a os ode pee ae ison ae 4 ane pease: Ree fi ; saad eer fot Stas e ener € eye neee % ea aca i oar ‘ 5 = eet us ict sieorieie ies Sietetot OD te seis aTeseee es. a4 sarees t= my bas Yes Leas ty wleisieietrivigiele? se rett Titi acals tae Perry a ie ene Hore 5555s es ee 4 c Riser, sige e is oe or miele jer a rs is a se sessisbat an peguraeaee een VEO = ie ime be ER ciel ON RH pees Be fas ft: ig és Feed Pas aonits eft LAphaLecs au ane aiNene af ee ace pe eeecue Rese are, Pik le patsis: spbee: pina eieentet ae ate Peal od ed sot eat eal LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, N.Y. This Volume is the Gift of Dr. Charles Lueder suo Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu3 1924056979226 ANIMAL PARASITES AND PARASITIC DISEASES THIRD EDITION, REVISED BY B. F. KAUPP, M.5S., D. V. S. AUTHOR OF "DISEASES OF POULTRY,” FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF PATHOLOGY Al’) PARASI- TOLOGY, DIVISION OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, COLORADO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE FORMERLY PATHOLOGIST RDO EXPERIMENT STATI FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF PARASITOLOGY KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE. FORMERLY VETERINARY INSPECTOR, U. S. BUREAU OF OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AND OF THE ONITED STATES LIVE STOCK SANITARY ASSOCIATION. COMMISSIONER PUBLIC HEALTH, SPARTANBURG, 8S. C. &e., &c., &c. CHICAGO ALEXANDER EGER 1918 NYS bo'Ib Copyrighted at Washington, D. C., bY ALEXANDER EGER 1914 ST Blo As Kel AQIA PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. The second edition of Animal Parasites and Para- sitic Diseases has been exhausted. The demand for this little concise work has far exceeded the expecta- tion of the author and publisher. The illustrations which have been so useful have been increased in number. Four pages of photomicrographs of the Strongylus-Armatus group have been added and the chapter rewritten bringing the work down to date. The work is divided into four chapters, treating on the following subjects, viz.; External Parasites, Internal Parasites, Protozoa, Preparation of Speci- mens. An addenda, on the present status of our knowledge of the chemistry of animal parasites, has been added. The names of the parasites are arranged in tabular form at the beginning of each of the first three chapters. In the first column of the table will be found the Branch; in the second the Class; in the third the Order; in the fourth the Family; and in the last the Genus and Species, names by which we know the parasites. By reference to this table one can trace each species at a glance down through the classification to the starting point,—the Branch. Wm Iv PREFACE. Each parasite is dealt with in the order of the tabulation. The facts about each are noted under the headings: Synonym, Distribution, Life Cycle, Animals In- fested, Parts Infested, Conditions Produced and Treatment. (The latter when treatment is of any avail.) The photomicrographs are made by myself with an ordinary kodak placed over the occular lense of the microscope and given time exposure. By gas- light the exposure was from three to five minutes. As there have been no attempts made to cite any authorities in the text, the writer herewith expresses his obligations to the writings of Professors Law, Neumann, Hutyra and Marek, Friedberger and Froehner, etc., etc., also to the reports from the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Report by Loos on Strongiles, published by the Cairo Medical School, Extracts from the Experiment Station Record,. Amer- ican Veterinary Review, Journal of Comparative Pathology, etc., etc. THE AUTHOR. Spartanburg, S. C., 1914 CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY soda adi Gastien Scena: be aed AHgeavigddcre. 9 CHAPTER I. ECTOZOA (Classification of the Common External Para- sites-Ectozoa) ...................00. 12 Branch Arthropoda .............0..0.00 0.0 cee ee 12 Class Insecta (insect parasites) ................ « AQ Order Diptera. 0. sc ccc eescs tne cevepnkeaa a 12 Order Siphonaptera ..................000000- 31 Order Hemiptera ................0 cece cence 33 Class Avachniday sie cSe adhe dingw a couldaatae vows 45 Order ACaMiNg 2.2000 cmaun ced eee ae edges 45 Order Linguatulidae ................0.00000. 17 POG. eden oes By Eid WE eR ASE Pewee a EEE eee SE 79 CHAPTER II. BNROZOAL & oa e.cus sce ag Sey aaa Pee eMagS Bede 83 Branch. Vetmes: <3 wx +s sacs onges wears cone tan ae aes 84 Class: AMMONIA: » cis dere cia: ack Sea dees Audis oe Bie acer Oa 84 Order DistOphora- castianscrne ctuceseessnanis 84 Class: Memathelmintha: soci ci icin aias ea Sass reds 6 oe 84 Order Nematoda ¢.is dees neds cudere unions’ 84, 89 Bamily Pilaridae: 2... scsed2 we ie ane ares ba ws 90 Family Ascaridae ...........-...0-.0-055 97 Family Oxyuridae .acscs20scencses peane 105 Family Strongylidae ...................0.. 151 Family Trichotrachelidae ................ 151 Order Acanthocephala .................... 84, 157 Class Flathelmintha, s.1 cscs cc wrens ee gee dennes 87, 160 Order Treniatoda@ -sci0 ca ee.se eds ce den cagag say 160 Family Fasciolidae .............--...00.. 161 Family Schistosomidae ..............-... 169 Family Paramphistomidae ......... 84, 87, 168 vi CONTENTS. Order Cestoda ...........00:ee ener eer tetee 170 Family Taenidae .......----.-50e+-ereeee 171 Family Bothriocephalidae ........-..