45.5
41 07. 59 30.5
41 24, 59 16.5 7 18 +9. 60 1 14 21.94
41 37.5 59° O01.
41 33. 58 45.5
42 08.5 58 31.
42 23, 58 (16,
42 33.5 58 Ot.
4 20 00 9 42 53, 4 57 46.
9 41 23. 4 59 15,73
hom 58.
pee 7) 16m log A (page 164) = — 9. 4742 log B 9, 2355 16 59 15.73
s&= 37”, 03 log é = — 1. 5687 log 6 — 1.5687 9 41 23.
L= 46° 40’ 40” log tan = 0. 0254 logtan D = 9, 5182 26. 40 38.73
ist term = +114, 70 —— —. 1320-19. 36
2d term =e 28, 10 = + 1. 0683 == — 0. 3224 ae 9. 60
a = + 9, 60 = equation of equal altitudes. 13° 20 28. 96
12 06 07.02
1 14 21.94

Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes.

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, July 31, 1875.—Object observed, ©.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, —50’.—Chro-
nometer, Arnold & Dent, 1362.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 23in,20.—Ther., 85°.

. 7 . Obs'd 2 cir- | Obs’d alti- : eek
arama se Mer dist. 2sin? § p cos J cos D |Red. to mer. cum-meri- tudes, cor- | True alti- sep ane ky 5! Lat. deduced
oie, y =p. sin 1’, cus a. inarc= «a. dian alti- | rected for | tudes =a. a ee % | —9004D—A.
enrOR: =k. tudes. index error. aps
h m. 8. e ia “ a“ ° bd “ ° y “ ° t aw fo} a uw °o i. a“
110 37.5 9 51.5 190. 8 ( 4 QL} 123 33 10 61 46 10 61 30 OL 61 34 22 46 40 43
1111.5 917.5 169.5 ' 3 52] 122 30 50 61 15 00 30 27 34 19 40 46
11 43. 8 46. 151.0 3 25] 123 34 50 61 47 00 30 SL 34° (16 40 49
12 12. 8 17. 134.7 3 04} 122 32 00 61 15 35 31 (02 34 06 40 59
12 35.5 753.5 122. 2 2 50} 123 35 50 61 47 30 31 21 34 11 40 54
13 01.5 T 27.5 109. 3 2 29) 122 32 50 61 16 00 31° 27 33 56 40 69
13 42.5 6 46.5 90. 0 2 03} 123 37 20 61 4 15 32 06 34 09 40 56
14 19.5 6 09.5 74.5 1 42 122 35 00 6L 17 05 32 32 34°14 40 51
14 47.5 5 41.5 63. 6 1 27] 123 38 40 61 48 55 32 46 34 13 40 52
15 22.5 5 06.5 51.2 1 10} 122 35 40 61 17 25 32 52 34 02 40 63
16 03. 4 26. 38.6 53 | 123 40 20 61 49 45 33 36 34 29 40 36
16 31. 3 58. 31.0 42 122 36 30 61 17 50 33 17 33 59 40 66
17 06.5 3 22.5 22.4 a 31 123 41 00 61 50 05 33 56 34° 27 40 38
17 47. 2 42. 14.3 s 20} 122 37 10 61 18 10 33°37 33°57 40 68
18 15, 2 14. 9.8 ei 13 | 123 41 20 61 50 15 34 06 34 19 40 46
18 45.5 1 43.5 5.8 roy 8} 122 37 50 61 18 30 33-57 34 05 40 60
19 21.5 107.5 2.4 | 3] 123 42 10 61 50 40 34 31 34 34 40 31
19 55, 34. 0. 6 rn 1] 122 38 10 61 18 40 34 07 34 «(08 40 57
20 32. 3. 0.0 3 0} 123 42 00 61 50 35 34° 26 34 26 40 39
20 58.5 29.5 0.5 Ss 1] 122 38 00 61 18 35 34 02 34° (03 40 62
21 33.5 1 04.5 2.3 8 3} 123 42 00 61 50 35 34 26 34 29 40 36
22 16. 1 47. 6.3 q 87 122 38 00 61 18 35 34 02 34 10 40 55
22 44.5 2 15.5 10.0 s 14] 123 41 20 61 50 15 34 06 34 20 40 45
23 23,5 2 54.5 16.6 a 23} 122 37 20 61 18 15 33 42 34 05 40 60
23 55. 3 26. 23.0 ° 32} 123 41 10 61 50 10 34 01 34° 33 40 32
24 32, 4 03. 32, 2 oS 44] 122 36 40 61 17 55 33 22 34° 06 40 59
25 00. 4 31. 40.1 55} 123 40 40 61 49 55 33 46 34 41 40 24
25 30.5 5 O15 49.5 1 08] 122 36 00 61 17 35 33 02 34 10 40 55
25 56. 5 27. 58.3 1 19] 123 39 00 61 49 05 32 56 34°15 40 50
26 21.5 5 52.5 67.8 1 33] 122 34 50 61 17 00 32 27 34 00 40 65
26 52. 6 23. 80.0 1 49 123 37 «30 61 48 20 32 11 34 00 40 65
27 24.5 6 55.5 94.1 2 09) 122 34 30 61 16 50 32. 17 34° 26 40 39
27 57.5 7 28.5 109.7 2 30] 123 37 30 61 48 20 32 11 34 41 40 24
28 29.5 8 00.5 126.0 2 52] 122 32 20 61 15 45 31 12 34 04 40 61
29 11.5 8 42.5 149.0 3 24] 123 35 10 61 47 10 31 01 34° 25 40 40
29 42.5 9 13.5 167 0 3 48 122 30 40 61 14 55 30 22 34 10 40 55
30 12. 9 43. 185. 4 4 14] 123 33 20 61 46 15 30 06 34 20 40 45
130 41.5! 1012.5 204.5 4 40! 122 29 20 61 14 15 61 29 42 61 34 22 46 40 43
MSAD ccc wrein eres a ceiwawin se ped ale seiveieiale slices Serle dire ne enien wdoerewiersiecine dtigmiecietye Ge aibe:Saisisicbe Heelan wieiio ele 46 40 49
f “ h mM. cm J “a Wn
90 40 40 cos 9.83639 Chron. correction 1 14 21,94 Semi-diam. — 15 47.9 4 15 47.9
18 15 05 15 05 cos 9.97758 Equation of time 6 07.02 Refraction — 24.9 — 24.9
ee eeraaey a = 41 33 cos 0.32204 —_— Parallax + 4.2 +4 4,2
108 15 05 a 1 20 28.96 — —_————
1.3677 0.13601 — 16 086 4 15 27.2

44 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Determriiation of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian.

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Duate, July 31, 1875.—Ref. Circle, Gambay & Son, 212—Chronometer, Boud & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.
Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'».24.—Ther., 60°.

Observed double altitudes. Uorresponding times.
Op Ae ot hom &. log cos p = 9. 6527431 log sin p 9. 95098
18 35 49.5 log A = 3. 6804864 log A 3. 68949
36 48. —- -
37 22. log A cos p = 3. 3422295 log Asin p 3, 64047
3757. = 2199" —-
3B 22.5 = log (Asin p)? 7. 28094
38 53, oO i log a 4. 38154
39 23. ist term = 36 39 log tan A 0, 01601
40 32. Alti=A = 46 03 21 —-
720 00 00 41 19.5 2d term = 48 log 2d term 1. 68149
201 22 20 18 41 54. —_—. 2d term 48”
= -—— Latitude = 46 40 48
S21 QR 20 18 32 50.05
92 08 14
46 04 07
46
46 03 21
FETEOION «. souseuesss seep eehas EemeRIS: ISRO EoaeeR RS soe 46"
Chron. correction . — 1" 12m 759,05
DeGrods ea esccue, s Z 1° Q1/ ux!’
A cadateideees saceaees scent Reeehrayet beyed beam Cemented! 7 4892"
hom. 8
AY: TONG TG ese uisrars.citinte otais lepolels g siematmeis ecesinieinnaes 4 SRR EMEE Se naam § aanse este 1 13 05

Sid. time at mean noon at this station....-..-
Sid. interval from mein time of culmination.
Retardation of mean on sidereal time
Mean time of culmination of star....-.-
Error of chron. at time of observation

aa Pata attest atodeee eyasaharette ana. cesiedis 1 12 35
Time by chron, of culmination .........-...--- 022-2222 e eee eee eee 2 25 40
Clock-time of Observation .22nscea ws ses ceew se ceses wesarersee eames 18 38 50
Hour-angle, p, in sid. time ... : se 7 46 50
Sidereal equivalents in arc... 2.2.2... ee ce ene cee ee eee rec ene eee 116° 42 30”

pinare

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

45

Determination of latitude by cirewm-meridian altitudes.

Station, Camp Bakor, Montaua.—Date, August 1, 1875.—Object observed, @.—Sextant, Speucer Browning; 6536.—Index error, — 33//.—Chro-
nometor, Arnold & Dont, 1362.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'".20,—Ther., 85°,

: in? Obs'd 2 cir- | Obs’d alti- f
pinay Mer. dist. asin te cos l cos D|Red. tomer) cum-mori- | tudes, cor- | True alti- a es Lat. deduced
sheoa =p. sin 00s & in arc = 2. dian alti- | rected for | tudes=a. zaA. |= 90°+D—A.
ki =k, tudes, index error. ea
hom. 8. ou u oo ° , bts ° / au ° / “ fo) vi “ ° , “
114 17, 6 09 74.3 1 41 | 122 05 00 61 02 13 GL 17 40 61 19 21 46 40 44
14 53.5 5 33 60.5 1 22 | 123,08 30 61 33 59 61 17 50 61 19 12 46 40 53
15 40.5 4 46 44.6 1 Ol} 122 06 40 61 03 03 61 18 30 61 19 31 46 40 34
16 26, 4 00 31.4 43 | 123 09 40 Gl 34 34 61 18 25 61 19 08 46 40 57
16 48. 3 38 26. 0 35 | 122 06 40 61 03 03 61 18 30 61 19 05 46 40 60
1725 3 05 18.7 2 25 | 123 10 30 61 34 59 61 18 50 61 19 15 46 40 50
17 49. 2 37 13.4 cory 18 | 122 07 20 61 03 23 61 18 50 61 19 08 46 40 57
18 33.5 1 53 7.0 ot 9] 123 10 40 61 35 04 61 18 55 61 19 04 46 40 61
19 11.5 115 3.0 a. 4/122 07 40 61 03 33 61 19 00 61 19 04 46 40 61
19 40. 46 1.0 3 1] 123 11 10 61 35 19 61 19 10 61 19 11 46 40 54
20 13.5 13 0.0 & 0} 122 08 60 61 03 43 6L 19 10 61 19 10 46 40 55
20 44. 18 0.0 = 0/123 11 10 61 35 19 61 19 10 6l 19 10 46 40 55
21 09.5 43 10 A 1 | 122 07 50 1 03 36 61 19 03 61 #19 04 46 40 61
21 40.5 114 3.0 4] 123 11 00 61 35 14 61 19 05 61 19 09 46 40 56
22 04. 1 38 5.2 et 7 | 122 07 50 61 03 36 61 19 03 61l 19 10 46 40 55
22 36 210 9.2 sg 12 | 123 10 40 61 35 04 61 18 55 6L 19 O7 46 40 58
23 09. 2 43 14.5 a 20 | 122 07 10 61 03 18 61 18 45 61 19 05 46 40 60
23 41. 315 20.7 3 26 | 123 10 10 61 34 48 61 18 39 61 19 07 46 40 58
24 25, 3 59 31.1 o 42 | 122 06 40 61 03 03 6L 18 30 61 19 12 46 40 53
25 02. 4 36 41.5 56 | 123 09 20 GL 34 24 61 18 15 61 19 11 46 40 54
25 38. 5 12 53, 1 1 12] 122 05 30 61 02 28 61 17 55 61 19 07 46 40 58
26 05. 5 39 62.7 1 25 | 123 08 30 61 33 59 61 17 50 61 19 15 46 40 50
26 29.5 6 03 TLY 1 38 | 122 04 40 61 02 03 61 17 30 61 19 08 46 40 57
1 26 48.5 6 22 79. 6 1 48} 123 07 40 61 33 34 61 17 2 61 19 13 46 40 52
24)15 12] 122 38 20
33
38
2) 122 37 47
61 18 53.5
21
61 18 32.5)
38
61 19 10.5)
108 00 04.7
46 40 54. 2!
VEG BU Sache Secv re cach iys ase sasd seswea atoms one @adenbia folcisy ate hiale slatare ocaelansenie Mare be Ses Slam diese eaves ee A ed Se bentoesa1d's ame Shara baa erree 46 40 54.4
90 00 00. 0 fo} a “uw ~_ mM &. t “ ¥ aw
18 00 047 App.lat.=t= 46 40 45. cos 9, 83638 Chron. correction 1 14 22,38 Semi-diam.—15 48 +15 48
—_—_- Dec. = 18 00 04.7 cos 9, 97820 Equation of time 6 03. 83 Refraction — 25.2 — 25.2
108 00 04.7 a = 61 18 30. cos 0.31867 — Parallax + 4.2 4 4,2
61 19 21. > 1 20 26.21 —_— ——-
= 0. 13325 —16 0% + 15 27.

46 40 44.

46 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Determination of latitude by cireum-meridian altitudes.

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.— Date, August 3, 1875.—Object observed, ©.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536. Index error, — 25’.—Chro-
nometer, Arnold & Dent, 1362:—Observer, Wood.—Compnater, Wood.—Bar., 25'",20.—Ther., 86°.

. +9 Obs’d 2 cir- | Obs’ alti- ;
one Oe Mer. dist. Janie coslcos D |Red.tomer.| cum-meri- | tudes, cor-| True alti- gat apy hey Lat. deduced
oven Y) =p. sin 1! cosa. |ibare=a.| dian alti-| rected for| tudes =a. 4p A. | | =90°+D—A.
° =k. tudes, index error. =e
h. ™m. Ss. ou aa V “ fe} ¥ aw ° t “ fe) v er fo} t aw fe} ra “
112 59.5 7 20 105. 6 2 26] 122 05 00 61 02 17 61 46 07 61 48 33 46 40 38
13 28.5 6 51 92.1 2 O07 | 121 02 20 60 30 53 46 25 48 32 39
13 53.5 6 26 BL.3 1 53 | 122 06 00 61 02 47 46 37 48 30 41
14 24.5 5 55 68.7 1 35); 121 038 10 60 31 23 46 50 48 25 46
14 51.5 5 28 58. 7 1 2i 122 07 «00 61 03 17 47 07 48 28 43
15 23. 4 56 47.8 1 06} 121 04 10 60 31 53 47 20 48 26 45
16 01. 418 36.3 a 50 | 122 08 10 61 03 52 47 42 48 32 39
16 32. 347 28.1 2S 39 | 121 05 00 60 32 18 47 45 48 24 47
17 00. 319 21.6 23 29 122 08 40 61 04 07 47 57 48 26 45
17 27.5 2 52 16.1 ay 22} 121 05 30 60 32 33 48 00 48 22 49
18 04.5 215 10. 0 2 14 122 09 40 6L 04 37 48 27 42 41 30
18 28, 151 6.7 a 9 121 05 30 60 32 33 43 00 48 09 62
19 00.5 119 3.4 s 4 122 09 50 6L 04 42 43 32 48 36 35
19 30.5 49 1.3 s iL. 121 06 20 60 32 58 48 25 48 26 45
20 00.5 19 0.0 a 0 | 122 09 40 61 04 37 48 27 48 27 44
20 30.5 11 0.0 ia 0] 12t 06 10 60 32 53 48 20 48 20 51
21 52.5 1 33 4.7 3 6 | 122 09 20 61 04 27 48 17 48 23 43
22 37. 218 10.4 # 14} 121 05 40 60 32 38 48 05 48 19 52
23 09. 2 50 15. 8 3 22] 122 09 00 6L 04 17 48 07 48 29 42
23 34, 3.15 20.7 o 29 121 05 20 60 32 28 47 55 48 24 47
24 03. 3 44 27.4 38 122 08 20 61 03 57 47 47 48 25 46
24 36. 417 36. 0 50 | 121 04 50 60 32 13 47 40 48 30 41
25 08. 4 49 45.5 1 03; 122 07 40 61 03 37 47 27 48 30 41
25 50. 5 31 59.8 1 22} 121 038 30 60 31 33 47 00 48 22 49
26 42.5 6 23 30.0 4, 31 122 06 10 fil 02 52 46 42 48 33 8
27 14.5 6 55 94. 0 2 10 121 02 00 60 30 48 61 46 15 61 48 25 46 40 46
Mea nilasaicsdcceiendecasndcaaniestiecunetoues yer ect Sotieah sae cabiee teat ae Sear eaenraesininn Goeeece nk Reims siaerae ace 46 40 44
° td “ he an. ss ‘ a“ i a“
90 00 00 App.lat=I = 46 40 40 cos 9.83648 Chron. correction 1 14 238.7 Semi-diam. — 15 483 + 15 48.3
17 29 121 Dec. = 17 29 11 cos 9.97945 Equation of time 5 55.5 Refraction — 25.6 — 25.6
a = 61 48 cos 0.32555 —_— ——. Parallax + 43 4 4.3
107 29 11 1 20 9.2 —_——_ —_—
61 48 33 1.385 0.14148 — 16 09.6 +4 15 27.0
46 40 38

Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes.

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 4, 1875.—Object observed, a Ophiuchi—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Chronometer, Bon
& Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'», 22.—Ther., 57°,

' ' A ’
Times of obs. |Mer. dist. ism ie cos 1 cos D |Red. to mer. diy ae
by chron. = mae cos a in arc= «a. tuiles:
h ™. Ss. v oF a“ : uw oO v “
18 31 34. 10 12. 204. 2 ( 111 50 40
32 20. 9 26. 174.7 51 30
33 07.5) € 38.5 146. 6 53 00
33 51. 7 55. 123.1 53 50
34 32.5; 7 13.5 102.5 54°50
35 (09. 6 37. 86. 0 55 20
36 11. 5 35. 61.2 é 56 00
37° 14.5] 4 31.5 40. 2 coy 56 50
38 (06, 3 40. 26. 4 a 57 30
38 43.5] 3 02.5 18, 2 a 58 00
39 22, 2 24, 11.3 xe 58 10
40 13. 1 33. 4.7 yer 58 20)
41 00.5 45.5 Tot S 85.1 58 «50
41 53.5 07.5 0.0 3 : 58 20
42 54. 1 08. 2.5 A 58 30
43 51.5] 2 05.5 8.6 1 58 «20
44 385] 2 52.5 16.2 8 58 10
45 25. 3 39. 26.2 S 57 50
46 10. 4 24, 38. 0 iS) 56 40
46 55.5 | 5 09.5 52.3 o 56 20
47 32.5] 5 46.5 65. 5 56 00
48 16. 6 30. 83. 0 55 10
48 53. 7 07. 99.7 54 20
49 31, T 45: 117.9 54 00
50 34.5) 8 48.5 152. 3 52 30
18 51 32. 9 46. 187. 3 111 51 50
ey MSS 2
in 5448
55 57 24
32
55 56 52
1 25.1
55 58 171
102 39_ 08. 6
46 40 51.5
Of hom 8
App. lat.=1= 46 40 40. cos 9.83648 Chron. correction 1 12 35.65 Semi-diam.
Dec. = 12 39 08.6 cos 9.98932 * AR 17 29 10.38 Refraction — 32”
a = 55 57 cos 0, 25188 Parallax

-—— Equation of time 18 41 46,03
1.196 0. 07768

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 47

Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian.
Station, Camp Baker, Moutana.—Date, August 4, 1875.—Ref. Circle, Gambay & Son, 212—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—
Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25',22,—Ther., 579,

Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times.

ne hom 8 log cos p == 9,2947207 log sin p 9, 991395
19 37 17. log 4 = 3, 6893977 log A 3. 689398
37 59.5 —. oe
38 48. log A cos p = 2, 9841184 log Asin p _—3, 680793.
39 26. = 964.1 —_—
39 58.5 log (4 sin p)? 7.36159
40 32. Or Rk a log a 4, 38454
41 17.5 Ist term = 16 04.1 log tan A + 02125
41 53, Alt =A = 46 24 05. ——_—
208 17 00 42 25. 2d term = 58,5 log 2d term 1, 76738
720 00 00 19 42 56. — 2d term 58.5
— — Latitude = 46 41 07.6
10) 928 17 00 19 40 15.25
92 49 42
46 24 51
~ 46
46 24 05
46’
1b 12m 35¢.65
88° 38/ 29/
4891”
hom 8.
PR POAT IS iai.c:ns cian Soe scieie' ie: ti Saisenaaiosavnsisismsmemdmameeean sas weeeeeee 1 13 08.00
Sid. time at mean noon at this station. ....-.
Sid. interval from mean time of culmination. .
Retardation of mean on sidereal time......
2 Mean time of culmination of star -...
Error of chron. at time of observation . ........--.--..22. eens eee eee 1 12 35,65
Time by chron. of culmination .........22. 22.00 -2 eee eee eee eee ee 2 25 43. 65
Clock-time of observation .....-. 1.22. ...202 eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 19 40 15.25
Hour-angle, p, in sid. time .-..-...- 20-22 ee eee eee eee eee eee ee 6 45 28 4
Sidereal equivalents in arc. .-.....202 6. ee eee ee ee eee e eee ee eee 101° 22’ 06”

p lib OFC aseseenseececusseney Metexeeowsameracuadnieeeracneeeeeeakeeee cs
Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes.

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 4, 1875.—Object observed, 7 Serpentis.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, — 30”.—
Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25!»,22,—Ther., 579.

Ra . : Obs'd 2 cir-
eae ee Mer. dist. Sein" 42 cos Z cos D |Red. to mer.| cum-meri-
c fae y =p. sin 1 cos@.|imarc=a.| dian alti-
enron: = tudes.
h mM. 8. y “a aw “ fo) Z “
19 23 18.5 4 10.5 34.3 es 80 49 00
24 07, 3 22. 22.3 ri 49 00
24 49. 2 40. 14.0 a 49 00
25 37.5 1 41.5 5.7 8 49 10
26 42.5 46.5 1.2 3 49 10
27 19.5 09.5 .0 iy 49 30
28 01. 32. 6 a] 13 49 30
28 42. 1 13. 2.9 | 49 20
29 19. 1 50. 6.6 ney 49 10
30 04.5 2 35.5 13, 2 EB] 49 00
30 46, 317. 21.2 $ 49 00
31 24, 3 55. 30. 1 g 48 10
19 32 11, 4 42. 43, 4 to) 80 47 40
15.0 80 48 58
30
80 48 28
40 24 14
57
40 23 17
13
40° 23 30
87 04 12
46 40 42
oF au" hem. 3 Semi-diam.
App.lat.=l= 46 40 40. cos 9.83648 Chron.correction 1 12 35.65 Refraction 57”
Dec. =S§8. 2 55 48.3 cos 9. 99943 KR 18 14 53,22 Parallax
= 40 2 20. cos 0. 11824 pee eee eee
* 19 27 28.87
. 879 9, 94415

48

Observation for time.

RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Object observed, Altair.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond &
Sons, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'2.30,—Ther., 53°.

Double altitudes observed.

fo} t “

86 53 30
720 00 00

806 53 30
80 41 21

40 19 44

Corresponding times.

nD
an
Cc
aay
am

re)
o

Peo Colon ties Saco S

ann na a

18 27 47.6

Latitude = L =
N. polar dist. = A =
True altitude=A =
2m=L+A4A =
m =
m—A =

log cos m =
log sin (m—A) =

log cos m sin (m—A) =
log cos Lsin A =

log sin? 4p =

log sin 4p

aD =
p in are =
p in time =
KR =
True time =

Time by chron.

Chron. fast =

fe} t
46 40
gl 37
40 19
168 27
"ed 13
43. 54

“

40
33
44
ST
58. 5
14.5

9. 0021000
9. 8410167
18, 8431167
9. 8315447

“19.0115720

9. 5057860

oo:
18 41
37 22

h. m.
2 29
19 44

“

29
58

8.
31. 87
43.9

17:15
18 27

12,
47.6

1 12

Observation for time.

35. 6

Refraction = R
Parallax = P
Semi-diam. = $d
R, P, and Sd
Observed 2 alt.
Index error

2 alt. corrected
Altitude

R, P, and Sd
True alt. =A

log cos L
log sin A

log cos L sin A

WT a th

tl

56. 8

9. 8363878
9. 9951569

9. 8315447

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Object observed, Arcturus.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son, 212,—Chronometer, Bond &
Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25'2.30.—Ther., 53°.
fo} t wn

Double altitudes observed.

° fe At

68 49 30
720 00 00

10)788 49 30

78 52 57

39 25 30

Corresponding times.

hom. 8.
18 51 44.

18 54 39.95

Latitude = L
N. polar dist. = A
True altitude = A

HAL Al

2m=L+A+4A

Il

™m
m—A

Ill

log cos m
log sin (m—A)

log cos msin (m—A) =
log cos L sin A =

ll

log sin? 4p

Il

log sin 4 p

ap
p in are

pin time
KR

rll

True time
Time by chron.

Chron. fast =

46 40
70 10
39 25

156 16

78 08
38 42

40
00
30
10
05
35

9. 3130467
9. 7961406

19. 1091873
9. 8098313

19, 2993560

~ 9, 6496780

oo:

26 30
53 O01

hom.

3 32
14 09

“

36
12

8.
04.8
59.1

17 42
18 54

03.9
39, 95

1 12

36.0

Refraction = R
Parallax = P
Semi-diam. = Sd
R, P, and Sd
Observed 2 alt.
Index error

2 alt. corrected
Altitude

R, P, and Sd
True alt. =A

log cos L
log sin A

log cos L sin A

WW aT

ll

uy

58

C. 8363878
9. 9734435

9, 8098313

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 49

Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes.

Station, Camp Bakor, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Object observed, « Ophiuchi.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond
& Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25',30,—'Ther., 53°.

Times of obs. |Mer. dist. 28"? | 0981 cos D |Rod. to mer,| Observed 2__cir-
, = sin 1” ee |) Cum - meridian
by chron, =p. an Cou @ inare=2.| sititudes.
hom. 8. tou “ “ ° ‘ “
18 35 33.5 6 13 15.9 os
37 54.5 3 52 29.4 a
38 51. 2 55 16.7 d
39 51. 1 55 12 7
40 52.5 54 1.6 4 |
41 59.5 13 Jacsemeee ss a 40.8
43 10.5 1 24 3.9 4 ‘
44 18, 2. 32 12.6 ie
45 17% 3 31 24.3
46 41, 4 56 47.8 on |
47 585] 6 12 75.5 ga
18 49 24, VT 38 114.4 oO l 623 26 40
720 00 00
34.1 SEEN SEES
12)1343 26 40
Ml 57 13.3,
55 58 36.6.
33
55 58 03.6.
40,8
55°58 «44.4
102 39 08.7
46 40 24
Oi ee hom 8.
App. lat, =1 = 46 40 40 cos 9.83648 Chron. correction 1 12 35.8 Semi-diam.
Dec = 12 39 087 cos 9.98932 Equation of time 17 29 10.4 Refraction 33”
a = 55 58 cos 0. 25206 ——_——_ Parallax
a 18 41 46.2
1, 196 0. 07786 cad

Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes.

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, Augnst 5, 1875.—Object observed, » Serpentis.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond
& Son, 202,—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 275», 30.—Ther., 53°.

: , ;
Times of obs. |Mer. dist. |? 9° 4?| cos tcos D allt Sige
by chron. =p. sinl’ |-—Cosa
y =k cos @ tudes.
h, m8. mens - we a
19 23 15. 4 14. 35.2 4 (
24 53.5] 2 35.5 13. 2 fy
25 55. 1 34 4.8 4
26 55.5 33.5 0.6 ig
27 56.5 27.5 0.4 po
28 54. | 1 25. 3.9 | a:
30 24.5] 2 55.5 16.8 $
19 31 34. 4 05. 32.7 |) 8 8) 646 29 00
13. 45 80 48 37.5
“40 24 18.7
56.4
40 23 22.3
“40 23 34.1
of # hom 8%
App. lat.=1= 46 40 40 cos 9.83648 Chron. correction 1 12 35.8 Semi-diam.
Dec. = 2 55 483 cos 9.99943 xR 18 14 53.2 Refraction 56.4
a = 40 23 20 cos 0.11824 —_—— Parallax
See 19 27 29.0
. 879 9, 94415

‘TW

50 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian.

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Ref. circle, Gambay & Son,.212.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—
Computer, Wood. —Bar., 25!". 30,—Ther., 53°.

Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times.

aes am h. mm. 8. log cos p = 9.3227046 log sin p 9. 99018
19 34 18.5 log 4 = 3. 6893977 log A 3. 68940
34 48, —_-—- —_—_—-
35 31 log 4 cos p= 3. 0121023 log Asin p 3. 67958
36 30. = 1028.3 —_—
37 06.5 —_—__— log (A sin p)27. 35916
37 37.5 oj: " log a 4, 38454
38 08.5 1Istterm = 17 08.3 log tan A .02091
38 44, Alt.=A = 46 22 43.2 —_—_—_—_-
207 50 00 3917.5 2d term 58. 2 log 2d term 1.76461
720 00 00 19 39 57.5 ———_— 2d term 58.2
pa S eri d Soe Latitude = 46 40 49.7
10) 927 50 00 19 37 119
92 47 00
46 23 30
46.8
46 22 43.2
Refraction 46.8
Chron. correction .. 1h 12m 35%.8
Dec 88° 38/ 29/7
Azecexprosssis sane cea caraeneamasiuess ocncceensaccvek cexesevesmeeecseks 4891!"
hom s.
AE POLATIS ssc sete ac ccaneecdces oh mee Gaon wen awemscrstnsessieese ue mseaie 1 13 08.76
Sid. time at mean noon at this station... :
Sid. interval from mean time of culmination
Retardation of mean on sidereal time ....
Mean time of culmination of star ........
Error of chron. at time of observation ........22.. eee ee eee ee eee eee 1 12 35.8
Time by chron. of culmination.......... 0.00022 cence ence ce cee rene eee 2 25 44.56
Clock-time.of observation sais ecccccesncsesis ceed ec cccce nese eusimencts « 19 37 11.9
HMoursan gle, im Mean: tM Os seis asreiesinnsecreis soarreiee sciesyeaig cae siete earoee 6 48 32.66
Sidereal equivalents in ate. cas ssccewcarsceenscecscesess coe sea veces 102° 08’ 10”
Pr AMAT Cs, < aiuiciaikycejominaleins sic cisiacuseaicceGieeleae Wiafciala/e.aaarctovataceataticie ealsiaiein cate

Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian.

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Date, August 5, 1875.—Soxtant, Spencer Browning, 6536.—Index error, —60’.—Chronometer, Bond & Son,
202.—Observer, Wood.—Computer, Wood.—Bar., 25's, 30.—Ther., 53°.

Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times.

Oe i ot hom 8. log cos p = 9. 4822605 log sin p 9. 97901
92 30 30 19 11 51.5 log A = 3. 6893977 log 4 3. 68940
31 10 12 44 —_—
31 20 13° 24.5 log 4 cos p == 3, 1716532 log Asinp 3.66841
3L 50 14 (00.5 = 1484.8 —_—-
32 10 14 40 —— log (A sin p)? 7. 33682
32 40 15 23 Oo fut log @ 4, 38454
33 20 16 10.5 Istterm = 24 44.8 log tan A 0.01896
34 00 16 49.5 Alt= A = 46 15 00.7 —
34.15 17 21.5 2dterm = 55. 0 log 2d term 1. 74032
92 34 35 19 18 06.5 —_—— 2d term 50”. 0
——_—— —— Latitude = 46 40 40.5
92 32 35 19 15 03,25
1 00
92 31 35
46 15 47.5
46.8
46 15 00.7
Refraction :sccoccsacoswponacnaedy seccasexese cess se erseseseeseescews 46.8
Chron. correction 1h 12m 35%. 8
ANC Citta cierete ocala nisyatecsise 2:3, 88° 38/ 290”
LS cs Beanie aigcavaca aie veissairere eva talc och ararea a aid eaaienae aleve vaneicide Sip staee hese eats ok eae 4891”
hom. 8.
BY POLIS ois wise ’sainers ataeneclasemente vest gactslocionensinessdeinaacingsisciexa 1 13 08.76
Sid. time at mean noon at this station.......-2..-2. 2-2 .ee eee eee cee
Sid. interval from mean time of culmination ....-.....2..22.-00.-eeee
Retardation of mean on sidereal time .-.-.. disGerUserenseaoMe manele
Mean timo of culmination of star *
Error of chron. at time of observation ...... 022.22 eee eeee ee eee ences 1 12 35.8
Time by ‘chron. of culmination s..<s00c00 ssa scesencinesciseses sxcorsaws 2 25 44.56
Clock-time: of ObSOr VATION. 26. denciciciewiecineicicide na cinecineicescanatsncee 19 15 03.25

Hour-angle, p, in sid. time

Sidereal-cquivalents 10: ALC. siceimcreinsie sis wcic oonia sec eacieciesicianeveani oss

DAN AG eeca sv aadstes meciweswesateasicteds cance ich ncspieaawiaaniE ces nes

7 10 .
107° 40’ 20’

41.2

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

On
—

Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian.

Station, Camp Baker, Montana.—Dato, August 5, 1875.—Ref. Circlo, Gambay & Son, 212.—Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.—Observer, Wood.—
Computer, Wood.—Bar,, 25'»,30,—Ther., 53°,

Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times.
rr hom 8 log cos p == 9,5388061 log sin p 9, 97235
19 O01 49.5 log A = 3. 6893977 log 4 3, 68940
02 41.5 _—- —-
a 03 07.5 log 4 cos p = 3, 2282038 log A sin p 3. 66175
03° 53.5 = 1691.2
04 24.5 log (A sin p)? 7.32350

05 07. oF on log a 4, 38454

05° 54. Istterm = 28 11.2 log tan A 0, 01817
06 32, Alti=A = 46 11 53.7 —
* 204 13 30 07 00. 2dterm = = 53.2 log 2d term = 1, 72621
720 00 00 19 07 45. — 2d term 53,2
—_—-— —_—-——— Latitude = 46 40 581
10) 924. 13 30 19 04 49,45
92 25 21
46 12 40.5
46.8
46 1L 53.7
Ratrae th ON, ss cccciccwseecicce ce scien cic taccsiesecaavsceneaenaascwans eile 46.8
Chron. correct: Jb 12m 358.8
Dec... 88° 38/ 29”
O ese seidicn seiceeeses Sarees meee veeetereeees sete 4891”
hom 8
A Polaris ........--- edamoweis Gan Gan semaueveen au cemememmacdacoacee cen 1 13 08,76
Sid. time at mean noon at this station............. wee
Sid, interval from mean time of culmination
Retardation of mean on sidereal time..........-------
Mean time of culmination of star.... = aia
Error of chron. at time of observation. ......2-.- 2-26. - eee eee eee eee 1 12 35.8
‘Time by chron. of culmination.........2..20.-00 cece eee eee ee eee ee eee 2 25 44.56
Clock-time of observation. .-... 22.0... eens eee e cence nese nee cnsenene - 19 04 49.45
Hour-anslo, py in mean times =. .s044 sence eces con seeeesseesenseeteee 7 20 55.1
Sidereal cquivalents in arc. .........2 2-22 eee eee ee ee eee ene 110° 13’ 47”

PUD, BUC sncss se wcmiawemnewind saeeceedeeet ema weesae eee eenecsiser se rood ace

52 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Summary table of daily instrumental observations with deduced altitudes, latitude, and longitude of each
camp, and of the Montana posts, distances traveled, de.

i ,
Station. Date. Start. Arrive. oe aleve Latitude. | Longitude. vas ea

1875. h Inches.| Feet. oF 8 oF #
Catroll soccninveceseecceerotes July 13 i .m™. -| 27.50 | 2,247 47 34 48 | 108 24 00
Little Crooked Creek - | July 13 |. 1.30 p. m.| 26.80 | 2,923 47 30 01 | 108 34 30
Crooked Creek..... July 16 .00 a. m.| 10.00a. m.| 26.95 | 2,776 47 28 00 | 108 41 30
Box Elder Creek. July 18 é .™.] 2.30 p. m.| 26.28] 3, 437 47 20 43 | 109 02 00
Camp Lewis..... July 25 f .™.} 5.00 p. m.| 25.83 | 3,890 47 03 47 | 109 26 30
Ross's Fork...-...- --| July 26 3 .m.| 4.30 p.m.} 25.54] 4,186 46 47 03 | 109 44 00
Haymaker's Creek.......... July 27 : ~™m.| 4.20 p.m.| 25.07} 4,673 46 30 00 | 110 06 40
North Fork Musselshell ....) July 28 30a. m.| 2.00 p. m.| 24.70 | 5,063 46 33 13 | 110 28 30
Brewer's Springs Gi .mo.| 4.00 p. m.| 24.80} 4,957 46 32 50 | 110 55 40
Camp Baker .....-. 5 .m.| 1.15 p. m.} 25.20] 4,538 46 40 44] 111 11 00
Moss Agate Springs ..-.... | Ang. 7 F .m.| 5.00 p. m.| 24.66 | 5,106 46 23 40 | 110 53 30
Twenty-five Yard Creek... | Aug. 8| 630a.m.| 5.30p.m.| 24.58] 5, 191 46 00 05 | 110 48 40
Fort Ellis....... ....| Aug. 9] 615a.m.) 5.00 p. m.| 25.00 | 4,747 45 40 15 | 110 59 04
Drane’s Dam..... - | Aug. 10] &00p.m.] 8.45 p. m.
Boteler’s Ranch --| Aug. 11] 6.304. m.} 7.30 p. m.
Rocky Cafon ...... Aug. 12} 6.30a, m.| 12.30 p. m.
Mammoth Springs. Aug. 13] 7.45 a. m.| 6.40 p. m.
Meadow Brook... Aug. 15 | 8.20a.m.| 3.00 p. m.
Cascade Creek. -| Aug. 16 | 8.40a. m.| 5.00 p. m.
Mud Voleano........--.---. Aug. 18 | @20a. m.| 11.45 a. m.
Yellowstone Lakeandreturn| Aug. 19} 9.30a, m.| 2.30 p. m.
Lower Geyser Basin.. -| Aug. 20] 8.30 a. m.| 5.00 p. m.
Upper Geyser Basin Aug. 21] 1.10 p. m.| 4.20 p. m.
Jay Creek ........ Aug. 24] 8.40a. m.| 7.30 p. m.
Meadow Brook .. Aug. 25 | 8.00a._m.| 3.50 p. m.
Mammoth Springs Ang. 26 | 7.50 a. m.| 12.30 p. m.
Rocky Cafion.... Aug. 27 | 12.30 p. m.| 5.30 p. m.
Boteler’s Ranch . Aug. 28 | 8.30 a, m | 12.30 p. m.
Sprague’s Ranch. Aug. 29] 6.50a. m.} 1.50 p. m.
Fort Ellis. ..... Aug. 30] 9.15a. m.| 1.50 p. m.
Bridger Creek . Sept. 2] 3.00p.m.| 7.50 p. m.
Bridger Creek . Sept. 3/ 10.30a. m.| 4.00 p. m.| 24.28) 5,513 45 45 27 | 110 53 45
Bridger Pass. Sept. 4} 820a.m.] 6.00 p. m.| 23.70} 6,147 45 53 40 | 110 53 30
Cottonwood Cre Sept. 5] 1.10 p.m.| 7.00 p. m.| 24 37] 5,416 46 05 30 | 110 45 15
Deep Creek........--------- Sept. 6] 6454. m.) 5.30 p. m.| 24.25 | 5,545 46 2012] 110 45 30
South Fork of Musselshell .| Sept. 7] 7.30a.m.| 4.00 p.m.| 24.61 | 5,160 46 26 08 | 110 24 50
Hopley’s Hole ........-.--- Sept. 8] 7.00a. m.} 6.15 p. m.| 24.86
Buttalo Creek. . Sept. 9 | 6.30a. m.} 1.30 p. m.| 25.37
Camp Lewis ... Sept. 10 | 6.45 a. m.}| 145 p. m. . Br
Armell’s Creek Sept. 1L |] 6.30 a. m.] 3.30 p. m.
Dog Creek .... Sept. 12] 7.30 a.m.| 3.45 p.m.
Judith River .. Sept. 13 | 7.00 a. m.| 7.30 p. m.
Near Dog Creek Sept. 16 | 6.30 a. m.| 3.30 p. m.
Armell’s Creek. Sept. 17 | 6.30 a. m.| 4.30 p. m.|......2-]-
Crooked Creek. Sept. 18] 7.00a. m.| 4.45 p. m.
Carroll....... Sept. 19} 7.30a. m.j 215 p. m.

E 47 30 33 | 111 48 19.5
47 49 38 | 110 39 48

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

53

Distances on the Missouri River from Bismarck to Benton, from a survey by Lieut. F. V. Greene,

United States Engineers, under direction of Capt. W. J. Twining, Corps of Engineers.

2 =
°
as - a8
ga saa g2
og of
A mm
Miles, Miles.

805. 4 | Fort Benton ..... is ais ale sai disip biehaleie BS aterate cisle eteiate beate tl lawrence:
787, | Marias River ...... Ge SBR MSS Sele eaisiale Semele tesaRee 17.7
764,9 | Little Sandy River ....-.....-..-...- 22 ee ee eee eee 40.5
756.4 | Citadel Rock............-.0eseeee0 seesianeeicecm 49
745.9 | Cathedral Rock...... aie wits wie eels eines aninisimsaco masa 59.5
743.4 | Hole in the Wall............ peste peiniataceieh beans 62
W314 | ATTOW RIVOD’ «200-20 ccccenesesiewes cess eceseceness 74
725.3 | Drowned Man’s Rapids........2.. 22-00 ceeeeen ees 80.1
723.1 | Old Camp Cook....... a'seniate etwpsweerimsmesEmeer, 82,3
722,4 | Judith River............ eee eee ences Sawigue tals saeaiu 83
718.8 | Holmes Rapids ...... 2.22... ceseee cece eee ceeeees 86.6
707.6 | Dauphin Rapids ...... 22.2.0. .2 eee cece ee eee eee 87.8
693.7 | Lone Pine Rapids.........2.......-s eee ee eee setae 111.7
689.6 | Sturgeon Island...........ccsesseee eee eeeenes esess| 115.8
681.9 | Cow Island ..... ie bwlansle Mam meSmeetsieweiesen semeacien 123, 5
671.4 | Grand Island ..........0. 2. sce e eee e ee cece ce cew eee 134
665.3 | Two Calf Island .............--0 eee ee cee e ee ee eens 140.1
657.8 | Emile or Harriott Island...........-.sseeeeceeenee 147.6
647.9 | Little Rock Creek .........222 sees cece eee e cece: 157.5
638.9 | Carroll... .ccccascccccsccecsscrcccncccccccecscanse 166.5
621.7 | Beauchamp'’s Creck........---+- e+ aise 'aeianincdee 183.7
619.4 | Boyd's Island. .........0. ees cece wen eee cect ee eeneee 186
600.9 | Musselshell River .......0--.ceeee sees ceen ee ewenee 204.5
446.2 | Fort Peck ........ eneeee wenn e eens ence me neaeee we--| 319.2
468.6 | Milk River ......2..-0. ce scene cee eee weer ceees eoee-| 336.8
453.4 | Porcupine Creek... 2... 2.22. cece ee cence ee eee ewes 352
373. 4 ‘renchmen’s Point........2-22. 00+ eeeeeeeeeeneeees 432
355. 8 | Big Muddy River. ........... osiswies eclelesieicences 449.6
321.9 | Little Muddy River ...... suchaewcaspeneuecwaxsees 483.5
309. 4 | Fort Union .........---.....- asteals tars saersees 496
305 Yellowstone River........... nsiwiae melee! 500. 4
302.9 | Fort Buford ..........2. 2. cee e cece cree eee eercneeee 502.5
267.8 | Muddy River........ 537. 6
205 White Earth River. . 600, 4
186.4 | Little Knife River... 619
131.6 | Little Miggouri «2 2.260022 sece c0sscces scescesenees 673. 8
108. 4 | Fort Berthold. ..........0.. 02.2 ce cee eee ec tc ene 697

84 Fort Stevenson.....-. 2.222. .2-2ee eee eee eee eee 721.4

60.4 | Big Knife River 7145

52,5 | Fort Clark........... 752.9

sisisicte orate Bismarck: .iccnic swceiwccesicccewcssswsean actecececieos) “8004.

REPORT OF A RECONNAISSANCE OF JUDITH BASIN, AND OF A TRIP
FROM CARROLL TO FORT ELLIS, VIA YELLOWSTONE RIVER.

By Lirvut. R. E. THompson.

Fort STEVENSON, DaAk., March 8, 1876.

Sim: I have the honor to forward herewith a report of the reconnaissance of the Judith Basin,
made during the past summer, in accordance with your orders, and an account of my subsequent
return from Carroll, Mont., to Fort Ellis, by way of the Yellowstone River.

The trip to the Judith River, which was laid out as part of the summer’s work, on condition
that it could be completed before the close of navigation on the Upper Missouri, was ordered from
the camp on Armell’s Creek, September 11. Its object was the examination of the country in the
vicinity of the Judith, with regard to its topographical features, to accurately locate its position,
but more particularly to afford an opportunity for a thorough search for fossil remains in the cut
banks of its valley, which offer so extensive an exposure. The party consisted of a sergeant and
one private of the Engineer Battalion, charged with running the trail by compass and odometer; a
detachment of a sergeant and seven privates of the Second Cavalry as escort; and Reynolds as
guide.

Mr. G. B. Grinnell and Mr. Ludlow accompanied the party; the former interested in the
paleontology and zoology of the country. Sextant-observations were made by Mr. W. H. Wood
whenever practicable.

Including myself, the party numbered fifteen men, all mounted, save the teamster, the ser-
geant in charge of the odometer-cart, and the man charged with the care of the chronometers.

On the morning of September 12, the party was put en route across a stretch of rolling prairie
country. The general course was toward Square Butte, a landmark in the vicinity of Benton,
considerably west of the point to be reached ; but it:was deemed advisable, from lack of knowledge
of the country, and from the broken appearance to our right, to make the divide between Dog
Creek and the Judith, and to follow this up till opportunity offered to descend to the valley of the
latter stream near its mouth. The headwaters of Dog Creek were reached in the afternoon. Here
I was joined by Reed, who had volunteered his services as guide. Camped ata pool near this
creek.

