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penblumen, frdhlich blithend

Oh wie riihrt mich cure Milde,

Dass ihr sek : :
Diesé steinern’ harte Wilde |—Stdber.

Al

ALPINE FLOWERS

FOR

ENGLISH GARDENS.

By W. ROBINSON, F.L.S,,

AUTHOR OF ‘THE PARKS, PROMENADES, AND GARDENS OF PARIS.’

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.

LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
. 1870.

The right of Translation is reserved.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET,
AND CHARING CROSS,

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION 2.2.0 6. ek ue te is

Part I.

THE CULTURE OF ALPINE FLOWERS.

General considerations ; conditions under which alpine
plants are found growing in a wild state

The rock-garden.. .. 0 .. oe Be tae lees

Right and wrong arrangement of masses ae waclanadk con-
trasted fe. eS we a ae

Construction of the alee masses of iocknore OCs a as

Rockwork in combination with water, cascades, bridges, &c.

Hardy fernery in rock-garden ..

Rockwork on a small scale on lawns

Rock-garden on margin of shrubbery

Alpine plants on old ruins. and walls.

Alpine succulents .. ..

Alpine plants in mixed. borders

The wild rock-garden. va

Rock-garden in wood

Rock-garden on window-sill

Alpine flowers for exhibition .. .. .. ..

Alpine plants.in pots .. A

Raising alpine plants from seeds

Hardy aquatic plants... .. .. «.

What toavoid ..) -. ee ee te eee

PAGE

Alittle tourinthe Alps .. 2... 06. ee eee) 784120

vi CONTENTS.

Part II.

PAGE
AN ENUMERATION OF THE CHOICEST ALPINE PLANTS,
ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED, COMPRISING DESCRIP-
TIONS, AND FULL DIRECTIONS FOR THE CULTURE OF
EACH, THE POSITIONS BEST SUITED FOR IT IN GAR-

DENS, ETC. #5 a6 68 es wwe we, BT 363
SELECTIONS OF ALPINE PLANTS FOR VARIOUS PUR-
POSES a ee eS ww we (984-973

INDEX sega cae aay Teh Se oe SR a) Be ae B7S

FIG. PAGE
1. Ravine in rock-garden .. .. 2
2. Saxifraga longifolia .. .. .. 4
3. Alpine plants on vertical rock . =6©6
4. Rock partially exposed .. .. 7
5 and 6. Right and wrong arrange-

ment of masses . 8
7. Horizontal fsshreep plants in in 9
8. Horizontal fissure, plan of .. Io
9. Oblique fissures, plans of .. .. 10
1o. Right and wrong forms of steep
rockwork .. aie II
ir. Right and wrong forms of i inferior
of vertical fissures 12

12. Properly formed large fissure 13

13. Section of rockwork .. .. « 13

14. Ditto . 14

15. Ditto 14

16. Ditto 15

17. Alpines on steps in reckearden 16

18. Little valley in rock-garden 17

xg. Select portion of rock-garden 19

20. Waterfall fringed with Yuccas, &c. 20

21, Stepping-stone bridge.. .. ar

22, Stepping-stone bridge, plan ae ar

23. View on Lake Maggiore 22

24. Entrance to hardy fernery.. 23

25. Entrance to cave for aad

fern. «a ee ger ow 25

26. Rockwork of bricks and cement 27

27. Rocky bed of alpines .. 29

28. Rock-garden on margin of: shrub-

behy? aa sak ee ae 31

29. Ruined castle.. .. .. os 33

30. Ruins and bridge.. .. .. 34

31. Alpine plants on old wall 35

32. Wall constructed for alpines 37

33. Raised bed with alpine succulents 38

34. Ditto ditto 39

35% Ditto ditto 4

35. Snow imitated on small hills ... 42

37. Alpine planton border .. .. 47

38. Site for natural rock-garden 51

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE
39. Site for rock-garden in wood 53
40. The window rock-garden .. .. 55
4r and 42, Alpines in pots.. .. 59
43. Bed of alpines plunged in conden 60
44. Bed with constant waa of
water .. 6r
45. Frontispiece of book on alpiaes: 73
46. Arch (after Loudon) .. .. 714
47. All the Alps seen from the hall:
door (after Macintosh) 4.
48. Fountain and rockwork (after
Loudon) .. wee ete (9S
49. ‘Infandi scopuli” (after ) 75
50. Rockwork {after Mrs. Loudon).. 76
51. Ground plan of rockworks in a
London park. .. + we G96
52. An alpine scene 77
53. ‘‘ Excelsior” 78
54. An alpine scene 79
55. In the woody region 80
56. View of a distant range 84
57. Castle of Chillon . 85,
58. Alpine valley and river-bed. 88
59. The Cobweb Houseleek .. 89
60. Tourist and guide.. on go
6x. An alpine village .. 92
62. An alpine waterfall 93
63. A disputed passage 94
64. Inthe hotel .. .. . 96
65. ‘* The glassy ocean of the: moun-
tainicé” ae an as oe me 160
66. The limit of life .. .. .. .. 102
67. Cascade in a high wood 104
68. The same lower down.. 105
69. Road through cliff » aie FO6
7o. Island in Lake Maggiore .. .. 107
qi. An alpine mail-road o ee 21g
72. The limit of the Pines .. 116
73. A glacier 117
74. Aglimpse at the hone af the ive
flowered Saxifrage .. 118
75. In the lowlands again .. 120

WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

—oToo—

THE PARKS, PROMENADES, AND GARDENS OF PARIS.
With 430 Illustrations,

‘Tue TIMES,’ Oct. 21.—‘‘ For a long time we have not read a more
interesting and instructive book than this.”

—+2

MUSHROOM CULTURE ;

Its Extension and Improvement. With Illustrations and Figures of the
Commonest Edible Kinds as well as the Cultivated One.

a no aed

MRS. LOUDON’S AMATEUR GARDENER’S CALENDAR.
Revised by Wm. Rosinson, F.L.S.

—+# >

Ln preparation,
THE GARDEN CYCLOPADIA.

This will be the most comprehensive and practical work ever
attempted on the subject. It will be on a new plan as regards general
arrangement and details, and will contain thousands of illustrations,
showing every practical point as well as the highest result of each
branch of the art.— W. R.

INTRODUCTION.

THIS BOOK is written to dispel a very general error, that
the exquisite flowers of alpine countries cannot be grown in
gardens, and as one of a series of manuals having for their
object the improvement of our out-door gardening—which,
it appears to me, is of infinitely greater importance than
anything that can ever be accomplished. in enclosed struc-
tures, even if glass sheds or glass palaces were within the
reach of all. There are few who have not heard of the
beauty and vividness of colour of alpine flowers; but such
knowledge is usually accompanied by the notion that these
can only be seen upon the high Alps, and that it is impos-
sible to cultivate them in lowland regions. This erroneous
idea is not confined to the general public, it has been pro-
pagated by our most famous botanists and horticulturists
past and present, whenever they have had to figure or
allude to an alpine flower; while almost every alpine
traveller, botanical or otherwise, has lugubriously regretted
that we could not enjoy in our gardens these the most
charming of all flowers.

The Duke of Argyll, in presiding at the last dinner of the
Gardeners’ Royal Benevolent Institution, told the assemblage
an anecdote about Her Majesty’s interest in some alpine
flowers picked up in a highland excursion in which he had
accompanied her, and he improved the occasion to eloquently
tell the crowd of assembled horticulturists that, though they
could do and had done almost everything in the way of

x INTRODUCTION.

culture, they were conquered by one difficulty—that of grow-
ing alpine plants. Any reader of this book can prove for
himself that these ideas are as unfounded as they are
general, and that intelligent cultivation will prove as success-
ful with the plants of the coldest and most elevated regions
as it has already proved with the choicest plants of steaming
tropical forests. So far from its being true that they cannot
be cultivated, I have no hesitation in saying that there is
no alpine flower that ever cheered the traveller’s eye with
its brilliancy that cannot be successfully grown in these
islands.

What are alpine plants? The word alpine is here ‘used
in an arbitrary sense to define the vegetation that grows
naturally on the most elevated.regions of the earth—on all
very high mountain-chains, whether they spring from hot
tropical plains or green northern pastures. Above the cul-
tivated land these flowers begin to occur on the fringes of
the stately woods; they are seen in multitudes in the vast
and delightful. pastures with which many great mountain-
chains are robed, enamelling their soft verdure with innu-
merable dyes ; and where neither grass nor loose herbage
can exist—where feeble world-heat and world-force are
quenched and discomfited on their own ground by mightier
powers ; where mountains are crumbled into ghastly slopes
of shattered rock by contending throbbings of heat and cold,
and where the very water becomes hard and relentless as
stone, yet bears and moves thousands of tons of rock as
easily as the Gulf Stream carries a seed—even there they
modestly, but brilliantly and bravely, spring from Nature’s
ruined battle-ground, as if the mother of earth-life had sent
up her sweetest and loveliest children to plead with the fell
spirits of destruction.

INTRODUCTION. xi

Alpine plants fringe the vast fields of snow and ice of the
high hills, and at great elevations have often scarcely time
to flower and ripen a few seeds before they are again im-
bedded ; while sometimes, if the’ previous year’s snow has
been very heavy, and the present year’s sun is weak, numbers
of them may remain beneath the surface for more than a
year. Enormous areas of ground, inhabited by alpine plants,
are every year covered by a deep bed of snow. Where the
tall tree or shrub cannot exist from the intense cold, a deep
soft mass of downy snow settles upon these minute plants,
like a great cloud-borne quilt, under which ‘they rest un-
tortured by the alternation of frost and biting wind with
moist, balmy, and spring-like days.

But let it not for a moment be supposed that these
conditions are indispensable for their growth! The reason
that they predominate in these very elevated regions is
that no taller vegetation can exist there. Were these
places inhabited by trees and shrubs, we should yet find
alpine plants among them, but much fewer than in the
rocky fields where they reign supreme. Thus many plants
found on the high Alps, and popularly considered to grow
only within sight of or among fields of snow, are met
with in open rocky or bare places at much lower eleva-
tions. Gentiana verna, for example, is one of the loveliest
gems in the Flora of the Alps, often flowering late in the
summer when the snow thaws on a high mountain; yet it
is also found on comparatively low hills, and occurs in

Ireland and England. Numbers of other subjects could
be mentioned of which the same is true. In the fierce
struggle for existence upon the plains and low tree-clad
hills, the more minute species are often overrun by trees,
trailers, bushes, and vigorous herbs, but where in northern

Xi INTRODUCTION.

and elevated regions these fail ‘from the earth, we get the
choice jewellery of vegetable-life known as alpine plants..
Alpine plants have one great charm—that of endless
variety. They include subjects from many widely" separate
divisions of the vegetable kingdom, and endless diversities
of form and colour. Among them are little orchids, as
interesting as their tropical brethren, though so much
smaller ; Lilliputian trees, and even a tree-like moss (Lyco-
podium dendroideum), that branches and grows into an
erect little pyramid, as if in imitation of the mountain-
loving Pines, which, in their massy strength, are often
tortured into quaintness by storms, but rarely submit to
become miniatures of what they are in lower regions; ferns
that peep from narrowest crevices of high rocky places,
often so small and minute that they seem to cling to the
rocks for shelter, not throwing forth their forms with airy.
grace as they do in more favourable scenes 3 Rumerous
bulbous flowers, from Lilies to Bluebells, which appear to
have been refined in Nature’s laboratory, all coarseness and
ruggedness eliminated, all preciousness and beauty retained ;
evergreen shrubs, perfect in leaf and blossom and fruit as
any that grow in our shrubberies, yet so small that an
inverted finger-glass would make a roomy conservatory for
them ; creeping plants, like their mountain-brethren, rarely
venturing above mother earth, yet trailing and spreading
freely along it, and, when they crawl over the brows of rocks
or stones, draping them with curtains of colour as lovely as
any afforded by the most vigorous climbers of tropical
forests ; “ foliage plants,” small, it is true, yet far more
interesting than the huger ones which we grow under this
name ; numberless minute plants that scarcely exceed the
mosses in size, and quite surpass them in the way in which

INTRODUCTION. xiii

they mantle the earth with fresh green carpets in the midst
of winter ; and “ succulent” plants in endless variety,
which yield not in beauty to those of America or the Cape,
though frequently smaller than the very mosses of our bogs,
and which, in losing the stature of their lowland brethren,
‘have replaced their horrid spines with silvery spottings and
lacings : in a word, they embrace nearly every type of the
plant-life of northern and temperate climes, chastened in
tone and diminished in size, and infinitely more attractive to
the human eye than any other known—“a veil of strange
intermediate being ; which breathes, but has no voice ; moves,
but cannot leave its appointed place ; passes through life with-
out consciousness, to death without bitterness; wears the
beauty of youth without its passion; and declines to the
weakness of age without its regret.”

With reference to the merits of this and allied types of
gardening as compared with those commonly in vogue,
there can be little doubt in the minds of all who give the
subject any thought. On the one hand, we have sweetest
communion with nature ; on the other, the process which is
commonly called “ bedding out” presents to us simply the
best possible appliance for stealing from nature every grace
of form, beauty of colour, and vital interest. The genius of
cretinism itself could hardly delight in anything more taste-
less or ignoble than the absurd daubs of colour that every
summer flare in the neighbourhood of nearly every country-
house in Western Europe. Enter the garden of a rich
amateur, who spends a small fortune on his flowers, say in
the neighbourhood of Liverpool or Lyons. You find orchids
from Mexico and the Eastern Archipelago; the beauties
of the Flora of New Holland as healthy as ever they were
in their native homes; tropical fruits perfect in flavour

XIV INTRODUCTION.

and size, ferns gathered from every clime, and exotics from
all parts of the world; but mention the name of some long-
discovered native of North Europe or Siberia, hardy as Ivy
and beautiful as numbers of highly popular exotics, and in
all but extremely rare cases the owner will never even have
heard of it! Visit any of our large country gardens, and pro-
bably the first thing that will be triumphantly told you is the
number of scores of thousands of plants ‘“‘bedded out” every
year, though no system ever devised has had a more miserable
effect on our gardens. Even our great botanic gardens,
which ought beyond all others to show us the capabilities of
the plants of our own climes, do not exhibit anything better
than the gaudiness of great masses of flowers of the same
colour on the one hand, and the repulsive formality resulting
from scientific arrangements of plants on the other. That
an infinitely superior system is not only practicable but easy,
I have contended in various journals since I began to write;
that it is so in at least one almost utterly neglected branch
of horticulture is, I hope, now proved; and that it is so in
others, I hope equally to show in due time:

The numbers of amateurs who spend small fortunes on
hothouse plants, and who generally have not a dozen of the
equally beautiful flowers of northern and temperate regions
in their gardens, might grow an abundance of them with
a tithe of the expense required to fill a glass-house. with
costly Mexican or Indian orchids. Our botanical and great
public gardens, in which alpine plants are usually found in
frames, in obscure corners, or perhaps a few dozen of in-
different kinds on some absurdly formed rockwork, half
hidden under trees and shrubs, or a canvas roller-blind, as
if very properly ashamed of itself, might each exhibit a
beautiful alpine-garden, at half the expense and trouble

INTRODUCTION. xv

they now bestow on some tropical family displayed in a
single glass-house. In a word, there is not a garden of
any kind, even in the suburbs of our great cities, in which
they may not be grown and enjoyed. And I venture to
promise every person who makes himself a garden of alpine
flowers that, more than of any kind of garden he has ever
seen, he will say of it, in the words of Jerrold—“A garden
is a beautiful book, writ by the finger of God: every flower
and every leaf is a letter. You have only to learn them—
and he is a poor dunce that cannot, if he will, do that—to
learn them and join them, and then to go on reading and
reading. And you will find yourself carried away from the
earth by the beautiful story you are going through. You
do not know what beautiful thoughts grow out of the
ground, and seem to talk to a man. And then there are
some flowers that seem to me like overdutiful children:
tend them but ever so little, and they come up and flourish,
and show, as I may say, their bright and happy faces to
you.”

No attempt has been made in the following pages to repre-
sent the living beauty or colour of any of the plants. That
could only be done worthily at a vast expense, and in a work
very different in plan to this. To give a few figures, coloured
as they now generally are in books, would convey no plea-
sure to those who have seen the vivid hues of alpine flowers,
and give those who have not no idea of their beauty. The
aim of my illustrations is to endeavour to show how the
plants may be grown and enjoyed in various positions.
Where alpine plants occurred on any of the little scenes
illustrated, they have been rendered, for the first time on
such a small scale, I believe, with great fidelity, by Mr. W.
H. Hooper, who drew and engraved nearly all the illustra-

xvi INTRODUCTION.

tions that were not done by Mr. J. W..Whymper with his
‘accustomed feeling. Four of the woodcuts, from ‘ Peaks,
Passes, and Glaciers,’ have been kindly lent by Messrs.
Longmans.

Botanical descriptions of the species are not given. The
book has no pretensions to Botany, using that term in its
strictest and narrowest sense ; if countless technical descrip-
tions and multitudes of plants in the dried mummy stage
could have shown people.in general the exquisite. beauty
of alpine flowers, they would have been popular long ago!
But it seems to me that a knowledge of the names applied
to plants and of dried specimens is no more equal to an
acquaintance with them in a living state than is a knowledge
of the grammatical elements of a language to the experience
of its spirit-stirring eloquence. Anything approaching bota-
nical description I have endeavoured to put in the simplest
language possible. The first necessity is to familiarise many
with the plants in all their living beauty.

Whatever the merits of the book may seem to others, its
imperfections will appear far greater to myself than to any-
body else. But, to do the subject justice, one would require
to spend half a lifetime in alpine countries—on many little-
known parts of which bloom numbers of those diminutive
stars of earth as yet unknown to books, and, it may be,
in many cases, unseen by man—and to have the aid of most
faithful and loving artistic work, to show'the beauty of the
plants both individually and as they are arranged by nature
in their own wild homes. As, however, this is but one small
and neglected division of a very extensive subject, with all
the more important branches of which I hope to deal, these
and many other things are, and must long remain, impossible
to me. I have, however, inspected almost every good col-

INTRODUCTION. xVil

lection in these islands, including every botanic garden
therein ; have visited the Alps specially to see alpine flowers
in a wild state; I have had considerable experience with
them in a cultivated state, and the best I can do for the
present is herein embodied. Some of the matter first
appeared in the ‘Field,’ the ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle, and
other journals, in which I have for some years past pleaded
the cause of these and like subjects.

My heartiest thanks are due to Mr. James Backhouse, of
York, for many pleasant days spent in his unrivalled collec-
tion, for the opportunity of taking sketches of various parts
of his rock-garden, and for an excellent contribution on the
formation of rockwork ; to Mr. James Atkins, of Painswick,
who kindly placed at my disposal the results of his long study
and great knowledge of Cyclamens, and for much valued
information on other alpine plants; to Mr. J. C. Niven, of
Hull, who wrote the article on Drabas, and to whose most
extensive collection I have had the’pleasure of paying several
visits ; to Mr. Thomas Moore, for his excellent advice as
regards this and other books of mine, and for a selection
of ferns most likely to succeed in exposed places; to Sir
Charles Isham, for photographs of various plants growing
on his rockwork ; to Mr. J. A. Watson, of Geneva, for great
kindness in guiding me to several very interesting localities
in the neighbourhood of that city ; and to many others.

A word in explanation of the non-appearance of this
book a year ago, as announced. It was to have been my
first book ; but I was unwillingly obliged to forsake it for a
timé to confute the arguments and counteract the effects
of the prejudices of various persons, who endeavoured to
discredit my statements as to the decided superiority of

the French in some branches of horticulture of great public
é

XViii INTRODUCTION.

importance. This I first. had to do to a large extent in
various journals; then followed a book on the subject
and that led to a much larger work, all of which delayed
‘ Alpine Flowers.’ :

Should any reader observe in cultivation any alpine plants
of great beauty that are not included in this book, or which
do not receive due notice in it, I shall feel grateful for in-
formation on the subject, or for good specimens, as I shall
also be for photographs or sketches of beautiful rock-gardens,
or any other arrangements for alpine flowers possessing
distinct merit.

W. R.

Lonpon, March 17, 1870.

THE CULTURE

ALPINE FLOWERS.
BART 1,

THE ROCK-GARDEN,

IN treating of the culture of alpine plants, the first important
consideration is that much difference exists among them as
regards constitution and vigour. We have, on the one hand,
a number of valuable subjects that merely require to be sown
or planted in the roughest way to flourish—the common Aradzs
and Auérietia for example ; but, on the other, there are many
kinds, like Gentiana verna, and the Primulas of the high
Alps, with many of their beautiful companions near the per-
petual snows, which we rarely or never see in good health in
these islands or elsewhere in gardens. It is as to the less
‘vigorous species that advice is chiefly required. Nearly
the whole of the misfortunes which these little plants
have met with in our gardens are to be attributed to a false
conception of what a rockwork ought to be, and of what the
true alpine plant requires. These plants live on high moun-
tains ; therefore it is thought they will do best in our gardens
if elevated on such tiny heaps of stones and brick rubbish as
we pile together and dignify by the name of “rockwork.” If
I shortly describe the conditions under which they thrive in
high regions, perhaps we shall better see how far the common
ideas are sound.

Mountains are often “bare,” and cliffs are usually devoid of
soil; but we must not conclude therefrom that the choice jewel-
lery of plant life scattered over the ribs of the mountain or

f¢

2 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

the interstices of the crag live upon little more than the moun-
tain air and the melting snow! Where will you find such a
depth of well-ground stony soil, and withal such perfect drain-
age, as on the ridges of débris flanking some great glacier,
stained all over with tufts of crimson saxifrage? Can you gauge
the depth of that narrow chink, from which peep tufts of the
diminutive and beautiful Axdrosace helvetica? No: it has
gathered the crumbling grit and scanty soil for ages and ages,

Fig. 1.—Ravine in rock-garden (artificial), with alpine flowers in every crevice.
(From a photograph.)

and the roots enter so far that nothing the tourist carries with

him can bring out enough of them to enable the plant to exist
elsewhere. And suppose we find plants growing apparently. => ~~
from mere cracks without soil. If so, the roots simply search ».

farther into the heart of the flaky rock, so that they are safer
from any want of moisture than if in the best and deepest soil.
In 1868 I met on the Alps with plants not more than an inch
high, and so firmly rooted in crevices of half-rotten slaty
rock that any attempt to take them directly out would have
proved futile. But, by carefully knocking and peeling away
the sides from some isolated bits of projecting rock, I suc-
ceeded in laying the roots quite bare, radiating in all direc-

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. 3

tions against a flat rock, and some of the largest more than a
yard long.

We think it rapacious of the Ash, a towering forest tree, to
send its roots under our garden walls and rob the soil therein,
and are surprised at finding the roots of a tree more than 100 feet
high descending a fifth or sixth of that distance into the ground ;
but here is an instance of a plant one inch high penetrating into
the earth forty times more than it ventures into the alpine air!
And there need be no doubt whatever that even smaller plants
descend quite as deep, or even deeper, though it is rare to find
the texture and position of the rock such as will admit of tracing
them. It is true you occasionally find hollows in fields of flat
rock, into which moss and leaves have gathered for ages, and
where, in a sort of basin, without an outlet of any kind in the ~
hard mountain, shrubs and plants grow freely enough ; but in
exceptional droughts they are just as liable to suffer from want
of water as in our plains. On level spots of ground in the Alps
the earth is often of great depth, and if it be not all earth in
the common sense of the word, it is more suitable to the plants
than what we commonly understand by that term. Stones of
all sizes broken up with the soil, and sand, and grit, greatly tend
to prevent evaporation ; the roots lap round them and follow them
deeply down. While in such positions, they never suffer from
want of food and moisture, or vicissitudes at the root. Stone,
it need scarcely be remarked, is a great preventer of evapora-
tion, and shattered stone forms the dust as well as the subsoil of
the mountain flanks where the rarest alpine plants abound. It®
should also be taken into account that the degradation so con-
tinually effected by melting snow water and heavy rains in summer
serves to earth up, so to speak, many alpine plants. I have
torn up tufts of them showing this in so marked a manner that
the remains of many generations of the old plants were seen
buried and half buried in the soil beneath their descendants.
This would, of course, be effected to some extent by the decay-
ing of the plants themselves, but very frequently grit and peat is
washed down plentifully among them, and where it does not
come so thickly as to overwhelm them completely, they thrive
with unusual luxuriance.

Now, if we consider how dry even our English air becomes in
summer, and that no positions in our gardens afford such moist
and cool rooting places as those described, the necessity of

4 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

giving to alpine plants a treatment quite different to what has
hitherto been in vogue will be fully seen. The only sound prin-
ciple generally employed is that of elevating the plants above the
level of the ground, Naturally protected in winter by a dry
bed of thick snow, some of them cannot exist on our level wet
soils in that season. But this principle of elevation should in all
cases be accompanied by the more essential one ‘of giving the
plants abundant means. of rooting deeply into good and per-
fectly firm soil, sandy, gritty, peaty, or mingled with broken
stone, as the case may be. How zof to do this is capitally illus-

Fig. 2.—The great Pyrenean Saxifrage, one foot indiam. (From a photograph.)

trated by persons who stuff a little soil into a chink between the
stones in a rockery, and insert some minute alpine plant in that.
There is usually a vacuum between the stones and the soil
beneath them, and the first dry week sees the death of the
plant—that of course not being attributed to the right cause.
Precisely the same end would have come of it if the experiment
had been tried on some alp bejewelled with Gentians and Pri-
mulas! Every one of these two brilliant families should have
means of rooting a yard or more into a suitable medium.
Thus we should not pay so much attention to the stones or
rocks as to the earth from which they protrude. There are cer-
tainly alpine plants that do not require a deep soil, or what is
usually termed soil at all; but all require a firm roomy medium
for the roots.

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. 5

I will next speak of the various ways in which alpine plants
may be grown successfully,

In numbers of gardens an attempt at “rockwork” of some sort
has been made ; but in nine cases out of ten, the result is simply
ridiculous ; not because it is puny when compared with Nature’s
work in this way, but because it is generally so arranged that
rock plants cannot exist upon it. The idea of rockwork arose
at first from a desire to imitate those natural croppings out of
rocks which in temperate and cold countries are frequently
covered with a dwarf but beautiful vegetation. It is strange that
the conditions which surround these, and their texture and posi-
tion, should rarely be taken into account by those who make
rockwork in gardens. Numerous places occur in every county
in which a sort of sloping stone or burr wall passes as “ rock-
work,” a dust of soil being shaken in between the stones, and
the whole so arranged that, if you do cover it with suitable plants,
they perish speedily. In others, made upon a better plan as
regards the base, the “rocks” are all stuck up on their ends,
and so close that soil, or room for’a plant to root in them, is out
of the question. The best thing that usually happens to a
structure of this sort is that its nakedness gets covered bya
Cotoneaster, or some friendly climbing shrub, or some rampant
weed, of course to the exclusion of true rock-plants ; but in most ~
cases it is a standing eyesore.

In moist and elevated districts, where frequent rains and
showers keep porous stone in a continually humid state, this
straight-sided, stone-wall-like rockwork may manage to support
a few plants ; but in by far the larger portion of the British isles
it is quite useless, and always ugly and out of taste. And yet it
must not be concluded from this that erect faces of properly
formed rock may not be covered with a beautiful vegetation,
for Fig. 3 shows a portion of a vertical mass of rocks clothed
with alpine plants. But the vegetation must be suited to the
position. It is not alone because the mountain air is pure and
clear and moist that the Gentians and like plants prefer it, but
because the elevation is unsuitable to the coarser, growing vege-
tation, and our alpines have it allto themselves. Take ahealthy
patch of Silene acaulis, by which the summits of some of our
highest mountains are sheeted, over with rosy crimson of various
shades, and plant it two thousand feet lower down in suitable
soil, keeping it moist enough and free from weeds, and you

6 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

may grow it to perfection ; but leave it to nature in the same
neighbourhood, and soon the strong grasses and herbage will
run through and cover it, excluding the light, and finally and
quickly killing the hardy and vigorous but diminutive Moss
Campion. ;
Although hundreds of brilliant alpine flowers may be grown
without a particle of rock near them, yet the slight elevation
given by rockwork is very congenial to numbers of the most
valuable kinds. The effect of a tastefully disposed rock-garden
is very desirable in garden scenery. It furnishes a home for

Fig. 3.—Vertical face of rock covered with narrow-leaved Ivy, and with various
‘alpine plants in the chinks. (/ rom a photograph.)

many pretty native and other interesting plants, which may not
safely be put elsewhere ; and therefore it is most important that
the most essential principle to be borne in mind, when making it,
should be generally known.

The chief mistake generally made is that of not providing a
feeding place for the roots of the plants that are to embellish
the rockwork. Ina wild state alpines may be seen protruding
their stems, crowned by dense tufts of leaves and flowers, from
very narrow chinks—as narrow, in fact, as those left in the
singular structures which I denounce ; but if we try to take up
the wild alpine, it is found that its tap roots descend down by
the side of the moist stones and under them, and then perhaps

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. 7

run on one side under the débris, and on the other into a fissure
of soil or through a mass of broken rocks several feet deep.
Now this is impossible in the rockworks generally made. On
them even the coarsest British weeds cannot find a resting-place,
simply because there is no motherly body of soil or. matter into
which the descending roots may penetrate, and find nourish-
ment sufficient to keep the plant fresh and bright and well in all
weathers. It is not only those who make their “rockwork” out
of spoilt bricks, cement, and perhaps clinkers, that err in this
respect, but the designers of some of the most expensive works
in the country. At Chatsworth, for instance, and also to some
extent at the Crystal Palace, you see rockwork satisfactory so
far as regards its distant effect in the garden landscape ; but,
when examined closely, it might well be imagined that rockwork
and rock plants were never intended for each other’s company,
so bare are many of these large works of their Eee and best
ornaments. It is generally a
pavement of small stones, huge
masses of rock, or imitation
rock formed by laying cement
over brickwork, and in none of
these cases is it adapted for the ie
cultivation of high mountain Fig, 4.—Partially exposed rock resting
plants. on its largest side.

It is quite possible to combine the most picturesque effects
of which rockwork is capable with all the requirements for
plant-growing ; but, in the case of extensive rockwork-making,
the owner must either call to his aid a landscape gardener of
some skill in this way, or possess much taste and knowledge of
the work himself. It is easy to use the largest stones and make
the boldest prominences, and leave at the same time rather level
intervening spaces and fissures, in which rock plants may
luxuriate ; but I would not recommend ambitious attempts of
this kind—at least at first. It requires great taste to do it well,
and the higher and bolder the attempt the more conspicuous
will be a failure.

We will now enter into particulars as to the various
ways in which alpine plants may be grown, beginning
with the best type of rock-garden—that in which, in ad-
dition to low-lying, stony, and rocky banks and _ slopes,
where numbers of hardy and vigorous species may be grown,

8 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

there are miniature peaks, cliffs, and ravines with perhaps bog
and water.

Of the general arrangements of the rock-garden I can offer no
better guidance than is conveyed by the various illustrations in
this book; wishing, however, thereby merely to point in the
right direction, as it is desirable that in these matters we should
have endless variety. ;

The most usual and deplorable of the faults in making rock-
work is that of so
arranging the stones
that they seem to
have as little connec-

tion with the soil of
the spot as if thrown
out of a cart, indeed
less so, Instead of al-
lowing what may be
termed the founda-
tions, or apparent
foundations, of the
rock-garden to bare-
ly show their upper
ridges above the
earth, as in Fig. 4,
and thereby sug-
gesting much more
endurable ideas of
“rock” than those
arising from the con-
templation of the
-bold and unnatural
looking masses usu-
ally seen, the stones
are often placed on
the ground with
much the same idea that animates a bricklayer in setting
bricks. The two preceding cuts will explain exactly what
I mean; both are accurately engraved from . photographs,
both represent small portions of artificial rockwork ; the ugliest
of the two was much the most difficult and expensive to make.
A few loads of well-selected stones, allowed to peep from some

Fig. —

Part I, THE ROCK-GARDEN. 9

gentle isolated mound or open sunny spot, and arranged as
shown in Figs. 4, 5, 27, and 28, would produce a better effect
than several hundred tons placed as in Fig. 6.

In dealing with the construction of the bolder masses of rock-
work, we cannot have a better guide than Mr. James Backhouse,
to whom I am indebted for the following article, which first ap-
peared in the ‘Field.’ If we merely want a certain surface of
rock disposed in a picturesque way, such details as these may not

Fig. 7.—a, Silene alpestris. 3, Lychnis viscaria. c, Silene acaulis.

be worthy of attention, but if we wish our rock-gardens to be
faithful miniatures of those wild ones which are admitted to be
the most exquisite of nature’s gardens, then they are of much
importance. ‘

“ Comparatively few alpines prefer or succeed well in hori-
zontal fissures. Those, however, which, like Lychuzs viscaria
and Silene acaulis, form long tap roots, thrive well in such fis-
sures, provided the earth in the fissure is continuous, and leads
backward to a sufficient body of soil. Where the horizontal
fissures are very narrow (as at A, Fig. 7), owing to the main
rocks ;being in contact in places, and leaving only irregular and
interrupted fissures, such plants as the charming Lychnis

Ito ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

Lagasce, Lychnis pyrenaica, and others, bearing and preferring
hot sunny exposures, do well. But many plants that would bear
the heat and drought, zf they could get their roots far enough
back, would quickly die if placed in such fissures from the
paucity of soil and moisture near the front; therefore it is
usually better, in building rockwork with these fissures, to keep
the main rocks slightly apart by means of pieces of very hard
stone (basalt, close-grained ‘flag,’ &c.), so as to leave room for

Fig. 8.—Horizontal fissure, with firm descending bed of earth, grit, &c.

a good intermediate layer of rich loam, stones, or grit, mingled
with a little peat. The front view of such a structure would be
thus—the dark spaces in Fig. 8 being firmly filled with the
appropriate mixture of soil defore the upper course of large rocks
is placed,

Fig. 9. _ Right.

“As a rule, oblique and vertical fissures are both preferable to
horizontal ones ; but care should be taken with oblique fissures
that the upper rock does not overhang. A plant placed at c,
Fig. 9, will often die, when the same placed at H will live,

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. If

because the rain falling on the sloping face of rock at 1 will
drop off at J, and miss the fissure G altogether, while that
falling on the sloping face of rock at K will all rum into the
fissure H.

“There are, however, some plants, like the rare Nothochlena
Marante and Androsace lanuginosa, which so much prefer
positions dry in winter that a fissure like G would suit them
better than one like H. Such are rare exceptions to a general
tule.

“The best and worst general forms of steep rockwork we have
tried are those indicated in Fig. 10. By making each rock

slightly recede from the one below it, the rain runs consecutively
into every fissure. Where the main fissures reverse this order,
almost everything dies or languishes. Care should be taken to
have the top made of mixed earth and stones—wot of rock,
unless use is intentionally sacrificed to scenic effect.

“ Vertical fissures (which suit many rare alpines best of all)
should always, as far as possible, be made narrower at the bot-
tom than at the top. If otherwise, the intervening earth, &c.,
leaves the sides of the rock as it ‘settles,’ instead of becoming
tighter.

“In M, Fig. 11, as the total mass of soil sinks, it becomes
compressed against the sides of the rock; while in N the soil
leaves the sides of the fissures more and more as the mass
sinks, and almost invariably forms distinct ‘cracks’ (separa-

12 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I,

tions between the soil and rock) sooner or later. The same
principle applies to small stones and fissures.

“To prevent undue evaporation in the case of such fissures as
M, stones, larger or smaller, may be laid on the Zo of the soil
(as in M, Fig, 11), care being taken not to cover too much of it, to
the exclusion of rain.

VU
\

NS
‘

oa dy

Ss

Right. Fig. rr. Wrong.

“Where a large fissure exists (as in Fig. 12), the smaller pieces
of stone zz it are on this account best placed with the narrowest
edge or point upwards—not downwards. It will easily be seen
that the tendency of the mixed soil, both as a whole and in each
of its subdivided parts, is to become more and more compressed
by its own weight and by the action of rain.

“ As to the general disposition of masses of rockwork, Fig. 13
is perhaps the best form. Assuming the same bulk of material
tobe in Fig. 14, the latter is far inferior in efficiency, though
it may be more pictorial. I believe the best local positions for
very high alpines are narrow fissures catching the sun for several
hours each day, but having a gentle slope to the northward :
and if the rockwork can be so arranged that a ‘high’ range of

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. 13

‘crag’ at its eastern end may cut off the sun till near noon from the
great fissures above alluded to, so much the better, Screen from
heat is worth double as
much in the morning as
it is in the afternoon.
An eastern exposure is
dried up at a very early
hour of hot summer
days ; while the dew
often lingers on plants
having a western expo-
sure (or a northern one,
screened to the eastward)
till near noon, and the
great heat is cut off for
four or five hours, the
‘day’ (as a time of en-
durance) being curtailed
practically by so much.
The fact of an eastern
exposure being screened
in an afternoon from the ¢
hot rays is of compa- \
ratively little advantage. Fig. 12.—A properly formed large fissure.
The air is roasted aé/ the

day, and there is no more reviving dew till late in the evening.
So that from ‘dew to dew’ a west aspect may have its day
of 16 hours practically reduced to 10 or 11 hours, while an east

>

KO

aspect has the whole day to contend with. Fig. 13 supposes
a section cut from north to south through the mdddle of the

Fig. 13.—Section.

14 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

mass ; but the north front

of the same would show as in Fig. 15.
By this arrangement it will be seen that al

pines placed in the

co

4,

y
US

17

Q

My

;

Wj

7

VA
iy

Fig. 14.—Section.

fissures AA AA will be screened for hours from the morning sun
by the rocks RRR.

aaa

\Y AUK. *
6

NEON CW ao
K y XX NN . a
\ Ne es

Fig. 15.—Section.

“On Fig. 16, I give the worst superficial arrangement of rock
which may be associated with a correct general outline, showing

that what is right in the main may be wrong in bad detail.

In
this case there is next to no rock for roots to feel, and the chasms
between the rocks are proportionately far too deep for most
alpines.”

To the preceding excellent observations, I should like to add

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. 15

that I believe the arrangement of the rock as regards aspect
is not of great moment if the plants have a moist and solid
root-medium and if abundance of water be supplied in hot
weather. All sides may be suitably embellished. with alpine
plants, but in this country it is desirable to have a greater extent
of the rock-garden with warm and sheltered aspects. And the
wetter and colder any given district is, the greater is the neces-
sity for having a sufficient surface fully exposed to the sun.

In the construction and planting of every type of rockwork it
should be distinctly remembered that every surface may and
should be embellished with beautiful plants. Not alone on rocks
or slopes, or favourable ledges, or chinks, or miniature valleys,
should we see this exquisite plant-life ; numbers of rare moun-

\S

\\
IY

Fig. 16.—Section.

tain species will thrive on the less trodden parts of the footways,
others, like the two-flowered Violet, seem to thrive best of all
in the fissures between the rude steps of the rockwork, other
dwarf succulents delight in gravel and the hardest soil, others will
run wild in any wood or among low shrubs near the rock-garden.

Fig. 17 is from a photograph of the lower part of rude steps
ascending abruptly from a deep and moist recess in a rock-
garden. It shows very imperfectly—no engraving could show
it otherwise—the crowds of lovely plants that gather over it,
except where worn bare by feet, thriving year by year as freely as
they do on the most favoured spots in the Alps, yet without any
attention whatever except preventing some coarse lowland weed
from forcing its baneful society upon them.

It can scarcely be necessary to add that we cannot too care-
fully avoid any cemented work which would in the least degree
interfere with this happy tendency. In cases where the simplest
type of rockwork only is attempted, and where there are no

16 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I,

steps or rude walks in the rock-garden, the very fringes of the
gravel walks may be gracefully enlivened by allowing such plants
as the dwarfer Sedums to become established in them. I have
never seen the alpine Zizarda more beautiful than when self-
sown in a gravel walk.

Another very important principle to bear in mind in both
making and planting is that, as a rule, much more vegetation
than rocks should be seen. Where vast regions are inhabited
by alpine plants, acres of crag with a stain of flower or fern
here and there, are very attractive and imposing parts of the

Fig. 17.—Rude stair from deep recess of rock-garden, with every chink and crevice
mossed over with alpine flowers.

picture, but in gardens where our creations in this way can only
be Lilliputian, an entirely different method must be pursued,
except in places where great cliffs are naturally exposed, and
even in this case an abundant drapery of vegetation is desirable.
A rockwork is rarely seen in which plants predominate as much as
they ought. Very frequently masses of stone are met with under
this name with an occasional tuft of vegetation, every chink and
joint between the stones being thus exposed. This should not be
so; every minute chink should have its little line of verdure,
and in this way we should not only have more plants but hide
the artificial nature of the structure. Where the ground is low
and bank-like, there really is not the slightest’ necessity for
placing stones all over the surface ; an occasional one cropping

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. ~* 17

up here and there from the mass of vegetation will produce the
best effect.

Alpine flowers are often seen in multitudes and in their love-
liest aspect in some little elevated level spot, frequently without
a rock being visible through it, and, if so, merely peeping up
here and there. They are lovely too in the desolate wastes of
broken rock, where they cower down between the stones in
isolated, lonely-looking tufts ; but it is only when Gentians and
silvery Cudweeds, and minute white Buttercups, and strange large
Violets, and Harebells that waste all their strength in flowers, and
fairy Daffodils that droop their heads as gracefully as Snowdrops,
are seen, forming a dense turf of living enamelled work, that alpine
flowers are seen in their fairest aspects. Fortunately the flowery

Fig. 18.—A little upland valley in a rock-garden. (From a photograph.)

turf and stony mound are much more possible to us than the bare
moraine blocks or arid cliff. The accompanying illustration is a
view of a little elevated stony valley in an artificial rock-garden
Its surface is composed of comparatively large stones, but
between them there are chinks. leading to deep masses of earth,
broken stones, and grit, and from thence issue vigorously tufts
of the Moss Campion and other. plants which lap over the
hard edges of the stones, and become at all seasons cushions
of glistening verdure—in spring and summer of innumerable
starry flowers. Stone and plants are seen in about equal pro-
portions, and the. effect is one 6f the most pleasing I have ever
seen in garden or in wild.

In cultivating the very rarest and most minute alpine plants,
the stony, or partially. stony, surface is to be preferred. In their

Cc

18 ‘ ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

case we cannot allow the struggle for life to have its own re-
lentless way, or we should often have to grieve at finding the
Eritrichium from the high Alps of Europe overrun and exter-
minated by a dwarf American Phlox, and similar cases. Perfect
exposure is also necessary to complete success with very minute
plants, and the stones are very useful in preventing excessive
evaporation from their roots. Few people have ‘any conception
of the great number of alpine plants that may be grown on the
fully exposed level ground as readily as the common Camo-
mile ; but there are, on the other hand, not a few that require
some care to establish them, and there are usually new kinds
to be added to the collection, which, even if vigorous ones, should
be kept apart and under favourable conditions. Therefore,
invevery place where the culture of alpine plants is entered into
with zest, there ought to be a select spot on which to grow the
most delicate, most rare, and most diminutive kinds. It should
be fully exposed, and while sufficiently elevated to secure perfect
drainage and all the effect desirable, should not be riven into
miniature peaks or crags or cliffs,

Fig 19 shows a portion of the select rock-garden recently
made by Mr. James Backhouse, at York, and which answers its
purpose admirably, the plants thriving much better upon it than
upon more vertical and ambitious contrivances. The greatest
watchfulness should be exercised over the plants on all such
structures as this. They will not perish from cold or heat or
wet if properly planted, but many of them are so minute that
they are not capable of affording a full meal to a browsing slug,
and accordingly often totally disappear of a moist night. Now
as our gardens abound with slimy creatures that play havoc with
many subjects colossal compared to our alpine friends, it is clear
that one of the main points is to guard against slugs, and as far
as possible against worms. Mr. Backhouse has very cleverly
fenced off the choicest parts of his rockwork from them by a
very irregular little canal, as shown in the opposite illustration.
It may be so arranged and cemented that, while not an eyesore,
and perfectly water-tight, no slug will cross it. It thus becomes
a much easier task to guard the plants from injury than when
they crawl in from all points of the compass. But even with
this precaution, it is necessary to search continually for snails
and slugs, and in wet weather the choicest parts should be
searched over at night, in the evening, or early in the Morning ;

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. 19

with a lantern, if at night. Sir Charles Lamport, who is an
enthusiastic cultivator of rock-plants, informs me that he not

(From a photograph.)

Fig. 19.—Select portion of rock-garden, with fringe of bog and irregular channel to cut off slugs.

only protects the toads, but does not “ forget on laying the stones
to form little retreats for them underneath. They prefer a stone
C2

20 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

just sufficiently raised to crawl under, and must do a deal of
good by destroying slugs, &c.: I also protect frogs and all car-
nivorous insects.” Toads, however, treated in this way, might
become too old and bloated to be agreeable objects reposing on
tufts of small Gentians, and the like. Céeaseless handpicking is
the remedy for slugs, and where not done, there is little hope of
succeeding with many subjects, at least in regions where slugs
are as abundant as we usually find them in gardens.

Fig. 20.—Waterfall fringed with Yuccas, Dwarf Pines, climbing and trailing plants.

As water is often introduced in connection with rockwork, and
high cascades thay be frequently attempted, and as the supply
often flows from a woody knoll, it is well to take advantage of this
position for the arrangement of Yuccas, large grasses, herbaceous
plants of noble port, and the like, that cannot well be arranged
among the dwarf inhabitants of the rock-garden proper. Among
the many plants suited for this position, the new Clematises
raised by Jackman and others are the most magnificent. Planted
high up on the rocks in a deep bed or vein of rich light soil,
they will fall over the faces of the sunny rocks, robing them as
with imperial purple. The plants suited for banks and high
rockwork will oe enumerated farther on,

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN, 21

Where water occurs near the rock-garden, one or more little
bridges are not unfrequently seen, and I venture to think that
some such arrangement as that suggested in the accompanying
cut would be far more satisfactory and tasteful. I, however,

Fig. 21.—Stepping-stone bridge, with Water Lilies and other aquatic plants.

introduce it here chiefly for the purpose of showing how well it
enables one to enjoy various beautiful aquatic plants, from the
fringed and crimson-tipped Bog-bean and graceful Carex pen-
dula at the sides to the golden Vz//ars¢a and Water Lilies sailing
among the stones. Arranged
thus, a number of interesting
plants not usually met with
seem to crowd around for ac-
-quaintanceship. This mode of
garden bridge-making, while
infinitely more beautiful than
the ordinary one, is less ex-
pensive. Care is, however,
required to so arrange it that Fig. 22.—Plan of preceding fig.

it may satisfy taste, and offer

free passage to the water, and an easy means of crossing at all
times.

Rockworks made on the margin of artificial water are very
often objectionable—rigid, abrupt, unworn, and absurdly unna-
tural, In no position is an awkwardness more likely to be de-
tected ; in none should more care be taken not to offend good
taste. Charming effects may be produced on properly made rock-
work near water, by planting it with a combination of choice

22 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

moisture-loving rock-plants, Yuccas, Pampas Grass, and like
subjects ; but even the grace and beauty of the finest of these
will not relieve the hideousness of the masses of brick-rubbish
and stone that are frequently placed by the margin of water.

Fig. 23, showing the fringe of a little island in one of the
lakes of Northern Italy, may serve to show how irregularly and
prettily the little waves carve the rocky shore. Frequently in
such places diminutive islands from a few feet to a few yards
across are seen, and, when tufted with Globeflowers, Ivy, Bram-
bles, &c, are very charming. A few artificial islets may be in-
troduced with good effect near a rocky margin.

It is the fashion to make the hardy fernery in some obscure
and sunless spot, in which it would be impossible to grow alpine

Fig. 23.—A glimpse at margin of island in Lago Maggiore.

plants, but there is no reason whatever why it should not be
made in more open positions, and in connection with the rock-
garden, as I endeavour to suggest more effectively by means of
the opposite illustration. No plants adhere more firmly to
hard vertical surfaces, or better sustain themselves in perfect
health without any soil, than ferns. In a wild state you find the
Maidenhair fern and many other species so rooted into mere little
fissures in the hardest rocks that no effort can get out a particle
of root. Some of our own small British wild ferns are found on
the face of dry brick walls when they are not to be found else-
where, growing spontaneously, in the same neighbourhood.

The general idea of fern wants is shade, humidity, and
sandy vegetable earth; but, though these suit a great»,
number of ferns, others luxuriate under conditions the very:
opposite. M. C. Naudin, of the Institute, now settled down

Parr I. THE ROCK-GARDEN FERNERY. 23

to carry out his experiments on the shores of the Mediter-
ranean, informs me that the pretty little sweet-scented fern
Cheilanthes odora is never found, even in that warm and
sunny region, except on the south side of bare rocks and
walls where it is exposed to the full rays of the sun. It is
sought for in vain on northern exposures, is rarely found to
the east and west, and, when found, is badly developed. Walls
facing due south are covered with this little gem among ferns,
and not a vestige of the species occurs on the opposite side. In

Fig. 24.—Entrance to hardy fernery from rock-garden.

‘the middle of winter it is in full vigour, by the end of spring the
fronds begin to dry, and through the torrid summer, when the
stones of the walls are burning hot, its roots, fixed between the
hot stones, are the only parts with life. In humid valleys and
recesses it is not found. Other ferns manifest analogous ten-
dencies. This merely by way of proof that some of the choicest
ferns may not only be grown well in the most sunny and arid
positions, but better on them than elsewhere.

“I am informed by Mr. Atkins, of Painswick, who was the
first to bring the charming little Wothoclena maranie alive into

24 ALPINE FLOWERS, Part I.

the country, that he has had it in perfect health on a sunny rock
for the last fourteen years, and without the least protection. It
is reasonable to assume that many ferns which in a wild state
frequent half-shady spots would, in our colder clime, flourish
best if permitted to enjoy all the sun of our cloudy skies, while
ferns that inhabit sunny rocks in countries not much warmer
than our own should always have the warmest positions we can
give them on the rockwork. And in the case of the species
that require shade, it is quite possible to grow them in recesses
in the rock-garden and in deep passages or miniature ravines
leading through it, even if a portion be not specially designed
as a fernery, Some small species and varieties may be used
in any aspect as a graceful setting to flowering plants. The
general subject of hardy fern culture is so well understood that
there is no necessity of adverting to it here. Among the select
lists, one of the ferns that thrive best in open exposed places
may meet the wants of some, but where the fernery is specially
designed as a part of the rock-garden, there is no necessity for
any selection, as all kinds, from the Killarney fern to the Os-
mundas, may then be grown.

Popular and almost universally cultivated as hardy ferns are,
however, it is not at all common to-see some of the most noble
and interesting of them—the Royal Fern and several other
Osmundas—otherwise than in a shabby, or at best in a half-
developed, condition. Mr. A. Parsons, of Danesbury, a well-
known florist and cultivator of ferns, has overcome this difficulty,
and narrates his marked success in the pages of the ‘ Florist and
Pomologist.’” He formed a very large fernery in an old chalk
pit, and with much success ; but, notwithstanding all the care
taken of the Osmundas and allied ferns, they were tried for four
seasons with no satisfactory result, the roots of the surrounding
trees robbing them of both soil and water. “A change was
then made: a piece of ground, of irregular shape, large enough
to contain about twenty plants, was staked out, and the mould, or,
more correctly speaking, the chalk, was removed to the depth of
three feet; a bricklayer followed, and put in a floor of three
bricks laid on the flat, set in good Portland cement, and over
that a layer of plain tiles, the sides being made up to the ground
level with a four-and-a-half-inch wall, well built up in the same
kind of cement ; this made the whole water-tight, and prevented
the roots of the surrounding trees from penetrating and robbing

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN FERNERY. 25

the ferns of their moisture. The space was filled up with earth,
compounded of good loam, peat, and leaf-mould, in equal pro-
portions, with about one-fifth of good rotten manure added
thereto ; these ingredients were thoroughly mixed and well
trodden in, and then the ferns were planted. In forming this
bed, provision was made for the escape of the surplus water, by
introducing into the front wall, at about four inches from the
bottom, a common three-inch drain-pipe, which communicated

sn tN
ae

i)
10

Fig. 25.—Entrance to cave fur Killarney fern in rock-garden.

with a small tank, about three feet square, sunk into the chalk,
so that all waste water became absorbed. This method proved
to be eminently successful, the plants far surpassing in size any
I have ever seen under artificial cultivation, and, judging from
report, rivalling their growth in their natural habitats. Last
season I could boast of Osmunda regalis with fronds at least
eight feet in length, Osmunda spectabilis four feet and a half,
Osmunda Claytoniana five feet, Osmunda cinnamomea three
feet, and the beautiful Osmunda regalis, var. cristata, three feet

26 ALPINE FLOWERS, Part I.

in length. Adiantum pedatum grew from two to three feet in
height, and others were proportionally fine. The plants were
not drawn up by being planted closely together, but were placed
at a fair distance apart, and became handsome and noble spe-
cimens. Every spring I apply a dressing of about two inches of
rotten manure to the surface, and just cover it with mould for the
sake of appearance. This artificial swamp is the admiration of
all the visitors here. The plants are always in a healthy and
vigorous state, and have none of that half-starved appearance so
frequently to be seen. The result of my experience induces me
to believe that a more liberal treatment would not be found
objectionable in the cultivation of many more of our native ferns.
I intend making the experiment this season, and may possibly
find time to make known what amount of success I] may méet
with. In concluding my remarks upon what I may term ‘grow-
ing Osmundas under difficulties,’ I would observe that the points
to be principally attended to are—(1) a deep water-tight and
root-tight tank, the depth of which may, with advantage, be
more than in the case I have described ; (2) a rich nutritious
soil ; (3) an abundant supply of water; and (4) a drain to carry
off the surplus.”

Even the rare Killarney fern, usually kept in houses, may be
grown successfully in a cave in the rock-garden. Fig. 25 shows
the entrance to Mr. Backhouse’s cave for growing this plant.
It is in a deep recess, perfectly sheltered and surrounded
by high rocks and banks clothed with vegetation. Here in
the darkness grows the Killarney fern, tufts of Hartstongue
guarding the entrance. It is very likely that various kinds of
New Zealand Trichomanes and filmy ferns will prove as-hardy
as the Killarney fern, and, if so, this is: likely to be one ot ©
the most attractive and interesting of all phases of out-door
gardening.

In connection with alpine gardens, the masses of rockwork
occasionally made of brick-rubbish, concrete, and cement,
demand some notice. The next illustration shows one of
these. More successful ones as regards arrangement may be
seen in various places near London, the best, perhaps, at Oak
Lodge, Addison Road, Kensington, where it was designed by
Mr. Marnock, and carried out by Mr. Pulham, of Broxbourne.

There can be no doubt that as picturesque effects may be
produced in this way as in any other, and that this variety of

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. 27

artificial rockwork may be admirably associated with shrubs and
trees, and vigorous climbing and trailing plants, but it is utterly
unsuitable for true alpine vegetation. When properly con-
structed, care is taken to make the interior of the cemented
masses with deep beds of earth, leaving holes here and there in
the face ofthe structure from which plants can peep forth, while
the top is left open, and may be planted with shrubs or trees.
The new hybrid Clematises, with their noble flowers, will, if
planted in these rich cases of earth and allowed to fall over the
faces of the rocks, make an unrivalled display, and the position
is also most suitable for all kinds of climbers, trailers, and

Fig. 26.—Masses of artificial rock made of bricks and cement.

shrubs ; but the stony mound, free in every pore, or the rock-
work constructed of separate pieces of stone, is infinitely the
best for the small flora of the rocks. I have never seen on the
large masses of cemented rock half the amount of beauty
afforded in a few weeks after planting by the little bed shown in
Fig. 27. The plants that thrive luxuriantly on walls and old
ruins, and’send their roots far into the crevices of such, cannot
obtain the slightest footing on these large masses coated with
cement ; and little plants stuck in the “ pockets ” which the con-
structors leave here and there on the face of the edifice rarely
look otherwise than ridiculous. They should never be placed in
such positions, and the rockwork made of natural stone should
be preferred at almost any sacrifice. Where, however, natural
stone cannot be obtained, the cemented work may be used with

28 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part L

an excellent result to form the “ peaks” and “ cliffs” of the rock-
garden, in the construction of cascades, &c., and in positions
where only the distant and picturesque effect of rocks in garden
scenery is sought.. In places where it already exists, much
improvement may be effected by the creation of patches of true
alpine garden in open spots near the cemented-rocks, covering
the last as much as possible with low shrubs and hardy shrubby
climbers.

‘Hitherto we have chiefly considered the rock-garden on a
somewhat extensive scale. As those who can afford this are
less likely to want’ instruction than the much greater numbers
who cannot, ] propose now to treat of several successful modes
of growing alpine flowers which may be carried out in the
smallest gardens at a trifling expense. A well-arranged and well-
planted alpine garden is somewhat costly, even where materials
are easily obtained, and, moreover, requires much labour, skill,
patience, and knowledge of plants to keep it in a perennially
interesting condition. Local conditions, want of suitable stones,
want of knowledge, and consequent want of interest in the
plants, must, in many cases, prevent the most interesting of all
phases of gardening from being enjoyed. I am therefore the
more desirous to help the smaller and humbler attempts of
those who cannot afford more than a very small patch of alpine
garden, as well as to assist beginners of every class.

One of the simplest of all ways of cultivating alpine plants is
in small rocky beds, arranged on the turf of some parts of the
garden, cut off by trees or shrubs from the ordinary flower beds,
without any of the pretensions of the ordinary rockwork 3 one of
these will give much greater satisfaction than many an ugly and
extensive mass, and by the exercise of a very little judgment is
readily constructed so as to not offend the nicest taste. I once

induced the owner of a garden in the northern suburbs of Lon-

don to procure a small collection of alpines and try them in this
way, and the result was so charming that a few words as to how
it was attained may be useful,

A little bed was dug out in the clay soil to the depth of two
feet, and a drain run from it to an outlet near at hand; the bed
was filled with fine sandy peat and a little loam and leaf-mould
and, when nearly full, worn stones of different sizes were
placed around the margin, so as to raise the bed on an average
one foot or so above the turf. More soil was then put in, ahd a

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. 29

few rough slabs, arranged so as to crop out from the soil in the
centre, completed the preparation for the neater Sedums and
Sempervivums, such Saxifrages as ce@sia and Rocheliana, such
Dianthuses as alpinus and petreus, Mountain Forget-me-nots,
Gentians, little spring bulbs, Hepatica angulosa, &c. They
were planted, the finer and rarer things getting the best positions,
and, when finished, the bed looked a nest of small rocks and
alpine flowers.

In about eight weeks things had “taken so well,” and the bed
looked so beautiful, from a dozen plants of Calandrinia umbellata
that had been planted on the little prominences flowering
so gaily and profusely as to make the arrangement equal to

Fig. 27.—Small rocky bed of alpine flowers, about 6 ft. across.

“It is not growing like a tree
In bulk that makes things better be."

one of bedding plants from the “effective” point of view, that
another was made in the same manner, with more loam, how-
ever, to suit the different tastes of the alpines, and planted with
as different subjects from those in the other bed as could. be got ;
confining them, however, to the choicest alpines, except on the
outer side of the largest stones of the margin, where such plants
as Campanula carpatica bicolor were planted with the best
results.

The only attention these beds have required since planting has
been to keep a free-growing species from over-running a subject
like Gentiana verna, to water the beds well in hot weather
—to keep them in fact thoroughly moist—and to remove even
the smallest weeds. With the exception of the exquisite
Gentiana bavarica, every alpine plant grew well, and the beds
presented fresh floral interest every week from the dawn ot
spring till late in autumn.

I have described the way by which this happy result has been
brought about. An extended scheme of this sort would be ad-

30 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

mirable in some public garden, especially in those having large
collections of alpine and herbaceous plants, from which many
good things could be at once selected. Something of the sort
might be made in any garden—ay, even in a London square,
or in any other position fully exposed to the sun, and never
under the shade and drip of trees.

Rockwork is, as a rule, made for the display of mountain
plants, or those which by their dwarfness fall into the class com-
monly known as alpines. Some cover rockwork with climbing
shrubs and dwarf bushes, but in every case, unless where a rock
is introduced for its own effect in the landscape, the object is to
grow plants. Now, as very few of the subjects above alluded
to like shade, or even tolerate it, it follows that this is an ignorant
and bad practice. Many persons who arrange such things
doubtless fear the sun burning up their plants ; yet the sun that
beats down on the Alps and Pyrenees is fiercer than that which
shines on the British garden. But, while the alpine sun cheers
the flowers into beauty, it also melts the snows above, and water
and frost grind down the rocks into earth; and thus, enjoying
both, the roots form perfectly healthy plants. Fully exposed
plants do not perish from too much sun, but simply from
want of water. Therefore it cannot be too widely known
that full exposure to the sun is the first condition of per-
fect rock-plant culture—abundance of free soil under the root,
and such a disposition of the soil and rocks that the rain
may permeate through and not fall off the rocks, being also
indispensable.

The preceding plan can be carried out in the very smallest
places. The next is quite as easily formed on the fringe of
any shrubbery. An open, slightly elevated, and, if possible,
quiet, isolated, spot should be chosen, and a small rock-
garden so arranged as to appear as if naturally cropping out
of the shrubbery. With a few cart-loads of stones and earth
excellent effects may be produced in this way. The following
illustration well explains my meaning: an irregularly sloping
border with a few mossy bits of rock peeping from a swarming
carpet of Sandworts, Mountain-pinks, Rock-cresses, Sedums and
Saxifrages, Arabises and Aubrietias, with a little company of
fern-fronds sheltered in the low fringe of shrub behind the
mossy stones.

Having determined on the position of the bed, the next thing

Part I. THE ROCK-GARDEN. 31

to do is to excavate the ground to a depth of two feet, or there-
abouts, and to run a drain from it if very wet. If not, it is better
let alone, as a good deal of the success depends upon the beds
being continually moist ; and in dry soils, instead of draining, it
would be better to put in a substratum of spongy peat, so as to
retain moisture for the stony matter that the cavity is to be
filled with. As to soil, rock plants are found in all sorts ; but a

Fig. 28.—Rock-garden on margin of shrubbery.

good turfy loam, with plenty of silver or river sand added, will
be found to suit a greater number of kinds than any other. The
compost should be of a somewhat spongy character, and if not
naturally so, it should be so made by the addition of well de-
composed leaf mould, cocoa-nut fibre, or, failing these, peat. If
the trees of the shrubbery are of a nature likely to send hungry
roots into the mass of good compost prepared for the rock-
plants, it will be desirable to dig a narrow drain to below the

32 _ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

level of their roots, and fill it with concrete to the surface : this
will prevent the alpine plants from being starved by their more
vigorous neighbours. The kind of stone is not an important
point, and many people have to take their chance in this
respect and use that which can be got. Millstone grit and most
kinds of sandstone are good, where a selection can be made,
but almost any kind will do. Vitrified material should be
avoided. .

With the soil should be incorporated the smallest and least
useful stones and débris among those collected for the work, so
that the plants to be seated on the top may send down their
roots through the mixture of earth and stone, and revel in it.
When this is well and firmly done, the larger stones may be
placed—half in the earth as a rule, and on their broadest side,
so that the mass, when completed, may be perfectly firm. Have
nothing to do with tree roots or stumps in work of this kind ;
‘they crumble away, and are at best a nuisance and a disfigure-
ment toa garden. The intervening spaces may then be filled
up, half with the compost and half with the stony matter, and
the smaller blocks placed in position—the whole being made as
tastefully diversified as may seem desirable, taking the size of the
structure into consideration. When finished, it should look like a
bit of rocky ground, stones of different shapes protruding—here
a straight-sided one, under the lee of which a shade-loving plant
may flourish ; there two in juxtaposition, between which a cliff
alpine may find a place. Two or three feet high will as a rule
be high enough for the highest points of rocky fringes of this
sort, though the plan admits of considerable variation, and it
may be tastefully made twice or thrice as high. In some of our
public and private gardens want of means is given as an excuse
for the presence of the hideous pock-marked-potato-pit-like masses
of rockwork that disfigure them. The plan now recommended
is as much less expensive than these as it is less offensive !

We will next discuss a most interesting way of growing alpines.
Most of us have had opportunities of seeing how the most unin-
viting surfaces often yield a resting-place and nutriment to
various forms of plant-life. The closest pavements, the stone
roofs of old buildings, the stems and branches of trees, the faces
of inaccessible rocks, and ruins, are all frequently embellished in
the most charming way with ferns and wild flowers. _

Part I. RUIN. AND WALL GARDENS. 33

Fig. 29.

“ Here stood a shattered archway gay with flowers,

And here had fallen a great part of a tower—

Whole, like a crag that tumbles from a cliff,

And like a crag was gay with wilding flowers ;

And high above a piece of turret stairs,

Worn by the feat that now were silent, wound

Bare to the sun”
is a true picture from aieee ‘Idylls’ of the plant-life on
many old ruins ; and on many comparatively new structures we
see flowers and ferns quite at home. Hundreds of plants that
are treated to the most carefully prepared soil grow naturally
on the barest and most arid surfaces, This fact must not be
supposed to be contradictory of previous statements, as to the
necessity of giving alpine plants a suitable material to root into ;
it is the open loose texture of the ordinary rockwork, or its solidly
cemented masses, into which the plants cannot root, that does
the mischief.

It is not without considerable observation of the capabilities
of walls, even walls in good repair, to grow numerous rare and
pretty plants, and, moreover, keep them in perpetual health with-
out trouble, that I recommend everybody who takes an interest
in the matter to have the fullest confidence in growing them
easily in this way. Most of those who are blessed with gardens
have usually a little wall surface at their disposal; and to all
such I can name some plants that will grow thereon better
than in'the best soil. A mossy old wall, or an old ruin, would

D

34 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

afford a position for many dwarf rock-plants which no specially
prepared situation could rival ; but even on straight and well-pre-
served walls we can establish some little beauties, which year
after year will abundantly repay the ,tasteful cultivator for the
slight trouble of planting or sowing them. Those who have
observed the way dwarf plants grow on the tops of mountains,
or on elevated stony ground, must have seen in what arid
positions many grow in perfect health—tufts springing from an

‘ Fig. 30.

“The garland forest, which the grey walls wear,” —Byron,

almost imperceptible chink on an arid rock or boulder. They
are often stunted and diminutive in, such places, but always
more floriferous and long-lived than when grown fat and large
upon the ground ; in fact, their beauty is often intensified by
starvation and aridity. Now, numbers of alpine plants perish
if planted’ in the ordinary soil of our gardens, and many do so
where much pains is taken to attend to their wants. This results
from over-moisture at the root in winter, the plant being ren-
dered more susceptible of injury by our moist green winters

Part I, RUIN AND WALL GARDENS. 35

inducing it to make a lingering growth. But it is interesting
and useful to know that by placing many of these delicate plants
where their roots can secure a comparatively dry and well-
drained medium, they remain in perfect health. My attention
was first called to the great adaptability of walls, ruins, &c. for
growing many choice rock-plants while visiting Dublin a few
years ago. Near Lucan, I observed the upper portion of the
old inclosing brick wall of a garden —indeed, all of it that was
out of convenient reach—covered with a dwarf, green, moss-
like plant, and before coming close to it, I asked the gardener
what it was that made the wall so green. “It is,” he replied,

Fig. 31.—Alpine plants established on old fort wall.

“a plant like a moss, but every spring it is covered with the
most ‘ beauteeful’ flowers.” And “sure enough” that is its cha-
racter, for it proved to be the pretty little Eyzzus alpinus, which
would have had little or no chance of existing on the level ground
in the same place, and which had, in the old days of cultivating
rock-plants, escaped by seed on to the wall, and there found a
home as congenial as its native one. This will suggest at once
that many plants from latitudes a little farther south than our
own, and from alpine regions, may find on walls, rocks, and
ruins that dwarf, ripe, sturdy growth, stony firmness of root
medium, and dryness ip winter, which go to form the very con-
ditions that will grow them in a climate entirely different from
their own. There are many alpine plants now usually seen culti-
vated in frames, even in places where-there is a fine collection

36 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

and much knowledge of these subjects, that the most unpractised
may grow in such positions as I describe.

The reader will do well not to ask if what I advise is practised
in gardens growing collections of alpines, but to. put the- matter
to the test of experiment. The idea of growing such splendid
alpine plants as the true Saxifraga longifolia of the Pyrenees
on the straight surface of a wall, has never even entered into the
heads of the managers of our largest gardens, and probably
some of them would laugh at it ; but I affirm that it is in the
power of any person to succeed with them, and the trial can be
made at a merely nominal cost.

Generally, the best way to establish them is by seed. The
Cheddar Pink, for example, grows on walls at Oxford much
better than I have ever known it do on rockwork or on the level
ground, in which last position indeed it soon dies. A few seeds of
this plant, sown in a mossy or earthy chink, or even covered with a
dust of fine soil, would soon take root and grow into neat little
specimens, living, moreover, for years in that dwarf and perfectly
healthful state so agreeable to the eye. So it is with most of the
plants enumerated ; the seedling roots vigorously into the chinks,
and gets a hold which it rarely relaxes; But of some things
seeds are not to be had, and therefore it will be often necessary
to use plants. In all cases young plants should be selected, and,
as they will have been used to growing in fertile ground, or good
soil in pots, and have all their little feeding roots compactly
gathered up near the surface, they must be placed in a chink
with a little moist soil, which will enable them to exist until they
have struck root into the interstices of the wall. In this way
I have seen several interesting species of ferns established, and
also the silvery Saxifrages, and can assure the reader that the
appearance of the starry rosettes of these little rock-plants (the
kinds with incrusted leaves, like S. longifolia, and S. lingulata)
growing flat against the wall will prove strikingly beautiful,
All the best kinds for our purpose, those that can be readily
obtained and established without trouble, are marked with an
asterisk in the list of selections which will be found farther on,
and should be chosen by the doubters and beginners in this
culture.

While many have old ruins and walls on which to grow alpine
plants, others will have no means of enjoying them this way ; but
all may succeed perfectly with the plan suggested in Fig. 32

Part I. RUIN AND WALL GARDENS. 37

By building a rough stone wall, and packing the intervals as
firmly as possible with loam and sandy peat, and putting, perhaps,
a little mortar on the outside of the largest interstices, a host of
briliant gems may be grown with almost as little attention as
we bestow on the common Ivy. Thoroughly consolidated, the
materials of the wall would afford precisely the kind of nutriment
required by the plants. The wall would prove a more congenial
home to many species than any but the best constructed rock-
garden. In many parts of the country the rains would keep the
walls in a sufficiently moist condition, the top being always left
somewhat concave ; in dry districts a perforated copper pipe laid
along the top will diffuse the requisite moisture. In very moist
places natives of wet rocks and trailing plants like the Lzznea,
might be interspersed here and there among the other alpines ;

Fig. 32.—A rude stone wall covered with alpine plants.

in dry ones it would be desirable to plant chiefly the Saxifragas,
Sedums, small Campanulas, Linarias, and subjects that, even in
hotter countries than ours, find a home on the sunniest and
barest crags. The chief care in the management of this wall of
alpine flowers would be in preventing weeds or coarse plants from
taking root and overrunning the choice gems. When these are
once observed, they can be easily prevented from making any
further progress by continually cutting off their shoots as they
appear; it would never be necessary to disturb the wall even in
the case of a thriving Convolvulus. The wall of alpine plants may
be placed in any convenient position in or near the garden:
there is no reason why a portion of the walls usually devoted to
climbers should not be prepared as I describe. The boundary
walls of multitudes of small gardens would look better graced by
alpine flowers than bare as they usually are. However, once it:
is generally known that the very walls may be jewelled with this

38 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I,

exquisite plant-life, it need not be pointed out where oppor-
tunities may be found for developing it.

The dwarfer and succulent alpine plants are capable of afford-
ing beautiful and distinct effects from their neat foliage and
habit alone, and the introduction of them is one of the most
rapidly growing improvements now taking place in our flower-
gardens. A few years ago they could only be found in very
few gardens ; now they may be seen in abundance in Battersea
Park, and many other places about London where flower-
gardening is. well carried out ; and, a demand having arisen
for them, they may be seen in great variety in some of our
London nurseries. ;

The term “succulent” may not be familiar to every reader.
It is applied to plants with stems or leaves of a very fat and juicy
texture, and in which soft cellular tissue greatly predominates.

Fig. 33.—Raised beds with mosaic work of alpine succulents.

Usually in botanic gardens the term is applied to the Cactuses,
Aloes, Agaves, Mesembryanthemums, and plants of like cha-
racter, so very different to the types of vegetation we are ac-
customed to in this country. Thus the house in which these
plants, chiefly from South Africa, South America, Mexico,
and various warm parts of the world, are gathered together at
Kew, is called the “succulent house.” It would be difficult
to find anywhere a house more worthy of a visit or more re-
markably striking than this, containing, as it does, a vast collec-
tion of the plants that to our eyes seem the most singular of all
that exist on our world at its present stage. But there are many
other succulent plants than those mostly well-armed and spiny
monsters from hot countries. The little Spider-webbed Semper-
vivum, that clothes the rocks on many a wild and cold alpine
slope, is a succulent as well as the enormous Cactus (Cereus
giganteus) which, rising like.a great branching pillar to a height

Part I. ALPINE SUCCULENTS. 39

of from forty to nearly sixty feet, gives such an “unearthly” cha-
racter to the mountain ridges of New Mexico. Many of the
dwarf plants with which the Alps and Pyrenees and other
mountain chains are clothed are succulent. They are as hardy
and as easily grown as the common Houseleek, which is an
example-of a northern succulent that must be familiar to all.
The way in which these plants have hitherto been found most
useful in flower-gardens is in the making of edgings, borders, &c. ;
but when people begin to be more familiar with their curiously
chiselled forms, they will use them abundantly for making small
mosaic beds. Their great value as border and rock plants need
not be spoken of here, as we are now merely considering them
in relation to the bedding system, from which till very recently

Fig. 34.—Bed of alpine succulents, with centre of Echeveria metallica, surrounded by
Pachypnytum, and edged with Echeveria secunda.

they were completely excluded. In addition to the making of
neat little panels, borders, edgings, and beds, they may be
employed for forming carpets to act as a setting for larger
subjects—a very pretty way of using them.

Among the plants that have been much admired when seen
in this way are a few that are not hardy, notably so Echeveria
metallica and Pachyphytum bracteosum, the first very effective
from its large leaves of a metallic lustre, the second pretty and
curious. These require greenhouse treatment in winter, and
where the first is scarce, and the plants small, they will be all
the better of passing their first winters in a dry and warm house.
Growing larger than most succulents used in this way, it is
valuable for using as a central object among the smaller kinds,

Bea

40 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part Is

and also for association with flower-garden plants of the ordinary
type. Another plant very much used is Echeverta secunda, and,
though this has remained out all the winter in various places, it
may practically be considered to require greenhouse or frame
or pit treatment. The variety g/auca, of a lighter and bluish
white tone, is more tender than £. secunda itself, and must
also receive greenhouse or frame treatment in winter.

Of hardy succulents that are fit for flower-garden use, none are
more worthy of cultivation than the Sempervivums. Being hardy
and easily grown in any soil, they will eventually become plants
for everybody’s garden. Our old friend the Houseleek is not used
in this way, but there is no reason why it should not be, as few
of the kinds are so large. One of the most distinct of the

other kinds in cultivation is called S. Heuffelld,; it is somewhat

- of the same aspect as the Houseleek, but the leaves turn to a dull

crimson in summer and autumn. Of the remaining Houseleeks
the following are hardy and suitable for forming very dwarf
edgings and beds :—Sempervivum arenarium, ciliatum, cal-
caveum, Funkti, glaucum, globiferum, Laggert, hirtum, juratum,
Mettenianum, montanum, Neilrichii, piliferum, Pomelli, Re-
guient, ruthenicum, soboliferum, stenopetalum, velutinum, vil-
losum, and arachnoideum.

Of Sedums the kind that has been most used is the dwarf
and pretty S. glaucum, Many other kinds will be found useful,
and among them the following are valuable :—Sedum acre
variegatum, pulchellum, Ewerstt, hispanicum, kamtschaticum,
rupestre, reflexum, sexangulare, sexfidum, Sieboldii, spurium,
teretifolium, ternatum, triangulare, villosum, wirens, and
multiceps.

Among the silvery or Aizoon section of the Saxifrages there
are some charming little plants, with their silvery leaves so
leathery and thick that I may well include them among hardy
garden succulents; and among them the best are Saxdfraga
Aizoon, Cotyledon, pyramidalis, Rocheliana, crustata, rosularis,
Ffostit, intacta, lingulata, and the fine Pyrenean 5S. longifolia.
There are of Saxifrages alone scores of kinds suitable for this
purpose, from the silvery ones of the dongifolda section to the
deep glistening green kinds of the kyfxoides section, and there
should be no difficulty whatever in making numerous little ar-
rangements like those suggested in Figs. 33, 34, and 35, with the
vegetation of each entirely different from that of its neighbour. ,

Part I, ALPINE SUCCULENTS. 41

Numbers of other useful alpine succulents will be found in the
lists of Sedums, Sempervivums, and Saxifrages; and many
dwarf plants not succulent, such as small silvery Antennarias,
alpine Senecios, and the like, may be used in combination with
them.

The ways of arranging these plants so as to secure the most
satisfactory effects vary much. They make the most exquisite
little geometrical gardens yet seen, and have also been used with
charming effect in the English or natural style of garden on
a miniature scale. For several years past they have been much
used in Battersea Park, on a series of irregular mounds
ranging from two to twelve feet high—a Lilliputian imitation

Fig. 35-—Bed of alpine succulents, crested with dwarf Agave.

of a hilly country—the whole simply tormed by throwing up
earth. These little hills had very dwarf alpine plants for turf,
and neat specimen plants, hardy and tender, from six inches to
three feet high, for “trees.” Two hills were covered with what it
is no exaggeration to say appeared like molten silver, and that
was Axntennaria tomentosa. A little farther, and the “hills”
were covered with the dwarf sea-green Sedum glaucum, and
dotted with the large metallic-hued Echeveria. Here and
there little pointed specimens of the dwarf Retinosporas dotted
over the earth, and presented the true pine-like aspect, while
a considerable variety of neat dwarf alpines occurred—among
those more largely employed, the pinky Sedum brevifolium, the
little chubby Sedum dasyphyllum, dwarf Thyme, silvery-leaved
Veronica, Cobweb Sempervivum, and so on. Echeveria pur-

42 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I,

purea, with leaves more ofa dark blood-coloured than of a
purplish hue, was very effective on a glaucous or silvery turf, and
handsome greenhouse succulents came well into the background.
But the lesson the thing teaches is of far greater value than
the details of the planting, and every one who observes such ar-
rangements should bear in mind that all the little plants which
cover the ground in such a charming way are perfectly hardy,
and but a mere tithe of what may be used in the same way, and
with effects equally pretty and singular.

Fig. 33 shows a ridged bed about two feet high, very
tastefully formed, by Mr. Harry Veitch, in the Royal Exotic
Nursery, Chelsea, last spring; Fig. 34, a circular bed ex-

Fig. 36.—Distant effect of small hills crested with Antennaria tomentosa.

quisitely arranged, by Mr. Alfred Salter, in the Versailles
Nursery, at Hammersmith; Fig. 35, an almost pyramidal
and strikingly pretty bed, formed by Mr. Eyles, in the Royal
Horticultural Gardens, South Kensington, during the past sum-
mer; and Fig. 36 attempts to show the distant effect of
silvery carpets of Antennaria tomentosa, suggesting the appear-
ance of snow on mounds, in Battersea Park, in 1869.

The old-fashioned mixed border offers a capital means of
growing, without trouble, numbers of first-class alpine plants.

This much abused, much misunderstood, sometimes over-
praised, method of arranging plants is now rarely or never
seen with us in what are called “ good gardens.” When seen,
it is usually a poor sight, and worthy of the ridicule be-
stowed by some horticulturists on what they have never seen in
perfection, and know little about. They misunderstand this old
system, and abuse it. However, its ancient admirers were not

Part I. ALPINES IN MIXED BORDER. 43

backward in the first respect, as they filled it with tall, weedy,
and strong Asters, Solidagos, and the like, possessing no merit,
and therefore soon brought the system into contempt. It is
undervalued by nearly everybody ; curators of botanic gardens
—the very men who ought to know and appreciate its merit—
have sneered at it ; great “ bedding-out people” have given it no
mercy, when it was nearly or quite finished without their aid ;
and finally, the very people of whose gardens it was the life
and soul—the owners of small gardens—have come to turn
up their noses at it; in a word, it is almost banished from
the land.

Even yet, however, you may see a trace of it about country
cottages, and nothing can be prettier than to find one surrounded
by a nice variety of hardy plants, from Roses and Honeysuckle to
double Saxifrage and Lily-of-the-valley ; but, unhappily, these
poor cottagers are also beginning to run after strange gods, as
would appear from the following extract from a letter addressed
by a Nottingham clergyman to the ‘ Field’ :—

“Tt is, I confess, with deep regret that in the last few years
I have seen the ‘ posy gardens’ of several cottages in my parish
destroyed—the Moss-roses, Clove Carnations, aye, and the Lads-
love and the Lemon Thyme, rooted out, and their place supplied by
a ridiculous grass plat, with a hole in the centre, empty for eight
months in the year, and containing for the other four months
scarlet Geraniums and Verbenas purchased at sixpence each from
some neighbouring nursery, and forming a wretched parody upon
the ‘ masses of colour’ which weary my eyes and try my temper
when I am conducted by lady friends through their blazing
parterres, which, notwithstanding their perpetual sameness, I am
expected to admire.”

Such is the happy result we have arrived at by “ improving ”
the flower-garden. Persons with houses and frames and other
garden conveniences can manage very well; but what a sorry
thing it is to think that people with only means to grow hardy
flowers have rooted them out, and are obliged to buy or to beg a
few plants every spring! For them the exquisite flora of the Alps
has no attractions. To them the vast families of plants that
garnish with unsurpassed beauty the woods and wilds of northern
and temperate climes offer not a sole specimen worthy of culti-
vation. But where is the interest or true beauty of their gardens ?
It does not exist ; and thus the delightful art of gardening has

44 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

become with them a thing more contemptible than the pro-
duction of wall paper, because, instead of gathering round their
homes much of the choicest interest of the vegetable kingdom—
a thing which every Englishman can do without a particle of
expense for artificial heat—they make a series of blotches, and
boast that there is scarcely a leaf to be seen. “I have,” says the
gentleman above quoted, “ amidst hundreds of plants in my own
garden, which recall absent friends and far-off scenes—I have
flourishing in my flower-beds Acanthus from ‘the walls of
the Coliseum, Cyclamen from the tomb of Virgil, and Anemone
from the cliffs of Sorrento.” Where are the associations of the
common “ bedding” gardener? where even the fragrance or the
beauty of his flowers? They are mostly devoid of any such
thing, simply affording telling colour of some kind—it matters
not whether by leaves or flowers. We must change all this,
without destroying any good feature of “bedding out.” We must
again have our mixed borders, not the old mixed borders, but
better than were ever seen.

There are several other ways of arranging hardy plants in a
more beautiful, natural, and pleasing manner, but the mixed
border forms a sort of reception room for all comers and at all
times. On its front margin you may place your newest Sedum
or silvery Saxifrage ; at the back or in the centre your latest
Delphinium, Phlox, or Gladiolus ; and therefore it is, on the
whole, the most useful arrangement, though it should as a rule
be placed in a rather isolated part of the garden, where the
extent of the place permits of that. Not that a mixed border is
not sufficiently presentable for any position ; but, having many
more suitable things to offer for the more open and important
surfaces of the garden, this had better be kept in a quiet,
retired place, where indeed its interest may be best enjoyed.
If no better situation be offered than the kitchen-garden, make
a mixed border there by all means. The little nursery depart-
ment, if there be one, will also suit ; but best of all, in a large
place, would be a quiet strip in the pleasure-ground or flower-
garden, separated, if the garden be in the natural style, by a thin
shrubbery, from the general scene of the flower-garden. It is
vain to lay down any precise rules as to the position or arrange-
ment of this or anything else; for, even if we succeeded in
having them adopted, what a sad end would it not lead to—
every place like its neighbour! That, above all others, is a

Part I, ALPINES IN MIXED BORDER. 45

thing to be avoided. In old times the borders on each side of
the main walk of the kitchen garden were mostly appropriated
to herbaceous plants ; and, if well done, this is a good practice,
especially if the place be small. A border arranged in this way
in a small villa garden will prove a very attractive feature, espe-
cially if cut off from the vegetable and fruit quarters by a trellis-
work completely covered with good strong-growing varieties of
Roses on their own roots.

The mixed border is capable of infinite variation as to plan as
well as to variety of subjects. The most interesting variety is
that composed of choice hardy herbaceous plants, bulbs, and
alpine plants. Another of a very attractive description may be
made by the use of bedding plants only, from Dahlias and
Gladioli to the smallest kinds, but in this case we will confine
ourselves to the old-fashioned sort made with hardy plants
alone. There is a symmetrical system, which must be entirely
kept clear of—that of placing quantities of.one thing, good or bad,
as the case may be, at regular intervals from each other. The
very reverse of that is the true system for the best and most
interesting kind of mixed border. In a well-arranged one no
six feet of its length should resemble any other similar space of
the same border. Certainly it may be desirable to have several
specimens of a favourite plant ; but any approach to planting
the same thing in numerous places along the same line should
be avoided. I should not, for instance, place one of the neat
Saxifrages along in front of the border at regular intervals, fine
and well suited as it might be for that purpose, but, on the
contrary, attempt to produce in all parts a totally distinct yet
high type of vegetation.

The plan on next page shows a small portion of what I con-
ceive to be a tastefully arranged mixed border, and, at the same
time, the proper position for the alpine plants in the front line.
Each of the dwarf plants in front should be allowed to grow
into a strong spreading tuft.

The borders should be deeply prepared, and of a fine free tex-
ture—in short, of good, rich, sandy ldam. That is the chief point
in the’culture. It is a great mistake to dg among choice hardy
plants, and therefore no amount of pains should be spared in the
preparation of the ground at first. If thoroughly well made
then, there will be no need of any digging of the soil for a long
time.

Part I.

ALPINE FLOWERS.

46

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Part I, ALPINES. IN SHRUBBERY BORDERS. 47

Many alpine plants, when grown in borders, are much bene-
fited by being surrounded by a few half-buried rugged stones or
pieces of rock. These are useful in preventing excessive evapo-
ration, and in guarding the plant, when small and young, from
being trampled upon or overrun
by coarse weeds or plants, and
in keeping the ground firmer. Be-
sides, many mountain plants look
much more at home when ar-
ranged somewhat as shown in the
accompanying illustration than in d
any other way on borders. Fig. 37.—Alpine plant on border over-

A few barrowfuls of stones—the lapping half-buried stones.
large flints that edgings are often
made from will do well, if better cannot be obtained—will do
for many plants; and this simple plan will be found to suit
many who cannot afford the luxury of a properly formed rock-
work, Lists of alpine plants suitable for the mixed border will
be found in the selections. at the end of the book.

Lastly, I will speak of the capabilities of common shrubbery
borders, &c. for growing a very considerable number of alpine
plants. No practice is more general, or more in accordance with
ancient custom, than that of digging shrubbery borders, and
there is none in the whole course of gardening more profitless
or worse. When winter is once come, almost every gardener,
although animated with the best intentions, simply -prepares to
make war upon the roots of everything in his shrubbery border.
The generally accepted practice is to trim, and often to mutilate
the shrubs, and to dig all over the surface that must be full of
feeding roots. Delicate half-rooted shrubs are often disturbed ;
herbaceous plants, if at all delicate and not easily recognised,
are destroyed; bulbs are often displaced and injured; and
a sparse depopulated aspect is given to the margins, while
the only “improvement” that is effected by the process is the
annual darkening of the surface by the upturned earth.

Illustrations of my meaning occur by miles in our London
parks in winter. Walk through any of them at that season,
and observe the borders round masses of shrubs, choice and
otherwise. Instead of finding the earth covered, or nearly
covered, with vegetation close to the margin, and each_indivi-

48 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I,

dual developed into something like a respectable specimen of its
kind, we find a spread of recently-dug ground, and the plants
upon it, with an air of having recently suffered from a whirlwind,
or something or other that necessitated the removal of mutilated
branches. Rough-pruners precede the diggers, and bravely
trim in the shrubs for them, so that nothing may be in the way ;
and then come the delvers, who sweep along from margin to
margin, plunging deeply round and about plants, shrubs, or
trees. The first shower that occurs after this digging exposes a
whole network of torn-up roots. There is no relief to the spec-
tacle ; the same thing occurs everywhere—in a London botanic
garden as well as in our large West-end parks ; and year after
year is the process repeated. While such is the case, it will be
impossible to have an agreeable or interesting margin to-a
shrubbery ; albeit the importance of the edge, as compared to
the hidden parts, is pretty much as that of the face to the back
of a mirror.

Of course all the labour required to produce this unhappy result
is worse than thrown away, as the shrubberies would do better
if let alone, and merely surface-cleaned now and then. By
utilising the power thus wasted, we might highly beautify the
positions now so very objectionable.

If we resolve that no annual manuring or digging is to be
permitted, nobody will grudge a thorough preparation at first.
The planting should be so arranged as to defeat the digger.
To graduate the vegetation from the taller subjects behind to
the very margin of the grass is of much importance, and this
can only be done thoroughly by the greater use of permanent
evergreen and very dwarf subjects. Happily, there are quite
enough of these to be had suitable for every soil, On
light, moist, peaty, or sandy soils, where such things as the
sweet-scented Daphne Cucorum would spread forth their dwarf
cushions, a better result would ensue than, say, on a stiff
clay ; but for every position suitable plants might be found.
Look, for example, at what we could do with the dwarf green
Iberises, Helianthemums, Aubrietias, Arabises, Alyssums, dwarf
shrubs, and little conifers like the creeping Cedar (Funiperus
. sguamaia), and the Tamarix-leaved Juniper! All these are
green, and would spread out into dense wide cushions, covering
the margin, rising but little above the grass, and helping to cut,

Part lL ALPINE FLOWERS IN BORDERS. 49

off the formal line which usually divides margin and border.
Behind them we might use very dwarf shrubs, deciduous or
evergreen, in endless variety ; and of course the margin should
be varied also.

In one spot we might have a wide-spreading tuft of the pros-_
trate Savin pushing its graceful evergreen branchlets out over
the grass; in another the dwarf little Cotoneasters might be
allowed to form the front rank, relieved in their turn by
pegged-down roses ; and so on without end. Herbaceous plants,
that die down in winter and leave the ground bare afterwards,
should not be assigned any important position near the front.
Evergreen alpine plants and shrubs, as before remarked, are per-
fectly suitable here ; but the true herbaceous type, and the larger
bulbs, like Lilies, should be “stolen in” between spreading
shrubs rather than allowed to monopolise the ground. By
so placing them, we should not only secure a far more satis-
factory general effect, but highly improve the aspect of the
herbaceous plants themselves. The head of a white Lily, seen
peeping up between shrubs of fresh and glistening green, is in-
finitely more attractive than when forming one of a large batch
of its own or allied kinds, or associated with a mass of herba-
ceous plants. Of course, to carry out such planting properly,
a little more time at first and a great deal more taste than
are now employed would be required; but what a difference
in the result! In the kind of borders I advocate, nearly all
the trouble would be over with the first planting, and labour
and skill could be successively devoted to other parts of the
place. All the covered borders would require would be an
occasional weeding or thinning, &c., and perhaps, in the case of
the more select spots, a little top-dressing with fine soil. Here
and there, between and amongst the plants, such things as
Forget-me-nots and Violets, Snowdrops and Primroses, might be
scattered about, so as to lend the borders a floral interest, even
at the dullest seasons; and thus we should be delivered from
digging and dreariness, and see our ugly borders alive with
exquisite plants. A list of species suitable for this purpose will
be found among the selections. ;

And now, having spoken of growing alpine flowers in various
ways, I will say a few words in favour of such of them as
happen to be among the plants usually termed “ florists’ flowers.”
What is a “florists’” flower? ‘Well, simply one that has been

E

50 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

a great favourite with gardeners, and, being much raised from
seed by them, has sported into such a number of distinct
varieties in their hands that it forms a sort of little isolated
family in a corner away from botanical classification, so to
speak. The term is, in short, a bad one to designate flowers
that have been much grown by man, or rather which, exhibit-
ing considerable variation under his care, have been preserved
by him in their most striking and admired forms. They are
in many cases double flowers that belong to these florists’
groups—the Hollyhock and Dahlia, to wit—though not a few are
single, like the Gladiolus and Auricula. Florists’ flowers that
have sprung from high mountain or rock plants, like the Auricula
or the Carnation, are perhaps more worthy of attention than
any others, in consequence of their rich and elegant mark-
ings, perfect hardiness, neatness of habit, shape of bloom,
and adaptability to the wants of cultivators in all parts of the
country. They ought to be in every garden—not of necessity to
be therein cultivated as “ florists’ flowers,” but treated as ordi-
nary hardy plants. The true florist tends his flowers almost as
carefully as if they were so many tender exotics, and is precise
as to their position, soil, and every other condition ; but these
are such very hardy subjects that they may be well enjoyed with-
out any attention beyond planting in a suitable position in the
first instance.

We may assign some cause why many interesting plants and
classes of plants have gone out of cultivation ; but there is one
thing that can hardly be accounted for, and that is, why the
fragrant, beautiful, and neat classes of hardy florists’ flowers—
from elegantly laced Picotees to richly stained Polyanthuses—
should have almost disappeared from our gardens, and be now
in want of the least advocacy from me. In them we have
flowers of unimpeachable merit, equally worthy of admiration
in garden of peer or cottager. They are as hardy as our native
plants, require no steaming in houses at any time of their lives,
are generally pleasing in habit, whether in or out of flower,
sometimes useful for the spring garden, and in nearly all cases
among the very best plants which the gardener can grow for
cutting from; and yet, with all these undoubted merits, where
are they? Generally speaking, fallen into “the abyss of things
that were.” They have, of course, been driven from the field by
the bedding system; but so surely as taste and perception of

Part I.

THE NATURAL ROCK-GARDEN.

(See p. 52.)

Fig. 38.—Site for natural rock-garden.

52 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

what is really beautiful-still live amongst us, so surely will they
come into our gardens again, and take up a prominent position.
Perhaps the most fortunate of all lovers of alpine flowers are
those who have opportunities of growing them where there is a
natural rock-garden—a not uncommon case in many parts of
these islands. Where the rock crops up naturally in any way
approaching that shown by Fig. 38, a very trifling expense, a
little taste, and some knowledge of suitable plants, is all we
require to produce a magnificent result. Numbers of exotic
herbs are sufficiently vigorous to take care of themselves among
the. weeds that grow in such places, while a select open spot may
be easily cleared for the rarer and more delicate alpine plants.
Even if only a few points of rock show, excavating or procuring
smaller masses, and arranging them so that they seem to peep
naturally from the earth, cannot be a matter of difficulty. The
nobler herbaceous plants, from the stately Pampas Grass to the
brilliant Tritoma, might here be associated with the Brake-fern
and the Struthiopteris ; the light tracery of the various splendid
everlasting peas, white and crimson, might twine in undisciplined
loveliness amongst the huge leaves of such plants as Rheum
Emodi and Acanthus latifolius ; the superb new purple Clema-
tises, with countless blooms like saucers of purple, and many trail-
ing mountain herbs, might drape over the rocks not too thickly
studded with ferns or flowers; the Cyclamens and Lilies, and
many brilliant hardy bulbs of the sunny hills of Italy and
Greece, ‘might here bloom in company with the Linnea of
North Europe and Scotland, and the many interesting plants
that haunt the bogs and mossy woods of northern and arctic
regions ; and with all these, and many more, might be carried
out Lord Bacon’s conception of a “ Naturall wildnesse. Zyees
I would have none in it; But some 7hzckets, made only of
Sweet-Briar,and Honny-suckle, and some Wilde-Vine amongst ;
and the Ground set with Violets, Strawberries, and Prime-
Roses. For these are Sweet, and prosper in the Shade. And
these to be in the Hafh, here and there, not in any Order.
I like also little Heags, in the Mature of Mole-hils, (such as are
in Wilde Heaths) to be set, some with Wilde Thyme ; Some with
Pincks ; Some with Germander, that gives a good Flower to the
Eye; Some with Periwinckle ; Some with Violets ; Some with
Strawberries ; Some with Cowslips ; Some with Daisies ; Some
with Red-Roses ; Some with Lilium Convallium; Some with

Part I. WILD ROCK-GARDEN IN WOOD, 53

Sweet-Williams Red; Some with Beares-Foot; And the like
Low Flowers, being withal Sweet, and Sightly.”

Where natural rock appears in only one spot, and we desire
to make the most of it, it is better to clear away any wood
or coarse undershrub that may surround it, so as to permit
the full development of alpine and rock plants; but should it
crop up in more than one or in several positions in woods, it
would be better to leave at least one such spot as much shaded
with trees as possible, so that wood and copse plants and shade-
loving ferns might be therein fully developed. Such a spot

Fig. 39.—Site for rock-garden in wood.

would form a very agreeable retreat in hot days. A few groups
of the noble-leaved Berberises in the way of B. nepalensis
would thrive admirably in peat near such a position; in an
open, sunny, but sheltered, nook a wild arrangement of Cannas
and other sub-tropical plants would form a fine feature, while
various low wood shrubs, like the American Rubus nutkanus
and R. sfectabilis would be seen to greater advantage running
wild near such positions than in any others. And so of a
number of interesting hardy grasses, herbs, and shrubs, and
. dwarf wood plants like the Pyrolas.
Hitherto, all the arranvements treated of. whether Inara or

54 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I,

small, ambitious or humble, require some kind of garden in
which to carry them out. We will next consider the case of the
owners of those limited sites for gardens—window sills, On these
numbers of diminutive and interesting alpine plants may be
easily grown. My first proposal is to pick out some of the
prettiest and most diverse of the Stonecrops, Houseleeks, silvery
Saxifrages, &c., to plant them in a goodly-sized box, and use a
few rough stones by way of miniature rocks. I would place the
box or boxes in the full sun, and give them plenty of water from
a rose in warm spring and summer weather, and, indeed, at all
times when they are dry, which is not likely to occur often
during the dull months of winter. Among and between the
alpine plants I would in autumn pop in here and there a dimi-
nutive spring-flowering bulb—say Bulbocodium vernum, Scilla
sibirvica and béfolia, small Daffodils, Snowdrops, Snowflakes ;
and, if the box was large, a few of the delicately coloured
Crocuses. The boxes should never be taken indoors, except
to re-arrange or refresh, When the snow comes, the plants
are comfortable, as it is their natural protection in a wild
state ; frost or rain hurts them not, and even London smut
is not able to destroy their little lives, tolerably attended to.
The boxes most suitable for this purpose are wooden ones,
with zinc troughs, decorated externally with clippings of oak
and apple trees, fir cones, &c., or what may be called archi-
tectural boxes, of wood also, but painted stone-colour exter-
nally, and designed so as to suit buildings, which the rustic
ones do not, Both these boxes are made in good form by
various firms in London and elsewhere. No matter what kind
of box is adopted, it is desirable to allow some plants of
a trailing habit to fall over its outer edge. If the outer mar-
gins of the boxes were well covered, it would matter little
what form were adopted. The common Stonecrop, Sedum
Steboldii, Thymus lanuginosus, the woolly-leaved Cerastiums,
and many other hardy plants, will do this effectively.