+-+--- 194 CHAPTER III. FROTOZOA (Classification of the More Common Para- sitie Protozoa) ........60. eee eee e eee 196 Branch Protozoa 2: sseoes geusig cena cwed oan se aeae 196 Class Flagellata «ccssoues sie esate rag ansiar et saan ADF Order Monadida .......... 02.2 e cece cece eee 197 Class Sporozoa ........ eee eee ee gr a th 203 Order Coceidia® ices ces sapiens stone Minne eas 203 Order Sarcosporida ............ 000. e eee ees 208 Order Hemasporida .............. 0 cee e eee eee 211 Class Amoeba: scciseedssnndaci en sue ues eee reeds 216 CHAPTER IV. TO PRESERVE INSECT PARASITES ............... 220 To Mount -Betoz0a. gs .odgg py scene ages Que aes Bees 220 To Preserve Entozoa ......... 00... ce eee eee 220 To Stain and Mount Entozoa .................00. 221 Preservation of Museum Specimens.............. 222 To Prepare Specimens to be Sent to the Laboratory 223 Technique of Staining the Protozoa in Blood Cells. 223 To Stain the Trypanosoma ................-.0-05 224 To Stain Coccidia Sarcosporida or Amoeba Melea- PTIdIS In. (MSSUES: cnc ccxcnde nia ver matnd mews ® 224 Chemistry of Animal Parasites A List of the Illustrations. Fig. Page I=—Cayor fly, larvas sxe oad yaw avis oSvae Gauge eens 21 2—Melophagus Ovinus, Adult ....................... 26 3—Melophagus Ovinus, Pupa ....................... 26 4—Gastrophilus Equi, Larva ....................... 27 5—Oestrus Ovis, Larva .......... 00. ce eee eee uees 28 6—Hypoderma Lineata, Larva ..............000.005 30 7—Hematopinus Suis .......... 0... eee ee eae 37 8—Trichodectes Scalaris ............. 000... e ee eee 39 9—Trichodectes Scalaris, Ovum ............. cb Beau Sits 40 10—Menopon Biseriatum ..................-...0005. 41 11—Goniodes Stylifer ............0...0...... 0.0 43 12—Goniodes Stylifer, Ovum ..................00.00.. 43 18—Lipeurus Infuscatus .............. 0.00 eee eee 43 14—Goniocotes Hologaster ..................02.0000- 45 15—Lipeurus Baculus ......... Bimal ume edn cata cannes 45 16—Sareoptes Mutans Variety Gallinac ............... 45 17—Scaley Legs, Photograph reduced one-half ........ 55 18—Psoroptes Communis, Variety Ovis, Male .......... 57 19—Psoroptes Communis, Variety Bovis, Females...... 58 20—Psoroptes Communis, Variety Ovis, Head.......... 59 21—Psoroptes Communis, Variety Bovis, Head......... 59 22—Demodex Folliculorum, Variety Canis, Stages of Developnient,. 2. sc026.6 bene sscaae sy aas ses ees 66 23—Demodex Folliculorum, Variety Canis, Adult Males 66 24—Red Mange, Photograph of two pups.............. 68 25—Argas Miniatus, Larvae ........-..----0- seer eee 69 26—Ornithodoros Megnini, Larva ..............-.++4-- 70 27—Margarapus Annulatus, Larva ..............-+.+-. 70 28—Dermacentor Electus, Larva ...........--.++eeeee 70 29—Amblvomma Americanum, Larva ................ 76 30—Spiroptera Scutata .....-....- see eee eee 90 31—Spiroptera Megastoma ........-.-----. eee eee ees 91 32—Spiroptera Microstoma ..........-++- cee ee renee 91 38—Filaria Papillosa ..........-. 2-2 e ese eeeeeeee 95 34—Asearis Megalocephala ..........---202 2-2 ee eee eee 98 vill A LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. B5—Ascaris Ovis ....... cece eee ec erence etter et enteee 99 86—Ascaris Suis ........2c cece e eee eee teen ener tees 101 37—Asecaris Marginata .......--.. eee eee ee eens 102 38—Ascaris Inflexa ........ 0. cece ee eee eee ents 104 39—Heterakis Papillosa, Cephalie Extremity .....--- 104 39a—Heterakis Papillosa, Male and Female .......-- 104 40—Oxyuris Curvula, Female ...........-.-+++e esse 106 41—Strongylus Arnfieldi, Caudal Extremity of the Fe- MATS: | Grey ga vaies ernie te Wada eS Gumeas Rate E cot SOS, OS 111 42—Strongylus Arnfieldi, Caudal Extremity of Male... 122 43—Strongylus Arnfieldi, Ova in Process of Segmenta- TION Auch ae oe ae ea a a BES See gee eas 113 44—Strongylus Arnfieldi, Male and Female .......... 113 45—Strongylus Arnfieldi, Head Part ...............- 113 46—Strongylus Contortus (Haemonchus Contortus) Male and. Bermialé: 220, scote eae ree oe ieee we Rae ee Be 117 47—Stephanurus Dentatus, Male and Female ........ 136 48—Oesophagastoma Inflatum, Male and Female....... 139 49—Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Cephalic Extremity ... 140 50—Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Caudal Extremity of Male 140 51—Oesophagostoma Inflatum, Caudal Extremity of Fe- MGlE? og: sr cadte ewes : Posterior view. covered with short fine hair. The abdomen is orna- mented with five rings; under side of head is white. PARASITOLOGY. 29 Lite Cycle.—The fly is viviparous, and attacks the sheep and goats from June to October, but only in the warmer part of the day. It deposits its larvae in the anterior nares. The larva is provided with two hooklets, by means of which it gradually works its way to the frontal sinuses, where it passes the larval stage, which requires ten months. It then passes out to the ground, burrows into the ground and there passes through the pupal stage, which lasts from four to six weeks. Animals Attacked.—Sheep and goats. Parts Intested.—Frontal sinuses and turbinated bones of the head. Condition Produced.—The sheep, hearing the noise of the fly, runs, thrusts its nose into the ground or amongst other sheep, and strikes at its nose with its feet in an effort to rid itself of the pest, which, slug- gish at other times, now flies at the nostrils with great rapidity. The larvae work their way to the frontal sinuses by means of hooklets and contractility of the body. In the frontal sinuses they attach themselves, by means of two hooklets, to the mucous membrane. If only three or four are present in the sinuses they do not produce much disturbance,— a slight catarrhal discharge of a muco-purulent na- ture. When many are present there is noted a pro- fuse muco-purulent discharge from the nostrils, loss of appetite, frequent coughing and sneezing, slow, weak gait, and tossing of the head. The animal becomes too weak to rise, and finally dies. Treatment.