Popular Official Guide The New Dork Zoological Park WILLIAM TY. HORNADAY, Sc.D. , Director and General Curator — GORILLA EDITION WITH MAPS, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Hew Bork Zoological Society ONLY AUTHORIZED GUIDE Price 25 Cents | COMPLETELY REVISED AND EXTENDED Gornell University Library Ithaca, New York BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. 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S & Eas pone: “A RE 5 (do eee ate &% ‘sueq xoy — ‘Asoyes0qe-] eoisojorg ’ F ASL ilpyoyooy‘ureyunoy ¢ H°° gz ‘puog qsAvog LW,2H‘%a Rae L€ ‘sueq svog ‘BuryUuliq ‘surejunoq € £° 0g ‘asnoy sdojajuy g "98 ‘00g 10jeaITW € *@g ‘osnoyy uexsely Tg ‘e8uey Ag F C's" SPig uonensiuupy Wavd TWIIDOTOOZ MYOA MIAN ] | ~ #8 asunay omy : = esta Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http :/Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924031265675 PENINSULA BEAR: IVAN POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE TO THE New York Zoological Park By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D. Director and General Curator ILLUSTRATED BY ELWIN R. SANBORN WITH MAPS, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS THIRTEENTH EDITION—SEPTEMBER, 1915 PUBLISHED BY THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 11 WALL STREET, NEW YORK 1st Edition, October, 1899— 3000 2d ms May, 1900— 5000 3d < December, 1900— 5000 4th ef October, 1901— 3000 5th ms June, 1902—10000 6th es ce 1903—10000 7th a a 1904—15000 8th my a 1906— 7000 9th % 1907—30000 10th “ October, 1909—30000 11th s June, 1911—30000 12th * 13 1913—40000 138th oF September, 1915—20000 Copyright, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1913 and 1915. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY PREFACE The publication of this revised and extended edition of the Guide to the Zoological Park is necessary in order to bring our most important collections down to date. With the completion of the Zebra House and Eagle Aviary, we are now able to offer a Guide Book to the Zoological Park as practically finished. The visitor is not to understand, however, that with the completion of the features named above nothing more will remain to be done. «An institution of this kind never reaches a state of absolute completion, with no further possibilities of improvement. But the building of boundary walls, and the rebuilding of temporary entrances, are mat- ters of small moment in comparison with the completion of a grand series of installations for animals, and buildings fo> public comfort. Few indeed are the persons who know, or who ever will know, the extent to which both the general design and the details of the Zoological Park have been originated, and hammered out of the raw materials. From the inception of the undertaking, the work of development has involved a continuous struggle to meet new conditions. Although precedents and models for things to be done were sought far and wide, in all save a very few instances, our needs were so peculiar, and so different from those of other zoological gardens and parks, we have found really very little that we could copy. The abundant-room idea on which the Zoological Park was founded, and our desire for the full utilization of the works of nature, have from the first taxed the creative faculties of the Society to the ut- most. It has been gratifying to find in other zoological estab- lishments a number of features which we could utilize here, thereby saving ourselves something in the eternal grind of invention and experiment, and we have gladly made prom- inent mention of such cases. While it is possible to complete the equipment of animal installations for a Zoological Park, and fill them with fine collections, the demand for more animals is continuous. Our wild creatures are not immortal; and, like human be- © ings, they live out their allotted lives and pass away. The great majority do not perpetuate themselves in captivity, 6 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. and the depleted ranks must be filled by new gifts and new purchases. Gifts of specimens, and funds for pur- chases, must constantly be forthcoming. In the acquisition of certain representative species of great variety but particular desirability, the Society has been much favored by its friends, both at home and abroad. Frequently it happens that the greatest zoological rarities are obtainable only through the good will and tireless in- dustry of friends who travel into the most remote and in- accessible regions of the earth. It is to such sources that we owe our musk-ox herd, walrus, mountain goat herd, spec- tacled bear and many other species. The Executive Committee makes grateful acknowledg- ment of the loyal and generous support it has constantly received from the Board of Managers, the members of the Zoological Society, and from the Government of the City of New York. Thanks to a judicious union of these forces, the development of the Zoological Park has gone forward rapidly and satisfactorily. Although the actual period of construction has been remarkably short for so vast an undertaking, everything constructed is of the most per- manent character. It is only just to note the fact that while the Zoological Park is an institution of national in- terest and importance, and free to all the world, with the exception of a few gifts of animals it has been created and is maintained wholly by the citizens of the City of New York. The State has contributed nothing. THE EXeEcuTIvE CoMMITTEE. JUNE 1, 1913. CONTENTS. Q Page Statistics of the Zoological Park............. ccc cee secceeceevees 10 OMCenS Of Whe, SOCKLY: 6.20 e ayes a sce a0 soso 4 e a-ca d iecoealgrovde weasels wate be soe 11 ONT ee UT rens leet royae area cs artang ciate is ahd wpcitae jacon ish tiecontie Mee Ave d crede weecuilevercce MG AITS ROL GACCOSS airs. Siri eres Nope eee seid we eleia esa foun slo es a ceialie e SeaNt Ale tube bees at EEE SRE rary Bu sae rang Me teh, sie ORT YG Su EAN Ze aOR MAD Ue hie BISONGIRAM ECS cack teil sects nd coe se aeee Sa eR RRO Mountain Sheep Hill. Antelope House..... Small Deer. HOUs e's. é irocsusansara-wesns coeos ease euoie. Sn ieaie Slo lece ans GAMA NE Miscellaneous Mammals... 0025. a.c:c cies 6c eee on edge come cen ewe wes 49 Whe: Mountain (Goats och e cn fuciecace coon a tidicnnine Goes iecucermaare squeaberic ddd 46 50 mrone-Horned. Antelope. cs sc .a..eekes cage ewes anes 6a en eee a eR ase eS 51 Camel OUSE axe 5. sats eh exeten wits ae Sree ea hee SoS anh ae sek 4 Ae BRANES 53 MEARE IER SO Cima thee nto ev ace si-6 46d em muh b GLa M neom ale eh HR tong ane ae 55 Worth~-American: “Deer ia cies sheik. Gua Sa8 cova k aiece eves Ato ae Bye Sie GaiMlin inte Sarees 57 LCL A PEL OMS ORAS cee, eteceneyshe wierets,d anus, a eteavetin mince WAS RSIMI Gs A ateve aepemiNlleter a eres 63 Asiatic and Buropean Deer............ ccc ccc eet teenie nees 66 Pe OO ee ey aR Aaa G SARE e ain Coca LE ERAS NE ee lem 71 BO ete Pe rN a WL kee CaCicH oe BRE RRS nt ah pees ERAS wR pee Lens 78 SEPA ACO LOUIS Ces echt) s&s raslauslSiseiee ah 0 toicn WENT aaa coy ok Beal ehaysa eve ake le yaaa lees aog aa 80 PVE Diam ty | EL OMS Cha send crys cece, teadage eared eresier ns ohieecliestiacone aval accavimneniel uabanelticansuaeuac gi aceon 89 BVVIOLES TOONS: ihe Gocudieusriecs ove eniidltalisunslecis 4,5 ev caty eC eieieiw @ Woecduanan uae. d. aut Jaleateabiind, agrees 98 AIR OK DOIG aise seieasis issires ero cacceris ust Vere rap ve bom racer ter wsstimecw aay 8 ¥cE ede AN Be BH ATEN GCUES Rue 101 OPER RO OMS isis staretaee sole wpa neecotetan 2b desla erecta nee abacuonn 4 ie hab mueteueea cd wis 103 Small-Mammal House S fceireyahenstensl easieas Casha tetiavcustiacn (Pace fone Mometioran eons Suaxsteasiensmeteher cea 104 Puma and Lynx House.................... SWalsv ec arenaNe SEES tore nelRe Le pe tceas 115 Burrowing Mammals. .c650 rece award ead ae eae Sema see se ALG, Prairie-Dog Wis Sens ..118 Bear Dens...... 119 UAC COOMY LET OG As facets von wilotel acters etalon hieunntaeaguiisst oe. busts emasesbevd vadslars Seewccdelalee 128 Be aVier POM Gs ji fests esos aimee iausesi dysgenesis wes y Ghia wets Waals ee erravrece aati ebeesta Rye 128 Economic Rodent-Reptile Collection. ........... 0... ccc cece eee eee 130 BIRDS. GCOOSE AVIS IY. 1.5 2 iaioyh kvm eps ah Nis oR Me eee ied tends tap A Damas Spe tse uaSeabete ebseie 133 POAT SOC oerar es cw ee fap Lea Realayl eae oeesins Mines NESE reeks aN. ART GeO eos Oe a RAN TR Beere 135 Aquatic-Bird. MOUs: cio oe.2 os hoe eae wikia ob aoe nae eA EES eee ele 141 Harlevand. Vulture Aviary. 2665 fics Gekin sas de ee WES ee FES 143 Wilds Turkey: WnClOS Ure oo o.5 5 80 esses ene eccdca eed eee seve loneiie averted teh @Mlausnayaners 146 Laree=Bird OWS: 23 icc sea hk sas era ode yn aeeteaev cme ebaedanat we tesserae eka 146 WG ROW: ROM G iene tn toe natad Malt iten stale arta necind st ahs? Ss Uva tertartales Aled 9 a stlelee seas 153 Pheasant and Pigeon Aviary... ......5 ccc cece sccm eee cet eeeewee 155 SERIO: TOUS Ciencias th au a sostenaufat os Lolsettn erspaieiaaiteurale) ane key HP es edeRRIN Bey SR ALE eee ells 162 PBN S ioseccrs cae reed aia rata evans Soe wae eae Riel eee in rales: REM ONs fend caries UNSoieuNteee 167 REPTILES PRE DULG. (ROUSE 5 eiaca-e, Sasauis Guskan asicete tearm icicdigan ania presen soylawcopnite Gre nual sy Sus caeepecaranenetterenetis 171 Turtles: aNd: -OLEOISSS sc acces rie aciae ensaltea's Ieligbuenteicedorgva. 8 faslotalve) ouigttarlonus. te Nemerateion sue 172 Grocodiles and Allivators:: icc. 2g easaivien reese ea meee eee eee areas 175 TGA BAS do crens ees teai dans Ghee eae ea nes fark Mane engpe Ph a Cal I NR RaS Guia Uits ws Rotella eos er teneana ts 177 SOT OES Soe ican nayeuticen excise: euategetgecartana eo may beeira alent strane reuse depianeuesendree ie wetevels stay ateyehareue 179 Battrachians or Amphibians.......... ccc cee eee eee eee eee 182 INSECTS Insect Collection............. Se a CER RRR ORES RRC RE EES 185 TYG Ge Riedy, Keroro aaah a Se os enon eng /oS END. 2 Sie honatone eaEMete ne tiene te dedensra anak 188 MAPS ; Page Map of Zoological Park.............:seee eee ee ee eees peccond page of cover Sketch Map, New York............... See eie at eal ertr awe ce a Se ntedan alent oyvcnenereranea twee ves 14 Sketet Map Vicinity Of Park. .i..¢ cece es es cdee neue eeeaes para e@eres ny 16 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Peninsula Bear: Ivan. . Frontispiece Baird Court and Concourse....... 12 The Boat House................. 18 Boating on Bronx Lake........... 20 White-Tailed Deer............... 24 American Bison................. 26 European Bison................. 27 White-Fronted Musk-Ox........ 30 Big-Horn Mountain Sheep........ 30 INE OUP OME sexeciestetests tegen hnwe tssce sides ne 32 ArcaluSheepss 2.626 ¢sa4 ava suas aa 982 Himalayan Tabr................. 32 Burehel 33.2.4 52355 oy BRA 32 Chamois Aecieasegoe sie wee IVD aT OR iors. 2s0ce atc dnseh sda nh acAO AGRA 33 AOQUGAGS Aiki yhe rac tana ceo g ee eee Persian Wild Goat............... 33 Nilgai: Indian Antelope.......... 36 Nubian Giraffes................. 38 Beatrix Antelope............. .. 40 IBlessbOliea. 12 cicala sariricietampran owes 40 Leucoryx Antelope............... 4l White-Tailed Gnu............ . AL Hlan@scs 24536654 38 eee eat See Sable Antelope.................. 43 Redunca Antelope............... 44 Sasin Antelope................ . 46 Great Gray Kangaroo............ 48 Rocky Mountain Goat........... 49 American Prong-Horned Antelope. 52 Bactrian Camel.................. 53 AD AC ai st. tich a5 a hd oe hata badd 54 Vicunia. 6) EerapoaSPe teh ty aa psig Rates od 55 American Elk................... 58 European Red Deer.......... : 58 Development of Antlers.......... 61 Grant: ZeDLar: 2,6 .iive sick wave . 64 Prjevalsky Horses. . , 5 . 65 Axis Deer....... eS EA 68 Burmese: Deer iss: css hemes ena 69 Jaguar...... 72 Cheetah..... SOR NCEA EERE AS Barbary Lion. .......... 74 Snow Leopard................... 75 Atlantic Walrus................. 79 Chimpanzee, ‘‘Baldy"’........ ae 82 Orang-Utan........... Fi hee 14 Humboldt Woolly Monkey ea NS Seas 85 Japanese Red-Faced Monkey...... 88 PAGE Pig-Tailed Macaque.............. 88 Slow Leni oc yaa s 4346 o3 see 89 LAMAN Gs os 2,2 es orto Rok eke ane 89 Elephant House................. 90 Indian Elephant................. 92 African Elephants............... 93 African Two-Horned Rhinoceros... 94 Indian Rhinoceros............... 95 Pygmy Hippopotami............. 96 ARTI OE WOME cscs ve pera huroeitecien Madea hand 99 Coyote: Prairie Wolf............ 100 Swift or Kit Fox................. 102 eG NOX cia. Sian sehr deseo Scace nes 103 OCC tS ic ins ch eer siy chmursbe tein m aeckone 106 Common Genet. sd slteoe ilies armel stale 107 African Porcupine................ 111 Taman wan. cf eo 3 axase dad eneey ae 112 Great Ant-Eater................. 113 Six-Banded Armadillo............ 114 Two-Toed Sloth................. 115 Polar Bear Den ................. 120 Polar Bear ‘‘Silver King’’......... 122 Syrian Bear’. woo. ee ee 123 Spectacled Bear................ 126 European Brown Bear............127 Brazilian Tree Porcupine....... .131 Mute and Trumpeter Swans ......133 Cereopsis Geese...... a ..136 White-Faced Glossy This. SGM OL Roseate Spoonbill........ sian nae Ie Brown and White Pelicans........140 Great Horned Owl............... 142 Spectacled Owl............ 142 Eared Vulture................... 143 Lammergeyer. 2... ees 143 King Vultureésns0scuaechaesaseass 145 Black Vulture... MS oer 145 Harpy Hagleci sis es 2 ok bbb fl AS Griffon Vulture........ ullerdih ee, SEBO. Wald Turkey's cess cee ee wees 147 Secretary Bird... Sirah ae .148 Seriema.......... 148 Great Crowned Pigeon. Da 150 Sulphur Crested Cockatoo........ 151 POCO POUGCAM 25 a cnctcasstvicas apsentecnctan hs 151 Ducks: PCCMIN 85. ic sx a sevesgsuenantw es 154 Pheasant: Avialy— sc ec 6h sek one 156 Manchurian Eared Pheasant......158 Indian Peacock......... .159 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE PAGE North African Ostrich............ 163 | Hog-Nosed Snake................ 170 PRU Caeser uavs as teaeueane eins oR bla Dae MGS) OCR naam oce hd ood. ow saab 170 ASSO WATVe cc coos cee tiane 2 slrere Geneon avec POS=(| EPCS LOG sie ee or cneeeneraceoee a wine 170 HIM OU eircs a ac eee Mee ets 165 | Giant Tortoise................... 173 Little Brown Crane.............. 167 | Alligator Pool................... 176 Demoiselle Crane................ 167 | Venezuelan Boa................. 177 Asiatic White Crane............. 168 | Rhinoceros Viper................ 180 Paradise Crane.................. 168 | Cobra-De-Capello............... 181 Whooping Crane................. 169 | Metamorphosis ofthe Leopard Frog.184 Crowned Crane.................. 169 | Giant Centipede................. 186 AGutants, «6 ch3.44 0.4. Bb ce heeckcees 169) || Marantulacccec ste naa 2 hes ae 187 ADIL oe tees atc si hoaee ror crovcretencre ss 169 | Red-Winged Locust.............. 187 Mastigure:, (i. .cS esse ee bhe ns ses 170 | Hercules Beetle.................. 187 Horned Rattlesnake.............. 170 STATISTICS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. January, 1915. Final plan of the Zoological Park approved by Park Board, November 22, 1897. Zoological Society assumed control of grounds, July 1, 1898. First building begun, August 11, 1898. Park formally opened to the public, November 9, 1899. Administration and Service Buildings 2 Large Animal Buildings (all heated) 14 Small Animal Buildings (4 heated) 10 Large Groups of Outdoor Dens, Aviaries and Corral... ccc 18 Animal Storehouses, for winter use 3 Restaurants 2 Public-Comfort Buildings 6 Entrances ve Area of Park Land and Water 264 acres Area of Water 30 acres Walks and Roads 7.78 miles Fences 10.55 miles LIVE ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTIONS. January, 1915. AA Cb 000 0600 (ce 204 species, 586 specimens. Birds sll 2,753 “ Reptiles 164 se 1,014 tt Total 1,179 4,353 Attendance of visitors in 1914 2,020,433 Total attendance of visitors from 1899 to Jan., 19165........ wn 19,325,590 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY President, HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. MADISON GRANT, Secretary, 11 Wall Street. PERCY R. PYNE, Treasurer, 30 Pine Street. Executive CoMMITTEE MADISON GRANT, Chairman. PERCY R. PYNE, WATSON B. DICKERMAN SAMUEL THORNE, WM. PIERSON HAMILTON, WILLIAM WHITE NILES, FRANK K. STURGIS, LISPENARD STEWART, HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, ev-officio. é GeNERAL OFFICERS WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Director H. J. SHORTER Assistant Secretary R. L. CERERO {ssistant to Treasurer DR. GEORGE S. HUNTINGTON Prosector C. GRANT LA FARGE Architect H. DeB. PARSONS Consulting Engineer Orricers oF THE ZooLocicaL Park. WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D. Director and General Curator. H. R. MITCHELL Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer R. L. DITMARG.................Curator of Reptiles, Asst. Curator of Mammals C. WILLIAM BEEBE Curator of Birds LEE S. CRANDALL . Assistant Curator of Birds W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S Veterinarian H. W. MERKEL Chief Forester and Constructor ELWIN R. SANBORN Editor and Photographer GEORGE M. BEERBOWER Civil Engineer WILLIAM MITCHELL Cashier ‘esnoH UoryT ay} ‘aouezs}p oui uy pue ‘osnoH-pillg@ e818] ay} St YYUSTA oy} uo eanjonays EUL ‘LUNOO GUuIva ‘NAadUVD NVITV.LI GENERAL STATUS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. Origin.—The New York Zoological Park originated with the New York Zoological Society, a scientific body incor- porated in 1895, under a special charter granted by the Legislature of the State of New York. The declared objects of the Society are three in number—‘‘A public Zoological Park; the preservation of our native animals; the promotion of zoology.’’ The Society has enrolled among its various classes over 2,000 members. Henry Fairfield Osborn is the President of the Society. The affairs of the Society are managed by a Board of Mana- gers of thirty-six persons, which meets three times each year. The planning and general development of the Zoo- logical Society is in the hands of an Executive Committee of eight members, as follows: Madison Grant, Chairman; Perey R. Pyne, Samuel Thorne, William White Niles, Watson B. Dickerman, Wm. Pierson Hamilton, Frank K. Sturgis, Lispenard Stewart and Henry Fairfield Osborn, ex-officio. Madison Grant, the Chairman of the Executive Committee, is also Secretary of the Society, and his office is at No. 11 Wall Street. Dr. William T. Hornaday is the Director and General Curator of the Zoological Park, and his office is now located in the Administration Building on Baird Court. The address is 185th Street and Southern Boulevard. The So- ciety assumed control of the grounds on July 1, 1898, and began the first excavation, for the Bird House, on August 11th. The Park Department began work, on the Wild-Fowl Pond, on August 29, 1898. Sources of Income.—The funds devoted to the develop- ment of the Zoological Park have been derived from the following sources: 1. From the Zoological Society, obtained by subscriptions from private citizens—tfunds for planus, for the erection of buildings, aviaries, dens and other accommodations for animals; and for the purchase of animals. 2. From the City of New York-—by vote of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment—funds for the construction of walks, roads, sewers and drainage, water supply, public com- Muvd TYOISDOIOOZ AO NOILVOOT DNIMOHS dVW HOLS POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. 14 Wa a 12. V7 j svmW oN ec C) / > / 3a . fi: SRN g y < WS One} 3) ee, ; ay / ay 3 J ZE r = EGY GZ y ZZ | ; EA iS KA Ys ra ONS g PVeey oO LX ge SCS » nite Fay ow? avd > zy a mor 3 yas eX — tee Nie 4 MS . aN 7\N s S| Thy YA . SINITAVAENG q lf) eT &%, m “SINIT YVD LIFYLS oncnedecn 3 (0) dE O79 Susan My : ean ansvaz/2 ee "SAYM TY, WINS =>———S = : 3 “4 We. € ‘SNOILWAS ° yoowg 9 aswy! THM 4 ia 7 z00/149 yy 2 “ngauv oe aves 3 ONVIS Wi ONVT7S! STIIMYOVTG Ea : 7WOINVLOS AN Eg SM eans IS S NA eee et 9 e = Z \~ = Py AY GILVAZTI “FAY ONOITS Ay = Bee Ce) ee = SS os “4 rete Ye "2VALNID WYOA MIN Sa ae AV XONIT OO by NG vil une Akg HLHOLT E beesfaee ote r 54 wg pe memnen|pee WW” Vey, a AMES _AVMavouRT. _\ eae 7 AW HININTA B ; so wa VM Thay s fa NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 15 fort buildings, entrances, grading, excavating of large ponds and lakes, annual maintenance, and also for animal build- ings. The Zoological Society has expended, of its own funds. for plans, construction and live animals, over $641,000. This sum has been derived from its special subscription fund, and from the annual dues and fees of its members. Priviileges.—Because of the fact that the Zoological Soci- ety has undertaken to furnish all the animals for the Zoolog- ical Park, the City of New York has agreed that all the revenue-producing privileges of the Park shall be controlled by the Society. All net profits derived from the restaurants, boats, refreshments, riding animals, the sale of photographs, books, etc., and all admission fees, are expended by the Society in the purchase of animals for the Park. It is well that visitors should know that all net profits realized in the Park go directly toward the increase of the animal collec- tions. The Society maintains a supply of boats for hire, and riding animals of various kinds for the amusement of chil- dren. Location.—The Zoological Park is the geographical cen- ter of that portion of Greater New York now known as Bronx County. From east to west it is half-way between the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, and from north to south it is midway between the mouth of the Harlem River and Mount Vernon. From the City Hall to the Reptile House the distance is eleven miles. The distance by auto- mobile from the Central Park Plaza to the Concourse En- trance is 914 miles. The Northwest Entrance is about half a mile from Fordham station on the Harlem Railway. The area of the Park is 264 acres, divided as follows: Land area west of the Boston Road..... 150 acres. Land area east of the Boston Road..... 80 < Bronx Wa keds Nic denhe acetone dn Meenas As a hake: Acassiz: yccseie Suse seas eels 5S Aquatic Mammals’ Pond, Cope Lake and Beaver Pond) .2ccn csc tees 3 3y4" WT tab lie cS BO aos Sos aie eels Gorenacas oe ee Seas 264 acres. 16 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. SKETCH MAP OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND VICINITY. MEANS OF ACCESS. Via the Subway, to the Boston Road Entrance.—The ter- minus of the eastern branch of the Subway, at ‘‘180th St., Zoological Park,’’ lands visitors at the southeastern en- trances to the Zoological Park, at West Farms. Visitors from points below 96th Street must be careful to board the ‘‘Bronx Park’’ trains, and not the ‘‘Broadway’’ trains. Routes for Automobiles or Carriages.—Via Central Park, Lenox Avenue, Macomb’s Dam Bridge and Jerome Avenue or Grand Concourse to Pelham Avenue, thence eastward to the Concourse Entrance, where motor cars and carriages are admitted to the Park. Via the Third Avenue Elevated.—The Third Avenue Ele- vated Railway has been extended to Bedford Park, and visitors coming to the Zoological Park on it or on the Har- lem Railroad should alight at Fordham Station, from which the northwest entrance is half a mile distant, due eastward, on Pelham Avenue, via the Union Railway surface cars. Surface Cars.—The Southern Boulevard and the Zoo- logical Park Cars of the Union Railway now run to both the Crotona (Southwest) Entrance and the Fordham En- trance. The Crosstown cars of the same line intersect the Southern Boulevard three blocks south of the Crotona Entrance. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 17 ADMISSION. Free Admission.—On all holidays, and on Sunday, Tues- day, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, the Zoological Park is open free to the public. Pay Admission——On every Monday and Thursday, save when either of those days falls on a holiday, all members of the Zoological Society who surrender coupons from their membership tickets, and all other persons holding tickets from the Society, will be admitted free. All other persons seeking admission will be admitted on payment of twenty- five cents for each adult, and fifteen cents for each child under twelve years of age. Tickets are sold only at the entrance gates, Holidays on Pay Days.—Whenever a legal holiday falls on a Monday or Thursday, admission to the Park will be free on that day. Hours for Opening and Closing.—From May Ist to No- vember Ist the gates will be opened at 9 A. M. daily, and closed half an hour before sunset. From November Ist to May Ist the gates will open at 10 A. M. Entrances, Walks, etc.—The portion of the Zoological Park situated west of the Boston Road has been enclosed. Access to this area is provided by six entrances, one situated at each corner—one on the Boston Road and one at the bridge on Pelham Avenue. The latter is a carriage entrance for visitors wishing to drive to the north end of Baird Court. From all these entrances broad walks lead into the Park and through it, reaching all the collections of animals now installed. Carriage Roads.—The only wagon road which enters the central portion of the Park now occupied by animals is the Service Road, which enters from the Southern Boulevard, at 185th Street, and runs eastward, to the Service Building, Reptile House, Bear Dens, and Rocking Stone Restaurant. This road is for business purposes only, and is not open for the vehicles of visitors. It is utterly impossible to admit carriages to the center of the Park, save those of officers entering on business, and visitors must not ask for exceptions to this very necessary rule. Automobile and Carriage Entrance.