A yet more satisfactory window rock-garden can be made out-
side of a window to which light has free access, by forming a
miniature alpine garden on the sill. It is simply done by
putting a few irregular stones along the front margin, and
packing a few small bits of turfy peat or loam inside them
to prevent the fine soil, afterwards to be added, from being
washed out. Then fill in the hollow with sandy loam, mixed, if

Part I, THE WINDOIW ROCK-GARDEN. 55

convenient, with morsels of broken sandstone. A few mossy or
ancient-looking stones should be half buried on the upper sur-
face, and then the whole should be planted, the best time to do
this being April. It is not merely possible to keep alpine suc-
culents in this way: it is easy to grow a multitude of the most
interesting and beautiful kinds! I never in wild or garden saw
these plants in better health, or looking more at home, than on
the outside of a low sunny window in Mr. Peter Barr’s house at
Tooting. Fig. 40 shows a view of this from the interior; it
was no less pretty seen from without. It is, however, impossible
to show in an engraving the exquisite effect of the Lilliputian
succulents when struggling in graceful confusion on a spot they
enjoy so much. The attention required is very trifling, some
little taste in forming and planting, a judicious selection of

ye ee :
Yi
i

Fig. 40.—The window rock -garden (interior view).

plants, and thorough waterings during the dry season. I need
hardly add that small and brilliant spring bulbs might be em-
ployed to light up this tiny garden in spring as well as that
previously mentioned. It would also be desirable to plant
subjects of a drooping character on the outer margin. The
alpine succulents are all thoroughly hardy, and would remain
in good condition during the winter, but a little changing and
replanting every spring would be very desirable.

Hitherto alpine plants have generally been grown in pots, and
it might perhaps be supposed from this fact that something like
perfection was arrived at in their culture. It is not so. I do
not advocate their culture in pots at all where an opportunity of
making even the smallest type of rockwork exists ; but there are
many cases in which they cannot be well grown in any other
way. It is desirable to keep some kinds in pots till sufficiently

56 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

plentiful, and it is very desirable to grow a number of distinct
and -handsome kinds in this way for the purpose of exhibiting
them at flower shows.

We are pre-eminently great at exhibiting ; our pot-plants are
far before those of other countries ; specimens are to be seen at
every show which are models not only as regards beauty, but as
showing a remarkable development of plant from a very small
portion of confined earth, exposed to many vicissitudes ; yet in
one respect we have made no progress whatéver, and that is, in
the pot-culture of alpine and herbaceous plants, for exhibition
purposes.

Prizes are frequently offered at our flower shows for these
plants, and usually awarded, but the exhibitors rarely deserve a
prize at all, for their plants are usually badly selected, badly
grown, and such as never ought to appear on a stage at all.
In almost every other class, the first thing the exhibitor does is
to select appropriate kinds—distinct and beautiful, and then he
makes some preparation beforehand for exhibiting them ; but
in the case of our hardy friends, anybody who happens to have
a rough lot of hardy miscellaneous rubbish exhibits it, and thus
it is that I have seen such beauties as the following more
than once exhibited: a common Thrift with the dead flower-
stems on it, and drooping over the green leaves; a plant of
Arabis albida out of flower ; the Pellitory-of-the-wall, which has
as little beauty in flower as out of it : not to speak of a host of
worthless things not in themselves ugly, but far inferior to others
in the same families. What would become of our shows if the
same tactics were carried out in other classes? Even the most
successful exhibitors are apt to look about a day before a show,
for the best flowering cuttings of such things as Jberts corree-
Jolia, and, sticking four or five of these into a pot, present that
as a “specimen.” Now, what is so easily grown into the neatest
of specimens as an Iberis? By merely plunging in the ground
a few six-inch pots filled with rich soil, and putting in them a
few young cutting plants, they would, “left to nature,” be good
specimens in a short time, while with a little pinching, and feed-
ing, and pegging-down, they would soon be fit to grace any
exhibition. So it is with many other things of like habit and
size—the dwarf shrubby Lthospermum prostratum, for example ;
a little time, and the simplest skill, will do all that is required.
Such subjects as the foregoing, with tiny shrubs like 42dromeda

Part I. ALPINE PLANTS IN POTS. 57

tetragona and A. fastigiata, the Menziesias and Gaultheria pro-
cumbens, the choicer Helianthemums and dwarf Phloxes, and
many others enumerated in the selections of exhibition plants,
might be found pretty enough to satisfy even the most fasti-,
dious growers of New Holland plants.

The very grass is not more easily grown than plants like
Iberises and Aubrietias, yet to ensure their being worthy of a
place, they ought to be at least a year in pots so as to secure
well-furnished plants. Such vigorous subjects, to merit the
character of being well grown, should fall luxuriantly over the
edge of the pots, and in all cases as much as possible of the
crockeryware should be hidden. The dwarf and spreading
habit of many of this class of plants would render this a matter
of no difficulty. In some cases it would be desirable to put a
number of cuttings or young rooted plants into six-inch pots, so
as to form specimens quickly. Pots of six inches diameter suit
well for growing many subjects of this intermediate type ; and with
good culture, and a little liquid manure, it would be quite pos-
sible to get a large development of plant in such a comparatively
small pot, but if very large specimens were desired, a size larger
might be resorted-to.

To descend from the type that seems to present the greatest
number of neat and attractive flowering plants to the cultivator,
we will next deal with the dwarf race of hardy succulents, and
the numerous minute alpine plants that associate with them in
size—a class rich in merit and strong innumbers. These should,
as a rule, be grown and shown in pans: they are often so pretty
and singular in aspect, as in the cases of the little silvery Saxi-
frages, that they will be very attractive when out of flower,
while the flowers are none the less beautiful because the leaves
happen to be ornamental in an unusual way. Many of a like
size, as Erpetion reniforme and Mazus Pumilio, must be shown
in good flower. Al these little plants are of the readiest culture
in pans, with good drainage, and light soil. Of course the
quick way to form good specimens of the most diminutive kinds
is to dot young plants over the surface of the pot or pan at once.

Some few alpine plants are somewhat delicate or difficult to
grow ; and amongst the most beautiful and interesting of these
are the Gentians, and certain of the Primulas. There are many
who will of course be ambitious to succeed in cultivating them,
but, in a general way, it would be better to avoid, at first, all

58 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I,

such difficult subjects, since a failure with them is apt to be
disheartening, I believe that a more liberal culture than is
generally pursued is what is wanted for these more difficult
_kinds, and such as are usually considered impossible to culti-
vate. The plants are often obtained in a delicate and small
state; then they are, perhaps, kept in some out-of-the-way
frame, or put where they receive but chance attention ; or;
perhaps, they die off from some vicissitude, or fall victims to
slugs, which seem to relish their flavour, considering how clean
they eat off some kinds ; or, if a little shaky about the roots, are
interred by earth-worms, whose casts serve to clog up the drain-
age, and thus render the pot uninhabitable. With strong and
healthy young plants to begin with, good and more liberal cul-
ture, and plunging in the open air in beds of coal-ashes through
the greater part of the year, the majority of those supposed
to be unmanageable would soon flourish beautifully. I have
taken species of Primula, usually seen in a very weakly and poor
state, divided them, keeping safe all the young roots, put one
sucker in the centre, and five or six round the sides of a 32-
sized pot, and in a year made “perfect specimens” of them,
with, of course, a greater profusion of bloom than if I had
depended on one plant only. Annual or biennial division is an
excellent plan to pursue with many of these plants, which in a
wild state run each year a little farther into the deposit of decay-
ing herbage which surrounds them, or, it may be, into the sand
and grit which are for ever being carried down by natural agen-
cies. In our long summer some of the Primulas will make a
tall growth and protrude rootlets on the stem—a state for which
dividing and replanting firmly, deep down to near the collar, is
an excellent remedy.

There are many plants with which an entirely different
course must be pursued, which demand to be permanently esta-
blished, Spigeléa marilandica, Gentiana verna, G. bavarica, and
Cypripedium spectabile, for example. The Gentians are very
rarely well grown, and yet I am convinced that few will fail
to grow them if they procure in the first instance strong esta-
blished plants; pot them carefully and firmly in good sandy
loam, well drained, using bits of grit or gravel in the soil;
plunge them in sand or coal-ashes to the rim, in a position fully
exposed to the sun ; and give them abundance of water during
the spring and summer months, taking, of course, all necessary

Part I. ALPINE PLANTS IN POTS. 59

precautions against worms, slugs, and weeds. And such will
be found to be the case with many other rare and fine alpine
plants. The best position in which to grow the plants would
be some open spot near the working sheds, where they could be
plunged in coal ashes, and be under the eye at all times. And
as they should show the public what the beauty of hardy plants
really is, so should they be grown entirely in the open air in
spring and summer. To save the pots and pans from cracking
with frost, it would in many cases be desirable to plunge them
in shallow cold frames, or cradles, with a northern exposure in
winter ; but in the case of the kinds that die down in winter,
a few inches of some light covering thrown over the pots, when
the tops of the plants have perished, would form a sufficient
protection.

Alpine and herbaceous plants in pots, and kept in the open air
all the winter, are best plunged in a porous material on a porous
bottom, and on the north side of a hedge or wall, where they
would be less liable to change of temperature, or to be excited
into growth at that season.

For growing the Androsaces and some rare Saxifrages a
modification of the common pot may be employed with a good
result. It is effected by cutting a piece out of the side of
the pot, one and a half or two inches deep. The head of the
plant potted in this way is placed outside of the pot, leaning
over the edge of the oblong opening, its
roots within in the ordinary way, among
sand, grit, stones, &c. (Fig. 41). Thus
water cannot lie about the necks of the
plants to their destruction. Undoubtedly _ 2
it is an advantage for delicatetufted plants Fig. nae Ps
liable to perish from this cause. I first Pe
observed this method in M. Boissier’s

- garden, near Lausanne, in 1868. The pots
used there were taller proportionately
than those we commonly use, so that there Zr
was plenty of room for the roots after the His. qe —Kipine wieit tows
rather deep cutting had been made, ing between stones in pot.

Ayet more desirable modethan the pre-
ceding is that of elevating the collar of the plant somewhat above
the level of the earth in the ordinary pot by means of half-buried
stones, as shown in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 42).

60 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part 1.

In this way we not only raise the collar of the plant so that it
is less liable to suffer from moisture, but, by preventing evapora-
tion, preserve conditions much more congenial to alpine plants,
and keep the roots firm in the ground ; besides, the small plants
look more at home springing from and spreading over their
little rocks. It should, however, be distinctly understood that no
such attention is required by the great majority of alpine plants.

No matter in what way these plants may be grown in gar-
dens, it is desirable to keep the duplicates and young stock in
small pots plunged in sand or fine coal-ashes, so that they may
be carefully removed to the rockwork, or sent away at any time.
The best way of doing this is shown in Fig. 43, representing a

Fig. 43.—Bed of small alpine plants in ‘pots plunged in sand.

four-foot bed in which young alpine plants are plunged in sand,
the bed being edged with half-buried bricks. In bottoms
of beds of this kind there should be half a dozen inches of coal-
ashes, so as to prevent worms getting into the pots, in which
they always prove very injurious. Sand, or grit, or fine gravel,
from its cleanliness and the ease with which the plants may be
plunged in it, is to be preferred, but finely sifted coal-ashes will
do if sand cannot be spared for this purpose,

Such beds should always be in the full sun, near to a good
supply of water, and, if several or many are made, should be
separated by gravelled alleys of about two feet wide. The
watering is very important. In a large nursery it should be laid
on and given with a fine hose. This certainly is the most con-
venient and economical way. Over some of the beds in Mr.
Backhouse’s nursery at York may be seen an ingenious way of

Part I, ALPINE PLANTS FROM SEED. 6x

giving a constant supply of water to Primulas, Gentians, and
other plants. Two perforated half-inch copper pipes are laid
just above the plants in the beds
as shown by Fig. 44. From the
perforations in every two feet or
so of the pipe, drops continually
trickle down in summer, saturating
the beds of sand, and of course the
porous pots and their contents. In
winter or very wet weather the water can be readily turned off.
I do not believe there is any necessity for this system, pro-
vided the water is laid on and applied copiously with a fine hose.

A large number of alpine plants may be raised from seed, and
in every place where there is a collection, it is desirable to sow
the seeds of as many rare and new kinds as are worth raising in
this way. -A good deal will depend on the appliances of the
garden as to the precise way in which they are to be raised ;
but whether there be greenhouses on the premises or not
even a glass hand-light, alpine plants and choice perennials
may be raised there in abundance. Supposing we are supplied
with a good selection of seeds in early spring, and have room
in frames and pits to spare, some time might be gained by
sowing in pans or pots, and by placing them in those frames, or
by making a very gentle hotbed in a frame or pit, covering it
with four inches or so of very light earth, and on that sowing
the seeds. If this mode be adopted, they may be sown in March ;
and, thus treated, many will flower the first year. In gardens
without any glass they may be raised in the open air. About
the best time to sow is in April, choosing mild open weather,
when the ground is more likely to be in the comparatively dry
and friable condition so desirable for seed-sowing. But it should
be borne in mind that they may be sown at any convenient time
from April till August, as it is not till the year after they are sown
that they display their full beauty or perhaps flower at all ; and,
therefore, should a packet or more of choice seed come to hand
during the summer months, it is always better to sow it at once
than to keep it till the following spring, as thereby nearly a
whole season is lost. Those who already possess a collection of
good hardy flowers may find a choice perennial ripening a crop
of seed in May, June, or July—say, for instance, an evergreen
Iberis, a Campanula, or a Delphinium, Well, suppose we want

62 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

to propagate and make the most of it, the true way is to sow it
at once instead of keeping it over the winter, as is usually done.
By winter the seedlings will be strong enough to take care of
themselves, and be ready to plant out for flowering wherever it
may be desired to place them.

But to the immediate subject of raising themin spring. Well,
the seeds we will suppose provided, and the month of April to
have arrived. If not already done, a border or bed should be
prepared for them in an open but sheltered and warm position,
and where the soil is naturally light and fine, or made so by
artificial means. It would be as well to prepare and devote two
or three, or more, little beds to this purpose of raising hardy
flowers. They would form a most useful nursery-like kind of
reserve ground, from which plants could be taken at any time to
fill up vacancies, to exchange with those having collections, and
to give away to friends ; for assuredly it is one of the greatest
pleasures of gardening to be able to give away a young specimen
to a friend who happens to see and admire one of our “good
things” in flower ; and by raising thei from seed we can always
do this with ease. I have said that the seed-bed should be in a
warm position, but let it, if possible, be in or near what is often
called the reserve garden in large places, or, in smaller, in the
kitchen-garden—anywhere but in the portion of the gardens
devoted to ornament. If the ground happen not to be naturally
fine, light, and open, make it so by adding plenty of sand and
leaf mould, and then surface the ground with a few inches of
fine soil from the compost-yard or potting-shed. The sifted
refuse of the potting-bench will do well. Then level the
beds nicely, and form little shallow drills in them for the
reception of the seed. Let the beds be about four feet wide,
with a little footway or alley between each about fifteen inches
wide, and let them run from the back to the front of the
border, not along it. Make the little drills across the beds, and,
instead of making these drills with a hoe or anything of the kind,
simply take a rake handle, a measuring rod, or any straight
thing of the sort that happens to be at hand, and, laying it across
the little bed, press it gently down till it leaves a smooth impres-
sion about one inch deep. Do this at intervals of about six
inches, and then your little nursery bed is ready for the seed.
From these smooth and level drills the seeds will spring up
evenly and regularly.

Part I. ALPINE PLANTS FROM SEED. 63

It is a pleasant thing to sow the seeds of novel or rare plants ;
indeed, to the real lover of a garden, it is more congenial work
than cutting the flowers when arrived at perfection; and
every lover of plants enjoys more or less flowers “of my own
raising.” Well, before opening the seed packets, it is necessary
to have clearly written wooden’ labels at hand on which to write
the name of each species, so that there may be no confusion
when the plants come up. These labels should be about eight
or nine inches long, and an inch wide, and the name should be
written as near the upper end as possible, so that it may not
be soon obliterated by contact with the moist earth. Now, this
labelling process is usually performed in all such cases at the
time of sowing the seeds, but a very much speedier and better
way is to lay out all the seeds on a table some wet day when
out-of-door work cannot be done, and there and then arrange
them in the order of sowing. Write a label for each kind,
tie the packet of seeds up with a piece of matting, and then,
when a fine day arrives for sowing them, it can be done in a
very short time. In sowing, put in at the end of the first little
drill the label of the kind to be sown first, then sow the seed,
inserting the label for the following kind at the spot to which the
seed of the first has reached, and so on. Thus there can be no
doubt as to the name of a species when the same plan is pursued
throughout. Near at hand, during the sowing, should be placed
a barrow of finely sifted earth ; with this the seeds should be
covered more or less heavily according to size, and then well
watered from a very fine rose. Minute seed like that of Cam-
panula will require but a mere dust of the sifted earth to cover it.

Once sown, the rest may be left to nature, save and except
the keeping down of weeds, the seeds of which abound in the
earth in all places, and will be pretty sure to come up among
the young plants. But these being in drills, we can easily tell
the plant from the weed, and nothing is required but a little per-
severing weeding. In these little beds the finest perennials will
come up beautifully, and may be left exactly where sown till the
time arrives for transplanting them to the rockery, spring garden,
or mixed border. This is a better way than sowing in pots,
where they are liable to much vicissitude, and from which they
require to be “ potted off.” Of course in the case of a very rare
or admired kind, the seedlings might be thinned a little and the
thinnings dibbled into a nursery bed, but by sowing rather thinly

64 ALPINE FLOWERS. Parr I.

the plants will be quite at home where first sown till the time
arrives for planting them out finally.

I am convinced that in finely pulverised earth, with, if con-
venient, an inch or so of cocoa fibre and sand between the drills
to prevent the ground getting hard and dry, much better results
will be obtained than by sowing in pots. In the open air they
come up much more vigorously, and never suffer from trans-
plantation or change of temperature afterwards. Nevertheless,
as few will venture the very finest and rarest kinds of seed in
the open air, how to treat them in frames is of some importance,
and the following observations on this matter are by Mr. Niven,
of the Hull Botanic Garden, one of the most successful culti-
vators of alpine plants, who possesses, chiefly in pots, one of
the most complete collections ever made, They were communi-
cated to the ‘ Gardener’s Chronicle.’

“Much disappointment is often experienced in raising the
seeds of perennial plants, and blame is attributed to the vendor
of the seeds, that ought in reality to be awarded nearer home.
Presuming that the selection of the seeds is made, and that
the seeds themselves are in the hands of the purchaser, the
operation of sowing should take place as early as may be prac-
ticable in March. First of all, the requisite number of five- or
six-inch pots should be obtained, so that each seed packet can
have a separate pot for itself. Some nice light soil, with a fair
amount of sand and leaf-mould therein (if obtainable), should be
prepared, and passed through a coarse sieve, keeping a sharp eye
after worms, and at once removing them ; the rough part which
remains in the sieve should be placed above the drainage in the
bottom of the pots to the extent of two-thirds of the depth, filling
the remaining third with the fine soil ; the whole should then be
well pressed down, so that the surface for the reception of the
seeds should be half an inch below the brim of the pot, and
tolerably even. Each packet of seed should then be sown, and
covered with a sprinkling of fine soil, which is to be pressed
down by means of a flat piece of wood, or, what will be perhaps
more readily available, by the bottom of a flower-pot.

‘The best guide as to the thickness of covering required is to
arrange so that no seeds shall be seen on the surface after the
operation, If the seeds are minute, a very small quantity will
be required to attain this end; if they are large, more will be
requisite. This completed, and each pot duly labelled with the

Part I. ALPINE PLANTS FROM SEED, 65

name of the plant and height of growth, the pots should then
be placed in a cold frame tolerably near the glass, taking care
that each pot is set level or as nearly so as practicable.

“Tn preparing the frame for their reception, it is desirable to
have a good thickness of lime rubbish in the bottom, say from
nine to twelve inches, as a protection against worms. |

“Many seeds come up a long time after others ; in fact, seed-
pots are often thrown away in the supposition that the seeds are
dead, when they are perfectly sound ; and some will come up
a year or so after being sown. All that is necessary with the
seeds that do not come up during the spring is to give them an
occasional watering, and to guard against the growth of the
Lichen-like Marchantia. This is frequently a great pest in
damp localities, and is only to be kept in check by carefully
removing it on its first appearance, for if allowed to make
too much headway, any attempt at removal carries away
the surface soil, and with it the seeds. In the month of October
each pot should be surfaced with a sprinkling of fine soil, well
pressed down ; in fact, the process before described after sowing
should be repeated. The pots may remain in the frame till the
spring, nor should they be despaired of altogether till May or
June, or in some instances later.

“To those who may not have the advantage of a cold frame
to carry out the foregoing instructions, I would still recommend
the use of flower-pots rather than sowing in the open ground ;
but under these circumstances I would say—sow one month
later ; place the pots in a warm, sunny corner, and arrange some
simple contrivance so that you can shade with mats during hot
sunshine, and also cover up at night, in order to keep off heavy
rains ; the same care in watering should be observed, and the
same watchful eye after snails, woodlice, and other deptedators,
should be maintained. :

“So much for the seeds in their seed-pots. Nowa word or two
as to the treatment of the plants afterwards. My practice is to pot
off, as soon as they are sufficiently strong to handle, as many as are
required, in three- or four-inch pots, say three in each pot. In these
they will grow well during the summer, and become thoroughly
rooted, ready for consigning to their final habitat, be it rockery,
border, or shrubbery, in the early part of spring, after the borders
have been roughly raked over ; thus giving them ample time to
establish themselves before autumn arrives, and their enemy,

F

66 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

the spade, is likely to come in their way. Failing a supply of
pots sufficient for all, some of the stronger growing ones may be
planted in a sheltered bed of light soil, care being taken to
shade them for a few days after being planted; or a few old
boxes, five or six inches deep, may be used with even greater
advantage for the same purpose, as they may readily be moved
from the shady side of a wall to a more sunny locality after they
have. recovered sufficiently the process of transplanting ; and,
finally, they may receive the shelter of a cold frame as soon as
winter sets in. This recommendation must not be considered
as indicative of their inability to stand the cold weather, but as
a preventive of the mechanical action of frost, which, in some
soils especially, is apt to loosen their root-hold, and force the
young plants, roots and all, to the surface.

“In the case of the smaller-growing alpines, such as the Drabas,
Arabises, &c. I generally find that they stand the first winter best
in pots of the smallest size, and in this form they may be the
more readily inserted in the interstices of a rockery, where they
will permanently establish themselves.”

Than the question of watering there is nothing of more im-
portance in connection with our subject. The popular and
erroneous notion that alpine plants want shade arises from the
fact that those placed in the shade do not perish so soon from
drought as those in the sun. The reason that alpine plants perish
so soon on bare ‘flower-borders, the surface of which may be
saturated with rain one day and as dry as snuff the next, at least
to the depth to which the roots of a small or young alpine plant
would penetrate, is therefore very easily accounted for. Matted
through a soft carpet of short grass in their native hills, or rooted
deeply between stones and chinks, they can stand many degrees
more heat than they ever encounter in this country. As a rule,
it is impossible to water them too freely if the drainage be good,
which of course it will be in the well-formed rock-garden. To
have the water laid on and applied thoroughly and regularly
with a fine hose is the best plan for districts not naturally very
moist, and where there is a large rock-garden ; many small ar-
rangements may be supplied in the ordinary way. from pots or
barrels, and in some parts of the country the natural moisture
will suffice. Some lay small copper pipes through the masses
and to the highest points of the rock, allowing the water to gently
trickle from these, but, except in special cases, the plan is not so

Part I, HARDY AQUATIC PLANTS. 67

good as the hose. It may, however, be worth adopting for one
spot in which Gentiana bavarica and other plants that like
abundant moisture are planted. Whatever system be adopted,
the rule should be: Never water unless you thoroughly saturate
the soil, say with from one and a half to two inches deep of water
over the whole surface. As a rule, ambitious, wall-like, erect
masses of rockwork require half a dozen times as much water as
those constructed on a proper principle with plenty of soil so
arranged that it is saturated by the rains. Indeed, nothing but
ceaseless watering could preserve plants in a healthy state on the
rockwork commonly made. As regards the time of watering, it is
a matter of very little importance, though for convenience’ sake
it is better not done in the heat of the day. The really im-
portant point is to see that it is equably and thoroughly done.

As to soil, the great majority of alpine plants will flourish in
one composed of three-fourths good loam and one-fourth mixed
peat and sand or peat and grit. In a word, ordinary light
garden soil, or what is called sandy loam, will suit them per-
fectly. But a particular kind of soil is required in special in-
stances. Rhododendron Chamecistus, for example, likes lime-
stone; Spigelia marilandica and Rhexia virginica | have seen
attain full health only in peat. The soil suitable for each plant
is given under its name in the second part of the book. As to
the kind of rocks and stones to be employed in the formation
of the rock-garden, almost any sort will do ; selecting, however,
as much as possible only one kind, in the largest masses, and in
the most worn and “natural-looking ” condition.

Harpy AQUATIC PLANTS.—As ornamental water and aquatic
plants are often intimately associated with rockworks, something
requires to be said of the most desirable water-plants.

Agreat deal of beauty may be added to the-‘margins, and here
and there to the surface, of ornamental water, by the use of a
good collection of hardy aquatics arranged with some taste, but,
so far as I have seen, this has not yet been fairly attempted by
any designer of a garden or piece of water. Usually you see the
same monotonous vegetation all round the margin if the soil be
rich ; in some cases, where the bottom is of gravel, there is little
or no vegetation, but an unbroken ugly line of washed earth
between wind and water. In others, water-plants accumulate till
they are a nuisance and an eyesore—I do not mean the sub-
merged plants like Amacharés, but such as the Water Lily, when

68 ALPINE FLOWERS. Parr f

they get matted. Now a well-developed plant or group of
plants of the queenly Water Lily, floating its large leaves and
noble flowers, is a sight not surpassed by any other in
our gardens; but when it increases and runs over the whole
or a large part of a piece of water, and thickens together and
weakens in consequence, and the fowl cannot make their way
through it, then even the queen of British water-plants loses its
charms. No garden water, however, should be without a few:
fine plants or groups of the Water Lily, and if the bottom did
not allow of the free development of the plant, scrapings or,
rubbish might be accumulated in the spot where it was desired
to exhibit the beauties of Vymphcea, and, thus arranged, it would
not spread too much. But it is not difficult to prevent the plant
from spreading; indeed we have known isolated plants and
groups of it remain of almost the same size for years, and where
it increases too much, reduction to the desired limits is of very:
easy accomplishment, either by cutting off the leaves or getting
at the roots in the bottom.

The yellow Water Lily, Muphar lutea, though not so beautiful
as the preceding, is worthy of a place; and also the little V. pu-
mila, a variety or sub-species found in the lakes of the North of
Scotland. Then there is the fine and large WV. advena (a native
of America), which pushes its leaves boldly above the water,
and is very vigorous in habit. It is very plentiful in the
Manchester Botanic Garden, and will be found to some extent
in most gardens of the same kind. In collecting these things,
the true and the only way is to get as many as possible from
ordinary sources at first, and then exchange with others having
collections, whether they be the curators of botanic gardens or
private gentlemen fond of interesting plants. With a little per-
severance, many good things may soon be collected in this way.

One of the prettiest effects I have ever observed was afforded
by a sheet of Villarsia nymphaoides belting round the margin of
a lake near a woody recess, and before it, more towards the deep
water, a fine group of Water Lilies. The beauty of this Villarsia is
very insufficiently developed in garden waters. Itis a charming
little water-plant, with its Nymphzea-like leaves and numerous
golden-yellow flowers, which furnish a beautiful effect on fine
days under a bright sun. It is not very commonly distri-
buted as a native plant, though, where found, generally very
plentiful, and not difficult to obtain in gardens where aquatics

Part I. HARDY AQUATIC PLANTS. 69

are grown. Itis in all respects one of the most serviceable of
hardy water-plants.

Not rare—growing, in fact, in nearly all districts of Britain—
but exquisitely beautiful and singular, is the Buckbean or Marsh
Trefoil (Wenyanthes trifoliata), with its flowers elegantly and
singularly fringed on the inside with white filaments, and the
round unopened buds blushing on the top with a rosy red like
that of an apple-blossom. In early summer, when seen trailing
in the soft ground near the margin of a stream, this plant
has more charms for me than any other marsh-plant. It will
grow in a bog or any moist place, or by the margin of
any water. Though a rather common native plant, it is not
half sufficiently grown in garden waters; but, indeed, these
are invariably neglected. Generally peoples’ minds are so
much fixed upon bedding out that they care little or nothing
for the permanent embellishment of the place with fine hardy
subjects, and nothing at all for the waterside. For grace
and singularity combined, you cannot possibly surpass Agzz-
setum Telmateta, which, in deep soil, in shady and sheltered
places near water, often grows several feet high; the long,
close-set, slender branches depending from each whorl in a
singularly graceful manner. It is grown in many parts of
England, but does not penetrate far into Scotland, and may be
seen finely developed against the wall near the fernery in the
Oxford Botanic Garden: I doubt not that many who see it
there conclude it to be a foreigner, so distinct is it from our
ordinary native vegetation. For a bold and picturesque plant
on the margin of water nothing equals the great Water Dock
(Rumex Hydrolapathum), which is rather generally dispersed
over the British Isles ; it has leaves quite subtropical in aspect
and size, becoming of a lurid red in the autumn. It forms a
grand mass of foliage on rich muddy banks. The Cats-tails
(Typha) must not be omitted, but they should not be allowed to
run everywhere. The narrow-leaved one (7. angustifolia) is
more graceful than the common one (7. latzfolia). Carex pen-
duia is excellent for the margins of water, its elegant drooping
spikes being quite distinct in their way. It is rather common
in England, more so than Carex pseudo-cyperus, which grows
well in a foot or two of water or on the margin of a muddy
pond. Carex paniculata forms a strong and thick stem, some-
times three or four feet high, somewhat like a tree-fern, and with

7° ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I,

luxuriant masses of drooping leaves, and on that account is trans-
ferred to moist places in gardens, and cultivated by some, though
generally these large specimens are difficult to remove and soon
perish. Scirpus lacustris (the Bulrush) is too distinct a plant
to be omitted, as its stems, sometimes attaining a height of
more than seven and even eight feet, look very imposing ; and
Cyperus longus is also a desirable thing, reminding one of the
aspect of the Papyrus when in flower. It is found in some of
the southern counties of England. Poa aguatica might also be
used. Cladium mariscus is also another distinct and rather
scarce British aquatic which is worth a place.

If one chose to enumerate the plants that grow in British and
European waters, a very long list might be made, but the enu-
meration and recommendation of those which possess no distinct
character or no beauty of flower are precisely what I wish
to avoid, believing that it is only by a judicious selection of the
very best kinds that horticulture of this kind can give satisfac-
tion ; therefore, omitting a host of inconspicuous water-weeds,
I will endeavour to indicate all others really worthy.

If you have ever seen the flowering Rush (Butomus umbel-
atus) in flower, you are not likely to omit it from a collection of
water-plants, as it is conspicuous and distinct. It is a native of
the greater part of Europe and Russian Asia, and is dispersed
over the central and southern parts of England and Ireland.
Plant it not far from the margin, as it likes rich muddy soil. The
common Sagittarda, very frequent in England and Ireland, but
not in Scotland, might be associated with this ; but there is a very
much finer double exotic kind to be had here and there, which is
really a fine plant, its flowers being white, and resembling, but
larger than, those of the old white double Rocket. This I once saw
in abundance in the pleasure gardens of the Rye House at Brox-
bourne, where it filled a sort of oblong basin or wide ditch, and
looked quite attractive when in flower. It has the peculiarity
of forming large egg-shaped tubers, or rather receptacles of
farina, and I have found that in searching for these, ducks, or
something of the kind, have destroyed the plants. This makes
me suspect that it might prove a useful plant for the feeding of
wild fowl, and that it might be worthy of trial in that way. No
native water plant that I am acquainted with has anything like
such a store of farina as is laid up in the tubers of this plant.
Calla palustris is a beautiful bog plant, and I know nothing that

Part I. HARDY AQUATIC PLANTS. 71

produces a more pleasing effect over a bit of rich, soft, boggy
ground. It will also grow by the side of water. Calla ethiopica,
the well-known and beautiful “ Lily of the Nile,” is hardy enough
in some places if planted rather deep, and in nearly all it may be
stood out for the summer; but except in quiet waters, in the
South of England and Ireland, I doubt if it would make any
progress. However, as it is a plant so commonly cultivated, it
may be tried without loss in favourable positions. The pine-like
Water Soldier (Stratiotes aloides ) is so distinct that it is worthy
of a place ; there is a pond chokeful of this plant at Tooting, and
it is common in the fens. It is allied to the Frogbit (Aydrocharis
morsus-ran@ ), which, like the species of Water Ranunculi and
some other fast-growing and fast-disappearing families, J must
not here particularise; they cannot be “established” perma-
nently in one spot like the other things mentioned. The tufted
Loose-strife (Lysimachia thyrsifiora ) flourishes on wet banks and
ditches, and in a foot or two of water. It is curiously beautiful
when in flower; rather scarce as a British plant, but found in
the North of England and in Scotland. Pontederia cordata is a
stout, firm-rooting, and perfectly hardy American water-herb,
with erect distinct habit, and blue flowers ; not difficult to obtain
from botanic garden or nursery. There is a small Sweet-flag
(Acorus gramineus ) which is worth a place, and has also a well-
variegated variety, while the common Acorus, or Sweet-flag, will
be associated with the Water Iris (/. pseudacorus), the rather
ornamental Water Plantain (Alisma Plantago), and the pretty
Alisma ranunculoides, if it can be procured ; it is not nearly so
common as the Water Plantain. The pretty and interesting
little Star Damasonium of the southern and eastern counties of
England is very interesting, but, being an annual, is not to be
recommended to any but those who desire to make a full
collection, and who could and, would provide a special spot for
the more minute and delicate kinds. In such a spot, or even in
the basin of a fountain, where they should be safely watched from
being choked by larger weeds, the very tiny and pretty yellow
Water Lily, Vuphar Kalmiana, the little white Vymphea odorata,
Lobelia Dortmanna, and not a few other things, might be grown.
The Water Lobelia does not seem to thrive away from the
shallow parts of the northern lakes, getting choked by the
numerous water weeds. Afonogeton distachyon is a singularly
pretty plant, a native of the Cape of Good Hope, which is

72 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

nearly hardy enough for our climate generally, and, from
its sweetness and curious beauty, a most desirable plant to
cultivate either in a basin or fountain in the greenhouse, or in
a warm spot in the open air. It is largely grown in one or
two places in the south, and it nearly covers the surface of the
only bit of water in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden with its
long green leaves, among which the sweet flowers float
abundantly. The curator of the garden accounts for the plant
doing so well by the fact that there are springs in the bottom of
the water which, to some extent, elevate its temperature. In
any sort of a greenhouse or conservatory aquarium, where it
may have room to develop itself, it is one of the loveliest of
water-plants. In the open air, plant it rather deep in a clean
spot and in good soil; see that the long and soft leaves are not
injured either by ducks or any other cause. The Water Ranun-
culi, which sheet over our pools in spring and early summer with
such silvery beauty, are not worth an attempt at cultivation, so
rambling and unfixable are they ; and the same applies to not
a few other things of interest. Oroztium aguaticum is a scarce
and handsome aquatic for the choice collection, but as beautiful
as any is the not-difficult-to-be-found Water Violet (ottonia
palustris). It occurs most frequently in the eastern and cen-
tral districts of England and Ireland. The best example of it that
I have seen was on an expanse of soft mud near Lea Bridge, in
Essex. It covered the muddy surface with a sheet of dark fresh
green, and must have looked better in that position than when
in water, though doubtless the place was occasionally flooded.
Polygonum amphibium and P. Hydropiper frequently flower
prettily by the side of streams and ponds, while the Marsh Mari-
gold (Caltha palustris), that “shines like fire in swamps and
hollows grey,” will burnish the margin with a glory of colour
which no exotic flower could surpass. A suitable com-
panion for this Ca/tha is the very large and showy Ranunculus
lingua, which grows in rich ground to a height of three feet or
more. It is not scarce and yet not common—locally distributed,
in fact. Lythrum roseum superbum, a beautifully coloured
variety of the common purple Loose-strife, and Epilobium
hirsutum, are two large and fine plants for the water-side.
WHAT TO AVOID.—In the selection of a few illustrations show-
ing on what a mistaken principle, and with what deplorable taste,
rockwork is generally made, my first intention was to have had

on celnds

Part I, WHAT TO AVOID. 73

them engraved from drawings taken in various gardens, public
and private; but as this course might have proved an invi-
dious one, I have preferred to take them from our best books
on Horticulture—the works of our highest authorities, Loudon,
Macintosh, and others. From these the reader may glean some
idea of popular notions on this subject, and it is scarcely needful
to add that, if such ridiculous objects occur in our most trust-
worthy books, yet more absurd must they be in many gardens.

The first simple beauty is copied from the frontispiece of
a small book on alpine plants,
published not many years ago.
Growing naturally on the high
mountains, unveiled from the
sun by wood or copse, alpine
plants are grouped here be-
neath what appears to be a
weeping willow—a position in
which they could not possibly
attain anything like their na-
tive vigour and beauty, or do
otherwise than lead a sickly
existence. The degree of
contentment and delight felt 3
by the artist for his sub- oe
ject is shown by his planting . Fig. 45-—Frontispiece of a book on

: alpine plants.

the ponderous vase in the
centre of the group, and the introduction of the railing is quite
beyond all praise. Had Mr. Ruskin seen it, he might have
spoken more kindly of iron railings in the ‘Two Paths’!* A

* “On the other hand, we cast our iron into bars—brittle, though an inch thick—
sharpen them at the ends, and consider fences, and other work made of such materials,
decorative! I do not believe it would be easy to calculate the amount of mischief
done to our taste in England by that fence ironwork of ours alone. If it were asked
of us, by a single characteristic, to distinguish the dwellings of a country into two
broad sections: and to set, on one side, the places where people were, for the most
part, simple, happy,- benevolent, and honest; on the other side, the places. where
at least a great number of the people were sophisticated, unkind, uncomfortable, and
unprincipled, there is, I think, one feature that you could fix upon as a positive test:
the uncomfortable and unprincipled parts of a country would be the parts where
people lived among iron railings, and the comfortable and principled parts where they
had none . . . Consider every other kind of fence or defence, and you will find some
virtue in it; but in the iron railing none . . . a thing which you can’t walk inside of
without making yourself look like a wild beast, nor look out at your window in the
morning without expecting to see somebody impaled upon it in the night.”

74 ALPINE FLOWERS, : Part I.

few blacking pots-or pieces of obscene crockery are all that is
needed to make the group complete.

One of the commonest forms which rockwork is made to
assume is that of a rustic arch; and the following illustration,
copied from Loudon, is less hideous than numbers that may be
seen about London. Frequently they are formed out of burrs, and
occasionally of clinkers, but even if
composed of the finest stone obtain-
able, they are utterly useless for the
growth of alpine vegetation. How
many Saxifrages, or Pinks, or Prim-
roses, could find a home on such a
structure planted in a part of the
Alps highly favourable to vegeta-
tion? Probably not one, and should
a few succulents establish themselves

Fig: 46-—Atiet Loudon. on its lower flanks, they would in
all probability perish from heat and
drought if their roots had not a free course to the earth beneath.
Even persons with some experience of plant life may be seen
sticking plants over such objects as these, as if their tender roots
were capable of bearing as many vicissitudes of heat and cold as
a piece of copper wire. The fact that plants push their roots far
into masses of old brickwork is no justification for the rustic
arch as a home for alpine flowers. If the cement, burrs, and
; clinkers permitted them even to enter
it, they have nothing of any kind into
which todescend. There is rarely an
excuse for constructing such arches ;
where they occur, they should be
completely clothed with Ivy or other
vigorous climbers : the expense ne-
cessary to construct one would suf-
fice for one of the simpler types of
rock-garden already described.

The next scene is one in which a
Fig. 47.—Alll the Alps seen fromthe Miniature representation of various

hall-door. (After Macintosh.) mountains is attempted. Efforts of
this kind usually end ridiculously, ex-

cept when carried out at a vast expense. Let us succeed with a few
square yards of stony mountain turf and flowers before we attempt

Part I. WHAT TO AVOID. 715

to delineate 2/7 the mountains of a continent. A few hundred
yards in length or even a single nook of many an alpine valley
is often sufficient to impress the traveller with wonder and awe.
We cannot therefore help admiring the boldness of those who
even try their hand at a solitary alp.

The next illustration shows a rockwork and fountain in what
we may call the true mixed style—huge shells, “cascades,” and
“rockwork.” How any such object can be
conceived to bein any sense ornamental
is not easily explained, but it has been
extracted as a model from a work of au-
thority. In the fulness of time, no doubt,
such abominations will be suppressed by
act of parliament ; but as many foolish
persons will continue to erect them in
the mean time, let us beg of them not in
any way to associate them with alpine Wik cau cathcinvand soul
flowers. Even if it were possible to in- — work. (After Loudon.)
duce these to luxuriate on such objects
as Fig. 48, they would merely serve to spoil the unity of the
design.

Our next figure shows a truly laudable attack upon monotony.
The tall stones are to the smaller ones as the Lombardy Poplar
is to his round-headed brothers of
the grove. The front margin of this
graceful scene consists of two rows
of prostrate and one row of erect
clinkers, and is much less irregular :
and more hideous thanthe engraver —« ygsnais arc pies
has had the heart to make it. The
back wall is of a very common type, and precisely of that texture
on which alpine plants will zo¢ exist. This cut is not extracted
from the great books of Loudon or of Macintdsh; it is a
comparatively recent improvement, and was sketched during
the past summer in a botanic garden not one hundred miles
from London.

Fig. 50, after Mrs. Loudon, while not so repulsive as some
of the others, shows in its elevated nodding head the tendency
to make such arrangements conspicuously offensive by raising
them too high proportionately, and by so placing the stones
that the rain cannot nourish the plants. Like the arches,

76 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

these should in all cases be covered with Ivy, or some kindly
veil of vegetation. It should be noted that when rocks or stones
are properly placed in the rock-garden,
they do not require any cementing,
but are surrounded by and placed on
moist stony earth or grit, inviting to
every fibre of the root that descends.
From this we may deduce the rule—
Rockwork consisting of stones ce-
mented together is utterly bad in all
respects. A distinction should, how-
ever, be here drawn between this variety and that in which a
‘shell of artificial rock, so as to resemble natural strata, is made
to contain rich bodies of earth suitable for Clematises, Rho-
dodendrons, &c.

A. variety is occasionally seen bordering drives, often with
large stones arranged in porcupine-quill fashion. This may be
described as the style dangerous for coachmen on dark nights,
or indeed at any time, when a swerve or tumble occurs. A
sketch taken near York, and showing a dentate ridge of rocks
springing up close from each side of a drive for a considerable
length near the entrance gate, has been mislaid, or I should
have had the pleasure of figuring this variety. Such a position
is the last that should be chosen for the rock-garden, especially as
we live in an age when it is not desirable to combine it with any
kind of fortification.

Lastly, and without alluding to even half the genera, much less
the species, of the ridiculous rockwork tribe, I have the pleasure
of presenting a plan of some, recently constructed on the margin

of a stream in a popu-
lar London park. It
shows exactly what ot
to do with any rocks in-
troduced near the mar-
- gin of water. .A poultry
breeder, desirous of
constructing a_ series

Fig. 50.—After Mrs. Loudon.

Fig. 51.—Ground plan of rockworks recently made .
in a London park on margin of water. of nests for aquatic

birds, could scarcely
have originated anything in baser taste. By turning to p. 22,
something suggestive of Nature’s work in this way will be seen,

Part I. WHAT TO AVOID. 77

and that by no means a selected example. So far from these
figures illustrating exaggerated or extreme instances, I should
have no difficulty in finding many, even uglier and more un-
suitable, in a few hours’ walk near London. That such blemishes
are not confined to obscure places, where the light of modern
progress in these matters has not yet shone, is evident, as
one of the most absurd sketches was taken in one of our
greatest parks and another in one of the most popular of London
public gardens.

Fig. 52.
‘| |, . the tall pines dwindled as to shrubs
In dizziness of distance.”

78 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

Fig. 53.—‘‘ Excelsior!"

A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS.

As this book may prove of some use as a guide, not only to
those who have visited or are familiar with the countries in
which alpine plants abound, but to many who have no oppor-
tunities of seeing them in a wild state, | have thought it worth
while to include a few notes of my first short excursion in a
eally alpine country. It may serve to give some notion of such
1 region to those who have no better means of becoming ac-
yuainted with it. Zest is certainly added to the knowledge of
our tiny mountain gems if they are associated in our minds
with ideas or remembrances of their beautiful and often awful
native haunts. It relates no exciting accounts of attempts to
mount any peaks that happen to be a few hundred feet higher
than those of comparatively easy access. It only deals, in pass-
ing, with one of the few texts that one may read in the great
book of the Alps. Therefore, all critics accustomed to books of
sensational adventure, owners of Murray’s guides, travelled per-
sons generally, and, above all, the “general reader,” in quest of
excitement, are fairly warned that they will find it as empty as
Sir Charles Coldstream found the crater of Vesuvius.

The first day’s work shall be devoted to the ascent of the
Grande Saléve, which, though not a great mountain, and with

Part i. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 79

green meadows instead of snow at its top, is nearly 5000 feet
high, and affords a good opportunity of commencing training
for more serious work. The limestone chain, to the highest
point of which we have to walk, is situated a little to the south of
Geneva, and has vast escarpments looking toward that town. It
will afford us our first introduction to alpine flowers, and a mag-
nificent view of the mountains around. We are on the banks of
Lake Leman, and the “live thunder” is not leaping from
darkened Jura to the “joyous Alps ;” but.valleys, hills, and far-

Fig. 54.—An alpine scene. 7
off mountains all glow with the genial sun of a clear June
morning. A few miles’ drive through the clear sparkling air
brings us from the fringe of the lake to the roots of the mountain
before six o’clock, and then we gradually and pleasantly begin
the ascent, through the last patches of meadow land, for the
most part very like English meadow land, but much more gay
with flowers. Bright Pinks, blue Harebells, Sages, arid various
Pea-flowers, make the scene as gay with colour as the air is full
of the voices of innumerable insects, for which the long grass isa
forest. Soon we pass the cultivated land, and enter on the hem
of an immense belt of hazel and low wood, with numerous little

80 ALPINE FLOWERS. ~ Part 1.

green and bushless carpets of grass here and there, which cuts
off vine, and corn, and meadow, from the slopes of the mountains.
Here in this, at half past six in the morning, the nightingale is
singing ; while white-headed eagles float aloft, now over the
lake, and now over plain and hill, sometimes on motion-
less wing, and yet rapidly and silently gliding along on the
look-out for prey. From floating bird in glowing air, perfumed
by wild Lily-of-the-valley, the white bells of which may be
seen leaning out of its tufts of tender green, at the base of the

Fig. 55.—In the woody region.

bushes, to the flower-clad heaps of stone, and in every peep
which the eye obtains through the bush and wood to the villa-
dotted margins of the lake, the scene is one of unalloyed beauty.
and abounding life— '

“A populous solitude of bees, and birds,
And fairy-formed and many-coloured things.”

Some magnificent gorges and precipices are gradually reached
and exposed to view, every crevice having some plant in it, and
all the ledges being clothed with the greenest grass or bushes,
the precipices being so well, covered to the very brows that the

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 81

danger of approaching them too closely is somewhat shaded
from the unwary—but as yet few of such as are generally
termed alpine plants. Many of the most delicate and minute of
these would grow well in such a position, but the long and
luxuriant grass and low wood would soon overrun and destroy
them. The low tree gets a vantage ground on the shattered
flanks of the mountain, and retains it. But in such positions we
find numbers of beautiful flowers that may be termed sub-
alpine, and occasionally plants that are found, of very diminutive
size, near the crest of an alp, are here several times larger and
taller. The plants that occur in such places should have a pecu-
liar interest for all who love gardens, because they flourish in a
temperature nearly like that of the greater part of these islands.
Every copse, shrubbery, thin wood, or semi-wild spot in pleasure-
grounds, throughout the length and breadth of the land, may
grow scores of these plants, that now rarely or never find a
suitable home in our gardens.

That fine rock-plant, Gexzsfa sagittalzs, with curious winged
stems and profuse masses of yellow flowers, forms the very turf
in some spots. I do not diverge a step from the well-beaten
path up which many are going, and therefore botanical rarities
do not come in the way, but some things occur in such pro-
fusion that tourists can never exterminate them, and soon I
meet with grey tufts of that fine rock-plant, the mountain Oxy-
tropis, which is here quite plentiful. Although many gather
Ferns by the path, there are tufts of Asplenium fontanum here
and there on this much frequented mountain, which may with
some irreverence be called the Hampstead Heath of Geneva.
Nevertheless, the ascent of it is better and more difficult exer-
cise than mounting Box Hill, even though a pathway has
been made all the way. Dwarf neat bushes of Cy¢ésus sessili-
folius become very common ; it is well worthy of cultivation,

“and soon I gather my first truly wild Cyclamen. The Lily-
of-the-valley forms a carpet all under the brushwood. The
Martagon Lily shoots up here and there among the common
Orchids and Grass, and I begin to enjoy, for the second time
during the year, the fragrance of the Hawthorn Bush. The
Laburnum is mostly past ; but on high precipices, by looking
closely, you may yet see bushes of it in flower. The great
yellow Gentian begins to be very plentiful everywhere, and
Globularia cordifolia is in dense dwarf sheets here and there,
G

82 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

showing its latest flowers. Amthericum Liliago is very plentiful
and pretty; and we see all this by the side of a well-beaten
path, from which, no doubt, every rare plant has been gathered.
Trifolium, Dianthus, Melampyrum, Anthyllis, and Euphorbia
struggle for the mastery wherever a little grass has a chance
to spread out, and every chink and small hole inthe rocks
where a little decomposed mould has accumulated supports
some vegetation,

After a walk of three hours, I reach the top, having often
stopped to admire the magnificent and varied views. From the
bottom the visitor might have expected a stony barren mountain
top, a contracted space, with stunted, if rare forms of vegetation ;
but it is an immense plateau, stretching miles in length, and
covered with the greenest and freshest verdure. The best
meadows of England, or even the Green Isle, could not vie
with it in these points, while the grass is gay with flowers to
which they are strangers, and here and there young plants of
the great yellow Gentian, with their large and handsome leaves,
act as the “foliage plants” of the region. Trees there are
none ; but occasionally the Hazel, Cotoneaster, and other shrubs
form a little group, and perhaps enclose some spot, so that the
cattle that are driven up here in the summer months cannot eat
down the flowersthere. They were but lately driven up, and had
not yet injured the beauty of the fair pasture elsewhere. The air
is delightfully fresh and sweet, and carries with it the tinkling of
the bells from the numerous cattle that are now grazing here.
The mountain is of a limestone formation, but now and then
I meet with a great block of-solid granite, a remembrancer of
the days when enormous glaciers from the far off Mont Blanc
range stretched to this, and when the rich and pleasant valley of
the Alps was not. In several places there is a large expanse
of well-worn rock, a level well-denuded mass, with cracks in it,
in which Polypodium Robertianum and other Ferns grow luxu-
riantly. The surface is indented with roundish hollows, as if
great lizards and salamanders had left their impress on it ; these
have in the course of ages become filled with a few inches of
mould from decomposed moss, &c., and in them grow Vacci-
niums, Saxifrages, and Ferns, ante as well as if the “most
perfect drainage” were secured. I tore up some flakes of plants
here as easily as if they had been carefully detached from the
rocks before, so lightly did they grow in the smooth hollows.

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 83

There was no need for any careful exertion in getting things up
in this spot.

I was of course very glad to meet with my first silvery Saxifrage
in’a wild state, having long held that these Saxifrages, so often
kept in pots even in botanic gardens, require no such attention,
and may be grown everywhere in the open air with the greatest
ease. The position of the specimens here fully confirmed this
opinion. They grew in every conceivable position, at the bottom
of small narrow chasms, under the shade of the bushes, in
little thimble-holes on the surface of the rocks, in a tiny and
sometimes flaccid condition from the drought; and here and
there among Festuca glauca and Asplenium Trichomanes, where
the accumulated soil was a little deeper.

The vernal Gentian is known to many as the type of all
that is charming in alpine vegetation: its vivid colour and
peerless beauty stamp themselves on the mind of the dullest
traveller that crosses the Alps as deeply as the vast and death-
like wastes of snow, ever-darting silvery waterfalls, or the high,
dark, plumy ridges of pines, though it be but a diminutive speck
compared to any of these. It is there a hardy little gem-like
triumph of life in the midst of death, buried under the deep all-
shrouding snow for four, six, or even eight months out of the
twelve, and blooming during the brightest summer days near the
margin of the wide glaciers, and within the sound of the little
snow cataracts that tumble off the high Alps in summer. But it
is not confined to such awful, if attractive, spots ; it descends to
the crests of comparatively low mountain tops like this, where
the sun’s heat has power to drive away all the snow in spring,
and where the snow is quickly replaced with boundless
meadows of the richest grass, that form a setting for innumer-
able flowers. Among these the “blue Gentian” occurs, and
blooms abundantly late in spring, while acres of the same
kind lie deep and dormant, under the cold snow, on the slope
of the high neighbouring alp for months afterwards. It also
ventures into non-alpine countries, being found in Teesdale
and Galway.

This brilliant Gentian is very plentiful in the pastures here,
but it is now passed out of flower, and the seed-pods, very full
and strong, are to be seen among the taller herbage. In one
spot I found a perfect bloom, the deepest bit of blue on the
whole mountain. A few weeks earlier this plant was in per-

G2

84 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

fection—now the Grass makes it difficult to see its leaves,
and somewhat obscures the dwarf silky Cudweed, which seems
placed to form a silvery bed for the Gentian. Alpine travel-
lers, botanists, and horticulturists, say that this lovely plant
and its fellows cannot be cultivated, and Dean Close regret-
fully echoed this in describing in ‘Good Words’ his passage
over the Simplon. This idea is quite erroneous, as anybody
can prove who carries out the directions given farther on in
this book.

Having arrived at the summit, let us sit down and survey the
varied and magnificent prospect around. On one side we have

Fig. 56.—View of a part of distant range.

the Jura range, and the wide sunny valley cultivated in every spot
below the town of Geneva, and, between the Jura and our position,
the lower part of the lake of Geneva, scarcely fluttered by the light
breeze, the countless pleasant spots along its famous shores, and
issuing from it the blue waters of the Rhone. Below the town it
flows for some distance before being joined by the Arve, and
from the summit of this mountain both may be seen wending
their way to the meeting place—the one a dirty ash « olour, the
other almost a porcelain blue. By turning to the other side,
another beautiful and well cultivated valley is seen, and beyond
it a round isolated mountain, which from Geneva looked as tall
as some of the giant ones, but which now seems a mere Primrose
Hiill compared with others to be seen from thi’ -spot, Many
green and well-pastured mountains lie beyond, with dark clouds

Part IL. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 85

of Pine woods above and among them. Others still higher, and
with the verdure less visible, are behind, and above all a great,
bony, steep-scarped, dark range stretching all across the view.
The hollows between the angular-pointed ridges are white with
vast fields of snow, while others seem variegated with it in
narrower bands, against the dark framework of the mountains.
Clouds cap this far-off region—round, high, silvery clouds, con-
trasting with the deep blue sky above, and the wide range of
mountains with the deep snow-seams down their dark sides
below. A few minutes afterwards a break has occurred in these
great “ cloud-lands,” and something reveals itself among them
lit up with the hues of the silvery woolpacks around, and
yet not of them, for there is here and there a dark spot suggestive
of solid earth, and you ask yourself, can it be that that is a
mountain? Yes, that is the tall old father of all the magnificent
mountains around, his head silvery with age, while his eldest
sons are merely beginning to show the silver here and there, and
the younger ones have not a trace of anything but the fresh hue
of youth.

The indescribable variety and beauty of the country traversed
on descending the other side of the Saléve, and the margins of
calm, blue, celestial-looking Lake Leman, with vast ranges of
snowy mountains beyond its broad expanse, give the young
traveller a very rose-coloured
impression of the Alps,
which forty-eight hours’ jour-
ney from Geneva was quite
sufficient to modify in my
case. The country has every
conceivable variety of attrac-
tive pastoral scenery, and,
better still, the human beings
in it seem to partake of the
felicity which appears to be
here the lot of all animated
nature. Their cottages and
houses, nestling in nooks in Fig. 57.—Castle of Chillon.
the sweetest of flowery fields,
and carved out of the abundant wood ot the region, snug gar-
dens, fields of emerald green, vine-clad slopes, happy-looking
villas, numerous flocks, and high ridges of mountain-lawn, with

86 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

noble groups of dark Pines, forming vast natural parks—fill him
with the most agreeable ideas of what his lot is to be when he is
up amongst the Gentians and Primulas on the high mountains.
The Castle of Chillon comes in to make the scene more interest-
ing, associated as it is with thoughts of Rousseau and the author
of ‘The Prisoner of Chillon.’ The too rapid rail allows but a
moment to see the castle and the neighbourhood of varied love-
liness by which it is surrounded, and a glimpse at the solitary
little islet-—
“* A small green isle, it seemed no more,

Scarce broader than my dungeon-floor ;

But in it there were three tall trees,

And o’er it blew the mountain breeze,

And by it there were waters flowing,

And in it there were young flowers blowing,

Of gentle breath and hue.”

‘But we must leave these Arcadian spots, and enter the great
valley of the Rhone. I wished to reach Visp, situated at the
mouth of the Saas Valley, and left Geneva in the belief that I
should get there in one day, but found the diligence only left
Sion near midnight. Jogging over rocky roads in a diligence is
not the happiest way of passing the night, particularly when
you are informed that it will take seven or eight hours to com-
plete your first little stage. I formed one of the passengers
of a supplementary diligence, as the ordinary one had already
its full complement, and unhappily our carriage parted com-
pany with the horses several times during the night, so that
there were occasionally stoppages to enable the drivers to esta-
blish with ropes a connection between horses and vehicle. The
delay caused by this made me allow a margin beyond the allotted
seven hours for Visp, and when, the following morning, we all
turned out of our uncomfortable carriages, I had the pleasure of
finding that I had been carried to Brieg, miles beyond Visp, and
at the foot of the Simplon. Fortunately the supplementary
diligence was returning by the same route; so I was enabled
to get back to this little earthquake-shaken town without much
inconvenience, and soon commenced my first real day on the
Alps.

My intention was to get to Saas, situated about fifteen miles
up the valley, see the flora of the region thereabouts, get back
to Visp, and, provided only with an alpenstock, determined to
return in a day or two; but unforeseen circumstances pre-

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 87

vented that. Several weeks elapsed, and I crossed the Alps
twice, before I again got back to the hotel at Visp. I left my
luggage there, took instructions from the landlord as to the
“road,” and started about ten o’clock on a rather dull morn-
ing. I soon overtook an individual, who told me he was a
guide, hunted the chamois when there was little else to do, and,
better than all, was going to Saas. It was lucky that I met him,
for, though an inexperienced traveller might make his way
through this tortuous valley in ordinary weather, such weather as
I encountered in it would puzzle one in a familiar district. Com-
pared to the enchanting shores of the lake I had passed the day
before, this dark valley, with its deeply worn river-bed, and vast
sides of gloomy rock, looked anything but a cheerful introduction
to the Alps ; but fortunately I had other resources than those of
the landscape or the sky, and as yet the weather permitted of en-
joying them, for here were countless tufts of the interesting Cob-
web Houseleek (Sempervivum arachnoideum), a not common,

though always admired, inhabitant of our gardens. It was the
first time I had ever met with it in a wild state, and cushioned in
tufts, over the bare rocks, in the spaces between the stones that
here and there had been built up to support the side of the path-
way, and in almost every chink, I could have gathered thou-
sands of plants of it.

Although some of the Houseleeks are among the most interest-
ing and singular of all dwarf plants, many persons do not know
a single kind, except it be the common one. They are the suc-
culent plants of the Alps: their geometrically carved little ro-
settes may be compared to miniatures of the great stately Agaves
of America. Some have rosettes as large as a saucer ; some are
small enough to be covered with a thimble ; they vary in the hue
of their leaves from a decided glaucous tone to light green ; some
are ciliated at the margins of the leaves, while the Cobweb one
is white from a densely interwoven cottony down. They are
amongst the hardiest of all plants, enduring any weather, and
living even in smoky London, where many things people gene-
rally think much more hardy and vigorous quickly perish.
There is not a window-sill in London to which the light of the
sun can occasionally penetrate on which they may not be grown
either in pots or boxes, while in all open gardens they merely
require to be kept free from weeds and “left to nature ;” though
even in our largest scientific gardens it is common to see them

t |

: |
: :

Part I. aA LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 89

grown in pots, which they no more require than does a young
oak. To the cottage or garden of the poorest they will lend an
interest, and any of our largest-gardens would be improved by
their presence, if suitably arranged. Generally it is rare to see
them in cultivation, but lately a fine species, S. calcareum, has
come into use as an edging plant.

The Cobweb Houseleek is usually kept in a miserable state in
pots, though the accompanying cut, from a photograph taken
at Lamport Hall, Northampton, the
seat of Sir Charles Isham, shows
that it attains the rudest vigour in
British gardens. Indeed, I have not
seen it so vigorous on the Alps as
at Lamport Hall last summer. It
is, however, impossible to fully re-
present its singular structure in an
engraving. Fig. 59.—The Cobweb Houseleek.

Next our pretty old friend, the
Hepatica, came in sight, peeping here and there under the brush-
wood, but rarely in such strong tufts as one sees it make in our
‘gardens. In a wild state it has, like everything else, to fight for
existence, and is none the worse for it. To meet the little king
of all our early spring flowers in his old wild home would have
rewarded me for a day’s hard walking in these solitudes, This
plant had many interesting companions ; not the least attrac-
tive and welcome being the Helvetian Selaginella, occasionally
seen in fern collections in this country, which mantled over the
rocks in many places, pushing up little erect fruiting stems from
its green branchlets. It is hardy and well suited to gracefully
accompany the smallest flowering rock-herbs.

The scenery now began to get very bold and striking, and,
after a walk of nearly two hours, we reached a village with a
very poor inn, where we had some black bread and wine. By
this time a slight-misty rain had begun to fall, and bearing in
mind the long and toilsome valley we had to traverse before
reaching a place where we could rest for the night, we resolved
to use our legs as rapidly as possible, and practically shut our
eyes to all the interesting objects around us. A soaking rain
helped us to carry out this part of the plan. With rapid pace
and eyes fixed on the stony footway, on we went, the valley
becoming narrower as we progressed, and in some parts danger-

go ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

ous-looking from almost perpendicularly rising hills of loose
stone. Presently a little rough weather-beaten wooden cross
was passed beside the footway. ‘Why across here?” said I
to the guide. “That great stone or rock
you see, killed, in its way down, a man
returning with his marketings from the
valley,” he replies. Poor fellow ! he must
have formed but a small obstacle to that
ponderous mass—hard as iron and big as
a small cottage—which fell from its bed
with such impetuosity that it leaped from
point to point, and at last right over the
torrent-bed, resting on a little lawn of rich
grass and bright flowers on the other side.

Ten minutes afterwards we came to a
group of three more rough wooden crosses,
almost projecting into the pathway, and
loosely fixed in the stones at its sides,
They marked the spot where three human
beings, two women and a man, had been
buried by an avalanche. “ And how,” said
I, “do you recover:people’s bodies who
are thus overwhelmed?” “We wait till
the snow melts in spring, and then find and
bury them.” If our interesting friends the Irish could be traced
back to these valleys, one could easily explain the origin of their
expression “kilt entirely!” It is no exaggeration to state that in
many places along this valley these wooden crosses, marking the
scene of deaths from like causes, occurred so thickly as to remind
one of a cemetery. I should not have minded seeing one or two
instances, but to meet them within view of each other was. highly
suggestive. A railway collision would seem to offer. capital
chances of escape compared to what one would have in case
of being in the way of any crumbling matter in these parts.

We have all heard of the merry Swiss boy, but few of us
have an idea of the hard and fearful nature of the lives of the
peasantry of the elevated parts of this country. In the wide
valleys and level land about the lakes life is as easy as need be;
but where man creeps up to occupy the last-tufts of verdure that
are spread out, where the Alps defy him with fortifications of
rock and fields of ice and snow, there his life is not an enviable

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. gt

one. Perhaps its hardships make it none the less dear. Even
the procuring of the necessaries of life renders them liable to
dangers of which in this country we have no experience ; almost
every commodity of life has to be dragged up these valleys
on the backs of men or mules from the villages and towns
in the Rhone valley ; while in their dwellings, made of stems
of the ever-abundant Pine, and usually placed on spots likely
to be free from danger from avalanches, they are sometimes
buried alive. :

The following description by Mr. Ruskin of one of their sad
little groups of houses is fearfully true, and as it is perhaps
desirable that we should know a little about the people as well
as the plants, it may not be out of place here :—

“ Here, it may well seem to him, if there be sometimes hard-
ship, there must be at least innocence and peace, and fellowship
of the human soul with nature. It is not so. The wild goats
that leap along those rocks have as much passion of joy in all
that fair work of God as the men that toil among them. Perhaps
more. Enter the street of one of those villages, and you will
find it foul with that gloomy foulness that is suffered only by
torpor, or by anguish of soul. Here it is torpor—not abso-
lute suffering—nor starvation or disease, but darkness of calm
enduring ; the spring known only as the time of the scythe, and
the autumn as the time of the sickle, and the sun only asa
‘warmth, the wind as a chill, and the mountains as a danger.
They do not understand so much as the name of beauty, or
of knowledge. They understand dimly that of virtue. Love,
patience, hospitality, faith—these things they know. To glean
their meadows side by side, so happier ; to bear the burden up the
breathless mountain flank unmurmuringly ; to bid the stranger
drink from their vessel of milk ; to see at the foot of their low
deathbeds a pale figure upon a cross, dying also, patiently—in this
they are different from the cattle and from the stones, but in all
this unrewarded as far as concerns the present life. For them,
there is neither hope nor passion of spirit ; forthem neither ad-
vance nor exultation. Black bread, rude roof, dark night, laborious
day, weary arm at sunset ; and life ebbs away. No books, no
thoughts, no attainments, no rest ; except only a little sitting in
the sun under the church wall, as the bells toll thin and far in the
mountain air ; a pattering of a few prayers not understood, by
the altar rails of the dimly gilded chapel, and so back to the

92 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

sombre home, with the cloud upon them still unbroken—that
cloud of rocky gloom, born out of the wild torrents and ruinous
stones, and unlightened, even in their religion, except by the
vague promise of some better thing unknown, mingled with
threatening, and obscured by an unspeakable horror—a smoke,
as it were, of martyrdom, coiling up with the incense, and,
amidst the images of tortured bodies and lamenting spirits in
hurtling flames, the very cross, for them, dashed more deeply
than for others, with gouts of blood.

Fig. 61.—An alpine village.

“ Do not let this be thought a darkened picture of the life ot
these mountaineers. It is literal fact. No contrast can be more
painful than that between the dwelling of any well-conducted
English cottager and that of the equally honest Savoyard. The
one, set in the midst of its dull flat fields and uninteresting
hedgerows, shows in itself the love of brightness and beauty ;
its daisy-studded garden-beds, its smoothly swept brick path to
the threshold, its freshly sanded floor and orderly shelves of
household furniture, all testify to energy of heart, and happiness,

Parr I, A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 93

“in the simple course and simple possessions of daily life. The

other cottage, in the midst of an inconceivable, inexpressible
beauty, set on some sloping bank of golden sward, with clear
fountains flowing beside it, and wild flowers, and noble trees,
and goodly rocks gathered round into a perfection as of Para-
dise, is itself a dark and plague-like stain in the midst of the
gentle landscape. Within a certain distance of its threshold
the ground is foul and cattle-
trampled ; its timbers are
black with smoke, its garden
choked with weeds and name-
less refuse, its chambers empty
and joyless, the light and wind
gleaming and filtering thtough
the crannies of their stones.
All testifies that, to its inha-
bitant, the world is labour
and vanity; that for him
neither flowers bloom, nor
birds sing, nor fountains glis-
ten ; and that his soul hardly
differs from the grey cloud
that coils and dies upon his
hills, except in having no fold
.of it touched by the sun-
beams.” ;

An hour brought us to a
chalet, where we discussed the
advisability of remaining all
night, as the rain had begun
to come down in torrents ;
however, I decided to go on,
as I. wished to overtake a
friend who, I expected, would
be at the head of the valley on that day, and off we again
started in the drenching rain.

The water soon began to trickle across our path in tiny
streamlets, hinting the desirability of getting on as quickly
as possible, and the crosses still followed us with their doleful
associations, Presently, on coming to an immense scarp of wet
rusty mountain-side, from which many masses had been detached

Fig. 62.,—An alpine waterfall.

94 ALPINE FLOWERS. Partie

during the winter, my guide pointed to some parts of it peculiarly
shaky, with the remark, “We had better vuz past here, as the
heavy rains may have loosened some of the stones ;” and run
we did with all speed. Soon the rain began to be mingled
with an occasional wet flake of snow, which in another half-hour
was descending in a regular heavy fall; and as we gradually
ascended, soon every surface was covered with it, except that of
the torrent beneath, which roared away with as much noise as if
the waters of a world, and not those of one hollow in a great range,
were being dashed down its wonderfully picturesque bed—some-
times cutting its way through walls of solid rock of great depth,
at others dashing over wastes of worn and huge stones, carried
down and ground by its action. Often we crossed it.on small

Fig. 63.—A disputed passage.

rough bridges of pine-wood, fragile looking, heavily laden with
fresh-fallen snow, not offering a very agreeable passage to the
nervous. Happily, in crossing we did not encounter any unex-
postulating but stubborn denizen of the mountains hurrying
down from the snow-clad pastures. The hissing splash of many
cascades accompanied the tumult of the river- -bed—many of
these born of the melting snow and previous heavy rain, the
main ones much swollen by it. The air being simply full of
large downy flakes of snow, the pines- on the white mountain
side began to look quite sharp-coned from the pressure of its
weight on their branches. Our shoulders, too, began to be
laden ; and, to get rid of the load, we were now and then
obliged to step under the cave-like sides of some of the great
boulders by the wayside and shake it off.

We had by this time evidently got into a region abounding

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR. IN THE ALPS. 95

with flowers, as every one of these caves was literally lined with
the pretty little yellow Vola dzflora. Every cranny was golden
with its flowers ; every seam between the rocks and stones
enlivened by it. On entering one of these caves, I saw some
crimson blooms peeping from under the snow about the roof or
brow. They were those of the first Alpine Rose (Rhododendron
Jerrugineum) I had ever seen wild. .One might meet it under
more agreeable circumstances, but I shall remember the shallow
caves lined with the yellow Violet and crested by the Alpine
Rose longer than many sunnier scenes. Occasionally, pressed
by the snow, the handsome flowers of a crimson Pedicularis
might be seen; and in almost every place where a little soil was
seated on the top of a rock or stone, so straight-sided that the
snow only rested on the top, the beautiful, soft, crimson, white-
eyed flowers of Primula viscosa were to be seen. It grows in
all sorts of positions—wherever, in fact, decomposed moss, &c.
forms a little soil. In dry places it is smaller than in wet ones,
and is usually particularly luxuriant on ledges where a gradual
or annual addition of moss or soil takes place, so that the
tendency of the stems to throw out rootlets is encouraged.
Several hours in falling snow, feet saturated with deep snow-
water, and extremities beginning to chill, notwithstanding the
hard walking, make Saas, and Saas only, the one object to
attain. To gain it, we passed through one or two small hamlets,
the inhabitants of which were as much surprised as ourselves
at the sudden and heavy fall of snow in June, and eventually
reached this poor collection of houses just as evening was fall-
ing. By this time nearly a foot of snow had fallen on the corn,
already far advanced in the ear. Unhappily we found the hotel
closed, as the tourist season had not yet commenced. Standing
on its threshold, thoroughly soaked with snow, waiting till some-
body came to open it, and realising a hotel in such a region and
on such a day without an inmate or a fire, was cold comfort in-
deed. Among the first of those who came to see us was the curé,
who wondered how we got there in such weather ; and he imme-
diately set to work to dispel the hunger and the cold by instruct-
ing a maid to make a fire with all haste, and by ordering dinner.
A change of clothing was indispensable. I had something to
take off, but nothing to put on: what was to be done? I
appealed to the curé for a pair of breeches. He soon brought
me a most antiquated-looking specimen from the wardrobe of a

96 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

native, made apparently of old petticoat stuff, and coming a
shade below the knees. Fortified with these and a pair of
stockings, I seized the duvet, or bag of down a foot thick, which
frequently lies on the beds in continental houses, and, wrap-
ping it round my shoulders, sat down to extract as much heat
as possible out of the fire—not a good one, despite my passionate
entreaties for more wood. J felt horribly lonely, and was, I should
say, not very ornamental, crouched over the fire in this attire.
The room was big, and the walls damp with a winter’s frost in
them. Outside the large windows was a little field of corn, sup-
ported by a rough terrace-wall ; the ears bent over the wall with
the weight of snow ; beyond, ghostly-looking pines, heavily laden,
and away in every direction the eye could detect dim outlines of
near and high mountains—not imposing or majestic as usual,
because enveloped, like every-
thing else, in an atmosphere of
flakes. Dinner came. It was
hard, bad bacon, swimming in
an inch of oil, accompanied by
almost unbearable fried pota-
toes, also liberally done in liquid
fat—a mess which nothing but
fierce hunger could enable one
to face. After this I went to
Fig. 64.—In the hotel.’ bed under the duvet, which
had served me so well while the
guide was drying my clothes. I had another visit from the kind
priest of the parish, who conveyed the unwelcome intelligence
that snow had fallen so deeply that I had no chance of seeing
the flowers of the Fée Alp—a most curious spot in the neigh-
bourhood, a sort of green islet surrounded by glaciers, and very
rich in plants—for three days to come. Such was my first
day in search of plants in the Alps. After this march through
the Saasthal and previous night in the Simplon diligence, I
slept the sleep of the thoroughly-tired. :

I was a day too late to meet my friend, Mr. A. Wheeler, here, but
the curé despatched two men early next morning : they overtook
him towards the crest of the pass of Monte Moro, and all returned
to Saas. As the country for miles around was covered with a
dense bed of snow, my hopes of seeing the plants of the high
Alps in this region were over, and rather ‘than return by the

Parr i. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 97

same long and dreary valley, I determined to cross the Alps and
descend into the sunny valleys of Piedmont, where we should,
at all events, probably see some traces of vegetable life.

Next day we set out for Mattmark, nearly nine miles from
Saas, more than 7000 feet higher than the sea-level, and above
the level of the pine or any exalted vegetation. Only a few spots
under ledges, &c. were bare, but we found many ordinary and
well-known plants, as well as the rare Ranunculus glacialzs, in
full beauty, some of the flowers measuring nearly an inch and a
half across. Near where we found this, a great sea-green arch
shows the end of a large glacier, apparently a wide and deep
river of ice beneath a field of snow, except where in places it is
riven into glass-green crevasses. We have to skirt this field of
ice to reach Mattmark, where there is a lake, the overflow from
which passes right under the glacier. Although all surfaces were
rendered pretty much alike by the snow, the scene was a striking
one. Within a few steps of the lonely hotel there stand several
enormous boulders, so large that, but for the frequent evidence of
the great masses borne onwards by glaciers, it would be difficult
to believe that any such agency had brought them there.

Lloydia serotina we met with in great abundance in the region
of the glacial Ranunculus, and also Androsace Chamajasme,
the still rarer A. zaébricata, and the mountain form of AZyosotis
sylvatica. By scraping off the snow here and there, we could
see the very pretty Pyrethrum alpinum, reminding one of a Daisy
with its petals down in bad weather. Several not common
Saxifrages, and a few Sempervivums, Geum montanum, Linaria
alpina, very dwarf, but with the flowers much larger than usual ;
‘Gentiana verna, abundant ; a pink Linum, Polygala Chame-
buxus, Lotseleuria procumbens, Androsace carnea, Senecio unt-
florus, with deep orange flowers, and the most silvery of leaves
an inch or so high ; and the beautiful Erztrichium nanum, from
half an inch to an inch high, and with cushions of sky-blue flowers
—were among those not hidden from us by the snow.

Next morning we were up early to cross the pass of Monte
Moro into Italy ; the snow. was very deep, and we were the
first tourists who had crossed during the year. The snow was
eighteen inches thick even in the lower parts of our three hours’
walk, so that it was impossible to gather any specimens ; and this
was unfortunate, as the neighbourhood of the little lake of Matt-
mark, between two glaciers, is said to be very rich in plants.

H

98 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

However, there was quite enough to do to ascend Monte Moro,
with its deep coating of snow ; in fact, it was hard work, and con-
sequently took a good deal more time than usual. Arrived at
the cross which marks the top, a new and magnificent prospect
bursts upon us—the white clouds lie in three thin layers along
the sides of Monte Rosa, but permit us to see its crest, while
the great mountains which tower up their snowy heads around it
are here seen in all their majesty. On the Swiss side nothing but
snow is seen on peak or in hollow ; on the Italian, a deep valley
has wormed its way among the magnificent mountain peaks,
crested with sun-lit snow and dark crags, and guarded by vast ice
rivers and unscalable heights. We can gaze into this valley as
easily as one does from a high building into the street below ;
and, crouched on the sunny side of a vertical cliff, to gain a little
shelter from the icy breeze that flowed over the pass, view its
quiet signs of life and green meadows, and above their highest
fringes the vast funereal groves of pines on every side,
guarding, as it were, the green valley from the vast and death-
like wastes of snow above it. A grander scene it would be diffi-
cult to find, even in the most remarkable alpine regions of the
world, and probably it was much enhanced by the quantity of
snow that had just fallen and covered up thousands of acres
of the higher ground. The contrast between the valley flushed
with verdant life and the great uplands of snow was most imposing.

We had several miles to descend through the snow before a
trace of vegetation could be seen, when fairy specimens of the
nearly universal Primula viscosa began to show their rosy
flowers here and there on ledges, where they were pressed down
by the snow ; and by clearing little spaces with the alpenstock,
we found the ground nearly covered with them. Then the
glacial Ranunculus began to make its appearance in abundance.
Another rare and minute gem was here in quantity—the silvery
Androsace imbricata, growing on the under side of rocks—the
tufts, not more than half an inch high, sending roots far into the
narrow chinks. These having a downward direction, the water
could reach the roots from above. One plant was gathered
under the recess of a deep cliff, with at least one hundred little
rosettes and flowers, forming a tuft three inches in diameter, all
nourished by one little stem as thick as a small rush, and which
was bare for a distance of two or three inches from the margin
of the chink from which it issued. The tuft, bloom, and minute

a
ee

Mg, YS
Cie ee

Pig. 65.—‘ The glassy ocean of the mountain ice.”

100 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

silvery leaves suspended by this were in all probability as old as
any of the great larches in the valley below.

The Androsaces; with very few exceptions, which have not
until quite recently been successfully cultivated, are, as it were,
the very humming-birds of the vegetable kingdom. Their silvery
rosettes are more delicately chiselled than the prettiest encrusted
Saxifrage ; their flowers have the purity of the Snowdrop, and
occasionally the glowing stains and blushes of the alpine Pri-
mulas. They are the smallest of beautiful flowering plants,
and they grow on the very highest spots on the Alps where
vegetation exists, carpeting the earth with wondrous loveliness
wherever the Sun has sufficient power over King Ice and King
Death to lay bare for a few weeks in summer a square yard of
wet rock-dust.

The icicle-fringed cliffs, on the concave sunny faces of which
the only traces of vegetation seen about here were found, and
the rocky precipices seen from the spot, make all this diminutive
enduring flower-life the more interesting and remarkable.

*€ Meek dwellers mid yon terror-stricken cliffs!
With brows so pure, and incense-breathing lips,
+ Whence are ye? Did some white-winged messenger
On mercy’s missions trust your timid germ
To the cold cradle of eternal snows ?
Or, breathing on the callous icicles,
Bid them with tear-drops nurse ye ?
Tree nor shrub
Dare that drear atmosphere ; no polar pine
Uprears a veteran front; yet there ye stand,
+ +» «© « +» « » unblanched amid the waste
Of desolation.” Mrs, Sigourney.

A very pretty dwarf Phyteuma, with blue heads, was found on
the rocks here, and as we got down the mountain, Geum monta-
num, with its large yellow flowers, gilded the grass somewhat
after the fashion of our Buttercups. Sempervivum Wulfenit, a
large kind, was in flower, and the fine Saxifraga Cotyledon was
also coming in. One specimen found had a rosette of leaves
eight inches across. Pyrethrum alpinum here takes the place
of the Daisy, and is full of flower. Arnica montana, so well
known as a medicinal plant, is in great abundance, and very
luxuriant, looking like a small single Sunflower. Szlene acaulis
is everywhere, and no description can convey an idea of the
dense way in which its flowers are produced. Starved between
chinks, its cushions are as smooth as velvet, one inch high—

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. Tol

though perhaps a hundred years of age—so firm that they resist
the pressure of the finger, and so densely covered with bright
rosy flowers that the green is totally.eclipsed in many specimens.
These flowers barely rise above the level of the diminutive leaves.

Soon we reached the meadow-land towards the bottom of the
warm valley, and found this Piedmontese meadow almost
blue with Forget-me-nots and strange Harebells, enlivened by
orchids, and jewelled here and there with St. Bruno’s Lily (Para-
disia Liliastrum). This is one of the very best of all herbaceous
or border plants, but I never saw it in such perfection as here in
the fresh green grass. The flower is nearly two inches long, of
as pure a white as the snows on the top of Monte Rosa. Each
‘petal has a small green tip, like the spring Snowflake, but smaller
and purer, and golden stamens adorn the interior of the flower.

The pleasure of finding so many beautiful plants, rare in
cultivation, growing in the long grass under conditions very
similar to those enjoyed in our meadows, was greater than that
of meeting with the more diminutive forms on the high alp; and
though our faces were red and painful from the reflection
from the surface of such a wide waste of snow, we were as
glad of our harvest as Mrs. Browning was when, “ ankle deep
in English grass, she leapt and clapped her hands and called
all very fair.” No flowers grow in those mountain meadows
that cannot be grown equally well in the rough grassy parts of
many British pleasure-grounds, woods, and copses!

From the top of the pass, in addition to the great glacier,
two remarkable objects were seen—one an island, called the
Belvedere, which breaks the descending ice river, dividing
it into two branches, so fresh and green and garden-like as
to seem quite out of place in such a position ; the other a great
moraine, so formal in outline that to the inexperienced it actually
looked like a large embankment, the recent work of some railway
company about to open up the valley. But it, like all its fellows,
is simply one of those colossal accumulations of rocks and grit
borne down for ages by the great ice river and deposited along
its flanks.

Next day we explored the Belvedere between the two branches
of the glacier, and then turned to the left and traversed a great
deal of the mountain above Macugnaga up to the line of snow,
but, strange to say, found both the Belvedere moraines and
mountains a desert, so far as rare alpine plants are concerned.

102 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

Soldanella alpina was extremely abundant. The great bearded
seed-heads of the fine alpine Anemone gave a marked feature to
the, meadows in some places. The yellow alpine Anemone was
not uncommon higher up. The little two-leaved Lily-of-the-
valley grew along with the common one in the lower fringes of
the woods. The dwarf Lozseleuria procumbens half covered the

Fig. 66.—The limit of life.

.« Whore the birds dare not build, nor insect’s wing
“ Flit o’er the herbless granite.” cae

mountains. The white-flowered Ranunculus aconitifolius was
very common in the tall grass; this is the wild form of the
double flower known in English gardens as the “Fair Ladies of
France.” The sky-blue Campanula barbata, with the delicate
downy hairs about the margins of its bells, was very common, and
the sweet Primula viscosa was everywhere. Coming over the
pass of Monte Moro, it was in perfect condition and full bloom,

Part I, A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 103

and yet so small that a shilling would cover the entire plant.
In lower spots on the opposite side of the valley single leaves
of it were nearly three inches across and five inches long!
This will help to show the fallacy of supposing that, because
a plant is found in almost inaccessible places and hard chinks of
cold alpine rock, we must attempt the nearly impossible task
of imitating such conditions, or give up the culture of such
an interesting class of plants.

The views here are magnificent, especially that from above
the level of the glacier at the upper end ; and looking down the
valley and along the great ranges which seem to border it,
indeed hardly anything can be finer than the Monte Rosa group
at the head of the valley. The cliffs rise in some parts like a
vast wall to a height of 8000 feet—awfully beautiful towers of
rock and sunlit snow, perfectly lifeless, but reverberating now
and then with small tumbling avalanches of the recently fallen
snow.

Above the village of Macugnaga, as in many other parts of the
Alps, some of the Larch-woods are beautiful from the evidences
of the struggle for life. Once the breath of summer has passed
over the earth, the dwarf herbage is all freshness and life—the
smallness and feebleness of the minute vegetation preventing us
from seeing the stamp of the destroyer. The winter snow
weighs down the little stems, and then when in spring their
successors come up in crowds, the earth is covered with a carpet
as if winter would never come again. But not so with the trees.
Many lay prostrate, dead, barked, and bleached nearly white
among the flowers that crowded up around them. Others were
in the same condition, but leaning half erect amidst their fresh
green companions : others were dashed bodily over the faces of
‘cliffs : others had their heads and bodies swept over the cliffs by
the fierce mountain storms, but holding on by their roots, and
assuming the quaintest contortions, endeavoured to lift their
living tops above the rocky scarp from which in their pride
of youth they had been cast. I never in any wood saw
anything so wildly and grimly beautiful as this. It suggested
that it would be an improvement to allow something analogous
to take place in woods planted for ornament only, or in
such parts of woods as form portions or fringes of our pleasure-
grounds. In ornamental gardening we often lose by remov-
ing all traces of death, as Dr. Hooker has shown us by allowing

104 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

the decayed leaves of the tree ferns and palms at Kew to re-
main on and clothe their shafts—before always rigidly trimmed.

Disappointed in finding a rich flora of the small alpine plants
in the neighbourhood of Macugnaga, we resolved to descend
into the plains of Lombardy, cross the lakes of North Italy, go
as far as Lecco on the lake of Como, ascend Monte Campione,
and find Silene Elisabetha, a plant as rare as beautiful, and any
like subjects which that region might afford.

The long and ever-varying Val Anzasca, which runs from the
foot of Monte Rosa to the great road from the Simplon, is un-
surpassed for the grandeur, beauty, and variety of its scenery.
We started from the Hotel Monte Moro at about half past three
in the morning, when several of the highest peaks were il-
lumined by a ruddy light, and all the lower ones were in the

Fig. 67—Cascade in a high wood.

dull grey of daybreak. Almost every step revealed a fresh pros-
pect of the mountains. We saw very little of the rare vegetation
of the valley, having to hurry on to Milan without diverging
from the pathway ; but the beauty of the orange Lily in the grass
was something quite remarkable. Not growing higher than the
grass, and in single specimens, not tufts, the effect was not what
we are accustomed to in Lilies. By looking over a ledge now
and then, one of those small alpine meadows, apparently stolen
from the vast wilderness, was seen thinly studded with large
fully-expanded Lily blooms, every flower relieved by the fresh
grass. It was beautiful! Asplenium septentrionale was ex-
tremely abundant. Of flowers we saw but few, for the taller
tree vegetation cuts off the view and runs up and clothes
the secondary mountains to the very summits, except where
grass that is like velvet spreads out as if it were to show the

Part I, A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 105

small silvery streams, which soon hide in the woods, and by
and by are seen in the form of cascades falling over wide pre-
cipices, to be again lost in deep, wet, tortuous stony beds, and
presently forming larger cascades near the path of the traveller,
who is obliged to cross them by bridges. Then lower down they
break and shoot perhaps for three hundred feet, till they join the
main stream of the valley below, which has cut itself an
ever-winding, diving, and foaming bed between terraces, and
cliffs, and gullies of rock, affording scenes of such infinite beauty
and variety that nothing but a visit could convey the faintest
notion of them.

Fig. 68.—The same lower down.

We walked twelve miles down the valley before breakfast, and
every step revealed a new charm. Before us, a great succession
of blue mountains ; on each side, mountain slopes green to the
line of blue sky ; behind, all the glory of the Monte Rosa group,
in some places flat-topped and of the purest white, like vast un-
sculptured wedding cakes—in others dark, scarred, and pointed
to the sky, like some of the aged pines of their lower slopes,
standing firmly, but with branch and bark seared off by the
fierce alpine blast. Lower down, the valley begins to show
pleasant signs of human life ; the women are simply, well, and
tastefully dressed, and occasionally display features not un-
worthy of the best days of their race. Really well-built and clean-

106 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

looking houses, as much superior to those of some of the Swiss
valleys as an Australian clipper is to a Thames barge, begin
to appear in abundance ; the slopes of the hills are frequently
terraced, to give the necessary basis for pursuing a little cultiva-
tion; and the churches are large and well decorated in the
interior. Vines begin to appear, and for the most part are
trained on a high loose trellis from five to seven feet above the
surface of the ground, so as to permit of the cultivation of a crop
underneath. The trellises are frequently held up by flat thin
pillars of rough stone, which support branches tied here and
there with willows. It seems a good plan for countries with.
a superabundance of light and sun, From nearly every rock
and cliff along the valley spring the pretty rosettes and foxbrush-
like panicles of flowers of the
great silvery Saxifrage. But,
beyond doubt, the charm of
the valley is its ever-varying
and magnificent scenery. No-
thing can surpass many of
the prospects from the lower
parts, where you get a fore-
ground of Italian valley vege-
tation—the deep-cut river bed
below, the ascending, well-
clothed mountains to the
a SS 9 right and left, and then up

Fig. 69.—-Road through cliff. the valley the higher pine-
: clad slopes, all again crowned

by the majestic mountain of the rosy crest. Our Scotch and
Irish friends who now and then enthusiastically bore us about
their often dreary and boggy wastes, should be sent in single file
through one of these southern valleys of the Alps, and for ever
silenced thereby. But the most passionate and unreasoning love
of country would be excusable in the inhabitants of these happy
spots, enriched with the vine and other products of the south,
sheltered by evergreen, and chastened by arctic, hills. In fact,
the valley is a Paradise, with one exception—beside every church
there is one of those small buildings in which numerous skulls of
the departed are placed, with a view, no doubt, to the edification
of the living generation. These are well shown to the road, in
some cases placed right against it, and occasionally have a lamp

Part I, A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS, 107

suspended in the centre, probably to heighten the effect at night,’
on important occasions. Considering how many things there are
to remind us that we are dust, this practice is as unnecessary
as it is barbarous and disgusting. Who has given any one a
right to take up a man’s bones from where they were “ buried
out of sight,” and expose them thus? Instead of effecting any
good or acting as a wholesome caution, such an exhibition,
placed under the*nose of all the small fry of the village, is more
likely to familiarise them with horror, and deprive life, and death
too, of their sacredness.

Fig. 7o.—Island in Lake Maggiore

We will hasten by the streams that feed Lake Maggiore, and
stop for a while near the islands on its fair expanse. Mountains
with dense green woods creeping to their very tops are reflected
in the transparent water in which they seem to be rooted, so near
do they rise from its margin, and only showing here and there,
where a deep scar or scarp occurs too precipitous for vegetation,
cheir stony ribs.

- The isles look pretty, but not beautiful, because of the rather

108 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I

extensive and decidedly ugly buildings and terraces upon them ;
but they are only specks in a great natural garden, which, even
if dotted with smoke-polluted towns like those in the North
of England (Sheffield, for example), would still be lovely. Brock-
enden is quite right when he says of one of them, “It is worthy
only of a rich man’s misplaced extravagance, and of the taste
of a confectioner.” The Maiden-hair fern is abundant on the
islands. The vegetation here and on the margins of the lake
is often of a remarkable and interesting character, quite sub-
tropical in some places ; but as our business is with alpine and
rock plants only, we must pass all this by, and hasten on to the
shores of Como. When approaching Isola Madre, the first thing
that struck my attention was a plant like a greyish heath, covered
with light rosy flowers, growing out of the top of a wall. It
proved to be an old friend, the Cat Thyme, and_in beautiful con-
dition ; as grown in England, nobody would ever suspect it to be
capable of yielding such a sweet show of flowers. Zvachelium
ceruleum grows very commonly on the walls, and so does the
Caper, a noble plant when seen issuing from a wall and bearing
numbers of its large blooms.

Arrived at Lecco, the next object is to hunt for the handsome
Catchfly on the crest of Monte Campione, and we start at three
o’clock in the morning, as it is desirable to get up a little out
of the warm valleys before the dew has been dissipated. Soon
we find ourselves on the spur of a mountain, on which Cyclamens
peep forth from among the shattered stones here and there—
sometimes a solitary bloom or two, at others handsome tufts,
where the position has favoured free development, and now and
then springing in a miniature condition from some chink, where
there was very little nutriment or root-room to be obtained.
Then we meet Szlexe Saxifraga very abundant on the larger
boulders and in sandy spots. In a wild state or in cultivation it
is not a pretty plant, although it has often been recommended.
Lower down we met with the neat Tunica Saxifraga on the
tops of walls, and it accompanied us a little higher up, rarely
looking so pretty as when well cultivated. The Maiden-hair
fern does not ascend up the mountain sides, nor even find a
home in the villages up the valley, though in the town of Lecco
it adorns the very mill wheels and moist walls near water-
courses with abundance of small pretty plants, adhering closely
to the wall, and dwarf from existing on moisture or very little

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 10g

more. The pretty Coronzlla varia is often seen low down ; and
what can form prettier tufts, or fall more gracefully over the
brow of rocks? As we ascend, the fine flowers of Geranium
Sanguineum are everywhere seen, and Horminum pyrenaicum
begins to show itself here and there, becoming more abundant
as the mountains get higher, and growing to the top. It is barely
worthy of cultivation ; a pinkish variety was noticed in several
places. The Privet, in a very dwarf and floriferous condition,
adorns the rocks in abundance, while Aconites, Lilies, &c. are“
occasionally seen. The orange Lily is a great ornament here-
abouts. I saw on one of the topmost and most inaccessible
cliffs of the mountain one of its bold flowers like a ball of fire in
the starved wiry grass, and small plants of it growing on a nar-
row ledge. The Martagon Lily is also abundant, though not so
effective. Dwarf Cytisuses are great ornaments to the rocks,
and here and there the leaves of Hepatica are mingled with
those of Cyclamen, suggesting bright pictures of spring in these
localities. The Cyclamens are deliciously sweet, and the great
spread of Erica carnea, seen in all parts, must afford a lovely
show of colour in spring. ;

And, speaking of this brilliant little Heath, I may allude to
what we may do with boggy heathy ground, as I have before
hinted how we may improve our woodlands. That even the com-
monest and most universally distributed of our Heaths are of no
small attraction, when seen in a tolerably good wild state, need
scarcely be said ; but there are many varieties which are seldom
seen that are more beautiful still, and would be worth adding to
that portion of the wild ground which approached nearest to the
house. Inmany parts of the British Isles houses are placed right
in the midst of peat land that will grow all hardy Heaths to per-
fection ; and on such places a charming display of wild beauty
may be made by planting the hardy Heaths alone. Of the
common kind—the Ling—there are twelve or more different
varieties ; of the Scotch Heather, half a dozen; of £. Tetralix,
about the same; and it is to be observed that some of these
being much richer in colour and prettier than the common
ones, have been selected for cultivation. Therefore anybody
with a bit of peaty land, or rough rocky surface cropping out—
such as one meets with in going from Sheffield to Chatsworth—
may make it most attractive with those British Heaths which
are easily obtained. The best of all hardy Heaths, and indeed

IIo ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I,

one of the best of all spring flowers, Erica carnea, is never found
wild in England, though a close ally oécurs freely in one part.
of the West of Ireland, as does the beautiful Alenazesza polifolia
or St. Dabeoc’s Heath. Of course this charming dwarf spring
Heath, £. carnea, would grow as well. in any peaty waste as on
its native mountains, and prove a plant of no ordinary attrac-
tion. It is sold cheaply, by the dozen or hundred, in nurseries
that grow American or peat plants ; and all that would be neces-
sary in planting it would be to clear away a portion of the ordinary
-Heath or weeds of the spot, so that it may have a fair chance of
becoming established. It is so particularly neat and pretty in
spring that few once acquainted with it will fail to cultivate
it freely for the garden or pleasure-ground, as it is admirable for
edging beds.

The ground is rocky, and we think we have taken leave of all
the meadow-land, when the hills again begin to break into small
pastures, where Orchises, Phyteumas, Arnica, Inula, Harebells,
and a host of meadow plants, struggle for the mastery. Soon
we come to great isolated masses of erect rock, whose surface
is quite shattered and decayed in every part ; and, after half an
hour among these, see far up rosettes of the blue flowers of
Phyteuma comosum, projecting about two inches from the rock.
The rosettes are as wide as the plant is high, and much larger
than the leaves, which are of a light glaucous colour.

We ascend far above these rocks, and find the mountain-side
has broken into wide gentle slopes, park-like, with birch and
other indigenous trees here and there, but for the most part a great
spread of meadow-land, adorned in every part with a glorious
company of flowers. Conspicuously beautiful was the St. Bruno’s
Lily, growing just high enough to show its long and snow-white
bells above the grass. It should be called the Lady of the
Meadows, for assuredly no sweeter or more graceful flower em-
bellishes them. In every part where a slight depression oc-
curred, so as to expose a little slope or fall of earth on which
the long grass could not well grow, or along by a pathway,
Primula integrifolia was found in thousands, long passed out
of flower.

In wandering leisurely over the grass, an exquisite Gentian, of
a brilliant deep and iridescent blue, caught my eye. At first I
thought it was the fine Gentiana verna; but on taking up some
plants, it proved to be an annual kind, quite as beautiful and

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. rit

brilliant as either G. davarica or G. verna, gems as they are.
Wherever a boulder or mass of rock showed itself, Primula
Auricula was seen, often in the grass, and always on the high
rocks and cliffs. A species of Pedicularis, with deep rosy shining
flowers, is a fine ornament, and ascends to the very highest
points. A showy Epilobium and Dentaria are also seen among
the taller vegetation, while the compact little blue Globularia
creeps from the surrounding earth over every rock. As we mount,
the mist of the higher points begins to envelope us, and hide the
lovely and ever-varying scenery below and on all sides, except
now and then when the breeze clears the vapours away.