—Trephine and remove larvae with for- ‘ceps. Prophylactic Treatment.—The nose may be smeared 39 PARASITOLOGY. with'tar. Itis advocated to make troughs with holes bored in sides large enough for a sheep to lick salt from. ‘Tar, smeared around these holes, is lodged on the nose in the sheep’s efforts to get the salt. (Hypo—under) HYPoDERMA LINEATA (derma—skin) (linea—line). Synonyms.—Oestrus lineata. Ox gad-fly; warble- fly; grub-fly; striped hypoderma; heel-fly. History.—A species found in America; most com- mon in southern states. Description.—About the size of a honey-bee. Its body is black, covered with fine hair. The thorax is ornamented with longitudinal gray bands. The fe- male is provided with a cone-shape1 ovipositor, with which she deposits her eggs, cementing them to the hair. Life Cycle.—The fly deposits its eggs upon the hair in the vicinity of the heel. From this point the fmm larvae are taken into the ¢ gph mouth and become lodged Agra in the mucous membrane fi of the oesophagus. The eggs are laid in summer ee LINEATA and the larvae are found in a, Dorsal View their most fully developed > Ventral View. stage in the oesophagus about November. At this time they are about five-eighths of an inch long. They now leave this locality and wander through the connective tissue to a position under- neath the skin in the region of the back. Here PARASITOLOGY. 31 tumors are formed, with holes at their summits. The holes become larger as the tumors and larvae develop. The larval stage lasts ten months. In this stage they are called grubs, or warbles. By spring they have developed into full-grown larvae, and leave the tumors through the holes in the summits. At this time they are three-fourths to seven-eighths of an inch long, and nearly one-half inch thick. It has been observed that they leave behind a tough brown or black skin. They bur- row into the ground and pass through the pupal stage in from four to six weeks. Animal Attacked.—The ox. Parts Infested.—Oesophagus and sub-detmal tu- mors in region of back. Injury to Host.—Some irritation, If attacked by large numbers the animal does not thrive. In those cattle that are slaughtered during the grubby season there is a great commercial loss to hides, on account of the holes in the skin. The percentage of cattle infested varies from practically none in the northern states to seventy-five or eighty percent in the south- ern states. THE FLEAS. PuLEX IRRITANS (Pulex—fiea, irrito—to excite). Synonym.—Human flea. History—Common in dwellings in Europe. Found in the United States, particularly on Pacific coast. Description—Body flattened from side to side; head small and rounded; stylet arranged for piercing the skin and sucking the blood; two eyes and two antennae. The abdomen is provided with nine rings. 32 PARASITOLOGY. The legs are thick and strong, terminating in two hooklets or claws. The posterior pair are the long- est, giving them great power to jump. Life Cycle.—The eggs are ovoid in shape and brown in color; they hatch in from six to twelve days, depending upon the temperature. The larvae are worm-like and are composed of thirteen seg- ments. The mouth parts are arranged for mastica- tion. The larval stage lasts about eleven days; they then pass their pupal stage in tough brown cocoons. The cocoon stage lasts about fourteen days. Fleas breed in filth, carpets, rugs, kennels and barns. Animal Infested.—Man. Injury to Host.—In the adult state they attack the skin. The puncture causes itching and inflammation. Treatment.—Cleanliness; pyrethrum or tobacco dust sprinkled in the infested quarters. PuLEX SERRATICEPS (Seco—to cut). Synonym.—Ctenocephalus Canis, dog and cat flea (Fleon—to flee). History —Universally found. Description.—Similar in appearance to the Pulex Irritans, with the exception that it is provided with fifteen to eighteen spines on the posterior margin of the pro-thorax. In the preceding species the thorax is entirely nude. Life Cycle.—EHighteen to twenty eggs are laid in some dirty or dusty corner, which pass through the same stages as the preceding species. Animals Infested.—They attack the cuticular sur- face of dogs, cats and men. Treatment.—Dogs can be dipped in a five per-cent Plate II. er. t “Oo 3 * Fig. 2—Piercing apparatus. (Stomoxys Calcitrans). Fig. 1—Suctorial apparatus. a, Proboscis. (Musca Domestica). b, Palpi. Fig. 3—Pulex Serraticeps a, Mandihles. b, Palpi. ec, Anterior pair cf legs d, Ocelli. e, Antennae. Fig 4—Trombidium Holosert- f, Thorax. cium. g, Abdomen a, Piercing mandibles. h, H'ooklets on terminal! tarsus h, Palpi c, Uterus, Fig. 6—Cytodites Nudus. Fig. 5—Dermanyssus Gallinae. a, Rostrum a, Rostrum. b, Ambulacrum b, Palpus. ec, Pedicle to same PARASITOLOGY. 33 solution of creolin. Creolin may prove fatal to cats. Tobacco dust or pyrethrum may be dusted in infested quarters, Putex Avium (Avis—bird). Synonynt.