—A fine public car- riage road and concourse, leading from Pelham Avenue Bridge and to the upper end of Baird Court, was completed in 1908. This drive is open to carriages or motors, daily, ‘aMVT XNOUG ‘ASNOH LVOd AHL NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 19 and it affords easy access to the most important group of buildings. It is subject to the same regulations as all other entrances, except that carriages and automobiles are ad- mitted. The Boston Road, which runs through the Park from south to north, near the western bank of the Bronx Lake, is open at all hours. It has recently—and for the first time— been finely improved by the Park Department for the Bor- ough of the Bronx, and a drive through it affords a fine view of the eastern side of the Buffalo Range, and the finest portion of the heavy forest of the Zoological Park. As a matter of course, the ranges of the buffalo, antelope, deer, moose, and elk, are in full view from the Kingsbridge Road and Southern Boulevard, and the Zoological Society has planned that the view from those avenues shall be left open sufficiently that the herds may be seen to good ad- vantage. The Rocking Stone Restaurant, No. 46, has been designed to serve all the purposes that its name implies. It contains dining-rooms in which full meals may be obtained, lunch- rooms wherein choice food will be served at popular prices, and in the basement, toilet-rooms will be found. The Service Building, No. 28.—Near the Reptile House, - and at the geographical center of the enclosed grounds, is situated a building which contains the Bureau of Adminis- tration of the Zoological Park. Here wil! be found the offices of the Chief Clerk, several other Park officers, and the work- shops and storerooms. Children lost in the Park, and property lost or found, should be reported without delay at the Chief Clerk’s office in this building. The telephone call of the Zoological Park is 953 Tremont. Wheeled Chairs.—By persons desiring them, wheeled chairs can always be obtained at the entrances, by applying to gatekeepers, or at the office of the Chief Clerk, in the Service Building. The cost is 25 cents per hour; with an attendant, 50 cents per hour. Arrangement of Collections.—Inasmuch as the physical features of the Zoological Park grounds were important fac- tors in locating the various collections of animals, a perfect zoological arrangement was impossible. The existing plan represents the limit of acceptable possibilities in grouping related animals. ‘aMVTI XNOUA NO ONILVOR NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. Pa The entire southern and western sides of the Park are exclusively devoted to the Hoofed Animals, in addition to which other members of that Order will be found at the Elephant and Small-Mammal Houses. The Carnivorous Animals will be found at the Lion House, Wolf and Fox Dens, Small-Mammal House and Bear Dens. The Birds are in two groups; one in the lower end of Bird Valley, and the Large Bird-House on Baird Court; the other around the Wild-Fowl Pond, south of the Wolf Dens. The existence of six entrances to the Park renders it im- possible to lay out an all-embracing ‘‘tour’’ for the visitor, and develop the Guide Book accordingly. The various col- lections will be handled in zoological groups, but the various groups cannot follow each other in zoological sequence. The table of contents and a comprehensive index will render each item of the subject matter quickly available. PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE GROUNDS. The extreme length of the Park from north to south is 4,950 feet, or 330 feet less than one mile; and its extreme width is 3,120 feet, or three-fifths of a mile. Roughly es- timated, one-third of the land area is covered by heavy forest, one-third by open forest, and the remaining third con- sists of open meadows and glades. The highest point of land in the Park is the crest of Rocking Stone Hill, the elevation of which is 94.8 feet above sea level. Topography.—Speaking broadly, the Zoological Park is composed of granite ridges running from north to south. In many places their crests have been denuded of earth by the great glacier which once pushed its edge as far south as New York City. In the valleys lying between these glacier- scraped ridges, great quantities of sandy, micaceous soil have been deposited; but in one spot—the Wild-Fowl Pond . —what was once a green, glacial lake fifteen feet deep, pres- ently became a vast rock-walled silo filled with vegetable matter and a trembling bog of neat. Everywhere in the Park glacial boulders of rough granite or smoothly rounded trap- rock, varying in size from a cobble-stone to the thirty-ton Rocking Stone, have been dropped just where the warm southern sun freed them from the ice. The Park contains thousands of them, many of which have been removed from walks and building sites only with great labor. 22 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. In three of the four principal valleys of the Park, bogs have been converted into ponds, and in the largest and deep- est of all lie Bronx Lake and Lake Agassiz. The bed-rock underlying or cropping out in the Park exhibits pink gran- ite, gray granite, rotten gneiss, and quartz in bewildering variety. Occasionally in trench-digging a ledge is encoun- tered which yields good building-stone for rough work, but usually our rock is so full of mica as to be worthless. The water-levels in the various portions of the Park are as follows: Above Sea Level. Surface of Bronx Lake................ 20.40 feet Surface of Lake Agassiz.............. 31.70 ‘ Surface of Cope Lake and Duck Ponds.. 47.00 ‘‘ Surface of Wild-Fowl Pond............ 65.00 ‘‘ Surface of Beaver Pond............... 44.00 ‘ The floor levels of some of the important buildings are as follows: Above Sea Level. Of the Antelope House..................-. 88 feet Of the Reptile House.................... TS. Of the Lion House...................4-. 64“ Of the Aquatic-Bird House.............. Dis Soil.—The soil varies from rich black muck in the valleys, to light and very dry soil, full of mica and sand, on the ridges and meadows. Where not packed hard, the latter is very porous, and the heaviest rainfall is quickly absorbed, or carried away on the surface. As a result, the valleys are always moist and rich in grass, and the slopes and ridges . are always dry and warm. Streams and Ponds.—The Zoological Park contains about 34 acres of still water, of which Bronx Lake comprises 25 acres, Lake Agassiz 5% acres, Cope Lake, the Wild-Fowl Pond, and Beaver Pond together, about 3% acres. The two larger lakes are fed by the Bronx River, which drains a valley about 15 miles long. Even in the driest seasons the volume of water carried down by the Bronx River is suffi- ~ cient to keep the lakes well filled. The areas of still water available for animal collections are very generous for an institution like this, and are highly prized. The Waterfall— At the lower end of Lake Agassiz, and about 300 feet above the Boston Road Bridge, is a natural waterfall nearly 12 feet in height, where the Bronx River falls over a rugged ledge of pink granite. In times of high NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 23 water the foaming flood that thunders over the rocks makes an imposing spectacle, and it constitutes a most unusual feature to be found in a city park. During the year 1901, an improvement was made which added very greatly to the beauty of this feature by extending the rock ledge about 200 feet farther, to the rocky side of Wilson Hill, thereby greatly increasing the water area of Lake Agassiz, and at the same time forming a beautiful island. Forests.—The crowning glory of the Zoological Park is the magnificent forest growth which covers, thickly or sparsely, about two-thirds of its land area. It consists chiefly of white, scarlet, black, red and pin oaks, tulip, sweet gum, hickory, beech, sassafras, maple, wild cherry, hornbeam, dog- wood, tupelo, hemlock and cedar; but there are at least thirty other species of trees and shrubs. Thanks to the wise foresight and broad views of David and Philip Lydig, who for about eighty years were the sole owners of nearly the whole of the Zoological Park site, the virgin forest was not cut down for firewood or lumber, but was carefully pre- served for posterity. As the legal custodian of this splendid domain of Nature, the Zoological Society is as rapidly as possible going over the entire forest, to arrest decay and death, and take all needed measures for the preservation of the trees. It is safe to say that nowhere else within fifty miles of New York can there be found any more beautiful forests than those in the central and eastern portions of the Park. Throughout the enclosed grounds, it is absolutely necessary that visitors should be restricted to the walks; for otherwise the feet of our millions of visitors would quickly destroy every ground plant. The Rocking Stone, No. 45, a colossal cube of pinkish granite, poised on one of its angles on a smooth pedestal of rock, is the Zoological Park’s most interesting souvenir of the glacial epoch. Across the bare face of the rocky hill in which lies the Crocodile Pool, there are several glacial scratches pointing directly toward the famous boulder; and who will say it had no part in making one of them? The Rocking Stone stands on a smooth table of granite on the southern shoulder of the hill overlooking the Buffalo Range. Its extreme height is 7 feet 6 inches; breadth, 10 feet 1 inch; thickness, 8 feet 1 inch, and its weight, as roughly calculated, is 30 tons. A pressure of about 50 lbs. exerted on the most northern angle of the stone causes its apex to swing north and south about two inches. “HaoHO GATIVL-ALIHM —~ sii ss — SECTION I—THE MAMMALS. THE HooFreEp ANIMALS. The forming of a collection which shall fairly represent the hoofed animals of the world is necessarily a work of years. It is now (in 1915) fifteen years since the Zoological Society entered upon this task, and during that period the work of providing installations and living specimens has been pursued with unflagging industry. In no feature of our development has the Society been more liberal than in the purchase of specimens for this collection, and the gifts to it have been both numerous and valuable. In our 82 species and 330 specimens we feel that the Order Ungulata is strongly represented. On April 1, 1913, the summary of groups stood as follows: SUMMARY OF THE UNGULATES. DGC aces nace uo ios eee eneeeson 24 species 164 specimens Garailesy soca cas oeshan ee ae ees 1 6 es Bovines: Bison, ete. ............. 3 oe 38 as IMIS Oe aries se a ete ce ane 1 s 6 i Wild Sheep, Goats, ete........... 8 i. 41 is Ant elopes! yeeros aches eos 22 SS 41 es Hippopotamus .................. 2 4 es Wilds Swine: 24.4.hocis eee me 3 te 5 a Camels and Cameloids............ 5 “ 10 se NINO CEPOSsA5G eeaiancceeceacensee ac 2 ae 2 - MAINS) hosts oh sce co ee, suse Geese eS De 3 aS Wild Hquines: 0.6.4 se 50 ee ones 6 us 9 a Mle phanitein ti tuct Ars ai saceeanayeckieles. tals 3 os 5 rk Mo Gal ee sxx, Geecerd aoc ee cen 82 ‘« 330 The arrangement of this section of the Guide Book begins at the Buffalo Entrance with the Bisons, and follows the ranges, corrals and buildings for Hoofed Animals, along the southern and western sides of the Park, to the Axis Deer Range. The Elephant House is introduced as the visitor leaves Baird Court, going south. The large, open pastures are called ‘‘ranges,’’ and the smaller fenced enclosures are known as ‘“‘corrals.’’ The fences are chiefly of hard steel wire, so strong and elastic that the animals cannot break through them. 26 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. AMERICAN BISON: BULL. Warning.