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NATAL PLANTS.

VOL. 2.

GRASSES.

, » . EDITED BY

J. MEDLEY WOOD, A.L.S.,

DIRECTOR OF NATAL BOTANIC GARDENS, DURBAN.

AND OF —

NATAL GOVERNMENT HERBARIUM.

Published under the auspices of the Natal Government and the Durban Botanic Society

RoBINSQN & Co., LTD., PRINTERS, MERCURY LANE, DURBAN.

1904.

PREFACE.

In presenting this volume of figures and descriptions of 100 of the Natal
indigenous grasses, it is with pleasure that I acknowledge our great indebtedness
to the Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, for permission to use the descriptions
of these plants as given in Vol. VIL. of the Flora Capensis, since the descriptions
here given are taken entire from that work, the only differences being the division
into paragraphs, and the use of capitals and italics, with the object of making them
easier of reference for those not accustomed to botanical descriptions. To Dr.
Stapf, who has been responsible for the work on this difficult Order, our very
hearty thanks are also due.

To the-list of the habitats of the different species as given in the Flora
Capensis, I have added those taken from the specimens in our Herbarium, and I
regret that so very little local information could be given as to the value of the
species as fodder or grazing plants, such information is not easily obtained in a
country where the species, or but few of them, have any distinctive vernacular
names, but it is hoped that the publication of this work will be of some assistance
in the way of gathering information together for publication in a separate form.
It will be noticed that there is a difference between the Plates Nos. 1 to 50, and
those from 51 to 100, the first 50 were drawn on transfer paper, the second 50 were
drawn on an enlarged scale with Indian ink, and then transferred to the stone by
the photo-lithographic process, this was done by the advice of Mr. John Singleton,
who has very successfully carried out the iehoeraphic work, and to whom I am
much indebted for the suggestion.

I have also to offer my thanks to all those persons who assisted by contributing
specimens, and in some cases information also, to Mr. Mason for specimens collected
in the Mooi River district, Mr. J. T. St. George for specimens collected near
Maritzburg, and Messrs. J enkinson and Swanfield for Zululand specimens. The set
of specimens collected by the late Rev. John Buchanan, which is now in the
Herbarium, has been of the greatest service, especially so as the numbers are so
frequently referred to in the Flora Capensis. _A number of specimens collected in
the Dundee district by the late Mr. W. E. Green have also been very useful. The
drawings and dissections were done in the Herbarium by Miss Lauth, and the
drawings of the several parts have been compared, both with the plants and with
Dr. Stapf’s descriptions. At the end of the volume I note a few corrections of the
details which were discovered on going over the drawings when the last part of
the volume was completed.

In conclusion, it is necessary for me to state that, without the liberal grants
allowed by Government for the different parts of this work as published, it would
not be possible for it to be continued, except at such a loss as the Botanic Society
would not be justified in accepting.

J. MEDLEY WOOD,
Director.

‘Plate 101

Imperata arundinacea, Cyz.

PLATE 101.

IMPERATA ARUNDINACEA (Cyr. Pl. Rar. Neap. fase. il. 26, t. 11, and in Usteri,
Ann. Bot. xii. 61).

PERENNIAL, rather coarse, few culms in a stool; on jointed creeping root-
stocks, which are completely clothed with imbricate, leafy, veiny scales.

Cutms, 14-4 feet long, erect, 3-4-noded, glabrous. Sheaths rather loose,
glabrous, the lowest at length breaking up into fibres ; ligules membranous, short,
hairy. Blades linear from a very narrow base, tapering to an acute point, the
lowest $-1 foot long, by 1-2 lines broad, the upper very short, rigid, usually con-
volute, glabrous or bearded at the base, smooth below, margin scabrid, midrib stout.

PANICLE spiciform, 2-8 inches long, cylindric, very dense, branches and
branchlets very numerous, crowded, appressed, pedicels fine, with clavate tips,
$-14 line long, with fine long hairs below.

SPIKELETS about 24 lines long, pale or purplish, enveloped by hairs 5-6 lines
long. Glumes ovate-oblong, to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subobtuse, with the tips
ciliate, usually 5-7-nerved. Valves, lower oblong, obtuse, denticulate, ciliate,
nerveless ; upper ovate, acute, glabrous, nerveless. Anthers 14-24 lines long.
Stigmas 14-2¢ lines long, purple.

Habitat: Natau. Coast districts generally. Dundee, W. E. Green, 70;
Zululand, H. D. Jenkinson, 66.

Drawn and described from specimens gathered near Durban, February, 1899.

This genus includes five closely allied species, all natives of warm countries.
The present species is common in moist ground in the coast districts, and extends
to the uplands and Zululand. It has little if any value as a pasture grass, and its
presence is, I think, usually indicative of a moist subsoil, but further iuformation
on this point is desirable. I have not been able to ascertain its native name.
Baron F. v. Mueller says of it -—‘“ The Lalang grass of India. Structurally almost
a Sugar Cane in miniature. Valuable for binding sand, especially in wet localities.
Available also for thatching, and for litter of resisting qualities. Pretty in table
bouquets. Apt to become irrepressible in cultivated ground. Browsed on by
pasture animals, though harsh ; ought to be suitable for ensilage.”

4

Fig. 1, Plant reduced ; 2, lower glume ; 3, upper glume; 4, lowest valve ; 5, upper valve ;
6, pale ; 7, ovary, stamens, style and stigmas ; 8, branchlet with spikelets ; 9, pedicels after
disarticulation. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 102.

Saccnarum Munroanum (Hack. Androp. in DC. Mongr. Plan. vi. 124.)

Cums 2 feet long, 3-noded.

Leaves, lower crowded. Sheaths rather lax, scantily hairy at the nodes,
otherwise glabrous, the lowest shining as if lacquered ; ligule short with hairs
from the base behind, otherwise glabrous. Blades narrow, linear, acute, flat,
4-5 inches long, by 2 lines (or by less than 1 line in the more or less convolute
innovation leaves), rigid, puberulous on both sides, margin smooth.

PaNIcLE oblong, 4-5 inches long, dense, fulvous or ferruginous, shining.
Racemes } to almost 1 inch long, rather stout ; joints and pedicels stout, ciliate.

SPIKELETS crowded, lanceolate. Sessile spikelet 2-23. lines long, enveloped by
rigid hairs. Glumes, /ower chartaceous, entire, subobtuse, 2-keeled and 4-nerved
between the keels, which are long ciliate above the middle; upper more acute,
1-3 nerved, ciliate along the margins and on the keel above the middle. Valves,
lower 14-12 line long, lanceolate ; wpper very small, ovate, nerveless, tips ciliate.
Pale 0. Anthers 1 line long. Grain obovoid, globose, 4 line long. Pedicelled
sptkelets similar but smaller (15-12 line long), enveloping hairs more copious.
Anthers rudimentary, very minute.

Habitat: Nata. Drakensberg, near Coldstream, 5500 feet, Rehman 6876 ;
Umpumulo, in marshes, 2000 feet, Buchanan 212; Greytown, Wood 7357.

Drawn and described from specimens gathered near Greytown, Wood 7357.

The genus Saccharum includes 12 species widely distributed in tropical and
subtropical regions of the Old World, one or two only being found in America and
West India Islands. The above described species is so far as at present known,
the only South African one, and is confined to South Africa. It has been hitherto
known as Hriochrysis pallida, Munro. The best known species of this genus is
S. officnarum, the “ Sugar Cane,” but in outward appearance there is little simi-
larity between the two plants.

Fig 1, Plant about natural size ; 2, spikelets (sessile and pedicelled) in position on rha-
chilla ; 3, lowest glume of sessile spikelet ; 3a, lowest glume of pedicelled apitcetet 3 4, upper
glume: 4a, same, side view ; 5, lower valve ; 6, upper valve; 7, lodicules, ovary, style, and
stamens of sessile spikelet ; 8, same of pedicelled spikelet. Mreept fig. 1, all enlarged,

Plate !02

Saccharum munroanum, Hack.

Plate 103

Pollinia nuda, Zrrn.

PLATE 103.

Pottmia NupA (Trin. Androp. in Mém. Ac. Pétersb. sér. vi. 11. 307).

ANNUAL.—CULMS very slender, decumbent, rooting, branched below, 2-5 feet
long, many-noded, grooved.

Leaves: Sheaths as long as, or the upper shorter than, the internodes, terete,
tight, finely hairy or glabrescent. Ligules membranous, glabrous. Blades spread-
ing, lanceolate from a constricted base, acuminate, 1-24 inches long by 2-7 lines
wide, thin, often flaccid, glabrous or with a few tubercle-based_ hairs.

RacemeEs (false spikes) 3-6, somewhat distant on a common axis, very slender,
‘flexuous, 1-4 inches long, green, joints equalling or exceeding the spikelets, gla-
brous. Pedicels like the joints but shorter.

SPIKELETS rather distant, linear-lanceolate, 2 lines long, minutely bearded at
the base. Glumes membranous, lower bicuspidate, dorsally concave, 2-keeled,
keels scaberulous, wpper acuminate, 1-nerved, obscurely keeled, ciliolate. Valves,
lower empty, linear-lanceolate, 1$ line long, hyaline, glabrous, nerveless ; wpper
linear very narrow, 1 line long, hyaline, 1-nerved, awn terminal, finely capillary,
flexuous, 6-9 lines long. Pale 0. Anthers $ line long. Grain 1 line long.

Habitat: Natat. Riet Vlei in bush, 6000 feet, Buchanan, 292.
Drawn from Buchanan’s specimen in Natal Government Herbarium.

Apparently a somewhat rare species in Natal since it is not reported as having
been gathered in any other locality, and Buchanan’s is the only specimen in the
Government Herbarium. It appears to be plentiful in India, but I cannot learn
that it is of much value as a pasture grass.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size; 2, lowest glume, back view ; 2a, same, front view ;
3, upper glume, back view ; 3a, same, side view; 4, lower valve ; 5, upper valve; 6, ovary,
stamens, stigma, and lodicules ; 7, rhachis and spikelets. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 104.

IscHaMUM FascicuLatuM (Brongn. Voy. Coy. Bot. 73). var. arcuatum (Hack.
Androp. in DC. Monogr. Phan. vi. 235).

PERENNIAL.—CuLMs ascending or suberect from a slender creeping rhizome,
more or less branched and fascicled near the base, or simple; 1-3 feet long, rather
slender, glabrous, 5-many noded. Sheaths equalling or exceeding the internodes,
subterete, glabrous, rarely hairy ; ligules minute, truncate, ciliate. Blades linear-
lanceolate, setaceously acuminate ; 3-8 inches long by 3-6 lines broad, flat, quite
glabrous, or hairy on the back near base, smooth, midrib white.

Racemes (false spikes) fascicled, 2-5, stout, straight or flexuous, 2-5 inches
long, hairy ; joints stout, triquetrous, 14-14 line long, slightly curved, keel (outer
angle) ciliate with yellowish hairs.

SPIKELETS 2-nate, 1 subsessile the other perlicelled. Sibsesstle spikelets 25-3
lines long, reddish above, pedicel } line long or shorter, bearded at the base. Glumes,
lower lanceolate-oblong, acutely and shortly 2-toothed, coriaceous below, flat and
more or less distinctly 5-ribbed on the back, scaberulous, scantily hairy, keels
winged near the tips, scabrid, intracarinal nerves 5-9; ppcr slightly longer than
the lower, lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, 3-5-nerved, keeled above. Valves,
lower lanceolate, almost as long as the subtending glume, rigidly membranous,
glabrous, 3-nerved, with an almost equal pale and a male flower; wpper oblong,
hyaline, deeply 2-fid, 2 lines long, delicately membranous, 3-nerved, lobes very
broad, ciliate ; awn 4-5 lines long, twisted below. Pale as long as, or slightly
longer than, the valve, acute. Anthers 1 line long. Pedice/ed spikelets 2) lines
long, reddish, pedicel 2 lines long, more or less hairy on the back. Lower elume
lanceolate, boat-shaped, keeled, 7-9-nerved, loosely hairy ; the rest as in the sub-
sessile spikelets. ,

Habitat: Nara. Coast districts generally, often in woods and marshy places.
Near Durban, Buchanan 32; 109; Wood 5945; near Umzimkulu, Drege ;
Umpumulo, Buchanan 209; without precise locality, Gerard 679; Harvey 49:
Zululand, Jenkinson 87.

Figured from specimens gathered near Durban, February, 1899.

F : Ge .
In Harvey’s genera of South African plants, this is quoted as Spodiopogon
arcuatus, Nees. Good for pasture, according to Mr. Celliers, per Mr. W. E. Green.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size ; 2, rhachis with sessile and subsessile spikelets. Sess//e
spihelet :—3, Lower glume ; 3a, same, back view ; 4, upper glume, side view ; 5, lower valve :
6, pale of same; 7, perfect stamens and lodicules; 8, upper valve; 9, pale of same ;
10, ovary, style and stigmas, Except fiy. 1, a! enlarged. ,

Plate 104

Ischeemum. fasciculatum,Brongn. var arcuatum,/ack.

Plate 105

Rottboellia compressa,Linn.var, fasciculata, Jack.

PLATE 1085.

RorrBeiira COMPRESSA (Linn. f. Suppl. 114), var. fasciculata (Hack. Androp.
in DC. Monogr. Phan. vi. 286).

PERENNIAL.—CULMs erect from a decumbent rooting base, branched, com-
pressed, glabrous, 1-5 feet long. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, compressed,
keeled, often ciliate at the mouth, otherwise glabrous. Ligules membranous, very
short, ciliate. Blades linear, gradually tapering, acute, very variable in length
and width, uppermost almost suppressed, somewhat rigid, glabrous.

RaceEmMeEs often fascicled, rather stout, straight or curved, with the appearance
of true spikes owing to the pedicels of the upper spikelets being adnate to the
contiguous joint ; more or less fragile.

SPIKELETS linear-oblong to oblong, 3-35 lines long, glabrous. Glumes equal,
lower coriaceous, constricted below the obtuse tips, or in the pedicelled spikelet
more acuminate, finely 7-9-nerved; upper broadly lanceolate, acuminate, membranous
and 8-nerved in the sessile, sub-chartaceous, and 5-7-nerved in the pedicelled
spikelets. Valves sub-equal, nerveless, 2-24 lines long. Pale linear, 1-14 line
long, lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Anthers 1-1} line long. Stigmas generally
laterally exserted. Grain broadly oblong.

Habitat: Natat. By the Umlaas River, Krauss; by streamlets near Umpu-
mulo, Buchanan 198 ; without precise locality, Buchanan 74 ; Gerrard 677 ; near
Dundee, W. E. Green 31; near Durban, Wood 7526.

Figured from Wood’s specimen No. 7526.

Throughout the warm countries of both hemispheres, in many localities evi-
dently introduced. The type through India to 8.W. China. Of this grass Baron
F. v. Mueller says :—‘ This perennial grass, though somewhat harsh, is reecommend-
able for moist pastures, and will retain a beautiful green throughout the year in
dry climes ; highly esteemed by graziers in Gippsland ; it is not injured by moderate
frost.” Mr. Cellier of Dundee says that it is good for pasture.

Fig. 1, Portion of plant, natural size ; 2, rhachis with sessile and pedicelled spikelets ;
3, lower glume ; 4, upper glume of sessile spikelet ; 4a, upper glume of pedicelled spikelet ;
5, lower valve; 6, upper valve; 7, pale; 8, ovary, style, stigmas, stamens, and lodicules.

Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 106.

ERIANTHUS CAPENSIS (Nees. Fl. Afr. Austr. 93, excl. var. B).

CuLMs up to 3 feet and more long, stout, sheathed nearly all along, glabrous.
Nheaths glabrous or scantily and appressedly hirsute near the margins. Ligules
about | line long, rounded. Blades broadly linear from a narrow base, tapering to
a long acute point, flat, firm, smooth, green, densely bearded at the base inside,
otherwise glabrous ; 1-3 feet long, 4-6 lines wide.

Panicie 1-14 foot long, lnear-oblong, usually sheathed at the base, much
branched, branches and branchlets sub-erect, filiform, like the rhachis quite glabrous,
the lowest 3-4 rarely 6 inches long.

RacemeEs obscurely articulate, tough, joints equalling or exceeding the spikelets,
bearded at base. Pedicels unequal, one very short, the other almost as long as the
spikelet, both filiform.

SPIKELETS oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pale or reddish brown, loosely hairy,
2-2 lines long, the hairs about 4 line long. Glumes chartaceous, the lower
minutely 2-toothed, usually with 2 intracarinal nerves, the upper broadly lanceolate,
boat-shaped, sub-acute, 3-nerved, keeled. Valves, owes lanceolate, about as long
as the lower glume, hyaline above, 1-3-nerved, ciliate ; “ppev linear-oblong, acutely
bifid, 3-nerved, ciliate, 1-14 line long. Awn 2-4 lines long ; column short. Pale
very small, long, ciliate. Lodicules cuneate, ciliate.

Habitat: Natat. Among reeds by Umlaas River, Avauss 159; feeder of
Tugela River, 1000 feet alt., Buchanan 271; Zululand, Jenkinson 82.

Figured from Jenkinson’s specimens, the only ones in the Government
Herbarium.

A genus of 20 or more species, mostly tropical, the one here described being
so far as at present known the only one found in Natal. It is a coarse grass and
of little if any use for pastures. Usually, I think, found in moist places, and in
large clumps. The native name is um-Tala, and it is often used by them for
thatching purposes.

Fig. 1, Portion of inflorescence and leaf, natural size ; 2, lower glume ; 3, upper glume ;
4, lower valve ; 5, upper valve ; 6, stamens and pistil. Fweept fig. 1, all enlarged.

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_Enanthus capensis Nees var villosa, Slapr

Trachypogon polymorphus, Hack.
var capensis, Hack.

PLATE 107.

TRACHYPOGON POLYMORPHUS (Hack. in Mart. Fl. Bras. IL ii. 263), var. capensis
(Hack. Androp. in DC. Monogr. Phan. vi. 326).

Cums erect, slender, simple, terete, glabrous, few-noded, 13-3 feet long.

LEAVES mainly crowded near the base. Sheaths terete, tight, generally ex-
ceeding the internodes, bearded at the nodes, otherwise glabrous or scantily and
fugaciously hairy. Ligules firm, up to 2 lines long. Blades very narrow, linear,
tapering to a long setaceous point, usually convolute, glabrous or hirsute at the
base, rarely hairy all over ; 4-10 inches long, ?-2 lines wide.

RaceMEs solitary, straight or sub-flexuous, 3-7 inches long. Rhachis sub-
terete, glabrous. Male spikelets subsessile, oblong, hairy, 3-4 lines long. Glumes,
lower obtuse or 2-toothed, keels crested, ciliolate, intracarinal nerves about 7, mar-
gins very narrowly imfloxed ; upper linear-oblong, subacute, subglabrous, 3-nerved,
ee softly ciliate. Stamens 3. Anthers 1$-2 lines long. Perfect spikelets

3-44 lines long. Pedicels very slender, about 1} line long, scantily long-hairy.
Gas lower oblong-linear, minutely truncate, ciliate near the membranous
reddish tips, otherwise more or less hairy, nerves 8-11, transversely anastomosing,
callus 1 line long; wpper lanceolate-linear, obtuse, strongly 3-nerved, scantily
hairy above. Awn of upper valve 14-25 inches long, softly hairy with hairs
decreasing upwards, or the bristle scabrid.

Habitat: Natat. Umpumulo, Buchanan 153; Riet Vlei, Buchanan 154,
155; Inanda, Wood 1621; and without precise locality, Buchanan 125, Gerrard
476; Zululand, Jenkinson 22; Zululand, Swanfield ; Dundee, W. £. Green 77,
80, 91.

Figured from Swantield’s specimen.

The plant above described is the only species of the genus, and extends by its
many varieties through tropical and sub-tropical America. In Africa it is found
from Cape Colony to the Congo, and it also occurs in Madagascar. The twisted
awn as shown in the figure was only seen in few specimens; it appears to be
usually straight.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size ; 2, rhachis with long and short pedicelled spikelets ;
3, long pedicelled spikelet, lower glume ; 4, upper glume ; 5, ovary, style, stigma, stamens and
lodicules ; ; 6, upper valve, short pedicelled spihelet ; 7, lower glume, back view; 8, same,
front view; 9, upper glume; 10, lower valve; 11, stamen, imperfect ovary and lodicule ; ;
12, upper valve. Except Jig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 108.

ELIONURUS ARGENTEUS (Nees. F]. Afr. Aus. 95).

Densely ceespitose ; innovation shoots intravaginal.

Curms slender, simple, rarely with a lateral flowering branch from the upper
part ; 1-2 feet long, more or less compressed below, glabrous, 2-3-noded. Leaves
mainly crowded at the base ; lower sheaths compressed, villous at the very base,
appressedly and usually fugaciously hirsute above, or glabrous except near the
mouth ; upper ones terete, tight, shorter than the internodes, the uppermost
sometimes tumid with a minute blade. Ligules truncate, ciliolate, with long hairs
from behind. Blades very narrow, linear, acute, generally tightly convolute and
filiform ; 4-12 inches long by about 1 line wide, erect, rigid, sulcate, flexuous or
curved, glabrous or hirsute at the base.

RacemeE (false spike) 3-6 inches long, rather stout, straight or flexuous,
whitish-silky, joints rather stout or slender to 2 lines long, long and densely villous
on the back. Sessile sprkelets lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 lines long. Glumes, lower
herbaceous to chartaceous, bicuspidate, villous to subglabrous on the back, intra-
earinal nerves about 6, evanescent below, keels acute, long and densely ciliate in
the lower part with tubercle-based tufts of hairs, and with oil glands nearly all
along ; callus short, obtuse, hairy ; wpper acute, 3-nerved, pubescent along the
fine prominent keel, margins softly ciliate. Valves, lower lanceolate, 24 lines
long, 2-nerved ; upper oblong-lanceolate, 2 lines long, 3-nerved; margins of both
softly ciliate. Pale very minute. Anthers 2 lines long. Pedicelled spikelets 24-3
lines long, pedicels. up to 2 lines long like the joints. Glumes, lower entire or
sub-entire, one margin inflexed, the other spreading, intracarinal nerves 5-6 ; upper
3-5-nerved, otherwise as in the sessile spikelet except the sex.

Habitat: Narat. Umpumulo and Riet Vlei, Buchanan 161 ; without precise
locality, Gerrard 768, Buchanan 52; Zululand, Buchanan 161a; Mooi River,
Mason 3, 43; Dundee, W. E. Green 68; Zululand, Jenkinson 94.

Figured from the specimen sent by: Mr. W. E. Green, compared also with
Buchanan’s 161 and Mason’s 3, all of which agree except in size of plant and length
of inflorescence. We find, however, that in all the specimens examined the lower
valve of the sessile spikelet and the upper glume of the pedicelled one are truncate,
not acute, and crested as shown in the drawing.

Found also in Abyssinia. Some species of the genus yield an aromatic oil,
and a variety of the present species, /. argentens, var. thymiodora, found in the

Cape Colony, probably has this peculiarity.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size; 2, sessile spikelet, lower glume; 3, upper glume ;
3a, same, back view ; 4, lower valve; 5, upper valve; 6, ovary, style, stigmas and lodicule ;
7, pedicelled spikelet, lower glume; 8, upper glume; 9, rhachis with sessile and pedicelled
spikelets. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

Plate 108

Elionurus argenteus,WVees.

Plate 109

Ep ee ees

PrP EPPRREE

Pollima villoga,. Spreng.

PLATE 109.

PoLLINIA VILLOsaA (Spreng. Syst. I. 288, non Benth.)

PERENNIAL.—CuLMs 13-3 feet long, rather stout, 3-4-noded, appressedly
hirsute or pubescent at least below the nodes, and at the top. Sheaths usually
exceeding the internodes except the uppermost, terete, tight, scantily hairy to
villous or glabrescent, bearded at the nodes. Ligules membranous, 4-1 line long,
glabrous. Blades lanceolate-linear, gradually passing into the sheath, shortly
acute, 4-7 inches long, 3-6 lines wide, flat, sub-erect, glabrous or more or less
appressedly hairy.

RaAcEMES (false spikes) 2-7, on a short common axis, sub-erect, stout, 2-6 inches
long, joints and pedicels linear, stout, with long silvery grey hairs mainly along the
margins and round the base, about 14-23 lines long. Spikelets crowded, ferrugi-
nous, lanceolate, 24-34 lines long. Glumes coriaceous, /ower minutely truncate,
dorsally depressed, margins broadly inflexed, keels long and densely ciliate ; upper
lanceolate, boat-shaped, shining, 3-nerved, keel ciliate above. Valves, ower empty,
almost as long as the subtending glume, membranous below, hyaline above,
2-nerved, margins inflexed, ciliate ; upper ovate-oblong, about 14 line long, acutely
bifid to the middle, lobes ciliate. Awn 7-10 lines long, kneed above the middle.
Pale small, oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Stamens 3. Anthers 14 line long. Lodicules 2,
small, cuneate.

Habitat: Natau. Inanda, Wood 1591; Umpumulo, Buchanan 210; Mooi
River, Mason 7; Zululand, Swanfield ; and without precise locality, Buchanan 51.
Also in Madagascar.

Figured from Swanfield’s specimen, and compared with Buchanan's and
Mason’s.

This species was formerly known in Natal as Eulalia villosa, Nees, but is now
included in the genus Pollinaa.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size ; 2, rhachis with sessile and pedicelled spikelets ; 3, lower
glume, front view ; 3a, same, back view; 4, upper glume, front view; 4a, same, side view ;
5, loweri valve; 6, upper valve; 7, ovary, style, stigmas, stamens, and lodicules; 8, pale.
Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 110.

UreLytrum squarrosum (Hack. Androp. in DC. Monogr. Phan. vi. 272).

Compactly tufted—CuLms 2-24 feet long, glabrous, few-noded. Sheaths
exceeding the internodes except the uppermost, tight, terete, glabrous, smooth,
the lower widened, very firm, shining, persistent. Ligules oblong, 2-3 lines long,
glabrous or with a few long hairs behind. Blades very narrow, linear, tapering to
a setaceous point, lowest up to 1 foot, by 3-14 line, flat, convolute, rather rigid,
glabrous, prominently nerved and finely scaberulous above.

Racemss (false spikes) 5-6 inches long, 14-2 lines thick, almost glabrous to
villous. Joints obliquely truncate, 3-4 lines long, silky at the base, scantily
pubescent to villous above, appendage up to 2 lines long, unequally lobed or
toothed, ciliolate.

SPIKELETS heteromorphous, 2-nate (one sessile the other pedicelled) on the
very fragile rhachis of solitary terminal, sub-cylindric spikelike racemes, the
sessile deciduous, with contiguous joint of the rhachis and pedicel. Sessile spikelets,
florets 2, lower male, upper perfect, about 4 lines long. Glumes, Joie: oblong to
lanceolate, obtuse to acute, glabrous, smooth or punctate or pubescent to villous,
keels 2, acute, at least above, distantly (sometimes obscurely) spinulously muricate
at the middle, rigidly ciliate above, with 1-3 intracarinal nerves which are more or
less prominent towards the tips; wpper lanceolate, acute, firmly membranous,
3-nerved, side nerves sub-marginal, keel rigidly ciliate above, margins softly ciliate.
Valves hyaline, sub-equal, slightly shorter than the glumes, softly ciliate, about
3 lines long; Jower 2-nerved, lanceolate, acute; wppcr 38-sub-5-nerved, ovate,
lanceolate, obtuse to sub-acute, mucronulate. Pales almost equalling their valves,
hyaline, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3. Anthers 14-2 lines long.
Stigmas laterally exserted. Pedicelled spikelets varying in hairyness like the
sessile, narrow and usually smaller than them, with 2 male florets or (often in the
same raceme) more or less reduced, sometimes to an awn representing the lower
glume, and a minute rudiment of the upper. Awn squarrose, flattened below,
scabrid, 14-34 inches long.

Habitat: Natat. Near Dundee, W. EF. Green 2; 26.

Figured from Green’s specimen, which is the only one in the Government
Herbarium.

The lower floret of the sessile spikelet consists of the lower valve, rudimentary
and minute ovary, with stamens and lodicules, and the pale of upper valve is
thickened and fleshy below, and hyaline above, and the infolded margins are
auricled at the base.

A very hard grass. (Mr. Celliers per Mr. W. E. Green).

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size; 2, joint of rhachis. Sessile spikelet, 3, lower glume,
back view ; 3a, same, front view; 4, upper glume, side view; 5, lower valve ; 6, pale of
same ; 7, upper valve; 8, pale of same; 9, ovary, remains of filaments and lodicules. Pedi-
celled spikelet, 10, lower glume ; 11, upper glume; 12, lower valve. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

Plate 110

Urelytrum squarrosum, Hack

Plate I]

if Fe
CZ lest

Andropogon hirhflorus, Kunth. var semiberbis, slap

ANDROPOGON (LINN.)

The genus Andropogon includes many species, chiefly inhabiting tropical and
sub-tropical regions. According to the Genera Plantarum, Vol. 3, there are
“searcely 100 species,” while in the Flora Capensis, Vol. vii., page 334, it is stated
that it consists of over “200 species in the warm parts of the world,” but as the
author, Dr. Stapf, says, ‘‘ The genus as defined by Hackel consists of very hetero-
geneous elements, and I have no doubt that several of the old genera of which it
is made up will have to be restored, as, for instance, Chrysopogon, Cymbopogon
aud Heteropogon,” the difference between these two statements of numbers of the
species is thus accounted for. The species of which the genus is at present com-
posed differ very much in habit and utility, some being considered as excellent
pasture and fodder grasses, others as A. Sorghum, being cultivated for their seeds,
which are used as food; A. saccharatus, from whose culms syrup is made;
A, muricatus and A. Nardus, from which species an essential oil is distilled,
A. muricatus being the well-known “ Khus-Khus” grass. Information as to the
value of the Natal species is not readily obtainable, but such as I am able to get
will be included under the descriptions of the different species.

PLATE 111.

ANDROPOGON HIRTIFLORUS (Kunth. Rév. Gram. ii. 569, t. 198) var. semiberbis (Stapf)

PERENNIAL, tufted.—CuLms 1-3 feet long, glabrous, more or less branched or
almost simple. Sheaths tight, glabrous or hairy, particularly near the mouth.
Ligules membranous, short, glabrous. Blades linear, acute, 2-12 inches long,
1-2 lines wide, folded, firm, smooth except the margins, glabrous or hairy near the
base, glaucous or reddish, the uppermost very much reduced or suppressed.
Peduncles never more than one from each sheath, the lateral generally exserted.

RacemeEs slender, stiff, 2-5 inches long, joints up to 20, 3-3} lines long, with
white silky hairs at the base, or more or less ciliate along the edges. Pedicels
slightly shorter, ciliate along one or both edges. Sessile spikelets linear, 34-4 lines
long. Glumes, lower bicuspidate, coriaceous, sub-convex, smooth and often shining,
keels scaberulous, intracarinal nerves 2-5 ; woper chartaceous, 3-nerved, margins
ciliate, keel narrowly crested above. Valves, lower lanceolate, 2-nerved, ciliate ;
upper bifid beyond the middle, 1-nerved, lobes ciliate. Awn 5-8 lines long, lower
twisted portion scarcely exserted. Pale very minute, or none. Pedzcelled sprkelets
barren, 14-24 lines long, middle and carinal nerves strong, often with a fine awn
from between the mucros. Valves hyaline, 3-1-nerved or suppressed.

_ Habitat: Narat. Umpumulo, Buchanan 199; Zululand, Jenkinson 41.

Drawn from Jenkinson’s specimen, and compared with Buchanan’s 199, but
the pale in the perfect spikelet and valves in the barren one have not been found.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size ; 2, joint of rhachis ; 3, sessile and pedicelled spikelets.
Sessile spikelet—4, lower glume, back view ; 4a, same, front view; 5, upper glume, side view ;
6, lower valve; 7, upper valve; 8, stamen, pistil and lodicules. Pedicedled spikelet—9, lower
glume, front view ; 10, upper glume, side view. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 112.

ANDROPOGON CERESI&FORMIS (Nees. Fl. Afr. Austr. 109).

A perennial tufted grass.—CuLms erect or ascending, very slender, 1-4 feet
long, glabrous, smooth, many-noded, simple below, branched above, branches
solitary or 2-4-nate, often sub-pendulous, filiform, with bearded tips ; collected into
a spathaceous raceme or panicle. Sheaths terete, tight, glabrous or hairy to
villous, shorter than the internodes. Ligules very short, rounded. Blades linear,
tapering to an acute point, 2-6 inches by 1-2 lines, flat, erect, somewhat firm,
glabrous or hairy, turning red, midrib white. Spathes boat-shaped, acuminate,
#-14 inch long, membranous, reddish, glabrous, many-nerved.

“RacemeEs about 7-8 lines long, shortly peduncled, surrounded by the spathe,
except the pedicelled spikelets. Joints 6-8, filiform, villous above, about # line
long. Pedicels similar, finer, villous all along.

SPIKELETS oblong, yellowish green or brown, hairy or glabrous and shining on
the back, the sessile 13-2 lines long. Glumes, lower chartaceous, narrowly
truncate, intracarinal nerves 2, evanescent below ; upper membranous below, hair
above, 3-nerved, tips generally awned. Valves, lowei lanceolate-oblong, faintly
2-nerved, margins softly ciliate ; upper oblong-linear, bifid, almost 15 line long,
l-nerved, lobes very narrow, glabrous. Awn fine, about 5-7 lines long, kneed
below the middle. Pale very minute. Anthers 1 line long. Grain oblong,
dorsally slightly compressed. Pedicelled spikelets obtuse, about 2 lines long.
Glumes, lower 7-9-nerved, nerves unequal; wpper 5-nerved. Valves, lower
3-nerved, ciliate ; wpper very narrow, linear, nerveless, awnless. Pale none.

Habitat: Nara. All over the colony, Buchanan 224, 225; Berea, Wood
5932; Drakensberg, Wood 5994; Dundee, W. E. Green 85; Zululand, Jenkin-
son 65.

Drawn from the specimens sent by Jenkinson, and compared also with
Buchanan’s and Wood’s specimens.

From comparison of the different specimens we find that the indument of the
spikelets and the nervation of the valves is very variable. In Jenkinson’s specimen
the villous hairs are almost absent, except on the rhachis. This grass is said to be
eaten by cattle, but is of little value.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size. Sessile spikelet—2, lowest glume ; 3, upper glume ;
4, lower valve ; 5, upper valve; 6, stamens, stigma, ovary, and lodicules. Pedicelled spikelet,
7, lower glume ; 8, upper glume ; 9, lower valve, and rudimentary ovary. Except sig. 1, all
enlarged.

Plate 112

Andropo Gon. ceresiaeformis, Vees.

Plate 113

omus, Méecs:

Sie

Soo

at

Andropogo

PLATE 118.

AnpbRopocon EucomuS (Nees. Fl. Ati. Austr. 104).

PERENNIAL, densely tufted.—CuLms slender, 1 to 3 feet long, glabrous, 4 to 6
or more noded, simple to or beyond the middle, then distantly branched. Branches
long, very slender, solitary or 2-3-nate, simple or again branched.

LEAVES mainly basal. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous or hairy
near the mouth, rarely lower down, the lower compressed, keeled, the upper
distant, sub-tumid. Ligules membranous, very short, truncate, ciliolate. Blades
linear, acute, folded, 3 inches to 1 foot by 1-1} lines long (unfolded), glabrous or
hairy, pale green. Spathe linear, setaceously acuminate, glabrous, 2 inches long,
usually exceeding the filiform glabrous peduncle.

Racemes 2-4-nate, 1-14 mech long, very slender, tlexuous, sub-erect or nodding,
silvery plumose, joints filiform, shorter than the spikelets, silky with soft long
(about 5 lines) hairs. Pedicels similar, exceeding the spikelets, barren.