—Bird flea. History —Found in central and western United States. Description —The head is rounded, and is not pro- vided with spines on the lower border, but a row of minute bristles is found on the side. The mandibles are short. -lnimals Infested —The attack is made principally upon small birds. THE LICE. PHTHIRIASIS (Lousiness)—(Louse). Phthiriasis is the condition of an animal or bird infested with lice. The lice infesting the domestic animals are divided into three families, viz.: Pedicu- lidae, Philopteridae and Liotheidae. Under the first is placed the genus Hematopinus. Under the second is placed the genus Trichodectes. Those species of lice belonging to the genus Hem- atopinus are provided with a piercing apparatus which projects anteriorly from the head. They live upon the blood of the host. Those species belonging to the genus Trichodec- tes are provided with mouth parts arranged on the under part of the head. They live by mastication from epidermis and hair of the host. The lice are oviparous; the eggs are called nits and are cemented to the hair. The eggs are oval in shape and white in color. Symptoms.—Infested horses and cattle are noted to rub against fences and posts, corners of buildings, 34 PARASITOLOGY. in an effort to relieve themselves of the itching sen- sation produced bythe lice. Cattle are noted to lick themselves. The hair has a rough, stairy, matted appearance. Dogs scratch and bite themselves, show- ing evidence of great pruritus. The hair becomes matted or scratched off 'and emaciation follows. Sheep and goats show much the same symptoms. In hogs, the animals rub and scratch. Upon close examination the lice and nitscan be found. Inhogs a favorite place for the lice to deposit their eggs is in the folds of skin posterior to the ears. In later stages the animals may become emaciated. Lousiness is noted to be more prevalent in winter and spring, on account of close association of animals during these seasons, and the long hair, which forms a protection for them. Treatment.—All quarters, stalls, mangers, harness, blankets, curry-combs, rub-rags, etc., should be dis- infected. If in the spring of the year, the horse may be clipped. The animals may be sponged or dipped in any of the following, or in a five-percent solution of cre- olin or kreso: BR Tobacco stems_______---..--- 5iv Waterccccecac ces ceneseass gal.i M. Sig.—Boil for thirty minutes. BR Stavesacre seeds_____________ jiv Weateroa2 cs fon PN eee gal.i M. Sig.—Boil for thirty minutes. R Quassia chips______.__________- 5iv Water: ee ee gal.i M. Sig.—Boil for thirty minutes. For hogs, the kerosene emulsion, sprayed on the PARASITOLOGY. 35 herd by means of a sprinkling can or spray-gun will be found to be very effective treatment. The emul- sion is made as follows: R Kerosene.___-__-__--..-.__ gal. ii Common soap.______-____--- oviii Waterers jesse scone gali M. Sig.—Dissolve the soap in boiling water; add this solution boiling hot to the kerosene, stirring the mixture for ten minutes. When used this emulsion is usually diluted as fol- lows: One part emulsion to nine parts water: . HEMATOPINUS (Hema—blood, pinein, to drink). The species belonging to this genus are blood- suckers, and are much larger than the biting lice. They are bluish in color. The head, thorax and abdomen are distinct. The head is provided with a rostrum which projects anteriorly. It is arranged for piercing the skin and sucking blood. There are two simple eyes and two antennae (feelers). Each antennae is composed of four or five articles, or seg- ments. The thorax is wider than the head, and is provided with three pair of legs. The legs are short and strong, and the terminal segments are pro- vided with one or two hooklets. By means of these hooklets the louse is enabled to creep, and to hold on to its host. The abdomen is large and is usually composed of nine segments. The female is larger than the male. The following are the common species of blood- sucking lice: HEMATOPINUS ASINI (Asinus—ass). Synonym.—Hematopinus Macrocephalus. 6 PARASITOLOGY. Animal Infested.—The horse. Description.—The head is long and narrow. A deep notch is noted just back of the attachment of the antennae. In this notch are located the eyes. The abdomen is oval. A fewhairs or bristles are found on the head, legs and body. The legs are composed of four articles each, and the antennae of five. HEMATOPINUS EURYSTERNUS (Euros—broad). Synonym.—The broad-nosed ox-louse. Animal Intested.—Cattle. Description.—The head is short and broad; the thorax is wider than long, and widest at the posterior border. The abdom:2nis large and oval and a broad stripe is noted on the dorsal side of the abdomen of the male; on the female two black blotches are found on the terminal segment. This louse, like the preceding one, is about one-eighth of an inch long. — HEMATOPINUS VITULI (Vitulus—calf). Synonyms.—Hematopinus Tenuirostris ; the long- nosed ox-louse. Animals Infested—Cattle. Description.—The head is long and slender and somewhat sunken in the thorax. The thorax is longer than broad. The abdomen is also long and slender and the entire louse has a long and slender appearance. HEMATOPINUS Surs (Surs—hog). Synonyms.—Hematopinus Urius; Hematopinus Ir. titans. Animal Infested.—The hog. Description.—Largest species of the genus. Five PARASITOLOGY. 37 hairs are noted on each side of its piercing stylet. Two protuberances are noted just posterior to the attachment of the antennae, forming deep notches. The legs are marked by dark bands at the joint. The terminal end of the last segment is provided with one large and one small claw, and between them is found a disk that is provided with small Fig. 7—HEMATOPINUS SuIS. Photomicrograph, 1x24 inch a, Head with piercing stylet. , Antennae—5 segments. , Deep notch in which the eyes are implanted , Claws on end of terminal segment. , Abdomen. f, Thorax, bearing 3 pair of legs. onnon#¢ spikelets, thus giving it a great power to hold on. It is about one-fifth of an inch long. While this louse is found on all parts of the body, a favorite place is in the folds of skin just back of the ears, where the nits or eggs may be founda in abundance. 