In the morning (September 13), a course more to the north was taken, bearing nearly on Bear’s
Paw Mountains. The divide was kept from necessity, either valley being impassable for wagon.
Shortly after leaving camp, the broken character of the Judith Bad Lands began to appear to our
left and front.

For twenty miles back from the mouth of the stream, the country immediately tributary to it
is washed and cut into the wildest and most rugged shapes. The soil is of that clayey character
capable of supporting itself at steep inclines; and where ordinarily the drainage would be con-
ducted in simple valleys or natural depressions, here gulches and ravines, with precipitous sides,
are formed by the flow of the water. The worst of these were avoided, and to within ten miles of
the mouth of the Judith our path was over a country such that a heavily-loaded wagon-train could

have been conducted with but little difficulty.

56 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

The Judith and Dog Creeks from their sources converge gradually, and, at their junction with
the Missouri, are but three miles apart. The valley of Dog Creek is broken in a manner similar to
that of the Judith; and, back ten miles from their mouths, this erosion, from long-continued action
of water, has gone to such extent that the summit of the divide between these two streams is a
simple backbone of a few feet.in width, and the passage of this ridge with a single wagon, lightly
loaded and conducted with care, nearly entailed the loss of the team. This difficult piece of road
lasted but a few hundred yards. For six miles farther on the valleys keep apart, and give a good
stretch of prairie.

A descent into the valley of the Judith was made at a point four miles from its mouth.
Camped on the river; abundance of wood; grazing poor.

The Judith is a swift-running stream, from 60 to 80 feet in width, and bas a depth of water
varying from 2 to 4 feet. Its sources in the Judith Mountains are clear, cold springs, but the
character of the water changes completely in its course to the Missouri. Its temperature is very
much increased, and a considerable amount of earthy matter is taken up and held in suspension.
Though all its upper branches are plentifully stocked with trout, none of these fish were taken in
the main stream. Its valley proper, from bluff to bluff, is about a mile wide, well timbered with
a young growth of cottonwood. Scrub pines and cedars are sparsely scattered over the highlands,
principally on the sides and at the heads of ravines. From the rate at which the wood is now
being taken out for the supply of steamboats, the whole will be exhausted before many years.

September 14, moved camp half a mile down stream for better grazing; visited Fort Claggett,
a small Indian trading-post on the Missouri, a short distance above the Judith. It consists of two
log buildings facing each other; their ends joined by a stockade, with a small flanking arrange-
ment at the alternate angles. A few Indians were seen about; their tepees standing near the fort.

From the ruins of old Camp Cooke, in the west angle between the Judith and Missouri, the
plan of the post can be distinctly traced; some of the adobe walls still withstanding the effects of
the weather.

The 15th and 16th were consumed in a vigorous search for fossils by nearly all the party.
Observations were made by Mr. Wood.

On the night of the 16th, a courier arrived from Carroll, with orders from you for the return of
the party. Preparations were made accordingly. Asit is highly probable that a more lengthened
search in this vicinity than our time had allowed would be richly rewarded, and, in order to afford
every facility for the improvement of the time that could be gained, a mackinaw was procured, by
which Mr. Grinnell, at whose disposal it was placed, with Messrs. Ludlow and Reynolds, was enabled
to remain somewhat longer upon the ground, and then make Carroll by way of the Missouri as
soon as the overland party.

The return trip began on the 17th. My old trail was necessarily taken for part of the way
back; but, as soon as opportunity offered, a course to the east of it was taken; but little was gained
by this, however, for from the nature of the ground I was compelled to pass near the old camp on
Armell’s Creek.

But little game was seen on the Judith. The Indians, as well as white men in that vicinity,
kill for hides alone for purposes of trade. The consequence is very apparent. But three or four
herds of buffalo and a few antelope were seen there; antelope becoming more plentiful as we left the
river behind us.

Carroll was reached the afternoon of the 20th; the party by boat making the landing soon
after.

This trip demonstrated the practicability of a wagon-road through the Judith Basin to the
Missouri; though for general use a considerable amount of work would first needs be done.

The trail was carefully kept; the principal topographical features being sketched in. The data
for the plotting of the course and the astronomical notes are already in your hands.

Every facility was afforded Mr. Grinnell in his collection of fossils. It is to be regretted that
longer time could not have been taken in this work.

After the departure of the main party from Carroll for the East, it devolved upon me to con-
duct the transportation back to Ellis.

The party under my charge consisted of but two sergeants and ten privates of the Second

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 57

Cavalry, and it was my intention to follow the road previously passed over by the party; but on
my arrival at the forks of the Musselshell River, I feand a company of the Second Cavalry, com-
manded by Lieut. L. H. Jerome, under orders to scout. the country east of the Crazy Mountains as
far as the Yellowstone, and thence to return to Fort Ellis by way of that river.

Through the courtesy of Lieutenant Jerome, I was enabled to avail myself of the opportunity
(which the small force at my disposal rendered it imprudent to attempt) to strike the Yellowstone
at Big Timber Creek, a point within about seventy miles of that to which General Forsyth had
ascended with his expedition in the spring.

Camp at the forks of the Musselshell was struck on the 28th of September, crossed to the
south side of the Musselshell a mile below the forks, followed the general course of this stream for
about four miles to the Little Elk—a well-wooded stream, crossed from this creek to the Big Elk
(seven miles) in a course a little east of south, passed this stream, and three-quarters of a mile
farther on a branch of the same. About eight miles more of travel brought us to the Porcupine
(or American Fork). Here camped.

Throughout this day’s march, an exceedingly large number of antelope were observed, and at
our camp on the Porcupine the woods and underbrush were alive with deer, showing in a very
marked manner the absence of the skin-hunter.

September 29.—Traveled seven miles to Summit Creek; four miles farther on crossed the Sweet
Grass, a tributary to the Yellowstone. It is fed by springs and melted snow from Crazy Mountain,
and flows a volume of water nearly equaling that of the Musselshell.

Beyond this, several small streams were passed: Beaver Creek, standing in pools at this season,
two miles; a branch of same, half a mile; three miles farther on, Williamson’s Creek, and a mile
from this, Burnt Creek, all emptying into the Sweet Grass.

. The first crossing of Big Timber Creek was at three miles; we recrossed half a mile beyond,
and camped on left bank. This stream is about 20 feet wide, clear and cold. The valley is very
heavily timbered.

On the department maps, several small streams are noted as running into Big Timber from
the north. There are no streams of any moment after passing Burnt Creek going south on this
trail.

October 1.—Traveled down left bank of Big Timber for about five miles; crossed within half a
mile of its mouth. Here observed indications of Indians, probably Crows.

Two large tripods, 20 feet or more in height, had been erected, and from the legs of these were
suspended hundreds of moccasins, some of them beautifully beaded. It was remarkable that none
of these moccasins were more than 5 inches in length; the most of {hem averaging about 3 inches;
probably some offering, or medicine. Traveled up Yellowstone on its left bank. Little Timber
about four miles and a half from Big Timber, about a third of the size of the latter; well wooded.
The country between these two streams is very poor, almost no grazing; sage-brush being the main
production. Half a mile farther on crossed a branch of Little Timber; the two unite about three
hundred yards from the Yellowstone. Three miles beyond, Cherry Creek. In succession, we
passed Duck Creek three miles on, Hot Spring Creek three miles beyond, and Cold Spring Creek a
mile beyond that. Went into camp on the Yellowstone near the latter.

October 2.—General course still along Yellowstone. Crossed Yellowstone ten miles from camp
at a point nearly opposite old Crow agency. The ford was very circuitous, ranging back and
forth along the bars io avoid deep water. At this season, the greatest depth on this ford brings the
water nearly to the wagon-body.

The old Crow agency, recently abandoned, is at the foot of the Yellowstone Mountains, oppo-
site to, and about four miles from, the mouth of Shield’s River. It consists of a collection of rude
buildings, principally adobe. Recrossed the Yellowstone about five miles above the agency. There
are two fords equally good, one above and one below “ Benson’s Ferry.” Formerly, the passage of
the stream at high water was made by a ferry-boat conducted by means of a cable stretched across
the river. At the time of my crossing, the ferry was not in existence. Its place is marked by two
stones on the left bank. Camped two miles below, just opposite one of the highest points of the
Yellowstone Mountains, called Medicine Peak.

October 3.—After leaving camp, crossed Fleshman’s Creek about eight miles from Shield’s River.

8 Ww

58 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA.

Half a mile beyond is a small stream, which I followed up for about twelve miles, then pulled over
a high divide; at this point the only difficult road was encountered. Across the divide, the head of
the Middle Fork of the Gallatin River was struck. and a general course with that of the stream was
followed to Fort Ellis.

In the progress up the Yellowstone River, a very noticeable feature presented itself; the
change of the character of the country adjacent to it. Throughout its whole length on the lower
stream, the elevations on either side never attain to more than the dignity of “‘buttes.” But from the
moment of passing Crazy Mountain, the scenery of the river becomes more in keeping with the
grandeur to which it attains above.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
R. E. THoMPsoN,

Second Lieutenant Sixth Infantry.
Capt. WILLIAM LUDLOW,

Corps of Engineers, Saint Paul, Minn.

RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

ZOOLOGICAL REPORT.

BY

GEO. BIRD GRINNEULL.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

YALE COLLEGE, NEw HAVEN, Conn.,
June 1, 1876.

Sir: I beg leave to hand you herewith, as a partial report on the zoology of the region trav-
ersed by your expedition last summer, a list of the mammals and birds observed on the trip. In
making out this list, I have taken care to give only such species as I actually saw and identified
either in life or by their remains. I have added a list of such species as have been noticed in the
immediate vicinity of the Yellowstone Park, combining the observations made by Mr. Merriam, of
Hayden’s survey, 1872, with my own during the past summer.

It may not be out of place here, to call your attention to the terrible destruction of large game,
for the hides alone, which is constantly going on in those portions of Montana and Wyoming through
which we passed. Buffalo, elk, mule-deer, and antelope are being slaughtered by thousands each
year, without regard to age or sex, and at all seasons. Of the vast majority of the animals killed,
the hide only is taken. Females of all these species are as eagerly pursued in the spring, when
just about to bring forth their young, as at any other time.

It is estimated that during the winter of 1874~’75 not less than 3,000 elk were killed for
their hides alone in the valley of the Yellowstone, between the mouth of Trail Creek and the Hot
Springs. If this be true, what must have been the number for both the Territories? Buffalo and
mule-deer suffer even more severely than the elk, and antelope nearly as much. The Territories
referred to have game laws, but, of course, they are imperfect, and cannot, in the present condition
of the country, be enforced. Much, however, might be done to prevent the reckless destruction of the
animals to which I have referred, by the officers stationed on the frontier, and a little exertion in
this direction would be well repaid by the increase of large game in the vicinity of the posts
where it was not unnecessarily and wantonly destroyed. At one or two points, notably Camp
Baker, efforts have been made to drive off the skin hunters, and with such success that the officers
have very fine hunting within easy reach. The general feeling of the better class of frontiersmen,
guides, hunters, and settlers, is strongly against those who are engaged in this work of butchery,
and all, I think, would be glad to have this wholesale and short-sighted slaughter put a stop to.
But it is needless to enlarge upon this abuse. The facts concerning it are well known to most
Army officers and to all inhabitants of the Territory. It is certain that, unless in some way the
destruction of these animals can be checked, the large game still so abundant in some localities
will ere long be exterminated.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
GEO. BIRD GRINNELL.

Col. Wu. LUDLOW,

Chief Engineer Department Dakota, St. Paul, Minnesota.

ZOOLOGICAL REPORT.

By Gro. Brrp GRINNELL.

LIST OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS.

CHAPTER I.

MAMMALTS.

FELIDA.

1. FELIS CONCOLOR, Linn.
Mountain Lion; CouGcar.

Although not a common species, a few of these animals are killed in the mountains every
winter.

The skins of the Cougar were formerly imported in large quantities from the east and from
California for purposes of trade with the Indians. A few years since, a good skin was sometimes
sold for seven or eight buffalo-robes; but at present they have little or no commercial value. A
single individual of this species was seen by our party on the Yellowstone River, near the mouth
of Alum Creek.

2. LYNX RUFUS, Raf.
Bay Lynx; WILDGAT.

Very abundant in the mountains.
3. LYNX CANADENSIS, Raf.
CANADA LYNX; CATAMOUNT.

Not a common species, though taken occasionally. I saw a few skins at Fort Peck, and was
told that it was sometimes killed in the Yellowstone Park.

CANIDZ.

4, CANIS OCCIDENTALIS, Rich.
GRAY WoLF; TIMBER WOLF.

Although the Gray Wolf is always killed whenever the opportunity offers, it still exists in con-
siderable numbers wherever the Buffalo are abundant. On the return march, just before entering

*

64 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

the Judith Gap, I saw one pack of twelve, another of nine, and, besides these, many individuals
singly or by twos and threes. Buffalo were very numerous here, and, although not much hunted,
enough were killed to furnish abundant food for the wolves. This species was also abundant near
the Judith River, and during the hours of darkness their howlings were heard almost constantly.

Wolfing, as it is called, is an established industry in Montana; and, being pursued only in
winter, it gives employment and support to a large number of teamsters, steamboat-hands, and
others who are necessarily idle at this season. The method is sufficiently simple. The wolfer,
starting out, kills a deer, a buffalo, or some other large animal, and, thoroughly poisoning it with
strychnine, leaves it for a day or two. When he returns to it, he finds from one to a dozen wolves
coyotes, and foxes lying dead about the carcass. As wolf-skins, large and small, 4. e., gray wolves
and coyotes, bring $2.50 apiece at the trader’s store, it is not unusual for two men to make $1,000
or $1,500 at this work in a winter.

Almost all the dogs seen among the Assinaboines, Crows, and Gros Ventres of the Prairie, .
appeared to have more or less wolf-blood in their veins, and many of them would have been taken
for true wolves had they been seen away from the Indian camps.

5. CANIS LATRANS, Say.
PRAIRIE WOLF; COYOTE.

This species is abundant between Carroll and Fort Ellis; being, I think, much more common
on the prairie than in the mountains. 1 have always found it most numerous in a plain country,
where there are deep washed ravines, to which the animals may retire during the day, and in holes
in the sides of which the young are brought forth. When searching for fossils in such places dur-
ing the past summer, I have often come upon an old female lying at the mouth of a hole in the
bank, and surrounded by her litter, of from four to eight half-grown pups. At my appearance, the
family would spring to their feet, stare at me for a few seconds, and then two or three would dart
into the hole, as many wildly scramble up the bank, and the rest would start off up the ravine at
a good round pace, looking back over their shoulders every few steps, as if there were a constant
struggle between their fears and their curiosity.

A puppy, perhaps three months old, was captured while we were in camp on Crooked Creek
He had taken refuge in a hole in the bluffs, and was dug out and brought to camp. Although so
young, he was utterly wild and vicious; suapping atany one that ventured to touch him, and refus-
ing to eat. His unceasing efforts to escape were at length successful, and one morning we found
that during the night he had gnawed off his fastenings and departed.

6. VULPES ALOPEX MACRURUS, Baird.
PRAIRIE Fox.

This is an abundant species throughout the country traversed by our party. It is often found
dead near the carcasses poisoned for wolves.

7. VULPES VELOX, Aud & Bach.

Swirt; Kit Fox.

This pretty little fox is common on the prairies of Dakota and Montana, and, as it is a species
that has but few enemies, it is often quitetame. I have sometimes come upon one of these animals
as it lay sleeping in the sun at the mouth of its burrow, and have been amused to see it, after a
brief examination of me, stretch, yawn, and then with its tail held straight up in the air, and an
appearance of the utmost usconcern, trot slowly into the hole. This has generally two openings ;
and sometimes, while you are examining one entrance, the Swift may be seen inspecting you from
the other.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 65

MUSTELIDZ.
8. MUSTELA AMERICANA, Turton.
MARTEN.

The Marten is said to be quite abundant in the mountains of the Yellowstone Park, and it
doubtless is found some distance down the Missouri River. I saw skins at Fort Peck which I was
told had been taken in the immediate neighborhood.

9. PUTORIUS VISON, Rich.
MINK.

This species was quite abundant all through the mountains. Some very fine dark specimens
were seen along Bridger Creek near Fort Ellis.

10. GULO LUSCUS, Sabine.
WOLVERENE ; SKUNK-BEAR.

No living individuals of this species were seen by any of the party; but we noticed their tracks
quite often while in the park, and saw many skinsin Bozeman. Hunters there informed me that they
were seldom killed, except in the severest weather of the winter. In this region, they were spoken
of as the “ Skunk-bear”; farther south they are called ‘“Carcajou”. The young, when first born,
are said to be snow-white in color. Although this species is seldom found far from the mountains,
an indivdual was killed during the winter of 1872~’73 near Fort Stevenson on the Missouri River.
It had probably wandered out on to the prairie from the high Bad Lands of the Little Missouri.

11. LUTRA CANADENSIS, Sab.
OTTER.

Although nowhere a very abundant species, the Otter occurs perhaps as frequently on the
Missouri River as on the purer mountain-streams. The furs taken on this river, however, are by
no means so valuable as those which come from the mountains; being much lighter in color and
less glossy. This difference is regarded by trappers and dealers in furs to be due to the muddy
character of the Missouri water. Whether this be the case, or whether it is merely an exemplifica-
tion of the law which obtains with regard to the bird$ and mammals of the plains as contrasted with
those of the mountains, J am unable at present to determine. It seems quite possible, however, that
the former explanation is the true one, since animals like the Otter and Beaver, to which latter
the above remarks also apply, from the conditions of their lives are but slightly exposed to the modify-
ing influences which act on animals living on the uplands and more or less diurnal in their habits.

The fur of the Otter is highly prized by the Indians; being used by them to tie up the hair, to
ornament their “ coup-sticks ”, tocover bow-cases and quivers, and for a variety of other purposes.

12. MEPHITIS MEPHITIOA, Baird.
SKUNK.

This species is exceedingly abundant throughout Eastern Montana. While ascending the
Missouri River, we often saw them on the low benches of alluvium left bare by the rapid falling of
the waters. Having slipped or climbed down the almost vertical banks to get to the water, they
seemed unable to retrace their steps, and could only escape from their prison by swimming.

At Camp Lewis, these animals were so numerous as to have become a terrible nuisance. Mr.
Reed, the post-trader, told me one morning that during the previous night he had been obliged to
rise four times to kill Skunks.

9 Ww

66 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

13. TAXIDEA AMERICANA, Baird.
BADGER.

The Badger was quite common all through the prairie country over which we passed, but was
most often seen in the vicinity of the prairie-dog towns. It is a slow animal, and may easily be
overtaken by a man on foot. If unable to reach its hole in time to escape, it will turn and rush
toward its pursuer in the most courageous manner; snapping and snarling in such a way as to
inspire one with a wholesome respect for it.

URSID.
14. PROCYON LOTOR, Storr.
RACCOON.

This species occurs occasionally along the Missouri River.
15. URSUS HORRIBILIS, Ord.

GRIZZLY BEAR.

The Grizzly is rather common in some localities along the Missouri; and from the upper deck of
the steamer I saw three one evening digging roots in a wide level bottom. In the Bridger Mount-
ains and in the Yellowstone Park, they were numerous, so much so that we would often see sev-
eral sets of fresh tracks in a morning’s ride. From their abundance in the vicinity of Fort Ellis and
Bozeman, it was evident that they were not much disturbed by hunters.

In Bozeman, I was shown two cubs about six months old ; and two more sullen and vicious
little brutes I never saw. A Black Bear cub of about the same age was as friendly and playful
as a puppy; but no one dared to venture within reach of the Grizzlies.

But little seems to be known about the breeding-habits of this bear. It is pretty well estab-
lished, however, that the young are brought forth about the 15th of January, and that they are
then very small, scarcely larger than new-born puppies. :

16, URSUS AMERICANUS, Pallas.

BLACK BEAR.

Not nearly so common as the preceding species. Only one living specimen was seen. Ata
ranch near the bridge over the Yellowstone River, however, I was shown a single skin of the so
called Cinnamon Bear, which, I was told, had been taken in the Park.

SCIURIDZ.
17. SCIURUS HUDSONIUS, Pailas.

RED SQUIRREL; PINE SQUIRREL.

Red Squirrels were abundant wherever pine timber was found. In the mountains, they seem
to feed chiefly on the seeds of the pine; and I frequently came upon little heaps of cones gathered
together by the squirrels just as they collect nuts in the East. Most specimens taken in the Yel-
lowstone Park seem to be referable to var. Richardsonii, but several killed in the Fire Hole Valley
are not to be distinguished from ordinary Connecticut specimens.

18. TAMIAS QUADRIVITTATUS, Rich.

MISSOURI GROUND SQUIRREL.

This pretty little squirrel scems equally at home among the most desolate Bad Lands, where
no vegetation is to be found saye a few straggling sage-bushes, and amid the dense pine forests

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 67

and luxuriant undergrowth of the mountains. They are very gentle and unsuspicious, and would
play about in the most unconcerned manner while I was standing within a few feet of them.

Although by no means tree-climbers, in the strict acceptation of the term, I often saw them,
while at play or when frightened, ascend the pines to a height of 20 or 30 feet. It would seem
that they are not exclusively vegetarian in their diet; for I interrupted one of them while making
a meal of the dried carcass of a Hesperomys. It sat up, holding the food in its fore feet in the
ordinary manner, and gnawing the meat from the back and shoulders. ‘No doubt, in some localities
it feeds, partially at least, on grasshoppers, as many of the small rodents of the West are known
to do.

19. SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECIM-LINEATUS, Mitchell.

STRIPED PRAIRIE SQUIRREL.

This species was common everywhere on the prairies. When anything unusual attracts its
attention, it raises itself up on its haunckes to examine the object of its curiosity. As this approaches,
the squirrel gradually lowers itself until at last it is quite flattened out upon the ground. In this posi-
tion, if the eye is removed from it for a moment, it is very difficult to find it again, as its colors
harmonize admirably with the yellowish gray of the soil.

20. SPERMOPHILUS RICHARDSONII, Cuv.

RICUARDSON’S GROUND SQURREL.

This species was not seen until after we had passed Camp Lewis in Montana. Along the
North Fork of the Musselshell River it was abundant in the valley, and it was observed in con-
siderable numbers about Camp Baker and Fort Ellis.

Ia their habits, they resemble the Prairie-dog (Cynomys) more nearly than any other species
with which Iam acquainted. They live in communities, act as do the Prairie-dogs when approached,
and are equally hard to secure when shot near the entrance of their burrows. A young one, killed
with a charge of fine shot at short range, moved himself over two feet along the smooth sur-
face of a flat rock, on which he had been lying when shot, by convulsive pushes of his hind feet.
After I had taken him in my hand, these kickings continued for half a minute or more, although
the animal could not have been conscious after the shot struck him.

I several times saw the young of this species playing with one another very prettily. One
standing over the other would hold him down and pretend to bite his head and neck, just as we
often see young puppies play together.

At Camp Baker, there were many of these animals in and about our camp, and they soon
became very tame. Often'they would come to the open tent-door, and, sitting on their haunches,
would watch the occupants with an appearance of the greatest curiosity. We often tried to catch
them alive, but were never successful. They would always manage to slip into some hole that we
did not know of, just as our hands were on them. Between Fort Ellis and Bozeman there is quite
a large settlement of these animals, and they were more tame here than at any other locality where

we met with them.
21. CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS, Baird.

PRAIRIE-DOG.
Quite abundant on the plains near the foot of the mountains.

22, ARCTOMYS FLAVIVENTER, Bach.

WESTERN WOOD-CHUCK.
Common in the mountains, but rather a shy species, more often heard than seen.

23. CASTOR CANADENSIS, Kuhl.
BEAVER.

While ascending the Missouri, we saw the houses and “slides” of the Beaver very frequently,
and often, just at evening, the animals themselves were observed, sitting on the banks gazing at

68 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

the steamer, or feeding on the tender shoots of the cottonwood and willow. They were by no
means shy, and would sometimes permit the vessel to pass within a few yards of them without
taking to the water.

The streams in the mountains through which we passed were sometimes dammed by the
Beavers for miles, and the backwater spreading out over the level valleys makes wide ponds.
These in the course of time are partially filled up with the mud carried down by the stream, and
when this takes place are deserted by the Beavers, which move away and build another dam some-
where else. As the pond fills, a rank growth of rushes and underbrush springs up, and before long,
what was a pretty little lake has become an impassable morass.

The value of the fur of the Missouri River Beaver is diminished by the same causes spoken of

in reference to that of the Otter.
SACCOMYID.
24, THOMOMYS TALPOIDES, (Rich.) Baird.

GOPHER.

An individual of this species was taken among the high mountains near the head of Gardiner’s
River. It was running over the snow-drifts when captured.

MURIDZ.
25. ZAPUS HUDSONIUS, Coues.

JUMPING MOUSE.
This species was observed several times in the Bridger Mountains, and again on Cascade
Creek near the Yellowstone River.

26. MUS DECUMANUS, Pallas.

Brown Rat.

The common Wharf-rat is sufficiently abundant in all the settlements on the Missouri River to
be a great nuisance and to do considerable damage. In the trader’s store at Fort Peck, they were
very numerous, so much so that the trader told me that he had recently poisoned one hundred and

fifty in one week.
27. MUS MUSCULUS, Linn.

House MOovss.

Abundant in towns and large settlements, but in isolated ranches replaced by the following

species.
28. HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS SONORIENSIS, LeConte.

WESTERN WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE.

This species was very abundant along the North Fork of the Musselshell River and along the
‘Yellowstone. In many places, they had deserted the woods and fields and taken to the ranches,
where they are quite as annoying as the common House Mouse.

29, ARVICOLA RIPARIA, Ord.

MEADOW MOoUsE.
Very common along the Yellowstone River.

30. FIBER ZIBETHIOUS, (L.) Ouv.

MUSKRAT.

Abundant on streams flowing into the Missouri.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 69

HYSTRICIDA.
31, ERITHIZON EPIXANTHUS, Brandt.

YELLOW-HAIRED POROUPINE.

Quite common along the Missouri and in the “bottoms” of streams flowing into that river.
We saw signs of its presence also in the National Park along the Yellowstone River.

LEPORID 24.
32, LEPUS CAMPESTRIS, Bachman.

PRAIRIE HARE.

This species is very abundant in some localities, while in others, quite as favorable for it, it is not
found atall. In fact, the abundance or scarcity of the Prairie Hare in any district depends almost
altogether on the number of wolves to be found in the same tract of country. Where all the
coyotes and gray wolves have been killed or driven off, the hares exist in great numbers; but
where the former are abundant, the latter are seldom seen. We saw none near the Missouri River,
where the buffaloes, and consequently the wolves, were numerous; but at Camp Baker, where there
were scarcely any wolves, the hares were very common.

33. LEPUS ARTEMISIA, Bachman.

SAGE RABBIT.

Very abundant west of the Missouri in suitable localities, but its numbers controlled by the
same causes spoken of in regard to the preceding species.

CERVID &.
34, ALOE AMERICANA, Jardine.

~ MOOSE.

This species is quite abundant in suitable localities in the Yellowstone Park, although, like all
the large game, it has been driven away from the neighborhood of the trail by the constant pas-
sage of travelers. We saw signs of its presence in the Bridger Mountains, and were told that there
was a famous country for Moose about fifteen miles from the mouth of Trail Creek.

The only living specimen that we saw was a young calf that had been captured by the son of
a settler when it was but a few days old. When seen by us, is was probably about three months
old, and was a most grotesque object. It was very tame, and would come at the call of its owner.

35. CERVUS CANADENSIS, Eraleben.

ELK.

Elk were rather abundant all through the country which we traversed. They were seen in con-
siderable numbers along the Missouri River, among the Bridger Mountains, and in the Yellowstone
Park. Those killed early in September, at the commencement of the rutting-season, were fat and
well flavored, furnishing us with delicious meat.

The Elk rut in September, and the young are brought forth late in May or early in June.

The “whistling” of the Elk is heard only for a few days during the early part of September.
It is made up of several parts, and is so peculiar a cry that it can hardly be described, much less
imitated. The first part consists of a prolonged, shrill whistle, which seems to come to the hearer
from a long distance, even though the animal uttering it be quite near at hand. This is followed
by a succession of short grunting brays or barks, three or four in number, and the call is completed
by a low, smooth bellow. Sometimes the whistle is sounded without the succeeding parts.
Withal, the cry is an odd one, and one that once heard will always afterward be recognized.

70 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

36. CERVUS VIRGINIANDUS, Boddaert.
RED DEER; WHITE-TAILED DEER.

This species was by no means abundant in the country through which we passed. We saw a
few along the Missouri, and I noticed one in the Judith Mountains; but on the whole they were

seldom seen.
37. CERVUS MACROTIS, Say.

MULE DEER; BLACK-TAILED DEER.

The Black-tailed Deer, as it is usually called in the Missouri River country, is an abundant spe-
cies in Eastern Montana. It is quite unsuspicious, and, except where it has been much hunted, will
often permit the hunter to fire two or three shots at it before it takes to flight. This species, and
the same may be said of all large game in that section of the country, is at present most recklessly
slaughtered for the hides alone. It will soon, unless some means are taken for its protection, be
unknown in the regions where it is now so plentiful.

ANTELOPID.

38. ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA, Ord.
PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE.

Everywhere abundant on the plains, the antelope forms one of the most pleasing and attractive
features of those barren wastes. Although where they have been much hunted they are difficult
to approach, they are very unsuspicious and curious where they have been accustomed to seeing
and mixing with large animals. About Camp Baker and between that post and Fort Ellis, there
are large droves of cattle which roam at will over the prairie. The antelope become used to the
presence of these large animals, and are often seen mingling with the herds when feeding or resting,

One day while out from Camp Baker in search of Tertiary fossils, my companion and myself
stopped on the borders of a little stream to rest and cook some food. The saddle-horses and pack
mule were picketed near at hand; a fire had been kindled, and we were discussing some broiled
venison, when two antelope suddenly appeared over the brow of a bluff about seventy-five yards
distant. On seeing us, they scarcely hesitated, but trotted gracefully on toward us and would, I
have no doubt, have come quite up to us, if it had not been that my companion shot them both
when they were still about forty yards distant. When in the buffalo country, antelope, if the wind
was right, would often approach very near me, several times coming to within a few yards of where
I was standing.

It is well known that the female antelope sometimes has horns and is sometimes without them:
Observations extended over several years, together with the testimony of several plainsmen, among
them Charles Reynolds, a hunter of seventeen years’ experience and a man of close observation,
lead me to conclude that the horned does are always barren. I have myself examined a great num-
ber of doe antelopes with and without horns, and have never seen one of the former class that gave
evidence of having produced or being about to have young. Nor have I ever seen a hornless doe
that was barren. The horns on the does vary from one to three inches in length, have no prong,
and are soft and easily bent. Their length no doubt depends in a measure upon the age of the
animal. Those that I have seen lack the hard bony core which is found in the horns of the perfect
males.

The barren does are always fat, and on this account are, when it is possible, selected by the
hunter in preference to the other members of the herd.

OVID.
39. OVIS MONTANA, Cuv.
BIGHORN ; MOUNTAIN SHEEP.

The Bighorn occurs in considerable numbers in the Judith Mountains and in the Yellowstone
Park, away from the trail; but they are so wary that they are not often seen. Asis well known, they

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 71

affect the most rugged and barren country, and they are perhaps more plentiful in the Bad Lands
of the Judith and Missouri Rivers than anywhere else.

On the Cone Butte and Sweet Grass Mountains, which are covered for half their height with a
talus of platter-like blocks of trachyte, the sheep in their passage up and down the sides of the hills
have worn regular paths among and over the loose blocks, and it is only by following these paths
that the ascent can be made on the east and south.

BOVID.
40. BOS AMERICANUS, Gmelin.
BUFFALO; BISON.

No Buffalo were seen while we were ascending the Missouri River until just before we reached
Carroll. From that place westward, they were occasionally observed until we reached the Judith
Gap, although, owing to the presence inthe region through which we were passing of the Sioux and
Crows, they were not abundant. On our return march, we saw great numbers of them before
reaching the Gap, but none afterward until we were quite near the Missouri.

The statement that the herds of bulls that are everywhere met with during the autumn consist
of individuals driven away from the main herd by their stronger rivals may, I think, be doubted
It is said that these assemblages are not seen in spring before the rutting-season. It seems more
probable that during the late summer and-autumn, many of the old and strong bulls exhausted by the
fatigues of the rutting-season, thin in flesh, and generally run down, are unable to keep up with the
active and constantly-moving herd of cows and young animals, and devote all their energies to
recruiting for the winter. Tarly in the spring, they rejoin the herd, and remain with it until the end
of July.

During the past autumn the Buffalo have proceeded down the Missouri River much farther
than is usual. They have been quite numerous a few miles north of Fort Berthold, Dakota, and a
few stragglers have been seen near Painted Woods, about twenty-five miles above Bismarck.

The so-called *“* Mountain Buffalo” was abundant in the Yellowstone Park.

CHAPTER III.

BIRDS.

TURDIDZ.
1. TURDUS MIGRATORIUS, Linn.
Rosin.

This species was abundant’along the Missouri River, and was also seen in considerable numbers
in the mountains about Camp Baker and in the Yellowstone Park.

2, TURDUS SWAINSONI, Cab.
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH.
Quite common along the Missouri above Bismarck.
3. OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS, (Torens.) Bd.

MOUNTAIN MOCKINGBIRD.

I first saw this species on Little Crooked Creek, thirteen miles west of Carroll. It was abundant,
and doubtless had bred there, as I took some very young birds. It was generally started from the
ground, whence it would fly to the top of some little sage-bush, where it would sit jerking its tail
and constantly uttering low cries of anxiety. They were quite shy, and I was often obliged to
follow them for some distance before I could secure them.

This species was abundant in the valley of the Yellowstone River.

4, MIMUS CAROLINENSIS, (Linn.) Gray.

CATBIRD.

Quite common along the Missouri River, and very abundant in the Yellowstone Park and in
the mountains generally.

5. HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS, (Linn.) Cab.
Brown THRUSH; THRASHER.
This species was seen occasionally in the Missouri River bottom.
CINCLIDZE.
6. CINCLUS MEXICANUS, Sw.

WATER-OUZEL; DIPPER.

On Cascade Creek, near the Upper Falls of the Yellowstone, we first met with this interesting
species. Although tolerably familiar with the accounts of its habits given by various authors, I

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 73

must confess to having experienced a ludicrous feeling of astonishment the first time I saw the
bird walk unconcernedly down a sloping rock until its head disappeared under the water. It
repeated this performance several times, occasionally rising to the surface as if forced up by the
water, and then immediately diving again. When carried down a few yards by the force of the
current, it would fly a short distance up the stream and dive from the wing.

With the help of a good glass I saw from the top of the cafion two of these little birds flying
about over the river where it boiled and surged along below the Lower Falls.

SAXICOLID.
7. SIALIA ARCTICA, Sw.
AROTIC BLUEBIRD; WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

One of the most abundant birds in the wooded region through which we passed. 1t was espe-
cially numerous in the Yellowstone Park late in August and early in September, when it formed a
large division of the army of small birds that were being constantly started from the ground.

PARIDZ.
8. PARUS ATRICAPILLUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, (Harris) Allen.
LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE.
Common along the Missouri River and in the mountains.
9. PARUS MONTANUDUS, Gamb.
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.

A few birds of this species were seen searching for food among the pines that grow among
the Bad Lands near the mouth of the Judith River. In habits, they seemed to resemble closely
the preceding species; but the note was slightly different, being more slowly uttered, almost drawled
in fact.

SITTID.
10. SITTA CAROLINENSIS ACULEATA, (Cass.) Allen.

SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.

Common in the Yellowstone Park and in the mountains toward the Missouri River.

TROGLODYTIDZ.

11. SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS, (Say) Cad.
Rock WREN.

Very abundant in the Bad Lands along the Missouri and among the sandstone bluffs near the
Judith Mountains. These birds were also common in the Little Belt Mountains near White-tailed
Deer Creek, darting about among old stumps and wood-piles, just as they do among the bluffs of
the Bad Lands. A nest found near Haymaker’s Creek was nothing more than a short burrow
under a flat rock. The little chamber at the end contained three nearly full-grown young.

12. TROGLODYTES AEDON PARKMANNI, (Aud.) Coues.
WESTERN HOUSE WREN.

Abundant on the Missouri near Bismarck.
10 w

74. RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

13. CISTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS, ( Wils.) Baird.

LONG-BILLED MAarsH WREN.

This species was seen but once, on a reedy slough near the bridge over the Yellowstone River.

ALAUDIDZ.

14, EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS LEUCOLAMA, (Forst.) Coues.
HorneD LARK; Sore Lark.

Abundant everywhere on the plains.

MOTACILLIDE.

15. ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS, (@m.) Licht.

TITLARK,

A single individual of this species was seen among the snows on the highest point of the
Bridger Mountains.

16. NEOCORYS SPRAGUEF, (Aud.) Sel.
MISSOURI SKYLARK.

This little-known bird was not uncommon between Camp Lewis and Camp Baker. It was
most often seen in the road searching for food, and, when alarmed, running along in the ruts as
the Shore Larks are often seen to do. It was usually seen in company with these latter, and seems
somewhat to resemble them in its habits.

SYLVICOLIDE.

17. DENDRGICA AISTIVA, (Gim.) Baird.
YELLOW WARBLER; SUMMER YELLOWBIRD.

Abundant and breeding along the Missouri River.

18, DENDRG@CA AUDUBONIL, (Tovns.) Baird.
AUDUBON’S WARBLER.

A family of this species, the young of which had but just left the nest, was seen among the
pines near the Yellowstone Bridge.

19. (??) SEIURUS AUROCAPILLOUS, (Linn.) Sw.
GOLDEN-CROWNED TIIRUSTH.

The characteristic song of this species was often heard along the Missouri; but I was unable to
secure any specimens, or even to see the birds.

20. GHOTHLYDIS TRICILAS, (Linn.) Cab.

MARYLAND YELLOWTIIROAT.

Seen quite often along the Missouri.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARI. 75

21. GEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA MACGILLIVRAYT, (Wils.) Allen.
WESTERN MOURNING WARBLER.
A female of this species was found dead on the shore of the Yellowstone Lake.
22, ICTERIA VIRENS, (Linn.) Baird.
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.

Abundant along the Missouri River. Its familiar notes were heard whenever we passed a
wooded bottom, and its curious antics often seen.

23, SETOPHAGA RUTICILDA, (Linn.) Si.

REDSTART,

Seen on several occasions in the Missouri River bottom.

TANAGRID Zi.
24. PYRANGA LUDOVICIANA, (Wils.) Bon.

LOvISIANA TANAGER.
Observed quite frequently in the Yellowstone Park.

HIRUNDINID&.
25. UIRUNDO HORREORUM, Barton.

Barn SWALLow.
Abundant throughout the region which we traversed.

26. HIRUNDO THALASSINA, Sw.

VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.

Very numerous about Fort Ellis, and more or less abundant throughout the Yellowstone Park.
27. PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS, (Say) Sel.

CLIFF SWALLOW.

Extremely abundant along the Missouri River, breeding on many of the high bluffs between
which it flows. They were also common in the mountains, and especially so about Camp Baker.

Early one morning late in July, while traveling along the road near the Judith Mountains, I
was surprised to see great numbers of these birds feeding on the ground. A little investigation
showed me that they were picking up insects that had been chilled by the severe frost of the
previous night, aud were as yet unable to fly.

28. COTYLE RIPARIA, (Linn.) Boie.

SAND MARTIN ; BANK SWALLOW.

Observed iu large numbers on the Missouri River; often breeding in the same bluffs to which
the preceding species had attached their nests.

29. PROGNE SUBIS; Baird.

PURPLE MARTIN.

Abundaut iu the mountains, where it breeds.

76 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

AMPELIDZ.

30. AMPELIS GARRULDS, Linn.
BOHEMIAN WAXWING.

At Camp Baker, I saw the remains of an individual of this species which, I was informed by
Major Freeman, had been taken there in winter. It is said to be common there at that season.

31. AMPELIS CEDRORDM, ( Vieill.) Gray.

CEDAR-BIRD.
Quite common along the Missouri.

LANIID 4.
32. COLLURIO LUDOVICIANUS EXCUBITOROIDES, (Sw.) Coues.
WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.

Common along wooded ravines on the plains west of the Missouri.

FRINGILLID 2.
33. CARPODACUS CASSINI, Baird.
CASSIN’s PURPLE FINCH.

A single individual of this species was taken at the Mud Volcano in the Yellowstone Park.

34, LOXIA CURVIROSTRA AMERICANA, ( Wils.) Coues.
RED CROSS-BILL.

This species was found in great numbers near the Falls of the Yellowstone in August. It had
undoubtedly bred in the immediate vicinity, as I saw old birds feeding young just from the nest.
Their food seemed to consist entirely of the seeds of the pine. The males uttered almost constantly
a short monotonous whistle.

35. CHRYSOMITRIS PINUS, (Wils.) Bp.
PINE FINCH.

Though this species was noticed several times while in the park, it did not seem to be common
there. The birds were seen among the pines or else feeding on thistle-blows, after the manner of

C. tristis.
36. CHRYSOMITRIS TRISTIS, (Linn.) Bp.

YELLOW-BIRD ; THISTLE-BIRD.
Abundant along the Missouri and on the plains near the mountains.
37. PLECTROPHANES ORNATUS, Towns.
CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR.

Abundant, and one of the most characteristic birds of the high plains. The most eastern
point at which I saw it was Jamestown, Dak. From that place west, it was more or less com-
mon until we left the plain country. Late in July, I took, near Box Elder Creek, young birds that
had but just left the nest.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. ce

38. PLECTROPHANES MACCOWNIT, Lawr.
Maccown’s LONGSPUR.

Abundant, breeding on the plains in company with the preceding. I secured many fully-
fledged birds of the year late in July.

39. PASSERCULUS SAVANNA, ( Wils.) Bp.
SAVANNAH SPARROW.
Quite common about Camp Baker.
40. POOCETES GRAMINEUS CONFINIS, (@m.) Baird.
Grass FINCH; BAY-WINGED BUNTING.
Abundant everywhere on the plains.
41. COTURNICULUS PASSERINUS PERPALLIDUS, ( Wils.) Ridyway.
YELLOW-WINGED SPARROW.
Common on the plains near the Missouri.
42, MELOSPIZA MELODIA FALLAX, (Wils.) Ridgway.
WESTERN SONG SPARROW.

Common in the mountains, especially in low brush along the banks of streams, but so shy as
to be quite difficult of approach.

43, JUNCO OREGONUS, (Zowns.) Sel. °
OREGON SNOWBIRD. ;
Very abundant in the mountains of the Yellowstone Park.
44, SPIZELLA MONTICOLA, (@m.) Baird.
TREE SPARROW.

Three or four individuals of this species were seen in the Bridger Mountains early in Sep-

tember.
45. SPIZELLA SOCIALIS ARIZONA, ( Wils.) Coues.

WESTERN CHIPPY.
Abundant in the mountains.
46. SPIZELLA PALLIDA, (Sw.) Bp.
CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.
Abundant on the plains in bushy ravines and along the river-bottoms.
47. ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS, (Forst.) Sw.
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.

This species was abundant in the Yellowstone Park. It was seen during August and Septem-
ber in small flocks of ten or twelve individuals, old and young, feeding on the ground in company
with S. arctica and a host of small sparrows.

=1
(oe)

RECONNAISSANCH FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

48, CHONDIESTES GRAMMACA, (Say) Bp.
Lark FINCH.
Very abundant on the plains near the Missourl River and westward.
49, CALAMOSPIZA BICOLOR, ( Towns.) Bp.
WHITE-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

Very abundant on the plains, especially in somewhat broken country along ravines and dry
water-courses, and also in the neighborhood of isolated buttes. I found it breeding near Little
Crooked Creek.

50. EUSPIZA AMERICANA, (Gm.) Bp.
BLACK-THROATED BUNTING.

A breeding female taken in the Missouri River bottom near Bismarck carly in July was the
ouly individual of this species seen.

51. CYANOSPIZA AMQENA, (Say) Baird.
Lazu Fineu.
This beautiful species was abundant along the Missouri River bottou.
52. PIPILO MACULATUS ARCTICA, (Sw.) Coues.
ARCTIC TOWHEE.

Abundant, breeding in the Missouri River bottom, and often seen about Camp Baker.

ICTERID.
53. DOLICHONYX ORIZIVORUS, (Linn.) sw.

BOB-0-LINK ; RICE-BIRD.

This species was breeding in large- numbers in the wide river-bottom near Bismarck when we
passed through early in July. I saw none except here during the trip.

54. MOLOTHRUS PECORIS, (Gm.) Su.

Cow-BUNTING.
Abundant every where.

55. AGELAUS PHGNICEUS, (Linn.) Vieill.
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.
Noticed on several occasions along the Missouri River.
56. STURNELLA MAGNA NEGLUECTA, (Linn.) Allen.
WESTERN MrApow LARK.

Abundant all through the oper country. We heard their sweet songs all through the summer
and as late as September 18.

57, SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS, (Wagl.) Cad.
BLUL-HEADED GRAKLE.

I found this species very abundant near Carroll, and, in fact, everywhere on the plains. At
Little Crooked Creek, their nests were found placed on little “ greasewood” bushes only two or

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 79

three feet in height. The young were most of them so well grown at this time (July 15) that they
would leave the nest at my approach and fly a few yards to another bush, where they would sit
uttering the sharp cry that we hear from all young blackbirds at that age. When I approached
the nests or young, flocks of a dozen or more old birds would fly over me uttering constantly cries
of anxiety.

About Camp Baker, they were very numerous; the flocks being so large as fairly to blacken the
ground where they alighted. The birds were familiar enough and readily ventured up to our
tent doors.

CORVIDE.
58, CORVUS CORAX, Linn.

RAVEN.

Rather common on the plains west of Carroll.
59, CORVUS AMERICANUS, Aud.
Crow.