SPIKELETS lanceolate, oblong. 1-1$ line long, often purplish. Glumes mem-
branous, acute, Joie: uerveless between the scabrid keels. Callus minute, long -
bearded, upper 1-nerved. Valves, /vawer nerveless, ciliate ; upper lanceolate-oblong,
lobes very fine. Awn a fine bristle, 6-9 limes long. Pale very minute. Anthers
4 line long. Grain over $ line long.

Habitat: Narat. Abundant on coast flats, Buchanun 211; Durban Flat,
Buchanan 26, Wood 1654; Zululand, Jeukinson 16; Dundee, Green 32a; near
Durban, Wood 6004.

Figured from Wood’s 6004 and 1654, compared with Green’s and Jenkinson’s
specimens.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size; 2, rhachis with sessile, and rudimentary pedicel of
upper spikelet ; 3, lower glume ; 4, upper glume: 5, lower valve ; 6, upper valve; 7, pale ;
&, ovary, style, stigmas, stamens and lodicules. Ercept fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 114.

ANDROPOGON APPENDICULATUS (Nees. FI. Afr, Austr. 105).

PERENNIAL, densely tufted.—Cutms erect, 2-3 feet long, glabrous, compressed
or terete, 5-6- noded, simple below, remotely branched from the upper 2-3 nodes,
branches solitary, long, straight, glabrous.

LEAVES mostly crowded near the base. Sheaths glabrous or bearded at the
mouth, lower very firm, strongly compressed, keeled and_ persistent, upper shorter
than the internodes, tight, uppermost sub-spathaceous. Ligules membranous, very
short, truncate, eiliolate. Blades linear, acute, usually folded, lower 4-12 aches
by 1- 24 lines (unfolded), uppermost very short or obsolete, rigid, glabrous, or Henny
at the base, acutely keeled, margins scabrous.

PEDUNCLES generally long exserted, glabrous. Racemes 2-8, fascicled, unequal,
14-4 inches long, flexuous, slender, loose : joints 2-3 lines long, thicker ‘upwards,
hairy on the convex back, or only along the margins, hairs white, particularly
above, tips sub-cupular with irregularly toothed margins. Pedicels similar, more
slender, produced into a subulate appendage facing the upper glume. Soxsile
spikelets lanceolate, 3-34 lines long, often purplish. Glumes sub-coriaceous to
chartaceous, glabrous Teter acute or acuminate, dorsally concave, keels acute,
scabrid, or rigidly ciliate, callus scantily bearded; wpper boat shaped, 1-nerved.
Valves, /ower oblong-lanceolate, faintly 2-nerved. softly ciliate ; wpper 2 lines long,
bifid to middle, 1-nerved, lobés very narrow, ciliate. Awn 5-7 lines long, kneed
below the middle. Pale 4 line long, ciliate. Anthers 1 line long. DPedicelled
spikelets, male, narrowly lanceolate, 3-35 lines long, purplish, glabrous. Glumes,
lower acuminate, with a median keel in the upper part ; 7pper 1-nerved, resembling
the entire lanceolate, muticous, reversedly ciliate valves.

Habitat: Natau. Durban Flat, Buchan 41; Riet Vlei, Bicheanan 192;
Umpumulo, Buchanan 191; Mooi River, Meson 29, 45; Zululand, Jenkinson 48 :
Dundee, Green 70, 76; near Durban, Wood 6049 ; Zululand, Swvfieldd.

Valuable as food—* Blaauw-Gras.” (Mr. Celliers, per Mr. W. E. Green.)

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size. Sessile spike: let—-2, lowest glume, back view : 2a, same,
front view; 3, upper glume; 4, lowest valve ; 5, upper valve; 6, pale; 7, stamens, style,
stigmas, ovary, and lodicules, Pedicclled spihelor— 8, lowest. glume; 9, upper glume;
10, rhachis of spikelet. Except fig. 1, ull enlarged.

Plate 114

Andropogon. appendiculatus, Nees.

Plate 115

Andropogon schrensis, Hochst. var angustifotia, Slapf

PLATE 115.

ANDROPOGON SCHIRENSIS (Hochst. ex Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. i. 456)
var. angustifolia (Stapf).

PERENNIAL, tufted.—Cu.ms erect, slender, 2-3 feet long, glabrous, 3-4-noded,
simple, rarely with an additional flowering branch from one of the uppermost nodes.

LEAVES mainly crowded near the base. Sheaths terete, tight, glabrous, lowest
more or less persistent. Ligules membranous, very § short, truncate. Blades narrow,
linear, tapering to a fine, sometimes setaceous point, 4-7 inches by 1 rarely 2 lines,
rather firm, glabrous, rarely hairy below, margins scabrid.

RacemMes 2-nate, rarely solitary, rather slender, 2-34 inches long, strict or
subflexuous. Joimts and pedicels very similar, cuneate- ieee, 2-3 lines long, tips
deeply hollowed and produced into a short irregularly toothed appendage, long
ciliate along the margins. Sessz/e spikelets strongly laterally compressed, wedged
in between the pedicel and the joint, 23-3 lines long; callus slender, pungent,
densely bearded, 1 line long, sunk in the hollow of the preceding joint. Glumes.
subcoriaceous or chartaceous, glabrous, smooth ; /ome linear, subacute, keels narrow,
with a deep narrow groove (fold) between them, scaberulous above ; upper boat-
shaped, finely mucronate, l-nerved. Valves, /oie: oblong-linear, obtuse, 2-nerved,
ciliate ; upper deeply bifid, 1-nerved, lobes lanceolate, acute, ciliolate. Awn #-14
inch long, slender, kneed and pubescent below the middle. Pale oblong, 14 line
long, nerveless or sub-2-nerved. Anthers 1 line long. Perlicelled spikelets male,
dorsally compressed, 4-5 lines long, often reddish or purple. Glumes subherbaceous,
acuminate, glabrous ; lores acutely 2 2-keeled, keels scabrid or rigidly ciliate above,
intracarinal nerves 8 ; wppe7' linear- lanceolate, 3-nerved, ciliate. Valves, lower as
in the sessile spikelets : upper linear, shortly 2 toothed, muticous. Pale linear,
1-14 line long.

Habitat: Narat. Umpumulo, Buchan 195; Riet Vlei, Buchanan 193, 196 ;
and without precise locality, Buchanan 116, partly ; near Dundee, Green, 92.

Figured from Green’s specimen.

Fig. 1, Plant reduced. Pedicelled spikelet-—2, lower as front view ; 3, same, back view ;
4, upper elume, front view ; 5, upper valve, front view; 6, pale; 7 , stamens and lodicules.
Sessile spihelet—8, upper valve ; 9, lower glume, back view ; 10, same, front view ; 11, upper?
glume, side view ; 12, lower valve, front; view ; 13, stamens, ovary, stigmas, and fodveuies: ;
14, pale ; 15, portion of rhachis. xcept fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 116.

ANDROPOGON AMPLECTENS (Nees. Fl. Afr. Austr. 104).

PERENNIAL, densely tufted.—CuLms erect, slender, 2-25 feet long, glabrous,
3-5-noded, simple ov with 1-3 flowering branches from the upper nodes.

LEAVES mostly crowded at the base. Sheaths terete, tight, glabrous, lowest.
widened, sub-persistent ; ligules membranous, short, truncate or rounded. Blades
linear, tapering to a long setaceous point, br ‘oad, rounded at the base, or subcordate
and subamplexicaul, 4-8 inches long, 3-5 lines wide: Hat or conwotute above, rather
firm, glabrous, margins scabrid.

RacemEs 2-nate, rather slender, 2-33 inches long, strict or subflexuous ; joints
and pedicels very eal. sublinear, 3 lines long, shortly ciliate along the margins,
tips hollowed, denticulate. Sasi spikelets laterally compressed, wedged in
between the pedicel and the jomt, 34-4 lines long, glabrous, callus short, acute,
bearded, sunk in the hollows of the preceding joint. Glumes coriaceous, lowes
linear- lenccals acuminate, 2-toothed, keels rounded and broad below, acute and
seabrid near the tips, with a distinct groove (fold) extending between them to the
acumen, and with 2 fine lateral fwrows in the upper third; wpper 1-nerved.,
mucronate or aristulate. Valves subequal; /ower lanceolate, 3-nerved, softly
ciliate; wpper linear-lanceolate, deeply bifid, lobes lanceolate, ciliolate. Awn
stout, 14-2 inches long, kneed and pubescent below the middle. Pale linear -oblone,
1 line long, nerveless, ciliate. Anthers 24 lines long. Ped/celled spikelets male,
dorsally compressed or subterete, lanceolate, 5-6 lines long. Glumes subherbaceous, a
acuminate, often aristulate ; lower acutely 2-keeled, keels scabrid or rigidly ciliate
above, intracarinal nerves many (to 19), middle nerve stronger: wpper linear-
lanceohite, 3-sub-5-nerved, ciliate. Valves linear, 3-nerved ; loner acuminate,

Ai lines long, ciliate; upper 33 lines long, 2 -toothed, muticous. Pale linear,
2 lines long, nerveless.

Habitat: Natau. Umpumulo, Buchanan 194; Gerrard 769 + Buchanan 116,
partly : near Maritzburg. St. George 33.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size; 2, joint of rhachis. Pedicelled spikelet- -3, lower
glume, front view ; ; 4, upper glume, front view ; 5, upper valve, front view ; 6, pale. Secte
spthelet—7, lower glume, nae view ; &, upper glume, side view ; 9, lower valve, front view

10, upper valve, front view i: 11, stamens, stigmas and lodicules ; 12, pale. Eveept fig. 1, wll
enlarged. ‘

Notes ~The upper valve of pedicéelled spikelet is 2-toothed, not mucronate as shown in
the drawing.

Andropogon amplectensg, Nees

Plate 117

wv

Andropogon Filtfolius, Stezd.

PLATE 117.

ANDROPOGON FILIFOLIUS (Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum, i. 374).

PERENNIAL, densely tufted.—CuLms erect, slender, 1-25 feet long, glabrous,
terete, about 3-noded, sunple.

LEAVES mainly crowded at the base. Sheaths shorter than the internodes,
terete, tight, glabrous, lowest persistent, at length breaking up into tibres ; ligules
membranous, very short, truncate. Blades very narrow, convolute, filiform, acute,
lowest 3-1 foot long, upper very short, firm, flexuous, glabrous or hairy at the base.

Racemes 2-nate, 24-34 inches long, stout, strict ; joints and pedicels subequal
aud similar, cuneate-linear, 24-34 lines long, densely and shortly villous along the
margins, tips hollowed, unequally toothed. Sessile spikelets laterally compressed,
wedged in between joint and pedicel, 3}-lines long, callus slender, 1-13 line long,
acute, densely bearded. Glumes subcoriaceous, glabrous, smooth ; /vwex linear, obtuse,
tips hyaline, keels narrow, rounded, smooth, almost contiguous, with a deep very
narrow groove (fold) between them ; mpper boat-shaped, 1-sub-3-nerved, ciliate.
Valves subequal ; /owe7 oblong-linear, 2-nerved, ciliate ; upper linear deeply bifid,
3-nerved, lobes oblong, ciliolate. Awn stout, 2-24 inches long, kneed at the middle,
pubescent below. Pale ovate, acute, 1} Ime long, nerveless, glabrous. Anthers
21 lines long. Pedicelled spikelets male, dorsally compressed or subterete, lanceo-
late, 6-8 lines long, glabrous, often purplish. Glumes, /owe7 herbaceous, 2-toothed,
one tooth often prolonged into a bristle (to 3 lines long), acutely 2-keeled, intra-
carinal nerves many (to 20); wppcer finely acuminate, 3-nerved, ciliate. Valves,
lower linear-oblong, acute, 4 lines long, 3-2-nerved, ciliate ; wpper linear, 1-nerved
glabrous, muticous. Pale lmear, 2 lines long, nerveless. Authers 33 limes long.

Habitat: Natau. Riet Vlei, Buchanan 197 ; near Newcastle, Buchanan 195.

Figured from Buchanan's 197, which is the only specimen in the Natal Govern-
ment Herbarium. Buchanan’s 195 is also in the Herbarium, but the portion of it
that we have proves to be wholly A. schirensis. Stamens and pistil were not
found in the specimen from which the artist drew the figure, and could not there-
fore be shown in the drawing, and this species has not been sent by any contributor.

This plant has been gathered in Cape Colony and Transvaal, but apparently
is not very common in Natal. ‘

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size. Ped'celled spikelet—2, lower glume ; 3, upper glume ;
4, lower valve; 5, upper valve; 6, pale. Sessile spikelet—7, lower glume, back view ; 7a, same,
front view ; 8, upper glume; 9, lower valve ; 10, upper valve; 11, pale. Except fig. 1, all
enlarged.

PLATE 118.

ANDROPOGON INTERMEDIUS (R. Br. Prodr. 202), var. punctatus (Hack. Andr.
in DC. Monogr. Phan. vi. 487).

PERENNIAL.—CULMS erect or ascending, usually simple, to 5 feet long, rather
stout.

SHEATHS glabrous except the sometimes appressedly hairy nodes, terete, tight,
longer than the internodes, or the upper shorter ; gules very short, truncate,
often with hairs from behind. Blades linear, tapering “toa long fine point, 4-30
inches long by 14-4 lines wide, rather rigid, glabrous or sometimes hispid at the
base, usually smooth except the margins.

Ean lehe compound, oblong, dense, 4-7 inches long, usually purplish, common
rhachis, 2-5 inches long, branches like the short peduncles glabrous, except for the
bearded oaeill Racemes slender, often flexuous, joints and “pedicels about half the
length of the spikelets or slightly longer, ciliate, cilia usually shorter than the
joint. Sessile spikelets linear-oblong, 14-1} line long, purplish, callus minutely
bearded. Glumes, Jower rather thin, slightly truneate, pitted, glabrous or more
or less hairy below the middle, iniracarinal nerves faint, 4-7, keels spinulously
ciliate above, rarely smooth ; “pper acute or sub-acute, 3-nerved, scantily ciliate
or glabrous. Valves, lower oblong, sub-obtuse, nerveless, glabrous ; upper almost
reduced to a very slender kneed awn, 5-7 lines long. Pedicelled spikelets male or
barren, usually not pitted, sometimes reduced to the glumes.

Habitat: Nata. Banks of Umlaas River, Dreye; Umpumulo, Buchanan
295; without precise locality, Guetizins ; Umhlanga, Wood 6061.

Figured from Wood's specimen.

Wood's No. 6061 was sent to Professor Hackel, who named it if. prructatis,
Roxb., but the Flora Capensis quotes the plant as a variety of cl. intermedius,
R. Br., which is a native also of Tropical Asia and Australia.

Fig. 1, Plant natural sIZe 3 2, rhachis with sessile and pedicelled spikelets. Nessile
spikelet-—3, lower glume, back view ; 3a, same, front view ; 4, upper glume ; 5, lower valve :
6, upper valve; 7, stamens, pistil and Jo: ae ules. PediceNed ‘aoaielet: 8, lower glume : 9, upper
glume. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

Plate 118

Andropogon intermedius, R. Br. var punctatus, Hack.

Plate 119

Sie

oe

Andropogon halepensis, Brot, var effusus, Saal

PLATE 119,

ANDROPOGON HALEPENSIS (Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1. 89), var. effusus (Stapf in
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vu. 183).

PERENNIAL, stoloniferous /—CuLms erect, usually very tall, up to 10-16 feet
long, stout, simple or scantily branched. Sheaths glabrous, except the minutely
silky nodes, strongly striate; ligules membranous, short, ciliate, hairy inside.
Blades linenr-lanceolate, or linear from an often rounded base, long tapering to a
fine point, 1-2 feet long, #-24 inches broad, flat, glabrous, or with a silky line on
the back at the union with the sheath, margins serrulate, midrib stout.

PanIcLE decompound, very large, up to 13 foot long, effuse, nodding, lower
branches up to 1 foot long, often undivided to the middle. Rhachis and branches
or at least the ultimate branchlets scabrid and minutely bearded at the nodes.
Racemes $-7 inch long, linear ; joints 3-7, more than half as long as the sessile
spikelets, more or less ciliate ; pedicels very similar. Sessile spikelets ovate-lanceo-
late, 3-43 lines long, 1-14 line broad, pale, ultimately sometimes darker or even
black, shining. Glumes, /owe7 more or less hairy, at least on the sides, 7-13-nerved,
callus shortly bearded ; apev lanceolate, acuminate, shining, 5-7-nerved. Valves,
upper broadly oblong or ovate, 2-lobed, half as long as the glumes, ciliate, 1-nerved.
Awn 4-6 lines long, rarely longer, kneed, sometimes reduced to a bristle, or sup-
pressed. Pale linear-oblong, slightly shorter than the valve. Anthers 14-14 line
long. Grain obovate or obovate-oblong, 3 shorter than the glumes. Pedicelled
spikelets almost as long as the sessile but narrower, male or barren. Glumes, lower
herbaceous, glabrous, 5-9-nerved, kee's aculeolate or scabrid; wpper similar,
3-5-nerved. Valves, when present hyaline, ciliate, 2-1-nerved.

Habitat: Narau. Near Durkan, Vrcge; tanks of Tugela River, Buchanan
296; Umlaas River, Arauss 184; Umhlanga, Wood 1332, 6064; without precise
locality, Gerrard 690; Zululand, Jenkinson 51.

Figured from Wood’s 6064, and compared with Jenkinson’s specimen.

Baron F. v. Mueller says of this grass: “ Attains a height of 5-6 feet. Not
easily repressed in moist ground. A rich perennial grass, often cultivated under
the name of ‘Cuba grass’ and ‘Johnson grass. * * * It keeps green in the
heat of summer and is also a winter grass in frost-free localities, is not eaten out
by pasture animals ; it will also grow in drift sand of the coast, and will keep
growing in the dry season, when most other grasses fail, but improves much on
irrigation ; the roots resist some frost ; three tons can be cut from an acre in a
-single season. It yields so large a hay crop that it may be cut half a dozen times
in a season should the land be rich. All kinds of stock have a predilection for this

rass. Much overlooked in its importance for fixing loose soil on embankments.
Tt will mat the soil with its deep and spreading roots, hence it should be kept from
cultivated fields. Detrimental to Lucerne in meadows.” Our p'ant is a variety of
‘the grass of which Baron v. Mueller writes.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size: 2, rhachis and spikelets. Pedicelled spihelet— 3, lower
glume; 4, upper glume; 45, upper valve ; 6, lower valve; 7, pale and lodicules. Sessile
spihelet—8, stamens and pistil. Kacept fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 120.

Anpropocon SorcHum (Brot. Fl. Lusit. i. 88).

Awnnuau.—Leaves as in el. Jalepensix, but the ligule often glabrous or
glabrescent.

Panicle very variable, from effuse to compact. Rhachis of racemes tough,
joints and pedicels half as long as the sessile spikelets, or very often much shorter,
more or less ciliate. Sessile spikelets very variable in shape and size, on the whole
broader than in A. Julepeusis, 2-34 by 14-24 lines, pale, reddish, brown or at
length black, usually shining. Glumes, /oires coriaceous, or more or less herba-
ceous, particularly towards the tips, rarely quite thin, except at the base, often
prominently nerved in the herbaceous part, hairy, rarely quite glabrous, otherwise
as in A. halepensis. Awn 23-74 lines long, more or less reduced or 0. Grain
obovate to globose. Pedicelled spikelets male, or more frequently barren, and
more or less reduced.

Habitat: Narau. Lower Umvoti, Wood No. 3990.
Figured from Wood’s specimen.

This is the Kafir Corn or “ Amabele” of the natives, and the specimen from
which the drawing was made is probably an escape from native cultivation. There
are some 7 varieties of the plant in tropical and South Africa, and it is stated (in
Flora Capensis, Vol. vii, Part 2, page 348, that this specimen most likely belongs
to the variety wsorum, but more ample material is required to distinguish clearly
between the different varieties: The one here figured is the only specimen in the
Government Herbarium. It is, I think, generally believed that this plant is the
cultivated form of A. halepense, and its varieties and synonyms are very numerous.
Professor Hackel enumerates in the Flora of British India 7, while Dr. Stapf, in
the same work arranges them in 9 varieties (including many of the African ones).
Good sets of the different varieties cultivated by the natives in Natal are very
desirable.

Fig. 1, Leaf and inflorescence, natural size. Sessi/e spikelet--2, lower glume, front view ;
2a, same, back view ; 3, upper glume ; 4, lower valve ; 5, upper valve; 6, pale and lodicules ;
7, ovary and stigmas. Except fig. 1, all enlarged,

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Plate ial

Andropogon contortus, Linn.

PLATE 121.

ANDROPOGON CONTORTUS (Linn. Spec. Plant. 1045).

PERENNIAL.—CUuLMS erect, stcut, simple or branched from the upper nodes,
often sheathed all along, 1-3 feet long. Sheaths compressed, keeled, glabrous ;
ligules short, truncate, ciliolate. Blades linear, acute or tapering to a long fine
point, 3-8 inches long, by 14-3 lines wide, flat or channelled, rigid, scabrid, especially
above, sparingly hairy at the base or all over.

Racemes 14-3 inches long, straight or curved, rhachis tough between the
lowest 2-6 pairs, the spikelets of which are male and like the pedicelled of the
upper pairs, joints very short, unequally bearded. Sessile spikelets of the hetero-
morphous pairs, female, 3-3} lines long, callus 14 line long, rufous bearded.
Glumes, Jower linear-oblong, truncate, shortly hairy, obscurely nerved ; upper
membranous, 3-nerved. Awn stout, 35-7 inches long, rufous hairy below. Male
spikelets obliquely lanceolate, 4-5 lines long, dull green. Glumes, lower herbaceous,
sub-obtuse, glabrous or hirsute with tubercle based hairs, many nerved, keels
unequally winged; mpper 3-nerved. Valves, /ower minute; wpper suppressed.
Anthers 14 line long.

Habitat: Narau. Umsinga and base of Biggarsberg, Buchanan 91; near
Maritzburg, December, St. George 3 (Wood 7244).

Figured from St. George’s specimen.

In the Flora Capensis, Vol. vii, p. 351, a plant collected by Buchanan in
O. F. State, and numbered 233, is said to be this plant, but Buchanan’s 233 in the
Government Herbarium, is a Brachypodium. In the specimen examined we find
in the pedicelled spikelets of the heteromorphous pairs, and in both spikelets of
the homogamous pairs, that the upper valve is hyaline and 1-nerved, and the pale
equals the lodicules in size. The glumes of the pedicelled spikelets of both pairs,
and of the sessile spikelets of the homogamous pairs, are quite glabrous.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size. Sessile spihelet—2, lower glume, back view ; 2a, same,
front view ; 3, upper glume, front view ; 3a, same, side view; 4, lower valve ; 5, upper valve ;
6, ovary and stigmas. Pedicelled spikelet—7, lower glume, front view ; 8, upper glume, front
view ; 9, lower valve; 10, upper valve with lodicules, pale and stamens. Lacept fig. 1, all
enlarged. ;

PLATE 122.

Anpropocon Narpvs (Linn. Sp. Plant. 1046), var. validus (Stapf FL Cap. vii. 352),

PERENNIAL, densely tufted, innovation shoots intravaginal.

Cutms slender, erect, 4-7 feet long, glabrous, smooth, stout, simple and
4-5-noded below the spurious panicle, longest internodes often 1 foot long, or
longer.

LEAVES mainly crowded near the base. Sheaths tight, glabrous, except the
lowermost, which are fugaciously hairy to tomentose at “thie very base, and
9-12 inches long, very firm and persistent, the upper 1-2, much shorter than the
internodes ; ligules very firm, rounded, up to 2-3 lines oe) Blades narrow,
linear, very long, tapering toa fine point, 2 feet long, by 25-45 lines wide, flat,
rigid, ‘glabrous, margins sceabric.

PANICLES more or less compound, spathaceous, usually narrow, 6-12 inches
long, with a distant flowering branch below it. Racemes 3-# inch long, finally
deflexed or horizontally spreading, subtended by lanceolate, boat- -shaped, many
uerved, scarious, often reddish spathes 7-9 lines long, on slender common peduncles,
which are 4-8 inches long 5 joints and pedicels linear, slender, about 1 line long,
densely hairy along the margins, tips cupular, irregularly fot lied, Spikelets of
the lowest pair of the sessile raceme male, like the pedicelled ones ; the sessile of
all the other pairs perfect. Perfect spikelets lanceolate, 2}-24 lines long, reddish
above. Glumes, ores sub-chartaceous, minutely 2-tecthed or subacute, dorsally
flattened, or slightly depressed, glabrous, keels widened above into narrew or broad,
often serrulate, scarious Wiles, intracarinal nerves 2- 4, unequal, evanescent helow ;
callus short, minutely bearded ; pper lanceolate, acute or mucronate, 1-nerved,
glabrous, keel narrowly winged. Valves hyahne, lower lanceolate- linear, t4-2 lines
long, ciate ; wpper linear, very narrow, bifid, 14-1} line long, I-nerved, lobes fine,
ciliate. as slender, 6-7 lines long, kneed at oO helene the middle, glabrous below.
Pale 0. Anthers 1 Ime loupe. Grain 14 line long. = Pe licelled spikelet male,
lanceolate acute, 24 lines lone. Glumes, “Inne many nerved ; mpper 3-nerved,
keels of both seabrid. Valves, /ower Lnear, obtuse, nerveless or 2-nerved at the
hase, 14 line long ; wpper 0. Pale 0.

Habitat: Nara. Newry Durban, Wi//remson 52; Areoss 87 TInanda, Wood
1622; near Maritazbury, Refi 7600; Dundee, Given 72.

wl. Nardus is a very variable species ; the type is Indian, and has not been
found in South Africa, but we have 3 varieties viz, mery/netis (Hack.),
profirns (Stapf), and ralidis (Stapf). We find that these varieties mn very
closely together, so that it is often difheult to distinguish between thom. Speci
mens from Mr. Green, 114 and 87, and: Mr. Svenmield's without number, are
probably near to the variety marginals, The Flora of British India de scvihes
9 varieties, none of which appear to he identical with the Afriean ones.

Fie. 1, Culm, upper portion, leaves and inflorescenee, about natural size 2. spathe and

2-nate racemes ; 3, jomt and pedicel. Sessile perfeet spikelet— 4, lower glume 34, upper elume,

6, lower valve; 7, upper valve ; 8, stamens, pistil and fodicules, Pedicelled spikelet- 9. tower
erhiarnie: : 10, upper glame : 11, loner valve, Macept fig. 1, all enlarged,

Plate laa

Androp ogon Nardus, Linn var validus, Yap

Plate 12:3

Andropo gon plurino dis Slapl

PLATE 128.
ANDROPOGON PLURINODIS (Stapf. FI Cap. vil. 353).

PERENNIAL, compactly tufted ; mnovation shoots intravaginal.

C'utms slender, erect, 1-3 feet long, glabrous, smooth, simple below, 4-6
(rarely 3) noded, longest internode 6-10 inches long, rarely longer. Sheaths tight,
shorter than the internodes except the lowermost, which are fugaciously hairy to
tomentose at the very base, 1$-3 inches long, firm and persistent, the upper usually
much shorter ; ligules firm, very short, up te 1 line long, rounded. Blades very
narrow, linear, filiform or setaceous in the upper part, 4-8 inches long, by 1-14 line
broad, flat or partly folded, rather rigid below, flexuous above, glabrous, glaucous,
margins scabrid.

PANICLES narrow, rather lax, usually scantily branched, 3-6 inches long.
Racemes 3-1 inch long at length horizontally spreading or deflexed on slender
goed ee g Y 8p § :
peduncles, which are 3-5 lines long and subtended by lanceolate, acuminate, many
nerved, scarious, reddish spathes, 3-14 inch long; joints and pedicels limear,
slender, 1-14 line long, densely hairy along the margins, tips cupular, regularly

toothed.

SPIKELETS of the lowest pair of the sessile raceme alike, male, of the sessile
of all the other pairs perfect, the pedicelled male. Perfect spikelets very narrow,
lanceolate, acute, 3 lines long. Glumes, /omei chartaceous, acute, or 2-toothed,
more or less concave between the keels which «re rounded and smooth near the
base, See winged and scabrid towards the reddish or purplish tips, intra-
car fal nerves 2-5, the middle one or all evanescent below ; upper sub-chartaceous,
lanceolate, acute, 1- nerved, glabrous (ciliate in our specimen). Valves hyaline ;
loier linear, oe 2k lines long, “ciliate ; upper slightly shorter, linear-oblong to linear,
deeply bifid, lobes lanceolate to subulate. Awn slender, 5-8 lines long, kneed at
or below the middle. Pale 0. Anthers 13 line long. Pedicelled spikelets dorsally
compressed, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-34 Tavs long, purplish, Glumes, /ower many
nerved, keels seabrid ; upper 3-5- ered, ally ur without A median keel. Valves,
lower fisean: lanecolite: 24 lines long, 2-nerved, ciliate; vpper 0. Pale 0.

Habitat: Navav. On Tugela River near Colenso, Rehman 7158; Bigears-
ee) : gs
berg, Rehinann 7112 ;. Mooi Kiver, April, Wood 4318.

Figured from Wood's 4318.

This plant was formerly known as, or confused with A. marginatus, but has
been separated as above, by Dr. Stapf, iu Flora Capensis.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size. Sessile perfect spihelets-2. lower glume, back view :
za, same, front view ; 3, upper glume ; 4, lower valve ; 5, wpper valve ; 6, pistil, stamens and
lodicules. Pedicelled spihelet—7,. lower glume, front view ; 8, upper glume; 9, lower valve:
10, spathe with 2-nate racemes, Lacept fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 124.

AnprRopoGon ScHuenantaus (Linn. Sp. Plant. 1046), var. versicolor (Hack.
Andr. in DC. Monogr. Phan. vi. 610).

PERENNIAL, frequently with extravaginal innovation shoots, besides some
intravaginal ones, or annual (or at least flowering the first year).

Cums fascicled, erect or shortly ascending, stout or rather so, 2-4 feet long,
simple and 4-7-noded below the spurious panicle. Sheaths tight, quite glabrous,
_ subherbaceous. or the lowermost firmer, and sometimes subpersistent, 2-3 inches
long; upper shorter than the internodes ; ligules very short, rounded. Blades
linear to linear-lanceolate from a broader rounded. or subcordate base, tapering to
a long setaceous point, }-1 foot long, by 3-6 lines wide (in the South African
specimens), flat, rather flaccid, dull green or sub-glaucous, glabrous, smooth or the
margins scabrid.

PANICLES more or less compound, narrow, often interrupted, 4-6 inches long,
rarely longer. Racemes 4-9 lines long, 2-nate, at length reflexed or horizontally
spreading, on slender peduncles which are 2-4 inches long, and subtended by
lanceolate boat-shaped, many-nerved scarious reddish spathes, $-1 inch long ; joints
and pedicels linear, slender, or the lowest somewhat stout, 1-14 line long, densely
hairy, mainly along the margins, tips minutely cupular, toothed. Spekelets of the
lowest pair of the sessile raceme alike, male, the sessile of all the other pairs
perfect, the pedicelled male. Perfect spikelets lanceolate, 2-24 lines long, often
variegated. Glumes, lower subacute or obscurely 2-toothed, dorsally flattened,
with a narrow groove from the middle downward, corresponding to a keel on the
inner side, keels narrowly or obscurely winged and scabrid above, evanescent below ;
upper lanceolate, acute, 1-sub-3-nerved. Valves hyaline, /vires oblong, 12 line
long, 2-nerved, ciliate ; «“pper scarcely shorter, very narrow, linear, deeply bifid,
lobes very fine. Awn 5-7 lines long, slender, bent just below the middle, glabrous
below the bend. Pale 0. Anthers 1 line long. Pedicelled spikelets oblong sub-
acute, 2 lines long. Glumes, lower 9-11-nerved ; upper 3-nerved. Valves lower
oblong, almost equalling the glumes, 2-nerved; wpper and pale 0. Anthers
13 line long.

Habitat: Natat. Drakensberg Range, Avaiss 26; Umpumulo, Buchancen
231; near Durban, May, Wood, 6046 ; near Durban, February, Wood 7577.

Figured from Wood’s 7577.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size ; 2, spathe with 2-nate racemes ; 3, lower pair of spikelets
of sessile raceme. Sessile spikelet—4, lower glume, back view; 5, upper glume: 6, lower
valve ; 7, upper valve ; 8, stamens, stigmas, and lodicules. Pedicelled spikelet—9, lower glume ;
10, upper glume ; 11, lower valve. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linn. var versicolor, Hack

Plate 125

Andropogon. hirtus, Linn.

PLATE 125.

ANDROPOGON HIRTUS (Linn. Sp. Plant. 1046).

PERENNIAL, tufted ; innovation shoots mostly intravaginal.

CuLMs erect, rather slender, 1-3 feet long, glabrous, simple or more or less
branched and 3-6-noded below the panicle, longest interncde generally less than
x foot long. Sheaths tight, glabrous, the lowest crowded, compressed, firm, per-
sistent, the upper terete, shorter than the internodes ; ligules oblong, obtuse, up
to 14 line long. Blades narrow, linear, tapering to a long fine point, 4 inches to
more than 1 foot long, by 2-14 fine aide: glabrous, finely scaberulous, more or less
glaucous, turning reddish, midrib white.

PANICLE spathaceous, lax, contracted, sometimes reduced to a few simple
branches ; 6 inches to more than 1 foot. long. Racemes 3-14 inch long, silvery
villous, on very slender, usually nodding, pubescent or villous, rarely glabrous
peduncles, which are 1- 3 lines long, and more or less exserted from the long, very
narrow, finely acuminate, glabrous or scantily hairy, reddish spathes ; joints
filiform, obliquely truncate, up to 2 lines long, densely ciliate. Pedicels very
similar, often produced (in ‘the South African species) into a linear or subulate
appendage facing the upper glume. Spikelets of the lowest pair of the sessile
raceme alike, male, the sessile of all the other pairs perfect, the pedicelled male.
Perfect spikelets linear-oblong, 2-8 lines long, pale or purplish. Glumes, /ower
chartaceous, minutely truncate, dorsally flattened, villous, keels obscure except
close to the membranous reddish tips, intracarinal nerves about 5, evanescent
~ below; wpper lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 3-nerved, margins ciliate,
keel hirsute above. Valves, lower hyaline, linear- oblong obtuse, faintly 2-nerved,
softly ciliate ; wpper very narrow, linear, bifid, about ae line long, ciliate, base,
margins and lobes hyaline. Awn stout, pubescent. 1-14 inch long, kneed below
the middle. Pale very minute or 0. Anthers $ -1 line long. Pedicelled spikelets
lanceolate, 24-3 lines long. Glures, lower herbaceous, 7-11-nerved, mucronate or
shortly anned : upper lanceolate- oblong, acute, 3-nerved, softly ciliate. Valves,
lower as in the perfect spikelets, but 1-3- nerved ; upper linear, ciliate, nerveless,
usually much shorter than the lower or obsolete.

Habitat: Natau. Gerrard 670, 674; var. podotrichus, Umpumulo,
Buchanan ; Riet Vlei, Buchanan ; Biggarsberg, Rehmann 7120, 7121; Farkkop,
Rehmann 7668; without precise locality, Buchanan 62, 121; near Durban,
Wood, 6050

Drawn from Wood’s specimen.
Found all over Africa, also in Canary Islands and Madeira.

Peduncles having long tubercle-based hairs occur occasionally in the typical
form in the Cape.

Fig. 1, Plant natural size; 2, spathe with 2-nate racemes. Sessile spikelet—3, lower
glume, hack view ; 4, upper glume, “aids view ; 5, lower valve, front view ; 6; upper valve ;
7, ovary, stamens, and lodicules. Pedicelled spikelet—-8, lower glume, front view ; 9, upper
glume, front view ; 10, lower valve, front view ; 11, upper valve. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

Plate 126.

Andropogon auctus, Stapt

PLATE 126.

ANDROPOGON AUuCcTUS (Stapf, FI. Cap. Vol. vii. 357).