38 PARASITOLOGY. HEMATOPINUS PILIFERUS (Pilus—a hair). Animal Intested.—This is the blood-sucking louse of the dog. Description.—Its head is short, almost as long as broad. The antennae and legs are short and the abdomen is large and oval in shape. HEMATOPINUS STENOPSIS (Stenos—narrow). Animals Infested.—Goats and sheep. Description.—The head is long and narrow; thorax short; abdomen long. TRICHODECTES (Trix—a hair; dectos—biter). The species of this genus are small and light in color. The mouth parts are located on the under side of the head. The mandibles are strong and are arranged for mastication. The head is provided vith two simple eyes and two short antennae. The head is as wide as long, and wider than the thorax. The abdomen is globular in shape and divided into nine segments. Its food consists principally of epi- dermis. TRICHODECTES PiLosus (Pilos—a hair). Animals Infested.—The horse, the ass and the mule. Description.—The head is rounded in front; the antennae are inserted well back and are composed of three articles each. The abdomen is oval and tapers posteriorly. TRICHODECTES SCALARIS (Scalaris—to climb—a ladder). Animals Intested.—Cattle. Description.—This species is very common. Its PARASITOLOGY. 39 head is crescent-shaped and scarcely as wide as long. The abdomen is narrow and rather ovoid in form, and is comprised of nine segments. The legs are short and are equipped with claws which aid it in. PPtrr sy trary ORD \\ Fig. 8—TRICHODECTES SCALARIS—magnified. a, Mouth Parts, c, Legs. e, Thorax. b, Antennae. d, Head. f, Abdomen. holding on to its host. A few scattering hairs ure noted over the head, legs and abdomen. TRICHODECTES SPHEROCEPHALUS (Spher—a sphere) (Cephala—a head). Animal Intested.—This louse infests sheep. Description.—The head is nearly as wide as long, the anterior part being crescent shaped. The thorax is narrower than the head; the abdomen is oval in shape and the legs are short. It is common. 49 PARASITOLOGY. TRICHODECTES Latus (Latus—broad). Animal Infested.—The dog. Description.—The head is wider than long; the antennae and legs are short and each is composed of three articles or segments; the abdomen is globular Fig. 9—TRICHODECTES SCALARIS—OvuM, a, Ovum in Process of Segmentation, b, Hair. 1x% inch, magnified. in shape. It is the host of the Cryptocyst, which is the larvae of the Taenia Canina. TRICHODECTES SUBROSTRATUS. Animal Intested.—The cat. Description.—The head is slightly longer than broad, and pointed in front; the abdomen is ellip- ticalin shape; the legs and antennae are short, and are composed of three articles each. LIOTHEIDAE. The lice of chickens belong to the family Liothei- dae. The lice from birds roosting in the barn, or PARASITOLOGY. 41 whose quarters are separated only by a partition, may get upon horses and cattle and cause temporary parasitism. Each parasite has its own host or hosts and will not live permanently upon another. Lice oF Brrps. The Large Hen Louse—MeENopoN BISERIATUM. This is the largest louse found upon the hen. It is about one-twelfth of an inch in length, light in color, with mouth parts arranged for mastication as illustrated in Fig. 10. The free extremities of the legs are provided with hooklets which aid in holding on. The smaller variety of this genus, MENoPON PaLLipuM, also has been studied, but is far less common in the United States. This louse is found on young and old chickens. Fig. 10.—Menopon biseriatum (from a hen), greatly enlarged; a, head, which is provided with mouth parts; b, thorax provided with three pairs of legs; c, abdomen. The Turkey Louse—Goniopes Stytirer. This louse is found on turkeys and is thicker than the one just described. Like it, the mouth parts are arranged for mastication. It is illustrated in Fig. 11. Lipeurus JnFuscaTus. This is another louse that may infest chickens. A study of Fig. 13, shows its mouth parts and legs similar to the other lice. Its general shape is different. It is not so common as the large hen louse. 42 PARASITOLOGY. The Pigeon Louse—Lriprurus Bacutus. This is a long, slender, light colored louse with mouth parts arranged for biting, and its legs are provided with hooklets which aid it in holding to the feathers. It is illustrated in Fig. 15. Goniocotes Hotocaster—This is still another louse that sometimes infests chickens. In many respects it resembles the louse of the turkey, but it is a distinct species. It is illustrated in Fig. 14. Like the others, its mouth parts are arranged for biting. Life History —The females are slightly larger than the males. The females lay oval, white, or whitish- yellow eggs (nits) and securely cement them to the barbs of the feathers. This is illustrated in Fig. 12. The lice hatch in from ten days to two weeks in warm weather, by breaking open the ends of the eggs. The young have much the same shape as the adults, but are usually lighter in color. The males are usually less numerous than the females. Conditions Produced.