Extremely abundant on the streams flowing out of the Sweet Grass Ilills. They were breed-
ing here in the tall undergrowth that fringed Box Elder and Armell’s Creek, and on the return
march were seen in large flocks feeding on the dead buffalo that strewed the prairie. It is hardly
necessary to remark that they were very tame, in striking coutrast to their eastern relatives.

60. PICICORVUS COLUMBIANDS, (Wils.) Bp.

CLARK'S Crow.

I first noticed this species near Camp Baker, but it did not become very abundant until we
reached the Yellowstone River on our road to the park. Its striking plumage and loud harsh
voice makes this bird one of the most noticeable features of the animal life of this region.

61. PICA MELANOLEUCA HUDSONICA, (Sub.) Coues.

MAGPIE.
Abundant everywhere in the mountains, and universally execrated by hunters and trappers on
account of the injury it does in winter to the fresh-skins that are stretched out to dry, and the
annoyance that it causes to their sore-backed animals.

62. CYANURUS STELLERI MACROLOPHUS, (Baird) Allen.
LONG-CRESTED JAY.

Abundant from the Bridger Mountains through the Yellowstone Park. In habits, this species
resembles most closely C. cristatus ; but its notes are quite different, being harsh and grating, more
like those of P. columbianus.

63. PERISOREUS CANADENSIS CAPITALIS, Baird.
GRAY JAY.

I found this species extremely abundant all through the mountains of the Yellowstone Park.
They are noisy restless birds, continually passing to and fro among the branches of the pines with
easy, graceful movements. They are at all times bold and even impudent, remaining in the trees,
beneath which we encamped, and frequently descending to the ground within a few feet of some
one of the party to pick up a piece of meat or a crumb of bread. When a morsel of food has been
secured, itis taken to a low limb and there Icisurely broken up and devoured.

This species is said to cause considerable annoyance to trappers by removing tho bait from
their mink and marten traps.

80 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

TYRANNID.
64. TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS, (Gim.) Temm.
KINGBIRD.

Abundant along the Missouri and on the plains to the west.

65. TYRANNUS VERTICALIS, Say.

ARKANSAS FLYCATCHER.

Abundant along the Missouri ard on the plains.

66. SAYORNIS SAYUS, (Bp.) Baird.

SAY’S FLYCATCHER.
I saw but two or three individuals of this species, all of them near Crooked Creek.
67. CONTOPUS VIRENS RICHARDSONII, (Sw.) Allen.

WESTERN WooD PEWEE.

I frequently noticed this species while in the Geyser Basins, but did not observe it at any other
pointon the route. In the Lower Geyser Basin, I saw one of,these birds taken by a Sharp-shinned
Hawk, which was immediately attacked with the utmost fury by another Pewee. The latter kept
up the chase for a considerable distance; finally following his enemy into the woods.

CAPRIMULGIDA.
68. CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS HENRYI, (Gm.) Coues.
WESTERN NIGHTIAWK.

This species was common on the plains.” Near Little Crooked Creek, late in July, I took a
female sitting on two eggs, which were far advanced toward hatching.

ALCEDINIDE.
69. ALCEDO ALCYON, (Linn.) Boie.

KINGFISHER.

Abundant on all streams which we passed, though apparently less common on the Missouri
below Carroll than elsewhere. This is probably due to the tact that the river below this point is
very muddy, and the Kingfishers are hence unable to find and pursue their prey as successfully
as in the clear streams of the mountains.

CUCULIDZ.
70. COCCYZUS ERYTHROPHTHALMOS, (Wils.) Bp.

BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO.
Common along the Missouri, at least as far as Wolf Point, forty miles below Fort Peck.

PICIDA.
71. PICUS VILLOSUS HARRINSII, (Linn.) Allen.

HARRIS’ WOODPECKER.
Seen once in the Little Belt Mountains near Camp Baker.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, 81

72. PICUS PUBESCENS, Linn.
Downy WoOoDPECKER.
Occasionally noticed in the Yellowstone Park near the bridge.
73. SPHYRAPICUS THYROIDEUS, (Cass.) Baird.

BLACK-BREASTED WOODPECKER.

Observed but once, near Tower Creek in the Yellowstone Park.
74. MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS, (Linn.) Sw.
RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.
Very common wherever there was timber.
75. MELANERPES TORQUATUS, (WWils.) Bp.

LEWIS’ WOODPECKER.

We first saw this species in the mountains near Camp Baker, where it was quite abundant.
It was afterward seen in considerable numbers near the mouth of Trail Creek, and along other little
timbered streams running into the Yellowstone River. These birds were several times seen search-
ing for food upon the ground after the manner of Colaptes.

76. COLAPTES AURATUS, (Linn.) Sw.
GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER; JfLICKER.
Abundant along the Missouri River, at least as far up as Fort Buford.
77. COLAPTES MEXICANDS, Sv.
RED-SHAFTED \WOODPECKER.

Abundant about Camp Baker and in the Yellowstone Park.

STRIGIDZ.
78. BUBO VIRGINIANUS, (Gm.) Bp.
GREAT HORNED OWL.
Seen once near Carroll.
79. OTUS PALUSTRIS, (Bechst.) Gould.

SHORT-EARED OWL.
Common on the plains.

80. SPHEOTYTO CUNICULARIA HYPOGALA, (Bp.) Coues.

BURROWING OWL.
Seen occasionally on the plains. :

FALCONID.%.
81. CIRCUS CYANEUS HUDSONIDS, (Linn.) Schl.
MaArRsH HAwWk.

Very common throughout the country which we passed over.
1l w

Dad RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

82. NISUS FUSCUS, (@m.) Kaup.
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.
This species was seen but twice; one specimen having been taken on the shores of the Yellow-
stone Lake, and another observed in the Lower Geyser Basin.
83, NISUS COOPERIL, (Bp.) Ridgway.
CooPER’s Hawk.
A single individual of this species was seen while we were ascending the Missouri.

84. FALCO LANIARIUS POLYAGRUS, (Cass.) Ridgeway.

AMERICAN LANNER FALCON,

This species, although not common in the country through which we passed, was occasionally
seen, and no doubt bred on the mountains. I felt quite sure that a pair had a nest on Cone Butte,
but was unable to find it. While at Camp Baker, a bird of this species used to fly over our camp
every morning to a corral just beyond, where he would secure a blackbird or two for breakfast, and

then return to the mountains.
85. FALCO COMMUNIS ANATUM, (Gm.) Ridgicay.

Duck Hawk.

While ascending the Missouri, we several times saw the nests of this species placed on little
ledges of the high washed clay bluffs by which the river is bordered. These nests all contained
untfledged young. One or both of the parents was always to be seen sitting near the nest. This
species was abundant in the valley of the Yellowstone above Emigrant Peak, and had no doubt

bred there, as I took a very young bird,

86. FALCO COLUMBARIUS (?) RICHARDSONYI, (Linn.) Ridgway.

MIGHARDSON’S FALCON.

A Pigeon awk, probably to be referred to this variety, was seen September 5, hovering low
over the summit of the Bridger Mountains.

87, FALCO SPARVERIUS, Linn.
Sparrow Hawk.
Abundant on the plains and along the Yellowstone River.
88. BUTEO BOREALIS, (@m.) Vieill.
RED-TAILED HAWK.
Seen on several occasions on the Missouri River.
89. BUTEO BOREALIS CALURUS, (Gm.) Cass.
WESTERN RED-TAILED HAWK.

This was the most common hawk seen in the mountains. We must have seen fifteen or twenty
the day that we passed through Bridger’s Pass; and they were equally abundant in some parts
of the Yellowstone Park.
90. BUTEO SWAINSONI, Bp.

Swarnson’s HAWK.

Rather numerous in the valley of the Yellowstone.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 83

91. ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS, (Gin.) Ridyway.
ROUGH-LEGGED Hawk.
«Abondant about Gardiner’s Springs and in the valley of the Yellowstone.
92. ARCHIBUTEO FERRUGINIUS, (Licht.) Gray.
FERRUGINOUS Hawk.

This striking species was common on the plains from the Missouri River westward uutil we
reached the mountains. It was often seen sitting on the little mounds raised by the prairie-dogs,
gazing intently at the entrance of the burrow, apparently waiting to seize the first one that
should appear. i

93, PANDION HALIALETUS, (Linn) Cur.

FISH-HAWK.

The Fish-hawk, althongh occasionally seen on the Missouri, is not, in my experience at
least, common on that river below the point where it becomes muddy. Above Carroll, however,
the river is quite clear, and there it seems much more numerous. It was nowhere so abundant as
on the Yellowstone River; and while traveling along that stream J saw from six to twelve of these
birds every day. At the falls of the Yellowstone, this species was constantly in sight, sometimes
sailing like a black speck close to the water far below us, or balancing itself on some dead pine that
grew half-way up the sides of the caton.

94. AQUILA CHRYSAETOS, Linn.
GOLDEN EAGLE.

Occurs more or less frequently all through the country which we traversed, but is most often
seen in the mountains and on high wooded buttes. I saw it at the Forks of the Musselshell, near
Bridger Pass, and once over the Missouri River.

95. HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, (Zinn.) Sw.
WHITE-HEADED EAGLE.

Seen several times on the Missouri.

CATHARTID.
96. CATHARTES AURA, (Linn.) Fl.
TURKEY BUZZARD.

Abundant on the plains.

COLUMBID.
97. ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIA, (Linn.) Sw.

PASSENGER PIGEON.

Seen iu small companies in July along the Missouri River bottom, where it was doubtless

ding.
breeding 98. ZENZZDURA CAROLINENSIS, (Linn.) By.

Common Dove; TURTLE DOVE.

Common everywhere.

84 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

TETRAONIDZ.

99. TETRAO OBSCURUDS, Say.
Dusky Grouse; BLUE GROUSE.

We found this species very abundant from the time that we reached the mountains until we
left them again. The first seen were a mother with a brood of small young, taken in the Judith
Mountains. From this point to and through the Yellowstone Park they were frequently met with.

There seems to be a wide variation in the time at which these birds deposit their eggs. In the
Musselshell Cafion and along Deep Creek I saw many broods of half-grown chicks, and in some
cases the young were nearly as large as the parent bird. This was late in July. On the 4th of
August, saw a brood on an extensive prairie in the Little Belt Mountains near Camp Baker,
which must have been less than a week old; at all events, they were so young that I had no diffi-
culty in catching several of them alive. Two weeks later I saw a brood on Trail Creek near the
Yellowstone River, that were certainly not more than ten days or two weeks old.

The females with their young seem to pass the night in the creek-bottoms, and it is in such
places that they must be looked for early in the morning and late in the afternoon. About 9 or 10
o’clock a. m., they proceed on foot to the uplands, where they remain until about two hours before
sunset, when they come down to the stream to drink, and remain all night. In returning from the
hills, they always fly. The young, when alarmed or uneasy, have a fashion of erecting the feathers
of the sides of the neck just below the head, which, when seen at a little distance, gives them a
very odd appearance. The female, when the young birds are nearly approached or captured,
makes no attempt to draw away the enemy by any of the artifices employed by Bonasa umbellus, but
contents herself with wandering anxiously about at a short distance, holding the tail quite erect,
and clucking after the manner of the domestic hen under similar circumstances. The young when
well grown are delicious eating, and many were killed by us for food when large game could not
be obtained. When a brood has been scattered, the individuals which compose it lie well and
furnish fair shooting. Though swift fliers, they are easily killed in the open, and I secured most
of those that I killed with mustard-seed shot. The birds would sometimes let me approach within
three or four feet of them before rising, and they were pretty objects as they crouched waiting for
me to take one more step toward them. The body flattened out on the ground, the head and neck
straight and pressed against the earth, the tail slightly elevated, and all the while the bright brown
eve watching for the slightest sign that the bird’s presence was discovered, together made up a
picture which, though familiar enough, ever possesses a new interest for me.

But one brood was seen in heavy pine timber. In this case, the family, which consisted of the
mother and six or eight well-grown young, took refuge in the lower limbs of a large pine, from
which they refused to move until several shots had been fired at them.

Having in mind Dr. Cooper’s statement that, in Oregon and Northern California, this species

-is not seen in winter, I made diligent inquiry among the settlers in the mountains of Montana for
information on this point. All of those with whom I spoke informed me that the Blue Grouse was
apparently quite as abundant in winter as in summer.

It is to be noticed that I found this species almost invariably in the open creek-bottoms, and
sometimes in quite extensive prairies, although always among the mountains. This state of things,
which is exactly the reverse of the experience of most other observers, was no doubt due, in part
at least, to the fact that the birds had their tender young with them, and that these would be more
safe in the valleys than on the mountain-sides.

During the trip, not a single adult male was secured. On the high mountains, however, at and
near timber-line, I several times started single birds and small packs of this species. The only one
secured in such situations was a barren female; but I think it probable that most of those seen
here were old males.

The specimens preserved on the trip seem to be intermediate between varieties obscurus and
richardsoni.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 85

100, CENTROCERCUS UROPIASIANUS, (Bp.) Sw.
SAGE GROUSE.

We first saw this specios near Wolf Point on the Missouri, where several were started from
the river-bottom by the passage of the steamboat. On Box Elder Creek, where we remained in
camp for several days late in July, they were extremely numerous, and broods of young were seen
of all ages, from the little chicks that could fly but a few feet to the large strong-winged birds
that almost equaled their parents in weight. AIl were painfully ignorant of the effect of fire-arms,
and I have seen a brood of ten or a dozen well-grown birds walk quietly along before two men who
were tryivg to shoot their heads off with rifles, until half their number had been killed. At each
report, they would stretch up their necks and gaze around as if a little curious to find out whence
the noise proceeded and what it meant, and would then move leisurely on toward the hills, feeding
as they went. If, however, a ball touched, but did not fatally wound or cripple a-bird, and it rose
or fluttered about on the ground, the whole flock took the alarm and were off without delay.

About Box Elder, they seemed to pass the night on the uplands, coming down to the water
morning and evening, and retiring to the higher ground before the sun became hot in the morning,
and just about sunset in the evening. The young, even when nearly full grown, utter a plaintive
peeping cry, which has the peculiar effect of appearing to come from a long distance off, even
though the bird may be quite close at hand.

When seen during the summer, the birds were, of course, in families; but on our return march
in September, they had commenced collecting together, and packs of from thirty to fifty individuals
were several times seen.

101. PEDIGECETES PHASIANELLUS COLUMBIANUS, (Ord.) Goues.
SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.

I saw this species only on the plains, a state of things which somewhat surprised me; for,
although, of course, essentially a prairie bird, 1 found it during the summer of 1874 in great num-
bers among the Black Hills of Dakota. They were more numerous on Box Elder Creek than at
any other point; and indeed they seem to prefer streams which have a wide bottom overgrown
with rose-bushes and other shrubs, on the fruit of which they feed. The young birds were from
one-half to two-thirds grown late in July.

During our passage down the Missouri River, we often saw this species on the dry sand-bars
that dotted the river, rolling and dusting themselves in the sand. I did not see these birds roosting
on trees until about September 10, at which time the weather at night was quite cold.

102. BONASA UMBELLUS UMBELLOIDES, (Linn.) Baird.
Rocky MountvAIN RUFFED GROUSE.

Although this species was said to be extremely abundant in the Yellowstone Park, we saw
very few of them, not twenty in all. In habits, they seem to resemble almost exactly the eastern
variety. A female, with six or eight young only about a week old, was seen August 19. The
young, instead of hiding, flew into the lowest branches of a dead pine, a distance of three or four
feet, which they just managed to accomplish, while the female fluttered about at my feet as if in
the death agony. I had not the heart to molest the charming little family, and after watching
them for a short time I moved off, leaving them to their own devices.

CHARADRITD.

103. AIGIALITIS VOCIFERUS, (Linn.) Bp.
KILLDEER PLOVER.

Abundant, breeding on the plains near water.

86 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

104, AAGIALITIS MONTANUS, (Towns.) Baird.
MOUNTAIN PLOVER.

I did not find this species at all abundant in that portion of Montana which we traversed.
Two females, each followed by a newly-hatched young one, were taken near Haymaker’s Creek
August 1, and were the only individuals observed during the trip. The mothers displayed much
anxiety for their young, and endeavored to lead me away from them by the artifices usual with,
this family of birds. The young were pretty but rather awkward little objects, and tottered along
with uncertain steps, as if their legs were too long and they found difficulty in balancing them-
selves upon them.

RECURVIROSTRIDZ.
105. RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA, Gm.
AVOCEY.

This species abounds on the small alkaline pools that are so common in Dakota, and is quite
common in that portion of Montana through which we passed. It was quite numerous on the
Yellowstone River above the falls, where the stream is wide, and the wet, grassy banks slope
gradually down to the waters edge; and many were secn on the shores of the lake. I also saw a
large flock on a small pool near Fort Ellis. They were rather shy, rising in a thick flock at long
gunshot, and making the air ring with their shrill cries. A wounded bird unable to fy attempted
to escape by diving, making use of the wings for progression under water.

PHALAROPODID.2.
106. LOBIPES LYPERBOREUS, (Linn) Cue.
NORTHERN PIALAROPE.

w\ ilock of thirty or forty of these graceful birds was seen on a stall pool uear ort Ibis.
SCOLOPACIDE.

107. GALLINAGO WILSONITT, (Zemm.) Bp.
WILSON’S SNIPE.
One individual seen near Fort Ellis.
108. TRINGA MINUTILLA, Vieill.
LEAST SANDPIPER.

This species was only observed near Fort Ellis, where, however, it was abundant early in
September.
109. TRINGA BAIRDIT, Cowes.

BAIRD’S SANDPIPER.

This species was noticed at Fort Ellis, at Gardiner’s Springs, and in the Lower Geyser Basin.
In the last-mentioned locality, it was seen in flocks of from fifty to sixty individuals.

110. TOTANUS SEMIPALMATUS, (Gin.) Temm.
WILLET.

Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota and on the Yellowstone Lake.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 87

111. TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS, (Gm.) Vicill.

GREAT YELLOWSIANKS ; TELLTALE.
Abundant on the Yellowstone Lake, and, during September, on the Missouri and streams
flowing into it.
112, TOTANUS FLAVIPES, (Gm.) Vicill.
: LEssER YELLOWLEGS.

A few birds of this species were seen near Fort Ellis and on the shores of the Yellowstone
Lake.
113. TOTANUS SOLITARIUS, (Wils.) Aud.
SOLITARY SANDPIPER.

This species was observed but twice during the summer; once near Fort Ellis and once in the
Upper Geyser Basin.

114, TRINGOIDES MACULARIUS, (Linn.) Gray.

SrorreD SANDPIPER.

Abundant along the Missouri River, and along mountain-streams as well. On the Missouri,
when startled by the approach of the steamboat, they would fly a short distance, and then alight
on the slender and pliable twigs projecting from the fresh beaver-houses, on which they would
balance themselves with the oddest bobbings and noddings imaginable.

115, ACTITURUS BARTRAMIUS, (Wils.) Bp.
BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER; UPLAND PLOVER.

Abundant on the plains in Montana. Late in July,l secured young birds nearly as strong on
the wing as their parents, and at the same time noticed broods of newly-hatched young.

116. NUMENIUS LONGIROSTRIS, Wils.

LONG-BILLED CURLEW.

Abundant on the plains. Near Box Hlder, and all along the base of the Judith Mountuins,
large scattering companies of these birds were seen feeding on the prairies. They were quite shy,
and could not often be approached within gun-range except by strategy. As we drew near, they
would rise, one after another, each uttering his loud, rolling note, until finally all were on the
wing. They would then, in a dense flock, for a short tims perform a variety of beautiful evolutions
high in the air, finally re-alighting at a considerable distance.

ARDEID&.
117. ARDEA HERODIAS, Linn.

GREAT BLUE HERON.

This species was abundant along the Missouri River in July and September. Prominent
objects as they stood on the bare sand-bars, they often drew half a dozen rifle-shots from the steamer

as it passed.
: GRUIDA.

118. GRUS CANADENSIS, (Linn.) Tenm.

SANDHILL CRANE.
Very abundant all through the Yellowstone Park, but not seer on the plains.

88 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

RALLIDZ.

119, FULICA AMERICANA, Gm.
Coot; MUD-HEN.

ANATIDZ.
120. (?) CYGNUS BUCCINATOR, Rich.

Abundant in Dakota.

TRUMPETER SWAN.

A single swan seen in flight at the Yellowstone Lake was probably of this species. It was
taken on this water by Mr. Merriam in 1872.

121. ANSER HYPERBORKEUS, Pall.

SNow Goose.
A flock of these birds were seen on the Yellowstone River near the lake; and the species was
again observed in considerable numbers on the alkaline pools near the Missouri River in October.
122, BRANTA CANADENSIS, (Linn.) Gray.

CANADA GOOSE; COMMON WILD GOOSE.

The common wild goose was seen in the greatest abundance on the Missouri River, and was
numerous on the Yellowstone Lake as well. Early in July, while on the way from Bismarck to
Carroll, we saw many broods of young, and, when coming down the river late in September, hardly
an hour passed without our seeing one or more large flocks of these birds. The young goslings are
pretty little things, and the devotion to them of the mother is interesting. Four was the smallest
number seen in a brood, and nine the largest. On one occasion I saw what seemed to be a union
of two families. The two females swam in advance side by side, while the ganders brought up the
rear, and the nine young ones followed directly behind the females.

When approached while in the water, the birds would gradually sink until nothing but the
bill and upper part of the head appeared above the surface; the young would then disappear one
after another, and last of all the old female would dive. The male always flew off to a safe
distance before the diving commenced; but in no instance did I see the mother leave her brood.

123. ANAS BOSCHAS, Linn.
MALLARD.
Abundant, breeding along the Missouri and on smaller streams in the mountains.
124, DAFILA ACUTA, (Linn.) Bp.
PIN-TAIL Duck.
Observed in considerable numbers on the Yellowstone Lake.
125, CIIAULELASMUS STREPERUS, (Linn.) Gray.
GADWALL; GRAY Duck.

Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota; a female with a brood of newly-hatched young was
seen on Box Elder.
126. MARECA AMERICANA, (Gm.) Steph.

AMERICAN WIDGEON.

Abundant on many of the streams in Dakota and Montana.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, 89

127. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS, (Gm.) Steph.
GREEN-WINGED TEAL.

Abundant, breeding on streams in Eastern Montana. On Deep Creek, early in August, I saw
many broods of young apparently only a few days old.

128. QUERQUEDULA DISCORS, (Linn.) Steph.
BLUE-WINGED TEAL.
Seen in considerable numbers on the Missouri River in September.
129. SPATULA CLYPEATA, (Linn.) Bote.
SHOVELER.
Quite abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota.
130. FULIGULA AFFINIS, Lyton.
LESSER BLACKHEAD.
Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota.
131. BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA, (Linn.) Ba.
DIPPER; BUFFLE-HEAD.

This species was rather common on the little mountain lakes and streams of Montana. On.
one of the forks of Deep Creek, a female with half a dozen young not yet able to fly, was seen,
and several of the young secured. Afterward families of this species were quite frequently observed

132. (?) GEDEMIA FUSCA, (Linn.) Flem.
WHITE-WINGED SuRF Duck.

Seen on the Yellowstone Lake in August. I mention this species with a query, because.
although I recognized it satisfactorily to myself, I took no specimens. The locality is quite out of
the range usually ascribed to this bird.

133. MERGUS MERGANSER, Linn.
GOOSANDER.

Observed in considerable numbers on the Yellowstone Lake. In August, the young were not
yet able to fly.

134. MERGUS CUCULLATUS, Linn.
HooDED MERGANSER.

Rather common along the Missouri River.

PELECANIDZ.
135. PELECANUS TRACHYRHYNCHUS, Lath.
WHITE PELICAN.

Very abundant on the Yellowstone Lake, but shy and difficult of approach.
12 W

90 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

LARIDZ.
136. LARUS DELAWARENSIS, Ord.
RING-BILLED GULL.
Common on Yellowstone Lake and on the Missouri River.
COLYMBID.
137, COLYMBUS TORQUATUS, Brunn.
Loon; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.
Observed frequently on alkaline pools in Dakota and on the Missouri River.
PODICIPID.
138. PODICEPS CORNUTUS, Lath.
HORNED GREBE.
Abundant during migrations on the Missouri, and all streams and pools in the mountains.
139. PODILYMBUS PODICEPS, (Linn.) Lair.
PIED-BILLED GREBE.

Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota.

PARTIAL LIST OF THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS OF THE YELLOWSTONE PARK,

This list, which is of course very incomplete, consists merely of the observations of Mr. C. H.
Merriam in 1872 and those made by myself in 1875. Such species as were noticed by only one
observer are followed by the initial letter of his name.

MAMMALS.

. Nycticejus crepuscularis, Allen, M.
. Vespertilio lucifugus, LeConte, M.
. Vespertilio yumanensis, Allen, M.
Felis concolor, Linn, G.

Lynx rufus, Raf., G.

. Lynx canadensis, Raf., G.

. Canis occidentalis, Rich., G.

. Canis latrans , Say, G.

. Mustela americana, Turton, G.

10. Putorius pusillus, Aud. & Bach., M.
11. Gulo luscus, Sabine.

12. Mephitis mephitica, Baird, M.

13. Mephitis bicolor, Gray, M.

14. Ursus horribilis, Ord.

15. Ursus americanus, Pallas.

16. Sciurus hudsonius, Pallas.

17. Tamias quadrivittatus, Say.

Loe

oo

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om

a
Lo

Sit bo to bs bo
NO Ole

L
o2)

SHOMABMMUH

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAIK.

. Spermophilus townsendi, Baebh., M.

. Arctomys fluviventer, Bach.

. Castor canadensis, Kuhl.

. Thomomys talpoides, Rich.

. Zapus hudsonius, Coues.

. Hesperomys leucopus sonoricnsis, LeConte.

Arvicola riparia, Ord.

» Lrithizon epixanthus, Brandt.
. Lepus bairdii, Hayden, M.
. Lagomys princeps, Rich., M.

Alce americanus, Jardine.

. Cervus canadensis, Exleben. G.
. Cervus macrotis, Say, G.

. Antilocapra americana, Ord. M.
. Ovis montana, Cuv., G.

. Bos americanus, Gmelin, G.

BIRDS.

. Turdus migratorius, Linn.
. Oreoscoptes montanus, (Towns.) Baird.
. Mimus carolinensis, (Linn.) Gray.

Cinclus mextcanus, Sw.

. Sialia arctica, Sw.
» Regulus calendula, (Linn.) Licht., M.

Parus atricapillus septentrionalis, (Harris) Allen, G.

. Parus montanus, Gambel, M.

. Sitta carolinensis aculeata, (Cass.) Allen.

. Troglodytes aédon parkmanni, (Aud.) Coues, M.
. Cistothorus palustris, (Wils.) Baird, G.

. Anthus ludovicianus, (Gm.) Licht., M.

13.
. Geothlypis philadelphia macgillivrayi, (Wils.} Allen, G.
. Myiodioctes pusillus, (Wils.) Bp., M.

. Pyranga ludoviciana, (Wils.) Bp.

. Hirundo horreorum, Barton. ,

. Hirundo thalassina, Sw.

. Petrochelidon lunifrons, (Say) Sel.

. Carpodacus cassini, Baird.

. Loxia curvirostra americana, (Wils.) Coues, G.

. Chrysomitris pinus, (Wils.) Bp.

. Powewtes gramineus confinis, (Gm.) Ba.

. Melospiza melodia fallax, (Wils.) Ridgway.

. Juco oregonus, (Towns.) Baird.

. Spizella socialts arizone, (Wils.) Coues.

. Zonotrichia leucophrys, Sw.

. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia, Ridgway, M.

. Chondestes grammaca, (Say) Bp., M.

. Goniaphea melanocephala, (Sw.) Gray, M.

1. Oyanospiza amena, (Say) Baird, M.

. Pipilo chlorurus, (Towns.) Baird, M.

. Molothrus pecoris, (Gm.) Sw., G.

. Ieterus bullockii, (Sw.) Bp., M.

35. Picicorvus columbianus, (Wils.) Bp., G.

36. Pica melanoleuca hudsonica, (Sab.) Coues.

Dendreca audubonii, (Towns.) Baird.

oI

92

RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA.

. Cyanurus stellert macrolophus, (Baird) Allen.
. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis, Baird.

. Tyrannus verticalis, Say, M.

. Contopus borealis, Baird, M.

. Contopus virens richardsonit, (Sw.) Allen.

. Empidonax pusillus, Cab., M.

. Ceryle alcyon, (Linn.) Boie, G.

. Picus villosus harrisii, (hinn.) Allen, M.

. Picus pubescens, Linn., G.

. Picoides arcticus, (Sw.) Gray, M.

. Picoides americanus dorsalis, (Brehm) Baird, M.
. Sphyrapicus thyroideus, (Cass.) Baird.

. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, (Linn.) Sw., G.
. Melanerpes torquatus, (Wils.) Bp.

1. Colaptes mexicanus, Sw.

2, Otus vulgaris wilsonianus, (Less.) Allen, M.
. Surnia ulula hudsonia, (Gm.) Coues, M.

. Circus cyaneus hudsonius, (Linn.) Schl.

5. Nisus fuscus, (Gm.) Kaup.

. Falco communis anatun, (Gm.) Ridgway, G.
. Falco sparverius, Linn.

58. Buteo borealis calurus, (Gm.) Ridgway.

. Buteo swainsoni, Bp.

60. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis, (Gm.) Ridgway, G.
. Pandion haliaétus, (Linn.) Cuv.

. Tetrao obscurus, Say.

. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides, (Linn.) Baird.
. digialitis vociferus, (Linn.) Bp.

. Recurvirostra americana, Gm., G.

. Tringa bairdii, Coues.

. Totanus semipalmatus, (Gm.) Temm., G.

. Totanus melanoleucus, (Gm.) Vieill.

. Totanus flavipes, (Gm.) Vieill., G.

. Totanus solitarius, (Wils.) Aud., G.

. Grus canadensis, (Linn.) Temm., G.

. Cygnus buccinator, Rich.

. Anser hyperboreus, Pallas, G.

. Branta canadensis, (Linn.) Gray, G.

. Dajila acuta, Jenyns, G.

. Bucephala albeola, (Linn,) Baird, G.

. (2) Gdemia fusca, (Linn.) Flem., G.

. Alergus merganser Linn, G.

. Pelecanus trachyrhynchus, Lath., G.

. Larus delawarensis, Ord, G.

. Podiceps cornutus, Lath., G.

RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

CHO GO GICs: Ie Oi

BY

EDWARD 8. DANA anv GEO. BIRD GRINNELL.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL,

YALE COLLEGE, New HAVEN, ConN.,
June 1, 1876.

Srp: We have the honor to hand you herewith a report on the geology of a “ Reconnaissance
from Carroll, Montana, to the Yellowstone Park, and return,” made under your couimand during
the months of July, August, and September, 1875.

In submitting the narrative of our examination of the country passed over, we wish to express
to you our grateful appreciation of your uniform kindness, and constant willingness to facilitate
our investigations by every means in your power. To Lieut. C. F. Roe, who commanded our
escort from Carroll to Camp Baker, we are under obligations for many kindnesses. At Camp
Baker, Fort Ellis, and Camp Lewis, we were the recipients of most generous hospitalities from the
officers of those posts; and our brief delays at those points are remembered by us as being among
the pleasantest days of the trip.

The vertebrate fossils collected during the summer were submitted to Prof. O. C. Marsh, and
by him identified. The invertebrates were examined by Mr. R. P. Whitfield, of Albany, and his
identifications, with occasional comments on the specimens, will be found in the body of the report.
A paper by Mr. Whitfield, describing such new forms as were discovered during the summer,
accompanies our report. To both of these gentlemen our thanks are due for the many favors that
we have received from them.

We remain, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servants,
Epwarp 8. DANA.
Gro. BIRD GRINNELL.
Col. Wu. LUDLOW,
Chief Engincer of the Department of Dakota,
Saint Paul, Minn.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

By Epwarp 8. Dana ann Giro. Brrp GRINNELL.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE UPPER MIS-
SOUR RIVER.

The town of Carroll is situated in the alluvial bottom of the Missouri, which is at this point
quite extensive, and well timbered with a fine growth of cottonwood. The course of the river-valley
is here easterly, and it continues for a considerable distance with but little change in general direc.
tion, though the valley varies very considerably in width between the high walls of Cretaceous clays
which rise on either side of it. The river sometimes winds aloug through a bottom two or three
miles wide, and again is confined to a narrow passage between the steep washed bluffs several
hundred feet in height.

The alluvial phenomena are those which are always observed under similar circumstances, though
they take place here more rapidly and on a larger scale than is often the case, in consequence of the
vast amount of solid matter which the river is constantly carrying down. On this account, the
“muddy Missouri” offers peculiar advantages for the study of alluvial changes; and, could a series
of observations be carried on at a few points during two or three seasons, a large amount of data
might be collected which would lead to interesting and valuable conclusions. At Carrvll, we have
an example of a condition of things which may be observed at almost any point in this part of the
river, and a few words of explanation may consequently not be out of place. At a, on the outer
bank of the river, the current is strong, and has forced itself
close up under the high bluffs, whose top forms the border of the
broad prairie above. The older deposits, at points such as this,
are directly acted upon by the running water, and are thus grad-
ually undermined and worn away, the material being carried on by = Z

%,

the current. Upon the opposite side of the stream, at c, the current “%, f

to meet the water in a long low sand-bar. At b, there is a high =
bank of alluvial clays, 10 feet or more above the stream, deposited ‘
jong before in time of flood, but now being rapidly torn away. Still “
again at a’ the water washes at the foot of the older bluffs, while
opposite is the never-failing sand-point.

Thus the river winds on its course, touching the hills, whichform ss
the true limit of its valley, only here and there. For the greater t
part of its course, it is confined between the alluvial banks. It is “%
safe to say that, except in the epring, the river deposits compara- £
tively little solid matter, and this, chiefly on the sand-spits and 2
bars, where the force of the moving water is small. The work
of the river is at this season one of destruction more than deposition, tearing down what it has

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98 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

itself previously built up, and also to a less extent carrying away the older deposits. It acts
alone, unaided by any minor tributary streams; for they are dry except in the early season. Even
during the summer, however, the channel is constantly changing. The mud-and-sand bars which
are everywhere formed do not long retain their positions, but are moved on down the river and
heaped up again in other places. Thus the process is one of gradual transferral down the stream ;
the solid matter going to make one alluvial bank after another until it is finally deposited in the
Gulf of Mexico.

It is interesting to note, in this connection, the explanation recently given by Prof. James’
Thomson (Proc. Royal Society, 1876) of the origin of the windings of rivers in alluvial plains. He
shows that, upon hydraulic principles, the velocity of the stream must be greater on the inner bank
than on the outer, and yet, as shown here, the wearing away takes place upon the outer bank, and
the deposits are made on the inner bank. This is in part due to the centrifugal force, which tends
to make the surface-water move away from the inner bank, while its place is taken by a partial
upward current of the bottom water retarded much by friction. This current moves obliquely
toward the inner bank, and serves to protect it from the rapid scour of the stream-line. On the
outer bank, however, there is a tendency of the rapidly-moving surface-water, unimpeded by fric-
tion, downward against the solid bank; this it tends to wear away, the worn substance is carried
down to the bottom, where the oblique current spoken of carries it toward the inner bank. Sooner
or later it will reach this point, and more or less of it will find a resting-place.

These principles find an application in the flow of the Missouri through its alluvial plain. It
is on the outer bank of the successive curves of the river that the wear is greatest, and that the
river has forced its way up to the older bluffs, while on the inner bank the deposits are being made,
more or less, all the time, sand or mud, or both, according to the relative velocities of the different
parts of the stream.

As has been remarked, the work of the river in summer is destructive, and no additions are
made at this time to the height of the alluvial banks. In spring, the case is very different, and it is
at that time that the chief deposits of alluvium are made. The river is then full, the snows all over
the wide area drained by the Missouri are melting, rains are frequent, and a vast amount of material
is brought in from the surrounding country. The amount of solid matter held in suspension at this
season is enormous. In floods, the waters rise many feet, overspreading the lower alluvial ground,
aud in subsiding and evaporating they deposit their load of sand and clay, sometimes covering a well-
grown and fertile plain with a bed of alluvium afoot and more in thickness. This sometimes takes
place for a number of successive years at the same points, as is shown by the fact that the roots
of trees which must have been close to the surface of the ground when they commenced to grow
were often seen buried beneath from four to six feet of allavium. We could of course only observe
this on the very edge of the bank, where the water had removed a part of the old alluvium, expos-
ing to view the roots, and that part of the trunk which
had been buried. Some of these trees were quite small,
not more than 3 or 4 inches in diameter, and most of them
were still living; thus indicating how rapidly such depos-
its as those referred to are made. The trees were mostly
cottonwoods and elms, species of rapid growth. That these
deposits are made very rapidly is also shown by the thick
Jayers to be noticed in any section of a bank so deposited,
sometimes a foot or more, perfectly homogeneous. It is
interesting to note the great variation in the height of the
perpendicular alluvial banks. From point to point, in some
cases, it is only three or four feet; in others twenty-five feet
or more. This depends obviously on the strength of the current, and the extent to which the water
is backed up. It bears upon the general subject of river-terraces. Not infrequently we observed a
second terrace above, or rather a long line of high cut bluffs separated from the stream by another
alluvial plain (see figure 3). This is all of recent origin, and merely means that the river stopped
washing away the bluffs here, and commenced to fill up at its foot.

The energy of the stream is at all times directly proportional to the amount of the descending

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 99

water; aud hence is immensely greater in spring than in summer. This energy is probably all
expended in overcoming friction, and in carrying the load of solid matter. The difference in the
amount of detritus held in suspension by the stream in early July and in late September was very
marked—at the latter time the stream seemed to have to a great extent cleared itself. This is
doubtless due to the diminished volume of the water, in consequence of which the carrying power
of the stream was so much diminished. <A river of this character scems to act as a destructive
agent rather through the weight and moving force of its own water than by means of the abrading
power of the solid matter it carries with it.

A true upper terrace was not observed at any point above the mouth of the Yellowstone. At
points below, it was not uncommon to see one hugging the lignite bluffs, and separated from the
river by a wide alluvial plain. Whether it be a true terrace or only a recent deposit is doubtful.
Such a place was noticed a short distance below Fort Buford, where the water must once have
spread over an immense area, pointing to the time when the Missouri was a much larger stream
than it is at present.

Above Carroll, the river-bottom becomes much less wide, and, although sometimes flowing
through valleys more or less broad, the stream generally passes along between and close beneath
frowning banks of washed clays and sands. The undermining of the banks takes place here in
the same manner as where they are alluvial; but, owing to the greater hardness and thickness
of the ofder rocks upon which the water acts, the process is much more slow. It goes on con-
stantly, however, so that at last a great mass of the rock above, perhaps a hundred feet in thick-
ness, deprived of its support, slips down into the water. This has occurred at many points, and
gives to the rocks, as viewed from the river, a great variety of dip, which has been considered by
some observers as indicating an extensive disturbance of these beds, due to the elevation of the
mountain-ranges of this section of the country. We cannot doubt, however, that all these apparent
disturbances are purely local, and have been caused by the action of running water.

FROM CARROLL TO BOX ELDER CREEK.

Fort Pierre Group of the Cretaceous.

The clay bluffs at Carroll rise abruptly above the alluvial bottom on both sides of the river.
They belong to what Dr. Hayden has called the Fort Pierre Group, Cretaceous No. 4. These bluffs
consist of a dark-blue to purplish-black laminated clay, occasionally stained with iron, and some-
times containing very thin layers of white sand. They are remarkably constant in character from
top to bottom. Dr. Hayden has stated in general that the clays of No. 4 are not laminated ;
but this is not true of those which came under our observation.

The characteristic features of this clay are (1) the large calcareous concretions, which will
be spoken of more particularly in connection with Crooked Creek; (2) the plates and crystals of
transparent gypsum, or'selenite ; and (3) the alkaline deposits.

The selenite plates are quite conspicuous, as they lie on the surface of the ground, and glisten
brilliantly as the sun strikes them. In general, they are irregular crystalline fragments; but occa-
sionally perfect crystals are found of the form common in the clay of Poland, Ohio. The surface
of all these fragments is roughened and etched by the solvent action of the water which has
flowed over them. ‘These etchings are most distinct on the clinopinacoid, and are similar to those
described by Baumhauer as having been produced artificially by the action of caustic potash. The

100 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

selenite plates are found most abundantly near the level of the river, having been washed together
here, but they occur also more or less frequently on the plains, twenty-five miles from the river,
at a level nearly 1,000 feet above.

The alkaline deposits scem to be particularly abundant in some layers, exuding from the
bluffs along the river in long white lines. Considerable deposits of it are seen at various points
on the banks of the river, and all the little dry creek-bottoms leading into the Missouri are white,
as if frosted with it. The following is an analysis of a particularly-pure specimen of the alkali
collected near Carroll. For this analysis we are indebted to Mr. Fred. P. Dewey, of the Sheffield
Scientific School of New Haven, and we would here express our acknowledgments to him:

Ee IL. Mean.

Mg0O...... 11.69 11.91 11. 80
Nay O xccc5 15. 81 16, 20 16. 00
CaO) sesiaccs 0.53 0. 68 0. 60
W515: Osmisiucs 0. 88 0. 88 0. 88
S O3..-.--- 44,09 44,12 44,10
Mt amie trace trace trace
Ha Qiccccs 23. 09 23. 00 23. 05
Tusoluble.. 3.29 By ot 3. 28
OY. 3S 100. 06 99, 71

As will be seen from this avalysis, the alkali consists essentially of the sulphates of sodium and
magnesium; in fact, the amount of sulphuric acid given is almost exactly what is required to unite
with the several bases. The presence of the lithia is also to be noticed.

This alkali is a constant attendant of this member of the Cretaceous, wherever observed in the
West, and is one of the causes of its barren character. The water of the Missouri is so entirely
derived from pure mountain-sources—even the large rivers, as the Musselshell, which flow through
the alkaline prairie, being nearly dry at their outlets—thbat it is little affected by the salt which is
brought into it, though the white deposits on the alluvial banks show that the quantity is not
small.

These Cretaceous clays have a laminated shaly structure wherever exposed: they weather
down so readily, however, that often only the rounded beds of clay are seen. These are so soft and
yielding, that the foot sinks deeply into them, and they have much the feeling of a bed of ashes.
In the neighborhood of Carroll, there is more or less of a scanty vegetation; but farther down the
river, perhaps one hundred and fifty miles, there seems to be no vegetation whatever, and the
appearance of these black clay-beds is desolate in the extreme.

The height of the Cretaceous bluffs above the river is quite variable as viewed from the water ;
but, when we examine the total elevation attained in passing back from the river, we find that it
is remarkably constant. The Helena road at Carroll rises in two or three very steep pitches the
greater part of its final ascent, and, within two or three miles of where the road leaves the valley
the high plateau is reached, which is kept, with little change of level, beyond Crooked Creek. The
height here, as given by an aneroid, is 665 feet. On the other side of the river, the height of the
corresponding plateau is 680 feet; though in this case the final elevation was found a little farther
from the river, the rise of the plain being more gradual after the first steep ascent had been made.

The appearance of the surrounding country, as viewed from the top of the bluffs back of
Carroll, is very forbidding. The whole landscape is of a somber, gray tint; the color of the soil and
the sage-brush sparingly relieved by the dark green of the stunted pines that grow here and there
ou the summits of the bluffs and along the little ravines. There is little vegetation, except the
Artemisia, and, altogether, the region seems incapable of affording sustenance to man or beast.
Notwithstanding its uninviting appearance, the neighboring country abounds in game. This region
has been, and still is, though to a less extent than formerly, the favorite feeding-ground of a por-
tion of the great northern herd of buffaloes: antelope are numerous on the plains, and mule-deer
and elk are found in the pine-timbered ravines. Farther back from the river, in the hill-country,
the big-horn, or mountain-sheep, and the grizzly bear occur, though nowhere numerous.

On both sides of the Missouri, the high bluffs are cut into numberless ravines, which divide

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 101

and subdivide again to a wonderful extent, thus carrying the surface-drainage back into the river.
These ravines are often quite well wooded, and some of them coutaiu a little strongly alkaline
water.

As has been remarked, the height of the plateau varies but little as we proceed away from the
river, though we soon pass over the divide which separates the immediate drainage of the Missouri
from that of Crooked Creek, a tributary of the Musselshell River.

Little Crooked Creek, thirteen miles from Carroll, retains water in holes until midsummer,
wheu it generally dries up entirely. Five miles beyond, a branch of Crooked Creek also affords a
little poor water in the early summer ; but, late in the scason, the only water on the route is found in
pools in the bed of Crooked Creek, and this is decidedly unpalatable. AJl these creeks, with their
many dry branches, certainly contain swiftly-running water in the early season, when the spring
rains unite with the melting snows to swell the streams, This is plainly shown by the high, cut
banks and the large accumulations of drift pebbles in the turns in the creek-beds.

The surface of the prairie from Carroll to Crooked Creek (twenty-one wiles) and beyond,
though this point is only about fifteen miles from the river in a direct line, is scattered ,with drift
deposits. These are of two kinds: (1) large, mostly angular, blocks of syenite and other horn-
blendic rocks, with occasionally some semi-crystalline limestone ; and (2) small, smoothly-rounded
pebbles, consisting to 90 per cent. of a brown quartzite or jasper. Some fragments of fossil wood
may here and there be found, and a large variety of pebbles of various kinds of rocks in small
quantities. This drift is entirely superficial, uo proper deposits having been observed at any point.
The lithological character of the drift will be described more in detail hereafter, when it will be
conuected with observations made north of the Missouri River (p. 135).

At Carroll, in the lower levels of the Cretaceous No. 4, the only fossils observed were Baculites
ovatus, Say, aud a large Inoceramus. At Little Crooked Creek, where we made our first camp
(July 13), we had more opportunity for search, and here, and farther on, at Crooked Creek, we found :

1. Lucina ventricosa, M. & UH.

. Lucina occidentalis, Morton.

Mactra, sp.?.

. Inoceramus tenuilineatus, H. & M.

. Anchura, sp. (specific. features not shown).
. Ammonites Halli, M. & H.