PERENNIAL.—CULMS erect, robust, up to 2 lines thick, 3-5 feet long, glabrous,
simple or more or less branched and 3-5-noded below the panicle, longest inter-
node over ¥ foot long. Sheaths tight, glabrous or hairy, the lowest crowded,
compressed, “subpersistent, the upper terete, shorter than the internodes ; ligules
oblong, up to 33 lines long. Blades linear, from a NE stoutly ribbed base,
tapering to a long, fine point, up to 13 foot, by 1-23 L lines broad, glabrous or
scantily hairy, glaucous.

PANICLE lax, narrow, up to 14 foot long. Racemes 3-14 line long, very
villous, on slender, shortly and laterally exserted peduncles, having numerous long
tubercle-based hairs near the curvature. Spathes, joints, pedicels and spikelets
as in A. hortus,-except for the pedicelled spikelets having a muticous lower glume
and subequal valves.

Habitat :—Natau. Riet Vlei, Buchanan 222.
Figured from Buchanan’s specimen in the Government Herbarium.

Fig. 1, Panicle, natural size. Pedicelled spikelet—2, lower glume, front view ; 3, upper
glume, front view; 4, lower valve ; 5, upper valve. xcept fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 127.

ANpDRopoGoN RUFUS (Kunth. Enum. i. 492).

PrRENNIAL.—CULMs erect, stout, 3-8 feet long, glabrous, 5-7-noded below the
panicle. Sheaths quite glabrous (in the South African species), or hairy along the
upper margins, terete, shorter than the internodes (except the lowest) ; ligules
rounded, 1-24 lines long, sometimes with hairs from behind. Blades linear from a
narrow base, long tapering to a fine point, 1-24 feet long, by 2-6 lines broad, flat,
rigid, erect, glabrous, more or less scabrid, margins very rough, midrib stout,
white above.

PANICLE usually large and much branched, lax, oblong, contracted or rather
open, 1-13, sometimes to 2 feet long. Spathes very narrow, linear-lanceolate to
linear, finely acuminate, 14-2 inches long, glabrous, scarious, reddish, erect or
spreading. Common peduncles finely filiform, pubescent, sometimes with spread-
ing yellowish tubercle-based hairs towards the tips, flexuous or pendulous, more
or less (often long) exserted. Racemes slender, #-1 inch long, not spreading,
often drooping ; joints 6-10, filiform, obliquely truncate, up to I line long, shortly
and densely ciliate, lower hairs white, upper reddish; pedicels very similar.
Sessile sprkelets all perfect, or sometimes the lowest of the sessile raceme like the
pedicelled, male, or the latter sometimes barren. Perfect spikelets linear-oblong,
2-25 lines long, yellowish or reddish. Glumes, /ower sub-chartaceous, minutely
truncate, dorsally flattened, glabrous or pubescent, with short rather rigid fulvous
or ferruginous hairs, or sub-villous, intracarinal nerves about 5, evanescent below,
callus shortly bearded, keels rigidly ciliate above ; upper membranous, obtuse,
3-nerved. Valves, lower oblong, obtuse, ciliate, faintly 2-nerved ; «pper shortly
bifid, l-nerved, lobes oblong, ciliate. Awn 3-1 inch long, bent at the middle,
pubescent below the bend, minutely scaberulous above. Anthers 1 line long.
Pedicelled sprkelets lanceolate-linear, 24-24 lines long, reddish or purplish, glabrous
or pubescent to villous. Glumes, /owe7 sub-herbaceous, acute, 7-nerved, keels
rigidly ciliolate ; wpper acute, 3-nerved, ciliate. Valves, lower oblong, subacute,
1} line long, 1-sub-3-nerved ; wpper narrow, linear, 1-nerved, ciliate, or both valves
more or less reduced, or the upper quite suppressed.

Habitat :—Zuiutanp. Moist places near Inyeziian River, Wood 3927.
Figured from-Wood’s specimen, the only one in the Government Herbarium,
and no other one appears to have been sent Home from South Africa.

In our specimen the pedicelled spikelets contain the two glumes and a rudi-
mentary lower valve, the upper valve being suppressed. This species is found
also in Tropical Africa, the Mascarene Isles, and in Brazil.

Fig. 1, Culm with leaf and panicle, about natural size. Sessile spikelet—2, lower glume,
back view ; 3, upper glume, front view ; 4, lower valve, front view ; 5, upper valve with awn ;
6, pistil, stamens and lodicules. Pedicelled spihelet—7, lower glume ; 8, upper glume ; 9, lower
valve. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

Plate 127

Andropogon rutus, Kunth.

Plate 148

Androp ogon Dregeanus, Nees.

PLATE 128.

ANDROPOGON DREGEANUS (Nees, FI. Afr, Austr» 112).

PERENNIAL, compactly tufted.—Cutms erect, rather slender, 3-4 feet long,
glabrous, shining, about 5-noded below the paniele. Sheaths of innovation shoots
compressed, fugaciously tomentose at the base, sheaths of the culms terete, quite
glabrous or the upper scantily hairy, smooth ; ligules obtuse, up to 24 lines long,
hairy behind. Blades linear from a narrow base, tapering to a fine point, up to
1 foot long, by 2-3 lines broad, erect, rather rigid, flat, glabrous or the uppermost
scantily hairy, sub-glaucous, turning reddish, scabrid, margins spinulous.

PANICLE narrow, 1-14 foot long, remotely branched, contracted. Spathes
narrow, lanceolate, acute, about 14 inch long, scarious, reddish. Common peduncles
finely filiform, long exserted, glabrous except the strongly curved or curled tips,
which are densely beset with long spreading, yellowish tubercle-based hairs.
Racemes 4-1 inch long, lax, scarcely spreading; joints 5-10, filiform, obliquely
truncate, up to 14 line long, shortly ciliate ; pedicels very similar. Spikelets of
the lowest pair of the sessile raceme alike, male, the sessile of all the other pairs
perfect, the pedicelled male, or sometimes with stamens and an apparently perfect
pistil. Sessile perfect spikelets linear-oblong, 2 lines long, purplish, pale below.
Glumes, lower sub-chartaceous above, membranous near the base, minutely trun-
cate, dorsally flattened, glabrous or minutely and scantily pubescent or villous,
intracarinal nerves about 5, evanescent below the tip; keels rigidly ciliate above,
callus shortly bearded; wpper membranous, 3-nerved, nerves scabrid above.
Valves, lower oblong, obtuse, faintly 2-nerved, ciliate ; wpper shortly bifid, 1-nerved,
lobes oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Awn about 6-8 lines long, very slender, pubescent
and kneed below the middle. Pale ovate, obtuse, 4 line long. Anthers } line
long. Pedicelled spikelets oblong-linear, 2} lines long, dull purplish, glabrous or
hairy. Glumes, lower sub-herbaceous, acute, 9-1l-nerved ; upper very acute,
3-nerved, long ciliate. Valves, /ower linear-oblong, obtuse, equalling the glumes,
3-nerved ; upper 4-4 shorter, spathulate-linear from an extremely fine base, sub-
1-nerved. Anthers more than 1 line long.

Habitat :—Natat. Between Umtata and St. John’s, Drége ; between Um-
zimkulu and Umkomaas Rivers, Drege; near Estcourt, Rehmann 7310; Karkloof,
Wylie (Wood 6010).

Figured from Wood's 6010.

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size; 2, ligule. Sesstle spikelet-—3, upper valve ; 4, pale.
Pedicelled spikelet—5, lower valve ; 6, upper valve. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 129.

ANDROPOGON DICHROOS (Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. i. 389).

=

PERENNIAL.—CuLMs rather slender, erect, over 2 feet long, glabrous, terete,
4-5-noded and simple below the panicle. Sheaths terete or slightly keeled in the
upper part, tight, glabrous, shorter than the internodes, except the sub-persistent
lowest ones; ligules membranous, rotundate-ovate, ciliolate, up to 1 line long.
Blades linear from a rounded base, long tapering to a fine point, over 4 foot long,
by 14-35 lines broad, glabrous or scantily hairy at the base, scabrid below and
along the margins, turning reddish.

PaNIcLE oblong, about 1 foot long, lax. Spathes very narrow, lanceolate,
acuminate, 14-2 inches long, obliquely erect or divaricate, reddish, glabrous or.
spreadingly hairy, particularly below. Common peduncles filiform, more or less
curved at the upper end, or at length strict, shortly exserted from near the tip of
the spathe or shortly exceeding it, with long, spreading tubercle-based hairs below
the tip. Racemes 4-10 lines long, at length horizontally spreading, or defiexed,
on very short hirsute peduncles, falling together from the tip of the common
peduncle ; joints 2-5, filiform, obliquely truncate, 14 line long, shortly ciliate ;
pedicels very similar. Spikelets of the lowest pair of the sub-sessile raceme alike,
barren, the sessile of all the other pairs perfect, the pedicelled barren. Perfect
spikelets oblong, lanceolate, 2 lines long, pale. Glumes, lower sub chartaceous
above, membranous towards the base, truncate, or minutely 2-toothed, dorsally:
flattened, scantily pubescent to almost villous, with whitish, or above with reddish
hairs, intracarinal nerves 5-7, evanescent below ; keels rigidly ciliate above, callus
shortly bearded; upper rigidly membranous, obtuse, 3-nerved, ciliate above. Valves,
lower oblong, truncate, faintly 2-nerved, ciliate ; upper shortly 2-toothed, glabrous.
Awn slender, #-1 inch long, kneed and pubescent below the middle. Pale 0.
Anthers 3-7 line long. Pedicelled spikelets linear-lanceolate, up to 2% lines long,
rufously hirsute. Glumes, lower acuminate, sometimes mucronate, 9-1 1-nerved ;
upper 3-nerved, ciliate above. Valves 0, or the lower broadly oblong, up to ? line
long, ciliate, and the upper reduced to a microscopic ciliate scale.

Habitat :—Natau. Drége 4357 ; Umpumulo, Buchanan; Biggarsberg, Reh-
mann 7116 ; without precise locality, Buchanan 303.

Figured from Buchanan's specimen in the Government Herbarium.

In the specimen in the Herbarium the panicle is more than 1 foot long.

Fig. 1, Culm, leaf and panicle about natural size. Sessile spikelet-—2, lower glume ;
3, upper glume ; 4, lower valve ; 5, pistil, stamens and lodicules ; 6, upper valve. Pedicelled
spihelets—7, lower glume; 8, upper glume. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

Plate 129

Andropogon dichroos, Sfewd/

Plate 150

Androp ogon cymbarius , Linn.

PLATE 180.

_ANDROPOGON CYMBARIUS (Linn. Mant. 11, 303, not Hack.).

PERENNIAL (?).—Cubms erect, usually from a very slender and sometimes
ascending base, 3-6 feet or more long, often rooting from the lower nodes, terete,
glabrous, 6-10-noded, simple or branched. Sheaths glabrous, rarely hirsute with
tubercle-based hairs, or villous at the nodes, terete or keeled in the upper part,
the lowest whitish, withering or thrown oft, the middle and upper usually shorter
than the internodes. Ligule membranous, rounded or truncate, very short. Blades
hnear from a narrow base, long tapering to a fine point, $ to over 14 foot, by 3-6
lines, rarely narrower, rigid to subflaccid, flat, glabrous or subhirsute at the base
from tubercle-based hairs, scaberulous or smooth except the scabrid or spinulous
margins, glaucous.

Panicve leafy, almost overtopped by its blades, linear-oblong, decompound,
usually dense, $-2 feet long. Spathes obliquely ovate, acute or acuminate, 5-9 lines
long, scarious, often brilliantly red or purple, glabrous. Common peduncles filiform,
enclosed, spreadingly hirsute above. Racemes usually half exserted from the
middle of the spathe and at a right angle to it, 25-4) lines long, dense, subcon-
tiguous, subsessile, with a tuft of long vigil yellowish hairs at the base of the
lower ; joints 1-3, filiform, truncate, 3 line long, ciliate; pedicels very similar,
the termmal up to 1 line long. Spikelets of the lowest pair of the lower
raceme alike, male or barren, the sessile of all the other pairs perfect, the pedi-
celled male or barren. Perfect spikelets oblong, 13-2 lines long, pale. Glumes,
lower thinly chartaceous, minutely truncate, dorsally flattened, subglabrous or
pubescent, intracarinal nerves 3-5, mostly evanescent below the tip; keels spinu-
lously ciliate above; callus very short, bearded ; upper membranaceous, obtuse,
3-nerved, nerves scabrid or ciliate above. Valves, /owe7 linear-oblong, truncate,
obscuredly 2-nerved or nerveless, subglabrous ; upper minutely 2-toothed, almost
reduced to a reddish fine geniculate awn, 5-10 lines long. Pale 0. Stamens up to
1 line long. Perlicelled spikelets oblong-lanceolate to oblong, 2-3 lines long, pale
to deep reddish, glabrous or pubescent. Glumes, lowes subherbaceous, acutely
acuminate, 7-9-nerved ; keels spinulously ciliate ; wpoper acute, 3-nerved, ciliate.
Valves, /ower oblong, obtuse, up to 14 line long, faintly 1-sub-3-nerved ; upper
linear to cuneate-linear, 1 line long or reduced, or 0. Anthers, if present, up to
1-line long.

_ _Habitat:—Natat. Umpumulo, Buchanan 228; Laing’s Nek, Reimann 6939 ;
Inanda, Wood 1304 ; without precise locality, Cooper 3346. Var. lepidus (Stapf)
besween Umzimkulu and Umkomaas, Drége; Umpumulo, Buchanan 229; Zulu-
land, Entumeni, Wood 3991.

Fig. 1, Portion of plant and panicle, about natural size ; 2, ligule; 3, racemes, spathe
removed. Sesstle spikelet —4, lower glume, ; 5, lower valve; 6, upper valve ; 7, pistil, stamens
and lodicules. Pedicelled spihelet—8, lower valve. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 131.

ANDROPOGON FILIPENDULUS (Hochst. in Flora, 1846, 115).

PERENNIAL (always ?).—CuLms erect, slender, 2-10 feet long, glabrous, more or
less branched ; branches erect, intravaginal, leafy. Sheaths terete, sub-carinate
above, tight or ultimately slipping from the culm, glabrous or the lower sparingly
hairy. Ligules membranous, truncate, about 1 line long. Blades linear, tapering
to an acute, often very fine point, 1-2 feet long, by 3-3 lines broad, flat or subconvo-
lute, glabrous, rarely sparingly hairy, smooth or scaberulous, margins rough.

PANICLE narrow, $-14 foot long, contracted; branches erect, strict, filiform,
from lanceolate to linear, long and setaceously acuminate sheaths. Spathes very
narrow, linear, 2 inches long, glabrous or finely hairy along the margins. Common
peduncles capillary, enclosed in the spathes except the flexuous or pendulous or
finely strict upper part, which is pubescent and very long but very scantily bearded.
Racemes subcontiguous, slender, unequally peduncled (the longer peduncle 2-5 lines
long, glabrous or hairy), 5-6 lines long ; joints filiform, up to $ line long, glabrous
or sub-glabrous, pedicels somewhat longer, the upper ciliate. Sessile sprkelets, 2 in
the lower, 3 in the upper raceme, in both only the upper perfect, the others male
like the pedicelled spikelets. Perfect Spikelets oblong-linear, 2-24 lines long, pale,
tips reddish ; callus fine, acute, up to 1 line long, densely bearded. Glumes, lower
sub-chartaceous, truncate, glabrous or more or less hairy, intracarinal nerves about
5, prominent all along, or only upwards, not pitted ; upper membranous, truncate,
3-nerved, glabrous. Valves, lower linear-oblong, 14 line long, nerveless or almost
so, reversely ciliate ; upper very finely cuneate-linear, obscurely 2-toothed, passin
into a stout awn 14-24 inches long, rufus hispidulous below. Pale 0. Anthers
1¥.line long. Male spikelets lanceolate to linear, sub-acuminate, 24-3} lines long,
dull purplish, glabrous. Glumes, Jowe7 9-11-nerved, muticous in the lower,
aristulate in the upper pairs; upper acute, 3-nerved, reversely ciliate. Valves
oblong, obtuse ; Jower 1-nerved ; upper nerveless, up to 14 line long.

Habitat :—Natat. Throughout the Colony, Krauss 28; near Durban Bay,
Krauss 164, partly; Umpumulo Common, Buchanan 223; Zululand, Jenkinson
70 (Wood 7342); 31; Berea, Wood 5933.

Figured from Jenkinson’s 70.

In Wood's 5933, and Jenkinson’s 70, the number of perfect spikelets is not
constant ; in the upper glume of the sessile spikelet the margins are hyaline and
reversely ciliate, and the upper valve is ciliate and 3-nerved. In the pedicelled
spikelets the upper valve is not always present, or when present is very small.

Mr. Jenkinson says of his No. 31: “Very common on any well drained
ground, liked by cattle ; even in winter; used by natives for thatching. Native
name ‘Sibuzana.’ ”

Found also in tropical Africa and Ceylon, and in a somewhat different form in
Australia (A. lachnantherus Bth).

Fig. 1, Plant about natural size; 2, ligule ; 3, 2-nate racemes. Sessile spihelet-—4, lower
glume, front view ; 5, upper glume, side view ; 6, lower valve; 7, stigmas, stamens and lodi-
cules ; 8, upper valve with lower portion of awn. Pedicelled spikelet-—9, muticous lower glume ;
10, upper glume ; 11, lower valve. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

Plate 131

ae =

SSS SSS > a = =
= eS =
ey oes se eas aaa LS ee =

Andropogon filipendulus, Hochst.

Plate 132

Andropogon Rupre chh, Hack.

PLATE 132.

Anpropocon Ruprecati (Hack. Androp. in DC. Monogr. Phan. VI. 645).

PERENNIAL, densely tufted.—CuLms erect, stout, up to 6 feet long, glabrous,
terete, simple or with a leafy branch from one of the uppermost internodes.
Sheaths glabrous, pale, striate, tight or somewhat loose, the lowest and those of
the innovation shoots keeled, subpersistent, the upper keeled in the upper part,
otherwise terete. Ligules membranous, obtuse, up to 14 line long. Blades narrow,
linear from a narrow base, tapering to a fine point, $-1 foot, by 14-24 lines,
flat or revolute along the margins, rigid, glabrous, smooth or scabrid, midrib rather
stout.

PANICLE linear to oblong, erect, stiff, up to more than 1 foot long, branches
filiform, erect, glabrous, from long narrow glabrous or hairy spathiform sheaths. °
Spathes very narrow, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 14-2 inches long, subscarious
to almost herbaceous, pale, reddish or greenish, usually glabrous. Common
peduncles filiform, strict, glabrous, enclosed. Racemes about 10 lines long,
laterally exserted from the spathe, one subsessile with one sessile male spikelet at
the base, and one sessile perfect one above, the other peduncled with one sessile
perfect, and two pedicelled male spikelets ; peduncle of the upper, and joint of the
subsessile raceme, filiform, glabrous, 2, and 1 line long, respectively, each with a
hyaline lanceolate 1-2 toothed bract-like appendage about 3 lines long ; lowest
pedicel very short, glabrous ; upper up to 2 lines long, very densely and shortly
ciliate. Perfect spikelets subcylindric, over 3 lines long, pale, callus very slender,
pungent, 14 line long, densely bearded. Glumes subcoriaceous, glabrous except
the hispidulous tips ; lower oblong 2-cuspidate (points up to 14 line long), finely
channelled, inconspicuously 8-10-nerved, margins implicate, sharply so on the
extreme tips, otherwise involute ; wpper lanceolate-oblong, sub-5-nerved. Valves,
lower linear-obtuse, 23 lines long, 2-nerved, scantily ciliate; upper slightly
shorter, stipitiform, obscurely 2-toothed, hyaline and 3-nerved at the base. Awn
2-3 inches long, bent near the middle, rufous pubescent below the bend. Pale 0.
Anthers 1-14 line long. Male spikelets narrow, linear-lanceolate, about 5 lines
long, glabrous. Glumes, lower subherbaceous, acute or in the upper spikelets
narrowed into a scabrid bristle (up to 2 lines long), 7-11-nerved, keels spinulously
ciliate ; wpper 3-nerved, ciliate. Valves subequal, 3-nerved, ciliate. Anthers
2 lines long.

Habitat :—Natau, Zululand, Jenkinson 72 (Wood 7341).

Figured from Jenkinson’s specimen, which is the only one in the Government
Herbarium.

Also in Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Transvaal and Mexico.

So far as we are aware this grass has not previously been collected in Natal.
The leaves of our specimen are pilose with long white hairs, and similar hairs are
found on the peduncle of the 2-nate racemes. Mr. Jenkinson says, “a very good
grass for thatching, native name um-Tshaba.”

Fig. 1, Portion of stem, leaves and inflorescence, about natural size ; 2, ligule ; 3, spathe
and 2-nate racemes. Sessile spikelet-—4, lower glume, front view ; 4a, same, back view; 4,
upper glume; 6, lower valve ; 7, upper valve ; 8, pistil, stamens and lodicules. Pedicelled
spikelet—9, lower glume ; 10, upper glume ; 11, lower valve ; 12, upper valve. Except fig. 1,
all enlarged.

PLATE 188.

ANTHISTIRIA IMBERBIS (Retz, Obs. iii. 11.)

PERENNIAL, densely tufted ; innovation shoots intravaginal.—CuLms erect or
geniculate and ascending, 1-3 feet long, rather slender, glabrous, simple or branched.
Sheaths compressed, keeled, firm, glabrous or the lower sometimes hairy and
bearded at the nodes, exceeding the internodes, except the upper. Ligules
membranous, very short, obtuse or truncate, ciliolate. Blades linear, long tapering
to a fine point, 2-8 inches long, by 1-24 lines broad, very rarely broader, flat,
rather rigid, glabrous or hairy below.

PANICLE narrow, often nodding, 3-6 inches long, scantily branched, branches
solitary, or the upper 2-3-nate, filiform, glabrous, bearing capituliform, usually
dense, fascicles of racemes. Spathes lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, about 1 inch
long, rarely longer, usually bearded at the base, glabrous or hairy, greenish or
reddish. Racemes 6-9 lines long.

Involucral spikelets whorled, sessile, persistent, lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
34-5 lines long, rarely longer, glabrous or with scattered, short, tubercle-based
hairs, male; their lower glumes not, or very obscurely winged on one side only.
Valves, lower generally present. Pedicelled spikelets linear-lanceolate, glabrous,
on short glabrous or subglabrous pedicels. Perfect spikelet 1, not exserted from
the involucre, linear-oblong, subcylindric, 24-35 lines long, callus pungent, up to
14 line long, glabrous in front, otherwise densely bearded with shining reddish or
purplish hairs. Glumes, /o7re7 obtuse or emarginate, smooth and shining except
the rigidly pubescent ‘or seabrid tip, obscurely 7-9-nerved; ipyper glabrous.
Valves, lower glabrous, somewhat shorter than the glumes; awn of upper valve
2% inches long. Anthers 1 line long. Grain about 2 lines long.

Habitat :—Natau. Bank of Tugela River (a form with very broad leaves),
Buchanan 227 ; between Umzimkulu and Umkomaas Rivers, Drege; near Dun-
dee, (rreen, var. ; Mooi River, 4-5000 feet alt, Mason 23, partly ; Dundee, 4-5000
feet alt., Green 44; Mooi River, Mason 42, 47; Zululand, Jeukiinson 28; near
Maritzburg, St. George.

.

Drawn from Green’s specimen.
P

This species or some of its varieties are found throughout the tropics of the
Old World. Jenkinson says of his No. 28, which is a variety of the species:
‘‘ Native name Insinda, hill tops and upland slopes, one of the most useful grasses
for all kinds of stock in spring and summer, gets very dry in winter.”

Fig. 1, Portion of plant and inflorescence, natural size; 2, ligule ; 3, raceme. Pedicelled
spikelet—4, lower glume. Jnvrolucral spikelet-—5, lower glume ; 6, upper glume; 7, lower
valve. Sessile spikelet—8, lower glume ; 9, upper glume; 10, lower valve ; 11, upper valve
with portion of awn ;,12, pistil, stamens and lodicule. Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

Plate 13%

Anthistiria imberbis, Rez

Plate 134

Paspalum serobiculabum, Linn.

PLATE 184.

PasPALUM scROBICULATUM (Linn. Mant. 29).

PERENNIAL ‘—Cu.ms fascicled on a very short praemorse rhizome, innovation
shoots few, usually intravaginal. Culms erect, rarely ascending from a prostrate
rooting base, 1 to several feet long, usually sheathed throughout, glabrous. Leaves
glabrous or more or less softly hairy; sheaths lax, rather thin, the lower often
purplish ; ligules membranous, short. Blades linear to linear-lanceolate, acute to
~acuminate, 4-8 inches (rarely longer in the African specimens), by 2-4 lines wide,
soft, flat or with involute margins. False spikes 2-3 (in the South African speci-
mens), or more. Rhachis herbaceous, 1-14 line broad, margins rigidly ciliate.
Pedicels very short, almost wholly adnate. Spikelets 2, rarely 3-4 ranked, falling
entire from the pedicels, imbricate, broadly elliptic to orbicular, obtuse, 1-14 line
long, glabrous. Glumes, /ower 0 ; upper convex, 3-7-nerved, as long as the valves,
rarely shorter, or obsolete. Valves, ower flat, often obscurely pitted or wrinkled
- near the margin, 5-7-nerved, submarginal nerves 2 on each side, very close ; wpper
subcoriaceous, brown, shining. Pale subequal to and of the same nature as the
valve, 2-nerved, the flaps auricled ; lodicules 2, cuneate. Stamens 3, anthers over
3 line long, styles distinct, slender ; stigmas laterally exserted near the tip of the
floret. Grain tightly enclosed by the slightly hardened valve and pale, dorsally
subcompressed, hilum basal, embryo less than half the length of the grain.

Habitat :—Natau. In swamps by the Umlaas River, Avauss 147 ; grassy
plains between Durban and Umlaas, Arauss 204; Umpumulo, Buchanan 184 ;
without precise locality, Gerrard 587; near Newcastle, Buchanan 175; near
Durban, March, Wood 6048; near Maritzburg, St. George 6a; near Dundee,
Green 34; Zululand, Jenkinson 46.

A recent number of the “Kew Bulletin” says of this Grass :—‘‘ Kodo or
Koda Millet of India. An erect growing annual grass, with stems about 2 feet
high. It is widely dispersed through the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere,
generally regarded as a valuable pasture grass, and as an ingredient for hay. It
sometimes attains a height of 6 to 8 feet. The grain is largely used as food by
the natives of India, but it is by no:means a wholesome article of diet. Unless
special precautions are taken, it is liable to act as a narcotic poison. Cattle, and
especially buffaloes, eat the grass readily when it is young. The straw is occasionally
used as fodder. Animals are, however, carefully excluded from the fields when the
crop is ripening as they appear to suffer even more than men from the ill effects of
Kodra poisoning.” It is the ‘‘ Ditch Millet” of New South Wales, and the “ Herbe
& épée” of Mauritius. This grass is widely spread in Natal, but so far as our
observation at present goes it is nowhere very plentiful. Native name Samowisana.

Fig. 1, Ligule ; 2, rhachis after spikelets have fallen; 3, upper glume ; 4, lower valve ;
5, upper valve, front view ; 6, same, back view; 7, pale; 8, pistil, stamens and lodicules.
Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 185.

PaspaLum pisticHum Linn. (Amoen. Acad. v. 391).

PERENNIAL.—CULMS ascending from a creeping, rooting, often very long and
branched base, many-noded, sheathed throughout. Leaves numerous, distichous,
imbricate below. Sheaths’thin, pale, glabrous except the often bearded mouth,
the lower at length loose ; ligules very short, truncate, with fine hairs from behind ;
blades linear, acute, 2-4 inches long, by 1-14 line wide, spreading, involute, rarely
flat, glabrous. False spikes 2-nate, both pedunculated and articulated on the top
of the culm, rarely 3-nate, often spreading. Rhachis herbaceous, 4 line broad,
margins scabrid. .

SPIKELETS subsessile, falling entire from the short pedicels, solitary, oblong,
acute to acuminate, 1-2 lines long, dorsally flattened, imbricate and adpressed to
the rhachis, glabrous, pale. Glumes, /ower 0; mpper slightly convex, 5 or 4
nerved (middle nerve suppressed) side nerves close, sub-marginal. Valves, lower
very like the glume, middle nerve always percurrent, side nerves 2-3 on each side,
submarginal ; »pper distinctly shorter, subcoriaceous, 5-nerved, smooth, pale.
Pale obscurely auricled. Stamens 3; anthers ? line long. Styles and stigmas as
in P. scrobiculatum. Grain $ line long.

_ Habitat —Narau. Coast marshes, Buchawan 84; without precise locality,
Gerrard 590; Clairmont, 50 feet alt., March, Wood 6043.

_ Drawn from Wood's specimen which was certified by Professor Hackel, and is
the only authentic specimen in the Government Herbarium.

Found in most warm countries. Baron Mueller says of this grass: ‘‘ The Silt
grass,” a creeping bank or swamp grass forming extensive cushions. It keeps
beautifully green throughout the year, affords a sufficiently tender blade for feed,
and is exquisitely adapted to cover silt or bare slopes on banks of ponds or rivers,
where it grows grandly ; moderate submersion does not destroy it, but frost injures
it : it thrives well also on salt marshes. Excellent for fern tree tubs to produce a
green sward and some overdrooping foliage. The chemical analysis made in spring
gave the following results: Albumen 2°20; gluten 7°71; starch 1°56; gum 1°64;
sugar 5:00.”

Fig. 1, Ligule ; 2, rhachis with one spikelet ; 3, upper glume ; +, lower valve: 5, upper
valve ; 6, pale; 7, stamens, pistil and lodicules. Exucept fig. 1, all enlarged.

Plate 155

Paspalum distichum, Linn.

Plate 136

Digitaria monodactyla, Spf

DIGITARIA, LINN.

SPIKELETS lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, flat in front, convex on the back, tall-
ing entire from the pedicels, usually 2-3-nate, and pedicelled on the triquetrous or
dilated rhachis of very slender and usually spiciform racemes or false spikes ; lower
floret barven reduced to the valve anda very minute rudimentary pale ; upper
perfect. Pale of upper floret subequal to the valve, 2-nerved, of the same texture.
Lodicules 2, minute, broadly cuneate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct ; stigmas
laterally exserted near the tip of the floret. Grain tightly enclosed by the slightly
hardened rigid valve and pale, oblong, slightly dorsally compressed ; hilum basal,
punctiform ; embryo less than half the size of the grain.

PLATE 186.

DigiTARIA MONODACTYLA (Stapf, Fl. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 373).

PERENNIAL, compactly tufted, innovation shoots intravaginal.—CuULMs very
slender, erect, 1-14 foot long, glabrous, 1-2-noded above the base, simple.

LEAVES crowded at the base. Sheaths very tight, glabrous, or scautily hairy,
the lower firm, persistent, at length sometimes breaking up into fibres. Ligules
very short, truncate. Blades setaceously convolute, filiform, 2-4 inches long, rather
rigid or flexuous, glabrous or scantily hairy, smooth. Racemes spikelike, solitary,
terminal on the long exserted culm, very slender, 25-5 inches long ; rhachis wavy,
very narrow, ciliate, midrib obtuse, stout. Pedicels 2-nate, densely ciliate, unequal,
the longer up to # line long.

SPIKELETS subimbricate, adpressed to the rhachis, the superposed ones distant
almost by their own length, oblong-lanceolate, up to 1} line long, with silky and
adpressed hairs. Glumes, lower 0; upper linear-oblong, # to almost 1 line long,
long and densely ciliate, 3-2-nerved. Valves, lower oblong-lanceolate, subacuminate,
up to 1} line long, 5-7-nerved, densely and long ciliate, particularly along the
marginal nerves ; wpper 3-nerved, subchartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate,
1 line long, smooth, brown ; flaps of pale very broad below, overlapping. Anthers
} line long.

Habitat :—Natau. Near Newcastle, Buchanan 181; also in Cape Colony
and Free State.

Drawn from Buchanan’s specimen, which is the only one in the Government
Herbarium.

Digitaria has lately been separated from Panicum, of which genus it forme '
a section. ;

Fig. 1, Ligule ; 2,portion of rhachis with spikelets; 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve,
front view ; 5, same, back-view ; 6, upper valve; 7, pale ; 8, stigmas, stamens and lodicules.
Except fig. 1, all enlarged.

PLATE 187.

DIGITARIA ERIANTHA (Steud. in Flora, 1829, 468).

PERENNIAL, densely tufted. Rhizome short, praemorse.—CuLMs erect or
geniculate, rather stout, 14-3 feet long, glabrous, 2-4-noded, usually simple, some-
times scantily branched below. Sheaths striate, rather loose, the upper shorter
than the internodes, the lowest more or less hirsute-tomentose at the base, other-
wise glabrous or scantily hirsute ; ligules hyaline between the more or less produced
margins of the sheath-mouth, 14-4 lines long. Blades linear, tapering to a fine
point, 5-1 foot long, by 1-2 lines wide, or the lowest sometimes much shorter, flat
or with the margins revolute, rigid, ‘rarely flaccid, glaucous, glabrous or scantily
hairy at the base, margins scabrous above.

Racemes 4 to many, subdigitate, slender, erect, or suberect, 4-8 inches long,
straight or flexuous, sometimes pinkish; rhachis very slender, triquetrous, angles
scarcely winged, scabrid, internodes up to 1 line long, rarely longer. Pedicels
2-nate, filiform, scabrid, unequal, the longer 1 line, rarely 15 line long.

SPIKELETS oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 14-14 line long, sub-adpressed, pale
green, often silvery. Glumes, /owe membranous, ovate, acute or obtuse, up to
4 line long, nerveless ; upper lanceolate, acute, about 1 line long, 3-nerved, with
4 lines of very fine, usually adpressed, long silky hairs. Valves equal, ower oblong,
or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 7-9-nerved, inner 4 side nerves like the middle nerve
very prominent, marginal nerves faint, lines of usually adpressed dense long silky
hairs between the inner pair of side nerves and along the margins; upper sub-
chartaceous, oblong, shortly acuminate, 3-nerved, dull green. Anthers } line long.

_Habitat:—Narau. Plant 62; between Umzimkulu and Umkomaas Rivers,
Drége; coast regions, Sutherland; Nottingham, Buchanan 133 ; very common
near Umpumulo, Buchanan 208 ; without precise locality, Gerrard 467 ; Zululand,
Jenkinson 9; near Durban, Wood 7634.

Drawn from Jenkinson’s specimen and compared with Buchanan’s 208 and
Wood's 7634.

Mr. Jenkinson says of this grass : “ Good for cattle ; found in scattered tufts.

A favourite grass for ticks. Used by natives for plaiting bracelets.”

Fig. 1, Ligule ; 2, rhachis with spikelets ; 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve; 5, upper
valve ; 6, pale ; 7, ovary, styles, stigmas, stamens and lodicules. Except fig 1, all enlarged.

Plate 137

Digitaria eriantha, S7ewad

Plate 88

oe eae}

= Ses
ae SSS
Z0F ere

Digitaria ternata, S/0f

PLATE 1388.

DIGITARIA TERNATA (Stapf, Fl, Cap. Vol. VII. 376).

ANNUAL.—CuLMs fascicled, erect from a geniculate base, slender, simple,
4-2 feet long, glabrous or more or less beset with fine long spreading hairs below
the racemes ; about 2-noded. Sheaths glabrous or scantily fimbriate at the mouth.
Ligules short, truncate. Blades linear-lanceolate to linear, acute, 2-9 inches by
3 lines, flat, flaccid, glabrous or sparingly hairy near the base.

RacemEs 2-7, subdigitate, erect or spreading, very slender, strict, 2-12 inches
long. Rhachis very narrow, linear, up to $ line broad, margins scabrid, internodes
about. 14 line long. Pedicels 2-3-nate, unequal, up to more than 1 line long,
shortly hairy towards the scarcely thickened tips.