—Chicks hatched in the in- cubator are free from lice and stay free until placed with lousy hens or chicks, or in lousy quarters. Lice produce much irritation. The effect of large numbers upon chickens is quite marked. The hens scratch and pick at the feathers, show signs of being drowsy, may refuse to eat, and in growing birds, body development is interfered with. Young chicks often sit around, moping, with wings hanging down, and finally in a week or two may die. For this reason, brooder chicks thrive better, grow faster, and are free from many ailments than chicks hatched by the hen. It has been said that a lousy bird will have more of a tendency to PARASITOLOGY. 43 dust than one not lousy. The effect upon the older birds is not so severe as upon the younger ones, but it is shown in condition of flesh and low production of eggs. The irritation is sometimes so severe that hens desert their nests. Their combs may become dark. Birds unable to rest day or night become ema- ciated and die. To find the lice, part the feathers; the lice will be found running over the skin or bases of the feathers. A favorite location for the lice is under the wings where the temperature is warmer, although they may be found on any part of the body. Fig. 11.—Gonicdes stylifer, (from a turkey), ventral view: a, mouth parts; b, antennae; ¢, legs, provided with hooklets on the free extremity of the last segments. To the right of the head is a line indicating the actual size of the louse. Fig. 12—An egg of the turkey louse. The egg is cemented to the barb of the feather at a. Fig. 13.—Lipeurus infuscatus, (from a hen), female; a, mouth parts; b, abdomen. 44 PARASITOLOGY. Lice may be found at all seasons of the year, but are more common in the hotter months of July and August. In these months, conditions are more favor- able to their propagation. Treatment of Infested Birds and Eradication of Lice—The chickens should be dusted with insect powder (pyrethrum) or pyrethrum and sulphur equal parts, or a combination of these with tobacco dust, which can be secured from a tobacco factory. This powder can best be dusted among the feathers by aid of a powder gun, which can be secured at a drug store. It can also be placed in the dusting places. In ridding the birds of lice, it will be well to keep in mind that frequent dusting with powder will be neces- sary, as the eggs or nits are not all likely to be killed by the powder. Another means of ridding chickens of lice is to dip them in five per cent solution of Creolin, Kreso dip, or the same per cent of Zenoleum. After the flock has been freed from lice, care should be exercised that a reinfestation is not brought about by the introduction of lousy birds. The hen- house in which lousy birds are located should be thoroughly and frequently cleaned and the walls whitewashed. The whitewash should contain in it some parasiticide as carbolic acid five per cent, creolin five per cent, or corrosive sublimate one part to a thousand. The roosts should be scrubbed with boil- ing water, and after drying in the sun, should be saturated with kerosene. If the hen house be tightly closed and thoroughly fumigated with sulphur, it will aid in destroying lice or other parasites that may be in the cracks and crevices and difficult to reach with PARASITOLOGY. 45 the whitewash. The litter and straw should be removed from the nests and burned, and the nests should be disinfected and new straw provided. Be- fore refilling with straw, an inch of slaked lime should be placed in the bottom. yin | wn ja IN) wl Ei Me ek neal Fig. 14. Fig. 15, Fig. 16. Fig. 14.—Goniocotes hologaster, a louse (from a hen), ventral view; a, mouth parts; b, antennae; c, hooklets on free extremity of leg. The small mark to the right indicates the natural size. Fig. 15.—Lipeurus baculus, from the pigeon. Letters indicate rame parts as in Fig. 14. Fig. 16.—Sarcoptes mutans, variety gallinae, the scab parasite producing scaly legs in the hen. a, the mouth parts with which it wounds the skin and causes serum to exude; b, the short legs; c, the small dot indicates its natural size. ARACHNIDA. The parasites belonging to this class are not in- sects,—the head, thorax and abdomen are not dis- tinct, and the head is not provided with antennae. ACARINA. Under this order we study the following families, and sub-families, viz: 46 PARASITOLOGY. Gamasidae and Trombidiidae, to which belong species of parasites infesting birds and small ani- mals. (The chigger belongs to the latter family. Sarcoptidae (Sarco—flesh; kopto—to cut.) This sub-family is divided into three important genera, producing scabies in allanimals. It includes the air- sac mite. Demodecidae include the parasites that produce follicular or red mange. Argasidae and Ixodidae include the ticks. In these parasites the divisions of head, thorax and abdomen are not distinctly marked, macroscopically. They are all blood-suckers. The head is provided with a stylet for piercing the skin and sucking the blood. The piercing mandibles are surrounded by two palpi. The eyes are small or wanting. The larva is provided with three pair of legs, the adult with four. The free extremity of the last segment is provided with a hooklet, ambulacrum or pulvillum, which aids the parasite in holding on to its host. ACARIASIS. This is a condition of an animal being infested with some species of parasites belonging to the order Acarina. There are two kinds of Acariasis, viz: Psoric and non-psoric. Psoric Acariasis is a condition in which the para- sites produce scab; infested by species of the sub- families Sarcoptidae and Demodecidae. Non-Psoric Acariasis is a condition in which the parasite does not produce scab; infested by species of the families Gamasidae, Trombidiidae, Argasidae and Ixodidae. PARASITOLOGY. 47 THE ACARI. DERMANYssUS GALLINAE (Derma—skin; gallus—a cock). Synonym.—Chicken mite. fTistory.