7. Scaphites nodosus, Owen.

8. Baculites ovatus, Say.

Lo

oe ed

Inoceramus tenuilineatus, H. & M., Ammonites Halli, M. & H., and Baculites ovatus, Say, were
extremely abundant at these localities, and the specimens secured comprise individuals of all ages.

These fossils, as far as our observations go, are found only in the concretions previously men-
tioned in connection with these beds. These concretions occur in great numbers from the level of
the river to the highest point above it where these clays were seen. Those which contain fossils
seem to be much more abundant in the upper layers than in those nearer the water’s level. Fossils
were occasionally found in concretions from the lower ravines ; but such concretions were not seen
in place, They were generally found imbedded in the loose, washed clays of the ravine, and had
the appearance of having been carried down from some point above. The concretions are quite
compact when found in place in the cut bank, though they yield readily to a blow of the hammer.
Whenever exposed for any length of time, however, to atmospheric influences, they separate into
hundreds of angular fragments ; and here and there over the prairie may be seen the little piles of
these blocks, a conspicuous feature among the low cactus-plants.

The concretions are generally a foot or two in diameter, though sometimes much larger, and
are extensively cracked ; the seams having been filled with crystallized calcite and sometimes with
gypsum. One fine specimen of an Ammonite was found, the interior of which was lined with exceed-
ingly delicate crystals of the selenite. The concretions, as a rule, are not distributed at raudom
through the clays, but lie in layers, sometimes closely contiguous, so as to form an almost uninter-
rupted stratum. The large majority are destitute of fossil remains; but occasionally they are met
with, containing large numbers of the shells, a considerable number forming the nucleus of a single

102

RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

concretion. It is to be noticed that these fossils, as a rule, are not clustered together in the center
of the concretion, but lie in a single layer; and it is not uncommon to see this layer continued in

009

‘UY Lenossug p
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AD OUT Log

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Course from Carroll to Box Elder Creek S. 55° W.;

Profile Section from Carroll to Cone Butte, Judith Mountains.

Jrom Box Elder Creek to Cone Butte S. 30° W. Distance direst ebout 40 miles.

line from one concretion to the others lying immediately adjoining
it. This fact indicates the relation in point of time between the
deposit of the shells and the formation of the concretions.

The most common fossil in this association, and one which is
met with almost everywhere on the prairie, is the Baculites ovatus,
Say. These remains are often called “fossil fish”, “fossil ferns”,
&e., by the white inhabitants of that section of the Territory; and, as
they are so well known and so often spoken of, it may not be amiss
to make aremark in regard to them for the benefit of the unscientific.
They are not fish-skeletons, but are simply the shell of an animal
somewhat allied to the present Nautilus, but having the shell straight
and tapering instead of curved in a spiral. The delicate lines on
the shell show the divisional walls, or septa, of the successive cham-
bers in the shell.

During a delay of a day at Crocked Creek, we were enabled to
follow along the dry bed of the stream for several miles. This bed
is filled with alluvial deposits of the black clay deposited by the
stream, and through which it has again washed out its path, leaving
steep walls three feet or more in height. The banks on either side
show evidence of having been washed over, looking white, and a little
sandy, and with the drift-pebbles collected in large numbers. Here
and there the Cretaceous clays are exposed in high bluffs on either
side of the creek-valley. These bluffs have sometimes a height of
50 to 75 feet above the stream-bed. The clays are not to be dis-
tinguished from those forming the immediate banks of the Missouri.
They are blue-black or slate-colored, shaly, the layers being very
distinct and everywhere characterized by the concretions. The
layers of the clay are pretty uniformly horizontal, though an occa-
sional slight dip is to be observed. At one point, we noticed a very
low synclinal fold followed by a fault; the strata being displaced
some 15 or 20 feet. This and other similar disturbances observed in
this neighborhood we decided were undoubtedly local, being due to
slips in the loosely-laminated clays, through the influence of run-
ning waters. Many similar disturbances were observed along the
river which were obviously due to a similar cause (see p. 125).

From Crooked Creek, the road runs on nearly southwest, rising
slightly till a point some few miles from Box Elder Creek is reached,
when there is a more sudden rise of 50 feet up to a plateau, which
on top, is very level, and the northern edge of which can be dis-
tinctly seen extending some distance in both directions.

The following cut (fig. 4) gives an ideal section * from Cone Butte
to the Missouri along the line of the road, as obtained from measure-
ments made by an aneroid. Itis to be observed that the line runs
obliquely, making the distance somewhat farther than in a direct
line, as will be seen by reference to the map.

The highest point at which the undisturbed Fort Pierre Group
was observed was 1,060 feet above the river; and deposits of this
age were seen at various points along the Helena road until Camp
Lewis was reached. The last point at which they were noticed was

near the crossing of Warm Spring Creek, south of the Moccasin Mountains.

*The vertical distances are increased nino times to admit of being brought within the limits of the page.

The

horizontal scale is (as on the map) 6 miles to tho inch; tho vertical scalo is $ mile (3,520 fect) to the inch.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 103

The rise of the land continues until we reach Box Elder Valley, where the high plateau is seen
extending east and west, and here a descent of 80 feet is made to the level of the stream.

Box Elder Creek takes its rise in the Judith Mountains, and, after a northerly course of about
seven miles, turns easterly and then southeasterly, finally reaching the Musselshell River. At the
stage-station, where we camped for several days, its course is nearly east and west. Itis a running
stream and furnishes fair water. Our delay at this point gave us an opportunity to explore to
some extent the Judith Mountains.

In the neighborhood of Box Elder, we pass from the Fort Picrre clays, Cretaceous No. 4 of
Hayden, to the sandstones of the Fox Hills Group, or Cretaceous No. 5, overlying them. Ata
locality lying nearly south of Box Elder station and distant from it about a mile, we observed a
ledge of sandstone containing some tolerably-preserved shells. The rock is a yellow ferruginous
sandstone in rather thin beds, but quite firm. Occasional calcareous layers contain fossils similar
to those in the sandstone, but much better preserved. The thickness of this yellow fossil-bearing
sandstone is small; and beneath it is a friable white sandstone, easily rubbed into powder with the
fingers. The dip of the exposed strata is slight, toward the northeast. The fossils found at this
locality are as follows :

1. Sanguinolaria oblata, Whitf. (n. sp.).
2. Liopistha (Cymella) undulata, M. & OH.
3. Tellina isomma, Meek.
4. Tellina scitula, M. & TU.
5. Mactra warreniana, M. & H.
6. Mactra maia, Whitt. (n. sp.).
7. Tapes montanensis, Whitf. (n. sp.).
8. Ostrea congesta, Con.???.
9. Lunatia concinna, H. & M.
10. Inoceramus, sp.
11. Fusus Galpinianus, M. & U1.

Sandstones of a similar character to that mentioned may be seen at a variety of points where
the excavation of the deep coulées has laid bare the rock beneath. One striking locality was visited
some four miles east of the station, where, on the east bank of a deeply-cut coulée, the sandstone
is exposed at a height of 200 feet above the creek-bottom.

The section was as follows:

Two feet of a white sandstone, in thin layers ;

Thirty feet of a white, soft, thickly-laminated sandstone, underlaid by an uncertain thickness of
rusty-yellow sand-rock. .

No fossils were found here, though they were searched for with care.

JUDITH MOUNTAINS.

Our examination of the Judith Mountains was hasty and incomplete, owing to lack of time at
this point; and our movements were still further embarrassed by the necessity of taking some pre-
cautions against the hostile Sioux, known to be in the vicinity at the time.

The following cut (tig. 5) will give some idea of the extent and bearings of the Judith Mountains,

“4
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Vie. 5. 7 f

por ple

40

b xe Cone Butte.

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Ses ae NS sanowe
T gy ii RN Ewa ru

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“S 1 é count oe “Fang shyt aor
"S$ La%
stag os

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Saws

Black Butte,
ssi,

104 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

although it makes no pretensions to topographical accuracy. The few bearings which were taken
from Cone Butte are indicated. It isto be noticed that these mountains do not lie north and south
on the east bank of the Judith River, where they are generally represented on the maps of this
region. On the contrary, their trend is essentially east and west, so that the axis of the range lies
almost at right angles with the course of the river. The general appearance of the range as viewed
from a point to the northeast is shown in figure 6.

Fig. 6
i a 2 a ees

Black Buttle. Cone Bestte.

In the neighborhood of Box Elder, we pass, as has been stated, from the Tort Pierre clays to
the sandstones of the Fox Hills Group overlying them. The rocks of this group extend widely east
and west from this point, and from the hills which slope up to the foot of the Judith Mountains.

Near Box Elder station, the sandstone shows itself nearly on the level of the stream at a point
hardly a mile distant from it to the south. This is the locality where the fossils above mentioned
were found. From this point, in approaching the hills, we took a course nearly south up a coulée,
then dry, but which had been deeply excavated by running water, and which in the spring is no
doubt a considerable tributary of Box Elder Creek. The eastern bank of this coulée is quite high
above the bed, perhaps 200 feet, and all the way has a very uniform slope up to the mountains.
On the west side the terrace is quite low, but has aiso the same gradual slope upward; the surface
being for the most part remarkably level. The slope is about 50 feet to the mile. The sandstone
of No. 5 is seen at a number of points, both in the bed of the coulée and above in the high eastern
bank jast referred to. The slope upward on the east continues until within a mile or so of Cone
Butte, where the sandstone strata are more upturned and the surface of the hill is more broken.
Close to Cone Butte, at its foot (at ¢, fig. 5), we observed the sandstone, elevated 750 to 800 feet
above Box Elder. It was here whitish, compact, weathering out into peculiar forms, with irregu-
lar Jayers of ferruginous sand; dip, 10°; strike north 80° west.

The thickness here, as elsewhere, is difficult to estimate, because of the insufficient exposure.
It must be two or three hundred feet, or perhaps more. It may be mentioned here that the hills
and terraces are so much covered with grass and soil that exposures of rock are rare. Below this
point (at >, sec map) is an exposure of blue laminated clays, with abundant concretions, probably
the Fort Pierre Group again, though here 600 feet above the highest exposure observed below, and
400 feet above the sandstone identified as No.5 (a4, on map). The elevation is due to the uptuarn-
ing of the mountains, involving both members of the Cretaceous alike.

From here we made the ascent of Cone Butte. The immediate foot-hills, and indeed those at
some distance from the peak, are made up of the talus from the mountain as far as the surface-
exposure goes. Loose blocks of the trachyte, which forms the mass of the mountain, have been
spread over the surrounding country to a remarkable extent, and the smaller fragments were found
abundantly within a mile or two of Crooked Creek; that is, having crossed Box Elder Valley,
Cone Batte is, as has been intimated, a trachytic hill, and according to the readings of our aneroid
it is 2,200 feet above Box Elder, and 3,400 above the Missouri River. This is about the average
height of what are called the Judith Mountains, though there are several points which are probably
a little higher.

The summit of Cone Butte commands an extensive view over the prairies to the north. The
Little Rocky Mountains and the Bear’s Paw Mountains, though far in the distance, are the most
conspicuous points to be noticed. Its commanding position is well appreciated by the Indians
who use it as a lookout, for which it is most conveniently situated. A shelter which we found on
the summit, formed of large flat blocks of trachyte resting upon the spreading branches of a stunted
pine-tree, had doubtless been used as a resting-place by many an Indian scout.

Cone Butte is itself a conspicuous object from all the surrounding country, even as far north
as the Little Rocky Mountains; its perfectly conical shape being very striking from any point on
the Carroll road. Viewed from the west, the sides of the cone are broken, and not so symmetrical
as shown in figure 6. The slopes are covered with loose blocks of trachyte, and at some points are

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 105

®.
precipitous. The angle of the cone is about 40° or 41°; indeed, it is so steep, and the loose blocks

of trachyte furnish so insecure a foot-hold, that, were it not for the trails made by the mountain-
sheep ascending and descending, it would be no easy task to climb it from the west side.

The mineralogical character of this trachyte deserves to be described a little in detail, as it
may be taken as a type of the variety which occurs most widely in these mountains. It is in gen-
eral of uniform texture, hard and firm, though occasionally showing minute cavities containing
quartz crystals as a secondary product. It breaks on weathering into the large thin slabs which
cover the sides of Cone Butte. The main constituent of the rock is a triclinic feldspar, as revealed
by a thin section under the microscope, though occasional crystals of orthoclase of greater size may
be observed. Hornblende follows next in order, the crystals being very distinct; and, further than
this, magnetite plays an important rdle—this is distributed more generally than is common in
similar rocks, and is seen by the microscope as extremely minute grains, whose metallic character
is revealed only in reflected light. These particles of magnetite have suffered alteration to a
considerable extent, and the feldspar is often stained red and yellow in a ring about them by the
oxidized iron. It is to this alteration that the peculiar red color of the talus on the sides of the hills,
as seen from a distance, is undoubtedly due. A critical examination shows that a little quartz is
also present; but, as it was often otherwise noted in minute cavities, it may be questioned whether
it is not merely a secondary product.

The descent from Cone Butte was made by way of the deep ravine which separates it from the
trachytic hills to the south. The white trachyte is carried down nearly to the gap, where (see
fig. 7) we passed a transverse dike, east and west in direction, of a hard green trachyte, with a
cubical fracture breaking into large angular blocks, in striking contrast with the loose slabs of the
other trachyte which cover the slopes of Cone Butte. This is probably a later dike, subsequent to
the formation of the other hills. This trachyte, as well as that of Cone Butte, was found in frag-
ments abundantly over the prairie, even to a distance of fifteen miles from the mountains. It is
characterized by large crystals of a glassy orthoclase, which give it a porphyritic structure. Under
the microscope, these crystals are found to be more or less clouded, in consequence of incipient
alteration: this is also shown by the indistinct colors obtained in polarized light. Accompanying
the large crystals of orthoclase are smaller thin-bladed crystals in large numbers. The other essen-
tial constituent is the hornblende, which is seen in simple distinct prisms: it has a deep-green
color, and is strongly dichroic. No quartz was observed. The most interesting feature of the rock

eg

SSS SS ee

——S EOS ss
Sh ee ee

= Se ae

6S ees AS ey oe

is the green base, which, under a low magnifying power, seems to be without structure, but, when
magnified highly, is resolved into countless minute, acicular crystals, jumbled together in a con-
14 Ww

106 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

fused mass. They show very little color in polarized light. They may be zeolitic; but a chemical
analysis, which the circumstances do not now admit of, would be required to settle the point.

In the ravine spoken of, 355 feet below the summit of Cone Butte, we were surprised to find a
series of slates and sandstones. The cut (Fig. 7) will give some idea of the relations of the rocks,
it being a sketch taken from a point below to the west. The total width of the gap is about 70
yards; the trachyte rising abruptly on both sides. The trachyte of the hill to the south is quite
similar to that of Cone Butte. The section in the gap is as follows:

Coarse ferruginous sandstone, vertical ........-0.00ce eee eee eens igi eugene Y 3 feet.
Hine blue shale. vertical: ¢c.02 vucupun we sa wanda lew nate dan denne ale ews eked 20 feet:
Slate, sometimes shaly, sometimes a good slate, and very sandy, in layers; color

whitish and yellowish; dip 70° south .... 2.2... 02.222 :0eeeeeee ea ie ae eee aw 180 to 200 feet.

The strike of these slates is east and west.

The age of these rocksis uncertain, as the only fossils found in them were some cycloidal fish-
scales, with occasional impressions of fish-vertebrae and spines, which were quite numerous in some
layers in the slate. It is hardly to be doubted, however, that they are Cretaceous; and the position
of some rocks, also containing fish-scales and probably identical with these, observed at another
point, as noted below, suggests that they are probably Upper Cretaceous, perhaps No. 5.

The present position of these slates is very remarkable: they lie far above (about 600 feet)
the rocks visible in the hills below, and doubtless owe their elevation to the eruption of the
trachyte, having been squeezed up between the two great masses of igneous rock. They show
little trace of the influence of heat upon them.

The hills to the south and east, forming the eastern extremity of the Judith Mountains, are, as
far as observed, trachyte. Black Butte, or Buffalo Heart Mountain, was not visited; but its posi-
tion and similar appearance show that it is also eruptive, probably exclusively so. The sand-
stones dip away from it even more distinctly than from Cone Butte. It may be remarked here
that the trachytic hills are very distinctly marked in appearance, and may be recognized with
certainty even ata considerable distance. Their sides are covered with the loose blocks of the
rock, and have a distinct reddish color, due to the oxidation of the iron which exists in considerable
quantities in the trachyte (see description), which is quite conspicuous and characteristic.

West of Cone Butte (see e, fig. 5), there is a break in the hills, and alow pass called “ Ross’s
Cut-off” gives passage to frequent Indian parties. It is free from timber, and of gradual slope, so
that upon one occasion wagons were brought through without serious trouble. It is from this low
pass that Box Elder takes its rise.

In this gap, the observations made were unimportant; the rocks being mostly covered up with
soil and grass. It was interesting, however, to note that the even, gradual slope of the terrace
before mentioned extends quite into the pass, with the same character well preserved. At e, (Fig.
5,) just on the edge of the hills which rise on the west side of the gap, a series of black shales were ob-
served, vertical, and with a strike nearly north and south. These hills at g and to the south are all
trachyte. We crossed. them at one point, dragging our horses over the loose talus, much to their
and our own discomfort, and found the height a little less than that of Cone Butte. On their west-
ern side, the trachyte shows itself in a series of columns, which are very regular and well formed;
much more so than is common in this rock. This trachyte differs somewhat from the others
described in the larger proportion of hornblende present. As before, the orthoclase appears in
distinct crystals of large size, and the triclinic feldspar in thin-bladed fragments. The whole has
a pasty base. A little valley, in which rises a small stream of cool water, lies just to the west, and.
on the other side is a high limestone bill (at k), the only exposure of the older sedimentary rocks
which we met with in this part of the hills.

This limestone rises in a series of sharp ridges, very distinct, and seen from a distance as a
number of white lines running up the sides of the hills. It dips 50° northeast; the strike being
northwest. The upper layers are white, semi-crystalline, and very profuse in flinty fragments.
These are exposed by the weathering, and, on the surface, the rock has quite a coralline aspect.
Lower layers are firmer, blue, and also cherty, though not to the same extent as those above. A
very careful search showed that fossils were very rare, though a few were found, enough to deter-

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 107%

mine the age of the rock to be Carboniferous. The following is a list of the fossils obtained at this
oint :

: Crinoidal remains too indistinct to be identified.

Terebratula or Cryptonella.

Spirifera (Martinia) lineata, Martin.

Spirifera centronata, Winch.

Orthoceras? ??, possibly filling of outer chamber.

Spirifera centronata, Winch., was the most abundant and characteristic form noticed here.

The thickness of these limestone beds must be very considerable; at least 300 or 400 feet were
seen on this side of the hill, but as we were unable to foliow them farther, we cannot venture to
estimate their whole extent. This limestone is intersected at one point by a ridge of hard trachyte.
On the other side of the little creek valley, the limestone also appears, containing here only a
few imperfect crinoidal stems. Here it is apparently overlaid by a sandstone which has all the
appearance of dipping under the hill, or, in other words, is overlaid by the trachyte. The outlying
hill, f, is made up of sandstone, or a sandy slate; its summit is 1,200 feet above Box Elder, and hence
a thousand feet lower than the adjoining trachytic hill. The observed thickness of this slate is 200
feet; dip 10° a little east of north, and strike nearly east and west. It can hardly be conformable
to the limestone described; but the eruption of the trachyte, which doubtless accompanied the
elevation of the mountains, has very much complicated the relations of the beds..

This slate contained large numbers of poorly-preserved fish-scales, which would seem to show
its probable identity with the elevated slates in the ravine behind Cone Butte. Further than this,
its position seems to suggest that it may be nearly parallel with the sandstones near Cone Butte,
which are, as has been stated, Upper Cretaceous. No trace was seen at this point of any rocks
between the Cretaceous and the Carboniferous limestone.

gu bop

FROM BOX ELDER TO CAMP LEWIS.

The road from Box Eldez to Camp Lewis follows along the foot of the mountains, but at such
a distance from them that very few observations could be made. The character of the country is
much better than that nearer the Missouri, but cannot be very highly praised. The Judith Mount-
ains give rise to several running streams, which occupy wide valleys, and the region seems well
adapted for stock-raising. Near Armell’s Creek, a mile to the north of the road-crossing, gray clays
are conspicuous, forming high bluffs with perpendicular faces, quite different from anything seen
near Crooked Creek. This exposure was visited later, on the way to the mouth of the Judith
River, but yielded no fossils, and its age is therefore uncertain. It is probably, however, near the
top of the Cretaceous.

Our road approached quite near the mountains at Bald Butte (see m on map), and here,and at
several points beyond, we observed a considerable thickness of a soft white sandstone, fine-grained
and even-textured, but without fossils. It is in very thick beds, and weathers out in vertical walls,
taking fantastic shapes, which are like those of the “Quader Sandstein” of the Saxon Switzer-
land. This is undoubtedly Upper Cretaceous. From this point, the road bears away from the hills
again, crossing the divide between the Musselshell and Judith Rivers, and passing between the
Judith and Moccasin Mountains. As has been before remarked, the dark clays of the Fort Pierre
Group are seen again south of the Moccasin Mountains and just before reaching Warm Spring
Creek. At this point, there was a considerable exposure of these beds, and, although no fossils
were collected here, the characteristic features of the deposit were unmistakable. Farther on, a
cut bank on the creek gave the following section :

Yellow clays, somewhat sandy ....-.----..-----+-e+eeeee di Bee Sawing es ails 20 feet.
Hard gray shaly clays Seen. ..----.--- 6-2 ene eee ene ce eee eet e tere eee eeee 20 feet.
These beds had a very slight dip a little cast of north.
The Moccasin Mountains we were unable to visit; but their appearance, as viewed from vari-
ous points on the road, and again from the northeast, indicated that, like the Judith Mountains,

they are largely trachytic.
Camp Lewis is situated on Trout Creek, or Big Spring Branch, as it is sometimes called, which

108 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

is the largest branch of the Judith River. This is a wide stream of clear, very cold, water, which
takes its rise in a spring about five miles from where the camp is situated. The immediate valley
of the stream is covered with excellent grass, and when the country becomes safe from the incur-
sions of hostile Indians—far from being the case at present—it must prove of high value for
settlement.

About Camp Lewis there are considerable deposits of red clay. This is the case on both sides
of the stream, but most conspicuously on the east bank, where the bluffs for a considerable dis-
tance are of a deep-red color. It is rare to find any exposures of the beds which give rise to these
red slopes. In general, they are so washed down that only the red surface-deposits are seen. In
some ravines, however, on the east bank of Trout Creek, we found the hardened red clays in place.
No fossils could be discovered, though they were searched for with care. These beds seemed to be
somewhat irregular and of rather local character. In the place where opportunities for observa-
tion were most favorable, we found 10 feet of red laminated clay, underlaid by a gray shale and
overlaid by a sandy slate of a brown color. A little farther north, other layers of sandstone were
observed, and beneath these some very thick bedded sandstone deposits; the red clays running
out entirely. There was nothing to settle positively the age of these deposits. Except in color,
they do not resemble the “red beds” of the West, generally referred to the Triassic; and as
similar deposits were seen on the slopes of the Snow Mountains, twenty-five miles distant, overlying
sandstones containing Cretaceous fossils (the same was true elsewhere), as noted later, it is more
than probable that they are all Cretaceous in this vicinity. From this point, on our return journey,
we made a detour and crossed the west end of the Judith Mountains; and, as we have just stated
our observations in the neighborhood of Cone Butte, it may be interesting to add the others in this
place.

Passing on from the red beds just mentioned, we crossed a low divide, and came down into
the wide valley of a branch of Trout Creek, passing over some more red clays at a little higher
level than those seen before. From here, our course was about north; our objective point being
some white limestone bluffs conspicuous on the summit of the range. The foot-hills first passed
over consisted, as indicated by one or two rock-exposures, of a brown, firm sandstone, in which no
fossils were found. It had a dip of 20° away from the hills. These hills, in both directions, are
covered with timber and grass, and the rock is rarely seen on the surface.

The limestone bluffs (1, fig. 5) were reached without much clue to the structure of the inter-
vening country having been gained. This limestone stands up in a series of high buttresses, which,
with their vertical fronts, are quite conspicuous objects. They show no evidence of stratification
or structure. The rock contains occasionally masses of flint, though they are not so conspicu.
ously cherty as those seen near Cone Butte. Some few fossils show that the rock is of Carboniferous
age.

The following is a list of those obtained :

1, Zaphrentis centralis, Ev. & Shum.

2. Syringapora mult-attenuata, McChes.
3. Stictopora, sp.

4. Spirifera centronata, Winch.

On the hill to the west of this, a broad band of stratified limestone is exposed, in which some
similar fossils were found. This same band apparently appears again on the north side of the bill,
but here with a changed dip, northwest instead of southwest, pointing to a fold over at this point.

We crossed the higher ridge here, from which we could see off to the east, noting, as before,
that the hills to the north are mostly trachyte, while those behind them to the south are as uni-
formly limestone. Near the source of Deer Creek, we descended into a broad, green meadow, quite
surrounded by the hills. At one point, a patch of bright-red soil suggested a return to the red
clays before seen. Crossing over by Bald Butte, a hill of trachyte, we reached the road again.
The excursion was not altogether a satisfactory one, though showing the presence of the limestone
at this point, but, as an investigation into the further structure of the hills, it was not successful.
The difficulty lies in the fact that the hills are principally of igneous origin, and the thrusting in of
the trachyte between the sedimentary rocks has destroyed the regular succession in the strata

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 109

which would otherwise exist. Further than this, while the trachytic hills are mostly bare and
rocky, the other hills are, with the exception of the occasional sharp ridges of limestone, covered
with grass and timber, so that little can be seen by one who must hurry on and make few stops.
Probably two-thirds of the area of the hills is covered with trachyte, of which that found at Cone
Butte may be taken as the type.

CAMP LEWIS TO THE JUDITH GAP.

From Camp Lewis, the road passes on thirty miles to the Judith Gap, crossing a portion of the
country which has some promise of becoming valuable in time. Quite a number of running streams
pass through it, of which Cottonwood Creek, Little Trout Creek, and Buffalo Creek are the most
important. The latter becomes dry late in the season. Little Trout Creek is famous for the num-
ber and beauty of the trout which it contains. In the immediate vicinity of the streams, the grass
is excellent; but, on the higher prairie, it is rather thin. The streams flow fresh and cold from the
neighboring Snow Mountains, and could doubtless be used extensively in irrigation. This Judith
Basin is a region that has been highly spoken of, and it will no doubt in time furnish farms for
hundreds of settlers.

Very little opportunity for geological work is afforded over this portion of the route; for the
prairie is much of it almost level, sloping away to the northwest to the Judith River, and giving
no exposures of the underlying rocks. Considerable surface-drift is found here, which is entirely
local, consisting, for the most part, of pebbles and masses of a blue limestone, some of them con-
taining Carboniferous fossils. The source of this limestone is to be found in the Snow Mountains,
whcib rise ten or twelve miles to the east, and from which it has been very abundantly carried off.

A short distance before reaching Ross’s Fork, a bluff was examined, ofa black shale, containing
many reddish iron concretions, but no fossils; and a little farther on, to the left of the road, were
seen some washed exposures of light-gray shales, also without fossils. Not far beyond, the soil
becomes red again; and, for a distance of several miles up to the Judith Gap, the presence of beds
of red clay is indicated. Associated with them was a limestone, impure and knotty, with many
veins of calcite. These red-clay beds appear also at the foot of the Snow Mountains, and, as has
been said, also at the foot-slopes of the western end of the Judith Mountains. Their thickness seems
to be small. They appear to belong to the Cretaceous, which doubtless extends under the grassy
prairie from Camp Lewis to the Judith Gap.

SNOW MOUNTAINS.

From Buffalo Creek, ten miles before reaching the Judith Gap (that is, north of it), we made a
short detour, to examine the west end of the Snow Mountains. This range extends in an approxi-
mately east and west direction for a distance of some twenty miles. It is low, like all the other
minor ranges. The average height can hardly be more than 2,000 feet above the surrounding
prairie. Buffalo Creek takes its rise in the north side of the west end of the range. Following up
the stream for a mile and a half from where the road crosses it, we found some outerops of sand-
stone, with indistinct vegetable remains, undoubtedly Upper Cretaceous. A little farther—this on
the north side—on the hill-tops, there was a gray sandstone, and below it, on the hill-side, a sand-
stone of a deep yellow color. Both of these broke into irregular, wavy fragments. Dip 10° west-
erly; strike north 20° east. These, which are in thickness perhaps 60 feet, are probably Upper
Cretaceous.

On the opposite (south) side of the stream appears a thinly-laminated sandstone, with a south-
westerly dip of 10°, but a strike north 30° west. Beneath this followed the slopes of red soil,
pointing to the presence of thin beds of clay beneath, like those at Camp Lewis. Following and
underlying this was a firm, thick sandstone, breaking into massive slabs, which covered the top
and sides of the hill, giving it much the appearance of having been paved; the strike was as before.
Beyond, also south of the creek, a hard, gritty sandstone was noticed, with layers containing a large
number of poorly-preserved shells. These were not specifically recognizable, but have been iden-
tified as Cretaceous by Mr. Whitfield. Beneath this was what seemed to be a second deposit of the
red-clay beds. These last are visible, though not so distinctly, on the opposite side of the creek,

FIO RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

where they are followed by about 5 feet of a firm limestone, and that by a considerable thickness
of green and black shales, which last may be traced for a short distance on both sides of the stream.
It is to be noticed that the strike and hence the dip of similar layers on both sides of the stream is
quite different; and, though further study is needed to make out all the facts, we think it can hardly
be doubted that at this western end of the mountains there is a distinct fold; the axis probably
running a little north of west.

Continuing up to the source of the stream, we found the limestone here with a very slight dip
to the northwest; strike northeast. The final point which we reached was a little caiion, with high
and bold limestone walls, from which we obtained a few not very perfect Carboniferous fossils, viz:

1. Zaphrentis centralis (2), Ev. & Shum.
2. Streptorhynchus Keokuk, H.

3. Spirifera centronata, Winch.

4. Stictopora, sp.

To reach these Carboniferous rocks, we had doubtless passed over in succession the Cretaceous
rocks, having perhaps a thickness of 900 feet, and also the Jurassic, if it exists here. We found no
fossils belonging to this age, and doubt the existence of any considerable thickness of Jurassic beds.
The limestone with the green and black shales noted above may possibly belong here.

Leaving the ridge, we turned at right angles to it; that is, nearly north. Here we passed over,
first, the limestone dipping northwest, then successive beds of sandstone with beds of red clay inter-
stratified. Near the foot of the hill, a reversal of the dip occurs in the sandstones, pointing toa
minor fold parallel to the general course of the range. No older rocks than the Carboniferous lime-
stone were observed ; and from the numerous limestone pebbles containing Carboniferous fossils,
picked up at different points along the sides of the mountains, it is safe to conclude that the range,
as a whole, is made up of Carboniferous limestone; the younger rocks lying on its outer slopes. No
evidence of any older rocks than the Carboniferous was noted ; certainly not of any crystalline rocks.
The trachyte, so common in the neighboring Judith Mountains, seems to be almost or entirely

absent,
LITTLE BELT MOUNTAINS.

The Judith Gap is the divide between the Judith and the Musselshell Rivers. At this point
the Little Belt Mountains and the Snow Mountains approach one another quite closely. The
former are quite an extended and somewhat irregular range, reaching for a long distance north and
west. Of its general geology, we can say little, as we can speak only of a few widely-separated
points where we were able to visit it. One of these points was the extremity of the range at the
Judith Gap. Near the Gap, we have already spoken of finding, on the north side, beds of red
clay, which are associated with a little limestone, and nearer the hills with an underlying sandstone.
Crossing the hills, which form the extreme eastern end of the range, perhaps a mile west of the Gap,
we found a bed of yellow sandstone, which contained Ostrea congesta, Con.; then, some distance up
the slope, a limestone containing corals, and dipping in a northerly direction; then some thin layers
of limestone containing Productus.

The fossils found here were as follows; the identification by Mr. Whitfield:

. Ostrea congesta, Con.

. Cyathophylloid coral.

. Campophyllum torquium, Owen ??.

. Spirifera centronata, Winch.

. Spirifera, sp. May possibly be Spiri/erina Wentuckensis.

. Productus, sp. Resembles P. Wortheni, I.; but perhaps more nearly related to P. multi-
striata, Meek.

7. Schizodus, sp. Nearly or quite 8. Rossicus, (DeVern.,) M. & W.

Here were seen. 20 feet of green and black shales, dipping 50° northeast. From here, as we
go up and across the hills, the strike gradually changes, and with it the dip, so that on the south
side of the hill we have strata dipping southeast instead of northeast. ‘The succession observed
here is ‘from below up:

Limestone, dip 65° south, strike north 70° east..............cceeee econ sees 2 feet.
Red clays, with purple slates underlying it.....2.. 20... eee eee eee eee 10 feet.

ee

Ct He O Lo

j=)

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. V1

These beds bend around some 50°, so that in a vertical section they describe a quarter circle.

The upper and central part of the hill consists of limestone, overlaid by a considerable thick-
ness of slates and sandstones, dipping mostly east-southeast. The hill alluded to forms the
extremity of this portion of the Little Belt Mountains. Farther along to the west, in the main
range, is a limestone which has every appearance of dipping under all the rocks thus far men-
tioned ; it probably corresponds to the firm limestone which forms the lower portion of the Carbon-
iferous as developed in this region. The structure of this hill, thus imperfectly made out (a hasty
run across it while the party was going round being all that circumstances admitted of), may be
better understood upon the statement that it is an anticlinal fold; the axis pointing about north
30° west, and somewhat elevated in this direction. The south side of the fold is apparently the
steeper.

JUDITH GAP TO THE MUSSELSHELL CANON.

From the Judith Gap to the Musselshell Cafion, a distance of rather more than forty miles,
the underlying rock belongs for the most part to the Upper Cretaceous; the only fossils found hav-
ing been referred by Mr. Whitfield, as stated below, to No.5. his district is remarkable, perhaps
more so than any other seen by us, for the deep and wide valleys which have been cut through the
nearly horizontal rocks, and which lead away from the neighboring range, the Little Belt Mount-
ains. There are now no streams running from the mountains, with the exception of Haymaker’s
Creek near the Forks of the Musselshell, and yet the otherwise remarkably level prairie is broken
by a number of striking ravines or valleys. These are all alike in that they show no evidence of
any important action by recent running water, but, on the contrary, point to agencies which must
have done their work in glacial times. The beds of these valleys, and also, though to a less
extent, the prairie above them, are strewn with pebbles and masses of limestone, whose source is
in the monntsing, only a few miles distant.

Three very conspicuous valleys, one of them a mile wide, with ‘steep banks more than one
hundred feet in height, are crossed before going twelve miles from the gap. Hopley’s Hole is by
far the most remarkable of these. A section is given in the following cut (fig. 8).

\

Fig. 8.

Sandstone.

ines. eT

A Section across Hopley's Hole.

The width of the coulée at the top is about 1,000 yards. From the level of the prairie on
either side, there i is a steep plunge down; the total depth to the dry bed of the little stream being,
according to aneroid measurements, 150 feet. On the west side, a second terrace of 50 feet in
height is very distinct, while on the eastern slope a similar terrace, at about the same height, seems
to be indicated ; at present, however, there remains only a series of little conical hills all lying in
a continuous fine and presenting quite a peculiar appearance. This ravine is now dry, with the
exception of a few springs of moderately good water on the west side. The water from these springs
moistens the ground for a little distance about the point where they appear, but soon sinks out of
sight. In the early part of the year, after the melting of the snow, more or less water evidently runs in
the bed of the stream, which is dry in summer; but its erosive power is small, and there is nothing in
the present relations which will explain the existence of such an extended valley. Hopley’s Hole is
important to those who pass over this road, not only as furnishing one of the few sources of water in
this part of the route, but also because along the eastern edge of the valley there is here and there a
little timber ; a few straggling pine-trees which have ventured out into the prairie from the adjoin-
ing hills, and which show, by their appearance, that they have here a hard struggle for existence.
The western slopes of this ravine, over which the limestone pebbles before mentioned are thickly
scattered, are more gradual than the eastern; and, while the former are covered with thin grass, the
latter shows a line of exposure of the sandstone which underlies the level prairie here. The upper

112 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

part of this is yellow and quite ferruginous; that below whitish and a little shaly. It varies some-
what at different points; in one place turning into a soft, dark-colored slate in very thin layers.
The whole exposure may be 15 or 20 feet in thickness; the sandstone having a very slight south-
easterly dip. No fossils could be found, and the rock seemed to be without any special character-
istic features, with the exception of pipe-stem pieces of carbonate of lime, which were quite common.
They occupied a vertical position, sometimes curving more or less, and were 6 to 15 inches in
length; possibly they were holes in the sand made by borers and subsequently filled up.

West of Hopley’s Hole, the plain is nearly level for a long distance, broken only by one or two
gullies. The general slope of the whole is very gradual to the south toward the Musselshell River
and far beyond. In this direction, there is nothing to break the view, and the eye wanders unre-
lieved over a vast range of dry, parched prairie, from which, at midday, the heated vapors arise,
producing the illusive phenomena of the mirage.

Haymaker’s Creek, twenty-five miles from the gap, offers another example of the extensive
erosion which has taken place in this region. The stream at present carries very little water, and
that quite strongly alkaline, especially late in the summer, at which time it barely moves at all.
On the west side, the terrace is high and distinctly marked. It may be traced from the mountains
to the Musselshell River with the same gradual slope noticed elsewhere; here also quite inde-
pendent of the dip of the strata, which make a small angle with its upper surface. On the east
side, the slope is very gradual; the final height not being attained for several miles.

A short distance below the road-crossing, the sandstone is exposed. For the most part, it is
a fine-grained rock of even texture, and of a light-bluish color, becoming yellow on exposure to the
weather. Much of this lies in exceedingly thin, paper-like layers. There are also a few layers of
a blue, impure limestone, and toward the top a bed of coarse sandstone, almost a conglomerate,
containing some indistinct plant-remains, shells, and a few sharks’ teeth and vertebra, which show
the beds to be Cretaceous No.5. The remains are too poorly preserved to be specifically identified.
The genera are as follows:

1. Grypheea, sp.

2. Ostrea, sp.

3. Lamna, sp. (teeth).

4, Galeocerdo, sp. (teeth).

The strata have a slight dip (5°) northerly; and a little to the north, where the thin-bedded
sandstone only is visible, the beds are horizontal or dip slightly to the south. A mile or two far-
ther, «4. ¢., west, we meet several outcrops of a dark ocher-yellow sandstone, in which some pipe-
stem calcareous fragments suggested those found at Hopley’s Hole. A few indistinct vegetable
remains were also obtained, but nothing characteristic. The slight dip is reversed in a subsequent
exposure, showing an extremely low fold, the meaning of which will be explained later. Fol-
lowing these are a series of bluffs, sandstones, or sandy shales, some of which we were enabled to
visit. None of them afforded us any fossils. Over these, we noticed a few washed exposures of
white and cream-colored clays.

These doubtless all belong to the Upper Cretaceous, though, in view of their very slight dip, it
would require more time than we had at our disposal to make out their exact stratigraphical rela-
tions. In general, it may be said of these sandstone bluffs that they are more tilted as we approach
the mountains, and seem to owe their position to the forces which threw up this range of hills.

On reaching the Forks of the Musselshell, we come into a more attractive region. From the
Judith Gap to this point, the prairie is almost a desert, dry and parched, and the grass very thin-
Both branches of the Musselshell River, however, are fine running streams, and at their union the
aliuvial country is wide and susceptible of profitable cultivation. Just before reaching the Forks,
we passed a ranch where a system of irrigation had produced excellent agricultural results.

From the Forks our road took us along the north branch of the Musselshell River, and two
miles beyond we entered the Musselshell Cation. The open country here is rough, and is charac-
terized by many step-like ridges of sandstone, on one side steep, showing the edges of the strata,
and on the other sloping off gradually, and covered over with grass.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 113

MUSSELSHELL CANON TO CAMP BAKER.

The Musselshell Cajion divides the Little Belt Mountains from what is called the Elk Range.
It is a narrow mountain-ravine, with steep hills on both sides, which sometimes approach very
closely together, and again recede, giving room for a little strip of green meadow-land on the border
of the stream. It is, throughout its length of eight miles, very picturesque, especially near the
eastern end, where the abrupt walls and buttresses of white limestone contrast strongly with the
dark-green foliage of the pines and spruces. All together, it was a most delightful relief from the
parched alkaline prairie on which we had made our camps for the preceding fortnight. The waters
of the stream are clear and cold, and abound in what is apparently a species of Coregonus. This
fish rose readily to a fly, affording to some members of the party fair sport, and furnishing a very
agreeable variety to the sameness of our daily fare.

On leaving the open country and entering the cafion, we came abruptly upon the Carboniferous
rocks. A band of red clay a few feet wide is quite conspicuous at its eastern opening, followed
by several others less striking and quite narrow, all red or ocher-yellow. These are interstratified
with a sandstone which contains great numbers of Ostrea congesta, Con., as identified by Mr. Whit-
field. These dip west 50°. Immediately following these are successive layers of limestones and
slates, and then several hundred feet of limestone.

From the former beds the following fossils were obtained:

1. Bryozoan (undescribed).
. Aulopora, or bases of Syringopora.
. Zaphrentis centralis, Ev. & Shum.
Productus semireticulatus, Mart.
Productus muricatus, N. & P.
Productus, sp., probably young of P. punctatus.
. Productus, sp., approaches forms referred to P. Prattenanus.
. Productus multistriatus, Meek.
. Athyris, sp.
10. Pinna Ludlovi, Whitfield (n. sp.).

The overlying limestone-beds all dip like the others, a little south of west, 50° to 60°. These
limestones form a number of high vertical walls and isolated towers, which are worn out into a
variety of fantastic forms which have already been alluded to. These are especially conspicuous
on the north side of the stream, though similar walls are seen too on the other side in the line of
the strike. This limestone is very cherty, the fragments of flint being numerous; and it is to their
presence that the rock owes the peculiar forms in which it now appears. The walls show no evi-
dence of structure or stratification. They abound in little cavities and holes, often partially
filled with stalactitic masses of carbonate of lime, showing the extent to which the solvent action
of water has worked upon them.

A similar relation of the rocks was observed on the upper slopes of the Bridger Mountains ;
that is, the series of bright-red indurated clays, with a little Cretaceous sandstone, followed by thin
layers of limestone full of Carboniferous fossils, and then 500 feet or more of a firm cherty limestone,
weathering out into walls showing no stratification and rarely containing fossils. The limestones are
overlaid by (Jurassic and) Cretaceous and underlaid by Silurian. The similarity in the succession
of the beds makes it quite certain that the underlying rocks at the entrance of the Musselshell
Cafion are really the youngest, forming the upper part of the Carboniferous series, while the rocks
which follow and overlie, apparently conformably, are older, and, in part at least, Lower Silurian.

The later layers of the limestone, going west through the caiion, have a somewhat different
look from those seen farther to the east, being darker-colored and more uniform in appearance.
Leaving the limestone, we passed over perhaps a quarter of a mile without finding any rock in
place, though on the hill-slopes to the south masses of a hard, reddish quartzite indicate the pres-
ence of this as a member of the series. The next exposure reached was an argillitic slate, with
veins of quartz, also dipping westerly. The hills for a considerable distance are rounded and
covered with grass, exposing no rocks within the limits that we were able to cover.

The prevailing rock, as we continue up the caiion, following the course of this branch of the

15 w

ONIA TH ww

i=)

114 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Musselshell, is a clay-slate, of which there must be a very great thickness, interstratified with some
sandstone-beds. The central portion of the range is trachyte, which is very abundant, forming a
series of high hills and seriously interrupting our observations in the succession of the strata.
Occasional outcrops of sedimentary rocks, principally slates and shales, appear; but as they
contained no fossils, and as their succession was everywhere interrupted by the trachyte, their
relations to what had preceded remain very uncertain. On the whole, the caiion gives a very
fair exposure of the successive rocks, and to one who could do more than take passing notes in
riding through it would no doubt yield some important facts.

Leaving the cajion, we emerge into an open rolling country, covered with grass, and with few
exposures of the underlying rock. This, as far as could be observed, was a yellowish fragmentary
slate, with occasional veins of quartz and calcite. A number of openings have been made by indi-
viduals prospecting for metal, but only faint indications of copper were observed. At Copper-
opolis, a mine has been sunk some 40 feet into this slate, and some very fair copper-ore and a little
silver ore are being taken out. The mine is being worked on a very small scale indeed, only two
men being engaged in it; but the ore obtained is sufficiently valuable to pay its way to the Hast,
where (at Baltimore) it is smelted.

Near this point we pass the divide, and descend rapidly to the valley of Deep Creek, leaving
the Musselshell behind us, and striking waters that flow into the Missouri near Sun River; that is
above Fort Benton.

The valley of Deep Creek, though here somewhat narrow, becomes rapidly wider as we follow
it down to Camp Baker. It is a fertile alluvial plain, and is no doubt susceptible of successful and
profitable cultivation. There is as yet, however, no market for cereals in the vicinity, and the
grassy meadows are given up to large herds of cattle, which range at will over the valleys and
foot-hills. Every settler owns some cattle and horses, and these require little or no care, even in
winter. The inhabitants state that they cut no hay for the winter-consumption of their stock, nor
do they build stables or shelters for them at that season. The animals are said to run out all
winter and to keep fat on the standing hay. Montana beef has quite a reputation for excellence
west of the Missouri, so that the raising of cattle is likely to prove the most profitable pursuit for
the settler until railroads shall have supplied him with a market for other products. Deep Creek,
like most of the streams in this neighborhood, abounds in delicious troutand grayling (Thymatlus),
both of which attain a large size, sometimes weighing three pounds and more.

To our left, as we come down the valley of Deep Creek, we have the Elk Range high above us,
the summits of which consist of trachyte. This has taken many curious forms, as pinnacles and
towers, which rise above the timber, and give to the hills a very castellated appearance. An out-
crop of purplish-red slate to the left of the road, and dipping 40° southerly, deserves to be men-
tioned, as its exact counterpart was seen at Camp Baker, sixteen miles distant, there overlying the
Potsdam limestones. To the right, that is west, were a series of limestone ridges with masses of
trachyte interstratified. These beds of trachyte have all the appearance of sedimentary rocks at
a distance, so entirely do they conform to the uptilted beds of limestone. These latter have a dip
of 40° to the southwest. They have the appearance of the Potsdam limestone beds just spoken of
as occurring at Camp Baker, and since, if continuing, their strike would make them appear there,
it is hardly to be doubted that they too are Silurian.