As the upper lawns are reached, the extraordinary nature of
the mountain begins to be seen through the increasing mist.
Lower down, and indeed in all parts, erect, isolated masses of
rock are met with; but towards the great straight-sided mass
that forms the central and higher peak, huge azguzlles are
gathered together so thickly that, dimly seen through the mist,
they seem like the ghosts of tall old castles and towers creeping
one after the other up the mountain-side. The highest point,
formed by a most imposing rock of this description, has never yet
been ascended. Lower down cliffs of the same nature and great
height form one side of the mountain, their giant and weird appear-
ance, when we -saw them, being much heightened by the mist
which completely hid the valley and made them seem baseless.

Hereabouts we came upon some little tufts of the most dimi-
nutive and pretty Sexifraga cesta. In little indentations in
rocks it sometimes looked a mere stain of silvery grey like a
Lichen ; on the ground, it spread into dwarf silvery cushions,
from one to three or four inches wide. It seemed quite indif-
ferent as to position, sometimes growing freely along, and even
in, a channel the sides and bed of which are a mass of shattered
rocks, and which is in winter a stream and a torrent after heavy
rains and thaws. I found one plant as circular and as wide as
a dessert plate, a mass of Lilliputian silvery rosettes, each about
the eighth of an inch across, each rosette being formed of from
fifteen to twenty-five diminutive leaves, and hundreds of rosettes
‘going to form a tuft about an inch high.

This is one of the brightest little gems in the large Saxifrage
family, which affords a greater number of distinct plants worthy
of cultivation in the rock-garden than any other at present
known to us. These plants grow upon the mountain tops far

Tl2 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

above the abodes of our ordinary vegetation, not only because
the cool pure air and moisture are congenial to their tastes, but
because taller and less hardy vegetation dares not venture there |
to overrun and finally extinguish them. But though they dwell
so high in alpine regions, they are the most tractable of all
plants in British gardens, and with but little attention grow
away as freely as our native lowland weeds in gardens where
Gentian and alpine Primula and precious mountain Forget-me-
not sicken and die. They are evergreen, and more beautiful to
look upon in winter than in summer, so far as the foliage is con-
cerned, and their foliage is beautiful exceedingly. But unlike
many other things which have attractive leafage, or a peculiar
form and habit, they flower as freely in the early summer as if
they were herbaceous and uninteresting, instead of being per-
manent and of exquisite chiselling.

One would think that coming from habitats so far removed
from all that is common to our phlegmatic and monotonous
skies, it would be impossible to keep these little stars of the earth
in a living state, and reasonably enough, as it would be easier to
imitate the temperature of the hottest ravines of Borneo, or the
clime where the unearthly-looking Welwitschia grows, than to
produce in any way known to us even the faintest imitation of
such a climate as theirs. But that is needless, as they can grow
no better on their native hills than they do even within large towns
and cities in the United Kingdom. Our climate suits them to
perfection, and they are the chief glory of the cultivator of
alpine plants. Hitherto they have been but very little appre-
ciated. They are usually grown in pots, where people cannot
see half their loveliness, and in which they sicken and dwindle.
Not so when planted in the open air.

In autumn, when most plants and trees are making them-
selves quite melancholy-looking before the approach of darkness,
winter, and frost, and casting off their soiled robes, the Saxi-
frages are expanding their compact little rosettes, and glisten
with silver and emerald when the rotting leaves are hurrying
by before the stiff, wet breeze.

They are divided into numerous sections botanically, but for
our purpose, the mossy section, of which our own S\ Aypuoides is
the type, and the silvery one, of which the alpine S. Azzoon
is the most familiar member, are the two most important.
The mossy and green Saxifrages look like fully developed very

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 113

green moss to the non-botanical observer or amateur. They
are very numerous ; I once saw seventy species, or at least
varieties, of these plants in one narrow border in the garden of
the late Mr. William Borfer, at Henfield in Sussex. The various
tints of green of these in early autumn and winter are indescrib-
able ; some of them appear as if translucently dew-bespangled,
like the hoariness of morning on a dwarf Savin bush ; others,
like S. densa and S. muscoides, have the colour of a well-made
lawn in autumn, a week after being mown and rained heavily
upon—the distant effect of the grass I mean ; but in these little
species you look down upon the plant, and get the same colour
as the general tone of the grass; others are of a tint of green
that shines just as the laurels do in genial coast gardens after
autumnal showers ; others of a dark paint green, and so on
through a score of shades of healthiest hue.

Then there is the silvery race, with such noble species as
S. Cotyledon and S. longifolia, and ending with such earth-biting
mites as S. cesta and S. Rocheliana—some large and bold, with
tongue- and strap-shaped leaves, margined with distinct white
dots ; others forming round swelling masses of silvery rosettes,
each about the size of a sixpence; and others of which the
leaves and rosettes are so minute that they become lost in the
individuality of the whole plant, and you may fancy you are
looking at a small glistening pin-cushion.

In the moist climate of these islands all the species do quite
as well as on their native Alps and Pyrenees; indeed, I have
rarely seen them attain the same vigour in a: wild state that
they do in gardens where any attention is paid to them. With
us they suffer only from very drying winds in March, and from
great droughts—from these causes chiefly the mossy section ;
but if watered at such times, there is not the least danger ; if
not, unless the soil is very dry and arid, they do not come to much
grief, but recover after a while. If watered now and then in dry
weather at any season, perfect health would always result. The
reason that the arid weather hurts them is this: the little stems
send out numerous white delicate rootlets, which gently probe
down into the dense masses of moist leaves, and there drink nutri-
ment ; but when the arid heat or drought comes, and thoroughly
dries up the dense mass of foliage, it also evaporates, so to
speak, the life out of these little feeders, and the plants become
brown and withered in consequence. But it is not a serious

I

Ii4 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

matter, as on any.common soil a choice collection may be kept
in perfect health with far less trouble than is required by the
commonest of bedding plants.

The Lion’s-paw Cudweed is very abundant on Monte Cam-
pione. Daphne and Rhododendron in small quantities, and the
pretty little Polygala Chamebuxus, often crop out in a very
diminutive state, much less beautiful than when in cultivation.
A blue Linum, probably Z. alpinum, is very common ; the rare
Allium Victoriale I found sparsely on high rocks ; and Dryas
octopetala abundantly in flower, with Anemone alpina in a very
dwarf state ; while pale flowers of the common Gentiana acaulis
looked up singly here and there. In the higher and barer
parts of the meadows, Aster alpinus was very charming, not. in
tufts or masses, but dotted singly over the turf. Having climbed
so high for the chief object of our ascent, we failed to find
it there after a long search, and, disappointed, were de-
scending the mountain down a long and rocky chasm formed
of a vast.bed with banks-of shattered rock, when, much- to
our pleasure, a little plant with a few leaves was discerned
growing from a chink on a low mass of rock. By ‘carefully
breaking away portions.of .this, we succeeded - in getting the
plant, roots and all, out: intact, and, by very diligent searching,
found a few more specimens of it, It was not yet in flower, but
pushing up the stem preparatory to it. -Then.a long tradge
down mountain, valley, and hilly road, brought-us home to our
quarters at half-past nine, after a long and interesting day of
nearly twenty hours’. walking. A description of the scenery from
the top of this mountain. age iter not attempted, and, indeed,
for several hours near the top’we,could not see many: yards
before us because of a white mist. But’ one time, when as‘high as
we could go, the guide shouted to attract our attention, and we saw
through a rent in the mist the far-off country below—lake, hills,
and villa-dotted lowlands, warmed by a bright sun, and happy-
looking as Eden “ when o’er the four rivers the first roses blew.”

I returned from North Italy by the Simplon. With a-few
words on the vegetation of some parts of that great range,
these notes will end, The chief feature of the smaller vege-
tation alongside the great Simplon Road is the foxbrush-like
flowering pyramids of the great Saxifraga Cotyledon. The
little Campanula cespitosa is very abundant and pretty in
some spots, and on the highest parts of the road, wherever

Part I, A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 115

the ground near it breaks into ‘anything like turf, the vivid
blue of the vernal Gentian sparkles amongst bright yellow Poten-
tillas and Ranunculi, It is pleasant to meet with it in flower
weeks after one has left it in full flower in England in April, and
seen it bear seed on mountains about 5000 feet high. About
the end of June it was in fresh and perfect condition here, and
likely to remain so fer some time to come. Observe the capa-
bilities of the plant, and the changes that it endures without
losing health in any case. In perfect health in England, without

Fig. 71.—An alpine mail-road.

a covering of snow through the winter, and flowering strongly
in early spring, it flowers here in the month of June, and higher
up in July.
Let us ascend one of the highest mountains of the range a
little way, climb upwards for two hours, passing the limits of the
pines, till we get at the base of the bed of an enormous glacier,
a vast high field of snow apparently, which fills the upper
portion of a-wide gap between.two mountains. Here and
there you see flakes of it like green glass, and its face, where
i 2

116 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

the water wears itself arches in issuing from beneath the slowly
melting mountain of ice, is also of that tint. The wide expanse
of ground which we are traversing is simply a mighty bed of
shattered rock, which at a remote day was carried down by this
colossal, ever-gathering and ever-levelling machine, and it is now
covered with a scanty vegetation of alpine Rhododendron, and
high mountain plants.

Fig 72.—The limit of the pines.

Everywhere, and very pretty, is the mountain form of the
Wood Forget-me-not, but no trace of the true A/yosotis alpes-
tris. Apparently the white form of the Wood Forget-me-not
is very abundant among the blue, but upon looking closer,
the simple-looking white flower growing amongst the Forget-
me-nots is seen to be a white Androsace. Everywhere the
large white flowers of the mountain Avens are covering the
surface, but as we are in such rich ground, we had better confine

Part I. A LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. I17

ourselves to plants not British, and—climb. That exertion is
above all things necessary; the vast slopes of shattered rock
seem interminable—an hour’s hard work brings you to a point
that you thought you could reach in five minutes, and this point,
instead of proving the resting-place and exploring-ground you
had expected it to be, merely shows you that still the wide and
mighty mass of shattered rock creeps upwards higher and
higher, far beyond your powers of approach, until at last the

SSS

Fig. 73.—A glacier.

wall of ice, “durable as iron, sets death-like its white teeth
against us.” On a great ridge beneath it are some scattered
fragments of vegetation rooting deeply among the stones, and
gaining a scanty subsistence from the sandy grit which results
from the decomposition and friction of the fields of brittle rock.
The opposite-leaved Saxifrage is a perfect mass of flower; you
cannot see anything but flowers on its dense cushions, here as
beautiful in this awful solitude as the choicest flowers of climes
_genial enough for the humming-bird. Here and there a large
yellow flower is seen, which proves to be Geum repians, a fine

118 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

plant, from three to six inches high. Presently, while admiring
the bravery and the beauty of the crimson Saxifrage here, within
a few feet of wide beds of snow, that lie on each side of the ridge
on which I stand, what appears a giant specimen comes in sight ;
the flowers are much larger, so that instead of looking at
little cushions made up of a multitude: of blooms, I see the
individual cup-like blooms standing boldly up, of much deeper
hue, and the leaves also grown large and distinct. It is the:
noble Saxzfraga bifiora, and I hope nobody will object to my
calling it noble when I say that it only grows about half an inch
high! It, is raining heavily, and the place is anything rather
than cheerful, but it is a very great pleasure to gather this plant
here, and also Lizxarza alpina, more familiar to me, but so beau-

Fig. 74.—A glimpse at the home of the two-flowered Saxifrage.

tiful here that I can hardly hope to give the reader an idea of it.
Many alpine plants are prettier in cultivation than in a wild
state, for instance, Polygala Chamebuxus,.which grows here—
just venturing out one or two little shoots and flowers at a time.
Not so Linaria alpina, which grows and flowers well in sandy
soils and moist places at home, and gets so strong that its
glaucous leaves form quite a little tuft, almost high enough for
an edging plant, but which here shows its rich orange and purple
flowers, ‘gathered in dense tiny tufts here and there among the
stones, without any leaves being perceptible. It is infinitely
more lovely here than in cultivation, though its beauty in either
case is of the highest order. The very dwarf and pretty little
Campanula cenisia was abundant among the higher plants, its
tufts of very light green growing among the débris, By turning
over the stones, plants with good roots could be got out. One
solitary tuft of Ranunculus alpestris was met with by the side
of a little rivulet ; it was a roundish specimen, about six inches
in diameter, and quite pretty where “ specimens” are rare, and
where one thing struggles with another in the grass,

Part I. dA LITTLE TOUR IN THE ALPS. 119

Descending, the ground, becoming more level, begins to form
an undulating basin between two ranges, and here the short
grass is perfectly jewelled with dwarf alpine plants and flowers.
The silky-leaved and very dwarf Senecio incanus occurs in
thousands, the Cudweeds too are abundant, while a few inches
above the dense silvery turf formed by such plants, the large
and beautiful purple flowers of Viola calcarata form, not a sheet
of colour—for the flowers occur singly, and are separated one
from the other by bits of green and silvery turf—but sometimes
the eye is brought nearly level with the surface of a bank dotted
over in this way, and the effect is something’ exquisite. It is not
the effect of “massing” flowers, but that of “shot” silk. The
flowers of this Violet were generally very large—I measured
several an inch and a half across, while the plants from which
they sprang were almost inconspicuous, and generally I had
to use the flower stem as a guide to the minute rosette of leaves
in the grass. A still more beautiful effect, and perhaps more so
than I have seen either in flower-garden or wild, was observed
when tufts of Gextiana verna occurred pretty freely amongst this
Violet, the vivid blue of the Gentian in patches amongst the
groundwork of the Violet. In quite a valley of Gentians—a
little lawn at an elevation of about 7000 feet—I noticed some
growing in a watery hollow. I had almost passed them by
when I chanced to look closely down to admire their deep,
vivid, and exquisite blue, and saw that they were grand tufts
of Gentiana bavarica that I was admiring. The little Box-like
leaves were in compact tufts, and the flowers were larger, of a
deeper and more beautiful blue, than G. verza, which is saying
a great deal. I have one specimen now with thirteen perfect
blooms—a by no means selected specimen—in a single close
tuft, not more than an inch and a half across.

There were spots near at hand, where G. verna formed a turf of
its own, and yet it was not so beautiful as G. davarica, which was
growing exactly in positions that would suit the Bog Bean and the
Marsh Marigold. Attempts to cultivate G. davarica in England
have hitherto been a failure. It is very rarely seen with us even
in botanic gardens, and, when it is seen, is usually yellow and in
poor health. A few words, then, about the position in which I
found it in such perfection may prove useful. A little mountain
streamlet diverges from its channel and spreads over the surface
of the ground for twenty or thirty yards across, not destroying

120 ‘A LPINE FLOWERS. Part I.

the grass, but simply showing itself in trickling patches here and
there. On the little hillocks of grassy earth that stood a few
inches above the water, I found the plant in very good condition,
the roots certainly in the water and the “collar” of each plant
very little above it. Somewhat lower down the waters gathered
together again, leaving the sides of that marshy spot and the |
intermediate ground perfectly green, but very wet, and here and
there dotted with clusters of blue stars, to which in brilliancy of
tone the choicest gems ever seen were but dull and earthy. In
walking on this green spot the water hissed and bubbled up
around. Here the specimens were very fine, the pretty little
close-growing tufts of light green leaves clearing spots for them-
selves in the longish grass. The slightest impression made
here immediately became a small pool, and in no place did
I find the plant but where the thumb, if ‘pressed into the grass,
became immediately surrounded by water. A few steps away
and Gentiana verna was everywhere in full beauty on dry
banks ; but in no case did either species manifest a tendency to
invade the ground of the other. In fact, proof was there that
G. bavarica is a true bog plant. And what a beautiful com-
panion for the Wind Gentian, the Water Violet, the fine white
bog Arum, the moist-peat-loving Spigelia marilandica, and the
early Myosotis (JZ. dissztzflora), which loves a bog, Rhexia vir-
ginica, the little creeping Bellflower and like plants! Why, it is
worth our while to make a little bog, with a surface of Sphagnum
and dwarf plants that will not run riot through the bed and
spoil it, as the Eriophorums and Carices would, for the mere
sake of growing this exquisite plant.

ALPINE FLOWERS.
PART If.

ACAHINA MICROPHYLLA.—Aosy-spined A cena.

A MINUTE trailer from New Zealand, curiously beautiful from
its small, close, round head of inconspicuous flowers being
furnished. with long crimson spines. The leaves are pinnate,
the leaflets deeply incised, those at the apex of the leaf much the
largest, the whole of a brownish green tint. The plant spreads
into dense tufts, no taller than the Lawn Pearlwort, and in
summer and autumn becomes thickly bestrewn with the showy
and singular globes of spines. It is quite easily increased by
division, is perfectly hardy, grows in ordinary soil, but thrives
much the best in that of a fine sandy and somewhat moist
character. Its home is on bare level parts of the rockwork, usually
beneath the eye, and it is also good as a border or even an
-edging plant in soils where it thrives. Occasionally it may be
used with a singularly good effect to form a carpet beneath larger
plants not thickly placed.

ACANTHOLIMON GLUMACEUM.—Prickly Thrift.

A VERY compact and distinct little alpine plant, with dark-
green: pink-like leaves, with sharp spines at the points, and
bearing one-sided spikes of pretty rose-coloured flowers—each a
little more than half an inch across. It seems to thrive on
almost any kind of soil, but is best suited for rockwork, on
which it forms neat tufts from three to six inches high, wrap-
ping itself round the stones, and blooming freely in summer.
I have found it thrive perfectly well on slightly elevated rock-
work far into London. It may be propagated by seed, cuttings,
or division ; but not very rapidly in the last way, and it should
be divided very carefully. A native of Armenia, perfectly
hardy everywhere in this country, at least when elevated on
rockwork or banks. Synonyme Statice Ararati.

122 ALPINE FLO WERS. . Part II.

ACHILLEA AGYPTIACA.—Lgypiian Yarrow.

A VERY silvery plant in all its parts, with finely cut leaves, and
handsome heads of rich clear yellow flowers. It is distinct
from any other kind, and, while quite equal to any of its relatives
in beauty of flower, has something of the grace of an elegant
fern in its leaves. A native of Egypt and Greece, and probably
widely distributed in the East, it is not hardy in all soils and
positions, but is quite so on well-drained sunny sides of rock-
work, and I have observed it survive out of doors in borders.
In a wild state it seldom grows more than about eight or ten
inches high, but in rich light garden soil it reaches fifteen or
eighteen inches. It is very suitable for the embellishment of
rockwork among the taller plants, and may also be used in
the mixed border or the summer flower garden. On the rock-
work the best way to treat it would be to plant,it in light loam
mixed with brick rubbish, and in this it would grow compactly
and survive many years. On chalky or very dry warm banks
it would prohably prove a hardy perennial. It flowers in
summer and early autumn, and is very easily multiplied by
division, When grown as a bedding plant, it is best kept over
the winter in frames; and if the flowers are pinched off, it
forms a dense mass of elegantly cut and very silvery leaves, and
for this reason alone should prove very useful in the flower-
garden.

ACHILLEA CLAVENA.— White Alpine Varrow-.

A DwarF and distinct sort, covered with a very short, silky
down, whicli makes the plant almost of a silvery white. It
seldom rises above six inches, and the corymbs of flowers, which
appear in summer, are of a pure white ; but the plant will pro-
bably be as much grown for its very silvery foliage as for its
flowers, It likes light peaty soil or free loam, and should have
a position on rockwork, where its white foliage and flowers
would contrast well with the alpine plants that flower at the
same season. Though cultivated nearly 200 years ago in the
Edinburgh Botanic Garden, it is now very seldom seen in our
gardens. A native of the Alps of Austria and Styria, increased
by careful division of the root, and also by seed, though seed of
it is not common,

Part II. ACHILLE A—ACIS—ADONIS. 123

Another white-flowered Achillea (4. umbellata) has lately
been introduced to gardeners ; it is smaller than the preceding,
and useful as a silvery edging plant, but the flowers are not
ornamental, and I am not certain of its hardiness.

ACHILLEA TOMENTOSA.—Downy Yarrow.

THIS is one of the little tufted plants that help to form the car-
pets of silver whereon large and handsome horned Violets and
Gentians display their charms on the Alps, itself sending up in
due time flat corymbs of bright yellow flowers, On elevated
situations it is very dwarf and downy, but in rich soil in gardens
‘it rises to six, nine, and twelve inches high. It is a good plant
for the front margins of mixed borders, and also for the rock-
work, A native of the European Alps, easily grown in ordinary
soil, and readily increased by division.

ACIS AUTUMNALIS.—A utumnal A.

A VERY slender-leaved little bulb, with stems rising three or four
inches high, and bearing a couple of flowers, that may be de-
scribed as delicate pink snowdrops, drooping elegantly on short
reddish footstalks, of a deep-red colour round the seed-vessel,
and blooming in autumn before the leaves appear. It is a true
gem for the rockwork, where it should be planted in a warm
soil and sunny position, sheltered with a few stones, and on which
it would look very well springing from a carpet of delicate, feeble-
rooting Sedum or other dwarf plant. I have never seen it in
nurseries except about Edinburgh, and first met with it in the
late Mr. Borrer’s garden in Sussex. Where the soil is of a fine
sandy nature, it will thrive as a border plant, but is as yet so
rare as to be worthy of the best position and care. A native
of Spain and Southern Europe.
a

ADONIS VERNALIS.— Vernal A.

THIS, as regards size of flower, is the queen of all the Buttercup
and Globeflower race. Early in May, its flowers, two to three
and even four inches across on strong plants, spring from
masses of light green finely cut leaves. Had Wordsworth
seen a healthy plant of this in full blow, he would never have
supposed the little Celandine had ‘sat for its portrait to the

124 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

artist who painted the “Rising Sun.” It is a first-rate border
plant, growing about a foot high, but it does very poorly in
cold stiff soil, flourishing to great perfection where the air is
somewhat moist and the soil light and good. Nothing can
be finer where it grows healthfully ; where it does not, it is not
worth cultivating in the border, but on rockwork it will be easy to
give it deep and light soil. It is a native of warm spots on the
higher European. Alps, flowering soon after the snow melts,
and in our gardens in early summer. There is a variety called
A. stbirica, which is said to have larger flowers, but is probably
not in cultivation.

The Pyrenean Adonis (4. pyrenaica) is very like this plant,.
but has usually fewer, smaller, and more obtuse petals scarcely
denticulated at the top, grows somewhat taller, and’ has
tadical leaves with long stalks, whereas those of A. vernalis are
abortive or almost reduced to mere scales. It is not sufficiently
removed from A. vernalis to merit culture except in large
collections.

AXTHIONEMA CORIDIFOLIUM.—Lebanon A.

A LITTLE glaucous half-shrubby plant, with an abundance of
thin, wiry stems, bearing narrow grey leaves and a multitude of
pretty rosy flowers, arranged at first in a compact head, which
becomes elongated as the flowering season advances. This is
one of the sweetest alpine plants in existence, and so hardy and
free that it may be generally grown. I first met with it in M.
Vilmorin’s garden, near Paris, growing in quantity in a long bed
of the sandy soil of the neighbourhood, the dense spray of leaves
and wiry stems, about six inches high, thickly dotted with the
delicate rose-coloured flowers, It had flourished in the same posi-
tion for several years. Plants raised from seeds I brought from
Paris have done quite as well in the neighbourhood of London.
It succeeds perfectly well on the front margin of the mixed
border ; and though reckwork is not required for success with it,
its presence will certainly be a gain to every rockwork where
the highest beauty of alpine plants is sought. In consequence
of the prostrate spreading habit of the stems, a pleasing result
will be produced by planting it in one or two positions where the
roots may descend into deep earth, and the stems fall over the
face of rocks at about, or somewhat above, the level of the eye.

Part II. AFUGA—ALYSSUM. 125

It is very readily raised from seed, is a native of Mount Lebanon,
and will enjoy the sunny side of the rockery, though hardy
enough for any position, if in a well-drained and sandy soil.

. saxatile, parviflorum, and membranaceum, are also in
cultivation, but I have observed none of them thrive so freely
or look so well as this.

AJUGA GENEVENSIS.— Erect Bugle.

THIS has violet-blue flowers, springing thickly from the axil of
every leaf and leaf-like bract, the stem being literally a cone of
flowers for a length of four or five inches, or sometimes more.
As the stems are produced almost as thick as they can stand,
it is a very pleasing plant, and placed on the outer margins
of shrubbery and mixed borders grows into round spreading
tufts eight to ten inches high. It would also be suitable for
rockwork, but where there are alpine plants rarer and more
difficult of culture, it will hardly be wise to give it a place there,
except in the roughest parts. It is probably the best of its family,
and is easily increased by division. The true plant, widely
distributed on the continent, is not found in Britain, but the
variety with the floral leaves large and longer than the flowers,
and having a dense leafy spike (4. Ayramidalzs), is found in
Scotland, and is sometimes grown in gardens ; it is not so orna-
mental as the typical form.

The common British Creeping Bugle (4. repzans) is grown in
gardens under various names for the sake of its dark browny-
purple leaves, and a variegated variety of it is sometimes grown
in the spring garden, and in collections of hardy variegated
plants.

ALYSSUM ALPESTRE.—A (pine A.

A PRETTY and bright little species, partaking of the brilliant
colour and free-flowering properties of the well-known Rock
Alyssum, and the neatness of habit and dwarfness of the Spiny
or the Mountain A. It forms neat tufts of hoary entire leaves
on stems woody at the base, the whole plant being covered
with minute, shining, star-like hairs, and, so far as I have
‘observed, not growing more than three inches high. It has,
however, as yet been cultivated but very little in this country ;
and though recorded as in cultivation so long ago as 1777,

126 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

it was lost to our gardens till recently re-introduced. A
native of the Pyrenees and mountains of Switzerland, Italy,
and Greece, its home with us is in sunny spots on rockwork,
the soil to be of a light and poor, rather than of a rich, nature.
Flowers in early summer, and is readily increased by seed or
from cuttings. The Silvery A. (4. argenteum), a native of
Corsica, is closely related to this species, but is taller and more
robust, has small flowers, and is not so well worthy of culture.

ALYSSUM MONTANUM.—WMountain A.

A CHARMING and distinct species, spreading into compact tufts
of slightly glaucous green, two or three inches high, and with
oblong or obovate leaves. In April the flowers commence to
open, and in May the plants are studded with yellow, alpine-
wallflower-like blooms, sweet-scented, and produced abundantly
on healthy specimens. The beautiful stellate hairs which are
produced so freely by this family are large enough on this kind to
be seen by the naked eye. It is a native of many mountainous
parts of Europe, on hills and low mountain ranges, chiefly in
sunny positions and on calcareous formations. I have grown
it well on cold heavy soil, but it is almost certain to perish on
such during winter. To succeed perfectly with it, it is desirable
to place it on the rockwork in good sandy soil, or in some
slightly elevated position, and so situated it will prove a beau-
tiful ornament, especially when it grows into large cushions,
on one side perhaps falling over the edge of a rock; readily
increased by division, cuttings, or seeds, though it does not often
seed freely with us.

ALYSSUM SAXATILE.—fock A.

THE most valuable of the yellow flowers of spring. It is
perfectly hardy in all parts of these islands, and the extreme
brilliancy and profusion of its masses of bloom, combined with
its capacity for growing in any soil or enduring any ill-treatment,
have made it one of the most popular of garden plants. It is
most frequently grown in half-shady places, under trees and
shrubs, and where it has little chance of becoming fairly de-
veloped or showing its full flush of bloom ; but it, like most
rock plants, should be fully exposed. It is well fitted for the
decoration of the garden of spring bedding plants, the mixed

Part IT. ALYSSUM—ANDROMEDA. 127

t

border, and rockwork, and also for association with the evergreen
Candytufts, Aubrietias, &c., for fringing shrubberies, and for like °
purposes. On wet ground it is better to put a few plants in an
elevated position and in poor soil : that is, if it be not grown
on rockwork, as I have seen it perish in winter in heavy, rich
clays, when on-the level ground. Very easily raised from seed,
or by cuttings. Comes from Podolia in Southern Russia, and
flowers with us in April or May. There is a somewhat dwarfer
variety, distinguished by the name of A. saxatile compactum,
but it differs very little from the old plant.

ALYSSUM SPINOSUM.—<fiy A.

THE flowers of this are small and in no sense ornamental, but
the plant forms such a distinct-looking, silvery, neat, and pretty
little bush on any kind of soil, that I think it has quite as good
a right to be named here as many others valued for their
flowers alone. Small plants quickly become Lilliputian silvery
bushes, three to six inches high ; when fully exposed, almost as
compact as moss. The leaves are covered with small stellate
hairs, and form interesting objects under the microscope. On
established plants the old branches become transformed into
spines : hence its specific name. It is entirely distinct in ap-
pearance from anything else in cultivation, and merits a
place on some not over-valued spot on rockwork. It may also
be used as a permanent edging plant, and should find a place in
all collections of silvery-leaved plants. It is readily increased
from cuttings, and comes from Southern Europe.

ANDROMEDA FASTIGIATA.—Aimalayan A.

A REMARKABLY neat little shrub, with the branches closely over-
lapped along the stems, so as to make them square like those
of A.,fetragona, but distinguished from that plant by the leaves
having a white, thin, chaffy margin terminating in a small point,
and also a deep and broad keel. It is also larger in all its parts.
The flowers, of a waxy white, produced at the top of each little
branchlet, are turned down bell-fashion; the reddish - brown
calyx spreads half-way down the waxy flowers. This, one of the
most rare and beautiful plants that we have obtained from the
Himalayas, is, happily, not so difficult to grow as the mossy
Andromeda, though it requires care. It has been successfully

128 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

grown by Dr. Moore, in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Dublin,
“and should have a very sandy, moist peat soil. It is most
likely to thrive in moist and elevated districts ; but, safely
planted on rockwork in deep, moist, but well-drained soil, and
carefully guarded against drought during the warm season, it
may be grown without difficulty ; and doubtless, when it be-
comes sufficiently plentiful, it will be found, like the next
species, to thrive very well in the natural soil of some districts.

ANDROMEDA HYPNOIDES.— Mossy A.

A MINUTE, spreading, moss-like shrub, one to four inches high,
with wiry, much divided branches, densely clothed in all their
parts with minute bright green leaves, and bearing small, waxy,
white, five-cleft flowers, with reddish calyces. These flowers are
freely produced, and are borne singly and drooping on slender
reddish stems. It is one of the most interesting and beau-
tiful of all alpine plants, and one of the most difficult to
grow, being very rarely seen in a healthy ‘state even in the
choicest collections. Drought is fatal to it. It is a native
both of Europe and America, either far north into the coldest
regions of these countries, or on the summits of high mountains.
It is such a delicate and fragile evergreen shrub that any im-
purity in the air is sure to injure it. In elevated and moist
parts of these islands, it will succeed in very sandy or gritty
moist but well-drained peat, freely exposed to the sun and air,
and placed quite apart from more vigorous plants on rockwork.
The chief difficulty would seem to be the procuring of healthy
plants to begin with ; once obtained, it would be desirable to
carefully peg down the slender main branches, and to. place a
few stones round the neck of the plant, so as to prevent evapo-
ration. It is a subject which the most skilful cultivator might be
proud to succeed with, and worthy the best attention se those
who delight in conquering difficulties.

ANDROMEDA TETRAGONA.—<Sguare-stemmed A.

ONE of the neatest and prettiest of all the diminutive shrubs
introduced to cultivation, seldom growing more than eight inches
high. When in good. health, the deep green branches are
produced so densely that they form very compact and dressy
tufts, pleasing at all times. The flowers are produced singly, but

Part Il. ANDROSACE, 129

rather freely ; of a waxy white, five-cleft, contracted near the
mouth, and drooping. It is not likely to be confounded with
any other plant except the much rarer A. /fastigiata, from
which it may be distinguished in’a moment by the absence of
the thin chaffy margin of the leaf. It is a native of Northern
Europe and America, quite hardy, but requires a moist peat or
very fine sandy soil for its perfect development. I have not
elsewhere seen it so plentiful or so healthy as in the nurseries
near Edinburgh, where it flourishes in common soil. It is a
most fitting ornament for the rockwork, or for planting on the
margin of beds of choice dwarf shrubs, in fine sandy peat,
loves abundance of moisture in summer, and is easily increased
by division, wherever it grows vigorously.

ANDROSACE CARNEA.—Rose-coloured A.

ONE of the prettiest and most distinct of its exquisite family,
coming from the highest summits of the Alps and Pyrenees,
where it flowers in summer, when the snow has at last yielded
to the sun; opening in our gardens also perhaps among
melting snow, but in early spring before any of its relatives. It
is immediately known from any of the other cultivated kinds by

#ts small pointed leaves, not, as in them, gathered in tiny rosettes,
but more regularly clothing a somewhat elongated stem, so as
to remind one distantly of a small twig of juniper, or of the
juniper saxifrage. The flowers are of a lively pink or rose, with
ayellow eye. Itis not difficult to cultivate in a mixture of sandy
loam and peat on rockwork—the spot to be exposed, and the
soil at least a foot deep, so that its roots may descend, and be
less liable to suffer from vicissitudes. Thorough watering should
be giveri during the dry season, particularly when the plant is
young, and before it has taken deep root. Treated thus it will
form healthy tufts, and prove one of the most beautiful plants in
the rock-garden in spring. Like most of the species, it may be
easily raised from seed, which should be carefully sown in pans
of sandy peat as soon as gathered, in the case of plants growing
in gardens ; but if gathered on the Alps late in summer, or early
in autumn, it would, unless in the hands of a skilful propagator,
be best kept over till early spring, when it ought, to be sown in
cold frames or pits.

130 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

ANDROSACH CHAMA&J. ASME.— Rock Fasmine.

THIS does not nestle into close moss-like cushions, like the Hel-
vetian and other Androsaces, the foliage forming large rosettes
of fringed leaves. The blooms are borne on stout little stems
frequently not more than one inch high, but varying from that
to five, according to the vigour of the plants and the position in
which they grow. They are white at first, with a yellow
eye, though this eventually changes to deep crimson, the
outer part becoming a delicate rose. These changes may not
be common to all the individuals of the species, but I have
observed them in many specimens. When in good health, it
flowers abundantly, ‘is one of the most worthy of culture of all
alpine plants, and one of the easiest to grow on an open spot on
rockwork, in deep and well-drained rich light loam, the surface
being nearly covered with small pieces of broken rock, to prevent
evaporation. and also to preserve the plant from injury. It
should get abundance of water in summer, be exposed to the
full sun, and be preserved from being overrun by weeds or
grazed down by slugs. A native of the Tyrolese and Swiss
Alps, where it flowers later than in our gardens. In England it
blooms in April, May, and June, earlier or later according to
the season, is propagated by division, and may be grown very
well in pots along with the rarer Saxifrages, &c., plunged in
sand or coal-ashes.

ANDROSACE HELVETICA. — Swiss A.

Forms dense cushions, about half an inch high, of diminutive
ciliated leaves, tightly packed in little rosettes. Each rosette
rests on the summit of a little column of old and dead, but
hidden half-dried and persistent leaves. A white flower, with
a yellowish eye, rises from every tiny rosette, each flower
being almost twice as large as the rosette of leaves from
which it has arisen, and resting immediately on the little mass
of glaucous green, the effect being quite charming. Looked
at from the height of a man, the leaves are not distinctly
seen, the flowers quite so; and thus the effect is somewhat as if
you were looking from a considerable height down on some
grey bush, with very large flowers and diminutive foliage almost
indistinguishable in consequence of the distance. Requires

Part II, ANDROSACE. 131

considerable care in cultivation, perfect exposure to sun, and a
thoroughly well-drained ‘position on a well-constructed rockwork.
It should be placed between and tightly pressed by stones about
the size of the fist, which will guard it against danger from
excessive moisture, and at the same time permit of the roots
passing into the good loam and:peat in the crevices of the
larger rocks.

ANDROSACE IMBRICATA.— Silvery A.

THIS interesting species differs from the Pyrenean and Swiss
Androsaces in having the rosettes of a beautiful silvery white
colour. The pretty white flowers are without stalks, and rest
so thickly on the rosettes as often to overlap each other. It
will grow freely in rich loamy ‘soil in narrow well-drained
fissures of rockwork. A native of the Pyrenees, the Alps of
Dauphiny, Switzerland, and North Italy. Flowers.in summer,
and is propagated by seeds and division. = A. argentea.

ANDROSACE LANUGINOSA.—Aimalayan A.

THE European species of this diminutive family usually have
their leaves in tufts more compact than the very mosses and
lichens, and if they do in several instances throw out short run-
ners it is in an underground and very careful sort of way. This
kind is distinguished by its spreading and even sometimes,
when in vigorous health, long stems, branched, and bearing
umbels of flowers of a pleasing and delicate rose, with a small
yellow eye; the leaves nearly an inch long, and covered with
silky hairs. When growing freely, it is a lovely plant, but it is
very rarely seen in good health. I have never seen it in such a
perfect state as with Mr. John Bain, in the College Botanic
Garden, at Dublin, where it grew on a narrow border, on the
sunny side.of a glass-house in very sandy deep soil. There it
was perfectly’ hardy, and grew into luxuriant silvery tufts
covered with flowers. It is very probable that many parts of
the ‘country are’too cold for this plant, and that the southern
and western counties, or warm and genial places near the sea,
are those in which it may be grown with most success. It is,
however, so ‘distinct and ‘pretty that in cold and dry places it
will be well to preserve it over the winter in dry pits or frames,
and plant it out in summer. The most suitable position for it
: K 2

132 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

is on the rockwork, planted in sandy peat or very sandy light
loam, and so placed that its shoots may fall over the edge of a
low rock. Where the soil is very free, and not too wet in winter,
and the air moist and genial, it may be tried as a border plant.
It is best propagated by cuttings, and flowers in summer and
early autumn. A native of the Himalayas.

ANDROSACE OBTUSIFOLIA.—Blunt-leaved A.

THIS is said to be allied to A. chamajasme, but has rather larger
rosettes of leaves, lanceolate-oblong, somewhat spoon-shaped
and obtuse, with stems clothed with short down, from one to
four inches high, bearing sometimes one, but generally from
two to five white or rose-coloured flowers, with yellow eyes. It
seems to grow taller and more vigorously than A. chamejasme,
and in a native state is often gathered by handfuls, and placed
in vases, with gentians and other alpine‘ flowers. Widely dis-
tributed over the European Alps, occurring in France, Ger-
many, and Switzerland, and usually flowering in midsummer ;
but-in this country opening in spring. The treatment recom-
mended for A. cham@jasme will be found equally suitable for
this plant.

ANDROSACE PUBESCENS.—Downy A.

ALLIED to the Swiss and Pyrenean Androsaces in its rather
large solitary white flowers, with pale yellow eyes, just rising
above the densely packed, slightly hoary leaves, the surface of
which is covered with stalked and star-like hairs. The unopened
blooms look like small pearls set firmly in a tiny five-cleft cup,
and are held on stems barely rising above the dwarf cushion
formed by the plant. It may be distinguished from its ‘fellows
by a small swelling on the flower-stem close to the flower, and
is an exquisite little plant, widely distributed over the Pyrenees,
Alps, and other European ranges, generally flowering in July
and August in its native state, and in our gardens in spring or
early summer. It seems to grow without difficulty on sunny
fissures in deep sandy and gritty peat.

ANDROSACE CILIATA.—Fringed A.

Is by some considered a variety of the preceding, with the
flower-stems twice as long as the leaves, which are glabrous on

Part II. ANDROSACE. 133

the surface and ciliated at the margin, the old leaves not forming
a column beneath each rosette. It is, however, sufficiently
distinct for garden purposes. Axdrosace cylindrica is another
variety with the stems rising to half an inch high, with persistent
leaves which form columns on the stems. It is by some con-
sidered a species, bears pure white flowers in spring, and
should be treated like 4. pubescens.

ANDROSACE PYRENAICA.— Pyrenean A.

THIS spreads out into such a very dwarf, compact, and cushioned
mass of tiny grey rosettes that one could almost use it for a pin-
cushion. It is something like the Swiss Androsace, but the
paper-white flowers with yellowish eyes are not quite so well
formed as those of that kind, and the flower, instead of being
seated or almost seated in the rosettes of leaves, rises on a
stem from a quarter to half an inch high. The leaves are
downy and have a keel at the back, and, like those of A. hel-
vetica, the old leaves are persistent, and remain in little columns
below the living rosette. This plant has been grown to great
perfection by Mr. James Backhouse, of York, in fissures between
large rocks, with, however, deep rifts of sandy peat and loam
in them. In such a position it is more likely to be safe from
the encroachments of rampant neighbours of the vegetable, or
creeping things of the animal, kingdom, It will also grow on
a level exposed spot, but in such a position should be sur-
rounded by half-buried stones.

ANDROSACE VILLOSA.— Shaggy A.

A VERY pretty dwarf species, found on many parts of the Alps,
Pyrenees, and mountains of Dauphiny, with leaves and stems
thickly covered with soft white hair or down. The leaves are
mostly covered with the silky hairs on the under side, united in
a sub-globular rosette, and bear in umbels white or pale rosy
flowers with purplish or yellowish eyes, on stems from two to four
inches high. It is more inclined to spread than any of the nearly
allied sorts, as it throws out runners, and is therefore suitable
for planting so that one side of the specimen may fall down the
face of arock. It should be planted in loam and a mixture of
peat, in a properly made fissure between limestone rocks or
large stones ; but it may also be grown on level spots on rock-

134 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

work. In all cases it should have abundant moisture, is in-
creased by seeds, and in Britain flowers about the beginning
of May.

ANDROSACE VITALIANA.— Yellow A.

RARELY grows above an inch high, and produces, scarcely above
the leaves, flowers large for so small a plant, and of the richest
and most pleasing yellow. On the Alps it reminded me of a Lilli-
putian furze-bush, looked at through the wrong end of a tele-
scope. It is lovely for association with the freer-growing Andro-
saces, dwarf Gentians, Primulas, &c. ; it may even be grown ona
border in a not too dry district where the soil is free and sandy.
A dry soil or a heavy one it does not like. On the rockwork it
should be kept abundantly supplied with water during the dry
months ; and when in suitable districts it is tried as a border
plant on the level ground, it should be surrounded by stones,
half plunged in the ground, to prevent evaporation, as well as
to protect it from being trampled upon. It is abundant on the
Alps in various parts of Europe, and is increased by careful
division or by seeds. It is also known by the names of Axdyo-
sace lutea, Primula Vitaliana, Aretia Vitaliana, and Gregoria
Vitaliana.

| Androsace Heerii, Charpentieri, Wulfenii, and Haussmannii,
which are among the finest kinds, are not, I believe, yet intro-
duced ; and one or two annual kinds in the country are not
worthy of cultivation out of botanic gardens,

ANEMONE ALBA.— White Windflower.

THIS is best described as a dwarf and stout Anemone sylvestris,
and is a native of Dauria, Russian Asia, the Crimea, and, doubt-
less, the Caucasus. I have not met with it in cultivation in
England, but have seen it flowering very well in the open borders
in the’ Jardin des Plantes, at Paris. The leaves were only a few
‘inches high, and the handsome white flowers, somewhat like
‘those of the fine large-flowered variety of Clematis montana, rose
an inch or two above them. Till plentiful, it should be grown
in deep fibry loam on the rockwork. Flowers in summer ; four
to six inches high. Propagated by division and by seeds. The
figure of this in the ‘Botanical Magazine,’ 47, 2167, does not do
justice to the plant.

Part II. ANEMONE. 135

ANEMONE ALPINA.— Alpine Windflower.

THIS is almost too stately to be classed with the dwarf
plants that we usually term alpines. But high on nearly every
great mountain range in northern and temperate climes, it is
one of the most frequent and well-marked plants. Cross a
snowy range, and you will find it a few inches high and humbly
holding up its velvety cups; in descending through the rich
green meadows to reach again the roofs of men, you will brush
against many of its stems nearly as tall as the knee, each bear-
ing a large, soft, round head of silken-bearded seeds. It may be
seen in every stage on the same day, and on the lower terraces
of the great mountains and in the green slopes of the valleys
it assumes somewhat about the same proportions as in our gar-
dens. It is entirely distinct from most of its cultivated brethren
in its large and much cut leaves, its size, and the very soft down
on the exterior of its flowers. The interior of the flower is white,
the outside being frequently tinted with pale purplish blue.. It
grows from four to eighteen inches and even two feet high.
Being of a strong rooting and vigorous character, it should, if
placed on rockwork, have a level spot with abundance of soil to
grow in, and being also tall, it would be the better of close asso-
ciation with neat shrubs, plants of the stature of the vernal
Adonis, Primula cortusotides, and the better kinds of Aquilegia.
They would afford each other protection. Where the soil is
good, it grows quite freely as a border plant. Flowers in its
native country as the snow disappears, and in our gardens in
the end of April or beginning of May. When plants are well
established in good soil, they may be taken up and readily
divided with advantage to themselves; it may also be raised
from seed. Visitors to the Alps might bring home quantities
of the seed, which ought to be sown as soon as possible after
being gathered. Sometimes the flowers are yellow, in which
state the plant is often known as A. sudphurea.

ANEMONE ANGULOSA.—Great Hepatica.

EVERY one who knows the charmingly bright flowers of the
variously coloured varieties of the common Hepatica—the very
bravest of our early spring flowers—will welcome this species,
full twice the size of the common Hepatica in all its parts, with

136 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

flowers of a fine sky-blue, as large as a crown piece, and dis-
tinguished from the common kind by its five-lobed and toothed
leaves. It is a native of Transylvania, and hardy everywhere
throughout these islands. Obviously the only thing to determine
about such a valuable addition is how to best grow and enjoy it.
It is naturally more an inhabitant of the elevated copse than the
crest of the Alps; it is not able to flourish when thoroughly
exposed to the fiercest blasts, like the little alpine plants that
cushion down their stout, if diminutive, leaves shorter than the
very moss, so that injury from the fiercest gale is out of the ques-
tion. I have seen it in sandy soil in a thin shrubbery attain a
height of more than a foot when not in flower, and the shelter
and slight shade received from surrounding objects is decidedly
favourable to its development. In all properly formed rockworks,
or in their immediate vicinity, it will be possible to give it a
suitable position; while in spaces between American plants
and choice dwarf shrubs in beds it will succeed to perfection.
When plentiful enough, it may be used as an edging to beds
of choice spring-flowering shrubs, and for planting in wild open
spots in shrubberies, or in open, rather bare, and unmown spots
along the margins of wood walks. Let us hope that time will
see it sport into several colours like its relative, our common
Hepatica, one of the oldest, as well as brightest, inhabitants
of English gardens.

ANEMONE APENNINA.—Afennine Windflower.

HAs erect flowers of a bright sky-blue—the blue of an Apennine,
not a British, sky. These star-like flowers are larger in size than
a half-crown piece, and are paler on the outside than within.
The plants grow in dense tufts, so that, though there is but one
flower to a stem, they are thickly scattered over the low cushion
of soft green leaves. Although figured in most of our works on
British plants, and naturalised at Wimbledon Park, Cullen in
Banffshire, Tonbridge Castle in Kent, and various other places,
it is not a true native of this island. But the hardiest of our
native plants take not more kindly to our clime ; and neither the
Bluebell, the Forget-me-not, nor the Speedwell, surpasses its
purity of colour. It is one of the sweetest of spring flowers, and
among the many lovely plants that gem the alpine or Apennine
pastures there is not one more worthy of being abundantly

Part II. ANEMONE. 137

naturalised in the groves and shrubberies of all parts of these
islands. It is welcome in the garden and on the rockwork;
but it will be only when we see it scattered amongst and
contrasting with the native Anemones in our woods, or making
glorious mixtures of gold and blue with the Buttercup-like Wind-
flower in open spots along shrubbery walks, or running wild
among any other dwarf plants with which the woods or pleasure-
grounds are graced, that we shall be able to realise the fact that
this Italian beauty can add a new charm to the British spring.
The Apennine Anemone flowers in March and April, is very
readily increased by division, and grows about four to six inches
in height.

ANEMONE BLANDA.—Winter Windflower.

THIS is a near relative of the Apennine Windflower, and a very
lovely plant, deserving to be cultivated in every garden in the
British Isles. It is of a fine deep sky-blue, like 4. apennina,
and has larger and more finely rayed flowers, dwarfer, harder,
and smoother leaves, and blooms in the very dawn of earliest
spring, during mild open winters, and in warm parts showing
as early as Christmas, flowering continuously too, so that it
may be seen in flower late in spring with its relative, 4.
apennina, It is perfectly hardy and vigorous, and, from the
harder and smoother texture of the leaves, can stand exposure
to cutting winds and sleets even better than the very hardy
Apennine A, In a word, it combines every good quality of a
hardy alpine plant; should be grown on every rockwork,
planted on bare banks that catch the early sun in the pleasure-
ground ; should adorn the spring garden, and, when sufficiently
plentiful, might be naturalised in half-wild places along with
other free and hardy members of its charming family. It does
not grow more than four inches high, and is multiplied easily
by division. Botanically this is chiefly: distinguished from 4.
apennina by its carpels being topped with a black-pointed style,
and by the sepals being smooth on the outside. When
visiting the York collection in the spring of 1868, this in-
valuable plant struck me as being distinct from the Apennine A.,
among batches of which, received from Greece, it was at first
inadvertently distributed by Messrs. Backhouse, and I soon
afterwards ascertained it to be 4. d/anda.

138 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT.

ANEMONE CORONARIA.—Pofpy A.

A NATIVE of sub-humid pastures in the South of Europe, this
plant has been one of the most popular in our gardens from the
very earliest times. There are a great number of varieties, both
single and double, all worthy of cultivation, and great ornaments
of the spring garden. The single sorts may be readily grown
from seeds, and they should be thus raised by those wishing a
large stock of effective spring flowers. Infinitely varied as they
are in colour, and possessing most vigorous constitutions, they
deserve to be cultivated even more than many double varieties
annually offered by our seedsmen. The plantation of these
double varieties may be made in autumn or in spring, or at
intervals all through the year to secure a continuity of flowers ;
but the best bloom is secured by September or October planting.
The Poppy Anemone does -best in a rich deep loam, but: is not
very: fastidious.. The roots of the more select kinds may be
. taken up when the leaves die down, but they are-in few cases
worth this special attention, simply because many splendid
varieties may be grown as readily as any native herbaceous
plant, and we had better cultivate new and distinct species of
hardy plants rather than the numerous varieties of one kind.
If the seed be sown in June, and the plants pricked out in
autumin, they will flower very well the following spring, so that
this fine old plant may be said to be almost as easily raised
as an annual. Flowers in April and May, and often through
the winter, red, white, and purple in variety. Height, six to
nine inches, Propagated readily by seed or division.

ANEMONE FULGENS.—Scarlet Windflower.

THE white Lily is not more conspicuous for its purity among
the border flowers of summer than this plant for its fiery
brilliancy amidst the flowers of spring. It is perfectly hardy—
vigorous too—the large scarlet flowers being boldly supported
on stems about a foot high, springing from a dwarf mass of hard,
deeply lobed and toothed leaves. A native of Greece and
Southern Europe, it is by no means common in gardens, and is,
indeed, unknown to the majority even of those who grow and
care for spring flowers; but it will ere long become popular,
being one of the noblest ornaments of spring, and, as a scarlet

Part II. ANEMONE. 139

flower, almost unrivalled. It is admirably suited for culture as
a border plant, indispensable for the rockwork and spring gar-
den, and, when sufficiently abundant, may be tried amongst the
other Anemones scattered about in half wild places. Flowers
in April and May ; vivid scarlet. Height, one foot. Propagated
by division or by seeds.

ANEMONE HEPATICA.— Common Hepatica.

To add perfume to the Violet, paint the Lily, or gild the yellow
Crocus, would seem to be no more wasteful excess than to praise
this exquisite little flower. There is a cheerfulness and a
courage about it on warm sunny borders in spring which no
other flowers possess ; they are hardy everywhere, are not fas-
tidious as to soil, though they love a deep loam, and present a
charming diversity. The principal varieties are the single blue,
double blue, single white, single red, double red, single pink
(carnea), single mauve purple (Barlow2), crimson (splendens),
and ézlacina. Every variety of the common Hepatica is worthy
of care and culture. Is it possible to imagine a more beautiful
feature than we may produce by planting a mixed edging of the
various colours round say a bed of dwarf American plants,
occupying space that perhaps would otherwise be naked? It is
but one of many ways in which we may tastefully use them.
The plant is a native of many hilly parts of Europe, usually
‘ found in half shady positions, which will be found to suit it best
in a cultivated state also. It is readily increased by division or
by seeds, the double kinds by division only.

ANEMONE NEMOROSA.—Wood A,

THis hardy beauty, which not only embellishes the woods of
these sea-girt isles in spring but also those of nearly all Europe
and Russian Asia, is so abundant in the British Isles that there
is little need to plead for its culture. It grows, or will grow, in
every wood or copse, dotting its handsome flowers all over the
ground, should other things not interfere, and seeming to invite
us to plant other beautiful species of Anemone by its side. They
tell us in the books that it grows in or near woods ; and so it does
in profusion, but I once met with it blooming sweetly on some
of the very highest and almost inaccessible crags of Helvellyn,
just under some cliffs where a peregrine falcon had built her

140 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

nest, and very far away from either wood or copse. There are
double varieties, and the colour of the flower is occasionally
lilac, or reddish, or purplish. I have a single sky-blue variety,
which has flowered densely in a fully exposed position, and pro-
duced the most exquisite cushions of ccerulean blue imaginable.
One day it may become a popular rock-plant. Flowers from
March to May ; white, and reddish outside... Height, six inches.
Propagated by division.

ANEMONE PALMATA.—Cyclamen-leaved A.

A VERY distinct kind, with leathery, kidney-shaped, slightly
lobed leaves and large handsome flowers, of a glossy golden
yellow, only opening to meet the sun. A native of North Africa,
Spain, and other places on the shores of the Mediterranean, this
charming flower requires and deserves a little more attention
than most of its cultivated sisters. It is especially a rockwork
gem, and should be planted thereon in deep turfy peat or light
fibrous loam with leaf-mould. It should not be placed in posi-
tions on the face of rocks suited for Saxifrages and many other
plants that are content with mere crevices, and drape the face of
the rocks with the slightest encouragement, but rather on level
spots, where it could root deeply and spread into firm tufts.
Plants of very rapid growth or rambling habit should not be
placed near it, as they might overrun and injure it. There is a
double variety, 4. palmata fi. pl., and a white one, A. palmata
alba, both now rare, Flowers in May and June; six to eight
inches high, and is propagated by division or seeds.

ANEMONE PAVONINA.— Peacock Windflower.

Tus kind is very rarely seen in our gardens; though well
worthy of being largely grown. The flowers are smaller
than those of the common garden Anemone, but usually
very double, from the great number of narrow pointed petals
filling up the centre of each. These being of a gorgeous
cinnamon-red, the effect is peculiarly rich when the flower
opens well on fine days. Sometimes the central petals are green.
The plant is a native of the South of Europe, should have a
light warm well-drained soil, and is a charming ornament of
the rockwork or border. In France I have seen it used with
good effect as an edging plant for beds of spring ‘and early

Part II. ANEMONE. 141

summer flowers, but with us it is as yet too scarce to be em-
ployed thus. It is, however, rather abundantly grown in gardens
in the South of France, and may be readily obtained by our
nurserymen. Flowers in May and June; rich red. Height, six
to eight inches. Propagated: by division at the end of the
summer growth or very early in spring.

ANEMONE PULSATILLA.—Pasgueflower.

THOUGH sparsely distributed in Britain, this fine old border
plant is a true native, and when it does occur on a bleak chalk
down, it is generally freely dotted over the turf. The position is
usually such as to suggest the aptness of the name Wind-
flower for the family generally ; and there are few sights more
interesting to the lover of spring flowers than to see its purple
blooms just showing through the hard grass of the blast-swept
down on an early spring day. The plant is much smaller in
a wild than in a cultivated state, usually devoting itself to the
production of a solitary flower, which, while showing through
the grass, seems careful not to rise above it. In the garden it
forms rich healthy tufts, and flowers more abundantly and
vigorously, the contrasts between the wild and cultivated states
of the plant being very marked. There are several varieties,
including red, lilac, and white kinds, but these are now rare.
There is also a double variety. It prefers well-drained and
light but deep soil. Flowers in March, April, May ; purplish.
Height, three to twelve inches. Propagated by division or by
seeds.

ANEMONE RANUNCULOIDES.— Yellow Wood A.

NoT unlike the Apennine and the common Wood Anemone in
habit, this species is so very distinct in its clear golden flowers
that it is well worthy of cultivation even by the side of the most
admired kinds. Indeed, we may consider it an Apennine or a
Wood Anemone done in gold! It is a South European species,
and apparently is not so free on the generality of our soils as
the blue A., but when grown into well-established tufts on a
light or warm and well-drained soil, it displays qualities of which
those who have merely seen isolated plants or figures of the
plant can have no idea, I have not found it do well on clay
soil, but on chalky soil it seems to grow as freely as the common

142 ALPINE FLOWERS, Part II.

Crowfoot. It is quite charming for association with tufts of the
Apennine or the Wood Anemone, the Pasqueflower, any of
the varieties of Anemone Hefatica, the Aubrietias, and like
plants. It comes in among the naturalised group of British
plants, and grows in a semi-wild condition at Abbot’s Langley
in Herts, near Worksop in Notts, and it is also reported to
occur in several other counties. It is one of the many beau-
tiful hardy plants that may be freely naturalised in our woods
and shrubberies. Flowers in the end of March and beginning
of April. Height, four to six inches. Propagated readily by
division, and also by seeds.

ANEMONE STELLATA—Starry Windflower.

THIS native of Southern Germany, France, Italy, and Greece,
if not so showy, is quite as beautiful, as the common garden
A. The star-like flowers, ruby, rosy purple, rosy, or whitish,
springing from the much dissected leaves, vary in a very
charming way, and usually have a large white eye at the
base, which contrasts agreeably with the gay or delicate color-
ation of the rest of the petals, and with the rich brownish
violet of the stamens and styles that occupy the centre of the
flower. It is not so vigorous in constitution as the Poppy
A., and requires a little more care than that does, but this
will only make it the more interesting to all who love variety
in their collections of hardy plants. It likes a sheltered yet
warm position, a light, sandy, well-drained soil, and seems to
make little or no progress on heavy clay soils. It is suitable for
association with the choicer kinds of Anemone on the rockwork,
the mixed border, and the choice spring garden, and should
be grown in every garden where spring flowers are appreciated,
Flowers in May. Height, ten inches. Propagated by diVision
or by seeds. = A. hortensis. ~

ANEMONE SYLVESTRIS.—Snxowdrop Windflower.

A FREE-GROWING and handsome species, partaking some-
what of the size and vigour of the alpine or Japanese Anemone,
and the neatness of habit and densely-blooming qualities of
the dwarfer kinds. It grows vigorously on almost any soil;
the handsome, pure white flowers, as large as a crown piece,
being freely produced over a mass of fresh green leaves. A

Part IT. ANEMONE, 143

native of Siberia, North Italy, Germany, and France, it is per-
fectly at home in this country, should be grown wherever
first-rate border flowers are appreciated, will associate well
with the alpine Windflower, and plants of like size, about the
lower and flatter parts of the rockwork, and, being naturally a
native of the grove, will he found perfectly at home along our
wood walks and half wild spots, in shrubberies, &c. The aspect
of the drooping unopened buds has suggested its English name
—the Snowdrop Anemone. Flowers in April and May; pure
white. Height, one foot to fifteen inches. Propagated readily
by division of root.

ANEMONE TRIFOLIA.—7ihree-leaved Wood A.

THIS is an interesting little species, much like the Wood A.,
but not so widely distributed. Although found in a wild
state in pleasant groves on the woody hillsides of Piedmont or
the Tyrol, it does perfectly well in our climate, and should t
grown everywhere for variety’s sake. It may be readily known
from its relative, the Wood A., by its neatly toothed tri-
foliate leaves, and it seems to be a little smaller and dwarfer
in habit. I have, however, never seen them under exactly
like conditions. It is well suited for naturalisation along with
A, apennina and others of the family, and is of course suitable
for rockwork or borders. Flowers in April and May ; white.
Height, four to six inches. Propagated by division and by
seeds.

ANEMONE VERNALIS.—‘Shaggy Pasgueflower.

ONE of the Pasqueflower division of the Anemone family, but
very dwarf. The flowers are very large and shaggy, and covered
with brownish silky hairs. It is a rare plant, and should be
grown in some select spot on the rockwork, giving it good
drainage and deep soil. A native of Norway, Sweden, and ex-
treme northern countries, and also of very elevated positions on
the Alps and Pyrenees, and is rarely seen in good condition
in our gardens. It should as a rule be grown on a level spot on
rockwork, in deep free soil, and be abundantly supplied with
water in summer. Flowers early in spring; whitish inside.
Height, four to eight inches. Propagated by division and by
seeds.

144 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL.

Apart from the large and fine Anemone japonica and its
varieties, the white one of which, known as Honorine Jobert, is
the best, there are a few dwarf Anemones in the country
unworthy of cultivation, insufficiently distinct, or difficult to
obtain, and of the last class probably A. Halleri, A. patens,
and A. baldensis are the'best. But it is believed that the
cream of the obtainable species is included in the foregoing.

ANTENNARIA DIOICA.—Mountain Catsfoot.

A LITTLE creeping perennial with leaves of a silvery grey tone,
flower-stems from two to four or five inches high, bearing four to
six flower-heads close together at the apex of the shoot. The
flowers are usually whitish with pink florets in the centre, but
in the variety best worth growing the flower-heads throughout
are of a pleasing subdued rose or dull crimson colour. No alpine
plant is more worthy of cultivation, whether for rockwork, pots,
the front margin of the mixed border, or as an edging plant
to nursery beds of bulbs or alpine flowers. In the last-named
position or on rockwork it forms neat close-spreading tufts,
dotted. over with singularly pretty everlasting flowers in May,
and seems to thrive in the low open border on good soil near
London, as well as in more elevated and favourable parts. It is
perfectly hardy, and may be increased to any extent by division.
It is widely distributed over elevated and northern regions, and
is abundant in many parts of Britain. A. dioica minima is a
name given to a very small variety of the preceding ; it is ad-
mirable for culture in pans, on open spots on rockwork, or in
spreading tufts on the margin of the select mixed border, the
contrast between the warmly toned flowers and the little carpet
of grey leaves being very pleasing. A. hyperborea is a variety
of A. dioica, with both sides of the leaves woolly. From this
cause it is better adapted for edgings than 4. diozca, but as we
have better silvery edgings than either of them, it is not likely
to be much employed except for variety’s sake.

ANTENNARIA TOMENTOSA.— Silvery Catsfoot.

THIS is the best of all dwarf silvery-leaved plants for gardening
‘purposes. It is very dwarf and spreading, scarcely rising above
the ground, but forms a dense carpet of little flat spreading silvery
leaves, and will prove a gem for those who wish for novelty and

Part IL ANTHYLLIS. 145

refinement in bedding out. It may be said to carpet the
ground with silver ; and, as it is barely an inch high, it requires
to be cut off from coarser plants by 4 line of some subject of
moderate size, or by a bare space, and to be planted in a
rather wide belt. It is somewhat like our own little mountain
_ Antennarias in size and aspect, but whiter and brighter. I had
it from Mr. Niven, of the Botanic Gardens, Hull, about five
years ago, and have found it easy of propagation. For the
following note with respect to its origin I am indebted to
Mr. Niven :—“It is a native of the Rocky Mountains, from
which it was sent along with another very pretty silvery-leaved
species—even dwarfer, if that be possible — about the year
1848. We never had a specific name for either of them, and I
find, on referring to my notes, that I could not identify either
species with any described in De Candolle. So I was obliged
to christen it myself.” The flowers of this plant are not at-
tractive, and whether on rockwork or in neat bijou arrangements
in the flower-garden, it will be grown for the sake of its sheets
of leaves ; it is best to remove the flowers when they appear.
It is hardy on soils of ordinary warmth, but on low heavy
clay ground I have noticed it perish in winter ; where grown
for summer gardening, annual division and replanting will be
desirable. On flat parts of rockwork exquisite effects might
be produced by using it as a carpet, and then placing singly
or in groups upon it plants with some length of stem, say, for
example, the dwarf scarlet Lily, some graceful bulb like the
autumnal Acis or the Atamasco Lily. Like combinations may
be made in the flower-garden. One of the illustrations in
Part I. shows how it has been used to give the effect of distant
snow on the tops of miniature hills,

ANTHYLLIS MONTANUS.—Mountain Kidney Vetch.

A NEAR ally of our common Kidney Vetch or Lady’s Fingers,
this is a plant seldom seen in our gardens, but few hardy flowers
are more worthy of general cultivation. It is very dwarf, about
six inches high, the leaves being pinnate, and nearly white with
down. On good light soils it grows larger. The pinkish flowers
are produced in dense heads, rising little above the foliage, and
forming with the hoary leaves pretty little tufts. There is a
white variety, but I have not met with it in cultivation. The
species is a most desirable one for every kind of rockwork, but
L

146 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

chiefly valuable for its power of thriving on stiff, cold, and bad
soils. I have never seen any dwarf alpine flower thrive better
on the stiff clay of North London, which proves that the plant
may be grown anywhere. Resisting any cold or moisture, it is
peculiarly fitted for a position among the dwarf plants in the
front rank of the mixed border, while it is of the first order of
merit as a rockwork plant. A native of the Alps of Europe,
propagated by division and by seeds.

ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS.—Suapdragon.

LIKE the Wallflower, this claims a place from the facility with
which it may be grown on old walls and ruins, or even on the
tops of walls far from old. Had we but the common variety, ‘it
would be well worthy of our attention from this habit, but when
it is considered how many beautiful striped, and self-coloured,
and flaked, and mottled, and delicately dotted kinds are now
aburidant in gardens, and raised from seed as easily as grass,
few will doubt the desirability of naturalising them where-
ever there is an opportunity so todo. I speak of their merits
apart altogether from ordinary garden culture, for which also
they are so well adapted. In all but the rougher kind of rock-
gardens, they would be out of place, though some very dwarf
sorts recently raised, and now obtainable in nurseries, are small

enough for association with subjects growing about half a foot
high, or a little more.

AQUILEGIA ALPINA.—Alfine Columbine.

THIs plant, widely distributed over the higher parts of the
Alps of Europe, is indispensable to the choice collection of
alpines. The stems rise from less than one to more than two
feet high, bearing showy blue flowers, and leaves deeply
divided into linear lobes. There is a lovély variety with a
white centre to the flower, which, in consequence of its exqui-
site tones of colour, is certain to be preferred, and many will
say they have not got the “true” plant if they possess only
the variety with blue flowers. It does not require any very
particular care in culture, but should have a place among the
taller ornaments of the rockwork, and be planted in a rather
moist and sheltered but not shady spot in deep sandy loam or
peat. It may be increased by seed or division. In moist

Part IL. AQUILEGIA. 147

districts, and in good free soil, it will prove a first-class border
plant. Distinguished from A. vulgaris by the stamens being
longer than the petals, and by its larger flowers.

AQUILEGIA CHIRULEA.—Rocky Mountain Columbine.

THIS native of the Rocky Mountains is as beautiful as it is
distinct ; and that it has the latter quality will be apparent
when I state that the spurs of the flower are almost as slender
as a thread, a couple of inches long, with a tendency to twist
round each other, and with green tips. But it is in the blue and
white erect flower that the beauty lies, the effect being even
better than in the blue and white form of the alpine Columbine.
It is a hardy herbaceous perennial, flowers rather early in sum-
mer, continuing a long time in flower. I have seen it flowering
freely on very sandy soil ‘in an exposed spot in Suffolk so late as
September. It grows about from nine inches to fifteen inches
high, and is worthy of the choicest position on the rockwork ;
is easier of culture than any of the other rare kinds, and is
therefore suitable for the front margin of the choice mixed
border, where the soil is sandy and deep, and not too wet in
winter. Increased freely from seeds, and also by division. It
was long lost to cultivation, but was reintroduced a few years
since by Mr. Wm. Thompson, of Ipswich, whom we have to
thank for distributing some of our most beautiful hardy plants.

AQUILEGIA GLANDULOSA.— Glandular Columbine.

A VERY beautiful species, with handsome blue and white flowers,
and a tufted habit. Flowers in early summer—a fine blue, with
the tips of the petals creamy-white, the spur curved backwards
towards the stalk, the sepals dark blue, large, and nearly oval,
with a long footstalk. Leaves much divided, the upper part of
the stem covered with glandular hairs. A native of the Alta;
Mountains, and one of the most desirable kinds for the rock-
garden, or the select border, in well-drained deep sandy soil.
Increased by seed and by very careful division of the fleshy
roots, when the plant is in full leaf. Mr. Wm. Jennings informs
me that, if divided when it is at rest, the roots are almost
certain to perish, at least on cold soils.

A. pyrenaica, much dwarfer than the preceding, and therefore

suitable for rockwork, but not so attractive in point of colour ;
L2

148 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT.

the fine, but very tall 4. eximia (californica), the gaily coloured
A. canadensis, A. Skinneri, and some of the more beautiful
varieties of the common Columbine, are all worthy of culture,
but for the most part too tall for the rock-garden. :

ARABIS ALBIDA.— White Rock Cress.

THROUGH long years of neglect of all sorts of dwarf hardy plants
this, the “ white Arabis” of our gardens, has held its own, and
is now seen in almost every garden in these islands, and in the
barrow of every London flower-hawker in the spring. A native
of the mountains of Greece, Southern Russia, and of many
elevated parts in adjacent regions, it is as much at home in
Britain as is the daisy, and will-grow in any soil or situation,
flourishing far into our cities as well as in the open country,
where its profuse sheets of snowy bloom may expand un-
blemished under the earliest suns of spring. By seed, or divi-
sion, or cuttings, it is as easily increased as a native weed, and
is a valuable ornament of the mixed border, the spring garden,
the rockwork, and for naturalisation in wild and bare rocky
spots. On the rockwork it is peculiarly fitted for falling over
the ledges of rocks ; it may also be used as an edging to clumps
of shrubs, though it is in better taste to associate it in such
positions with groups of plants like the Aubrietias, the rock
Alyssum, and other easily grown alpine flowers that bloom
early in the year. A. albzda is closely allied to the Alpine Rock
Cress (A. alpina), so widely distributed on the Alps, and by some
would be considered a sub-species of that plant, but it is suffi-
ciently distinct, and by far the best kind. There is a variegated
variety in cultivation, known by the name of Aradis albida
variegata, which is useful as an edging-plant both in spring
and summer flower-gardens. It is the dwarfest and whitest of
the variegated rock cresses that are grown under the names
of A. albida variegata, The yellower and stronger variety, fre-
quently called 4. aléida variegata, and which is the best for
general purposes, is a form of Aradbis crispata, of which the
ordinary green form is not worthy of cultivation,

ARABIS BLEPHAROPHYLLA—Rosy Rock Cress.

THis is not unlike the white Arabis in its habit, size, and leaves,
but the flowers are of a deep rosy purple, and consequently

Part II, ARABIS, 149

make the plant very distinct from any flower of the same order
in cultivation. It varies agood deal, but there is no difficulty
in selecting a strain of the deepest and brightest rose. «It is
impossible to have anything more effective than healthy tufts of
this plant in the month of April. Whether it prove sufficiently
hardy to be a generally useful plant for the open air or not, it is
certain to prove a very useful frame plant. It is best raised
every year from seed, which, like most cruciferous plants, it
yields freely. In all mild districts, and on light soils, plants
should be tried out every winter, for there is no out-door flower
which surpasses it in pleasing brilliancy during the month of
April. The brighter forms are remarkably effective a consider-
able distance off, and therefore some plants should be placed in
positions on the rockwork where they may strike the eye from
afar. A native of North America, easily increased by seed.
Among other kinds of Arabis, 4. Arocurrens a dwarf spreading
kind, with shining leaves and small whitish flowers, is often
grown, but is not worthy of culture, There is, however, a
brilliantly variegated form of it (A. ‘procurrens variegata)
which is worthy of a place in a collection of silvery ‘and’
variegated hardy plants. The prettiest of the variegated
Rock Cresses is 4. lucida variegata. It forms vefy neat
and effective edgings in winter, spring, and summer flower
gardens, from its striking and distinct character is effective
on rockwork, and thrives best and is easiest to increase by
division in open, sandy, and yet moist soil. The best time
to divide it is early in autumn, April, or very early in May. It
need scarcely be added that the flowers should be removed
when they appear. I have grown the green form of the plant,
but it is in no sense ornamental. A. purpurea, an interesting
species for botanical, large, or curious collections, and bearing
pale bluish and lilac flowers, is not worthy of general culti-
vation while we possess such brilliant plants as the purple
Aubrietias. A. arenosa, from the South of Europe, is a pretty
annual kind that may prove useful in the spring garden, and
which might be naturalised on old ruins or dry bare banks.
A. petrea (Northern Rock Cress) is a neat, sturdy little
plant, with pure white flowers, a native of some of the higher
Scotch mountains, and very rarely seen in cultivation, but when
well developed on a moist yet well-exposed spot on rockwork is
very pretty. There is a form of it with a purple tinge on the

150 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

flowers. Other species are in cultivation which are unworthy
of a position in any but a botanical collection, and there are
various names erroneously applied to several of the kinds above
enumerated.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI.—Bearberry.

A SMALL and prostrate but neatly creeping mountain shrub,
somewhat resembling the Cowberry in aspect, but with the
leaves more leathery, and their under side beautifully netted
with prominent veins, and with the sepals at the base and not
at the crown of the berry. The flowers are of a delicate rose-
colour in clusters at the apex of the branches ; the berries of a
brilliant red, somewhat smaller than a currant. It is a native of
rather dry heaths and barren places in hilly countries, and is
much easier to cultivate than almost any other small mountain
or bog shrub, thriving well in common garden soil, though it
prefers a moist peaty one. I have noticed two forms in cultiva-
tion, one making compact tufts, the other much more rambling
and somewhat larger and looser in all its parts. It is a useful
plant in the large rock-garden, when its shining evergreen
masses, of leaves fall over the face of rocks, and also on the
margins of beds of shrubs and on borders.

The Black Bearberry (A. alpina), a plant very rarely seen in
cultivation, a native of high alpine or arctic regions, and of
the northern Highlands of Scotland, distinguished from the
preceding by its thin toothed leaves, which, unlike those of its
relative, are not evergreen, but wither away at the end of the
season, and by its bluish-black berries, is not so ornamental as
the preceding, though it is a welcome plant in botanic ‘gardens,
or with cultivators of rare British species,

ARENARIA BALEARICA.— Balearic Sandwort.

THIS coats the face of rocks and stones with the dwarfest
thyme-like verdure — clothes them with living beauty as the
Ivy does the mouldering tower, and then scatters over the
green mantle countless little starry flowers on slender stalks a
little more than an inch long. I write this sitting on a rock
to which its tiny carpet clings closer than the dwarfest moss.
Beneath some rocks fall to the water ; it has crept over the edge
of these, and dropped its little mantle of green down to within

Part IL ARENARIA. 151

eighteen inches of the water, but all the flowers look up from
the shade to the light. Right and left there are boulders in all
sorts of positions, on every face of which it may be seen, as
every tiny joint roots against the face of the rocks, and the
minute mat of leaves is so dense that enough of moisture is
preserved to sustain the plant. To establish it on the stones,
plant firmly in any common soil near the stones or rocks you
wish it to cover, and it will soon approach and begin to clothe
them. Flowers in spring and continuously, and is readily
increased by division or seeds, and quite easy to grow on most
soils. On cold ones it sometimes perishes in winter, but its
true home is on the rockwork. It is easily known at any season
by its dense tufted cushions of very small leaves. A native
of Corsica.

ARENARIA MONTANA.—Mountain Sandwort.

A LITTLE grown but very ornamental plant, having the habit
of a Cerastium, and fine pure white and large flowers—of suf-
ficient substance to look waxy. It has slightly downy leaves,
very narrow and ciliated, diffuse wiry stems, long, but, when
well-grown, forming flat spreading tufts, on which the flowers
appear so thickly in early summer as to obscure the foliage.
It is the most ornamental of the Sandworts, and should be in
every collection of herbaceous or alpine plants. On rock-
work it would be well to plant it where its branches might fall
over the face of a rock, giving it any kind of light soil. I have
seen it thrive healthfully in borders in good sandy loam, and
it is one of the most attractive early summer flowering plants
for the front edge, succeeding the white, evergreen Candytufts
and like flowers. Found wild in many parts of France, and is
easily raised from seed.

ARENARIA PURPURASCENS.—Purplish Sandwort.

DISTINGUISHED from other cultivated kinds by its purplish
flowers, produced in abundance on a dwarf densely tufted
mass of smooth narrow-oval pointed leaves. It grows plen-
tifully over all the Pyrenean chain, is perfectly hardy, and,
like the other kinds, increased by seed or division. It should
be associated on the rockwork with the smallest of its brethren,
or with dwarf Saxifrages and other plants which, though very
dwarf, are not slow growers,

152 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

ARENARIA TETRAQUETRA.—Square-stemmed A,

THIs is not in cultivation in Britain ; but I saw strong tufts of
it in M. Boissier’s garden, in Switzerland, in 1868, and, as there is
abundance of it in various parts of France, there can be no diffi-
culty in procuring it. It forms very compact and singular-
looking tufts in consequence of the leaves, each with a white
cartilage along the margin, being disposed in four rows. The
sepals are also margined—and these characters distinguish it at
a glance from the others. I have not seen it in flower, but it is
worth a place where the other small Sandworts are grown, if
only for the peculiarity of its habit, and it is best fitted for the
rockwork, on which it thrives without any particular attention.

ARENARIA VERNA.— Vernal Sandwort.

Grows in dwarf grassy prostrate tufts, covered in April and
May with multitudes of starry white flowers with green centres.
It is useful for parts of rockwork where a very dwarf kind of
vegetation is desired, but scarcely worth growing as a specimen
alpine. In consequence of the prostrate habit of both shoots
and flowers, the plant is seen to much greater advantage when
placed on some little bank above the eye. The prettiest I have
ever seen growing was on a little ledge about ten feet high, and
receding about as much backwards, while tufts of the same plant
at my feet looked comparatively insignificant. It is widely dis-
tributed over Europe, Asia, and America, is a native of the
more northerly and elevated parts of Great Britain and Ireland,
and is readily increased by seed or division.

Of other Arenarias in cultivation, the best and most interest-
ing are A. ciliata, a rare British plant; A. ¢riflora, a neat
species in cultivation in some of our botanic gardens and
curious collections ; 4. laricifolia, and A. graminifolia, These,
however, are scarcely worth growing except in botanical col-
lections.

ARMERIA CEPHALOTES.—Great Thrift.

THIS, compared to our ‘British Thrift, is somewhat as the full-
blown life-guardsman to his humble congener in the militia.
From a dense mass of crowded leaves, four inches to six
inches long, spring numerous stems fifteen inches to twenty

Part II. ARMERIA—ARUM. 153

inches high, each bearing a large, roundish, closely packed head
of handsome satiny deep rose-coloured flowers. It is one of the
finest and most distinct perennials in cultivation, and should be
in every select mixed border, and on every rockwork among the
taller and stronger plants. It comes from North Africa and
Southern Europe, and, though hardy on free and well-drained -
soils, occasionally perishes during a very severe winter, espe-
cially on cold soils; it should therefore be placed in a warm
position on rockwork, and in very well-drained, deep, and good
sandy loam. It is known under various names—Armeria for-
mosa, A. latifolia, A. mauritanica, A. pseudo-armeria, Statice
lusitanica, and Statice pseudo-armeria, It is, fortunately, easily
raised from seed ; and, as it is not easily increased by division,
it is a good plan to sow a little of it every year. Varies a little
when raised from seed ; but all the forms I have seen are worthy
of cultivation.

ARMERIA VULGARIS.—Common Thrift.

THIs inhabitant of our sea-shores, and also of the tops of the
Scotch mountains and the Alps of Europe, is very pretty with its
soft lilac or white flowers springing from dense cushions of grass-
like leaves ; but it is the deep rosy form of it, which is rarely seen
wild, that deserves universal cultivation in gardens. It is like
the common Thrift in all respects but the colour of the flowers,
which are of a deep and showy rose, and produced like those
of the common form, in profusion. It is useful for the spring
garden, for covering bare banks or borders in shrubberies, for
making most attractive edgings, and for the rockwork. Easily
propagated by division, and, as old and large plants do not
bloom so long or so continuously as younger ones, occasional
division (say every two or three years) and replanting are de-
sirable.

ARUM ITALICUM.—Jtalian Cuckoo Pint.

A HANDSOME hardy plant, with shining green leaves, decidedly
veined, and sometimes spotted, with white, which, beginning to
push up in October when other plants are going to rest, are in
perfection in mid-winter and early spring. When these die
down in early summer, the attractions of the plant are not gone,
for the brilliant scarlet fruits, packed in oblong masses at the

154 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT.

head of erect stems about fifteen inches high, are among the
most conspicuous objects in the garden in autumn ; and just as the
fruit is past its best, the new leaves begin to show. Like the com-
mon Cuckoo Pint, the whole plant is intensely acrid. Although
perfectly hardy and free on soils of ordinary quality and warmth,
‘itis desirable to place the Italian Cuckoo Pint in sheltered posi-
tions along the sunny fronts of shrubberies, amidst low-spread-
ing evergreens, and in cosy spots about the flanks of rockworks
and ferneries, to prevent its handsome foliage from being dis-
figured by cold wintry storms. It is a useful plant wherever
winter or autumnal attractions are desired in the garden, and
has been found wild in the Isle of Wight, but the form that
occurs there is not so handsomely veined as the Italian one.
It is one of those plants which, though unsuitable for the rock-
work proper, or for intimate association with true alpine flowers,

may yet be used with good effect in their immediate neigh-
bourhood.

ASPERULA ODORATA.— Sweet Woodruff.

THIs little wood plant, abundant in Britain, is worthy of some
attention in the garden and shrubbery, especially in localities
where it does not occur wild. Many would like to cut and
preserve its stems and leaves for the sake of the fragrant
hay-like odour they give off when dried; and in May the
pure white small flowers, profusely dotted over the tufts of
whorled leaves, look very pretty. It may be seen covering the
ground with its carpet of green frosted over with white, in
some of the college gardens at Oxford, and it is one of the many
plants that may be allowed to cover the earth in a shrubbery
where the barbarous practice of annually digging and rooting
up the borders is not resorted to. I have lately seen it used as
edgings to the. beds in cottage gardens, the odour filling the
air. It is, however, as a wood or shrubbery plant—as a
companion to the Wood Hyacinth, and the Wood Anemone—
that it will be found most valuable. Readily increased by seed,

or by division.
ASTER ALPINUS.—A/pine A.

THIS might be called the blue Daisy of the Alps, so diminutive
is it when met with high up or even in rich green sub-alpine

Part II. ASTRAGALUS. 155

meadows. In a wild state it does not form the sturdy tufts
which it does in gardens, but like the wild orange Lily is
more beautiful when isolated in the grass. The flower is of
a pleasing pale blue, with a tint of violet, and an orange-
yellow eye, two inches across on plants cultivated in gar-
dens, usually somewhat smaller in a wild state. It forms
neat tufts eight to ten inches high, and is well suited for
rockwork or border decoration. The leaves are roughish,
three-nerved—slightly downy and sometimes velvety ; it is, how -
ever, quite distinct from any other plant in cultivation. There
is a white variety grown occasionally, like the ordinary one, in
continental flower-gardens. Easily multiplied by division, thrives
well in any sandy soil, and begins to flower in early summer.

Of the very large Aster or Michaelmas Daisy family, there are
few dwarf enough to be associated with the preceding. The
most ornamental of the dwarf species is that known as édzcolor
or versicolor, which, as it is somewhat prostrate, might be
planted with very good effect on the lower parts of rough rock
or root work. <A. altaicus is also a dwarf species, with mauve-
coloured flowers two inches across, and A. Reevesi7 is a dwarf
neat species, occasionally seen, though not common. Where
the embellishment of rough rocky ground is desired, some of the
handsomest of the large-growing kinds might be used with
good effect, the Pyrenean Aster, A. pyreneus, for example,

ASTRAGALUS HYPOGLOTTIS.—Purple Milk Vetch.

A VERY dwarf, hairy perennial, with prostrate stems, and, for
the size of the plant, large heads of bluish-purple flowers. In
Britain it is found chiefly on the eastern side of the island from
Essex and Herts to Aberdeen, and on dry, gravelly, and chalky
pastures ; in Ireland it is only found on the island of Arran, in
Galway Bay. It forms a pretty object on level spots on the
rockwork, and should always be associated with very dwarf
subjects; and though*it is not particular as to soil, it will be
found to thrive best in open well-drained sandy loam, or in
chalky soil. Astragalus hypoglottis albus is a very desirable
variety—the paper-white heads of flowers sitting close upon
the very dwarf carpet formed by the diminutive leaves. It looks
showy for such a dwarf white plant, and, when closely examined,
the flowers look singular from contrast with the short sooty or

156 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL.

black hairs and points of the calyx. It well deserves a place
on rockwork, and it is a good plan to plant it in company with
several individuals of the usual purplish colour. It is so distinct
from any other cultivated alpine plant in flower about the same
period that it would be wise to form a little carpet of five or six
plants of it in some level spot on the rockwork. It is not at all
difficult to grow, and from its minuteness should always have a
place on rockwork on a level part amidst very dwarf vegetation.

ASTRAGALUS MONSPESSULANUS.—Montfellier A. *

A FINE vigorous species, with leaves a span long, the leaflets
smooth on the upper surface, and with short whitish hairs thinly
but almost quite regularly scattered over their under sides. The
flowers are borne on stalks from six inches to a foot long, the
racemes of bloom being from two to five inches long according to
the strength ofthe plant. The closely set and unopened flowers at
the head of the raceme are usually of a deep crimson, but as they
open, they become of a pale rosy lilac, with bars of white on the
standard or upper petals. The flowers, like those of the alpine
Clover, are sometimes dull in colour. It is a valuable plant
for the fronts of borders or the rougher portions of rockwork.
The shoots, though vigorous,.are prostrate, which causes it to be
seen to greater advantage when drooping down the edge of rocks.
It seems to grow well in any soil, and though it does not flourish
so vigorously when in very gravelly or poor soil, yet in the very
poor soil it will appear more floriferous in consequence of the
small development of leaves. A native of the South of France,
easily raised from seed. There are several varieties.

ASTRAGALUS ONOBRYCHIS.—Saintfoin-like Milk Vetch.

A VERY handsome species, in some varieties spreading, and in
others growing about eighteen inches high, with pinnate leaves
about four inches long, the leaflets smooth ; handsome racemes
of purplish-crimson flowers, supported on footstalks an inch
or more longer than the leaves. As the individual flowers,
when fully open, are a shade more than five-eighths of an
inch long, and borne in clusters of from six to sixteen on
each raceme, it is an attractive plant even among the many
fine hardy flowers in this large family. It is a perfectly hardy,
herbaceous perennial, will thrive well on any good loam, and is

Part II, ASTRAGALUS—AUBRIETTIA. 157

a capital subject for the mixed border, in the second rank from
the front, and a suitable ornament for rockwork, on which it will
want nothing but a sufficient depth of soil to root into. A
native of various parts of Continental Europe and of Siberia,
and flowers in June. There are several varieties enumerated,
three of which, aldinus, moldavicus, and microphyllus, are
prostrate in habit, and, if introduced, would probably prove
valuable for rockwork, and one, major, which grows erect. The
plant is particularly suited for the rougher parts of rockwork,
and for positions where a rich effect rather than rare and
minute beauty is sought. There are white forms of all the
varieties.

ASTRAGALUS PANNOSUS.—Shaggy Milk Vetch.

A SINGULAR and attractive kind, from its very silvery and
woolly pinnate leaves, which, growing in compact and luxuriant
tufts about a span high, give the plant somewhat the appear-
ance of a silvery fern, Attracted by this appearance, when I
saw the plant in cultivation in Switzerland, I brought home
some seeds, from which plants have been raised by Mr. J.
Backhouse and Mr. W. Bull. I have not yet seen it in flower,
nor do I know whence it comes, but from the beauty of its leaves
alone it is likely to prove an excellent rock-garden plant, and
probably a valuable bedding and edging one. It is easily in-
creased by seeds.

AUBRIETIA DELTOIDEA.—Purdle A.

A LITTLE alpine that will succeed on any soil, and never
fails to flower abundantly, even should the cutting winds
of spring shear all the verdure of the budding Weeping Willow.
There is hardly a position selected for a rock-plant that
may not be graced by this. Rockworks, ruins, stony places,
sloping banks, and rootwork, will suit it perfectly ; and no plant
is so easily established in such places, nor will any other alpine
plant so quickly clothe them with the desired kind of vegetation.
It makes a neat edging, and may be used as such with good
taste in any style of garden, geometrical or natural; though, as
its chief period of flowering is the spring, it is not likely to be
used as an edging in the summer garden, except around beds or
clumps of neat shrubs, in which positions it would be highly

158 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL.

appropriate. Growing in common soil, in the open border, or
on any exposed spot, it thrives as luxuriantly as on the best-
made rockwork, forming round spreading tufts; and on fine
days in spring the blue flowers come out on these in such crowds
as to completely hide the leaves, making, in fact, hillocks of
colour. For covering bare ground beneath roses and shrubs,
it might also be tastefully employed. It is quite easy to
naturalise it in bare rocky places. London smut falls upon
it without affecting its health in the least. It is easily pro-
pagated by seeds, cuttings, or division—the last mode the most
facile. There are several so-called species very nearly allied to
this plant, but I group them all under this name, believing them
to be nothing more than marked varieties of the same species.
Grown together, their affinity is clearly seen, and in these days
of doubts about species few things may be more safely united
under one specific name than the Aubrietias at present in culti-
vation.

Among the several varieties, 4. deltoidea grandiflora and
A. Campbelli are the most ornamental: A. greca is simply
a variety. Aubrietias vary a good deal from seed, but their
little differences make them all the more valuable as garden
plants, and they all agree in carpeting the earth with dense
cushions of compact rosettes of leaves, profusely clothed with
beautiful purplish-blue flowers in spring, and, in the case of
young plants in moist and rich soils, almost throughout the
year. There are one or two pretty variegated varieties.

BEGONIA VEITCHIT.—Veztch’s B.

Dr. HOOKER states this.to be, “of all the species of Begonia
known, the finest.” This is surely a sufficient guarantee of its
great beauty ; but I doubt if any description can give an idea
of what it presents to one who sees it for the first time in the
open air on rockwork or border in the full gloss of its fine dark-
green foliage, and brilliancy of its large vivid flowers. That any
species of Begonia should flourish in the open air as this does, is
interesting enough ; but that the most magnificent of the genus
that we know should do so, is surely welcome news to lovers of
beautiful hardy plants. The foliage is of a rich, glossy green, and
the flowers, which are considerably larger than a five- -shilling piece,
are of such a glorious colour, a “vivid vermilion cinnabar red,”
that the plant cannot be dispensed with in any collection of hardy

Part II, BELLIS. 159

or flower-garden subjects. It was gathered at an elevation of up-
wards of twelve thousand feet, near Cuzco, in Peru, by Messrs.
Veitch’s collector, and the plants grown in this country have
already given proof of their hardiness by withstanding seven
degrees of frost without the least injury. As to its position in
the garden, a well-made rockwork with sunny exposure will cer-
tainly prove one of the best ; and it may also be used with good
effect in the more open parts of the hardy fernery. It is
hardy in the South of England and Ireland, and may prove so
everywhere in this country.

BELLIS PERENNIS.—Dazsy.

DID we only find the Daisy in company with Androsaces on
the high Alps, or even as far out of our way as the lowest
Gentian, we would of course be enraptured with its neatness
of habit, and delicate purity of tone ; but the fact that it shows
not a trace of the coarse raggedness of the great composite
order to which it belongs, and combines the beauty of the
plants of the glaciers with the constitution of lowland weeds,
would not cause me to mention it here were it not for its varie-
ties. The common Daisy is everywhere under our feet; its
handsome double-flowered varieties are among the most effec-
tive and easily managed subjects in the system of spring garden-
ing which has of late become so popular. Nobody would
believe them capable of what they are, without seeing them
tastefully arranged in such a garden as Cliveden, and in rough
rockwork and borders they are quite as useful. There are
various varieties, from the quilled white and the double red to
the singular aucuba-leaved Daisy, with its leaves so richly stained
and veined with yellow, and the quaint hen-and-chicken Daisy.
A dozen or more varieties are in cultivation, and easily obtained,
and all bloom gloriously from early spring to the end of May.
The named and finer varieties may be increased very rapidly by
dividing them into very small pieces early in April, and replanting
them in rich ground, repeating the process several times during
the summer, if the object be to increase any of the scarce varie-
ties for the purpose of using them in quantity in the spring
garden. They are also frequently raised from seed, in which
way, moreover, a variety of colours are obtained. When grown
for the spring garden, they are removed to nursery beds in early
summer, and again planted in the flower-garden in autumn. I

160 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

probably should not’have got thus far unless aided by the Latin
name.

The Belliums, or “small Daisies,” are nearly allied to the
common Daisy. Three kinds are in cultivation : 2. dellidiozdes,
crassifolium, and minutum, none of which are so beautiful as
the common Daisy, nor so hardy, and therefore scarcely worthy
of cultivation, except in large and curious collections. Where
grown without protection in winter, they should be planted in
sandy warm soil, and in sunny spots on rockwork, on which I
should certainly not be anxious to give them a place, considering
the numbers of brilliant plants more fitted for the embellishment
of the rock-garden,

BRYANTHUS ERECTUS.—Ayérid B.

A DWARF evergreen bush, from eight inches to a foot high,
bearing pretty pinkish flowers. It is said to be a hybrid, and is
in appearance somewhat intermediate between Rhododendron
Chamecistus and Kalmia glauca. In very fine sandy soil or in
that usually prepared for American plants, it grows well, and is
worthy of a place on rockwork or in collections of very dwarf
alpine shrubs, whether planted in the rock-garden or in neat
beds.

BULBOCODIUM VERNUM.—S¢%ring Meadow Saffron.

GROWN in our gardens for generations, this very early bulb
is generally seen in a state of single blessedness, probably in a’
pot in a musty old frame; but if several tufts of it are put in
good sandy soil on the rockwork or choice spring garden, it will
prove one of the best as well as earliest of spring bulbs, sending
up its fine large rosy-purple flower buds, distinct in colour from
any other spring flower, earlier than Crocus Susianus—in fact,
they often show for several weeks ere the snow takes leave of
us. The flowers are tubular, nearly four inches long, and
usually most ornamental when in the bud state, the colour
being a sweet violet purple, the large buds appearing before
the concave leaves, which attain vigorous proportions after
the flowers are past. Associated with very early flowering
plants like the Snowflake, Snowdrop, and Anemone blanda,
it is very welcome indeed in the rock-garden, or in warm sunny
borders. A native of the Alps of Europe, easily increased by

Part IT. CALANDRINIA—CALLA. 161

dividing the bulbs, in July or August, replanting them at dis-
tances of four or six inches apart.

CALANDRINIA UMBELLATA.—Brilliant C.

A NATIVE of Chili, with reddish, much branched, little stems,
half-shrubby at the base, and rarely growing more than three or
four inches high. For vivid beauty and brilliancy of colour
there is nothing to equal it in cultivation, the flowers being of a
dazzling magenta crimson, attaining to an almost inconceivable
glow, yet soft and refined. In the evenings and in cloudy
weather it shuts up, and nothing is then seen but the tips of the
flowers. It does very well in any fine sandy, peaty, or other
open earth, is a hardy perennial on dry soils and in well-drained
rockwork, and looks best in small beds, but may be used with
advantage as a broad edging to large ones, and seems to live
longest in chinks in well-made rockwork. It is as readily
raised from seed as the common Wallflower, either in the
open air in fine sandy soil, or in pots. As it does not like
transplantation, except when done very carefully, the best way
for those who wish to use it for very neat and bright beds in the
summer flower-garden is to sow a few grains in each small pot in
autumn, keep them in dry sunny pits or frames during the winter,
and then turn the plants out without much disturbance into the
beds in the end of April or beginning of May. As its beauty is
concealed during dull or rainy weather, this may prove a draw-
back to its use in the flower-garden, but by employing it as a

‘ groundwork for some of the handsome Echeverias, and other neat
succulents now beginning to be so extensively employed in good
flower-gardens, this defect may not be so noticeable. When the
plants are raised every year, they flower more continuously than
old established:specimens. It may also be treated as an annual,
sown in frames very early in spring, but should in every case be
associated with diminutive plants like itself.

CALLA PALUSTRIS.—Bog Arum.‘

More beauty than any native bog-plant affords results from

planting i in boggy places this small trailing Arad, which has pretty

little spathes of the colour of those of its relative, the Ethiopian

Lily. It is thoroughly hardy, and though often grown in water,

likes a moist bog much better. In a bog, or muddy place, shaded

by trees to some extent, it will grow larger in flower and leaf,
M

162 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL.

though it is quite at home even when fully exposed. In a bog car-
peted with the dwarf dark-green leaves of this plant, the effect is
very pleasing, as its white flowers crop up here and there along
each rhizome, just raised above the leaves. Those having
natural bogs, &c. would find it a very interesting plant to intro-
duce to them, while for moist spongy spots near the rock-
garden, or by the side of a rill, it is one of the best things that
can be used. A native of the North of Europe, and also abun-
dant in cold bogs in North America, flowering in summer, and
increasing continuously and rapidly by its running stem.

CAMPANULA ALPINA.—A /pine Harebell.

COVERED with stiff down, which gives it a slightly grey appear-
ance, with longish leaves and erect, not spreading, habit,
like the Garganica group, and with flowers of a fine dark blue,
scattered in a pyramidal manner along the stems. It is a native
of Transylvania and the Carpathian Mountains, hardier than
the dwarf Italian Campanulas, and therefore valuable for the

front margins of the mixed border, as well as for the rockwork:’

In cultivation it grows from five to ten inches high, and may
be readily increased by division or seeds.

CAMPANULA BARBATA— Bearded Harebell.

ONE of the sweet ‘blue Harebells that abound in the rich green
meadows of Alpine France, Switzerland, North Italy, and
Austria, and readily known by the long beard at the mouth ‘of
its pretty pale sky-blue flowers, nearly an inch and a quarter
long, nodding gracefully from the stems, which usually bear two
to five or more flowers. Its rough, shaggy, lanceolate-oblong
leaves distinguish it when not in flower. In. elevated places in
its native habitats, it sometimes grows no more than from four to
ten inches high, but I have met with it nearly twice as high in the
lower parts of the valleys in Piedmont. It is suitable for rock-
work, or the front margin of the mixed border, though not a
showy plant, is easily increased by seeds and also by division,
and flowers in summer. There is a small few-flowered variety,
and a white-flowered form, these, like the type, being well
worthy of culture, and thriving freely in rather moist well-
drained loam. .