—Universally found in hen-houses. Description.—They are very small, as the word “mite” indicates. The body is ovi-pyriform in snape and broadest through the posterior third. The pierc- ing stylet is cone shaped, and on either side is a rounded palpus. The color of the body is yellowish red, depending on the amount of blood contained in the digestive tract. The legs are arranged on the anterior half of the body. Animals Infested.—Birds. Condition Produced.—They attack the birds in large numbers, piercing the skin and sucking the blood, and produce great irritation (pruritus). They may even cause death of the host. Infested set- ting hens may leave their nests. The parasites hide in the nests, and cracks and crevices of the building. If the nests are in the same building with horses or cattle, or if the birds so infested roost in the stable with larger animals, the mites may become tempo- rary parasites of the larger animals, causing pruritus and scratching, rubbing, rough coat, etc. Treatment.—Roosts, nests and buildings should be whitewashed with limewater to which has been add- ed creolin or kreso. The roosts should be drenched with kerosene. Pyrethrum and sulphur, equal parts, may be sprinkled in the nests two or three times a week. TROMBIDIUM HOLOSERICEUM (Trombos—harvest) (holo—whole.) 48 PARASITOLOGY. Synonyms.—Chigger ; mite; harvest bug; red mite. History—Found in Europe and America. Description—This parasite is just visible to the unaided eye. The body is oval in shape and reddish in color; the legs are provided with six articles each, the terminal end of the last segment being fur- nished with two hooklets anda hair; the piercing apparatus is conical in shape and on either side is found a palpus; the legs are located on the anterior half of the body. Lite Cycle.—The eggs are laid in the cracks and crevices and in the filth of hen houses, where they hatch, the egg first hatching into the six-legged mite, which moults and develops into the eight-legged state. Animal Infested —They infest the cuticular surface of birds and small animals, and pierce the skin and suck the blood, producing great irritation, which may cause death. They may become parasites of large animals if the infested birds roost in quarters adja- cent to or within the stable. Treatment—Same as for Dermanyssus. One inch air slaked lime in bottom of nests. Dip hens in 1% creolin. Leptus IRRITANS (Leptus—thin, small; irrito—to irritate.) Synonym.—Chigger. ffistory —Found in the grass and timber during the hot part of summer. Description.—Always in the larval form; the body is nearly round; the head is broad and is provided with piercing mandibles. Itis bright red in color. Animals Infested.—The parasite is brushed from PARASITOLOGY. 49 the leaves of vegetation by man or animal, when it buries itself in the skin and produces intense itching. Treatment.—lf the affected part be touched with a one-percent solution of formalin it will kill the para- sites and stop the itching; or, the parts may be touched with a two-percent solution of aqua ammo- nia. SARCOPTIDAE. The three principal genera of the sub-family Sar- coptidae are: Sarcoptes (Sarco—flesh; kopto—to cut). Psoroptes (Psora—itch). Symbiotes (Sym—togather; bios—life). The Sarcoptes live on the body where the hair is short,—in horses and dogs on the body ; in sheep, on the facial regions. The Psoroptes live on the body where the hair is long,—in horses and cattle in the mane and down the back ; in sheep, on the body. The Symbiotes live on the extremities,—legs. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FAMILY. Minute in size; the body is oval and obtuse at both ends, convex above and flat below; the mouth parts are provided with a single lancet-shaped piece, sur- rounded by palpi; the legs are divided into five arti- cles each, the free extremity of the last segment is provided with an ambulacrum or one or two hairs. The genus Sarcoptes, species Scabei, is provided with a head as broad as it is long; the rostrum is short, and is margined by two cheeks. Male.—The first, second and fourth pair of legs 50 PARASITOLOGY. are provided with ambulacrum and the third pair with one bristle at each terminal extremity. Female.—The first two pair are provided with am- bulacrum and the last two pair with one bristle at each terminal extremity. The genus Psoroptes, species Communis, is pre- vided with a head that is longer than broad; the rostrum is conical in shape and elongated, and not margined by cheeks. Male.—The first three pair of legs are provided with ambulacrum, the fourth pair with two bristles. Female.—The first two and fourth pair of legs are provided with ambulacrum. The third pair with two long bristles. The genus Symbiotes, species Communis and Auricularum,—rostrum as wide as long, and desti- tute of cheeks. Male.—All legs are provided with ambulacrum. Female.—The first, second and fourth pair are provided with ambulacrum and the third pair with two bristles. LIFE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY SARCOPTIDAE. The life history is divided into five stages, viz.: The oval, larval, pupal, adult and ovigerous female. First Stage.— Ova.—Under favorable conditions the eggs hatch in five to ten days. Second Stage.—Larval Stage.—Six-legged and asex- ual; it passes through two or three moults. Third Stage. Nympha.—The last moulting in the larval stage adds a fourth pair of legs; no sexual organs ; the males and females are distinguished by the difference in size, the females being larger. PARASITOLOGY. 