— Visitors must never stand close beside a wire fence or gate, because its elasticity between posts might enable a charging animal to strike a person so standing and inflict a serious injury, even though the fence or gate is not in the least affected by the blow. THE BISON RANGES, Nos. 51 and 52. Stretching from the Boston Road to the large Antelope House (No. 50), and from the Rocking Stone to the southern boundary, lies an open expanse of rolling meadow land, with a total area of about twenty acres. It is almost surrounded by shade-trees. Its easterly edge is a low-lying strip of rich meadow, which hes under the shelter of the rocky, tree- covered ridge that forms the natural retaining wall of the higher plateau toward the west. This is the Bison Range. It is the first enclosure seen on the left as the visitor enters the Park from West Farms by way of the Boston Road. On the north side of the main range, near the Rocking Stone, are the four corrals, and the Bison House. The latter is a rustic hillside barn, eighty feet in length, with a semicircular front, affording shelter and feed storage for thirty-four buffaloes. The flat roof of the Buffalo House is open to the public from the main walk, and has been speci- ally designed as a convenient lookout over the main range NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 27 EUROPEAN BISON: BULL. and corrals. There are other corrals, and a shelter ~hed, at the Buffalo Entrance. The American Bison, or Buffalo, (B. americanus), is the largest and the best known of all North American hoofed ~ animals. What was once the universal herd, which occu- pied the whole pasture region of the West, was cut in twain in 1867, by the building of the first trans-continental rail- way. The great ‘‘southern herd,’’ of several millions of animals, was destroyed by skin hunters during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, and the practical extinction of the northern herd was accomplished between 1880 and 1884. At present there are but two herds of wild bison in existence. The largest band, now containing by estimate about 300 individuals, inhabits a wide stretch of barren and inhospitable territory southwest of Great Slave Lake. About twenty head remain in the Yellowstone Park, more than nine-tenths of the original herd having been slaught- ered by poachers since 1890. There are now about 2000 bison alive in captivity, chiefly in large private game pre- serves. Usually bison calves are born in May, June, and July. Full maturity is not reached until the end of the seventh year, when the horns of the male—at first a straight spike— have attained their full semi-circular curve. Like all thick- haired animals of the temperate zone, the American bison 28 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. sheds its coat in spring, and does not regain full pelage until October or November. The bison breeds in confinement about as readily as domestic cattle. In appearance, it is the most imposing of all bovine animals, and with two exceptions it is also the largest. In captivity its disposition is mild, though inclined to stubbornness. Occasionally, however, an old bull be- comes so vicious that it is necessary to seclude him from the herd, and treat him as a dangerous animal. With the exception of a very few individuals, our entire bison herd is the gift of the late William C. Whitney, and the increase therefrom. The total number of head on hand on April 1, 1913, was forty-two. In 1906, the New York Zoological Society presented to the United States Government a herd of fifteen bison to serve as a nucleus for an independent National herd. The Government very promptly fenced an area of twelve square miles of fine grazing grounds in the Wichita Forest and Game Reserve, for the proper reception of the herd. The plan was consummated during 1907. The effort has proven completely successful, and on April 1, 1913, the herd con- tained thirty-seven bison, all in fine condition. European Bison.—In a corral adjoining the Buffalo En- trance, on the Boston Road, are to be found two specimens of the rare and almost extinct European Bison, (Bos bona- sus). This species is the nearest living relative of the American bison, and the two specimens (male and female), now exhibited, came quite unexpectedly into the possession of the Zoological Scciety in April, 1904. They were ac- quired from the small captive herd in the forest of the Prince of Pless, in Silesia, south-eastern Germany, and are the first living specimens of the species to be exhibited in America. They were presented to the Society by Mr. Nor- man James, of Baltimore, Mr. Charles Sheldon and Dr. Leonard J. Sanford. The distinguishing characters of this species are shorter and less abundant hair on the head, neck and shoulders than our bison, a tail densely covered with hair throughout its length, very long legs, and a short body. ‘But for royal protection, this species would long ere this have become extinct. In the year 1857, about 1,898 head were living, but in 1892 the total had decreased to 491. It NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 29 appears, however, that an increase can safely be announced. An estimate recently published (1906) places the total number of wild and semi-wild individuals at 1,400, while in the captive herds of the Czar and the Prince of Pless there are 46 more. About 700 of the survivors inhabit the forests of Bielowitza and Swisslotsch, Lithuania, west Rus- sia, and are strictly protected by the Czar. Other bands still exist on the northern slope of the Caucasus Mountains around the sources of the Laba and Bjellaja, sometimes ranging up to an elevation of 8,000 feet. Wherever found, they live in scattered bands of from three to ten indi- viduals. All the survivors of this species are so jealously. guarded that very few of the zoological gardens of Europe have been able to procure specimens. ‘ This animal is very often miscalled the ‘‘aurochs,’’ and from this error much confusion has arisen. The true aur- ochs, (Bos primigenius), was the wild progenitor of some of the existing breeds of domestic cattle, but it is now extinct. MOUNTAIN SHEEP HILL, No. 44. The wild sheep and goats of the world form an exceed- ingly interesting group of animals. In form they are odd and picturesque, and in temper and mentality they are everything that could be desired. All the year round, deer are either nervous or dangerous, and difficult to handle. Wild sheep, goats and ibex appreciate man’s interest in them, and even when not fond of attention, they act sen- sibly when it is necessary to handle them. The Zoological Park collection of wild sheep and goats is one of the most interesting features of the Park. Mountain Sheep Hill is the first high ridge west of the Rocking Stone, and its northern end is very near the Bear Dens and Reptile House. It consists of a ridge of pink granite 500 feet long and 25 feet high, its southern end fully exposed, but the northern end well shaded by oaks and cedars. For grazing animals that love to climb, and pose on the sky line, the slopes of bare rock, set in patches of hard, green turf, are almost ideal. In the eastern face of the ridge, rock excava- tions have been made, and five roomy caves have been con- structed in such a manner that they are cool in summer, warm in winter, and dry at all times. On April 1, 1913, WHITE-FRONTED MUSK-OX. BIG-HORN MOUNTAIN SHEEP RAM. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 31 the six wire enclosures on Mountain Sheep Hill contained the following species: Suleiman Markhor. Persian Wild Goat. Arcal Mountain Sheep. Himalayan Tahr. Moufion. Aoudad. Because of the curious (and unaccountable) fact that they do not thrive on Mountain Sheep Hill, the Rocky Mountain Goat and Chamois are exhibited elsewhere. The former will be found near the Pheasant Aviary, next. to the Musk-ox. Visitors are requested to make note of the fact that in winter, the Arcal Sheep, Mouflon, and other delicate sheep are exhibited in the Small-Deer House. The White-Fronted Musk-Ox, (Ovibos wardi, Lydekker), is represented in the Park by a herd of six specimens. Five of these animals were born in May, 1910, in Ellesmere Land, and captured in that year by Paul J. Rainey and Harry C. Whitney, and presented by Mr. Rainey. The sixth individu- al, a vigorous and rather vicious female, was born on Mel- ville Island, in May, 1909, and captured by Captain Joseph Bernier. Owing to the domineering temper of ‘‘Miss Mel- ville,’’ it is not possible to keep her with the animals a year younger than herself, because she resents their presence in her corral. The Musk-Ox is an animal of strange form, inhabiting a small portion of the Arctic regions of the western hemi- sphere, up to the very northernmost points of land east of the Mackenzie River. At Fort Conger (Latitude 81°, 40’), its flesh was a godsend to General Greely, and later on to Commander Peary, also. Structurally, this animal stands in a genus of its own (Ovibos), midway between the cattle and the sheep, but it is unqualifiedly a misnomer to call it a ‘‘musk-sheep.’’ An adult male Musk-Ox stands 4 ft. 5 in. high at the shoulders and is 6 ft. 7 in. in total length. Our first specimen was a female, two years old. She stood 3 ft. 2 in. high at the shoulders, and was 4 ft. 10 in. in total length. Her entire body was covered by a dense mass of fine light brown hair, of a woolly nature, overlaid by a thatch of very long, straight hair specially designed to shed rain. The Musk-Ox inhabits the Barren Grounds of northern Canada north of Latitude 64° from Great Bear Lake to Hudson Bay, Grant Land, and the northeast coast of Green- land from Franz Josef Fiord (Latitude 70°) to the most 32 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. MOUFLON ARCAL SHEEP northerly point of land. About twenty living specimens have been taken when very young at Franz Josef Fiord, by Swedish and Norwegian whaling parties. The Peary Arctic Club, of New York, presented to the New York Zovlogical Society a young calf which was captured by Commander Peary at Fort Conger, in 1902, but it lived only a few months. The Big-Horn Mountain Sheep, (Ovis canadensis), is exhibited in the Zoological Park, whenever it may be ob- tained. The efforts that have been made in New York, Philadelphia, Washington and Chicago to acclimatize the Big-Horn of the Rocky Mountains have proven the ex- treme difficulty involved in keeping specimens of that species alive and in good condition anywhere in the Missis- sippi Valley, or on the Atlantic coast. The changes of at- See ee ee eee : , as ee ee es # HIMALAYAN TAHR BURRHEL NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 33 CHAMOIS MARKHOR mosphere and temperature seem more violent than Ameri- can mountain sheep are fitted by nature to endure, and thus far all specimens tried have died within a compara- tively few months. In his own country, the Rocky Mountain Big-Horn is a bold, hardy and robust animal. He is high-headed, keen- sighted, and a sure-footed mountaineer. He dwells in the: wildest and most picturesque country that he can find be- tween the ‘‘bad-lands’’ of western North Dakota and the line of perpetual snow on the Rockies. His massive cir- cling horns render his head a much-coveted trophy, and his flesh is most excellent food. A full-grown ram (Ovis cana- densis) stands 41 inches in height at the shoulders, and weighs 316 pounds. This species ranges from the northern states of Mexico to northern British Columbia and it culminates (i. e., F AOUDAD PERSIAN WILD GOAT 34 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. reaches its finest development) in southeastern British Co- lumbia. In Northwest Alaska other related species occur. A female specimen from southeastern British Columbia was exhibited in the Zoological Park during 1905 and 1906, and in 1902, a male specimen of a closely related species (Outs nelsont) was also here. As opportunities offer to procure male specimens, that have been kept in their home region until they are at least a year and a half old, they will be purchased and exhibited. The Mouflon, (Ovis musimon), or Wild Sheep of Sar- dinia, is represented by a fine pair of specimens presented by Maurice Egerton, Esq., of London, and a young male born in the Park. The female of the adult pair was cap- tured when a lamb in the mountains of Sardinia by Mr. Egerton. The ram of this species is handsomely colored, and this specimen is noted for his friendliness, and his fond- ness for admiration. The Arcal Mountain Sheep, (Ovis cycloceros), is one of the smallest mountain sheep of India of the ‘‘big-horn’’ type (with circling horns). The fully adult-male, with its long undermane of coarse, shaggy hair and proud postures, is a very noteworthy creature. This species inhabits the mountains of northern India, Tibet, Afghanistan, Beluchistan and southern Persia. The Burrhel, or Blue Mountain Sheep, (Ovis burrhel), also of northern India, is of quite a different mould from the preceding species. Its countenance has almost a benign expression, and its curious out-pointing horns, of large size give it a most jaunty air. By some it is regarded as the most beautiful of all mountain sheep. In size, however, it is not imposing, for it is one of the smallest species. It is not so hardy as the preceding species, and there may be periods when there are no specimens on exhibition. The Aoudad, or Barbary Wild Sheep, (Ovts tragelaphus), comes from the hot, dry mountains of northern Africa, and it endures the cold, wet climate of New York in a manner sufficient to put to shame our American mountain sheep, goat and other western ruminants. The largest male Aou- dad of our herd is a very fine specimen of its kind. He is as fond of admiration as any peacock, and often poses in striking attitudes on the highest point of his rocks. He was born here on March 19, 1902. The Himalayan Tahr, (Hemitragus jemlaicus), is really a wild goat, of very odd and picturesque aspect, native of NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 35 the higher ranges of the Himalayas of northern India. Its horns are short and thick, and its body is covered with long, purplish-brown hair which is much blown about by the wind. It dwells amongst the most dangerous crags and precipices, just below timber-line, and in reality is a forest- loving animal. Its hair is the longest to be found on any member of the two subfamilies of goats and goat-like ani- mals. The pair on exhibition have bred here, and the young have been successfully reared to maturity. The young Tahr is very small, but remarkably nimble-footed and capable. The Chamois, (Rupicapra tragus), has usually been repre- sented in the hoofed-animal collection, but always out of its proper installation. Our individuals have not thriven on Mountain Sheep Hill, always becoming ill soon after being placed there. They thrive well, however, in a small wire pen with a sanded floor quite near the Puma and Lynx House (No. 33A), and there we keep them. This animal is one of the rock antelopes, and is related to the American Mountain Goat. It is a bold moun- taineer, and even to-day is pictorially represented as leap- ing ‘‘from crag to crag’’ across chasms apparently 200 feet wide! Its home is in the mountains of southern Europe, especially the Pyrenees, the Swiss Alps and the Caucasus Mountains. But it is not so exclusively a crag-dweller, as most persons have been led to suppose, for in many local- ities it inhabits mountain forests. Like most other moun- tain ungulates, the Chamois dwell high in summer, and in winter they seek lower and more sheltered situations. They are exceedingly wary and agile, and sure-footed on danger- ous ground. THE ANTELOPE HOUSE, NO. 50. The Antelope House occupies a commanding situation on a high, tree-covered knoll at the south end of the Zoological Park. The situation seems as if specially formed by Na- ture to be occupied by this building, and its outside en- closures. The drainage is quite perfect, and the yards are well-shaded. The building has been designed to meet the wants of giraffes and large African antelopes of all kinds, more especially those which require 60° of heat in winter. 