Part II. CAMPANULA. 163

CAMPANULA CMSPITOSA—Tu/ted Harebell.

ONE of the most beautiful little gems in the alpine flora, abun-
dantly distributed over the high ranges in the warmer and
central parts of Europe, and thriving as well in all parts of the
British Isles as in the pure cool air of its highland home, It
grows only a few inches high, rivals the evergreen Candytufts
in hardiness, and looks the same fresh, purely tinted, ever
spreading, and bravely flowering little plant in margining a ‘bed of
roses in a British garden, as it does when seen mantling round
the stones and crevices of rocks on the Simplon and other passes.

There is a pure white variety as pretty and clear in tone as the.
blue, and both are admirable for the rockwork or mixed border
and also as edging plants. They thrive best in rather moist
peaty soil, and, when the plants are not too old, continue flowering
from May till August, especially in moist eead: though they
thrive in any soil. It is most easily increased by division and
also by seed, but as a few tufts may be divided into small pieces,
and quickly form a stock large enough for any garden, it is
scarcely worth while raising it from seed, except where plants
cannot be got. It is usually known as C. gumzla in gardens,
and under that name it was figured in the ‘ Botanical Magazine.’
It is also knownas C. pusilla, from which, however, it is distinct.

‘eae
CAMPANULA CARPATICA.—Carpathian Harebell.

THIS, while bearing splendid cup-shaped flowers as large as
those of the tall and vigorous peach-leaved Harebell, has the
dwarf neat habit of the true alpine kinds, and is happily now
spreading so rapidly in popular esteem that I need not plead for
its culture. A native of the Carpathian Mountains and other
parts of the same region, and fortunately easy of culture in all
parts of these islands, growing from six inches to over a foot in
height, according to the depth, warmth, and richness of the soil.
It begins to flower in early summer, and often continues to bloom
for a long time, especially if the plants are young, and the seed-
vessels be picked off. There is a white variety, C. ¢. alba, a pale
blue one, pallida; and a delicately toned white and blue kind,
bicolor—names for the most noticeable variations raised from
seed. It is quite easily raised in this way, or increased by divi-
sion, and is a most valuable bedding and edging as well as rock
M 2

164 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

and border plant. The white and white-and-blue varieties being
somewhat slower in growth than the common one, are most
worthy of a position on the rockwork.

CAMPANULA CENISIA.—Mont Cents Harebell,

AN alpine plant growing at very high elevations. I have found
it abundantly among the fine Saxifraga biflora, at the sides of
glaciers on the high Alps, scarcely ever making much show -
above the ground, but, like the Gooseberry bush in Australia,
vety vigorous below, sending a great number of runners under
the soil. Here and there they send up a compact rosette of
light-green leaves. The flowers are solitary, blue, somewhat
funnel-shaped, but open, and cut nearly to the base into five
lobes. I have little experience of its culture in the open air in
this country, and carinot say that it is so showy as some of the
other species, but it is sufficiently interesting to merit a place on
the rockwork. It should have a sandy or gritty and moist soil,
and’ be somewhere near the eye if the rockwork be on a large
scale. Easily increased by division, and perfectly hardy. A
native of various parts of the Alps of Dauwphiny, Provence,
Savoy, and other Alps, 2 as well as the particular mountain after
which it is named.

CAMPANULA FRAGILIS.—Brittle Harebell.

THOSE who have increased this by division will probably bear
witness to the unusual aptness of the specific name, as, in handling
it, the leaves and stems break off almost as freely as if made of
the slenderest ice. It is a desirable and useful kind, the root-
leaves on long stalks heart-shaped in outline, and bluntly and
shortly lobed, those of the stem more lance-shaped, the rather large
pale blue open flowers somewhat bell-shaped, profusely borne
on half prostrate stems, and making a pleasing show in summer.
The whole plant rarely reaches six inches in height, and is per-
fectly smooth and rather fleshy. A native of the South of Italy ;
it is valuable for the rockwork in well-drained chinks into which
it can root deeply without being too wet in winter. Probably on
light soils it would not require this precaution. C. fragdlis
hirsuta is a variety quite covered with hair or stiff down in all its
parts, so much so as to look almost woolly. It is of about equal
value with the normal smooth form. ..

Part II. CAMPANULA. 165

CAMPANULA GARGANICA.—Gargano Harebell.

A FINE showy species, with somewhat of the habit of the Car-
pathian Harebell, but smaller; the leaves that spring from the
root are kidney-shaped, those from the stem heart-shaped, all
toothed and downy. In summer the whole plant becomes a
mass of brilliant bluish-purple starry flowers with white centres.
It does not grow more than from three to six inches high, and is
of a free prostrate habit, so that it is seen to great advantage
when placed in. interstices on the most vertical parts of rock-
work, in warm and well-drained spots. The better and deeper
the soil the finer and more prolonged the bloom will be. It is a
native of Italy, flowers in summer, and is easily increased by
cuttings, division, or seeds, J

CAMPANULA HEDERACEA—ZIvy C.

THIS is not mentioned for its stature, being a weakly creeping
thing, with almost thread-like branches bearing small delicate
leaves, roundish or heart-shaped, with a few teeth ; nor for the
showiness of its flowers, which are of a faint bluish purple, less
than half an inch long and drooping in the bud. However,
as in the case of many other diminutive and delicate crea-
tures, there is an interest and peculiar grace about it that
we do not find in more robust members of the same family :
besides it is a native of Britain, that creeps over bare spots by
the sides of rills and on moist banks, and wherever there is a
moist boggy spot near the rockwork, or by the ‘side of a stream-
let or in an artificial bog, it will be found worthy of a place as
an interesting native. It occurs chiefly in Ireland and Western
England, and less abundantly in the east. Increased by division.

CAMPANULA ISOPHYLLA. —Ligurian Har ebell.

THIS is a very ornamental and profusely ‘Vowerne. Italian
species, long known, but only recently introduced to cultivation
by Mr. Traherne Moggridge. The leaves are roundish or heart-
shaped, deeply toothed, and nearly all about the same size, and
the flowers of a pale but very bright blue with whitish centre
and protruding styles. It will make a charming ornament for
every sort of rockwork, and should be placed in sunny positions
in well-drained, rather dry fissures in sandy loam, and then it

166 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

will repay the cultivator by a dense and brilliant bloom. It is one
of many kinds of Campanula that might with great advantage be
naturalised in rocky spots, the sunny walls of old quarries, chalk
pits, and like places.

CAMPANULA PULLA.— Violet Harebell.

THIS is somewhat like the tufted Harebell in stature and ap-
pearance, but the stems only bear one flower, and that is of a
fine deep bluish violet, larger than that of C. cespztosa. It is
also much rarer in consequence of being more delicate, and
growing and increasing much less rapidly. It is, indeed, at pre-
sent considered a rarity in botanic gardens, and those who wish
to increase it should keep it in pots in a cold frame or pit,
dividing it every spring till a sufficient stock is obtained. On
the rockwork it should be placed on a level spot, free from other
Harebells or rampant plants of any kind, and in sandy peat. It
has a tendency to spread, underground, and send up shoots in
a scattered manner round the place where it is planted. It is
in consequence better to give it an isolated spot, four or five
inches. across, and cover the surface with small bits of broken
stones, say about the size of walnuts, which would serve to prevent
weeds or other plants taking root, and allow this violet Harebell
to send up its shoots at will, A native of the Tyrol and of other
mountains in Central and Southern Europe; is increased by
division or by seeds, and thrives very well in pans or pots.

CAMPANULA RAINERI.—Rainer’s Harebell.

I DO not believe this species is in cultivation in England, but
having seen it in M. Boissier’s garden, Lausanne, in the summer
of 1868, I depart from my usual rule of omitting species not in our
gardens, as there.can be no difficulty in some of our nursery-
men obtaining it. It is one of the most beautiful, quite dwarf
in habit, and distinct. The plants I saw had stems not more
than three inches long (though it is said to reach twice that
height), and, though ‘small, were quite sturdy and firm ; they
were branched, and each little branch bore a large solitary
somewhat funnel-shaped erect flower of a fine dark blue. They
seemed of a vigorous nature, more so than several of the other
dwarf Italian Harebells, and, when introduced, will no doubt
form a valuable addition to choice collections of alpine plants.
A native of high mountains in the North of Italy.

Part II. CAMPANULA—CARDAMINE. 167

CAMPANULA TURBINATA.—Vase Harebell,

THIS combines the dwarfness of C. cezzsza and the sturdiness of
C. nitida with the large flowers of the Peach-leaved, and more
than the neatness of habit of the Carpathian, Harebell. The
leaves, rigid, of a greyish green, toothed, and pointed, with heart-
shaped bases, form stiff tufts from two to three inches high, and
an inch or so above them rise the cup-shaped flowers, of a deep
purple, and nearly two inches across—an extraordinary size for
such a very dwarf plant. It comes from the mountains of Tran-
sylvania, is perfectly hardy in this country, is not fastidious as
to soil, and is one of the most valuable-gems we possess for the
embellishment of rockwork and also for the mixed border, on
which, in deep light soil, the flowers sometimes reach a height
of six or eight inches. As the great size of the individual flowers
is the most pleasing character of this species, it is well in plant-
ing it to place it where they may be seen to advantage, in vertical
spots on parts of rockwork that come near the eye.

Of other Harebells most likely to be attractive for the rock-
garden, the following are among the best :—C. muralis, nitida,
modesta, and Barrelierz.

CARDAMINE TRIFOLIA.—7vefoil Ladies’ Smock.

“THIS small plant,” says John Parkinson, “hath divers hard,
dark round green leaves, somewhat uneven about the edges,
always three set together on a blackish small footstalke, among
which rise up small round blackish stalkes ; half a foot high,
with three small leaves at the joynts, where they branch forth ;
at the tops whereof stand many flowers, consisting of four leaves
a piece, of a whitish or blush colour very pale : after which come
up small, thick and long pods, wherein is contained small round
seed: the root is composed of many white threds, from the
heads whereof run out small strings, of a dark purple colour,
whereby it encreaseth. It was sent me by my especiall good
friend John Tradescante, who brought it among other dainty
plants from beyond the Seas, and imparted thereof a root to me.”
It is a hardy dwarf plant, a native of Northern Europe, not
very ornamental as regards the flowers, but, being neat and
compact in habit, and easily grown, merits a place in the full
collection, and is suited for the rougher parts of rockwork, or
for the margin of the mixed border.

168 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

CENTAUREA UNIFLORA.—Oneflowered Knapweed.

THE flower-heads of this, previous to opening, look like withered
balls, in consequence of each of the scales being terminated by
a dark-brown feather-like point ; and as these become developed,
they lie down close upon the head, appearing to enclose it in a
net. The stems rise six to fifteen inches high, each bearing a
solitary flower two inches or more across, of a lilac rose. It is a
distinct, curious, and rather ornamental kind, grows freely in
well-drained and sandy soil, and merits a place on the rock-
work or borders. The undivided leaves are irregular in form,
sometimes lance-shaped in outline, and without a single tooth,
sometimes sparsely and unequally toothed, and sometimes with
one or two ears or short lobes at the base, and they have a
silvery look from being covered with a cobweb-like close-lying
down. I have met with the plant in a wild state amidst meadow
grass on high mountains in North Italy, and expect it will prove
more ornamental in cultivation.

CERASTIUM ALPINUM.—Shaggy C.

AN interesting British plant, found on Scotch mountains, and
also more sparsely on those of England and Wales. Dwarf,
tufted, and prostrate, spreading about rather freely, but seldom
rising more than a couple of inches high, with leaves broad
compared to those of any of the common weedy species, and
densely clothed with a dewy-looking silky down, which gives
the plant a singularly shaggy appearance. From these spring
rather large white flowers in early summer. It is at all times
a pretty and distinct-looking object on those parts of rock-
work that come near the eye, and, being British, will be all the
more interesting to the cultivator. It is not, like the common
garden species, a plant fitted for forming edgings. Messrs.
Backhouse say that it flourishes best under ledges that prevent
the rain and snow falling on the foliage, but I have found it
stand all sorts of weather, and winters in the open border in
London. Readily increased by division, by cuttings, or seeds,

CERASTIUM BIEBERSTEINII.—-Bzeberstein’s C,

A VERY silvery species, closely allied to the common C. ¢omento-
sum, from which, however, it is distinguished by its larger leaves,

Part IL. CERASTIUM. 169

flowers, and fruit. Useful for the same purposes, and propa-
gated and cultivated with the same facility, as C. somentosum.
It was once expected that it would surpass in utility the common
kind, but this it has failed to do. A very good plant for borders
or rough rock or root work, and, being seldomer seen than the
common one, deserves a little more attention, and a better posi-
tion in the mixed border or the lower and rougher parts of
rockwork. A native of the higher mountains of Tauria, flower-
ing with us in early summer,

CERASTIUM GRANDIFLORUM.—Large-flowered C.

ALLIED to C. fomentosum, but less downy and silvery. It is
readily known from either C. somentosum or C. Biebersteinit by
having narrower and more acute leaves, and being less hoary,
and it usually grows somewhat larger than either of the two very
silvery kinds, rapidly forming strong tufts, and producing pure
white flowers in great abundance. A fine plant for the front
margin of the mixed border, or for the rougher parts of rock-
work, but only iri association with other strong and fast-growing
things, as it spreads about so quickly that it would overrun and
injure delicate and tiny plants if placed near them. It is not so
likely to be appreciated for edgings as other kinds, though there
is no reason why it should not be used for variety’s sake as a
bordering on a small scale. Like the other cultivated species,
it is readily propagated by division or by cuttings inserted in the
rudest way in the open ground, and is a native of Hungary and
neighbouring countries, on dry hills and mountains. Flowers
with us in early summer.

CERASTIUM TOMENTOSUM.—Common Woolly C.

THIS is now used in almost every garden for forming compact
silvery edgings to flower-beds and borders. Its hardiness, power
of bearing clipping and mutilation, and great facility of propaga-
tion, make it worthy of all the attention it receives. No plant
has proved more useful in our great public gardens. It is also
very useful as a border-plant, and for rootwork or rough rock-
work, but is too common to be permitted a place on small or
choice rockwork that might be devoted to some of the many
rarely seen and beautiful alpine plants. A native of mountains
in the South of Europe, flowering freely with us in early summer.

170 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

The preceding include all the kinds that are worth growing,
except in botanical and unusually extensive collections. The
other kinds enumerated in catalogues are :—C. zucanum, lanu-
ginosum, ovalifolium, ovatum, tenuifolium, Wildenovit, and
trigynumt,

CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI.— Wallfiower.

IN a book advocating the culture of alpine plants on walls, we
must not ignore the claims of the sweet old flower that has
so long dwelt on walls and old ruins, hallowing their mouldering
remains. It loves a wall. better than any garden; while it grows
coarsely in garden soil, it forms a dwarf enduring bush on an
old wall, and grows even on walls that are quite new, planted
in mortar. There is no variety of the Wallflower yet seen that
is not worthy of cultivation ; but the choice old double kinds—
the double yellow, double purple, double orange, dark, &c.—are
plants worthy of a place beside the finest rock-shrubs or border-
plants, ornamental in a high degree, and endeared to us by many
associations. These are the varieties most worthy of a place on
dry stony banks near the rockwork, and also on old ruins, on
which the common kind is likely to find a home for itself. The
fine mixed “ German” kinds, that are so easily raised from seed,
would also be worthy of introduction to ruins and stony places.
A packet of the seed strewn in such places would be all that is
necessary. Writing of these to the ‘ Field,’ Mr. Henry Kingsley
says :—

“A dim haze of colour. Not gaudy, bright, vulgar, positive
colour, but a nearly innumerable number of half-tints, ranging
from dull yellow, through brown, into purples; worth, to an-
educated eye, all the fantastic barbarisms made out of bad
scarlet, bad yellow, and (of all colours in heaven and earth)
bright blue (lobelia). There is not more contrast between gaudy
yellow and red beds and one of wallflowers (or stocks later on)
than there is between Miss Braddon and George Elliot. Some
like one, some another. I confess, on my own part, that I like
the tint of George Elliot best ; he never allows you to lose one
colour until you have found another. On the other hand, Miss
Braddon beds out rather too gaudily. I should say that ‘ Silas
Marner’ was very like a bed of wallflowers myself—that is to say,
to an eye educated to colour, one of the most beautiful things
ever seen,”

Part II. CHIMAPHILA—CONVALLARTA. 171

CHIMAPHILA MACULATA.—Spotted Wintergreen.

A Low wood plant of North America, having leathery, shining,
slightly toothed leaves, the upper surface of which is pleasingly
variegated with white, and bearing whitish umbellate flowers—
one to five—on rather long stems. The plant attains a height of
only from three to six inches, and is a very suitable subject for
a half shady and mossy, but not wet, place in the rock-garden,
associating well with such plants as the dwarf Andromedas and
the Pyrolas, and succeeding best in very sandy decomposed
leaf-soil.

C. umbellata, with glossy unspotted leaves, and somewhat
larger reddish flowers, is suited for like positions. Both are
rare in cultivation and very seldom seen well grown. They
flower in summer, and are increased by careful division.

COLCHICUM VARIEGATUM.—Cheguered Meadow Saffron.

THIS is the prettiest of the easily procured Colchicums, and is
often grown under the name of, and mixed with,'the common
meadow Saffron, C. autumnadle, but is distinguished by its rosy
flowers being distinctly and regularly mottled over with purple
spots, and being more open, and its leaves undulated. Like the
common species, it flowers abundantly in autumn, grows well in
ordinary soil, and may be tastefully associated with the autumn-
flowering Crocuses on rockwork, borders, or edgings to beds of
dwarf shrubs, &c. There are several varieties, both double and
single, of the common meadow Saffron worthy of cultivation.

The large-leaved C. dyzantinum and the small C. alpinum are
also worthy of a place. Most of the species grow so readily in
almost any soil that they are excellent subjects for naturalisation
in grassy places in the pleasure-ground and woodland glades.

CONVALLARIA MAJALIS.—Lily-of-the-valley.

So long have we been accustomed to this in our gardens that
we can scarcely think of it as an alpine plant. But as the traveller
ascends the flanks of many a great alp, he sees it sweetly bloom-
ing low among the Hazels and other mountain shrubs ; and it is
widely distributed over Europe and Russian Asia, from the Medi-
terranean to the Arctic Circle. It is needless to say anything of

172 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT,

its appearance or culture, but it would be seen to much greater
advantage if people would transplant a few tufts of it from
the matted and often exhausted beds in which it is usually
grown in the kitchen-garden to half shady and half wild spots
near their gardens, alongside of wood walks, where it would
become naturalised among low shrubs on the fringes of the
rock-garden or hardy fernery. It might also, be planted in tufts
among American plants or other choice shrubs, as in any of
these positions its graceful beauty will be more appreciated
than when it is seen in a formal mass, grown as prosaically as
kitchen Thyme or Spearmint, while-its delicious odour will be
spread over the place. Of course, planting it in this way need
not prevent its being grown in quantity for cutting, though, if
sufficiently plentiful in the positions mentioned, there would be
little occasion to grow it in any other way. Of late it has been
deservedly much forced in hothouses in early spring. There is
a variety with double flowers, one with single rose flowers, one
with double rose flowers, one with the leaves margined with a
silvery white, and one richly striped with yellow—all of which
are worthy of cultivation. Although growing in almost any
soil, it prefers a deep sandy loam enriched with leaf-mould, and
loves a partial shade, notwithstanding that it thrives well in the
full sun.

CONVOLVULUS LINEATUS.—Dwar/f Silvery Bindweed.

THIS, so far from having any of the free-climbing tendencies of
our common wild Convolvulus, is quite a pigmy compared to
the dwarf and popular C. simorv—the whole plant often showing
nothing but a tuft of small silky rather narrow and _ pointed
leaves above the ground. Among these appear in summer
delicate flesh-coloured flowers more than an inch across,
and in full perfection at less than three inches high, though
in warmer soils and districts than those on which I have
observed the plant it sometimes grows an inch or two higher.
Few subjects are hardier or more suitable for embellishing
some arid part of the rockwork near, and somewhat under, the
eye, as its beauty is not of a telling, though of a high, order. A
native of the Mediterranean region ; easily increased by dividing
the root.

Part II. CONVOLVULUS—CORNUS. 173

CONVOLVULUS MAURITANICUS.—Blue Rock Bindweed.

A BEAUTIFULLY coloured and graceful plant, without the
rampant tendencies of many of its race, but withal throwing
up a number of elegant shoots, which bear numbers of clear light-
blue flowers, about one inch across, and with a white centre. It
is quite distinct from any other Convolvulus in cultivation, and, _
happily, is hardy in sunny chinks of rockwork, and also on
raised borders. It is seen to the best advantage in a somewhat
raised position, so that its free-flowering shoots may fall freely
down, though it may also be used with good effect on the level
ground in the flower-garden, or as a vase plant. A native of the
North of Africa ; readily increased by cuttings. .

CONVOLVULUS SOLDANELLA.—‘Sea Bindweed.

Tuis is at once recognised from its fellows by its leathery, round,
or kidney-shaped leaves, and by-its stems being short, heavy,
and without the twining tendency so common in the family.
The flowers are large, handsome, of a light pink colour, and
freely produced. I have observed it thrive and flower freely in
ordinary soil far away from the seaside, and therefore recommend
it with confidence as worthy of a place among the trailers of the
rock-garden. A native of maritime sands, in many parts of the
world ; not uncommon on our own coasts, and flowering in
summer.

CORNUS CANADENSIS.—Dwar/f Cornel,

A VERY pretty but neglected miniature shrub, of which each
little shoot is tipped with white bracts, pointed with a tint of rose.
I know nothing prettier than this Cornus when well established,
and it is not at all fastidious, but, being very dwarf, rarely comes
in for a proper situation. It is lost among coarse herbaceous
plants, and totally obscured by ordinary shrubs, and should
therefore be planted among alpines on a rockwork, or round or
near the edge of a bed of very dwarf Heaths or American plants.
Many know and appreciate the singular beauty of the A/ussenda
frondosa of the hothouse, with its white bracts tipping the clear
green leaves ; this little Cornus may be described to those who
do not know it as a diminutive hardy plant of equal beauty. It
grows about the size of the Partridge Berry, or somewhat larger.

174 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

Wherever placed, rather damp sandy soil will be found to suit it
best. A native of North America, in damp cold woods.

Growers of British plants may like to possess Cornus suecica,
but I have not seen it either well grown under cultivation, nor is
it so ornamental as the preceding.

CORONILLA MINIMA.—Dwarfest C.

A DIMINUTIVE evergreen, generally prostrate, rarely rising more
than a few inches above the ground, and of a glaucous green.
The small rich yellow flowers are freely produced, six to twelve
in each crown, in April and May. It is a plant of easy culture,
and well worthy of a warm spot on rockwork, where its tiny
shoots may lap over the stones. A native of France and
Southern Europe ; not particular as to soil, and readily increased
by seeds or division. Deep light soil in sunny fissures will suit
it best, and in such places its diffuse little stems will be seen to
greatest advantage.

CORONILLA VARIA.—Rosy C.

A VERY handsome, free, and graceful plant, with a profusion of
pretty rose-coloured flowers, widely distributed on the Continent,
and found on many of the railway banks in France and Northern
Italy. It forms low dense tufts, sheeted with rosy pink, which
attract the traveller’s eye, their beauty and dressy appearance
marking them among the weeds which inhabit such places. It
ought to be grown in every garden as a border-flower, or for natu-
ralising in semi-wild spots. Perhaps, however, the most graceful
use that could be made of it would be to plant it on some tall bare
rock, and allow its vigorous shoots and bright little coronets to
teem over and form a lovely curtain down the face of the stone.
It is also admirable for chalky banks, or for running about among
low trailing shrubs like the common Cotoneaster. When in good
soil, the shoots grow as much as five feet long, and it thrives on
almost any sort of soil. It is readily increased by seeds, which are
frequently offered in our seed catalogues. I have seen a fine deep
rose-coloured variety of this in the Jardin des Plantes which
would be well worthy of culture. It may occur in other col-
lections, and when the plant is much raised from seed, highly
coloured varieties may be selected.

Coronitla montana, somewhat larger than the preceding

Part II. CORTUSA—CORYVDATLIS. I75

species, attaining a height of fifteen to eighteen inches, and
bearing numerous yellow flowers, is somewhat too large for
association with small alpine plants, but, being an ornamental
species, is excellent for the rougher parts of the rock-garden or
for the mixed border.

CORTUSA MATTHIOLI.—<A /pine Sanicle.

SOMEWHAT like the tender Prdmula mollis, with large seven- or
nine-lobed leaves, the leaf-stalks thickly and the leaves sparsely
covered with colourless short hairs. A wiry thread of vascular
matter runs through the stem leaves, and may be drawn through
the blades as well as footstalk of the leaves without breaking.
The flowers, borne on stems about fifteen inches high, very downy
on the lower half and smooth above, are pendulous, and of a
peculiarly rich and deep purplish crimson, with a white ring
at the base of the cup, six to twelve being borne ona stem. It
does well on rockwork, especially in the angle formed by two
rocks where its leaves cannot be torn with the wind. Flowers in
early summer, and comes from the Alps of Piedmont and Ger-
many ; increased by careful division of the root, or more abun-
dantly by seed sown as soon as possible after being gathered.

CORYDALIS LUTEA.— Yellow Fumitory.

THIS well-known plant is not so much esteemed as it deserves,
for not only are its graceful masses of much cut, delicate pale-
green leaves profusely dotted over with spurred yellow flowers,
very pleasing in borders, but it grows to perfection on walls,
which renders it doubly valuable. I have seen it in the most
unlikely spots on walls in hot as well as in cold and moist
countries, and know nothing to surpass it for garnishing ruins,
walls, stony places, and poor bare banks, the tufts often looking
as full of flower and vigorous when emerging from some old
chink where a drop of rain never falls upon them, as when
planted in fertile soil. It also makes a handsome border-plant,
and is well suited for the rougher kind of rock and root work.
A naturalised plant in England, and widely spread over Conti-
nental Europe. Readily increased by division or by seeds ; in
any stony position it spreads about with weed-like rapidity.

176 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

CORYDALIS NOBILIS.—Woble Fumitory.

A WELL-NAMED plant, for it is truly ornamental, compared to the
other members of the genus that are known and cultivated. The
leaves are much divided, and the plant strong and neat, growing,
when in flower, ten inches or a foot high ; the flower-stems are
stout and leafy to the top, and bear a massive head of flowers,
composed of many individual blooms in various stages. They
are arranged in a short and close spiral whorl, the unopened
ones at the apex of the flower forming a light green rosette, and
contrasting pleasingly with the fully opened flowers lower down.
The open flowers are of a rich golden yellow, with a small pro:
tuberance in the centre of each, of a reddish chocolate colour ;
and the effect of this, with the yellow and the green rosette when
the bloom is young; makes the plant very ornamental. It is quite
easy of culture in borders, but is rather slow of increase, and,
where it does not thrive as a border-plant, should be planted in
deep light and rich soil on the lower flanks of rockwork, associ-
ated with plants of the vigour and stature of the Vernal Adonis,
the American Cowslip, and the Rocky Mountain Columbine. A
native of Siberia ; increased by division, and flowering in early
summer.

CORYDALIS SOLIDA.—Bulbous Fumitory.

A COMPACT tuberous-rooted species, from four to six or seven.
inches in height, and freely producing dull purplish flowers.
It has a solid bulbous root, is quite hardy, and of easy culture
in almost any soil. <A pretty little plant for borders and the
rougher portion of rockwork, for naturalising in open spots in
woods, and also for use in the spring garden. It is naturalised
in several parts of England, but is not a true native, its home
being the warmer parts of Europe ; easily increased by division,
flowers in April, and is often known as Fumaria bulbosa or
F. solida. :

CROCUS LUTEUS.— Yellow C.

ONE of the commonest and most vigorous of all our garden
Crocuses, a native of Eastern Europe, and, it need hardly be
added, at home everywhere in Britain. “It is observable that
all the wild specimens of this species seem to have grown

Parr IT. CROCUS. 177

with the bulbs five inches or more under ground. Depth is
very necessary to their preservation, for mice, which I have
found usually to meddle with no other species, will scratch very
deep in quest of them. The fine common large yellow Crocus
luteus of the gardens differs sufficiently from the varieties to
make it pretty evident that it is a natural local variation of the
species, and not a garden variety ; but we know not whence it
was derived. All the varieties of this species seem to prefer a
very light soil upon a clay subsoil.”—Herbert, in ‘Trans. Hort.
Soc.’ Grown in nearly every garden, it is needless to speak of
the positions for which it is most fitting, but it might be natu-
ralised with great advantage in the rougher parts of the
pleasure-ground, or in open sunny spots or banks along wood-
walks.

CROCUS NUDIFLORUS.—fale Purple Autumn C.

A BEAUTIFUL pale bright purple Crocus, flowering in autumn
after the leaves of the year are withered, thriving freely in any
sandy or light soil, and naturalised abundantly in meadows about
Nottingham, Derby, Halifax, and Warrington. The corm flowers
when about the size of a pea, sending out stolons in spring, the
thickened apices of which afterwards form new corms. The
leaves appear in very early spring, and are very slender, with
a narrow white line in the centre. Flower with the tube from
three inches to ten inches, and the segments one inch and a
half to two inches long; stigmas reddish-orange, cut into an
elegant fringe. A native of South-Western Europe, and well
worthy of general cultivation as a rockwork or border plant ;
particularly suitable for forming edgings or clumps round beds
of autumn flowers. It somewhat resembles the Meadow Saffron
at first sight, but is easily distiiguished from it by having three,
not six, stamens.

CROCUS ORPHANIDIS.—Orphanides’ C.

A LOVELY Crocus, with soft lilac-blue flowers, having yellow

throats, two inches and a half in diameter, and opening in

autumn. The bulbs are unusually large, nearly two inches long,

“closely covered with a bright chestnut-brown tissue.” The

leaves appear with the flowers, exceeding them in length, and

getting much longer afterwards. This has recently been sent to
N

178 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

the Royal Gardens at Kew by Professor Orphanides, of Athens,
and named after him by Dr. Hooker, who describes it as most
lovely, and very distinct. A native of Greece, and, till plen-
tiful, should be exclusively planted on warm slopes of the rock-
garden.

CROCUS RETICULATUS.—Cloth of Gold C.

Tus is the little rich golden Crocus with the exterior of its
flowers of a brownish black. It is the earliest of the commonly
cultivated spring Crocuses, and a native of the Crimea and
South-Eastern Europe. There are several varieties, and among
them a lilac and a white, but these I have never seen in cultiva-
tion. Suitable for association with the earliest and dwarfest
flowers of the dawn of spring, thriving in ordinary soil. It is
generally known as C. suszanus.

CROCUS SATIVUS.—Safron C.

THIS species was formerly cultivated in England for the produc-
tion of saffron, which is made from the fringed and rich orange
style. Its native country is not known with certainty, but it is pro-
bably from the shores of the Mediterranean. It blooms in autumn
from the end of September to the beginning of November accord-
ing to position and soil. The flowers are of a pale violet, with
deeper-coloured veins, the tube of the flower long ; the erect
anthers nearly three quarters of an inch long, ofa rich clear yellow,
on small pale lilac filaments ; the stigmas of a rich orange red,
divided into three branches, each about an inch and a quarter
long, becoming thicker towards the apex, hollow, and so heavy that
they droop out of the flower—contrasting singularly with the erect
yellow anthers. The flowers have a sweet and delicate odour.
The sharp-pointed, very narrow, leaves appear about the same
time as the blooms, remain in rigid bundles throughout the
winter, and acquire their full development in spring. The bulbs
of the Saffron Crocus should be planted from four to six inches
under the surface, and it loves a deep good sandy loam and
a sunny warm position. Where permanently planted, six inches
apait will be near enough to place the bulbs, and in soils where
the plant thrives, it will be necessary every second or third year
to raise and divide them. Where the natural soil is too cold
for the, full development of this plant, it will be easy to give

Part II. CROCUS. 179

it a suitable position on sunny parts of the rockwork, on which,
or on sunny borders, it may be associated with the Meadow
Saffron or other autumn Crocuses.

CROCUS SIEBERI.—Szeber’s C.

A SMALL species, from the mountains of Greece, which has
only been introduced within the past few years, as if to remind
us that, though in its native country little now remains of the
race of heroes that once populated it but “the rifled urn, the
violated mound,” nature there is fresh and fair as when the
“isles that crown the Aigean deep” saw their happiest and most
glorious days.
‘* Eternal summer gilds them yet,
But all except their sun is set !”

We have Crocuses that flower in spring, and Crocuses that flower
in autumn ; but this hardy mountaineer flowers in winter and
earliest spring, anticipating all the others. Very dwarf, with
pale violet flowers ; is not at all difficult to cultivate, and should
be placed on some little sunny ledge on rockwork, or other spot
where it may be safe from being overrun or forgotten.

CROCUS SPECIOSUS.—Showy Autumn C.

THIs is the finest of the autumn-flowering Crocuses, and comes
into beautiful bloom when the wet gusts begin to play with the
fallen leaves, at the end of September or beginning of October ;
the flowers bluish violet, striped internally with deep purple lines,
smooth at the throat, the divisions most deeply veined near their
base ; the stigmas, of a fine orange colour, cut so as to appear as
if fringed ; the leaves appearing about the same time as the
flowers, but not attaining their full development till the following
spring. It is particularly suitable for forming edgings and tufts
near beds or groups of autumn flowers, and also for rockwork or
borders. It is not particular as to soils; but, being scarce, it
would be much better to encourage it in good light loam or
peaty soil, in which it thrives to perfection. As the leaves grow
vigorously in summer, unaccompanied by flowers, it may be
necessary to caution workmen against the barbarous practice of
cutting them off, as is frequently done with the common kinds.
It seeds freely in this country, and may be readily increased in
N 2

180 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

that way, and also by division. In a wild state it is said to prefer
dry rich soil on table-land near trees. A native of East Tran-
sylvania, the Crimea, and neighbouring regions.

CROCUS. VERNUS.—Furfle C.

THE parent of most of the blue, white, and striped kinds gene-
rally cultivated in our gardens. It has sported into a great
number of varieties. under cultivation, every one of them beau-
tiful and worthy of culture, and is naturalised abundantly in
meadows near Nottingham, at Hornsey, and some other places.
“Jt is one of the most widely extended Croci, and of the easiest
culture, producing seeds abundantly, which, as neither the birds
nor the mice seem to eat them, become almost a nuisance, from
the multitude of self-sown seedlings which come up spontane-
ously. It is the Crocus of the Alps, but its flower is small there,
promiscuously purple and white or whitish, generally with the
throat purple on the outside, but always white and hairy within.
It reaches Cevennes ; and J am told it is to be found, though rare,
on the Pyrenees. It extends, with white acute flowers, into Ca-
rinthia, and is found white, with very blunt obovate flowers, on the
Bavarian Alps, sometimes assuming a blush of purple. I believe
it is found only in particular spots on the Pyrenees, affecting the
oolite or jurassic limestone. On the Alps it reaches above 5000 feet
of altitude. I have seen it both white and purple from the Tyrol.
The finer Neapolitan variety inhabits the loftiest mountains of
Carinthia and Lucania, not descending lower than 5000 feet.
On the Wengern Alp its flowers actually pierce the remaining
snow in June. The Odessa variety, which grows on part of the
Steppes, is much finer, and from that stock the finest garden
varieties seem to be derived. The segments of the flower are so
rounded and concave that the half expanded flower is nearly
spherical. They are white, sometimes beautifully striped in the
inside, or deep purple.”—Herbert, in ‘Trans. Roy. Hort. Soc.’

CROCUS VERSICOLOR.— Striped C.

THIS is a pretty and distinct spring-flowering kind, which has
spread into a good many varieties, and is abundantly grown in
Holland, The ground colour of the flower is white, but richly
striped with purple, the throat sometimes white, sometimes
yellow, the inside being smooth, by which it can be readily dis-

Part II. CYCLAMEN. 181

tinguished from Crocus vernus, which has the inside of the
throat hairy. Dean Herbert says this “likes to have its corm
deep in the ground. If its seed is sown in a three-inch pot
plunged in a sand-bed, and left there, by the time the seed-
lings are two or three years old, the bulbs will be found crowded

. and flattened against the bottom of the pot; and, if the hole in
the pot is large enough to allow their escape, some of them will
be found growing in the sand-under the pot.” It, however, thrives
in any ordinary garden soil. :

In addition to the preceding, for the most part easily obtained
and very distinct, C. Boryanus, Imperati, medius, biflorus, and
several others, are mentioned in catalogues, and are for the most
part scarce, except the last, commonly known as the Scotch
Crocus.

CYCLAMEN COUM.—Rouna-leaved C.

TUBER round, depressed, smooth, fibres issuing from one point
on under side only. Leaves of a plain dark green, cordate,
slightly indented ; these, with the flowers, generally spring from
a short stem rising from the centre of the tuber. Corolla short,
constricted at the mouth ; reddish purple, darker at the mouth,
where there is a white circle ; inside striped red. Flowers from
December to March, and is a native of the Greek Archipelago.
This, with the others of the same section—viz. vernum of Sweet
(coum zonale), ibericum, AtkinstzZ, and the numerous hybrids
from it—though perfectly hardy, and frequently in bloom in the
open ground before the Snowdrop, yet, to preserve the flowers
from the effects of unfavourable weather, will be the better for
slight protection, or a pit or frame devoted to them in which to
plant them out. I grow many in this way, and during the early
spring, from January to the middle of March, they are one sheet
of bloom. When so cultivated, it is best to take out the soil, say
one foot and a half to two feet deep, place a layer of rough stones
nine to twelve inches deep at the bottom, covering them with in-
verted turf to keep the soil from washing down and injuring the
drainage ; then fill up with soil composed of about one-third of
good free loam, one-third of well-decayed leaf-mould, and one-
third of thoroughly decomposed cow manure. Plant one inch and
a half to two inches deep, and every year, soon after the leaves
die down, take off the surface as far as the top of the tubers, and

182 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL.

fresh surface them with the same compost, or in alternate years
they may only have a dressing on the surface of well-decayed
leaves or cow manure. During summer, or indeed after April,
the glass is removed, and they are slightly shaded with larch-fir
boughs (cut before the leaves expand) laid over them, to shelter
from the extreme heat of the sun. As soon as they begin to
appear in the autumn, gradually take these off, and do not use
the glass until severe weather sets in—at all times, both day and
night, admitting-air at both back and front, and in fine weather
draw the lights off, remembering that the plants are perfectly
hardy, and soon injured if kept too close. They do not like fre-
quent removal. C. coum album is a variety raised by Mr. Atkins, .
of Painswick, which received a first-class certificate from the
Royal Hort. Soc. 1868. It has the dark plain foliage of coum,
with flowers white, and dark mouth ; hardy ; same treatment as
coum, Itis avery distinct and interesting variety, well worthy
of culture. C. Atkinsdi, a hybrid of the coum section, raised
by Mr. Atkins, has larger flowers, white, with dark mouth, and
nearly round or ovoid leaves, variously marked.

C. vernum of Sweet is considered by many as only a variety
of coum, and for it I would suggest the name of C. coum, var.
zonale (from its marked foliage). I was for a long time un-
willing to give it up as a distinct species, but now doubt there
being sufficient permanent specific distinction to warrant its
being retained as such, especially after seeing the many forms
and hues the leaves of other species of this genus assume.
Though this, as well as C. coum, retains its peculiarities as to
markings very correctly from seed, so do some undoubted varie-
ties of other species of Cyclamen. In Loddiges’ ‘Bot. Cab.’
t. 108, some years previous to Sweet’s publication, it is well
figured as C. coum. ‘There are specimens in various herbariums
of this form under the ndme of C. vernum (Sweet), mostly from
Iberia and Tiflis.

CYCLAMEN IBERICUM.—Jberian C.

THIS also belongs to the coum section. I fear the original type
of the species as first imported into this country is lost; the
greater portion now sold as. such are hybrids of the Atkénsid
group. There is some obscurity respecting the authority for
this, species and its native country; but there are specimens

Part II. CYCLAMEN. 183

of it in the Kew and Oxford Herbariums marked “ex Iberia.”
Leaves very various. Flowers: corolla rather longer than in
coum; mouth constricted, not toothed; colour various, from
deep red-purple to rose, lilac, and white, with intensely dark
mouth ; produced more abundantly than by coum.

CYCLAMEN EUROPAUM.—EL£uropean C.

TUBER of medium size and very irregular form, sometimes
roundish or depressed and knotted, at other times elongated.
The rind is thin, smooth, yellowish, sometimes “scabby.” The
underground stem or rhizome is often of considerable length and
size, sometimes even more than a foot in length. The leaves
and flowers originate from stalks or branches, which emerge
from all parts of the tuber. The root fibrils spring from the
lower surface of the tuber as freely as from the upper, but are
never so numerous as in C. hederefolium, and there are usually
two or three stems springing from different parts, and growing
in different directions, from which the leaves and flowers arise.
When these stems are much elongated and irregular, the plant
becomes the C. radice-anemone, or C. anemonoides of some old
authors. The leaves in this, as well as in most of the other
species, vary much in outline as well as extent of the markings
on the upper surface and colour beneath. Those from the more
northern habitats are coarser and more decidedly dentate than
those from some localities south of the Alps, where they assume
in a measure the finer texture, rounder form, and more delicate
markings, of C. persicum, The leaves appear before and with
the flowers, and remain during the greater part of the year.
Flowers from June to November, or, with slight protection, until
the end of the year. The petals rather short, stiff, and of a
reddish-purple colour, The base or mouth of the corolla pen-
tagonal, not dentate. Some of the southern varieties, by atten-
tion to cultivation under glass, may even assume a perpetual
flowering character. The varieties Cluszz, léttorale, and Peake-
anum are of this section. In these varieties the flowers become
much longer, of a more delicate colour, often approaching peach
colour, and are almost the size of those of C. persicum. Pure
white are rare, but pale ones are not uncommon. They are
very fragrant. Thrives freely in various parts of the country in
light loamy well-drained soil, as a choice border and rockwork

184 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

plant.. Where it doesnot do well in the ordinary soil, it should
be tried in a deep bed of light loam, mingled with pieces of
broken stone. In all cases it is best to cover the ground with
cocoa-fibre. It is a very desirable species, on account of its de-
lightful fragrance and long succession of flowers. I have often
seen them luxuriate in the débris of old walls, and on the mountain-
side, with a very sparing quantity of vegetable earth to grow in.

CYCLAMEN HEDERAFOLIUM.—Jvy-leaved C.

A NATIVE of Switzerland, South Europe, Italy, Greece and its
isles, and the north coast of Africa. Tuber not unfrequently a
foot in diameter when full-grown ; its shape somewhat spheroidal,
depressed on the upper surface, rounded beneath. It is covered
with a brownish rough rind, which cracks irregularly, so as
to form little scales. The root fibres emerge from the whole of
the upper surface of the tuber, but principally from the rim; few
or none issue from the lower surface. The leaves and flowers
generally spring direct from the tuber without the intervention
of any stem (a small stem, however, is sometimes produced,
especially if the tuber be planted deep); at first they spread
horizontally, but ultimately become erect. The leaves are
variously marked,, and the greater portion of them appear after
the flowers, continuing in great beauty the whole winter and
early spring, when they are one of the greatest ornaments of
our borders and rockeries, if well grown. I have had them
as much as six inches long, five inches and a half in diameter,
and 100 to 150 leaves springing from one tuber. They are
admirably adapted for table decoration during winter. The
flowers begin to appear at the end of August, continuing until
October. Mouth or base of the corolla ten-toothed, pentagonal,
purplish red, frequently with a stripe of lighter colour, or white,
down each segment of the corolla, There is a pure white variety,
and also a white one with pink base or mouth of corolla, which
reproduce themselves tolerably true from seeds. Strong tubers
will produce -from 200 to 300 flowers each. I have had as
many as 150 from one plant blooming at the same time. The
varieties from Corfu and other Greek isles are very distinct and
valuable additions ; there do not appear to be sufficient permanent
characters for specific distinction. They generally flower later,
and continue longer in bloom. Their leaves rise with or before

Part II. CYCLAMEN. 185

the majority of the flowers, both being stronger and larger than
the ordinary type, with more decided difference of outline and
markings on the upper surface of the leaves, the under surface
being frequently of a beautiful purple. Texture thick, shining,
and wax-like. Some of them are delightfully fragrant. They
are quite hardy, but are worthy of a little protection to preserve
the late blooms, which often continue to spring up till the end of
the year.

‘This species is so perfectly hardy as to make it very desir-
able not only for the rock, but also for the open borders. It
will grow in almost any soil and situation, though best (and it
well deserves it) in a well-drained rich border or rockery. It
does not like frequent removal. It has been naturalised success-
fully on the mossy floor of a thin wood, on a very sandy, poor
soil, and it may be naturalised with perfect success almost every-
where in these islands. It would be peculiarly attractive when
seen in a semi-wild state in pleasure-grounds and by wood walks.
It is very frequently sent out by English nurseries and bulb
dealers as C. europeum, though perfectly distinct from that spe-
It is well figured in Baxter’s ‘British Flowering Plants,’

. 505, and is ‘the so-called British species ; but it is doubtful
es it is a true native plant.

C. grecunt is a very near ally, if more than a variety, of C. he-
aderefolium; it requires the same treatment. The foliage is
more after the C. fersicum, or the southern var. of C. europeum,
type than most of the heder@folium section ; the shape of corolla
and toothing of the mouth the same. C. africanum (algeriense
macrophyllum), much larger in all its parts than C. hedere-
folium, otherwise very nearly allied, is hardy in warm sheltered
situations.

”

CYCLAMEN VERNUM.—Spring C.

TUBER round, depressed, somewhat rough or russety on outer
surface ; fibres issue from one point on the under side only ; under
cultivation it has little or no stem, but leaves and flowers proceed
direct from the upper centre of the tuber, bending under the sur-
face of the soil horizontally before rising to the surface. Corolla
long, segments somewhat twisted, mouth round, not toothed ;
colour from a delicate peach to deep red purple, very seldom
white ; deliciously fragrant. Flowers from April to end of May.

186 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II;

Native of South Italy, the Mediterranean and Greek isles, and
about Capouladoux, near Montpellier. Leaves rise before the
flowers in the spring ; they are generally marked more or less
with white on upper surface, and often of a purplish cast
beneath ; fleshy ; semi-transparent whilst young. For many
years I believed this species to vary in the outline and colouring
of the foliage less than any other, but I have now received im-
ported tubers from Greece, with much variety in both particulars,
some of the leaves quite plain and dark green, others dashed all
over with spots of white, others with an irregular circle of white
varying much in outline. Among these every intermediate form
occurs, up to that figured and described by Sibthorp and Sweet,
The latter variety is the one more generally met with, and is
reproduced from seed very true and unvarying. This, though
one of the most interesting species and perfectly hardy, is seldom
met with cultivated successfully in the open borders or rockery ;
it is very impatient of wet standing about the tubers, and likes a
light soil, in a nook rather shady and well sheltered from winds, its
tender fleshy leaves being soon injured. The tubers should also
be planted deep, say not less than two inches to two inches and a
half beneath the surface. I have grown them for many years in
a border and on rocks without any other protection than a few
larch-fir boughs lightly placed over them, to break the force of
the wind and afford a slight shelter from the scorching sun. Some
authorities give C. refandum as a distinct species, but I consider
them identical, the only difference being in the shape and mark-
ings of the leaves, which are very variable. It is generally culti-
vated in England under the name of repandum, but most of the
best continental botanists adopt the name of verzusm for it, and
it is, no doubt, the original C. vernum of L’Obel.

GENERAL CULTURE.—Perfect drainage at the roots is indis-
pensable for the successful culture of all Cyclamens, growing
as they often do in their native habitats amongst stones, rock,
and débris of the mountains, mixed with an accumulation of
‘vegetable soil—the tubers being thereby often covered to a
considerable depth, and not exposed to the action of the
atmosphere, as is too often the case under culture by placing
them on the surface of the soil. This practice is in most
instances very injurious, drying up and destroying the in-
cipient young leaf and flower buds when the tubers are
apparently at rest; for I find in most species that, though

Part IL. CYCLAMEN. 187

leafless, the fibres and young buds for the ensuing year are still
making slow but healthy progress under favourable circum-
stances. Collectors from abroad should be specially careful in
this particular. We seldom find tubers of some of the species
that have been much dried or exposed to the air vegetate freely,
or sometimes at all. I have now by me some roots imported
nearly six years since (I believe from the Greek isles), that were
thus exposed, and though the tubers have remained sound and
sent out tolerably healthy fibres, they have not until this season
produced healthy leaves. They have made two or three abortive
attempts before, but always failed. Now, having recovered
vigour of foliage, I fully expect them to bloom next autumn. In
C. hederafolium and its varieties the greater portion of their
fibres issue from the upper surface and sides of the tuber, indi-
cating without doubt the necessity of their being beneath the soil.
The habit in C. coum, C. vernum, and their allies, of the leaf and
flower stalks, when in a vigorous state, running beneath the soil,
often to a considerable distance from the tuber, before rising to
the surface, points in the same direction. Though Cyclamens
require perfect drainage at the root, they like plenty of moisture
above when in full vigour of growth.

Cyclamens generally like a rich soil, composed of good friable
loam, well-decayed vegetable matter, and cow manure, reduced
to the state’ of mould, and rendered sweet by exposure to the
atmosphere before use. C. hederefolium and its varieties require
a stiffer loam and stronger manure than the others. They are
all admirably adapted for rockwork ; they enjoy warm nooks,
partial shade from mid-day sun, and shelter from the effects of
drying, cutting winds. Neither of these can they bear with im-
punity. An eastern or south-eastern aspect is best, screened from
cutting winds, as affording the requisite protection against heat ;
but a northern one will do well. They love an open yet sheltered
spot; pure airis their delight. I have a northward piece of
rockwork covered with them, which from the end of August,
when they begin to bloom, up to the end of March, when the
leaves begin to die down, is much admired both for the flowers
and also for the beauty of the wax-like foliage. During the dead
period of winter it is in full perfection ; and few things are more
ornamental.

Cyclamens are best propagated by seed sown as soon as it is
ripe, in well-drained pots of light soil. I generally cover the

188 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

surface of the soil after sowing with a little moss, to ensure
uniform dampness, and place them in a sheltered spot out
of doors. As soon as the plants begin to appear, which may be
in a month or six weeks, the moss should be gradually removed.
As soon as the first leaf is tolerably developed, they should
be transplanted about an inch apart in seed pans of rich light
earth, and encouraged to grow as long as possible, being sheltered
in a cold frame, with abundance of air at all times. When the
leaves have perished the following summer, the tubers may be
planted out or potted, according to their strength.

From the earliest times there appears to have been great
difficulty felt by our best botanists in clearly defining the species
of Cyclamen, from the great variation in shape and colouring of
the leaves both above and below. Too much dependence on
these characters has been the cause of much confusion and an
undue multiplication of species. Some of the varieties of this
genus become so fixed, and reproduce themselves so truly from
seed, as to be regarded as species by some cultivators.
The following are some of the more important synonyms—es#-
vum (europeum); anemonoides or radice-anemone (europeum),;
autumnale (hederafolium); Clusii (europeum); hyemale
(coum) ; littorale (europeum) ; neapolitanum (hederefolium) ,
odoratum (europeum),; Peakeanum (europeum),; Poli (hede-
vrefolium), repandum (vernum),; vernum of Sweet (coum, var.
zonale) ; zonale (vernum of Sweet). Anemonoides, Clusit, and
littorale, are southern varieties of C. an quite distinct
from the northern type.

CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE.—Rosy Lady’s Slipper.

A very handsome and perfectly hardy dwarf orchid, with a fine
large purplish-rose flower, nearly two inches long, with a deep
fissure in front which immediately distinguishes it from the other
cultivated kinds. It is very common in North America, usually
growing in woods under evergreens, and the best position for it
in cultivation is in some nicely sheltered and half shaded spot on
the lower flanks of rockwork, or among shrubs planted near it in
sandy loam, with an abundance of leaf-mould. It also succeeds
in sheltered and somewhat shaded and well-drained spots on
rockwork, and, being so highly ornamental and distinct, deserves
universal cultivation. It is occasionally found with pale and,
more rarely, with white flowers. Flowers in summer, and may

Part II, CYPRIPEDIUM. 189

be propagated by division, but the plants in the country, at pre-
sent, are too small and puny to bear this.

CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS.—L£uglish Lady's Slipper.

THE largest, and, when well grown, the handsomest of our
native orchids, and therefore an object of much interest to culti-
vators of hardy plants, as well as to botanists. When grown
under tolerably favourable conditions, the stem rises to a height
of from sixteen to twenty inches, with large pointed leaves, and
bearing large flowers ; the lip yellow, variegated with purple ;
the long sepals and petals of a brownish purple. Although
reputed to be extinct in Britain, it is known to exist yet in a
wild state with us, but in very few places, and let us hope
the last remaining plants may long remain undisturbed ; it
is abundantly distributed over Continental Europe, and should
not be difficult to obtain. I have never seen this fine plant
nearly so well grown as by Mr. James Backhouse, of York.
He plants it on an eastern shaded aspect of his rockwork, in
rich, deep, fibrous loam, in narrow, well-drained fissures, between
limestone rocks. The condition in which this and other orchises
are obtained has a great influence on their well-being. The
roots are often dried up, and nearly or quite dead when obtained ;
and in this condition they would have but a poor chance of
surviving, even if planted in the'wilds most favourable to their
natural development. Given good sound roots, there will
not be the least difficulty in establishing plants in deep loam,
in any well-drained, half shady spot, with some shelter afforded
by low bushes and plants to prevent the leafy growth of the
plant from being destroyed or injured by wind. It is propagated
by division of the root, but should not be disturbed for that
purpose till the plants are well established, and have begun to
spread about.

CYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE.—/Vodle C.

A NOBLE hardy orchid ; a native of meadows and peat bogs, in
the Northern, and on mountains in the Southern, United States,
and easily known from all its fellows by its large, much inflated,
rosy lip. ‘When well developed in the open air, I know of no
hardy plant to surpass this in boldness of chiselling, and delicate
purity of colour. The plant is as hardy as the common Rhubarb.
It is a strong deep-rooting thing when in a congenial soil and

Igo ALPINE FLOWERS, Part IT.

position, and therefore to attempt its culture in shallow pans,
orchid fashion, as I have seen some do, is quite useless.
Doubtless a few good plants may be highly desirable in pots, if
these are tolerably large and deep, and afford good room for root
development ; but the truest and most satisfactory way is to
establish it as a free-growing hardy perennial in the open garden.
Good strong roots should be procured ; hardy orchids are often
dried to death, or just prepared for rotting when put into the
ground. I have grown the plant very well in free sandy soil
mulched with cocoa-fibre, and in a partially shaded spot ; but it
does not usually thrive near London if not accommodated
with a shady nook and deep moist soil. Doubtless in the
north and west, and in most moist neighbourhoods, it will
be found to succeed with pretty full exposure, or in fact as a
border-plant ; but to grow it well I would not recommend that
course for gardeners generally. There are few gardens that do
not afford some shady nook near the houses, where a deep hole
might be dug, and filled with rich peat or spongy free loam, mixed
with plenty of decayed vegetable matter. In such a position it
would luxuriate, and also in any shady place where a deep and
somewhat unctuous soil exists. The best plants I have ever seen

‘were at Glasnevin, behind one of the ranges of plant-houses there,
planted close against the wall in deep rich soil—a mixture of
free, rich, very moist loam and peat. Wherever there is any kind
of a bold or diversified rockwork, there should be no difficulty in
succeeding with this fine plant. It should be placed on the lower
flanks, and in different positions and aspects, mostly sheltered
ones ; and if it does not in all cases attain the stature of the
Glasnevin plants, it will command admiration as the finest of
hardy orchids.

C. pubescens is also in cultivation, but rare in this country. It
is, however, not sufficiently distinct in aspect from the English
Lady’s Slipper to be of much interest for the garden. There are
other hardy kinds, but none of the obtainable ones equal to
the foregoing kinds.

DAPHNE CNEORUM.— Garland-flower.

A LITTLE trailing but compact shrub, growing from six to ten
inches high, and bearing a multitude of rosy-lilac flowers, the
unopened buds being crimson. The flowers, like the plant, are
very compact, arranged in neat terminal umbels, and so deli-

Part II, DIANTHUS. Igl

ciously sweet that, where it is much grown, the air often seems
charged with its fragrance. It is a native of most of the great
mountain chains of Europe, and is one of the most suitable of all
plants for rockwork. It is also a beautiful object in the front
margin of the mixed border, or for forming edges round beds of
choice low shrubs. Where it thrives, the margins of the shrub-
beries should here and there be finished off at the grass-line by
its round low-spreading tufts. It seems to delight in peat and
very free, moist, sandy soils, but in some very dry and stiff soils
usually proves a failure. Wherever the soil is favourable, it
should be much used, and is usually increased by layers, but
it is hardly worth while to propagate it thus, as it is very easily
procured in most of our great nurseries.

DIANTHUS ALPINUS.—A lpine Pink.

A RARE, beautiful, and distinct plant, recognised at a glance
from any other cultivated Pink by its dense, shining green,
oblong, and obtuse leaves, not pointed or ascending like those of
most of the other species. Each stem bears a solitary flower, of
a circular form, deep rose spotted with crimson, and, when the
plant is in good health, so freely produced as to hide the leaves.
In poor, moist, and very sandy loam on rockwork, it thrives,
and forms a dwarf carpet, though the flower-stems may rise
little more than an inch in height: both leaves and stems are
much taller and more vigorous in deep, moist, peaty’ soil.
The finest specimens I have seen of it were at Glasnevin, where
it grew in peat soil on the level ground. Wireworms, rather
than unsuitable soil, often cause its death. It should be placed
in an exposed position, and carefully guarded against drought,
especially when recently planted ; comes true from seed, and is
not difficult to increase in that way, or by division where it grows
freely. A native of the Alps of Austria, flowering in summer.

DIANTHUS BARBATUS.—Sweet William.

For ages deservedly one of the most admired of our border-
flowers, and though not so popular now-a-days in “ great” gar-
dens, happily still very much so in cottage gardens. It is
to be hoped that no excuse is needed for introducing it here.
More than two hundred years ago there were various varieties of
it cultivated in English gardens, and in the present day many

192 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

beautiful kinds, both single and double, are easily raised from
seed. Many of these are valuable for borders and the rougher
parts of rockwork. The plant often perishes in winter in cold
soils, and although a true perennial in a wild state, and on dry and
raised soils, it is one of those plants of which seedlings should
be raised every year. A native of gravelly or mountain fields, in
various parts of Central and Southern Europe ; the flowers white
or rose with white dots. Parkinson, alluding to the varieties
of Sweet Williams, says : “ We have them in our gardens, where
they are cherished for their beautiful variety ;” and speaks of
a pretty “speckled kinde, termed by our English gentlemen, for
the most part, London Pride.”

DIANTHUS CHiSIUS.—Cheddar Pink.

ONE of the neatest and most attractive of the dwarf Pinks with
which rocks and rocky places are studded over so great a portion
of the northern and temperate regions of the earth. The short
leaves are very glaucous, and the large, fragrant, rosy flowers
supported on stems six inches in height, and sometimes a few
inches more if the plant be grown in rich soil. It requires
peculiar treatment, as in winter it perishes in the ordinary
border, but flourishes freely and flowers abundantly on an old
wall. I have seen many dwarf compact cushions of it on walls
at Oxford, and should advise anybody who wants to succeed
perfectly with it to try-it in a like position. It is a native plant,
and grows on the rocks at Cheddar, in Somersetshire, but is
found in many parts of Europe besides. To establish it on the
top or any part of an old wall, the best way would be to sow
the seeds on the wall in a little cushion of moss, if such existed,
or, if not, to place a little earth with the seed in a chink. It
may also be grown upon a rockwork in firm, calcareous, sandy,
or gritty earth, and, if possible, placed in a chink between
two small rocks. Flowers in May and June, and is readily
propagated by seeds,

DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS.—Carnation.

THE parent of all the races of Carnations, Picotees, and Clove
Pinks, so variously and beautifully coloured and laced, so deli-
ciously fragrant, neat in habit, and profuse in flower, as to make
them, perhaps, on the whole, the most valuable of our hardy

Part IL. DIANTHUS. 193

border-flowers. The plant occurs in a wild state on old castles
and city walls in various parts of England, and more abundantly
in similar places in the West of France, the flowers of the wild
form being usually purple or white. Cultivated from time
immemorial, it has given rise to the various races above named,
and to innumerable varieties of these, of almost every colour,
blue excepted. The varieties of Carnations alone numbered
as many as 400 more than 150 years ago, and numbers have
been raised since in this country, where it is not, and never
was, so popular as in Italy and Germany. The Carnation is
divided by florists into classes, according to the markings of the.
flower. Thus we have scarlet, crimson, pink, and purple bizarres
when the flowers are irregularly marked with two colours-on a
white ground, one colour, however, predominating ; purple, scar-
let, and rose flakes, striped distinctly and largely with one colour
on a white ground; and Picotees, with serrated edges, and
usually a beautiful margin of colour. The fine old Clove Carna-
tion is more deliciously sweet than any of the others, and it
should be in every garden, as should the white Clove, of which
there are now several varieties.

The Carnation and Picotee are best propagated by layers in
the month of August. The florists do not consider two-year-old
plants good enough to furnish what are called exhibition blooms,
but for ornamental purposes they are better than young plants ;
and even old tufts in a suitable spot on rockwork, &c. will
furnish good flowers for years. But, generally speaking, it is
when the plants are about two years of age that they are most
valuable for general garden decoration. The masses of flowers
they then furnish are most pleasing to look at, and very useful
for cutting from. In fact, wherever many flowers are required
for in-door decoration, the various kinds of Pinks are worth
growing to a considerable extent, merely for the sake of cutting
their flowers, even if they are not desired as flower-garden orna-
ments. The special beds where the florists’ kinds may receive
attention should be in the kitchen-garden or some by-spot, but
the miscellaneous kinds may be judiciously planted in the mixed
border, and will there prove highly ornamental. From the
borders, when they. get a little scraggy, as they are wont to
do when a few years old, they must be removed, and the stock
kept up with young plants. Therefore it is desirable to propa-
gate a few score Pinks and Carnations every year. Almost every

oO

194 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

kind is worth growing, from the common white Pink, so much
sold in London in early summer, to Anna Boleyn, so greatly
prized in some gardens in the olden days, and still grown
extensively in many places, being.now as worthy of it as ever,
and the grand old Clove Carnation. They are generally left in
the hands of a few enthusiastic florists, whereas they ought to be
in every garden, small or great.

In specially cultivating the better kinds in beds, it is usual to
cover the surface with an inch or more of fine rotten manure
that has been passed through a sieve, and plenty of water is also
given in dry weather ; but as many will not care about paying
more attention than is necessary, I may state that neither water
nor top-dressing is usually required in ordinarily good garden
soil, and the result will be quite as valuable from an ornamental
point of view. But when grown in special little beds, as before
suggested, in some warm border in the kitchen-garden, a top-
dressing, composed of one barrow of mould to three of decayed
manure, could be given in a very short time, and if the weather
or soil were very dry, an occasional heavy watering would of
course improve matters. To this it is only necessary to add
that Picotees enjoy a stronger soil than Carnations, the latter
having a tendency to “run,” or lose their admired regularity of
colouring under such conditions.

DIANTHUS DELTOIDES.—Mazden Pink.

THISs true native of Britain differs from its cultivated neighbours
in its close spreading tufts of smooth, green, pointless leaves, and
bright pink-spotted or white flowers, rather freely produced on
stems from six to twelve inches long. Although the flower is
little more than half am inch across, there is a bright and cheerful
look about it which makes it indispensable to the collection of
dwarf hardy flowers. It has a good constitution, and will grow
almost anywhere, on border or on rockwork, not appearing to
suffer from wireworm, as most other Pinks do. It is rather
abundant in some parts of Britain, but wanting in many
counties. It frequently flowers several times during the summer,
may be readily raised from seed, or easily increased by division. .
A native of many parts of Europe and Asia, as well as Britain,
but not of Ireland,

Part II. DIANTHUS. 195

DIANTHUS DENTOSUS.—T7oothed Pink.

A DISTINCT and singularly pretty species ; dwarf, with violet-
lilac flowers, more than an inch across, the margins toothed at
the edge, the base of each petal having a regular dark-violet
spot, which produces a dark eye nearly half an inch across in
the centre of the flower. I first saw this plant in cultivation in
Madame Vilmorin’s garden, near Paris, and was much struck
with its beauty, the large, glaucous leaves spreading into
broad tufts, and being quite covered with flowers, on stems not
more than five or six inches high, and not unlike a purplish
form of the alpine Pink. It comes readily from seed, is a
native of Southern Russia, flowering in May and June, con-
tinuing till autumn, and thriving well in sandy soil, in borders,
or on rockwork.

DIANTHUS NEGLECTUS.—Glacier Pink.

IT is impossible to exaggerate the beauty of this-plant. It forms,
very close to the ground, tufts resembling short wiry grass, of
slightly glaucous leaves, concave, pointed, and, except in vigorous
specimens, from half an inch to an inch long, the lower leaves
on the stems being longer, the flowers on stems from one inch
to three inches high, according to the vigour of the plants. The
petals are quite level and firm-looking, with the outer margins
slightly notched, and the flower about an inch across, in vigorous
specimens an inch and a quarter ; the colour is of the purest,
deepest, and most brilliant rose. It is so dwarf in habit, and
has flowers so large, that tufts of it might at first sight be taken
for the alpine Pink; but it is immediately distinguished from
that by its short, narrow, pointed, grass-like leaves. In a wild
state, and in poor earth on rockwork, specimens of it may be
seen in perfect bloom at one inch and a half high, and even
less ; but when cultivated in rich, deep, sandy loams, it attains
greater dimensions, at some slight loss of neatness and compact-
ness. It is surpassed by no alpine plant in purity or vividness
of colouring, and is, happily, very easily grown, not appearing
to have any of the fastidiousness characteristic of D. alpinus
or D, cesius in some soils and positions. It grows with free-
dom in very sandy loam, either in pots or on rockwork, rooting
through the bottoms of the pots into the sand as freely as any

weed, and is perfectly hardy and easily grown in all parts of
02

196 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

these islands. A native of the highest summits of the Alps of

Dauphiny, and the Pyrenees, Switzerland, and North of Italy ;
easily increased by division, and also from seed. Sometimes

known as D. glacialis.

DIANTHUS PETRAUS.—Rock Pink.

ACHARMING species, with very short sharp-pointed leaves, form-
ing hard tufts an inch or two high, from which spring numerous
flower-stems, each bearing a solitary fine rose-coloured flower.
I once grew a group of about fifty plants of this, which formed a
sort of turf, and flowered so freely as to be conspicuous at a
great distance. It grew along with other species, and nearly all
the plants raised from seed varied, so that it ought to be increased
by division. It seemed to escape the attacks of wireworm when
nearly every other species was destroyed. A native of Hungary,
flowers in summer, and is well worthy of a position on rockwork,
where it ought to be planted in very sandy and rather poor moist
loam.

DIANTHUS PLUMARIUS.—Pink,

THIS plant is considered the parent from which our numerous
varieties of Pinks have sprung, and, as the progenitor of such a
stock, is entitled to some consideration, even if it does not come
up to the popular standard so well as many of its race. It has
single purple flowers, rather deeply cut at the margin, and is
naturalised on old walls in various parts of England, though not
a true native. It is rather handsome when grown into healthy
tufts, but on the level ground it is apt to perish or get shabby,
which points to the desirability of establishing it on old walls.
But the almost innumerable beautiful and fragrant double varie-
ties command the highest admiration, and there is no reason
whatever why these should not be. cultivated as rock-plants, par-
ticularly as they live much longer and thrive better on such
elevations. They are such prettily shaped flowers, so compact,
hardy, and fragrant, that one would think a few words in praise
of them quite unnecessary ; but the fact is, with many other
charming plants, they have been driven into comparative ob-
scurity by the widely-spread tasté for common bedding plants.
They have for many years -been amongst the most favourite
“florists’” flowers in European countries.” In cultivating the

Part II. DIANTHUS. 197

finer florists’ varieties, it is desirable to give them a special little
bed in some convenient part of the garden—one of the beds in
a neat little nursery border in the kitchen-garden would do best ;
and if the natural soil be not a good sandy loam, it should be
made so by additions from a neighbouring pasture, and well
rotted manure should be added in any case. The bed should
be slightly raised above the alleys, say from six to ten inches,
according to the soil; of course, the wetter and stiffer it is, the
more acceptable will a slight elevation prove, while the beds
should, generally speaking, be made in a dry and warm part of
_ the garden, the spot to be well drained and the soil deep. The
best growers usually plant out about the end of September,
but, like most hardy evergreen or herbaceous herbs, they may
be safely transplanted at any time, either in spring or autumn,
The propagating of the Pink is always very much easier of
accomplishment in the beginning, middle, or end of June, say
about the 20th, than at any other time. It is effected by
pipings—another word for cuttings, the difference consisting in
the way they are made—pulled off from the shoot, the little
stem parting readily, and coming out from its embracing leaves
with a slender shank. There is no necessity for doing it thus;
on the contrary, the better way is to cut off some of the side
shoots, trim them up a little way with a sharp knife, as you
do most cuttings, and place them firmly in pots or in a gentle
hotbed, where they will soon root, and should then be hardened
off. If put in pots, they should be placed in a gently heated
frame till struck, but the best plan is to put four or five inches of
sandy soil over a shallow, gentle hotbed, surface the soil with
a little fine sand, and then put in your cuttings, covering them
with common, hand-lights, which must of course be shaded at
first ; then the lights may be taken off *gradually as the plants
become rooted, and finally removed altogether. Thus treated,
the young plants will be in nice condition for planting out in
autumn.

It is not desirable to enumerate what are considered the finest
kinds in a book of this character, inasmuch as they are liable to
continual change; tastes vary, and occasionally varieties with
no names at all are superior to the florists’ kinds for general garden
use. It should be generally known that a race of perpetual-flower-
ing Pinks, the result of a cross between that old favourite Anna
Boleyn and some of the florists’ varieties, is now in existence,

198 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

and well worthy of culture. Garibaldi, Most Welcome, and
Tennison Pink are among the best of these. They are for the
most part of a fine rosy-crimson tone.

It is to be regretted that good single as well as double varie-
ties are not sought after ; they flower so very profusely, are more
showy, and have better constitutions. One of the best I know
of is the D. plumarius annulatus, a very fragrant variety with
a iarge dark ring in the centre, and it would not be difficult to
select other finely coloured single varieties valuable as rock,
border, or bedding plants.

DIANTHUS SUPERBUS.—Fringed Pink,

A HANDSOME and very fragrant species, easily known by its
petals being cut into lines or strips for more than half their
length, which gives the plant a singular and not ungraceful ap-
pearance, quite different to that of any other kind in cultivation.
It inhabits many parts of Europe from the shores of Norway to
the Pyrenees, and is a true perennial, though it perishes so often
in our gardens, when very young, that many regard it as a bien-
nial. It is more apt to perish in winter on rich and moist soil
than on that which is somewhat poor, light, and well-drained,
and it should be planted in fibry loam, well mixed with sand or
grit, where it is desired to establish it as a perennial. It is, how-
ever, very free to grow on nearly every description of soil ; and
by raising it every year from seed an abundant stock may be
kept up even where it perishes in winter. Unlike some of the
other kinds, it comes quite true from seed, generally grows more
than a foot high, flowers in summer or early autumn, and is
perhaps more suited for mixed beds and borders than for the
rockwork, On this it should not get a choice position, as it is
one of the easiest kinds. to grow ; besides, .it is somewhat too
. large for association with the jewel-like flowers which form the
true ornaments of the rock-garden.

DIAPENSIA LAPPONICA—Lapland D,

A STURDY and very dwarf little evergreen alpine shrub, very
rarely seen even in botanic gardens, and usually considered im-
possible to cultivate, but which may be grown very well on fully
exposed rockwork in deep sandy and stony peat, kept well
moistened during the warm season, It grows in very dense

Part II. DIELYTRA. 199

rounded tufts, with narrow closely packed spoon-shaped leaves,
and solitary white flowers with yellow stamens, about half an
inch across, the whole plant being often under two inches high.
A native of Northern Europe and North America, on high moun.
tains or in arctic latitudes, flowering in summer, and probably
most easily increased from seed, though as yet the plant has
been so little grown that much cannot be said on this subject,

DIELYTRA EXIMIA.—Plumy D.

AN elegant plant, much longer in cultivation than D. sfectadzlis,
but far less popular, though well deserving of extensive culti-
vation ; its leaves, much divided into oblong strips, form grace-
ful, somewhat fern-like tufts, in good soil, usually a foot or more
high. It freely bears pretty reddish-purple flowers in racemes
in early summer, and continuously if the soil be generous, and,
like Thalictrum minus, it may be used in borders or on rock-
works with a similar object to that we have in view when placing
fine-foliaged plants in a conservatory, or a spray of Maidenhair
fern in a bouquet. A native of North America, quite hardy, and
easily increased by careful division.

Dielytra formosa, also of North America, is said to differ in
being smaller, with the lobes of the flower longer ; but, while
many forms of a species, which botanists would not even dignify
with the name of varieties, are, in appearance and for garden
purposes, really distinct, these two, or the plants which pass for
them in this country, present no such differences, and the cul-
tivator who possesses D, exémza will not find a new beauty in
Dz formosa,

DIELYTRA SPECTABILIS.—Mountain D.

Now too well known to need description or recommendation,
nearly every garden in the country being embellished with its
singularly beautiful flowers, opening in early summer, gracefully
suspended in strings of a dozen or more on slender stalks, and
resembling rosy-crimson hearts. It is a native of China and
Siberia, is perfectly hardy, and unquestionably one of the hand-
somest and most useful plants ever introduced into this country.
It usually grows too large for association with the subjects to
which this book is devoted, but it is of such remarkable beauty
and grace that it may be used with the best effect near the lower

200 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

flanks of, or in bushy places near, rockwork, or on low parts
where the stone or “rock” is suggested rather than exposed,
It need hardly be added that it is well worthy of naturalisation
by wood walks, &c., especially on light rich soils. There is
a “white” variety, by no means so ornamental as the common
one, though worth growing for variety’s sake.

DIOTIS MARITIMA.—Sea Cottonweed.

A VERY distinct-looking plant, found native on the séa-shore
sands of the southern half of Great Britain, and also recorded
from Ireland, but most abundant in St. Owen’s Bay, Jersey. It
is readily known by both sides of its oblong leaves being densely
covered with a very white cottony-looking felt. The yellow
flower-heads are not ornamental, and except in the botanic
garden, the plant is most likely to be grown for the singular
appearance of its stems and leaves. It forms a suitable-orna-
ment on rockwork, and I have also seen it employed with some
effect as an edging plant in the flower-garden, though it is apt
to grow rather straggling, and should be kept neatly pegged
down and cut in well to prevent this tendency, and should have’
a very sandy and deep soil. Increased by cuttings, as it seldom
seeds in gardens. There is only one species of the genus.

DODECATHEON MEADIA— American Cowslip,

THE American Cowslip, bright, graceful, and perfectly hardy,
is second to none of our old border-flowers. Its blooms should
be seen in early summer in every spot worthy of the name of
a garden. They are supported in umbels on straight slender
stems from ten to sixteen inches high, each flower drooping
elegantly, the purplish petals springing up vertically from the
pointed centre of the flower, much as those of the common
greenhouse Cyclamen do, and this gives the bloom such a gay
and singular appearance that one can understand the natives
of the Western United States calling it, as they do, “Shooting
Star.” It inhabits rich woods in North America, from Maryland
and Pennsylvania, in the North, to North Carolina and Ten-
nessee, in the South, and far westward, loves a rich light loam,
and is one of the most suitable plants for the rock-garden or
well-arranged mixed borders, the fringes of beds of American
plants, &c. In many deep light loams, the plant flourishes

Part II. DODECATHEON. 201

without any preparation, but where a place is prepared for it,
as is often necessary, it is very desirable to add plenty of leaf-
mould. In a somewhat shaded arid sheltered position, it attains
its greatest size and beauty, though it often thrives in exposed
borders, and is best. increased by division when the plants die
down in autumn; when seed is sown, it should be soon after
being gathered.

There are several varieties of the American Cowslip : “album,”
“ elegans,” “ splendidum, “ giganteum,” “ lilacinum,” &c., which
occur in the catalogues. These are beautiful, and well worthy of
cultivation, though there are more names than distinct varieties.
Some consider the three kinds here described as varieties of one
species, but they are sufficiently distinct for gardening purposes.

DODECATHEON INTEGRIFOLIUM.—Small American C.

A LOVELY and gaily-coloured flower, deep rosy crimson, the base
of each petal white, springing from a yellow and dark orange
cup, and appearing in May on stems from four to six inches
high. The leaves are much smaller than those of D. Meadia,
oval, and quite entire. A native of the Rocky Mountains, a gem
for the rock-garden, planted in sandy peat or sandy loam with
leaf-mould, and increased by careful division of the root and by
seed, which it ripens freely in this country. It is easily grown
in pots, plunged, in the open air, in some sheltered and half
shady spot during summer, and kept in shallow cold frames
during winter. Where alpine plants are grown in pots for
exhibition, it should not be omitted.

DODECATHEON JEFFREYANUM.—Great American C.

A NOBLE kind, which I have grown as high as two feet in very
favourable circumstances, and have known to grow much larger
even in London gardens than the old American Cowslip. It
has much larger and thicker leaves, of a darker green, and with
very strong and conspicuous reddish midribs, the flower being
like that of the old kind, except that it is somewhat larger and
darker in colour. It is a thoroughly hardy and first-class plant,
flourishing freely in light rich and deep loam, and thriving best
in a warm and sheltered spot, where its great leaves may not
be broken by high winds. Spots suited for the handsome
Cypripedium spectabile, in the hollows and in the fringes of the

202 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT.

rock-garden, will suit it to perfection, and, when sufficiently
plentiful, it will no doubt prove one of our most valuable border-
flowers. A native of North America,

DRABA AIZOIDES.—Seagreen Whitlow-Grass.

THIS may be taken as the typical species of the Golden
Drabas; it is indigenous to Britain, but only found in one
locality in South Wales, where, let us hope, its inaccessible po-
sition in many instances will protect it from the hand of the
destroyer. In growth it does not exceed three inches in height,
and when planted on the slope of a sunny border, in sandy soil,
which it loves, it forms a dense golden carpet in the early part
of March. It does not ripen seed so freely as the following
kind, but increases readily by division, and in these two respects
we have a very marked and tangible distinction from the follow-
ing otherwise closely allied species. A very neat plant for
rockwork, and also an attractive subject for naturalising on
moist old walls, mossy ruins, &c.

DRABA AIZOON.—Lvergreen Whitlow-Grass.

A NATIVE of the mountains of Carinthia, closely allied to the
previous species, but a much more vigorous grower; the leaves
are broader and of a darker green, and arranged so as to form
a most complete rosette, not unlike the Sempervivums. From
the centre of this rosette it sends up a stem five or six inches
long, bearing numbers of bright-yellow flowers, and ripens its
seeds freely. Draba beotica I am disposed to consider a narrow-
leaved form of the above. In the cultivation of both it must be
borne in mind that, unlike D. azzozdes, the old stems will never
throw out roots, consequently they cannot be classed as spread-
ing plants. They increase freely from seed, some of which it
would be interesting to sow on old walls and ruins, with a view
to naturalising them in these positions. They are most effective
when grown in small pots, in which they might, for early spring
use, be plunged in a close line, say round the margin of a raised
“ pin-cushion ” bed, with admirable effect.

DRABA ALPINA.—A/pine Whitlow-Grass,

AN arctic plant, with dark-green, smooth, somewhat ovate leaves,
growing about two inches high, and producing bright golden

Part II. DRABA, 203

flowers. It is rather a delicate subject, and best adapted for pot
culture, or well-drained chinks in rockwork. The true species is
somewhat scarce in cultivation. It, like D. tridentata, is liable
to suffer from slugs, and both should be carefully guarded
against their attacks, especially during the winter months.
Allied to this is Draba aurea, a Danish plant, with flowers
produced in a dense corymb, on a leafy stem some eight or nine
inches high ; the habit is not neat, otherwise it is a very distinct,
well-defined species.

DRABA CINEREA.—Grey Whitlow-Grass.

THIS native of Siberia, frequently called D. dorealis, is in my
opinion the most effective of the white-flowering Drabas. Of
dwarf habit, producing an abundance of clear white flowers in
the earliest spring, well relieved by the dark-green leaves, and
of a free-growing and permanent character. It should be in
every collection. Seeds abundantly, and by that means, as well
as by root division, it may readily be increased.

DRABA CUSPIDATA.— Pointed Whitlow-Grass.

A NATIVE of the highest mountains in Spain, closely allied
to D. ciliaris. They both possess many of the characteristics
of D. Azzoon, but are more compact in growth, as well as more
diminutive. D. cusfidata has the points of each of the ciliated
leaves, of which the dense little rosettes are formed, somewhat
incurved, and for close examination it is the gem of the yellow
Drabas, forming a comparatively thick woody stem. It is only
to be increased by means of seed, which it produces but
sparingly. My experience in raising the seeds of this plant
leads to the conclusion, from the varied forms produced in the
offspring, that cé/éarzs is only a slight variety of cuspzdata, or
vice versé. I have, however, not yet succeeded in getting seed
from D. ciliaris.

Draba lapponica, a native, as the name indicates, of the
arctic régions, though bearing the aspect of D. rupestris, is
dwarfer in habit, and devoid of the ciliated hairs on the leaves ;
it forms dense tufts, and flowers freely in early spring, producing
an almost equally abundant bloom in the autumn ; it also seeds
freely.

Draba rupestris, frigida, and Chamejasme, are three very

204 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

dwarf, compact-growing plants, closely allied, in fact so much so
that they may be considered as mere varieties of the typical
species, D. rupestris. The flowers in each case are small, but
are produced abundantly. Considering the neat habit of the
plants, every collection should possess at least one of them.
Draba nivalis, a native of the Swiss Alps, is the most diminu-
tive of the genus. The leaves are of a whitish green, owing to
the presence of minute stellate hairs. The plant, when in flower,
is not over two inches high, of nice compact habit, but rather a
shy grower, and consequently is rarely met with in cultivation,

DRABA TRIDENTATA—T7hree-toothed Whitlow-G.

THOUGH classed amongst the yellow Drabas, this is quite a
distinct plant from the preceding species—in fact, in general
contour it is unallied to any other species that we know; it is
a native of the mountains of Southern Russia, and forms a
dark-green, branching plant about four inches high, with a very
delicate root stock; the leaves being tolerably broad, and, as
the ‘name indicates, tridentate in character. The flowers are
produced abundantly, and are of a most intense golden yellow.
It seeds pretty freely, and ought to be planted on a rockwork, so
that the seeds may vegetate at once round the parent plant,
which, by the way, must be looked upon as little better than
a biennial.

Amongst the spring-flowering alpines, the genus Draba must
always take an important position. In addition to the brilliant
golden colour of the flowers of one section of the genus, the
plants are characterised by a dwarf compact habit, and by much
neatness in the arrangement of the bristly ciliated hairs, which
not unfrequently become bifurcate ; thus the attractive appear-
ance in the matter of colour is enhanced on a closer inspection
by the beauty of form and detail. In another section, we find
white to be the predominant colour, and though in many cases
the flowers are small, still, in the mass, filling up a nook or
crevice in a rockwork, and contrasted with the dark-green leaves,
they become very effective. They should be placed in the sun-
niest aspect on a rockery ; the more effectually the plants are
matured by the autumn sun the more freely will they return
these favours by an abundant bloom in early spring. The

Part II, DRACOCEPHALUM. 205

third section, which includes plants of a purple and violet
tint of colour, is chiefly, if not altogether, confined to the re-
presentatives of the genus that grow abundantly in the high
mountain lands of South America. Of these we have but one in
cultivation, Draba violacea, and of so recent introduction that it
may be considered rash to pass any opinion on it beyond the
fact that it is a remarkably beautiful plant, of doubtful hardiness,
We may here observe that the sections I have adopted must be
considered as more strictly chromatic than botanical.

DRACOCEPHALUM AUSTRIACUM.—Austrian D.

A SHOWY species, with blue flowers more than an inch and a
half long, in whorled spikes, the plant of rather a woody texture,
spreading into masses about a foot high, the floral leaves velvety,
trifid, and with long fine spines, the leaves three- or five-cleft,
with narrow segments. A native of nearly all the great moun-
tain chains of Europe, flourishing on rockwork in light soil,
and increased by seed or division. Quite free to grow in most
ordinary garden soils, but, like many other mountain plants,
only attaining perfect ripeness of texture on rockwork, unless in
very well-drained, warm, and sandy soils.

DRACOCEPHALUM GRANDIFLORUM.—Setony-leaved D.

A PLANT rarely seen in our gardens, distinct in appearance from
its relatives, not diffuse or procumbent, but in habit more like a
dwarf Betony; the flowers, however, are handsome, blue, in
whorled oblong spikes two to three inches long; the leaves
oblong, obtuse, heart-shaped at the base, and crenated ; the whole
plant little more than half a foot high, though it varies from two
inches to a foot high. A native of Siberia, frequent in the
Altaic Alps, and thriving best on somewhat elevated sandy
borders, or low spots on rockwork in good sandy and thoroughly
drained loam. It should be guarded as far as possible against
slugs, which are fond of it, and may quickly destroy young and
small plants. Flowers in early summer, and is increased by
division.

DRACOCEPHALUM RUYSCHIANUM.—Auysch’s D.

Has flowers smaller than those of D. austriacum, produced
in rather close spikes at the summit of the stem; the leaves

.

206 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

smooth, narrow, entire, and opposite ; the floral leaves or bracts
also entire. A pleasing border or rock perennial, flowering
rather late in the summer, and thriving best on slightly elevated
rockwork, for which it is also well fitted by its spreading, some-
what prostrate habit, forming tufts about a foothigh. Increased
by division or seed.

DRYAS OCTOPETALA.—Mountain Avens.

Few have travelled in alpine or arctic regions without seeing
how abundantly the mountains are clothed with the creeping
stems and large creamy-white yellow-stamened flowers of this
plant. The leaves are shining above and white and downy
beneath, and the fruit has a feathery appendage above an inch
Jong. It is an evergreen, and, being neat in habit as well as
handsome in bloom, ought to be grown in every collection of
rock-plants. Widely distributed through the mountain region
of Europe, Asia, and North America, and very abundant in
Scotland. It is easy of culture in moist peat soil, in which it
grows so freely about Edinburgh that I have observed it form-
ing dressy edgings to beds in some of the nurseries there. Pro-
pagated from seed, or by cuttings and division where it grows
freely.

Dryas Drummondi, a species very like the preceding, but
with yellow flowers, is also in cultivation, but far from common.
It would probably succeed under the conditions that suit the
other, but I have not seen it out of frames.

ECHEVERIA SECUNDA.—Szlvery E.

A MExIcaN plant, with somewhat of the appearance of a large
European Houseleek, but forming more open rosettes, from three
to six inches in diameter, and of a very pleasing silvery glaucous
tone. The flowers are reddish, freely produced in long racemes
drooping at the top, making an attractive object in the green-
house. It is, however, chiefly grown for the effect of its rosettes
in the open garden, for which purpose it is kept over the winter
in frames or greenhouses, and put out in early summer ; but it
is hardy enough to survive the winter in some situations, and in
dry places on rockwork may be tried in the open air. It is almost
indispensable for association with dwarf succulents in geometrical

Part II. EPIGEA—ERANTHIS, 207

arrangements, and is valuable also for the rockwork. Easily
increased by offsets, which root readily.

The large-leaved Echeveria metallica, almost like a “ foliage-
plant” from the aspect of its great rosettes of metallic-looking
leaves, is most valuable for producing a striking effect among
dwarf bedding and edging plants. It should always be placed
singly, forming centres to masses or rings of its dwarf relative
£. secunda, or Sedums, Sempervivums, and Saxifrages. In-
creased by seeds or by the leaves ; both those of the flower-stem
and of the rosette soon strike-root in a temperate house. It re-

“quires a warm greenhouse in winter, and is only mentioned
among “alpine flowers” in consequence of being occasionally
associated with them in flower-gardens.

EPIGHIA REPENS.—Ground Laurel.

A PROSTRATE, trailing evergreen found in sandy or rocky soil
especially in the shade of pines, common in many parts of
North America, and remarkable for its delicate rose-coloured
flowers in small clusters, exhaling a rich aromatic odour, and
appearing in early spring. The leaves are rounded-heart-shaped,
covered with russety hairs. It is a plant very seldom met with
in good health in this country, though occasionally seen flourish-
ing in heath soil. In planting it, it would be well to bear in mind
that its natural habitat is under trees, and plant a few specimens
in the shade of pines or shrubs. I have seen it thrive planted
out in a shady cold frame in leaf-mould and peat. In New
England it is known as the Mayflower.

ERANTHIS HYEMALIS.—Winter Aconite.

A SMALL plant, with yellow flowers, surrounded by a whorl of
shining-green divided leaves, with a short, blackish, underground
stem resembling a tuber; the flowers, an inch or more across,
being thrown up on stems from three to eight inches high. It is
naturalised in woods and copses in various parts of the country,
but has probably escaped from cultivation, and is not considered
a native, its true home being shady and humid places on southern
continental mountains. It is pretty well known, being frequently
sold by our bulb merchants, and is too common a plant for the

208 - ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

choice rock-garden. I only introduce it here to say that its best
use is for naturalisation in shady spots under trees and shrubs,
Where the branches of specimen trees are allowed to rest on
the turf of lawn or pleasure-ground, a few roots of these scattered
over the surface will soon form a dense carpet, glowing into
sheets of yellow in the very dawn of spring. It will also cover
any bare place under trees, and thus we may enjoy it without
giving it positions suited for rarer and more fastidious plants, or
taking any trouble whatever about it.

ERICA CARNEA.— String Heath.

ONE of the most valuable plants of the spring Flora of our gar-
dens, forming dense, neat, dwarf tufts of shoots ; these, in the very
dawn of spring, become covered with rosy-red flowers, which, in
the bud state throughout the winter, seem to await the coming of
the first fine and sunny days to fully blush into masses of colour.
It thrives best in peat, but often also in ordinary garden soil.
It is becoming very popular, and is much grown with American
shrubs in nurseries, and often used as an edging to beds of these
plants. It should be grown in every garden, either in isolated
tufts, in borders, or around shrubberies. On rockwork masses
of it cushioning ‘over the edges of rocks on the sunny side look
charming in spring. A native of the Alps, and nearly allied
to £. mediterranea. Indeed; some consider them varieties of
the same species, but for garden purposes they are sufficiently
distinct, as I have seen the last attain a height of five feet, in
gardens where £. carnea spread about dwarfer than the com-
mon Thyme. It is also much hardier and more ornamental.
The plant found in Ireiand (Z. Azbernica—Syme), and which is
sometimes united with £. carnea, is also very distinct, being
much larger, less hardy, and not an early-flowering species.

The varieties of our common British Heaths afford exquisite
beauty of colour. There are a number of forms of the common
Ling (Calluna vulgaris), very pretty and dwarf; then there
is the showy and ‘beautiful Scotch Heather (Erica cinerea),
always attractive in a wild state, but particularly so in its variety
coccinea, and there are the following varieties in cultivation—
alba, atropurpurea, coccinea, rosea, and rubra. Erica Tetralix,
the large-flowered £. cz/darzs, the white variety of the Irish

Part II. ERIGERON—ERINUS., 209

Heath, £. hibernica alba (mediterranea alba), and Mackie’s
Heath, £. Mackieana, are well suited for the rougher parts of
the rock-garden.

ERIGERON ROYLEI—Aoyle’s E.

A VERY rigid plant, two to four inches high when in bloom, the
centre of the flower almost black when young, but changing to a
mixture of gold and black when fully open, as if gold dust were
sprinkled over black velvet. The flower is two inches across,
sometimes more, and the rays of a dark lavender-blue are barely
one-third the width of those of As¢er alpinus, to which the plant
bears at first sight some resemblance. It is, however, easily
distinguished from the alpine Aster by the narrow, sharply
pointed, and violet-brown scales of its flower-head, whereas those
of A. alpinus are blunt, green, and recurved. A native of the
Himalayas. It is sometimes known as Evrigeron speciosus, but
is quite distinct from Stenactis (Erigeron) speciosa, a handsome
plant with yellow flowers and long, pale-purple rays, very de-
sirable as a border-plant, often attaining a height of nearly two
feet, and therefore too tall for intimate association with the
gems of the rock-garden.

ERINUS ALPINUS.—Wall £.

A NEAT and distinct little plant, with violet-purple flowers in
short pubescent racemes, abundantly produced over very dwarf
tufts of downy, oblong, and toothed leaves, obtuse at the apex.
A native of the Alps of Switzerland, the Tyrol, and the Pyre-
nees, perishing in winter on the level ground in most gardens,
but quite permanent and producing masses of flowers when
allowed to run wild on old walls or ruins. I have seen brick
garden walls with every chink between the bricks filled with
this plant, so as to look at a distance as if covered with moss
in winter, and in summer becoming covered with masses of
lovely colour. It is easily established on old ruins or walls by
sowing the seeds in mossy or earthy chinks, and is of course
well suited for rockwork, growing thereon in any position, often
flowering bravely on earthless mossy rocks and stones. £.
hirsutus is a variety covered with long and whitish pubescence.
A pure white variety was raised by Mr. Atkins, of Painswick,
and it is a very desirable addition.
P

210 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

ERODIUM MACRADENIUM.—Sdotted Heronsbill.

ALLIED to the rock Heron’s Bill, but immediately distinguished
from it by the two upper petals being.marked with a large
blackish spot, the lower petals being larger and of a delicate
flesh-colour, veined with purplish rose, two to six flowers being
borne on stalks from two to six inches high. The leaves are
twice divided, and form graceful little tufts. The flowers are
very beautiful, and the entire plant has a peculiar and agreeably
aromatic fragrance. It comes from the Pyrenees, and is easily
grown in chinks and thoroughly drained spots on the sunny
side of rockwork, in dry and warm rather than rich soil, and
is increased with the greatest facility from seeds, and also by
division.

ERODIUM MANESCAVI.—WVoble Heronsbill.

A VIGOROUS and showy species, with numerous long, much-
divided leaves, from which spring many stout flower-stems, each
bearing an umbel of from five to fifteen purplish flowers, each
more than an inch across and very handsome. It is quite dis-
tinct from any other kind, and deserves a place in every col-
lection, flourishing healthfully on the level ground as well as on
rockwork, on which, being a vigorous grower, it should be asso-
ciated with the strongest plants only. A native of the Pyrenees,
flowering in summer, and, when the plants are young and in
rich soil, for a long time in succession. Easily raised from seed,
and in cultivation grows from ten inches to two feet and a half
high.

ERODIUM PETR4IUM.—Rock Heronsbill.

A NEAT species, with much divided, usually somewhat velvety
leaves, and rather large, lively rose, or white- and-veined, but not
spotted, flowers, attaining a height of from three to six inches,
and well suited for the embellishment of warm and dry chinks
or nooks on the sunny sides of rockwork. It and its ally, £.
macradenium, are just the plants to try on old walls or ruins; on
the level ground, or in moist spots on rockwork, they are not
so attractive, as the leaves become developed at the expense of
the flowers, and the softness of tissue resulting from the same
cause predisposes them to perish in winter. There is a smooth
variety, £. /ucidum, and one with more curled and downy leaves,

Part II, ERODIUM. 211

E. crispum ; all are natives of dry rocky places in the Pyrenees
and Southern Europe, and are increased by seed or division.
The two last-mentioned varieties are probably not in cultivation.

ERODIUM REICHARDI.—Reichara’s Heronsbill.

A TUFTED stemless plant, a native of Majorca, and so minute
as to seem fitted for nestling under the deep snow with the
Androsaces, and with the highest traces of vegetable life on
the Alps. The heart-shaped little leaves rest upon the ground,
and the flower-stems attain a height of two or three inches,
each bearing a solitary white flower, faintly veined with pink.
It flowers pretty freely, and usually from spring or early sum-
mer till autumn ; is quite easy of culture in moist sandy peat
or loam, and is worthy of a position on every rockwork, either
on flat bare exposed spots or in chinks. Where alpine plants
are grown in pots or pans, its neatness of habit and dwarf-
ness, added to the fact that it is so easily grown, make it worthy
of a place.

ERODIUM ROMANUM.—Roman Heronsbill.

A PRETTY species, with gracefully cut leaves like those of the
British Evodium cicutarium, to which it is allied ; but it differs
in having larger flowers, with equal-sized petals, in being stem-
less and a perennial. The flowers are purplish, and freely pro-
duced in the end of March or beginning of April. It is easily
grown, and comes up thickly from self-sown seeds, at least in
light and chalky soils ; would thrive on old walls and ruins, and
is a suitable ornament for the less important spots on rockwork.
It was cultivated in this country as far back as one hundred
and fifty years ago, but was probably long lost till reintroduced
by the Rev. Harper Crewe, in whose interesting garden at
Drayton-Beauchamp I. first saw it. A native of France and

Italy.

It is probable that we are as yet but imperfectly acquainted
with the species of Erodium most worthy of culture. Among
those I have not as yet observed in cultivation in this country
is E. trichomanefolium, the Maidenhair Cranesbill from the

East, with leaves so deeply cut as to appear, as the name in-
P 2

212 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

dicates, like a finely-cut fern. I saw it in the botanic garden
at Geneva, and believe it would prove hardy on rockwork in our
gardens, and well suited for the positions recommended for the
Rock and Spotted Heronsbills.

ERPETION RENIFORME.—New Holland Violet.

THIS mantles the ground with a mass of small, kidney-shaped
leaves, has numerous slender, creeping, and rooting stems, and
bears blue and white flowers of exquisite beauty, rising not more
than a couple of inches from the ground, and produced con-
tinuously throughout the summer. A violet it is indeed, but a
violet of the southern hemisphere, one at home under a Port
Jackson sun, but without the vigour and depth of colour of our
northern sweet Violet, which braves and bestows its sweets on the
“hard, hard, hard north-eastern breeze that breeds hard English-
men,” yet having a simple loveliness that prevents its omission
here, even though it is not hardy enough to stand our winters. It
is peculiarly fitted for planting out over the surface of a bed of
peat or very light earth, in which some handsome plants would
be put out during the summer in a scattered or isolated manner,
and the little herb allowed to crawl rapidly over the surface.
For example, that handsome succulent, Echeveria metallica, has
been found to grow admirably in the open air in England for
several summers past, and in consequence of its bold habit it is
necessary to place it, say, a couple of feet from plant to plant,
Our little Australian friend is one of the very best things to fill
up the surface; and, as the practice of placing plants of some
character in flower beds is likely in due time to get the pre-
ference which it deserves over the massing system pure and
simple, dwarf plants to form a carpet around and beneath the
taller ones will be requisite. This should form one for the
choicest positions. Being very small and delicate as well as
pretty, it should not be used under or around coarse subjects. It
must of course be treated like an ordinary tender bedding plant—
taken up or propagated in autumn, and put out in May or June.
In every place where alpine plants are grown in pots, it should
find a home; and in mild parts of these islands, say the south
and west coast, it would probably maintain its ground in sunny
spots without perishing during winter.