SPIKELETS adpressed to the rhachis, oblong-elliptic, obtuse or sub-obtuse,
about 1 line long, pale. Glumes, lower 0; wpper very delicate, narrower and
shorter than the upper valve, 3-nerved, sides densely villous with clavate hairs.
Valves subequal; /ower prominently 5-nerved, very densely and appressedly
silky villous with clavate hairs ; wpper chartaceous, ovate-oblong, subacute, dark
brown to black except the whitish hyaline margins. Anthers 4 line long.

Habitat :—Natat. Near Umpumulo, 2000 to 2500 feet, Buchanan 203; 205;
and without precise locality 77; Dundee, G'reen 83.

Also in Abyssinia and India.
Drawn from Green’s specimen and compared with Buchanan’s 203 and 205.

Though this species is said to have no lower glume, a microscopic rudiment of
it may often be seen at the base of the upper one.

In the Flora of British India this plant is described as Paspalum ternatum,
Hk. f., and it is said by Schimper to be a pest in cultivated fields.

Fig. 1, Ligule ; 2, rhachis with spikelets ; 3, upper glume ; 4, lower valve, back view ;
5, same, front view ; 6, upper valve ; 7,pale; 8, ovary, style, stigmas, stamens and lodicules.
All enlarged.

PLATE 189.

DicrraRia sETIFOLIA (Stapf, F]. Cap. Vol. VII. p. 376).

PERENNIAL, densely caespitose.—CULMS erect, very slender, 4-1 foot long,
glabrous. Leaves glabrous except the scantily hairy mouth of the sheath, or more
or less hairy, all crowded at the base, except the uppermost, which is reduced to a
very long almost bladeless sheath ; basal sheaths firm, persistent, at length break-
ing up into fibres; ligules very short, truncate. Blades filiform, setaceously
convolute, up to 2-6 inches long, rather firm, flexuous, smooth.

Racemes 2-3, slender, erect, 1-2 inches long ; rhachis very slender, angular,
smooth, internodes 14-2 lines long, pedicels 2-nate, one very short, the other up
to 1} line long, angular, scantily scabrid above.

SprkELEts oblong, obtuse, 1$ line long, greenish. Glumes, /ower minute,
rotundate, delicately hyaline; upper oblong, subacute, 1} line long, 3-nerved,
with lines of adpressed or slightly spreading, rufous capitellate hairs between the
nerves, and along the margins, upper marginal hairs exceeding the glume. Valves,
lower 7-9-nerved, nerves prominent, except the submarginal hairs similar to those
of the upper glume, in 4 dorsal and 2 dense marginal lines ; upper subchartaceous,
oblong, subacuminate, chestnut brown, except the hyaline whitish margin,
Anthers $ line long.

Habitat :—Natau. Hillside, near Mooi River, 4-5000 feet alt., Jason 6.
Drawn from Mason’s specimen, the only one in the Herbarium.

Also in Tembuland, which is the only South African locality given for it in
the Flora Capensis.

Fig. 1, Ligule; 2, rhachis with pedicels; 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve; 5, upper
valve,front view ; 6, same, back view; 7, pale, front view; 8, same, back view; 9, ovary,
styles, stigmas, stamens and lodicules ; 10, capitcllate hair, AU enlarged.

| Plate 139

Digitaria setifolia, S/gar

Plate 140°

Digitaria horizoniala: Willd

PLATE 140.

DIGITARIA HORIZONTALIS (Willd. Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 1809. 92). FI. Cap. Vol.
VII. p. 378.

ANNUAL.—CULMS ascending from a geniculate or more or less prostrate,
sometimes rooting branched base, slender, 1-several feet long, glabrous, few to
many noded, upper internode by far the longest.

Leaves glabrous or hairy ; sheaths thin, the lower withering ; ligules very
short. Blades linear-lanceolate to linear, acute or gradually tapering from below
the middle, 2-5 inches long by 2-4 lines wide (in the South African specimens),
flat, flaccid, margins scabrid.

RaAcEMES, 4 to many, subdigitate, or on an angular common axis of variable
length (one to several inches long), singly or the lower subverticillate, erect or
_ spreading, slender, strict, 13-6 inches long, usually villous or bearded at the base,
often with a few scattered, stiff, long, very fine hairs from the common axis;
rhachis very narrow, usually wavy, triquetrous, lateral angles more or less winged,
scabrid, internodes about 1g line long (in the South African specimens), or longer.
- Pedicels 2- nate, one very short, the other up to ? line long, triquetrous, scabrid.

SPIKELETS linear-oblong, acute, #-1 line long, greenish. Glumes, lower
extremely minute or supressed ; upper lanceolate-oblong, equalling 3-3 of the
upper valve, 3-nerved, with lines of extremely fine adpressed silky foie: between
the nerves and along ‘the margin, or with the marginal hairs spreading. Valves
equal or subequal ; dower prominently and closely 7-nerved, with lines of extremely
‘fine adpressed silky hairs between the outer nerves and along the margins, or with
the marginal hairs spreading ; upper subchartaceous, acute, pale-greenish.

Habitat :—Natat. Near Durban, Drége ; Williamson 27; Umpumulo Bucha-
nan, 202; 204.

Drawn from Buchanan’s No. 204, the specimen being in bad condition, and
neither stamens nor stigmas being present.

Fig. 1, Ligule; 2, rhachis with 2-nate pedicels; 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve; 5

upper valy e, front view ; 6, same, back view ; 7, pale. All enlarged. :

PLATE 141.

DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS (Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. II; 52.) Fl. Cap. Vol. VII. p. 378.

ANNUAL.—CuLMs ascending from a geniculate or prostrate, often rooting,
branched base, 1 to several feet long, glabrous, few to many noded, upper node by
far the longest. Leaves glabrous or hairy ; sheaths thin, herbaceous, loose, some-
times bearded at the nodes ; ligules truncate, up to more than 1 line long. Blades
linear-lanceolate to linear, acute, 1-5 inches long by 2-4 lines wide, flat, flaccid,
margins scabrid.

Racemes few to many, subdigitate, solitary or 2-3-nate on a short angular
scaberulous common axis, erect or spreading, rather stout for the genus, usually
strict, 1-6 inches long, often finely villous at the base ; rhachis triquetrous, lateral
angles winged, scabrid, internodes over 1 line long; pedicels 2-nate, one very
short, the other up to # line long, triquetrous, seabrid.

SPIKELETS oblong, acute, 1-14 line long, greenish or purplish. Glumes, lower
ovate, acute, about 4 line long ; upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling $ or less
of the upper valve, 3-nerved, with lines of extremely fine adpressed silky hairs
between the nerves and along the margins. Valves, lower oblong-acute, 7-nerved,
the inner lateral nerves somewhat distant from the middle nerve, very prominent,
the outermost submarginal, faint lines of very fine adpressed silky hairs along the
margins and often also between the lateral nerves ; upper subchartaceous, oblong,
subacuminate or acute, greenish or purplish, slightly shorter than the lower valve.
Anthers up to $ line long.

Habitat :—Natat. Near Durban, Williamson, 10; Berea, 100 feet alt.,
Wood 5998.

Drawn from Wood’s specimen, which is the only one in the Government
Herbarium.

Fig. 1, Ligule ; 2, rhachis with 2-nate pedicels ; 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve, back
view ; 5, upper valve, front view ; 6, same, back view ; 7, pale, front view ; 8, same, back
view ; 9, ovary, styles, stigmas, stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

Plate 141

Plate 142

Digitaria diversinervis, Sigpt

-PLATE 142.

DIGIvARIA DIVERSINERVIS (Stapf -Fl. Cap. Vol. VII. p. 379.)

PERENNIAL (/).—-Cutms ascending from a prostrate, rooting, loosely branched
base, very s!ender, weak, up to. 14 foot long, glabrous, 4-6 noded ; uppermost inter-
node by. far the longest; long’ exserted. Leaves glabrous or very sparingly hairy ;
sheaths thin, the lower withering ; ligules very short. Blades linear-lanceolate,
acute, 1-3 inches by 14-24 lines, flat, flaccid, scaberulous in the upper part, margins.
scabrid. :

RACEMES Sabdictete. slender, erect or spreading, 14-2 inches long, minutely
villous at the insertion. Rhachis very narrow and wavy, .triquetrous, angles.
scabrid, internodes up to 2 lines long. Pedicels 2- nate, one very short, the other
up to 1 line long, triquetrous, scaberulous.

SPIKELETS oblong, acute, 14 line long, greenish, glabrous. iat thin,
lower broadly ovate, up to % line long, 1-nerved, or nerveless ; wpper ovate, acute,
1 line long, 1-sub-3- perved, Valves equal, /owe 7-9 nerved ; ee subchartaceous,
acuminate, pale to dark brown.

Habitat —Natau. In’ woods ‘near Durban, Drége; Plant 56-; McKen 10 ;
Durban Flat, Buchanan; without precise locality, Gerrard, 695; 589; . Berea, 150
feet alt., Wood 5923.

3

Drawn from Wood's specimen,

Fig. 1, Ligule; 2, rhachis with 2-nate pedicels; 3, lower glume; 4, upper glume ; 5,
lower valvé, hack view ; 6, same, front view ; 7, upper valve, front view ; 8, same, back view ;.
9, pale, front view ; 10, same, back view ; 11, ovary, styles, stigmas, stamens and lodicules.

All enlarged.

PLATE 148.

DIGITARIA TENUIELORA (Beauv. Agrost. 51). Fl. Cap, Vol, VIL. p. 380.

ANNUAL OR SuB-PERENNIAL.—CuLMs fascicled, very slender, prostrate and
rooting, or ascending or sub-erect, 3-14 foot long, glabrous, many-noded, often
branched. Sheaths rather lax, the lower more or less hairy, sometimes bearded at
the nodes; ligules very short, membranous. Blades lanceolate to linear, acute,
2-4 inches long, spreading, flat, glabrous, rarely hairy.

RacemeEs usually 2-3, rarely more, very slender, 1-3 inches long, erect or
spreading. Rhachis finely linear, margins scabrid. Pedicels 2-rarely 3-nate,
unequal, tips discoid.

_ _ SPIKELETS adpressed to the rhachis, the superposed distant by rather Jess than
their own length, elliptic-oblong. acute or subacute, 3-3 line long, pale or purplish.
Glumes, /ower 0; upper 5-3-nerved, very finely and adpressedly silky with wrinkled
hairs. Valves, /ower similar and subequal to the upper glume, flat, 7-nerved ;

upper subchartaceous, ovate-oblong, slightly shorter than the lower, flaps of pale
overlapping below. Anthers } line long.

Habitat :—Nartav. Near Durban, Drége ; Durban Flat, Buchanan, 35 ; near
Umpunulo, Buchanan, 204a ; and without precise locality, Gerrard, 588.

Drawn from Buchanan’s 204a.

Through the tropics of the Old World.

e

__ Fig. 1, Ligule ; 2, upper glume ; 3, lower valve; 4, upper valve; 5, pale ; 6, rhachis
with pedicels. AM enlarged.

Plate 144

Digitaria Tenuifolia, Beauy

Plate 144

Digitari a diagonalis, Saal

PLATE 144.

DiciraRia DIAGONALIS (Stapf, Fl. Cap. Vol. VII. p. 381).

PERENNIAL.—-CULMs tufted on a short preemorse rhizome, erect, rather firm,
simple, up to more than 3 feet long, glabrous or hairy below the racemes, 1-3-noded,
the uppermost internode by far the longest. Leaves mainly crowded near the base ;
lower sheaths rather firm, strongly striate, adpressed hairy to tomentose at the
base, persistent, at length breaking up.into fibres,.upper thinner, hairy or glabréus
except the bearded nodes, uppermost very long, rather loose ; ligules up to 14 line
long, obtuse or truncate. Blades linear, tapering to a fine point, }-1 foot long, by
2-4 lines wide, flat or with involute margins, rigid or almost flaccid, scabrid,
glabrous or softly hairy.

RaceMes 5 to many, solitary or fascicled, on a scabrid or hirsute angular
common rhachis of variable length (the whole inflorescence 3-1 foot long), slender,
strict or flexuous, erect or more or less spreading, 2-5 inches long, villous at the
base. Rhachis subtriquetrous, wavy, very narrow, angular, angles rigidly ciliate,
internodes up to 14 line long. _

SPIKELETS in fascicles of 3-6, oblong, obtuse to subacute, 1-1} line long ;
pedicels unequal, up to 14 line long, setulose, uppermost hairs equalling the spike-
Jets. Glumes, lowe 0; upper rotundate-ovate, ‘obtuse, 4-4 line long, hyaline,
nerveless or 1-nerved. Valves equal, ower membranous, whitish, oblong, glabrous,
3-nerved ; upper chartaceous like the ‘pale, brown to almost black, somewhat
shining. Anthers 4 line long.

-Habitat:—Natat. Near Durban, Drege; very common near Mapumulo,
Buchanan 206; hill tops near Riet Vlei, 6000 feet alt., Buchanan 207 ; without
precise locality, Buchanan 72; near Maritzburg, St. (reorge 34; Zululand,
Jenkinson 83.

Drawn from St. George’s specimen.

Fig. 1, Rhachis with pedicels ; 2, upper glume ; 3, lower valve ; 4, upper valve ; 5, pale ;
6, ovary, styles, stigmas, and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 145.
DIGITARIA TRICHOLAENOIDES (Stapf, Fl. Cap. Vol. VIL. p. 381).

_ Perewytat.—Rhizome short, oblique, densely covered by the persistent
imbricate bases of the old sheaths. Culms erect, simple, 1-14 foot long, glabrous.

LEAVES about 4 at the base, one from the only suprabasal node, reduced to a
long almost bladeless sheath. Sheaths hairy, the uppermost narrow, silky bearded
at the node, the lower widened. Ligules short, truncate. Blades linear to linear-
lanceolate, tapering to an acute point, 2- 33 inches long, by 2-3 linés wide, flat,
firm, glaucous, glabrous or hairy.

RaceMEs 3-6, subdigitate, erect, strict or sige: nodding, densely silky
often purplish, 25-3 inches long, compound below. Racemes triquetrous, narrowly
winged, scabrid, internodes 14-3 lines long.

SPIKELETS 2-5-nate, or in the lowest fascicle with the central 2-3 on a ver
short branchlet, oblong, acute, 2-24 lines long (exclusive of the hairs), densely silky,
unequally pedicelled, longer pedicels up to 3 lines long, filiform, flexuous, glabrous,
tips subdiscoid. Glumes, lower delicately hyaline, whitish, tr uneate or rotundate, up
to % line long ; upper oblong, acute to obtuse, 4-1} line long, 3-nerved, densely
villouswith long,soft, acute hairs, upper margins broadly and ver y delicately hyaline.
Valves, lower oblong, acuminate, 7-nerved, glabrous along the middle, otherwise
densely villous wath soft, very long hairs (up to 2 lines) ; wpper char taceous, oblong,
acutely acuminate, 2 lines long. Anthers over 1 line long.

.. Habitat:—Natau. Umsinga and base of Biggarsberg, Buchanan, 87 ; Mooi
River, 4-5000 feet alt., Mason 21.

Drawn from Mason’s specimen, the only one in the Government Hesheriam

This grass is in appearance very like a Tricholaena, with which | genus it has
no doubt often been confused by collectors. I have no information as to its value
as a pasture grass.

Fig. 1, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume ; ; 3, lower valve; 4, upper. valve, front view ; 5,
same, back: view ; 6 pale, front view; 7 same, back view; 8, ‘pistil, stamens and lodicules.
All enlarged.

Plate 145

Digitaria Tricholaencides, Sapl

Plate 146

Panicum Helopus,/772 var glabrescens, K Schum.

PANICUM.

Mature spikelets falling entire from their pedicels, loosely panicled, solitary
2-nate or fascicled on the rhachis of the Spe: like branches (false spikes) of a
panicle. Upper floret perfect. Lodicules 2, broadly cuneate. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct ; stigmas laterally exserted below ‘the tip of the floret. Grain tightly
enclosed. by the hardened valve and pale, oblong or ellipsoid ; hilum basal, puncti-
form or orbicular ; embryo equalling about half of the grain.

A large genus, including 200 to 250 species, many of which are valuable
fodder grasses.

PLATE 146.

Panicum HELoveus (Trin. in Spreng. Neu. Entdeck, IT, 84) var, glabrescens (K.
Schum. in Engl. Pf. Ost-Afi. C1101). FL. Cap. Vol. VIL p. 392.

ANNUAL.—('ULMN suberect or sdianaie from a geniculate sometimes decum-
bent and rooting base, 1-2 feet long, glabrous, striate, 4-to-many-noded, branched
or simple except at the base.

LEAVES more or less finely hirsute with tubercle-based hairs, rarely glabrescent
or glabrous ; sheaths rather lax, pubescent to villous at the nodes, ciliate above.
Ligules very short, membranous, fimbriate. Blades linear-lanceolate to lanceolate
from a broad-rounded or cordate base, acute to acuminate, 2-4 inches long by 3-8
lines wide, flat, flaccid, margins often wavy, scabrid or Aimee.

Fase SprkEs 3-12, rather distant on a compr essed | - angular, scabrid or often
pubescent, common axis, suberect or spreading, secund, 2-vanked. Rhachis linear,
4-3 line broad, flat on ihe back, with a very prominent aaae ib on the face, Seapine
a “spinulously ciliate, and often with scattered, fine, long, tubercle-based bristles as
well. Pedicels usually solitary, very short, stout, seabrid, pubescent, with or with-
out 2-3 bristles near the thickened tips.

SPIKELETS contiguous or subimbricate, ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, 2-24

lines long, pallid, glabrous. Glumes, lower turned away from the rhachis, broadly
ovate, clasping, obtuse, equalling 4 i of the spikelet, hyaline, 3-5-nerved ; upper
membranous, ovate to ovate- oblong, subacute to subacuminate, prominently 7-9-
nerved. Domer jlovet male or barren. Valve ovate, acuminate, 5-7-nerved, pale
equal, subacute. Perfect floret elliptic, rounded at both ends, 14 line long, pallid.
Valve with a scabrid mucro, up to $line long, tranversely wrinkled, 5-nerved.
Anthers scarcely } line long. Grain alliptic, dorsally compressed. Embryo 3 the
length of the grain.

Habitat :—Natat. Without precise locality Buchanan, 78; near Maritz-
burg St. George 17 (Wood (240),

Drawn from St. Gor ge’s specimen, the only one in the Government Herbarium.

Also in Cape Colony and Orange Free State, Mascarene Islands, East Africa,
Abyssinia, and India. The typical form with densely pubescent spikelets has not
been found on the African Continent.

Fig. 1, Lower glume: la, upper glume. Male florct—2, lower valve ; 3, pale. Perfect
flor et—4, upper valy e, back view ; 5, same, front view ; - pale ; 7, stamens, pistil and
lodicules; 8, rhachis with pedicels ; 9, ligule. Ad enlarged.

PLATE 147.

Panicum BrizAntHum (Hochst. in Flora, 1841, Intell. 1.19 (name only) and
ex A Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 11,363.) (FL Cap. Vol. VII. p. 386).

Perexniau.--Curms erect or geniculately ascending from a short rhizome,
stout in tall specimens, 13-6 feet long, glabrous or hirsute with tubercle-based
hairs, 4-6 or sometimes many-noded, upper internodes exserted.

LEAVES glabrous or hirsute with fine tubercle- based hairs; sheaths rather
tight, terete, striate ; hgule a narrow fimbriate rim; blades linear to sublanceolate,
acute to acuminete, 2-15 inches long, by 3-8 Hines wide, usually flat, firm, light
green, margins cartilaginous, spinulous.

FALSE SPIKES, solitary or more usually 2-8 on a slender triquetrous scabrid
or rarely almost arigotl and often hairy, common axis, distant, often curved, and
more or less spreading, rather stout, 2-6 inches long ; rhachis slender, linear,
dorsally keeled, scabrid and more or less fringed with tubercle-based hairs,
villous at the base, internodes 14-2 lines long ; pedicels solitary, alternate from near
the edges, very short, stout.

SPIKELETS usually 1-ranked, contiguous, ellipsoid, obtuse, turgid, about 25
lines long, pallid, with purple tips, glabrous. Glumes, /owe: membranaceous, very
broad, clasping, obtuse, 1-14 line long, 7-11 nerved, often purple ; wpper firmly
membranaceous, oblong, very concave, 2-24 lines long, 7-9 nerved, nerves anas-
tomosing above. Lower floret male, valve similar to the upper glume, 5-nerved ;
pale broad, elliptic, obtuse, 2-keeled ; anthers 1} line long. Perfect floret equalling
the upper glume, oblong ; valve crustaceous with an obscure callous tip, very finely
pitted, 5-nerved, whitish ; flaps of pale very broad above the base.

Habitat -—-Natau.—Near Umpumulo, Buchanan 183; Inanda, Wood 1579;
Fenton Vacy, Wood, 1577.

Also in Tropical Africa.
Fig. 1, Lowest glume; 2, upper glume; 3, lower valve: 4, pale; 5, stamens and

lodicules ; 6, upper valve; 7, pale; 8, stamens, ovary, style, stigmas and lodicules. All
enlarged.

Plate 147

Panicum brizanthum, Hochst

Plate 148.

Panicum setrratum, Spreng.

PLATE 148.

PANICUM SERRATUM (Spreng. Syst. 1, 309). (Fl Cap. Vol. VIL p. 388).

PERENNIAL.—Rhizome short, thick, tomentose, with equally tomentose
innovation buds.

CuLMs erect or geniculately ascending, simple or often much branched above

the base, slender, 14-2 feet long, terete, pubescent above.

Leaves often crowded, dichotomously imbricate towards the base; sheaths
tight, terete, the lowest tomentose, sometimes glabrescent, the following gradually
less hairy glabrescent or glabrous, except the pubescent or villous margins and
nodes ; ligule a fringe of short rigid hairs ; blades linear to linear-lanceolate with
a callous point, 1-4 inches long, by 14-25 lines wide, rigid, flat or involute,
glabrous or hairy, particularly near the base, margins cartilaginous, wavy,
spinulous.

FALSE SPIKES 4-10, secund on a filiform, angular, glabrous or puberulous
common axis, erect or spreading, usually longer than the internodes, gradually
decreasing upwards, dense, 12-3 lines long, rhachis filiform, angular, very wavy,
rigidly pubescent to sub-hirsute ; pedicels solitary or the lowest 2-nate, filiform
with discoid tips, curved, the lower very short, the upper up to 1 line long,
hairy.

SPIKELETS usually 2-ranked, contiguous or subcontiguous, obovoid-ellipsoid,
obtuse, turgid, 14-1 line long, pallid, overtopped by a purplish tuft of silky hairs.
Glumes, /ower facing the rhachis, subhyaline, broadly ovate to rotundate-ovate,
obtuse, 3-1 line long, often purplish, 3-nerved, hairy ; per membranous, broadly
elliptic, acute or subcuspidate, 14-1} line long, very concave, faintly 5-nerved,
minutely villous or glabrescent in the centre, with a transverse fringe of purplish
hairs below the glabrous tip. Lower floret male, valve equal and similar to the
upper glume, but more distinctly cuspidate, hyaline and glabrous along the middle
nerve, transverse fringe broken up into 2 broad tufts ; pale broad, almost equalling
the valve; anthers over 1 line long. Perfect floret elliptic, cuspidate or
mucronulate, 1-14 line long, valve elliptic, coriaceous, pallid, glabrous or ciliate near
the tip, finely pitted.

Habitat :—Natat.—Umpumulo 2,400 feet alt., Buchanan 213 ; Umsinga and
base of Biggarsberg, Buchanan, 105; Riet Vlei 4-5000 feet alt., Buchanan 214.

Fig. 1, Lowest’ glume; 2, upper glume. ale Jloret.—3, lower valve; 4, pale; 5,
stamens and lodicules. — Perfect floret.—6, upper valve, front view: 7, same, back view ;
8, pale; 9, stamens, style, ovary, stigma and lodicules ; 10, ligule. Ad? enlarged.

PLATE 149,

Panicum Isacune (Roth. ex Roem et Schult, 99,458). (FI. Cap. Vol. VII. p. 390).

AnnuaL.—Culms geniculately ascending from a sometimes decumbent and
rooting base, very slender, 1-2 feet long, terete or angular, glabrous, 3 to many-
noded,, much branched below, simple above. Sheaths rather tight, terete or
subterete, strongly striate, softly hairy or glabrous, except at the minutely
villous nodes, the upper shorter than the internodes. Ligule a dense fringe of
stiff hairs. Blades linear-lanceolate from a rounded base. mia, 1-23 inches long,
by 1-24 lines wide, flat or imvolute, rather rigid, softly hairy or quite glabrous,
margins very scabrid.

FALSE SPIKES 2-10, secund or subsecund, on an usually adpressed to a filiform
scabrid axis ; as long as, or longer than the internodes, very slender, -1 inch long.
Rhachis filiform, wavy, triquetrous, seabrid, 1-8 inches long. Pedicels ole y, verv
short, stout; scabrid or bristly, tips thickened with hyaline margins.

SPIKELETS 2-ranked, secund, contiguous, oblong, subacute or obtuse, about 1
line long, pallid with purplish tips, softly pubescent. Glumes, lower facing the
rhachis, minute, nerveless, rarely } line long and 1-nerved; upper membranous,
oblong, 5- nerved minutely hairy. Lower floret usually haan. sometimes male.
Valve like the upper glume but narrower, 5-3- aa pale very obtuse, subequal
to the valve in male, shorter 1 in barren florets, Perfect flovet elliptic- -oblong,
rounded at both ends, +; line long. Valve subcoriaceous, faintly 5-nerved,
shining, whitish, finely granulate. Anthers $ line long. Grain oblong- ellipsoid
$ line long, hilum orbicular, $ length of the grate

Habitat :--N atau.

Riet Vlei 4,000 feet alt., Buchanan 215, 216.
Also in Basutoland and Bechuanaland.
Drawn from Buchanan’s specimens, the only ones in the Government

Herbarium.

Fig. 1, Upper glume. Lower floret. 2, lower valve, front view ; 3, same, back view ;
4, pale. Perfect floret.-5, upper valve; 6, pale: 7, stamens, pistil and lodicules ; 8,
ligule. All enlarged.

Plate |49

Panicum lsachne, Roth.

Plate 150

Panicum trichopus, Hochst

PLATE 150.

Panicum tTRicHopus (Hochst. in Flora, 1844,254). (FI. Cap. Vol. VII. p. 391).

PERENNIAL ’—Culms ascending from a decumbent geniculate base, 1-2 feet
Iong, slender, glabrous or pubescent, 4-to many-noded, simple or scantily branched
above the base. Leaves finely hirsute with tubercle- based hairs, rarely glabrescent ;
sheaths rather lax, bearded at the nodes, ciliate along the outer margin ; ligules
membranous, very short, fimbriate. Blades linear to linear-lanceolate from a broad
rounded or sub-cordate base, acute to acuminate, 2-4 inches long, by 2-6 lines wide,

flat, flaccid, margins often wavy, scabrid, or fimbriate.

FALSE SPIKES 3-12, rather distant on a compressed or ae ngs pe as
sometimes bristly, common aay, sub-erect or spreading, secund,2-4-ranked, 1-14
inch long; rhachis linear, $-? line broad, flat on the back, with a very pro-
minent midrib on the face, scabrid or spinulously ciliate, and often with long
tubercle-based bristles as well, villous at the base; pedicels solitary or 2-nate, and
then unequal, very short, stout, scabrid, pubescent, with 1-3 bristles near the
thickened tips.

SPIKELETS contiguous or imbricate, elliptic-ovate, acutely acuminate, 2 lines
long, pale. Glumes, /ower turned away from the rhachis, elliptic, obtuse,
equalling # of the spikelet, subhyaline, 3-nerved with 1-3 bristles from a central
tubercle; wpper membranous, elliptic-ovate, acutely acuminate, 2 lines long,
5- neryed, scantily pubescent, sometimes with a few rigid cilia on one side. Lower
floret male. Valve like the upper glume, 3-5-nerved, rigidly and appresseahy:
ciliate on one or on both sides; pale equal; acuminate. Anthers $-# line long.
Perfect florets broadly elliptic, rounded, 1-14 line long, whitish. Valve with a
ae id mucro up to $ line long, 5-nerved, finely and transversely rugose. Anthers
3 line long.

Habitat :—Narau. Umpumulo, 1,000 feet alt., Buchanan 218.

Also in Tropical Africa.

Fig. 1, Lower glume; 2, upper glume. Lower floret—3, lower valve; 4, pale; 5,
stamens and lodicules. Perfect floret.—6, lower glume; 7, pale; 8, stamens, style, stigma,
ovary and lodicules ; 9, pedicel. All enlarged.

PLATE 151.

AWE

PANICUM CRUS-PAVONIS, wees.

Var: rostratum Stapf.

PLATE 151.

Panicum Crus-pavonis, Nees var. rostratum, Stapf (Fl. Cap. Vol 7. P. 396.)
Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL.—Culms erect, stout, terete, up to 5 feet long, and to 3 lines
thick below, glabrous, smooth, about 5- noded, sheathed all along or the internodes
at length more or less exserted.

Leaves quite glabrous, sheaths terete, striate, smooth ; ligules none, junction
of sheath and blade quite glabrous inside or scantily and very minutely pubescent.

Blades lanceolate-linear from a slightly narrowed base, which is usually long
decurrent in the upper leaves, tapering to a very fine point, 3. to 10 inches by
5 to 9 lines, flat, rather firm, smooth above, scaberulous below, at least in the
upper part, margins cartilaginous, scabrid to spinulous, midrib broad, white.

Panicle erect, linear-oblong, 4 to 10 inches long, dense; axis rather stout,.
triquetrous, very. ‘seabrid ; branches solitary or 2-nate, distant ‘below, close above,
the lower 14 to 44 inches long, forming sessile, stout, very dense, simple or
compound, subseeund false spikes ; rhachis usually beset with tubercle-based
bristles ; pedicels 2-nate or fascicled on very short branchlets, very short, up to
line long, scabrid, tips obscurely discoid.

pda in- compact clusters, elliptic-oblong, caudate-acuminate, .¢ to 14
line long, light green or tinged with purple. Glumes, lower very broadly ovate,
acute to subacuminate, clasping at the base, $ to 3 line long, 3 to 5-nerved,
scaberulous, upper herbaceous- membranous, broadly oblong, very concave, cuspl-
date-acuminate, equalling the spikelet,. 5- nerved, rigidly pubescent between the
scabrid or spinulous nerves. Florets: Jower barren; valve similar to the upper
Name, but flat or depressed on the back, tips rostrate, laterally compressed, up to

+ line long; pale oblong, keels scaberulous above. Perfect’ floret. ovate- oblong,
aalasuninnts or cuspidate, up to 14 Hine long, greenish yellow, smooth; valve
crustaceous, 5-nerved. Anthers linear, % line long. Grain enowaner oblong, very
broad, # line long.

Habitat: Narau. On sand-flats near the mouth of Umzimkulu River,
Drege; Durban Flats, Buchanan, 4; Umhlali, Wood, 3992; and MUIONS precise
locality Gerrard 496 ; Buchanan 269.

This grass is very closely related to Panicum crus-galli, L, the ‘“ Barnyard
or Cockshin Grass” and has been by some writers considered to be only a variety
of it. P. crus-gallc has also been found in Natal, but no specimens of it are in
the Government Herbarium. As the difference between these two grasses are
botanical only, it is quite probable that what is said of P. crus-galli as an agri-
cultural grass will also apply to P. crus-pavonis. Baron F. v_ Mueller says of it
that it is a rich but annual grass, and that it does well along river banks and near
stagnant water, and it was in such a locality that Wooa’s No. 3992 was collected.
He also says that it will succeed in somewhat saline soil, particularly near brackish
water-courses ; also that on the Lower Mississippi it has furnished as much as four
or even five tons of hay from an acre, and that cows and horses are very fond of
it whether fresh or dry. Another writer on English grasses says “that it is of
no agricultural value.” It is, however, well known to farmers, by its popular name.

Fig 1, Portion of rhachis with pedicels; 2, lower glume; 3, upper glume; 4, lower
valve ; 5, pale ; 6, upper valve; 7, pale enclosing ovary, style and ‘stigmas ; ; 8, ovary, style
stigmas, stamens and lodicules. -AUl enlar ‘ged.

PLATE 152.
PANICUM 2QUINERVE, NeExs. (FI. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 399).
Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL.—Culms suberect or ascending, very slender, 1 to 14 foot long,
laxly branched, many noded, glabrous, internodes usually exserted.

LEAVES glabrous or hairy; sheaths thin, tight, striate; ligule an obscure
minutely ciliate rim ; blades linear to lanceolate-linear from a suddenly contracted,
often subauricled base, tapering to a fine point, 1 to 2 inches by 14 to 2 lines, flat,
thin, smooth, margins scabrid.

PANICLE scanty, lax, erect, Z to 4 inches long, axis filiform, smooth ; branches
very few, 2-nate or solitary, distant, at length spreading, the longer 14 to 34
inches long, simple or almost so, 5 to 2-spiculate, finely filiform to capillary,
flexuous, smooth, pedicels 4 to | line long, tips subcupular.

SPIKELETS oblong, acute to subacuminate, about 14 line long, greenish,
glabrous or pubescent, prominently nerved. Glumes, lower oblong, subobtuse, very
slightly shorter than the upper, 5-nerved, margins and tip hyaline ; upper glume
similar, broader, subacuminate, 7-nerved. Lower floret barren. Valve equal to
and like the upper glume, but 5-nerved. Pale half the length of the valve.
Perfect floret oblong, acute or subacuminate, 1 to 14 line long, yellowish. Valve
subcoriaceous, 5-nerved, smooth. Anthers over 4 line long.

Habitat : Narau. Swampy places below 1000 feet alt., Drege; near Um-
pumulo 2000 to 2500 feet alt., Buchanan 260.

Drawn from Buchanan’s No. 260, the only specimen in the Colonial Herbarium.

We.-have no information as to the value of this species, nor can we ascertain
whether the natives have a distinctive name for it or not. The specimen from
which it was drawn was very incomplete, neither stamens nor stigmas could be
found.

Fig 1, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume ; 3, lower valve; 4, pale ; 5, upper valve: 6, pale:
7, mature ovary ; 8, lodicule ; 9, pedicels and spikelets; 10, portion of sheath, and blade of
leaf with ligule. AJl enlarged.

PLATE 152.

SF

pee BE

ES
SS

traps LEE =e
Se Oe

ee

A>

PANICUM AZQUINERVE, vzzs.

PLATE 153.

PANICUM LATICOMUM, vers.

PLATE 1538.

Panicum Laticomum, Negs. (Fl. Cap. Vol. 7, page 401).
Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL.—Culms ascending, divided above the base into somewhat spread-
ing, long, leafy flowering branches, slender, 1} to 2 feet long, minutely hairy or
glabrous, many-noded, internodes exserted ; ” sheaths tight, thin, striate, hairy,
often with tubercle-based hairs or glabrescent except at the nodes and near the
junction with the blade; ligule a minutely ciliolate rim. Blades Spreading,
lanceolate from a rounded ‘base, acutely acuminate, 14 by 3 inches, by } to 4 inch,
flat, very thin, sparingly and finely hairy, margins scabrid.

‘Panicle erect, very lax, delicately and divaricately branched, about 4 foot
long; axis Giiform, terete and smooth below, angular and finely seabrid above < :
branches in fascicles of 4-2 or solitary, unequal, at length spreading, finely
filiform to capillary, very laxly divided, often from 1 to 2 inches above the base ;
branchlets and pedicels extremely fine, scaberulous, lateral pedicels 1 to 4 lines
long, tips scarcely thickened.

Spikelets oblong, acute at both ends, slightly more than 1 line long, glabrous,
green. Glumes, very thinly herbaceous ; lower broadly ovate, subobtuse, } $ line
long, 3-nerved ; wpper one somewhat remote from the lower, oblong, acute, almost
1 line long, 5-nerved, middle nerve scaberulous above. Florets, ower barren ;
valve like the upper glume, but slightly longer ; pale 4 the length of the valve.
Perfect floret oblong, obliquely apiculate or acute, equally or slightly exceeding
the upper glume; valve subcoriaceous, whitish, faintly 5-nerved ; anthers 4 line
long ; grain obovoid, } % line long, white.