The Sulphur Springs are about 17 miles from Copperopolis, and lie at the point where the road
to Camp Baker turns at a sharp angle to the west. The springs have a temperature of 150° or
thereabouts, and are strongly impregnated with sulphureted hydrogen. They are quite well known
through the Territory, and are believed to have the beneficial effects generally ascribed to similar
springs, and to be especially valuable in cases of rheumatism, a complaint very common among
miners. Considering the vast trachytie upheaval which has taken place in that vicinity, the pres-
ence of hot sulphur springs can hardly excite surprise.

From the Sulphur Springs, the road continues west, at the foot of the Big Belt Mountains, cross-
ing a wide grassy plain, which has an even, uniform slope up to the edges of the hills. The stream,
some ten miles from the springs, where Newland Creek joins it, runs through a gorge of por-
phyritic trachyte with a distinct columnar structure. This rock borders the creek for some dis-
tance, and the dike runs across the road, continuing on in a northerly direction. From here a

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Lie

march of seven miles took us to Camp Baker; the road passing along by bluffs of Miocene Tertiary,
to be described later.
CAMP BAKER.

At Camp Baker, where we made a short stay, we were the recipients of most kind hospitalities
from the officer at that time in command there, from whom also we received valuable informa-
tion in regard to the surrounding country. During the time spent at this point, we were enabled to
make an imperfect reconnaissance of the immediate vicinity. The descriptions given below may be
better understood by reference to the following cut (fig. 9):

Fig. 9.

i Miocene,
Pea) (eee (Fellow slates.)

Miocene.

Camp Baker lies in a broad plain, which is surrounded on all sides by mountains, of which the
Big Belt to the south are the most conspicuous and highest. We are here on the eastern border
of the mountain-region, which extends far to the westward. The valleys of Deep Creek and its
tributaries are filled with deposits of Miocene Tertiary. These consist for the most part of homo-
geneous cream-colored clays, so hard as to be with difficulty cut with a knife. The lower layers
are generally more loose and homogeneous, while the upper beds are harder, firmer, and sometimes
quite calcareous. Some of the upper beds are remarkable for the large number of white clay con.
cretions which are found in them.

The beds are horizontal, and rest unconformably on the somewhat upturned yellow and red
slates below; the clays of which they are formed resemble closely those of the Miocene beds
at Scott’s Bluffs near the North Platte River in Wyoming. The deposits at Camp Baker have
been extensively denuded, and nowhere reach any very great thickness. At a point about three
miles southeast of the post, some bluffs were noticed where the Miocene beds attained a thickness
of 200 feet, and these were capped by 50 feet of Pliocene clays, both beds containing characteristic
fossils.

We saw the first exposures of these beds a few miles west of the Sulphur Springs, just after
crossing the high ridge of trachyte before referred to, through which Deep Creek flows. From
here, the lake bed was traced continuously along Deep Creek for a distance of fifteen miles. Beds
of the same character, containing fossils, were found on Spring Creek to the east, on White-tailed
Deer Creek, about seven miles to the north of Camp Baker, as well as on Camas Creek to the south-
west. On Camas Creek, the beds are exposed for a mile or more in bluffs ranging from 20 to 25
feet in height. The exposures on White-tailed Deer Creek are much more extensive than those last

116 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

mentioned. Those on Camas Creek are in thick, rather indistinct, layers, and contain more or
less bluish sand in irregular layers, and sometimes a little coarse gravel. Traces of this deposit,
containing what appear to be remains of Rhinoceros, were also observed two miles or more south of
Moss Agate Springs (to be referred to later), and at a considerable elevation above the creek-bed.
With more time than we had at command, they could, no doubt, have been traced much farther,
although in many places the beds have been washed out, or have been covered by the later local
drift.

Tn the Miocene beds were found a species of Rhinoceros; several species of Oreodon, Leidy, and
Eporeodon, Marsh; a canine tooth apparently of Hlotherium, Pomel; and remains of Turtles. In
the Pliocene beds, the principal fossils were a species apparently of Merychyus, Leidy; remains of
an equine smaller than the modern horse; and Pliocene Turtles. These fossils have not yet been
carefully studied, and, for this reason, their relation to the remains found in the other lake-basins
of similar age cannot here be stated. The line of separation between the Miocene and Pliocene
beds is, in some places, well marked. It consists of about six feet of bard sands interstratified with
layers of very small, water-worn pebbles, soldered together into a hard mass. Each of these layers
is about 6 inches in thickness. Immediately above these strata, the Pliocene fossils were found.

It is known that in the neighborhood of Fort Shaw, and near Helena, Pliocene deposits exist;
and near Fort Ellis, and in the valley of the Yellowstone, we saw, but were unable to examine,
gray sands and marls, which Dr. Hayden refers to the same age. No Miocene beds, however, have
been identified at any of these localities. It seems probable that, in Pliocene time at least, the
Baker Lake may have extended north to the Missouri River, and perhaps up that stream to the
“Three Forks”, thus connecting with the lake which existed near Fort Ellis. Indeed, it would
seem that we just touched upon the southern edge of this basin, which may have extended far to
the north and west.

An interesting point in connection with these deposits is the fact that, with the exception
of one deposit in Colorado, they are at a much greater elevation than any other beds of the same
age now known on the continent. The elevation of the White River beds is about 3,000 feet, and
that of the Oregon basin somewhat less; while that of the deposits near Camp Baker is over
5,000 feet.

On the east side of the plain on which Camp Baker stands, the Miocene has entirely disap-
peared. It is to be noticed that these Tertiary beds were deposited after the elevation of the older
rocks, and that most of the denudation now visible in these rocks must have been accomplished
before the deposit of the Tertiary, as it is repeatedly seen filling the depressions and unevennesses
in the slates, as also covering over the ridges of trachyte. Underlying the Tertiary, and tilted
up at a small angle, appear a series of yellow slates and shales, which are quite generally distrib-
uted in this region, though not seen elsewhere. They are seen geverally as a fine-grained slaty
rock, friable and weathering readily, so that exposures of the rock in place are rarely found. Ovca-
sionally, there are observed in them immense black concretions of remarkable structure. In the
interior, these consist mostly of a calcareous clay, very hard, and showing distinctly what is called
the cone-in-cone structure. Outside of this, the lime is purer, though lying in concentric layers,
and the exterior shell is made up of fibrous calcite half an inch in thickness. The clay cones
radiate from the center of the concretions.

The slates are destitute of fossils, and their age is only a matter for conjecture. The most
remarkable feature connected with them is that they have, in spots, a bright brick-red color;
thus, in riding over the country, a patch of intensely red-colored soil will be seen here and there,
strongly suggestive of the burned lignite beds of the Missouri River. The slate has at such points
the appearance of burned pottery; the material being harder and firmer than the surrounding rock.
In some cases the red color was uniform in the rock; but generally it was distributed in successive
bands, as though produced by the action of hot water. The red patches are quite local, and seldom
cover more than a few square yards, though in one case they were seen extending along a range of
hills for a hundred yards or more. That the effect produced has been caused by the action of heat
cannot be questioned, though under what conditions no attempt is made to conjecture. As has
been said, these shales and slates are tilted up unquestionably ; but their exact relations to the
underlying rocks could not be made out without more opportunity for investigation than we had,

*

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 117

The difficulty in settling the matter arose from the fact that the loose shale seldom showed its true
position.

We find this formation in the immediate vicinity of Camp Baker, both to the east, where it
forms high hills 250 feet above the plain, also to the south and west, where it is intersected by some
dikes of porphyry, and quite extensively below in the valley of Deep Creek, as well as along the
valley of White-tailed Deer Creek. Its general distribution seems to conform to a certain extent
to that of the Miocene Tertiary that is filling the valleys between the older rocks.

The older rocks alluded to form the ranges of hills conspicuous about Camp Baker. Immedi-
ately north of the post lies a range of hills, having an east and west trend, through which Deep
River takes its course by means of a cation, which gives an excellent section of the rocks of which
the hills are composed. The rocks all dip south, and this dip continues the same for a mile or two
to the north. South of the range alluded to, and close to the post, are several minor hills, and, at a
distance, a series of others all singularly alike in appearance. The section of rocks alluded to is
as follows: Ss

QOALtZILC eink! eka oe evan deen eee Sand ves lee eas Bees we ee te see ee 20 feet.
A series of colored shales, chiefly red, but also green and blue, with a bed

of ‘trachyte interstratified «. 2... veaies ec cesses ere ees ceie eee e wwe 150 feet.
Two ridges of limestone, in all........... ee 80 feet.

These limestones show abrupt bluffs to the north, and dip southerly. In the northernmost of
the ridges were found—
1. Crepicephalus (Loganellus) montanensis, Whitf. (n. sp.) ;
2. Obolella, sp.? ;
identifying the formation as Potsdam, according to Mr. Whitfield. Following this is a quartzite,
which forms the south side of the hill alluded to. The section is continued through the cafion :
quartzite 40 feet, firm and solid, with areddish tinge of color, breaking into massive blocks; under-
neath is a series of bright green slates, followed by a variety of clay-slates, mostly dark-colored,
with occasional beds of hard solid quartzite and some thin layers of limestone. After half a mile,
the ridge is passed, and the stream comes out into the open country. The rocks, for a mile or two,
however, are mostly the same in dip, and are conformable. They are chiefly dark blue shales.
The appearance of the quartzite hills in this neighborhood is peculiar, as they all have a grad-
ual slope to the south, but are nearly vertical toward the north, on which side there is at their foot
a talus of large cubical blocks of quartzite.
We were unfortunately not able to visit the Big Belt Mountains.

CAMP BAKER TO FORT ELLIS.

From Camp Baker, the party marched to Fort Ellis; the road for a short distance being the
same as that before traveled. The road passes to the right of the Elk Range. Twenty miles from
Camp Baker, we reached the extremity of this range. At this point, we passed immediately from
the grassy meadow onto the older rocks. Here we found first a red shale similar to that at Camp
Baker, and also to that observed higher up, four miles the other side of the Springs. This was fol-
lowed by a heavy massive quartzite, a little reddish and very firm; and overlying this was a
considerable thickness of limestone. This last is well exposed just above Moss Agate Springs, and
in some of the layers we found an abundance of fragments of Trilobites. The limestone is much of
it very cherty, and in many places it formed the same abrupt and peculiar shapes noticed elsewhere,
Just above Moss Agate, there is a little superficial synclinal fold in the limestone, the axis of which
has an approximately northeasterly direction. Moss Agate Springs takes its name from the frag-
ments of flint, chalcedony, and agate, which are common on the adjoining hills, and many of which,
from the presence of the arborescent forms of psilomelane, are popularly called ‘‘moss agates”.

These fragments of silica are evidently from the limestene, and are quite characteristic of it.
Similar fragments of chalcedony, though without the moss effect, were found abundantly in some
of the little hills just by Camp Baker. The limestone is evidently the same as that, as is moreover
proved by its association with the quartzite and by the few fossils found in it; these were all of one
apecies, a new Trilobite,—Arionellus tripunctatus, Whitf. (n. sp.).

118 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

The road from Moss Agate passes, it is true, more or less at the end of the bills, but at such
a distance from them as to afford but little opportunity for observation. From a distance, it is
observed to how great an extent the hills are made up of limestone, with the conspicuous trachylic
prominences before mentioned. From the limestone, we pass immediately to a dark, somber sand,
stone of granular texture and quite peculiar in appearance. This had a dip to the west, and con-
tained some indistinct plant-remains.

On our return journey, we found time to touch at the southeastern extremity of the same hills
near the source of Flathead Creek, and here we passed directly from sandstones resembling the
one spoken of to the limestone exactly similar to those so often observed at various points in this
range. It agreed in all respects with the other exposures. A few indistinct fossils were obtained
from a loose block, which had evidently come from close at hand, and these show it to be Carbon-
iferous. They were identified by Mr. Whitfield as Spirifera centronata, Winch.

The country near the branch of Deep Creek on the south side of the Elk Range is attractive
and covered with good grass, supporting large herds of cattle; but, after passing the low divide which
separates the above-named streain, a tributary of the Missouri, from Shields River, a branch of the
Yellowstone, a more or less decided change is observed. The prairie is here dry and barren, espe-
cially to the south of Cottonwood Creek, and supports nothing but a thick growth of sage-brush. It
is watered by several running streams beyond Sixteen-mile Creek, of which Cottonwood is one of
the most important, in view of the fact that its banks are fringed with fine trees, from which
it takes its name.

As we approach Bridger’s Pass, the character of the country improves again, and the large
numbers of cattle met with near this point indicate its capabilities in the way of grazing. Of the
geological relations of this part of the road, we saw little on our way south. While returning, how-
ever, our opportunities for observation were better, and the results are presented immediately below.
Bridger Pass is a high mountain-divide, thickly wooded, and with the high limestone cliffs of the
Bridger Mountains overhanging it on the west side. The scenery is fine, and the change from the
bare prairie to the grateful shade of the wooded mountain-side is gladly weleomed by the traveler
Geologically speaking, the prevailing rock is the dark sandstone described later, and known to
belong to the Upper Cretaceous. The position of the strata is nearly vertical. An occasional dike
of igneous rock was observed, and one of these was conspicuous on the north side of the pass. It
consists of a greenish basalt in spherical nodules, separating in the fracture into successive thin
slabs. High above the road,as we approach Fort Ellis, we noticed the horizontal strata of the
Pliocene Tertiary, which, according to Hayden, extends far away toward the west.’

From Fort Ellis, the party extended their trip into the Yellowstone Park. We introduce here,
however, the additional observations made on our return-trip through the country just mentioned.

BRIDGER MOUNTAINS.

On our return to Carroll from Fort Ellis, early in September, we encountered much trouble at
first from the condition of the roads, which were almost impassable, owing to the unprecedented
amouut of rain that the country had recently received. We made use of the delay which this occa-
sioned in the movements of the wagons, to make a little exploration of‘ the Bridger Mountains, or
East Gallatin Range, as it is sometimes called. These observations could not be extended beyond
the east side of the range, and hence are only fragmentary. Considerable time was devoted to the
same mountains by Dr. Hayden and his parties in 1871 and 1872, and reference may be made to his
reports for those years for the facts observed by them.

This range of mountains is especially conspicuous as viewed from the east side, rising up steeply
from the deep and narrow valley, and terminating in a nearly perpendicular white wall, with a
sharp knife-edge for its summit. We ascended the ridge from two points: first, September 4, from
a point in the valley below, about six miles from Fort Ellis; and, again, September 5, from our
camp, a short distance to the north side of the divide in the Bridger Pass.

The rock of the valley, and indeed of the pass, as far as observed, is a sandstone of somber
tints, gray, brownish, or greenish. The texture is generally granular and gritty, and the rock is
more or less speckled with grains of quartz and feldspar. In general, it may be said to be a sand-

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Lie

stone ma from poorly-assorted materials. It contains, in some layers, impressions, generally
indistinct, of vegetable remains. It is referred, as a whole, to the “Coal Series”, by Dr. Hayden ;
and he further estimates its thickness at 10,000 feet. This seems to us considerably to exceed the
truth. We found the same series of sandstones extending in anumber of wide folds over the prairie
to the north; and this would make it probable that even if there be a thickness of 10,000 feet of
vertical strata belonging here, it has been formed by the pressing together of an anticlinal fold par-
allel to the range of mountains. This is the more likely, as the strata of the beds all dip steeply,
and are often overturned, the dip being reversed.

Ascending the hills from the point first mentioned, somewhat north of the Bridger Peak, we
passed for a long distance through the timber, crossing, here and there, little open parks and valleys,
up to the foot of the range proper. Up to this point, we had seen but few exposures of rock, and
those similar to the sandstone already described. The section observed from this point to the
summit is as follows: Red earth and clay, with occasional masses of indurated red clay, seldom
showing any stratification ; in all, 60 feet. Following this, and, in its present position, overlying,
though, in fact, geologically, underlying it, is a thick-bedded sandstone, dipping 60° west; strike
north 20° west. This rock was mostly yellow and ferruginous; its texture gritty, at times becom-
ing a mass of coarse pebbles. Occasional layers were calcareous, and contained multitudes of indis-
tinct Cretaceous shells (see list below). These often yielded to the weather, the rock becoming
then rusty and cellular. The visible thickness of this deposit was 40 feet. Then, after a small
interval, follows a firm, blue, compact limestone; the first layers containing a few Jurassic fossils,
and those following the same in greater numbers (see list below). The thickness of this bed is
about 60 feet. Jfollowing this is a sandy limestone; and then comes the Carboniferous limestone,
which forms the remainder of the upper part of the hill for a distance of 700 or 800 feet, the total
thickness of these strata being perhaps 500 feet. This limestone has the same massive and, on
weathering, structureless character remarked elsewhere. Some layers seem to be a conglomerate
of fragments cemented together by a calcareous paste. Thin layers of dark flint, two or more inches
in thickness, are common, running irregularly through the limestone blocks, and also isolated masses
of the same rock of greater or less size. At thesummit, the dip is 70° east. Fossils were not com-
mon in this rock; those found were chiefly corals. Continuing along the narrow summit for some
distance toward the north, all the time on the solid limestone, we found its dip varying consider-
ably from east to west. On descending, a band of red clay was passed over at the foot of the com-
pact limestone, and calcareous layers interstratified with it contained some Carboniferous fossils.
The dip here was west. This is the same band noted on the succeeding day, and to be described
farther on. In other respects, the return trip added nothing to what had been before observed.

On the following day, the ridge was ascended again from a point some eight miles beyond;
but it did not yield us the complete section of the rocks that we had hoped for. The approach to
the mountains was, for the most part, of necessity through the timber; the rock appearing but
seldom, and this the dark-colored sandstone before noted. What was observed here would not
enable us to do more than guess at its total thickness. Emerging into the open ground, high up
on the range, we came upon a high ledge of a very massive, coarse sandstone, or rather a conglom-
erate. The strike was north and south, and the dip east 35°. The thickness actually exposed was
small. Rising 500 feet from here, we found a series of limestone exposures mostly covered with grass. —
They yielded some Jurassic fossils, similar to those obtained the day before. The rock following
was, as before, a white, sandy limestone, sparkling in the sun, and without fossils; then appeared
the Carboniferous limestones.

The point we had now reached is conspicuous from all parts of the surrounding country, being
marked by two lines of deep red, like bloody gashes, in the side of the mountain. These red bands,
though narrow, may be traced along the east slope of the hills for a considerable distance north
and south, and form quite a striking feature of the range. The lower bed, made up of an indurated
red clay, was only 4 feet in thickness ; but the color was very intense. Tutersteatified with these
bands was a small thickness of variegated limestone, generally purplish, sometimes vermilion or
greenish. This limestone abounded in Carboniferous fossils; not infrequently the shells occupied
the center of little‘grayish circles in the reddish rock. These soft red bands have generally yielded

120 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

to denuding influences, and the point where we stood was a narrow neck of land with a deep gulf
opening below us to the south and southeast.

From here to the summit, we were on the massive Carboniferous limestone containing corals
and erinoidal plates, with here and there a Spirifera. The summit of the ridge attained here was
considerably higher than that previously ascended, and was evidently as high as, or higher than, any
neighboring point north or south. The aneroid barometer indicated that the height was in the
neighborhood of 10,000 feet. The higher points of the summit were thickly covered with snow, on
which were lying thousands of dead grasshoppers; and in many places we saw the tracks of the
grizzly bears which had ascended the range to feed on these insects.

The prospect from this point is exceedingly grand and extended. The ridge, as has been
remarked, is, at its summit, extremely narrow, coming to a sharp knife-edge, and the view is unob-
structed in all directions. Nearly north and south stretch the irregular summits of this rugged

range, while on either side the eye sweeps over the open prairie till arrested by the mountains
which rise above the plain. To the east, the Crazy Woman’s Mountains are most conspicuous; to
the south, the ranges near the Yellowstone River; and westward, the rich Gallatin Valley extends
to the “ Meeting of the Three Waters”; and far beyond were the Bitter Root Mountains. At the
foot of the abrupt cliffs on which we stood was a little mountain lake, far below us, though seem-
ingly at our very feet. With its deep-blue waters, it was prettily set off by the white limestone
cliffs above and the dark pines inclosing it on the farther side.
The following cut (fig. 10) will give some idea of the general trend of the summit of the range.
The points lettered (A, B, ©, D) refer to the cuts which follow, showing roughly the dip of the

“aly
pod
Fort Ellis.

strata where indicated. No special importance is attached to these, except as showing the irreg-
ularity which exists at different points. The younger rocks lie on the east side, the Carboniferous

Fig. 11.

sorsspin yt?

-snosafruoqand

+9n0990} 249
senota,frogtDQ

"$N099D7}0L9

pet

Y

yg?

Q

a

Q 3

gp s

= & 3 Qa 3

fos oS & 4 a m.

=. By PS >
ay a a8 es 8 Pa
= e = o 3
& @& 8 5
my Ss ‘2. &
- e

I ¢ &

limestones form the summit, and the older rocks are on the west, with a reversed dip. We were

unable to extend our observations below the summit, and hence have nothing to add in this relation
to what is given in the reports already referred to.

TO YELLOWSTONE: NATIONAL PARK. 121

The following is a list of the fossils obtained during our examination of these mountains, as
identified by Mr. Whitfield :
Cretaceous, September 4 and 5.
Ostrea congesta, Con., associated with fragments of carbonized wood.
Jurassic, September 4 and 5.
. Camptonectes eatenuatus, Meek.
. Camptonectes bellistriata, Meck.
. AMyacites (Pleuromya) subcompressa, Meck.
. Myalina (Gervillia) perplana, Whitf. (n. sp.).
. Gervillia erecta, M. & H.
. Gervillia sparsaradiata, Whitf. (n. sp.).
. Gryphwa planoconvera, Whitf. (n. sp.).

a

~

m Co Le

src St

Carboniferous, September 4.

Summit.

. Cyathopylloid coral.
. Crinoidal plates.
. Platycrinus, sp. ?.
. Spirifera centronata, Winch.
Limestone interstratificd with the red bands.
. Productus nebrascensis, Meek.
. Chonetes mesoloba, Norwood & Pratten.
. Athyris, sp.?.

we Os bo

Nao

Carboniferous, September 5.

Summit.

. Oystiphyllum, sp.?.
. Campophyllum, sp.?.
. Campophyllum torquium, Owen.
. Chetetes, sp.?.
. Zaphrentis centralis, Ev. & Shum. 2.
. Syringopora mult-attenuata, McChes.
. Spirifera centronata, Wiuch.
Limestone interstratified with the red bands.
8. Spiriferina Kentuckensis, Shum.
9. Athyris planosuleata, Phil.?.
10. Athyris subtilita, (H.) Meek.
11. Rhynchonella Osagensis, Swall.?.
12. Streptorhynchus crassus, M. & W.
13. Productus punctatus, Mart.
14. Productus costatus, Sow.
15. Productus Prattenanus, Norwood.
16. Productus cora?, or perhaps P. Prattenanus, Norwood.
17. Productus, sp.; may be P. nebrascensis, Meek.
18. Chonetes mesoloba, N. & P.
19. Chonetes granulifera, Owen.
20. Euomphalus, sp.

AS oR be

FROM THE BRIDGER MOUNTAINS TO THE FORKS OF THE MUSSELSHELL.

We camped September 5 on Cottonwood Creek, and made from here a short excursion to the
west of the road. The main valley of Shields River is a synclival, lying between the Bridger
Mountains and the Crazy Woman’s Mountains, with an axis pointing in a direction about north
20° west. In the valley, the rocks are rarely exposed; but riding up tbe creek, two or three miles
from the road-crossing, we find the rocks dipping 30° east, with the strike north 30° west. The
exposures here show a friable sandstone, disintegrating readily. The rock has a dark, somber
appearance, and is made up of a greenish or brownish base, with small grains of quartz and a little

16 Ww

122 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

feldspar. For a distance of two miles, the inclination remains the same; the rock standing up in a
series of wave-like ridges, all having an abrupt side toward the west, and a gradual slope to the
east. Looking from the eastern side, the existence of the abrupt rock exposures would hardly be
expected, so gradual is the rise of the grassy slopes. From the west, on the contrary, the eye is
immediately struck by the remarkable series of hills with precipitous fronts.

Some five miles from the road-crossing, there is a sudden change of dip, and as sudden a
return to the easterly direction: this is very probably a local change, occasioned possibly by a dike
of igneous rock noticed at that point. The rock is here generally a sandstone, auswering more or
less closely to the description given above, sometimes a sandy slate, sometiines a whitish-gray sand-
stone. At the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek, about six miles from the road, we found an
exposure of a brown sandy slate, full of fucoidal remains, and containing a few indistinct shells.
As this rock is apparently one of the lowermost layers in the group of rocks being described, these
fossils are ef interest as furnishing a clue to the thickness of the strata. The fossils are very poorly
preserved, but have been identified by Mr. Whitfield as follows:

1. Crassatella, sp.

2. Crassatella, near cnough to C. vadosa, Morton, to have come from New Jersey.
3. Inoceramus, sp.

4. Pholadomya, sp.

3. Gryphwa, sp.

6. Panopaa, sp., very near LP. occidentalis, M. & H.

7. Scaphites larveeformis, M. & II.

Scaphites larevaformis is regarded as characteristic of Dr. Haydeu’s No. 2. Above this bed
there mast be 5,000 fect of rock belonging to the Cretaceous, though referred in part by Dr. Hayden
to the Coal Group.

At the point mentioned we pass a deep grassy valley a few hundred feet in width, and on the
other side rises along range of high bluffs 100 feet above, aud extending for a mile or more (see fig. 12),
, The rocks are exposed for a height of from 10 to

Vig. 12. dete :
50 feet in the perpendicular eastern front of the
bluffs, and form a feature of the country quite
conspicuous even from a distance. The rock is
2 a brown and gray sandstone in alternate layers,
a eae ae with occasional slaty bands. The dip is here

westerly, it being the under part of a very long

aud low fold. From the summit, quite a good view is obtained to the west; the bluff hasan abrupt
front both to the east and northwest. The valley alluded to occupies the position of the axis of
the anticlinal, and the fold itself is a continuation north of the folding which took place in the
Bridger Range.

Turning north from here, we crossed the divide a mile beyond, and came into a long valley
which trends a little west of north. The rock observed here was a brownish-yellow sandstone, with
a clay-shale underlying it, aud is undoubtedly Cretaceous, though containing no fossils. The valley
alluded to drains into Sixteen-mile Creek. We followed it for a distance of ten miles, keeping
along with the strike of the rocks, and found it abundantly covered with thick grass, or rather at
this season with hay cured in the ground, which could afford grazing for multitudes of cattle.
Turning again easterly, across the strike of the rocks, we cross a long series of wave-ridges dipping

_east as before, and much resembling those previously observed. A very white fine-grained sandstone
forms a series of bluffs not much west of the road.

The valley of the south branch of Deep Creek is wide and level. Ou the northeastern side,
where the road to the Forks of the Musselshell turns off to ascend the divide, there is quite a high
ridge, extending from the end of the Elk Range across toward the Crazy Womaw’s Mountains.
This valley is obviously, like its continuation below, a synclinal, for the strata dip sharply to the
west 70°, the strike being the same northwest. The same dark-colored sandstone forms the first
layer: this is underlaid by a sandy slate with large clay cannon-ball concretions. From here on for
a mile, the dip is continuously westerly, there being the same series of wave-ridges observed before,

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 123

only here the dip is reversed, and the abrupt side is toward the east. Thestrike remains the same,
but the dip is gentler, averaging 40°. After some 5,000 feet of strata, the dip is reversed. An
exposure of rock on the east side of the trail shows a laminated sandstone, generally soft and friable,
but in some places very hard. The dip of the first layers is 30°, and this increases as we proceed
to 45°, the inclination being here toward the east or northeast. A mile farther on, near the head
of Flathead Creek, we notice another fold. The rock is here a soft yellowish sandstone, dipping
west at a small angle, 15° to 20°. This contained many oval clayey conerctions, and in the seams
in the rock there was more or less calcite. Ripple-marks were noticed in one or two places. Still
farther on, the opposite side of the fold is seen, and here it appears that the dark-green and gray
rocks seen just after leaving the south branch of Deep Creek underlie the soft yellowish sand-
stone observed near Flathead Creek. For a mile or two more, we pass over the sandstones, chiefly
the dark rock, but occasionally noting beds of the lighter-colored. This latter is much cracked
and broken, scaling off into platter-like slabs, so that good exposures of it are seldom seen. Another
fold is passed over just before reaching the broad valley of Norton’s Creek. We have thus
the indications of three great folds between South Deep Creek and Norton’s Creek, a distance of
ten miles in a straight line. The strike varies from north to west, the dip is generally as much as
40°, and sometimes much more. A mile or two before reaching Norton’s Creek, we pass to the
left of a high butte formed by three narrow dikes of eruptive rock, seemingly conformable to the
sandstone.

At Norton’s Creek, the country changes a little more, and we come upon a broad fertile syn-
clinal valley. In this neighborhood, igneous rocks, before rare, beome very common, and beds of
trachyte and basalt are repeatedly seen interstratified with the sandstones. The most conspicuous
example of this is just to the west side of the meadow through which Norton’s Fork flows. Here
is a bed of trachyte apparently conformable to the sandstone, and evidently having been erupted
between two layers of that rock. It has asemi-columnar structure; the heads of the columns point-
ing toward the east, thus appearing as if it dipped west, though in reality the sedimentary rocks
have an inclination in the opposite direction. In the broad meadow of Norton’s Fork, a num-
ber of isolated buttes of trachyte may be seen; some of these having taken quite peculiar forms.
In these folds, it is seldom possible to trace any single layer of rock, because the characters are not
distinctive enough; occasionally, however, this may be done, asin the case mentioned above. A care-
ful plotting of the successive exposures would doubtless show the continuity of the strata, and
give an exact estimate of the thickness of the rocks involved, together with the width of each of
the folds. This we were of course unable to undertake.

On the east side of Norton’s Meadow, the dip is westerly, and the strike northwest. Here a
brown sandstone is exposed, followed by a gray trachyte in beds, which, at a distance, look like a
solid sandstone, and might easily be confounded with sedimentary rocks. Opposite where the
South Fork of the Musselshell is joined by Flathead Creek, is the extremity of a little range of hills,
trending northwest, and forming a sort of spur of the Elk Range, conforming in direction to the
low folds we have been tracing, and seemingly like one of them, a little deeper, and having brought
up lower strata. Following the sandstone, which is without fossils, we have, as we cross the east
end of this hill, some beds of red clay, making a red soil, but not apparently very thick. Above on
the hill isa hard, red quartzite, in massive blocks, which are scattered over the surface of the
slope. On the east side of the hill, near the creek, we have several exposures of a gray and yellow
sandstone dipping east, strike northwest, followed by a reversal of dip in the same beds. Tue rocks
here observed are a dark ochery-yellow sandstone, firm, and in rather thick layers, and a whitish
sandstone, sometimes in very thin, papery layers, sometimes massive, but not often very firm; much
the same association as at Hopley’s Hole.

The foldings here are not nearly so extensive as those described before; the thickness of rock
involved being perhaps not more than 1,000 feet. Near the hill, the dip is steep; but a mile from
it the inclination becomes very gradual, and insensibly the strata subside, becoming nearly hori-
zontal. <A slight eastward dip in the white sandstone is, however, reversed before reaching the
Forks, where there is a broad alluvial country. This Seems tu be the dying out of the action which
was more intense to the westward. Beyond the Forks, on the road to the Judith Gap (before trav-
eled), the same brown sandstone and white sandstone are seen again, with a slight dip, which is

124 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

once more reversed, forming apparently a final fold in our series, though the inclination is so slight
that the direction remains uncertain.

Our course along Flathead Creek was very nearly at right angles to the prevailing direction of
the strike, so that we had a very good opportunity to observe the relations of the successive folds.

FROM ARMELL’S CREEK TO THE MOUTH OF THE JUDITH.

From our camp on Armell’s Creek, a short excursion was made to the mouth of the Judith
River; the intention being to make such examination of the country at that point as our limited
time would admit of.

The beds at the mouth of the Judith have been explored only once before (by Dr. Hayden), and
their age has hitherto been in doubt. We were able to remain but two days in this interesting
locality, and the results obtained were of course meager. Enough, however, was seen to establish
the age of the beds at this point as beyond a doubt Cretaceous; three members of this division of
Mesozoic time having been found there and identified by fossils.

The ravines, which occur so constantly along the Missouri, extend back from that stream but
a few miles, except where a river enters it. Tributaries, however, carry the ravines and the accom-
panying Bad Lands back, sometimes to their sources. The country which may properly be consid-
ered as Bad Lands near the Judith is quite extensive, and is of the most rugged and barren char-
acter. Each little stream that flows into the Missouri is bordered by a strip of country more or less
wide, that is gullied and washed out in deep and precipitous ravines, without vegetation, and
venerally utterly impassable, except for the bighorn or the wolf.

The Bad Lands on the Judith River extend along that stream for about twenty-five miles from
its mouth, and run back from the river for about five miles on each side of the stream. Those on
Arrow Creek, which flows into the Missouri a few miles west of the Judith, extend along it for ten or
twelve miles back from its mouth, and have an average breadth of four miles on each side of the
stream. Those on Dog Creek stretch back into the bluffs for about fifteen miles, ranning over to
meet those of the Judith for about six miles of this distance, and reaching eastwardly nearly over
to Armell’s Creek, which also has an extensive system of Bad Lands.

The rocks are chiefly sandstone, quite pure, often quite hard, but occasionally so soft as not
to cohere in blocks when removed from the beds. Occasionally, thin beds of an arenaceous lime-
stone are seen, and from these a few fossils may generally be obtained. Yellowish sandy clays and
inarls also occur toward the base of the bluffs, but without fossils, as far as could be seen, and lack-
ing any distinctive features. Much of the lower portion of the bluffs is concealed by deposits of
the Fort Pierre beds, Cretaceous No. 4, which occurs all along the Judith River bottom and in
many of the ravines, sometimes running far back into the bluffs. These beds agree in all respects
with the deposits of that age seen near Carroll, Crooked Creek, and Box Elder. They were the
same dark shales, containing the limestone concretions, with Baculites, &c., and abounding in the
glittering selenite crystals that seem to be peculiar to these beds.

From our Camp on Armell’s Creek, we followed the Helena road back toward Camp Lewis for
five miles or more, and then, leaving it, took a course a little west of north, and, passing about ten
miles to the eastward of the Moccasin Mountains, struck the divide between the Judith and Dog
River, by which road alone our point of destination could be reached with the wagons. The time
occupied in reaching our camp on the Judith was two days; the distance traveled being a little
more than forty-five miles.

At a point two miles north of our camp, on Armell’s Creek, an exposure of bare bluffs was
noticed, which furnished the following section, from below upward :

Feet

Dark-gray horizontally-laminated shales. ...-. 2.2... 2.0... .2 cee eee e eee eee - 60

Laminated slightly ferruginous sandstone. .........-.-..5. 202. ees ee eee eee eee 12

Soft, whitish clays, about ....-..--..-.-2220 22sec nee cee eee ee eee ee sees 100
Dark-gray clays, interstratified with layers of impure limestone concretions,

about ....-...--.--- wie eieseee 23 EE See RE eee PET Te Per een rire 100

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 125

The laminated sandstone contains numerous irony concretions, from the size of a pea up to two
inches in diameter. These are quite soft, and break readily, showing a concentric structure. The
sandstone is much weather-worn. The limestone concretions, on exposure to the atmosphere, crack
and break up so that the surface of the bluffs is strewn with their angular fragments. They do not
particularly resemble the concretions of the Fort Pierre shales scen near Crooked Creek.

Later in the day, to the northeast of the Moccasin Mountains, we passed over a good exposure
of the Fort Pierre clays; and about three miles beyond this, but ata much higher level, were seen
about 100 feet of white and yellow sandy clays, capped by a thin layer of fine grained calcareous
brown sandstone. This latter was found in place only on the tops of the highest hills. A few
shells characteristic of No. 4 were found in the Fort Pierre beds, but none of the other exposures
examined yielded any fossils. All the beds seen during the day were substantially horizontal.

The divide along which our road took us is for twenty-five miles a gently rolling prairie, covered
with a fair growth of bunch-grass. It is a favorite feeding-ground for the buffalo; but, when we
passed over it, only a few of these animals were seen, although signs of their recent presence were
everywhere apparent. As we approach the Missouri River, the divide becomes less and less wide
and the road more winding. Deep ravines and coulées from Dog Creek and the Judith River run
back until they almost meet, so that the road becomes narrow and often difficult. About seven miles
from the Missouri River there is a narrow pass, the only approach for wagons to the mouth of
the Judith. Here the divide is only 10 feet wide, and on both sides steep and precipitous
ravines run off to the east and west. This backbone continues for fifty or seventy-five yards, in
which distance it turns and twists sharply every few fect. Sometimes the wagon on one side seems
to hang over a precipice a hundred feet in height, while on the other it grinds along against the face
of asandstone bluff elevated a few feet above the level of the road, or it has to be lowered carefully
down an almost vertical slope of 30 or 40 fect, and to be dragged painfully up another as high and
steep. From this point, a march of four miles over a gently rolling plateau brings us to the final
descent into the Judith River bottom. The road down into the valley is long and steep; the
difference in height between the top of the bluffs and the level of the valley being 1,200 feet.

The upper 400 feet of the bluffs are composed almost wholly of beds of sand, white and yel-
low, nearly pure, interstratified with occasional fragmentary layers of a fine-grained, clayey, brown
or red sandstone. The beds of white sand contains a few poorly-preserved Unios and the remains
of Dinosaurs (Hadrosaurus) and Turtles (Trionyx). The yellow sands contain many concretions of
hard, yellow clay, but are without fossils, so far as examined. All the beds are horizontal, and
most of them are quite hard. The white sands in some places change into a laminated white sand.
stone, and seem to be always overlaid by the brown sandstone. At a lower level, these beds seem
to pass into a white, firm, clayey sandstone, which is very hard ; but we were unable, in the limited
time at our command, to fix the point at which the change took place.

The character of the lowest portion of the beds on the Judith is much obscured by the pres-
ence of the Fort Pierre clays in the valley, and by the washing out of the base of the bluffs and
consequent dropping down of the rocks above them. This has taken place almost everywhere
along the Judith and the Missouri Rivers at this point; and, in consequence of this, the rocks dip
at every conceivable angle, and in all directions. A careful examination, however, will serve to
convince the observer that all the beds are really horizontal, and that the apparent bendings and
twistings of the rocks referred to by Dr.,Hayden are due simply to the action of running water.
This element has here acted on a scale so enormous as to be almost inconceivable to one who is
not familiar with the important part that is played by this agent in denudation in the West.

At a time in the past;when the Judith carried much more water than it does at present, the
undermining of the high bluffs was constantly going on, just as the higher alluvial banks of the
Missouri River are being undermined at present; and, as the lowest beds were washed out, the
superincumbent rocks slipped down in vast masses. The process, on a small scale, may be seen
every day while ascending the Missouri. Besides this, the water, which in spring, from the melt-
ing snows and the early rains, is carried by each of the thousand ravines which we find here, not
only washes down the sides‘of the ridges, but works under the bluffs, often boring for itself an
underground passage from one~coulée to another. Such passages increase in size annually, and
finally become so large as not to be able to support the weight of the rocks above, which sink down

126 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

and fill up the tunnel. It is to these causes, and to these alone, that the apparent irregularity in
the strata at this point is owing, and not to any uplifting of the various mountain-ranges which
exist in the vicinity. The beds at the mouth of the Judith have been very little, if at all, disturbed
by this latter agency.

The Fort Pierre beds form what may be termed the lowest bench of the bluffs along the Judith
near its mouth. They have been very much denuded; at one point reaching a height of 560 feet
above the river’s level, and at other places along the bluffs being apparently wanting. Deposits of
this age are found, not only in the main valley of the Judith, but in many little ravines back in the
bluffs as well. It is evident that they at some points have been covered by the younger rocks
which have dropped down from above. From the facts above mentioned it is very difficult,-if
not quite impossible, to get at the lowermost strata of the bluffs; and we were unable to accomplish
it satisfactorily at any point.

A considerable amount of surface-drift was noticed in the valley of the Judith and in the
ravines running into it. This consists almost wholly of water-worn limestone pebbles, similar in
appearance to the limestone observed at the western end of the Judith Mountains, in the Snowy
Mountains, &c. One of these drift-pebbles contained Spirifera centronata, Winch.

About two miles below our camp, and just above the crossing of the Judith, the Fort Pierre
beds extend up the foot of the bluffs to a height of about 100 feet. Above these, where the main
bluffs become visible, we noted 40 feet of soft, washed, yellowish clays, and over these 18 inches
of hard, blue to gray, impure limestone, containing :

1. Pholadomya subventricosa, M. & H.
2. Liopistha (Cymella) undata, M. & H.
3. Thracia Grinnelli, Whitf. (n. sp.)

This was followed by 15 inches of soft, finely laminated sandstone, in color from white to
yellowish-brown ; next came 20 feet of soft yellow clays; and finally a layer of sandy limestone
from 3 to 6 inches in thickness, and consisting almost wholly of the following shells, crowded

closely together :
. Tellina scitula, M. & TH.

1
2. Spheriola Moreauensis, M. & MH.
3. (2) Callista Deweyi, M. & II.
. Lunatia concinna, H. & M.

5. Narica crassa, Whitf. (n. sp.)

6. Baculites ovatus, Say.

At a point said to be about one-third of the way up the bluffs on Dog River, the following

fossils were collected by two members of the party: "
1. Mactra warreniana, M. & FH.
2. Cardium speciosum, M. & H.
3. Tellina (Arcopagia) Utahensis, M. & H.
4, Tellina (Arcopagia) subulata, M. & H.

They are imbedded in a soft yellow sandstone. These fossils, most of which are characteristic,
and which have been compared by Mr. Whitfield with typical fossils now in the Smithsonian
Museum at Washington, indicate the lower portion at least of these beds to belong to Cretaceous
No. 5.

At a point a little south of where the road descends into the valley, and about 300 feet above
the level of the river, the following section was taken, from below upward :

is

Feet.

Hard, gray, laminated sandstone, passing near the top into a softer, yellowish
TOCK ..---5--2-00- + Nebemetras ogee ae Se RSS witianas a: Meant Ne cana en ata Sets 50
Yellow clayey sands .... 0. 0-6... cece cece cee ee cee cece cent eet eet noes 30
Soft yellow clays .-.....-.--.------ peti lactis Dion ce ea spet Rieke t iar esas heme ieach g 50
PO GAL frccstb cate ais Lielee lane exe wie on cle tuc 4S ERED eM SEN ae tee os Peale See eee 130

Where the road comes into the valley, a bed of hard white sandstone, interstratified with

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 127

layers of yellowish laminated sandstone, is seen, the whole about 50 feet in thickness. No fossils
were found in either of the above.

It may be stated in general terms that the lower two-thirds (or 800 feet) of these bluffs consist
of yellowish clays, interstratified with thin layers of sandstone and limestone, and that the upper
400 feet is almost wholly sandstone, more or less hard, generally white, but sometimes varying from
that to a dark brown. Lignite occurs in the upper sandstone. A few hundred yards from our
camp we noticed a bed of sand 15 feet thick, with several layers of impure lignite from 1 to 2 inches
in thickness running through it. This bed had slipped down from some point high up on the blufts,
as it had no connection with the neighboring rocks, and had quite a steep dip. From the fossils
obtained, it seems that the upper beds of sands and sandstones must be referred to what have been
called the Fort Union Beds, or No. 6 of the Cretaceous.

It is a matter of regret to the writers that the observations at this point were so few and so
disconnected as to give but little idea of the structure of the bluffs and the relations of the beds.
The extent of country to be covered by our observations was very large; and patient study and
observation, extended over a considerable time, would have been required to do justice to the
locality.

LITTLE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

A delay of a few days at Carroll on our return journey was in part utilized by a short excursion
to the Little Rocky Mountains, which lie about twenty-five miles from the Missouri River, almost
due north of that settlement. The starting-point was a short distance below Carroll; and, ou reach-
ing the north bank of the stream, we took a trail leading to Milk River, which we were able to
follow for some distance. The road rises quite steeply on first leaving the alluvial plain of the river,
aud attains 400 feet of its final height within a very short distance. From here the rise is more
gradual, the road winding to and fro, keeping on the summit of a narrow ridge, whose sides are
washed down steeply on either hand. The wasbing-out of the bluffs was here even more striking
than where observed on the south side of the Missouri; and the continually dividing and subdi-
viding coulées form a labyrinth of little ridges and valleys, which would present a peculiar appear-
ance could they be viewed from a point a few hundred feet directly above. The course for the road,
however, has been so well chosen that the ascent is continuous; no descent into any minor ravines
being necessary. The final rise is a matter of time, and the high plateau which forms the true bank
of the river is only reached after a ride of several miles. The height at this point, as given by an
aneroid, was 680 feet above Carroll, which corresponds closely with the similar measurements taken on
the other side. After a little comparatively level prairie, the gradual rise is continued, and at the
foot of the hills the height is 1,250 feet above the river. A section from Carroll to the mountains
is given in figure 13, which it is interesting to compare with figure 4; the scale is the same.

Fig. 13.

Trachytic Hill
Little Rocky Sits.

Missouri R.