Part II, ERYVSIMUM. 213

ERYSIMUM OCHROLEUCUM.—A (pine Waliflower.

THIS handsome and distinct plant forms, when under cultiva-
tion, very neat, rich green tufts, six to twelve inches high, and
is in spring covered with a dense profusion of beautiful sulphur-
coloured flowers. Rockwork will be found to offer the most
congenial home for it ; it does very well on good level ground,
but is apt to get somewhat naked about the base, and will per-
haps perish on heavy soils during an unusually severe winter. I
have found it thrive best when rather frequently divided. It is
propagated by division and by cuttings. Most probably this plant
would find the conditions that best suit it on old walls, ruins,
&c.; but I have never tried it in such positions. It is capital as
a dwarf border-plant on light soils, the flowers bear some re-
semblance to those of Vestcaria utriculata, and in spring, tufts
of it may be seen, covered with clear yellow bloom, in the bar-
rows of the London costermongers. A native of the Alps and
Pyrenees, flowering in spring and early summer. There are
several varieties. It is readily known from the following species
by its much greater size. = Chetranthus alpinus.

ERYSIMUM PUMILUM.—Lilliputian Wallflower.

A REMARKABLE little plant, very rare in cultivation, resembling
in the size .and colour of its flowers the alpine Wallflower, but
without the vigorous and rich green foliage of that species ;
producing flowers very large for the size of the plant, often
only an inch high, above a few narrow, sparsely toothed, leaves
barely rising above the ground. I have seen specimens of
it in full bloom with the flowers nearly as large as those on
healthy tufts of the alpine Wallflower, and yet the whole plant,
flowers and all, could be almost covered by a thimble. In richer
soil and less exposed spots it is larger ; but the specimens above
alluded to were grown in England. A native of high and bare
places in the Alps and Pyrenees, requiring to be grown on rock-
work in an exposed spot in very sandy or gritty loam, sur-
rounded by a few small stones to guard it from excessive drought
and accident, and associated with the choicest and most minute
alpine plants. It is very nearly related to the alpine Wall-
flower, £. ochroleucum, but is at once separated from that plant
by its minuteness and the dull greyish-green colour of its leaves.

214 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT.

ERYTHRONIUM DENS CANIS.—Dog’s-tooth Violet.

ONE of the loveliest of all our old garden-flowers, now seldom
seen, though it should be in every place where spring flowers
are welcome—its handsome oval leaves, rounded below and
pointed above, being so marked with patches of reddish brown
as to make it worthy of being grown as a diminutive foliage-
plant, even if its fine flowers never appeared. These are borne
singly on stems four to six inches high, drooping gracefully,
and are cut into six rosy purple or lilac divisions. There is a
variety with white, one with rose-coloured, and one with flesh-
coloured flowers. The plant is said to like shade, but I have
seen it attain its highest beauty in moist, sandy, peaty soil, in
positions fully exposed to the sun. It is one of the most valu.
able subjects for the spring or rock garden, or border of choice
hardy bulbs, and, where sufficiently plentiful, for edgings to
American plants in peat soil. The bulbs are white and oblong;
hence its common name; and it is increased by dividing them
‘every two or three years, replanting rather deeply. A native of
the great continental mountain-chains.

FICARIA GRANDIFLORA.—Large Pilewort.

A LARGE-FLOWERED kind, a near relative of our very common
Pilewort or lesser Celandine, 7. ranunculoides, but about twice
as large in all its parts, the flower being nearly or quite two
inches across ; the bases of the leaves meet, whereas they are
divergent in the common one. I have little experience of this
plant in cultivation, and it is as yet very rare. I brought a few
plants from France in 1868, and hope soon to see it generally
grown; it will no doubt prove a desirable addition. It is a
native of Southern Europe and Northern Africa, and I believe
it to be well worthy of a place on the rockwork in sandy loam,
in a warm and well-drained spot. When plentiful, it may be
tried as a border-plant.

Our British and very common Ficaria ranunculoides, or lesser
Celandine, would be well deserving of culture were it not so very
plentiful. Its white and double varieties, 7. ranunculoides alba,
and /. 7. ft. £1, may, however, have better claims to a place in
a collection.

Part II. GALANTHUS—GAULTHERIA. 215

GALANTHUS NIVALIS.—Sxowdrop.

Our old friend, the Snowdrop, has long asserted its claim to be
included among our most favourite “alpine flowers,” by doing
annually in our gardens what many plants do on the high Alps—
piercing the snow with its flowers. It is almost needless to
describe its appearance or speak of its culture, as it grows as
freely as any weed, and is happily yet to be seen in many
gardens, though the neglect of hardy plants in favour of mixed
borders had much reduced its numbers before the recent taste
for spring gardening had commenced. In only one point need
a remark be made concerning its uses—it is seen to much greater
advantage dotted over the grass in pleasure-grounds than in |
borders or as edgings. The leaves perform their functions so
early in the year that it may be planted in grass that is re-
peatedly mown, as well as on banks in pleasure-ground or half
wild places. The bulbs may be inserted a couple of inches into
the turf, and the spot afterwards made firm and level, especially
if it be on a trimly kept lawn.

The as yet comparatively scarce Crimean Snowdrop, Galan-
thus plicatus, much larger in foliage than the preceding (the
leaves being sometimes an inch wide), and also distinguished by
a longitudinal fold on both sides of the leaf near the margin, is
a fitting subject for sandy soil among the rare bulbs in the
rock-garden till sufficiently plentiful to be spared for the fringes
of shrubberies and the sides of shady walks, associated with
other early spring flowers.

GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS.—Creeping Wintergreen.

Tuis plant barely rises above the ground, on which it forms dense
tufts of shining oval leaves, with small drooping white flowers in
June, which are succeeded by a multitude of bright-red berries
about the size of peas, formed by the fleshy calyx of the flower.
The neat little shrub is of itself pretty, but the berries give it
quite a charm through the autumn’ and winter months, when
it is, or rather ought to be, one of the most attractive objects on
every well-made rockwork. A native of North America, in sandy
places and cool damp woods, often in the shade of evergreens,
from Canada to Virginia; and as the leaves, when properly

216 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT.

dried, make an excellent tea, it is also known by the name of
the “mountain tea.” Loudon says it is difficult to keep alive,
except in a peat soil kept moist ; but I have never seen it prettier
or so full of berries as on clayey loam. The plant was thoroughly
exposed, and the only advantage it had corresponding to those
usually mentioned as necessary was that the soil was moist. It
does well in moist peat, and forms capital edgings to beds in
some places where the natural soil is of that quality, or a very
light loam. Easily increased by division or by seeds, and
suitable for the rockwork, the front margins of borders, and
occasionally as an edging to beds of choice and dwarf American
plants.

GENISTA SAGITTALIS.— Winged G.

A veRy handsome and singular plant, known at once and
at all times by its branchlets being winged (by the stem ex-
panding into two or three green membranes), more like those
of a miniature Epiphyllum than a Genista, and producing an
abundance of rich yellow flowers in summer; the shoots are
usually prostrate, and the plant is rarely more than six inches
high. It is met with growing abundantly in the grass in the
mountain pastures of many parts of Europe. In cultivation it is
a valuable plant, hardy and vigorous in the wettest and coldest
soil, forming neat profusely-flowering tufts when fully exposed,
and excellent for either rockwork or borders. Easily raised
from seed.

GENISTA TINCTORIA.—Dyer’s G.

A NEAT native shrub, with numerous slender branches, usually
forming compact tufts from a foot to a foot and a half high, and
becoming quite a mass of pretty yellow flowers in early summer,
over the usually smooth and shining stalkless leaves. The
flowers are in dense racemes, each bloom springing from the
axil of a small leafor bract. There is, however, no fear of con-
founding the plant with any other. It is grown in many of
our nurseries, and merits a place among rock-shrubs on the
rougher parts of rockwork, or on the margin of shrubberies.
There is a double variety rather common in cultivation. Not
unfrequent in many parts of England, but rare in Scotland and
Ireland.

Part II. GENTIANA. 217

GENTIANA ACAULIS.—Gentianella.

A WELL-KNOWN old inhabitant of our gardens—sometimes erro-
neously called G. verna, than which it is a very much larger
and stronger plant in all its parts. Its large solitary flowers, two
inches long, of the deepest and most lustrous blue, with dotted
throat, barely elevated above the low earth-mantling spread
of dense leathery leaves, quite distinguish it from any other
species worthy of general cultivation. Sometimes the flowers
are so abundantly produced that, when fully opened to the sun,
they cover the whole plant. The form with the points of the
corolla distinctly tipped with white is a very lovely one. The
plant is too well known to require further description, and hap-
pily, while among the most beautiful of the Gentians, it is very
easily cultivated, except on very dry soils. In some places
edgings are made of it, and where the plant does well, it should
be used in every garden to some extent, as, when in flower,
edgings of it are of the most exquisite beauty, and when out of
bloom, the masses of little leaves, gathered into compact rosettes,
form avery dwarf and firm edging, peculiarly appropriate for
margining beds, or a small garden devoted to interesting or rare
alpine or herbaceous plants. It is at home on a rockwork,
where there are good masses of moist loam into which it can
root, and it is particularly well suited for those spots of de-,
pressed rockwork where the stone is suggested here and there
rather than exposed. It may be successfully grown in pots, and
that would be worth the trouble where the plant would not grow
in the open air from a very dry soil or any other cause. It is
sometimes sold in Covent Garden in pots when in flower in
spring, and is readily propagated by division, and also by seeds ;
but these are so small and so slow in germination that attempt-
ing its propagation in this way is never worth the attention of
amateurs. It is abundant in many parts of the Alps and Py-
renees. With us the flowers open in April and May, but in its
native region their opening is regulated by position, somewhat
like those of the vernal Gentian. . The traveller leaving England
in early June, who has seen the Gentianella in flower in British
gardens in April, may meet with it not yet open in descend-
ing one of the mountains of Savoy, though lower down he will
find it passed out of flower and in fruit. No garden should
be without such an easily grown plant, so attractive from its
associations as well as its great beauty.

218 : ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT.

G. alpina is a marked variety of the preceding plant, with
very small broad leaves, and there are several other varieties.

GENTIANA ANDREWSII.—Closed Gentian.

THE kinds of Gentian which attract so much attention for their
beauty on European mountains open their flowers wide when
thesun shines. This does not do so, but forms apparently closed
tubes about an inch long, in clusters, and of a deep dark blue.
Then, instead of spreading low and mantling the ground with
rosettes of leaves like G. verna and G. acaulis, the shoots grow
erect and a foot or more high. It is handsome, seems to grow
perfectly freely in a sandy loam, but has been hitherto so little
grown that expériences of its likes and dislikes are not yet
obtainable. It is, so far as 1 have observed, far more beautiful
and worthy of culture than the Soapwort Gentian (G. safonaria),
a perennial more frequently met within our gardens. The
flowers are closely set in clusters near the tops of the shoots,
the leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base. A
native of moist rich soil in North America, flowering in autumn,
and increased by division and by seed. Suited for association
with the larger alpine plants in moist deep soil in the rock-
garden.

GENTIANA ASCLEPIADEA.—Asclepias-like Gentian.

A TRUE herbaceous plant—z.e. dying down every year, and
thus keeping out of danger in winter time. This, of course,
helps to explain the fact that it is easily cultivated in almost
any soil. It grows erect, with shoots almost willow-like in
their freedom, and from fifteen inches to two feet high, accord-
ing to the nature of the soil; bearing numerous large purplish-
blue flowers, arranged in handsome spikes. Little need be said
of its culture, as it is not fastidious, but in a deep sandy loam
or peat it will grow twice as large as ina stiff clay, and as in
a wild state it likes sheltered valleys, a little shelter in the garden
will save its long shoots from being injured by winds, which
could not affect the dwarf evergreen Gentians, no matter how
much exposed. In consequence of its tall habit, this species is
best adapted for the lower parts of rockwork, or in the borders
near at hand. A native of European mountains, and readily
propagated by division of the root.

Part II. GENTIANA. 219

GENTIANA BAVARICA.—Afavarian Gentian.

IN size and flower this species resembles the vernal Gentian, but
is very readily known from that by its smaller box-like leaves of
a yellowish-green tone, and by all its tiny stems being thickly
clothed with foliage, forming close, dense little tufts, from which
spring flowers of the deepest and most brilliant blue, which, as
the observer gazes at itin admiration, seems occasionally flushed
with a slight tinge of deep, rich, purplish crimson ; but he can-
not define the hue—it is too subtle for description, The
flower is even a shade more lovely than that of G. verna.
The plant is a native of the high Alps of Europe, and in 1868
I’ saw it in great abundance near the monastery of the Simplon.
G. verna occurs in the same place abundantly ; but, while it is
found on dry ground, or ground not overflowed by water, G. da-
varica is seen in perfection in spongy boggy spots, where some
‘diminutive rill has left its course and spread out over the grass,
not covering it, but saturating it so that, when you walk upon
it, the water bubbles up around. There can be no doubt
that we must imitate these conditions as far as possible if we
desire to succeed with the plant in England. The best thing to
do with it is to plant it near the margin of a rill that falls from
a rockwork, taking care to let no Carices, Couch-grass, Cotton-
grass, or other strong-growing subjects get near the spot, or they
would soon cover and destroy the plant. It may also be grown
in pots, plunged in coal ashes or sand during the summer ;
sandy loam to be the soil used ; the plants to have repeated and
abundant waterings from early spring till the heavy autumnal
rains set in, or to be placed standing half plunged in water. In
all cases it. must have free exposure to light. To try to esta-
blish it in such positions as it is found in naturally will prove
an interesting experiment for those having opportunities of
doing so.

GENTIANA PNEUMONANTHE.—Marsh Gentian.

A BRITISH perennial, scarcely less beautiful than any alpine
Gentian, with tubular flowers, an inch and a half or more long,
of a beautiful blue within, with five greenish belts without, the
lobes of the mouth short and spreading; the flowers arranged
in opposite pairs in the axils of the upper leaves, and on stems

220 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

six inches to a foot high; the upper leaves nearly linear, the
lower ones shorter and broader, all obtuse and rather thick. A
native of boggy heaths and moist pastures, and in cultivation
requiring moist peat or boggy soil. It is not recorded from
Scotland or Ireland, though not difficult to obtain in some parts
of England. Few plants are more worthy of a place on the
rockwork or in the artificial bog. Increased by careful division.

GENTIANA PYRENAICA.—Pyrenean Gentian.

SOMEWHAT like the vernal Gentian in stature and size, but with
imbricated narrow and sharp-pointed leaves and dark-violet
almost stalkless flowers, the flat portion or limb of the flower
being formed of five oval lobes, with a triangular appendage
between each nearly as long as the lobes, It requires much
the same treatment as G. verna, flowers in early summer. It
is well worthy of a place in the choice rock-garden, though not
of quite such a vivid hue as G. davarica or G. verna.

GENTIANA SEPTEMFIDA.—Crested Gentian,

A LOVELY plant, bearing on stems six to twelve inches high
flowers in clusters, cylindrical, widening towards the mouth, of a
beautiful blue and white inside, greenish brown outside, having
between each of the larger segments of the flowers one smaller
and finely cut. A native of the Caucasus, and one of the most
desirable species for cultivation on the rockwork, thriving best
in moist sandy peat, and increased by division.

GENTIANA VERNA.—Verual Gentian.

VERY rarely seen in good health in gardens, but known to many
as the type of all that is beautiful in alpine vegetation. It covers
the ground with rosettes of small leathery leaves, often spreading
into tufts from three to five inches in diameter, and producing in
spring flowers that even the botanist calls “ beautiful bright blue,”
though botanical books are usually above taking any notice of
colour at all. Sometimes the blooms barely rise above the leaves,
and at other times are borne on stems two or three inches high.
A few things are essential to success in its cultivation, and far
from difficult to secure. They are good, deep, sandy loam on a
level spot on rockwork, perfect drainage, abundance of water

Part IT, GERANIUM. 221

during the warm and dry months, and perfect exposure to the
sun, Grit or broken limestone may be advantageously mingled
with the soil, but if there be plenty of sand, they are not essential ;
a few pieces half buried on the surface of the ground will tend
to prevent evaporation and guard the plant till it has taken root
and begun to spread about. It is so dwarf that, if weeds be
allowed to grow around, they soon injure it. In moist districts,
where there is a good deep sandy loam, it may be grown on the
front edge of a border carefully surrounded by half plunged stones.
It may also be grown in pots of loam with plenty of rough
sand, well drained and plunged in beds of coal ashes or sand,
thoroughly exposed to the sun, and well watered from the first
dry days of March onwards till the moist autumn days return.
In all cases good well-rooted specimens should be secured to
begin with, as failure often occurs from imperfectly rooted, half-
dead plants that would have little chance of surviving even if
favoured with the air of their native wilds. In a wild state this
plant is abundantly distributed over mountain pastures on the
Alps of Southern and Central Europe, and those of like latitudes
in Asia.

In addition to the preceding kinds, there are various other
Gentians in cultivation: G. caucasica, adscendens, gelida, cru-
ctata, Fortunet, lutea, punctata, and purpurea. Of these, the
four first mentioned are those most likely to be attractive,
especially G. gedida. Some of the last are scarcely worthy of
cultivation, and certainly not in choice collections. Most of
the Gentians may be raised from seed, but it is a very slow
process, and, except in the hands of careful propagators, a-very
uncertain one.

GERANIUM ARGENTEUM.—Silvery Cranesbill,

A LOVELY alpine Geranium, with leaves of a silvery white, and
large pale rose-coloured flowers, on stems seldom more than
two inches high, and usually nearly prostrate. It is nearly allied
to the grey Cranesbill (G. czwereum), but is known from that
plant at first sight by its more silvery, somewhat more deeply
divided, leaves, and it is of smaller stature. It comes from the
Alps of Dauphiny and the Pyrenees, is perfectly hardy, flowers
in early summer, and is a gem for association with the choicest

222 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT.

plants on rockwork. It loves a firm, sandy, and well-drained
soil, and should, as a rule, be placed near and somewhat below.
the eye, if the rockwork be an extensive one, as, though the
plant is of a high, it is not of a conspicuous, order of beauty.
Increased freely by seeds.

GERANIUM CINEREUM.—Grey Cranesbill.

A BEAUTIFUL dwarf plant, with five- or seven-parted leaves,
clothed with a slightly glaucous pubescence, and bearing very
large and handsome pale pinkish flowers, veined with red. A
. native of the Pyrenees, two to five or six inches high, grows
freely on rockwork, and is easily propagated by seeds; but it
is as yet comparatively rare in our gardens. Grown into strong
tufts on good sandy soils, it forms a very attractive ornament
for the front of the mixed border. On rockwork it is peculiarly
at home, and is fitted for association with the choicest kinds.
Where alpine plants are grown for exhibition, it and the Silvery
Geranium are among the best plants that can be used, both
growing freely in pots or pans. It flowers and seeds abundantly,
and may be easily raised from seed.

GERANIUM MACRORHIZUM.—Long-rooted G.

A DWARF and distinct species, with large thick stems, and leaves
in five divisions, each being deeply and irregularly lobed. The
surface of the leaves is sparsely clothed with very short colour-
less hairs, and the margins on both sides are of a reddish-
brown. colour ; calyx of a dull red and almost round; the
flowers of a bright purple, freely produced when the plant is
grown on light soil. It is suitable as a border-plant on light
soil, seldom grows more than a foot high, is easily increased
by seeds or division, flowers from May to July, and comes
from Italy and Southern Europe. As it flowers very freely
when in warm, rather poor, and very sandy soil, it is worthy
of a place among the stronger and more robust plants on the
lower and rougher flanks of rockwork.

GERANIUM SANGUINEUM.—Sloody Cranesbill,

A NATIVE species, forming very neat and somewhat spreading
close tufts, from one to two feet high, the leaves cut into five or

Part II. GERANIUM. 223

seven segments, which are again cut into narrow lobes. The
flowers are large, nearly or quite one inch and a half across, of
a deep crimson purple, produced singly, and very profusely when
the plant is grown on very sandy soil. Its close firmly-seated
habit instantly distinguishes this plant from any other cultivated
species, and the flowers being thore showy and beautiful than
those of any other, it deserves to have a place in every garden
border, and also among the larger and more easily grown plants
on rockwork. It grows on any soil, is readily propagafed by
division or seeds, and occurs in a wild state in some parts of
Britain, though not a generally distributed or common plant.
There are two forms or varieties of the Blood Geranium. One,
the common or “true” species, with ascending stems matting into
vigorous but compact tufts ; the other more hairy, less vigorous
in its growth, and usually prostrate in habit. This last form
usually occurs on sandy sea-shores. A form of this variety, with
pale pink flowers veined with red, was found at Walney Island,
in Lancashire, and has been distinguished as a species under
the name of G. dancastriense, but it has no right to rank as such,
merely differing in colour from the sea-shore variety. Both these
forms, being smaller and less vigorous than the common one,
are more adapted for rockwork, though where they do well, they
make suitable ornaments for the front margins of the mixed
border. I have noticed that in the heavy clay to the north of
London, where G. sanguineum thrives vigorously, the pale-
flowered sea-shore form was with great difficulty cultivated.

GERANIUM STRIATUM.—Striped Cranesbill.

A VERY old and charming border-plant, still to be seen in many
cottage gardens, and worthy of a place in every collection.
“ This beautiful Cranes-bill,” says Parkinson, writing nearly 250
years ago, “hath many broad yellowish green leaves arising
from the root, divided into five or six parts, but not unto the
middle as the first kinds are: each of these leaves hath a
blackish spot at the bottom corners of the divisions : from
among these leaves spring up sundry stalks a foot high and
better, joynted and knobbed here and there, bearing at the tops
two or three small white flowers, consisting of five leaves apeece,
so thickly and variably striped with fine small red veins that no
green leafe that is of that bigness can show so many veins in it,

224 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT,

nor so thick running as every leaf of this flower doth.” It is a
native of Southern Europe, growing very freely in warm sandy
soils, and is easily increased by seed or division. Being of a
low spreading habit, it is suitable for the rougher parts of rock-
work as well as for borders.

GLOBULARIA NANA.—Dwarf G.

A MOST dense trailing shrub, forming a firm mass of thyme-like
verdure, about half an inch high, and dotted over with compact
heads of bluish-white flowers, with stamens of a deeper blue or
mauve. The flower heads are not half an inch across, and
barely rise above the foliage. It should be placed on rockwork
in very sandy or gritty soil, and so that it may crawl some little
way over the face of the surrounding rocks or stones, and in a
very open sunny spot in such a position it will not be so liable
to be overrun by coarse plants. A native of the Pyrenees, and
increased by division or seeds.

There are several other Globularias in cultivation: G. zudi-
caulis, trichosantha, and cordifolia, but these are somewhat over-
rated and scarcely worthy of culture except in large collections.
The most desirable of them for the rockwork is the neat G.
coratfolia, which is a little prostrate trailing shrub, with bluish
flowers,

GYPSOPHILA PROSTRATA.—S#reading G.

Not a brilliant plant, but valuable from its dwarf spreading
habit, its multitudes of pink or white flowers, veined with rose,
on thread-like stems, and its adaptability for rockwork or stony
ground, The leaves are glaucous and spread into dwarf tufts,
and the plant is well suited for old walls, dry banks, or any poor
stony soil, growing, however, in the best as well as in the worst
of soils, though scarcely worthy of a position where there is only
a small extent of rockwork. It is sometimes grown as G. repens,
and is a native of the Pyrenees and Alps, flowering in summer,
and growing six or eight inches high.

I am by no means certain that the preceding is the best
worth growing of the perennial kinds. Some of the annual kinds,
G. muralis, of France, and G. elegans, from the Caucasus, for
example, are even more beautiful and profuse in bloom, and
well merit being naturalised on old ruins and bare rocky places,

Part II. HEDYSARUM—HELIANTHEMUM, 225

particularly the former, which is very dwarf and compact in
habit, and produces myriads of pale rosy flowers. G. paniculata
is a fine large kind for borders, banks, &c. All the kinds are
easily grown in any soil.

HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM.—Creeping-rooted H,

A HANDSOME, creeping, vetch-like plant, with beautiful large
purplish-violet flowers in long spikes, and leaves composed of
seven to nine pairs of leaflets, the stipules united and opposite
the leaves. From six to twelve inches high and sometimes
more in rich soil. Readily increased by division or seeds, grows
freely in ordinary garden soil on level ground, and is a valuable
rock or border plant. A native of the Alps of Dauphiny and
the Tyrol. Cultivated in our gardens more than two hundred
years ago, but now rarely seen there, though not difficult to
obtain.

HELIANTHEMUM FORMOSUM.— Beautiful Suurose.

A SHRUBBY kind, but sufficiently dwarf for cultivation on the
warmer and rougher slopes of rockwork, with downy and hoary
leaves and shoots, and large handsome yellow flowers with a
dark spot in the lower part of each petal, produced in summer.
It is somewhat tender if planted in wet ground, but will flourish
in calcareous or dry soil in thoroughly drained fissures in dry
and sheltered parts of rockwork, where its distinct, abundant,
and beautiful inflorescence will well repay the tasteful planter.
A native of Portugal ; increased by seed or cuttings. = Czstus
Sormosus.

HELIANTHEMUM OCYMOIDES.—Basil-like Sunrose,

A NaTIVE of dry rocky hills-in Spain and Portugal, with bright
yellow purple-eyed flowers nearly an inch and a half across, and
hoary opposite leaves an inch to an inch and a half long, narrow,
and pointed. Like A. formosum, this will be found very useful
on the warmer and drier parts of rockwork, among the stronger
alpine shrubs and choice herbaceous plants. Increased by seed
or cuttings. = Cistus algarvensis.

226 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT,

HELIANTHEMUM TUBERARIA.—7ruffle Sunrose.

A DISTINCT and beautiful. rock-plant, from the shores of the
Mediterranean, bearing flowers like those of a single yellow rose,
two inches across, and with dark centres, drooping when in bud,
and on stems about nine inches high, It is quite removed fren
all the other cultivated Sunroses in not producing woody stems,
but sending up large hairy leaves, somewhat like plantain-leaves,
from the root, and scarcely looking like a Sunrose at all, It
flowers in summer, and: continuously, if in good, health and in
good soil. It:is said to grow abundantly where truffles abound,
and is well worthy of a position in a well-drained spot, or dry
fissure on the pant side of rockwork.

HELIANTHEMUM VULGARE.—Common Sunrose.

A WELL-KNOWN British under-shrub, growing in dry pastures
and heaths, and producing an abundance of bright yellow flowers
on stems from a few inches to nearly a foot long. In a culti-
vated state this plant varies a good deal in colour, and nume-
rous plants passing under different names in our gardens are
really forms of this: species. Some of the most attractively
coloured are well worthy of cultivation. While thriving in
almost any soil, they attain ripest health, and flower most
profusely, on chalky and warm ones, and on soils of this de-
scription they may be used with good effect on the margins of
shrubberies, especially the copper-coloured and red varieties.
They are only suited for the rougher parts of rockwork, except
where less common and more beautiful plants cannot be obtained.
The best way to obtain varieties of different colours is by seed,
which is offered in most of the catalogues. Many beautiful
members of this family are lost to cultivation, or have not yet
been introduced, and not a few passing as species in some
of our botanical collections are mere varieties, but often very
showy, and useful in gardens.

The .pretty annual spotted Sunrose (H. guttatum), found in
the Channel Islands, on the Holyhead Mountain, in Anglesea,
and widely distributed on the Continent, deserves a place in the
curious collection, and indeed has beauty enough to recommend
it to the general cultivator. It is quite easily grown, but is

Part II. HELICHR VSUM—HELLEBORUS. 227

best raised in pots in spring, and then planted out in May,
Once established, it sows itself annually. The hoary Sunrose,
FT, canum, a native of limestone rocks in Britain, but somewhat
rare, is much dwarfer than the common kind, and produces in
great abundance very small pale yellow flowers. The whole
plant does not grow more than three inches high, and is likely
to possess attractions for cultivators of interesting British plants,

HELICHRYSUM ARENARIUM.— Yellow Everlasting.

THIS is the beautiful little plant which affords the “everlasting
flowers” so much used for Immortelles and ornaments. The
grey leaves are closely covered with long down, and the flower-
stems, ascending from four to ten inches, are clothed all the way
up with narrow hoary leaves, having their edges turned back-
wards, and support a number of flowers, of a bright, glistening,
golden yellow. To,preserve the flowers, they should be gathered
when fresh and newly blown, as, if allowed to become matured,
they are apt to fall away. A native of sandy and sunny places
in Central and Southern Europe, and only succeeding perfectly
in this country on warm, sandy, and thoroughly drained soils.
Increased by division, and worthy of a‘place in every rock+
garden.

HELLEBORUS NIGER.—Christmas Rose,

ALTHOUGH this hardy and familiar old plant is too vigorous for
association with the often minute and brilliant gems to which
this book is chiefly devoted, yet its fine evergreen foliage and
handsome large flowers form ornaments in the rougher parts of
rockwork, or banks near it, or in the hardy fernery. Although
hardy enough to grow almost anywhere, yet, as it flowers at the
dreariest season, when low ground is often saturated with cold
rain, it always repays for being planted in slightly elevated
positions, and where it may enjoy as often as possible the faint
wintry sun, by producing clearer and larger flowers, and finer
foliage. HA. 2. maximus, the very large and noble variety grown
about Aberdeen and other places in Scotland, is the best, and
flowers a month or so earlier than the common kind ; and #. 2.
minor, a smaller and much scarcer variety, is well suited for
rockwork and bare banks.

228 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

Besides the Christmas Rose, there are other species of Helle-
borus well worthy of cultivation; and among the best is A.
atrorubens, with flowers of a dark purple. The colour, though
somewhat dull, by turning up the usually pendent flower, is seen
to greater advantage, being then contrasted with the yellow
stamens. It has the quality of throwing its flowers well above
ground to a height of nine to twelve inches, and is a free grower,
but rather scarce, requiring, as all the Hellebores do, a con-
siderable time to establish itself after being disturbed. A. olym-
picus, with large rose-coloured flowers, and good habit, is very
similar, if not identical, with one grown as 1. abchasicus, though
the true plant is really quite distinct from it. A. argutifolius is
remarkable in the genus for its beautiful, whitish, trifoliate leaves,
each secondary vein being terminated by a well-defined point. Its
flowers are a fresh lively green, and produced about the month
of March.

The small Helleborus trifolius of Linngeus, now generally
known as Copzzs trifolia, is a very diminutive and interesting
kind, with white flowers. It is quite easy of culture, but in many
gardens flowers seldom or sparsely ; in others abundantly, espe-
cially when on rockwork in moist peat soil. It is is also very
desirable for planting:on the margins of beds of Rhododendrons
and hardy Azaleas, in peat soil, associated with Rhoxia vir-
ginica and other dwarf plants.

HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA.—Aorseshoe Vetch.
A SMALL prostrate British plant, with pretty little deep-yellow
flowers, in coronilla-like crowns, the upper petal faintly veined
with brown, the pinnate leaves small, and leaflets smooth. It is
a capital little plant for the upper ledges of rocks in dry posi-
- tions, as in such places the shoots will fall down some eighteen
or twenty inches ; easily raised from seed; partial to chalky
soils ; rather common in the South of England, but not a native
of Ireland or Scotland.

HOTEHIA JAPONICA.—Fapanese H.

THIS fine plant is quite distinct in appearance, and readily
known by its much divided leaves ; the leaflets are oval, toothed,
and ciliated, of a fine shining green, and the whole plant not
unlike a fern in aspect. From amidst these rich masses of
shining leaves springs the sweet and abundant inflorescence ; the

Part II, HOTTONIA—HOUSTONTIA. 229

flowers are small, but very freely produced in graceful panicles,
of which the bracts, little flower-stems, and all the ramifications
are, like the flowers, white. Although now so much grown in
pots, it is perfectly hardy, and very suitable for borders and the
margins of clumps, or for association with the larger classes of
alpine plants, on or near rockwork. In the open air it flowers,
according to climate and position, from May to July and August,
and it is particularly fond of a sandy peat or very sandy loam, a
sheltered position, and moist soil. It is, however, probable that
a somewhat warmer climate than ours is necessary for its perfect
development, for it certainly looks a handsomer plant when
forced than when grown in the open ground. It is very easily
forced, and it has latterly been so much admired that quantities
of it are prepared and sold for forcing. Some years ago, a few
fine plants of it were exhibited at our spring shows, if I mistake
not, by Messrs. Veitch in the first instance, and since then it has
been gradually making way. Previous to that time, however, it
was popular in Paris, where many persons cultivate it in windows,
and where it is often used with good effect in room decorations. .

HOTTONIA PALUSTRIS.— Water Violet.

A BEAUTIFUL British water-plant, which I include here in con-
sequence of having seen it thrive better on soft mud banks than
when submerged. The deeply-cut leaves formed quite a
deep green and dwarf turf over the mud, and from these arose
stems bearing at intervals whorls of handsome pale-lilac or pink
flowers. It might perhaps be more justly called the Water
Primrose, as it is nearly allied to the Primulas. As water and
bog may with the best taste be associated with rockwork, this
plant might with advantage be grown either in the water or on
a bank of soft thoroughly wet soil at its margin. It grows
from nine inches to two feet high, flowers in early summer, and
may be found in abundance near London on the banks of the
Lea River, and probably in many other places, and is pretty
freely distributed over England, though scarce in the Western
Counties, and only found in the County of Down in Ireland.

HOUSTONIA CH/RULEA.—Bluets,

A DELICATE American herb, producing a profusion of pale sky-
blue flowers, fading to white, and with yellowish eyes, crowding

a

230 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL.

on thread-like stems to a height of one inch to two inches and a
half, from close low cushions of leaves shorter than many mosses,
less than half an inch high when fully exposed. It is usually
considered somewhat difficult to grow, but this arises chiefly
from its minuteness ; in level.exposed spots it does very well in
moist peaty soil, the chief care required being to keep it quite clear
of weeds or coarse-growing neighbours. It is said by some to be
a biennial, but in cultivation does not seem to be so, increasing
to any extent by careful division. It grows freely in pots or pans,
in cold frames, pits, or houses kept near the glass, and in such
positions is likely to ripen its seeds. Suitable for association
with the smallest and choicest mountain-plants. I have grown
this plant well in the open air in London ; it withstood the evil
influences of abundant showers of smut, and should therefore
not be difficult to keep under more favourable circumstances,

HUTCHINSIA ALPINA.—A (pine H.

A VERY neat little plant, from moist and very elevated parts of
nearly all the great mountain-chains of Central and Southern
Europe, with shining leaves, deeply cut into narrow lobes, so
as to resemble pinnate leaves, and pure white flowers, produced
in clusters and abundantly, on stems about oneinch high. Quite
free in sandy soil, and easily increased by division or by seeds,
Planted in an open spot, either on rockwork or in, good free bor-
der soil, it becomes a compact dense mass of pu ‘ite flowers,
Its proper home.is on the select rockwork, though where borders
of dwarf and choice hardy plants are established and carefully
attended to, it may be grown in them with perfect success. —

,

HYACINTHUS AMETHYSTINUS.—A methyst Hyacinth,

BEAUTIFUL deep sky-blue bells, five to fifteen, rather loosely and
gracefully disposed on stems from eight inches to a foot high,
ascending in numbers when the plant is grown in very light rich
soil, in a not too cold or exposed position. It is quite hardy,
a native of the Pyrenees and Southern Europe, flowering in early
summer, and is in stature and general appearance somewhat like
a graceful Scilla, but at once distinguished by its pretty bells
not being divided into segments as they are in Scilla. It is
worthy of association with the choicest hardy bulbs and inhabi-
tants of the rock-garden,

Part II. IBERIDELLA—IBERIS. 231

IBERIDELLA ROTUNDIFOLIA.—Round-leaved J.

A DISTINCT spreading plant, rarely more than a few inches
high, and producing pretty, rosy-lilac, sweet-scented flowers in
abundance in April, May, and June. The leaves, are thick,
smooth, leathery, and of a glaucous olive-green, and the flowers
are produced in short racemes or corymbs, and usually attain
a height of from three to six inches. Flowering with the
vernal Gentian, the Bird’s Eye and Scotch Primroses, the alpine
Silene, and the little yellow Aretia, it is admirable for association
with such plants. It grows naturally very high on the Alps, but
thrives in loamy soil on rockwork, does not seem difficult to
cultivate, and is easily raised from seed. A native of the Alps
of Switzerland, Savoy, and Austria. It is occasionally found
with white flowers in a wild state. Dr. Hooker has recently
figured this plant in the ‘Botanical Magazine’ from specimens
received from Zurich. This would seem to be a distinct variety
from that which I have seen elsewhere, having numerous pale-
lilac flowers, with yellow eyes, borne in stout crowded racemes,
whereas those of the form introduced by Mr. Jas. Backhouse have
the flowers somewhat larger, but in lax few-flowered heads.
= Thlaspi rotundifolia.

IBERIS CORIFOLIA.—Coris-leaved Candytuft.

A very dwarf kind, about half the size of Jderis sempervirens,
attaining a height of only three or four inches when in flower, *
and perfectly covered with small white blooms early in May.
Few alpine plants are more worthy of general culture, either on
rockwork or in the mixed border, for the front rank of which it
is admirably suited. -It is probably a small variety of the Ever-
green Candytuft, but for garden purposes it is distinct enough.
A native of Sicily, and probably of other parts ‘of Southern
Europe, easily propagated by seeds, cuttings, or division, and
thriving in any soil.

IBERIS CORREA FOLIA.—Correa-leaved Candytuft.

Tuis plant is now becoming very popular in London gardens,
and generally goes by the name of /. gzbraltarica, from which
it is quite distinct. It is readily known from any other cul-
tivated species by its entire and rather large leaves, by its
compact head of large very white flowers, and by flowering later

232 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

than the other common white kinds. Both the individual flowers
and the corymb are larger than in the other species, and the
blooms stand forth more boldly and distinctly from the smooth
dark-green leaves. It is an invaluable hardy plant, and par-
ticularly useful in consequence of coming into full beauty about
the end of May or beginning of June, when the other kinds are
fading away. It is indispensable for rockwork, the mixed
border, the spring garden, and may also be naturalised with
good effect in bare rocky places. It is particularly well suited
for planting on the margin of choice shrubberies, bringing them
neatly down to the grass line, and may also be used as an
edging to beds. Of its native country we know nothing ; but
my friend Mr. Jennings, now of the Wellington Nurseries, in-
formed me that it was raised in, and first sent out from, the
botanic garden at Bury St. Edmunds, and it is probably a
hybrid. Mr. J. G. Baker considers it to come nearest to /.
Pruiti, of the Nebrode Mountains, in Sicily. Its native country,
like its name, is not certainly known. Readily increased by
cuttings, and also by seeds.

IBERIS GIBRALTARICA.—Gibrallar Candytuft.

THis kind has hitherto been but very rarely cultivated ; indeed,
it was lost to our gardens till recently sent from Guernsey by
Mr. Wolsey, who found it in some cottage garden there. It is
larger in all its parts than the other cultivated kinds, has oblong
spoon-shaped leaves, nearly two inches long by half an inch or
more wide, and distinctly toothed; the large flowers, often reddish
lilac, being arranged in low close heads, and appearing in
spring and early summer. It is an ornamental species, but will
never rival the well-known white border kinds. I am doubt-
ful of its hardiness, and should advise its being wintered in pits
or frames till sufficiently abundant to be tried in the open air,
but am informed that it has stood without injury this last, severe,
winter at York. It should be planted on sunny spots on rock-
work or banks. A native of the South of Spain; increased by

seeds and cuttings.
IBERIS TENOREANA.—Tenore’s Candytuft.

A NEAT species, with toothed leaves, which, with the stems, are
hairy, and a profusion of white flowers changing to purple. As

Part IL IBERIS. 233

the commonly cultivated kinds are pure white, this one will be
the more valuable from its purplish tone, added to its neat habit.
It, however, has not the perfect hardiness and fine constitution
of the white kinds, and, so far as my experience goes, is very apt
to perish on heavy soils in winter; but on light sandy soils it
will prove a gem, and also for well-drained positions on rock-
work. Where rockwork does not exist, it should be placed on
raised beds or banks. A native of Naples, and easily raised
from seed.

IBERIS SEMPERVIRENS.—L£vergreen Candytuft.

THIS is the common rock or perennial Candytuft of our gardens,
as popular as the yellow Alyssum and the white Arabis.
Half shrubby, dwarf, spreading, evergreen, and perfectly hardy,
it escaped destruction where many herbaceous plants were de-
stroyed ; and as in April and May its neat tufts of dark green
are transformed into masses of snowy white, its presence has
been tolerated longer than many other fine old plants. Occa-
sionally, even in gardens entirely devoted to a few “bedding
plants,” it may be seen on the margin of a shrubbery border or
in some neglected spot. No hardy flower is more worthy of
being universally grown in gardens, from that of the cottage to
the largest in the land. It is one of the very best plants in the
country for growing on the margins of the mixed border or
properly-finished-off shrubbery, the rockwork, rootwork, and
also for naturalisation in bare rocky places. Where a very dwarf
evergreen edging is desired for a shrubbery, or for beds of
shrubs, it is one of the most suitable plants known, as on any
kind of soil it quickly forms a spreading band almost as low as
the lawn-grass, finishing off the plantation very neatly at all
times, and changing into dense wreaths of snowy-white flowers
around the borders in spring and early summer. When in
tolerably good soil, and fully exposed, it forms spreading tufts
often more than a foot high, and they last for many years.
Like all its relatives, it should be exposed to the full sun rather
than shaded, if the best result is sought. A native of Greece,
Asia Minor, Italy, Southern France, and Dalmatia, and readily
increased by seeds, cuttings, or division.

I. Garrexiana is a variety of the Evergreen Iberis, not suffi-
ciently distinct to be worthy of cultivation ; in fact, it and several

234 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

other Iberises prove to be mere varieties, and very slight
ones, of /, sempervirens when grown side by side.

IONOPSIDION ACAULE.—Vialet Cress.

THIS, being an annual plant, is only introduced here in conse-
quence of its peculiar beauty and suitableness for adorning bare
spots on rockwork devoted to very minute and delicate alpine
plants. As it sows itself, the cultivator will have no more
trouble with it than with a hardy perennial. It frequently
flowers at one inch high, and rarely exceeds two inches, the
small flowers being of a pale violet tinge, and the leaves roundish
and compactly arranged. From the neatness of its habit, it has
been called the Carpet-plant. It is too minute for borders,
though it will grow freely in them, but will be found most at
home on the shady side of the rockwork, and in spots where a |
coarse vegetation will not prevent its growth. It does very well
in pots, and those who are fond of window-gardening may grow
it well outside their windows in pans or small pots. It will
flower a couple of months after being sown ; and when sown in
spring in the open ground, the self-sown seeds of the summer
flowers soon start into growth, and the second crop flowers
in autumn, and far into winter. A native of Portugal and
Morocco.

IRIS CRISTATA.—Crested J.

A VERY diminutive and charming species, usually running
about with its creeping and rooting stems exposed on the
surface, not rising above the ground more than a few inches,
having flowers, however, as large as many of the tall and coarser
species. Notwithstanding this, it has never become popular,
and was indeed, till recently, scarcely to be found. It flowers
in May ; blue, with spots of a deeper hue on the outer petals,
and a stripe of orange and yellow variegation down the centre
ofeach. The plant is readily distinguished, at any season, from
any other dwarf species by the creeping stems (rhizomes) grow-
ing well above the ground. This feature, indeed, is so marked
as to suggest the desirability of frequently replanting it, and
even young tufts push so boldly out of the ground that a top-
dressing of an inch of fine soil placed around them cannot fail
to help the roots to descend more freely. It loves, and flourishes

Part II, IRIS, 235

luxuriantly on, rich but free and light soil, in a warm position.
I have never seen it do so well as in the Glasnevin Botanic
Gardens, which points to the fact that somewhat moist districts
will suit it, but I have seen it thrive both to the north and south
of London. Charming for association with the dwarf Crimean
Iris, the alpine Catchfly, and any other dwarf gems among the
later spring flowers of the choice mixed border. On rockwork
it thrives best on level earthy spots, and where it does well and
increases freely in rich light moist soil, it will form a pretty
edging for beds of dwarf shrubs or American plants. A native
of mountainous regions in North America, with all the gem-like
loveliness of the choicest Swiss alpine flowers ; was introduced
by Mr. Peter Collinson, so long ago as 1756, and figured in
Sir James Smith’s ‘Rare Plants’ in 1792.

IRIS NUDICAULIS.—Waked-stemmed I.

THIS species, at present scarcely grown in this country, I first
observed in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. It is one of the
most attractive of all Irises, about the same height as the
Dwarf Iris, but with larger blooms and stouter habit; the leaves
are lance-shaped and bent, those of the stem somewhat spoon-
shaped ; flowers of bluish violet, external divisions spoon-shaped,
not, or but very slightly, wavy, the internal ones oval and
longer, the central blades violet; appearing in May. It
flourishes in ordinary garden soil, is valuable for the spring
or rock garden or the mixed border, and comes from Southern
Europe. A vigorous grower, and easily increased by division.

IRIS PUMILA.—Dwarf Crimean J,

OFTEN flowering at four inches, the dwarf Iris, even in favourable
soils, rarely exceeds ten in height ; the stems usually bear one
or two deep-violet flowers, of which the external divisions are
large and oblong, the internal ones dilated, broad at the top,
narrow at the base, and wavy at the edge; the flowers very
large and beautiful. Blooms in April and May, and is use-
ful in a variety of ways, as for edgings of one or of several
colours; for beds of distinct or alternated colours in the
spring garden; for a place among the choicest and lowest
plants of the mixed border, on lower and flatter parts of
the rockwork in wide-spreading tufts, on old ruins, on walls, and

236 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

even on the tops of thatched houses—a position which it may
be seen sometimes embellishing on the Continent. It thrives in
ordinary garden soil, the lighter and deeper the better ; the finest
specimens I have ever seen were in a deep sandy peat, and
they were twice the ordinary size. There are several varieties :
yellow, white, light blue, and deep dark violet, respectively known
under the names of J. pumila lutea, alba, cerulea, and atro-
cerulea, Each of the varieties is worthy of cultivation, and
easily increased by division of the rhizomes.

IRIS RETICULATA.—ELarly Bulbous I.

DISTINCT from all other Irises, and perhaps the most valuable
of all, considering its early bloom, delicious violet scent, and
rich and brilliant colour. The root is a tuber ; leaves four-angled
and rather tall when fully developed; and the flowers, borne on
stems three to six inches high, are of the deepest and most bril-
liant purple, each of the lower segments marked with a deep
orange stain, contrasting richly with the other parts of the flower.
It blooms in early spring, long before any other Iris shows itself,
and loves a deep sandy soil, and a warm well-drained . position.
There is no more beautiful plant for a sunny bank on the lower
slopes of the rock-garden, and it will be found desirable in
other positions when sufficiently plentiful. A native of Southern
Europe, Syria, Asia Minor, and adjacent countries. In-
creased by division of the tubers. Where seed is produced, it
should be saved and sown, as the plant is, at present, com-
paratively rare.

ISOPYRUM THALICTROIDES.—Meadow-rue J.

A GRACEFUL little plant allied to the Meadow-rues, but with
white flowers prettier than those of the Thalictrums. It is, how-
ever, chiefly valuable for its maidenhair-fern-like foliage, and is
worthy of culture in the flower-garden for this alone. When it
is grown for the sake of its dwarf elegant leaves only, the flower-
stems should be pinched out. It will prove attractive as a fern-
like edging for the little beds of very dwarf succulents that are
now deservedly becoming popular. It is also well suited for
rockwork, and particularly so for the front edge of the mixed
border, is hardy, and easy to grow on any soil. Comes from the
Pyrenees and mountainous parts of Greece, Italy, and Car-

Part II. GSASIONE—LEIOPHYLLUM. 237

niola, is easily propagated by division or by seed, and produces
its flowers white, with a faint green tinge, in earlysummer. The
leaves rarely rise more than a few inches high, the flower-stems
from ten to fourteen inches.

JASIONE HUMILIS.—Dwarf F.

NoT a showy but an interesting and pretty little plant, suited for
the select rockwork. The leaves are in rosettes, very slightly
toothed, stem-leaves larger, waved, and with sharp teeth ; all the
leaves ciliate at the base. The heads of light-blue flowers borne
on stems from one to two or three inches high, are from half
an inch to three-fourths of an inch across. A native of the
Pyrenees ; increased by division. This plant is related to
Fasione perennis, but is more ornamental.

JEFFERSONIA DIPHYLLA.—T7winleaf.

A PLANT very little known in England, and, where grown, usually
regarded as merely a botanical curiosity ; but when planted in
very sandy peat associated with subjects like the Epimediums,
Rhexia virginica, and Spigelia marilandica, it becomes a pretty
spring flower, as well as interesting from its curiously paired
leaves. The flowers are white, with yellow stamens, about
an inch across, and freely produced when the plant is in vigorous
health. A good plant for peaty and somewhat shady spots
on rockwork, and in a minor degree for the margins of beds of
dwarf American plants, planted in sandy peat, and flowers some-
what about the same time as the Bloodroot, in early spring.
A native of rich shady woods in North America. If seeds
are saved, they ought to be sown a few days after they are
gathered ; but generally careful division of the root, in winter,
must be resorted to where it is desired to increase the plant.

LEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM.—Sand Myrtle.

A NEAT and pretty tiny shrub, forming compact bushes from
four to six inches high, and densely covered with pinkish-white
flowers in May, the unopened buds being of a delicate pink hue.
It is particularly suited for grouping with diminutive shrubs,
such as the Partridge Berry, the sweet Daphue Cneorum, the
tiny Andromedas, and Willows like S. retécudata and serpyllifolia,

238 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

that rise little more than an inch or two above the ground.
Requires peat, and, if planted on rockwork, should have a bed
of that material beneath it. A native of sandy “pine barrens”
in New Jersey, and easily to be had in our nurseries under the
name of Ledum thymifolium. There is probably more than one
variety in cultivation.

LEONTOPODIUM ALPINUM.—Liozsfoot.

A NATIVE of high sloping pastures on many parts of the great
continental mountain ranges; a very popular plant with the
peasantry in many parts, and often sold in little bouquets in
Germany, where it is called “ Edelweiss,” which, translated, means
nobly white. The flowers are small, yellowish, and not orna-
mental ; the leaves covered with white down, like those of many
mountain composite plants, but it is at once distinguished by
that to which it owes its popularity—a beautiful whorl of oblong
leaves, springing star-like from beneath the closely set and some-
what inconspicuous flowers, and almost covered with pure white,
dense, short down. It is a perfectly hardy perennial, grow-
ing from four to eight inches high, and thriving in firm, sandy,
or gritty and well-drained, soil in thoroughly exposed parts of
the rockwork, and is one of the most interesting and desirable
inhabitants of the rock-garden.

LEUCANTHEMUM ALPINUM.—Alpine Feverfew.

A VERY dwarf plant, with small fleshy leaves, deeply cut, and
hoary, and not rising more than half an inch above the sur-
face. It bears pure white flowers more than an inch across, and
with yellow centres, produced in abundance, and supported
on hoary little stems, from one to three inches long. It is a
rather, quaint and pretty plant, and well deserves cultivation on
rockwork, in bare level places on poor, sandy or gravelly, soil.
Sometimes known as Chrysanthemum alpinum and Pyrethrum
alpinum, Anative of the Alpsof Europe. Readily increased by
division or by seed.

LEUCOJUM ASSTIVUM.— Summer Snowflake.

A RELATIVE of the Snowdrop, but not venturing above ground
nearly so soon; though, as it flowers around London early in
April, even during cold seasons, there seems little reason why it

Part II. LEUCOFUM. 239

should be called the Summer Snowflake. From a dense crowd
of daffodil-like leaves, more than a foot long, the flower-stems,
from a foot to eighteen inches high, spring, bearing at the apex
a cluster of snowdrop-like, slightly drooping, blooms. The flower
is of pure sparkling white, springing from a very dark smooth
green seed-vessel, and the tip of each petal being of a pleasing
soft green, both inside and out, the effect is very pretty. It is
a meadow plant, a native of some parts of England, and seems
to be at home in every kind of garden soil. It is particularly
well suited for naturalisation in spots where the Daffodil thrives,
and by the sides of wood walks, where mowing is not resorted
to, and is well worthy of a place in the mixed border, or on
the margins of shrubberies. Though it occurs in the British
Flora, it is found in only a few places in England. Readily
propagated by division. ;

Mr. Syme says in ‘English Botany’: “Z. @stivum, in its
typical form, is less often met with in cultivation than its sub-
species, L. Hernandezit, a native of Southern Europe, which
often does duty for Z. estivum in botanic gardens, and is sold
by seedsmen under the name of L. pulchellum. This form
flowers from three weeks to a month earlier than ZL. estivum,
and has the flowers smaller, little more than half an inch long,
the perianth segments more incurved, so that the perianth is
somewhat ovoid, and after flowering urceolate.”

LEUCOJUM VERNUM.—Sgring Snowflake.

A DWaRF, stout, broad-leaved plant, like a Galanthus, but with
larger and handsomer flowers, and appearing about a month
later than the Snowdrop; deliciously fragrant ; the segments
white, an inch long, and each distinctly marked with a green or
yellowish spot near the point, drooping and usually produced
singly on stems from four to six inches high. It is certainly
more worthy of cultivation than the Snowdrop, and that is as
high praise as we can give to any dwarf spring-flowering plant.
It has long been known as a continental plant, and was valued
and grown in our gardens when hardy flowers were more esteemed
than they are at present ; but, singularly enough, its existence, as
a true native, was not known, with certainty, till a year or two
ago, when it was found, in abundance, on the “Greenstone
heights, in the neighbourhood of Britford.” It is not by any

240 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

means a common plant, and those who have it would do well to
place it in positions where it is likely to thrive and increase—in
light, rich, well-drained soil on rockwork, or in borders, and
as, after the plant has flowered, the leaves attain the length of
nearly a foot, and are nearly or quite three quarters of an inch
across, a sheltered position, where they may not be torn by winds,
will be desirable. There is no more fitting ornament for rock-
work, and every lover of spring flowers or alpine plants should
try to increase and popularise it.

LILIUM TENUIFOLIUM.—Small Scarlet Lily.

ALTHOUGH the Lilies generally grow too tall for association
with the plants included in this book, this is such a tiny and
exquisite kind that it must not be omitted from any choice col-
lection of alpine plants. It will do for our puny artificial rock-
works what the Orange Lily does for the huge rocks of the
Piedmontese valleys. The stem is often scarcely six inches
high, but sometimes twice that height, bearing one, two, or more
flowers of a deep orange scarlet, the petals recurved so that:
they nearly touch their bases. The fiery, slightly pendulous,
flowers seem very large for such weak stems, clothed with leaves
not one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. The bulb is pear-shaped,
about the size of a walnut, and with white scales, by means of
which, like all Lilies, it may be propagated. A native of the
Caucasus, and in this country requiring a sandy peat, or very
free loamy soil, in a well-drained and warm position. It will
associate with the choicest summer-flowering alpine plants on
level spots on rockwork. When planted in borders, it should be
in some spot not likely to be dug or disturbed by persons not
aware of its value. I am inclined to think that there are several
different plants going under this name; one dwarf but very
sturdy kind, which I obtained from Holland under this name,
is certainly distinct. Mr. Wm. Thompson, of Ipswich, states
that the seeds of this brilliant plant vegetate with as much cer-
tainty as those of any ordinary annual, and this should induce
us to raise it in that way.

LINARIA ALPINA.—A ine Toadflax.

A TRUE alpine plant, from the Alps and Pyrenees, found on
moraines and débris of the mountains ; allied to the Snapdragon

Part IT. LINNEA, 241

and the Ivy-leaved Linaria, but quite different in aspect, forming
dense, dwarf, smooth and silvery tufts, covered with bluish-violet
flowers, with two bosses of intense orange in the centre of the
lower division of each. Its habit is spreading, but neat and
very dwarf, rarely rising more than a few inches high. On the
Alps I have seen it flowering profusely at one inch high, the
leaves, which attain a length of three quarters of an inch in our
gardens, being almost rudimentary and scarcely perceptible
beneath the flowers, which quite obscure stem and leaves,
being larger proportionately than on the cultivated plant. It
is usually a biennial ; but in favourable spots, both in a wild
and cultivated state, becomes perennial. Its duration, how-
ever, is not of so much consequence, as it sows itself freely, and
is one of the most charming subjects that we can allow to “go
wild” in sandy, gritty, and rather moist earth, or in chinks
of rockwork. In moist districts it will sometimes even establish
itself in the gravel walks. It is readily increased from seed,
which should be sown in cold frames, in early spring, or in
the places it is destined to embellish out of doors.

No other cultivated Linaria approaches the preceding in
beauty or character, but Z. oviganzfolia is pretty and worthy
of a place in large collections ; and our common wild Ivy-leaved
Linaria, ZL. Cymbalaria, that drapes over so many walls so grace-
fully, has a white and a pretty variegated variety. The old plant
itself would be fully described here were it not that it usually
takes possession of old walls and other places suitable for its
growth. The singular and handsome Peloria variety of our
common L. vulgaris, with five spurs and a regular five-lobed
mouth, is also well worthy of a place, being remarkably curious
as well as ornamental.

LINN/IA BOREALIS.—Twinjflower,

AN interesting trailing evergreen, with opposite, round-oval

leaves, slightly toothed at the top, and bearing delicate, fragrant,

and gracefully drooping pale pink flowers, which are produced in

pairs. This plant is named after the great Linnzeus, with whom

it was an especial favourite, as it generally is with cultivators of

alpine or rock plants. A native of moist mossy woods, in
R

242 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part Il.

Northern Europe, Asia, and America, and sometimes of cold
bogs or rocky elevated situations in Britain, occurring in fir woods
in a few places in Scotland and Northern England. It loves a
sandy peat and moist soil, and may be grown on the rockwork as
a trailer, the shoots being allowed to fall down over the faces of
the rocks, or in mossy rocky ground among bushes, on the fringes
of the artificial bog, or in some half-shady position in the hardy
fernery. It usually enjoys a somewhat shady position, but, if in
proper soil, will bear the sun. Where there is not a place for it
in the rock-garden, it may be grown in large pots of moist peaty
earth, allowed to stand in water in the open air during the summer
months. Ona northern window-sill it will do very well, placed in
a cold frame in winter, and it may be tastefully used in the indoor,
as well as in the hardy, fernery. Readily increased by division,

LINUM ALPINUM.—A pine Flax.

A DWARF and quite smooth Flax, growing only from three to
eight inches high, and bearing very large dark-blue flowers in
summer. It is'most readily distinguished by its external sepals
being acuminately pointed, and the internal ones obtusely pointed.
A charming rock-plant, native of the Alps, Pyrenees, and many
hilly parts of Europe, thriving well in warm well-drained spots
on rockwork, in a mixture of sandy loam and peat. There
are several varieties—alpicola, collinum, and crystallinum, L,
austriacum is intimately related to it, and scarcely sufficiently
distinct from a horticultural point of view.

LINUM ARBOREUM.—£vergreen Flax.

THIS is the neat, glaucous-leaved, dwarf, spreading shrub, with
a profusion of clear handsome large yellow flowers, an inch and
a half across, sometimes seen in our gardens under the name of
L. flavum. Although said to be tender in the colder and drier
parts of the country, it thrives well in others in the open air,
even as a border-plant, and in all is well worthy of a position on
rockwork. <A native of hilly parts of South-Eastern Europe,
Asia Minor, and North Africa; usually propagated by cut-
tings. It is sometimes grown as a frame and greenhouse plant,
but should be tried everywhere in warm spots on dry borders,
banks, or rockworks, It begins:to bloom in early summer, and
I have seen it flowering for months at a time.

Part II. LINUM. 243

LINUM CAMPANULATUM.— Yellow Herbaceous Flax.

AN herbaceous plant, with golden-yellow flowers in corymbs on
stems from twelve to eighteen inches high, distinct from any--
thing else in cultivation, and well worthy of a place in collec-
tions of alpine and herbaceous plants. A native of the South of
Europe, flowering in summer and flourishing freely in dry soil
on the warm sides of banks or rockwork, and propagated by
seeds. Linum flavum is said to be different from this by
its shorter sepals, and several minor characters; but Messrs.
Grenier and Godron found these very inconstant, and differing
very much, in the French plant. = L. flavum.

LINUM NARBONNENSE.

A BEAUTIFUL and distinct sort, bearing during the summer
months a profusion of large, light sky-blue flowers, with violet-
blue veins. A fine ornament for borders, the flower-garden, or
the lower flanks of rockwork, on rich light soils, forming lovely
masses of blue from fifteen to twenty inches high. A native of
Southern Europe, distinguished from its relatives by its sepals
tapering to a long point, its anthers being three times as long as
broad, its long thread-like stigmas, and its large flowers.

LINUM PERENNE.—Perennial Flax.

A PLANT found in some parts of Britain, particularly in the
Eastern counties, but very rare. Usually grows in dense tufts
from twelve to eighteen inches high, with bright cobalt-blue
flowers more than an inch in diameter, the stamens in some
being longer than the styles, in others shorter, the petals over-
lapping each other at the edges. Mr, Syme considers it probable
that Z. alpinum and L. Leoni are forms that may be included
under L. perenne. L. perenne album is also an ornamental plant,
and there is also a variety with blue flowers variegated with
white, known in gardens as L. Lewiésté variegatum, but this
marking is not very conspicuous or constant. A pale-rose va-
riety is also announced in some of the catalogues. L, sébiri-
cum and L. provinciale are also included under Jerenne. Of
very easy culture in common garden soil, it is a useful border-
plant, and may also be used. in rough rocky places.

244 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

LITHOSPERMUM PETRAUM.—Rock Gromwell.

A NEAT and dressy dwarf shrub, somewhat like a Lilliputian
*Lavender-bush, with leaves from half to ‘three quarters of an
inch long, rarely more than one-eighth of an inch broad, and of
a greyish tone, like those of Lavender. Late in May or early in
June all the little grey shoots of the dwarf bush begin to exhibit
a profusion of small, oblong, purplish heads, and early in July
the plant is in full blossom, the full-blown flowers being of a
beautiful violet blue, with protruded anthers of a deep orange
red, the buds of a reddish lilac. The flowers are barely more
than a quarter of an inch long, and tubular, not at all open,
like those of the valuable Lzthospermum prostratum, but as every
shoot is crested by a densely-packed head of flowers, the effect
is very pretty and distinct. The best position for this plant is
on the rockwork, somewhere near or on a level with the eye, on
a well-drained, deep, but rather dryish sandy soil on the sunny
side. A native of dry rocky places in Dalmatia and Southern
Europe ; propagated by cuttings, or seeds if they can be ob-
tained.

LITHOSPERMUM PROSTRATUM.—Gentian-blue Gromwell.

A PERFECTLY hardy little evergreen spreading plant, having
rich and lovely blue flowers, with faint reddish-violet stripes,
about half an inch across, produced in great profusion where
it is well grown. A native of Spain and the South of France,
easily propagated by cuttings, very hardy, and peculiarly valu-
able as a rock-plant from its prostrate habit, and the fine
blue of its flowers—a blue scarcely surpassed by that of the
Gentians. It may be planted so as to let its prostrate shoots
fall down the sunny face of a rocky nook, or allowed to spread
into flat tufts on level parts of the rockwork. On dry and sandy
soils it forms an excellent border-plant, and where the soil
is deep and good, as well as dry and sandy, it becomes a
round spreading mass, a foot or more high. It is in such soils
suited for the margins of beds of choice and dwarf shrubs, either
as an edging or as a single plant, or in groups. In heavy or
wet soil it should be elevated on rockwork or banks, and planted
in sandy earth. It is sometimes grown as L. fruticosum, but
the true L. fruticosum is a little bush, whereas our plant is

Part II. LOISELE URIA—LOTUS—LYCHNIS. 245

prostrate. It flowers in early summer, often continuing a long
time ; the leaves are nearly oblong in outline, and covered with
short bristle-like hairs.

Lithospermum purpureo-ceruleum, a British plant, L. Gastoni,
and ZL. canescens, are also worthy of culture in large collections.

LOISELEURIA PROCUMBENS.

IN a wild state on the Alps, or on mountain moors, this is a
wiry trailing shrub, growing quite close to the ground, the
plants occasionally forming a rather dense tuft, bearing small
reddish flowers in spring, when the snow melts. Being found
in the Scotch Highlands, it is usually a highly esteemed variety
with lovers of alpine plants, though it is not very attractive at
any time, so far as the bloom goes. It is very rarely seen in a
thriving state under cultivation, and most of the plants trans-.
ferred from the mountains to gardens usually perish. This
sometimes occurs from the strongest-rooted and finest speci-
mens being selected for transplantation, instead of the younger
ones. I never saw it in ‘such perfect health in a garden as in
that of the late Mr. Borrer, in Sussex, where it flourished in
compact masses thrice its usual size, in deep sandy peat. Its
true garden home is the rockwork, and it will seem well worthy
of a place to most lovers of rare British plants. = Azalea
procumbens.

LOTUS CORNICULATUS.—Birdsfoot Trefoil,

A WELL-KNOWN native plant, occurring in almost every lawn,
meadow, or pasture, forming tufts of bright yellow flowers, the
upper part often red on the, outside. Although such a very
common British plant—common also in many and distant parts
of the world—I do not hesitate to introduce it here, believing
that in many rock-gardens a place may be spared for it where
its full beauty may be seen. It is best planted so that its shoots
may fall in long and dense tufts over the face of rocks or stumps.
It varies a good deal, but the common, low-tufted, spreading form,
abundant in pastures and on sunny banks everywhere in Britain,
is the most ornamental.

LYCHNIS ALPINA.—<A /sine L. :

A DIMINUTIVE form of Lychnis viscaria, but in a wild state,
seldom rising more than a few inches high, and not viscid. In

246 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

Britain, says Mr. Bentham, “it is only known on the summit of
Little Kilrannock, a mountain in Forfarshire,” but in 1866, under
the safe guidance of Mr. James Backhouse, I had the pleasure
of seeing it abundantly in Cumberland in very lonely and high
mountain gorges. We found it on the face of a dry crumbling
crag quite 500 feet, long and of great height, and generally in
such positions that extermination is impossible, at least until
such times as travelling botanists are provided with wings. In
some places where the rocks overhung, it was in full health,
where a drop of rain could scarcely ever fall upon it ; but many
plants which had sprung from seeds fallen from these cliffs were
growing freely in moist shattered rock. The form seemed to be
somewhat larger than that usually grown as L. algina. In
cultivation it is a pretty and interesting, if not a brilliant, plant,
and may be grown without difficulty on rockwork or in rather
moist sandy soil.

LYCHNIS LAGASCA.—fosy L.

A LOVELY dwarf alpine plant, with a profusion of bright rose-
coloured’ flowers, with white centres when ‘young, each about
three quarters of an inch across, and quite obscuring the small
and slightly glaucous leaves. In consequence of its exceeding
brilliancy of colour, and slightly spreading, though firm, habit, it
is peculiarly well suited. for adorning fissures on the exposed
faces of rocks, the colour telling a long way off, while it is also
a gem for association with the smallest alpine flowers, being
beautiful when closely examined, as well as attractive at sonie
distance. It is a native of the sub-alpine region of the North-
Western Pyrenees, and was introduced two or three years ago
by Mr. J. C. Niven, of the Hull Botanic Garden, in whose
collection I first had the pleasure of seeing it grown in pots,
in whigh it seems as easy of culture as on rockwork in any free
sandy or gritty soil. A thoroughly exposed position in the open
air, however, should always be preferred, as the plant is so free
to grow, as well as neat and hardy. The figure in the ‘ Botanical
Magazine’ gives no idea of the brightness of colour of tufts of
this, plant grown in fully exposed positions. It is distinct from,
and more beautiful than, any other alpine or dwarf Lychnis,
The pale-flowered L. Ayrenaica, which comes nearest to it, is
not, since the introduction of the present subject, worthy of a

Part II, LYCHNIS—LYCOPODIUM. 247

place in any but a botanical or a very full collection. Flowers
in early summer, and, when not drawn and weakened from
shade, or by being placed in frames, is in perfect condition at
about three inches high, and is most readily increased by seeds.
=Petrocoptis Lagasce.

LYCHNIS VISCARIA.—German Catchfly.

A BRITISH plant, found chiefly in Wales and about Edinburgh,
but widely distributed in Europe and Asia in dryish places, It
has long grass-like leaves, and very showy panicles of rosy-red
flowers, on stems from ten to nearly eighteen inches high, and
abundantly produced in June. The variety called splendens is
the most worthy of garden cultivation, being of a brighter colour.
L. v. alba is a charming white variety, also worthy of a place,
and L. wv. flore pleno, the double Catchfly, is a fine variety, with
more rocket-like blooms. They are excellent plants for the
rougher parts of rockwork, and as border-plants on dry soils.
I have seen the double variety used with good effect as an
edging-plant about Paris. Any of the kinds are worthy of being
naturalised on dryish slopes or rather open banks, on which they
seem to form the largest, healthiest, and most enduring tufts.
Easily propagated by seed or division.

Lychnis Haageana, with shaggy stems and bracts, and flowers
of a splendid scarlet, two inches across ; ZL. fios-Fovis, a downy
plant, with rich purplish flowers ; Z. Coronaria, the popular and
handsome Rose Campion; ZL. fudgens, with vermilion-coloured
flowers, from Siberia ; and the double varieties of Z. diurna and
vespertina, although for the most part handsome plants, are too
large for association with any but the coarsest rock-plants.

LYCOPODIUM DENDROIDEUM.—Ground Pine.

A CLUB-MOSS, in habit like a Lilliputian Pine-tree, and of all
its family by far the most worthy of a place in the rock-garden.
The little stems, ascending to a height of six to nine inches, from
a creeping root, are much branched, and clothed with small,
bright, shining green leaves ; fruit-cones yellow, long, cylindrical
and, like the stems, erect. A native of moist woods in North
America and high mountains of the Southern United States,

248 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

I have never seen this plant perfectly grown except in. Mr,
Peek’s garden, at Wimbledon, where it flourishes as freely as in
its native woods, in a bed of deep sandy peat fully exposed to
the sun. Few plants are more worthy of being established in a
deep bed of moist peat in some part of the rock-garden, where
its distinct habit will prove attractive at all seasons. It is
apparently difficult to increase, and as yet exceedingly rare in
this country. In attempting its culture the chief point is the
selection of sound well-rooted plants to begin with ; small speci-
mens may retain their verdure after the root has perished,
and thus often deceive. Should fresh spores be obtained, it
would be a good plan to sow them in some moist spot in a half-
shady position, the soil being made level and firm, and surfaced
with a little silver sand.

LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA.—Creeping Fenny.

WERE I deterred from including plants here by reason of their
commonness, this would not be mentioned, but as the Daisy has
a place, Creeping Jenny, which gracefully suspends its drooping
shoots with bright yellow flowers, as thickly strung as beads,
from the little window gardens of thousands of poor city dwellers,
must not be omitted. Were it a new plant, and not one found
mantling over the ditch side in various parts of England, we
should probably think it not too dear at half a guinea a root, as
there is no hardy flower more suitable for any position in which
long-drooping flower-laden shoots are desired, whether on points
of the rockwork, or rootwork, or in rustic vases, or rapidly sloping
banks. Creepers and trailers we have in abundance, but few
which flower so profusely as this. Grows in any soil ; in that
which is moist and deep, the shoots will attain a length of nearly
three feet, flowering the whole of their extent. Rarely or never
seeds, but is as easily increased by division as the common
Twitch, flowering in early summer and often throughout the
season, especially in the case of young plants. There is a pretty
variety with variegated leaves.

MAZUS PUMILIO.—Dwarf iM.

A DISTINCT little New Zealander, vigorous in habit and creep-
ing underground, so as rapidly to form wide and dense tufts,
yet rarely reaching more than half an inch in height. The

Part II. MECONOPSIS—MELITTIS. 249

flowers, produced on very short stems, so as barely to show above
the leaves, are pale violet, with white centres ; the leaves nearly
entire, or lobulate and obtuse, with a striking tendency to lie flat
on or embrace the surface of the soil. It thrives in pots, cold
frames, or in the open air, and is best placed in firm, open, bare
spots on rockwork in free sandy soil in warm positions. It is
not a showy but an interesting plant, easily increased by division.
Flowers in early summer.

MECONOPSIS ACULEATA.—Prickly Poppy.

THIS is the only one of the splendid Indian species of this
family that I have seen in flower, and that but once in the
Royal Gardens at Kew. It is a singularly beautiful plant with
purple petals like shot silk, which contrast charmingly with the
numerous yellow stamens; the flowers two inches across, on
stems about two feet high ; the leaves heart-shaped in outline,
somewhat five-lobed, but variable, and covered with rigid hair-
like prickles. It is found at elevations of 11,000 to 14,000 feet
on the Himalayas, and is probably hardy, though we have as
yet but a slight knowledge of it. A warm well-drained position
on the sunny side of rockwork is most likely to agree with it.
Flowers in summer, and may be raised from seed.

MECONOPSIS CAMBRICA— Welsh Poppy. ;

A HANDSOME poppy-like plant, forming large pale-green tufts
of slightly hairy divided leaves, with handsome large pale-
yellow flowers, known immediately from those of Poppies by
the stigmas being supported on a short but distinct style. A
native of rocky woods and shady places, in some of the Western
Counties, and also found in Wales and Ireland. In the Lake
Country it may be seen gathered in crowds round the gate-lodges,
and running along by boundary walls, making quite an attractive
show of bloom. It is well worthy of being introduced in semi-
wild places, and is also suited for an extensive rock-garden.
Flowers in early summer, and is increased from seed with
facility.

MELITTIS MELISSOPHYLLUM.—Balm M.

A DISTINCT-LOOKING plant of the Salvia order, with slightly
hairy ovate leaves, about two inches long, clothing the stem to

250 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

its apex, and from one to three flowers arranged in the axils of
the opposite leaves. The flowers are usually nearly or quite an
inch and a half long, and opening at the mouth to a little more
than an inch deep. The lower lip is the largest, and is usually
stained with a deep purplish rose, except a narrow margin,
which is a creamy white. The peculiarly handsome lip reminds
one of the flowers of some of our handsome exotic orchids
rather than those of a labiate plant. It varies a good deal in
colour ; sometimes the lip has not the handsome stain above
alluded to, and sometimes the whole flower is of a reddish-
purple hue. J. grandiflora of Smith is merely a slight variety
differing in colour from the normal form. The plant is entirely
distinct from any other in cultivation, and is well worthy of a
position by shady wood and pleasure-ground walks. It naturally
inhabits woods, and even when one finds it on the lower flanks
of some great alp, it is seen nestling among the shrubs and
low hazel-trees ; woody spots near a fernery or rockwork would
suit it to perfection, and it grows very readily among shrubs,
and also in the mixed border. Found in a few localities in
Southern England, and widely distributed over Europe and Asia.
Readily increased by seed or division, and flowers in May about
London. ;

MENZIESIA CH RULEA.— Yew-leaved M.

A NATIVE of the northern and arctic parts of Europe, Asia, and
America, and in Scotland found on the Sow of Atholl, in Perth-
shire. Grows from four to six inches high, with pinkish-
lilac flowers in small umbellate clusters. The leaves are strap-
shaped and obtuse, crowded, and very finely notched; the
flower-stems and segments of the calyx hairy. It is not so beau-
tiful or brilliant in colour as JZ. empetriformis, but merits a place
in full collections and those in which rare and interesting British

plants are esteemed. Flowers rather late in summer and in
autumn,

MENZIESIA EMPETRIFORMIS.—Emfpetrum-like M.

A TINY shrub, neat in habit and of exquisite beauty, producing
numbers of rosy-purple bells in clusters on a dwarf heath-like
bush, seldom more than six inches high, the small closely placed
leaves having toothed margins. This plant, very rarely seen

Part II. MENZIESTIA

MERTENSIA. 251

in gardens, is one of the brightest of gems for the rock-
garden, thriving best in a rather moist sandy peat soil in fully
exposed positions, I have seen it cultivated with most success
in nurseries in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. It flowers in
summer, and is sometimes known as Phyllodoce empetriformis.
This, unlike the rather tall and spreading 17. polzfolia, may be
associated with the dwarfest alpine plants. A native of North
America.

MENZIESIA POLIFOLIA.—S¢. Dabeoc’s Heath.

A SPREADING heath-like shrub, attaining a height of from twelve
to twenty inches; the leaves narrow when young, and with
their margins rolled back, but becoming broader when old, all
green on the upper and white on the under sides ; the numerous
erect flowering-stems bearing beautiful crimson-purple blooms
in graceful, one-sided, drooping racemes. This plant is found
rather abundantly in Connemara, in Ireland, and is also a native
of South-Western France and Spain, but not of England or
Scotland. It is often grown in collections of American shrubs,
and is admirably suited for the extensive rock-garden, loving
a moist peat soil, There is a pure white variety much less
common and no less beautiful than the typical form, also a
charming plant for the rock-garden or collection of dwarf shrubs.
They flower in summer, and may be obtained from most nursery-
men. The white variety is sometimes sold under the name of
M. globosa.

MERTENSIA VIRGINICA.— Virginian Cowslip.

THIS is readily distinguished from allied plants by the smooth-
ness of all its parts, by its slightly glaucous hue, and large leaves,
the lower ones being four to six inches long. The flowering
stems grow to a height of from ten to eighteen inches, sus-
pending blooms of a peculiarly beautiful purple blue, trumpet-
shaped, and about an inch long. Flowers from the beginning of
April to May or early June, and loves a soil cool and light, and a
half-shady position. Suitable for the mixed border or rockwork,
the margins of beds of dwarf shrubs, the fringes of plantations
of American plants in peat soil, or even for naturalisation in
half-shady spots in wood or copse. However, it is so uncommon
at present that it can hardly be spared_for the last purpose.

+252 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

Known in old gardens as Pulmonaria virginica, which name is
also often erroneously applied to one of the forms of the much
dwarfer and very different Pu/monaria officinalis of our woods
and gardens, In its native country it is occasionally found with
white flowers, but I have not seen a white-flowered form in
cultivation.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM ACINACIFORME.—Wall M.

AN Ice-plant from the Cape of Good Hope, with purple flowers
of extraordinary beauty, four to five inches across, and abun-
dantly produced. Stem prostrate, young shoots compressed and
angular; leaves two to three inches long, sometimes margined
with a red line. The peculiar interest that this plant .offers
to lovers of alpine and rock plants is that it may be grown
successfully on old walls and on warm parts of rockwork in
dry soil, and in warm and sunny spots in old quarries, chalk
pits, and like places. Doubtless many will be as proud of
succeeding with this African plant as with those that bloom
where the icicles drip.

MUSCARI BOTRYOIDES.— Grape Hyacinth.

AMONG spring bulbs few exceed this in loveliness ; it is quite as
valuable as the Siberian Squill, and should be in every garden.
At one time it was much grown, but latterly it has been far from
common. The flower-stems, from six inches to a foot long,
spring from among the channeled leaves, bearing in March and
April little racemes of blossoms tinted with one of the sweetest
tones of deep skyblue that ever stained a spring flower. The
tiny mouth of each almost globose bloom has six teeth or
diminutive segments, which, being white, give each individual
pip, as well as the whole spike, a peculiarly dressy character.
There is a white variety also well worthy of cultivation. There
is scarcely a position in a garden that may not be embellished
by this plant, but its most appropriate place is here and there
along the shrubbery borders, where, being hardy and free, it
will thrive without attention, care being taken, however, to pre-
vent its disturbance or destruction by digging in winter. A
native of Southern and Middle Europe, readily increased by
division, and will be the better for being raised and divided
occasionally, say every third or fourth year.

Part II. MUSCARLI. 253

MUSCARI MOSCHATUM.—Musk Hyacinth.

THIS is so deliciously sweet-scented and withal so decidedly
ugly that it ought long ago to have been a favourite with authors
of books on the “ Language of Flowers,” so suggestive is it of
merit under the plainest of exteriors. When it comes in flower
in March or April, according to warmth of season or position,
the flowers, larger than those of the blue kind, are of such an
indescribably unattractive tone of livid greenish yellow that
many persons do not notice them lying among the leaves, and
wasting their sweetness on the winter-beaten earth. For its
fragrance it deserves general culture, and should be valued for
imparting to bouquets the sweetness in which many brilliant
flowers are deficient, and also for scenting the air in the open
garden in spring. The most suitable position for it is on bare,
open spots by wood walks where it would not be disturbed, or
along the low margins of shrubberies, or in any position where
its want of brilliancy may not lead to its destruction. There are
several varieties of this plant—one, JZ. Zuteum, being of a clear
waxy sulphur colour, and almost as handsome in tone as it is
deliciously sweet. A native of South Europe.

MUSCARI RACEMOSUM.—Common Grapeflower.

THIS, the “dark blue grape-flower” of Parkinson, is a very old
inhabitant of our gardens, and is also a native plant, or one that
has escaped from cultivation. The dull green, channeled, weakly
leaves attain a length of from twelve to eighteen inches, the
flower-stem growing from nine inches to a foot high, the flowers
being arranged on it in a dense terminal raceme. The flowers,
very dark purple, and slightly covered with what grape-growers
call bloom, almost remind one of berries. They smell “like unto
starch when it is new made and hot.” It is a vigorous grower,
and will, as our interesting old friend, John Parkinson, remarks,
“quickly choak a ground, if it be suffered long in it. For which
cause most men do cast it into some by-corner if they mean to
preserve it, or cast it out of the garden quite.”

M. pallens, comosum monstrosum, commutatum, neglectum,
and Heldreichit, are also in cultivation, the last, which is as yet
very rare, being the best.

254 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

MYOSOTIS ALPESTRIS.—A /pine Forget-me-not.

A BRITISH alpine plant, found in one or two places in Scotland
and Northern England, and inferior to no gem of the high Alps
in vivid colour and beauty. It forms close tufts of dark-green
hairy leaves, rather narrow and pointed, healthy plants rising to
a height of only about two inches. About the end of April a few
flowers of a beautiful blue, with a very small yellowish eye, begin
to appear among the leaves, and as the weather gets warmer, the
little flower-stems gradually rise, and soon the plants become
compact masses of blue, remaining in perfection all through the
early summer. Fortunately, it is very easily raised, and comes
quite true from seed. It loves to be pinched in between lumps of
millstone grit, whether in pots or on rockwork, and sometimes
grows freely in more ordinary circumstances, but is apt to perish
in winter if allowed to grow too grossly. It is quite distinct
from, and much finer than, the dwarf mountain form of the Wood
Forget-me-not, often met with on the Alps, the leaves always
being in very dense tufts close to the earth, while the smallest
specimens of JZ. sylvatica seen on the mountains do not branch
below the surface, but are rather slender and erect in habit. It
is also a true perennial, while the Wood Forget-me-not usually
perishes after blooming. The garden home of the Alpine Forget-
me-not is on the most select spots in the rock-garden—where it
grows finest, perhaps, on ledges with a northern aspect, though
it thrives perfectly in open sunny spots; the soil to be moist
throughout the warm season. = MZ. rupicola.

MYOSOTIS AZORICA.—Azorean Forget-me-not.

THIS is at once recognised among other Forget-me-nots by
the flowers being of a rich indigo-blue throughout, and rich
purple when they first open. It was first brought home by Mr.
H. C, Watson, author of the ‘Cybele Britannica,’ who found
it near cascades and on wet rocks with a north-eastern aspect,
in the Westerly Azores. It is a little tender, but so beautiful
and distinct from our European blue and yellow-eyed Forget-
me-nots that it is worthy of being annually raised, in case old
plants should perish during winter. Easily increased by seed.
It is best raised in autumn, and kept through the winter in dry
frames, pits, or a greenhouse, or in very early spring in a gentle

Part II, MYOSOTIS. 255

heat, and planted out about the beginning of May in a some-
what shaded or sheltered position, in light but deep and moist
soil, in which it will form round spreading tufts. Peculiarly
well adapted for half-shady quiet spots in the rock-garden, or
among low shrubs near it, and also for the mixed border.

MYOSOTIS DISSITIFLORA.—Larly Forget-me-not.

THIs beautiful plant has now been some years in cultivation,
and there can be no doubt that, when it is better known to cul-
tivators, it will be more grown than any other species of Forget-
me-not. It bears more resemblance to the Wood Forget-me-not
than to any other ; but is much earlier in flower, blooming in
January and February, and lasting till early summer. It is less
hirsute, has the ribs onthe stem much less strongly marked, and
the leaves more gradually pointed. The pedicels are much more
distant from each other, and, after the flower falls, lengthen con-
siderably, and become twisted to one side, with a tendency to
approach and embrace the stem. Early in the season, and in
poor ground, it sometimes opens with pink flowers ; but where
the plants are healthy and the ground suitable, it soon expands
into tufts of the loveliest deep skyblue. In dry ground it is apt
to go off with the droughts of spring or early summer ; but when
placed in some moist cranny in a rockwork, it continues in flower
for a long time, and accompanies the Wood Forget-me-not in
its beauty, though it begins to show much earlier. It is a
biennial plant, and in districts where the air is pure and some-
what moist, it flourishes to great perfection without any trouble,
sowing itself on rockwork or on borders. I have grown it to
great perfection in a moist bed of peat in a well exposed posi-
tion, the ground being regularly watered in summer ; there it
continued a-mass of beautiful blue till the end of June, growing
continuously all the time, and sending up successive crops of
flowers throughout the spring and early summer. This or a
like plan is the one to adopt where the soil or climate are too
dry for it. I can imagine no more valuable subject for natu-
ralisation in rocky spots or in copses. For this treasure to our
gardens we are indebted to Mr, J. Atkins, of Painswick, who
found it on the Alps near the Vogelberg, and grew it for several
years in his garden before it was in cultivation elsewhere. From,
him I obtained it, and soon afterwards it passed into general
cultivation unde~ the name of AZ, montana.

256 ALPINE FLOWERS. Parr II-

MYOSOTIS PALUSTRIS.— Water Forget-me-not.

To remind even those who are least observant of our wild flowers
of the beauty of the Water Forget-me-not by our streams, canals,
&c. would be wasting words ; but. I may advocate its cultivation
as a garden-plant. It may be grown easily anywhere by the side
ofa stream, or pond, or moist place, where it does not already exist
in a wild state, by merely pricking in bits of the shoots and after-
wards leaving them to nature ; and perhaps this is the best way in
most places, particularly where the ordinary soil is warm and dry.
But in many districts the climate and soil are moist and con-
genial enough to grow it well away from the water, and in such
it is often desirable to have a little bed or two of a plant so great
a favourite with all, and so useful for mingling with more showy
flowers indoors. I have never seen the flowers so large as
among Rhododendrons growing in beds of moist peat, the moist
peat and shade just suiting it. It thrives, however, in ordinary
soil. in many gardens, as at Trentham, where it is used as an
edging round the children’s gardens. Grows as far north as the
Arctic Circle, and is a native of North America as well as of
Europe and Asia.

MYOSOTIS SYLVATICA.— Wood Forgét-me-not.

A NATIVE of woods, mountain pastures, and shady situations in
the North of Europe and Asia, and in the great central chain
from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus, and also a British plant,
though rare, limited to Scotland and the North of England.
Met with in the woods in early summer, a mass of blue, it is one
of the most charming sights afforded by any plant. It has been
extensively grown in spring flower gardens during the past few
years, and is the best blue flower used therein. In a wild state
it is said to be perennial, but in gardens usually proves a bien-
nial, and should be sown every year in early summer, putting the
plants into the beds in autumn as soon as the summer flowers are
gone. A few years ago it was generally grown and known as
MM. arvensis, a worthless weed, and may yet be known by that
name in gardens. A good plan with this plant is to scatter some
of the seeds in the woods and half wild places, or even to put out
young plants in the autumn. There is a white variety, which is
not so pretty as the blue, but which is yet worth growing where
much variety is sought.

Part IL NARCISSUS. 257

NARCISSUS BULBOCODIUM.—Hoofp-fetticoat Daffodil.

A DISTINCTLY beautiful kind, with its rich golden-yellow cup
usually erect, gradually and regularly widening from the base to
the margin and longer than the divisions, ascending, one on each
stem, to a height of four to ten inches, from tufts of half-rounded,
dark green, and somewhat rushy-looking, erect leaves. A native
of Southern France and Spain, requiring in our gardens a little
more attention than is necessary with Daffodils generally, but so
handsome when well grown that it fully repays for it. It attains
the greatest perfection in very light and deep sandy loam, in
sunny sheltered positions, where its leaves may not suffer from
cutting winds. In many sheltered gardens it may thrive on level
ground in light earth, but in all it would be improved by being
placed on low warm sheltered banks in the rock-garden, where
few things are more attractive in early spring.

NARCISSUS JUNCIFOLIUS.—Rush-leaved Daffodil.

A SWEET-SCENTED, very dwarf, and pretty species, from the Py-
renees ; bulbs about half an inch through ; leaves three or four
in a bundle, round and rush-like, four to six inches long, scarcely
so long as the flower-stems. Flowers solitary, or in gardens
occasionally two or three on a stem, both crown and cup of
golden yellow, which is a distinct feature in the plant ; appearing
in early spring with the Primulas and Gentians in our gardens,
in April and May in its native habitats. One of the smallest and
most beautiful Daffodils known, and one of the most valuable
for rockwork, thriving: freely in gritty or sandy earth, and per-
fectly hardy; but as it flowers at a cold season, it is better
planted on warm and slightly sheltered slopes on banks, In-
creased by division.

NARCISSUS MINOR.—Least Daffodil.

THIS is Parkinson’s “least Spanish yellow bastard” Daffodil.
“The leaves seldom exceeding the length of three inches, and
very narrow withal, of a grayish green colour : every flower stand-
ing upon a small and short footstalk, scarce rising above the
ground ; so that his nose, for the most part, doth lie on or touch
the ground.” The bulb is small, of a darkish brown, often flower-
ing at three inches high, and rarely attaining six inches under
iS)

258 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

favourable conditions ; the cup or crown of the flower much de-

veloped, much cut or fringed at the summit, of an orange yellow, «

and longer than the pale sulphur-coloured divisions. Flowers
in March and April, is perfectly hardy, and thrives freely in fine
sandy soil, but, being small and delicate in its parts, repays for a
little care. It should be associated with very dwarf spring-flower-
‘ring plants, and in sunny but fully exposed positions, where it may
enjoy the full sun without having its leaves and flowers destroyed
by violent winds. Ifthe patch of earth in which it is planted be
surfaced with some very minute verdant plant like the Spergula,
the flowers will not be so likely to be disfigured by having their
“noses” so very near the ground, and the effect will be much
improved. A native of Southern Europe; increased by careful
division of established tufts.

NARCISSUS PULCHELLUS.—Pretty Daffodil,

A DREssy and very elegant dwarf Daffodil, with slender rounded
leaves and flowers borne upon stems six to nine inches high,
each bearing three or four flowers, the cup scarcely half an inch
in diameter, of a pale lemon tint, the divisions of the flower
of a clear yellow and boldly recurved, or held back like those
of a Cyclamen. It is deliciously scented, flowers in April and
May, and deserves a place in every rock-garden, associated with
other choice dwarf and spring-flowering bulbs and alpine plants,
and thriving best in rich sandy loam. It is no doubt a variety of
Narcissus triandrus. | have only seen it in cultivation in the
Botanic Garden at Chelsea.

I have given only a few of the best of the dwarfest Daffodils ;
but there are many lovely kinds, somewhat larger, which, if too
large for the select rock-garden, are indispensable in collections
of spring flowers, and may be planted with the best effect in tufts
among herbaceous plants and low shrubs in the fringes of the
rock-garden, or by the sides of woods near at hand ; among the
finest kinds may be named MW. odorus, bicolor, major, Fonquilla,
the Poet’s Narcissus (N. Poeticus) and its varieties, also sundry
fine hybrids and seedling varieties,

Sy

Pakt IL, NERTERA—NIEREMBERGIA., 259

NERTERA DEPRESSA.—/ruiting Duckweed.,

THE flowers of this diminutive plant are very inconspicuous,
but when in fruit, it is best compared to a small Duckweed
growing on firm earth, and bearing numbers of little oranges !
They not only occur on the surface of the tufts, but by pushing
the fingers between the small dense leaves the bright berries are
found in profusion hidden among them. It is quite distinct
in aspect from any other plant in cultivation, and, though no
more ornamental in flower than a Duckweed, deserves culture
for the pretty fruit. Should be associated with the dwarfest
alpines on open parts of the rockwork, in firm, free, and moist
soil. A native of New Zealand andthe Andes of South America,
Easily increased by division.

NIEREMBERGIA RIVULARIS.— Water N.

OF quite a different type to the other members of its family seen
in our gardens, the stems and foliage of this trail along the
ground as dwarfly as those of the New Holland Violet, while
from amongst them spring erect, open, cup-like flowers of a
creamy-white tint, just barely pushed above the foliage. Some-
times the blossoms are faintly tinged with rose, are usually
nearly two inches across, with yellow centres, and continue
blooming during the summer and autumn months. Their dis-
tant effect, suggesting Snowdrops at first, is very pleasing, and
they are no less pretty when you come near and stand over
_them. It is said to abound by the side of the Plate River, but
only within high-tide mark, its flowers rising so high among the
very dwarf grass that the plant is discerned from a great dis-
tance. No collection of rock or herbaceous plants can be
complete without it, while the tasteful flower-gardener may well
use it in his smaller designs. Why not add it to the charms
of our best form of spring garden—those parts of a country
place planted with beautiful spring bulbs, flowers hardy enough
to take care of themselves, and lovely as things in a really
wild state, peeping through the young grass in spring or early
summer, without the usual gardenesque accompaniments of
naked muddy earth and prim surroundings? Rooting much at
the base, it is easily increased by division.

260 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

G2NOTHERA MARGINATA.—Largé Evening Primrose.

ALTHOUGH a humble plant—even when vigorous not more than
six to twelve inches high—this blooms as nobly as any luxuriant
native of the tropics, the individual flowers being four to five
inches across, of the purest white, changing, as the flower
becomes older, to a very delicate rose, the blooms coming well
above the toothed or jagged leaves as the evening approaches,
and remaining in all their glory during the night, emitting a de-
licious magnolia-like odour. This plant, tastefully arranged in
the rock-garden or in some quiet border, should prove one of
the greatest charms of the garden in every northern and tem-
perate clime—as welcome among the night bloomers as the
nightingale among night singers. It is perennial, quite hardy,
increased by suckers from the root, which are freely produced,
Cuttings also root readily. “ Begins to flower in May, continuing
till the weather gets hot about July, when it seems to like a rest,
and again blooms in September and October.” Young vigorous
specimens in rich ground would probably flower continuously
throughout this period. Mr. Robert Stark, of Edinburgh, a well-
known lover and cultivator of rare hardy plants, obtained roots
of this, when in Canada, from a botanist in the Western States
of America, and it is to him we are indebted for its introduction
to our gardens. .

G@NOTHERA MISSOURIENSIS.—-Missvuri Evening Primrose.

A NOBLE, yellow, herbaceous plant from North America, with
prostrate, rather downy stems, entire leaves, their margins and
nerves covered with silky down, and with rich clear golden-yellow
flowers, from four to nearly five inches in diameter, so freely
produced that the plant may be said to cover the ground with
tufts of gold. There is no more valuable border-flower, and
well placed on rockwork it is a glorious ornament, especially
when the luxuriant shoots are allowed to hang down. As the
seed is but rarely perfected, it is better increased by careful
division, or by cuttings made in April. When used as a border-
plant, it does nor make such a free growth in cold clayey soils

as it does in warm light ones. The blooms open best in the
evenings. =(E. macrocarpa.

Part II. @NOTHERA. 261

C2NOTHERA SPECIOSA.—Showy Evening Primrose.

A VERY handsome plant, with an abundance of large white
flowers, which afterwards change to a delicate rose, in these
respects somewhat resembling CZ. ¢araxacifolia, but the plant
is erect, with almost shrubby stems. It forms neat tufts, usually
from fourteen to eighteen inches high, is a true perennial, and
exceedingly valuable for borders, or the lower and rougher parts
of rockwork. A native of North America ; increased by division,
cuttings, or seeds, but not seeding freely in this country, and
flourishing vigorously in well-drained rich loam. Plants of this
type, somewhat above the size we require for the choice rock-
garden, may be very tastefully used near it on banks rocky
or otherwise. About Paris it is used a good deal for bedding,
replanted every year, and is very effective for this purpose,
as the bloom continues from midsummer till October.

G|NOTHERA TARAXACIFOLIA.—Dandelion-leaved E.

ONE of the most popular and beautiful of all our dwarf hardy
plants, with rather stout stems, that freely trail over the ground
like any humble weed in this cold climate of ours, but bearing
a profusion of flowers, large and delicately tinted as those of a
tropical Dipladenia, which can only be grown in this country at
considerable and constant expense of time and money. The
leaves are deeply cut, somewhat like those of the Dandelion, but
of a greyish tone; the flowers several inches across, white,
changing to pale delicate rose as they become older. The
plant is quite hardy and perennial, but on some very cold soils
perishes in winter. Where it does so, and where the plant is much
admired, it should be raised annually from seed. It will thrive
in almost any garden soil, but best in one rich and deep, and
may be used with the best result as a drooping plant in the rock-
garden border. Plants raised in early spring and pricked over
bare surfaces of rose-beds, &c. embellish them finely, flowering
profusely the first year. A native of Chili, flowering all the sum-
mer and autumn, and seldom rising more than six inches above
the ground. “

Gnothera acaulzs differs from this fine plant chiefly in having
much smaller flowers ; it is, therefore, barely worthy of a place
except in botanical collections.

262 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

OMPHALODES LUCILIas.—Lucilia’s O07

A seldom seen and very charming sister of the sweet little Om-
phalodes verna, but with a dwarf crop of very glaucous smooth
leaves, in tone resembling those of the Oyster-plant, and with
flowers of a beautiful light skyblue, with a faint stain of some-
thing akin to the palest lilac. A native of Mount Taurus. It
will probably one day become one of the most admired plants
on our rockeries, as it is the very type of sweet modest beauty.
I have not observed enough of the plant to speak more fully of
its wants or habits, having only seen it on the rockwork in the
botanic garden at Geneva, but have little doubt that it will be
found to thrive on sunny flanks of rockwork in perfectly well
drained fissures of light soil. It deserves careful treatment till
sufficiently abundant to be tried in various positions.

OMPHALODES VERNA.—Creeping Forget-me-not.