Habitat: Natat: Shady woods near Durban, Drége 4289; coastland
Sutherland ; and without precise locality Gerrard 89; Berea, 150 feet alt., March,
Wood 5936.

“ The fruiting florets often separate from the remainder of the spikelet, which
remains for a while attached to the pedicel, but falls at length as a whole. The
habit is not unlike that of [sachne albens, Trin.”

Drawn from Wood’s specimen, the only one in the Government Herbarium.

Fig 1, Portion of leaf with hae ; 2, pedicels and spikelets ; 3, lower glume; 4, upper
glume; 5, "lower valve ; ; 6, pale; 7,,upper valve; 8, pale ; 9, lodicules ; 10, stamens, ovary,
style and stigma, All enlarged.

PLATE 154.
Panicum zizaniorpEs, H.B.K. (FI. Cap. Vol. 7, page 402).
Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL.—Culms rather slender, firm, ascending from an often long
prostrate and rooting base, up to 8 feet long, and to 2 to 4 feet high, glabrous,
many-noded, more or less branched.

Leaves, sheaths rather tight or the lower loose and deciduous, striate, glabrous
or finely hairy to hirsute in the upper part, margins ciliate; ligule a ciliate
membranous rim ; blades obliquely erect or spreading, ovate-lanceolate, to lanceolate,
rarely linear, from a rounded auricled or cordate base, acuminate or gradually
tapering to an aeute point, 3 to 7 inches, by 4 to 1 inch, flat, firm, glabrous,
smooth or scantily dotted with small hairs on the upper surface, closely nerved and
transversely veined near the base when broad, margins cartilaginous, scabrid to
spinulous, often fimbriate at the base.

Panicle erect or slightly nodding, more or less contracted, lax, 4 to 8 inches
long ; axis slender, angular, glabrous or pubescent particularly at the nodes, angles
smooth or scabrid ; branches 4 to 8, rarely more, usually solitary, distant, suberect,
1 to 5 inches long, simple or shortly and sparingly branched from the base or near it,
triangular, very slender to filiform, minutely tomentose at the base, internodes 2 to
8 lines long ; lower pedicels 2-nate, unequal, upper solitary, the longer 14 to 6 lines
long, triangular, scabrid.

Spikelets oblong-ellipsoid, 2 to 3 lines long, turgid, glabrous, smooth, light
green, usually obscurely nerved. Glumes oblong, rather firm, subcarinate above,
with callous, laterally compressed tips, Jower shorter by 4 or less, 3-nerved, upper
equalling the spikelet, 5-nerved. Florets, lower male ; valve very similar to the
upper glume; pale equal, acute; perfect floret equalling the male, oblong; valve
coriaceous, smooth, shining, straw-coloured or whitish, 5-nerved ; pale subauriculate
near the base; anthers 1 line long.

Habitat: Natau. Without precise locality Gerrard 480. Berea 150 feet
alt., March, Wood No. 5941.

Also in West Africa, India and tropical America.
Drawn from Wood's specimen, the only one in the Government Herbarium.

; Fig J, Portion of leaf with ligule ; 2, lower glume, back view ; 3, upper glume, back
view ; 4, lower valve, back view; 5, pale ; 6, stamens and lodicules ; 7, upper valve; 8, pale ;
9, pistil, stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 154

PANICUM ZIZANIOIDES, w ». x.

PLATE 155

(DA

PANICUM DEUSTUM, zwons.

PLATE 1585.

Panicum pEvustuM, THuns. (FI. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 403).

Nat. Order Graminex.

PERENNIAL.—CuLMs from a very short rhizome or the tops of slender stolons,
fascicled with few intravaginal innovation shoots, erect or geniculate!y ascending,
2 to 4 feet long, glabrous or finely pubescent below the nodes, sometimes hirsute
towards the panicle, terete, 3 to 6-noded, subsimple or scantily branched, upper
internodes more or less exserted. Leaves glabrous or sparingly (rarely densely)
hirsute with tubercle-based hairs; sheaths rather firm, terete or subcompressed,
striate, nodes pubescent ; ligule a narrow membranous softly ciliate rim; blades
near to linear-lanceolate from a contracted and rounded or gradually attenuate
base, long tapering to a very fine point, $ to 14 foot by 4 to 8 lines (rarely by 1
inch), flat, smooth except the scabrid margins, midrib rather stout, whitish.

PANICLE erect or nodding, contracted or lax, 3 to 9 inches long ; axis slender,
angular, scabrid with fine tubercle-based hairs, often pubescent or subhirsute below
the nodes, branches scattered or subopposite or scantily whorled, suberect or
spreading, rather distant, up to 4 inches long, simple, laxly racemose, with 2-nate
spikelets, or divided almost from the base, filiform, flexuous or strict, angular, very
scabrid, sometimes with scattered hairs. Pedicels usually 2-nate, unequal, the
terminal sometimes up to 6 inches long, filiform, scabrid, glabrous or with few long”
hairs.

SPIKELETS oblong, obtuse, turgid, 2 to 24 lines long, light green usually with
purple or blackish tips, glabrous.

GLuMES, /ower membranous, obtuse or subacute, 1 to 14 line long, 5 to 7-
nerved, sometimes purple at the base ; wpper one firmly membranous, oblong, 2 to
24 lines long, 7-nerved. Florets, Jowe male; valve ovate-oblong, obtuse, some
what shorter than the upper glume ; pale oblong, obtuse. Anthers 14 line long.
Perfect floret exceeding the male and sometimes also the upper glume; narrowly
oblong, obscurely and obtusely apiculate, yellowish, smooth, shining. Valve
corlaceous, 5-nerved. Grain obovoid-elliptic, over | line ling; hilum oblong, + the
length of the grain.

Habitat: Nata. By streamlets near Umpumulo, Buchanan 265a; Ubabi,
Sutherland; near Durban, Williamson 17, 18; and without precise locality,
Gerrard 483; Cooper 3342; Buchanan 265; Zululand, Jenkinson 97.

Drawn from Buchanan’s 265 and 265a.

Mr. Jenkinson says of this grass: ‘‘ Liked by cattle, only found in small
“patches.” ‘ This grass is very variable with respect to hairiness and the length of
the pedicels.”

Fig J, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume ; 3, lower valve; 4, pale ; 5, stamens and lodicules ;
6, upper: valve; 7, pale. All enlarged.

PLATE 156.
Panicum MAximum, Jacq. (FI. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 404).

Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL.—(Sometimes flowering the first year). Tufted, innovation shoots
intravaginal, rhizome short, sometimes very stout.

Cuts erect or geniculate, robust, usually ta'l, up to 10 feet long, compressed
below, glabrous or the lower part more or less hirsute, usually 3 to 6-noded, sub-
simple or more or less branched, branches erect, upper internodes exserted.

Leaves glabrous or softly hairy or coarsely hwsute with tubercle-base hairs ;
sheaths rather firm, the lower compressed, striate, nodes glabrous, pubescent or
bearded ; ligules membranous, very short, ciliate, and often with a dense beard
behind; blades linear to lanceolate-linear from a contracted and rounded or
attenuate base, long tapering to a fine (sometimes convolute and filiform) point, +
to 2 feet by 2 to 8 lines, rarely broader ; flat, minutely tomentose at the Junction
with the blade, midrib rather stout, whitish.

PANICLE erect or nodding, contracted or effuse and lax, decompound, from 4} to
over 1 foot long, axis slender, angular, glabrous, smooth or scaberulous above ;
lower branches whorled, suberect or spreading, rather distant, up to 6 inches long,
divided almost from the base, or undivided for 1 to 24 inches, filiform, scaberulous
above, smooth below, glabrous except at the often minutely tomentose or pubescent
callous base. Pedicels fascicled, 3-2-nate or the upper solitary, very unequal, very
short to several times longer than the spikelet, capillary, flexuous, scabrid.

SPIKELETS oblong, subobtuse or obtuse, somewhat turgid, 1} to 14 line long,
light green, sometimes tinged with purple, glabrous, rarely puberulous.

GuiumeEs, lower rounded, $ to 2 line long, subhyaline, faintly 3-nerved to
nerveless, upper oblong, acute or subobtuse, 14 to 14 line long, membranous,
5-nerved. Florets, dower male, valve very similar to and very slightly shorter than
the upper glume; pale oblong, obtuse ; perfect floret equalling the male or scarcely
shorter, oblong, obtuse, valve 5-nerved, finely transversely rugose. Anthers 4 to }
line long. Grain over 4 line long.

Habitat: Natat. Common between 2000 and 2500 feet, Buchanan 268 ;
Umpumulo, 2000 to 2500 feet, Buchanan 264; Hills near the Umlazi River,
Krauss 183; Durban, Drége; McKen 100; Buchanan 30; by the Umzimkulu
River, Drege ; and between the Umkomanzi River and the Umlazi River, Drége ;
Delagoa Bay, Forbes ; near Maritzburg, St. George 13; near Dundee, (riven 8 4 ;
{Wood 7455); near Durban, Wood 5999.

Baron Mueller says of this grass :—‘‘The ‘Guinea grass.’ Tropical Africa ;
elsewhere not indigenous. ‘This perennial grass attains a height of 8 feet. It is
highly nutritious, and quite adapted for the warmer temperate zone, being hardy
as far south as Buenos Ayres. In Jamaica it is the principal fodder grass up to
elevations of 5,000 feet, springing up over wide tracts of country almost to the
exclusion of everything else. It forms large bunches, which, when cut young,
supply a particularly sweet and tender hay ; throws out numerous stolons ; can be
mown every six weeks; the roots can be protected in the ground against light
frosts by a thin covering with soil. A favourite grass in tropical countries for
stall fodder. . . . . It is necessary to guard against over-feeding with this
grass solely. Succeeds even on poor clay soil and on sea sand.”

_ Fig. 1, Lower glume; 2, upper glume; 3, lower valve; 4, pale; 5, stamens and
lodicules ; 6, upper valve ; 7, pale; 8, stamens, pistil and lodicules. All enlarged.

PEATE 136

PANICUM MAXIMUM, «aco.

PLATE 157.

PANICUM LAEVIFOLIUM. sack.

PLATE 157.

PANICUM LAEVIFOLIUM, Hack. (Fl. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 405).
Nat. Order Graminee.

ANNUAL.—CuLms fascicled, erect or ascending, 1 to 24 feet long, glabrous,

compressed to subterete, 3 to 5-noded, with flowering branches from most of the
nodes.

Leaves glabrous; sheaths lax, mostly shorter than the internodes, pallid,
striate ; ligules membranous, up to $ line long, ciliate ; blades linear, shortly taper-
ing to a very acute point, 3 to 8 inches, by 2 to 34 lines, suberect, flat or folded,
light green, smooth.

PANICLE erect, ovate, 4 to 1 foot long, very lax, open; axis slender, smooth ;
branches solitary or 2-3-nate, remote the longest up to + to 4 foot long, repeatedly
and very laxly divided from 4 to 14 inch above the base, branchlets finely filiform
to capillary, scaberulous, the ultimate divisions 2-spiculate ; pedicels capillary, 2 to
4 lines long, tips clavate.

SPIKELETS oblong, obtuse, not compressed, slightly over 1 line long, pallid or
tinged with purple, quite glabrous.

Guumgs, /ower much broader than long, clasping, very obtuse or subacuminate,
4 to + line long; upper thin, subherbaceous, oblong, obtuse, slightly over 1
line long, 7 to 9-nerved. Florets, lower male; valve like the upper glume,
9-nerved ; pale subequal to the valve; anthers 4 line long; perfect floret elliptic-
oblong, subobtuse, 1 line long, whitish, quite smooth; valve obscurely 5-nerved.
Grain oblong, obtuse.

Habitat : Nata, Van Reenen, 5-6000 feet alt., March, Wood 6014; near
De Beers Pass, March, 5-6000 feet alt., Wood No. 5997; Shirley, Mooi River,
4-5000 feet alt., March, W. 7. Woods; Mooi River, 5-6000 feet, alt., March,
Mason 36, (Wood 7319); near Dundee, 5-6000 feet alt., Green 36.

Drawn from Mason's 36, which was collected at “ borders of cultivated land
near Mooi River.”

Specimens of 4 indigenous grasses were received for determination from Mr.
H. Ryle Shaw, editor of the “ Agricultural Journal.” They proved to be Digitaria
sanguinale, Setarva aurea, Eleusine indica, and the above described grass, Panwcum
laevifolium, Nees. These were collected by Mr. W. T. Woods, of Shirley, Mooi
River, who for 40 years has been a stock farmer in Natal. He says of them: .
“Commonly known as ‘land grasses’ which appear on the bottom lands of Mooi
River district when drained and cultivated. The yield is enormous, and the hay
much preferable to that of the short hill veldt.” Of P. laevifolium, he says:
««« Buffalo Grass’ grows in tussocks 4 feet high, readily eaten by stock while green,
and makes coarse but useful hay ; easily cut by mower, grows on poor land.”

I would only add that the grass known in the coast districts as “ Buffalo-
grass” is Setaria sulcata, Raddi, formerly known here as Panicum excurrens, Nees.

Fig. 1, Portion of leaf with ligule; 2, lower glume; 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve;
5, pale ; 6, stamens and lodicules of male flower ; 7, upper valve ; 8; pale ; 9, stamens, pistil
and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 158.

Panicum Mryertanum, Negs. (Fl. Cap. Vol. VII, p. 400).
Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL.—-CULMS ascending from a decumbent branched rooting base
(always?) rather stout, 2 to 3 feet long, terete, glabrous, 5 to many noded,
sheathed all along or the upper 1-2 nodes exserted.

LEAVES more or less glaucous; sheaths rather loose, glabrous, except at the
pubescent nodes, or with scattered tubercle-based bars ligule a fringe of very
short hairs ; blades linear-lanceolate from a rounded contracted base, long tapering
to a fine point, 4 to 8 inches, by 3 to 6 lines, glabrous except at the minutely
villous junction with the sheath.

PANICLE subpyramidal, 3 to 6 inches long, up to 4 inches wide; axis very
slender, angular, glabrous or pubescent below the nodes, angles scaberulous at least
in the upper part : branches usually obliquely spreading, “scattered or the lower
opposite or subopposite, the upper simple or subsimple. racemose ; the lower dis-
tantly branched almost from the finely tomentose base, more or less’ secund, filiform,
scaberulous, the lowest up to 3 inches long; pedicels solitary or 2-nate, the longer
up to 1 line long, filiform, scaberulous and usually with 1 to 3 fine long has, tips
discoid.

SPIKELETS rather crowded, at least towards the tips of the branches and
branchlets, ovate-oblong, acute to subacuminate, 1} line long, glabrous, glaucous,
contracted at the base into a very short stalk.

GuiuMEs ; /ower minute, truncate or apiculate, hyaline, white or purplish ;
upper mem braTiods: oblong, acute to subacuminate, “faintly 5-nerved. Florets,
lower male; valve like the upper glume ; pale equal to the valve, oblong, anthers
4 line long ; perfect floret oblong, obtuse or minutely apiculate ; valve subcori laceous,
5- nerved, whitish, very finely pitted ; anthers up to $ line long.

Habitat: Navat. Near the Umzimkulu River, Drege; banks of the Tugela
River, Buchanan 266; Umhlanga, May, Wood 6057 ; 6062.

Drawn from Wood's 6057.

I have no information as to the value of this grass as a fodder,

Fig. 1, Portion of rhachis with spikelet; 2, lower glume; 3, lower valve; 4, pale;
d, stamens "and lodicules ; 6, upper valve; 7, pale ; 8 , stamens, pistil and lodicules. All
enlat ged.

PLATE 158.

PANICUM

PLATE 159.

PANICUM PROLIFERUM. sas

Var: B longijubatum, Stapf.

PLATE 159.

Panicum PROLIFERUM, Lam. var. longijubatum, Stapf. (Fl. Cap. Vol.
VIL, p. 406).

Nat. Order Gramineee.

PERENNIAL (?) tufted.—CuLms erect or geniculate, very stout, spongy below,
about 4 feet long, glabrous, smooth, many-noded, sheathed all along, or the upper
nodes exserted, subsimple ; sheaths loose, striate, glabrous; ligules, very short,
membranous, densely ciliate ; blades linear, long tapering to an acute point, up to
1 foot by 2 to 4 lines flat, smooth below, very scabrid above, sometimes with a few
fine hairs, midrib whitish.

PANICLE erect or nodding, decompound, narrow or rather open, large, 10 to 14
inches long ; axis slender, sulcate, scabrid, at least upwards ; branches subopposite,
or partly solitary or the lower 3-4-nate at very unequal distances, the longest 6 to
10 inches long, undivided for 1 to 2 inches from the base, remotely branched
filiform, subflexuous and, like the very fine branchlets, angular and usually very
seabrid ; pedicels usually 2 -nate, unequal, suberect, the longer up to 24 lines long,
tips slightly thickened.

‘SPIKELETS oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, scarcely compressed,
14 line long, greenish.

GuiumEs, /ower hyaline, whitish, broadly clasping at the base, truncate, + to
2 line long, obscurely 3 to 5- nerved : upper one thinly membranous below,
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute to subacuminate, 14 line long, prominently 7
to 9-nerved. Florets, lower barren, valve like the upper glume; pale ob'ong sub-
acute, 2-keeled, 1 line long ; perfect floret narrowly oblong, acute, up to 1 line
long, smooth, shining, yellowish ; valve subcoriaceous, 7-nerved ; anthers 4 line

long. Grain over $ line Jong, white.

Habitat: Navan Near the Umzimkulu River, Drége; common near Um-
pumulo, Buchanan 267 ; near Durban, Williamson 21; Zululand, Jenkinson 63
(Wood 7340).

Drawn from Jenkinson’s specimen.

A polymorphous species inhabiting India, South Africa, and the Atlantic side

of America from Maine to the Argentine ; elsewhere very rare and apparent y
introduced. The typical form occurs only in the Atlantic States of North America,
and is distinguished by its annual duration, rather low growth, prolific ramification,
and scantier nervation of the spikelets, the upper. glume being 7 and the lower
only 5-nerved.

Var. longijubatum occurs also on the River Shire in Nyassaland, whilst var.
paludosum is common through India, in marshes and still waters.

Mr. Jenkinson says of it : “Grows in separate tufts.”

Fig. 1, Lower glume; 2, lower valve; 3, pale; 4, upper valve ; 5, pale; 6, ovary and
lodicules. AU enlarged.

PLATE 160.
Panicum coLtoratum, Linn. (FI. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 409).

Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL.—CULMS erect or ascending from a geniculate, often decumbent
and branched base, rather stout, 2 feet or more long, glabrous, 4 to 8-noded, inter-
nodes more or less exserted ; sheaths striate, glabrous or more or less hirsute, with
tubercle-based hairs, the upper rather tight; ligule a membranous minutely or
obscurely ciliate rim; blades linear to lanceolate-linear from a usually widened
and rounded base, tapering to an acute point, 5 to 8 inches, by 24 to 44 lines, flat,
suberect, slightly rigid or sometimes flaccid, glabrous or sparsely hairy, glaucous or
subglaucous, margins smooth or scaberulous, more or less tubercled towards the
base.

PANICLE erect or nodding, lax, 4 to 9 inches long, up to 6 inches broad when
fully expanded; axis very slender, smooth, at least below; branches solitary,
opposite or 2-4-nate, distant, the lowest 4 to 7 inches long, filiform to capillary,
straight or flexuous, loosely divided from $ to 24 inches above the base, scaberulous
or smooth below. -Pedicels solitary or 2-uate, unequal, the longer 1 to 14 line
with cupular tips.

SPIKELETS scattered or in scattered clusters, or more or less approximate,
oblong, acute, 1 to 14 line long, glabrous, green or purple.

GuiuMEs, lower very broadly ovate, acute, up to $ line long, 3 to sub-5-nerved ;
upper one oblong, subacute, prominently 7-nerved. Florets, lower one male;
valve like the upper glume, sometimes very slightly longer, 9-nerved; perfect
floret narrow, oblong, subacute, almost 1 line long, yellowish, shining, smooth ;
valve 7-nerved ; anthers } to 4 line long.

Habitat: Navat. Banks of Tugela River, 600 feet, Buchanan 262.
Also in Bechuanaland, Transvaal, Nyassaland, Lower Zambesi, and Egypt.

Drawn from Buchanan’s specimen, which is very imperfect, but the only one
we have.

‘The spikelets are very similar to those of P. repens, but on the whole smaller.
This, together with the mode of growth and the more graceful and ampler rami-
fication of the panicle, makes the distinction of P. coloratum from broad leaved
forms of P. repens easy. P. coloratum of Jacquin (Ic. 1, 12), which is often
quoted as synonymous with P. coloratum, Linn, is identical with P. rirgatum,
Linn, an American plant.

Fig. 1, Lower glume; 2, upper glame; 3, lower valve ; 4, pale ; 5, stamens and lodicules ;
6, upper valve ; 7, pale ; 8, stamens, pistil and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 160.

PANICUM COLORATUM,

LINN.

PLATE 161.

ra
WY

N

a

PANICUM DREGEANUM. yess.

PLATE 161.
PANICUM DREGEANUM, Ness. (FI. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 471).
Nat. Order Graminece.

PERENNIAL, tufted, innovation shoots intravayinal.—CuLms erect, slender,
firm, 1 to over 2 feet long, glabrous, terete, with about 2 exserted nodes.

LEAVES mostly crowded at the base ; sheaths tight, striate, ciliate, and usually
villous at the junction of the blade, otherwise glabrous or sparingly and softly
hairy, the lower very firm, fugaciously tomentose at the base, persistent ; ligule a
minutely ciliate rim ; blades narrowly linear, gradually passing into and often
distinctly narrowed towards the sheath, tapering to a fine point, 5.to 14 inches
long by 1 to 2 les wide, erect, usually convolute, sometimes flat, rigid, glabrous
except the more or less hairy or villous base, scabrid, closely and prominently
nerved.

PANICLE erect, more or less contracted, decompound, delicately branched,
oblong, 4 to 8 inches long ; axis slender, scaberulous ; branches solitary, 2 or 3-nate
or irregularly approximate, the longest 2 to 3} inches long, and undivided for 4 to
14 inch, then laxly branched, filiform, scabrid, branches subcapillary or capillary ;
pedicels solitary or 2-nate, unequal, the longer often up to 3 to 5 inches long,
capillary, scabrid, tips subeupular.

SPIKELETS somewhat obliquely ovoid and obliquely acuminate, slightly over 1
line long, greenish or more or less purplish, gaping, prominently nerved.

GLUMES, similar, almost pee shaped, ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or sub-
acuminate, lower one about 4 to the length of the spikelet, often mucronulate,
5 to 7- nerved ; upper one equalling the spikelet, 7-nerved. Florets, lower male ;
valve very similar to the upper glume, 5-nerved ; pale equal to the valved, oblong,
subacute, flaps vey broad at the base. Anthers 4 4+ to 4 line long; perfect floret
oblong, obtuse, 3 t line long, smooth, shining, white or yellowish, tips sometimes
purplish ; valve “subcoriaceous, very faintly 5 to 7-nerved.

Habitat: Natau. Mouth of the Umzimkulu River, Drege; near Durban,
Drige; McKen 133; Williamson 25; Ingone, Spherion « and without precise
locality, Buchanan 117: 261 ; Gerrard 477 ; Berea, March, Wood 5939.

Drawn from Wood's 5939, and compared with Buchanan’s 261.

Also in Nyassaland.

Fig, 1, Spikelet ; 2, lower ao he 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve; 5, pale; 6, stamens
and lodicules ; 7, upper valve ; ; 8, pale; 9, stamens, pistil and lodicules. Ali enlar ed.

PLATE 162.
PANICUM NATALENSE, Hocust. (FI. Cap. Vo!. VII., p. 412).
Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL, compactly tufted ; whole plant glabrous.—Cutms erect, slender,
wiry, $ to 14 foot long, 1-Z-noded, uppermost internode usually long exserted.

LEAVES crowded near the base; sheaths terete, tight, firm, the lowest per-
sistent ; ligule an obscurely ciliolate rim ; blades filiform, $ to over a foot long, 3
to $ line thick, terete, acute, canaliculate, wiry, flexuous, very rarely partly flat,
strongly nerved and sometimes minutely hairy on the upper surface, smooth.

PANICLE erect, lax, contracted or open, 2 to 6 inches long ; axis filiform, like
the subcapillary or capillary branches, branchlets and pedicels smooth ; branches
inostly solitary or irregularly approximate, laxly divided from near the base, the
longest ¢ to 2 inches long ; pedicels solitary or 2-nate, very unequal, the longer l
to 4 lines long, tips subeupular.

SPIKELETs turgid, broadly ovate to ellipsoid, obtuse, 1 line long, light green,
sometimes tinged with purple, glabrous.

GLuMES subequal, subherbaceous, very similar, elliptic, more or less obtuse,
5-nerved. Florets, lower male ; valve like the glumes : pale subequal to the
valve. Anthers 4 to 3 line long 3 perfect floret ovate, obtuse or subacute, ? to $
line long, white, smooth ; valve coriaceous, faintly 5- nerved.

Habitat: Natat. Novelo Hills, 7000 feet alt., Sutherland; margins of
woods near the Umlazi River, Krauss 188; Inanda, Wood 1592; and without
precise locality, Buchanan 73, 258; Van Reenen, 5-6000 feet alt., December,
Wood 7219; F. Lauth, Pearson’s Falls, May; Zululand, Jenkinson, December
(Wood 7310).

Drawn from Wood’s 7219.

This grass is also found in Basutoland and Transvaal. Mr. Jenkinson gives
the native name as Ntolwana.

Fig. 1, Lower valve; 2, pale; 3, stamens and lodicules; 4, upper valve; 5, pale; 6,
pistil, -tamens and lodicules, A// enlarged.

PLATE. 162.

PANICUM NATALENSE. azocusz.

PLATE 163,

NEES.

PANICUM ECKLONIL.

PLATE 168.
Panicum Ecxtonu, Negs. (Fl. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 413).

Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL, compactly tufted, innovation shoots intravaginal.—CuLms erect,
very sender, 1 to 14 foot long, glabrous, 1-noded, 3 to 4 inches above the base,
uppermost internode long exserted.

LEAVES crowded at the base, strongly and closely nerved, more or less hirsute
with tubercle-based hairs ; sheaths tight, strongly bearded at the nodes and often
at the mouth, the lower firm, persistent ; ligule a ciliate rim; blades linear, acute,
14 to 5 inches long by 14 to 2 lines wide, rather firm, flat, margins very scabrid.

PANICLE erect, linear to oblong, rather lax or contracted, 2 to 4 inches long ;
axis filiform, like all its divisions glabrous; branches alternate, or the lowest
z-nate, suberect, loosely divided almost from the base or from 4 to } inch above it,
ultimate branchlets 4-1-spikelet, capillary, flexuous; pedicels 1 to 4 lines long,
tips subclavate.

SPIKELETS oblong, obtuse, 14 to 14 line long, erect, glabrous, pallid or tinged
with purple.

GLUMES besbaceons'y membranous, nerves running out into teeth ; lower one
broad, ovate, $ to 4 the length of the spikelet, 3-nerved and 3-toothed ; upper one
oblong, 3 to 5- toothed, 5-nerved, equalling 3 to § the length of the spikelet.
Florets, lower one barren, reduced to the valve, which is similar to the upper glume
and 14 ‘line long Perfect floret, oblong, acute, equalling the lower floret; valve
subcoriaceous, white or yellowish or purplish towards the minutely hairy, subros-
trate tip, 7-nerved. Anther 1 line long.

Habitat: Natat. Karkloof, April, J. Wylie (Wood 6017); Mooi River,
December, Mason 33 (Wood 7318).

Fig 1, Lower glume; 2, upper glume ; 3, lower valve; 4, upper valve ; 5, pale; 6, pistil,
stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 164.
PANICUM INTERRUPTUM, Wixip. (FI. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 413).

Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL.—CULMS ascending from a creeping rooting base, 3 to 5 feet high,
stout, very spongy, internodes mostly exserted.

LEAVEs glabrous ; sheaths loose, striate, transversely veined, the submerged
sometimes spreading, flattened and bladeless ; ligules membranous, truncate, up to
1 line long ; blades linear from a scarcely constricted base, long tapering to an
acute point, 4 to 12 inches long, by 3 to 6 lines wide, flat, flaccid, very closely
nerved, scaberulous, margins scabrid.

PANICLE erect, spike-like, cylindric, 6 to 12 inches long, by 34 to 5 lines wide ;
axis stout, suleate, smooth ; branches spirally arranged, very numerous, adpressed,
filitorm, smooth, up to 2 lines long, divided from the base or reduced to fascicles of
disc-tipped pedicels.

SPIKELETS oblong, acute or subacute, sometimes slightly curved, 14 to 2 lines
long, glabrous, olive-green with dark tips.

GLuMES, lower one hyaline, almost orbicular, + to 4 the length of the spikelet,
finely 5 to 7-nerved ; upper one herbaceous-membranous, oblong, prominently
Y-nerved, Florets, /ower one barren; valve like the upper glume; pale about #
the length of the valve, hyaline. Perfect floret, oblong obtuse, whitish or yellowish,
1 to 14 line long; valve chartaceous, obscurely 5-nerved. Anthers 4 line long.

Habitat; Nara. In stagnant water near Durban, Drége 4709; in similar
‘situation, Durban Flat, Wood 3589.

Throughout tropical Africa and India to South China and Malaya.

Fig 1, Lower glume; 2, lower valve; 3, pale; 4, upper valve; 5, pale; 6, pistil,
stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 164.

PANICUM INTERRUPTUM, wuz

PLATE 165,

OPLISMENUS AFRICANUS. a2zazr.

PLATE 1685.
OPLISMENUS AFRICANUS, Beauv. (FI. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 417).

Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL.—CULMS ascending from an often long decumbent rooting base, 1
to 1} foot high, slightly compressed below ; sheaths rather tight, strongly striate,
finely villous or ciliate along the outer margin, otherwise glabrous except a trans-
verse villous line at the junction with the blade (in the African specimens), rarely
more or less hirsute; ligules up to 4 line long; blades lanceolate from a slightly
rounded base, acuminate, 2 to 5 inches by 4 “to 7 lines (those of the lower leaves
and barren shoots often much smaller and ovate-lanceolate), flat, thin, dull green,
soft, scantily and minutely hairy to almost velvety belo-v, scaberulous above, at
least upwards, margins scabrid.

RaceMEs 3 to 8 on an erect straight or flexuous, more or less 3-winged
glabrous or finely hairy axis, the lower distant, erect or obliquely spreading, 3 to 9
lines long, rarely longer, the upper closer, much shorter or reduced to 2 or 3-
spiculate clusters, the axis usually terminated by a solitary spikelet ; rhachis of
racemes straight, triangular, dorsally flat, greyish from very minute adpressed
hairs, usually fringed with tubercle- based. bristles (in the African specimens),
tomentose or hispid at the base. Pedicels 2-nate or solitary, very short and stout,
usually with a few bristles.

SPIKELETS ovate-oblong about 14 line long, greyish-green or green, minutely
bearded at the base.

GLUMES subequal, 1 to 14 line long, thinly herbaceous, ovate to elliptic,
produced into filiform subobtuse “smooth more or less viscous, often purplish awns,
hairy at least near the margins, rarely quite glabrous, lower 5- nerved, awn 3 to
6 lines long, upper 7 to 5-nerved, awn 1 to 2 lines long. Florets lower barren,
rarely male, equalling the spikelet. Valve 9 to 7-nerved, obscurely or shortly
mucronate Perfect floret lanceolate-oblong, acute or obscurely cuspidate, 1 to 14
line long, whitish, -smooth, shining. Valve coriaceous, 7-nerved. Anthers ? to §
line long. Grain 1 line long.

Habitat : Narat Between the Umzimkulu and Umkomaas Rivers, Drége
4336; between Mapumulu and Riet Vlei, 2000 to 5000 feet alt., Buchanan Pe
and without precise locality, Cooper 3378; var. simples, Inanda, 1800 feet alt.,
Wood 1306.

Drawn from Buchanan’s 219.

Usually found in shady woods.

Fig 1, Lower glume ; o upper glume; 3, lower valve ; 4, pale; 5, stamens and lodicules ; ;
6, upper valve ; ; 7, pale; 8, "pistil, stamens and lodicules. “All enlarged.

Axonopus (Beauv.), Hook. F.
Nat. Order Graminez.

SPIKELETs ovate to lanceolate-oblong, mucronate or awned, slightly or con-
spicuously compressed from the back, falling entire from the solitary, geminate or
fascicled (and then very unequal) pedicels of more or less digitate or whorled
racemes. Florets, lower male, upper perfect.

GLUMES unequal, ver smaller, hyaline, 3 to 1-nerved, mucronate, acute or
acuminate, upper equal or subequal to the spikelet, membranous, 5-nerved,
mucronulate or muticous, submarginal nerves densely villous or ciliate. Valves
subequal, /ower resembling the upper glume, shortly or scantily villous or glabrous,
upper chartaceous, glabrous or scantily ciliate, 5-nerved, produced into a mucro or
short awn. Pales dissimilar, of the lower floret very short, hyaline, 2-partite,
flaps auricled; of the perfect floret more or less equalling the valve, entire,
2-keeled, flaps very narrow, broadly auricled near the base. Lodicules 2, broadly
cuneate. Stamens 3, styles distinct; stigmas laterally exserted. Grain enclosed
by the rigid valve and pale, oblong, plano-convex ; embryo about half the length
of the grain; hilum basal, punctiform.

PLATE 166.

AXONOPUS SEMIALATUS, Llook, ff var Eckloni, Stapf. (FI. Cap. Vol.
VIL, p 418),

PERENNIAL, compactly tufted.—CuLms erect, 1 to 3 feet long, glabrous or
more or less hairy, usually 2-noded with uppermost internode long exserted.
Sheaths strongly striate, rather tight, more or less hairy, lowest fugaciously tomen-
tose, firm, persistent ; ligules very short, truncate. Blades linear from a slightly
or distinctly narrowed base, acute, 3 to 12 inches, by 2 to 3 lines, flat, firm, rigid,
strongly and closely nerved, softly hirsute with tubercle-based hairs.

Racemes 2 to 5, digitate or subdigitate, suberect, usually straight, rather
stout and dense, often subsecund, 1} to 3 inches long, rarely longer, subsessile or
some distinetly peduncled ; rhachis slender, angular, hairy, at least below, pedicels
mostly 2-nate, angular, scabrid or pubescent, very short, up to 2 lines long.

SPIKELETS ovate-oblong, 24 to 3 lines long, very slightly compressed, light
green, usually tinged with purple or quite purplish.

GLumEs lower ovate, mucronulate, 4 to 4 the length of the spikelet, glabrous
or minutely pubescent at the tip; wSfer ovate-oblong, densely villous along
the margins ; valve of male floret finely woolly above, near the margins, of the
perfect florect oblong, scantily and finely ciliate, produced into a fine mucro or short
awn (up to 1} line long). Anthers up to 14 line lon:.

Habitat; Natat. Umpumulo to Riet Vlei, 2000 to 5000 feet alt., Buchanan
180; near Durban, Krauss 55; Inanda, 1800 feet alt., Wood 1593; Polela, 6000
to 7000 feet alt., Hvans 521; and without precise locality, Gerrard 470.

Also in India. Drawn from Wood’s 1593.

Fig. 1, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume; 3, lower valva; 4, pale ; 5, stamens and lodicules ;
6, upper valve ; 7, pale ; 8, pistil, stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 166.

AXONOPUS SEMIALATUS. doo.

Var: Echlonii, Stapf,

SETARIA, BEAUY.