Profile section from Carroll to the Little Rocky Mountains. Course North and South.
Distance direct about 25 miles. ,

The bluffs on the north bank are made up entirely of Fort Pierre shales, and these were observed
from time to time nearly up to the mountains. In general character, they do not differ from those
before described. The surface of the prairie as we pass from the river is covered far and wide with
drift, very similar to that observed on the south side of the stream; though here the quartzite pebbles
are even more numerous, and cover the surface of the ground so thickly as almost to have crowded

128 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

out the scanty vegetation. Grass is hardly present at all, and even the few weeds have a hard
struggle for existence. This is true for fifteen miles from the river. Approaching the hills, how-
ever, the grass is more abundant; and occasionally in the more favored spots it is sufficiently thick
to make it worth the while of citizens of Carroll to come here for hay. In addition to the small,
smooth pebbles, the same masses of red and gray syenite found on the Crooked Creek road were
seen here. The relations of these will be spoken of more particularly hereafter, (p. 135). The
quartzite pebbles are most numerous within ten miles of the river-bank, and hardly extend much
beyond twenty miles. The same is true of the blocks of crystalline rocks to some extent, though
they were seen occasionally quite near to the Little Rockies. It is to be remarked that here also
there are no deposits of drift, the pebbles being merely sprinkled over the surface. The nearer we
approached the mountains, the more numerous became the slightly washed and rounded fragments
of trachyte, containing large, clear crystals of orthoclase. Some fragments of the same rock, by the
way, had been seen near Carroll, on the south side of the river. The source of these fragments was
obviously to be found in the hills we were approaching, and subsequent exploration proved the
truth of this conjecture.

The old trail was left after a time, and we continued on our way, striking across the prairie
toward the hills. The country was very dry and barren; the only water seen being in some holes,
and that was intensely alkaline. In general, it may be stated here that these hills are very dry,
and do not give rise to the numerous running streams, which make the region near the Judith
Mountains atiractive. Thelevel character of the prairie was favorable to the progress of the ambu-
lance, but_not at all so for geological investigation; an occasional wash of black shales being the
sum-total of all that was observed during a march of twenty-five miles. As we approached the hills,
we passed near to the edge of the high bluffs, which pitched steeply down to the valley of Little
Rocky Mountain Creek. The view which was opened out to us was extended and striking, looking
down on the Bad Lands of the creek at hand, and those which extended on indefinitely westward.
The bed of the stream offered attractions for geological work; but the descent promised so badly
for the mules and their load that it was decided to turn away, and keep on the high land.

We made our camp in a meadow some two miles south of the mountains at a spot which fur-
nished a little stagnant water. Here we had the hills in front of us, and on either hand a terrace
about four miles apart, which stretched southward till they blended with the general level of the
prairie. These high terraces two hundred feet above the level of the adjoining plain, are con-
spicuous features of the landscape, and are important as bearing on the general question of the
circumstances under which this country has been denuded. The results of the observations of the
following day are contained for the most part in the accompanying sketch. We first examined the
strata at the most easterly point (a). The intervening prairie was doubtless once covered with the
upturned strata, but now only isolated patches are to be seen. Ata, we found a brown massive
sandstone, cellular and remarkably honey combed on the surface as if worn by water washing
against it. Its texture was even, with the exception of numerous rusty iron pellets. It dipped
strongly (60°) southerly, strike north 80° east; and, standing up as a high wall or rampart, it had
survived the denuding influences which bad been too severe for the overlying strata. The outer
layer of this sandstone was 12 feet in thickness,and more compact than those that followed; the
total thickness being 40 feet. The next exposure was in the coulée 400 yards behind this wall,
where followed a series of blue and yellow shales 500 feet in thickness. These had the same direc.
tion of strike as the sandstone, but the dip was steeper, becoming nearly vertical, then changing
to north. The observations in this direction were cut off by the high hill of trachyte at b. The talus
from this hill extends out for some distance from it, covering up all sedimentary strata beneath it. At
¢ rises a second complementary hill of trachyte, and lying between these two and limiting the
prairie in this direction is an imposing limestone wall. This is worth mentioning, for it is so con
spicuous an object as to be distinctly visible in clear weather at a distance of fifty miles to the
south. The mountains seem from such a point to have a continuous white girdle running around
them. This is due to the limestone and to its continuation east and west in the range; the abrupt
wall of trachyte also continues this girdle where the limestone is interrupted. The limestone
wall shows no stratification, but its face has a steep dip south 70°, and, in character as well as in
result of weathering, resembles the Carboniferous limestone so often described.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 129

Fig. 14.

Frigg aw
Little Rocky Mountains. <a
Trachyfle. e

es

4,

OMY,

110

in aye wort nt
N WwW ;
Limestone.

CTT sna”
CTTERUT ARS aR

Grassy meadow.

é:
y
2
S
<
v
3

Sa ndstone.% g a
2 $

‘
€M .
iio

Shales with
concretions. g NN

2 2>———

ervey,
is See yy RERUN
ea ===" Sandstone.

At the west end of this limestone wall, a little cafion opens out, showing the considerable thick-
ness of the limestone. Lower layers afforded the following fossils, of which a list is here given, with
remarks made upon them by Mr. Whitfield :

1. Glauconome, sp.?.— Too indistinct for specific determination.”

2. Productus, sp. ?.—“ This has a feature (elongated depressions) which is seldom seen in rocks above
the Chemung of New York or Waverly sandstone of Burlington, Iowa.”

3. Chonetes, sp.?.—Resembles C. granulifera, Owen; also very like C. subumbona, M. & W.

4, Chonetes, sp.— This may possibly be only a variety of the preceding, with which it was associated ;
but had I seen only this fossil, I should have thought it Lower Silurian.”

5. Spirifera centronata, Winch.

In regard to these fossils, Mr. Whitfield says:

“The general expression of these fossils is that of Lower Carboniferous or perhaps Waverly.
The locality and formation is worth further exploration in view of the rocks being Lower Carbon-
iferous, or possibly even lower.”

We ascended the hill at d with some little labor, owing to the thick growth of scrub-pines, with
which it was covered, and from it obtained a tine view of the surrounding prairie and the desert
country far to the west. The various ranges of hills were distinctly visible: the Judith Mountains
with Cone Butte, to the south fifty miles distant in an air-line; the Moccasin Mountains; Bear’s Paw
Mountains, and so on. The height of this hill was 3,500 feet above Carroll, or 2,000 feet above the
surrounding prairie. Of the general geology of these hills, little can be said from such a survey,
except so far as the wide extrusion of the trachyte was noted. The hill in question was made up
of the trachyte which had been found in such large quantities over the prairie to the south. This

liw

130 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

rock is remarkable for its very porphyritic character ; the crystals of orthoclase being very numer-
ous and of considerable size, a quarter to half an inch in length. They are usually more or less
altered, and under the microscope prove to be made up of minute crystals apparently of a triclinic
feldspar, the base consisting of the same material. The whole rock is very white on the fresh
fracture; but the little iron it contains oxidizes on expostre, and the surfacebecomes rusty.

Descending the hill, we pass south over the terrace mentioned before, which would give a good
section of the rocks to one who had the time to examine it with care. The lower portion of the
southern face of the hill is precipitous ; the trachyte showing a bold front. Passing from the talus
of the mountain, we came upon a series of variegated shales, mostly bright-red, also greenish and
blue, evidently baked by the eruption of igneous rock close by; occasional beds of red sand-rock
and mud-shales occur with the others. The general strike is shown on the map. The total thick-
ness of these sbales was some 800 feet; no fossils were found, only a few indistinct vegetable
remains. Overlying these shales,with a slight change of strike, was a thick-bedded sandstone
honeycombed, and in other respects so similar to that described as occurring at a, that the identity
of the two can hardly be doubted; the underlying shales also correspond. From this point south,
the dip became more and more gradual, the terraced hill more grassy, and at d, perhaps two miles
from the hills, the dip is reversed, and the sandstone of a and e appears with a slight northerly
dip. Still farther south and west, the hills are more broken, and we passed over a series having a
somewhat different strike, consisting of a sandstone, then black shales containing large concretions
with selenite plates; and, overlying this, other sandstone layers. This shale suggests strongly the
Fort Pierre Group, which is seen horizontal only a few miles distant on the prairie. Other expos-
ures of sandstone, yellow and granular, were noted at points to the south (see figure); they had a
strike and dip as shown in the sketch. These latter are exceedingly similar to those which yielded
No. 5 fossils at Box Hilder. No fossils were found, however; though it cannot be doubted that the
series of rocks belongs mostly to the Upper Cretaceous. Tnough has been said to show, with the
help of the sketch, that the relations are by no means simple. In general, it may be said that the
hills, at least at this point, give evidence of folding; the axis lying east and west, so that the uplift-
ing force must have been from the south. Our return trip was made by the same trail, and admit-
ted of no further observations.

VHE GEYSERS OF THE YELLOWSTONE PARK.

The route followed by the party in going from Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone Lake and Geyser
Basins and returning was that generally taken from this point: through the cation of the East
Gallatin River and down the valley of Trail Creek to the Yellowstone River, thence up its valley
to the Mammoth Hot Springs, and hence to the falls, the lake, and the geysers. This route has
been twice explored by Dr. Hayden and his parties in 1871 and 1872, and the objects of interest in
the park have been described in addition in the valuable report of Captain Jones and Prof. Com-
stock, who visited it in 1873. It was not to be expected, therefore, that our hurried trip of nine-
teen days from Fort Ellis and return would give us any opportunity to collect any important
additional facts.

It therefore does not seem to us desirable to attempt here an account of the somewhat discon-
nected observations we were able to make on our very rapid journey from Fort Ellis to the Geyser
Basins, as they must be, in a great measure, repetitious of what has been already published. We
may remark, in passing, upon the very great beauty and interest of the whole region, and the
wonderful field that it offers for the study of all kinds of modern volcanic rocks.

It seems, however, that it may be of some little interest to record the action of the more
important geysers as observed by us during the day or two which we spent in the basins. We do
this, not imagining that the facts in themselves have any especial importance, except so far as this:
that the more the facts in regard to the geysers and their operations are accumulated and recorded,
the better will ultimately be the understanding of the phenomena involved.

We reached the Lower Geyser Basin the evening of August 20, and, having at that time and
during the following morning but a few hours of daylight in all, we saw no display from the more
prominent of the geysers of this basin. The only particularly noticeable eruption observed by us

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 131

was from the “Architectural” Geyser. The discharge took place in the evening, and was repeated
again in the morning, lasting each time about 45 minutes. There was no single stream thrown to
a great height; but a continued, confused mass of jets was thrown in all directions, with occasional
spirts, to a height of 30 or 40 fect. From its very irregularity, it seemed to us one of the most
attractive of the sinall geysers. The various other interesting points in the basin, the “Mud
Putts,” “ Paint Pots,” ete., were duly examined, but do not need special mention here.

We arrived at the Upper Geyser Basin August 21, and remained there until the morning of
August 24, or about 60 hours. Our note-book gives the following facts in regard to the eruptions
of the more important geysers:

Old Faithful, the guardian of the valley, showed a very high degree of regularity during the
whole period of our stay. The interval between the commencement of the discharges was 65 or
66 minutes; and, as timed by us for nearly 24 successive eruptions, varied very slightly from this
interval. The eruptions were of a very uniform character, differing but slightly in manner or dura-
tion (about three minutes) or in the amount of water thrown out. During the night, we were
roused each hour by the first rush of the water and steam, and certainly nothing could be more
beautiful than this grand fountain in action, illuminated by the light of the full moon. The
average height of the column of water, as determined by Mr. Wood, was 115 feet.

The solid portion of the geyser, that is, its ornamented crater, has been much injured by the
depredations of selfish visitors, who do not realize that the injury to the crater done by them in a
few minutes can never be repaired. One of the most interesting features of this geyser, to one
who has recently visited the Mammoth Springs, is the great similarity between the step or basin
formation bere and that of the caleareous springs, the same cause working here, but under quite
different conditions.

Bee Hive.—Our camp was situated in a grove of trees on the Fire Hole River, just opposite the
Bee Hive Geyser, so that we were able to observe it under very favorable circumstances. During
a period of 60 hours, there were three eruptions; the interval between the first and second being
26 hours, and that between the secoud and third 25 hours. ‘The duration of the action was four
or five minutes, and the measured height 200 feet. The amount of water ejected is comparatively
very small; the apparent discharge being greater than the real. This discharge consists largely
of steam, which is swayed in one direction aud another by the wind; the gracefully-waving column
of steam and water producing a beautiful effect. Its charms are cousiderably enhanced when the
sun strikes the jet so as to produce a rainbow near the top of thecolumn. ‘This geyser has a crater
alone; there being no step formation at its foot in consequence of the small amount of water which
it throws out. The force of the escaping steam and water is very great, and seems almost to shake
the crust in the vicinity. A little attendant geyser at the foot of the Bee Hive acts as a sort of
forerunner to it, giving notice by its little stream when its larger companion is about to move.

Grand Geyser—We were fortunate enough to see one very fine display of the action of this
geyser. It is especially impressive, because of the absence of any elevated crater; the water rising
from the very level of the ground. The height of the first discharge did not much exceed 100 feet.
It rose to this point in a series of violent pulsations, remained at this altitude for three or four
minutes, and then sank back into the pool, which became quite still. A moment later it had com-
menced again, the water rising certainly 150 feet by estimate. This again sank down and agaiu
rose to its maximum height, and this was twice repeated.

Giantess.—The accounts of the eruptions of the Giantess have been so glowing that we were
especially anxious to have an opportunity of observing it ourselves. When we arrived, August
21, the crater was quite full and bubbling, seeming to promise a speedy eruption. The following
day at 6.30 a. m., it boiled up vigorously, throwing up jets a few feet into the air, exciting hopes
that it was about to perform, and bringing those who were in camp somewhat hastily across the
stream. At 9o’clock it boiled up again, at times throwing out considerable water, so that it was
nearly empty as far as we could see, looking far down into the crater. It rapidly filled, however,
and a second outburst on a small scale took place. Two hours later a more vigorous display
commenced, the hot water being thrown to a height of 100 feet, by a series of successive irregular
throbs, like the beats of a pump; the heavy thumping going on below in a startling manner. This
irregular display, extremely interesting and beautiful, yet nothing compared with what the Giantess

132 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

is said to do, lasted for an hour; the entire volume of water thrown out being very great. At
length, with a sudden burst, the steam drove up the water to a much”greater height than before
seen; the noise and concussions accompanying the outburst being very violent. The water
was kept at its greatest height for two or three minites, and for this time we found the Giantess
all that had been claimed for it. But the reservoir was almost exhausted, and in a short time the
only escape was a mass of steam, which rushed out of the crater with a force which no words could
describe.

After we bad become somewhat accustomed to the noise of the eruption, and the awe inspired
by the vast outburst of steam had in a measure subsided, we experimented upon the violence with
which the vapor was ejected by throwing into the crater trunks of trees, logs, and other objects
which could be found near at hand, and the height to which these were thrown by the escaping
steam was a good indication of the force which was being expended. The heavier of these objects
Sank nearly to the narrowest part of the crater, and after being held for a moment suspended at
this point, rising and falling, according to the violence of the jet which they met, were swiftly shot
forth, often rising to a very great height.

This steam escape lasted for an hour without any sensible diminution in violevce, and we could
not help regretting that all the water had been ejected before the most powerful burst of steam
had begun, so that we might have had a full display of the power that was at hand acting on the
water. The conception of force given by this great steam escape was perhaps even greater than
if it had taken merely the form of a fountain. Six hours later the steam was still escaping, though
with somewhat diminished energy, and an occasional liquid jet seemed to show that a little water
was draining into the reservoir, only to be immediately ejected.

This great steam escape is important as bearing upon the general subject of geysers, showing
the vast amount of steam which must be accumulated before the discharge can take place, and the
high tension under which it must be.

The Castle Geyser was active most of the time during our stay, though with varying force.
The amount of water discharged was never very large, and the highest jets did not exceed 50
feet.

The Grotto was also almost continuously active, and after seeing the injury done to its crater
by visitors, the large majority of whom are residents of the Territory, we could not help wishing
that the discharge of boiling water were absolutely continuous, so that the depredators might be
kept at a respectful distance.

The Saw-mill Geyser played frequently at short intervals, but quite irregularly.

The Giunt was quiet, occasional spirts of water to the top of the crater being the only sign of
latent energy.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMATIONS.

Pre-Silurian rocks.—Up to the time when we reached the second Yellowstone Caiion, we had
seen absolutely nothing of any rocks older than the Primordial series. This is true, not only with
respect to our observations, made in the several minor ranges of mountains, but also includes the
inferences to be drawn in regard to the elevated points not reached, from the absence of any
crystalline rocks in the local drift. The only exception to this was at Camp Baker, where the drift
contained such masses, doubtless from the neighboring Big Belt Range, which we were unable to
visit, but in which we should expect to find a considerable development of the Pre-Silurian series.

Granitic rocks have been observed by others on the east side of Gallatin River, but they did
not appear within the limits of our observations. The inferred absence of crystalline rocks from
the minor ranges of hills, which break through the prairie at different points in this part of Mon-
tana, for example, the Judith Mountains, the Snow Mountains, Little Rocky Mountains, ete., if
correct, would make it improbable that ore deposits of any economic value should be found in
them.

Silurian.—Primordial series.— We observed strata, proved by fossils to belong to the Potsdam, at
two localities, and the relations of the rocks at these points as far as made out have been described ;
they may, however, conveniently be recapitulated here.

&

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 133

At Camp Baker, Primordial fossils were found in a limestone hill to the northwest of the Post;
the series and the estimated thickness are as follows: Quartzite, 20 feet; variegated shales,
mostly bright-red, also green and blue, 150 fect; limestone, in a double series of ledges, 80 feet ;
quartzite, reddish, slightly micaccous, then @ series of colored slates, mostly green, followed by
shales and thin beds of sandstones and limestones, in all probably 1,500 feet ; still further con-
formable shales, 1,000 feet. These extend toward the north farther than we could follow them It is
enough to say that the total thickness of the conformable strata underlying the fossil-bearing
limestone cannot be less than 3,000 fect, and is probably much more. All the facts point to a
very great development of Lower Silurian rocks.

The saine rocks were ideutitied at Moss Agate Springs at the south extremity of the Elk Range
of Mountains; we found here red shales like those at Camp Baker, quartzite and limestone, the
latter containing many fragments of Trilobites. We were able only to glance at this locality, aud
consequently the observations stand out isolated. To the Primordial we refer also the rocks
underlying (in position overlying, in consequence of au overturn) the Carboniferous limestone of
the Musselshell Cation, of which there must be a thickness exposed of some 1,000 feet. It is also
very probable that the limestone and red shales of the east bank of Deep Creek observed in iso-
lated patches belong to the same time. With the exception of the above, no rocks older than the
Carboniferous were seen by us anywhere from Carroll to Fort Ellis. It is certainly not to be
affirmed positively that they do not exist in the mountains touched at; the contrary is probable,
but it is quite certain that, if present, they are in all cases subordinate.

Carboniferous.—Carboniferous rocks are largely and very uniformly developed over this part of
the Northwest, as has been remarked by Dr. Hayden. All of the minor ranges of hills, repeatedly
referred to, contain Carboniferous limestone to a large extent. In fact, the most striking and char-
acteristic features of all these minor ranges are the walls of white limestone, which stand up con-
spicuously above the timber, and attract the attention even from a great distance. The very
uniform nature of this limestone has been noted, and to its character in weathering out into steep
walls and isolated towers is due the conspicuous appearance mentioned. The general facts in regard
to this formation, collating those obtained at different places, may be summed up as follows: The
upper portion consists of limestone in thin beds, with layers of shale and a little sandy slate. These
upper layers contain fossils more abundantly than the following beds. Produetus, Chonetes, Spirifera,
Athyris, Rhynchonella, and Streptorhynchus ave abundant forms. At the Bridger Mountains, some
bands of red clay in the upper part of the formation were very conspicuous and persistent, and sug-
gestions of them were seen elsewhere. At Cinnabar Mountain, in the Yellowstone Valley, the
intensely red clays and shale, from which the mountain derives its name, immediately overlie Car-
boniferous limestone, and belong, as elsewhere, to the upper part of the formation. Below these
irregular, thin beds, showing a somewhat different character at different localities, comes the mass
of the limestone already many times described. It is firm, bluish white, and always cherty. The
flint is sometimes in uniformly-distributed particles of small size, sometimes in broad bands. When
acted upon by the weather, the rock takes the form of vertical walls and steep towers, show-
ing no trace of stratification. Reference must also be made to the remarks of Mr. Whitfield upon
the fossils found by us at the Little Rocky Mountains. Hesays: “The general expression of these
fossils is that of Low Carboniferous, or perhaps Waverley.” To this, we can add nothing, except
that the fossils came from a limestone underlying the massive blue limestone before spoken of, con-
taining Zaphrentis and other corals in considerable abundance. Hxcept at this point, we found
nothing to suggest the possible occurrence of any rocks between the Primordial and the usual
Carboniferous.

As to the total thickness of the Carboniferous formation as here developed, we can only hazard
a conjecture, which cannot be of very great value. The compact limestone spoken of must be at
jeast 500 feet in thickness, and the total may be 600 feet. At any rate, it is certain that the
deposits point to a uniform condition of things at the time when the formation was laid down.

Jurassic.—J urassic fossils were found on the east slope of the Bridger Mountains at both points
where the ascent was made. The only rock observed was limestone, and the fossils were quite
abundant, in some layers, at least. The thickness seen was small, and on the one side was a
Cretaceous fossil-bearing sandstone, and on the other the undoubted Carboniferous limestone. The

134 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

interval on both sides was small, aud we should regard an estimate of 100 feet for the total thick-
ness as a largeone. Inregard to this, Dr. Hayden says: “The Jurassic rocks are crushed together
in the uplift to such an extent that they are quite obscure, and do not appear to much advantage ;
but, in Union and Flathead Passes, they are much better exposed.” Lis final estimate of their thick-
ness is not clearly stated; but elsewhere, in the same vicinity, he speaks of them as 1,200 feet thick.
Whatever may be the facts at this point, we can safely affirm that the development of Jurassic
rocks to the north and east is very limited. We had several opportunities for examining beds pos-
sibly Jurassic, in search of fossils; but in no case were we successful in our efforts to find such
remains. On the contrary, in two distinct localities we passed from undoubted Cretaceous to
undoubted Carboniferous, with a very small interval between of non-fossil-bearing strata. These
intervening strata may very possibly belong to Jurassic time, and their apparent absence elsewhere
may be due to the disturbing influences of the uplifts; but their relative insignificance seems to us
quite certain. Banks of red soil were conspicuous at several points, and in appearance suggested,
to a certain extent, the “ Red Beds” referred to the Triassic in other localities. Iu three distinct
cases, however, we found such layers immediately underlaid by Cretaceous sandstones; so that we
think that the beds in question must belong in all cases to the latter horizon.

Cretaceous.—To the Cretaceous formation belongs the rock underlying the prairie over nearly
all of the route traversed by us. We were unable, however, to obtain any satisfactory results as to the
succession of the various beds. ‘The sandstones, of which these rocks for the most part consist, are
quite different at the various localities at which they were seen. They are generally without fossils,
though frequently containing indistinet vegetable remains, and seem to lack any particularly dis-
tinctive or characteristic features. They have been so often described in the preceding pages that
it is needless here to enlarge upon them. The lower part of the formation must be that visible on
the Bridger Mountains, directly overlying the Jurassic. Very little is in sight, however, and the
fossils obtained were very poor. When the rocks appear agaiu in the valley, they are mostly the
constantly-recarring “ somber” sandstones. At®the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek (see p. 122),
we obtained a few poor fossils in a bed which stratigraphically was the lowest in a series of 5,000
feet involved in a gigantic fold. One of these fossils is credited to Cretaceous No. 2 of Meek and
Hayden. From here up, in the order of their time, the rocks have been briefly mentioned. They
are mostly dark-colored sandstoues, occasionally shales, aud all nearly destitute of remains of life.
The only suggestions of fossils are the indistinct vegetable remains before mentioned, which were
found best preserved in the upper strata. The thickness of this Cretaceous series has been esti-
mated at 5,000 feet. Most of it is referred by Hayden, though without facts, to the doubtfal “ Coal
Group, forming the transition from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary”. We regard them all as properly
Cretaceous; in fact, in some of the upper strata, fossils belonging to No. 5 were found. As has
already been stated, beds of red clay immediately overlie some of the lowest Cretaceous strata ;
and, though their character is probably local and changeable, they are so noticeable where they
occur that they deserve mention bere.

Cretaceous No. 4.—The most distinctly-marked and characteristic member of the Cretaceous is
No. 4, or the Fort Pierre clays, which have already been fully described. Their thickness was esti-
mated at 700 to 1,000 feet. They extend from Carroll north and south for a distance of twenty-five
miles from the Missouri. Further than this, they were observed below on the river one hundred
and fifty miles from Carroll, and from here to the Judith River a distance of two hundred miles.
Beds referred to these take part in the uplifted strata, both at the Judith Mountains and the Little
Rocky Mountains, overlaid by Cretaceous No. 5. The Fort Pierre clays were not observed at any
greater distance from the river than the points mentioned ; aud this is true, although beds both
below and above them have shared in the folding near the Bridger Mountains. From this, it is con-
cluded that the Fort Pierre clays are limited to the immediate valley of the Missouri at this point,
In other words, while the conditions were such as to cause an immense accumulation of mud in what
s now the immediate valley of the Missouri, different conditions prevailed at a greater distance
from the river, and deposits of sandstone were going on.

Cretaceous No. 5.—The Fox Hills Group was determined beyond all question at three points:
at Box Elder Creek, near the Judith Mountains; at Haymaker’s Creek, near the Forks of the Mus-
selshell; and at the mouth of the Judith River. The rock in each case was a sandstone, which is

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 135

characteristic of the formation. Upper layers are very yellow and ferruginous, and lower beds
white and gray. The local changes are very great. At the Judith Mountains, the thickness of the
sandstone, at a point where some estimate of its relation to the underlying clays could be made, was
thought to be about 300 feet. North of the Missouri, at the Little Rocky Mountains, sandstones
similar to those of No. 5 were seen overlying concretions, and selenite-bearing shales, presumably
No. 4; and hence their existence here may be considered probable. If now Cretaceous No. 5 is
found at two points, on cvither side of the river, at a minimum distance of twenty-five miles, while
between is No. 4, and no trace of No. 5, what has become of the latter? One fact observed may be
mentioned in this connection: the dark clays are carried from Carroll one hundred miles and more
down the river; and, at some of the lower points, these clays, which appear alone in the immediate
river-bank, have a capping at a little distauce of white and yellow sandstone. This observation,
made from the deck of the steamboat, is of little value; but it suggests that the No. 5 may be here,
where it belongs, directly overlying No. 4, while farther west, in the neighborhood of Carroll, it has
been removed by the glacial flood, to be mentioned later.

A more thorough study of the Cretaceous beds at the mouth of the Judith would no doubt have
assisted us materially in deciding the point in doubt had we been able to give the requisite time to
their examination. As it was, the relations of the beds were, as has been said, somewhat compli-
cated; and we were able to do no more than to identify by fossils the several members of the group
exposed at that point. We found here the Fort Pierre clays in close apposition with rocks
containing No. 5 fossils.

No. 6. Fort Union Group.—Beds of white sandstone, containing occasional layers of a clayey
brown sand-rock, were found at the mouth of the Judith River, evidently overlying the beds of No.
5, before referred to. From these deposits of sand, we obtained the vertebra and long bones of
Dinosaurs, identified by Professor Marsh as belonging very near the genus Hadrosaurus of Leidy.
With these remains were found Unios, and, in some layers, a little lignite; the general association
seeming to refer the deposits to the Fort Union beds. Their thickness was estimated at 400 feet,
though no sufficient data were collected to warrant any great confidence in this estimate.

Tertiavy.—Distinct tertiary strata were observed in the neighborhood of Camp Baker, and their
relations have been so fully described that a repetition is unnecessary. It may be mentioned, how-
ever, that the occurrence of a Miocene lake at this point, with beds 250 feet thick, is a matter of
no little interest, and opens many interesting questions as to the relations of this with the other
well-known Miocene lakes, as also to the Pliocene beds of the Upper Missouri and the Yellowstone
Valley. The red and yellow slates, which seem to accompany the Miocene beds of Camp Baker,
may possibly be Lower Tertiary, although, as has been remarked, they are not conformable with
the overlying beds. In the absence of any decisive facts, however, we must leave this point
undecided.

Quaternary.—More or less distinct evidence of Quaternary action was obtained at several
points. True traveled drift was observed in the Missouri Valley alone. In Upper Yellowstone
region, the amount of material transported has been immense; but the action is, comparatively
speaking, local. Tine strive, presumably glacial, were seen in the cation above the mouth of Work
Creek, and also in the granitic rocks near the bridge. At the latter point, the amount of trans-
ported blocks was very large. It may be of interest to note that the blocks apparently from this
spot were traced south ; and some few scattered bowlders were seen within 1,500 feet of the top of
Mount Washburne, as if the action had been in that direction. This matter has been discussed
for this locality by others, and we refrain from carrying it further.

The drift at the foot of the Bridger Mountains, the Elk Range, Little Belt Mountains, Snow
Mountains, and Judith Mountains, in many cases exceedingly abundant, is in all cases purely local ;
almost exclusively Carboniferous limestone or trachyte. The masses and pebbles were distributed
in the time of glacial flood, when the flow of water from these hills was very great. The action of
this flow of water, in washing out deep valleys, has already been noticed. The special interest
attaching to Quaternary phenomena is connected with the facts observed in the Missouri Valley,
which have been alluded to, though not described in detail. North and south of the river from
Carroll, the prairie is more or less covered with drift-pebbles and masses, whose source is not to be
found in the neighboring ranges of hills. On the contrary, the southern limit of this drift is reached

136 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

twenty-five miles from the river and about ten miles from the north limit of the Judith Mountains,
where the surface-drift changes its character and commences to be made up entirely of trachyte
from Cone Butte and the neighboring hills. To the north, the limit is not so distinctly marked ; but
it is reached within twenty miles of the river, where the trachyte of the Little Rocky Mountains
takes its place. This drift is divided into two classes quite distinct from each other: first, we
have the rounded pebbles, very uniformly scattered over the surface of the prairie; and, second,
the large, angular blocks distributed here and there at random. The pebbles are generally small,
sometimes several inches in diameter, but more frequently much less. They are flattened, quite
smooth, and in fact bear much the appearance of common stream-pebbles; they are almost never
glaciated. They show, however, the marks of the force of attrition by which they have been
smoothed into shape, for the surface-layer of those of uniform texture is curiously marked with
semicircular cracks, due to the constant blows which they have received against each other, giving
them often quite an ornamented appearance. The material of the pebbles is 90 per cent. quartzite,
generally yellow, sometimes dull red (jasper), and also rarely dark-colored. The remaining 10 per
cent. is made up of material so heterogeneous that a catalogue of the varieties would be more
curious than valuable; pieces of fossil wood, however, must be mentioned. As has been stated,
the deposits are superficial in all cases. The material composing the drift of the second class is
very generally a bright-red syenite; this forms masses sometimes three or four feet’ in thickness,
but averaging about 18 inches. Next in importance is a similar rock, in which the place of the
hornblende is taken mostly by black mica; still again, there are masses of black hornblende rock,
a grayish syenite, but very little true granite. All these have a very Archean look. Masses of
setui-crystalline limestone also occur, though not frequently. These blocks, as has been stated, are
uniformly angular, showing little trace of wear. They are less uniformly distributed than the
pebbles.

The source of these drift masses can hardly be held in doubt. Confined, as they are, to the
Missouri Valley, they make it almost certain that they have been brought by running water in the
direction of the present stream. In the flood which followed the melting of the ice, which, to a
greater or less extent, doubtless covered the higher mountains, and at a time when the land is sup-
posed to have been depressed, the waters may well have spread over a width of forty miles, cover-
ing the now so nearly level prairie, and could readily have transported the smaller washed pebbles.
The large blocks evidently demand stronger agencies, and it is difficult to make any other suppo-
sition than that they have been carried by floating ice brought from the westward, from the high
mountains which form the main divide of the Rocky Mountains, in which the red feldspar-syenites
and the quartzites must have a large development. This would account for their not being rolled
bowlders. To the same time of glacial floods belong the formations of the terraces seen ; especially
those at the Little Rocky Mountains and Judith Mountains.

Our opportunities for making observations above and below Carroll on the river were exceed-
ingly limited. Masses of a syenitic rock were observed, here and there, down the river, prominent
at the mouth of the Musselshell River, and again at Fort Peck. Running notes from the steamboat-
deck have little value, and not much ean be based upon them. Far down the Missouri, near Bis-
marek, eight hundred miles from Carroll, the drift bowlders are numerous, and the quaternary sands
form deep stratified deposits. These phenomena, however, join on to those which are observed more
and more decidedly to the eastward, and the source of which is to be found to the northeast. West
of Carroll, near the mouth of the Judith River, the drift just described was not observed. This
evidence is negative merely, since, if once deposited as below, it can easily be imagined that
subsequent denedation has obscured it.

It is interesting to note, in connection with the facts stated in regard to the drift from the
westward, the extended and careful observations of a similar character, made at many different
points, by Mr. G. M. Dawson, F. G.8., and described in the “ Geology and Resources of the Region
jn the Vicinity of the Forty-ninth Parallel,” Montreal, 1875.

If the report in question be consulted, a full description of these interesting facts will be found.
It is sufficient for our purposes to call attention to the great prevalence of the quartzite drift over
the prairie far to the north of the Missouri. The general character of this drift was much the same
as that found by us, and it was also referred to the Rocky Mountains as its source.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 137

PERIOD OF MOUNTAIN-ELEVATION.

Much of the country covered by our reconnaissance is, in some respects, a unique one, as may
be gathered from the remarks previously made. The prairie, deeply gullied, as it is, by the Mis-
souri and other minor streams, is, in general, of a pretty level character. The strata are horizontal,
and there is little evidence of any elevation since those Cretaceous beds were laid down. Above
the prairie, at a number of points, rise ranges of hills of no very great extent, and with an altitude
averaging about 2,000 feet. They are seen far and near; and, rising blue and misty in the distance,
from the dry, parched level, they are a most agreeable relief to the otherwise unbroken monotony of
the landscape. They are important as serving to redeem the country from utter worthlessness, since
they give rise to numbers of clear, flowing streams. The Judith Mountains, Moccasin, Highwood,
Snow, Little Belt, and, north of the Missouri, the Little Rocky and Bear’s Paw Mountains, are the most
prominent of these ranges.

Rising, as described, from the level prairie, it is to be expected that they would give good sec-
tions of the rocks which once lay horizontal over the whole of this part of the country. This would
doubtless be true, could the relations be studied in detail in each case. In fact, however, the exten.
sive denudation has left only remnants of once extensive formations, so that in a given spot the
continuity has been much interrupted. Furthermore, the commonly occurring ejection of masses
of igneous rocks has served as a decidedly disturbing element.

As to the time when the elevation of our numerous mountain-ridges took place, the evidence,
where decisive, points to the same conelusion reached elsewhere in the West, which indeed was to
be expected. The time of elevation followed the close of the Cretaceous era. This is clearly seen
at the Judith Mountains, where Cretaceous No. 5 has been involved in the general disturbance:
The saine cannot be questioned for the Little Rocky Mountains. The elevation of the Snow Mount-
ains and the Little Belt Range embraced Cretaceous deposits; and, though it cannot be positively
stated that the upper members of the formation came in at these points, this cannot be doubted, in
view of the evidence.

The Bridger Mountains are the most interesting and satisfactory. Shey include strata from the
Primordial to the top of the Cretaceous; all apparently conformable, and all elevated at one time.
The junction of the Lower Siluriau with the Carboniferous did not appear in that portion of the
range examined by us.

At the other points where the Silurian was found, we unfortunately could not observe its rela-
tions to the overlying Carboniferous. At the Musselshell Cation, the evidence is not conclusive ;
but the relations seem to imply conformability from the Cretaceous down to the Primordial. At
Camp Baker, the Primordial stands alone; and we saw no evidence of the Carboniferous following
it in the sequence of the strata, as would be expected. This fact strongly suggested to us, while on
the ground, an earlier elevation of the Silurian; but this cannot be regarded as of much weight, in
view of the fact that the extensive deposits of Miocene Tertiary may well cover up what follows and
would otherwise be exposed.

18 Ww

é

RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

DESCRIPTIONS

or

NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS.

BY

. R. P. WHITFIELD.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS."

By R. P. Wuarrrrecp.

Genus CREPICEPHALUS, Owen.
OREPICEPHALUS (LOGANELLUS) MONTANENSIS, n. sp.

Plate 1, figs. 1 and 2.

Glabella and fixed cheeks, when united, subquadrangular in outline, contracted across the eyes,
and abruptly expanding in front. Glabella narrowly conical, moderately tapering anterior] y, some-
what squarely truncate in front, strongly elevated, and gibbous in the middle and along-the central
line, marked by three pairs of lateral furrows, which are directed obliquely backward at their inner
ends; anterior pair very short, and placed near the anterior end of the glabella. Occipital furrow
only moderately strong. Fixed cheek rather narrow, not exceeding one-third the width of the glabella.
Eye-lobes proportionally large. Frontal limb long, equaling half the length of the glabella. No
perceptible anterior rim can be detected on the part preserved. Ocular ridges distinct. Posterior
lateral limbs long and narrow, their lateral extension about equal to the width of the glabella.

The species is kuown only by the glabella and fixed cheeks, the latter imperfect; but the form
is so unlike any other of the genus described that there can be no difficulty in recognizing it. ‘The
extreme elevation of the glabella is a marked feature.

Locality and formation—In limestone of the Potsdam Group overlying quartzite near Camp

Baker, Montana.
Genus ARIONELLUS, Barrande.

ARIONELLUS TRIPUNCTATUS, 0. sp.
Plate 1, figs. 3-5.

Specimens consisting only of the central parts of the head and separated movable cheeks.

Glabella conical, the height above the occipital furrow equal to the greatest width at the fur-
row; anterior end rounded, as wide as two-thirds of the length above the occipital furrow; margins
defined by strong, well-defined dorsal furrows; surface moderately convex, and very faintly angular
along the median line; marked by three pairs of very faiut lateral furrows, which are directed
obliquely backward at their inner ends; occipital furrow deep, extending entirely across the base
of the head; occipital ring moderately strong, and projecting backward in a central spine of unde-
termined length.

Fixed cheeks narrow and prominent, but rapidly sloping to the margins in front of the small,
prominent and somewhat pointed palpebral lobes. Frontal limb short, rapidly narrowing at the
sides, in front of the eyes, to the anterior furrow, which is deep and strong; anterior to the furrow
the limb is suddenly contracted and subangular in the middle; bottom of the furrow marked be-
tween the sutural margins by three deep well-marked pits. Postero: -lateral limbs narrow at their
origin, beyond which they are unknown.

*The types of all the species here described are in the Peabody Museum of Yale College, New Haven, Conn.

142 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

Facial sutures directed forward on a line with the eye for a short distance, when they are
directed inward with a strong curvature to the anterior furrow, in front of which they converge
more rapidly, and, meeting in the median line, give an angular form to the frontal limb when the
movable cheeks are absent. Movable cheeks subtriangular, exclusive of the posterior spine; cen-
tral area convex; marginal rim strongly rounded and gradually widening from the front, posteriorly
to the origin of the spine, which is of moderate strength, and as long as the glabella and frontal
limb of the head. Surface of the movable cheeks covered with strong granules. The glabella and
fixed cheeks have been similarly marked, judging from the pustulose surface of the cast of these
parts. Thorax and pygidium unknown. The surface-structure, together with the well-marked pits
in the frontal furrow, will serve to distinguish this from any other known species.

Formation and locality—tIn limestones of the Potsdam Group; at Moss Agate Springs near

Camp Baker, Montana.
Genus GRYPH AGA, Lam.

GRYPH HA PLANOCONVEXA, 0. Sp.

Plate 2, figs. 9 & 10.

Shell of medium size; general outline more or less orbicular, or with a straightened cardina
margin ; transverse section planoconvex. Lower valve more or less rounded, often quite ventricose,
but sometimes depressed-convex; beak small and narrow-pointed or truncate, usually somewhat
twisted, projecting slightly beyond the line of the hinge, and often incurved close to the cardina}
border. Upper valve flat or slightly concave, smaller than the other. Ligamental area of the
lower valve small; cartilage-groove narrow. Muscular imprints reniform, eccentric. Substance
of the shell rather thin and nacreous; surface roughly lamellose.

The form of the shell as seen in several individuals strongly resembles that of an Anomia; but
on splitting open one of the specimens, it revealed the features of a Gryphea. The general form
and characters are so distinct from any known species from rocks of Jurassic age that it may be
readily recognized.

Formation and locality.—In rocks of Jurassic age in the Bridger Mountains, Montana; asso-
ciated with Camptonectes bellitriata. C. extenuatus, Gervillia erecta M. & H., and Pleuromya subcom-
pressa—= Myacites (Pleuromya) subcompressa Meek.

Genus GERVILLIA, Defrance.

GERVILLIA SPARSALIRATA, nN. Sp.
Plate 2, fig. 8.

Shell small, much below a medium size, very oblique, and rather slender; the axis of the body
of the shell forming an angle of not more than twenty to twenty-two degrees with the car-
dinal line. Anterior wing not determined, but apparently very small or obsolete; posterior
wing proportionally long and narrow, the surface flattened and -the outer angle very obtuse; body
of the shell convex, the left valve much the most rotund, scarcely or not at all curved in its direc-
tion. Anterior margin slightly convex; basal margin rounded. Surface of the left valve marked
by about five comparatively strong radii, with wider interspaces, those along the middle of the
valve strongest and most distant; also by well marked, crowded, concentric lines, which are more
distinct in crossing the radii than between, and on the posterior wing are directed toward the hinge
in an almost direct line. Right valve less convex than the left and the markings less distinet.

This species somewhat closely resembles G. montanensis Meek (Geol. Surv. of the Territ’s, 1872,
p. 472), but differs very materially in the smaller angle formed by the body of the shell with the
hinge-line, and also in the greater length of the hinge. It is possible it may be only a strongly
marked variety of that species, but this can only be satisfactorily determined by more and better
specimens. At present, however, it seems impossible to identify it with that one.

Formation and locality—In rock of Jurassic age at Bridger Mountains, Montana; associated
with characteristic fossils of that formation.

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 143

Genus MYALINA, De Noninck.
MYALINA? (GERVILLIA) PERPLANA, 0. sp.
Plato J, fig. 8.

Shell rather above a medium size and erect, elongate quadrangular in outline, with a rounded
basal margin; anterior and posterior borders subparallel, slightly diverging from the cardinal
margin toward the basal line, which is rather sharply rounded ; height of the shell nearly or twice
as great as the greatest length in an anterior and posterior direction, and the cardinal border nearly
two-thirds as long as the greatest length of the shell. Surface of the left valve very depressed-
convex, the anterior umbonal ridge being low and rounded a little within the anterior margin of
the shell; beak small, compressed, not projecting beyond the hinge-line. Surface marked by low
rounded undulations, on the body of the shell, parallel with the lines of growth, which become sharper
thread-like lines along the postero-cardinal border.

The depressed and flattened shell, with the subparallel margins aud erect form, will readily serve
to identily the species. It is possible that the species may prove to be more nearly related to
the genus Gervillia than to Myalina on the examination of other and better specimens; the surface-
lining of the shell very closely resembles species of that genus, and the posterior wing is somewhat
unlike Ayalina, while its erect form is quite unlike Gervillia.

Formation and locality—In rocks of Jurassic age at Bridger Mountains, Montana ; associated
with well-known Jurassic fossils.

Genus VINNA, Linn.

Pinna LUDLOVI, n. sp,
Plate 1, figs. 6 and 7.

Shell elongate-triangular, very gradually increasing in width from the beaks toward the base ;
the dorsal and byssal inargins diverging at an angle of but little more than twenty degrees. Dor-
sal margin straight, as long as, or longer than the body of the shell; basal margin, judging from the
lines of growth, nearly at right angles to the dorsal margin for a short distance, then directed,
with a rapidly increasing curvature, to the byssal border. Apex and umbones unknown. Surface
of the valves angularly convex, the left one the most ventricose, and the angularity quite percepti-
ble. Both valves are marked, except for a narrow space aloug the byssal margin, by numerous,
very distinct, and somewhat flexuous radiating ribs, strongest in the middle of the shell, and
decreasing in strength toward each margin; about twenty-two to twenty-four of the ribs may be
counted across the middle of the sbell on the specimen figured, most of which are marked along
the middle by a distinctly-depressed line. Concentric lines distinctly marked and often forming
undulations in crossing the radii. Evidence of minute, scattered, spine-like projections exists upon
the surface of the radii. Transverse section across the closed valves angularly elliptical; the
relative diameters about as one and two.

The strongly-radiated surface and duplicated ribs are features that will readily distinguish this
from other described species.

Formation and locality.—In limestones of the Coal Measures, in the cafion of the Musselshell,

Montana.
Genus TAPES, Miihlf.

TAPES MONTANENSIS, D. Sp.

Plate 2, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell small, transversely elongate-elliptical, the length being a little more than twice as great
as the height; valves very depressed-convex ; beaks subcentral, a little nearer the anterior end,
very depressed and inconspicuous, scarcely rising above the general slope of the cardinal border ;
extremities sharply rounded, the anterior end broadest; basal margin broadly rounded, but a little
more arcuate than the cardinal border. Surface of the shell smooth, and presenting the appearance
of having been polished, with scarcely perceptible lines of growth.

144 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA,

We know of no described fossil shell very closely resembling this one. 7. Wyomingensis
Meek is perhaps the most closely related, but differs conspicuously in the position of the beaks,
which, in that one, are situated only about one-fourth of the length from the anterior end, while in
this they are nearly central. °

Locality and formation.—In Cretaceous strata near the mouth of the Judith River, Montana,
in beds apparently overlying the Fort Pierre sbales.

Genus MACTRA, Linn.

MACTRA MAIA,N. sp.
Plate 2, fig. 5.

Shell small, subtriangular in outline, with moderately convex valves. Anterior and posterior
cardinal slopes nearly equal, the anterior side a little the longest and less abrupt; concave between
the beak and the anterior end, while the posterior margin is convex. Anterior extremity narrow,
rather strongly rounding upward from the basal margin; posterior extremity subangular; basal
line very convex, slightly emarginate just within the posterior angle; beak short, broad, and
obtusely pointed, the apex minute, curving, and closely appressed. Body of the shell somewhat
regularly convex from beak to base, marked by a strong, subangular, posterior umbonal ridge,
behind which the shell slopes abruptly to the margin, and just within which there is a very faintly
depressed sulcus extending from below the umbo to the basal line. Anterior umbonal ridge
rounded and abrupt.