A NEAR relative of our Forget-me-nots, quite as beautiful as
and on the whole more useful than any of them in consequence
of the facility with which it creeps about in shady places, Its
handsome deep and clear blue flowers with white throats, pro-
duced in early spring, immediately remind one of the finest
Forget-me-nots, but are larger and of a more intense blue,
and immediately distinguished by the stems sending out run-
ners from their base, apart from other characteristics, A native
of mountain woods on several of the great continental chains,
and indispensable for every rock and spring garden. I know
of no plant more worthy of naturalisation in half-wild places
under trees or shrubs, or even beneath Rhododendrons and the
like. In elevated woods I have seen it run about as vigorously
as any native plant, but it will thrive well by almost every wood-
walk, and prove one of the brightest ornaments of spring in any
position in which it grows. Easily increased by division. Tufts
of it taken up and forced in midwinter form beautiful objects in
pots or baskets in the conservatory.

ONONIS ARVENSIS.—Wild Liguorice.

ONE of the prettiest of our wild plants, and well worthy of culti-
vation on banks and rough rockwork. It is a somewhat variable
plant, usually forming dense spreading tufts, clammy to the touch

Part II. ONONIS—OPHR YS. 263

from being thinly overspread with glutinous hairs, and becoming
covered with racemes of pink flowers in summer. There is a
white variety even more valuable for cultivation, and worthy of a
better position and soil than the common form, which grows in
any soil. No plants can be more readily increased from seed or
by division. This plant is distinct from the spiny Oxonzs cam-
pestris, which forms stems nearly two feet high, sometimes even
more.

ONONIS ROTUNDIFOLIA.—Round-leaved Rest-harrow.

THIS species is easily known by its roundish trifoliate leaves,
margined with triangular teeth, and thickly furnished with gland-
.tipped, slightly viscid hairs, and large and handsome rose-
coloured flowers, with the upper petal or standard veined with
crimson, usually in pairs on one petiole springing from the axil
of almost every leaf of the upper portion of the stem, A distinct
and pretty plant, hardy, and easily cultivated, flowering in May
and June and through the summer. It attains a height of
from twelve to twenty inches, according to soil and position,
increasing in height as the season advances. Suitable for the
mixed border, or rougher parts of rockwork ; comes from the
Pyrenees and Alps of Europe, and is easily propagated by seeds
or division.

OPHRYS APIFERA.— Bee Orchis.

ONE of the most singularly beautiful of our native plants, very
rarely seen in gardens; it varies from six inches to more
than a foot in height, with a few glaucous leaves near the
ground ; the lip of the flower being convex, of a rich velvety
brown with yellow markings, so that it bears a fanciful resem-
blance to a bee. Found abundantly in various parts of England
and Ireland, though far from common or generally distributed,
and met with generally on chalky hills or banks, or on a lime-
stone, and occasionally on a clayey or sandy, soil. It is usually
considered very difficult to grow, but this is by no means the
case, and it may be grown easily in rather warm and dry banks
in the rock-garden, planting it in a deep little bed of calcareous
‘soil, if that be convenient ; if not, using loam mixed with broken
limestone. It will be found to thrive best if the surface of the

264 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part Il.

soil in which it grows be carpeted with the Lawn Pearlwort or
some other very dwarf plant, and failing these, with an inch
‘or so of cocoa-fibre and sand, to keep the soil somewhat moist
and compact about the plants. Flowers in earlysummer. I am
not aware that it has yet been increased in gardens.

ORCHIS MACULATA.—<Sfotted O.

THIS is the handsomest British Orchis. Usually prettily tinted
in the poorest and driest soils, but a very different object in a
rich Buckinghamshire meadow (where I have seen it sometimes
so thick that the spikes were as plentiful as those of the grass
flowers) to what it appears on a starved Surrey heath. If well
grown in moist and rather stiff garden loam, it will surprise and.
please even those who know it well in a wild state. Obtain it
at any season, and plant twelve or twenty tubers in a patch,
taking them up as tenderly as possible, and plant them care.
fully in a half-shady and sheltered position in moist deep soil.
When the plants forni dense patches two or three years after-
wards, they will prove more beautiful than many orchids from
warmer climes. Flowers in summer, and may be associated
with the Cypripediums, or planted in tufts in borders, or on the
margins of shrubberies.

Orchis foliosa, latifolia, and laxiflora, are also worthy of a
place ; the two last thrive best in moist boggy soil, and should
be placed in the artificial bog.

OROBUS CYANEUS.—Slue Bitter Vetch,

A DwarrF vetch-like plant, with large, handsome, bluish flowers
among masses of light green leaves, with two or three pairs of
leaflets, flowering in spring, the plant growing little more than
six inches high. I have only observed this plant growing on
very cold stiff ground scarcely acceptable to coarse weeds, and
there it-was quite hardy and flowered regularly, so that it is
probable it would do much better on light good soils. Propa-
gated by seeds or division ; comes from the Caucasian moun-
tains, and is best suited for warm, sheltered, sunny spots on
rockwork. It is sometimes met with under the name of P/aty-
stylis cyaneus, under which name it was figured by Sweet.

Part II. OROBUS. 265

OROBUS VARIEGATUS.—Variegated Bitter Vetch.

A COMPACT plant, with two firm and opposite keels on its wiry
stems, which ascend in a zigzag manner to about a foot in height,
bearing leaves with two or three pairs of leaflets, and rather
closely arranged racemes of flowers supported on a footstalk a
couple of inches long. The flowers, though small, are beautifully
variegated, the upper petal being a fine rose-colour with a net-
work of full purplish-crimson veins, the points of the wings being
blue. It is a very hardy, easily grown plant, suited for the front
margin of the mixed border or the rockwork, and may be in-
creased by seeds or division. A native of Southern Italy and
Corsica; not unlike Orobus vernus in habit, but at once distin-
guished by its much smaller flowers in shorter, densely packed,
racemes.

OROBUS VERNUS.—Spring Bitter Vetch.

THIS is one of the most charming border-flowers that begin to
open in that sweet season, the end of April and beginning of
May. From black roots spring rich healthy tufts of leaves with
two or three pairs of shining leaflets, the flower buds showing
soon after the leaves, and eventually almost covering the plants
with beautiful blooms, purple and blue, with red veins, the keel
of the flower tinted with green, and the whole changing to blue.
It is no fastidious alpine beauty, that, when carried to our gar-
dens in the cultivated plains, sickens and dies for want of the
pure cool mountain air and moisture, but a vigorous native of
Southern and Central Europe, well able to make the most of
our warm deep sandy loams, growing in almost any soil, and
perfectly hardy everywhere. It is one of the best ornaments
of the mixed border in cultivation, useful for those parts of
the rockwork where a bold and vigorous vegetation is desired,
and also a noble subject for those who wish to naturalise fine
hardy plants in open spots along their wood or shrubbery walks.
It may be seen in great abundance in the Royal Botanic Gar-
dens at Edinburgh, where Mr. M‘Nab arranges it in lines and
various other ways, in which we are not accustomed to see it.
It varies a good deal—all the better, of course—the most marked
of the known varieties or sub-species being ruscifolius and flac-
cidus. Flowers in April and May; grows from ten inches to

266 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

eighteen inches high ; is propagated very readily from seed, and
also by division of the root, and attains its greatest development
in deep warm soils in sunny, sheltered positions.

Some other species of Orobus useful for borders and rockwork
are in cultivation: O. pubescens, O. canescens, O. varius, and
O. Fischeri being among the best. All are of easy culture in
ordinary garden soil, and are increased by seeds or division of
the root.

OTHONNA CHEIRIFOLIA.—Sarbary Ragwort.

A PLANT of very distinct character ; the leaves and shoots quite
smooth and glaucous, and the habit neat and spreading. Forms
whitish-green and rather ornamental tufts from eight inches to
a foot high, or perhaps more on very rich soils, and flowers
sparsely on heavy and cold soil, but on light soils it blooms
often somewhat freely in May, the blooms of a rich yellow, about
an inch and a half across, but not ornamental. Chiefly useful
for its distinct type of leaf and aspect on the rough rockwork or
mixed border. A native of Barbary ; propagated by cuttings.

OXALIS BOWIEIL—Bowze's Wood Sorrel.

A BEAUTIFUL Wood Sorrel from the Cape of Good Hope, often
grown in pots in our greenhouses and frames, but quite hardy, and
never seen in its true beauty except when growing on very sandy
or warm soil in the open air. It grows all round the wall of one
of the stoves in the Botanic Garden at Chelsea on a very sandy
soil, and flowers most profusely, as it does in various other places
in Southern England, and would do in most places on dry soil if
commonly planted. Few dwarf plants are more attractive when
jts large and handsome rose-red flowers, six to ten on stems
usually reaching from eight inches to a foot high, are open. It
should be on every rockwork, and is best planted on sunny
slopes in well-drained sandy loam, and, if convenient, against
rocks or stones. Where walls rise directly from gravel walks,
a pleasing line of the plant may be established, and, if the
bottom be dry, it will flower charmingly every year. In cold
soils I have observed it grow freely enough, but not flower well.
It is very easily increased by division, and flowers in autumn.

ParTII, OXALIS—OXVTROPIS—PACHYPHYTUM, 267

OXALIS FLORIBUNDA.—Manylowered Wood Sorrel.

A FREE-FLOWERING kind of Wood Sorrel, apparently quite
hardy in all soils, and producing numbers of rose-coloured
flowers with dark veins, for months in succession. The leaflets,
three in number, are roundish-egg-shaped, concave at the apex,
and hairy. There is a white-flowered variety as free to flower
and in every way as valuable as the rose-coloured form. Both
are very useful for rockwork, for the margins of borders, and are
easily increased by division. This appears to be the commonest
kind of Oxalis in cultivation, A native of South America, and
hardy enough to encourage one to attempt to naturalise it on
any rocky place or about ruins.

There are other species of Wood Sorrel obtainable, and worthy
of a place, especially on very dry sandy soils, and among them,
O. lobata, a yellow, and O. speciosa, a rose-coloured kind, are
perhaps the best. The elegant O. rosea is an easily grown
annual kind, suitable for grouping with choice rock-plants.

OXYTROPIS PYRENAICA.—Pyrenean Oxytroge.

A VERY dwarf species, with pinnate leaves, composed of from
fifteen to twenty pairs of leaflets, each about a quarter of an inch
long, slightly concave, and clothed with a short silky down.
These barely rise above the ground, as the short stems are
nearly prostrate, and seldom exceed a few inches in height ; the
flowers, borne in heads of from four to fifteen, are of a purplish
lilac—the upper petal or standard barred with white in the centre,
Not a showy but withal a desirable little plant for those parts of
rockwork devoted to very dwarf subjects. A native of the Pyre-
nees, rare in gardens, increased by seed or division, and should
be planted on well-exposed and bare parts of rockworks, in firm,
sandy, or gravelly soil. Flowers in early summer.

PACHYPHYTUM BRACTEOSUM.—Silverbracts.

J SHOULD not have mentioned this plant here had it not been
used with a singularly good effect of late associated in several
instances with dwarf hardy succulents. It is a fleshy succulent
plant, a native of Mexico, belonging to the Crassula order, with
leaves about half an inch thick, somewhat spoon-shaped, but
narrowing very gradually from the wide apex to the thick base,

268 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

with a large, flat, and thick point, rounded on the under side,
slightly concave above ; the whole plant has a whitened tone,
being densely coated with minute powdery matter, except on the
old and weather-beaten leaves, the young leaves and those towards
the centre of the rosette being faintly but sweetly suffused with
pink. The stout little stems, bearing their columns of fat leaves,
usually attain a height of from three to eight inches, this depend-
ing a good de&l on the size they are when placed in the open air ;
the strongest of them sending up stems from twelve to sixteen
inches long, weighed down at the top with a quaint but singularly
pretty inflorescence. The line of flowers springs from the upper
part of the stem, but immediately from beneath the footstalk of
each bloom a neatly carved leaf (bract), a little more than half
an inch, is given off; and, as these all grow in a downward
direction, there is a line of small silvery leaves on the under
side of the arching inflorescence. The flowers themselves are
well enclosed in a calyx with sepals of a bluish-silvery tone, fleshy
like those of the bracts. The freshly opened flowers are usually
in the drooping portion of the raceme, so that they are not seen
till slightly raised up, or the plant, if in a pot, placed on nearly a
level with the eye ; but when they are seen, they afford a pleasing
surprise, being of a deep crimson with yellow stamens. The
unopened part of the inflorescence is composed of the over-
lapped small leaves of the calyx and bracts, somewhat resem-
bling a hop fruit in outline, but, like all the rest, of a peculiarly
attractive hue.

This plant, first seen about London in the tiny collections of
succulents grown for the market in small pots, is now found to
be a most valuable addition to the flower-garden in summer, and
also merits a place in every greenhouse, and in every collection
of window-plants, It has survived out of doors one.or two
winters about London, but for flower-garden purposes it is best
kept over the winter in dry frames, pits, or on a shelf in the
greenhouse. On the rockwork, planted out in sunny nooks in
light soil, it may be ventured out all the winter. It is seen to
great advantage on glistening carpets of the dwarf mossy Saxi-
frages, or diminutive plants of like habit. Readily propagated
by merely pulling off the leaves, inserting them in pans or boxes,
and placing them in a dry warm pit or frame, or any like place
that may be to spare. A little plant soon-appears at the base
of each leaf. If it be desired to advance the young plants

Part ITI. PAPAVER—PARADISIA. 269

rapidly, it may be done by keeping them in a brisk dry heat near
the glass. In the open air it is usually grown for the effect of its
leaves, and does not often flower except in the greenhouse.

PAPAVER ALPINUM.—A/lpine Poppy.

THIS has large and beautiful white flowers, with yellow centres,
and with smooth, or hairy, dissected leaves, cut into fine acute
lobes, A native of the higher Alps of Europe, this plant may
sometimes be seen in good condition in our gardens, but it is liable
to perish as if not a true perennial. It varies a good deal as to
colour, there being white, scarlet, and yellow forms in cultivation.
The variety albzflorum of botanists has white flowers, spotted at
the base, while the variety favzflorum has showy orange flowers,
grows three or four inches high, and is hairy. This last variety
is also known as P. pyrenaicum,

PAPAVER NUDICAULE.—Jceland Poppy.

A FINE dwarf kind, with deeply lobed and cut leaves, and large
rich yellow flowers on naked stems, reaching from twelve to
fifteen inches high. A native of Siberia and the northern parts
of America, and a handsome plant for borders or rockwork,
easily raised from seed, and forming rich masses of cup-like
flowers, but, like other dwarf Poppies, does not seem to be
permanent, and should be raised annually. There are several
varieties.

PARADISIA LILIASTRUM.—S¢, Bruno's Lily,

WHEN the traveller first crawls down from the cold and snowy
heights of'an alp into the grateful warmth and English-meadow-
like freshness of a Piedmontese valley, most likely the first flower
he notices in the long and pleasant grass of the lower flanks of
the valley is a lily-like blossom, standing about level with the
tops of the blades of Grass and Orchises. The blooms, about
two inches long, s6 clearly and delicately white that they might
well pAss for emblems of purity, have each division faintly tipped
with pale green, and from two to five flowers occur on each
stem. It does not grow in close tufts as in our borders, but one
or perhaps two stems spring up here and there all over the mea-
dows, and the effect of the half-pendent “ Lilies” is then fasci--

270 ALPINE FLOWERS, Part II,

nating. If it were an English flower, it would be called the
Lady of the Meadows. It is easy of culture on light deep
warm soil, and should be in every collection. Slight shelter
would prove beneficial, and that may readily be afforded by
planting it among dwarf shrubs and the rather tall subjects on
the flanks and lower parts of rockwork. It is also a beautiful
ornament for the mixed border, and would prove worthy of
naturalisation in open spots in semi-wild places and in unmown
parts of the large pleasure-ground. It will be found to flourish
in British as well as in alpine grass, and is easily propagated by
division or by seeds. = Czackia Liliastrum.

PARNASSIA CAROLINIANA.—Carolina P.

A NATIVE of North America, chiefly in mountainous places, on
wet banks, and in damp soil. Much larger than the British
Parnassia, the stem reaching from one to nearly two feet high,
the flowers from an inch to an inch and a half across, the leaves
thick, leathery, and roundish-heart-shaped, one usually occurring
on the stalk low down, and clasping the stem ; the sterile stamens
three in each set, instead of nine to fifteen, as in P. palustris. It
is a very desirable plant for artificial bogs, succeeding in deep
moist soil, and flowering in autumn. Increased by seed or divi-
sion; at present rare in gardens.

P. asarifolia, a native of high mountains in Virginia and North
Carolina, does not differ much from the preceding, but has the
leaves rounded and kidney-shaped, with larger flowers, and re-
quires much the same treatment.

PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS.—Grass of Parnassus.

A WELL-KNOWN and admired native mountain plant, with hand-
some white flowers an inch or more in diameter, and with very
distinctly marked veins, smooth, rather pale-green leaves, heart-
shaped at the base, from less than an inch to an inch and
a half long, the flower-stems wiry, angular, and from four inches
to about a foot high. An interesting native as well as orna-
mental plant, growing naturally in bogs, moist heaths, and high
wet pastures. A very desirable addition to the artificial bog, or
to very moist spots in or near the rock-garden, and may also be
grown in pots placed halfway in any fountain or other basin
devoted to aquatic plants. Plants or seeds may be easily ob-

Part II. PELARGONIUM—PENTSTEMON. 271

tained in its wild habitats, and the seed should be sown, in
moist spots, as soon as gathered.

PELARGONIUM ENDLICHERIANUM.—L£xdlicher’s P.

THIs is interesting as the only species of Pelargonium that
comes so far north as Asia Minor, and from being a hardy
plant. But it is also a remarkably showy and handsome
one, with deep rose-coloured flowers, boldly upheld on stems
about eighteen inches high, the two upper petals being very
large. The leaves are roundish, and form rather close tufts on the
surface. I first saw it in the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, where
it had remained several very severe winters in the open air,
thus proving perfectly hardy. A sunny nook on a rockwork
would suit it well, or a position on a warm dry bank, sheltered
from the north, but it will probably be found to thrive without
these attentions. Readily increased by seed or division.

PENTSTEMON GLABER.— Smooth P.

OF dwarf habit, mostly quite decumbent, but occasionally more
or less erect, with lance-shaped, entire, smooth leaves, and termi-
nal racemes of bright-blue flowers, the throat being usually of a
pinkish lilac, but the flowers vary in hue, Perfectly hardy, and
succeeds in any friable soil. A native of the plains adjacent to
the Rocky Mountains. The better known P. sfectosus is now
regarded as a variety only of this plant, growing taller and erect,
but the forms run into each other ; and P. cyananthus is only
another form. Flowers in early summer, and may be easily
raised from seed, the seedlings blooming the second year. Being
of a prostrate habit, it is well suited for warm and well-drained
slopes and ledges in the rock-garden.

PENTSTEMON PROCERUS.—7u/ted P.

PERHAPS the most suitable of any easily-obtained Pentstemon
for the margins of borders or for planting on rockwork, spreading
into wide evergreen tufts not more than a couple of.inches high
in any kind of soil, and sending up in early summer numerous
spikes of flowers, not large or showy individually, but freely
produced, and of a veined purple, in little racemes, but standing
so close to the stem that they seem in whorls. The stems,

272 ALPINE FLOWERS. - Part II.

at least those of the variety cultivated about London, rarely rise
more than a foot high; leaves lance-shaped and quite entire,
the lower ones with a stalk, the upper stalkless. Few plants
are more easily increased by division of the root. Flowers in
early summer. A native of North-West America and the Rocky
Mountains. i

PENTSTEMON SCOULERI.—Scouler’s P.

A SHRUBBY species, with a somewhat spreading compact habit,
narrow sharply notched leaves, the upper ones entire, and with
large, pale lilac-purple flowers. It is very hardy, grows freely in
ordinary soil, and flowers in summer. It is said to attain a
height of between two and three feet, but I have not seen it
nearly so tall. Propagated by seeds or cuttings, and well suited
for extensive rockworks associated with small shrubs and the
finest types of herbaceous vegetation.

In addition to the preceding, there are various large Pent-
stemons more fitted for borders than rockwork, but also useful
in this way where there are very large rock-gardens, especially
the fine and somewhat tender Pentstemon Feffreyanus, with
gentian-blue flowers, the free-flowering lilac-rose Pentstemon
diffusus, the white and the red varieties of P. Hartwegi (= P.
gentianoides), and its other innumerable‘and beautiful forms.

PETROCALLIS PYRENAICA.— Beauty of the Rocks.

TRULY a “rock beauty!” as everybody must confess who
sees its fresh light-green tufts, not more than an inch
high, and cushioned snugly amidst the broken rocks.. From
these stains of light green spring in April peculiarly innocent-
looking flowers, reminding one of Lilliputian “ Ladies’ Smocks,”
and supported on stems that rise little more than half an inch
over the thrice-divided leaves, except where the plant is in a
shady position, when they push up a little taller, and are more
attenuated. When well grown, its faintly-veined pale-lilac
flowers seem to form a little cushion, so cold and delicate-
looking that I have known people to grow and admire it for
years without ever suspecting it to be capable of emitting an
odour of any kind; but it breathes a delicious, if faint and
delicate, sweetness. Only suited for careful culture on the
well-made rockwork, being of a fragile nature, though perfectly

Part II, PHLOX. 273

hardy. It should be planted in sandy fibry loam, in rather
level.warm spots on rockwork, where it could root freely into
the moist soil, and yet be near the congenial influences of the
broken rocks and stones, down the buried sides of which it
can send its roots. It should always have a sunny position.
I have seen it grown as a border-plant in a moist part of
Ireland, but in the hands of a very careful cultivator, who grew
it in very fine soil on a select border, and took up, divided, and
carefully replanted the tufts every autumn. It may also be
grown in pots plunged in sand in the open air, and in frames in
winter; but I have always noticed that it becomes drawn and
delicate under glass protection of any kind. Easily increased by
careful division, and may also be raised from seed. A native of
Northern Italy, the Tyrol, and various other elevated parts of
Southern Europe, as well as the Pyrenees.

PHLOX DIVARICATA.—Sfreading P,

LARGER than the Creeping Phlox or Moss Pink, attaining a
height of about one foot, and bearing large lilac-purple blossoms ;
the leaves are rounded at the base, oblong-egg-shaped or oblong-
lance-shaped in outline. The plant thrives very well on rock-
work in good garden soil, and flowers in summer. A native of
North America, and increased by division.

PHLOX REPTANS.—Creeping Pink.

WITH the large flowers and richness of colour of the taller
Phloxes, this mantles over borders and rockworks with a healthy
soft green about an inch or two high, and sends up numbers of
stems from four to six inches high at the end of April or beginning
of May, each producing from five to eight deep purplish-rose
flowers. It is by no means fastidious as to soil or situation, but
will be found to thrive best in peat or light rich soils. As
it creeps along the ground, and gives off numbers of little rootlets
from the joints, it is propagated with the greatest ease and
facility. A person with the slightest experience in propagation
may convert a tuft of it into a thousand plants in a very short
time. It is almost indispensable for the rock-garden, makes
very pretty edgings round the margins of beds, and also capital
tufts on the front edge of the mixed border. It may also be used
in the spring garden and for vase decoration, and is a native of
T

274 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

North America, inhabiting damp woods. It is, perhaps, better
known in gardens as P. stolonifera and P. verna than by its
proper name.

PHLOX SUBULATA.—Moss Pink.

A MOSS-LIKE little evergreen with stems from four inches to
a foot long, but always prostrate, so that the dense matted tufts
are seldom more than six inches high except in very favourable
rich and moist, but sandy and well-drained, soil, where, when the
plant is fully exposed, the tufts attain a diameter of several feet,
and a height of one foot or more. The leaves are awl-shaped
or pointed, and very numerous ; the flowers of pinkish purple or
rose colour, with a dark centre, so densely produced that the
plants are completely hidden by them during the blooming
season. It occurs in a wild state on rocky hills and sandy
banks in North America, and there are few more valuable
plants for the decoration of the spring garden borders or rock-
work, being at once hardy, dwarf, neat in habit, profuse in bloom,
forming gay cushions on the level ground, or pendent sheets
from the tops of crags or from chinks on rockwork. It is easily
increased by division, forming roots freely at the base of the
little stems, and usually thrives in ordinary garden soil, particu-
larly in deep sandy loam. Excessive drought seems to injure it,
but it is less likely to suffer when rooted beneath the stones on
rockwork. There is a white variety (P. swbudata alba), known in
many gardens as P. Nelson, which is also a beautiful plant,

PINGUICULA GRANDIFLORA.—/Jrish Butterwort.

LEAVES in rosettes, light green, fleshy, and glistening, oval-oblong
and obtuse, broadest in the middle; flowers handsome, two-
lipped, spurred like the Horned Violet, more than an inch long,
nearly or quite an inch across in well-grown specimens, of a
fine violet blue. Mr. Bentham unites this with the much less
beautiful P. vadgaris, but Mr. Syme says : “I cannot conceive
how anyone who has seen the plants alive can consider them
as the same species ;” and as P. grandiflora has flowers twice
as large as vulgaris, and is a much handsomer plant, it is cer-
tainly distinct, and the kind by far best worthy of cultivation.
It inhabits bogs and wet heaths in the South-west of Ireland,
and delights in moist mossy spots on the northern and shady

Part IL PLUMBAGO—POLEMONIUM. 275

slopes of the rock-garden, or in more open places in very moist
peat soil. In the former situations it may be associated with the
Wintergreens, the Twinflower, or the Starflower, and in the arti-
ficial bog with Rhexia virginica and the Bavarian Gentian.
Increased by small green bulbils, which are given off at the base
of the rosettes.

PLUMBAGO LARPENT#.—AHardy P.

A DwaRF herbaceous plant, originally cultivated in stoves and
greenhouses, but now found to be perfectly hardy, and a first-rate
ornament for rockwork, banks, or sunny borders. Its numerous
wiry stems, covered regularly from top to bottom with light
green leaves nearly two inches long, and margined with hairs,
are half prostrate, but, being very profuse, form neat and full
tufts from six to ten inches high, according to soil and position.
In September these become nearly covered with flowers arranged
in close trusses at the end of the shoots, and of a fine cobalt blue,
afterwards changing to violet—the calyces being of a reddish
violet. The bloom usually lasts till the frosts. I have seen this
plant flourish in very cold soils, but it is in all cases desirable to
give it a warm sandy loam or other light soil and a sunny warm
position, as under these conditions the show of bloom is much
finer. In consequence of the semi-prostrate habit, it is well
suited for planting above the upper edges of vertical stones or
slopes on rockwork, and it may also be used with good effect
as a border-plant, or as an edging-plant in the flower-garden,
particularly in the case of slightly raised beds. A native of
China ; very easily increased by division of the root during winter
or early spring.

POLEMONIUM CHRULEUM.—Facobsladder,

Tuts old garden favourite, with its tender green leaves and
rather showy blue flowers, so widely diffused over the northern
regions of the world, is chiefly mentioned here in consequence
of the striking beauty of its variegated variety (P. ceruleum
variegatum). It is feathery, silvery, and so graceful that some-
times people mistake it for a “variegated fern,” and most valu-
able for mixed borders, rockwork, the flower-garden, or almost
any position. It is so desirable as an edging-plant in the
flower-garden that its propagation and culture are of impor-
T2

276 ALPINE FLOWERS. Parr II,

tance. On good garden soils generally it will be found almost
as ‘easy of culture as the common form. It is, however, apt to
go off on a very wet clayey soil, but flourishes finely in deep rich
but well-drained loam. As regards the propagation, it is effected
by simply digging up well-established old plants, pulling them
in pieces, and then planting them immediately in a nursery-bed
of good soil. This is best done in early autumn, so that it may
be nicely established in the nursery-beds before midwinter.
Where plants are merely required for borders and rockwork,
the old stools simply require to be taken up, divided, and
replanted, where desired, in the old-fashioned way of dealing
with herbaceous plants. As the variegated variety is grown for
its leaf beauty alone, it is scarcely necessary to add that the
flower-stems should be removed when they appear. There are
several other species in cultivation, but they are scarcely of
a sufficiently perennial or ornamental character.

POLYGALA CALCAREA.—Chalk Milkwort.

A NATIVE plant found in Kent, Surrey, Gloucester, Berks, and
a few other places in the South of England, generally on chalky
débris, and very pretty, usually with blue but sometimes with
pink or whitish flowers, about a quarter of an inch long, in
compact racemes ; the leaves deep shining green and smooth,
and the shoots six inches long in well-grown specimens.
Mr. Syme says this has no connecting links with the common
Milkwort (P. vulgaris). It is known by the flowering shoots
rising from rosettes of leaves, and by the leaves on those shoots
becoming abruptly smaller and narrower than those below them.
It is the handsomest and the easiest to grow of the British spe-
cies, and does very well on rockwork in sunny chinks, planted
in calcareous soil, forming neat dressy tufts of violet-blue and
white flowers, and blooming profusely in early summer. It should
be allowed to sow itself if possible, or the seed may be gathered
from wild plants and carefully sown in sandy soil. Plants care-
fully taken up from their native positions have also been esta-
blished in gardens,

POLYGALA CHAMASBUXUS.—Sox-leaved Milkwort,

A VALUABLE little creeping shrub, a native of the Alps of
Austria and Switzerland, where it often forms but very small

Parr II. POLYGONUM—POTENTILLA. 277

plants; in our gardens, however, on peaty soil, and in some fine
sandy loams, it spreads out into compact tufts covered with
cream-coloured and yellow flowers, afterwards changing to a bay
colour in the lower division. A variety with purple wings and
calyx is not in cultivation, I believe. This plant was cultivated
200 years ago, at Oxford, but is now comparatively rare in our
gardens. It succeeds best in a peat soil, loves moisture, and
is admirably fitted for association with dwarf alpine shrubs on
rockwork or in peat beds.

POLYGONUM VACCINIFOLIUM.—Rock Knotweed.

ALTHOUGH it comes of rather a poor and weedy race, this is
a neat and ornamental trailing plant, scrambling freely over
stones, and producing many bright-rose spikes of flowers in
summer and autumn. It comes from elevations of from 11,000
to 13,000 feet on the Himalayas, which may perhaps have
had much to do in refining its character and making it so
unlike the Knotweeds that garnish the slime of our ditches and
canals. Easily increased by division or cuttings, and thrives in
common garden soil. Suited for banks, the fringes of shrub-
beries, rockwork, and the less important parts of the alpine
garden.

POTENTILLA ALBA:—White Cinguefozl.

A PRETTY species, with the leaves in five stalkless leaflets, green
and smooth above, and quite silvery, with dense silky down, on
the lower sides. It is a very dwarf kind, neat and not rampant
in habit, with white strawberry-like flowers, nearly an inch
across, with a dark orange ring at the base. A native of the
Alps and Pyrenees, of the easiest culture in ordinary soil, and
a fitting ornament for borders or rockwork, flowering in early
summer, and easily increased by division.

POTENTILLA ALPESTRIS.—A (pine Cinguefoil.

A RARE native plant, closely allied to the spring Potentilla
(P. verna), but with flower-stems more erect, forming tufts
nearly a foot high when well grown, the stalks of the leaves
being nearly six inches long, so that the whole plant is much

278 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

larger. Found on ledges of rock and elevated slopes in Scotland
and Northern England, the root-leaves in five wedge-shaped
divisions notched at the top, and of a bright shining green
colour, the flowers of a bright yellow, about an inch across. Well
worthy of a place on rockwork, it matters little how cold the
position, and will enjoy a moist deep soil. /. verna is also
worthy of a place in the garden, and is of the easiest culture. It
is not a very common plant, but is found in a good many parts
of the country on rocks and dry banks.

POTENTILLA CALABRA.—Calabrian Cinguefoil.

A VERY silvery species, particularly on the under sides of the
leaves ; the shoots prostrate, with lemon-yellow flowers about
three-fourths of an inch across. This species is chiefly valuable
from the hue of its leaves; it flowers in May and June, and
flourishes freely in sandy soil. It is worthy of a place in the
rock-garden and wherever dwarf Potentillas are grown. A
native of Italy and Southern Europe.

POTENTILLA NITIDA.— Shining Cinguefoil.

A BEAUTIFUL little plant, only a couple of inches high, with
silky-silvery leaves of three leaflets each, rarely more; the
flowers of a pretty and delicate rose, the green sepals showing
between the petals. This native of the Alps is well worthy of
a place in the choice rock-garden, and is of the easiest culture
and propagation. ;

POTENTILLA PYRENAICA.—Pyrenean Cinguefoil,

A DWARF but vigorous and showy species, with fine, large, deep
golden-yellow flowers, the petals very round, full and over-lap-
ping. A native of high valleys in the Central and Southern
Pyrenees, easily increased by division or seeds. It will grow
without any particular attention on rockwork or in the mixed
border. It is known from other species by the stipules being
adherent to the leaf-stem for nearly their whole length.

PRIMULA AMGiNA.— Pleasing Primrose.

AN uncommon and beautiful species, allied to our own wild
Primrose, but quite distinct. The flowers are large, of a pleasing

Part IIL. PRIMULA, 279

purple hue, and have a habit of coming out before the snow has
left the ground—thus dethroning, in a way, the common Prim-
rose. In leaf it is not unlike P. denticulata, and the fact that it
possesses the vigour of that plant, and also has much larger
flowers, makes it very welcome. It is so much earlier than
the common Primrose that, while that species is in full flower,
amena has quite finished blooming, and sent up almost the same
kind of strong tuft of leaves which the common Primrose does
after its flowers are faded. I have seen it flourishing quite
freely in common borders, on a chalky soil, and doubt not that
it will prove one of the most valuable additions to the early spring
garden and mixed border that has been made for many years.
As the leaves are rather large, a sheltered and slightly shaded
position will most tend to the perfect health and development of
the plant. It is charming for rockwork or well-arranged borders,
and, when plentiful enough, will; no doubt, be used in other
ways. It is readily propagated by division of the root, and is
a native of the Caucasus. The corolla is purplish lilac in bud,
or when recently expanded, turning bluer after a few days. The
umbel is many-flowered, the blooms larger than those of
P. denticulata, borne about six or seven inches high ; the leaves
woolly beneath and toothed. There is a stemless variety, which
would probably prove a great addition to our gardens.

PRIMULA AURICULA.—Common Auricula.

THIS flower was quite a favourite in England in old times, and
Parkinson, writing more than two hundred years ago, enumerates
twenty-one varieties, and says there were many more ; and in
1792 the catalogue of Maddock, the florist, named nearly five
hundred sorts. In our own time they have come to be almost
forgotten, and are rarely seen except in the garden of an oc-
casional enthusiastic florist. Of course I speak of the plants
as florists’ flowers ; the common kind has always been, and I
trust will always remain, a popular cottage-garden and border
flower. Primula Auricula lives in a wild state on the high
mountain ranges of Switzerland, France, Austria, and the Cau-
casian chain, and has probably a much wider distribution. It
is one of t#émany charming Primulas which rival the Gen-
tians, Pinks, and Forget-me-nots, in making the Flora of alpine
fields so Exquisitely beautiful and interesting. Possessing a

280 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

vigorous constitution, and sporting into a goodly number of
varieties when raised from seed, it attracted early attention
from lovers of flowers; its more striking variations were per-
petuated and classified, and thus it became a “ florists’ flower.”
I do not desire to approach the subject from the florists’ point
of view, believing that to be a narrow and to some extent a base
one ; so much so, indeed, that I cannot regret that their prac-
tices and laws about the flower have taken but weakly root.
There are many things with which man interests himself that
require study and knowledge before they can be thoroughly en-
joyed ; but among them flowers should not and cannot be in-
cluded. To lay down mechanical rules to guide our appreciation
of flowers must for ever be the shallowest of vanities. To tlie
eye direct they appeal with “most persuasive reasons,” and
rarely in vain ; so that the regulations which lay down in what
way their innumerable and inimitable dyes should arrange them-
selves are as needless as they are absurd. But, without seeking
to conform or select them according to mechanical rules, we may:
preserve and enjoy all their most attractive deviations from the
“ original,” or, more correctly, the best known wild forms of the
species.

The varieties of cultivated Auriculas may be roughly thrown
into two classes : Ist, self-coloured varieties, with the outer and
larger portion of the flower of one colour or shaded, the centre
or eye being white or yellow, and the flowers and other parts
usually smooth and not powdery ; 2nd, those with flowers and
stems thickly covered with a white powdery matter or “ paste.”
The handsomest of the not-powdery kinds, known by the name of
“alpines,” to distinguish them from the florists’ varieties, are the
hardiest of all. ‘The florists’ favourites are always readily distin-
guished by the dense mealy matter with which the parts of the
flower arecovered. They are divided by florists into four sections :
green-edged, grey-edged, white-edged, and selfs. In the green-
edged varieties, the gorge or throat of the flower is usually yellow
or yellowish ; then comes a ring, varying in width, of white
powdery matter, surrounded by another of some dark. colour,
and beyond this a green edge, which is sometimes half an inch
in width. The outer portion of the flower is really and pal-
‘pably a monstrous development of the petal into a leaf-like ‘
substance, identical in texture with that of the leaves. The
“ grey-edged” have also the margin of a green leafy texture,

Part II, PRIMULA, 281

but so thickly covered .with powder that this is not distinctly
seen. This, too, is the case with the “white-edged,” the dif-
ferences being in the thickness and hue of the “paste” or
powdery matter. In fact, the terms green-edged, grey-edged,
and white-edged, are simply used to express slight differences
between flowers all having an abnormal development of the
petals into leafy texture. It is a curious fact that between
the white and the grey the line of demarcation is imaginary, and
both these classes occasionally produce green-edged flowers.
The “selfs” are really distinct, in having the outer and larger
portion of the corolla of the ordinary texture, a ring of powdery
matter surrounding the eye.

- The enumeration and classification of such slight differences
merely tend to throw obstacles in the way of the flower being
generally grown and enjoyed in gardens. By all means let the
florists maintain them, but those who merely want to embellish
their gardens with some of the prettier varieties need not trouble
themselves with named sorts at all. One fact concerning the
florists’ kinds should, however, be borne in mind—they are the
most delicate and difficult to cultivate. The curious develop-
ments of powdery matter, green margins, &c. have a tendency to
enfeeble the constitution of the plant. They are, in fact, varia-
tions that, occurring in nature, would have little or no chance of
surviving in the struggle for life. The general grower will do well
to select the free sorts—alpines, as they are called—or even good
varieties of the common border kinds. An especial merit of
these is that they may be grown in the open air on rockwork
and borders, while the florists’ kinds must be grown in frames.

At the risk of earning the contempt of the florist, I must first
allude to the culture of the free-growing kinds, those most likely
to be enjoyed in all classes of gardens. It is very simple: light
vegetable soil and plenty of moisture during the growing season
being the essentials. In many districts the moisture of our
climate suits the Auricula to perfection, and in such may be
seen great tufts of it grown in gardens without any attention.
In others it must be protected against excessive drought by
putting stones round the plants, and cocoa-fibre and leaf-mould
are also useful as a surfacing. However, none but good varieties
of the “alpine” section would justify even this trouble; and,
wherever practicable, we should prefer to place these on rock-
work, on spots where they could root freely into rich light soil,

282 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

and have some shelter. They would cause little or no trouble,
save taking up, dividing, and replanting every second or third
year, or as often as they become too crowded or lanky. The
very common kinds may be planted as edgings, or in beds in
the spring garden. Some have used them as edging plants for
the sake of their whitish leaves alone. In all places where the
plant naturally does freely, improved varieties should be substi-
tuted for the common old border kind. . The Auricula does not
do so well as could be desired around London—in the northern
suburbs, at all events; and this is to be attributed more to the
soil than the air perhaps, as I have seen most vigorous ex-
amples in deep areas in London, the surface of the pots re
piled up with tea-leaves.

Auriculas are easily propagated by division in spring or
autumn — best in early autumn. They are also easily raised
from seed, which ripens in July, the common practice being to
sow it in the following January in a gentle heat. It should
be sown in pans thinly. The plants need not be disturbed till
they are big enough to prick into a bed of fine rich and light
soil, on a half-shady border in the open air. It is a most de-
sirable practice to raise seedlings, as in this way we may obtain
many beautiful varieties. When a desirable variety is noticed
among the seedlings, it should be marked and placed under
conditions best calculated to ensure its health and rapid increase,
and propagated by division as fast as possible.

As to the florists’ varieties, endless precise descriptions of the
modes of culture considered necessary to success with these
have been given by good cultivators ; but the essential points
may be summed up in a few words. They require protection in
frames or pits during the winter and spring months ; and they
may be placed in the open air in summer and early autumn.
Their suitable winter quarters are shallow pits, in which they
are placed as near to the light as may be convenient, the lights
being left off in mild weather, and air being given at all times,
except in severe frosts. Air at night as well as by day is deci-
dedly beneficial. The aspect of the pit or frame may be the usual
one for the winter months ; but as soon as the plants begin to
show flower, they ought to be removed to one with a northern
exposure, so that the bloom may be prolonged. Here, with
abundance of air, they form objects of much interest and beauty
through the month of April and the first weeks of May. After

Part IT. PRIMULA. 283

flowering they should be potted in May, and kept shaded till
they have recovered. The potting is usually a process of care-
fully shaking away all the soil, and putting the plant in fresh com-
post, and the practice is well-founded, for it is the habit of this
plant and its wild allies to put forth young roots higher up on the
stem every year, and the encouragement of these young roots is
sure to lead to a good result. Four-inch pots are generally used,
and are quite large enough where the annual disrooting system is
practised, one sucker of a kind being placed in the centre of each
pot. I, however, doubt the wisdom of applying this system of pot-
ting to every plant, and should select those that had sound roots,
and were set firmly and low in the earth, and, disturbing the ball
but little, give them a careful shift into a five-inch pot. In case
of growing the alpine kinds in pots—and they are quite as well
worthy of it as the others—instead of confining ourselves to one
plant in a small pot, we should put five or six of a kind ina
six-inch pot, one in the centre and four or five round the side,
thus forming a handsome specimen. Or the same principle
might be carried out in pans, and with the free-growing florists’
varieties as well as the alpines. In summer all the plants should
be placed in the open air, and on boards, slates, a bed of coal-
ashes, or some substance that can prevent the entrance of worms
into the pots. Some careful growers guard the plants from
heavy rains ; this is unnecessary if the pots are perfectly drained
and everything else as it ought to be. The florists rarely plunge.
them ; but, if plunged in a bed of clean sharp sand, or any like
material placed on a well-drained bottom, and free from the
earthworm, they would be in a safer and certainly less trouble-
some condition, because free from the vicissitudes that must
attend all plants exposed in a fragile porous shell containing but
a few inches of soil.

Prescriptions for the ailing human creature were never mea-
sured out with more care than the mixtures of soil recommended
by some authors for Auriculas ; and prescriptions never did less
good than these, or were less founded on philosophical prin-
ciples. The perfect development of the choicest florists’ kinds is
secured by a simple mixture of one part good turfy loam, one part
leaf-mould, and another composed of well-decayed cow manure
and silver or sharp river sand. It should be observed that
some pot their plants in August, but just after the flowering is
the best time, as, if disrooted in the autumn, the plants have not

284 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

that accumulated strength for flowering which they possess when
the blooming time is preceded by a long period of undisturbed
growth.

PRIMULA CORTUSOIDES.—Cortusa-like Primrose.

THIS is entirely distinct in appearance from any of the species
commonly grown, the leaves being comparatively large and soft,
not nestling firmly on the ground like many of the European
species, but elevated on stalks two to four inches in length ; the
deep rosy clusters of flowers being produced on stalks from six
to ten inches high. In consequence of its taller and freer habit
the plant is liable to be much injured and disfigured if placed
in an exposed spot or open border, therefore the first considera-
tion should be to give it a sheltered position, in a sunny nook
on rockwork, surrounded by low shrubs, &c., or in any position
where it will not be exposed to cutting winds, and at the same
time not be shaded to its injury. The soil should be light and
rich, and a surfacing of cocoa-fibre or leaf-mould would be bene-
ficial in dry positions. It is one of the most beautiful and easily
raised of the Primulas, being readily increased from seed, and
quite hardy, at least where any pains are taken to give it a well-
drained and suitable position. It forms a charming ornament
for the lower and less exposed parts of rockwork, for a sunny
sheltered border near a wall or house, or for the margin of the
choice shrubbery. A native of Siberia.

Primula cortusoides amena is considered a variety of the
preceding, but, if so, it is a very distinct one, being much larger
in all its parts than its relative, and bearing large trusses of
beautiful, deep rose-coloured flowers. The cultural directions
given for the preceding will apply to it. It is, however, so con-
spicuously beautiful that many people grow it in cold frames and
pits, and show it among their choice greenhouse flowers. Hand-
some specimens may be grown in good loam and leaf-mould
in six-inch pots. It came to us from Japan, but is suspected
to be a native of Siberia. Mr. Wm. Thompson thinks that,
“apart from the size of the flowers and the breadth of the
foliage, the creeping root, the exclusively vernal habit of the
plant, the pseudo-lobed or grooved seed-vessel, and the roundish
flattened form of the seed, especially the two last features, war-
rant the belief in its distinctness from P. cortusoides.”

Parr Il, PRIMULA. 28

PRIMULA DENTICULATA.—Denticulated Primrose.

A HIMALAYAN species, with neat dense umbels of many small
bright lilac flowers, on stalks from eight inches to a foot high,
springing from oblong-lanceolate toothed leaves, hairy on both
sides, but densely so beneath, by which it is distinguished from
its relative, P. evosa. It is often grown in pots, but is perfectly
hardy on rockwork in deep rich light loam with a dry bottom,
selecting a position sheltered on the coldest sides by stones or
other plants. It succeeds as a border-plant in some districts on
well-drained light loams.- When grown in pots, it may be brought
into flower about six weeks earlier than it usually flowers (April
and May), and this is the chief reason for growing it in pots,
except where it cannot be grown in the open air. Propagated by
division or by seeds. Although hardy, the leaves are injured
by the first sharp frosts, so that it is well to keep it in well-drained
warm positions. There is a handsome dwarf variety known as
P. denticulata nana.

PRIMULA EROSA.—Himalayan Primrose.

AN interesting kind, occasionally grown about London in pots,
and sometimes under the name of P. Fortunet, with shining
leaves, quite smooth, and sometimes quite powdery, which, with its
smoothness, distinguishes it ata glance from P. denticulata. The
purplish blossoms with yellow eyes in flattish heads expand in
early spring, and are borne on stems usually very mealy.. Drs.
Hooker and Thompson noticed it blooming at great elevations
among the snow on the Himalayas, and, as might be expected
from this, it is quite hardy in this country, and the true way to
enjoy its beauty is to place it in a sunny but sheltered nook on
rockwork, in deep sandy loam, lightened with peat and leaf-
mould, and with the drainage perfect. It should never be allowed
to suffer from drought in summer.

PRIMULA FARINOSA.— Bird ‘sree Primrose.

SLENDER powdery stems, from three to twelve inches high,
springing from rosettes of musk-scented leaves, with their under-
sides clothed with a silvery-looking meal, bear the graceful lilac-
purple flowers of the Bird’s-eye Primula. No sweeter flower
holds its head up to kiss the breeze that rustles over the elevated

286 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

bogs and mountain pastures of Northern England, and it should
be doubly interesting to the British cultivator because it is a
true native, found in Lancashire, North Yorkshire, Durham,
Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, and in Scot-
land, at Bridgehouse near West Linton, on the south side of
the Pentland Hills. It is, however, a local plant. To find it
profusely inlaid over moist parts of the great hill-sides on an
early summer morning as one ascends the Helvellyn range for
the first time, is to a lover of our wild flowers a great pleasure,
and one that will be long remembered. I have mostly seen
it in very moist spots where running water spreads out all over
the surface, still, however, continuing to flow; but it is also
found under somewhat different conditions. I have seen it at-
tain a height of nearly eighteen inches in a cultivated state, and
it is also occasionally seen very tall and strong in a wild one,
though generally it is little over half a foot. In our gardens, as
in Nature’s gardens, it loves a moist vegetable soil. On the
west coast, and in moist and elevated parts of the country, I
have seen it flourishing on rockwork and slightly elevated beds
without any attention ; but in most parts of the country a little
care will be necessary to ensure its perfect health. On rock-
work a moist, deep, and well-drained crevice, filled with peaty soil
or fibry sandy loam, will suit it to perfection. It is easy to cul-
tivate in pots, the chief want, whether in pots or in the open,
being abundance of water in summer, and where this does not
fall naturally, it ought to be supplied artificially. When planted
on rockwork in the drier districts, it would be well to cover
the soil with cocoa-fibre or leaf-mould, which would protect
the surface from being baked and from excessive evaporation ;
broken bits of sandstone would also do. It varies a little in the
colour of the flower, there being pink, rose, and deep crimson
shades.

P. farinosa acaulis is a very diminutive variety of the pre-
ceding. The flowers are not freely upheld on stems like those
of the common wild form, but nestle down in the very hearts
of the leaves, and both flowers and leaves being very small,
when a number of plants are grown together on one sod, or
in one pan, they form a singularly charming little cushion of
leaves and flowers not more than half an inch high. The same
positions will suit it as have been recommended for the Bird’s-eye
Primula, but being so very diminutive, it ought to have more

Part IL. PRIMULA. 287

care, whether grown on rockwork or in pots. If any weeds or
coarse plants were allowed to vegetate over or near it, it would
of course suffer.

PRIMULA GLUTINOSA.—Glutinous Primrose,

A DISTINCT little Primrose, rare in gardens, and growing abun-
dantly in peaty soil at elevations of 7000 or 8000 feet on mountains
near Gastein and Salzburg, in the Tyrol, and in Lower Austria.
The leaves are nearly strap-shaped, but widening towards the
top, where they are somewhat pointed and neatly and regu-
larly toothed. The stem is as long again as the leaves, growing
from three to five inches high, bearing from one to five blossoms,
which have been described to me by those who have seen it wild
in quantity as of a peculiar purplish mauve, with the divisions
rather deeply cleft. Suitable for rockwork or pots in moist
peaty or very sandy soil.

PRIMULA INTEGRIFOLIA.—E£xtire-leaved Primrose.

A MOST diminutive Primrose, easily recognised by its smooth,
shining, entire, ciliated leaves, lying quite close to the ground,
and in spring, when in bloom, by its handsome rose flowers, with
the lobes deeply divided, one to three flowers being borne on a
dwarf stem, which elevates them but little above the leaves, and
these flowers are often large enough to obscure the plant that
bears them, It is very common on the higher parts of the
Pyrenees, and I met with it in abundance in elevated pastures
in North Italy. Scores of plants sometimes grew together in
a sod, like Daisies, wherever there was a little bank or slope not
covered by grass; and it was also plentiful in the grass, grow-
ing inasandy loam. There should be no difficulty in growing
this plant on flat exposed parts of rockworks, the soil moist and
free, but firm. The best way would be to try and form a wide
tuft of it, by dotting from six to a dozen plants over one spot,
and, if in a dry district, scattering a little cocoa-fibre mixed
with sand between them, to prevent evaporation. This, or
stones, will help till the plants become established. It flowers
in early summer, and is increased by division and by seeds.
P. Candolleana is another name for this, and P. glaucescens is at
best but a variety of it.

288 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT,

PRIMULA LATIFOLIA.—Broad-leaved Primrose,

A VERY handsome and fragrant Primrose, with from two to
twenty violet flowers in a head, borne on a stem about twice as long
as the leaves, or sometimes more ; the leaves slightly and distantly
toothed, both the surfaces and the margins being covered with
glandular hairs. This is less viscid, larger, and more robust than
the better known P. viscosa of the Alps, the leaves sometimes
attaining a length of four inches and a breadth of nearly two,
It grows to a height of from four to eight inches, flowers in early
summer, comes from the Pyrenees, the Alps of Dauphiny, and
various mountain chains in Southern Europe, and in a pure air
will thrive on sunny slopes of rockwork in sandy peat, with
plenty of moisture during the dry season, and perfect drainage
in winter. It, like P. vzscosa, will bear frequent division ; and it
may also be well and easily grown in cold frames or pits.

PRIMULA LONGIFLORA.—Long-flowered Primrose.

RELATED to our Bird’s-eye Primrose, but distinct from it, and
considerably larger than those of the best varieties of that species ;
the lilac tube of the flower being more than an inch long, which
immediately distinguishes it.” It is not at all difficult to cultivate
on rockwork or in pots, and the treatment and position recom-
mended for Primula farinosa will suit it perfectly. In colour it
is deeper than the Bird’s-eye Primrose, and isa native of Austria.

PRIMULA MARGINATA.—Wargined Primrose.

ONE of the most attractive of the family, and readily distin:
guished by the silvery margin on its greyish, toothed, smooth
leaves, caused by a dense bed of white dust which lies exactly on
the edge of the leaf ; and by its sweet, soft, violet-rose flowers, ap-
pearing in April and May. I have grown this plant successfully
in the open air in London, and in parts of the country favourable
to alpine plants it will prove almost as free as the common Au-
ricula. Even when not in flower, the plant is pleasing, from the
tone of the margin and surfaces of the leaves. Our wet and
green winters are doubtless the cause of this and other kinds
becoming rather lanky in the stems after being more than a year
or so in one spot. When the stems become long, and emit roots
above the surface, it is a good plan to divide the plants, and

Part IL PRIMULA, 289

insert each portion firmly down to the leaves. This will be all
the more beneficial in dry districts, where the little roots that
issue from the stems would be more likely to perish. It is a
charming ornament for rockwork, where it thrives freely, and a
first-class subject for the front margin of the select mixed border.
In the open ground a few bits of broken rock, placed around
each plant, or amongst the plants if they are planted in groups
or tufts, will do good by preventing evaporation, and also acting
as a protection to the plant, which rarely exceeds a few inches
in height. It may also be grown easily in pots; and, where
plentiful, it is much better to put one plant in the centre, and
half a dozen round the side, of a six-inch pot than depend on
one tuft in the centre. A native’ of the Alps of Tauria and
Dauphiny, and various ranges in the South of Europe, but not
of the Pyrenees. Readily increased by division.

PRIMULA MINIMA.—Fairy Primrose.

For its size a singularly ornamental kind, with very small
leaves, prostrate, and rather deeply notched at the ends ; but the
flowers make up for the very diminutive leaves, being not unfre-
quently nearly an inch across, and quite covering the minute
rosette from which they spring. It is a native of the Alps of
Austria, and flowers in early summer, the stem rarely bearing
more than one, but occasionally two flowers, rose-coloured, or
sometimes white. Bare spots in firm open parts of the rockwork
are the best places for it, the soil to be very sandy peat and
loam; it is peculiarly suited for association with the very
dwarfest and choicest alpine plants. It may be propagated by
division or by seed, and comes from the mountains of Southern
Europe.

P, Floerkiana is very like the Fairy Primrose, probably only
a variety of it, and in the flowers only differing by bearing
two, three, or more, instead of a single bloom. There is also
a difference in the leaves, which in P. zzma are nearly square
at the ends, but in P, F/oerkiana are roundish there, and notched
for a short distance down the sides. It is a native of Austria,
and will be found to enjoy the same conditions and positions on
rockwork as the preceding. Of both it is desirable to establish
wide-spreading patches on firm bare spots, scattering half an inch
of silver-sand between the plants to. keep the ground cool.

U

299 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

PRIMULA MUNROL—Munro's Primrose.

Tuis has‘not the brilliancy or dwarfness of the Primulas of the
high Alps, nor the vigour of our own wild kinds, but it has the
merit of distinctness, and is of the easiest culture in any moist
‘boggy soil. It grows at very high elevations on the mountains
of Northern India, in the vicinity of water, and bears creamy-
white flowers, with a yellowish eye, more than an inch across, on
stems five to seven inches high, springing from smooth green
leaves a couple of inches long, nearly as much across, and with
a heart-shaped base. The flowers are very sweet,-and altogether
it highly merits culture in a moist spot on the -select rock-
work, or in a bog, and flowers from March to May. P. zzvolu-
crata is a very closely allied kind, from the same regions, some-
what smaller, the leaves not heart-shaped at the base, and the

plant not quite so ornamental. It thrives under the same con-
ditions as its. relative. stig fgg :

PRIMULA NIVEA.—Szowy Primrose.

A DWARF and neat species, freely producing trusses of lovely
white flowers, quite distinct in aspéct from any other in culti-
vation, happily very éasy of culture, and may be grown in pots or
in the open ground. ‘If in pots, it should be frequently divided ;
for it has a tendency, in common with other choice Primulas,
to get somewhat naked about the base of the shoots, ahd, as
these protrude rootlets, the whole plant is likely to go off if
not taken up and divided into as many pieces as possible.
Every shoot ‘will form a plant, inasmuch as each is usually fur-
nished with little rootlets, which take hold of fresh soil imme-
diately. Many people keep plants of Primulas like this for
_years in the centre of the samé pot, whereas by dividing them
and placing them down to the leaves in fresh soil much finer
specimens may be obtained. In a wild state the natural mois-
ture, and perhaps the accumulating débris of the mountains,
enable them to use those exposed rootlets and thrive ; but in
cultivation I have found it an excellent plan to divide such fine
Primulas as this, and plant them down to the leaves when their
stems have grown at all above the soil; and I have no doubt
that careful annual division would suit them well. On dry
ground, it would have little or no chance unless surrounded by a

Part II. PRIMULA. 2g1

few stones, which would prevent evaporation, and at the same
time save it from being lost among coarser things. The ground
would also be the better of being covered with an inch or so of
cocoa-fibre. In moist and elevated regions there would be less
trouble, but in all care should be taken to give the snowy Prim-
rose what it deserves—a select position on rockwork or in the
border, a light free soil, and plenty of water during the warm
season. It flowers in April and May, is a native of the Alps,
and is by some supposed to be a variety of P. viscosa.

PRIMULA OFFICINALIS.—Cowsizp,

THE Cowslip, that familiar inhabitant of our meadows and
pastures, would be well worthy of introduction to our gardens
were it not a common native; but the many handsome kinds
that have sprung from it.are far more valuable from a gardening
point of view than the original form. Many of the plants pass--
ing under the name of Polyanthuses may often prove hybrids of
parentage difficult to identify, and some botanists consider the
Primrose, Cowslip, and Oxlip as varieties of one species, P. veris
of Linnaeus, who also entertained this opinion. Mr, Darwin,
however, has recently proved that they have.as good right to. be
called distinct species as any other subjects held to be distinct.
He concludes that, “although we may feel confident that Primula
veris, vulgaris, and elatior, as well as the other species of the
genus, are all descended from some primordial form, yet, from
the facts which have been given, we may conclude that they are
now as fixed in character as are very many other forms which
are universally ranked as species. Consequently, they have as
good a right to receive distinct specific names as have, for in-
stance, the ass, quagga, and zebra.” He has proved the Poly-
anthus to be a variety of the Cowslip, having raised a great
number of crosses between it and the Cowslip, and found the
mongrels perfectly fertile.

Polyanthuses present a wonderful array of beauty, and are
not at all sufficiently appreciated. For rich and charmingly
inlaid colouring they surpass all other flowers of our gardens in
spring. It would require pages to describe even the good
varieties. At one time the Polyanthus was highly esteemed as
a florists’ flower, and none in existence better deserved the
attention and esteem of amateurs ; but nearly all the choice old

292 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

kinds are now lost, and florists who really pay the flower any
attention are very scarce indeed. In consequence, however, of
the great facility with which varieties are raised from seed,
nobody need be without handsome kinds, and raising them will
prove interesting amusement for the amateur. The laws of the
florists are in this case of little more value than usual, but I
quote Maddock, because in the following passage he is de-
‘scribing a very beautiful type of the numerous variations of this
flower : “The ground colour is most to be admired when shaded
with dark rich crimson resembling velvet, with one mark or
stripe in the centre of each division of the limb, bold and dis-
tinct from the edging down to the eye, where it should terminate
in a fine point.” He further says: “The pips should be large,
quite flat, and as round as may be consistent with their pecu-
liarly beautiful figure, which is circular, excepting those small
indentures between each division of the limb which divide it
‘into five or six heart-like segments. The edging should re-
semble a bright gold lace, bold, clear, and distinct, and so nearly
of the same colour as the eye and stripes as scarcely to be dis-
tinguished. In short, the Polyanthus should possess a graceful
elegance of form, a richness of colouring, and symmetry of parts
not to be found united in any other flower.” Here, however, as
in most similar cases, the general cultivator will do well to select
the most diverse of the varieties that he may raise from seed or
otherwise become possessed of, and not be tied by any conven-
tional rules.

As to the capabilities of the various kinds of Polyanthus, it
would be difficult to name a hardy flower so generally useful.
The finer varieties are worthy of a place on rockwork amidst the
choicest alpine plants; the showier ones do for bedding in the
spring garden. Numbers of the vigorous varieties so easily
raised from seed will form the most appropriate ornaments that
can be massed alongside of shady walks in pleasure-grounds.
Some may be employed as edgings. Many varieties are worthy
of being abundantly naturalised in pleasure-grounds and along
wood walks ; and, as we all know, the enthusiastic florist grows
the finer ones in pots. They are perhaps scarcely so much to be
recommended for using in masses in the spring garden as are the
finer varieties of the Primrose—requiring, in fact, to be seen rather
closely to be admired ; but wherever flowers are placed for their
individual beauty rather than for their mere effect as colouring

Part II. PRIMULA. 293

agents, they are invaluable, and should be seen in strong tufts
round every shrubbery border.

The cultivation of Polyanthuses is, happily, almost as simple
as that of meadow grass. They grow vigorously in almost any
kind of garden soil, best in that which is somewhat rich and
moist. They thrive in the full sun, but enjoy best a partially
shaded and sheltered position, and are somewhat impatient of
heat and drought. When grown for bedding purposes, they are,
like the Primroses, &c., removed from the flower-garden to the
kitchen-garden or nursery in early summer, and again conveyed
there when the summer bedding plants have passed away.
Some varieties, a good deal larger in their parts than the com-
mion type, have been raised of late, and these are also very easy
of culture and very vigorous ; and there are none, or very few,
double varieties, as in the case of the Primrose. There are,
however, some which are curious and interesting from the dupli-
cation of the calyx or corolla, and these are popularly known as
“hose-in-hose” Polyanthuses ; they grow with the same facility
as the others. Where soil is prepared for the choicer varieties,
any good loam with a free addition of decomposed leaf-mould
and decomposed cow-manure and sand will form an admirable
compost.

The Polyanthus may be raised with great facility from seed,
which should be sown immediately after it is gathered from the
plants, say, about the end of June. It will grow with vigour it
kept till the following spring, but by sowing it immediately
nearly a year is gained. The amateur wishing to raise choice
kinds had better sow the seed in rough wooden boxes or in
pans, but for all ordinary purposes a bed of finely pulverised
soil in the open air will answer to perfection. Sowings in early
spring are better made in rough shallow boxes or pans placed in
cold frames, as time will be gained'thereby ; but the best plan
is not to lose the time by allowing the seed to remain idle in the
drawer all the autumn and winter, but to sow it directly it is ripe,
and by doing so have strong plants the following spring.

The common Oxlip is an hybrid more or less intermediate
between the Cowslip and the Primrose. It differs from the true
or Bardfield Oxlip by having much larger and brighter-coloured
flowers on longer footstalks, and by showing in the throat of the
flower the five bosses characteristic of the Primrose and Cows-
lip. Some varieties approach the Cowslip and others the

294 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT.

Primrose in character. There are various forms, not usually so
ornamental as the varieties of the Polyanthus, but more worthy
of culture than the true Oxlip of the Eastern Counties. In a
wild state the common Oxlips are rather rare, and, according to
Mr. Syme, “ generally occurring wheneter the Primrose and the
Cowslip. grow together, but never found in districts inhabited
by only one of the -parents.”": When cultivated in gardens, the
positions and treatment that suit the Polyanthuses and Primroses
will also suit the Oxlip.

P. suaveolens of Bertolini is a variety of the Cowslip found
in many parts of the Continent, and not sufficiently distinct
or ornamental to merit cultivation.

P. elatior is the true as distinguished from the common
Oxlip. It is not a very ornamental species, the flowers being of
a pale buff yellow, and it is readily distinguished by its funnel-
and not saucer-shaped corolla, which is also quite destitute
of the bosses which are present in the Primrose and Cowslip.
It is. found in woods and meadows on clayey soils in the
Eastern Counties of England, particularly in Essex, Suffolk, and
“Cambridgeshire. It is of easy culture, and most suitable for
botanic: gardens, or collections of interesting plants, being
neither distinct nor ornamental enough for very limited collec-
tions of ornamental kinds only. This plant is also known by
the name of the Bardfield Oxlip.

di

PRIMULA PALINURI.—Large-leaved Primrose.

THIS is quite removed from other cultivated Primroses, inas-
much as it seems to grow all to leaf and stem, whereas many
of the other kinds often hide their leaves with flowers. It is at
first sight more like a specimen of Sempervivum arboreum than
a Primrose, the leaves, almost as strong as those of young cab-
bages, being toothed and springing from a thick stout stem, which
generally rises sufficiently above the ground to be visible. In
April the bright yellow flowers appear in a bunch at the top of a
powdery stem, emit’ a’ cowslip-like perfume, and are sufficiently
ornamental, though they rarely seem to fulfil the promise of the
vigorous-looking plant. I have seen it flourish healthfully in
rich light soil as a border-plant in various parts of these islands,
so that nothing more need be said of its culture, and established
plants are easily increased by division. It is well suited for

Part II. PRIMULA. 295

some isolated nook on rockwork, where there is an unusually
deep bed of soil. A native of Southern Italy.

PRIMULA PURPUREA.—Purple Primrose.

A HANDSOME Primrose, from elevations of 12,000 feet or more
on the Himalayas, and allied to P. dentéculata, though far finer ;
the flowers, of an exquisite purple, are larger, in heads about
three inches across, and the leaves entire, by which it may be:
distinguished from its near relations. Sheltered and warm posi-
tions, but not very shady, on rockwork, or in the open parts of
the hardy fernery, will best suit it, the soil being a light deep
sandy loam, well enriched with decomposed leaf-mould. I have
never seen it thrive so well as when planted in nooks at the base
of rocks which sheltered it, where it enjoyed more heat than if
exposed ; but pr obably it will be found to thrive under ordinary
circumstances when plentiful enough for trial in various posi-
tions. At present itis scarce. —

fe

PRIMULA SCOTICA.—Scotch Bird's-eye Primrose.

THIS, one of the most lovely of its family and of the choicest little
gems.in the British Flora, is a near ally of the Bird’s-eye Prim-
rose of the moist and boggy mountain sides of the North of Eng-
land. Its rich purple flowers, with large yellowish eye, open in the
end of April, supported on stems from half an inch to an inch high,
growing an inch or two taller as the season advances., It is:said
by some botanists to be simply a variety of the Bird’s- -eye Prim-
rose, but the seedlings show no tendency to approach the larger
and looser P. farinosa, and Mr. Syme, who has Carefully observed
the living. plant both in a wild state and cultivated in his own
garden, declares it to be “ perfectly distinct.” ,.The. leaves are
very powdery on the under side, broadest. near, the, middle,
shotter, and less indented than those of P. farizosd, which are
broadest near the end; and the whole plant. is about large
enough to associate with a dwarf moss or lichen. It is rather
difficult to obtain, unless one has an opportunity of getting, jit
from its native localities in Scotland; but it can be had from
several English and Scotch nurserymen who cultivate such
subjects. A native of the counties of Sutherland and Caith-
ness, and of the Orkney Isles, growing in damp pastures.
The best place to select for its cultivation is on a properly

296 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

made rockwork in some spot where it would have perfect
drainage, and not be injured by strong-growing subjects shading
it. The soil should be a friable loam, mixed with sandy peat
or a little cocoa-fibre, and made perfectly firm. If placed on
the level ground or on a raised border, a few pieces of broken
porous rock should be placed firmly in the ground around it,
so as to show half their size above the surface, prevent evapo-
‘ation, and also act as a guard to the very diminutive plant;
and the same plan might be followed to some extent on a
rockwork. If a coating of dwarf moss is spread over the earth
after a time, I should not remove it, believing the tiny plant
to enjoy such a carpet, whether grown in pots or the open
air. Although so small, it is, when in health, a vigorous Lillipu-
tian, and seeds very freely, the self-sown seedlings having often
formed with me good plants on the mossy surface of the ground
or pots. I have grown.-it in the open air in the suburbs of
London ; but as a rule it is best for all who do not try it ina
pure atmosphere to grow it in well-drained pots or pans, using
the same kind of soil, and protecting the plants in a cool shallow
frame in winter, placing the pots out of doors in summer plunged
in coal-ashes or sand. In all cases the plant should be abun-
dantly watered in dry weather, whether in spring, summer, or
autumn. Easily propagated by seeds, which should be sown
soon after they are ripe in shallow pans of sandy peat or
fibrous loam mixed with cocoa-fibre, and placed in an open pit or
shallow cold frame.

PRIMULA SIKKIMENSIS.— Sikkim Cowslip.

This, one of the most remarkable of Primroses, has a leaf-
development not unlike that of P. denticulata, but when well
grown, it throws up strong flower-stems from fifteen inches to
two feet high, bearing numerous bell-shaped, pale-yellow flowers,
without a spot of any other colour, the pedicel smealy, the
blooms of an agreeable and peculiar perfume. Some of the
stems bear a head of more than five dozen buds and flowers,
and each individual flower is nearly an inch long and more than
half an inch across. It is perfectly hardy, and loves deep well-
drained and moist ground ; spots in the lower parts of rock-
work near water, or in deep boggy places, suit it best ; begins to
flower in May, and remains in flower for many weeks. It isa

Part II. PRIMULA. 297

plant which, when plentiful, ought to be popular everywhere. It
is said to be the pride of all the Primroses of the mountains
of India, inhabiting wet boggy localities, at elevations of from
12,000 to 17,000 feet, and covering acres of ground with its yellow
flowers. Must be propagated by division, as it rarely or never
matures its seeds in this country.

PRIMULA STUARTII.—Stuart’s Primrose.

A NOBLE and vigorous yellow Primrose, a native of the moun-
tains of Northern India, to some parts of which, according to
Royle, it gives a rich yellow glow. It grows about sixteen
inches high, has leaves nearly a foot long, lanceolate, mealy
below, smooth above, and sharply serrated ; the umbels being
many-flowered. Like ?. denticulata and the purple Primrose,
the place most suitable for this is some perfectly drained and
sheltered spot on slightly elevated rockwork ; if convenient,
plant it against the base of rocks, which will shelter it from
cutting winds, though, when sufficiently plentiful, this precaution
may be dispensed with. A light deep soil, never allowed to get
dry or arid in summer, will suit it well.

PRIMULA VISCOSA.—Viscid Primrose.

THIs is the lovely little Primrose that travellers who visit the Alps
in early summer see opening its clear rosy-purple flowers with
white eyes at various altitudes : sometimes, in crossing a high pass,
it comes into view, plant, flower and all, not bigger than a shil-
ling, but still bravely flowering—indeed, nearly all flower ; while
on sunny slopes and in the valleys it may be seen nearly as
large as the Auricula. It is known by its dark-green obovate or
suborbicular leaves with close-set teeth, covered with glandular
hairs, and viscid on both sides ; the flower-stems, which elevate
the sweet blooms barely above the foliage, being also viscid. It
is well.adapted for rockwork, on which it may be grown in any
position in light peaty or spongy loam, with about one-half its
bulk of fine sand, provided its roots are kept moist during
the dry season. A native of the Alps and Pyrenees; easily
increased by division, and may also be raised from seed.
Varieties are sometimes found with white flowers, but rarely.
It is sometimes grown under the name of P. willosa. The
handsome purple Primroses known in gardens under the name

298 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IT,

of P. ciliata and P. ciliata purpurea are varieties of this, the’
last said to be a hybrid between it and an Auricula.

PRIMULA VULGARIS.— Common Primrose.

THE Gentians and dwarf Primulas do not do more for the Alps
than this charming wilding for the hedge-banks, groves, open
woods, and borders of fields and streams of the British Isles.
No need to say anything of its appearance, which must be
familiar to every person who has seen a wild flower in a country
lane. In some places it varies a good deal in colour, and some
of the prettiest of the wild varieties are worthy of being intro-
duced into shrubberies and semi-wild places, and also into
gardens. Although it does not vary so much as the Cowslip,
yet it does so in a degree that ought to make it much. more
valuable in the hands of flower-gardeners than it is at present.
All the varieties would perhaps find their most appropriate
home in our woods and shrubberies ; but so long as rich and
lovely colour and fragrance are esteemed in the flower-garden

‘in spring, some of the more distinctly toned varieties should be
sought after. Varied hues of yellow, red, rose, lilac, bluish-
violet, lilac-rose, and white, have already been raised, and no
doubt many others will be raised in future, particularly if the
good single varieties should become popular plants for the
spring flower garden. Striking and desirable variations from
the commoner types will then be much more likely to be pre-
served. For bedding purposes these single varieties will always
prove more useful and effective than the old double kinds,
because more vigorous and easily increased. All the varieties
are readily increased by division of the offsets, or by seeds, which
are produced in abundance. Planted in woods and shrubberies,
the plants will take care of themselves—a quality that adds to
their charms. ;

When raised for flower-gardening purposes, some system of
culture must be pursued ; a very simple one will secure the best
results both as to the production of vigorous free-blooming
plants and an abundant stock. After the summer occupants
of the flower-beds are faded and removed in autumn, the
Primroses and other spring flowers’ are planted in the beds
as the taste of the grower may direct. About the middle or the
end of May it will be time to think of preparing the beds for

Part II. PRIMULA. 2909

their summer ornaments, and by that time the Primroses will
have begun to fade after furnishing a long and abundant bloom.
Then take them up, divide the offsets singly, doing this in a
shed or shady position if the day be sunny. Tufts of new or
scarce varieties, or those of which a large stock is required, may
be divided into the smallest offsets ; where much increase is not
required, the plants should simply be parted sufficiently to allow
of their healthy development. As soon as they are parted, they
should be planted in the kitchen-garden or some by-place. The
richer and moister the soil is the better they will grow, and if
the position be a half-shady one, it will be an improvement.
The alleys between the Asparagus-beds would do admirably for
them, in case room was scarce, and more convenient positions
could not be found. It would be desirable to shade them for a
few days after planting, if the weather be very bright, and
simply by spreading boughs or old garden mats over them ;
and it need hardly be added they should be thoroughly watered
soon after planting. They should be planted in, lines at ten or
twelve inches apart each way if the plants be strong and regular
in their development, and, if small offsets, closer in the lines in
proportion to their size. By autumn they will make fine plants,
and may then be taken up, preserving as much of the root as
will come up with ordinary care, but not of necessity any soil or
ball, and transferring them to the beds in the flower-garden or
pleasure-ground.

However, the forms of the plant most precious for the garden
are the beautiful old double kinds. No sweeter or prettier
flowers ever warmed into beauty under a northern sun than their
richly and delicately tinted little rosettes. Once they were
grown in every garden; then the day came when they, in com-
mon with many hardy flowers, were cast aside to make way for
gaudier things ; but now people are beginning to grow them
again, and are enquiring where they can get some old and half-
lost kinds they used to know long ago. The best known and
most distinctly marked kinds are the double lilac, double purple,
double sulphur, double white, double crimson, and double red.
These and several other closely allied forms are occasionally
honoured with Latin names descriptive of their shades of colour,
In catalogues of the present day I find the following :—/Prz-
mula vulgaris alba plena, lilacina plena, purpurea plena,
rosea plena, rubra plena, sulphurea plena; but we had better

300 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

speak of them in plain English and confine the Latin term to
the species.

The double kinds, more delicate and slower-growing than
the single ones, require more care, and in their case the develop-
ment of healthy foliage after the flowering season should be the
object of those who wish to succeed with them. Shelter and
partial shade are the two conditions chiefly necessary to secure
this. Open woods, copses, and half-shady places are the
favourite haunts of the Primrose in a wild state. In them,
in addition to the shade, it enjoys shelter not merely from tall
objects around, but also from the long grass and other herba-
ceous plants growing in close proximity ; and we should also
take into account the moisture consequent upon such com-
panionship, and let these facts guide us in the culture of the
double kinds. As will be readily seen, a plant exposed to the
full sun on a naked border would be under a very different con-
dition to one in a thin wood ; the excessive evaporation and
searing away of the leaves by the wind would be quite sufficient
to account for the failure of the exposed plant. It is therefore
‘desirable, in the case of the beautiful double Primroses, to plant
them in borders in slightly shaded and sheltered positions, using
light rich vegetable soil, and, if convenient, keeping the earth
from being too rapidly dried up by spreading cocoa-fibre or leaf-
mould on itin summer. It would be better to plant them per-
manently in some favourite spot and leave them alone than to
change them repeatedly from place to place. They may, how-
ever, be employed as bedding plants, and successfully treated as
recommended for the single varieties, but for this purpose are
not so useful or pretty as when seen in good single tufts.

They are increased by division of the roots, and to take them
up in order to divide these is the only disturbance they should
suffer. The double Primroses well grown and the same kinds
barely existing are such very different objects that nobody will
begrudge giving them the trifling attention necessary to their
perfect development. Occasionally they may be seen flourishing
by chance in some cottage or old country garden, where they
find a home more congenial than the prim and bare fashionable
flower-garden of our own day.

Part IL. PRUNELLA—PULMONARISA. 30r

In addition to the Primroses above described, P. sfectadiiis,
a handsome kind with purplish flowers and smooth leaves ;
P, carniolica; P. intermedia, allied to farinosa and longifiora ;
P. sibirica, allied to P. cortusoides; P. pedemontana and P.
Dinyana, are amongst the best of the sorts in cultivation, but
most of them are very rare. The singular P. verticillata, of
Arabia, covered with silvery farina and with yellow flowers in
whorls, is not hardy. P. Thomasini, macrocalyx, intricata,
suaveolens, stricta, auriculata, Allioni, Clustana, and miéstasst-
nica, are either not sufficiently distinct from other and superior
sorts or are not ornamental enough to be recommended for
general cultivation.

PRUNELLA GRANDIFLORA.—Large Self-heal. ,

A HANDSOME and vigorous plant, with rather soft, sparsely-
toothed, ovate leaves, the lower ones about two inches and a half
long, and with channeled footstalks longer than the leaves, the
upper leaves smaller, and with the footstalks shorter than the
leaves. It is, however, not likely to be mistaken for any other
plant, and is readily distinguished by its large flowers from the
common British Self-heal, which is unworthy of cultivation.
There is a white as well as a purple variety, both handsome
plants, that thrive in almost any ground, but prefer a moist and
free soil and a position somewhat shaded. They are apt to go
off in winter on the London clay, at least on the level ground.
Well suited for the mixed border, for banks, or for naturalisation
in copses, &c. A native of Continental Europe; flowering in
summer.

PULMONARIA OFFICINALIS.—Luxgwort.

A SOMEWHAT rare British plant, but often grown in cottage gar-
dens, and, if not sufficiently ornamental for the rock-garden, very
desirable for borders and spring gardens. It has coarsely hairy
root-leaves, nearly oval in outline and acute at the apex, abun-
dantly marked on the upper surface with white blotches; the
flowers at first rose and then blue, on stems from six inches to a
foot high, abundantly produced in spring. The blue-flowered
P. angustifolia is by some botanists united with this species, and
there is a white and a spotless variety in cultivation. The Lung-
wort and its varieties are very vigorous and hardy, thriving on

302 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL.

any soil, and forming attractive beds in the spring garden. They
are also worthy of being planted in semi-wild places, but do not
deserve a place in the.select rock-garden except where more .
valuable plants are very scarce.

PUSCHKINIA SCILLOIDES.—Sezlla-like P,

A FASCINATING fairy plant, and the most delicately beautiful
thing in the way of a spring bulb that I am familiar with;
the flowers white, striped and tinged with a. delicate blue, the
small prostrate leaves concave ; easily grown too—more so than
the Squills ; it does not last long in flower, but few spring flowers
do. The best position for this is on low banks, in the rock-
garden, or in’ positions where its delicate flowers may be seen
somewhat beneath the eye, associated with dwarf Primulas, the
Rush Daffodil, and other diminutive spring flowers. A native of
the Caucasus, flowering in spring, easily increased by division
of the root, and flourishing best in very sandy light soil.

PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA.—Larger Wintergreen. °

A RARE native plant, inhabiting woods, shady, bushy, and reedy
places ; with leathery leaves, roundish or broadly oval, very
slightly toothed, and erect stems, bearing long and handsome
slightly-drooping racemes of pure white fragrant flowers, half an
inch across, ten to twenty flowers being borne on a stem from
six inches to a foot high. Pyrola rotundifolia, var. arenaria,
is another very graceful plant, found wild on sandy sea-shores,
and differing from the preceding in being dwarfer, deep green,
and smooth, and generally with several empty bracts below the
inflorescence. Both are beautiful plants for shady mossy flanks
of rockwork, in free sandy and vegetable soil, and flourish
more readily in cultivation than any species of their family. In
America there are varieties of this plant with flesh-coloured and
reddish flowers, none of which are in cultivation with us.

Pyrola uniflora, media, minor, and secunda, are also interest-
ing British plants, of which the first, a very rare one in our Flora,
is the most ornamental. P. e/ptica, anative of North America,
is also in our gardens, though rare. Any of these plants that
can be obtained are worthy of a place in thin mossy copses on
light sandy vegetable soil, or in. moist and half-shady parts of
the rockwork or fernery.

Part II. PYXIDANTHERA—RANUNCULUS. 393

PYXIDANTHERA BARBULATA.— Bearded P.

A CURIOUS and minute American plant, plentiful in sandy
dry “pine barrens” from New Jersey to North Carolina. It is
an evergreen shrub, yet smaller than many mosses ; the leaves
narrow, awl-pointed, and densely crowded, bearded at the base ;
the flowers are placed singly, and are stalkless, but very numerous,
rose-coloured in bud, white when open. The effect of the rosy
buds and five-cleft white flowers on the dense dwarf cushions is
singularly pretty. Generally found in low, but not wet, places,
and usually on little mounds, it is a gem for the rockwork, on
which it should be planted in pure sand and vegetable mould,
and fully exposed to the sun. Flowers in early summer ; in-
creased by division, and is as yet very scarce.

RAMONDIA PYRENAICA.—Pyrenean R.

AN interesting, distinct, and rather ornamental Pyrenean plant,
found on steep and somewhat shady rocks, and, according to
Ramond, exclusively in valleys leading from north to south ;
having leaves in rosettes spreading very close to the ground,
blistered, deeply wrinkled, and densely covered with short hairs
—dquite shaggy beneath and on the leaf-stalk. The flowers are
borne on stems two to six inches long, from an inch to an inch
and a half across, purple-violet, with orange-yellow centre. It
does very well on rockwork in mossy fissures filled with well-
drained ‘peaty earth, and is easily grown in cold frames in well-
drained pots, well watered during the warm months. Flowers
in spring and early summer. Increased from seed with the
greatest facility, and well worthy of general culture.

RANUNCULUS ACONITIFOLIUS.—fair Maids of France.

Tuts white-flowered Crowfoot, which grows from eight inches to
a yard high in moist parts of valleys and woods in the Alps and
Pyrenees, is too large and not sufficiently ornamental for culti-
vation in the rock-garden; but its double variety (A. aconitifolius
(fi. pl.) is a beautiful old border-flower, now rarely seen. The flowers
are not large, but are so white and neat and pretty and double
that they resemble a miniature double white Camellia, and are
useful for cutting, apart from their appearance in the-border. A
rich light soil and partial shade will be found to suit it best.

304 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

Well worthy of a place on the shady side of rockwork, in the
open parts of a rocky fernery, or on half-shady borders.

RANUNCULUS ALPESTRIS.—A/p Crowfoot.

A VERY pretty and diminutive species, growing from one to
three or four inches high, and, when well grown, forming neat
tufts, each stem bearing from one to three pure white flowers,
which open in April. The leaves are of a dark glossy green,
roundish-heart-shaped in outline, and deeply divided ; the roots
fibrous, numerous, and white. A native of most of the great
mountain ranges of Europe, in moist rocky places on the higher
pastures, and one of the most desirable alpine plants for the
rock-garden. It is not difficult to growin moist, sandy, or gritty
soil, in positions thoroughly exposed to the sun, and abundantly
supplied with moisture in summer. a

R. Traunfelineri seems to be a diminutive of the preceding ;
the whole plant, even as I have observed it in cultivation, being
not more than one inch high. The same treatment will suit it
as the preceding ; but, being smaller, it will require a little more
care in selecting some firm spot fully exposed to the sun and
air, but kept moist and firm with a surfacing of moist grit, sand,
or small stones, till the plant is established into a little spread-
ing tuft.

RANUNCULUS AMPLEXICAULIS.—Siem-clasping Crowfoot,

A BEAUTIFUL species, with large white flowers having yellow
centres, one to five flowers being borne on each of the stems,
which are clasped by smooth, gradually pointed, and sea-green
leaves, while oval-pointed leaves spring from the root, and set
off, so to speak, the snowy bouquet of flowers which adorns
the plant when well grown. I know no more graceful plant
for the rock-garden or the border—an alpine Buttercup, with the
purity of flower of a Snowdrop, its leaves not cut into raggedness
like those of many of its fellows, but as tenderly veined and carved
as if its natural home was some warm eastern isle. A native of
the Alps, Pyrenees, and other mountain ranges, usually growing
about six inches high, flowering in gardens in April or May, and
increased by seed or division. I have seen the plant thriving
in the London clay in Regent’s Park, so there should be little
difficulty about its cultivation. It is worthy of the best positions

Part IL. RANUNCULUS. 305

on rockwork or in borders, and is also an elegant subject for
growing in pots in cold frames.

RANUNCULUS GLACIALIS.—Glacier Buttercup.

A WELL-NAMED plant, as it is an inhabitant of very high places
on the Alps, and may be often seen in flower near the snow;
indeed, I have scraped away the snow in quantities to get at it.
The flowers are rather large, and white-tinted, of a dull purplish
rose on the outside ; the calyx soft, with shaggy brownish hairs ;
the leaves smooth, deeply cut, and of a dark brownish green.
From one to five flowers are borne on the stems, which in a wild
state are rather prostrate, and seldom more than six inches long.
This very interesting, as well as ornamental kind, will thrive
best ‘in a cool position in deep, gritty, peaty soil, with abundance
of water during the warm months. I have seen it growing
abundantly from under flat stones, and perhaps it would be well
to try a few under like conditions on the rockwork. Possibly it
will prove more easy of cultivation than is at present supposed,
and there certainly should be no difficulty in succeeding with it

“in northern and elevated districts. On the Alps it blooms in
early summer, in our gardens somewhat earlier. It is easily
raised from seed, and in its native habitat spreads about freely.
This is the plant which Mr. Ruskin met high up among the
icy rocks, struggling successfully for life near the margins of the
everlasting snowy solitudes of the Alps, and which pleased him
so much there.

RANUNCULUS LYALLII—Rockwood Lily.

“Dr. HOOKER calls this plant, as well he may, the ‘most noble
species of the genus’ — ‘the Water Lily of the shepherds.’ In-
deed, even in the dried specimens, of which there are many in the
Kew herbaria, the resemblance to our common white Water Lily
is striking. The plant is stated to grow in moist places in the
Southern Alps, the Wurumui Mountains, in the glacier regions of
the Forbes River, near Otago, and elsewhere in the Middle Island
of New Zealand, at heights of from 1000 to 5000 feet above the
sea. In habit it seems almost identical with our common marsh
Marigold, but is twice or thrice larger. The leaves are circular,
twelve to fifteen inches in diameter, very like those of the plant
last mentioned, but peltate, as in the Nelumbium. The flowers
x

306 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

are borne in panicles ; each flower is of the purest waxy-white
colour, three to four inches across, and in shape and aspect is
like a Brobdingnagian Buttercup. We imagine there would be
no great difficulty in growing the plant if we once got it here.
To this end we should be disposed, in addition to more ordinary
methods of transport, to try several means, such as sowing the
seeds in a Wardian case, or placing them in a closed bottle in
damp moss or moistened earth. At any rate, ‘moist shady
gullies’ in New Zealand mountains must no longer be suffered
to have the monopoly of so grand a plant as this.”—‘ Gardener’s
Chronicle.” When it is readily obtainable in this country, no
doubt it will form a grand object for moist, depressed, sheltered
places in the neighbourhood of the rockwork or hardy fernery, in
deep moist soil. It grows from two to four feet high.

RANUNCULUS MONTANUS.—Mountain Buttercup.

A PLANT with dwarf compact tufts of deep green, glossy
leaves, deeply divided, and with obtuse lobes, covered in spring
with a dense mass of brilliant yellow flowers, somewhat larger
than those of our common Buttercup (A. acris). Although so
like a Buttercup in tone, it is unlike it in its dwarf compact
habit, usually flowering at three inches high, and, though
growing freely enough, not spreading about with the coarse
vigour of many of its fellows, each little stem bearing one
flower, A native of alpine pastures on the principal great
mountain-chains of Europe, growing freely in moist sandy
soil on rockwork, on which it should be planted so as to form
spreading tufts, or in lines in chinks or ledges. Readily increased
by seed or division.

RANUNCULUS PARNASSIFOLIUS.—-Parnassia-like R.

A HANDSOME and distinct kind, -with beautiful pure white
flowers like those of R. amplexicaulis, from one to a dozen or
more being borne on each stem, which, according to soil and
position, grows from two to eight inches high, and is somewhat
velvety, and of a purplish tone. The leaves are entire-margined,
but of a dark brownish-green, oval-heart-shaped, or occasionally
kidney-shaped, in outline, sometimes slightly woolly along the
margins and nerves, and not so graceful as those of R. amplext-
caulzs, The roots are long, fibrous, and numerous, united in a

Part II. RANUNCULUS—RHEXTA. 397

stout stock, and the whole plant of a leathery, firm texture. It
is as yet comparatively rare in our gardens, though abundant in
many parts of the Pyrenees and Alps. No plant is more worthy
of culture in the rock-garden, in deep, sandy, well-drained loam.
There is a variety with narrow leaves, probably not at present in
cultivation.

RANUNCULUS RUTAFOLIUS.—Rue-leaved Crowfoot.

AN interesting species, with much and deeply divided leaves
(the radical ones twice divided), reminding one somewhat of
those of a very dwarf Aquilegia more than of a Crowfoot, and
pretty white flowers, with orange centres, about an inch across.
The stems vary from three to six inches high, bearing from one
to three flowers, usually but one ; the flowers are sometimes rose-
tinted on the outside. Not difficult to cultivate in the same soil
and position as are recommended for the Alp Crowfoot, and
deserving a place in every collection. A native of elevated parts
of the great continental ranges, increased by seed or division.
It is sometimes made a separate genus of, under the name
Callianthemum rutefolium,

The preceding kinds I believe to be the most worthy of culture
of all obtainable dwarf Ranunculi; there are, however, others
worthy of a place in large collections, and of these, R. yrenaus,
gramineus, Thora, Gouant, spicatus, and uniflorus, are among
the best. The double varieties of our common &. acrzs, R. bul-
dosus, and also a fine large double kind known as &. dullatus
jt. pl, are very ornamental ; and though they may, with the ex-
ception of the last, not be fit for the choice rock-garden, they
should be planted freely in borders, rocky, or semi-wild places,
as the golden button-like flowers last a long time in bloom.

RHEXIA VIRGINICA.—Meadow Beauty. °

A RARE American plant of the Melastoma order, but perfectly
hardy, forming neat little bushes, from six to twelve inches
high ; the stems square, with wing-like angles; the leaves oval-
lance-shaped, on very short stalks, and with bristly teeth ; the
flowers a beautiful rosy purple, appearing in summer and early
autumn. A native of North America, from a considerable dis-

308 ALPINE FLOWERS. Parr IL

tance north of New York to Virginia, and westward to Illinois
and the Mississippi, usually in sandy swamps. It is very rare,
indeed, to see it well-grown in this country, though no plant is
more desirable for the rock-garden or artificial bog. The only
place in which I have noticed this plant invariably doing well
is in Messrs. Osborn’s nursery, at Fulham, planted in beds of
deep and moist sandy peat, and I believe it would enjoy even a
greater degree of moisture than it obtains there. Deep, sandy,
boggy soil, with abundance of moisture at all times, will suit it
well. Propagated by careful division.

RHODODENDRON CHAMAICISTUS.—Thyme-leaved R,

A LILLIPUTIAN Rhododendron, rising scarcely a span high, and
thickly clothed with small fleshy leaves, ciliated at the edge,
and covered with exquisite flowers, of a lively purple colour,
three or four together, divided into five segments at the mouth,
about the size of those of Kalmia latifolia. This plant is very
rarely seen in good health in gardens, and for its’ successful
cultivation requires to be planted in limestone fissures, in peat,
loam, and sand in about equal proportions. A native of cal-
careous rocks in the Tyrol, and one of the most precious of
dwarf rock-shrubs, very suitable for association with such sub-
jects as the small Andromedas and Menziesias. Flowers in
early summer.

The well-known Rhododendron ferrugineum and hirsutum,
each bearing the name of “alpine Rose,” and which often ter-
minate the woody vegetation on the great mountain chains of
Europe, are easily had in our nurseries, and well suited for
large rockwork, in deep peat soil, in which they attain a height
of about eighteen inches. R. Wilsonianum, myrtifolium, ame-
num, hybridum, dauricum-atrovirens, Gowenianum, odoratum,
and Zorlonianum, are also comparatively dwarf kinds, which
may be tastefully employed in the rock-garden—the last two
very sweetly scented. It is perhaps needless to add that they
should rot be too intimately associated with minute alpine
plants.

Part II. SAGINA—SANGUINARIA. 309

SAGINA GLABRA.—Lawz Pearlwort.

A PLANT very generally known in consequence of being much
talked of a few years since as a substitute for lawn-grass, and
though it has not answered the expectations formed of it in
that way, it is none the less a very beautiful and minute alpine
plant exceedingly welcome on rockwork, and forming carpets
almost as compact and smooth as velvet on.level soil, dotted
with numerous small but pretty and white flowers, the light,
fresh green, moss-like carpet being starred with them in early
summer. It is unsurpassed for forming carpets of the freshest
and dwarfest verdure beneath taller, but comparatively small,
beautiful and rare bulbs or other plants which it may be de-
sired to place to the best advantage. It is most readily multi-
plied by pulling the tufts into small pieces, and replanting them
at a few inches apart; they soon meet and form a carpet.
It is also readily increased by seeds, but this mode is rarely
worth resorting to, unless it is desired to propagate the plant
largely for lawn-making. Although it does not generally form
a permanent and satisfactory turf yet it is quite possible by
selecting a rather deep sandy soil, and by keeping it perfectly
clean and well rolled, to make a beautiful turf of it; but this
is rarely worth attempting except on a small scale, and when
it begins to perish in flakes here and there, it should be taken
up and replanted. It is very commonly grown in gardens under
the name of Spergula pilzfera, but it really is a variety of Sagzna
glabra of the Alps, found on high mountains in Corsica. _Are-
naria cespttosa, Spergula subulata, and Spergula saginotdes (a
British plant) are also names by which it is known in gardens
and described in gardening periodicals.

SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.—Blocdroot.

-A CURIOUS, distinct, and pretty plant, with thick ‘underground
stems, from which spring kidney-shaped leaves cut into large
wavy or toothed lobes, sea-green in tone, and ‘full, of an orange-
red and acrid juice. The:stems. grow from four, to six inches
high, each bearing a solitary and handsome white flower when
the plant is established, in healthy tufts, which are very effective
in early spring. I have always observed this plant grow best in
somewhat shaded and moist positions and in rich but well-

310 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

drained soil ; it is well worthy of a place on the rockwork, but
decidedly the best thing to do with it is to try and naturalise
it,on bare spots in open rich woods—positions like those in
which it is found wild in North America. Propagated by divi-
sion, and flowers in March.

SANTOLINA INCANA.— Hoary S,

A SMALL silvery shrub, with numerous branches and narrow
leaves, the whole plant covered with dense white down, form-
ing neat prostrate tufts of edgings in the flower- garden. The
“flowers are rather small, pale greenish-yellow, and in no way
ornamental, but the plant is likely to be popular from its neat
habit and silvery hue, and it grows readily in ordinary soil
on the level border, and may be tastefully used on slopes of
rockwork. It is considered a variety of the better known S.
Chamecyparissus, the Lavender Cotton. This and its other
variety sgwarrosa are suitable for very large rockworks, banks,
&c., but, forming spreading silvery bushes, two feet high, in suit-
able soil, are not suited for intimate association with very dwarf
alpine plants.

Other species of Santolina are suited for like purposes, S.
pectinata and S. viridis, for example, forming bushes somewhat
like the Lavender Cotton. Santolina alpina is of more alpine
habit, forming dense mats quite close to the ground, from which
spring yellow button-like flowers on long slender stems. It grows
in any soil, and may be used on the less important parts of
the rock-garden. Cuttings of the shrubby species strike readily,
and S. aifina is easily increased by division.

SAPONARIA OCYMOIDES.—Jock 5S.

A BEAUTIFUL trailing rock-plant, with prostrate stems and an
abundance of rosy flowers, so densely produced as to completely
cover the’ cushions of leaves and branches. It is easily raised
from seed or from cuttings, thrives in almost any soil, and is one
of the most valuable plants we have for clothing the most arid
parts of rockwork,' particularly in positions where a drooping
plant is desired, the shoots falling profusely over the face of the
rocks, and becoming masses of rosy bloom in early summer, and

Part II, SAXTFRAGA. 311

also excellent for planting on ruins and old walls, on which the
seed should be sown in mossy chinks in spots where a little
soil has gathered. It is also a valuable border-plant, forming
roundish spreading cushions, with masses of flowers, and is well
worthy of being naturalised in bare and rocky places. A native
of Southern and Central Europe in stony and rocky places, and
although it grows freely in poor soil when it is planted with the
view of allowing it to fall freely over the face of a rock, a greater
development will be secured by putting it in deep rich loam.

One or two other dwarf Saponarias have recently been intro-
duced to our gardens, S. /wtea and S. cespitosa, for example.
The former of these is not worthy of cultivation except in a
botanic garden, and the last insufficiently tried.

SAXIFRAGA AIZOIDES.— Yellow Mountain Saxifrage.

A NATIVE plant, very abundant in Scotland, the North of Eng.
land, and some parts of Ireland, in wet places, by the sides of
mountain rills or streams, and often descending along their
course, into the low country, producing at the end of summer
or autumn an abundance of bright yellow flowers, half an inch
across, and dotted with red towards the base. It forms dense,
dwarf, bright green masses of leaves, and has leafy branched
flower-stems, by which it is distinguished from the other yellow
native Saxifrages. Although a moisture-loving mountain plant, it
is quite easy to grow in lowland gardens, naturally doing best in
moist ground. Wherever a small stream or rill is introduced
to the rock-garden or its neighbourhood, it may be most appro-
priately used, and planted so as to form wide-spreading masses,
as it does on its native mountains, Easily propagated by divi-
sion or by seed. When the leaves are sparsely ciliated, it is,
according to Mr. Syme, the S. aw¢umnalis of Linneus.

SAXIFRAGA AIZOON.—Azz00n Saxifrage.