SPIKELETS ovate to oblong, falling entire from the pedicel, subtended by 1 to
many persistent bristles (modified branchlets), which often form a one-sided
involucre (see Section Ptychophyllum), subsessile in contracted spike-like or more
or less open panicles. Lower floret male, or reduced to the valve, and a more or
less arrested pale ; wpper floret perfect.

GLUMES membranous, lower generally much smaller, usually 3 to 5 rarely 1
or 7-nerved ; wpper usually 5, sometimes 7-nerved. Lower valve more or less
exceeding and resembling the upper glume ; upper valve chartaceous to coriaceous,
5 nerved. Pales subequal to their valves or that of the lower floret more or less
arrested, flat, 2-nerved, hyaline in the lower, of the same substance as the valve
in the upper ‘floret. Lodicules 2, broadly cuneate. Stamens 3. Sty’es distinct ;
stigmas lateral) y exserted. Grain tightly enclosed by the hardened valve and
pale, oblong or ellipsoid ; hilum basal, punctiform or orbicular ; embryo about half
as long as the grain. “’

Section 1, Ptychophyllum.—B aves long, plicately folded when young, at
length opening out. Panicles almost spike- -like or more or less open with elongated
branches and crowded or somewhat distant spikelets ; bristles solitary, terminating
the branches and branchlets and usually also subtending at least a part of the
lateral spike ets, or sometimes in fascicles at the base of the branches.

S. sulcata; S. Lindenbergiana.

Section 2, Hu-Setaria.—BiapDEs not plicately folded when young; panicles
usually spike-like and dense or compact, with very short (rarely elongated)
branches ; bristles often crowded into more or less one-sided involucres subtending
solitary or clustered spikelets.

S. ngrir ostris ; S. Gerrard; S. perenns; S. rigida; S. wmberbis; S.
verticillata.

PLATE 167.

SETARIA SULCATA, Rapp. (FI, Cap. Vol. VII, p. 421).
Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL.—CULMS erect or ascending from a short, prostrate and rooting
base, stout, 5 to 12 feet high, compressed below, sometimes pubescent and scabrid
close to the panicle, otherwise usually glabrous and smooth, 5 or more noded,
sheathed almost all along or upper internodes exserted ; sheaths long, rather tight,
glabrous or hirsute, the lowest strongly compressed, subpersistent ; ligule a densely
ciliate rim; blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate from a long and much attenuate
or even petivled base, tapering to an acute point, 14 to 3 feet long, by 1 to 33
inches broad, closely plicately folded when young, then opening out (folds very
numerous), glabrous or hairy, scabrid above towards the tip.

PANICLE linear or linear-oblong, usually interrupted, 1 to more than 2 feet
long, often nodding; axis angular, glabrous or puberulous, scaberulous above ;
branches solitary, irregularly approximate or almost whorled, $ to 6 inches long,
scabrid, spike-like, dense, bearing fascicles of spikelets below and solitary spikelets
above, or the lower with similar’ more or less distant branchlets at the base ;
bristles solitary, fine, scaberulous, wavy, 1 to 8 inches long, terminating the
branches and branchlets and at the base of some or most of the lower and middle
spikelets ; pedicels very short, scabrid, tips subdiscoid.

SPIKELETS ob'ong, acute, 14 line long, glabrous, green or tinged with purple.

GLuMES herbaceous-membranous, very broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute,
lower 3-nerved, 4 to almost half-as long as the spikelet ; upper 5 to sub-7-nerved,
% to 3 as long as the spikelet. Florets, /ower barren, rarely male, equalling the
upper or almost so; valve ovate-oblong, acute, 5 to sub-7-nerved, of the same
texture as the glumes ; pale slightly shorter than its valve or more or less reduced. °
Perfect floret oblong, acuminate, 14 line long, tips often recurved ; valve sub-
coriaceous, 5-nerved, pale or finally brown particularly upwards, smooth or very
obseurely wrinkled. Anthers 2 line long.

Habitat: Natau. Near Durban, Drége ; Berea, March, Wood 6927; Zulu-
land 1500 feet alt., Jenkinson 54.

Drawn from specimens gathered on Berea, March.

Throughout tropical Africa and America.

This plant was formerly known in Natal as Panicum ercurrens, Nees; it is a
common grass on the coast and in the midlands, is usually found at edges and in
light bush; it is a coarse grass and.not liked by cattle, in Natal often called
‘‘ Buffalo Grass.” The figure of the plant in the illustration is much reduced.
Mr Jenkinson says of this grass : “ Native name ‘ Ubabe’ (Omkulu). Only found
in small patches in shady and sheltered spots. Excellent fodder; keeps green
through winter.”

Fig 1, Fascicle of spikelets ; 2, lower glume ; 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve ; 5, pale;
6, upper valve; 7, pale; 8, pistil, stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 167.

SETARIA SULCATA, zapopr.

PLATE 168.

SETARIA LINDENBERGIANA, szaer.

PLATE 168.

SETARIA LINDENBERGIANA, Stapf. (FI. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 422).
Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL.—CULMS erect, simple or branched near the base, slender, 2 to 3
feet long, glabrous or pubescent and sometimes with long soft hairs near the
panicle, ‘5 or more noded with the lower internodes short and “enclosed when simple.
Branches few-noded. Sheaths tight, keeled above, striate, glabrous or hairy to
hirsute, lower firm, persistent, often strongly compressed ; ligule a ciliate rim.
Blades linear or linear-lanceolate from a Jong attenuate base, tapering to a fine
point, 3 to 12 inches, by 14 to 6 lines, closely plicately folded when young, at
length opening out (folds s to 12), usually glabrous, scaberulous above.

PaniciE linear to oblong, usually almost spike- like, often interrupted or
lobed, dense or lax, 2 to 6 inches long ; axis angular, pubescent ; branches alternate
or irregularly approximate, 2 to 12 lines long, filiform, wavy, puberulous, simple
or divided from near the base ; bristles solitary, fine, scaberulous, wavy, 1 to 5
lines long, terminating the branches ‘and branchlets, or sometimes in fascicles at
the base of the branches or solitary at the base of the lower spikelets; pedicels
very short, tips discoid.

SPIKELETS ovate-oblong, acute, 1 to 14 line long, glabrous, light green or
tinged with purple. ,

GLUMES membranous, broadly ovate, obtuse ; lower 5 to sub-7-nerved, rather
less than half as long as the spikelet ; «pper 7-nerved, equalling about $ the length
of the spikelet. Florets, lower male, equalling the spikelet; valve membranous,
broadly elliptic, obtuse, 7-nerved; pale subequal to the valve, with narrowly
winged keels. Perfect floret elliptic-oblong, acute, equalling the lower floret ;
valve subcoriaceous, 5-nerved, pallid or purplish, particularly upwards,’ finely and
closely transversely wrinkled. Anthers 4 line long.

Habitat: Nara. Juanda, 1800 feet alt , Wood 1419 ; in shady woods by the
Umgeni River, Krauss 130. -

Also in Cape Colony, Orange River Colony, and in Tropical East Africa.

Fig 1, Portion of rhachis ; 2, lower glume; 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve';’ 5, pale ;
G, stamens and lodicules; 7, upper valve; 8, pale; 9, pistil, stamens and lodicules, All
enlarged.

PLATE 169.
Seraria NiGRIRosTRIS, Dur. & Schinz. (Fl. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 423).
Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL, rhizome short, oblique, praemorse.—CULMs erect or subgeniculate,
slender, $ to more than 2 feet long, compressed, pube:cent and scabrid just below
the panicle and usually more or less tomentose below the nodes, otherwise glabrous
and smooth, 1 to 8-noded, internodes usually enclosed except the uppermost.
Sheaths tight, firm, strongly striate, glabrous except on the ciliate margins and
tomentose nodes, or sparingly hairy, lowest short and fugaciously hairy like the
innovation bud- scales, very firm, persistent, dark brown; ligules very short,
ciliate. B'ades linear to linear-lanceolate, often with a oradually narrowed base,
tapering to an acute point, 4 to 9 inches (rarely more) by 3 to ¢ lines, rather firm,
flat or involute, glabrous, smooth or margins scaberulous.

PaAniczeE spike-like, cylindric, stout, rather dense, sometimes interrupted, 1 to
4 inches, by 3 to 5 lines ; axis angular, finely villous ; branches reduced to sub-
sessile clusters of Z or 3 spikelets or to a single spikelet, each subtended by a
fascicle of 3 or 4, or if solitary, by as many as 8 coarse subflexuous scaberulous
bristles, 24 to 4h lines long with slightly thickened almost smooth and blackish
tips ; pedicels stout, very short, tips discoid.

SPIKELETs turgid, obliquely ovoid, 1$ to 24 lines long, pale with dark tips,
glabrous.

GiumeEs firmly membranous, Jower broadly ovate, acute, about half as long as
the spikelet or slightly longer, 5- nerved ; upper oblong, very concave, subapiculate,
almost as long as the spikelet of shorter by 4 or 3, 7-nerved. Florets, lower male ;
valve equalling the upper floret, oblong, subapiculate, 5-nerved ; pale equalling
the valve. Perfect floret elliptic- oblong, slightly beaked ; valve 5- nerved, very
convex, finely honeycombed, yellowish, beak purple or blackish ; anthers | to 14
line long.

Habitat: Nara. Riet Vlei, 4000 feet alt., Buchanan 174; near Camper-
down, 2000 feet alt., Wood 4096.

Drawn from Wood’s 4096, and compared with Buchanan's 174.

Fig. 1, Portion of leat with ligule; 2, lower gn 3, upper glume; +, lower valve;

5, pale ; 6, "stamens and lodicules ; 7, upper valve ; 8, pale ; 9, pistil, stamens, and lodicules.
All enlarged,

PLATE 169.

SETARIA NIGRIROSTRIS. vx. « seu.

PLATE 170.

STAPF.

SETARIA GERRARDII.

PLATE 170.
SETARIA GERRARDII, Stapf. (FI. Cap. Vol.. VII, p. 424).
Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL, rhizome short, preemorse, oblique-—CuLms erect, 24 to 8% feet
long, compressed below, villous close to the panicle, otherwise sinooth and glabrous,
2 to 4-noded, internodes usually long exserted, except the lowest. Sheaths tight,
striate, glabrous except on the ciliate margins and very finely silky nodes, lower
compressed, keeled, pallid or purplish, firm, persistent, fugaciously hairy at the
base, 2 to 6 inches long; ligule a very densely and long ciliate rim. Blades
narrow, linear, tapering to a very long fine point, over 1, foot by 14 to 2 lines
(unfolded), usually folded or involute above, flexuous, glaucous, glabrous, margins
cartilaginous, scabrid.

PANICLE spike-like, cylindric, dense, 14 to 3 inches, by 3 to 4 lines; axis
subvillous, branches reduced to subsessile clusters of 2-3 spikelets or to a single
spikelet, each spikelet subtended by a fascicle of 3 4 or, if solitary, by 6-8 slender
subflexuous bristles, 4-6 lines long, purple from the middle, scabrid all along,

pedicels very short, tips discoid.
SPIKELETS obliquely ovoid, 14 to 14 line long, whitish, glabrous.

GLuMEs firmly membranous, lower one ovate, acute, about half as long as the
spikelet, 5-nerved ; wpper one oblong, very concave, subapiculate, shorter than
the spikelet by $, 7-nerved ; lower floret male; valve equalling or slightly exceed-
ing the upper floret, oblong, 5-nerved, subapiculate ; pale equal to the valve.
Perfect floret elliptic- oblong, slightly beaked, 13 line long; valve very convex,
5-nerved, very finely honeycombed, pallid, sometimes with a dark spot near the
tip. Anthers almost 1 line long.

Habitat: Nata. Without precise locality, Gerrard 681; Buchanan 224;
Umhlanga, May, Wood 6063; Zululand, January, Jenkinson 59 (Wood 7338) ;

Green, Dundee, March.

Fig. 1, Cluster of spike'ets ; 2, lower glume ; 3, HDD G glume ; 4, lower valve; 5, pale ;
6, stamens and lodicules ; 7, upper valve ; 8, pale; 9 , pistil, stamens and lodicules. All

enlurged.

PLATE 171.
SETARIA PERENNIS, Hack. (FI. Cap. Vol. VII, p. 424).

Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL, densely ceespitose-—CuLMs erect, very slender, 8 to 16 inches
long, slightly compressed below, 2 to 3- noded, simple, finely puberulous or
scaberulous close to the panicle, otherwise smooth, internodes enclosed or slightly
exserted except the uppermost Sheaths terete, tight, glabrous, or sparingly
hairy, lowest very firm, closely and strongly striate, persistent ; ligule a minutely
ciliolate rim; blades erect, very narrow, linear, tapering to a very fine point,
usually setaceously convolute, 2 to 8 inches, by 4 to 2 line (rarely 14 line when
expanded), rigid, with scattered very fine spreading hairs.

PANICLE spike-like, cylindric, very dense, $ to 2 inches, by 2 to 3 lines; axis,
puberulous ; branches reduced to a single spikelet subtended by a subsessile one-
sided involucre of 4 to 6 fine subequal scaberulous bristles, 2 to 3 lines long,
purplish or yellow above.

SPIKELETS oblong, acuminate, apiculate, 14 line long, pallid, glabrous.

GLUMES membranous, lower broadly ovate, acute or subacute, about half as
long as the spikelet or slightly longer, 3- nerved : upper ovate- -oblong, acute or
acuminate, shorter than the spikelet by one- -half, 5-nerved ; lower floret male ;
valve oblong, acuminate or apiculate, 14 line long, 5-nerved ; pale slightly shorter
than the valve; perfect floret slightly shorter than the male, elliptic-oblong,
apiculate, pallid; valve very finely and closely transversely wrinkled, 5-nerved,
tips obscurely 3-toothed or mucronulate. Anthers over half line long.

Habitat: Natan Dundee, 4-5000 feet alt., Green (Wood 7357); Dundee,
Green 54 (Wood 7361); near Maritzburg, St. George 5a (Wood 7242); near
Verulam, 500 feet alt., November, Wood 8647.

Fig 1, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume ; 3, lower valve; 4, pale ; 5, stamens and lodicules ;
6, upper valve ; ; 7, pale; 8, pistil, stamens and lodicules. U7 enlarged.

PLATE {7

SETARIA PERENNIS aacx.

PLATE 172.

SETARIA RIGIDA,

STAPF.

PLATE 172.
SETARIA RIGIDA, Stapf. (Fl. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 426).
Nat. Order Graminea.

PERENNIAL.-—CULMS erect, rather stout, over 24 feet long, more or less com-
pressed or angular, glabrous, very rough below the panicle. Sheaths long, rather
tight and firm, smooth, glabrous except at the bearded mouth or along the ciliate
margin ; ligules truncate, very short, densely ciliolate. Blades erect, very narrow,
linear, subpungent, half to more than 1 foot long, 1 to 14 line wide (anfolded),
rigid, folded (or involute in the upper part), sparingly hawy towards the base,
margins rough.

PANICLE spike-like, wae sometimes sub-interrupted, 5 to $ inches, by 3
lines, coarsely brist'y ; axis subangular, hairy ; branches reduced to subsessile
clusters of 5 to 8 partly arrested ua ets, each of which is subtended by one
coarse seabrid subflexuous bristle, 3 to 5 lines long. Pedicels very short, tips
cupular.

SPIKELETS oblong, acute or subacute, slightly curved, slightly over 1 line
long, straw-coloured.

GLUMES, lower ovate or almost round, obtuse or acute, less than 4 line long,
hyaline, 3- nerved ; upper similar, 4 to 2 line long. Florets, lower barren, equalling
the upper ; valve oblong, membranous, 5-nerved; pale 0. Perfect floret oblong ;
valve subcoriaceous, very finely punctate, 5- nerved. Anthers over 4 line long.

Habitat: Natat. Umpumulo, 2400 feet alt., Buchanan 12; 173; Zulu-
land, 2000 feet alt., Jenkinson 58 (Wood 7337).

Dra-vn from Jenkinson’s specimen and compared with Buchanan's 173.

Fig 1, Lower glume; 2, upper glume ; 3, lower valve; 4, upper valve ; 5, pale; 6, pistil,
stamens and lodicules. All enlar ‘ged.

PLATE 178.
SETARIA IMBERBIS, Roem & Schult. (FI. Cap. Vol. VIL, p 427).
Nat. Order Graminez.

ANNUAL.—CuLMs often copiously fascicled, ascending from a geniculate base,
slender, $ to 3 feet long, branched, terete or compressed below, deeply grooved and
compressible in the upper part where they are sometimes swollen and very finely
villous or puberulous and scabrid, otherwise glabrous and smooth, 3 to 7-noded,
internodes slightly exserted or at length slipping out of the sheaths ; sheaths
striate, glabrous ; ligules very short, membranous, truncate, up to 4 line long,
ciliate ; blades narrow, linear, long, tapering to an acute point, 2 to 6 inches long b
1 to 3 lines wide, flat, flaccid, glabrous (in the African specimens), rarely slightly
rigid and invo!lute and with long scattered hairs, finely scaberulous.

PANICLE erect, straight or flexuous, cylindric, stender, $ to 3 inches long by
about 2 lines wide, dense ; axis slender, minutely villous or puberulous ; branches
reduced to a subsessile one-sided involucre of 3 to 8 fine scabrid bristles, 14 to 4
lines long, palid below, fulvous or reddish above, and subtending usually one
perfect and often one arrested spikelet.

SPIKELETS elliptic-oblong, minutely apiculate or obtuse, 1 to 14 line long,
pallid or purplish at the tips, glabrous.

_ GLuUMEs very thin, membranous, ovate, acute or subacute, whitish, lower
3-nerved, rather less than half as long as the spikelet : wpper 5-nerved, rather
more than half as long as the spikelet, nerves green ; /ower florets equal, lower
barren or male ; valve equalling the spikelet, flat, similar to the upper glume ; pale
subequal to the valve ; perfect floret plano-convex, ovate-elliptic, usually minutely
apiculate, pallid or purplish at the tips; valve coriaceous, transversely wrinkled,
5-nerved. Anthers + line long.

Habitat: Navat. Greytown, 3000 feet alt., Buchanan 177 ; near the Tugela
River, J000 feet alt., Buchanan 176 ; and without precise locality, Buchanan 177¢ ;
Van Reenen, 5-6000 feet alt., March, Wood 5991.

Also in the Mascarene Islands and in Tropical East Africa; very common
throughout Tropical America.

Fig. 1, Lower glume; 2, upper glume; 3, lower valve; 4, pale ; 5, upper valve ;
6, pale; 7, pistil, stamens and lod:cules. All enlaryed.
LY

PLATE 1735.

SETARIA IMBERBIS. ra ¢scuuzr.

PLATE 174,

SETARIA VERTICILLATA. azavy.

PLATE 174.

SETARIA VERTICILLATA, Beauv. (Fl. Cap. Vol. VIL, p. 429).
Nat. Order Graminez.

ANNUAL.—CULMS erect or ascending from a geniculate base, $ to 5 feet long,
usually compressed below, more or less branched, glabrous, smooth, or scabrid below
the panicle, 4 to 9-noded, internodes mostly at lerigth exserted; sheaths thin,
rather lax, usually compressed, striate, glabrous, or finely hairy upwards ; ligules
short, truncate, densely ciliate ; blades linear or lanceolate-linear from a broad and
rounded, or from a narrow base, long tapering to an acute or subsetaceous point, 2
to 12 inches, by 2 to 6 (rarely up to 12) lines wide, thin, flat, flaccid, scaberulous,
usually finely and scantily hairy.

PANICLE erect or curved, spike like, cylindric or oblong, dense or rather lax,
1 to 5 inches long, coarsely bristly ; axis scabrid and often pubescent ; branches
spirally arranged, close, in robust specimens, the lower up to 4 lines long, with a
distinct scabrid, angular rhachis and 2-nate spikelets, otherwise very short or
reduced to sessile clusters, each spikelet subtended by a coarse reversely scabrid
bristle 2 to 7 lines long.

SPIKELETS ellipsoid, obtuse, about 1 line long, light green, glabrous, lower
glume hyaline, broad, ovate, acute, 1 to sub-3-nerved, } to 2 as long as the spikelet,
upper membranous, elliptic, concave, 5 to 7-nerved, equal to the spikelet or almost
so; lower floret barren ; valve similar to the upper glume, dorsally flattened, 5 to
7-nerved ; pale hyaline, more or less arrested or 0. Perfect floret elliptic-oblong,
plano-convex, subapiculate or obtuse, almost 1 line long, greenish or straw-
coloured ; valve subcoriaceous, very obscurely wrinkled, 5-nerved. Anthers 2 line
long ; grain broadly ellipsoid, over ? line long, white, subtranslucent.

Habitat: Narau, Durban Flat, Buchanan; near Durban, Williamson 14 ;
Umpumulo and near the Coast, Buchanan 165; and without precise locality,
Gerrard 682; Zululand, Jenkinson 4; Berea, March, Wood 5946.

‘Fig 1, Branch with spikelets; 2, lower glume; 3, upper glume ; 4, upper valve; 4,

oC
pale ; 6, pistil, stamens and lodicules. All enlarge.

PENNISETUM, Pers.

Nat. Order Graminez.

SPIKELETs oblong or lanceolate, solitary or in clusters of 2 to 4, subtended by
and deciduous with sessile or peduncled involucres of naked or plumose bristles
(rarely reduced to a solitary bristle in Section Beckeropsis), and arranged round
the axis of spike-like usually cylindric panicles, lower floret male or barren with
or without a pale; upper perfect.

GLUMES usually small and hyaline, /ower sometimes suppressed, wffer rarely
4 the length of the spikelet or more, and then several to 7-nerved. Valves
equal or subequal, membranous to chartaceous, 5 to 7-nerved, or the lower more or
less reduced, thinner, fewer nerved. Pales subequal to the valve and of similar
texture, 2-nerved, or more or less reduced in the lower floret. Lodicules small,
usually in front and outside the pale or 0. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, slender
or connate. Grain enclosed by the slightly changed valve and pale (see also
P. typhoideum), broadly oblong, slightly dorsally compressed to subglobose ;
hilum basal, punctiform ; embryo large, 4 to 3 the length of the grain.

Section 3, Gymnothrix.—Involucre sessile ; spikelets usually solitary, rarely
2-3 in each involucre ; bristles never plumose; anther tips usually naked; styles
almost free or more or less connate or cohering to 4 their length, rarely higher up.

PLATE 175.
PENNISETUM NATALENSE, Stapf. (FI. Cap. Vol. VII., p. 435).

PERENNIAL.—CuLMs branched near the base, over 14 foot long, sheathed all
along (or the lowest internodes at length naked), firm, smooth and glabrous.
Leaves quite glabrous, glaucous. Sheaths firm, glabrous, finely striate, tight or
the uppermost slightly tumid ; ligule a fringe of short silky hairs. Blades linear,
long tapering to a fine or setaceous point, $ to almost 1 foot, by 1 to 3 lines, firm,
rather rigid, and generally convolute, smooth except the cartilaginous scabrid
margins.

PanicLe spike-like, slender cylindric, 5 to 8 inches, by about 8 lines, pallid ;
rhachis slender, scaberulous like the very short pedicels. Involucres of numerous
pallid slender scabrid bristles of unequal length, the longer half as long again as
the spikelet, one conspicuously stouter and much longer than the rest. —

SPIKELETS solitary, ovate-oblong, slightly over 1} line long, pallid or purple
at the tips, glabrous.

GuiuMeEs hyaline, /ower very minute, nerveless, wppcr ovate, acuminate, less
than $ line long, 1-nerved. Lower floret male ; valves very similar, broadly ovate-
oblong, suddenly and shortly acuminate, or the upper mucronate, 5-nerved ;
lodicules small but distinct ; anthers not quite 1 line long, tips acute, naked ;
styles connate at the very base.

Habitat: Natat. Umpumulo, Buchanan 172.
Drawn from Buchanan’s 172, the only specimen in the Herbarium.

Fig, J, Spikelet ; 2, lower glume ; 3, upper glume; 4, lower valve; 5, pale; 6, pale of
upper valve; 7, pistil, stamens and lodicules. All enlargea.

PLATE 175.

PENNISETUM NATALENSE. srapr.

PLATE 176.

DUR, & SCHINZ.

PENRISEIOM SPHACCLATUM.

PLATE 176.
PENNISETUM SPHACELATUM Durand & Schinz. (FI. Cap., Vol. VII, p. 485).
Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL.—CULMS on a short oblique rhizome, slender, 1 to 3 feet high,
about 3-noded simple, rough and pubescent or adpressedly hirsute below the panicle,
otherwise glabrous and smooth, internodes mostly exserted, the uppermost often
very long. Sheaths firm, lower crowded, short, at least on the innovation shoots,
persistent, striate, glabrous, or pubescent along the margins and near the mouth ;
ligule a fringe of short silky hairs.

BLADES veary narrow, linear, filiform-convolute, 2 to 8 inches by # to 14 lines,
firm, flexuous, glabrous or hairy towards the base, rough in the upper part.

PANICLEs cylindric, very dense, erect or nodding, 2 to 4 inches, by 3 to 4 lines,
pallid or slightly purplish ; rhachis slender, scabrid or pubescent like the very short
pedicels ; involucre of numerous pallid, slender, scabrid bristles of unequal length,
the longer half as long again as the spikelet or longer, one usually longer and
stouter than the rest.

SPIKELETS solitary, lanceolate, acuminate to subulate-acuminate, 13 to 23 lines
long, glabrous, pallid, tips usually purplish.

GLUMES very small, Jower often suppressed, obtuse or acute, hyaline, nerveless
or upper l-nerved. Florets equal or the lower which is reduced to an empty valve
slightly shorter; valves oblong-lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, 5-nerved or the
lower 3-nerved ; lodicules sub-quadrate. Anthers about 1 line long, tips naked ;
styles connate at the very base.

Habitat: Natay. Umsinga and the base of the Biggarsberg range, Buchanan
107; Reit Vlei, 4000 feet alt., Buchanan 171; and without precise locality,
Buchanan 63, 72, 75; Van Reenen, 5000-6000 feet alt., March, Wood 5989;
marshy ground Mooi River district, 4000 feet alt., December, Mason 50 (Wood
7322). ;

Drawn from Wood's 5989.

Fig 1, Spikelet; 2, upper glume ; 3, lower valve; 4, upper valve; 5, pale; 6, pistil,
stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 177.
PENNISETUM THUNBERGI, Kunth. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 436).
Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL.—CULMS from a rather slender rhizome, ascending, conspicuously
geniculate, slender, compressed below, # to 14 foot long, about 2- noded, smooth,
glabrous or pubescent below the mene upper inter-nodes exserted, uppermost
often long.

LzEAvVES for the most part crowded at the base, glabrous except a hairy line at
the junction of blade and sheath, rarely hairy all over, except towards the base of
the sheaths. Sheaths firm, /ower short, persistent, striate, keeled or ultimately
rounded, upper long, loose or subtumid ; ligule a dense silky fringe of short hairs.

Babes linear, tapering to an acute point, 2 to 3 inches (rarely more) by 2 to
3 lines, keeled and folded or flat and involute, rigid, rather dull green, smooth
except towards the tips and along the scaberulous margins.

PANICLE cylindric, very dense, erect, 14 to 2 inches, by 3 to 5 lines, purplish ;
rhachis scabrid ; pedicels obsolete; involucres of very numerous and very fine
scaberulous bristles, purplish above, of unequal length, the longer soietimes twice
as long as the spiketet.

SPIKELETS solitary, oblong-lanceolate, 14 to 2 lines long, pallid, glabrous.

G.iuMEs, lower suppressed, wpper very minute, hyaline, nerveless. Florets,
lower reduced to an ovate acuminate 1 to 3-nerved valve of about half the length
of the perfect floret and usually witha short fine bristle; fertile valve ovate-oblong,
abruptly mucronate, acuminate, 5 to sub-7-nerved ; lodicules 0 or very minute.
Anthers about 1 line long, tips minutely bearded ; ; styles almost free, although

often more or less Schering,

Habitat : Nias Van Reenen, 5000-6000 feet alt., December, Wood 7220 ;
variety Galpinii, without precise locality, 4000 to 5000 feet alt., Buchanan 85.

Drawn from Wood’s 7220, but the anthers had all fallen away.

Fig 1, Lower valve; 2, upper valve ; 3, pale; 4, pistil and lodicules. All enlarged.

FLATE U7

PENNISETUM THUNBERGI! xowra.

178

PLATE

FENNISETUM UNISETUM,

SS eee

Te SS sue

BTH,

PLATE 178.
PENNISETUM UNISETUM, Benth. (Fl. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. £37).
Nat. Order Graminex.

PERENNIAL.—Rhizome short, preemorse ; innovation buds rather stout, acute,
with firm, ovate, striate, ciliate scales.

CuLMs 3 to 12 feet high, erect branched, particularly from upper nodes, or
simple below, terete, or rarely semiterete in the lower and subtriquetrous in the
uppermost internodes, very firm, obscurely striate, glabrous, glaucous, nodes 8 or
more, longest internodes 4 to l foot long ; sheaths strong, the lower and middle
as long as the internodes or shorter, ultimately spreading, the wpper longer, tighter,
glabrous except the usually ciliate mouth and the sometimes hairy nodes ; ligules
very short and ciliate or a fringe of hairs; blades lanceolate-linear from a usually
long-narrowed base, or petioled, long tapering to a setaceous point, the longest from
4 to 14 foot, by 3 to 10 lines, rather firm, glaucous, scabrid above, sometimes
shortly and sparingly hairy, margins very rough.

RaceEMEs on long very slender peduncles, 1 or several from the upper nodes,
sometimes very numerous, 4 to 2 inches long; rhachis angular, scabrid.

SPIKELETS subimbricate, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute, 1} to 1} line long,
often purplish, basal bristles $ to 10 lines long.

poms reduced to a maa rounded or truncate nerveless scaberulous scales,
lower 4 to $, upper 4 to 4 line long; lower floret reduced to a valve minutely
ciliate below the tip, “otherwise scaberulous or almost smooth, firmly membranous,
finely 5-nerved, margins obscurely inflexed in the upper third ; upper valve similar
to the lower, glabrous ; pale almost as long as the valve, hyaline, 2-nerved ;
lodicules broadly cuneiform, fleshy, 4 line long ; anthers 2? to § line long ; grain
unknown.

Habitat: Natat. Near Durban, in coffee gardens, Drége ; Umpumulo, 1500
to 2000 feet alt., Buchanan 220, 221; Umhlanga, 3 to 500 feet alt., Wood 6059.

Drawn from Wood’s 6059, and compared with Buchanan’s 220, 221.

Fig 1, Spikelet ; 2, lower valve ; 3, upper valve ; 4, pale; 5, pistil, stamens and lodicules.
All enlarged.

TRICHOLZNA, SCHRAD.

SPIKELETS oblong, laterally compressed, more or less gaping, panicled. deciduous
from capillary pedicels. Florets, lower usually male or barren, upper perfect.
Glumes very dissimilar or at least unequal, lower reduced to a minute scale or
obsolete, very rarely half the length of the spikelet, somewhat remote from the
upper; wpper one membranous, emarginate, muticous or finely mucronate or
aristate from the sinus, 5-nerved, usually hairy. Valves very dissimilar, lower like
the upper glume with a hyaline 2-nerved subequal pale, upper much smaller, thinly
chartaceous, glabrous, shining, obtuse or sub-emarginate, obscurely 5-nerved, with
an equal 2-nerved pale of similar substance. Lodicules 2, very small. Stamens 3.
Style free, slender ; stigma densely plumose, laterally exserted. Grain oblong-
ellipsoid, closely embraced by the valve and pale; hilum basal, punctiform ;
embryo about half the length of the grain.

PLATE 179.

TRICHOLHNA SETIFOLIA, Stapf. (Fl. Cap., Vol. VII., p. 442).
Nat. Order Graminez.

CULMs in compact tufts, with numerous intravaginal innovation shoots, erect
or geniculate, 3 to 14 foot long, rather slender, glabrous, 2 to 3-noded, upper inter-
nodes more or less exserted

LEAVES mostly crowded at the base ; lower sheaths compressed, keeled, firm,
striate, hairy to tomentose, at least towards the base and the margins (hairs spread-
ing or adpressed) at length often glabrescent, persistent, upper glabrous except at
the villous nodes ; ligule a dense fringe of very short hairs. ;

Braves filiform, setaceously convolute, flexuous, 4 to 8 inches (rarely 12
inches) long, glabrous or hairy.

PANICLE contracted, linear, often spike-like, usually flexuous or nodding, 2 to
4 inches long, silky ; rhachis slender, scabrid or hairy in the upper part and below
the nodes; branches solitary or 2-nate, filiform, flexuous, loosely divided almost
from the base, erect, like the subcapillary branchlets and pedicels, usually dark and
finely hairy, tips slightly thickened with slightly longer hairs.

SPIKELETS oblong, 2 to 24 lines wide, very densely villous with shining white
or purple hairs, bearded at the base.

GiumeEs, lower, oblong obtuse, less than 4 inch long, hyaline, quite hidden by
hairs ; upper equalling the spikelet, subchartaceous, oblong, minutely emarginate
with a mucro or short awn from the sinus, 5-nerved, densely villous with the hairs
increasing in length from the base to beyond the middle, then glabrous towards the
apex except along the ciliate margins, hairs usually adpressed and exceeding the
spikelet by 1 to 1} lines. Florets, lower male or barren ; valve equal and very
similar to the upper glume ; pale hairy ; perfect floret oblong to linear-oblong, | to
1} line long, glabrous, shining ; valve obtuse, subemarginate, faintly 5-nerved,
membranous ; anthers # line long.

Habitat: Narat. At the foot of Table Mountain, Avauss 382; by the
Umhloti River at Oakford, Rehmann, 8456; Biggarsberg Range, Rehmann 7036 ;
Inanda, Wood 1595; Pietermaritzburg, 2000-3000 feet alt., Sutherland; Um-
pumulo, Buchanan 298, in part; and without precise locality, Buchanan 86;
eee Flat, 20 feet alt., Wood 8953; Dundee, 4000-5000 feet alt., December,

reen 69.

Fig 1, Lower glume; 2, lower valve; 3, pale; 4, upper valve; 4, pale; 6, pistil
stamens and lodicules. All ealuingied. ; -= on ee

PLATE 179

SETIFOLIA, svar.

TRICHOLAENA

PLATE

180.

“ig an
f j al aN

“kg HES
Ais yo >

f,

my is

RAE gy

PLATE 180.
TRICHOLEZNA ROSEA, Nees. (Fl. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 448).
Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL OR ANNUAL.—CuLMs laxly fascicled, rarely densely tufted,
usually geniculate, 1 to 14 foot long, simple or scantily branched below, terete,
glabrous or sometimes hirsute from tubercle-based hairs, 3 to 4-noded. Sheaths
terete or the lower slightly compressed, glabrous except at the villous nodes or
hirsute from usually tubercle-based hairs, 3 to 4-noded. Sheaths terete, or the
lower slightly compressed, glabrous except at the villous nodes, or hirsute from
usually tubercle-based hairs.

BuabvEs linear, fong tapering to a subsetaceous point, 2 to 8 inches by 1 to 4
lines, rarely broader or narrower, flat, often spreading and rather flaccid, rarely
convolute, glabrous or sometimes scantily hairy, rough above.

PANICLE oblong to ovoid, lax or contracted, 3 to 6 inches long, straight or
flexuous ; rhachis slender, finely scaberulous; branches fascicled or 2-nate, finely
filiform, undivided below or laxly branched almost from the base; branchlets and
pedicels finely capillary, flexuous, glabrous or more or less hairy, scaberulous, tips
thickened with long fine hairs (up to 2 lines long).

SPIKELETS oblong, about 2 lines long, villous from shining white or purple.
hairs, shortly bearded at the base.