The specimen from which the description is taken is a partial cast, so that the surface is not per-
fectly seen; it appears, however, to have been nearly smooth, or with only fine lines of growth. The
hinge characters are not clearly made out; the posterior lateral tooth, however, is seen to be long
and slender, reaching nearly one-half of the distance between the beak and postero-basal angle:
The pallial sinus is somewhat rounded, slightly directed upward, and extends nearly to, or more than
one-third of the length of the shell from the posterior end.

This species is very similar in general expression to J/. incompta White, MS., but differs in
being longest anterior to the beaks, while the reverse is the case with that species.

Formation and locality —tIn beds of the Cretaceous formation believed to overlie the Fort Pierre
shales near the mouth of the Judith River.

Genus SANGUINOLARIA, Lam.

SANGUINOLARIA OBLATA, D. Sp.
Plate 2, figs, 3 and 4.

Shell swall, transversely broad-elliptical or suboval, widest anterior to the middle of the length,
where the width is equal to about two-thirds of the length; extremities broadly rounded, the pos-
terior one most sharply curved; basal margin strongly rounded, most abruptly so anterior to the
middle of its length; cardinal margin much less strongly rounded than the basal border, slightly
contracted posterior to the beaks, which are small, compressed, and but slightly projecting beyond
the cardinal border. Surface of the left valve very depressed-convex, most strongly curved across
the shell from beak t base, and, judging from the form, has been more convex than the right
valve; posterior end marked by a very faint sulcus passing from behind the beaks to the postero-
cardinal margin.

Surface of the shell marked by five concentric undulations and finer lines of growth.

Formation and locality.—In sandy limestone of Cretaceous age near the mouth of the Judith
River, overlying the Fort Pierre shales.

Genus THRACIA, Leach.

THRACIA (CORIMYA) GRINNELLI, 0. sp.
Plate 2, figs. 6 and 7.

Shell of medium size, transversely broad suboval, nearly equilateral, slightly inequivalve, and
apparently a little gaping posteriorly. Basal margin of the shell forming a regular elliptical curve

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 145

between the points of greatest length; dorsal margin less regular than the basal, slightly con-
tracted behind the beaks; auterior side somewhat rapidly sloping for two-thirds of the distance
between the beaks and anterior extremity ; extremities sharply rounded, a little less abruptly
above than below the middle of the height. Beaks of moderate size, rather broad, slightly pro-
jecting above the cardinal line, that of the right valve the largest and extending beyond the left.
External ligament small, prominent, and situated close behind the beaks.

Surface of the valves moderately convex, and apparently a little bent in an anterior and pos-
terior direction ; the left valve being the most convex. (This is the opposite from what is usually
the case.) Valves marked by distinct but irregular and somewhat crowded concentric undulations,
and also by a slightly depressed, oblique, somewhat curving sulcus extending from behind the
beaks to the postero-basal border, which it scarcely modifies. Internal features and hinge-structure
unknown.

The shell bears considerable resemblauce to Thracia Prouti Meek and Hayden (= Tellina Prout
M. & H., Proc. A. N.S. Phil., vol. 8, p. 82), but is less contracted posterior to the beaks, and the
dorsal margin slopes more rapidly anteriorly, the shell being less full and rounded on this part ;
the beaks are also larger, and project above the cardinal line more than in that one; the basal line
is also more regularly curved, that one rounding upward more strongly in front and less so behind,
giving a straighter postero-basal margin.

Formation and locality—tIn rocks of Cretaceous age at the mouth of the Judith River, Mon.
tana, which overlie the Fort Pierre shales of that locality.

Genus VANIKOROPSIS, Meek.
VANIKOROPSIS TOUMEYANA.
Plate 2, figs. 11-13.

Natica Toumeyana, M. & H., Proc. A. N.S. Phil., vol. viii, p. 270, 1856.
Naticopsis ? Towmeyana, M. & H., ib., vol. xii, p. 423.—Meek, Smithsonian Check-List, Ivvert.
Foss., p. 18, 1864.
"anikoropsis Toumeyana, Meek, Pal. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Territ., p. 332, pl. 39, fig. 2.

Shell rather large, naticoid in form, subglobose and a little oblique, composed of about four
very ventricose, but not inflated volutions ; spire short, depressed, conical, the slope of the spire
inclosing an angle of about one hundred and five degrees ; suture-line deep and well pronounced ;
body-volution forming more than two-thirds of the entire height of the shell; aperture broadly
oval, rounded, and very slightly extended below, a little straightened on the columellar side, and
slightly modified above by the preceding volution ; columellar lip thickened and spreading on the
body of the preceding volution, and covering but not concealing the umbilicus, or forming a true
callus. Umbilicus small and deep.

Surface of the two outer volutions marked by strong, transverse undulations, or ridges, par-
allel to the margin of the aperture, and numbering about fifteen on the outer whorl; also, by
coarse, revolving bands which cross the undulations and have slightly flattened interspaces ; four
of the bands occupying the space of about one-fourth of an inch on the middle of the outer
volution. Substance of the shell very thick and solid.

When describing this species, we had supposed it to be entirely new, not having recognized it
in the description of the imperfect individual used by Mr. Meek; but, on seeing his figure above
cited, we suspect it may only be a more strongly marked individual of that species, and, although
no direct comparison has been made, we do not hesitate to consider it in that light. It differs,
however, in being more elevated and in the stronger vertical folds.

Formation and locality.—In beds of Cretaceous age overlying the Fort Pierre shales near the
mouth of the Judith River, Montana.

19 Ww

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

CREPICEPHALUS (LOGANELLUS) MONTANENSIS.

Fig. 1. View of the glabella and fixed cheeks partly restored in outline..---..----------+----22 eee ee ee eee eee
Fig. 2. Profile of the same, showing the elevation of the middle portion

ARIONELLUS TRIPUNCTATUS.

Fig. 3. View of the glabella and fixed cheeks, showing the form and surface-markings...--..----.--------.----
Figs. 4 and 5. Left and right movable cheeks of the species......---..-+ seb Ge aiteidcaveaiaiacin e ciweieicraereSiSie, sociated

Pinna LuDLovi.

Fig. 6. View of the right side of the specimen described, showing the radii, with their characteristic duplica-

MYALINA (GERVILLIA) PERPLANA.

Fig. 8. View of the specimen, with the basal portion restored, according to the lines of growth

GRYPHEA PLANOCONVEXA.

Fig. 9. View of a lower valve, retaining a portion of the shell and showing the beak. The lower part of the
specimen is wholly an internal cast, and shows the form and position of the muscular impression......
Fig. 10. View of the under surface of the specimen as seen when separated from the shell of the smaller valve,
showing the cartilage-area of the lower valve and the muscular imprint of the smaller one

143

143

OF FOSSILS

NEW SPECIES

Plate I.

Capt Wm. Ludlow's Exp. to Yellowstone Park,1875.

T. Sinclair & Son, lith. Phila.

HLM Martin, del.

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CAR.
YELLO

By CAPTAL

Publish

Missourr sire

” ”
Wagon road)
AM Benton tos
Camplewist
Camp baker
Lrper Messed
eliowstone
Yellowstone!

Yellowstone «
US Land fn

= is” ; WP yog*

Ei

MAP OFA
RECONNAISSANCE

FROM

CARROLL MONTANA TER.

TOTHE

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

AND RETURN

By CAPTAIN WILLIAM LUDLOW Corps of Fingineers.
Chief Engineer Dept.ofDuakota.
InJuly August and September

1875.

Published by wuthorityof the Han.the SECRETARYof WAR,
Office ofthe CHIEFof ENGINHERS,US Army:

Sone linch=12 miles
10. = ae o 10 a0 BO rnales

Authorities

Missourt River owe Bertort Lowe Capt Tining

” aeee ” Wp...
Wagon road trom Ft.hltisto mouth oAMbasseishedl
Benton toMusselshell R.

CampLewis tol Shaw

tamplaukerto

phos vomits eld
eliowstone tokinks of Messedsheld
Feliowstone Park

”

Yellowstone exd Missouri fivers
OS Land Ofice Surveys

Compslert amet ctraun ia Chray Nr tire Wit Use (pot Dakota, by

TPRoberts
Capt LICR LS haley,
Lt J Millins 2°Dp

Capt CHa 7 Oty:
Lt Ldfrgens a

” ”
” ” ”

Cpt WA Jones

Dr FFHayvden

Can NP Raynoleéds

AM Bod, tat

Wo"

(OF

mI

N. PETERS, PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHER, WASHINGTON, 0 C

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
TAPES MONTANENSIS.

Fig. 1. View of the left valve, natural siz6... 6.1 cece cece cece ee cee cee rene cece cece ree ene e ene die aie weiseeei e's
Fig. 2. The same enlarged, showing the nearly obsolete strix..... soxibateinleie Sia a! atepnpretsinaiss sisisies jiaswe svete s ciaie Ssieinaa
SANGUINOLARIA OBLATA.
Fig. 3. View of a left valve, natural size..... aiseeees eraieisee aa pea susmrelnigieemeeing’s oielvlcid| sinkisio’ Gece sLeceuns sSenesisins
Fig. 4. View of the same, enlarged to show more distinctly the LOTW sice's sins tne Deus Sereee sedeSacectusearseiece
MACTRA MAIA.
Fig. 5. View of a left valve, enlarged, showing the general form of the shell, the impression left by the removal
of the posterior lateral tooth, and the sinus of the pallial line... 2... 2... eee ee eee cones cece ee ce eeee
THRACIA (CORIMYA) GRINNELLI.
Fig. 6. View of the right side of the specimen........2-..-.--20+ -2-e ence uececetemeedatness se esieueGteeeteen
Fig.7. Cardinal view of the same, showing the bending of the valves............---. sicedoemercedmaioes sieese
GERVILLIA SPARSILIRATA.

Fig. 8. View of the left side of the specimen described; the posterior end restored in outline........---...----

GRYPHEA PLANOCONVEXA.

Fig. 9. Cardinal view of a very convex lower valve, showing the curved beak, which is truncated by attachment
to some foreign substance... ...--- 1. ee ee nee eee eee ee eee ee acae Belniais > cine’ Cee Ves SEES Meee ees eseR eS
Fig. 10. View of the exterior of same, showing the general form..... isu Skee dee ese dare tees tesa vesmsematen

VANIKOROPSIS TOUMEYANA.

Figs. 11 and 12. Views of the opposite sides of the specimen described, showing the characters of the shell; the
latter figure showing the aperture as seen on the specimen broken and imperfect......---.---..------
Fig. 13. A restored figure, showing what would appear to be the form of the aperture when complete. The
umbilicus is shown as seen in the specimen when turned more to the right than in fig. 12 -....-....-.-

144

144
144

142

142
142

FOSSILS-

NEW SPECIES OF

. Plate Il

Capt Wm. Ludlow's Exp. to Yellowstone Park, 1875.

T Sinclair & Son. lith. Phila.

HM.Martn, del.

A.
Page.
Actiturus bartramius...... sei eerie een ceed 87
Aigialitis montanus . 0.2... 2 ee cece ee eee ee cones 86
VOCHCTUS = whu.c ees) Sieiaenie aja eal dels dew cane 85, 92
Agelaus phoeniceus ... 2.2.22. cece ee nee cen ne eee 78
AlONAIAG ieee wiser eo ele siengigus sag Sac disa teed owen 74
Albee QMOHCOAE esc. o oc dcccee wnelsceceresiqceed suse ence 69, 91
ACCU 2s asc waren ta aeamaratemaecadinatvaaieniereses 80
Alcedo aloyon...-- 2.2 20--.acc00 vencee vaca ce ccceoas 80
Alkaline deposits ...-.. 22-22... e ee eee e eee eee 99
Alluvial clays ...-2. 2. 2-20. eens cece cee Bees 97
Alluvial deposits .......2.. ..0..022 202-222 eee eee 97
Alum Creek 2... 222. eee ee eee eee ee eee eee 23, 62
American Fork, (Musselshell). ........-..--------- 57
American Lanner Falcon. ..--...--.-.---------+-- 82
American Widgeon ......-.....---2--2- 0220-2 -2e- 88
Amethyst Mountain.......--.-. 2-2. ---. 22-2 ------ 30
AMMONUES TAU boa rra spins sisis Geis Week akecewanees 101
AMPCNAG coc ocs% cecescasyweseSeweeeweaseus soawes = 76
Ampelis cedrorum ..--. 22222-2220 s2-06 ges Seeieetsaets os 76
GOT ULUS a soicigad ees ise suey een ae ued eute vices 76
Analysis: Of alkalii:s...c4: isccce sen gece se sepetin sos. 100
Anas DOSsChas, dsici oc cesieeesis ase eGe ashe seecsecie 88

ARGUED) sinjzcesteiecie's. Usps see ec oredss Week tide wanes 88

AN CHUG. snc ioe's os Hae wees, Roe a eee ees Saeasameciaes 101
Anser hyperboreus ..2 22... -2ee wee cee eee e eens 88, 92
Antelop@scssesceea seed wactan Wert peeseseens aos 70
Anthus Ludovicianus 1... 0.200026 022 eee ee eee cee nee 74,91
Antilocapr a americana .... 22.220 --- 262 eens eee 70, 91
Appearance of country near Carroll.........------ 100
Aquila chrysaétos -... 2.22 022-20 ee eee eee eee eee ee 83
Archibuteo ferrugineus ..--.. Saisie adie teisigiee ame ies 83
lagopus sancti-johannis ...--.-.---+------ 83, 92
Architectural Geyser...-.. 22.22. -----2 eee eee ees 131
Arctic Bluebird... ...-....-----------+ eevee e eee ee 73
Arctic Towhee. ..-... 2-2-2. 22-2 cee n ne cee ene cece 78
Arctomys flaviventer ..---.--.- ---+-----+--- Saiiciciees 67,91
Ardea Herodias..... .---+- ---- 222+ wen e eee cee eee 87
ATOGAE? sees ns Se odes sdistione Hatlnae asst Sak aoe 87
Argillitic slate..-.....--.------- ee 22 eee eee eee 113
Arionellus tri-punctatus ..2. 1-0-2 2-20 -0e see ceases 117, 141
Arkansas Flycatcher. .......--. -------+ +--+ +--+ 80
Armes CiGe. coonaw sexe cceseeawes eo Ma ea aew ae 33, 79
Arrow (Creek ccccansccewsvieaws teeeescews veeracais 124
AMOMAG 2. cctcsacece sans boas toes Heke sees ravacine 100
Arvicola riparia ....2. 0-22-0222 nee cee eee eee eee 68, 91
ARSIN ADONIS 6 2c. sca 'e sissecioes oid oeerdeeumece Recess 11, 64
Astronomical observations .....-..--..----------- 38-52
Athyris....-..------- 2 geal bette hie ek oh obhaisars eo SS 113, 121, 133
planosulcata ...--..----- 22-0 eee e ee eee eee 121
subtilita ....-6 Goce eo eaesicraaa sau iaee 121
Audubon’s Warbler......---. 0-2. ---- 2-0-0 eeee ee 74
Aulopora .....---0----- +205 aaa darrian istete Sawasdee odD

ANOCOE wea a sacs eae eee cate ce cee se ewce Sele woe ve eae 86

B.
Page.
Baculites ovatus 2.2.2. .- 2000 cnee cone ceceeenencee 101, 126
Bad Ger soci ctehie nsw eda) tsceseagmer wee semeatence 66
Bad Lands pee susiesctactentais dace cedbewaesseunacaes 13, 73
Baird’s Sandpiper... ....--2- 02-220 cece cee ee cane 86
Baker) Camp: .<cciss nosch cas cece we heenseeeas 67, 69, 74, 114
Baker Dako Basitt:<:c25 cc ueenee speeweace wedizemase 116
Bald Butte-cssccswcwec wid eee tne ken seas weeeanige wees 107
Bank Swallowesaccssnnst see se sapndee ess ceedeses 75
Barn: Swallow ssccsacose ossevews ve eeassekuemes des 75
Bartramian Sandpiper ...-....-.--- seesuelewals cues 87
Bay ya Riccmcersdeud s sammie ececdeaseanae canons es 63

Bay-winged Bunting.....-....0-2.---2 2-2-2. 22-2 77
Bear; Black wesc essed ers spec eedee weeny 2 Weielsios xe 66

Cinn am Onas.ate s suscie eedeseedseeesee cess ne 66
Grigzly sceeeckaeecscs nase dese te Seti ceis otk 66
Bear’s Paw Mountains ....-....-.-2-.-.---+----- 55
Beavers arc icicisudi chelate cons siteyy version seclaiatiiisewistoicetie 67
Creeltscn: seec ceseoseceees sou vee wees esses 57
Beehive Geyser sass. vesveesces case sees cane sesees 26, 131
Benson's Merry uc s sax sce ns /seasewaees wees voce eee 57
Benton; Fort: << ssas eoseceeeexesaauacce eisesee daee 9,12
Berthold) Mort rosecher vesscaul naira was cxocetiees 11,71
Big Belt Mountains.......-.. Savelieve’oie's's en tee eee. 114
Biko Creel wc.22 coe eeaicacinaircse srs clean seeheuss 57
Spring Creek ........ Scsderse Boizlestele a tbls see ieee 14, 107
Timber Creche ccs creu- soins copie se soem ode atetdss 57
Bighorn. sszeho seb orks cectnsers! stsees 5 sie sven ese 70
BirdsSsass gaced 2 2 het oscars leeeyst erdisieiees elem ose 72
Bismarck; Dako --.o25:ccisja-asied ae eosesie Gene tecens 11, 32
BiSOD; sissre ge we eee vice caterers see ees eaem deed Vek 71
Bitter Root Mountains.....-....-.-..-.---------- 120
Black Bear sjaiee sccessnseslccaige gee sinieoonien ese gece 66
Butte: sajeesieacdisivai se sace viscose ase sees 106

Black Hills, Dakota. ...-..-.-..----.-----------5- 85

Black-billed Cuckoo ....-.--------- +--+ ---0.----- 80
Blackbird, White-winged........--.-----.-------- 78

Red-win ged yiccici seit pen cien aesiee cc eine 73

Black breasted Woodpecker.....-..----.----.---- 80
Blackhead, Lesser ..-.-..---2-- ---+ 2-20-22 eee 89
Black-tailed Deer. ..--..--.-...--- 202 -------- =e 70
Creek. csc wc eaee see seeteseeans 19

Black-throated Bunting. ..--....---.------ +--+. 73
Bluebird, Arctic ...--. .----- eee ene eee eee eee 3
Woestern .. ..2.. ence terske weeklies vera meas 73

Blue Grouse ..- 24. 2.222. ee eee eee eee cee cee eee 84
Blue Heron, Great .....--..----.-------. eee ee eee 87
Blue-headed Grakle....-. --..-----+ ---- +--+ +--+ 78
Blue-winged Teal ......---------+-- -02- ++ 22-2 +--+ 89
Bobolink ..-. .. 22. ----00 cee cee cere eee eee ee eee 78
Bohemian Waxwing ..---..----- -----. eee eee eee - 76
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides -..---.----- ssi eeeie ea 85, 92
Bos americanus ..-.--- +++ 2-20 eee e ee eee piaeeteasns 71, 91
Bottler’s ranch ..-...-..------+----+--0+- beeawesicais 17

148 INDEX.

Page. Page.
BOUL -.niai ora ia aereincciaeice ceteciew Seige ie ters Biases cies 71 Cassin’s Purple Finch...........20..2- sees eeeeee 76
Box Elder Creek .... 22.0.2 ..202. cone eee eee eee 13, 76,79 Castle Geyser..-.-2 22-26 eee ee eee ee cones Pecaiateialard 26, 132
SLALOM scree ack wee ckeeee Meeeweeee wee 13 Castor canadensis .... 20-2 22. ceceee ceee cece eeees-- 67,91
BOZOMAaNeass ahs Sotees oes whale eeeeee 17, 65, 67 Watbindy 2 cecisccieccecuienaswtentdeinceseecacsue seks 72
Brackett’s Creek. ...... 2.2.02... eee cee e eee eee 16 Catamount .....---...-.--. sapd wid S Wise Rermealete, eile 63
Branta canadensis .. 00.00. 0220 eeeeee eee ee eee eee. 88,92 Cathartes urd... 22. cecees oe cane cece en nnn e en ce enes 83
Brewer’s Sulphur Spring ........-2-. 22-26 --2--6- 114 COMGHAG. sacs seein s cocecnnseses aanciie Boe Ses eek 83
Bridger Cr66k sec. vomince-cewiwics saaeieescawalacsees 65 Cd arebird: ean. camiesacin cs siiecninviecn gees beeen 76
Mountains ................--..---.----16, 68, 79 Centrocercus urophasianus ....-.. 2222 .eeeee eee e ee ee 85
PASS i cinteinie cieteera adicidc umd taciiacies Memtags 16, 88, 118 CON WAG sso hasin's g tie! & via elas einisia aieiecgpnias etna aia Were tes -a.e 69
Bridge over Yellowstone ........-.. 2220-025 sees 19, 66, 74 Cervus CANAANSIS.... 6.2220 eee ee eee e en cee eee eee 69, 91
Broken Hort 25s0 dese sexe bk vere ere cieeerse ss eee 26 MOOT OUG: sara cictne ated van uire eds Seascale W0y OL
Brook, Meadow...-.. 02-22. .-eeee cee ece cece ae cees 19 virginianus.....- 2... ee bela tatuied axe cn eolees 70
Browning, Captain. ...... 2.0.22 ee eee cee eee eee 14 COrylé GleyOiiisciecsnicies oeineic deste dotwse es aeesee « 92
Brown: Rat sssecesche wise setoseuewendcsdaa obec 68 GUC ES: «eis cisrecisinis wind Gare eeie end: canis scien baie Scie 121
AN PUM wasysce ns ene sis atiars seem eietd eieaads iene 72 Character of Hopley’s Hole. .----.------.-------+- 111
BryOZOAW siete 4 ssaae ade-cc 22 dei ogee cs cele conus 113 ClOGdiieoocs oka oe badecek ceed, ete oe Sabine 85
Bubo Virginianus ..... 0.2222 22 cece ee cee ce ewes 81 Chaulelasmus streperus .. 0-222 eee cece ee wenn een ee 88
Bucephala albeola. .... 222-0222 2.200. acne Se ciaeoe aise 89, 92 CHEITY CLé6k. .n ce anciis ccc spe see iesine Days seicyassas 57
Battal sc iosice ns ce tecdacaeeiacance sce decnoekaens 63, 71 Chestnut-collared Longspur..-...---..-..-------- 76
COOK: tcis: noida de fia tae deebaetedereraswreas 109 Chickadee, Long-tailed........----.----.-----.--- 73
Ileart Mountain .----...222...-22.-22.---- 106 MO@antaiicie ctetecisces edenle tecewen, 73
MOUMUELN: x2 5625 2s caceecasudemenisknaicece 71 Chippy Western -......---.-----5 co-2 cece eee eeee 77
Rap Syixeisan soto asecce heed skeen ese 35. Chondestes grammaca ..---.-- +--+ cece cee ee en eee eeee 78,91
BuMeheadsac> sraaanoncoanes aacace cee areneeeasemes 89 CHONGIES b5o5. ae dees aacaas meee saa eesanseaeoeneee 129, 133
Butord TMOG 2 syobs escaasoass Gaede cetenue saee 81 GUONUWUP ERE: 2525 2 sae noes cines exces coe a oe 121, 129
Bunting, Black-throated ........-.-----. ee 73 MESOLODE wascce cocrercarcaiaciale aaisisaiavsciee sits 121
Burrowitig OW: s.2.. 2 2sce seiec eee eee iaeees 86 SUDWMNDONG sa vias cca cis cieiwste sieisiete Seaes Hee 129
BUTDNCTEE Kis Seis heer ov oie a sie stare aie s eee ee eas 57 Chordeiles virginianus henryi ..--2.-.2---- 22-2 eee 80
BilleoDOvedls asic we os eee ocieyajeis wate eeeeeeleie le 82 CUR YSO MINIS PINUS s.ccaposasia sii ses ence Saieeisaeasereicise 76
CALUTUS 2.222 ence cee cna ce cuca cncanee 3) 92 CRUST Sisccaiessicty-Grat nataveienwiaiavarsosretdcded isicmictere 76
SLO UISO NOE: a ai Sec pre h BB cee 8 OS eft ek eee Ne hn Sa 82, 92 (OUD. ec ek, dia crecsid DneeAioaveis oooh stele ietlancts 72
Buzzard); Vathkeys sce 2 nee sanesveexeaceeenainsmns + 83 CUNGLUBANERICONUS acacvsedadowe deccigasogegs oes 4 Soe 72,91
C Cinnabar Mountain..........-.2.---------- 002-65 18
: Cinnamon. Bear. cc osegcccauisecciases cagerseses dees 66
Calamospiza bicolor. .... +--+ +020. 022 0 eee eee eee 78 Circus cyaneus hudsonius 2... 0222000222222 2en enone 81, 92
Calista Deweyi...--.-.--- Be ra 126 Cistothorus palustris 2... 0.2.2. .220 cece ee eee eee eee 74,91
Camas Oreely cpnwats seccje hee nysea aciciek oie iandea ava 114, 115 Clageettls aceece cious sad oe se est Boe os ok Se gies 33, 56
Camp Baker .......---.. 2-2-2 0-02 22-2222 .--2+-15, 115 Glark’s Oro seocecece sesicteyceisiae hed eetes we vee 79
Cooke .-- 22. 0.222.022 eee eee eee eee 33, 56 Clay-colored Sparrow ......-.-------2-2+ 2222-02022 77

Lewis .-- +2. 222+ 1202 eee eet eee ener eee 14,107 | Cliff Swallow.......2.222000. ceeeeeecee ceveoe cee z
Campophyllum torquium...--. 2.2. 2202.0 202. cee eee 110, 121 CO CR6ble as osc eee A 17
Camptonectes bellistriata.....-. 2-22.22. --2222 000+ 121 “Coal Group” .... 2222. eeeeeeee cece sees cece cess 122, 134
CXEENUOLUS ©... 02. eee ee eee eee ee gize ~ 121 SETI G8 2 ct odoin dta doe a tats edie ATO)
Canada Goose .... 2... -2-- 22-20-2222 ence eee 88 Coceygus erythropthalmus ...--2 2.2220 pene ne ween eee 80
TOWNE seee ne cosw heated ieee eae ae wea cae 63 Colaptes ....... sSeeierere ener et emer cn Ng toll, one ihe 80
COMA 02.52 seve snes tinemaswmeeeas cea nee de ene 63 UP OUUG serena armors ata estos raigy diese aes ute a eel 81
CNIS LA ONS 6 ons oc ec amaede sas oa Se os ee nee ee 64, 90 mexicanus.... 2-4 ceen ne eee spe fh ce ears ance 81, 92
occidentalis... ...2. 20-22 cee. eee eee e eee ee 63,90 Cold Spring Creek .......-.2. 022202002. eee ee eee 87
Cafion of Coal Creek......-.2...2.2--..---------- 17 Collurio ludovicianus excubitoroides ....--...-..----- 76
Mirssel8hellll. 2cccic ay acccig opacities ciie'y o's's wee 84 COWUMDING: ceanvonsicmsmmsayavmne! pis ke we eec alent 383
Yellowstone, Grand.........-.....-.---- Q2 COM MDIAE oe oa Gas Rota cee te bits vee cme cletacesiieteds 90
BeCONnd 2c acces Fy ewe oe 18 Colymbus torquatus ...-.. 00222022222 2-2 eee eee eee 90
Caprimul (ld@ <sas.02o facie oaglesiee caeaaaeee ened GIS 80 COMMON: DOVE: soca voesam seecey eke aqeeiaiee eee: 83
Carboniferous fossils......-.-...-.-..2.2--------- 119 CemnIGt WE GbGSe., osc wee cone owen awe awnne 88
limestonescosss. gece aes sees steue 107,110 Concretions at Crooked Creek ..........-----.---- 101
NOCKS: sc cscandeee sored s ee see seecet 133 CONG Bittee scceed Socccsecnske sed dexskeeeeuss 71, 82, 104
CareajOn o-siceneeccwesssliored eas ous ots ese-scs ue 65 Contopus borealis ....... .22206 0200 ee eeee en eee ee ee 92
Cardium speciosum... ..---. 2-22-2222 - ee eee eee eens 126 virens richardsonii -.-.2- 220 eennee cencee- 80, 92
Carpodacus cassini...... 2.222.222 202 eee eee eee ne 76, 91 Cooper, Dr cassie: ys Sock asses de baknee vee ee ReReEn 84
Carroll, asses seis tele Sa seinede: eeeiceW eeees 12, 14, 101 Cooper’s Hawk .......--.-- Si sw. cove Veo deceew wees 82
ROA Gon Skeets Ait peal ids oes on Wy AS: | CBSE Seige sicitoe ee noes ge oobe skeeeae shad ohuaesweeeen 388
Cascade Creek... ..-.2. 22.22.22 cece ee ce cece eee eee 21 Copperopolis ......-....-- bose bite shee ekowe vemeey 15, 113

INDEX.

Page
Coppor-ore ...... «2. Se eT eee eee 114
Cot aI sisi. silat en canetacal ewe oat ec ae 133
CONPUUE asset toes ec e ee clea tessa stl oes 79
Corvus americanus ... 22. ..02ee eee ne eee voce eens 7
COV UM sepicia icine aaa olds cSigva cus aiaia dots wratana ane ete ied 79
Cottonwood Creek..........2.....0. 2... weeee----16, 109
Coturniculus passerinus perpallidus ....22. 2.222. --.. V7
Cotyle riparia 0.22. ooo 2 cece eee cece cue eee cee eee 75
Cow Bunting.... 022.0. 02. ce cece cece ee cee eee ae 78
COVOLS Soins ce skdiecd smaacd Suiba pee weececeeedice nce 64
Crane, Sandhill... 22. ...0.. 0002 cece cece cece cece ee 87
Crassdtella.... .. 2.0. eee ce cece cece cccenecccceeees 198
VAMOSA 00-2. ee ee eee eee Became aaunains 122
Crater of Old Faithful... 220-0000. .0 ccc cece eee 26
Crazy Woman’s Mountains..................-----. 57
Crepicephalus (Loganellus) montanensis ........-... 117,141
Cretaceous clays....2. 20... 000020 cece ee eee eee 97
NO. Ais eon aaa mareeessyitinawawiens veneer 99 154
NG. D ule see eeeee Beas cate oeads 103, 134
IN Os. Gz avaeiss fiat Soc fate oye dt ads 127, 185
Crooked Creek........ 0.0202 cece ceecce caeeee 13, 64, 101
Crossbill, Red . 22.2000. 0.22. cece cece cece ee ee 76
CROW fo onde «Sauce se 42s bss aeadan Goose deadbeat 79
AMONCY 3 Ol i aicicc sawn coamacaacanuiseceeete’s 57
Crow, Clark’s..---.. 22220 coce ceccee ecee cee eeneee 79
ClOWS s sees weendce ee condaclandes fees c cecanaous 14, 15, 64
CV YDUON EUG: ao 8 oe ens eal teens <oe nae cveakn wed 2 107
Crystals of gypsum ..-... 2.22.2... cee eee eee eee 99
OMCNU Eisai ance Oecd cea ee cane Dok amen aon 80
Curlew, Long-billed ...... 022... 222. cee eee cee 87
Cyanospiza Amana .... 22. ieee ee cee eee cee ee cece ee 78, 91
Cyanurus cristatus .22 2.222 cece cece ee cee nee ee ee 79
stelleri macrolophus ..........-+ hese sew ses 79, 92
Cyathophylloid coral 110, 121
Cygnus buccindtor ..--.. 122. eee ee ven wen ween 88, 92
Cynomys ludovicianus 1.0.22. .22022 ees eee eee eee 67
Cystiphyllum .... 02222. cence cee ees FaQeia Reh e se 121
D.
DGPUG ACUI vaca wid wines nea 8oa sage teldule ees eee eee ciee 88, 92
Daisy Dean Creek: cc23 cnssacwsee 206 ash ehww ye ceed 15
Dana, Ey Sisceieneiacacicieniae seta aidive Baew us se eee ee oes 9,97
Dawson, G. M., report of ......---.--...2-. .22--e 136
DOP CHEK oe ac jsconiiscwie- de veces ge besieeeeeeces 15, 114
Deok, Black=tailed 's s.jcj6- 2:2 sim peo acnee seeie eoeewecae 70
Mile: 53. octwte suis oases cena Sely knee meee 70
WO Goeie ec Aerctactrele alate aw5id eva Seen ee Me tees 70
Wihibettailed ctncnecceed coon sexes xo. ndeias 70
Deer Creek, White-tailed. ..-.-..-2--..--.---2---- 73, 115
Deni CCG CWO. cae semes save cess veda eeeueeene 7A
audubonii........---+ 26. MNS wit Dees 74, 91
Deposits, alluvial... 2.2.2. .-.. 2-2-2 +22 ee seen ee 97
Descriptions of new fossils ...--..--....-.--..---- 141
Desert; [daho'cick sc cccccises deceecndseewieceseccncs 21
Destruction of geyser craters. ..---...2-........-- 26
Devils SUGGxc 2eoscie~ ia eeeeeseeadoeeaecan acess 18
WOLKSHOD (as cajon cee soeweeernennsene aces 23
DIN GSAUTS 36 auto semien Ss Seis cenaneoe ea ece eee eats 135
DIPPel icc nciwems eeu rwainae sawseaseutaiesenaeuneces 72, 89
Distances on Missouri River from Bismarck to Ben-
TON Siswescedmcsekceesee Seis hashed dasiwiios 53
Distribution of the formations.....-...----.------ 182

Page.

Dog River.-.-..........222..22-- Seni Upcimaddaehice 55

Dolichonys oryzivorus .... 0... .22 cence ce eece cceee 78

DOVG;, COMMON oe 20 eocieg wes slog ateekeeesenereeee a3

PROTO os asad owitise e's oe cemae coke wise arse eee 83

Downy Woodpecker ...-.........000c2ecee cece eee 81

Drift near Missouri River ....-.....-.. fovelomeie 101, 135

DUCK GIay sicacn.cone ccna decease esukadeorencaen 88
PAnetail. .ciiscndaiwcivadvelcweeae tech eeeasae 88
White-winged Surf ........0... 0.202. ----2+ 89

DUC Creel .ts 2c ico ccdciccwen tessa wa sooo see 57.

TOULGS oo nis srcisisieisiaiste angtcigeiacs ace eaiewms 15

Diack Hawk. ss ciee wavs we ccink sabe sees sbaneeeneeaee 82

DUSk yy Gren sO! 2 csecis sia vesica eae wdadeateceeeseeins R6

E.
Maglé, Golden .sictas hoes incalesaavecune mobs sens 83
White-headed ...... 022-2. 2.22. cece cee nee 83

Eastern Montana ..---. 222. 1.222 a eens cece ee eee €9

East Gallatin Range .-.... 2-222. .2222- eee een eee 118

Ectopistes migratoria ..- 22. 22 cee eee ne eee nee see nes 83

Hléphant’s-Back gscccc dceued cadsxssscavawdes svees 20

WOT ee th Saree acncelem eA eh tle eee eect el eta ato 69

Creel Bigs jon icccinscevesad meee soe sau snaeces 57
IG UttlG sistas ‘eulesepe avaleue mieeereraeiciee Yee 57
TRON GOs cos ttte's atert este tes sa aoa ae aoe wakes 113

Nis Onbscves Sosa cede ooctnas oxiee saheed see 16, 130

TONG HUM a cine: sinteatenaie Beaches May eearoadaad deed sus 116

Bmigrant. Peale... sccscsedcsannseeus ieaaen sacene 17, 82

Timpidonac pusillus 20.2. cece cee e cee cee eee eee 92

TE DOT CODON Ee oe oi nA Set anee Ade bya a die as 116

Lremophila. alpestris leucolema....-. 2-2-0. ----20--- 74

Hrithizon epixanthus 0.220. cece 2 eee ee eee eee 69, 91

Buomphalus 2.220 0 ee cee cee wee cee nee eens 121

Tiuspiza americana... 222.2222. cece ce eee eee cee ee 78

F.

Falco columbarius (?) richardsonii ...... 0.2222 .02+-+ 82
COMMUNES ANGUM 22222 eee ee ee ee eee eee 82, 92
laniarius polyagrus.... 2-2-2062 -2.0 sence ee eee 82
SPAVVEVUNS! 20 os sce aac eee SGatlo diene ano 82, 92

Falcon, American Lanner ....-..........--.------ 82

Richardson’s .........-2. 2-2-2220 2 eee eee ee 82

TU ICONIT Oe sayeics op2 ote oat «cts Ja od sata cRae cane el

Falls of the Yellowstone .-........2...-..0---2--- 26

LOMED ocs2 5440 eens paar
Upper: seo vcseetecouaess 22,73

Win Gey ROR ee ep aes 2a ger oe cps eanias teeta anes 29

POMS Par aciocicecveidhes beatae de aeda temmerauatemnoas 105

TRCTIAG soc cis.4 sche Re aumetnacinne meaceae Maeees aut eausaaes 63

TUB CONCOO Risa fois iacimmee Sho oaie Olea amet es enes BS 63

Ferruginous Hawk.....-...----.-.---+---- eee - 83

TEGCF ZVCHAOUS oa a eintaitwince ct eee tees Boecae sees 63

Finch, Cassin’s Purple .....----.--2.------------- 76

GISSS 3 ya3t sed ie tece cecaceseteseeanareee G7

Lark ......-- ase aracoial tipeavchats Gata ponent anima gp Saar 73
DsaZOliy. castes aned qceteatecd yeekamecce ceca 73

Pin@s ssa ucoe chee cee cota ces wee oeacon ae 76
Firehole: Rivetiees. cose senna cece ctccwse ce seceawae 25
Walley sc caccse ten. deccee sont cmieetegaee 66
Mishshasvle isco: cis SS keweeeed memset esses os 83
Flathead Creek ........---. 2-222. ----------- 118, 123, 134
PASS: 2.55 25 sister ee corte capt laos 134
Fleshman’s Creek....-. 222-2. ------ eee ee eee eee 57

150 INDEX.
i Page. 4 Page.
Blickeric jinctwes ceaciaks An eendktenr okies Ren ees 81] Grand Geyser ...--. 2.2... 20. cee cee cece eee e eee . -26, 131
Flycatcher, Arkansas .... 2.2... 0.2200 ceeeee ceneee 80 | Granitic rocks .....---..-..02..2 000 ceee cece aeigiate 132
DEY 8 See dears oceectulaecekis et ectesbeaes 80 Grass WiNChiw.secsnencweaasseodieey ose nhac goede 77
Forks of the Musselshell ............22..--2-0 200+ 83 Gray Duckie coe sacreestisie eeieia Sejccise Wate ge ba eset 88
Hort Benton 232 ciesocsiecs aie sein sees dele Shed dees 9 JAY vec sosenadcamanece pastes Qaeee BseSas aes 79
Berthold... scrrsivwecceesomce aos sees seneess 11 Wlfics ccs soeeteegcenisionate salves ede cece 63
Bator diss eaccxoeo se errr ra Se 11,81. | Great Blue Heron.-.--..-.--. -----. e---22 eee eee 87
ON [cree te tale Ue es OA Sa ned ...--16, 130 Horned Owl ..-......-...---- 2 Waeuee aeeRieS 81
jel ee eR CE AEA DAS RAS pe eUR ae 11, 13, 80 Northern Diver ...--...---- 62-200 e-ee2 eee 90
ISTE a eee etme ee Ie aye RT eel tne 11 Yellowshanks......---.-----+-----+ ieee eee 7
Stovéligdriies cose sewaemne weds ea cee bkaw edu 11,65 | Grebe, Horned...-....---- 2-20 .222 eee eee eee eee 90
Pierre Group weciscsccs cous coccee eercee neces 99 Pied-billed ,..-...----. ------ --- 222 eeee eee 90
fossils Of. .... 22. - eeenccce ceceee 101 GreCTO LV pasees Galeaddieeee Meroe edse sodas 9
Union Group... 2... ...222 cece eevee cece eees 135 | Green-winged Teal.........--..-------2e-eee seers 89
‘Fossil Ferns” 2220.00 2000 cee cee cece ceccee cece cece 102 Grinnell, George Bird ...---..-.--.---225 e222 eee 9, 62, 97
DONT ee ae ee Bona cana aaa 102 Grizzly Beats. c0-2isqectiavise ees Sebe ceed eeeke 66
Fossils, invertebrate .......---..-2--- eee eee aoa 96 Gros Ventres of the Prairie ...-...-..---------+-- 64
vertebrate ...--. - eee ee cece ee cece cece cece 96 Grotto Geyser coc i elsccesecieccusetexd cies etceawaee 25, 132
Fox Hills Group.... 2.2.2... -222. eeee eee eee 103, 104,134 | Ground Squirrel, Missouri .........--.---.---- ceeee OT
ROX. Kthicdeer see naGouac was auwasescemiads setae 64 Richardson’s .....----..----.---- 67
Prairie ......222. 222. -2ee eee ee BN ak er 64 Grouse, Blue: osesxe caceee seulesn vesee ceemesscedss 84
Seri bed sede censcaurcaes be Se moms Beemansensels 64 Dusky -.--- vee nee cee e ee cee e ee eee eee ces B4
Freeman, Maj. H...-.. 2-2-2. 2-2 cee eee cece eee ees 15,76 Rocky Mountain Ruffed....-..----.------ 85
WpANGUUAG 20 5 32.3 oa3 Lajas’ aud oo eutaced Segm eenicled 76 Sage ..2222 cece cece ee eee eee eee eee Bo
Fulica americana ...-.. 0-2-2 .22--e neenes csecceee- 88 Sharp-tailed | cues esccemeseseelcc ese eeaxine 85
PUG UG GPUS so22 ces oe ces ShekeSseead cadeaeiteess 89 GIN s2 sche sade aeed sect eew ses ieeei ous ceeeees 87
Fusus Galpinianus...22. 000-2. .2 2 ce eee ee ee eee ee 108 GUS CONDMENSIS 6.4 2. oe oleseslacn Ste eeaisse esis sel 87, 92
GUY PROG cosseseracsscstisees cciawes teed s se see se 112, 122
G. PLANOCONVERO wss22a< acct sessiaiee isa See amieis < 121, 142
dee eet cee ences setae ee eee 88 Gulehy WMIpTa nto. sca cas neni ast sisi enisjecis Mealede-ce 45
ET TCYE TT [ee ae eRe eR a 112 Gull, Ring-billed...-....-.-.----++---+---++--+-+- 90
Gallatin River, Middle Fork...........-...-..-.-- 58 Grulo [sous ~..- 22-222 eee eee cece eee cree eee 90

Wall 6y scccatccccsn ence yemedcncceegcociny 15, 120 H.

Gallinago wilsonii ....0. 00-226 cece ene eee eee 86 Hadrosaurus 2.222. 022-2. eee eee eee eee eee 125, 135
Game, destruction of. .........2...---2- 222-0226 59 Haliattus leucocephalus ...... s2220. e202 cone eee ee ee 83
Gap, JUMith nccee vcscascsswstedanccusees coins sears 64, 111 Hancock, Mount ......---.--22-. 22-222 eee eee 20
Gardiner’s Pals vsis ccsrste cee sicaswcumceceaenraie aes 19 HYATG, PYatl 6. eesnccccwstiiecisiesee oe cs.ae ee cle ee attests 66
River ...-. iss (oNE Sem ne eean pin aeuiaeia eas 18, 68 Harporhynchus rufus ..2. 022-02 62-22 e een ene eee 73
SPLIORS As 2s53 Slee eeas pede assed 17, 88, 86 Harris’s Woodpecker....--...--2. 2022+ cence cee eee 80
General conclusions.........-...---26 e- 2002 eee e ee 132 Hawk, COOpe@r ai. sie vsinccies ws cece ss ane ceeveeaecsee 82
TOPOL Gece Soscedoesteasats sewer se gses 9 WOKS co pesasincannas ace ae Seats teemeeecteks - 82
Geological report. ..---.---. 22. :e2-20 cee e ee eee ee 95 POrruginous: x ices alae sesnte eeete sews sees 83
Geothlypis philadelphia macgillivrayi...-.......----- 5 WiBh -caseeiclsiowciocict Sade send Soew Heeees sews 83
trichas ...2...--.-+- hrc Seen eared antec ne 74,91 Marshiisiccuiewsyls ozeSae teeeenscet. cee ek 81
Gervillidieretta ssinaiss sionieeesxedesescanseetas wees s 121 Redztailed 22.3 veceed os ee8 ake ce veweeieelsees 82
Sparsaliv ian scesuncizosce Sees Osos dees ae LQ, 142 Rough-legged ..---- 02-22. 0.222. eee eee 83
Geyser Basin, Lower. ......---..-.--.------ 25, 80, 86, 130 Sharp-shinned .........-2..2222..2--2-0---- 82
Upperice due vested ieee ceed 12, 16, 25, 121 SPALIO Wises adr deve iccescseaaenicedsacen or
Geysers of Yellowstone Park .....-.--..----.---.- 130 Swainson’s 2222502 ccc eee eeeceweeceen chews 82
Giant acssceiseseceessdenesemes Saseneeese des sea 3d 26, 132 Western Red-tailed ........202..2.-2.----- 82
Gisnitessveete ott ee te tte eed ae eae eee ees 26,131 Hayden, Dr. F. V...... 22... Oe Ean aR og 9,18
Giants Tham a ssecensecaesieseent saenss asses 38 18 Haymaker’s Creek -..--. 2.222020... 0200 eee ee eee 15, 111
GLAU CONOME iscccddmsascpeves Beaes waseed wees 4 als dee 129 Height of Lower Falls .................-...--..-- 290
Golden-crowned Thrush.........--..----- .--.---- 74 plateau at Carroll -....2......2...0.... 100
Goldén: Bagle nc ccsenccsssssecaeseues sea eess ss ese 33 Uppper Falls ......-.2..2222..222-2. 222. 21
Golden-winged Woodpecker .-..--..---.---..----- 81,95 Helena, Mot tiscs: sedans ccc -nakcaeneuderwe's 13, 15
Goniaphea melanocephala ....----+-----+----+ 002-5 91 He] 6nd P0800. vo 2 cectter ec tesiatsacedaucedewevecws 100
Goosander .....-...-------++- emrseasknaaes eacsae P 89 Heron, Great Blue .......2.. 22222202222. cece ee eee a7
Goose, Canada...s2 c.c2s05c00 senives vace dodenes zeke 88 Hesperomys ...0-. 02-220 eens retails me caer essa S ne 67
Common Wild assess cee ecieicess22sssnsewe 88 leucopus sonoriensis .......... 2-22. .00-e- 68, 91
SHOW cco Leyaceseeciane coeds aeeess Se SeSee 88 Hills, Sweet Grass ...... 0.0222 02220. ceeee ee eee ee 71
Gopher... ssriccsutecesgar a ddadse ore cess ce aseeee Oo! | ANNA 6 wc ceca ghee vases aeseeereeex eas, 95:
Grakle, Blue-headed ...---..---+------+-----+---- 78 Hirundo horreorum ...-.. 222222022200 cece ee eee 75, 91
Grand Caiion of Yellowstone............--.--.--- 22 tRAMASSING .... eee ee ee ee eee eee 75,91

INDEX.