36 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE NILGAI: INDIAN ANTELOPE. The Antelope House is 142 feet long by 78 feet in ex- treme width. In architectural style it conforms with the other large animal buildings of the Park. Both for visitors and for its animals, it is roomy and well lighted, and in every way fitted to house and display a large and valuable collection of tropical hoofed animals. It contains 24 in- terior compartments, directly connected with 23 open-air yards for use in mild weather. This building was com- pleted and occupied on October 17, 1903, and with all its surrounding improvements has cost about $80,000. As the visitor will observe from the following enumera- tion of species, our collection of large and rare African and Asiatic antelopes is very rich. Unfortunately, until the completion of the Zebra House releases the apartments now occupied by the equines, a number of species which belong in the Antelope House must temporarily be quartered else- where. The Nubian or Three-Horned Giraffes, (Giraffa camelo- pardalis), are at present the most important and interesting animals in the building. The pair came from German East Africa, are now (April, 1913) about twelve years old, and cost $5,500. The male stands 14 feet 4 inches in height, and the female 12 feet 6 inches. Both are good-tempered NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 37 animals, and have been in good health ever since their arrival. Their food consists of clover hay, broken forage- biscuits, an assortment of raw vegetables carefully cut into small pieces, a small quantity of bran, and rock salt. A study of the Giraffes reveals most interesting con- ditions. According to the point of view, the total number of species and subspecies may be reckoned at any number from three to six, inclusive. According to the specimens in hand, the Southern, or Two-Horned Giraffe, (Giraffa capen- sis), seems clearly defined from the Northern, or Three- Horned Giraffe, (G. camelopardalis). Next, the Somali Gi- raffe, (G. reticulata), of the Lake Rudolph region and north- ern British East Africa, seems fairly separable. At first the Five-Horned Giraffe, of western Uganda, seemed quite distinct, but now British naturalists hesitate about accord- ing to it rank as a separate species, because of its inter- gradation with the Nubian form, (camelopardalis). Judging from all evidence now available, it seems that the Giraffes of to-day represent the midway stage of an effort to develop several species from the parent stock, the Three-Horned Giraffe, which is the species here rep- resented. The existing forms, including all species and sub- species, intergrade and run together in a manner that is fairly bewildering; but if the Giraffes could remain un- influenced by man for a sufficiently long period the prob- abilities are that the species now branching off would be clearly established. The oldest, the best-known and the most common Giraffe is the three-horned species, found from central Uganda southward. The five-horned variety meets the former in Uganda, and occurs from that region westward to the edge of the great equatorial forest, and on westward even to Lake Tchad, and the lower Niger Valley. Excepting in Uganda, Kahma’s country, and a few other protected dis- tricts, the Giraffe is now rare, particularly throughout the regions that are accessible to hunters. Thousands of these wonderful creatures have been killed by hunters, both white and black, solely for the sake of seeing them dead, and leaving them as prey to the hyenas and hunting-dogs. It seems to be beyond the power of most men who can shoot to see living wild animals, no matter how large or wonderful, without desiring to reduce them to carcasses, fit only for scavengers. 38 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. NUBIAN GIRAFFES. The Eland, (Taurotragus oryx), is the largest and most imposing of all antelopes. As might be inferred from its great size, it is now so nearly extinct that it has almost dis- appeared from the lists of dealers in wild animals. The fine young pair now in the Antelope House was presented by the Duke of Bedford, from his famous animal collection at Woburn Park. The fully adult female is the gift of Mr. C. Ledyard Blair. Of Elands there are two well-marked species. That of eastern and southern Africa, here represented, was once numerous on many of the fertile plains of the great plateau now known as Rhodesia, and in fact throughout nearly the whole of the uplands of eastern Africa, from the Cape to the Sahara. Unfortunately, however, white hunters and modern firearms have reduced the countless thousands of the great herds to numbers so small that the capture and exportation of Elands have practically ceased. Although a number of Elands have been born in cap- tivity, the number on public exhibition still remain very small. The only captive herd known to the writer is that of the Duke of Bedford, in Woburn Park, England, which is at once the admiration and envy of all collectors of living wild animals. The White-Tailed Gnu, (Connochaetes gnu), once was abundant in South Africa, south of the Vaal River. But it has shared the fate of all the other large mammals of that NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 39 region, and only a few scattered bands still exist. Nearly all of the specimens now living in captivity were born in captivity, for both species of Gnu take kindly to life in parks and gardens. Every way considered, the Gnu is an animal of odd and remarkable form. It has a _ nose of strange shape, its horns are curiously formed, the hair on its head and neck exhibits various peculiarities, and its hips are oddly mod- eled. Its long, flowing tail is so horse-like that for many years this animal was pictured and popularly known as the ““Horned Horse.’’ The White-Bearded Gnu, (Connochaetes albojubatus), is noticeably larger than the white-tailed species, and in some respects it presents a finer appearance. Its bulk is con- siderably greater, and its color is more pleasing. This spe- cies bears a strong resemblance to the third species, which is known as the Brindled or Blue Gnu, (Connochaetes tau- rinus), from which the former is distinguished by its white mane and jaw-tufts, and generally paler color. At wide intervals the White-Bearded species inhabits southern East Africa, from about S. Lat. 23°, to the Albert Nyanza and Lake Rudolph, but chiefly near the coast. In only one - locality do we learn of its occurrence west of the 30th me- ridian. To-day it is most numerous in German East Africa and the southern portions of Uganda. The Addax Antelope, (Addax naso-maculatus), is a spiral- horned antelope which inhabits the southern edge of the Sahara Desert from Dongola quite across Africa to Senegal. Its extremely broad and spreading hoofs betoken a dweller upon sand, and are strongly suggestive of the snow-shoe hoofs of the caribou. It is said that this animal is not to be taken without making a journey into the desert, with camels. The Leucoryx Antelope, (Oryx leucoryx), is the only member of its genus which has curved horns. Because of the length and very slight curvature of the horns, this species has by some writers been spoken of as the Sabre Antelope, and by a mischievous perversion that name has been turned into ‘‘Sable’’ Antelope, which refers to a totally different creature, (Hippotragus niger). Anyone who places an order for the purchase of a real Sable Antelope, and receives a Leucoryx instead of Hippotragus niger, is profoundly dis- appointed. This species is a desert habitant, and its home is the desert region of North Africa from Dongola to the Senegal coun- 40 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. “ ~4 fae , | } | BEATRIX ANTELOPE BLESSBOK try. It is breeding regularly here, and the offspring mature successfully. The largest Leucoryx horns on record meas- ure 3958 inches. The Beisa Antelope, (Oryx beisa), is a good representative of the group of straight-horned antelopes found in the genus Oryx. Of all the long-horned species, the two Beisas and the Gemsbok of Africa, and the Beatrix of Arabia, are the only species possessed of horns that are practically straight from base to tip. The Gemsbok is the largest and most showy species, being painted like a harlequin, in a startling pattern of roan, black and white. The Beisa is a good second, however. The horns of all these antelopes grow to great length, and are excellent weapons for use in encounters with the smaller game-killing carnivores. The largest horns of record measure 40 inches. The Beisa inhabits eastern Central Africa, from Suakin on the Red Sea southward to the Equator. The Beatrix Antelope, (Oryx beatrir), of the Arabian Desert, is one of the rarest antelopes to be found in cap- tivity, and at this date this interesting species is represented by a fine pair of specimens. The longest horns of record measure 26 inches. Very few sportsmen have seen this animal in its native haunts. Our pair has been breeding for three years, and has reared two young. The Sable Antelope, (Hippotragus niger), is by many persons regarded as the handsomest of all the numerous species of African antelopes. In appearance it is very proud and high-headed; it has imposing horns that sweep backward in a semicircular carve; its large eyes and alert air betoken keen intelligence, and its glossy black coat, marked with pure NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 41 LEUCORYX ANTELOPE WHITE-TAILED GNU white, render it a most conspicuous animal. On its native veldt it has now become a very rare species, and seldom is taken by sportsmen. The fine male specimen in the Park was presented by Miss Jean Walker Simpson. The Sing-Sing Waterbuck, (Cobus unctuosus), is a crea- ture of the lowlands, and frequents the dense tangles of tall reeds that border many of the rivers of West Africa, above the great equatorial forest. In captivity it sometimes is one of the most insanely nervous and irrational creatures imaginable, ever seeking self-inflicted injuries. The Blessbok, (Damaliscus albifrons), is a small but hand- some purple-and-white antelope which is now very nearly extinct. Formerly a number of herds were preserved on fenced farms in the Transvaal and Orange Free State, but it is feared that none of them survived the Boer War. This species never lived north of the Limpopo, but south of that river it once was so numerous that a truthful traveler described a vast plain as being ‘‘purple with Blessbok.’’ The Nilgai, (Portar tragocamelus), is the largest of the Indian antelopes, and while it has the stature and the high shoulders of a Baker roan antelope, its absurdly small horns give it, beside the large antelopes of Africa, a very commonplace and unfinished appearance. The males and females are as differently colored as if they belonged to different species. This animal inhabits the roughest portions of the central plains of Hindustan, from Mysore to the Himalayas. In northern India it is found along the rivers Jumna and Ganges, in rugged and barren tracts of ravines which in character and origin resemble our western ‘“bad-lands.’’ 