Not a pretty-flowering kind, having a greenish-white bloom,
but it spangles over many a low mountain crest and high alp-
flank in Europe and America with its silvery rosettes, and in
our gardens these form such firm, compact, and roundish silvery
tufts in any common soil that it deserves to be universally culti-

312 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

vated as a rock, border, and edging plant. Plants of it established
two or three years form grey-silvery tufts a foot or more in
diameter, and about six inches high, sometimes a few inches more
-—these great tufts not flowering so freely as the wild plants,
which need not.be regretted, as it is the silvery mass, and not
the flowers, that is sought. The plant is easily distinguished by
its rather oblong and obtuse leaves, bordered with fine teeth, the
borders densely margined with encrusted pores, and stiffly cili-
ated at the base ; and by the flower-stems, which grow from six
to fifteen inches high, being furnished with glandular hairs on the
upper part, and usually smooth on the lower. As to its culture,
nothing canbe easier ; it is very often grown in pots, but grows
as freely as any native plant, and best perhaps when exposed to
the full sun. Easily increased by division. There are several
varieties. ; ;

SAXIFRAGA ANDREWSI.—Andrews’s Saxifrage.

THIS interesting British plant is considered by some botanists
to be a garden hybrid, and with pretty good reason, judging by
the leaves and flowers ; but nothing more has been ascertained
about its history. Mr. Andrews found it first in Ireland, but it
has not since been discovered. Among the green-leaved kinds
there is no better. Its flowers are large and freely produced,
but I never could see any good seed on it. The leaves are long,
firm in texture, and with a membranous margin ; the prettily
spotted flowers being larger than those of .S. umbrosa, and the
petals conspicuously dotted with red, which, with other slight
characters, points to the probability of its being a hybrid be-
tween a London Pride and one of the continental group of
encrusted Saxifrages. It is more worthy of a position on a rock-
work than the London Pride or the Kidney-leaved S., but does
quite freely on any border soil, merely requiring to be replanted
occasionally when it spreads into very large tufts, or to have a
dressing of fine light compost sprinkled over it annually.

SAXIFRAGA ARETIOIDES.—Aretia-like Saxifrage.

A VERY gem of the encrusted section, forming cushions of little
silvery rosettes, almost as small and dense as those of Andyosace
helvetica, and about half an inch high. It has rich golden-
yellow flowers, appearing in April, on stems a little more than

Part IT. SAXIFRAGA. 313

an inch high, and reminding one of the flowers of Aretia
Vitalliana. The stems and stem-leaves are densely clothed
with short glandular hairs like those of a Drosera, Like most
of its brethren, not difficult to grow, but requires a moist and
well-drained soil, and, being so dwarf and tiny, must be guarded
from being overrun by coarser neighbours. A native of the
Pyrenees ; increased by seed and careful division.

SAXIFRAGA ASPERA.—Rough Saxifrage.

A SMALL, grey, tufted, prostrate plant, with lance-shaped and
ciliated leaves, the lower ones closely imbricated, the upper
ones somewhat scattered, producing few flowers, rather large,
but of a dull white colour, on stems about three inches high.
S. dryotdes is considered a variety of this, and forms a densely
tufted diminutive plant, with pale yellow flowers, the rosettes of
leaves being almost globular, and the plant not forming stolons
or runners like the preceding. I have never seen either of these
plants displaying any beauty of bloom, but both are worthy of
growing for their moss-like character. Both are natives of the
Pyrenees ; S. éryozdes in the most elevated regions. Both are
quite easy of cultivation, growing freely in the open air in
London, but rarely flowering there.

SAXIFRAGA BIFLORA.—Two-flowered Saxifrage.

A BEAUTIFUL dwarf species, allied to the British species S. of+
positifolia, but larger in all its parts, and immediately distin-
guished by producing two or three flowers together, and by
having its leaves thinly scattered, and not packed on the stems
like those of that species. It is also a much larger plant,
and has larger flowers, rose-coloured at first, changing to
violet. I found it in abundance on fields of grit and shat-
tered rock, in the neighbourhood of glaciers on very elevated
parts of the Alps, in company with Campanula cenisia,; and
just without the margins of the vast fields of snow, under which,
even in June, lay numberless plants waiting for an opportunity
to open when the snow had thawed. It grew entirely in loose
grit, so that with a little care, masses of the branched imbedded
stems and long fine roots could be taken up entire. I believe it
usually inhabits like positions in what may be termed moving
débris, but like many other plants the conditions in which it

314 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

occurs in a wild state are by no means necessary to succeed.
with it in gardens, It grows very freely on rockwork in gritty
or sandy soil, in well-drained positions in rich light loam, may
be increased by division, cuttings, or seed, and should be seen
in every select rock-garden.

SAXIFRAGA CHSIA.—Szlver Moss.

THIs resembles an Androsace in the dwarfness and neatness
of its tufts. I have met with it on the Alps, in minute tufts,
staining the rocks and stones like a silvery moss, and on level
ground, where it had some depth of soil, spreading into beautiful
little cushions from two to six inches across. It is easily known,
either in cultivation or in a wild state, by its exceeding dwarfness
and neatness, and by its three-sided, keeled leaves, regularly
margined with white crustaceous dots. It bears pretty white
flowers, about the third of an inch in diameter, on thread-like
smooth stems, one to three inches high. A native of the high
Alps and Pyrenees, it thrives perfectly well in our gardens in
very firm sandy soil, fully exposed, and abundantly supplied
with water in summer. It may be also grown well in pots or
pans in cold frames near the glass ; but, being very minute, no
matter where it is placed, the first consideration should be to
keep it distinct from all coarse neighbours, and even the smallest
weeds will injure or obscure it if allowed to grow. Flowers in
summer, and is increased by seeds or careful division.

SAXIFRAGA CERATOPHYLLA.—orn-leaved Saxifrage,

A FINE and ornamental species of the mossy section, with
very dark highly-divided leaves, stiff and smooth, with horny
points ; the flowers pure white, and abundantly produced in loose
panicles in early summer, the calyces and stamens covered with
clammy juice. It quickly forms strong tufts in any good garden
soil, and is admirably adapted for covering rockwork of any
description, either as wide level tufts on the flat portions or
pendent sheets from the brows of rocks. May also be used with
good effect in borders. A native of Spain ; increased by seed
or division, :

Part II. SAXIFRAGA. 315

SAXIFRAGA CORDIFOLIA.—Heart-leaved Saxifrage.

ENTIRELY different in aspect to the ordinary dwarf section ot
Saxifrages, with very ample leaves, roundish-heart-shaped, on
long and thick stalks, toothed; flowers a clear rose, arranged
in dense masses, which are half concealed among the great leaves
in early spring, apparently hiding under them from the cutting
breath of March. S. crassifolia is allied to this, and is useful
for similar purposes. ‘They grow and flower in any soil or
position, and are thoroughly hardy ; but it is desirable to en-
courage their early-flowering habit by placing them in warm
sunny positions, where the fine flowers may be induced to open
well. They are perhaps more worthy of association with the
larger spring flowers and with herbaceous plants than with
dwarf alpines, and are well worthy of being naturalised on bare
sunny banks, in sunny wild parts of the pleasure-ground, or by
wood walks. They may also be used with fine effect on rough
rock or root work, near cascades, or on rocky margins to streams
or artificial water, their fine, evergreen, glossy foliage being quite
distinct. They may, in fact, be called the fine-foliaged plants
of the rocks. A native of Siberian mountains. S. ligulata
(Megasea ciliata) is a somewhat tender species, and only suc-
ceeds out of doors in mild and warm parts of this country.

SAXIFRAGA COTYLEDON.—Pyramidal Saxtfrage.

A NOBLE Saxifrage, which embellishes with its great silvery
rosettes and elegant pyramids of white flowers many parts of the
great mountain ranges of Europe, from the Pyrenees to Lapland,
and easily known by its rather broad leaves, margined with
encrusted pores, and its fine handsome bloom. It is the largest
of the cultivated Saxifrages, and also the finest except S.
longifolia, of which it has not the linear leaves. The rosettes
of the pyramidal Saxifrage differ a good deal in size. When
grown in tufts, they are for the most part much smaller, from
being crowded, than isolated specimens. The flower-stem varies
from six to thirty inches high, and about London, in common
soil, will often attain a height of twenty inches, and in cultiva-
tion usually attains a greater size than on its native rocks ;
though in rich soil, at the base of rocky slopes in a Piedmontese
valley, I have seen single rosettes as large as I have ever seen

316 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

them in gardens. The plant is perfectly hardy, and second to
none as an ornament of the rock-garden. It also thrives per-
fectly in common soil, and is in some places much grown in
pots for the decoration of the greenhouse. When the pyramids
of beautiful flowers are strong, or in an exposed position, it is
well to put a neat and inconspicuous but firm stake to each,
Nothing can be easier to propagate by division, or cultivate
without any particular attention. It is sometimes known as
S. pyramidalis, though some consider this at least a variety,
having amore erect habit, narrower leaves, and somewhat larger
flowers.

SAXIFRAGA CYMBALARIA.—Golden Saxifrage.

QUITE distinct in aspect from any of the family, and one of the
most useful of all,-being a bright and continuous bloomer. I
have had little tufts of it, which, in early spring, formed
masses of bright yellow flowers set on light green, glossy, small
ivy-like leaves, the whole not more than three inches high.
These, instead of falling into the sere and yellow leaf, and fading
away into seediness, kept still growing taller, still elevating, and
still preserving the same little rounded pyramid of golden flowers,
until autumn, when they formed specimens about twelve inches
high. It is an annual or biennial plant, which sows itself abun-
dantly, coming up in the same spot, is peculiarly suitable for
moist spots on or near rockwork, grows freely on the level
ground, and might be readily naturalised on the margins of a
rocky stream, and in various other places in large’ pleasure-
grounds.

SAXIFRAGA DIAPENSIOIDES.—Diapensia S.

ONE of the very best of all the dwarf Saxifrages, and also one of
the smallest, admirably suited for choice rockwork or culture in
pans. I have grown it very well in an open bed in London, and
it would flourish equally well everywhere if kept free from weeds,
and in a well-exposed spot. The soil should be very firm and
well-drained, though kept moist in summer. The flowers are of
a good white, three to five on a stem, rarely exceeding two inches
high, and often not more than an inch ; the leaves grey, linear, and
obtuse, packed into such dense cylindrical rosettes that esta-
blished specimens feel quite hard to the hand. It comes near

Part II. SAXIFRAGA, 317

S. aretioides, but is at once distinguished from that by its white,
entire, and oblong petals. A native of the Alps of Switzerland,
Dauphiny, and the Pyrenees.

SAXIFRAGA GEUM.—Xidney-leaved London Pride.

VERY like the London Pride in habit and flowers, but with the
leaves roundish, heart-shaped at the base, on long stalks, and
with scattered hairs on the surfaces; flowers about a quarter
of an inch across, and usually with reddish spots. A native
of various parts of Europe, useful for the same purposes and
cultivated with the,same facility as the London Pride, will
grow freely in woods or borders, particularly in moist dis-
tricts, and is worthy of naturalisation in the former. Like its
neighbours, it is, of course, suitable for rockwork, but does not
deserve that position so much as numbers of plants much more
difficult to grow. Saxifraga hirsuta comes near this, and is pro-
bably a variety, the chief difference being that the leaves are
longer than broad, less heart-shaped, and more hairy ; it is suit-
able for like positions.

SAXIFRAGA GRANULATA.— Meadow Saxifrage.

A LOWLAND plant, with several small scaly bulbs in a crown at
the root, and common in meadows and banks in England, with
crenate leaves, thickly clothed with shaggy glandular hairs, and
numerous white flowers, three quarters of aninch across. I should
not name it here were it not for its handsome double form
S. granulata fi. pl., which IJ have often seen flowering profusely
and prettily in little cottage gardens in Surrey. .It is very useful
in the spring garden as a border-plant, or on rougher parts
of rockwork. Mr. Bentham considers that the small bulb-
bearing S. cernua of Ben Lawers may be a variety of the
Meadow S. As a garden-plant, S. cernua, however, is a mere
curiosity, though it may be acceptable in botanical collections.

SAXIFRAGA HIRCULUS.— Yellow Marsh Saxifrage.

AREMARKABLE species, with a single bright yellow flower on each
stem, or sometimes two or three, three quarters of an inch across,
and tufts of obovate leaves, gradually attenuated into the stalk.
Quite different in aspect from any other cultivated Saxifrage.
A native of wet moors in various parts of England, not difficult

318 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

to cultivate in moist soil, and thriving best under conditions as
near as possible to those of the places where it is found wild.
It is best suited for a moist spot near a streamlet of the rock-
garden, or for the artificial bog.

SAXIFRAGA HYPNOIDES.—Mossy Saxtfrage.

A VERY variable plant in its stems, leaves, and flowers, but
usually forming mossy tufts of the deepest and freshest green,
abundant on the mountains of Great Britain and Ireland, and
common in gardens. In cultivation it attains greater vigour
than in a wild state, and no plant is more useful for forming
carpets of the most refreshing green in winter and almost in any
soil. For this reason it is peculiarly well suited for planting in
the low rocky borders often made in town and villa gardens, and
should be largely used by those who desire to rest their eyes on
glistening verdure during the winter months. It thrives either
on rockwork or the level ground, in half-shady positions or
fully exposed to the sun, forming the fullest and healthiest tufts
in the latter case, and flowering profusely in early summer.
Nothing can be easier to grow or increase by division. It is
also suitable for forming dwarf verdant carpets in the flower-
garden or on the rockwork with a view of placing one or more
plants on the surface. Chiefly distinguished by its narrow
and pointed leaves, sometimes entire, but often three- to seven-
cleft, and stems, sepals, leaves, and shoots more or less covered
with glandular hairs. Under this species may be grouped
S. hirta, S. affinis, S. incurvifolia, S. platypetala, and S. dect-
piens, all exhibiting differences which some think sufficient to
mark them as species. They present considerable differences
in appearance when grown together in a garden, and many
amateurs will, no doubt, think them worthy of a place; they
all thrive with the same freedom as the Mossy Saxifrage, ap-
pearing to suffer only from drought or very drying winds. If,
when first planted, a few largish stones are buried in the earth
round éach, the plants will soon lap over them, the stones will
serve to preserve the moisture in each tuft, and the plants will
be much less likely to suffer from drying winds. .S. cespitosa,
a British plant, comes near to this, but is known at once by its
obtuse lobes and more tufted habit, does not emit slender spread-
ing shoots like S. Aypuozdes, and is scarcely so ornamental.

Parr Il, SAXIFRAGA. 319

SAXIFRAGA JUNIPERINA.—Funiper Saxifrage.

THIS is one of the most distinct and desirable kinds in culti-
vation, having spine-pointed leaves, densely set in cushioned
masses, looking, if one may so speak, like Juniper-bushes com-
pressed into the size of small round pin-cushions, and with little
seen but the prickly points of the leaves. The flowers are
yellow, arranged in spikes on a leafy stem, and appear in summer.
It thrives very well in moist, sandy, firm soil, and is well worthy
of a place in the rock-garden, and also in every collection of
alpine plants grown in pots. A native of the Caucasus ; propa-
gated by seed and careful division.

SAXIFRAGA LONGIFOLIA.—Long-leaved Saxifrage,

THE single rosettes of this are often six, seven, and eight inches
in diameter, and, while retaining all the charms of its con-
geners, it boldly spreads forth into an object as striking as
some of the prettier succulent plants of the New World or the
Cape. I have, indeed, measured one specimen more than a foot
in diameter. It may well be termed the Queen of the silvery
section of Saxifrages, and by that section are meant those
which have their greyish leathery leaves margined with dots of
white, so as to give the whole a silvery character. This is
so beautifully marked in that way that it is attractive at all
seasons, while in early summer it pushes up massive foxbrush-
like columns of flowers from a foot to two feet long, the stem
covered with short, stiff, gland-tipped hairs, and bearing a mul-
titude of pure white flowers.

A native of the higher parts of the Pyrenees ; perfectly hardy
in this country; not difficult of culture, and may be grown in
various ways. On some perpendicular chink in the face of
a rockwork into which it can root deeply, it is very striking when
the long outer leaves of the rosette spread away from the densely-
packed centre. It may also be grown on the face of an old wall,
beginning with a very small plant, which should be carefully
packed into a chink with a little soil. Here the stiff leaves will,
when they roll out, adhere firmly to the wall, eventually forming
a large silver star on its surface. It will thrive on a raised bed
or border, surrounded by a few stones to prevent evaporation
and to guard it from injury: It also thrives in a greenhouse
or frame, and perhaps the readiest way of getting a weakly

320 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

young plant from the nursery to develop into a sturdy rosette
is to put it in a six-inch pot, well drained and filled with a mix-
ture of sandy loam and stable manure, and placed in a sunny
pit or frame, giving it plenty of water in spring, summer, and
autumn. It is propagated by seeds, which it produces freely.
In gathering them it should be observed that they ripen gra-
dually from the bottom of the stem upwards, so that the seed-
vessels there should be cut off first, leaving the unripe capsules
to mature, and visiting the plant every day or two to collect
them as they ripen successively. :

S, lingulata is by some authors united with the preceding, from
which it chiefly differs by having smaller flowers, by the leaves
and stems being smooth and not glandular, by its shorter stems,
and by the leaves in the rosette being shorter and very much
fewer in number than in the Long-leaved S. It is also a
charming rock-plant, and will succeed with the same treatment
and in the same positions as the preceding. S. crustata is con-
sidered a very small variety of the Long-leaved S. with the
encrusted pores thickly set along the margins ; being several
times smaller, it will require more care in planting, and to be
associated with dwarfer plants.

SAXIFRAGA OPPOSITIFOLIA.—Purple Saxifrage.

IT is impossible to speak too highly of the beauties of this bright
little mountaineer, so distinct in colour and in habit from the
familiar members of its family. The moment the snow melts,
its tiny herbage glows into solid sheets of purplish rose-colour ;
the flowers solitary, on short erect little stems, and often so
thickly produced as to quite hide the leaves, which are small,
opposite, and densely crowded. In a wild state on the higher
mountains of Britain and the Continent, in which it has to sub-
mit to the struggle for life, it usually forms rather straggling
little tufts; but on fully exposed parts of rockwork, rooted
in deep, light, and moist loam, it forms rounded cushions, neat
at all seasons, and peculiarly appropriate on slopes of rockwork,
or fringing over the sides of rocks. Propagated by division,
and flowering in early spring. There are the following varieties
in cultivation: S. off. major, rosy pink, large ; S. ofp. pallida,
pale pink, large ; S. of. alba, white.

Part I. SAXIFRAGA. 321

SAXIFRAGA RETUSA.—Retuse-leaved Saxifrage.

A PURPLISH species, closely allied to our own S. opposztifolia,
but, in addition to .the different character of the leaves, dis-
tinguished by the flowers having distinct stalks, and being
borne two or three together on their little branches. The
small, opposite, leathery leaves are closely packed in four ranks
on the stems, which form dense prostrate tufts. A native of the
Alps and Pyrenees, flowers in early summer, may be cultivated
with great success in the same way as S. ofpositifolia, and well
merits a place in the rock-garden. It is also easily grown ina
pan in a cold frame.

SAXIFRAGA ROCHELIANA.—Rochel’s Saxifrage.

A VERY compact and dwarf kind, forming dense silvery rosettes
of tongue-shaped white-margined leaves, with distinctly im-
pressed dots. It is distinguished among the dwarf silvery Saxi-
frages by producing large white flowers on sturdy little stems in
spring. I know no more exquisite plant for rockwork, for culture
in pans, or for small rocky or elevated borders. Any free, good,
moist, loamy soil will suit it, and I have seen it thriving very
well on borders in London. It should always be exposed to the
full sun, and deserves to be associated with the choicest spring
flowers and alpine plants. A native of Austria; increased by
seeds or careful division.

SAXIFRAGA SARMENTOSA.—Creesing Saxifrage.:

A WELL-KNOWN old plant, with roundish leaves, mottled above,
red beneath, with numbers of creeping, long, and slender runners,
producing young plants strawberry fashion. Striking and sin-
gular in leafage, it is also ornamental in bloom, and growing
freely in the dry air of a sitting-room, may be seen gracefully
suspended in numerous cottage windows. It perhaps is most at
home running wild on banks or rocks, in the cool greenhouse or
conservatory ; however, it lives in the open air in mild parts of
England, and, where this is the case, may be used in graceful
association with ferns and other creeping plants. A native of
China, flowering in summer. Closely allied to S. sarmentosa
is the delicate dodder-like Saxifrage, S. cuscuteformis, so called
from having thread-like runners like the stems of a dodder, and
Y

322 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

distinguished by having much smaller leaves, and the petals more
equal in size than those of savmenéosa, in which the two outer
ones are much larger than the others. It will serve for the
same purposes as the Creeping Saxifrage, but, being much more
delicate and fragile in habit, will require a little more care. The
plants grown in gardens as S. jafonica and S. tricolor are con-
sidered varieties of the Creeping Saxifrage.

SAXIFRAGA UMBROSA.—London Pride.

THIS almost universally cultivated plant grows abundantly on the
mountains round Killarney, though it was much grown in our
gardens before it was recognised as a native of Ireland. It is
needless to describe the appearance of such avery familiar plant ;
it is, however, distinguished from S. Gews by having oval-oblong
leaves, narrowed and not heart-shaped at the base ; its flowers,
too, are a little larger and more freely dotted with red. It
is much used as an edging plant in old gardens, and, being such
a pleasing evergreen, should be freely used for embellishing
the rough parts of rockwork, the fringes of cascades, &c. It is
naturalised in several parts of England, and grows freely among
dwarf herbage, or in rocky ground in woods. There are several
varieties, as, for example, S. punctata and S. serratifolia, which
are distinct enough when grown side by side, and submit to the
same culture.

It is believed that the preceding are among those best worth
growing. The following is a list of the other species or reputed
species believed to be in cultivation now in this country.
Those most worthy of culture are marked by an asterisk.

Saxifraga adscendens | Saxifraga cochleata Saxifraga globifera
ajugzefolia *crustata Gmelini
ambigua cuneifolia *Guthrieana
androsacea * daurica hieraciifolia
aquatica elatior * Hostii
atropurpurea elongella *icelandica

* Bucklandii erosa infundibulum
bulbifera exarata *intacta
Burseriana flavescens *intermedia
calcarata geranioides japonica

* capillaris germanica leetevirens
condensata * gibraltarica levigata

* contraversa glacialis *leevis

Part II, . SCHISTOSTEGA. 323
Saxifraga leptophylla | *Saxifraga pennsyl- | Saxifraga spathulata
*lutea viridis vanica . sponhemica
*marginata pentadactylis * Stansfieldii
*media petreea stellaris
Mollyi planifolia stenophylla
multicaulis pulchella * Sternbergii
*muscoides * purpurascens Tazetta
*nervosa pygmeza - *tenella
nivalis *recta thysanodes
ohioensis recurva tricuspidata
orientalis reniformis trifida
* palmata Rhei trifurcata
* paniculata * rosularis trilobata
parnassica rotundifolia villosa
*pectinata rupestris virginiensis
pedata * Schraderi Webbiana
pedatifida sibirica

SCHISTOSTEGA PENNATA.—Jridescent Moss.

MOsSES are small, but this is so very small that-it would hardly
be noticed by the naked eye were it-not for the iridescent gleams
of beautiful colour which it displays when viewed in positions
where it flourishes. It is no exaggeration to state that some of
the stones and sods on which it grows look as if sown with a
mixture of gold and the material that goes to form the wings of
green humming birds. It is almost startling to see this little
gem for the first time, no “plant” being visible to the casual
visitor, who wonders what produces the exquisite colour. It
was supposed to require a particular kind of rock on which to
grow ; but I have been lately much pleased to see its wonderful
coruscations spread over sods of turf and masses of peat, quite
as well as on the chips of rock brought from its native place.
Messrs. Stansfield have it in beautiful condition among the
rocks in their cool fernery at Todmorden, and Messrs. Back-
house have it in perfection both in the open air, in a quiet, deep
gorge of rocks, where it obtains sufficient moisture without being
washed by rains, and also in their underground fernery, con-
structed for the rarer filmy ferns, which proves that there is no
insurmountable difficulty in establishing it in like positions ; and
certainly the most graceful dwarf or biggest tree fern is not
capable of adding to them a more decided charm than this most
diminutive moss.

324 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

SCILLA AM@NA.—Pleasing Sguill.

A DISTINCT, early-spring-flowering kind, opening soon after SS.
scbirica, and readily known from any of its relatives by the large
yellowish ovary showing conspicuously in the centre of the dark
indigo-blue flowers. It is, though sufficiently attractive to merit
a place in borders and collections of hardy bulbs, less orna-
mental than any other kind here mentioned, the flowers being
arranged in a somewhat sparse and rigid manner, and having
none of the grace characteristic of S. campanulata, or of the va-
rieties of S. zu¢ans, or the dwarfness and brilliancy of S. szbérica.
The leaves, usually about half an inch across, attain a height of
about one foot, and are very easily injured by cold or wind, so
that a sheltered position is that best suited to its wants. It is
not exactly suited for choice rockwork, though well worthy of a
place in borders, and of being naturalised on sunny banks in
semi-wild spots. A native of the Tyrol; increased from seeds
or by separation of the bulbs.

SCILLA BIFOLIA.—Early Squill

ALTHOUGH not nearly so well known or popular as S. s¢bcrica, this
is quite as worthy of cultivation, producing in the very dawn of
spring, indeed often in winter, rich masses of dark blue flowers,
four to six on a spike, and forming very handsome tufts of vege-
tation from six to ten inches high, according to the richness and
lightness of the soil, and the warmth and shelter of the aspect.
It thrives well in almost any position, in ordinary garden soil,
the lighter the better. Although it blooms earlier than .S. szz-
rica, it does not withstand cold wintry and spring rains and
storms nearly so well as that species, and therefore it would be
well to place some tufts of it in warm sunny spots, either on
rockwork or sheltered borders. A native of Southern and Cen-
tral. Europe. As shown by Dr. Masters, in the ‘ Gardener’s
Chronicle, this species varies very much, and in consequence
has gone under many names. The varieties are of more impor-
tance than is usually the case, and the following are those enu-
merated by Dr. Masters as most distinct, and therefore most
worthy of cultivation :—.S. difolia alba, S. bifolia candida, S. bi-
folia carnea, S. bifolia compacta, S. bifolia maxima, S. bifolia
metallica, S. bifolia rosea, S. bifolta pallida, and S. bifolia pre-

Part II. SCILLA. 325

cox. The name S. gre@cox, which occurs so often in gardens
and in nurserymen’s catalogues, does not really belong to a
distinct species, and, when most properly applied, refers to the
last-mentioned variety of S. dzfolia, which usually flowers some-
what earlier than the common form.

SCILLA CAMPANULATA.—Bell-flowered Squill,

A VIGOROUS species, long cultivated in England, one of the finest
ornaments among early-summer-flowering bulbs, and, though
a more southern species than most of the others, the most
robust of the family. It is easily known by its strong pyra-
midal raceme of pendent, short-stalked, large, bell-shaped flowers,
usually of a clear light blue. A variety known as S. campanu-
lata major is larger in all its parts, and a noble early summer
flower ; and the white- and rose-coloured varieties, S. campanu-
lata alba and 5S. c. rosea, are also excellent. It is never seen to
greater advantage than when peeping here and there from the
fringes of shrubberies and beds of evergreens, the shelter it re-
ceives in such positions protecting its very large leaves from
strong winds. It is, however, sturdy enough to thrive in any
position. Comes from the South of Europe, attains a height of
from twelve to eighteen inches, and deserves to be naturalised
alongside of wood walks, and in the semi-wild parts’ of every
pleasure-ground.

SCILLA ITALICA.—Jtalian Squzll,

A NATIVE not only of Italy but of Southern France and
Southern Europe generally. This Squill, with its pale blue
flowers, intensely blue stamens,-and delicious odour, is one of
the most interesting and distinct, if not the most brilliant, of cul-
tivated kinds. It grows from five to ten inches high, the leaves
somewhat shorter, slightly keeled, and oblique ; the flowers small,
spreading in short conical racemes, opening in May. It is per-
fectly hardy, living in almost any soil, but thriving best in sandy
and warm ones. Increased by division, which had better be
performed only every three or four years, when the bulbs
should be planted in fresh positions. It is worthy of a sheltered
sunny spot on rockwork, particularly as it does not seem to
thrive so freely in this country as some of the other species,

326 ALPINE FLOWERS, Part IL

SCILLA NUTANS.— Bluebell.

A WELL-KNOWN and much admired native plant, abounding in
almost every wood and copse; the flowers always arranged
in a gracefully drooping fashion on one side of the stem. The
Bluebell is so very common that I should not have mentioned it
here but for the sake of its several beautiful varieties, which aré
not so much known as they deserve to be, although fitted to be
great ornaments of the early summer garden. I particularly
allude to the white variety, S. w¢ans alba, the rose-coloured one,
S. nutans rosea; the pale blue, S. zutans cerulea, and a pleasing
“French white” variety, which is not dignified by a Latin name.
These are all highly suitable for planting here and there in tufts
along the margins of shrubberies, near rockwork, for borders,
the spring garden, and for naturalisation in woods, among the
common blue kind.

SCILLA PATULA.—Sfreading Squill,

THIs is rather closely allied to the Bluebell, with flowers of a
pleasing violet-blue, not sweet, like those of that species, nor
arranged on one side, but larger, and more open, with narrow
bracts. Itis easy of culture on almost any soil; blooms late in
spring, and is suitable for the same purposes as the varieties
of.the Bluebell. A. native of France and Southern Europe
generally.

SCILLA PERUVIANA.—Pyramidal Squiil.

THE Peruvian Squill, which, however, is not a native of Peru, is
a very noble plant where it thrives, and it does so perfectly in
many mild parts of these islands, though it suffers on cold soils.
The flowers are of a fine blue, very numerous, arranged in a
superb, regular, umbel-like pyramid, which lengthens during the
flowering period. The white stamens contrast charmingly with
the blue of the flowers., In all but the warmest parts, of the
country, this fine, plant should have a somewhat elevated, warm,
and sheltered position, a deep, light, and well-drained soil, and the
large pear-shaped bulbs should be planted six inches under the
surface, which will better enable them to withstand the cold.
A native of Southern Europe andgNorth Africa, grows from six
to eighteen inches high, flowers in May and June, and deserves

Part II. SCILLA. 327

a place in a sheltered, sunny nook on every rockwork, and on
every warm raised bed or border devoted to choice hardy bulbs.
There is a white variety, S. deruviana alba, which is not quite
so beautiful as the ordinary form. Tufts of the Peruvian Squill
should be taken up, when at rest, every three or four years,
the bulbs divided, and immediately replanted.

SCILLA SIBIRICA.—Szberian Sguitll.

THIS beautiful and minute gem among the flowers of earliest
spring is happily becoming very popular, and many will have
had an opportunity of concluding for themselves that no rock-
work, spring garden, or garden of bulbous plants, can be com-
plete without the striking and peculiar shade of porcelain blue
which quite distinguishes it from the other species. It*has had
a great number of synonyms, but, unlike S. dzfo/da, has sported
into few varieties, S. amzenula being the only one worth men-
tioning, and it is not really distinct. Varieties with larger blos-
soms and with one instead of from two to five on a stem are
preserved in herbariums and occasionally cultivated, but these
are only trifling variations, often arising from the conditions in
which they are placed.

There appears to be some doubt as to whether the plant
is really a native of Siberia, but it is known to be widely dis-
tributed in Asia Minor and Persia, and I received a specimen
found “ growing among the Snowdrops,” by a gentleman in the
Caucasus. It is perfectly hardy in this, country, and, like most
other bulbs, thrives best in a good sandy soil. Bulbs of it that
have been used for forcing should never be thrown away; if
allowed to fully develop their leaves and go to rest in a pit or
frame, and afterwards planted out in open spots, in warm soil,
they will thrive well. It is needless to disturb the tufts except
every two:or three years for the sake of dividing them when they
grow vigorously. It comes in flower in very early spring a little
later than .S. d2folza, but withstands the storms better than that
plant, and remains much longer in bloom. In places where it
does not thrive very freely, from the cold nature of the soil or
other causes, it would be well, in placing tufts of it on rockwork
or on borders, to put it in sheltered positions, so that the leaves
may not be injured by the wind, and the plant thereby weakened.
It may be used with good effect as an edging to beds of spring
flowers, or choice alpine shrubs.

328 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part Il.

Of other cultivated Squills, the British ones, S. verna and
S. autumnalts, are certainly not worthy of cultivation except in
botanical collections ; the plant usually sold by the Dutch and by
our seedsmen as S. hyacinthoides is generally S. campanulata,
and occasionally S. patuda. The true S. hya-inthoides of
Southern Europe is scarcely worthy of cultivation ; S. cernua is
not sufficiently distinct from S.Y%ateda, and one or two southern
species allied to S. peruviana have not been proved sufficiently
hardy for general cultivation.

SCUTELLARIA ALPINA.—Adpine Skullcap.

A SPREADING plant with all the vigour of the coarsest weeds of
its natural order, but withal neat in habit, and ornamental
in flower. The pubescent stems are prostrate, but so abundantly
produced that they rise into a full round tuft, a foot high or more
in the centre, and falling low to the sides ; the leaves are ovate-
roundish or heart-shaped at the base, very shortly stalked,
and netched, and the flowers in terminal heads, at first short,
afterwards elongating, and purplish or with the lower lip white
or yellow. The form with the upper lip purplish and lower pure
white is very pretty. The variety Zutea (S. lupulina) is a very
ornamental kind, with yellow flowers. Both plants are admirably
suited for borders, the margins of shrubberies, and the rougher
parts of rockwork. A native of the Pyrenees, Swiss and
Tyrolese Alps, and many other parts of Europe and Asia ; readily
increased by division, and flowering freely in summer.

Of other kinds of Scutellaria in cultivation, S. jafonzca, ori-
entalis, scordifolia, and the British S. méxor, an interesting little
plant for the artificial bog, are among the best, but it is doubtful
if they are worth a place in any but a very large collection.

SEDUM ACRE.—Stonecrop.

GROWING on walls, thatched houses, rocks, and sandy places in
almost all parts of Britain, this little plant, with its small, thick,
bright green leaves and brilliant yellow flowers, is as well known
as the common Houseleek. Like the Daisy, it is so very
abundant in an uncultivated state that there is rarely occasion
to introduce it to gardens, though one of the most brilliant and
distinct of its very large family. Sheets of it in bloom look very

Part II, SEDUM. 329

gay, and it may well be used with dwarf alpine plants in forming
carpets of living mosaic-work in gardens. The fact that it runs
wild on comparatively new brick walls round London does away
with the necessity of speaking of its cultivation or propagation.
There is a variegated or yellow-tipped variety, S. acre variega-
tum, the tips of the shoots of this become of a yellow tone in
early spring, so that the tufts or flakes look quite showy at that
season. It is suitable for use in the spring garden, on the rock-
work, and for the same purposes as the ordinary form.

SEDUM ALBUM.—White Stonecrop.

A BRITISH plant, with crowded fleshy leaves of a brownish
green, and in summer a profusion of white or pinkish flowers
in elegant corymbs. Like the common Stonecrop, this occurs
on old roofs and rocky places in many parts of Europe, and
may be cultivated with the same facility as that well-known
plant. It is worthy of naturalisation on walls or old ruins, in
places where it does not occur naturally, and also on the margins
of the pathways or the less important surfaces of the rock-garden.

SEDUM ANACAMPSEROS.—£vergreen Orpine.

A SPECIES easily recognised by its very obtuse and entire
glaucous leaves, closely arranged in pyramidal rosettes on the
prostrate branches that do not flower. The rose-coloured flowers
are in corymbs, not very ornamental, but the distinct aspect of
the plant will secure it a place on the rockwork, or among very
dwarf border-plants. A native of the Alps, Pyrenees, and moun-
tains of Dauphiny, flowering in summer, easily propagated by
division, and thriving in any soil.

SEDUM BREVIFOLIUM.—Mealy Stonecrop.

ONE of the most fragile and interesting of alpine plants, very
nearly allied to S. dasyphyllum, but recognised at a glance by its
pleasing, pinkish, mealy tone, without reference to the botanical
characters which divide them. A native of the Southern Pyre-
nees and Corsica, in dry places, and ‘somewhat too delicate for
general planting in the open air; but it may be grown in dryish
soil in sunny well-drained parts of rockwork. In small pans or
pots it may be grown to great perfection in pit or frame, or the

339 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

airy shelf of a cool greenhouse, the higher degree of warmth
causing the plant to attain a fuller habit than it does out of
doors in England. A very interesting subject for naturalisation
on old ruins and walls, and nothing can,be more pleasing than
healthy tufts of it, though it is to its leaves rather than its flowers
that it owes its attractiveness. S./farznosum resembles this in
appearance, but so far as my experience goes, it is tender.

SEDUM DASYPHYLLUM.—T7hick-leaved S.

A SINGULARLY pretty species, of a pleasing glaucous colour;
indeed, not unfrequently the plant is of an amethystine blue tone.
The leaves are usually perfectly smooth, very thick, and fat—in
fact, quite swollen at the back—and very densely packed. The
flowers are not ornamental, being of a dull white, tinged with
rose, but the peculiarly neat habit and attractive hue of the plant,
when not in flower, will always make it a favourite in collections
of dwarf plants. It occurs abundantly on rocks, old walls,
and humid stony places, in Southern and South-western Europe,
and is found in some places in the South of England. Although
hardy on walls and rocks, it has not the vigour and constitution
of many of the other Stonecrops, and it is desirable to establish
it on an old wall or dry stony part of rockwork, so as to secure
a stock in case the plant perishes in winter on low ground, as I
have seen it do occasionally. It is very suitable for association
with such plants as the Cobweb Houseleek, and is an interesting
subject for naturalisation on old ruins.

SEDUM EWERSII.—L£wers’s S.

AN exceedingly neat, distinct, and diminutive species, with
smooth, opposite, glaucous, and broad leaves, and purplish
flowers in terminal corymbs, the whole plant being of a pleasing
silvery tone and rather delicate appearance, but quite hardy,
easily increased by division, and flowering in summer. A native
of the Altai Mountains; merits a place on every rockwork
and in collections of the dwarfest hardy succulent plants, rarely
rising above two or three inches high,

SEDUM GLAUCUM.—Glaucous S.

A MINUTE species of a greyish tone, forming dense spreading
tufts of short stems, densely clothed with fat leaves, and rather

Part IT. SEDUM. 331

sparsely producing somewhat inconspicuous flowers. The very
neat habit of the plant has caused it to become quite popular in
our gardens of late years as a minute edging or surfacing plant ;
for edging purposes it is perhaps better divided every spring ;
thin but regular lines planted at that season forming neat,
swelling, chubby-looking edgings four or five inches across in
autumn. On the rockwork it may be used in any spot that is to
spare, either to form a turf under other plants or for its own
sake. Various other Sedums are very nearly allied to this, and
all are probably but forms of one kind. A native of Hungary.

SEDUM KAMTSCHATICUM.—Orange Stonecrop.

A BROAD-LEAVED species, not unlike Sedum spurium in habit,
but at once distinguished by its dark orange-yellow flowers. It
is a prostrate plant, quite hardy, succeeding in almost any soil,
but best in a warm rich loam, and flowering profusely in sum-
mer. Highly suitable for the rougher parts of the rock-garden,
where it will take care of itself, and is a capital plant for the
margin of the mixed border. It and S. spurzum are much more
worthy of being employed as edging-plants than the dull-coloured
S. denticulatum and S. oppositifolium, frequently grown for that
purpose.

SEDUM POPULIFOLIUM.—Skhrubby Stonecrop.

DISTINCT from all its race, and forming a small, much-branched
shrub, from six to ten inches high, with flat coarsely toothed
leaves, and whitish flowers with red anthers. Not an ornamental
plant, but being so different in habit to the other members
of the family, it is worthy of a place in large and botanical col-
lections. It grows in any soil, blooms rather late in summer,
and comes from Siberia. ;

SEDUM PULCHELLUM.—Purfle American Stonecrop.

A VERY neat species, at once distinguished by its purplish
flowers arranged in several spreading and recurved branchlets, °
bird’s-foot fashion, with numerous spreading stems densely
clothed with alternate obtuse leaves. It is abundant in North
America, and at present very rarely seen in our gardens, though
far more worthy of cultivation than many commonly grown. In

332 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

France I have seen it a good deal used as an edging-plant, for
which purpose, as well as for rockwork, it is well suited ; and it
is also a highly appropriate plant for the front margin of a mixed
border, flowering in summer, growing in any soil, and easily
increased by division.

SEDUM RUPESTRE.—Aock Stonecrop.

A GLAucous densely-tufted plant, with numerous spreading
shoots, these shoots generally rooting at the base and erect
at the apex. It has rather loose corymbs of yellow flowers, and
is frequently grown as an edging and border plant in gardens,
though not so ornamental as some rarely grown kinds. There
are several varieties or sub-species, notably the British .S. elegans,
and the, green-leaved S. Forsterianum. A native of Britain
and various parts of Europe, and of the easiest culture.

% SEDUM SIEBOLDII.—Siebold’s S.

A WELL-KNOWN and elegant species, frequently cultivated in
pots, with roundish leaves, bluntly toothed in their upper part,
of a pleasing glaucous tone, in whorls of three on the numerous
stems that in autumn bear the soft rosy flowers in small round
bouquets. At first the boldly-ascending stems form neat tufts,
but as they lengthen, they bend outwards with the weight of
the buds and flowers at the points, making the plant a grace-
ful object for pots, small baskets, or vases. It is hardy,
and merits a place on the rockwork, especially in positions
where its graceful habit may be seen to advantage—that is to
say, where its branches may fall without touching the earth ; but
except in favoured places, it does not make such a strong and
satisfactory growth as most of the other Sedums, and is perhaps
seen to greatest advantage as a frame or.greenhouse plant. A
native of Japan ; easily propagated by division. In late autumn
the leaves often assume a lovely rosy-coral hue. There is a
variegated variety, but it is not so good as the ordinary form.

SEDUM SPECTABILE.—Showy Stonecrop.

THIS is one of the finest autumn-flowering plants introduced of
late years—being at once distinct, perfectly hardy, fine when its
delicate rose-coloured flowers, in very large heads, are in bloom,

Part II. SEDUM. 333

and pretty long before it flowers, from its dense bush of glau-
cous leaves ; it has been gradually making way in our gardens
under the names of S. Fabarium, Fabaria, and Fabarinum, all
of which are wrong. It was very properly named S. sfectabile
by M. Boreau, curator of the Botanic Gardens at Angers, who
has paid much attention to the group to which it belongs. Most
valuable for association with hardy plants in beds, for use around
shrubberies, as a pot-plant, a first-class border-plant, and also
for banks, or grouped with the most vigorous subjects in the
rougher parts of the rock-garden. It begins to push up its fleshy
glaucous shoots in the very dawn of spring, keeps growing on all
through the early summer, opens its flowers in early autumn, and
continues in full perfection till the end of that season, worthily
associating with such fine, autumn-flowering, hardy plants as
the Tritomas, white Japan Anemone, and the broad-leaved Sea
Lavender. The plant is one of the easiest to propagate and
grow that has been introduced to this country, and forms round,
sturdy, bush-like tufts of vegetation, eighteen inches or more
high when well established in the full sun. A native of Japan.

SEDUM SPURIUM.—Purple Stonecrop.

SEVERAL kinds of Sedum, with large, flat, crenate leaves, occur
in our gardens, of which this is much the best, its rosy-purple
corymbs of flowers being handsome compared to the dull whitish
flowers of allied kinds. A native of the Caucasus ; exceedingly
well suited for forming edgings, the margin of a mixed border,
or the rockwork, and not at all sufficiently grown in gardens.
It is of the easiest culture and propagation, and blooms late in
summer, and often through the autumn. The leaves are slightly
ciliated.

The preceding are the most distinct and ornamental kinds
in cultivation, The pretty.S. cerudeum is an annual, and S.
carneum variegatum not hardy enough to stand our winters.
Several Sedums with a monstrous development of stem, or
what in botanical language is called /ascdatéon, are in our
gardens: S. monstrosum, cristatum, and reflexum monstrosum,
to wit. The following is an enumeration of other species, .or
reputed species, now in cultivation in this country, the most
desirable being marked with an asterisk. They are almost

334 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

without exception of the easiest culture and rapid increase in
ordinary soil.

Sedum aizoides Sedum elongatum Sedum orientale
Aizoon Fabaria pallens
albescens *farinosum; rather| *pallidum
altaicum tender pruinosum
altissimum Forsterianum pulchrum
anglicum grandifolium reflexum
angulatum *hispanicum *sexangulare
arboreum hispidum *sexfidum
asiaticum ibericum *speciosum
aureum involucratum stellatum
Beyrichianum Jacquini Stephani
Brauni libanoticum telephioides
ceruleum littoreum Telephium

* corsicum Lydium _ teretifolium
cruciatum Maximowiczii ] ternatum

*cruentum maximum triangulare

*cyaneum *monregalense * Verloti
‘dentatum *multiceps villosum
denticulatum neglectum virens

* elegans ochroleucum Wallichianum

SEMPERVIVUM ARACHNOIDEUM.—Cobweb Houseleek.

ONE of the most singular of alpine plants, its tiny rosettes of
fleshy leaves being covered at the top with a thick white down,
which intertwines itself all over each plant like a spider’s web.
Widely distributed over the Alps and Pyrenees, this plant is
perfectly hardy in our gardens, in which, however, it is rarely
seen, except as a frame-plant. It thrives in exposed spots, in
sunny arid parts of rockwork, forming sheets of whitish rosettes,
which look as.if a thousand fine-spinning spiders had been at
work upon them, and send up pretty rose-coloured flowers in
summer. About London it sometimes suffers from the sparrows
plundering the “down.” It should be on every rockwork ; is
easily increased by division, and thrives in moist sandy loam.

SEMPERVIVUM CILIATUM.—Fringed Houseleek.

THE margins of the leaves of this species are edged with trans-
parent hair-like bodies, which give the whole plant a distinct
appearance. The leaves are barred lengthways with brown and
deep-green stripes. Flowers freely in summer, in close corymbs
of many fine golden-yellow flowers, each scarcely half an inch

Part II. SEMPERVIVUM. 335

across when fully expanded. It is, when grown at all in this
country, usually kept in the greenhouse, but is hardy in warm
well-drained spots on rockwork. It ought to be placed in some
dry spot under a ledge of rock, and might be tried with
advantage on the top of an old wall or on a ruin. A native of
the Canary Islands ; like the other Houseleeks, easily increased
by division or cuttings.

SEMPERVIVUM MONTANUM.—Mountain Houseleek.

A DARK-GREEN kind, smaller than the common Houseleek,
with a very pleasing, almost geometrical, arrangement of leaves,
which are pubescent and glandular on both sides, ciliated,
forming neat rosettes, from which spring dull rosy flowers in
summer. It is very suitable for forming edgings or for rock-
work ; like all the others, grows in any soil, and, like all its
fellows, is very easily propagated. A native of the Alps. When
masses of it are in flower, they are visited by great numbers of
bees.

SEMPERVIVUM SOBOLIFERUM.—Hen-and-Chicken S.

ONE of the neatest and most distinct in appearance of the
family, particularly distinguished by growing in firm dense
tufts, and throwing off little round offsets so abundantly that
these are pushed clear above the tufts, and lie rootless, small,
brownish-green balls on the surface. The full-grown rosettes
are of a peculiarly light green, and of a decided chocolate brown
at the tips of the under side of the leaves, for nearly one-third
of their length. The small leaves of the young rosettes all
turning inward, they appear of a purplish-brown colour. The
rosettes are usually not more than one inch and a half in
diameter, but I have seen them in France more than three
inches ; however, whether they were the rosettes of a form
larger naturally than the common one, or the result of a higher
culture, I cannot say. The plant, which I have not seen in
flower, is admirably suited for forming wide tufts on rockwork,
on banks beneath the eye. It grows freely in any soil.

SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM.—Common Houselcek.

A NATIVE of rocky places, in the great mountain ranges
of Europe and Asia, but which, having been cultivated from

336 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

time immemorial on‘ housetops and old walls, is well known
to everybody. It is needless to describe the culture of a
plant which thrives on bare stones, slates, and in the most
arid position, It, like some less known species, may be used
in flower-gardening for forming dwarf borders, &c., though it
would be better to give a position in gardens to somewhat rarer
species. It varies somewhat, a glaucous form called rusticum
being one of the most distinct.

SEMPERVIVUM CALCAREUM,—G/aucous Houseleek,

THE Sempervivum now becoming very common in cultivation,
under the garden name of S. californicum, is by some con-
sidered a very glaucous variety of S. Zectorum, by others the
same as the French S. calcareum ; it is probably the last, but
not having as yet met with the plant in flower, I am not able to
determine this point with certainty. Of one thing, however, we
may be assured—that-no finer Houseleek has been introduced,
and that, if not very nearly related to our common one, it is
certainly as easily grown and as hardy as that much-enduring
old plant. Planted singly, the rosettes of S. calcareum some-
times attain a diameter of nearly five inches, and as the leaves
are of a decided glaucous tone, distinctly tipped at the points
with chocolate, it is deservedly very popular for forming edgings
in the flower-garden. It is also admirable for the rockwork, is
easily increased by division, and thrives in any soil.

In addition to the preceding, which are among the most distinct
and ornamental of the Houseleek race, there are a great number
of species, or so-called species, wild in Europe, many of which are
often cultivated in botanic gardens. In the following list the
more ornamental kinds are marked with an asterisk.

Sempervivum acumi- | *Sempervivum glau- | *Sempervivum Po-
natum cum melli

*anomalum * globiferam * Requieni

*arenarium grandiflorum ruthenicum
assimile * Heuffelli *sediforme
Braunii juratum stenopetalum
canescens Mettenianum urbicum
Cotyledon molle velutinum
dioicum Neilreichii villosum

* Funckii * piliferum

Part II SENECIO. 337

The under-mentioned kinds I first observed in cultivation
in the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris. They are mostly sorts
desirable for cultivation.

Sempervivum affine | Sempervivum Deellianum | Sempervivum Schle-

albidum Fauconetti ani
barbatulum fimbriatum * Verloti
* Boutignianum * Pseudo-arachnoi- violaceum
gnu
Comollii deum

Umbilicus chrysanthus is frequently associated with the Sem-
pervivums in botanic gardens, and much resembles a small
Houseleek, but has spikes of golden flowers. It is worthy of a
place in large collections, and is‘suitable for rockwork. The small
reddish and thick-leaved sedum-like U. sedoides of the Pyrenees
is also an interesting kind, and U. spinosus a remarkable-looking
one. I have not seen it.in cultivation in the open air except
in the botanic garden at Geneva. Dry sunny parts of the rock-
garden will be found most congenial to these plants.

SENECIO ARGENTEUS.—Silvery Groundsel.

A STURDY but minute silvery plant, almost like a diminutive of
the popular Cextaurea ragusina. The leaves are quite silvery,
and vary from half an inch to one inch and a half long, the foot-
stalk of the leaf channeled, and the blade cut into rounded lobes.
The whole plant is not more than two inches high when fully
developed and established ; it stands any weather, and will live
everywhere in sandy soil in well-drained borders. It will prove
valuable for rockwork or borders, and, being well fitted to form
beautiful dwarf edgings, will probably become very popular. The
flower is not attractive, but, like the Cextaurea and Cineraria
’ maritima, the plant is valuable for the effect of its foliage. A
native of the Pyrenees ; increased by division.

SENECIO UNIFLORUS.—One-flowered Groundsel.

A VERY silvery dwarf species, growing little more than an inch

high, very suitable for rockwork, but scarcely equal to the pre-

ceding, and not so easily grown. The flowers are poor, and

should be removed, as tending to weaken and disfigure the

plant. Increased by seed and division. A native of Switzerland,

and perfectly hardy. .S. zcanus is another pretty dwarf alpine
Z

338 ALPINE FLOWERS. Parr IL

species, but hardly so fine as either of the preceding, or so easily
grown,

SILENE ACAULIS.—Cushion Pink.

TUFTED into dwarf light-green masses like a wide-spreading moss,
but quite firm, this plant safely defies the fiercest storms, snows,
and arctic cold of numerous mountain climes in northern regions
of the globe, from the White Mountains of New Hampshire to the
Pic du Midi in the Pyrenees, and always excites admiration in
the alpine traveller, covering, as it does, the most dreary positions
with glistening and refreshing verdure at all times. In summer
the Cushion Pink, or alpine Moss Campion, becomes a mass of
pink-rose or crimson flowers barely peeping above the leaves and
forming beautiful objects where nearly every other living thing
fails from the earth, and making lovely carpets where all else
is branded with desolation. Many places on the mountains of
Scotland, Northern Ireland, North Wales, and the mountains in
the Lake District of England, are quite sheeted over with its firm
flat tufts of verdure often several feet in diameter. It is in cultiva-
tion as beautiful and distinct as in a wild state, and grows freely
in almost any soil on rockwork, or in pots and pans. It may also
be grown as a diminutive spreading border-plant, where borders
are made with a view of growing such fairy plants. In a small
state it would not be so easily seen as many we now grow,
though, when spread out into wide tufts, it is visible enough.
This plant is indispensable for rockwork, and those who have
the opportunity would do well.to carefully transfer several old
established patches from the mountains to humid but sunny
slopes on the rockwork, in peaty or sandy soil. It is, however,
not a slow grower, and is easily increased by division. There
are several varieties : alba, the white one; exscafa, with the
flower-stems even less developed than in the usual form, and
muscotdes, dwarfer still; but none of them are far removed from
the common plant or of greater importance either from a horti-
cultural or botanical point of view.

SILENE ALPESTRIS.—A (pine Catchfly.

POSSESSES every quality that renders an alpine plant worthy
of extended garden culture—great beauty of bloom, perfect
hardiness, very dwarf and compact habit, growing only from four
to six inches high, and a constitution that enables it to flourish

Part II. SILENE. 339

in any soil. It flowers in May, the flowers being of a pure and
polished whiteness, with the petals notched, and abundantly
produced over the shining green masses of leaves, and is one
of those plants which should be used in abundance on every
well-made rockwork, with the Aubrietias, and tiny shrubs like
Menziesia empetriformis. To secure a perfect bloom, it should
not be disturbed, but allowed to spread forth into established
tufts, and, not being fastidious as to soil, will require no attention
except removing the flower-stems when the starry blooms have
passed away. Like most high-mountain plants, it should have
perfect exposure to the full’sun; it should never be elevated
amongst burrs or stones in such a position that a dry wind may
parch the life out of the tiny roots, so unwisely cut off from
revelling in the deep moist earth, and it should be protected
from being overrun by coarser plants. I once regretted to see
a colony of ants take up their abode under a tuft of this plant,
and begin to elevate the soil amongst its tiny leaves ; but as the
ants built their hill, the Silene expanded its leaves, and finally
grew to be quite a little pile of starry snow, finer than any of its
neighbours. A native of the Alps of Europe; very readily
increased by seed or by division. Some individuals of this
species are quite sticky from viscid matter, and others perfectly
free from it.

SILENE ELISABETHE.—L£iizabeth’s Catchfly.

A REMARKABLY beautiful, and as yet very rare, alpine plant,
quite distinct from all its brethren, the flowers looking more like
those of some handsome but diminutive Clarkia than those of
the commonly grown Silenes. They are very large, of a bright
rose colour, and with the claws or bases of the petals white, from
one to seven being borne on stems three or four inches high,
springing from tufts of acutely pointed and shining, slightly
viscid, and pubescent leaves, half an inch broad. This is
usually considered one of the plants difficult to cultivate, but
when we have once secured strong plants, it will be found as easily
grown as the Cushion Pink. It is rare in a wild state, occurring in
the Tyrol and Italy, where I had the pleasure of gathering it on
the top of Monte Campione, growing amidst shattered fragments
of rock, and in one case in a flaky rock without any soil. It
grows freely enough in sandy soil in a warm nook on rockwork,

340 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

as I observed in M. Boissier’s garden, in Switzerland. Flowers
in summer, rather late, and is easily increased by seeds,

SILENE MARITIMA.—Sea Catchfly.

A BRITISH plant, not uncommon on sand, shingle, or rocks by
the sea, or on wet rocks on mountains, forming level carpets of
smooth glaucous leaves, from which spring generally solitary
flowers about an inch across, and white, with purple inflated
calyces. The handsome double variety of this plant, S. maritima
Ji. pl, is well worthy of culture not only for its flowers but for
the dense, sea-green, spreading carpet of leaves which it forms,
and which make it particularly suitable for the margins of
raised borders, for hanging over the faces of stones in the
rougher parts of rockwork, or for the front edge of the mixed
border. The flowers appear in June, and, in the case of the
double variety, rarely rise more than a couple of inches above
the leaves, which form a turf about two inches deep. Mr. Ben-
tham unites this plant with the tall, ugly, and straggling Bladder
Campion (S. zzflata), but they are distinct, emphatically so con-
sidered from a gardening point of view, one being quite a weed
and the other an ornamental plant.

SILENE PENNSYLVANICA.—Wild Pink.

THE wild Pink of the Americans is a dwarf and handsome plant,
with narrow spoon-shaped and nearly smooth root-leaves, those
on the stems lance-shaped, forming dense patches, and pro-

‘ducing clusters of six or eight purplish-rose flowers, about an
inch across, notched, and borne on stems from four to seven
inches high, somewhat sticky, and hairy. A native of many
parts of North America, in sandy, rocky, or gravelly places,
flowering from April to June, and growing very freely in deep
sandy soil. This plant is a fine ornament to rockwork, and will
probably prove very useful for borders, in both positions requiring
a certain degree of shade. It has only recently been introduced
to cultivation, and is increased freely by seeds or cuttings.

SILENE PUMILIO.—Pigmy Catchfly.

A RARE and interesting species from the Tyrol, resembling the
Cushion Pink of our own mountains in its dwarf firm tufts of shin-

Part II. SILENE. 341

ing green leaves, which are, however, a little more succulent and
obtuse, and bearing much larger and handsomer rose-coloured
flowers, rising taller than those of Sz/ene acaulzs, and yet scarcely
more than an inch above the flat mass of leaves, so that the whole
plant seldom attains a height of more than between two and
three inches. This plant has been but recently re-introduced to
cultivation by Messrs. Backhouse, of York, and will be found
to thrive as well on our rockworks as Szlene acaulis. It should
be planted in deep sandy loam on a well-drained and thoroughly
exposed spot, sufficiently moist in summer, facing thesouth, a few
stones being placed round the neck of the young plant to keep it
firm and prevent evaporation. Once it begins to spread, it will
take care of itself. There is a white variety, but it is not in
cultivation.

SILENE SCHAFTA.—Late Catchjiy.

A MUCH branched plant, not compressed into hard cushions
like the alpine, stemless, or dwarf Silenes, but withal forming
very neat tufts, from four to six inches high, and becoming
covered with large purplish-rose flowers from July to September,
and even later. It comes from the Caucasus, is perfectly hardy,
and a fine ornament for the front margin of the mixed border,
but is particularly suitable for almost any position on rockwork.
In planting it, it may be as well to bear in mind its late-flowering
habit ; it should not be used where a spring or early summer
bloom is chiefly sought, but it may be employed in the sum-
mer flower me in edgings to permanent beds, in the small
circles round standard roses, &c., with better effect than most
alpine plants, and is easily raised from seed or increased by divi-
sion of established tufts.

SILENE VIRGINICA.—fire Pink.

A BRILLIANT perennial, with flowers of the richest and brightest
scarlet, nearly or quite two inches across, and sometimes more ;
the petals long, rather narrow, and with a deep notch at the end of
each dividing it into two lobes ; the lower leaves of a dark brown
tone, and spoon-shaped, higher leaves lanceolate; stems, a
chocolate brown, very brittle, thinly furnished with short hairs,
and slightly viscid. It seems somewhat straggling in habit,
is hardy and perennial, and, as the colour is as fine as that

342 ALP.NE FLOWERS. Part II.

of the old scarlet Lobelia, will prove a very popular and excel-
lent border and rock plant. A native of America, increased by
seeds and division, growing from one to two feet high, and
therefore most suited for association with the Aquilegias and
taller alpine plants, and not with the dwarf or delicate sorts.

Having in cultivation such brilliant and distinct plants as
the preceding Catchflies, we must consider Szlene Zawadskiz,
dwarf and with white flowers, the diminutive soft-tufted S.
guadridentata (for which S. alfestris is often mistaken), the
woody Stlene arborescens, a dwarf, shrubby, evergreen species
with rose-coloured flowers, and the dirty-white Sz/exe Saxifraga
—only worthy of a place in very large collections or in botanic
gardens. Szlene rupestris, a sparkling-looking, dwarf, white
species, little more than three inches high when in bloom, and
reminding one of a dwarf S. a/pestris, is better worthy of a place.
Silene pendula, a handsome, rose-coloured, biennial plant, now
much used in the spring flower garden, is well worthy of being
naturalised in stony or bare sandy places.

SMILACINA BIFOLIA.—7Z7wo-leaved S.

A SMALL plant, allied to the Lily-of-the-valley, but with smaller
whitish flowers in close erect racemes or spikes, from one inch
to one inch and a half long, on stems three to six inches high,
each flowering-stem having usually two leaves, heart-shaped, but
with the lobes and points somewhat elongated ; the radical leaves
larger, rounder, and heart-shaped. A very graceful and easily-
grown little plant, found in woody places, and common on the
Continent and in America in moist and mountain woods. It
is found very plentifully near Scarborough, and occurs in Caen
Wood, at Hampstead, and one or two other places in Britain,
but probably is not truly wild. In cultivation it thrives either
in shaded places, or, when fully exposed, forms crowded
tufts of smooth leaves, a few inches high, freely spiked with
flowers in early summer. It is most ornamental when it has
spread into tufts a foot or eighteen inches in diameter, the chief
care required being to keep the spot in which it grows free
from coarser plants. It may be tastefully used in the rock-
garden or in bare mossy spots near the hardy fernery, and is
easily increased by division of its creeping white root-stalk.

Part II. SOLDANELLA. 343

SOLDANELLA ALPINA.—A “(fine S.

ONE of the most interesting plants that live near the snow-line
on many of the great mountain-chains of Europe—not brilliant,
but withal beautiful in its pendent, pale-bluish, open, bell-shaped
flowers, cut into numerous, narrow, linear strips, three or four
being borne on a stem from two to six inches in height, and
springing from a dwarf carpet of leathery, shining, roundish,
or kidney-shaped leaves, nearly entire or obscurely indented. It
is comparatively rare in gardens, is usually grown in pots,
included among subjects considered very difficult to cultivate,
and kept in frames, but if healthy young plants of it are placed
out of doors on the rockwork or a raised border, in a little bed
of deep and very sandy loam, they will be found to succeed per-
fectly well, especially in all moist districts, and in dry ones it
will be easy to prevent evaporation by covering the ground near
the young plants with some cocoa-fibre mixed with sand to give
it weight. I have seen a perfect carpet, several feet square, of
this plant growing on a bed of fine moist sandy earth on a flat
spot in an old rockwork, in this country, and no specimens I saw
in the Alps equalled it in luxuriance. The most suitable position
for the plant is a level spot on the rockwork near the eye.

S. montana is very nearly allied to the preceding; in fact,
except that it is usually somewhat larger in all its parts than
alpina, and the flowers are of a bluer purple, there is no great
difference in its character. It also inhabits several of the great
continental chains, and will be found to thrive under the same
treatment as the preceding. Both are readily increased by
division, though, as they are usually starved and delicate from
being confined in small worm-defiled pots, exposed to daily
vicissitudes, they are rarely strong enough to be pulled in pieces.
S. pusilla, with kidney-shaped leaves, heart-shaped at the base,
and the corolla not nearly so deeply cut into fringes, and the very
small S. #znxzma, with minute round leaves and one flower fringed
only for a portion of its length, are also in cultivation, though
rare. They will thrive under the same conditions, but, being
much smaller, especially the last, require more care in planting,
and should be associated with the most minute alpine plants, in
a mixture of peat and good loam with plenty of sharp sand, and
get abundance of water in summer, especially in dry districts.

344 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

SPIGELIA MARILANDICA.—Wormgrass.

A MOST distinct and beautiful plant ; the flowers being tubular,
an inch and a half long, crimson outside and yellow within,
from three to eight borne on a stem from six to fifteen inches
high, and as, when the plant is well grown, these stems come up
very thickly and form close erect tufts, the effect, when in bloom,
is very brilliant. A native of rich woods in North America, from
Pennsylvania to Florida and Mississippi, flowering in summer,
and increased by careful division of the root. I have not
seen it grown to perfection except in deep and moist sandy
peat. It is very rare in our gardens, in which it should be
placed on the warm side of the rockwork in the soil above
mentioned.

STATICE TATARICA.—TZartarian Sea Lavender,

A BEAUTIFUL, dwarf, hardy species, with rosy or reddish flowers,
contrasting prettily with the white membranaceous bracts ; the
leaves leathery, smooth, of a deep green, oblong, lance-shaped,
and pointed ; the flower-stems nine to twelve inches high, much
branched, {forming a wide-spreading inflorescence. This js the
prettiest and most distinct of the dwarf Sea Lavenders I have
seen in cultivation, its rose-tinted flowers quite removing it from
the often-seen blue serts, some of which are scarcely orna-
mental. There is a variety with narrow leaves and reddish
flowers, S. ¢atarica angustifolia. Both bloom in autumn,
thrive best in deep, well-drained, sandy loam, and are admirable
for low sunny ledges or banks on or near rockwork. Increased
by careful diviston or by seeds sown in spring, and comes from
Tartary. S. olecfolia, globularicefolia, eximia, and several other
species, are also suitable rock-plants.

SYMPHYANDRA PENDULA.—Pendulous S.

A CAMPANULA-LIKE plant, with branched pendulous stems, vel-
vety, toothed, and ovate leaves, and very large, cream-coloured,
drooping flowers (which are almost hidden amongst the leaves),
bell-like and velvety at the throat. It is avery hardy dwarf
plant, rarely reaching a foot high; a native of rocky places
in the Caucasus, and easily increased by seed. In consequence
of its pendulous habit, it is seen to best effect when elevated to

Part II. TEUCRIUM—THALICTRUM. 345

the level of the eye in the rock-garden, but it is also a first-rate
border-plant, and thrives in ordinary garden soil.

TEUCRIUM MARUM.—Cat Thyme.

I SHOULD no more have thought of including this in the present
selection than I should the British Oak, previous to one beautiful
afternoon in July, 1868. Sailing to one of the islands on Lago
Maggiore, I noticed a charming mass of lilac flowers, on some
plant that, from ‘the great profusion of its bloom, appeared to be
a dwarf well-grown Heath. I was pleasingly surprised to find it
our old friend the Cat Thyme, which, flowerless and neglected,
used occasionally to be seen in old greenhouses. Here in this
dry old wall it had found a most congenial home, and become
a perfect mass of flowers. This suggested that its true garden
home was not in the greenhouse, but on some dry old sunny wall,
or in a chalk pit or very dry spot on the southern face of rock-
work. And indeed wherever there are cats the wall would seem
to be the only way of preserving it, for they are desperately fond
of it. I once placed a bushy old plant of it in the open air in
early summer, and in passing a few days afterwards noticed it
had disappeared, but, on looking closely, observed a stout stump
about two inches high arising from one of the pots and quite
covered with cats’ hairs, just like a stake in a sheep-gap, and this
was all they had left of our pungent Cat Thyme. Therefore ‘a
precipitous spot on a wall or very dry bank in the sunny and
warmer districts is what is wanted for it, for two reasons. It
is somewhat like the common Thyme, but quite grey, and more
wiry and taller; but when grown out of doors, as I suggest, it
is dwarf and neat in habit. Hitherto it has in this country
been grown as a greenhouse under-shrub, as which it has no
merit except as acuriosity. Anative of Spain; readily increased
by cuttings.

THALICTRUM ANEMONOIDES.—Aue Anemone,

A DELICATE, diminutive, and interesting species, with the “habit
and frondescence of Isopyrum, the inflorescence of Anemone,
and the fruit of Thalictrum.” These qualities, in addition to its
dwarf habit, usually only a few inches high, make it worthy of
cultivation. The flowers are white, nearly an inch in diameter,
open in April and May, the flower-stem bearing a few leaves

346 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

near the summit, so as to form a sort of whorl round the
flowers. A native of many parts of North America, increased
by seed or by the division of its tuberous roots. There is a
pretty double variety, 7. axemonozdes fi. fl., with the flowers
somewhat smaller than those of the single one, and very neat.
Being small and fragile in its parts, it requires a little more care
than most of its brethren, should have a light peaty and moist
soil, and be associated with other delicate growers, or placed
in a position where it is not liable to be overrun by coarse
neighbours. = Anemone thalictroides.

THALICTRUM MINUS.—.Vaidenhair Meadow Rue.

PERHAPS of all the flowerless plants introduced to this country,
none has given so much pleasure as the Maidenhair fern
(Adiantum cuneatum), found in every stove and fernery, and
which is in such great demand in every garden. for mingling
with cut flowers. I cannot give a plan by which our Brazilian
friend may be grown in the open air in Britain, but have a
substitute to recommend, which is as hardy as the common
Crowfoot. Thalictrum minus is the plant, a native of Britain,
but also found on the Continent and in Russian Asia. By
pinching off the small, weak, and inconspicuous ‘blooms that
appear in summer, the plant presents a good resemblance in
outline to the Maidenhair fern—looks, in fact, like a well-grown
plant of A. cuneatum brought out of the stove and plunged in
the open border. Singular to say, the finely dissected and
elegant leaves are equally well adapted for mingling with cut
flowers, and better in one respect, as they are of a pretty firm
and wiry consistency, and do not fade quickly like those of the
fern. It would form an excellent subject to plant in the mixed
border, on the rockwork, or indeed in the flower-garden as a
green edging. It has scarcely ever been grown in our gardens
for these purposes, and for that reason I, having: ascertained its
merits, here speak so favourably of it. It willthrive in any soil,
and requires no trouble whatever after planting, unless pinching
off a few flowers may be so considered.

THLASPI LATIFOLIUM.—Showy Bastard Cress.

A pDwaRF but strong-growing plant, with large indented root-
leaves and corymbs of pretty white flowers, somewhat like those

Part II. THYMUS—TRIENTALIS. 347

of Aradis albida, but a little larger, and of a pure paper-white,
appearing early in March. It is worth growing with the earlier,
hardier, and more vigorous spring flowers such as the Aubrietias
and yellow Alyssum, and is more ornamental than either Aradzs
procurrens or A. alpina, though not nearly so much known or
grown. It comes from the Caucasian and Iberian mountains,
and is easily increased by division. Being an early, vigorous,
and showy plant, it is well suited for rough rockwork, or for
naturalisation in rocky places and by wood walks.

THYMUS LANUGINOSUS.—Downy Thyme.

OF the various sorts of Thyme, this is, I am inclined to think,
the most worthy of cultivation. It is usually considered a very
woolly variety of 7. Serfyllum, our common British Thyme,
but, placed under the same conditions, it is a far more orna-
mental plant, pleasing at all seasons, and forming wide cushions
in any soil, provided it be thoroughly exposed to the sun. Few
plants are more suited for the most arid parts of rockwork,
and for those in which, from various causes, many other plants
will not thrive, though it spreads so quickly into wide dense
cushions that it ought not to be placed near any delicate or
very minute alpine plants.

Various other kinds of Thyme are worthy of a-place on the
dry arid slopes of the large rock-garden and on old ruins, but
space forbids any more than the enumeration of them here,
The minute, creeping, and strongly peppermint-scented 7hymus
corsicus, with flowers so small that they are almost invisible,
should be planted on every rockwork, where it will soon become
one of the welcome weeds. There is a neatly variegated form
of the common garden Thyme, which makes a pretty tufted
bush, and many subjects are grown and sold in collections of
alpine plants not having half the merits of the Lemon Thyme
as rock-plants. Other species or reputed species in cultivation
are—T. azoricus, azureus, bracteosus, Zygis, and thuriferus.

TRIENTALIS EUROPAUS.—Svtarflower.

A DELICATE and graceful inhabitant of shady, woody, and
mossy places, with erect slender stems, rarely more than six

348 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

inches high, bearing a whorl of five or six leaves, the largest
nearly two inches long ; from the centre of the whorl arise from
one to four slender flower-stems, each supporting a star-shaped
white or pink-tipped flower, A native of Northern and Arctic
Asia, America, and Europe, and found in the Scotch Highlands
and North of England. With healthy well-rooted plants to
begin with, it is not difficult to establish among bog shrubs
in some half-shady part of the rock-garden, or in the shade of
Rhododendrons, &c., in peat soil. It is very suitable for asso-
ciation with the Linnzea, the Pyrolas, and Pinguiculas, among
mossy rocks. Flowers in early summer, and is increased by
division of the creeping root-stocks.

TRILLIUM GRANDIFLORUM.—White Wood Lily.

THIS, one of the most singular and beautiful of all hardy plants,
belongs to a well-known American family, deriving its name
from the larger parts being usually arranged in threes. When
in good health, each stem bears a lovely, white, three-petalled
flower, fairer than the white Lily, and almost as large when the
plant is strong; but much depends on the vigour of the speci-
mens. It seems to thrive under almost any kind of treatment,
and blooms tolerably weli even in small pots in frames. But
what a difference between it in that state and when its leaves
get large and fleshy, and the plant assumes its natural pro-
portions and becomes a free-growing herb of goodly size in
the open air! There can be no doubt as to its requirements—
a free deep soil full of vegetable matter, and a shady position
either in the hardy fernery or some depressed nook, or, failing
such, among the Rhododendrons in peat beds. If placed ina
sunny or exposed position, the large soft green leaves are not
sufficiently developed, and consequently the plant fails to be-
come strong. In a position much exposed to both sun and
wind, I have grown it to perfection by planting it in peat, and
keeping it covered with a clouded hand-glass so long as the
leaves were above ground. At Biddulph Grange I first saw
it in its true glory, forming bushes of the healthiest green,
more than two feet high, and spreading out as freely as any
border-plant. Every stem bore traces of flower, and it may
easily be imagined what pictures of beauty these plants must
have been in spring. They were planted in a moist spot, very

Part II. TRITELETA. 349

much shaded by highly-raised root and rock work and shrubs,
and perfectly sheltered by the same. In like positions it may
be grown as well as in its native woods. Depressed shady nooks
in the rock-garden or hardy fernery will suit it admirably. It is
rather an uncommon plant; but I once saw it selling in the
Nottingham market as cheaply as any common little border-
plant.

There are several other species in cultivation—Z. atropur-
pureum, sessile, and pendulum, none of them equal to 7. granx-
aiflorum, but some of them pretty, and all interesting.

TRITELEIA UNIFLORA.—Sfring Starflower,

A NATIVE of Mendoza, in South America, with strap-shaped,
spreading leaves, above which the flowers stand clear. They are
on stems from about six to ten inches high, and are nearly an
inch and a half across when the plants are not grown too thickly ;
colour white, with delicate descending bars of pale blue on the
inside. The leaves, when bruised, smell exactly like those of an
Onion, the flowers like those of the Persian-Iris—a delicate and
grateful perfume. They open with the morning sun, and are
conspicuously beautiful on bright days, precisely those in early
spring when we are most disposed to visit and admire them,
and close in dull and sunless weather. It comes into flower
with or before Sczl/a sibirica, and remains during the last days
of April still in effective bloom, when the vivid blue of the Squill
has been long replaced by green leaves. An exposed position
is usually a very bad one for hardy bulbs, as the leaves get
lacerated, and the bulbs suffer in consequence; but from lying
nearly flat on the ground, the leaves of Triteleia appear to
escape injury from this cause ; however, the warmer and more
sheltered.the position and better the soil, the better the bloom.
Its bulbs increase as fast as those of Garlic, so that it may be
propagated to any extent by division. A few years ago it used
to be seen flowering most profusely in pots; but having put a
small plant out in pure clay in a most unfavourable situation,
I was surprised to find my single weak root flowering boldly
after two hard winters in succession, and during the past few
years it has become a general favourite. Associated with the
best Scillas, Leucojum vernum, Iris reticulata, dwarf Daffodils,

35° ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II.

and the like, it forms a charming addition to the select spring
garden, and is equally useful for rockwork, borders, or edgings.
Triteleia (Leucocoryne) alliacea is a nearly allied plant, but
scarcely so ornamental; it will thrive under similar circum-
stances.

TROPAOLUM POLYPHYLLUM.— Yellow Rock T.

A VERY distinct-looking subject, whether in or out of flower;
the leaves glaucous, almost rue-like in tone, and orbicular in
outline, but cut into ten or eleven divisions or leaflets, which
overlap each other. These leaves are densely crowded on a
stem a quarter of an inch thick, at least when the plant is well
grown ; and when planted on a warm sunny rockwork, the stems
creep about, snake-like, through the vegetation around, some to
three or four feet in length. The flowers area deep yellow, and
produced as freely as the leaves. It is a tuberous-rooted kind,
quite hardy in dry situations on rockwork and sunny banks,
‘where it should not be often disturbed ; springs up early, and
dies down at the end of summer. It is very well grown by
Mr. James Atkins, of Painswick. A native of the Cordilleras
of Chili.

TROPAOLUM SPECIOSUM.—Srilliant Nasturtium.

A SPLENDID creeping plant, with long and elegant annual shoots,
gracefully clothed with six-lobed leaves, from the axils of which
spring such brilliant vermilion flowers that a long shoot of the
plant is startlingly effective, especially if seen wandering alone
among Ivy leaves, or among verdure of any kind. It has been
introduced a considerable time from South America, but, notwith-
standing its graceful beauty and perfect hardiness, is but very
little grown or known, especially in Southern England. It is
impossible to find anything more worthy of a position in which
its shoots may fall over or climb up the face of some high rock or
bank in the rock-garden—or some open spot in the hardy fernery,
or of any other position in which its peculiar beauty may be seen
to full advantage. I never saw it more beautiful than when
‘it was clambering through evergreen shrubs, nailed against terrace
walls in Scotland. It enjoys a deep, rich, and rather moist soil,
apparently flourishing best in cool moist places, or in those near
the sea, and not so well in a dry atmosphere. No pains should
be spared to establish this plant in a vigorous condition. When

Part II, TULIPA. 351

a position is selected for it, the soil should be made light, and
deep, and free, by the addition of leaf-mould, peat, fibry loam,
and sand, as the nature of the ground may require, and the
surface should be mulched in summer with an inch or two of
decomposed manure or leaf-mould, to prevent excessive eva-
poration, It will also enjoy a deep bed of manure beneath
the roots, and put below the soil in which the young plants are
first placed, and is best planted in spring, the roots inserted six or
eight inches in the soil, and the young plants well watered. It
is best planted where the shoots may ramble among the spray
of shrubs, or ferns, or trailers; but, as it must in the first in-
stance be placed on a cleared spot, it is well to put a few branch-
lets over the roots so that the young shoots may crawl over
them when they begin to grow. When established, they may be
allowed to take care of themselves, and it is much better to
let them have their own wild way than to resort to any kind
of staking or support, except that afforded by other subjects
growing near.

Mr. W. Smythe, of Elmham Gardens, who grows the plant
remarkably well, writes to me :—“ It increases almost as freely
from its thin white tuberous roots as Bindweed. It should be
planted in light sandy mould, is quite hardy, and likes a half-
shady situation. My plants do well on a fernery opening to
the south, having trees in front of about eight feet or ten feet
in height ; they will not thrive under trees. It seeds freely, and
the seeds, when ripe, are berry-like and of a beautiful blue ; but
they soon drop, and come up the next spring about the fernery
round the old plant. It increases and grows most luxuriantly
over large Box-trees six feet high, and over large ferns and
logs of wood, forming one mass of bloom, and all who see it
stop to admire it and ask its name. It ripens about August and
September, and the seeds come up the next spring if sown in
light sandy mould in pots, and placed in a greenhouse or pit.”

TULIPA CELSIANA.—Dwarf Yellow Tulip.

A SPECIES having slightly concave glaucous leaves, the largest
nearly an inch across, and bright yellow flowers, much smaller
than those of the common bedding Tulips, and, when in clumps
and fully open, sometimes reminding one of a yellow Crocus;
the outside of the petals is tinted with reddish brown and green.

352 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

It begins to flower about the first of May, and usually attains
a height of six to eight and sometimes twelve inches. The
bulbs emit stolons after flowering. Comes from Southern Europe
and the shores of the Mediterranean, and is well suited for rock-
work or choice borders, in well-drained sandy soil.

TULIPA CLUSIANA.—Clusius’s Tulip.

USUALLY our Tulips are great, bold, showy flowers, but in this
species we have one delicate in tone, humble in stature, and
modestly pretty in appearance. The bulbs are very small, the
stem reaching from six to nine inches high, seldom more, and
sometimes flowering when little more than three inches high.
The flower is small, with a purplish spot at the base of each petal ;
the three outer divisions of the petals stained with a pleasing
rose, the three inner ones of a pure transparent white. A
native of the South of Europe, a little more delicate than most
of its family, and requiring to be planted in good light vegetable
earth in a warm, sheltered, and well-drained position to succeed
to perfection. Although so small, it will be the better of being
planted rather deeply, say at from six to nine inches, and of
being placed in some snug spot, where it need not be disturbed
too often. Readily known from other species by the peculiarity
of its colouring, and well adapted for the rock-garden or the
collection of hardy bulbs.

The two preceding Tulips are among the dwarfest and neatest
known, but the many beautiful and brilliant varieties of our
florists’ and of our early-flowering bedding Tulips should be
extensively used in every garden.

TUNICA SAXIFRAGA.—Rock T.

A SMALL plant, with narrow leaves, and a profusion of wiry
stems, bearing elegant rosy flowers, small, but very numerous,
thriving without particular care on most soils, and forming tufts
a few inches high. A native of arid stony places on the Pyre-
nees and Alps, often descending into the low country, where I
have found it on the tops of walls. There can be no doubt that
it will grow in like positions in this country, and also on ruins,
while it is a neat plant for the rock-garden or the margin of the
mixed border. It is not unlike a Gypsophila in appearance, is
easily raised from seed, and thrives in poor soil.

Part II. VACCINIUM—VERONICA. 353

VACCINIUM VITIS-IDMA.—Red Whortleberry. .

A DwakRF British evergreen, with box-like foliage, but of a paler
green, and with clusters of small white, or pale rose-coloured,
flowers, which appear in summer, and are followed by berries
about the size of red Currants, very like those of the Cranberry,
on wiry stems from three to nine inches high. It forms a neat
little bush on rockwork, or in beds in peat soil.

The Marsh Cranberry (V. Oxycoccos), a native of wet bogs in.
Britain, with very slender creeping shoots and drooping dark-
rose flowers, requiring wetter soil than the preceding, is also
worthy of a place where bog-plants are admired. The Ame-
rican Cranberry (V. macrocarpum), a much larger plant, distin-
guished from the preceding by its oblong-obtuse leaves, and
very much larger fruit, is also worthy of a place in moist sandy
peat, associated with bog shrubs.

VERONICA CHAMAIDRYS.—Germander Speedwell.

A WELL-KNOWN and much-admired little native plant, with
ovate, or heart-shaped, hairy leaves, and with hairs curiously
arranged in two opposite lines down the stem, while the other
portions are bare. The flowers are bright blue, produced in
great numbers. It is abundant in nearly all parts of Britain,
and may be allowed to crawl about here and there in the less
important parts of rock- or root-work. © Easily increased by seed
or division.

VERONICA PROSTRATA.—Prostrate Speedwell.

A DWARF spreading plant, forming dark-green tufts, under
six inches high, the leaves lance-shaped or linear ; the stems
covered with a short down, forming circular tufts, and nearly
woody at the base ; flowers of a deep blue, but varying a good
deal, there being several varieties with rose-coloured and white
blooms, appearing in early summer, somewhat earlier than V.
Teucrium. A hardy and pretty plant, flowering so freely that,
when in full perfection, the leaves are often quite obscured by
the flowers. A native of France, Central and Southern Europe,
occurring on stony hills and in dry grassy places, and, in culti-
vation, succeeding perfectly in dry sandy soil, though by no
2A

354 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL.

means fastidious, and easily increased by seeds or division. An
admirable plant for rockwork, its prostrate habit fitting it best
for sloping positions or fissures on vertical faces of rocks. It
also thrives perfectly well as a border-plant, at least in well-
drained sandy soils. It is nearly allied to % Teucrium, but
differs by flowering earlier, by having the divisions of the calyx
smooth and not ciliated, the lobes of the corolla obtuse at the
summit, and the fruit smooth and somewhat smaller.

VERONICA SAXATILIS.—fock V.

A BRILLIANT, blue-flowering, dwarf, bush-like plant, a native of
alpine rocks in various parts of Europe, and also in a few places
in the Highlands of Scotland, forming very dressy tufts, six or
eight inches high. The flowers are a little more than half an
inch across, and of a very pretty blue, striped with violet, with a
narrow but decided ring of crimson near the’bottom of the cup,
its base being pure white. Blooms in May and June abun-
dantly, is easily increased by seed or cuttings, grows in ordinary
soil, and should be in every rock-garden or collection of dwarf
alpine plants.

VERONICA TAURICA.—Taurian Speedwell,

A VERY dwarf, wiry, and almost woody species, forming neat
dark-green tufts, under three inches high ; the leaves crowded,
the upper ones distinctly. toothed ; the flowers a fine gentian-blue,
abundantly produced. ” Perhaps the neatest of all rock Veronicas
for forming spreading tufts in level spots, or tufts drooping from
chinks, and admirable also for the margin of the mixed border,
thoroughly hardy, growing in ordinary well-drained garden soil,
and flowering in early summer. Suitable for association with
the dwarfest alpine plants and mountain shrubs, being itself
indeed a tiny compact prostrate shrub. A native of Tauria 3 in-
creased by division or by cuttings.

VERONICA TEUCRIUM.—Teucrium Speedwell.

A CONTINENTAL plant, somewhat pubescent, with opposite
leaves, the upper ones nearly linear, the lower oval-oblong,
deeply and unequally incised and toothed ; the stems forming
spreading masses from eight inches to a foot high, and covered

Part II. VESICARIA—VICIA—VINCA. 355

with flowers of an intense blue in early summer. The flowers
are at first in dense racemes, which afterwards become much
longer, the fine blue corolla having oval segments, the three
lower ones pointed. It is an excellent plant either for the rock-
work or borders, easily increased by seeds or division, and
growing freely in ordinary garden soil.

V. Nummutaria, of the Pyrenees, 7. aphylia, the neat little
bushy V, fruticulosa, V. saturetfolia, and V. candida, with silvery-
white leaves, very suitable for bedding out and edgings, are also
worthy of a place.

VESICARIA UTRICULATA.—Bladder-podded V.

A PLANT with large yellow flowers, not unlike the alpine Wall-
flower in habit and general appearance, but at once distinguished
by its bladder-like pods. It usually grows from ten inches to a
foot high, and has a vigorous constitution, though I have observed
it perish in winter on cold soils. A native of mountains in France,
Italy, and Southern Europe generally, usually on calcareous
rocks, and most likely to flourish and endure on dry sunny
parts of our rockworks in dryish soil. It is very easily increased
from seed.

VICIA ARGENTEA.—Szlvery Vetch.

A SPECIES with silvery and downy leaves, composed of from four
to ten pairs of leaflets, and of prostrate habit, but without ten-
drils, and rarely more than eight inches high, spreading about,
however, pretty freely in light, warm, and well-drained soil; the
rather large whitish flowers are veined with violet in the upper,
and spotted with purple in the lower part. It, however, is not a
brilliant plant in flower, but the elegant silvery leaves make it
worthy of a place in the rock-garden, in dry warm soil. A
Pyrenean plant, rare in gardens ; easily increased by division
or seed.

VINCA HERBACEA.— Herbaceous Periwinkle.

A PLANT much less frequent than our common Periwinkles,
and more worthy of culture on rocks, as it is not rampant in
habit. A native of Hungary, flowering in spring and early sum-

356 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part Il.

mer, the stems dying down every year unlike those of its more
familiar relatives ; it thrives best in an open position.

The well-known Vinca major is very useful on large rockwork,
on masses of rootwork, near cascades, &c., and also in rocky
places or banks in the wilder parts of pleasure-grounds or by
wood walks. There is a variety called elegantissima, finely
blotched and variegated with creamy white, and several other
variegated varieties, all exceedingly useful in the positions above
named. The lesser Periwinkle (V. mzzor), a much smaller plant
than the preceding, is also useful for like positions ; there are
several varieties of it well worthy of cultivation, a white-flowered
one (V. minor alba), one with reddish flowers, one or two double
varieties, and also, as of the larger, several variegated forms.

'

VIOLA BIFLORA.—T7wo-fiowered Yellow Violet.

THIS is a bright little Violet, very widely distributed through
Europe, Asia, and America, at present usually seen in such a
delicate condition in gardens that few would suspect what
a lovely little ornament it is on the Alps, in- many parts of
which every chink between the moist rocks is densely clothed
with it. It even crawls far under the great boulders and rocks,
and lines shallow caves with its fresh verdure and little golden
stars. It is readily known from any other cultivated species
by its very small but bright-yellow flowers, the lips streaked
with black, being usually borne in pairs, and by its kidney-
or heart-shaped leaves. In our gardens its home will be on
the rockwork, running about among such plants as the yellow
annual Saxifrage, the Dog Violet, Avenaria balearica, &c., in
moist and half neglected spots. It will be found especially
useful on large rockworks, where rude flights of stone are con-
structed to give one or more winding pathways over the mass,
as it will run through every chink between the steps, and tend
to make them, as well as the most select spots, replete with
life and interest. If obtained in a small or weakly condition,
it may seem difficult to establish, but this is not by any means
the case; once fairly started in a moist and half-shady spot,
it soons begins to creep about rapidly, and may then be readily
increased by division. When well established on suitable rock-
work, it is able to take care of itself.

Part II. VIOLA. 357

VIOLA CALCARATA.— Spurred Violet.

THIS plant comes very near the well-known Viola cornuta in the
flower, including the spur, but is easily known by the stipules,
which are deeply divided into three lobes at the top, whereas in
V. cornuta they are broad, leafy, and toothed. The stipule of
V. calcarata is never toothed, nor wide like a leaf, and the
plant is even more readily known by its habit of increasing by
runners under the earth, somewhat after the manner of Camfa-
nula pulla, instead of forming strong leafy tufts like % cor-
nuta. Itis avery pretty plant on the Alps, usually in very high
situations, amidst very dwarf flowers, sometimes so plentiful
that its large purple flowers form sheets of colour, the leaves
being scarcely seen amidst the other dwarf plants that form the
turf. I have not seen it in cultivation, but have no doubt it
would form as charming a plant in the rock-garden as it does in
its native wilds. There is a yellow variety, fava (V. Zoyszz),

VIOLA CORNUTA.—Horned Pansy,

TuHIs fine Pyrenean and Alpine Violet 1s now to be seen in
almost every flower-garden, its pale blue or mauve-coloured and
sweet-scented flowers, so abundantly produced, making it very
valuable in lines, borders, and mixtures. It has been cultivated
for ages in our gardens as a rockwork and border plant, but its
value as a continuous bloomer, and consequent capacity for
bedding, only came to be noticed a couple of years ago. Gene-
rally speaking, it does poorly on dry soils and in warm dis-
tricts, and exceedingly well in wet places. I have rarely seen
anything to equal its appearance in the cold wet climate of
East Lancashire, while it looks poor indeed in many gardens
in the South. Jn long lines or ribbons, or large beds, it looks
very pretty, the colour being of a quiet though decided tone, but
it is in mixtures that it will prove truly beautiful. One of the
most beautiful bits of colouring I have ever seen was produced
by a mixture of Beaton’s variegated Nosegay Geranium and
Viola cornuta. In many cold and stormy districts, the blue
Lobelia, so fine in the South, grows quite to grass instead of
flower ; that which spoils the Lobelia will highly improve this
Violet. It is quite easily propagated by division, cuttings, or
seeds.

358 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

VIOLA LUTEA.—Mountain Violet.

THIS is one of our native Violets classed by Bentham as a
variety of 7. ¢rzcolor, but considered distinct by other botanists,
and certainly quite distinct enough for garden purposes. Being
called Zea, one is surprised to find the flowers of nearly every
wild plant of it a fine purple, with a yellow spot at the base of
the lower petal. Both forms make very pretty rockwork orna-
ments, but the yellow one has lately become deservedly popular
as a dwarf bedding and edging plant, and it is also a first-class
plant for the front margin of the mixed border. In cultivation
the yellow form is a very neat and compact plant, rising from
two to six inches high, and flowering abundantly from the month
of April onwards. The flowers are of a peculiarly rich and
handsome yellow, the three lower petals striped with thin lines
of rich black, It possesses first-class qualities as a bedding
plant, and is'less uncertain in its growth on the majority of soils
than V. cornuta, while it is dwarf, neat, and of a colour much
to be desired for the flower-garden. Hitherto we have had no
very dwarf yellow plant that could be depended upon, or was at
all satisfactory. The Calceolaria, which is of greater height,
has of late become most precarious on many soils, so much so
that many have given up its culture to a great extent; and
therefore this Viola is all the more acceptable to flower-gar-
deners. Much dwarfer and more compact than V. cornuta, it
may be planted in front of it with the best taste. More tasteful
uses than that, however, must soon be found for it in the margin-
ing of choice beds, in forming low and rich mixtures with bright-
leaved plants like Amaranthus or Coleus kept very dwarf, and in
not a few other ways which will in due time suggest themselves
to the flower-gardening reader.

VIOLA ODORATA.— Sweet Violet.

THIs well-known plant is in a wild state widely spread over
Europe and Russian Asia, and common in various parts of
Britain, but best known from its occurring in almost every
garden, and from enormous quantities of it being sold in London,
Paris, and many other cities. It is as needless to describe
it as the Daisy ; besides, its delicious odour distinguishes it im-
mediately from the numerous other Violets. It is too well known

Part II, ‘ VIOLA, 359

to require praise, but it is very seldom used in the best way.
The Sweet Violet and most of its varieties may be used in many
places where few other things but weeds succeed ; it will form
carpets for open groves or the fringes of woods, or in open parts
of copses, or on hedgebanks, demanding in such positions no
care, and rewarding the planter by filling the cold March air
with unrivalled sweetness ; and in the garden, instead of confining
it to a solitary bed for cutting from, as is often the case, it should
be permitted to fringe the margins of shrubberies, or the margins
of rockwork, or ferneries, or any like places where it may be
allowed to exist and take care of itself. It will grow in almost
any soil, but succeeds best in free sandy loams, and should be
put in such when there is any choice. It is well to naturalise
the plant on sunny banks, and fringes of woods, and on the
warmer sides of bushy places, to encourage a very early bloom.
The cultivation of the Sweet Violet in gardens is of great
importance, not only for the supply of private wants, but also for
the vast supply required in large cities. About Paris the culti-
vation of the Violet for the markets is carried on to a great
extent, and in some places near that city three or four acres may
be seen covered with them, all in the possession of one culti-
vator, the ground being well exposed to the mid-day sun and of
a rich, free, and warm nature, the plantations being made in
spring, and those required during winter being grown in frames.
The most successful cultivation of Violets I have observed in
this country was at Bicton, carried out by Mr. Barnes. The
plants, raised from seed, and having passed the summer in
a slightly shady position, were transferred in early autumn to
a little temporary border on the sunny side of a long glass-house,
sheltered also by other structures near at hand; the border was
formed of a few inches of fibrous loam on a row of flag-stones
enclosed by an edging of brick, and was made every year afresh.
The additional warmth and perfect drainage obtained in this
position caused the plants to flower throughout the autumn,
winter, and early spring months, and doubtless a similar plan
would be very desirable in milder parts of the country. In cold
dry parts and gardens in which Violets do not succeed well,
and where they are required in mid-winter, it is better to raise
a number of healthy plants every year and put them in a light
frame in a sunny position in autumn. It is almost needless to
say that they may be propagated to any extent by division, but

360 ALPINE FLOWERS. + Part II.

strong, healthy, free-flowering plants are also easily raised from
seed ; and this is also better sown as soon as convenient after
being gathered.

The Neapolitan Violet, a much admired variety of the Sweet
Violet, is a little tenderer, and is usually grown in frames in
winter; Mr. Barnes recommends the following mode of culture
as the best. The plants, after flowering in spring, about the be-
ginning of April, are encouraged to throw out runners by spread-
ing some open sandy soil between the old plants, and afterwards
giving a good watering if the weather be dry; a few weeks
afterwards the strongest and healthiest of these runners are se-
lected and planted on well prepared ground in a north or shady
aspect ; during summer the ground is kept clear from weeds,
all side runners are cut off, and they are thoroughly watered
should drought set in. By October these have formed strong
plants, and they are then transferred to cold frames or pits in
a sunny position, the plants being carefully taken up with balls,
and placed in the pits so that they nearly touch each other. When
it is desired to have the blooms early, or to force them, eighteen
inches of slightly fermenting material are placed in the bottom
of a turf pit, on that six or eight inches of sweet fibrous loam,
in which the plants are placed. In fine weather the lights are
always taken off, and as much air as possible given at other
times.

The Sweet Violet varies a great deal ; thus we have the single
white and single rose, double white and double rose, the small
Russian, the Czar, a very large and sweet variety ; the Queen of
Violets, with flowers almost as large as those of the double
white Cherry ; and the perpetual-blooming Violet, well known
in France as the Violette des guatre saisons. This last differs
but slightly from the common Sweet Violet, but is valuable for
flowering long and continuously in autumn, winter, and spring.
It is the variety used by the cultivators round Paris.

VIOLA PEDATA.—Bird-foot Violet.

THE most beautiful of the American Violets, with handsome
flowers, an inch across, pale or deep lilac, purple or blue, the two
upper petals sometimes deep violet, and velvety like a Pansy ;
the leaves deeply divided, like the foot of a bird, and the plant
very dwarf and compact in habit. In a wild state it inhabits

Part II, VIOLA. ; 361

sandy or gravelly soil in the Northern States of America, and
is of easy culture in this country, flowering in summer, and
increased by seeds or division. It is best adapted for the choice
rock-garden, but may also be grown in borders where the soil is
sandy and moist. It does freely in pots where alpines are grown
in cold frames, and should be amongst those that are grown for
exhibition.

VIOLA TRICOLOR.—Heartsease.