Page.
Hooded Merganser ...-....... siste-sieie vislais we cuwis @ veal 89
Hopley’s Hole .-.. 0.222. ...c0e ee eeee ee cec cele. 15, 111
Hornblende ...... 2.2222. eee eee cece ee 105
Horned doe-antelopes barren ..................... 70
GLONG scat ss espera s dat day es pec 90
OW] p Great ncsoinr secs ya tity a vo cence acy 81
TAME ieee alerted oneal Ae ee nen ee ee eae. 74
Hot Spring Creek... 22... 022. eee cece eee ee ‘ 57
House Mouse .... 22... cece cece eee 68
Wren, Western... .... 2.222.222. 2ee eee 73
Humphreys, Mount ........-22..2022. 20200. 14, 20
AYStCAD! 0.4 oss seianize haan. nae ane vadcay wsece'es 69
I.
Toteria virens . 0.0... cee ene eee ee 75
LORNA ais cain 8 cee ei oe ace a cetaee howe cece ee 78
Teterus bullockit 22.2. 02.20 eee cece cece 91
Idaho Desert .--... 0.20.0... 022. bs deceive asus 21
Inoceramus ..... eee SSS eos ocean mie wine 101, 103, 122
tenutlineatus . 02.22. 02222. cece eee eee 101
J.
Jamestown, Dak........2. 2.22.22. cece eee eee eee 76
Tay; GRAY oi. oiss.55 aoe ceais mea navi as gession desea, sae 79
Long-crested .... 2222.22. eee cece ee eee cee 79
DAY CLOG cc 5060 Gace ode emes digs eGie shame bun wedded 29
Jones, Captain .... 222.0222. eee cece eee eee eee 9,18
Judith Bad Lands... .... 2.00.0. 0 2. cece ee eee eee 55, 124
BABI: cise eicieistsricls Spaveveeie avs Aiteis ced sercc vec 9,14
Gap oovieesuse cpaeige Seese gos ss5 Ss cke 14, 64, 111
Mountains..............202. 00.22.02 14, 70, 87, 103
RIVE secsinsiensiess Mawince belesies ga cae ee ve esien 14, 64
Jumping Mouse...... 2.222.222 2. eee eee eee 68
TUNCO OVEGONUS 22 eee ee eee eee cee ee eee eee 77,91
DUTASEIC oe, ccs Sede teceseceache Geen acetonide 119, 133
K.
Kildeer PlO Ve? wcccc% ccccen caccndstwwieasar veces 85
Kingbird... .. fe Gnas see hedee tes amesemeracieceme 80
img HBher,.. <2 ssc cen icisnes maint cee sce weal jieaee 80
ACG ORs 2c oe cinein ae od ceawaeameatames ceeeanees 64
L.
Lagomys princeps 1... 2.022. seen ne cece ence ee ene eee 91
Lake, Yellowstone...-....-..2.------ eee cee ee eee 24
LONG sisocececoens ss sanesssickiss basse cous dees 112
BANUAG secicnceice ecioascsinsewcwcgsias Sole secepe sees 76
Lanner Falcon, American........--...-------- +++ 82
Laride...-- hepa Siarcibie sralatoval waite ales ehteleieeiecneisre ons 90
Lark Finch....-.. sites etre Rm Severe Siafaverasaimimiere wie sist Sage 78
Lark, Horned .....--..----.+----4 baits embers Beis A 74
SHOT osc ose so hecewadede neds desea eke watens 74
Western Meadow ......---. -2-2.----20 ee e-ee 78
Larus delawarensis.....--..---2- 000+ gu hed ateanme 90, 92
Pagal Win Chie esis ss poles aise ensieistaiy cig’ vig oie Salaries 78
Least: Sand piper oi. < cenis 0 - cies ceiee eens cee dee 86
Depor idee con eee canine cn eeee nec nee cone ceeeee Sateieisis = 69
Lepus artemisia...... 222-5 .2--+- Seigicisw: 5 sies!s ess a 69
VATE ces waccee sees dieeeetoesswessses wee 91
campestris Senos teehee seem ediseniee ceases we 69
Lesser Blackhead ...... Peebles cuewies aoe serie 89
Yellowlegs........--..----.--+- sidioeidore eating ° 87
Letters of transmittal ...-- suwade ee aaceeeecwetes 9, 62, 96

Lewis, Camp ...-... mensuiscincsesges Geapeceesyee owl, 107

Lewis’ Woodpecker........00. 000002 ccccce cece cece 81
Liberty Cap ..... ae EGS Sie, dared ous Sent ela shee 2 18
Lion, Mountain...2....0000 0000.00. 0220 eee ee 63
Liopistha (Cymella) wundala....2. 02022. -22--- eee ee 103, 126
List of Mammals and Birds...........2..-...002.- 63
Little Belt Mountains... 2.0.2.2... ..2..00200. 14, 84,111
Crooked Creek... .. aot tae Mantas wae 13, 72, 80, 101
MASSOUTI + i5<,2.2206 paced Lcivisddskoacans Sens oSes 65
Rocky Mountains..........02...22220 2.00008 33; 127
Rocky Creek -... 22. 0.202. cece eee eee ee 34, 128
Timber Creek. 1.2... 00...ceee cece cee eee sets 57
Trout Creek............--. a eebreehaiais, Jad S Sce 109
Lobipes hyperboreus 2.200.022 cece ee cece ee ee eee 86
Long-billed Curlew...--....0000 020222 eee cece eee 87
Marsh Wren.............-2..22..020-- 74
Long-crested Jay...-20..2 2-20.02 eee ceca ce ecee cone 79
Longspur, Chestnut-collared...........222.22----- 76
Maccown’s .... 22-22-02. eee ee cence 77
Long-tailed Chicadee...-.........222. -e eee eee ee 73
DOOM ares Sate insists Ws arteiais cee ewes ertiece ia ee aeea ne 90
Louisiana Tanager... ....---. 02.00. eee eee eee 75
LOWer PANS «2 ccc ene guew sccicce vend we deen ncilee 73
Loxia curvirostra americana....2...-22 00.202 eee eee 76,91
Lucina occidentalis ...... 020000 see eee cee e eee eee 101
MONE CO8O: 2 seas cie2d <aele cere carers sme dea cess 101
Ludlow, BA witts 2: 2ces2ae be d6 ocetcs ce aieg pede cieiee 10
Col. Wises sesdeedssideciccia ccna ~ ve-0- 8, 62, 96
Lunatia concinna..... Weise vice Beth 2 CS ayeiesavayare tidinw wtoreta 103, 126
Lutra canadensis ....-..---2...--- sraPawists-als Seis ees 65
LYNX; Bay ‘a2 cece eetwsteone Saccine pace nce svete 63
Canada sees coe ece ees enaceee Bcsaectastteke 63
Lynx canadensis ...--. 002.2. cece ee cece ee cee eee eee 63, 90
PUP UR cS) strate Sans. ikyccisa san ciaG Aoaaanieee 63, 90

M.
Maccown’s Longspur......---. 222-22. ---2 eee eee 77
Mackinac D0at soe soci ccc cctie ce caiceieeeccasecnwans 9, 33, 35
Mactr@ Bp... 00 e1 ene cece ne tee eee nee cen ee wen wee 101
MAD - ~~ - == wane ene eee cee ewe eee «103, 144
Warreniana ...-----.22-e0-- ene ee ee ~~~ 108, 126
Madison River, East Fork of.......--. apisieeercaiauis 25
Magpie: <.--cee reins nitisicccine cewiewe sneseicceeeceleeca 79
Mallard... .--. ---- ees eee eee eee eee ebiteiacicteseis 88
Mammals, list of -... 0... 02-2 cone cece cone cee eens 63
Mammoth Hot Springs......-...---.---. -2-2 20-6 17
Mandan wine ese seeiees- 2 oe neises sedecsseeeieenss il
Mareca americana... 20.1.2 - eens eee cee eee eee eee 88
Marsh, O} Cisceisste siete oedaee. Slee Secinctas news Sees gece 96
Marsh Hawk seis cece cetie ss creicuie ts seinen see's 81
Marsh-Wren, Lovg-billed...-.. ...--..------.----- 74
Marten..-..-. sagen alesse ee eomouies: Sehes AGesme<seees 65
Martin, Purple....-.. a siete brbish odisisiaia! staicios © o's earetewisieete 75
Sand ....-..----- 75
Maryland Yellowthroat... 74
Meadow Brook .....----- 20
Meadow Lark, Western 78
Medicine Peak..--- ‘ietabt aelem. ee en eee 57
Meeting of the Three Waters......----+--------- - 120
Melanerpes erythrocephalus...--+ .-+-++ e++-seeeee --- 81,92
LON QUALUS . 220 woe ee eee eee eee ones 81, 92
Melospiza melodia fallax ...------+0-:0--22+--- + eee v7
Mephitis bicolor .. 2-22 eee = cece ee eee ee ete eee cee e eens 90
MephitiCd .. 222+ eee vee ee eeeeee neeweneeee 65, 90

152 INDEX.
Page Page.
Merganser, Hooded ....-- -----. -----+ --+-+2+12e24 e Northern California....0....2-.2c0sc0 ses ees ceneee 84
Mergus cucullatus .....+..- ++. .2 2-26 220 eee eee 89 Northern Diver, Great....-....--.0 2.22... eee eee 90
MEL QONSER yscsrarcierntcraiciaie warwicarsseaterares ateieieinctaists 89, 92 Phalarope...-.. 222220. -cec0e eee ake 86
Merriam, C. H. ..---.----++ 22220 eee nee cere eee 61, 88,90 | North Fork of the Musselshell.........--. ------- 112
MeryohyUs ....-+ 2-220 ea 22 cece nee eee eee eee 116 Noxvlon's:Creckcs.seveseenes sep ceecaecianwneacisers 123
Mimus carolinensis . 2021 .0200. cseevescess sees anes 72, 91 Numenius longirostris .... 0220 .2.000 cece eee ee eens 87
Mink... --. .--- +222 2eee eee ee cee eee een cee teen 65 Nycliceus Crepuscul arts sce cuje cme vengee ances recess 90
Miocene’ Tertiary san aceessccwes end y-seee cave nan 115 :
Missouri Ground Squirrel......-.-2. 2-2-2. -2------ 66 Oe
River, alluvial deposits of........-...--- 7 Obolella..-. 02.226 eee eee cee nee re ee eee M7
(S/Eave eT eee ee ee me 74 CEACATO: PUB CU x. a.2- caterers. sivisismmee uscarendia Cio tae a SER EG 89, 92
MOORE PCCOT Gs crn cis minister earn Saceurmaate ene 78, 91 Old Faitbful..--.. 222.2222. 222. 2-2 eee eee ---- 26, BL
EVE GSB hx casein Ne eases aR aneick ae oar ae a a 69 Olive-baeked. LDP ISH 22 ace ie econe ie cence 72
Moss Agate Springs. ec sccsce ngage dgoceccgeeeds 116, 117 Oregon ..---- 022226 eens eee eee eee ee cee eee eee Bd
DO TUG poston paced tasheic alot nit Cpt warding YL snow-bird ....-- 2-2. eee ee cere eee eee 7
Mount Hiantcot ks apsvtccreenenwrcat snip jan eaciecinene are 20 Oreodon..--.----- +--+ + 22+ scarce ete 112
Humphreys .-.... 22222. 02222-02eec eee eee 20 Oreoscoptcs MOntARUS L226. 0222 2602 oon eee eee eee 72,91
SHOP TSI cpm rerereree cuter asresesecsiedeneres soya spe coe ancseco 20 ORT COTS wcscnia g anitenyencislee wactaints emeieiemmaatea cae e 107
Washburne.......22. ee eee vec eee cece cee eee 20 Orthoclastuccx: veraayy sada geccegeemgesereets 105
Mountain Buffalo...... 0.2222 0.ccce ec ceee cece TL | O8U CM eee cee ee cere eee ete eee erences 112
Chickadee... - 2. eoee cee eee cece ceee cece 73 CONGES Wr woicwd we rater awiemine swam ieetet 103, 110, 113, 121
STUNT pce e acta teeta ea ate comet cake 63 Otte sa sesneseeeseeeeere eee iaeceuseves eeereecmes 65, 68
Mocking-bird ..........2000 e008 seecee ee 72 ORB PANS iSexcem ore eves sensed dees eeseecncmwees 8L
DIOR wey dat hee eh ee es Sens 36 Otus vulgaris wilsonianus ...2..-.0 2-0 002-2 eee eee 92
Sheep hae rae la oP waa anc etic gg ce nA eee Mo 70 OV Perch eesccntsiasassccecieeteot eee eh ets 70
Mountain-elevation, period of,...........-.2..-.. 137 Ovis montana ..~--. ---- +2 +22 eee ee reer eee eee 70, 91
Mountains, Bear’s Paw...... 222-2. 02 eee ee eee 13, 55 Owl, Burrowing..--.. .-----.---2+ 222 seers eee 81
EGBA Bs rSericvaeaaeyneeatg uate Gren eceemaparecioseree 115 Gieat Honied.. 2... 0. 28dsc cece weetee wera al
Bt RSTEIRO bs ces cena svseecaoarorscsrocrs ouscion 120 SIGRDOATC EL woseaniecletatdhernine eae weiinnni aa 81
CRaZ 5 WOMB Sco ssecavcnen cavern mene 57, 120 Pp.
Judith... ++. 22. see seer ee rere eee 14570, 103) |, IppintPoliscxtsceeersecaaayasubannses onasmnnccane 25, 131
Little Belt .... 222.222. +--+ 2. eee 14, 84, 110 PUndiow WOUAews: rniecietwse cearceicrw esa wiaicisielnie seek pee 83, 92
Rocky ...-----2-0++0e2ee everest 33, 127 Panopwa occidentalis 122
SD ONY Sc ccm cereieinasesneroensreranand 15, 109 STATI Cie sot gts dewia got BoM I cape Se han se ceo 73
PW EEIGENSS ieccciera tine sewieieeieiiuimamas 71,79 Park, National .... ...-2.--2..- 63
, Helles Wiha suena eek aaa 57 Partial list of Mammals and Birds.........-.. 2... 90
Mourning Warbler, Western ....-..-...---+-+++--+ 74 Parus atricapillus septentrionalis...--.- 1.22. ..205- 73,91
Mouse, House Arp ou te oe eee ee 68 MONMONUS ceeactaen ceseh emmseinsiine See eneemes 73, 91
=e a Nips ee her Ne eda oe ne Pass, Bridger .----. .----- ---2e + eons eee ee eee eee 82
Weatorn White-footed oo OW tlstiienmaacammnmecroas,
Mud-geysers .----.+- +--+ 02-2 seers eee eee 23° | Pediacetes phasianellus columbianus....20. 022+ .-00e+ 85
Mud-hen..---.0-2+ 020 cree cere cree ee cree eee eee 88 Pelican Creel vcosces veces cace.n suis seweeemmeccae Q4
Mud-puffs ...----.---- --- 2 22s eee eee eee eee 131 Pelican, White ...2..22022..2-e. pet te het Lee 89
Mule Deer .- 200 020 sere cere verre e eee eee eee 70 PeliCaHide...scesnses eecewsesisierssisieiesisis s wcic Sree 89
Murid@.-.- 0-0-2 ve seer tence cece seen ee teen eens 68 | Pelicanus trachyrhynchus..........2. 2+ the acieiaaieiais 89, 92
Mus decumanus -.-- --+ + +++ 2-2-2 ve eeee eee sees eee 68 | Period of mountain-clevation........2.. ..--- Sencm ABT
MUBCULUS « --- nnn pam nne sane none sway save news 68 Perisoreus canadensis capitalis ........+---.-------- 79,92
Muskrat... Sreemesd erect SReetOG RaW ST ey 68 Petrochelidon Wnifrons....0..2-000 eee ee cece cee eee 75, 91
Musselshell River, cafion of.-....-----.2-.-2----65 84, 111 Phalarope, Northern ....2-. 02.2 .2eeeeeeceee eeecee 86
forks of .-.----------- 2-2-0200: 83, 112 Phalaropodide 86
; north fork of -.-.-+.---.+-++ +--+ 112 DUOMO OT Gia atascse ciscrmncsroniceeBeizresintdagecicm sees eines 122
MBA GINENICONG «52.2 be iviies eee weecnned some Bemend 65, 90 subventricosa 126
Mustelidee.. +200 s-00ee vere rere eevee e ee eee eee eee 65 Pica melanoleuca hudsonica...--. +2. .2-20-+--02---- 79, 91
Myacites (Pleuromya) subcompressa ..--....-------- 121, 142 Picicorvus columbianus ..-.2...-020 ccccue acecee cece 79,91
Myalina (Gervillia) perplana....-.----2- 2-2. 1-02 121, 143 ETL TR Ree ES OL eee SRG RRA EEN 50
Myiodioctes pusillus .-. 2.) 02-220 cee e ee ee eee eee eee 91 Picoides arcticus ...--- ccc0 ceccne veces ccocee cece 92
N. americanus dorsalis . 2+. .-+--4 wenn eee eens 92
NGO CNOS8Oianwiees wee saneess sepa see escins siisteximinars 126 Pius PUbesCens's soca: sciavinecpascanewecsceaeweeseaces 81,92
National: Pat eimcmict mcainwe ieee te eee ee ecegceaes. 69 villosus harrisit .-.-22...--0.---- Seles lee eeu 80, 92
Neocorys spraguet 74 Pied-billed Grebe... ..---. 02-22. eee sinaiaietatemianciemes 90
Newland Creek........-.-- +--+ +e eeeee Wisceeate cus 114 Pigeon, Passenger ........--- sretaateventers sisteeiemteniee 83
Ni8ti8 COOME Ls ccna cncwicesoewiee ve wewe vewss gxedeeee 81 Pigeon Hawk...-... isiatolareluistevnetiaceneewiniis eemeceeme 82
PUBCUB..ormaininicPioosintsinieissroncienean MWe eet. C192 | Pine FMCW csqeuxnanenmameaenawecnsemeeeneescis - 76

INDEX. 153
Page.

Pine. LUdlovs cccweevascen htedeekes cnaeeseascees 113, 143 Red! Cross pil sok cease eccecaeetceeewsneedane 7
Pintail Duck...-.....22...002 ‘siawa ee Oee a scipee cs 88 Doer........--- Pe ene eae Smee ore Me vere Ba 70
Pipilo chlorurus ..... GiUuwe ahha he eoes sada - ot See ero lia Meso cahasccg tspededem ald aaa 66
maculatus ANCUCH. ..-- ences ceeeee ceew ee eens 78 Red-headed Woodpecker. ......-.--.0 --ee-0 sence 81
Platycrinus ...... douusea restores daa taneat wens sess 121 | Red-shafted Woodpecker. ........2-2-+ce+ -2e0 eee 81
Plectrophanes maccowni .......-202.eeeeeceeece eee 76 ROUStAET sotsocuaieeresunes apewa's BiRiRW emaveMewis 75
RNAS «oo ase swaseicis can ceneme onaene rh Red-tailed Hawk .....-... 7 dichbeabeeeeeeeee ees 82
Pliocene Tertiary... ........2. 0.22. Laesraidrats aucspace 115 Weestent iets en ancenmed Sacnimcbeces 82
Plover, Killdeer .....2...2.. ei Fecha eae eran aie 85 Red-winged Blackbird 78
Mountain sccwseectcceecnccncsisw cena seus 86 ROG8 trict ceteweethade cu heaee vepeenehoemeee ances 11
Upland tceicmiaty aciaw ciaeisrarscansay suithe wiclers eres 3 87 Regulus calendulus .... 2220 222 cane wens Coenen cee e ee 91
Podiceps cornutus. 22. 022. cece cee eee cee eee cone eee 90,92 | Remarks on alluvial deposits. ....-.---.----.-+--+ 97
Podicipide ...... Siciasoiaiacsrmcaenag aecngarciatetepuctenerasicseas 90 Tndian: forays. ss. sseesoceessswecsue es 32
Podilymbus podiceps ...... 0.2220 ceecee cee eee cee nee 90 Heports poneralls. chwsew= cia oxss etcaneeeeeanuceews 9

JEON LC RN 1} b cemeiee ere Sete eee avin ae ee RO ana EE 80, 85 geological 9
Porcupine, Yellow-haired ........-22...-.0eeeeeee 69 of a reconnaissance to Judith River....--- 55
POUSCAI, sine'a cece dias tases aus ateeaermenecian 132 ZOOLOPICAL soomn cere ars seuiereenree ences 59
HIMES SEONG oy oie erareicrei teins same eaereereeien 114 Reynolds, Charles . 02.22. ...000 secnee cece een ane - 10,70

BRAIN DOG" ete censweedenciesae seme teeieeeat ewes 67 Rhinoceros. ...--. 1.222. .neee ameeistls ose aeiciem ene 116
OX wicca eee ces aveerare pipe ecectaphce tie ha zie 64 LGD AUC ONC cacti ocsiteay crat etic yasn ne erpeerete nen nga simatic etal 133
Hare ...... vesieciaths pisisa ae deetieaeeateenetiera 69 OBUY ENG srs cericrniocinammemen essa tees 121
Squirrel, Striped. ...... 2.022. cece eeee anon 67 RiCebird, «swasewapssecacueace -ckimewaccee’d exsene 78
Wolf s2cescteies weecaemsew cen necined weewea 64 Richardson’s Falcon ....--. sents RUSE CET Sees 82
Presilurian rocks... ..---..--s00 seeees cece ne nec eee 132 Ritie- Billed Gall. sccvininciswmnismsiecdecadecwesnaesaen 90
Primordial series ............- Reve y, nee ae SENEE Crane 132 Riverside Geyser ...... 2.2. -202.eeee cece eeeee er 29
PrOCYOR NOLO) racincests: teaminisinra Se: Sado) sore measolaw waiave roe 66 ROD Dil etisist seis coat ccinwiecinse ceeie cause Beet 72
PR OCUCUE: ii ais cio ain leanne suOe pheneranhien team emma SoS 129, 133 MROCIS WRC Wis Jaci cc etastcsicdahtiajem cine Racca eet 73
CONG 2, ccrmparawajeB calories sir icrcte elvsphceacenaecend 121 Rocky Cation’ Creek. ...,..ccce.a00cs0ccaes seeseseews 17
COSLOLUS sa, seminacaetiemiinee cecemeton ee 121 Rocky Mountain Ruffed Grouse. ....---.---- ean 85
muliistriata ....-. aeeaetemasseneceeis 110, 113 Roe, Lieut. C.F ....2...---. Shenemsnweneseminaears . 96
NAUCHIB. xc ccaso oon auamessnautenianeeles 113 ROSS'S! CUtOfl so. cc ceseccecoctnasewseeaeeeesicn wees 106
NED ASCENBUG asicicicia sc cieicpaciomimpne ame eeieeners 121 Fork ..... Ziniwmicieedaseiedccpeeae ced eo Se ante 14, 109
Pratienanus 113,121 | Rough-legged Hawk.-..-.----.-.-- weee cece neee 83
DUNCINUS cratcainteninaisiowardemime ioe sonaawns 113, 121 Ruffed Grouse, Rocky Mountain........-.---.---- 85

semireticulatus .o.--. .e--n- wn eee seeusenies 113 S.

Wor thent. 0.0000 ee 2eee -- e222 cee e eee e eens 110 Saccomyide i mlnrbre Sraeiewe emcee aa aie ee) eco. a oinie) wales 68
Profile-section from Carroll to Cone Butte ........ 102 Save Croudes ..vaceucewesducede seasveeceecancecas 85
Little Rocky Mount- RAD Dit ecnccsessesccgccevcreae ede ve coerce acoace 69
aiM8.---+-------- 127 Salpinctes obsoletus. ...--. 1.20 eeeees ceee co neee seen 73
Progne subis ..----- 2-2 eee eens een ee eee ee eee ee 75 Sav Ohi CLANS create toniwiein demalaside dees meeemeeic 87
Prong-horned Antelope .....----- ----00--2- 2-2 2-5 70 Sand Martin ....-. 2-2. cece e eee eee cecnce cece cece 75
Punch Bow] ......-.. +--+ e-0+seeeee cece eee cece 26 Sandpiper, Bald’ Gicescewe sense wewcscessisecioceis 86
Purple Finch, Cassin’s .......---...---- 22-02 20 76 Bartramian 87
MAUD soc 5s ocd ceveeine soos ded mwe ese wectas 75 ah arias pater tians openness 86
Putorius pusillus... 2.0. 0202 cece eens cence ew eee ones 90 Solitary: si catu ds ieagieceedeacnenteces 87
VISON ..---02----- ine heeeed SESS S cls cess 65 Spotted........... Sescves MAG eR eaaEes 87
PYTOMIG 2.005202 e cee ee eee ee cee cone eee eee 26 Sanguinolaria oblata......-...--+-+ sects atcecteas 103, 144
Pyranga ludoviciana...-..----..+--+ spufelpteinvisiayarystetate 75,91 Savannah Sparrow ....-.-.---2 e222 ceee cee ceeee 5 va
‘ Sawinill G6ySoreevs nee cceemienccceaawieesicenceece 132
Saxicolide Keuphates Mecsas secen cece eames 73
SAY OT NIG BOYUB wen ema scars es mseanskameometdanseoe 80
QUATETHAEY susan mone peewsension veces a escalation Say’s Flycatcher. .....----. 2220-222 cone nena een eee 80
Querquedula carolinensis.....2200..-+20.0-00 eee eee g9 | Scaphites larveformis ...-.-.--0.e---ee eee eee eee 122
ETT eae ann One 89 NODOBUE aie 2 werceceesinsnceume care cceresices 101
Schizodus....-..+- weniais ein ziciersuls Glepistew erect en - 110
R. ROsS1CUS ssivie-saiciaianrsioewiemnsscecwiemeaneeses 110
Raee00n siijsdge sisi srs wets seclseies suelecinaet GB: | ASCE co outuntebiendev mew dace waren eECeeeacee 66
ROU 2. 10 eeee sees aj Ged ree a, as Sie Sache eaetdtoie la aeieree 88 Sciurus hudsonius....--.------.---0- -2ee eee ee eee 66, 90
Rat; Brown ws cone seen secwicinw saree seleoreace 68 Scolecophagus cyanocephalus ...---+-----+ -----0--2s 78
RAND scr ecisseicacinaieeueian sanisancininaie Balurayatareiovetateis 79 Section across Hupley’s Hole -...----------------- 111
Recommendations relative to National Park....... 36 from Carroll to Cone Butte...---.--..---- 102
Recurvirostra americana ...-...------ Sc icierenitemialeimite 86, 92 Little Rocky Mountains... 127
Recurvirostride@...-.. ween derteeis ddcinecoees eieseejeicne 86 of cation below Lower Falls ...-..---.---- 23
REG MC BY Sait svar! inns tesa! aimicter sel wiatauabararerersralatetaeiaretatsis 107 Seiurus aurocapillus ..- 220... 2-2 ene vee eee eee eee 74

154 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Selenite crystals ....-...-.--- 0-0. 265 Kasei daastets ete 99 StreptorhynChus soe. ence seccee cence scenes ceeeee 133
Sentinel Geyser .-....---.---- Sdessi aN aE 29 CHOSSUD wecteteic esa ne seis eiateeieia oaias 121
Setophaga MACHU . see aise asreasiewsewcewieme sieeinais 75 Keokuk ...--...--- oeteks i isresasiyn a 110
Sharp-shinned Hawk .......----..-- Ashfeppennia ey ens 80, 92 SURGING. a scsuricuaninmenssissiensis temas seeece sees 81
Sharp-tailed Grouse ....2.---2. 22-22-2202 0-02 eee 85 Sturnella magna neglecta... .----- --- 2 -2- eee cee eee 78
Slitiwe Wott Jie co malo ssnerencaciomcicecasecemeres teat 9,13 | Suggestion relative to National Park.......----.-- 36
Shields River ...........-.--- Tateaae eee 16, 57, 118, 121 Sulphur Springs...-..-. 222. 222 cece sees cones eee 23
HOTS RAPS ceca armen iss sieie avalon eid amie 74 Summer Yellowbird ..-.--..----- 202 ---- ---5 00 74
Short-eared: OWllsc.ccccnemaneastesswoshvonta-8e 81 Summit Creek..-.. sxcnc eis Gowen ain Sune Sowitetbaes 57
SHOMCISE exciaaacaxnuencar eaters samberma anes 89 | Surf Duck, White-winged...... snddsoae doce ReRee 89
Shrike, White-rumped ........--.-------+ 22-2 -++- 76 Surface-drift in Judith Gap .----..-2--.----2e eee 111
SUMED RCL CU es ae ace tence taal tapetetclncsised i stonsinse akee Casares 73, 91 Surnia ulula hudsoniad. ..22 .222 wees cee eee eee eee ee 92
Silurian. ...-- wee ec Faeer mets Sere eee 113 Swallow, (Bank sence cncie sacs seseciesacenanneaeties 75
rocks, primordial series....-..---.-------- 182 Barn ....- ieceinneee se daghseeensss preteen 7
SiO Ui exe te Oe bok rt tee A eed ge ets 14, 103 CU is re ae oer ee a apices 75
Sitta carolinensis aculedta 22. -+-- 0-22-02 e025 ---- 73, 91 Violet-green ....... 22. eens secc nee sees 75
SUA: co viercing gamcaw. d2 ed Seles sasiesaeisguerssinnarease 73 | Swan, Trumpeter s..c.essecenscusecsnsascersecense 88
Sittin eB UM csc asissiesavescienead ce wasinisrsratesiais: sratatelaie 11 Sweet Grass Creek.........--.- bysmtleeiatewbnaiee ats 57
Sixteen-mile Creele soecccswweeseeut ewe eeicieistesionee 16, 118 lls} cis eee cabs cerraccceedaxtec mace F109
DUIS 2. <.sepre ners ceusisie rete leem mers eresleleeunmers reterers 65 SWift BOS cs ess.qccuciseanen seeing sees eee, acess 64
SKUUE-DeAr’ sensi wacrniad wie cure siemens Seaton s llereretete 65 SYUMOUAE ccceurs seas cmrsmoseieeeanrsasiedessees 74
Sky-lark, Missouri ssseceacsseseseves seewas eecices 74 | Syringopora mult-aitenuata .... 2224-22-22 20-222 ---108, 121
Slaughter Of Pans. ..ssie<njoue aeejeee sais sie cieee eis = 61
Slender-billed Nuthatch ........--2...c2seeeeeee + 73 qT
SUS RAV Ot iv aia: ae cavers earepos act aeal oa esata statatslotinaters 15 Tamias quadrivittatus....-2- 2 ---- cweees coe ece cane 66, 90
Snipe, Wilson's va) occsscie wajerames creeusernsicerasteiciaw os 86 Tanager, Louisiane: < 2ncrscdesesecsece sean series 75
Snowbird; Oregon) joc.¢e cc csccinace sysciaw. dacerseeeiier 77 TORAGHMB scince nas sce siengd wen socadearmeseesieeite 75
DU OWGO0SS wie rire a eaters nies does eeteons eters 88 Tapes montanensis ..---- ---- e202 eee ee eee ne eee 108, 143
Mountains css som sawsieadisincne awcincwee's aeer 6 109 Taxidea americand ...-0- .- 2-2 cnn ene eee c ee nee eee ee 66
Soda: Mountain 0<sesesencsnsicswece canis veceee ci 23 Teal, Blue-winged ...2.. 2-22. -2 ence ce enee ee wae 89
Solitary Sand pipet asicscascescecacnen sem mawaw claws 87 Green-winged .......--..--.---- wade Saree 89
Song Sparrow, Western ...-...------------------- 77 Tellina (Arcopagia) subulata.... 2-22-22. s-2eee een 126
Sparrow, Clay-colored .....----.-------.---- eee: 77 OONGNSIS: cs 2cccceecescmemect: 126
Savanvah.ic.-.2--se Hun cies ares eiaures 77 Tellina scitula...-.- Pe A eee ent eet ete 103, 126
ROG, csscprinne aio dicie-cyainne tinier Mioeme's wits V7 ROUEN GC aicicvayaretancbnesicid:dentegs chard cmiocioians /eSieiahe minis trauseeers 87
WCSTOPD SONG ycis.ciccrsssicieis Gi gmisiaisionsinicis cidiars 77 SRORCURULUUG: (uh Siri heteasie ard tarerae doaeh ware nomena: LOT
White-crowned ......---. 2-2-2. -e- eee 77 CDERUTBI saan cveseipaie ia S Acdece ect e te amare nae 115, 135
AGM OWEW INGE: soars semcenecicte damieeeteatce + v7 LOSSUS i :ecrcisd ampere aelles de tie wae eitrbianieye miata 116
Spanos a Wika: ccsnseissctusiecsmacce aman: Bese sisrnces, 52 EL OUONS yscslcistacssi seine cise assests emu ane esistene aterm 20
AS ROLL CY POOLE: < 2s of6 aos fom aieraiasctersererioun Sareea 80 LEIP AD ODS CUEING oxoibiasaisin cis eidid iors e: wise erie bie Senaiacieeeaee 84, 92
Spermophilus Richardsonti...-..----- +222. ee ee eee 67 TI CERAO MUNG xa taiaraye coca Spo Sis ake e did wae Sanwa eereiCe 84
13-lineatus ...-- essa Sea iapecarereernt sere 67 Thistlebird ..... ge EER Eee et eee eee eee mee 76
LOUWNSONGS oss oreroapeeiecersnetecenecansaee 91 Thomomys talpoidis...--. 0.2. .0--06 cee nne nee ee eee 68, 91
Spheriola moreawensis ...- 2.2.00 eecnee -- 2-2 nee 126 Thompson, Lieut. R. E ......-..----. 2... ere ee 9, 55
Spheotyto cunicularia hypogwa ......----------6---- 81 Thomson; Prof: James cs sos secccee seas ceeeeee en 98
Sphyrapious thyroideus ...20. 02.220 cee eee cee eee ee 81, 92 Thracia (Corimya) Grinnellit .....---..----.------ 126, 144
iS VU RODD sez asym en staeesuararenanslclata taensiavalafete: crassa: arctetaalarcies 133 HOSS Biv rasa oi8 oinjeie iajsisisigio’ Bio iS a etdnla nig sts cin ee eS ar are 72
centronata..----..--- aed kare 107, 108, 110, 121, 129 AP APCG ORES bcp cease cise isles nomicis aces laid deweds oe 116
(Martinia) lineata ..-.22 022. 222 cee eee ene 107 RB BIS ioc foray si scisletsicie Sint ccie1aie Sw Sele seo Se 31
Spirit ferind: KLENTUCHEN SUS . orn oce cin cimerecinieinemacss sees 110, 121 Rbhriish), BEG Will 2-2 risiceeseeieecieicdsee isle sisaweacamcs 72
SPEZCUL A IMONNCONG cron a narenanice’ Ansel amnamenrins am 77 Golden-crowned .....--...2.------.---6-- 74
LL Oe 2s lercrtastels dt xt hetar'n sy cnede Bia aecntoetvaxtns 77 OMVE=DACKOO) cacincecamanckrematerceheces 72
BOCAS AVIZONG: 00 ones vance een cw oeasieteaiais 77,91 DIGI GUAB 5 aa: watevmayaiaverar viene ejeievaig eiee relate scatines memEts 114
Spotted Sand pipet cccecues wcovace nt sswesacesene 87 TPAD OR WOLD scirans aaermaaamatinniomciesis amie wewiene es 63
Square BubtOc cc cececesswesscounemencsscnesceecins 55 MCAT, aja ctiem ieee actemcmintacmpion seek apemies ekiem 74
Squirrel, Missouri Ground..........--....---. +++ 66 LOLGHUS AUPE crown amsicnns geruue seceee weeaosns 87, 92
Pinteick detec oaeteee kee cee eee 66 melanoleucus ..---- sacwae cana scncnnncecccs 87, 92
Ried ion Gem cceeee crameneameacene memes wane 66 SEMIPAlMALUS 1... 222. eee enw cee nee nee ene 86, 92
Richardson Geene. cones veers ssmosencass 67 SOULATUUS wiwruie weve murs are wince arersintaininvecetaionmatees 87, 92
Striped Prairie ccc ccs sessccsies oceans 67 Mower Creeks .cccws ccc ocepmcestesteseanexes wees 20, 81
Steamboat: Poimtswowas canis sees ccawis pees geawewiars 24 Pall cc secegtocssasecsneeenemeskeeecemees 20
Shevensolt,. POL cscs wacceceons vatwenededeasisema 65 Trach te seecwssorewanv oxcawineicions cmcnuemeecene 105, 108
SUCOPORG saccw ceed ve-sass veme eel eseeewseneeacmans 108, 110 Trail Creekiccc cccoenenresawcass sieiacsiners mami sie 17,84
Storm on Mount Washburne ....-...---..-...-+-- 30 Tree Sparrow.-..... atisibisin eine SieiSae SEATS dee is 77

INDEX. 155
Page. Page.

Trilobites --.. 2.2226 cece ee cece eee eee eee ee eee = 117 Western Woodchuck ........-.-.-2-----0-2-2-2-- 67
Tringa bairdii....-. 22. .-2- 02-55 is sehaicial iat stays sleetaress 86, 92 Wood Pewee .. .. 2... 22-2 ee eee ee ee ne eee 80
minutilla 0.0 ...eee sees MEET anes maKetRe 86 Whistling of Elk .......... stint ma mstouenecmind see 69
Tringoides macularius 0.22. ..-020 cone cee nee ceenees 87 WIGS PeliChi jt scscuuiedesesdieeuketadouicieees 89
LriOnye! ssew sees vevek asmes aad pes suas neue snne 125 White-crowned Sparrow ......---.-----+ ---- +++ 77
Troglodytes aédon parkmanni..-...---- isscinertiauinie 73, 91 White-footed Mouse, Western ...-..-------.------ 68
EVOG UOC Y UA Oe sara wiaiansascsmininniniereiniesausiaraioiaiace wpeveccyesmiafecas 73 White-headed Eagle.........---- cece cee ene ee enee 83
COU URS aisieisiorarciaianrcnreaiie Faces ice eine a maa crea 20 White-rumped Shrike............ 22-202 ---0-- Sra 76
WTOC t Creek. ..ccistnonswaprenneivannweseeatoosmcsce 107 White-tailed Deer .... 2.20. een ne eee ee eee eee 70
Trumpeter Swan ...... 2.222. cece wees cece ween 88 CLG kis sa ace eecieasitaatersarear 115
DUT DADs acjenk ee eaekecnks ieecaucekicaegcceneeeas Q7 White-winged Blackbird.......--..---2.--------- 78
TUPCAG crsmeicnie aint ween roene- css soe pasar ded 72 Sarl Duekis csc cocccisccjecsserrcets a 89
Turdus migratorius .... 0.20 cecnce cone wenn ee ence eee 72 Whitfield, RiP wcunis semiwsemecvemaaracte weesersesece: 690
swainsoni ...-.. dcuigns Dates hee ne reese 72,91 Wild! Cabesccssncs ves ews eaatecna sna nadmeatareesete 63
Tirkey Bu2zard wasecsiswacmencs saeseee ces aman 83 WAC REOD. iccpisre seediaveein: cae weaesonarnareince ee ma oteaines 88
Turk’s Head........-.- iambic sition: eoneeemenets O7 | Wild Goosé-sacewuedsnceeseeresaseeacrcen 108
TUrtle DOW 6 sas wissn weicteeainit oadapearere decease areieeis Wilt sccre-wauanemew came sawn venawersncurss mene ae 86

AOU GS teh a rb peciayes macnn d Se tapeeneeateoeeieee
Twining, Capt. Wm. J
RURONIN Css ciaiciore cai Zeca ted deere s eee eweeleee ee

Tyrannus carolinensis..........-------eeeee eee eee
DERUCH UB ire troce aces sece merce ade ae cewae

U.
United States Boundary Commission...-....--- roe 9
UOT POSS serra errarnerscictciateisjonatoeieceee Ber set 134
UNOS so secorsesrarososinigrerserereiereemien mater ener aisle 135
Upland lov 6b scan cscaeeaancseausnamimeqeaice ee 2 87
Upper Falls of the Yellowstone.......-.- eset 72
Geyser Basin..... islaiate%ciwicka Coetatatane “atevetat sunex OZ Lol.
Urside ..---. +--+ a Aus ickeiswietesieiaisiatercinensdaureciemieeies 66
Ursus americanus ...--. Siienieicemenistecins ijejutenesansievete aes 66, 90
ROvrDil® ersiceses a eteie siciniy sigs See een chs iso 66, 90

Vy.
Vandalism of visitors to National Park........... 26
Fanikoropsis Towmeyand..-..----0+---+ seen eeee eee 145
Vespertilio lucifugus ....-- 2-26 2200 2002 cece eee eee ee 90
YUMANENSIS no -0 -- == 6 Wataleteletee Watew wraeiese 90
Violet-green Swallow ......---+ ---0 +--+ -ee- eee ee 75
Vulpes alopex Macrurus ... 2022-22 -2ee ee ence eee noes 64
DELON: ann sadescteante eeeees eee eaet eres 64

Ww.
Warbler, Audubon’s...--.----.+ ----2+s--222 cere ee 74
Western Mourning.....--.---...-------- 75

VellOW: cine ewnia eco acise desis eo eaeresiias 74
Wanton destruction of curiosities in Geyser Basins 36

Warm Spring Creek......-.---- hidicieiais isisiclamiaalienets 33
Washburne Mountain........-.-.---------+ +--+ 21
Washings at Emigrant Gulch ...-.----.--------- 6 31
Water Ouzel ...... 2-2-2 20 en ee oe eee ee ee eee eee 72
Waxwing, Bohemian ..---.----.----+ +--+ ------ 76
Western Bluebird ..---..--. 02. ---0--e-ee eeee ee 73

Chippy ------- 220 cae - cence e cece eens nee = 77

HOUSE Wil Oi oie newrewreeewiccnicncascsavanse 73
Meadow Lars .cjeis:sciecieis seweaencccecvees 78

Mourning Warbler....-. ie piee ainatoaietne 75
Night Hawk ....-.--------+- a yea cheeses 80
Red-tail Hawk .... 2... --2--- e-e2 ee ee ees 82
Song Sparrow .... 2-2. e--2 ee cee ene e nee 77

White-footed Mouse ......-..----------- 68

Wilson's: Snipe ccenwc scenes vecsceeaceeces siciepaets ai 86
Wolf, Gray ....- Se ee ee re 63
PRAEG pac iwisjaininminclencrcsenina sine aheeeereiscaciay 64
IMVOL as jelshincwacetiekedececeavemdeceme ase 63
WOlEID etserty an iscdinicmneemiadlen teen Beeetiescawececes 64
Wolf ROliticcinca acm ciseisiamidoa sree cecikemsencienia 12, 80, 85
WON OLOMG: 5 e<)5i55:arse0:Serensraiass:-Geiord. Sioa dete iin airs mlare aserze 65
Wo0ds Wis Hise sac ccicecesreicemazcics scphuason reine emia ee 10
Woodchuck, Western ..-.....-.0-.0--0- 0202-2 ee ee 67
Woodpecker, Black-breasted ......-------..---.-- 81
DOWNY? csc savscienowscaciscawistse sie’ or 81
Golden-winged ........----.-------- 81

BIST GS hacen sudeps chs whueeeenke 80

GGWG'S: % wena cuniwagioitavumasieaeaee 81
Red-headed....-.--..---.------02--- 81

R6dsS HAL CEM see cesrarde: tees mite weep ee aec 81

Wren, Long-billed Marsh..........-... 2-22 -000--- 74
TOG Gisiaiu atios mavaieasraniaone ok cea enka ED
Western House ..... oars meee seemed 73

W YOUNES onacnansmianinend s6swamne meee Koad wees 61

Y.

Yellow slates underlying Tertiary....-.......-... 116

TOGIKG) nxiciccaniaivoned eanengeeiiwatednects 24
Wellow Wiatblet scncosceestceccesavecmaecduce ceees 74
Vellow bitd nice. ccdaniiccieneeonineenvemens ueceeens 76
Yellowbird, Summer. ..-.....-...-.-2-- 2220-22-25 74
Yellow-breasted Chat ......-....--... 0002-02-20 26 75
Yellow-haired Porcupine .....-..---2-. 2.002 cece 69
Vellowleps, Teaser’ on: eee ceciccniseacitecewoueeeiceenie 87
Yellowshanks, Greater .....--.------ 2 ee eeeeee eee 87

Yellowstone Mountains ......--....--------- aesets 57

Park? cemcueicsieie aces rere 9, 63, 66, 79, 84, 87

RIVGl sntees seccessceeeceece ----11, 79, 82, 86

Yellowthroat, Maryland......-..----0.----- eee 74

Yellow-winged Sparrow.......----2-s-eeee-eeneee 77
Z.

Zaphrentis .-- 22+ .2---0 cece ee cee ees coeeee weeee aA 133

COMPOS Swrucemcwwwons eeskn cee nes 108, 110, 113

Zapus hudsonius..----.- ree ee nee seenedwenatacscen 68, 91

Zenwedura carolinensis 2-0-0 ----0- eene--eee masons 83

Zonotrichia leucophryS .--- 000 ennenenaceceeecceee-- 77,91

intermedia... - +--+ cle msaeto tis 91

Zoological report ..-.---- -e0e eee cece cece eee e eens 60

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