42 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. ELAND The small antelopes will be found in the Small-Deer House, the next building in order. THE SMALL-DEER HOUSE, No. 49. In captivity the small and delicate species of deer, an- telopes and gazelles are better cared for in enclosures that are not too large. For such creatures, freedom in a large enclosure usually means early death from accident or ex- posure. The very important building called the Small-Deer House has been erected with special reference to the wants of the interesting little hoofed animals which are too small for the Antelope House and the large ranges. In winter it will shelter the small tropical mountain sheep and goats, which are unable to withstand the rigors of outdoor life on Moun- tain Sheep Hill, and the tropical swine may also be expected here. The Small-Deer House is situated in close proximity to the Antelope House, and westward thereof. Of the build- ings of secondary rank, it is one of the most satisfactory, being roomy, well-lighted and capable of comfortably hous- ing and displaying a large and varied collection. The struc- ture is 158 feet in length by 46 feet in width. It contains thirty compartments, each of which, under stress of ne- NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 43 SABLE ANTELOPE. cessity, can be partitioned, and formed into two. The in- terior compartments are each 10 feet wide by 10 feet deep. The building is surrounded by a series of 34 corrals, con- necting with the interior compartments, the average size of each being 75 feet long by 20 feet wide at the outer end. All the fences are of wire, and were specially designed in the Park for this installation. It is-a practical impossibility to offer an enumeration of the living animals in this building which will permanently apply, and the best that can be attempted is an approxima- tion. It is an inexorable law of Nature that the smallest animals shall have the shortest periods of life, and in a zoological park a small hoofed animal may be here to-day and gone to-morrow. In the following enumeration, men- tion will be made only of those species which are likely to remain longest on exhibition; and it may be observed that in this building there will be found various animals which are neither deer nor antelopes. THE SmaLtt Derr. Osceola White-Tailed Deer, (Odocoileus virginianus os- ceola), is an interesting geographic race of the northern White-Tailed Deer which forms the parent stem of a group of six or seven subspecies. The robust and hardy northern type, often with large and strong antlers, gradually dimin- 44 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. REDUNCA ANTELOPE. ishes in size and in antlers, until in Mexico it becomes a small and delicate creature, with very small and light antlers bearing only two or three small tines. The next form has so widely diverged from the original type that it is necessary to accord it rank as a full species. The Sinaloa White-Tailed Deer, (Odocoileus sinaloae), is still smaller and weaker than the preceding. Our pair of specimens shown was obtained by Mr. and Mrs. C. William Beebe, in the State of Guadalajara, Mexico, and are highly interesting as a link near the lower terminus of the Odocoi- leus chain. On a majority of the antlers of this species there are no branches whatever, but simply a weak main beam, curving over at the tip, and terminating in a rounded point. It should be noted here that the White-Tailed Deer group, (Odocoileus), is very well represented in South America by O. weigmanni of the Guianas. The Marsh Deer, (Blastoceros paludosus), of eastern South America, is the largest South American deer. Our first specimen was obtained in 1904. Its antlers are strong- ly built but short, and in architecture resemble the antlers of a Siamese species known as Schomburgk Deer, (Cervus schomburgkt) ; but the latter has on each beam three double bifureations, while the former has but two. The Marsh Deer has very large, wide-spreading hoofs, which it would NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL ‘PARK. 45 seem have been developed by many generations of existence on soft ground. It inhabits the jungles along river banks, in Brazil. The head of this animal is of remarkable length. This important species is rather weak in captivity, and it is by no means certain that it can constantly be exhibited here. There is another South American species, (Blastoceros campestris), which is a zoological understudy, or miniature, of the large Marsh Deer. The Black-Faced Brocket, (Mazaima tema), whenever it can be obtained, will represent a group of American deer which is as little known in the United States as if it in- habited the heart of Borneo. The Brockets are smaller than the Sinaloa white-tailed deer, and they are so nearly hornless that the antler is merely a small, straight, sharp- pointed spike of bone only three inches long. The adult animal is only 25 inches in shoulder height, which is about the size of the muntjac of India. Of the Brockets there are several species, mostly South American, but from skulls and horns received we now know that it is found as far north as the State of Puebla, Mexico. A correspondent in that locality is constantly endeavoring to secure specimens for us, and no doubt will shortly succeed. For the reason that we expect specimens in the near future, this species is in- eluded. The Hog Deer, (Cervus porcinus), which is very unlike a hog, and is libeled by its name, is a small species from India, which is provided with long and well-shaped antlers having a total of six points. Sometimes the adult males are spot- ted in summer, and sometimes they are not. This species stands next to the beautiful axis deer. It breeds well in captivity, but is a very nervous and even hysterical animal. The Molucca Deer, (Cervus moluccensis), is a thick- bodied, scantily-clad and coarse-haired understudy of the Malay sambar, (Cervus unicolor). Of all deer it is one of the least beautiful. Its hair resembles the bristles of a wild hog, and its color is a dull, raw-umber brown. It belongs to the sambar group of East Indian deer, and really marks, both geographically and in size, the farthest departure from the type species of the group. The Muntjac or Rib-Faced Deer, (Cervus muntjac), is one of the most interesting of all species of small deer. In one respect it is unique. Its tiny antlers, which are only 4% inches in length, are placed high up on stems of solid bone, which sometimes rise 334 inches clear of the cranium. 46 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. SASIN ANTELOPE. These pedicles of bone are covered with skin, quite up to the burr of the antler. The front angles of these pedicles are continued down the face to the nasal bones, and form the two sharply defined facial ridges which have given this creature one of its popular names. In India the Muntjac inhabits the jungles of the tiger, the leopard, axis deer and sloth bear, and escapes from its numerous enemies by hiding behind logs, and scurrying through the thick underbush so swiftly that its pursuers can not keep it in view. Its flesh is most excellent food. From its peculiar, yapping cry, many times repeated, it is often called the Barking Deer. It breeds readily in captivity, and its bright fawn color attracts to it much attention. The Musk Deer, (Moschus moschiferus), of northern In- dia, Tibet and Southern China is the creature which pro- duces the well-known musk perfume of commerce. The product is secreted by the male in the ‘‘rutting’’ season. This species is one of the smallest of the true deer. Its most remarkable anatomical feature is a pair of very long and sharp canine teeth in the upper jaw, the points of which project far below the lower jaw. No horns are present in this animal. Being short-lived in captivity, and also diffi- cult to obtain, it must be classed as an intermittent exhibit. THE SmaALL AFRICAN ANTELOPES. In addition to the grand array of large antelopes inhabit- NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 47 ing Africa, of which many fine examples will be found in the Antelope House, there is an extensive series of small species. Indeed, the richness of Africa in antelopes, great and small, is almost beyond belief. The species of Asia and Europe are so few, and so inconspicuous, that they seem lke so many stray wanderers from the Dark Continent. The fertile, grassy plains of the great Central African plateau have cradled scores of species, some of which have wandered into the deserts, the forests and the fluviatile swamps, and there made their permanent homes. The Black-Buck, or Sasin Antelope, (Antilope cervicapra); of the central plains of Hindustan, is one of the handsomest of the smaller antelopes. The horns of the male are long, strongly ringed, twisted spirally, and rise from the head in the shape of a V, sometimes to a length of 28 inches. At first the young males are fawn-colored, like the females, but as they grow older they steadily grow darker, until finally the whole upper body and lower neck are suffused with a rich, brown-black color. On the plains between the rivers Ganges and Jumna, herds of Black-Buck live in densely pop- ulated agricultural regions, and one of the greatest difficul- ties attendant upon its pursuit lies in shooting an animal without also shooting the native. The Reedbuck, (Cervicapra arundinum), of South Africa, below Angola and Mozambique, is closely related to the larger and much more showy waterbucks, but is distin- guished from them by the pronounced forward curve of its horns. In the western districts of Cape Colony, the number alive, in 1905, was estimated at 350 individuals. The Common Duiker Antelope, (Cephalophus grimmi), or for that matter, any species of Duiker—may be regarded as the representative of a large group of very small African antelopes, of wide distribution. There are about twenty species in all, and the great majority of them are very modestly colored, in coats of one or two colors only. The prevailing tints are grayish brown and tawny red. The horns of the various species of Duikers are all very much alike. With but one or two exceptions, their horns are straight spikes from 3 to 5 inches in length. In shoulder height the Duikers vary from 14 to 30 inches, but the major- ity are between 17 and 22 inches. Only three or four species are strikingly colored. _ The Bh pot Antelope, (Tetraceros guadricornis) is vhich looks like a duiker, but is very far 48 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE GREAT GRAY KANGAROO. from belonging to that genus. It is an inhabitant of the brushy plains of India, and enjoys the unique distinction of possessing two pairs of horns. In addition to the 4-inch pair, normally placed, it has a much smaller pair, usually only 1 inch in height, which rises from the central area of the forehead. I believe it is the only species of antelope which possesses two pairs of horns. The Springbuck, (Antidorcas euchore), is to South Africa as the ‘‘prong-horn’’ is to our great western plains. Once, both were abundant, and the first hoofed animal to greet the traveler who entered their respective domains. To-day, both species are so nearly extinct that the hunter must search long before finding even one. The Springbuck re- ceived its name in recognition of its remarkable habit of leaping high into the air when running—a habit which also is displayed by the black-buck of India. The Gazelles are found only in Asia and Africa, and the number of species is about 25. In general terms they may be described as dainty antelopes,—so slender and delicate in leg construction that it seems strange that such slender bones can support a tall animal without breaking. The Dorcas Gazelle, of Arabia, (Gazella dorcas), is the species which most frequently finds its way into captivity, and it will serve very well as a specimen species for the whole group. Despite its delicate and frail appearance, it NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 49 ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT. is much more enduring in captivity than many animals which seem far more robust. A pair which entered the Park in 1900 is still living. The male has a temper which quite belies the reputation of the ‘‘gentle gazelle.’’ Although loyal and kind to his cage-mate, toward human beings gen- erally he has manifested a very savage disposition, and in one of his fits of bad temper he broke off one of his own horns. The Indian Gazelle, (Gazella benncti),—frequently called in its home country Ravine ‘‘Deer,’’—is a habitant of the sterile, water-washed ravines of northern and central India, which are the oriental counterpart of our western ‘‘bad- lands.’’ This animal inhabits the same regions as the black- buck, but because of the religious scruples of the Hindoos against the taking of life, both species are secure from at- tack—until the arrival among them of the white sahibs. A full-grown Indian Gazelle is 26 inches in shoulder height. The females of this species possess horns, which are very slender, and vary in length from 4 to 8% inches. MisceLLANgeous MamMats. The Small-Deer House will at all times contain various mammals which are there shown because it is a practical impossibility to provide a separate building for each group. 50 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. The Wild Swine of the world are here represented by three noteworthy species: The Red River-Hog, (Potamochacrus pencillatus), of West Africa, is about the only handsome species of swine that Nature has produced. In form it is compact and well-turned, its long pencil-tipped ears are of pleasing pattern, and its hair is a rich auburn color, and the temper of our specimen is everything that could be desired. Beside it is shown ‘‘Clarence,’’ the East African Wart-Hog, (Phacochaerus aetiiopicus), who is equally interesting, but in a different way. This species is very weird in form. The Collared Peccary, (Tagassu angulatum), beside it is more like the wild swine of Europe and Japan, and is not nearly so dangerous as general reputation demands. The Kangaroos.