GuvumeEs, lower oblong, obtuse, about 4 line long, hyaline, almost hidden by
hairs ; upper equalling the spikelet, semi-ovate, more or less gibbous below the
middle and slightly narrowed into an oblong beak, obtusely 2-lobed or emarginate,
with or without a mucro or a short fine awn from the sinus, subchartaceous, often
olive-brown, villous with the hairs increasing in length from the base to beyond the
middle, then glabrous except the ciliate margins; hairs often springing from
minute or sometimes coarse and partly confluent tubercles, adpressed or sometimes
spreading, usually exceeding the tips of the glume. Florets, /ower male or barren ;
valve equal and very similar to the upper glume ; pale inore or less hairy. Perfect.
floret 13 line long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, glabrous; valve emarginate, faintly
5-nerved, membranous. Anthers over } line long. Grain obovoid, brown, ¢ line

long.

Habitat: Natau. Near Durban, Plant 98; Drakensberg, Rehmann 7175;
near Umpumulo and Reit Vlei, common, Buchanan 298, in part; without precise
locality, Gerrard 461; Buchanan 122; Berea, February, Wood 8881; Berea,

September, Wood, 9042.

A common grass all over the Colony, seeds have been sent to India and other
places, and it is thought to be a good fodder grass, but in Natal it does not seem
to be much esteemed. lt is known abroad as the ‘‘ Natal Red-top Grass,” but it is
also found in Transvaal and Cape Colony. The native name is um-Kuana.

Fig 1, Lower valve ; 2, pale ; 3, upper valve; 4, pale; 5, pistil, stamens and lodicules.
All enlarged.

PLATE 181.
TRICHOLANA GLABRA, Stapf. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIT., p. 446).
Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL —CuLMs densely fascicled, erect or subgeniculate, slender, branched
and wiry below, 1 to 14 foot long, glabrous, smooth, 5 to 7 noded ; upper inter-
nodes at length exserted ; sheaths tight, terete, striate, lower subpersistent, often
finely hairy ; ligule a dense fringe of fine hairs; blades linear, long tapering to a
fine point, 24 to 44 inches by 1 to 24 lines, flat or involute, somewhat -rigid and
glaucous, finely pubescent or glabrous, smooth.

PANICLE oblong or obovoid, open or contracted, lax, 23 to 6 inches long;
rhachis slender, smooth ; branches filiform, smooth, 2-nate or solitary, the longest
2 to 4 inches long, very laxly and repeatedly divided from the base, or the strongest
simple, for } to | inch ; branchlets and pedicels very delicate, capillary, flexuous,
the latter 1 to 2 lines long.

SPIKELETS elliptic-oblong, 1 line long, glabrous, pallid or tinged with purple.

Guumes, lower an extremely minute scale, upper oblong, almost equalling the
spikelet, emarginate, membranous, faintly 5-nerved. Florets, lower male; valve
very sitnilar to the upper glume, but slightly longer and broader ; pale equal to the
valve, glabrous. Perfect floret oblong, } line long, valve rigidly membranous,
shining, obscurely 5-nerved. Anthers 4 to 3 line long.

Habitat: Narau. Sandy valley near the Tugela River, 1000 feet alt.,
Buchanan 25$ ; Helpmakaar Spruit, Potgieter’s Rust, (in Natal), Melson 23.

Drawn from Buchanan’s 259, which is the only specimen in the Herbarium.

Fig 1, Lower valve ; 2, pale ; 3, upper valve; 4, pale. All enlarged.

MELINIS, BEAUVY.

SPIKELETS linear-oblong, small, laterally compressed, panicled, deciduous from
the capillary pedicels ; lower floret reduced to an empty valve; upper perfect.
Glumes very dissimilar, /ower reduced to a minute scale, wpper membranous, shortly
2-lobed, mucronulate from the sinus, prominently 7-nerved, glabrous, rarely hairy.
Valves very dissimilar ; lower rather like the upper glume, but more deeply lobed
and usually with a fine awn from the sinus, 5-nerved ; wpper smaller, very thin and
rigidly membranous, minutely 2-lobed, shining, obscurely 3-1-nerved with an equal,
obscurely 2-nerved pale of similar substance. Lodicules 2, very delicate. Stamens
3. Styles free, slender; stigmas plumose, laterally exserted. Grain unknown.

PERENNIAL OR ANNUAL (?)—CuLMs ascending from a prostrate, very slender,
many noded, branched base ; ligules reduced to a fringe of short hairs; panicle
contracted, narrow, much divided, with capillary branchlets and pedicels ; spikelets
usually purple, at least at the tip.

Species 1, in Brazil, tropical and subtropical Africa and Madagascar. Very
closely allied to Tricholeena.

PLATE 181.

TRICHOLAENA GLABRA, srarr

PLATE 182.

MELINIS MINUTIFLORA, aeaur.

Vur: Pilosa, Stapf.

PLATE 182.

MELINIS MINUTIFLORA, Beauy, var pilosa, Stapf. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIL, p 447).
Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL OR ANNUAL (?)—CuLMs 1 to 3 feet high, more or less hirsute
except at the upper nodes.

Leaves loosely hirsute to tomentose; sheaths tight, terete, striate, cae
tubercled ; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, long tapering to a very fine point, 2
to 6 inches by 24 to 44 lines, rather rigid, flat or involute.

PANICLE linear to linear-oblong, contracted or almost spike-like, 4 to 8 inches
long, erect, stiff or rather flexuous; rhachis slender, angular, smooth below ;
branches 2-nate or the lower in scanty fascicles, erect, up to 3 inches long, dis-
tantly and repeatedly divided from the base ; branchlets and pedicels capillary,
flexuous, puberulous, the latter very unequal, up to almost 2 lines long, with or
without white, stiff, fine hairs below the tips.

SPIKELETS 1 line long, very minutely bearded at the base.

GLuMES, lower very minute, oblong, obtuse, nerveless, wppei equalling the
spikelet, linear- oblong, like the lower valve, more or less hairy above the base,
hairs white, very fine; awn of the lower valve very slender, scaberulous, up to 4
lines long. Perfect floret Z & line long, glabrous. Anthers 4 line long.

Habitat: Natat. Near Umpumulo hills, 2000 to 2500 feet alt., Buchanan 299.
Also in Nyassaland and on Mount Ruwenzor.

The typical form, which is very common in Brazil, and occurs algo in_ tropical
Africa and Madagascar, only differs in being completely glabrous, and in the
occasional absence of awns.

Fig 1, Upper glume ; 2, lower valve ; 3 upper valve; 4, pale. Al enlarged.

ARUNDINELLA, RADDI.

SPIKELETS small, 24 lines to less than’1 line long, acute or acuminate, panicled,
continuous with or imperfectly jointed on the pedicels ; rhachilla disarticulating
between the valves, glabrous, not produced beyond the upper floret. Florets 2,
heteromorphous, /ower male, rarely barren or perfect, upper perfect. Glumes per-
sistent, acuminate, membranous, strongly 3-5-nerved, woper usually longer. Lower
valve thin, equalling the lower glume or slightly longer, subacute or minutely
truncate, 3-7-nerved; upper valve terete, rarely dorsally subcompressed, thin,
finally cartilaginous, entire or minutely bifid, 3-7-nerved, minutely scaberulous,
lobes sometimes produced into fine bristles; awn terminal or from between the
lobes, short, kneed or straight, or 0; callous very short, obtuse. ales linear,
2- keeled ; flaps more or less auricled. ‘Lodicules 2, cuneate, rather fleshy or 0 in
the lower floret. Stamens 3 or 0 in the lower floret. Ovary glabrous, oblong or
more or less arrested or 0 in the lower floret ; styles distinct ; stigmas plumose,
laterally exserted. Grain oblong to ellipsoid, terete or dorsally subcompressed,
tightly embraced by the valve and pale, free; hilum punctiform; embryo large ;
albumen hard.

PERENNIAL, rarely annua!; leaves various; panicles usually rather stiff;
branches stiff, divided from the base.

About 25 species, mainly in tropical Asia and America.

PLATE 188.

ARUNDINELLA Eckionu, Nees. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 448).
Nat. Order Graminesee.

PERENNIAL.—-CULMsS erect, 24 to 4 feet long, glabrous, 4 to 6-noded; sheaths
rather tight, glabrous or ciliate along the margins or hirsute; ligules extremely
short, ciliolate, blades linear, tapering to a long fine point, from a few inches to
more than 1 foot, by 2 to 4 lines, flat or convolute, rigid, glabrous, margins rough.

PanicLE linear-oblong to oblong, contracted or open, up to 1 foot long ;
branches solitary or 2, rarely 3-4-nate, the longest up to 3 inches long, stiff, scabrid.

SPIKELETS subsecund, 2 to 24 lines long.

Giumes, vier ovate-oblong, mucronate, 14 to 2 lines long, 3, rarely 4-5-nerved ;
upper ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 5 lines long, 5-nerved. Florets, dower male; valve
linear-oblong, subacute, 1} to 2 lines long, sub-7-nerved ; pale linear-oblong, 14 line
long, keels winged below, scaberulous above ; lodicules present; anthers } line
long. Perfect floret; valve oblong, obscurely bifid, 13 line long, thin, minutely
scaberulous ; callus minutely 2-bearded; awn fine, column dark brown, 14 line
long, bristle whitish, 1 line long: pale linear, 14 line long, seaberulous between the
keels ; lodicules and stamens as in the male floret.

Habitat: Navau. On the banks of rivulets between Umzimkulu River and
Umkomaas River, Drege; Riet Vlei, 4000-5000 feet alt., Buchanan 275; Um-
pumulo, near water, 2000 feet alt., Buchanan 274; aud without precise locality,
Gerrard 684, 685 ; summit of Drakensberg, near Nelson’s Kop, March, Wood 6003,
alt. 5000-6000 feet ; Dundee, March, Green 82; Zululand, 2000 feet alt , Jenhkin-
son 96.

Jenkinson says of this grass: ‘Good for cattle, grows in scattered tufts.”

Fig. 1, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume; 3, ower valve; 4, stamens and lodicules; 5, pale ;
6 upper valve; 7, pale ; 8, pistil, stamens and lodicules. All enlarged,

STENOTAPHRUM, TRIN.

SPIKELETS lanceolate to ovate-oblong, sessile, singly or 2-4 on the very short
branches of an apparently simple secund spike, more or less sunk in hollows on or
adpressed to the anterior face of a dorsally flattened herbaceous, continuous or
jointed rhachis. Florets, lower male, or reduced to an empty valve ; upper perfect.
Glumes usually very dissimilar, /ower minute, hyaline, wpper almost equalling the
spikelet, 5-7-nerved, rarely both more or less similar and minute, or the lower nerved
like the upper, although smaller. Valves equal, /ower (outer) firm, chartaceous,
3-9-nerved, upper thinner 5-nerved. Pales almost equalling the valves, 2-keeled.
Lodicules 2, obliquely quadrate, nerved. Stamens 3. Styles free or almost so,
very slender ; stigmas long, plumose, laterally exserted. Grain broadly elliptic-
oblong, slightly compressed from the back, tightly enclosed ; hilum punctiform,
basal ; embryo about half the length of the grain.

Creeping or prostrate branched perennials with ascending culms; sheaths
strongly compressed, /ower more or less flabellate; blades mostly obtuse ; spikes
terminal and often also lateral from the upper leaves, tough or at length breaking
up at the joints.

Species 5, mainly on the shores of the tropical and subtropical seas.

183

PLATE

EF

NEES

ARUNDINELLA ECKLONII

PLATE 184

|
a

(

a Xo :
LN | ph s
Wh hohe

STENOTAPHRUM GLABRUM, cacy.

PLATE 184.
STENOTAPHRUM GLABRUM, Trin. (FI. Cap., Vol. VII., p. 438).

~ CuLMs ascending, prostrate or creeping and frequently rooting at the nodes,
often very long, strongly compressed, glabrous, smooth, many-noded.

LEAVES glabrous or more or less hairy at the mouth of the sheath or at its
junction with the blade, lower crowded at.the base of the branches, more or less
flabellate, followed often by a pseudo-opposite pair of and 2-4-distant leaves ;
sheaths strongly compressed, keeled, pallid, soon thrown aside, ower persistent ;
ligule a fringe of very short hairs ; blades linear, obtuse, 1 to 6 inches by 1 to 3
lines, first folded, then flat or at length involute, rather firm, glaucous or light
green, smooth ; false spikes terminal and lateral from the upper leaves, erect, stiff
or curved, 1 to 4 inches long, compressed, glabrous ; rhachis linear, entire, 1 to 24
lines broad, with or without transverse depressed lines on the back indicating the
joints, often hollowed out in front ; branches very short, more or less sunk in the
hollows or adpressed to the margin of the rhachis, compressed or angular, often
very stout.

SPIKELETS solitary from the inner side of the base of the branch, sunk in the
adjoining hollow, or 2 to 5 crowded along the branch, lanceolate-oblong to oblong,
acute, 24 lines long, pallid.

GuumEs, lower hyaline, very short, broad, truncate, nerveless, upper ovate-
oblong, concave, almost as long as the spikelet, 7-nerved, firmly membranous.
Florets, lower male; valve lanceolate-oblong to oblong, acute, equalling the
spikelet, chartaceous, faintly 7 to 9-nerved, dorsally flattened, somewhat rough.
Anthers 14 to 14 line long ; 2pper floret perfect ; valve similar to the lower, but
more acute, firmly membranous, 5-nerved.

Habitat: Narav. Durban Flat, Buchanan 16; without precise locality,
Gerrard 678; Zululand, 2000 feet alt., January, Jenkinson 60 (Wood 905$);
Umsinga, Buchanan 98. Also in Cape Colony by numerous collectors.

Drawn from Jenkinson’s 60, and compared with Buchanan’s 98.

Of this genus five species only are known, the one here described is not un-
common near the sea coast in tropical countries, it has been described under seven
different names in addition to the correct one as given here, one of these names is
S. Americanum, Schrank, and ina work on North American grasses published by the
United States Department of Agriculture it is said of it: “This grass grows in
sandy soil, especially near the seacoast. It has strong creeping roots, which render
it capable of enduring great drought. It has been recommended in Florida as a
very valuable pasture grass.” The specimen from which our drawing was made
was a rather imperfect one.

Mr. Jenkinson says of this grass: “ A running grass, used for lawns Seeds
eaten by natives in time of famine.”

Fig 1, Portion of rhachis with spikelets; 2, lower glume; 3, upper glume; 4, lower
valve; 5, pale; 6, upper valve; 7, pale. All enlarged.

TRICHOPTERYX, NEES.

SPIKELETS usually 2-18 lines long, more or less lanceolate to linear, pedicelled,
panicled. Rhachilla disarticulating between (and less readily below) the valves,
glabrous, not produced beyond the upper floret. Florets 2, heteromorphous ; lower
male, rarely barren; upper perfect. Glumes persistent, membranous or sub-
coriaceous, unequal, 3 (very rarely 4-6) nerved, glabrous or bristly from black
glands. Lower valve membranous, 3 (very rarely 7) nerved, with the innermost
side-nerves much shorter ; wpper valve terete, membranous to cartilaginous, shortly
bifid with the lobes sometimes produced into bristles, 5-9-nerved; awn from be-
tween the lobes, kneed, twisted below. Pales membranous, 2-keeled, narrower in
the perfect floret and channelled between the stout keels. Lodicules 2, cuneate,
usually very fleshy. Stamens 2, rarely 3, or 0 in the lower floret. Ovary oblong,
glabrous, rudimentary in the male floret ; styles distinct, glabrous, stigmas plumose,
long, laterally exserted. Grain obovoid to linear-oblong, grooved or alinost terete,
tightly embraced by its valve and pale, free ; hilum linear, long ; embryo large ;
albumen very hard.

' PERENNIAL, rarely annual grasses of very different habit ; leaves more or less
rigid ; ligules a line of hairs; spikelets slender, from 2 lines to 14 inch long,
scattered in mostly contracted, narrow panicles,

PLATE 185.

TRICHOPTERYX SIMPLEX, Hack. (Fl. Cap., Vol. WIL, p. 450).
Nat. Order Graminee.

Densely tufted.—CuLms 2 to 3 feet long, glabrous, 2 (rarely 3) noded.

LEAVES all but 2 or 3 near the base, sheathing the culms to 4 foot; sheaths.
firm, tight, glabrous or more or less hispid, bearded at the nodes, the lowest
tomentose at the base and finally splitting into rigid fibres; blades narrow-linear,
tapering to a long setaceous point, 4 foot by 2 lines or less, flat or convolute, rigid,
hirsute or glabrescent.

PANICLE erect, contracted, 6 to 10 inches long;‘rhachis glaucous; branches
fascicled or geminate, erect, very unequal, the tongest to 2-3 inches long,
filiform, sparingly branched, scabrid or almost smooth

SPIKELETS light brown, 5 to 6 lines long.

Guiumes glabrous, rarely sparingly bristly, the Jower lanceolate-oblong,
minutely subtruncate, 24 to 3 lines long, the upper lanceolate, produced into a
linear convolute truncate beak, 5 to 7 lines long. Florets, lower male: valve
lanceolate, acute or acutely acuminate, usually shorter than the upper glume,
glabrous, or with a very few bristles along the outer nerves; pale linear-oblong,
33 lines long. Stamens 2, anthers 1} to 2 lines long. Perfect floret ; valve oblong-
linear, terete, 24 to 3 lines long (in this and the following species measured from
the callus to the base of the awn), pubescent, faintly 7-nerved, shortly bifid ;
lobes acute ; callus 2-toothed, villous, bearded, 4 line long; column of awn 4 to
5 lines long; bristles 9 to 15 lines long; pale lanceolate, acute, 3 lines long.
Stamens as in the male.

Habitat: Narat. Umpumulo, Buchanan 294; var crinita, Umpumulo,
Buchanan 293 ; Inanda, 1800 feet alt., Wood 1580; South Downs, 4000-5000 feet
alt., Wood 4404 ; Karkloof, 4000 feet alt., Wylie (Wood 6011); Lidgetton, 4000
feet alt., Wood 9095. Also in Transvaal, Pondoland, and tropical Africa.

Fig 1, Typ‘cal plant ; 2, lower glume ; 3, upper glume ; 4, lower valve ; 5, pale ; 6, upper
valve ; 7, pale, ovary and lodicules ; 8, branchlet of var crinita, Except Fig 1, all enlarged.

185

PLATE

TRICHOPTERYX SIMPLEX. zack

PLATE 186.

NEES

TRICHOPTERYA DREGEANA.

PLATE 186.
TRICHOPTERYX DreGcEANA, Nees. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIL. p. 451).
Nat. Order Graminez.

Cums ascending or erect from a slender creeping rhizome, branched below,
1 to 2 feet high, very slender, glabrous, many-noded, internodes exserted.

LEAVES equally distributed over the culms; sheaths tight, glabrous ; blades
narrowly linear, tapering to an acute point, usually involute, somewhat subulate,
reflexed, ? to 14 line long, glabrous, margins cartilaginous.

PANICLE narrow, 1 to 3 inches long, flaccid or erect and flexuous, contracted
or open ; rhachis filiform ; branches 2-3-nate, capillary, almost smooth, branched
from below the middle, up to 1 inch long, tips of pedicels with long fine hairs.

SPIKELETS light brown, 2 to 3 lines long.

GLuMES, lower ovate, subacute or obtuse, 14 to 15 line long, glabrous, thin,
upper lanceolate acuminate, acute, 2 to 24 lines long. Florets, lower male ; valve
like the upper glume, slightly longer ; pale linear-oblong 14 line long. Stamens
2, anthers 4 line long. Perfect floret ; valve oblong 1 line long, deeply bifid, lobes

roduced into fine bristles 14 line long, glabrous except a long beard on each side
at the middle, sub-7-nerved ; callus minute, obtuse, minutely bearded ; awn very
fine, 3 lines long, column very short; pale 14 line long ; stamens 2.

Habitat : Natau Common on wet banks, Buchanan 291; between Umtentu
and Umzimkulu Rivers, 500 feet alt., Drége ; Zululand, in a swamp at Entumeni,
Wood 3995.

Also in Transvaal and Shire Highlands.

In the description in the Flora Capensis the leaves are said to be 3 to 14 line
long, this is evidently a printer’s error, it should be ? to 14 line wide.

Fig 1, Lower glume; 2, lower valve; 3, pale; 4, stamens; 5, upper valve; 6, pale ;
7, ovary, style, stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

TRISTACHYA, NEEs.

SPIKELETS 5 lines to 2 inches long, lanceolate to. linear, sessile or shortly
edicelled, in clusters of 3 at the tips of the branches of a raceme or panicle;
rhachilla disarticulating between the valves and less readily or imperfectly below
them, glabrous, not produced beyond the upper floret. Florets 2, heteromorphous,
lower male, upper perfect. Glumes persistent, membranous or subcoriaceous, more
or less unequal, 3-nerved, glabrous or bristly from black glands. Lower valve
membranous, 3-nerved, or 5-9-nerved with some of the nerves much shorter than
the others ; upper valve convolute, membranous or ultimately cartilaginous, bifid,
7 (rarely 5-) nerved, awned from between the lobes; awn kneed, twisted below.
Pales membranous, hyaline, 2-keeled. Lodicules %, cuneate, very fleshy. Stamens
3. Ovary obovoid to oblong, glabrous or the top, hairy, rudimentary in the male
floret ; stigmas plumose, long, laterally exserted. Grain obovoid to linear-oblong,
grooved, tightly embraced by the valve and pale, free ; hilum linear, long ; embryo
large; albumen very hard.
PERENNIAL, generally coarse grasses, growing mostly in compact tufts. Leaves
rigid ; ligule a line of hairs; triplets of spikelets large and few in racemes, or
smaller and more numerous in scautily branched panicles, sometimes deciduous from

the jointed peduncles
Species 11-12, in Africa, Arabia, and Beluchistan, and in tropical America.

PLATE 187.

TRISTACHYA LEUCOTHRIX, Trin. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 453).
’ Nat. Order Graminee.

CuLMs 1 to 2 feet long, glabrous, 2 (rarely 1-) noded.

LEAVES mostly basal; lowest sheaths very firm, rigid, persistent, fulvously
tomentose below, glabrescent above, woper rather tight, sparsely hairy or glabrous ;
nodes villous ; blades linear, tapering to a fine point or acute, 6 to 9 inches, by 14
to 2 lines, uppermost much shorter, rigid, glabrous and smooth, or sparsely hairy,
rarely hispidly villous ; triplets of spikelets 1 to 14 inch long, 5-38 in racemes,
rarely 2 or solitary. Peduncles 2 4 to 14 inch long, flexuous, glabrous and smooth
or hispid above ; pedicels very short, stout or hardly any.

GtiumEs, lower lanceolate, acute or subulate-acuminate, 9 to 12 lines long, |
firm, 3-nerved, with long white soft spreading hairs from closely crowded small
tubercles along the nerves ; upper lanceolate, long subulate-acuminate, 14 to 18
lines long, scarious, 3- nerved, minutely tubercled and spreadingly hairy along the
margin. Florets, lower male ; valve similar to the upper glume, but shghtly
longer, 7-nerved, side nerves close to the margins with a double row of bristle
bearing glands on each side; pale linear-oblong, 7 to 8 lines long; keels narrowly
winged below, minutely ciliolate above. Anthers 3% lines long. Perfect floret ;
valve lanceolate, 4d lines long, bifid to 4 its length, glabrous, 7-nerved, lobes
lanceolate, acuminate ; callus pungent, !4 ee long, villous ; awn yellowish, 2 to 3
inches long, obscurely geniculate ; pale linear- oblong, 5 to 6 lines long, keels almost
smooth. Ovary obovoid, villous except at the base; styles pubescent; grain
linear-oblong, 3 to 34 lines long.

Habitat: Narat. On the summit of Table Mountain near Pietermaritzburg,
Krauss 366; Inanda, Wood 1594; Umpumulo and Riet Vlei, Buchanan 237, and
without precise locality, Buchanan 59; Zululand, Jenkinson 30; Dundee, W. £.
Green 110, partly.

Also in Cape Colony, Transvaal and tropical Africa.

In the report of the Cape Botanist for 1864, this grass is alluded to, and is said
to be known as “‘ Roode Zaad Gras,” and Mr. Ella, of Queenstown district, says of it :
“Said to be a good sound pasture, standing and eatable when all others have been
blown into dust, it does not stand frost, nor does it shoot early in spring, nor does
it grow readily without moisture, but from its permanency when once matured it
may be said to be the most important of the district.”

Fig. 1, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume; 3, lower valv2; 4, pale; 5, stamens and lodicules ;
6 upper valve ; 7, pale ; 8, pistil, stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE. 187.

TRISTACHYA LEUCOTHRIX, rez.

PLATE 188.

STAPE

ANTHOXANTHUM ECKLONII,

ANTHOXANTHUM, LINN.

SPIKELETS oblong to narrow-lanceolate, slightly laterally compressed ; rhachilla
disarticulating above the upper glume, not produced beyond the uppermost floret.
Florets 3, heteromorphous, the lower two male or barren, the terminal perfect.
Glumes persistent, membranous, 1 to 3-nerved, keeled, acuminate ; ; upper longer.
‘Lower 2 valves equal and very similar, oblong, emarginate, membranous, strongly
laterally compressed, 5 to 7-nerved, keeled, hairy, awned, awn of the lower valve
short from } to halfway below the tip, of the upper longer, kneed, from near the base,
rarely ee the middle; terminal valve much shorter than the lower two, broadly
elliptic, very thin, delicately 7 to l-nerved. Pales of the lower two florets, if present,
2-keeled, of the terminal I-nerved. Lodicules 0. Stamens 3 in the male, 2 in
the perfect florets. Styles distinct, long, stigmas long, exserted from the top of the

spikelet, poe Grain ovoid, slightly laterally compressed ; hilum punctiform ;
embryo 4 the length of the grain.

PERENNIAL OR ANNUAL; blades flat, usually flaccid; panicle slender, very
narrow or spike-like, sometimes reduced to scanty racemes ; sweet scented.
Species 15.

PLATE 188.

ANTHOXANTHUM EcKLonir, Stapf. (FI. Cap., Vol. VII, p. 466).

Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL.—CuLMs tufted, erect, simple, 1 to 3 feet long, smooth, glabrous
or scaberulous, finely striate, about 3-noded ; internodes gradually longer from the
base, up to 1 foot or more long; sheaths rather tight, smooth or scabrid, rarely
reversedly hispidulous, striate, usually very much shorter than the internodes except
the lowest, the basal one or two bladeless, acute; ligules scarious, white, ovate,
obtuse, 1 to 2 lines long; blades linear, oradually tapering, acute, up to 3 inches
by 1 to 14 line, the upper very short, rather rigid, glabrous, smooth or seabrid,
rarely reversedly hispidulous, prominently many nerved.

PANICLE erect, spike-like, sometimes interrupted near the base, up to 2 inches
long, shiny, pallid; rhachis glabrous ; pedicels with spreading hairs.

SPIKELETS oblong-lanceolate, 34 to 4 lines long, pallid.

GLUMES lamean! ste to ovate-lanceolate (in profile), acuminate, scaberulous on
the keels, Jower 24 to 3 lines long, 1-nerved, hyaline, upper 3$ to 4 lines long, 3
(very rarely 1- ) nerved, subhyaline. Florets, lowest male or barren; valve about
2% lines long, 5-nerved, with a short straight awn from above the middle ; inter-
mediate floret equal and very similar to the preceding, always empty, with a kneed
awn. 4 lines long from below the middle ; uppermost § floret perfect, 1 to 14 line long;
valve 5-nerved; anthers 14 to 14 line long ; grain ~ line long.

Habitat: Narau. Riet Vlei, 4000-5000 feet alt., Buchanan 158.

Drawn from Buchanan’s 158, the only specimen in the Herbarium.

Fig 1, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume ; 3, lowest valve ; 4, intermediate valve; 5, upper
valve; 6, pale. All enlarged.

Ka@eria, PERS.

SPIKELETS laterally compressed in spike-like panicles; rhachilla glabrous or
finely hairy, disarticulating above the glumes and between the valves, produced
with or without a rudimentary valve. Florets 1-5, perfect, or the uppermost more
or less reduced. Glumes 2, persistent, subequal or unequal, subacute to acuminate,
keeled, the Jower usually 1-nerved or like the upper 3-nerved, margins hyaline.
Valves exceeding the glumes, acute or obtuse with the margins and tips broadly
hyaline, 3-5-nerved ; side nerves usually faint, conniving above, middle nerve per-
current or excurrent into a mucro or a short subterminal awn ; callus very minute,
glabrous. Pales shorter than the valves or almost as long, 2-keeled, 2-toothed,
conspicuously hyaline and white. Lodicules 2, hyaline. Stamens 3. Ovary
glabrous ; styles distinct, very short, stigmas laterally exserted, plumose. Grain
oblong, laterally compressed, whitish, soft, tightly embraced by the hardened back
of the valve; hilum basal, short, obscure ; embryo small.

PERENNIAL OR ANNUAL.—BLADES usually very narrow; ligules hyaline.
Panicle usually cylindric, often interrupted, glabrous and glistening from the
hyaline white margins of the valves and pales, or more or less hairy.

Species 12 to 15, mainly in Europe, North Africa, and temperate Asia, one
species almost cosmopolitan.

PLATE 189.
Ka@LeRIA cristaTA, Pers. (Fl. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 468).
Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL, densely caespitose.—CuLMs erect, rarely geniculately ascending, 6
inches to more than | foot long, glabrous or villous, pubescent, 1-2-noded, upper
internodes very long, e«serted.

Leaves crowded near the base; sheaths rather tight, striate, glabrous or
pubescent to villous, the lower more or less persistent ; ligule obtuse, minutely
ciliolate, rarely more than 4 line long, usually produced into lateral auricles ;
blades linear, acute, from 1 inch to 1 foot loug, to 1 line broad, flat, soft and even
flaccid, or setaceously convolute and flexuous or rigid, glabrous and smooth below,
pubescent above, or ciliate, or pubescent to villous all over.

PANICLE cylindric, often interrupted or lobed, 1 to 4 inches, by 24 to 6 lines,
dense ; branches repeatedly and very shortly branched from the base, lke the
rhachis pubescent to minutely villous ; pedicels very short.

SPIKELETS 2 to 24 lines long, 2-3-flowered.

GuuMEs glabrous or pubescent, the /ower narrow, lanceolate, subacute to acute,
14 to 12 line long, 1-nerved, the upper much broader, subacute to acutely acuminate,
14 to 24 lines long, 3-nerved. Valves oblong to lanceolate in profile, subobtuse to
acuminate, sometimes mucronulate, 14 to 2 lines long, glabrous or pubescent ;
lodicules 2-3-lobed or toothed ; anthers ? to 1 line long; grain up to 14 line long.

Habitat: Natat. Buchanan 95, 157; Van Reenen, 5000-6000 feet alt.,
December, Wood 721 5a. ,

Baron F. v. Mueller says of this grass: “ Widely dispersed over the globe,
A perennial grass of fair nutritive quality, sustains itself on dry soil.” Another
authority says: “Of no agricultural value, and rejected by cattle.”

Fig 1, Spikelet with glumes removed ; 2, lower glume; 3, upper glume; 4, valve; 5,
pale ; 6, stamens and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 189.

KOELERIA CRISTATA.

PERS

PLATE 190.

AVENASTRUM TURGIDULUM.

STAPE.

AVENASTRUM, JESS.

SPIKELETS usually erect or suberect, rarely nodding, medium-sized (4 to 7 lines
long, rarely less or more), in nearly always erect, often stiff panicles; rhachilla
more or less long-hairy, disarticulating above the glumes and between the valves,
produced into a short bristle beyond the uppermost floret or ending with a rudi-
mentary valve. Florets 3 to 6, perfect, or the uppermost more or less reduced.
Glumes 2, persistent, scarious, more or less unequal, acute or acuminate, more or
less distinctly keeled, ower | or 3-nerved, wpper 3 (very rarely 5 to sub-7) nerved.
Valves usually distinctly exserted from the glumes, more or less herbaceous with
scarious or hyaline tips, often rather firm, acute or acuminate, bifid, with or without
bristles from the lobes, 5 to 9-nerved, awned; awn dorsal from the middle or
slightly above it, kneed and twisted below; callus short or elongate, villous.
Pales shorter than the valves, 2-keeled, 2-toothed or bifid. Lodicules 2, rather
large, hyaline. Stamens 3. Ovary hairy from the middle upwards or at the top
only ; styles distinct, short ; stigmas laterally exserted, plumose. Grain oblong,
slightly laterally compressed, usually grooved in front, hairy at the top, pallid,
rather soft, embraced by the somewhat hardened valve and the pale ; hilum linear,
up to half the length of the grain ; embryo small.

PERENNIALS, caespitose ; blades linear, usually narrow, flat or convolute, often
setaceous ; ligules hyaline. Panicle narrow, erect, often stiff, rare'y flaccid or

expanded.
PLATE 190.

AVENASTRUM TURGIDULUM, Stapf. (Fl. Cap., Vol. VIL, p 474).
Nat. Order Graminee.

CuLMs 1 to 24 feet long, glabrous, 2 to 3-noded, wpper 2-3 internodes more
or less exserted, uppermost finally long exserted.

LEAVES usually very few near the base, about 3 higher up; sheaths terete,
rather tight, very minutely puberulous or glabrous; ligule truncate, up to 2 line
long ; blades linear, tapering to an acute point, up to 6 inches, by 14 line, flat or
involute, subflaccid or more or less rigid, subglaucous, glabrous, rarely scantily
hairy, scaberulous above. .

PANICLE contracted, erect or slightly nodding, 4 to 1 foot, long; branches
fascicled, very unequal, the longer up to 14 inch long, scantily branched or simple,
erect or a few spreading, filiform, scabrid.

SPIKELETS 4 to 54 lines long, greenish, compactly 3-4-flowered ; rhachilla
slender, joints up to 1 line long, bearded near the tips.

GuuMEs lanceolate, acuminate, the lower 24 to 8 lines, the woper 4 to 44 lines
long. Valves exserted, oblong-lanceolate, the lowest 34 to 4 lines long, glabrous,
light green, slightly purplish below the tips; obscurely granulated, tips scarious,
2-toothed, teeth produced into fine bristles 1 to 15 line long; callus bearded,
very short; awn from the middle, rather fine, column 23 to 3 lines long,
bristle 5 to 6 lines long Pales 3 lines long, keels ciliate ; anthers 4 to 1 line long ;
ovary pubescent from the middle, top hispidulous Grain 14 line long.

Habitat: Narat. Umsinga and foot of Biggarsberg, Buchanan 100; near
Greytown, Buchanan 172 ; Riet Vlei, Buchanan 156; near Maritzburg, St.
George 14 (Wood 7228).

Drawn from Buchanan’s 156.

Fig 1, Spikelet, glume removed ; 2, lower glume; 3, upper glume; 4, valve; 5, pale;
6, pistil, stamens and lodicules. 4/ enlarged.

PLATE 191.

AVENASTRUM CAFFRUM, Stapf. Var (?) natalensis, Stapf. (Fl. Cap., Vol. VII,
p- 477).

Nat. Order Graminez.
Cums 2 feet long, glabrous, 3 to 4-noded, sheathed to the base of the panicle.

Leaves 4 to 6 near the base, 3 higher up; sheaths tight below, loose or open
above, glabrous ; ligule oblong, up to $line long ; blades very narrow, subsetaceous,
convolute, the /owe7 5 to 7 inches long, those of the barren shoots to | foot long,
glabrous, closely and strongly few-nerved, margins rough.

PANICLE contracted, about 6 inches long, slightly nodding and _ subflaccid ;
rhachis filiform ; branches fascicled, very unequal, the longest up to 2 inches long,
sparingly branched or simple, finely filiform, flexuous, erect, scaberulous to finely
hispidulous.

SPIKELETS 4 to 43 lines long, loosely 3 to sub-4-flowered ; rhachilla joints very
slender, up to 1 line long, with long white hairs. :

GLUMES very thin, lanceolate, acuminate, often aristulate, the lower 2 to 23
lines, the upper 24 to 34 lines long. Valves exserted, linear-lanceolate, the lowest
3 to 4 lines long, glabrous, pallid, rather thin, smooth, faintly nerved, tips scarious,
sub-bifid, produced into short, fine bristles ; callus + line long, bearded ; awn from
above the middle, fine, pallid, column 25 to 2 lines long, bristle 5 lines long. ales
3 lines long; keels minutely ciliolate. Anthers up to 4 line long; ovary top
hispidulous.