THE Pansy is usually included under the head of V. ¢rdcolor,
though it is more likely to have descended from V7. altaica;
in any case, a good many kinds seem very nearly allied to that
species. But the kinds are so numerous, so varied, and, withal,
so distinct from any really wild species of Violet in cultivation,
that little can be traced of their origin. Of one thing we may be
certain : the parents of this precious race were true mountaineers.
Only alpines could give birth to such rich and brilliant colour
and noble amplitude of bloom considering the size of the plant.
Its season never ends, it blooms often cheerfully enough at
Christmas, and is sheeted with delightful gold and purple when
the Hawthorn is whitened with blossoms. Such a flower must
not be ignored on our rock-gardens, even though it thrive in
almost any soil and position. It may be treated as an annual,
biennial, or perennial, according to climate, position, and soil.
Good varieties are quickly and easily raised from seed, while the
plant may be raised freely from cuttings or by division. It is,
however, so well known that it is needless to describe its culture,
and space forbids the shortest enumeration of its numberless
varieties, which are, however, given in detail in many catalogues.
In addition to the “ florists’ varieties,” so richly and deeply
stained, there is a race of fancy or Belgian Pansies now in cul-
tivation ; and there are also what are called bedding Pansies,
many of them very fine, with ‘simple colours, yellow, blue, or
white. Of these, such fine varieties as Imperial Blue merit
a place on the rougher slopes of the rockwork, where a free and
fine effect of bloom is desired, as well as any wild species of rock-
plant. Although in some soils the Pansy becomes perennial, the
flowers on old plants are smaller and less beautifully coloured
than those from young ones, and therefore, where a perfect
yearly bloom is desired, it is necessary to increase the stock
annually from seed or cuttings.

362 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part II,

In addition to the Violets here described, other species are
worthy of cultivation in large collections, for example: V. striata,
V. canadensis, V. obligua, V. palmata, V. blanda, V. pennata,
V. palmaensis, and V. cucullata; but these are all exceeded in
size and beauty of flower by those described, and all surpassed
in odour by the Sweet Violet. :

VITTADENIA TRILOBA.—New Holland Daisy.

A PRETTY Australian composite plant, bearing an abundance of
flowers with yellowish disks and rosy-white rays, somewhat like
those of a Daisy ; but the plant has a spreading diffuse habit, and
forms neat little bushes nearly or quite a foot high. The seed is
commonly sold, and the plant may be raised as freely as any
annual, sown in frames or on a gentle hot-bed, in March or early
in April ; when put out in April in free sandy soil in a sunny posi-
tion, it flowers abundantly from early summer to late autumn.
Even better results are obtained by sowing it in August, keeping
it in pots over the winter. I probably should not have mentioned
it in this book had I not met with it in North Italy beautifully
embellishing rockwork on which it had become naturalised, and
I am confident it will do the same in well-drained sandy loam
on rockwork, and banks in the southern and milder parts of Eng-
land and Ireland. Although frequently treated as an annual, it is
really a perennial on soils and in positions where not destroyed
by wet and frost. 2

WALDSTEINIA TRIFOLIA.—TZzhree-leaved W.

A DWARF but vigorous plant, spreading about with stout but
stubby strawberry-like runners. The trifoliate leaves are very
deeply cut, and the flowers rich golden-yellow, on dwarf stems,
with a dense brush of golden: filaments and stamens in the
centre. A thoroughly hardy and vigorous-growing subject, good
for any kind of rockwork or the margin of the mixed border or
shrubbery. Flowers in April, and is as readily propagated as
any common weed,

Waldsteinia geoides is also worthy of a place on bare banks,
and occasionally as an edging among spring flowers, but it is
not so showy as the preceding.

Part II. ZEPHYVRANTHES. 363

ZEPHYRANTHES ATAMASCO.—A tamasco Lily.

A BEAUTIFUL, dwarf, lily-like plant, bearing handsome white
flowers tinged with purple, three inches and a half across,
on stems from six to twelve inches high. Although growing
abundantly in North America, this fine plant is very rare in
our gardens, where it is well worthy of culture on every rockwork,
or in every collection of hardy bulbs, thriving freely in light, rich,
sandy soil, and flowering in early summer. Dotted over a turf
formed of some carpet-plant like the Lawn Pearlwort, it would
be seen to great advantage when its great bell-like flower opened.
The leaves are linear, concave, and fleshy, and appear at the
same time as the flowers ; the bulb small. It flowers in summer,
and is increased by seeds, or division of established tufts.

3 64 ALPINE FLOWERS. Part IL

SELECTIONS OF ALPINE AND ROCK PLANTS
FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES.

A SELECTION OF ALPINE PLANTS WHICH OUGHT TO BE GROWN
IN EVERY NURSERY.

WHEN nurserymen do begin to collect hardy alpine plants, they gene-
rally err by not taking care to select ornamental kinds only. Others,
appalled by the display of vigorous weeds seen here and there under
the name of ‘alpine plants,” never grow one at all. But most intelli-
gent nurserymen would gladly grow a collection if they were confident
of securing really ornamental kinds. I have therefore taken considerable
pains in selecting the following ; they will grow in almost any soil on
the level ground, and will give general satisfaction. And as they are
fitted for every nursery, so they will embellish every garden. They are
the plants that beginners should select, and they will, I hope, intro-
duce many to a very delightful communion with alpine flowers.

Acantholimon glumaceum {Campanula fragilis Tris reticulata
Achillea tomentosa garganica Leucojum vernum
Adonis vernalis turbinata Lilium tenuifolium
Ethionema coridifolium Coronilla varia Linaria alpina
Alyssum saxatile Crocus nudiflorus Linum alpinum
Anemone alpina speciosus (and other narbonnense
apennina species) Lithospermum prostratum
angulosa Cyclamen europeum Lychnis Lagascze
blanda 3 hederzefolium Muscari botryoides
coronaria (in var.) Cypripedium spectabile Myosotis alpestris
fulgens Dianthus alpinus sylvatica
Hepatica deltoides dissitiflora
sylvestris neglectus Narcissus juncifolius
Antennaria tomentosa petrzeus Tazetta
dioica rosea Dondia Epipactis Bulbocodium
Aquilegia canadensis Erinus alpinus Nierembergia rivularis
cerulea Erodium Manescavi Omphalodes verna
alpina Erysimum ochroleucum Luciliz
glandulosa. Gentiana acaulis CEnothera marginata
Arabis albida verna missouriensis
Armeria cephalotes asclepiadea taraxacifolia
Astragalus monspessulanus | Geranium cinereum Phlox reptans
Aubrietia (in var.) argenteum subulata (and vars.)
Begonia Veitchii Helianthemums (in var.) | Polygala Chamasbuxus
Calandrinia umbellata Tberis sempervirens Polygonum —vaccinifo-
Campanula carpatica correzefolia lium
Raineri . _ corifolia Primula Auricula (in var.)
ceespitosa Iris cristata marginata.
alba nudicaulis nivea
muralis pumila viscosa

Part It.

SELECTIONS.

365

Primula vulgaris (and the ;
ine double vars.)
Ranunculus alpestris
amplexicaulis
parnassifolius
Sanguinaria canadensis
Saponaria ocymoides
Saxifraga Aizoon
Andrewsii
biflora
ceratophylla
jeer
longifolia

hypnoides (and vars.)
oppositifolia

Saxifraga Cotyledon
Rocheliana
Sedum Ewersii
kamtschaticum
ulchellum
ieboldii
spectabile
spurium
Sempervivum arachnoideum|
calcareum
globiferum
Boutignianum
montanum
soboliferum
Senecio argenteus

—+o+ —

Silene alpestris
lisabethze
Schafta
Sisyrinchium grandiflorum
Trillium grandiflorum
Triteleia uniflora
Plumbago Larpentz
Veronica prostrata
taurica
candida
saxatilis
fruticulosa
Viola pedata
lutea.

List OF DWARF ALPINE AND Rock PLANTS SUITED FOR THE
MarGins or MIxED BORDERS.

Anemone apennina
Hepatica (in var.)
Adonis vernalis
Ranunculus amplexicaulis
Epimedium pinnatum ele-
gans (and several
other species)
Sanguinaria canadensis
Dielytra eximia
Arabis albida
petra
Aubrietia (all the vars.)
Alyssum spinosum
saxatile
Iberis corifolia
correzefolia
sempervirens
Tenoreana
Dianthus petreeus
neglectus
Saponaria ocymoides
Silene alpestris
Oxalis floribunda
Genista sagittalis
Anthyllis montana
Potentilla verna
Sedum elegans
Ewersii
glaucum
kamtschaticum
pulchellum
sempervivoides
Sieboldii
spurium
Sempervivum arenarium
californicum
glaucum
globiferum

hirtum

Sempervivum montanum
soboliferum.
tectorum

Saxifraga Andrewsii
longifolia
Aizoon
Bucklandii
ceespitosa
crustata
granulata plena
Guthrieana
hypnoides
Hostii
intacta
juniperina
lingulata
oppositifolia
pectinata
Cotyledon
rosularis
Stansfieldii

Dondia Epipactis

Cornus canadensis

Hieracium lanatum
Camerarii

Helichrysum arenarium

Aster alpinus

albus

Double Daisies

Achillea aurea
tomentosa

Campanula carpatica

alba

fragilis
garganica
ceespitosa
alba
Erica carnea

Gentiana acaulis
Phlox reptans
subulata
Convolvulus lineatus
Lithospermum prostratum

‘Linaria alpina

|Calceolaria Kellyana

Pentstemon procerus

Veronica candida

Zietenia lavandulefolia

Zapania nodiflora

Cyclamen europeum
hederzefolium

Primula vulgaris plena (and

vars.)

Auricula (and vars.)
Acantholimon glumaceum
Armeria vulgaris rosea
Plumbago Larpentz
Tris cristata

pumila
Sisyrinchium grandiflorum
Crocus luteus

vernus (and many vars. )
Sternbergia lutea
Narcissus Bulbocodium

minor
Leucojum vernum
Galanthus nivalis

plicatus
Funkia albomarginata
Convallaria majalis
Smilacina bifolia
Scilla bifolia

sibirica :
Erythronium Dens-canis
Bulbocodium vernum
Colchicum autumnale

Gaultheria procumbens

—_—_—h_t

variegatum.

366

ALPINE FLOWERS.

Part II.

DwarF SHRUBS SUITED FOR OCCASIONALLY INTERMINGLING WITH
THE LARGER ALPINE PLANTS, WHEN PLANTED ON THE MARGINS
OF SHRUBBERIES, ETC,

Andromeda floribunda
tetragona
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi
Astragalus Tragacantha
Azalea amoena
Betula nana
Bryanthus erectus
Calluna vulgaris (in var.)
Cistus (various species)
Clematis (numerous kinds)
Cornus canadensis
Cotoneaster microphylla
thymifolia
Cytisus sessilifolius
Daphne alpina
Cneorum
collina
Mezereum
Deutzia (several kinds)
Empetrum nigrum
rubrum
Epigea repens

Erica (all hardy species)
Euonymus japonicus fol.
argenteis
nanus
radicans fol. variegatis
Gaultheria procumbens
Shallon
Genista anglica
hispanica
sagittalis
tinctoria
Helianthemums
kinds’
Hydrangea (several kinds)
Hypericum calycinum
Indigofera Dosua
Ivies (in great var.)
Kalmia latifolia

(many

nana
Leiophyllum buxifolium
Menziesia (several kinds)

—1——

Ononis fruticosa
rotundifolia

Pernettya (several kinds)

Polygala Chamzbuxus

Potentilla floribunda
fruticosa

Rhododendron (dwarf

kinds)

Ruscus Hypoglossum
racemosus
Salix lanata
reticulata
Santolina Chamecyparissus
viridis
Skimmia japonica
laureola
oblata
Spirzea (several dwarf kinds)
Vaccinium (three or four
inds}
Vinca (various kinds).

SELECTION OF ALPINE AND Rock PLANTS FOR GROWING ON OLD

WALLs, RuINs, STONY BANKS, ETC.

(The most suitable kinds are

marked *.)
*Corydalis lutea Gypsophila prostrata Umbilicus chrysanthus
*Cheiranthus Cheiri *Tunica Saxifraga *Sedum acre
pleno (in var.) *Dianthus czsius *acre variegatum
Arabis albida deltoides Aizoon
*arenosa monspessulanus *album
lucida variegata petracus anglicum
petrzea (old mossy walls)/ Saponaria ocymoides brevifolium
blepharophylla (do.) Silene acaulis (moist walls, ceruleum
Aubrietia (all the vars.) to be first carefully *dasyphyllum
Hutchinsia petrea planted in a chink) elegans
Vesicaria utriculata alpestris * Ewersii
Schivereckia podolica ,, Tupestris farinosum
*Alyssum montanum Silene Schafta hispanicum
saxatile *Lychnis alpina *kamtschaticum
spinosum. lapponica multiceps
Koniga maritima Sagina procumbens pleno pulchrum.
Petrocallis pyrenaica (mossy|*Arenaria balearica sempervivoides
and moist old walls) cespitosa sexangulare
*Draba aizoides ciliata sexfidum
beeotica graminifolia *spurium
Tonopsidion acaule (north montana *Sempervivum arach-
‘side of old walls) verna noideum
Thlaspi alpestre Linum alpinum arenarium
Tberis (in var.) Malva campanulata (ruins) *calcareum
*Reseda odorata (sown in| Erodiumromanum(oldwalls) globiferum
chinks in walls this Reichardii Heuffelli
sometimes becomes] Ononis alba hirtum
perennial) Astragalus ménspessul *; num
Helianthemums (many of|Coronilla minima piliferum
’ the varieties might be} varia *soboliferum
grown upon old ruins,]Acana Nove Zealandize| *tectorum
stony banks, &c.) (moist mossy walls) | Saxifraga bryoides
*Gypsophila muralis *Cotyledon Umbilicus ceesia

Part II.

SELECTIONS.

367

Saxifraga crustata
cuscuteformis
diapensioides
*Hostii
intacta
*lingulata
*longifolia
pectinata
pulchella
retusa
*rosularis
Rocheliana
*Rhei
sarmentosa

*Asperula cynanchica

Centranthus ruber

albus
coccineus

Antennaria dioica minima

(mossy chinks, with a
little soil)

Bellium bellidioides
crassifolium
minutum

Santolina incana

Achillea tomentosa

Symphyandra pendula

Campanula Barrelieri
*fragilis
*garganica
caespitosa

alba
rotundifolia

*Antirrhinum rupestre
*majus
Orontium

*Linaria Cymbalaria

ba
vulgaris

*Erinus alpinus

Veronica fruticulosa

saxatilis

—te

Thymus citriodorus (earthy
chinl
Iris germanica (and vars.)
pumila
Polypodium vulgare
Adiantum Capillus Vene-
ris (on moist warm
walls)
Asplenium Adiantum-ni-
grum
fontanum
*septentrionale
*Ruta-muraria
*germanicum
*Janceolatum
+*Trichomanes
vars.)
*viride
*Ceterach officinarum
*Matthiola tristis.

{and

ALPINE PLANTS TO BE RAISED FROM SEED.

Nearly all alpine plants may be raised from seed, but several
kinds may be increased more readily in other ways, and of many the
seeds are rarely obtainable. Therefore the following list only enumerates
some of those that it is desirable to raise in this way. By carefully
selecting the really ornamental kinds, of which seed is offered in the
various trade catalogues, a goodly number of kinds may be raised from

seed in a single season.

Aquilegia alpina
cerulea
californica
Arabis petraa
blepharophylla
Aubrietias (all)
Vesicaria utriculata
Schivereckia podolica
Alyssum saxatile
spinosum
alpestre
Draba Aizoon
aizoides
cuspidata
Iberis corifolia
sempervirens
Tenoreana
Viola (any kinds not readily
increased from cut-
tings or by division)
Parnassia palustris
Tunica Saxifraga
Dianthus alpinus .
ceesius
superbus

Dianthus deltoides
petreeus
suavis
Saponaria ocymoides
Silene acaulis
alpestris
exscapa
maritima
Schafta
Lychnis alpina
Lagascze
Arenaria verna
Cerastium Biebersteinii
tomentosum
Boissierii «
Linum alpinum
flavum (and varivus
others)
Erodium Manescavi (and
others)
Oxytropis campestris
uralensis
Calandrinia umbellata
Sedum (all good kinds)
Sempervivum (do.)

1

Saxifraga (all good kinds)
Scabiosa Webbiana
Campanula carpatica
alba
fragilis
turbinata
muralis
Jasione perennis
Myosotis alpestris
azorica
dissitiflora
sylvatica
Linaria alpina
Pentstemon procerus
Erinus alpinus
Veronica taurica (and other
_ good kinds)
Thymus (various species) ©
Soldanella (in var.)
Primula (do.)
Armeria cephalotes
Androsace Chamejasme
(and any others of
which seed may be
obtained).

368

ALPINE FLOWERS.

Part II,

SELECTION OF ALPINE AND Rock PLANTS OF PROSTRATE OR
Droorinc HaBit, SUITED FOR PLACING SO THAT THEY MAY

Droop OVER THE BRowS OF ROCKS, AND

Arabis albida
procurrens

Aubrietias

Alyssum montanum
saxatile

Iberis corifolia
sempervirens
Tenoreana

Helianthemum (in var.)

Gypsophilas (several)

Dianthus deltoides (and -

others)

Tunica Saxifraga

Saponaria ocymoides

Cerastium_ Biebersteinii
grandiflorum
tomentosum

Malva campanulata

Callirhoe involucrata
pedata

Hypericum humifusum

Tropzolum speciosum
polyphyllum

Genista prostrata
tinctoria
sagittalis

Ononis arvensis albus

Trifolium repens penta-

phyllum
Lotus corniculatus
pleno

Astragalus monspessulanus

Coronilla iberica
varia

Hippocrepis comosa

Vicia argentea

Orobus roseus

Dryas octopetala

Fragaria indica

Rubus arcticus

Potentilla alpestris

Potentilla calabra
opwoodiana
M‘Nabiana
Tonguei
verna (and numerous
vars, and hybrids)
Zauschneria californica
Cnothera acaulis
missouriensis
taraxacifolia
Sedum spurium
Ewersii
kamtschaticum
reflexum:
Sieboldii
Saxifraga hypnoides
ceratophylla
biflora
sarmentosa
oppositifolia (and vars.)
Linnza borealis
Galium verum
Scabiosa graminifolia
Webbiana
Santolina incana
Diotis maritima
Artemisia argentea
frigida
Campanula Barrelieri
rotundifolia
alba
fragilis
hirsuta
garganica
muralis
czespitosa
alba
Erica carnea
Cornus canadensis
Epigzea repens
Phlox subulata

1.2 —_

LIKE POSITIONS,

Phlox reptans
Convolvulus mauritanicus
Lithospermum prostratum
Antirrhinum rupestre
Linaria alpina -
Cymbalaria
Pentstemon procerus
Veronica taurica
prostrata
Thymus lanuginosus
Serpyllum (white var.)
Zietenia lavandulefolia
Dracocephalum argunense
Zapania nodiflora
Androsace lanuginosa
Lysimachia Nummularia
nemorum
Plumbago Larpentz
Polygonum vaccinifolium
Euphorbia Myrsinites
Salix lanata
reticulata
Empetrum nigrum
Polygonum complexum
Boussingaultia baselloides
Medicago falcata
Lathyrus grandiflorus
latifolius
bus
tuberosus
Vicia Cracca
Convolvulus arvensis
Calystegia dahurica
pubescens
Vinca major
minor
herbacea
Clematises (the new varie-
ties of the lanuginosa
section)
Cyananthus lobatus,

A SELECTION OF ALPINE PLANTS SUITED FOR CULTURE IN Pots

Anemone alba
alpina
angulosa
blanda
narcissiflora

almata

avonina
stellata
sylvestris

1 icau lis

Ra

parnassifolius

FOR EXHIBITION,

Aquilegia alpina
cerulea
pyrenaica
Epimedium macranthum
pinnatum elegans
Dielytra eximia
spectabilis
Arabis blepharophylla
Aubrietia deltoidea (and
vars.)
Alyssum montanum

Ethionema coridifolium
Draba Aizoon
aizoides
cuspidata
Iberis (in var.)
Helianthemum venustum
Viola pedata
Parnassia caroliniana
Gypsophila repens
Dianthus alpinus
neglectus

Part II,

SELECTIONS.

369

Saponaria ocymoides
Silene alpestris
acaulis
Schafta
Elisabethee
Pumilio
virginica
Lychnis Lagascee
alpina
Arenaria montana
Linum arboreum
flavum
alpinum
Malva campanulata
Callirhoe involucrata
Geranium argenteum
cinereum
sanguineum
lancastriense
Erodium Manescavi
macradenium
petreum
Reichardi
Oxalis Bowieana
floribunda
speciosa
Genista sagittalis
Anthyllis montana
Astragalus monspessulanus.
hypoglottis
Coronilla minima
Orobus vernus
cyaneus
Spirzea japonica
Geum coccineunt
montanum .
Aczena microphylla
(Enothera marginata
missouriensis
Zauschneria ¢alifornica
Sedum spurium
pulchellum
kamtschaticum
spectabile
Sieboldii
Ewersii '
Sempervivum arachnoide-
um
montanum
Pittoni
Laggeri
Pomellii
Saxifraga Cotyledon
Rocheliana
cesia
biflora
diapensioides
juniperina

Saxifraga oppositifolia
retusa
Stansfieldii

Cornus canadensis

Aster versicolor

Santolina incana
alpina

Achillea egyptiaca
Clavenna
tomentosa
umbellata

Campanula fragilis
garganica
turbinata
carpatica

pulla
Symphyandra pendula
Andromeda hypnoides
fastigiata
tetragona
Menziesia empetriformis
Pyrola rotundifolia
media
Gentiana bavarica
verna
Spigelia marilandica
Rhexia virginica
Polemonium ceruleum va-
riegatum
Lithospermum prostratum
Myosotis dissitiflora
alpestris
azorica
Phlox reptans
subulata
Convolvulus mauritanicus
lineatus
Pulmonaria virginica
Omphalodes Luciliz
verna
Ramondia pyrenaica
Antirrhinum rupestre
Linaria alpina
Calceolaria Kellyana
Pentstemon procerus
Mimulus repens.
Erinus alpinus
Wulfenia carinthiaca
Veronica saxatilis
taurica
Zapania nodiflora
Cyelamen coum
vernum
hederzfolium
Soldanella (in var.)
Dodecatheon(all the species
and vars.)
Primula amoena

Primula Auricula (in var.)
denticulata
erosa
farinosa
integrifolia
latifolia
longiflora
marginata
minima
Munroi
nivea
purpurea
viscosa
Androsace carnea
hameejasme
ciliata
cylindrica
glacialis
helvetica
imbricata *
lactea
lanuginosa
obtusifolia
pyrenaica
villosa
Vitaliana
Statice olezfolia
Acantholimon glumaceum
Armeria cephalotes
Cypripedium acaule
Calceolus
pubescens
spectabile
Epipactis palustris
Goodyera pubescens
Ophrys apifera
arachnites
Orchis foliosa
latifolia
laxiflora
nigra
Tris reticulata
nudicaulis
cristata
Sisyrinchium grandiflorum
Narcissus juncifolius
minor
Bulbocodium (and
many others)
Nierembergia rivularis
Begonia Veitchii
Leucojum verunum
Funkia grandiflora
Trillium grandiflorum
cernuum
erectum
Lilium tenuifolium

longiflorum.

iS}

370

ALPINE FLOWERS.

Part II,

ALPINE PLANTS GREEN IN WINTER,

The mossy section of the Saxifrages become of such a glistening and
refreshing green in winter that by their aid, and by. the aid of other
alpine plants verdant in winter, many positions, borders, and banks
within view of the dwelling-house windows may be made most pleasing
at the dullest time of the year.

Aubrietia deltoidea (and all
the vars.)
Arabis albida
procurrens
lucida
Alyssum montanum
Iberis corifolia
sempervirens
Helianthemum (in var.)
Dianthus deltoides
Tunica Saxifraga
Silene acauilis
alpestris
maritima
Sagina glabra
Arenaria verna
balearica
Linum arboreum
Hippocrepis comosa
Dryas octopetala
Sedum album
anglicum

Sedum reflexum
rupestre
sexangulare

Sempervivum montanum
flagelliforme
soboliferum.
arenarium

Saxifraga ceespitosa

eum
hypnoides
juniperina
levis
muscoides
decipiens
palmata
pedata
contraversa
Stansfieldii
affinis

Hieracium aurantiacum

Antennaria dioica

Achillea tomentosa
Santolina viridis
Vaccinium Vitis-idza
‘Oxycoccos
Arbutus Uva-ursi
Gaultheria procumbens.
Vinca major
minor
Gentiana acaulis
Phlox reptans
subulata
Veronica gentianoides
saxatilis
taurica
Thymus corsicus
bracteosus
lanuginosus
Serpyllum

Zygis ,
Lysimachia Nummularia,

List oF DwarF ALPINE SHRUBS, ETC. FOR THE ROCK-GARDEN.

Iberis (in var.)
Helianthemum (do.)
Cistus (do.)

‘buxu

Andromeda fastigiata
tetragona

Bryanthus erectus

Menziesia ceerulea

Polygala Ch
Hypericum humifusum
Genista tinctoria
sagittalis
prostrata
Hedera (variegated and
other curious vars.)
Othonna cheirifolia
Erica carnea (and all hardy
species and vars.)
Arbutus Uva-ursi
Pernettya mucronata
Gaultheria procumbens
Andromeda hypnoides

empetriformis

polifolia (and vars.)
Daphne Cneorum
Lithospermum prostratum
Thymus Mastichina
Polygonum vaccinifolium
Veronica saxatilis

taurica

Euphorbia Myrsinites

Salix lanata.
reticulata
serpyllifolia

Empetrum nigrum

Santolina Chamzecyparissus
incana
Euonymus radicans varie-
gatus
Rhododendron hirsutum
ferrugineum
Chamecistus (and
others)
Azalea amoena
Epigeea repens
Skimmias (in var.)
Vaccinium Myrtillus
macrocarpum.
Oxycoccos
Vitis-ideea
uliginosum
Juniperus squamata.

Part II.

SELECTIONS.

377

Dwarr HARDY PLANTS OF A SILVERY OR VARIEGATED TONE, AND
MOSTLY SUITABLE FOR EDGINGS.

Tender plants are totally excluded from this list ; so are subjects that

rise to any height or

dignity.

It includes only such as grow from

one inch to six or eight inches, or, in rare cases, a foot high. But,
even with these strict limitations, a varied and pretty assortment may

be singled out.

Arabis albida variegata
lucida variegata
procurrens variegata

Aubrietia deltoidea varie-

gata

Alyssum saxatile variega-

tum
spinosum

Cerastium Biebersteinii
grandiflorum
tomentosum

Sedum glaucum

Sempervivum arachnoideum

calcareum

Saxifraga Aizoon
crustata

Saxifraga lingulata
longifolia
pectinata
Cotyledon
recta

Andryala lanata

Antennaria hyperborea
tomentosa

Santolina incana

Artemisia frigida

Achillea zgyptiaca
Clavennz

Polemonium ceruleum va-

riegatum

Convolvulus lineatus

—+ >

Linaria Cymbalaria varie-

gata

Veronica gentianoides varie-
gata

Ajuga reptans rubra

variegata

Thymus lanuginosus

Origanum vulgare variega-
tum

Stachys lanata

Sideritis syriaca

Glechoma hederacea varie-

gata

Salvia argentea

Euphorbia Myrsinites.

Hieracium Camerarii

ALPINE PLANTS SUITABLE AS FLOWERING EDGINGS FOR BEDS OR

Aubrietia deltoidea’
Anemone apennina
Coronaria
Alyssum saxatile
Iberis sempervirens ~
corifolia
Tenoreana
Helianthemum (in var.)
Viola lutea
cornuta
Gypsophila repens
Dianthus alpinus
deltoides
petrzeus
Saponaria ocymoides
Silene alpestris
Schafta
Spergula pilifera
Cerastium Biebersteinii
grandiflorum
tomentosum
Erodium Reichardi
(E£nothera taraxacifolia

BORDERS.

‘
(CEnothera marginata
Oxalis (all hardy species)
Dryas octopetala
Sedum spurium
ulchellum
ieboldii
spectabile
beds)
kamtschaticum
Saxifraga hypnoides (and|
most of the mossy|
section)
Aster versicolor
Bellis hortensis aucubeefolia
(and double vars.)
Achillea tomentosa
Campanula carpatica
alba

(for

large

fragilis
garganica
ceespitosa
alba
Gentiana acaulis

Phlox reptans

subulata
Convolvulus mauritanicus
Lithospermum prostratum
Myosotis dissitiflora

sylvatica
Omphalodes verna
Nierembergia rivularis
Linaria alpina i
Pentstemon procerus
Veronica fruticulosa

saxatilis

taurica
Dodecatheon Meadia
Primula Auricula (in var.)

vulgaris (do.) :
Armeria vulgaris rosea
Statice olezfolia
Plumbago Larpentz
Polygonum vaccinifolium
Ajuga genevensis
Calandrinia umbellata
Arabis albida.

372

ALPINE FLOWERS.

Part II,

ALPINE PLANTS THAT WILL GROW WELL IN THE SMOKY AIR

Alyssum saxatile
Aquilegia alpina
cerulea
Arabis albida
Aubrietia deltoidea (and
vars.
Calandrinia umbellata
Erysimum ochroleucum
Campanula fragilis
garganica
czespitosa
turbinata
Cerastium Biebersteinii
grandiflorum
Dianthus czsius (on walls)
deltoides
neglectus
Erinus alpinus (on walls)
Gentiana acaulis
Andrewsit
Gypsophila prostrata
Hepatica angulosa
triloba
Iberis corifolia
correzfolia
sempervirens
Lithospermum prostratum
Phlox subulata,

OF CITIES.

Phlox reptans

Polygonum vaccinifolium

Ranunculus amplexicaulis
montanus

Saponaria ocymoides

Saxifraga Andrewsii
coriophylla
Rocheliana
capillaris
longifolia
crustata
pyramidalis
oppositifolia
juniperina
ceratophylla
recta
levis
hypnoides
muscoides
pectinata
incurvifolia
cristata

Sedum hispanicum

‘ reflexum

rupestre
monstrosum
Sieboldii
spectabile

’

Sedum kamtschaticum
pulchellum
Ewersii
spurium
Sempervivum montanum
calcareum
hirtum
globiferum
soboliferum
glaucum
Silene alpestris
Tunica Saxifraga
Veronica saxatilis
candida
Acantholimon glumaceum
Anemone apennina
blanda
fulgens
Aster versicolor
Dryas octopetala
Gaultheria procumbens
Helianthemum (many
kinds)
Onosma taurica
Armeria vulgaris rosea
cephalotes
Plumbago Larpente
Anthyllis montana.

A SELECTION OF ALPINE ROCK-PLANTS, ETC. CHIEFLY OF

BOTANICAL INTEREST.

I have excluded so many species that have long figured in catalogues
and books as ornamental that I have thought it best to enumerate

some of them here,

Aceras a ithropophora
Adoxa moschatellina
Ajuga pyramidalis
Alchemilla alpina
fissa
Allium paradoxum
Arabis rosea
Cephalanthera ensifera
Chrysosplenium alternifo-
lium
oppositifolium
Disandra prostrata
Drypis spinosa
Frioronum umbellatum
Frankenia levis
Gagea lutea
Galax aphylla

Glaux maritima
Goodyera discolor
repens
Gratiola officinalis
Gunnera magellanica
Gymnadenia conopsea
Habenaria bifolia
chlorantha
Herniaria glabra
hirsuta
Honckeneja peploides
Hydrocotyle. bonariensis
saniculzefolia
Sibthorpioides
vulgaris
Leptinella scariosa
Listera ovata

—_—1Ho

Mandragora vernalis
Mimulus repens
Neottia spiralis
Paronychia serpyllifolia
Plantago alpina
Coronopus
monstrosa
Rubus Chamemorus
Scleranthus perennis
Serapias cordigera
Sibbaldia procumbens
Sieversia triflora
Swertia perennis
Telephium Imperati
Thalictrum alpinum
Tussilago alpina
Uvularia grandiflora.

Part IT, SELECTIONS,

373

TRAILERS, CLIMBERS, ETC.

The selection of plants to cover bowers, trellises, railings, old trees,
stumps, rootwork, &c. suitably is an important matter, particularly as
the plants fitted for these purposes are equally useful for the rough rock-
work, precipitous banks, flanks of rustic bridges, river-banks, ruins
natural or artificial, covering cottages or outhouses, and many other uses

in garden, pleasure-ground, or wilderness.

Vitis zstivalis
amooriensis
cordifolia
heterophylla variegata
Isabella
Labrusca
laciniosa
riparia
Steboldii
vinifera apiifolia
vulpina
Hedera (all the finer va-
rieties of Ivy, both
_ green and variegated}
Aristolochia Sipho
tomentosa
Clematis azurea grandiflora
campaniflora
elliptica
lammula
florida
lena
tandishi
Fortunei -
Francofurtensis

Clematis Hendersoni
insulensis
Jackmani
lanuginosa
montana
nivea
patens Amelia

Helena
insignis
Louisa
monstrosa.
Sophia
violacea
pubescens
rubro-violacea
Shillingii
Sieboldii
tubulosa
Viticella
alba
venosa

Calystegia dahurica
pubescens plena

Wistaria sinensis

Asparagus Broussoneti

—co

Cynanchum acutum
monspeliacum
Apios tuberosa
Tamus communis
Periploca greeca
Hablitzia tamnoides
Boussingaultia baselloides
Menispermum canadense
virginicum
Cissus orientalis
pubescens
Ampelopsis bipinnata
cordata
hederacea
tricuspidata
Jasminum nudiflorum
officinale
revolutum
Passiflora cerulea
Lonicera Caprifolium
confusa
flava
japonica
Periclymenum
Lycium europzum.

A SELECTION OF FERNS MOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED IN SUNNY
AND EXPOSED POSITIONS.

AspleniumAdiantum-nigrum] Cheilanthes odora

Asplenium Trichomanes
Ruta-muraria
septentrionale

Ceterach officinarum

Polypodium vulgare

Scolopendrium vulgare

Woodsia ilvensis
hyperborea

Asplenium Halleri
fontanum
lanceolatum

—e1o

Asplenium monanthemum
Cystopteris fragilis

alpina
Woodsia polystichoides

Platyloma atropurpurea.

List oF HARDY PLANTS WITH FERN-LIKE OR GRACEFUL LEAVES,
SUITABLE FOR THE, ROCK-GARDEN.

Thalictrum minus
feetidum

Isopyrum thalictroides

Meum Athamanticum
adonidifolium

Spirea filipendula fl. pl.

Dielytra eximia

Astragalus pannosus
Equisetum sylvaticum
scirpoides
Corydalis lutea
Anthriscus fumarioides
Seseli elatum
globiferum

Seseli gracile ae
Peucedanum longifolium

Petteri

involucratum
Pyrethrum tanacetoides

achillezefolium, &c.

( 375 )

INDEX.

eG ers

The names in Roman type refer to the places where the most distinct and
beautiful kinds are treated of at length in the alphabetical arrangement

in Part II,

AC/ENA, ANDROSACE.
Page Page
A Alpine Columbine +. 146
Alpine Feverfew .. 238
Aczna microphylla +» 121 | Alpine Flax 242
Acantholimon glumaceum .. +» r2t | Alpine Forget-me-not. 254
Achillea egyptiaca : 122 | Alpine Harebell 162
+) aurea as wi »» 365 | Alpine Hutchinsia .. an «3 230
.+s Clavennze r2z | Alpine Lychnis “ se 245
»» tomentosa é +» 123 | Alpine Pink .. ne ae ++ IQE
>, umbellata .. a +. 123 | Alpine Poppy .. - +. 269
Acis autumnalis 123 | Alpine Sanicle : “a ae 295
Adiantum Cafpillus-Veneris 367 | Alpine Skullcap te on +. 328
Adonis vernalis 123 | Alpine Soldanella .. ei «= 343
>» pyrenaica .. ae 124 | Alpine Toadflax °.. a +. 240
», stbirica 124 | Alpine Wallflower .. ats «+ 213
Ethionema coridifoliam 124 | Alpine IV hitlow-Grass 202
5g menbranaceum 125 | Alpine Windflower .. i ws E35
ny parvifiorum 125 | Alps, a little tourin the .. + 8
” saxatile re +. 125 | Alyssum alpestre em 125
Aizoon Saxifrage 3Ir >, argenteum .. 126
Ajuga genevensis 125 >,» Montanum .. 126
x» pyramidalis .. 125 >, saxatile ‘ 126
>» veptans ae 125 $7 oy Compactum 127
Alp Crowfoot .. ie Ae +e 304 a spinosum 127
Alpine plants, conditions under “American Cowslip 200
which they thrive in a wild state 2 |. Amethyst Hyacinth .. 230
Alpine plants, culture of . 1 | Ampelopsis bipinnata 373
Alpine plants, how protected frome ae cordata .. 373
evaporation, & ct. . 3 <a hedevacea 373
Alpine plants, on ruins and old a tricuspidata 373
walls. S a +» 33 | Andrews's Saxifrage 312
Alpine plants, soil for oN 31, 67 | Andromeda fastigiata 127
Alpine plants, require full exposure 30 5 hypnoides 128
Alpine plants, their roots descend to ti tetragona 128
a great depth ee etd ate 3 i floribunda 366
Alpine Alyssum as +» 125 | Androsace avgentea .. 131
Alpine Aster .. es a +) 155 5 carnea ads 129
Alpine Catchfly ar oe os 338 >» » Chamejasme .. 130
Alpine Cinquefoil .. - +e 297 sii Charpentieri .. 134

376 ANDROSACE, INDEX, ASTER,
Page Page
Androsace ciliata... wie .. 132 | Aquilegia glandulosa... a 147
$i cylindrica . 133 as «6 pyvennica .. 147
sii Haussmannit .. 134 ai Shinneri 148
ae Heertt .. ae » 134 or vulgaris .. 147
an helvetica .. . «+ 130 | Arabis albida .. o. 148
os imbricata wa EAT >» alpina. fats 148
at lanuginosa +. 132 +» avenosa 148
as lutea wi 134 A blepharophylla 148
a obtusifolia ja . 132 s» cvrispata ; 148
A pubescens os 132 3, lucida 149
” pyrenaica sya oa) 793) », petraa.. 149
iy villosa... o. 133 +, procurrens 149
ao Vitaliana . as 134 purpurea oe 149
Wi ailente « 134 Arctostaphylos alpina 150
Androsaces ie ani + 100 Uva-ursi 150
Andryalalanata .. ++ 372 Avendria balearica 150
Anemone alba .. ie ‘ 134 >, cespitosa 309
oe alpina . « 1395|” 4, ciliata % 152
is angulosa 135 1,» gramintfolia is 152
a apennina .. +. 136 1», lavicifolia .. ; 152
ae baldensis .. oe 144 5 montana .. I5I
oo blanda av 137 +, | purpurascens 151
On Coronaria .. 138 >» tetraquetra.. 152
ity fulgens.. 138 >, wtriflora 152
Ne Hallert .. os 144 y, verna en 152
ai Hepatica .. «» 139 | Aretia Vitaliana 134
si hortensis .. +» 142 | Arvetia-like Saxifrage gi2
>> japonica .. oe 144 | Aristolochia Sipho 373
by nemorosa .. oe 139 23 tomentosa 373
An palmata .. : +» 140| Armeria cephalotes .. 152
re patens aa + 144 +, formosa ee 153
an pavonina .. ee = 140 »» latifolia .. 153
vs Pulsatilla .. ax E4T o>) mauritanica 153
o ranunculoides 141 >, LPseudo-armeria 153
st stellata ae 142 8 vulgaris ae 153
s» sulphurea .. .- 135 | Artemisia argentea .. 368
a sylvestris .. ere 142 ‘ Srigida .. - 368
+9 thalictroides z ++ 346 | Arum italicum 153
“5 trifolia ae oe ++ 143 | Asclepias-like Gentian 218
vernalis .. + +8 143 | Asparagus Broussoneti 373
Antennaria dioica. ++ 144 | Asperula odorata si 154
' hyperborea 144 ss cynanchica.. 367
a5 tomentosa az -- 144 | Asplentum Adiant: Igruin 367
. Anthriscus fumarioides .. 373 5 Sontanum 367
Anthyllis montana .. . oe 145 ” gevrmanicum .. 367
Antirrhinum majus .. +e 146 3 Healleri .. 373
5 Orontium 367 a lanceolatum .. 367
AD rupestre +s 367 xi monanthemum 373
Afpennine Windfiower ai «. 136 “s Ruta-muraria.. 367
Afios tuberosa ue et ei 3373 Me septentrionale .. 367
Aquatic plants for water near rock- “a Trichomanes 367
work .. a a . + 67 wtride « 367
Aquilegia alpina ite o ve 146 Aster alpinus oe 154
5 cerulea. oe we 147 x, @ltaicus.. 155
sis californica ais e+ 148 », bicolor 155
‘i canadensis... ee 148 os pyrenaeus 155
Ar extmia oe 148 >, Reevesii AG 155

ASTER, INDEX. CERASTIUM, 377
Page Page
Aster versicolor is ate «+ 155 | Border, mixed, positions for ood
Astragalus alpinus .. si «. 157 | Borders, mixed, alpine flowers in 42
*i hypoglottis aa 155 | Borders, mixed, varieties of as 45
rr MAJOr —.s a .» 157 | Borders, shrubbery, alpine plantsin 47
A microphyllus .. «. 157 | Boussingaultia baselloides .. «+ 368
i moldavicus 157 | Bowie's Wood Sorrel ++ 266
”» monspessulanus . 156 | Box-leaved Milkwort +. 276
as Onobrychis +. 156 | Brilliant Calandrinia ae +. 162
. pannosus . o. - 157 | Brilliant| Nasturtium on 350
Trag eacantha an + 366 | Brittle Harebell 164
A famiasco Lily Ac ar 363 | Broad-leaved Primrose +. 288
Aubrietia Campbelli . 158 | Bryanthus erectus .. wa + 160
o deltoidea .. oe + 157 | Bulbocodium vernum os 160
” grandiflora aie 158 | Bulbous Fumitory .. 176
” greca ne . 158
Austrian Dracocephalum .. 205 (e]
Autumnal Acis se ee ose 4823
Azalea amana a -. 366 | Calandrinia umbellata ‘ete oe 161
>» procumbens . c 245 | Calceolaria Kellyana le se 365
Azorean Forget-me-not .. 254 | Calla palustris we 162
Callianthemum rutafoliun «307
B Callirhoe involucrata se ae 368
>, pedata oy ar + 368
Balm Melittis ae es 249 | Calluna vulgaris .. 0 + 208
Barbary Ragwort . 266 | Calystegia dahurica +s 368
Basil-like Sunrose .. ae a. 225 3 pubescens os 368
Bavarian Gentian +.» 219 | Campanulaalpina .. iy +. 162
Bearberry .. oa +. 150 a barbata .. . +. 162
Bearded Harebell 162 $ Barreliert 167
Bearded Pyxidanthera +e 303 “i cespitosa x #03
Beautiful Sunrose .. oe os 225 i carpatica a ++ 163
Beauty of the Rocks .. . 272 35 Cenisia .. . + 164
Bee Orchis we a a 263 ‘ih a a aie « «118
Begonia Veitchii ate ax es 158 5 fragilis .. ‘fe os 164
Bell-flowered Squill.. oe 325 i garganica a - 165
Bellis hortenszs seaside aia ee 372 is hederacea i ~ 165
+» perennis . ae + 159 sie isophylla ane 165
Bellium bellidioides .. +. 160 3 modesta .. 167
a1 erassifolium aye 160 3 muralis .. +» 167
a> meinutum se 160 eG nitida .. ae ++ 167
Betony-leaved Dracocephalum «205 os pulla as ie + 166
Betula nana .. oe +. 366 5 pumila o. ee +» 163
Bieberstein’s C ‘ovaistinnt oe +» 168 a pusilla .. ae «163
Bird's-eye Primrose . . +» 285 ” Raineri .. s 166
Bird’s-foot Trefoil .. o os 245 turbinata “ 167
Bira's-foot Violet .. . +. 360 Cardamine trifolia .. . + 167
Black Bearberry a «. 150 | Carnation fe . . e+ 192
Bladder-podded Dasiheia . +» 355 | Carolina Parnassia . oe ais ++ 270
Blue Bitter Vetch +. 264 | Carpathian Harebell o- a. 163
Blue Rock Bindweed a5 +» 173 | Cat Thyme .. ‘ ao +s 108
Bluebell 2 “eh a os 326 ie iis si aie aie as 945
Bluets «. . i .. 229 | Centaurea uniflora .. ++ 168
Blunt-leaved Androsace “e .. 132 | Cerastium alpinum .. oe os 168
Bloodroot oe a ie + 309 at Biebersteinii a + 168
Bloody Cranesbill .. a - 222 sti grandiflorum .. + 169
Bog Arum .. . + r6r a incanum .. on 170
Border, mixed, ‘plan of . +. 46 oy lanuginosum +. + +170

378 CERASTIUM. INDEX. CROCUS,

Page Page

Cerastium ovalifolium: ae «. 170 | Colchicum alpinum .. .- «+ 172
re ovatum .. 3 170 s autumnale ae se IE

5p tenutfolium a 170 sis byzantinum oe 192

+» tomentosum ste 169 a, variegatum ey.

” trigynum .. ae 170 | Common Auricula «. . + 279
Willdenovit ws +» 170 | Common Grapeflower zig +e 253

Ci eterach officinarum ie «+ 367 | Common Hepatica .. ae +. 139
Chalk Milkwort .. - 276 | Common Houseleck .. «+ 335
Cheddar Pink 192 | Common Primrose .. . +e 298
Cheilanthes odora ae 373 | Common Sunrose . +. 226
Cheiranthus alpinus .. aS +. 213 | Common Thrift .. ais +. 153
ce Cheiri .. oy 170 | C Woolly Cerasti 169
Chillon, Castle of .. +6 - 85 | Convallaria majalis ee . 172
Chimaphila maculata on + 171 | Convolvulus arvensis 368
aA umbellata as . 19 se lineatus oe 172
Christmas Rose we . os 227 2 mauritanicus + 173
Chrysanthemum alpinum .. oe 235 a Soldanella +. 173
Cissus orientalis... + 372 | Coptis trifolia x +e 228
+, pubescens oie oi 372 | Coris-leaved Candytuft .. os 231
Cistus algarvensis .. - 225 | Cornus canadensis .. oe + 173
>, jformosus ‘ +8 225 +» suectca a oe “6 174
Clematis azurea grand ora + 373 | Coronilla zberica a 368
a» cantpanifiora .. +s 373 »» Minima .. . 174

>» elliptica .. ae 373 >» montana .. ae oe 174

>> Hlammula.. aye ee 373 oy ‘Varia a oe 194

>> Sorida rc ag +. 373 | Correa-leaved C. andyty oft .. 231

oe >. plena a ++ 373 | Cortusa Matthioli .. ak os 175

avy »» Standishz.. «+ 373 | Cortusa-like Primrose rae -« 284

>. Fortunei .. «+ 373 | Corydalis lutea 175

ats Francofurtensis . ae * 373 1, nobilis 176

>> Hendersoni 373 >» solida oe on 176

as gasulensis .. .. 373 | Cotoneaster microphylla .. «+ 366

>» Fackmani.. ste + 373 ws thymifolia ie ++ 366

>, lanuginosa . ++ 373 | Cotyledon Umbilicus ais +» 366

»» wmontuna .. ++ 373 | Cowslip oe aa +» 290

+) nivea ara we +» 373 | Creeping Forget-me-not o. 262

»: patens Amelia .. ++ 373 | Creeping Fenny ey “8 a. 248

” >». Helena .. +. 373 | Creeping Pink +. 293

9 >» wnsignis .. 373 | Creeping-rooted Hedysaruin ‘ee 225

Sis >», Louisa in ++ 373 | Creeping Saxifrage.. ae oo 322

ae >, monstrosa ++ 373 | Creeping Wintergreen aa - 205

#9 », Sophia .. + 373 | Crested Gentian es we +. 220

i violacea +» 373 | Crested Iris .. a oe «+ 234

ais pubescens ata a ++ 373 | Crémean Snowdrop .. ED 215

»» vubro-violacea .. + 373 | Crocus dzforus oe a os 18x

», Shellingiz .. on 373 », Boryanus .. oe 181

1» Szeboldit .. . 373 >, Imperati.. +. 18x

1» eubulosa .. oe 373 >, luteus .. ae 176

>. Viticella we « 373 +, medius + a ey ¥8e

a », @lha .. + 373 >» mudiflorus .. .. . 197

. a3 VENOSA .. 373 »» Orphanidis- °. 177
Closed Gentian ae ie 218 »» reticulatus .. 178
Cloth of Gold Crocus re 178 +) sativus er x9 178
Clusius’s Tulip oe os +. 352 >» Sieberi ee at - 179
Calabrian Cinguefoil ne - 278 »» | Speciosus 179
Cobweb Houseleek : + 334 +) SUustanus ss - «. 178
” ” ” 87, 89 yy) Vernus 180

CROCUS, INDEX. DYER’S. 379
Page Page
Crocus versicolor .. +» 180 | Dianthus neglectus .. aa 195
Cushion Pink .. a 338 »» petreus .. os 196
Cyananthus lobatus ,. 368 »» plumarius .. 196
Cyclamen estivum .. 188 os ” annulatus 198
i africanum 185 » sSuavis .. 367
55 anemonoides 188 36 superbus 198
ata Atkinsii ‘ 182 | Diapensia lapponica .. < 198
v4 autumnale ae - 188 Diapensia-like S axifrage « a 316
rT Clusti 188 | Dielytra eximia oe 199
” Coum . . 181 >» formosa 199
+ >, album 182 +» spectabilis .. 199
a >» zonale 182 | Diotis maritima os ay 200
” europzeum 183 | Dodecatheon album .. 201
>» SYauut «. es +s 185 ri elegans 201
a5 hederzefolium .. 184. 54 giganteum .. 201
of hyemale .. ery 188 Pe integrifolium .. +. 201
a ibericum .. . 182 es Jeffreyanum .. 201
5k littorale .. 188 a4 liiacinum 201
sa neapolitanunt ~» 188 5 Meadia «. 200
i odoratum.. «. 188 splendidum 201
53 Peakeanum 188 Dog’s-tooth Violet 214
6% Poli on 188 | Downy Androsace oe 132
a repandum 186 | Downy Yarrow re 123
29 vernum . 185 | Downy Thyme 347
te vernum Sweet). + 182 | Draba aizoides ae 202
zonale or m « 188 >» Aizoon.. e+ 202
C clamber lewed Anemone 140 »» alpina .. e. 202
Cyclamens, wild .. 108 a, aurea .. ve 203
Cynanchum acutum de 373 >» be@otica.. 202
+ monspeliacum ». 373 », borealis a che 203
Cypripedium acaule .. 188 >» Chameajasme.. “a +. 203
os Calceolus 189 >, ciliaris : 203
a3 pubescens 190 », cinerea 203
at spectabile 189 >,» cuspidata 203
Cystopteris alpina ps 373 >, Srigida an 203
»» fragilis .. «. 373 | 4, lapponica .. 203
Cytisus sessilifolius .. be 366 +, nivalis ee ie +s 204
Czackia Liliastrum.. ae 270 1, vupestris Po oe 204
>» tridentata +. 204,
violacea .- . ++ 205
D Dracocephalum austriacum 205
ne grandiflorum +. 205
Daisy .. 159 oe 205
Dandetion-leaved Enothera 261 | Dryas Drummondi . oe 206
Daphne alpina 366 », octopetala .. a 206
»» Creorum .. 19° | Dwarf Cornel” ati fie 173
>, colinum .. is + 365 | Dwarf Globularia 224
>, Mezereum 366 | Dwarf Iris r 235
Denticulated Primrose 285 | Dwarf ¥asione ts 237
Dianthus alpinus 191 | Dwarf Mazus Be 248
” barbatus .. 191 | Dwarf Silvery Bisduieed 172
” caesius on 192 | Dwarf Yellow Tulip 351
5c Caryophyllus 192 | Dwarfest Coronilla .. 174
>» deltoides .. on 194 | Dyer's Genistq ey as 216

»» dentosus .. 195

>, glacialis .. . 196

ret monspessulanus .. » 366

380 EARLY. INDEX. GENTIAN-BLUE,

Page Page
Ewer's Stonecrop .. +. 330
BE L-xhibition, alpine plants for «56

Early Bulbous Iris .. ie ++ 236 Fr

Early Forget-me-not . +. 255 ’
Early Squill .. i ae +» 324 | Fair Maids of France an +. 303
Echeveria metallica .. we -» 207 | Fairy Primrose oe a +e 289
‘cig secunda .. is .. 206 | Ferns on rockwork .. ais -. 22
Egyptian Varrow .. ao .. 222 | Ficaria grandiflora .. ee oe 214
Elizabeth's Catchfly = ++ 339 os vanunculoides ae oe 214
Empetrum nigrum o. iy «» 366 | Five Pink .. x6 te os 34
” rubrum .. . +» 366 | Florists’ flowers eee oe 49
Empetrum-like Menzicsia . + «+ 2590 | Fragariaindica .. re ++ 368
Endlicher’s Pelargonium .. .. 291 | Fringed Androsace .. oo as 132
English Lady's Slipper .. +» 189 | Fringed Houseleek .. te oe 334
Entire-leaved Primrose .. «+ 287 | Fringed Pink.. we ats ++ 198
Epigzea repens a . -. 207 | Fruiting Duckweed .. ate +1 259
Epimedium macranthum - as +» 368 | Hemaria bulbosa .. ae +. 176
a pinnatum elegans .. 368 x» solida aie ws +. 176
Epipactis palustris .. Be ++ 369 | Punkia albomarginata .. +» 365
Equisetum scirpoides os ++ 373 a> grandifiora.. ee ++ 369
5a syluaticum ae o« 373
Eranthis hiemalis_.. si «+ 207 G

Erect Bugle .. an on oe 125
Erica carnea .. ae ay -. 208 | Galanthus nivalis .. as +. 215

” ih tes . . ++ 109 ” plicatus .. a +. 215
>, ctliaris .. Si a5 .. 208 | Galium verum ate ~ +. 368
ao CtnerER re we »» 208 | Gargano Harebell .. ae -» 165
>» Aibernica afd ahs «» 208 | Garland-flower ve ais +» 1g0
3, Mackieana .. a +» 208 | Gaultheria procumbens... ve B15
vy mediterranea .. a «+ 209 on Shallon .. i «= 366
Tetralix . an +. 208 | Genista anglica ee ie +» 366
Erigeron Roylei a ae +. 209 », hispanica .. ar +. 366
5 speciosus .. ais ++ 209 »» prostrata .. ae +e 368
Erinus alpinus ae a +e 209 >» sagittalis .. ae +. 216
+, Airsutus ae <8 + 209 as 55 oe oe «= 8x
Erodium cécutarium.. os os 221 ‘,, tinctoria ahs aie ++ 216
a crispum .. $i +» 21x | Gentiana acaulis ee oie +s 217

5 lucidum a“ ++ 210 + adscendens 8 os 227

»» macradenium os ++ 210 >, alpina an on ++ 218

>» Manescavi.. os +. 210 af Andrewsii .. i + 218

+, petreum .. or +. 210 54 asclepiadea si +. 218

>, Reichardi .. ee ++ QI ‘i bavarica ere ++ 219

x» romanum .. +. QUE #5 a5 a i +. TIQ
trichomanefolium +. QIT er caucasica .. aie as 22n

Erpetion reniforme .. . a+ 242 + cructata .. i os 225
Erysimum ochroleucum.. +. 213 re Fortunet .. we e+ 227
an pumilum .. " +. 213 Sa lutea a er ++ 22
Erythronium Dens-canis_ .. +. 2T4 ve Pneumonanthe .. +. 219
Euonymus japonicus ate ++ 366 1, punctata .. ie ++ 222
i radicans .. a +» 366 >» purpurea .. vie +. 221
Euphorbia Myrsinites a +. 368 ” pyrenaica .. ‘a ++ °220
European Cyclamen 3 +» 183 Ae Saponaria .. ‘esa .. 218
Evergreen Ce andytuft . +e 232 ” septemfida .. oe «+ 220
Evergreen Flax ite Biss se 242 ” verna oe uy «. 220
Evergreen Orpine .. 2 ++ 329 ” ss fe 83, 119

»
Evergreen Whitlow-Grass +» 202 | Gentzan-blue Gromwmell .. a. 244

GENTIANELLA, INDEX. ISOPYRUM. 381
Page Page
Gentianella .. a ay +» 217 | Helianthemum vulgare +. 226
Gentians, culture of tis «58 + venusium .. +. 368
Geranium argenteum aa +. 22 | Helichrysum arenarium .. 1. 227
ne cinereum .. 222 | Helleborus adchasicus +. 228
on lancastriense .. os 223 +5 argutifolius 228
<i macrorhizum .. we 222 i atrorubens 228
ne sanguineum te = 222 i niger a «227
striatum .. os 223 ” 1» MAXIMUS... + 227
Givmait Catchfly .. aie 247 . 2» minor .. 227
Germander Speedwell “6 353 Pe olympicus 5 .. 228
Geum coccineum a oe + 369 ” trifolius ,. is 228
+, .montanum .. Ss 369 | Hen-and-Chicken Houseleek + 335
Gibraltar Candytuft .. 232 | Herbaceous Periwinkle 355
Glacier Buttercup .. a 305 | Hieractum aurantiacum ++ 370
Glacier Pink .. . re 195 . Camerarii 365
Glandular Columbine .. 147 | Himalayan Andromeda 127
Glaucous Houseleek .. os .. 335 | enalayan Androsace + 132
Glaucous Stonecrop .. os 330 | Himalayan Primrose a ++ 285
Glechoma hederacea variegata .. 371 | Hippocrepis comosa .. ai 228
Globularia cordifolia xy 224 | Hoary Santolina .. Ke » are
vy Mana... «6. e224 | Hoop-petticoat Daffodil 257
a nudicaulis «. 224 | Horned Pansy or a + 357
»» trichosantha .. .. 224 | Horn-leaved Saxifrage .. 313
Glutinous Primrose .. 287 | Horseshoe Vetch .. we + 228
Golden Saxifrage .. 316 | Hoteia japonica re 228
Goodyera pubescens .. es .» 369 | Hottonia palustris .., .. ++ 229
Grande Saléve, ascent of «» 78 | Houseleeks .. " on . 87
Grape Hyacinth .. ae .. 252 | Houstonia cerulea .. yi +e 229
Grass of Parnassus . 270 | Hutchinsia alpina 230
Great American Ci owslip « 201 a petraa 366
Great Hepatica 135 | Hyacinthus amethystinus « 230
Great Thrift .. 152 | Hybrid Bryanthus .. fe 160
Gregoria Vitaliana .. 134 | Yypericum calycinum 366
Grey Cranesbill ea : +. 222 ” humifusum .. ++ 368
Grey Whitlow-Grass 4s 203
Ground Laurel +. 207 I
Ground Pine .. s 247 ‘ 5
Gypsophila elegans .. 224 Iberian C. ‘yelamen a » 82
= ae ae 224 Iberidella rotundifolia + 23
- paniculata 225 Iberis corifolia.. 231
7 prostrata 224 6 correzefolia ite aia" 231
ie repens .. 224 i Garrexiana 233
>,» gibraltarica .. on +e 232
ie) PHBLED. oa ce sess Pr + 232
i >» sempervirens .. ee 233
Tenureana se. os oe 232
Hablitzia tamnoides 373 | 7 celand P OP~Y-+ ve ie 269
Hardy Plumbago 1. + 275 | Indigofera Dosua oo + 366
Heart-leaved Saxifrage -. . 315 | Ionopsidion acaule .. 234
Heartsease + a 361 | Iridescent Moss oy c 323
Heaths, hardy 109 | Tris cristata co a ey, 234
Hedysarum obscurum 225 | 55 kermanica + 367
Helianthemum canum +. 227 | ,, nudicaulis .. +s 235
35 formosum 2251 55 pumila . + 235
Hi guttatum « 226 »» reticulata .. » 236
fs ocymoides .. +. 225 | Irish Butterwort — o. 274
Tuberaria .- .. 226 | Isopyrum thalictroides a. 236

382 ITALIAN. INDEX. LYSIMACHIA,

Page
Italian Cuckoo Pint.. ee se 153
Italian Squill is ie ae 325
Loy Campanula o es «. 165
Lvy-leaved Cyclamen es oe 184
I
¥acob’s-ladder ia on ++ 275
Yapanese Hoteia .. ea ae 228
Jasione humilis . “a «. 237
>, perennis i a a 237
Sasminum nudifiorum .. +. 373
” officinale sie «373
ay revolutum os +. 373
Jeffersonia diphylla .. es es 237
Funiper Saxifrage .. ais ne, BED)
Funiperus squamata oe ++ 370
K
Kalmia latifolia .. ae +. 366
NANA oe +. 366

Ki idney-leaved London Pride... 317
Killarney Fern, in roch-garden .. 24
Koniga maritima .. = +» 366

L

Lake Maggiore a a6 +» 107
Lapland Diapensia .. oy +. 198

Large Evening Primrose .. +. 260
Large Pilewort ae a os 214
Large Self-heal r te ++ 301
Large-flowered Cerastium ++ 169
Large-leaved Primrose .. «294
Larger Wintergreen or +s 302

Late Catchfty.. sa ar +. 345
Lathyrus grandifiorus + .. 368

56 latifolius .. i +. 368

say tuberosus .. ae + 368
Lawn Pearlwort .. oe +. 309
Least Daffodil ea en +. 257
Lebanon AE thionema oe +. 124
Ledum thymifolium.. oe «+ 238
Leiophyllum buxifolium .. +. 237
Leontopodium alpinum sy. ++ 238
Leucanthemumi alpinum... +. 238
Leucocoryne alliacea ian ++ 350
Leucojum zstivum .. 3s ++ 238
re Hernandezit .. +e 239

>» pulchellum. on +. 239

nD vernum .. on ++ 239
Ligurian Harebell .. Be +. 165
Lilium longiflorum .. om +. 369
»» tenuifolium .. a ++ 240

Lilliputian Wallflower ., +e 213
Lily, Wild Orange .. $95 +. TO4

‘Lily, St. Bruno's ee Ory
Lily-of-the-valley .. on a
Linaria alpina.. : il ie

», Cymbalaria.. a
>, origanifolia.. sie
s, wulgaris Peloria
Linnea borealis
Linum alficola
»» alpinum
. ” aie es ae
>, -arboreum
>» @ustriacum .. oe
»» campanulatum as,
1» collinum
1» crystallinum..
>» flavum

>» Leonii.. " ac
», Lewitsit variegatim a
ss» marbonnense .

»» perenne sie ae *
»1 provinciale .. ob

sibiricum

Lionsfoot

Lithospermum canescens
oy Sruticosum .. ‘iva
cs Gastoni oe ie
a” petreum
ae prostratum .

AG purpureo-covileinn

Loiseleuria procumbens... até

London Pride.. ve
Long-flowered Primrose
Long-leaved Saxifrage ..
Long-rooted Geranium :
Lonicera Caprifolium ie is

On confusa ., aie a

>» flava oD af

5 Japonica

or Periclymenum
Lotus corniculatus .. oe
Lucilia’s ‘ gaaeaai’ or is
Lungwort om aia ays
Lychnis alpina ae sie a

‘ts Coronaria ..

>» @turna

>» ftos-Fovis ..

a» fulgens

», Haageana ..

», Lagasce ae “

», lapponica ., Cy Or

a+ pyrenaica .. sbi

a+ wespertina .. te

Viscaria ..
Lyctvm euvopeum oe
Lycopodium dendroideum ey rie
Lysimachia xemorum
»». nummularia

245
244
245

245
245
322
288
319
222
373
373
373
373
373
245
262
gor
245
247
247
247
247
247
246
366
246
247
247
373

_ 247

368
248

MACUGNAGA, INDEX. ORANGE, 383

' Page ; Page
Muscari neglectum .. ye +. 253
M », pallens +a ts oe 253
»» Yacemosum .. as os 253
Macugnaga .. ++ tor | Musk Hyacinth a as +e 253
Macugnaga, larchwoods near... 103] Myosotis alpestris .. a wa 1264
Maiden Pink . on iste +s 194 ys arvensis .. . «+ 256
Maidenhair Fern beg i +. 108 ys azorica oie 46 aa 254:
Matdenhair Meadow-. Rue. a +e 346 >> dissitifora .. ae a 255
Malva campanulata . ++ 368 »» montana .. oe +. 255
Many-flowered Wood Sorrel «+ 267 >» palustris .. oe +. 256
Margined Primrose .. fs +. 288 1, vupicola .. - 1. 254
Marsh Gentian ta . +. 219 +, sylvatica .. ee 1 256
Matthiola tristis .. ie ++ 367
Mazus Pumilio an ay «248 N
Meadow Beauty Ae Be +. 307
Meadow Saxtfrage .. “i «. 317 | Naked-stemmed Iris oe se 238
Meadow-rue Isopyrun we «+ 236 | Narcissus dcolor .. we ++ 258
Mealy Stonecrop «. ais ++ 329 »» Bulbocodium.. +. 257
Meconopsis aculeata .. ae + 249 $6 Fonguilla.. wa +. 258
vs cambrica axe ++ 249 ina juncifolius as oe 257
Medicago falcata .. tie «+ 368 si major oa is «. 258
Megasea ciliata Oe An ate: “926 7 minor a ays ae 257
Melittis grandifiora ce +. 250 33 odorus .. Be os 258
x» Melissophyllum.. +. 249 », poeticus .. si +. 258
Menispermum canadense .. o» 373 », pulchellus.. ae .. 258
55 wirginicum .. ws 3973 a Tazetta .. ee +. 364
Menziesia cerulea .. a ++ 250 triandrus . as ++ 258
ais empetriformis .. ++ 250 Nierembergia rivularis ae +. 259
ae globosa.. és +. 251 | Nertera depressa ne ‘ait +s 259
a polifolia led ae +. 251 | New Holland Daisy a +. 362
Mertensia virginica .. “ . 251 | New Holland Violet ate +s 212
Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme 252 | Noble Cypripedium .. aie +» 189
Meum adonidifolium 3 «+ 373 | Noble Fumitory o6 vita +. 176
»» Athamanticum wie +» 373 | Noble Heronsbill .. ia +. 210
Mimulus repens + +. 369 | Mothochlena Marante .. ee}
Missouri Evening Primrose +. 260
Mont Cenis Harebell oe +s 164 re)
Montpellier Milk Vetch .. +. 156
Moss Pink .. . de .. 274 | Cénothera acaulis .. oe +» 26%
Mossy Andromeda .. ais se 328 aT macrocarpa ue 1. 260
Mossy Saxifrage .. Ae +. 317 a5 marginata a +. 260
Mountain Alyssum .. a +. 126 ” missouriensis .. ++ 260
ve Avens .. vs +. 206 on speciosa .. ss +. 261
Mountain Buttercup a ++ 306 taraxacifolia an +. 262
Mountain Catsfoot .. oH +. 144 Omphalodes Luciliz ze +. 262
Mountain Dielytra .. - +. 199 ” verna .. on ++ 262
Mountain Houseleek oe «+ 335 | One-flowered Groundsel .. +. 337
Mountain Kidney Vetch .. «» 145 | One-flowered Ki acini as +. 168
Mountain Violet .. or +. 358 | Ononis alba .. ia «+ 366
Munro’s Primrose .. ws ++ 290 >» arvensis . oe ++ 262
Muscari botryoides .. oy a. 252 a1 campestris .. ee +. 263
+ «commutatum ‘ +. 253 1» JSruticosa ae oe +. 366
as comosunt .. = ++ 253 >» rotundifolia .. ks ox 263
», Heldreichid.. . .. 253 | Onosma taurica ee in +. 372
>, luteunt 4% ie .. 253 | Ophrys apifera tn oe +. 263
>) monstrosum . +. 253 2) a@rachnites .. . ++ 369
>, Moschatum .. aa -. 253 | Orange Stonecrop .. th ae 32

384 ORCHIS. INDEX. PRIMULA.
Page Page
Orchis foliosa .. ae are -. 264 | Periploca greca .- ais *. 373
»» latifolia oo .- 264 | Pernettya mucronata o + 370
>, laxiflora te im 264 | Petrocallis pyrenaica os ++ 272
»» maculata ve He 264 | Petrocoptis pyrenaica oy +» 246
+9 «MITA «+ 369 | Peuceds Z GLUME 373
Origanum vulgare variegatum 371 i longifolium .» +. 373
Orobus canescens .. ve 266 si Petteri.. a +. 373
+» cyaneus oe ne 264 | Phlox divaricata at ne 273
>, Hischert ati a 266 x» Nelsoni.. ais is o. 274
os fiaccidus a ans + 265 >» Yeptans .. ie wi 273
>, pubescens 266 », Stolonifera «. . se 274
3» voseus ae ae 368 >, subulata ie a 274
a» vuscifolius .. .- +. 265 Verna +. oo 274
>» Variegatus .. ois 265 Phyllodoce empetriformis sis 251
os varius .- 266 | Pigmy Catchfly ae an +» 340
vernus er ae + 265 | Pinguicula grandiflora ee oe 274
Orphanides Crocus +. on +. 197 ” vulgaris «. oe - 274
Osmundas, culture of on «+ 24 | Pink «s o. +» 196
Othonna cheirifolia .. ca + 266 | Platyloma atropurpurea + 373
Oxalis Bowiei .. aia o. «+ 266 | Platystylis cyanea .. ie 264
>» floribunda .. a. +. 267 | Plumbago Larpente .. 275
»s lobata .- . oe «. 267 | Plumy Dielytra sa 199
99 YOSER ws .. .. +» 267 | Pointed Whitlow-Grass ++ 203
+, Speciosa o oe ++ 267 | Polemonium ceruleum e+ 275
Oxytropis pyrenaica .. ae ve 267 3 variegatum 275
Polygala calearea .. ters! 276
Pp ats Chamzbuxus sie .. 276
Polygonum complexum 368
Pachyphytum bracteosum ... +. 267 ay vaccinifolium 277
Pale Purple Autumn Crocus +. 197 | Polypodium vulgare .. a ++ 367
Papaver alpinum. «+ 269 | Poppy Anemone ee ye 138
” albifiorum ++ 269 | Potentillaalba.,. .. . 277
oe >» ftavifiorum +» 269. $55 alpestris .. wh eo. 297
>», nudicaule .. os +s 269 . calabra.. 278
a> pyrenaicum “ «+ 269 >. floribunda «+ 366
Paradisia Liliastrum .. . +. 269 >» Sruticosa .. +» 366
sts Br o oe ss TOT ay Hopwoodiana - 368
Parnassia asarifolia ne 270 58 M'‘Nabiana os 368
>, caroliniana +s 270 ve nitida ae ne 278
>» palustris .. oe + 270 . pyrenaica .. i 278
Parnassia-like Ranunculus «+ 306 A Tongueit .. 8 - 368
Pasqueflower .. - os os I4E verna ais 278
Passifiora cerulea .. an 373 Pots, best mode of, Gianeine: 60
Peacock Windflower oe ++ 140 | Pots, growing alpine plants in 55) 59
Pearlwort, Lawn .. +» 309 | Prickly Poppy.. oo st 249
Pelargonium Endlicherianum e+ 29% | Prickly Thrift he % 121
Pendulous Symphyandra .. +» 344 | Primula Alliond eat got
Pentstemon cyananthus .. os 27 i amoena 278
re diffusus .. - «+ 272 >» Auricula 279
ai gentianoides 272 +, Q@uriculata .. 30%
a glaber .. o 271 »» Candolleana 287
63 Hartwegi o- +. 272 »» carniolica jor
ae Seffreyanus .. ++ 272 1» ¢iltata sy i 298
a DROREIUS xe on oe 270 a +s purpurata .. 298
” Scouleri .. : ++ 272 »» Clustana .... 30r
speciosus o +. 29 »» cortusoides .. oe 284
Perennial Flax ae oo os 243 9 93 AMANa a. 284

PRIMULA..

INDEX.

Primula denticulata ..
>, Dinyana
>» elatior
»> erosa..
>» farinosa
on oy
1, Flerkiana ..
>, ortunet
wm glaucescens ..
ne glutinosa
>» integrifolia ..
” >» . es
ies intermedia ..
o> tntricata
>» tnvolucrata..
>» latifolia
>» longiflora
or macrocalyx..
s» Marginata
>, Minima

+, wmitstassinica
ie Munroi tas
a> ~+=«*Nivea..

‘,, officinalis
>» Palinuri

+» pedemontana
+, purpurea
x» scotica

+» sebirica
», sikkimensis ..
>, Spectabilis ..
>, stricta

58: Stuarti

>, suaveolens ..
' Thomasini ..

>> weris.

re verticillata .

re willosa 448
>» Viscosa

+>
>, Vitaliana

vulgaris
Prostrate Speedwell ..
Prunella grandiflora .. ae
Pulmonaria angustifolia or
” officinalis aie

Purple American Stonecrop
Purple Aubrietia .. es
Purple Crocus... 2 a
Purple Milk Vetch .

Purple Primrose .. we
Purple Saxifrage’ -.
Purple Stonecrop
Puschkinia scilloides ..
Pyramidal Saxifrage
Pyramidal Squill

Pyrenean Adonis

Page

acaulis ..

++ 290

+. 296

285
3or
294
285
285
286
289
285
287
287
287
110
301
jon

288
288
gor
288
289
301
290
290
291
294
30
295
295
301

gor
301
297
294
_ 301
291
gor
297

297 ©

“95, 98
134
298
353
301
3Oz
301
33
187
180
155
295
320
333
302
315
326
124

ROCK. 385

Page

Pyrenean Androsace 133

Pyrenean Cinguefoil 278

Pyrenean Gentian .. 220

Pyrenean Oxytrope .. + 267

Pyrenean Ramondia 303

Pyrethrum achilleafolinm .. 373

vs alpinum... +. 235

tanacetoides ++ 373

Pyrola elliptica og 302

” media. as «+ 302

a» minor... s is +. 302

>» rotundifolia .. be «+ 302

9 ” arenaria + 302

» © Secunda aia ae « 302

o> uniflora ae 302

Pyxidanthera barbulata 303
BR

Rainer’s Harebell .. -. 166

Ramondia pyrenaica 303

Ranunculus aconitifolius + 303

or acris ss 307

ses alpestris js 304

An amplexicaulis .. 304

fy bulbosus 307

an bullatus 307

” glacialis .. 305,

on roe 97

a Gouani .. 307

as gramineus 307

is Lyallii .. is «© 305

” montanus «+ 306

oy parnassifolius .. 306

’ pyrenaus on ++ 307

a rutzefolius siege B07’

sth spicatus ae 307

55 Thora «. Sia +s 307

5x Traunfelinert .. = 304

uniflorus «. 307

Red Whortleberry nC <s -383

Reichard’s Heronsbill . 2Ir

Reseda odorata oie ++ 366

Retuse-leaved Saxifrage os 32r

Rhexia virginica. ie +. 307

Rhododendron amanune .. +. 308

ns Chamzcistus «+ 308

iia dauricum atrovirens 308

é Jerrugineum ++ 308

ee Gowentanum «308

ty hirsutum a+ +s 308

th hybridum «. ~ 308

” myrtifolium + 308

an odoratum .. as 308

Torlonianum- ++ 308

Rochel’s Saxifrage »- a es 32

Rock Alyssunt . . a. 126

386 ROCK. INDEX. SAXIFRAGA,
Sue Page
Rock Gromwell ws 244
Rock Heronsbill ot ++ 210 s
Rock Fasmine at wa ++ 130
Rock Knotweed . «+» 277 | Saas, hotel at.. sie ee
Rock Pink na oa on +» 196] Saas, road from Visp to z: 87
Rock Saponaria ge ‘a «+ 310 | Saffron Crocus a 2 178
Rock Stonecrop . 332 | Sagina glabra .. a aie 309
Rock Tulip .. He 352 +» procumbens plena .. + 366
Rock Veronica 354 | Sadztfoin-like Milk Vetch .. - 156
Rock-garden, plants ‘suited Jor id na- Salix lanata .. er ae 368
tural w. . on os oe 52 >, veticulata eit) 2 ay) a+ 368
Rockwood Lily oo we 305 3, serpyllifolia .. o. 369
Rockwork, arrangement of, ‘fissures 12 | Salvia argentea aa oe . 37r
Rockwork, aspect not of so much Sand Myrtle .. ae es ++ 237
moment as soil and moisture .. 15 | Sanguinaria canadensis a ++ 309
Rockwork, best and worst general Santolina alpina on 310
Pe hisised of steep os os ee AI #6 Chamacyparissus 310
‘kh, general a: ition Of... 12 an + SQUAYTOSA .310
oe defects in R oinctin ii incana as 30
Of a or os, Ss es 5 >, pectinata .. «+ 310
Rockwork, horizontal fissures to be »» wtridis «+ 366
avoided o. on ++ 9] Saponaria cespitosa .. sa. RTE
Rockwork in woods .. oe o. 53 sf lutea + 3Ez
Rockwork of bricks and cement .. 27 53 ocymoides ++ 31
Rockwork, oblique and vertical fis- Saxifraga adscendens - 3ge2
sures preferable .. “ «10 ov afinis .. ae +. 318
Rockwork on a small scale .. ees:) 5%: aizoides ... re ++ 3IZ
Rockwork on oe of shrub- ” Aizoon .. - +. 31
bevies «an +s 30 »» «= @jugafolia te 322
Rockwork, kinds of stone jor oe 32 5 ambigua .. ae a. 322
Rockwork, right and One ar- a Andrewsii .. a «s 312
vangement .. + 8 +a androsacea as +» 322
Rockwork, straight-sided, wall: like ” aquatica .. . +. 322
structures to be avoided . 5 os aretioides .. a os 312
Rockwork, what to avoid in design: a aspera... a + 313
tie ax +“. 72 » atropurpurea +s os 322
Rocky Mountain Columbine os 147 2 autumnalis a 3Ir
Roman Heronsbill .. os +e QIr »» biflora.. - 313
Rose-coloured Androsace .. +e 129 sia we - e+ 128
Rosy Coronilla ois ‘sis oe 174 o Buchlandit ay «+ 322
Rosy Lady's Slipper .. ot ++ 188 sh bulbifera .. a as 322
Rosy Lychnis .. dis te ae 246 oa Burseriana ne os 922
Rosy Rock Cress as oe as 148 +3 bryoides .. te +. 313
Rosy-spined Acena .. ae 12 rn ceesia aa Be oe 314
Rough Saxifrage .. te +. 313 ” caspitosa .. « 318
Round-leaved Cyclamen .. +. 182 ‘sa ceratophylla + 314
Round-leaved Iberidella .. 231 ay cernua « 317
Round-leaved Rest-harrow ++ 263 AG calcarata .. aa 322
Royle’s Erigeron .. es ++ 209 . capillarés .. os 322
Rue Anemone .. . es +. 345 ai cochleata .. a +s 322
Rue-leaved Crowfoot - si +s 307 8 condensata a os 922
Ruscus Hypoglossum Aa «366 >>, contraversa ae as 322
os vYacemosus .. a +» 366 oe cordifolia .. se «+ 315
Rush-leaved Daffodil ae 257 oA Cotyledon.. ee a. 315
Ruysch’s Dracocephalum 205 ais a3 6 os ++ II4
8 crassifolia ai «4, 955
. crusiata .. ++ 320

SAXIFRAGA, INDEX. SCILLA. 387
. Rees) Page
Saxifraga cunetfolia a 322 | Saxifraga pentadactylis .. oe 323
9 cuscuteformis .. 325 », pelr@a .. . +. 323
a Cymbalaria as 312 a planifolia.. a as 323
+9 daurica .. ae 322 6 pulchella .. é ++ 323
s» decipiens .. ++ 318 +s punctata .. os 323
ty diapensioides .. 316 >» purpurascens .. 323
. elatior x. of 322 as PYLMAA oe +s 323
si elongella .. on 322 1, pyramidalis . +. 316
” evosa os 322 ” recta o os 323
a Cxarata os o 322 ” TECHTUR a oe 323
+» Slavescens.. 322 ” veniformis +s 323
+.» gerantoides 322 ” retusa . . 32r
+. germanica . 322 1, Rhet an 323
” Geum ae 317 at Rocheliana a +e 322
1 gtbraltarica 322 >» vosularis .. = ek RY
» glacialis .. zc 322 », votundifolia 323
> globifera .. a 322 ” vupestris .. i +e 323
” Gmelint .. we 322 +» Sarmentosa * 321
>» granulata oi 322 », Schraderi.. . +e 323
” Guthrieana sie 322 »» Sserratifolia ia 322
+» hteracifolia 322 ys sibirica + 323
xe «= ria ue an 318 1, Spathulata . 323
” hirsuta .. . 317 ns sponhemica 323
ws Hostii «. te 322 ” Stansfieldit 323
” hypnoides .. re 318 », Stellaris .. 323
a icelandica .. 322 ” stenophylla ++ 323
>» incurvifolia 318 s5 Sternbergit . 323
a infundibulum .. 322 ” Tazetta .. + 323
1, intacta .. 322 >» tenella .. . 323
. intermedia 322 a1 thysanodes 323
>> japonica .. 322 ” tricolor .. 322
+» juniperina .. 319 », tricuspidata 323
A letevirens.. 322 ” trifida .. is + 323
its laevigata .. as 322 a) trifurcata 323
1» davis xs a 322 »» trilobata .. an 383
64 leptophylla oe 323 ” umbrosa .. ++ 322
a. ligulata .. ae 315 »» willosa .. se 323
‘S lingulata .. a 320 os virginiensis 323
3) longifolia .. a 319 Webbiana.. + 323
a ate . 106 Saxifrages a aie a, . IIx
7 lutea utridis + 323 | Saxifrages, silvery .. 113
ie marginata OC 323 | Saxifrages, silvery, for “hedding
1 media a 323 purposes te + 40
5 Mollyt «. 323 | Scabiosa erisninifolea . 368
si multicaulis 323 >, Webbiana .. 367
a muscoides «+ a 323 | Scarlet Windflower.. ae 138
afi NETUOSE ae “a 323 | Schistostegia pennata . 323
as nivalis. ae 323 | Schivereckia podolica «. 367
4 ohwensis .. sie 323 | Scilla amcena .. ae a 324
oe oppositifolia are 320 +, amenula ais 327
oe orientalis .. oa 323 >, a@utumnalis .. 328
a palmata .. ale 323 >, bifolia 324
4 parnassica oF 323 >, campanulata . os 325
a pectinata .. 323 »» cernua . ae we 328
5a pedata .- 323 1, Ayacinthoides .. «. 328
.» pedatif~ida 323 x» italica is 325
pennsylvanica -. 323 >» nutans .. 326

388 SCILLA. INDEX. SELECTION,

Page Page
Scilla patula .. - 326 | Sedum sbericum o- + 334
»» peruviana 326 +» tnvolucratum 334
33 Laas ae 325 +, Facquing on ae ++ 334
»» Sibirica . 327 », kamtschaticum i +. 33z
+) Une .. 328 >, Ubanoticum .. 334
Scilla-like Puschkinia 302 o littoreum Pe 334
Scolopendrium vulgare 373 ” Lydium cu 334
Scotch Bird's-eye Primrose 295 > Me aximowiczti se +s 334
Scouler’s Pentstemon 272 +> maximum .. on ++ 334
Scutellaria alpina ae 328 >» wmonregalense ao ++ 334
fa "japonica aA we 328 ” monstrosum oe oe ++ 333
iy lupulina . 328 >», multiceps .. is +. 334
iis minor 328 os wmeglectum .. es +. 334
” orientalis 328 v1 Ochroleucum.. — .. as 334
scordt vie 328 >, ovientale sai rie +. 334
Sea Bindweed.. a we 173 as pallens - . oe 334
Sea Catchfly . we 340 | ++ pallidum .. .. 334
Sea Cottonweed aie ort 200 oo populifolium . . 33
Sea-green Whitlow-Grass .. 202 +» pruinosum .. tee 334
Sedum acre .. a 328 »y pulchellum 331
>, atzoides 334 >» pulchrum .. 334
3, «dtzoon 334 1» veflexum oo 334
», @lbescens 334 oe oe monstrosui .. 333
>, album.. 329 x,» Yupestre ae aie 332
>, @ltaicum 334 », sexangulare .. oe 334
>» Q@ltissimunt .. a 334 a sexfidum as ae +. 334
», Anacampseros hss 329 a Sieboldii oe ate ve 332
+, anglcum . 334 >» Spectosum .. a6 .. 334
+» angulatum 334 a spectabile sa si +» 332
x» arboveum 334 >,» spurium 333
>» a@siaticum 334 >» Sstellatum 455 334
+) Qureunt we aa 334 >, Stephani... 334
», Beyrichianum 334 >, telephioides .. ate o. 334
>, Braunt 334 +, _Telephium .. ae oe 334
>» brevifolium 329 >, teretifolium .. or os 334
1, ceruleum .. 333 >» vernatum .. . ++ 334
+» Carneum variegatum 333 +, triangulare .. 334
+, Corsicum on 334 3» Verloté . sie +e 334
s» cvistatum .. 333 », willosum any +. 334
a. eruentune .- 334 as VtVERS «. . on . 994
o> Cruciatum .. .. 334 Wallichianum 334
>» cyaneum aie 334 Sedums, list of best, for bedding .. +. 40
», dasyphyllum .. ee 330 | Seed, raising alpine plants from.. 71
>, dentatum 334 | Seedlings, treatment of alpine-plant 65
3, @enticulatunm 334 | Selaginella, Helvetian .. 89

1» elegans ne 334 | Selection of alpine and rock plants

», @longatum .. . 334,| Sor growing on old walls, ruins,
>» Ewersii se ae 330 stony banks, &¢. «. od o. 366

», Habaria ss 333 | Selection of alpine and rock plants

», Fabarinum .. .. 333 | 2 prostrate or drooping hatit,

>> Fabarium 333 suited for placing so that they

1, jfarinosum .. sto 333 may droop over the brows of
+, Forsterianum 332 rocks, and like positions .. «» 368

s» glaucum 330 | Selection of alpine plants green in
», grandifolium 334 winter oe 370

1, Atspanicum .. 334 | Selection of alpine. plants suitable as as
»» hispidum .. 334 | flowering edgingsforbeds or borders 3471

SELECTION. INDEX. SILENE, 389

P . Page Page

Selection of alpine plants suited for Sempervivum Metzentanum «+ 336

culture in pols for exhibition .. 368 a molle on +. 336

Selection of alpine plants to be aie montanum -» 335

raised from seed .. ae 367 fs Neilreichii *.. ++ 336

Selection of alpine plants that will a piiferum .. -. 336

grow well in cities oe 372 a Pomelli ie 336

Selection of alpine plants which si Peeiuds-avabhnoideum 337

ought to be grown in every nur- on Requieni«. as 336

SEVYY os 364 an vusticum «+ 336

Selection of alpine vook-plants, oc, on ruthenium .. ws 336

chiefly of botanical interest ». 372 23 Schleant - 337

Selection of dwarf alpine and rock ” sediforme .. +. 336

plants suited for the margins of e stenopetalum 336

mixed borders .0 . «se 365 a tectorum ais . 335

Selection of dwarf alpine shrubs, a urbicum as ++ 336

&e. for the rock-garden .. ss 370 a velutinum .«. +. 336

Selection of dwarf hardy plants of ” Verlott ua 337

a silvery or variegated tone, and os villosum 336

mostly suitable for edgings 371 violacenm «+ 337

Selection of dwarf shrubs suited Sempervioums «= 87
Jor occasionally intermingling Sempervivums, list of best, pe bed-

with the larger alpine plants, ding «. ee Si Ss «40

when planted on the margins A Senecio argenteus .- $i +. 337

shrubberies, &C. «+ 366 o> tmcanus er oy 337

Selection of Jerns most likely to »» uniflorus .. se am -337.

succeed in sunny and exposed Seseli elatum .. age a ae 973

positions as «+ 373 1, globiferum .. aie os 373

Selection of hardy "plants with 1» gracile .. si "8 «i 373

Sern-like or graceful leaves, suit- Shaggy Androsace .. si +. 133

able for the rock-garden .. as 373 | Shaggy Cerastium .. ae ws 168

Selection of trailers, climbers, &¢. 373 Shaggy Milk Vetch .. 2a as 157

Sempervivum acuminatum «+ 336 | Shaggy Pasqueflower ib oe 143

A affine »- ae «. 337 | Shining Cinquefoil .. Be + 278

oe albidum on «- 337 | Showy Autumn Crocus + +. 199

53 anomalum .. +. 336 | Showy Bastard Cress i «- 346

us arachnoideum -. 334 | Showy Evening Primrose .- «. 265

ie arenarium «- «- 336 | Showy Stonecrop + we s+ 932

6 assimile . «. 336 | Shrubby Stonecrop «- er ae 33

a barbatulum .. +. 337 | Siberian Squill aa . - 327

a Boutignianum .. 337 | Sideritis Syviaca +s sa +. 372

#8 Brauni aia +. 336 | Steber’s Crocus <s 179

+8 calcareum .«. +. 336| Stebold’s Stonecrop «+ 38 os 3392

a8 californicunt a 336 | Sekine Cowslip or ate +» 296

ois CANESCENS we «. 336 | S2lver Moss .- Se ‘6 a. 34

A ciliatum os +s 336.| Szlverbracts .. ie re +. 267

a Comollit «. «. 337 | Sdvery Androsace. .. aa ea 23E

53 Cotyledon .«- .» 336 | Silvery Catsfoot oe og a. 144

ie dioicume . «336 | Silvery Cranesbill .. or +e 220

ie Dellianum .. «337 | Silvery Echeveria .. os ++ 206

+9 Fauconetti .. «. 337 | Silvery Groundsel .. ae 337

aa Jjimbriatum .. «+ 337 | Silvery Vetch .. ea 355

3 Funckit .- «+ 336 | Silene acaulis .. 338

ee glaucum ws. 936 >» alpestris on ae ++ 338

its globiferum 336 >, a@rborescenS -- a ae 342

sy grandifiorum 336 ;, Elisabethe - . ++ 339

ay Heuffellé 336 ” ” v nce

3 juratum ~ +. ++ 336 +, exscapa . +s 338

390 SILENE, INDEX. TRITELEIA,
Page Page
Silene znflata.. ais +. 340 | Statice oleefolia ao no » 344
+» maritima A +. 340 », tatarica ; an oe 344
+» wmeuscoides OP «+ 338 angustifolia oe 344
+, pendula ae o. 342 | Si tem-clasping Crowfoot .. ++ 304
>» pennsylvanica .. +. 340 | Stenactis speciosa .. om +» 209
»» Pumilio.. ei +. 340 | Sternbergia lutea .. ae ++ 365
+, guadridentata és +. 342 | Stonecrop nf a oa «+ 328
+, vrupestris ie - 342 | Striped Cranesbill .. aie +e 293
»» Saxtfraga .. 5 342 | Striped Crocus - ay se 180
», Schafta.. wa a +. 341 | Stuart's Primrose .. aie ++ 297
+, virginica or +. 341 | Succulent plants in pans .. ee 57
Zawadskiti .. as «. 342 | Succulent plants in raised beds .. 38
Steyrinchénn grandifiorum - 365 | Summer Snowflake .. “. oe 238
Skimmia japonica .«. a «+ 366 | Sweet Violet .. . . +» 358
», Laureola .. +. 366 | Sweet William ‘is 8 +e QE
>, oblata an i «. 366 | Sweet Woodruff .. oo ae 154
Small American Cowslip . «. 201 | Swiss Androsace " 130
Small Scarlet Lily... 240 | Symphyandra pendula «. +. 344
Smilacina bifolia o. oe 342
Smooth Pentstemon .. ve -. 2972 T ”
Snapdragon .. on . - 146
Snowdrop 8 . «. 215 | Tamus communis .. i ee 373
Snowdrop W; ind flower s% .. 142 | Taurian Speedwell .. ae o. 354
Snowy Primrose ae e +s 290 Tartarian Sea Lavender .. 344
Soil for alpine plants i 4 | Tenore’s Candytuft .. 232
Soldanellaalpina .. .. «. 343 | Teucrium Marum .... 345
. minima .. ws + 343 | Zeucrium Speedwell . 354
a montana .. we «+ 343 | Thalictrum anemonoides .. + 345
pusilla 1. 66 we 343 ry fetidum.. + 6 373
Spereula pilifera .. . ++ 309 minus .. an =. 346
or) Saginoides 4 +6 309 Thich-leaved Stonecrop + 330
ais subulata .. ea + 309 | Thlaspi alpestre aie fs «+ 366
Spigelia marilandica .. y + 344 >, latifolium. .. ie oe 346
Spiny Alyssum ‘ie sii 127 >, votundifolium ae os 233
Spirea filipendula .. ++ 373 | Three-toothed Whitlow-Grass .. 204
Spotted Heronsbill .. 5 «. 210 | Three-leaved Waldsteinia.. +. 362
Spotted Orchis ra 5 «. 264 | Three-leaved Wood Anemone .. 143
Spotted Wintergreen Si, - xr | Thy Le d Rhododendron a. 308
Spreading Gypsophila a -» 244 | Thymus azoricus «+ ws + 347
Spreading Phlox .. +. 273 a> @ZUveus +e ov «+ 347
Spreading Squill .. ie +. 326 »+ Sracteosus .. . ++ 347
Spring Bitter Vetch .. ae 265 »» corsicus . ++ 347
Spring Cyclamen... oe oe 184 +, lanuginosus an o. 347
Spring Heath .. se ea +s 208 », Mastichina .. . + 370
Spring Meadow Saffron .. +. 160 1, micans . s+ ee 370
Spring Snowflake .. ne oe 239 +» Serpyllum .. a +. 347
Spring Starflower .. os «= 349 5 thuriferus ia He +. 347
Spurred Violet ae + 357 Zygis On ie os 347
Sguare-st d Andromed +. 128 Trefoil Ladies Smock we oe 167
St. Bruno's Lily .. ae +» 269 | Trientalis europzus .. a. 347
St, Dabeoc’s Heath .. Dn +» 25x | Trifolium repens pentaphyllum oe 368
Stachys lanata me ate +» 371 | Trillium etvopurpureum .. os 349
Starflower .. ry +. 347 y> grandiflorum os a. 348
Starry Windflower .. ea r os 142 +» COYNUUTIE vs ea +. 369
Statice Avarati o- . <« 121 >, pendulum ..« os 349
+» eximia i oe 344 », sessile o 349
” globulariafolia +» 344 Triteleia alliacea 350

TRITELEIA. INDEX, WINDOW-SILLS. 391
Page
Triteleia uniflora... gs +. 349 | Viola calcarata P ‘ i eee
Tropzolum polyphyllum +s 350 +» canadensis on +. 362
is speciosum ae +. 350 sy cornuta .. ie wn 987
Truffie Sunrose oe a 226 >» cucullata +. 362
Tufted Harebell .. aa + 163 »» lutea... ats ne +. 358
Tufted Pentstemon .. on + 271 a» obligua .. or ae +e, 362
Tulipa Celsiana ‘ie a sa (35¥ », Odorata .. os oe a 358
a Clusiana i ae 352 1, palmaensis .. a +. 362
pa Saxifraga .. on +e 352 », palmata wis +. 362
winflower .. on oe 241 >» pedata .. Mi ae +. 360
Twinleaf ve ae oe 237 >, pinnata .. ia a as =e
Two-flowered Saxifrage .. +. 313 »» Striata .. oo ais +. 362
Twoflowered Yellow Violet 356 »» tricolor .. es aia +. 362
Two-leaved Smilacina oe 342 s» ZOYStt «6 ie 8 +s 357
Violet Cress .. ar ata 234
U Vi tolet Harebell. .. ae ~. 166
Virginian Cowslip .. an s+ 252
Umbilicus chrysanthus 337 | Visctd Primrose aa Pe ++ 297
6 sedoides .. 337 | Vitis estivalis me his +. 373
ae SPinosUus +s an +s 337 2» @mooriensis .. os +. 373
a rs leg a on o. 373
a8 terophylla
v >, Isabella.. a Bee
Vaccinium macrocarpum . 353 r+ Labrusca ee ae +6 373
ne Myrtillus ++ 370 . laciniosa ot oie +. 373
sp Oxycoccos ee 353 r» 7iparia .. on 373
», tliginosum 370 v1 Steboldit + 373
+, Vitisidea ws 353 | 1 MEET Ee apiifolia 373
Val Anzasca, the .. ++ 104 1 vulpina .. s 8 373
Variegated Bitter Vetch 265 Vit tadenia triloba .. 362
Vase Harebell sie 167
Veitch’s Begonia .. 158 Ww
Vernal Adonis < a. 124
Vernal Gentian... .. 220 | Waldsteinia geoddes .. .. - -. 362
ae td ‘ 83, 119 a4 trifolia .. . ++ 362
Veronica aphylla .. «. 355 | Watl Erinus .. oy : sé 1209
5, Candida .. ee «. 355 | Wald Mesembryanthemum 252
5, Chamzedrys - .. 353 | Vallfower .. o 170
as Sruticulosa.. a «. 355 | Walls for alpine plants 37
1» gentianoides variegata .. 371 | Water, plants for .. .. ax
>, Nummularia .. «. 355 | Vater Forget-me-not se 256
+,» rostrata .. st «. 353 | Vater Nierembergia af) 259
1, satureifolia +. 355 | Water, stepping-stone anes for. aie 325
», Saxatilis .. oe 354 de eon of 66
s taurica os or 54 ater Vio. . oe cs «s 229
i Teucrium .. ee 2 Waterfalls, &c. in eomibintition
Vesicaria utriculata .. + 355 4 eee ase oo Ste) 0
Vicia argentea 55 elsh Poppy os vist 2249)
na Cpatia ais a . 568 White Alpine Vaal as 122
Vinca herbacea 355 se Di . se a
> major .. oe a 6 ite Rock Cress «+ i z4!
: ; pos as os ii . = White Stonecrop «+ a 329
Viola altaica .. is +» 361 | White Windflower .. oe +. 134
»» biflora .. . +. 356 | White Wood-Lily .. we «+ 348
ies si a is ne 95 | Wild Liquorice ba ei +. 262
>, Olanda.. as aa «. 362 | Wild Pink ++ 340
+, calcarata ae . 357 | Window-sills, rocks peedaiis vee ae 8

392 WINGED. INDEX. ZIETENIA,

- Page p Page
Winged Genista .. -. 216 | Pellow Everlasting .. . +e 2297
Winter Aconite +. 207 | Vellow Fumitory «+ ee +. 175
Winter Windflower -. 137 | Vellow Herbaceous Flax .. .. 243
Wistaria sinensis ae +» 373 | Fellow Marsh Saxifrage .. ++ 317
Wood Anemone oe . +. 139 | Vellow Mountain Saxifrage .. 31x
Wood Forget-me-not 2 ++ 256 | Yellow Rock Tropaolum .. ++ 350
Woodsia hyperborea.. a +» 373 | Vellow Wood Anemone .. ++ 4

>» tluensis -- 373 | Vew-leaved Menziesia .. ++ 250

1, polystichoides ‘ «+ 373
Wormgrass «« oe . o. 344
Wulfenia carinthiaca ee «+ 369 VA
Y Zapania nodifiora «. aia +» 368
Zauschneria.californiia .. ++ 368
Yellow Androsace .. via .. 134 | Zephyranthes Atamasco +. 363
Yellow Crocus is . -. 176 | Zietenia lavandulefolia ++ 368

THE END.

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