—Seldom is there found in Nature a group of large-animal species whose members are so monotonously similar in general appearance as are the Kangaroos and Wallabies, of Australia. The great majority are either gray or gray-brown, and the only striking variation is found in the big Red Kangaroo, (Macropus rufus). THE WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT, No. 48. Fortunate indeed is the zoological park or garden which ean exhibit even one living specimen of the White Moun- tain Goat. It is a very difficult matter to take an animal from a rarified dry atmosphere, at an elevation of 8,000 feet, and induce it to live at sea level, in a dense and humid atmosphere, on food to which it is by nature wholly un- accustomed. We have been successful in establishing here, on a breed- ing basis this rare and difficult animal, (Oreamnos mon- tanus). One kid was born in 1908 and another in 1910, and both have thriven, the former now being so large as to look like an adult specimen. For some subtle reason which we can not explain, these animals—like the chamois and mouflon quartered in small pens near the Small-Mammal House—do not thrive in any of the large, rock-bound corrals of Mountain Sheep Hill. They are kept in a rock-paved corral near the Pheasant Aviary and the Crotona Entrance, and to their use has been devoted a rustic barn, which they shelter in or climb over, according to the weather. To see them walking nonchalant- NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 51 ty over the steep roof, or perching upon its peak, is one of the drollest sights of the Park. The White Goat, sometimes mistakenly called ‘‘goat an- telope,’’ belongs to a smail group known as the Rupicaprines or rock antelopes. It inhabits many different kinds of ter- ritory, but usually the rugged sides and summits of high mountains, at irregular intervals from southwestern Mon- tana and northern Washington, northward to the head of Cook Inlet on the coast of Alaska. (See map of distribution, with label.) The valley of the upper Yukon contains prac- tically no goats. They are most abundant in southeastern British Columbia, where in a very small area, in September, 1905, Mr. John M. Phillips and the writer actually counted 239 individuals. Of the five animals now exhibited in the Park, three were captured a few days after their birth, in May, 1905, about seventy miles north of Fort Steele, British Columbia. They arrived here October 9, 1905, and up to this date they have thriven as well, and grown as rapidly, as they would have in a state of nature. Their food consists of the best clover hay obtainable, and crushed oats. When they shed their coats, in the spring, they are almost as white as snow, but with months of use, their pelage becomes soiled.and slightly discolored. A fully adult male mountain goat stands from 39 to 41 inches in shoulder height, and weighs, on scales, from 258 to 300 pounds. THE PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE. The Prong-Horned Antelope, (Antilocapra americana), is an animal in which Americans should now take special in- terest. Structurally, the Prong-Horn is so peculiar that it has been found necessary to create for it a special zoological family, called Antilocapridae, of which it is the sole mem- ber. This is due to the following facts: (1) This is the only living mammal possessing hollow horns (grow- ing over a bony core) which sheds them annually; (2) it is the only animal possessing a hollow horn which bears a prong, or bifurcation; (38) it has no ‘‘dew claws,’’ as other ruminant animals have; (4) the horn is placed directly above the eye; (5) the long hair of the body and neck is tubular; and (6) that on the rump is erectile. Beyond all possibility of doubt, it will be our next large 52 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. Ey 1 | “pissy Uhl, Vile. y YR, a4 AMERICAN PRONG HORNED ANTELOPE. species to become extinct, and if we may judge by the rate at which the bands have been disappearing during the last fifteen years, ten years more will, in all probability, wit- ness the extermination of the last individuals now struggling to exist outside of rigidly protected areas. It was the inten- tion of the Society to make liberal provision for the study of the species while it is yet possible to obtain living specimens, for fifty years hence our graceful and zoologically interest- ing Prong-Horn will be as extinct as the dodo. Unfortu- nately, however, it fares so badly on the Atlantic coast, there will, no doubt, be periods wherein this species will be temporarily absent from the Park. Forty years ago this animal inhabited practically the whole of the great pasture region which stretches eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the western borders of Iowa and Missouri. Northward its range extended far into Mani- toba; southward it went far beyond the Rio Grande, and it also’: ranged southwestward through Colorado and Nevada to southern California. Its chosen home was the treeless plains, where the rich buffalo grass and bunch grass afforded abundant food, but it also frequented the beau- tiful mountain parks of Wyoming and Colorado. It even lived contentedly in the deserts of the southwest, where its voluntary presence, coupled with the absence of water, con- stituted a problem which has puzzled the brain of many a desert traveller. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 33 BACTRIAN CAMEL. To-day, all observers agree that in all regions wherein the antelope are not rigidly protected, they are going fast. Those in the Yellowstone Park are protected against man only to be devoured by the wolves which infest the Park. Unfortunately, the Prong-Horned Antelope is not a hardy animal. The kids are very difficult to rear; they are at all times easily hurt by accident, and even in a state of nature this species suffers more severely in winter than any other North American ruminant. Often the herds drift helplessly before the blizzards, with numerous deaths from freezing and starvation, and in spring the survivors come out thin and weak. THE CAMEL HOUSE, No. 39. Speaking in a collective sense, the Camel is much more than an ordinary animal unit in a zoological park. On the high plains of central and southwestern Asia, and through- out the arid regions of Africa, it is an institution. Without it, many portions of the Old World would be uninhabitable by man. Take either Dromedary or Bactrian Camel, and it is a sad-eyed, ungainly, slow-moving creature, full of plaints and objections; but remember that it goes so far back to- ward the foundations of man’s dynasty, that beside it the oldest American history seems but a record of yesterday. 54 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. ALPACA. It is only a species of the utmost tenacity which could for fifty centuries or more withstand constant use and abuse by man without being altered out of all resemblance to its original form. All races of mankind and all breeds of domestic animals save one, change and continue to change, indefinitely, but the Camels apparently go on the same, forever. The Bactrian Camel, (Camelus bactrianus), he of the long shaggy hair—when not shedding—and the two great humps, is the beast of heavy burden, the four-footed freight-car of the desert sands. He can carry 550 pounds of freight, for three or four days between drinks; but a swift pace is not for him. It is an animal of this remarkable species, from distant Turkestan, southwestern Asia, which daily in fine weather offers its services as a riding animal, at the stand near the Large Bird-House. It is unfortunate that the Bactrian Camel is in its finest pelage only in winter, when visitors to the Park are few, and camel-riding is out of the question. Promptly upon the approach of warm weather and a million visitors, it sheds its long, shaggy brown coat, and stands forth as if shorn by a shearer. Of this species, the Zoological Society possesses two fine specimens (the gift of Captain John 8. Barnes), one of which will at all times be found regularly exhibited at the Camel House, close by the Crotona (southwest) En- trance. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 55 VICUNIA. The Dromedary, or Single-Humped Camel, (Camelus dro- medarius), is a smaller animal than the preceding, of lighter build, and therefore capable of much more speed in travel- ling. This species never is clothed with long hair. Next to the Camel House and corrals is the installation for the nearest relatives of those species,—the Llamas, Gua- nacos and other cameloids of South America. THE LLAMA HOUSE, No. 38. Collection of Cameloids was presented by Mr. Robert S. Brewster. The arid regions of South America are inhabited by four species of long-necked, long-haired, soft-footed animals, so closely related to the camels of the Old World that they are called cameloids. There are four species. The llama and alpaca are in a state of domestication, and are supposed to have been derived from the wild guanaco and vicunia. All of them might almost be described as small-sized, hump- less camels; and their tempers and mental traits are as odd as their forms. The ordinary cameloid is a quiet and inoffensive creature ; but the exception is a rogue of rogues. It will bite with the persistence of a bull-dog, and with its massive, chisel-like 56 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. lower incisors inflicts ugly wounds. At times a Jlama or vicunia becomes actually insane, and seeks to destray every living creature within its reach. Regardless of punishment, such creatures attack their keepers and their herd-mates, spit upon visitors, and rage up and down their corrals in most absurd fashion. Occasionally such individuals require to be completely isolated. The Llama, (Lama glama), is the largest and strongest member of the group. Its body is covered with a thick mass of long, wavy hair of fine texture, which may be either brown, white, white and brown, or almost black. The head and legs are short-haired like those of the guanaco. From: time immemorial, this animal has been used as a beast of burden, and in the Andes has played an important part in the mineral industry by carrying silver ore and bullion from the mines. The Alpaca, (Lama pacos), is bred for its wool. It is smaller than the llama, but more abundantly haired on the legs, neck and head. Its fleece is long, and lies in stringy tufts. Usually its color is dark brown or black, but oc- casionally a white Alpaca is seen. A white specimen in the Zoological Park collection has blue eyes. The Guanaco, (Lama guanacus), is one of the most inter- esting and valuable wild animals now found in Patagonia. Unfortunately, it is so stupid and incapable that it is easily killed. The natives of Terra del Fuego, themselves almost the lowest and most ignorant of men, slaughter Guanacos for food by surrounding groups of them and clubbing them to death. In size the Guanaco is between the llama and vicunia, and its shoulder height is about 4 feet. Its hair is thick and woolly, of a pale reddish color, and there are naked patches on the legs. This species is found on the Andes, from Ecua- dor to Terra del Fuego, and appears to be most abundant in Patagonia. The Vicunia, (Lama vicunia), is the only member of the cameloid group which is not clothed with a mass of long hair. It is the smallest member of the group, comparatively short-haired, its color is a uniform light brown, its head is small, and there are no callosities on the hind legs. The Vicunia is found from southern Ecuador, through Peru to central Bolivia. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 57 NORTH AMERICAN DEER. Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tail, Caribou and Moose. The American members of the Deer Family will be found in the ranges situated on the hill west of the Wild-Fowl Pond, stretching from the Llama House northward to the Service Road. After several years of experiments, we must admit that to all the American members of the Deer Family save the wapiti white-tailed and mule deer, the climate of New York City is decidedly inimical. This densely humid and extremely sa- line atmosphere is about as deadly to the black-tail, caribou and moose as it is to the Eskimo; and thus far we have found it an absolute impossibility to maintain satisfactory herds of those species in the ranges available for them. In great tracts of forests, some of them might become acclima- tized; but, be that as it may, all experiments made thus far both here and in two of the great game preserves of New England, prove conclusively that black-tail deer, mule deer, caribou, moose, and also prong-horned antelope, are among the most difficult of all ruminants to acclimatize anywhere in the United States eastward of the great plains. Although the Zoological Society will continue its experi- ments with some of these preserve species, and will always strive to exhibit some of them, our original hopes regarding ‘them have been abandoned. We are certain that the diffi- culty lies not in the food, but in climate conditions, that are beyond our control, and especially our very salty atmosphere. The American Elk, or Wapiti, (Cervus canadensis.) —Of all the numerous members of the Deer Family, this animal is second in size to the moose only; and in the autumn, when its pelage is bright and luxuriant, its sides well rounded, its massive antlers clean and held conspiculously aloft, the elk may justly be called the king of the Cervidae. It is well that in the Yellowstone Park we have an unfailing supply of Elk, which bids fair to perpetuate this handsome species for another century. Our Elk Range might well stand for a mountain park, in which is set a natural lakelet of real value. In October, when the splendid groves of beech, oak, and maple along the eastern ridge put on all the glorious tints of autumn, and the big thicket of sumacs, ash, and haw on the northern hill fairly blaze with scarlet—then are the elk also at their EUROPEAN RED DEER. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 59 best. There is no finer picture in animate nature than a herd of elk in October, with such a setting of greensward, tree-trunk, and foliage. The maximum shoulder height of the Elk is 5 feet 4 inches, or thereabouts, and the heaviest weight noted thus far is 927 pounds. The calves are born from May to July, and are spotted during the first six months. During the first year the ant- lers are merely two straight spikes, called ‘‘dag antlers.’’ As in al! members of the Deer Family, the antlers are shed every year—which to many persons is almost beyond be- lief. Any person who visits a zoological garden in mid- summer will see that the old antlers have dropped off bodily, just below the burr, and that new antlers, covered with hair, soft, full of blood, and with eclub-like ‘‘points,’’ have sprung up like mushrooms in place of the old ones. In supplying the great drain on the system necessary to support this re- markable growth, the Elk grows thin, and the fear of hurt- ing his tender young antlers makes him quite timid and in- offensive. He is no longer the tyrant of the herd, and a con- stant menace to his keepers. At this point it is not amiss to call attention to the differ- ences between horns and antlers. A horn is a hollow sheath, growing over a bony core, and except in the case of the prong-horned antelope, is never shed. Horns are worn by both sexes of all bison, buffaloes, cattle, antelope, sheep, and goats. An antler is of solid bone throughout, growing from the skull; it is shed every year close to the skull, and quickly renewed. Usually antlers have several branches. They are worn by nearly all male members of the Deer Family—moose, elk, caribou, deer, etc., and also by the female caribou. The prongs on an antler are no index of the wearer’s age. Some of the finest and most massive elk antlers have only twelve or fourteen points. During August and September the hairy covering, or ‘‘velvet,’’ of new antlers is rubbed off against trees and bushes. This period is quickly followed by the mating season, during which the neck of the bull becomes unusually large, and often the animal becomes dangerous. Although the Elk is essentially a timber-loving animal, it also wandered far into the plains bordering the Rocky Mountains on the east—until driven from them by man. The ideal home of this animal is the timbered foothills of our western mountains, up to 8,000 feet. Although once 60 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. found from Virginia and New York to Oregon, and from northern Manitoba to the Gulf of Mexico, it is now numer- ous only in and adjacent to the Yellowstone Park, in cen- tral Colorado, where it is well protected, and in western Manitoba. The number of Elk in the National Park is variously estimated at from 10,000 head to a much larger number. In a wild state, the Elk feeds on grasses, weeds, and the leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs. Of all Amer- ican deer, it is the most easy to acclimate and breed in captivity. Large herds are now being maintained and bred in numerous private game preserves in New Hamp- shire, New York, Minnesota, Massachusetts, and elsewhere. About 200 head have been released in the Adirondacks. The Mule Deer, (Odocoileus hemionus.—This fine animal is universally known throughout the Rocky Mountain re- gion, which constitutes its home, as the ‘‘ Black-Tailed Deer.’’ Because of its very large ears, and the absence of a black tail, it is known to naturalists as the Mule Deer. Inasmuch as its tail is not black, the above more common name prop- erly apples to Odocoileus columbtanus, the true black-tailed deer of the Pacific coast. In Manitoba this animal is called the ‘‘Jumping Deer,’’ because when running at a gallop, it makes a series of stiff-legged jumps, or ‘‘bucks,’’ of great length. The weight of full-grown bucks ranges from 250 to 300 pounds, and specimens have been known to reach 325 pounds. The antlers of the Mule Deer are larger and hand- somer than those of the white-tailed deer, and are much better poised on the head. Instead of dropping forward, they partake more of the set of an elk’s antlers, and many a ‘“‘tenderfoot’’? hunter has mistaken a _heavily-antlered Mule Deer for an elk. The antlers of a Mule Deer are easily distinguished from those of the white-tailed species by the two Y-shaped prongs on each antler. It will be re- membered that instead of these, the white-tailed deer antler bears three straight, perpendicular spikes. The Mule Deer makes its home in rugged ravines and bad lands so common along the creeks and rivers of the Rocky Mountain region, extending well eastward into the plains. Of late years it has been driven out of the most accessible of its former haunts, and forced to take shelter in the rugged fastnesses of the foothills and mountains. West of the Rocky Mountains is was formerly found along DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTLERS OF A MALE DEER. These pictures show the stages of growth of the antlers from the time the old ones are dropped, to the full development. Number 1 shows the bull with the one antler gone—picture made early in March. Num- ber 6 shows the full grown antlers, with the velvet hanging in strips. Number 6 was made August 24 of the same year as Number 1. This yemarkable antler development takes place every year in the life of ali male deer. 62 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE. the whole Pacific slope, from Cape St. Lucas to British Columbia, although in northern California it is almost re- placed by the Columbian Black-Tail, (O. columbianus). The White-Tailed Deer, (Odocoileus virginianus), is the species most widely known throughout the United States, partly by reason of the fact that it was the first species with which the early settlers of America became acquainted, partly because of its wide distribution, and also its persist- ence in holding its own. In various localities this animal is known under various names, such as ‘‘ White-Tailed Deer,’’ “‘Flag-Tailed Deer,’’ and ‘‘Fan-Tailed Deer.’’ Although not at all in need of it, quite recently it has received still an other name—American Deer. The small deer of Florida, and also of New Mexico and the Southwest, have been described as separate forms; and if size is to be accepted as a factor in the differentiation of species, the diminutive proportions of the proposed southern species are quite suffi- cient to establish their separate identity. The White-Tailed deer of Virginia and the northern United States is a fine animal—large, strong-limbed, heavily-ant- lered, and hardy. Between it and the deer of Florida the difference is as great as that between a setter dog and a mas- tiff. Thanks to the fact that this species is a born skulker and lives only in thick brush and timber, it still holds its own throughout the forest regions of the South generally, Pennsylvania, the Adirondacks, Maine, Michigan, Minne- sota, the Dakotas, Montana, and Colorado. In the West it is often found inhabiting brushy ravines and river bot- toms. This species breeds readily in confinement, and when pro- tected in any large tract of brush or timber, increases rapidly. During the months of September, October, and November, the bucks are dangerous and untrustworthy. The peculiar formation of the antlers—three strong, spear- like points thrust straight upward from the beam—makes them dangerous weapons; and when an ill-tempered buck lowers his chin and drives straight forward with eight sharp spears of solid bone, and nearly three hundred pounds of weight to back them, he may well be considered a dan- gerous animal. He is to be feared less than the elk only because he is smaller. The Woodland Caribou, (Rangifer caribou).—The first hoofed animal to arrive at the Zoological Park was a young NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 63 female of this species, which was procured in Champlain County, Canada, and forwarded to the Society by one of our members, Mr. George 8. Huntington. These animals, when present in the Park, will be kept in a small enclo- sure, because a large range containing an abundance of green grass is fatal to them. The wild range of the Woodland Caribou extends from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine, with many wide gaps, to the head waters of the Yukon River, in southern Alaska. The following localities are worthy of special men- tion: northern Quebec and Ontario; James Bay; the north- ern end of Lake Winnipeg (occasionally) ; Lake of Woods, Minnesota; Oregon near Mount Hood; northern Idaho; northwestern Montana, and the mountains of British Co- lumbia. Quite recently, three new species of caribou have been added to our fauna, one from the Alaskan Peninsula (Ran- gifer granti), one from the Kenai Peninsula (Rangifer sto- net), and one from the Cassiar Mountains (Rangifer os- borni). The Woodland Caribou attains nearly twice the bodily bulk of its more northern congener, the Barren-Ground caribou. In a state of nature it lives on browse, reindeer moss, tree moss, and lichens, and it loves ice-covered lakes and ponds as much as any boy. Its loose-jointed and wide spreading hoofs and enormously developed ‘‘dew-claws’’ have been specially designed by Nature to enable this ani- mal to run freely, as if on snow-shoes, over snow or bogs, which to any small-hoofed deer would be quite impassable. The female Woodland Caribou is provided with small ant- lers, which, like those of the male, are shed and renewed annually. In the absence of caribou in the Park, visitors are advised to look for specimens of the Lapland Reindeer, (Rangifer - tarandus), for we shall endeavor to keep this genus rep- resented. THE ZEBRA HOUSES, No. 14. Although the main building of this installation has not yet been erected, the plan for the various buildings and corrals has been approved, and the main building was begun in 1911 and completed in 1912. The three buildings, and the extensive corrals connecting with them, as a 64 POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDxE. GRANT ZEBRA. whole, do justice to the important and picturesque Family Equidae, which includes all the zebras, wild asses and wild horses of the world. The Prjevalsky Horses, (Equus prjevalsku).—Of all the wild equines which either now or hereafter may be seen in the Zoological Park, the strange little wild horses from western Mongolia are, and probably will remain, the most interesting, from a zoological point of view. Broadly speak- ing, they are the connecting link between the many-striped zebras, the little-striped quaggas and the wild asses on one side, and the domestic, unstriped horse on the other. These wild horses possess a narrow, dark dorsal stripe, which, in the winter pelage is scarcely visible, but in summer is plainly evident. A perfect specimen has an erect mane, no long forelock and no ‘‘chestnuts’’ on its legs. On the upper half of its tail the hair is short, and mule-like, but on the lower, or terminal half, it is long and horse-like. The win- ter coat of this animal is very long and shaggy. Mountain Zebra, (Equus sebra)—This species has been nearly exterminated by man, and is rarely seen in captivity. It inhabits the mountains of Cape Colony, and it is estimated that only 400 individuals remain, which now are carefully protected. NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, (ors) PRJEVALSKY HORSES. Grevy Zebra, (Equus grcvyi)—This picturesque species was discovered in Abyssinia, when Jules Grevy was presi- dent of France, and it was named in his honor. It is of large size, covered with very narrow stripes all over its body, head and limbs, and its huge ears are of remarkable form. This species is limited to southern Abyssinia and British East Africa southward to the Tana River. Grant Zebra, (Equus burchelli granti).—Of all the zebras now seen in captivity, the great majority belong to what very properly may be designated as the group of Burchell Zebras. This group contains, besides the type species, which has practically no stripes on its legs, four subspecies, whose legs are more or less striped, and which may or may not possess ‘‘shadow stripes’’ on the hind-quarters.