Var (?) NATALENSIS, Stapfi—Internodes exserted, very minutely puberulous
below the nodes. Leaves up to 2 lines broad, flat or involute, subflaccid, more or
less hairy above. Spikelets rather smaller than in the typical form.

Habitat: Natar. Var. natalensis, Riet Vlei, 4000 to 5000 feet alt.,
Buchanan 238.

Drawn from Buchanan’s 238, the only specimen in the Herbarium.

Fig 1, Spikelet, glumes removed ; 2, lower glume; 3, upper glume; 4, valve ;.5, pale;
6, pistil, stamens and lodicules. dll enlarged.

PLATE

191.

AVENASTRUM CAFFRUM, szapr-

Var: (?) Natalensis, Stapf.

PLATE. 192:

PENTASCHISTIS NATALENSIS, srare

PENTASCHISTIS, STAPF.

SPIKELETs from slightly over 1 line to 6 lines long, very rarely longer, laterally
compressed, pedicelled, panicled; rhachilla disarticulating above the glumes and
between the valves, continued as a usually very minute bristle beyond the upper
‘floret. Florets 2, hermaphrodite, much shorter than the glumes. Glumes equal or
subequal, lanceolate in profile, acuminate, keeled, hyaline or subhyaline, 1-nerved
or closely 3-nerved at the very base. Valves membranous, hairy, with the hairs
seriate between the nerves, or glabrous excepting the always shortly hairy small
callus, finely or obscurely 5 to 9-nerved, 2-lobed, awned from the sinus ; lobes with
a fine bristle from the inner angle, to which they are usually more or less adnate
or pass into sometimes very small, rarely 3 to 4-fid with all the divisions bristle-
like. Pales 2-keeled, 2-toothed, more or less equalling the valves (exclusive of the
lobes). Lodicules 2, small, cuneate, nerved, usually glabrous.. Stamens 3. Ovary
oblong, glabrous ; styles distinct, very slender ; stigmas plumose, laterally exserted.
Grain oblong, semiterete to subterete, shallowly grooved in front ; hilum obscure,
linear-oblong, + to 4 the length.of the grain ; embryo about + the length of the grain.

PERENNIAL, rarely annual. Leaves very variable. Panicle usually distinctly
trichotomous with swollen and often bearded axils, open or contracted, sometimes
spike-like. Spikelets more or less glistening

Species over 40, mainly in South, a few in tropical Africa, 1 in Madagascar,
and 1 in St. Paul’s Island.

PLATE 192.
PENTASCHISTIS NATALENSIS, Stapf. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 493).

Nat. Order Graminee.

PERENNIAL.—CuLMs densely tufted or erect from short stolons, rather slender,
2 feet high, glabrous, smooth, 4 to 5-noded, sheathed all along ; sheaths tight,
striate, softly hairy or the upper glabrous ; mouth shortly bearded ; ligule a fringe
of hairs ; blades very long, filiform-convolute, /ower up to more than 1 foot long by
14 line wide at the base, glabrous or scantily hairy towards ‘the base, smooth,
margins scaberulous.

PANICLE open, very lax, up to 6 inches by 6 inches, somewhat flaccid ; branches
2-nate, smooth like the filiform axis and the subcapillary or capillary branchlets
and pedicels, glabrous, except the sparingly hairy callous axils, very laxly and
spreadingly di- and trichotomous from 4 to 13 inch above the base, lowest over 3
inches long, ultimate divisions and pedicels rather short ; lateral pedicels about 1$
line long.

SPIKELETS very pallid, 3 to 34 lines long.

GuumEs lanceolate in profile, finely acuminate, hyaline, vlabrous, 1-nerved,
keel minutely tubercled. Valves linear-oblong, body 14 line long, finely and
loosely hairy all over, finely 7-nerved ; lobes short, acute, adnate to or more or less
free from the fine bristle, 2 to 24 lines long at the inner side; awn: about 6 lines
long, kneed and twisted just below the middle; callus short, acute, minutely
villous ; pales equalling the valves, 2-toothed, tips ciliolate; anthers | line long;
grain slightly over 1 line long.

Habitat: Natau. Riet Vlei, 5000-6000 feet, Buchanan 283; Karkloof,
4000-5000 feet, April, Wylie (Wood 6006).

Fig 1, Glume ; 2, valve ; 3, pale with ovary and lodicules; 4, pistil. AU enlarged.

PHRAGMITES, TRIN. (Partly).

SPIKELETS loosely 3 to 10-flowered, awnless, in large panicles ; rhachilla dis-
articulating above the first and between the following valves, slender, glabrous,
joints very short. Florets, the lowest male or abortive, the following hermaphrodite,
the uppermost reduced. Glumes thin, unequal to subequal, lanceolate, acute, more
or less rounded on the back, 3-nerved, or the lowest sometimes sub-5-nerved.
Valves heteromorphous, the lowest linear-lanceolate, much longer than the sub-
tending glume, otherwise of a similar structure, quite glabrous, persistent, the
following valves very thin, linear, long and more or less caudate-acuminate,
3-nerved, middle nerve percurrent, side nerves fine, short, callus long, slender, with
very long silky hairs. Pales linear-oblong, about half as long as the valves,
2-keeled. Lodicules 2 (or sometimes 3 in the lowest floret), obovate, 2-3-nerved,
glabrous. Stamens 3, or 2 in the lowest floret. Ovary glabrous, in the lowest floret
rudimentary or quite suppressed ; styles distinct, rather short ; stigmas laterally ex-
serted, densely plumose. Grain loosely enclosed by the valve and pale, free, oblong,
semiterete, hilum oblong, short, basal ; embryo about half as long as the grain.

PERENNIALS with a creeping rhizome, extravaginal innovation shoots, and tall
sheathed annual or perennial culms. Blades flat; ligule a narrow, ciliate,
membranous rim. Panicle lax, usually very large and much compound. Spikelets
conspicuously silky from the long callus hairs.

Species 1 (or.2, very closely allied), almost cosmopolitan.

PLATE 198.

PHRAGMITES communis, Trin. (Fl. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 5 £1).
Nat. Order Graminez.

CuLms erect, 4 to 10 feet long, sometimes much taller or dwarfed, annual,
many noded, usually sheathed all along; sheaths embracing each other, tight,
terete, smooth, glabrous, the lowest with reduced blades or bladeless, firm.

Buabss linear to lanceolate, tapering to a setaceous or subulate point, very
variable in length and width (up to 1} foot long and $ to 14 inch broad in the
South African specimens), firm, more or less glaucous below, glabrous, smooth or
slightly rough towards the base, margins smooth or scabrid.

PANICLE oblong to ovate-oblong, erect or nodding, more or less secund, dense
or rather lax, $ to 14 foot long (in the South African specimens), brownish-purple
or brownish-yellow, branched, fascicled or the upper solitary, the longest } to 2
foot, loosely and repeatedly branched, like the rhachis angular and _scabrid,
ultimate branchlets more or less terete, filiform ; lateral pedicels usually 1 to 2
lines long, the terminal up to 4 lines long.

SPIKELETS 6 to 8 lines long (in the South African specimens).

GLuMES, } to 23 lines and 2 to 33 lines long respectively. Valves Jower
oblong-linear, like the following valves 2 to 64 lines long, callus to 3 line, hairs to
3 lines ; anthers about 1 line long; grain 3? line long.

Habitat: Natat. Common through the Colony, Buchanan 273; near
Durban, Cooper 3354 ; Inanda, Umhlanga valley, Wood 1335.

Almost cosmopolitan.

Fig 1, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume; 3, lower valve; 4, upper valve; 5, pale; 6,
stamens, pistil and lodicules. Al/ enlarged.

PLATE 195.

PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS, zzz.

PLATE 194

“a

POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS, ?#s+

Potypocon, DeEsr.

SPIKELEtS 1-flowered, in dense spike-like, often lobed, panicles, disarticulating
from the pedicels ; rhachilla disarticulating below the valve, not produced, flower
hermaphrodite. Glumes 2, subequal, awned from the entire or 2-lobed tips. Valve
shorter than the glumes, very thin to hyaline, glabrous, truncate, faintly or
obscurely 5-nerved, the lateral nerves shortly excurrent or evanescent within the
hyaline tips; awn very fine, usually deciduous, subterminal, sometimes reduced to
a mucro or 0. Pale 2-keeled, slightly shorter thau the valve, rarely much shorter.
Lodicules 2, delicate. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous ; styles distinct, very short ;
stigmas laterally exserted, loosely plumose. Grain oblong, subterete or slightly
grooved, enclosed by the unaltered valve and pale ; hilum short ; embryo small.

ANNUAL OR SUBPERENNIAL ; blades flat, uppermost sheath often tumid.
Spikelets 1 to z lines long, often hidden by the numerous awns.

Species about 8; 4 in America, 1 in Africa, the others widely dispersed over
the warm regions of both hemispheres.

PLATE 194.
PoLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS, Desf. (Fl. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 543).
Nat. Order Graminee.

ANNUAL, tufted.—CuLms erect or geniculately ascending, 4 to 2 feet long,
simple, glabrous, smooth, 3-4-noded, nodes exserted or enclosed ; sheaths loose,
often tumid, glabrous, smooth; ligules scarious, oblong, denticulate, ciliolate,
14-3 lines long ; blades linear, tapering to a callous point, 2-6 inches by 1-3 lines,

flaccid to subrigid, flat, scabrid.

PanIcLE spikelike, cylindric, sometimes lobed or interrupted below, 1-5 inches
long, light green or straw-coloured ; branches with numerous branchlets from the
base, scaberulous ; lateral pedicels extremely short, disarticulating near the base.

SPIKELETS 1 line long.

GLumes subequal, linear or oblanceolate-oblong, shortly 2-lobed or emarginate,
scaberulous, ciliate or ciliolate ; awn 2-3 lines long. Valve 4 line long, minutely
2-4-mucronulate, nerves very obscure; awn as long as the valve or shorter or 0.
Pale 2-toothed or 2-mucronulate, almost as long as the valve. Anthers $-4-line
long. Grain oblong, 4 line long, subterete or terete, obscurely grooved.

Habitat : Nata. Cooper 3520.
Drawn from Cooper's 3520, the only specimen in the Colonial Herbarium.

Fig 1, Glume; 2, valve; 3, pale. All enlarged.

Acrostis, Linn.

SPIKELETS from less than 1 line to 24 lines long, panicled; rhachilla not
continued teyond the floret or produced into a minute point or short delicate
bristle, glabrous or shortly hairy. Floret 1, hermaphrodite, shorter than the
glumes. Glumes equal or subequal, usually lanceolate and acute, rarely oblong
and obtuse, awnless (except in A. polypogonoides), membranous, usually L-nerved,
kesled. Valve broadly oblong, delicately membranous, glabrous or hairy, usually
truncate, 5- (rarely 3-) nerved awned from the back or awnless; side-nerves
evanescent below, often excurrent into fine mucros or bristles ; callus very small,
glabrous or minutely hairy or rarely bearded. Pale delicate, hyaline, usually
shorter than the valve or very short or obsolete, 2-nerved or nerveless. Lodicules
2, lanceolate, delicately hyaline. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous; styles distinct,
very short; stigmas plumose, laterally exserted. Grain free, enclosed in the
scarcely altered floret, oblong, more or less dorsally compressed, grooved in front,
rarely subterete ; embryo short ; hilum punctiform, basal.

ANNUALS OR PERENNIALS, of varying habit; blades usually flat, often flaccid ;
ligules membranous ; panicle usually much divided, often delicate, more or less
effuse or contracted, rarely spike-like ; branches and branchlets fine to very fine ;
spikelets usually very numerous, much gaping, at least temporarily.

Species numerous all over the world, but mostly in the temperate regions.

PLATE 195.
AGROSTIS NATALENSIS, Stapf. (FI. Cap., Vol. VII., p. 548).

Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL, tufted, 2 to 3 feet high, glabrous.

CuLMs erect, 5 to 6-noded, smooth ; leaf-sheaths rather tight, smooth ; ligule
% to 2 line long ; blades narrowly linear, tapering to a fine point, 3 to 7 inches, by
+ to 1 line, flat, flaccid, minutely asperulous or almost smooth.

PANICLE erect, spike-like, lobed, 4 to 7 inches long, branches in distant, very
dense oblong fascicles, very unequal, up to 14 line long, branched from the base, or
the longest some way above it, scaberulous, pedicels very short.

SPIKELETS light green, 24 lines long, narrow ; rhachilla not produced.

GLUMES subequal, linear-oblong, mucronate, scaberulous, keels scabrid. Valve
oblong, truncate, 4-mucronate, 1 line long, smooth, 5-nerved at the base, 4-nerved
above ; callus minutely hairy in front ; awn straight, tapering towards both ends,
scabrid, from above the base, 1 line long. Pale subquadrate, hyaline, denticulate,
#3 line long. Anthers 3 line long, apiculate. Grain oblong, dorsally compressed,

grooved, % line long.

Habitat: Natat. Umpumulo, 2000 feet alt., Buchanan 159.

Allied to A. Elliotw, Hack, from Madagascar, but differing in having somewhat
larger spikelets, shorter and broader valve, and truncate pale.

Drawn from Buchanan’s 149, the only specimen in the Herbarium.

Fig 1, Glume ; 2, valve. Both enlarged.

PLATE 195.

> \\
SSQQw Sai"

_— ‘

AGROSTIS

STAPF

NATALENSIS.,

PLATE 196

Wp SN Ae \
AG x WN AR

N
+ oy ~
SiN
OPS hIRS ey
AK

AGROSTIS LACHNANTHA,

NEES.

PLATE 196.
AGROSTIS LACHNANTHA, Nees. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIL, p. 549).

Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL OR ANNUAL, glabrous.

CULMS erect or geniculate-ascending, } to 2 feet long, smooth or scaberulous
below the nodes, 2 to 4-noded ; leaf-sheaths minutely scaberulous ; ligule 1 to 24
lines long ; blades linear, tapering to an acute point, 14 to 8 inches by 1 to 2
lines, green or subglaucous, flat, flaccid, scaberulous on both sides.

PANICLE contracted, narrow, 2 to 12 inches long, erect, branches very unequal,
in distant fascicles, the longest up to 4 inches, or all very short, capillary, erect or
flexuous, scabrid, branched from the base or the longer ones simple for} to 1 inch;
pedicels mostly as long as or shorter than the spikelets, the latter light green, 3 to
14 line long, shining ; rhachilla not produced.

GLUMES subequal, lanceolate, acutely subacuminate, keels rather stout,
scabrid ; valve oblong, truncate, 3 to 1 line long, hairy, often only along the
side-nerves, rarely glabrous, 3-nerved, sometimes mucronate ; callus scantily
bearded ; pale 4 to ? line long ; anthers 4 line long ; grain oblong, 4 line long.

Habitat : Natat. Umpumulo, 2000 feet alt., common by streamlets, Buchanan
280; Riet Vlei, 4000 to 5000 feet alt., Buchanan 286; marshy ground near Mooi
River, 4000 feet alt., Mason 51, 65, 69.

Also in Abyssinia. A very variable plant, so far as size and habit are
concerned.

Fig 1, Glume; 2, valve ; 3, pale. All enlarged.

Aristipa, Linn.

SprkELETS 1-flowered, narrow, panicled, rhachi!la disarticulating above the
glume, not. produced. Glumes usually persistent, narrow, 1-3-nerved, muticous or
mucronate, awnless. Valve convolute, cylindric or oblong-cylindric, 3-nerved,
awned, rather rigid, tips gradually taperiug or minutely bilobed, sometimes jointed
at or above the middle; callus villous, shortly bearded, usually pungent; awn
nearly always 3-partite from the base or above the simple base (stipitate) very
rarely simple, continuous with the valve or disarticulating from it or deciduous with
a portion of the valve, foot straight or twisted, bristles plumose or the lateral or all
naked. Pale small oblong, 2-nerved or nerveless. Lodicules 2, finely nerved.
Stamens 38. Ovary glabrous; styles distinct, short; stigmas plumose, laterally
exserted. Grain slender, cylindric or oblong-cylindric, terete, sometimes grooved,
tightly embraced by the valve ; hilum linear, almost as long as the grain; embryo
short or long.

ANNUAL or more often perennial, tufted, usually with more or less wiry culms ;
blades narrow, usually convolute ; ligule usually a line of very short hairs; panicle
varying from spike-like to effuse.

Numerous species in the dry and warm regions of both hemispheres.

PLATE 197.
ARISTIDA ZQUIGLUMIS, Hack. (FI. Cap., Vol. VII., p. 555).

Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL, densely caespitose, glabrous.

CuLMs very slender, terete, erect, simple, wiry, 1 to 14 foot long, smooth,
about 3-4-noded, internodes exserted ; sheaths very tight throughout, smooth ;
ligule a minutely ciliolate rim.

BLADES setaceously convolute, fine, 2 to 4 inches long, firm, strongly curved,
smooth below, minutely puberulous on the upper surface, margins scabrid.

PANICLE linear-oblong, contracted, or somewhat open and lax, 3 to 4 inches
long ; rhachis filiform, smooth or subscaberulous ; branches remotely 2 or 3-nate,
or the upper solitary, erect or oblique, longest up to more than 2 inches long and
sparsely divided from the middle, the others almost simple, subcapillary, scaberulous ;
branches 1 to 3 spiculate ; lateral pedicels very short.

SPIKELETS straw-coloured or tinged with purple, 4 to 5 lines long.

GLuUMEs equal or subequal, lanceolate-linear, shortly mucronate from the
minutely 2-toothed tips, 1-nerved. ~Valve linear-convolute, 3} lines long, produced
into an often slightly exserted and more or less twisted almost solid scabrid beak,
minutely scaberulous below it, violet ; awns continuous with the valve, capillary,
suberect, scaberulous, about !0 to 15 lines long ; pale oblong, acute, slightly over
line long; lodicules about as long as the pale.

Habitat: Navau. Near Maritzburg, 7. J. St. George No. 10 (Wood 7282).

In the Flora Capensis, Natal is not credited with this species, Transvaal |
localities only being quoted.

Fig 1, Glume; 2, valve; 3, pale; 4, pistil, stamens and lodicules; 5, anther. All
enlarged. =

PLATE 197.

ARISTIDA AEQUIGLUMIS, #aex.

PLATE 198

ARISTIDA ANGUSTATA, s7are.

PLATE 198.
ARISTIDA ANGUSTATA, Stapf. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIL, p 556).
Nat. Order Graminez.

PERENNIAL, densely czespitose, light green or glaucous.

Cums very slender, terete, erect, simple or very scantily branched, wiry, 1 to
-1} foot long, about 3-noded, internodes exserted ; sheaths very tight, often slightly
widened at the base, the /owei sometimes woolly.

Biapbes setaceously convolute, rather fine, up to $ foot long, curved or
flexuous, smooth below, densely pubescent or hispidulous and almost white above.

PANICLE very narrow, often spike-like, 2 to 4 inches long ; rhachis straight or
flexuous ; branches solitary, the longest up to 14 inch long, scantily branched ;
branchlets filiform ; lateral pedicels very short.

SPIKELETS yellowish, 44 to 55 lines long.

GLUMES unequal, oblong-linear, usually shortly mucronate, the lower 2 to 34
lines long, acute, the wpoper about 4 lines long, acute or minutely truncate. Valve
linear, convolute, produced into a short or usually very short beak (when of
sufficient length to be slightly exserted then more or less twisted), scaberulous
below the beak ; callus } line long; awns continuous with the valve, divaricate,
5 to 7 lines long, fine ; pale hyaline, 3 line long; lodicules 5-nerved, § line long ;
anthers 14 to 2 lines long, not apiculate.

Habitat: Natat. Near Dundee, 4000-5000 feet alt, March, W. FE. Green
112a; near Ladysmith, 3000 feet alt., December, Wood 9100

In the dried state at least the nodes of this plant are very dark in colour, and
contrast very strongly with the pale yellow culms.

The only South African habitats given in the Flora Capensis for this plant are
Cape Colony and Transvaal.

Fig 1, Spikelet; 2, lower glume; 3, upper glume; 4, valve; 5, pale; 6, pistil, stamens
‘and lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE 199.
ARISTIDA JUNCIFORMIS, Trin. & Rupr. (FI. Cap., Vol. VIL. p. 556).
Nat. Order Graminec.

PERENNIAL, loosely ceespitose, sometimes stoloniferous. Rhizome slender,
oblique or creeping, covered lke the innovation-buds with imbricate, short ovate
acute or pungent scales.

Cutms fascicled, erect, 1 to 14 foot long, slender, usually branched, glabrous,
compressed be'ow, wiry, 3 to 4-noded, internodes exserted, culm-nodes slightly
swollen and sometimes protruding above the obscure sheath-nodes ; sheaths tight,
the lower keeled, often slipping from the stem and rolling in, glabrous or villous.

BLADES very narrow, gradually passing into the sheaths, subsetaceous, acute,
up to 1 foot long, rigid, convolute or folded below, curved or flexuous, smooth
below, minutely scaberulous above.

PANICLE narrow, 2 to 6 inches long, erect or nodding; rhachis angular ;
branches fascicled, erect, flexuous or nodding, the lowest 4 to 2 inches long, often
undivided for 1 inch or more, filiform to capillary, scaberulous ; lateral pedicels
short or almost 0.

SPIKELETS light green to yellowish, 2-3 near the tips of the branchlets, 34 to
43 lines long.

GLUMES unequal, thin, acute or subacute, l-nerved, nerve excurrent into a
fine bristle, 1 to 1} line long, the lower lanceolate, 2 to 24 lines long, the wpper
sublinear. Valve linear, convolute, produced into a short slightly twisted beak,
as long as the upper glume, smooth or scaberulous below the beak ; callus obtuse ;
awns continuous with the valve, very fine, 7 to 15 lines long; pale 2 line long;
lodicules delicate, lanceolate, over $ line long ; anthers 1 line long, not apiculate.

Habitat: Nara. Coast line to 1000 feet alt., Sutherland; Kathlamba
Mountains, Sutherland ; Weston, Mooi River, Rehmann 7342; near Durban,
Williamson 34; Plant 61; and without precise locality, Buchanan 1289; inthe
Lubeck Herbarium, Drége 4349; Karkloof, 3000-4000 feet alt., Wylie (Wood
6015); Clairmont, near Durban, Wood 6052.

Also in the Orange River Colony.

_ Fig 1, Lower glume ; 2, upper glume; 3, valve; 4, pale; 5, pistil, stamens and
lodicules. All enlarged.

PLATE

199

ARISTIDA JUNCIFORMIS. 7a

PLATE 200.

ARISTIDA SCIURUS.

SLAPE

PLATE 200.
ARISTIDA Scrurus, Stapf. (Fl. Cap., Vol. VII., p. 557).
Nat. Order Graminece.

Cuts rather stout, over 3 feet long with a fugacious snow-white adpressed
woolly indumentum below the nodes; sheaths long, tight, glabrous except for some
wool near the mouth, striate, ligule a flake of fine wool; blades linear, acute,
involute or setaceously convolute above, over 1 foot long, 2 lines broad near the
base, smooth below, asperulous above.

PANICLE contracted, dense, 1 to 14 foot by 1 to 14 inch, erect ; rhachis rather
stout, smooth ; branches fascicled, the lowest up to } foot long, erect, remotely and
repeatedly branched ; branchlets filiform to capillary , scaberulous ; lateral pedicels
short.

SPIKELETS 2-3 at the tips of the branchlets, yellowish, 5 to 6 lines long, very
slender

GLUMES very unequal, rather thin, minutely truncate or 2-toothed (when
expanded), the /ower lanceolate-oblong, acute, 24 lines long, the wpper linear-oblong,
5 to 6 lines long ; valve linear, 4 to 5 lines long, obscurely beaked, beak straight ;
callus very short; awns continuous with the vale, fine, scaberulous, 7 to 8 lines
long; pale 2 line long ; lodicules few-nerved, 3 line long ; anthers 3 lines long,

cells minutely apiculate,

Habitat: Nata. Without precise locality, Gerrard 471, 161.

Fig 1, Lower glume; 2, upper glume; 3, valve; 4, pale; 5, pistil, stamens and
lodicules. Adi enlarged.

Notes on Some of the Species.

Plate 119.--Andropogon Halepense, Brot. var effusus, Stapf.

In June, 1901, an assistant in the office of the Agrostologist of the United States
of America was directed to make investigations, and to report on the methods used for
the extermination of this grass in places “where it had become a pest.” The report was
published in pamphlet form, and the following is a summary :—

“ Johnson grass is a tall, vigorous grass, closely related to the Sorghums,
with a very strong system of long, jointed, underground stems, popularly known
as roots. Each joint of this underground stem is capable of producing a new
plant.

“Tt is a native of the tropics of the Old World, and was first introduced
into this country as a hay grass in South Carolina about sixty years ago.

“ Tt has spread rapidly throughout the entire south to the Pacific coast, and
thence to British Columbia. It thrives best in rich, moist alluvial or irrigated
soil, where it is als» most difficult to eradicate.

“It is commonly spread by means of its seeds. They are widely scattered
from hay, cut after the seed has matured, and are often planted with seed oats.
The seeds are unharmed by passing through the digestive tract of avimals, and
ate thus widely scattered in manure.

“ The grass should never be allowed to ripen its seed in meadows, fields, or
along roads, fences, or railways.

“ Tt can be destroyed by hand labour, digging out the underground stems.

“ Under field conditions, it is best killed by ploughing fallow land during
hot, dry weather. The stems are thus exposed to the heat of the sun and soon
killed. The same result follows the action of severe frosts.

** It can also be killed during the cultivation of a cutton crop by much extra
hand labour. :

“Various chemical substances have been tried, but none have thus far
proved successful and economical.

“ Johnson grass makes a very good quality of hay when cut when just in
flower, and it may be profitably cultivated throughout the south for this purpose.

“Meadows should be broken up at least every third year to loosen the
matted stems. It is not necessary to 're-seed the meadows when thus treated.

“Cow peas may be sown in the grass when it is broken in the spring. When

broken in the fall, oats may be used with it. It affords good pasture during
summer when treated in the same way as meadows.”

Our plant, it will be seen, is the variety “ effusus,” but from experience in the Botanic
Gardens it will be found quite as difficult to eradicate as the type.

Plate 122.—Andropogon Nardus, Linn. var validus, Stapf.

Of this grass Baron F. v. Mueller says: “One of the lemon-scezted grasses. . . .
It yields an essential oil for condiment and perfumery, and is occasionally used for tea.
Simmonds gives the export value of this oil as from Ceylon alone at £7,000.”

Plate 124.—Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linn. var versicolor, Hack.

This is also one of the lemon grasses. It will live in arid places. The medicinal
“ Sirri Oil,” is prepared from the root.

Plate 131.—Andropogon filipendulus, Hochst.

Baron F, v. Mueller says: “ Much liked by pasture animals, grows readily in poor
stony ground ; forms very large patches.”

Plate 141.—Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop.

This is known as “ Finger-grass ” or “ Crab-grass,” and is said to be a useful pasture
plant, and to succeed in swampy places and under shade. It is good as a sand-stay, but
does not stand frost well, and in cold climates it is an annual. It can be propagated
either by seeds or by division of the roots. Formerly known as Panicum sanguinale, Linn.

Plate 146.—Panicum Helopus, Trin. var glabrescens, K. Schum.

This grass is supposed to be poisonous to horses, but cattle are said not to be affected
by it. The natives know it as “Sinande,” and use the roots medicinally.

Plate 159.—Panicum proliferum, Lam. var longijubatum, Stapf.

Of the type species, Baron F. v. Mueller-says : “ Evidently one of the hardier species,
particularly eligible for wet brackish ground. Vegetates luxuriantly in the hottest part
of summer, the stems lengthening sometimes to 7 feet, soon bending, and then rooting
from the lower joints, throwing out numerous shoots from them, which grow rapidly,
allowing of repeated cutting. Stems thick, succulent, sweetish ; panicles to 2 fect long.
Through all stages of its growth this grass is much relished by horses and cattle.”

Plate 184.—Stenotaphrum glabrum, Trin.

Baron F. v. Mueller says of this grass: “It is perennial, creeping and admirable
for binding sea-sand and loose soil of river banks, also for forming garden edges and for
establishing a grass sward on lawns much subjected to traflic. Generally not liked by
pasture animals, and for this reason all the more eligible for consolidating rolling coast
sand. It kept alive in the hottest and driest region of Central Australia . . 4
it endures also some frost, even the tender portion of its blade, and has shown itself
adapted for recently reclaimed swamp land.”

LTO NNO

Notes on the Drawings.

Plate 116.—Andropogon amplectens, Nees.

Fig 5 should be lower, not upper valve.

Plate 146.—Panicum Helopus, Trin.

Fig 1 should be upper glume, la lower glume.

Plate 150.—Panicum trichopus, Hochst.

Fig 6 is lower rare, not lower glume.

Piate 152.—Pauicum equinerve, Nees.

Fig 1, lower glume in our specimen is 7-, not 5-nerved as stated in text.

Plate 154.—Panicum zizanioides, H.B.K.

Fig 5, pale, should be acute as stated in text.

Plate 155.—Panicum deustum, Thb.

Fig 3, lower valve is shown acute, should be obtuse.

Plate 157.— Panicum levifolium, Hack.

Fig 3, upper glume, and Fig 4, lower valve, should be obtuse, not acute as shown.
Plate 159.—Panicum proliferum, Lam. var.

Fig 1, lower glume is shown too flat.
Plate 166.—Axonopus semialatus, Hk. var.

Figures wrongly numbered, Fig 6 should be lower valve, Fig 3 upper valve.

Plate 169.—Setaria nigrirostris, Dur. and Schinz.

Fig 7, upper valve is 5-nerved, not clearly shown in drawing.

Plate 199.—Aristida junciformis, Trin.

Lodicules are sub-acute, not truncate as shown.

Plate 200.—Aristida Sciurus, Stapf.

Lodicules are rounded at apex, not truncate as shown in drawing.

IN EO ie Sg

Agrostis lachnantha, Nees
» natalensis, Stapf
Andropogon amplectens, Nees

5 appendiculatus, Nees

“s auctus, Stapf

3 ceresivformis, Nees

contortus, Linn.

ss ceymbarius, Linn.

“s dichroos, Steud.

% Dregeanus, Nees

5 eucomus, Nees ...

“3 filifolius, Steud.

49 filipendulus, Hochst. i

is halepensis, Brot., var. ettiinas, Stapt

ss hirtiflorus, Kunth. var. semiberbis, Stapf
- hirtus, Linn. ‘ we

re intermedius, R. Br. var. sanciseis Hack
bs Nardus, Linn. var. validus, Stapf

53 plurinodis, Stapf

rufus, Kunth.
‘s Ruprechti, Hack

35 Scheenanthus, Linn. var. versicolor, Hack

35 Sorghum, Brot. var. usorum, Korn.
Anthistiria imberbis, Retz.
Anthoxanthum Ecklonii, Stapf
Aristida equiglumis, Hack .
Pe angustata, Stapf
33 junciformis, Trin. & Rupr.
s Sciurus, Stapf
Arundinella Ecklonii, Nees ... sae
Avenastrum caffrum, Stapf, var. natalensis, Stapf
e turgidulum, Stapf
Axonopus semialatus, Hook. var. Ecklonii, Stapf

echirensis, Hochst. var. angustifolia, Sinat

Digitaria diagonalis, Stapf ...

”

diversinervis, Stapf
eriantha, Steud.
horizontalis, Willd.
monodactyla, Stapf.
sanguinalis, Scop. ...
setifolia, Stapf
tenuifolia, Beauy. ...
ternata, Stapt
tricholenioides, Stapf

Elionurus argenteus, Nees

Erianthus capensis, Nees var. villosa, Stapf

Imperata arudinacea, Cyr.

Ischemum fasciculatum, Brogn. var. arcuatum, Hack
Keeleria cristata, Pers.
Melinis minutiflora, Beauv. var. pilosa, Stapf

Oplismenus africanus, Beauv.

Panicum wquinerve, Nees

9

a2.

”

brizanthum, Hochst.

coloratum, Linn.

crus-pavonis, Nees...

deustum, Thunb.

Dregeanum, Nees ...

Ecklonii, Nees ae gy
Helopus, Trin. var. glabrescens, K. Schum.
interruptum, Willd. er

Isachne, Roth.

levifolium, Hack

laticomum, Nees

maximum, Jacq.

Meyerianum, Nees...

natalense, Hochst. ...

proliferum, Lam. ... si

serratum, Spreng. re

trichopus, Hochst. ... ce ae
zizanioides, H.B.K.

Paspalum distichum, Linn. ... ss
35 scrobiculatum, Linn. we es
Pennisetum natalense, Stapf... se si
5 sphacelatum, Dur. & Schinz si
3 Thunbergii, Kunth. sin ons
a3 unisetum, Bth. ... wise
Pentaschistis natalensis, Stapf ie sis
Phragmitis communis, Trin.... nie ee
Pollinia nuda, Trin. abs ‘6g ide

me

villosa, Spreng. ss sive oes

144

142
137
140
136
141
139
143
138
145
118
116
101
114
189
182
165
152
147
160
151
155
16!

163
146
164
149
1A7
153
156
158
162
159
i48
150
154
135
134
175
176
17
L178
192
193
103
109

Polypogon monspeliensis, Desf.

Rottbeellia compressa, Linn. var. fasciculata, Hack ...

Saccharum Munroanum, Hack
Setaria Gerrardi, Stapf

”

8

be)

imberbis, R. & 8.
Lindenbergiana, Stapf
nigrirostris, Dur. & Schinz:
perennis, Hack

rigida, Stapf

suleata, Raddi.

verticillata, Beauv.

Stenotaphrum glabrum, Trin.

Trachypogon polymorphus, Hack var. capensis, Hack
Tricholena glabra, Stapf :

rosea, Nees
setifolia, Stapf

Trichopteryx Dregeana, Nees

simplex, Hack

Tristachya leucothrix, Trin. ..
Urelytrum squarrosum, Hack

<D

194
105
102
170
173
168
169
171
172
167
174
184+
107
181
180
179
186
185
187
110

NATAL PLANTS.

VOL. 2.-PART 1.

oh

GRASSES.

(++ EDITED BY .

2, MEDLEY WOOD, AUS.
“CURATOR OF NATAL BOTANIC GARDENS, DURBAN,

—- AND OF ——
a , a

NATAL GOVERNMENT HERBARIUM,

Title Page, Preface and Index will be published with . the concluding part of the Volume.

Rozinson & Co. Printers, Mercury Lanz, Durpan.

; ‘T8qy.

NATAL PLANTS. =

VOL. 2. PART 2.

GRASSES.

- - EDITED BY. .

J. MEDLEY WOOD, A.L.S.,
CURATOR OF NATAL BOTANIC GARDENS, DURBAN,
—— AND OF '——

NATAL GOVERNMENT HERBARIUM,

Title Page, Preface and Index will be published with the concluding part of the Volume.

re , : \ '
'. Ropinson & Co. Printers; Mercury Lane, DurRBAN.

1990,

NATAL PLANTS.

VOL. 2.—PART 53S.

GRASSES.

EDITED BY

J. MEDLEY WOOD, A.L.S.

CURATOR OF NATAL BOTANIC GARDENS, DURBAN,
—— AND oF —

NATAL GOVERNMENT HERBARIUM,

Title Page, Preface and Index will be published with the concluding part of the Volume.

Ropinson & Co., LYD., PRINTERS, MERCURY LANE, DURBAN,

1903

NATAL PLANTS

YOL. 2 PART 4.

GRASSES.

,» +» +» EDITED BY F

J. MEDLEY WOOD, A.LS.,

DIRECTOR OF NATAL BOTANIC GARDENS. DITIRIGAN..

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