51 Fourth Siage—Mature Male and Female.—The last moulting in the nympha stage develops the distinct sexes. Fitth Stage.—The Ovigerous Female.—The impreg- nated female moults, which causes changes in the genital apparatus. _ It is estimated that each ovigerous female Sarcopt lays fifteen eggs, of which ten may be females and five males. Under favorable conditions it will pass its life cycle in fifteen days.’ At this rate, one ovig- erous female would cause the production of 1,500,000 scab parasites in 90 days. THE SCAB PARASITES. SARCOPTES SCABEI, variety Equi (Equus—horse.) Synonym.—lItch mite; mange mite. History.—In the United States it is found among horses in the Northwest, especially upon the range. Animals Intested.—This is the common scab para- site of the horse. Lite Cycle-—The following may be added to what has been given as to the stages acari pass through: The ovigerous female burrows into the skin, form- ing galleries. In these galleries may be found fe- males, ova and larvae. As soon as the eggs are hatched the larvae leave the gallery. In the serum under the scab may be found the larvae, nymphae, adult males and females. Condition Produced.—The parasite is equipped with a piercing stylet with which it pierces the skin, the puncture causing a minute red spot, followed by a small vesicle, which ruptures. The serum dries and forms a minute scab. In this way the myriads of 52 PARASITOLOGY. parasites cause a piling up of scabs, thus producing a scabby condition. As the disease progresses the scabby patches enlarge and the scabs pile up, until they are often half-an inch in thickness, unless the parts have been rubbed. Symptoms.—Pruritus; will rub against any post, fence, stall or other object. Itching is more intense at night than during the day, and worse in warm weather than in cold; when clothed than when not clothed. The parasite first makes its attack in the region of the withers and back, and gradually spreads over the body. Hairless scabby patches appear in later stages. Mode of Infestation.—The horse may come in contact with infested animals, or be placed in quarters in which infested animals have recently been kept; or, contact with curry-comb, rub-rag, brush, harness, blanket or saddle recently used on infested animals. SARCOPTES SCABEI; variety canis (Canis—dog). Synonym.—Mange mite; itch mite. Hiistory.—This species is widely distributed. Animal Intested.—The dog. Condition Produced; Symptoms.—It begins first on the facial region and ears; then on the breast, feet and abdomen, and last on the body. It is not un- common to find cases with the entire cuticular sur- face affected. The scabs are not allowed to pile up as we see on the backs and withers of cattle and other large animals, for because of the intense itch- ing the animal constantly rubs and scratches itself so that we find only thin scabs. The skin becomes partially denuded of hair, and in later stages the an- Plate Ila. Fig. 1—Symbiotes Ccommunis, variety Caprae. (Male, ventral surface). a, Head. ec, Segments of legs, b, Ambulacrum. d, Bristles of hairs. \ Fig. 2—Symbiotes Communis, variety Caprae. (Ovigerous female). a, Ambulacrum. _ d. ae fe Ge tees i with 2 bris- , segmen S, eee eee 2 b-e, Bristles of hairs. c, Head parts. Plate IIIb. Fig, 3—Sarcoptes Scabei, yo= viety Canis. : (Male. Ventral view). o, Ambulacrum, b, Head parts, c, Bristles. ad, Segmeuts of legs. Fig. 4—Sarcoptes Seabei, va- riety Canis. (Ventral view of ovigerous female), a, Rostrum. b, Ambulacrum, ec, Bristle, da, Uterus, PARASTI OLOGY. 53 imal becomes thin, even emaciated, and is a dejected looking creature. If a scraping be made from a fresh scab by aid of the knife (care being taken to secure the serum from between the scab and the skin) and this scraping be examined under the micro- scope, the parasites may be observed. If this scrap- ing be placed in a bottle and the bottle placed in the sun or other warm place, the parasites will leave the scab and will be seen as minute white specks upon the walls of the bottle. SARCOPTES SCABEI ; variety Suis (Suis—hog). Synonym.—Itch-mite. History. —Not common in the United States. Animal Intested.—It is the only species of the sub- family Sarcoptidae that infests the hog. Condition Produced, Symptems.—The scab para- sites may begin their propagation primarily at any point on the body, though usually they begin near the ears, around the eyes, on the inner side of the thighs, or between the forelegs. The parasites cause iutense itching, the animal rubs and scratches, scabs appear, the skin becomes thickened, and the hair stands erect; in later stages the hair falls out. This parasite has been transmitted to man and dog, where it produced temporary parasitism, causing intense itching for a few days. SARCOPTES SCABEI; variety ovis (Ovis—sheep). Synonym.—Face-scab parasite of sheep. History.—Rare in America. Condition Produced.—A scabby condition of the head, resembling other forms of scabies. 54 PARASITOLOGY. SARCOPTES SCABEI, variety Caprae (Capra—geat). History.—The sarcoptic form of scabies in goats has been reported at different times; rare in this country. Animal Intested.—The goat. Condition Produced; Symptoms.—It usually attacks the head and neck first, then spreads to the body, and finally, if not treated, the whole body and limbs will be affected, as in the dog. It causes intense itching, scabs pile up, and the hair falls out, reveal- ing the scabby patches. SaRcopres MuTANS; variety Gallinae(Gallus—a cock). History.—Widely distributed. Animals Infested. —Fowls, on the legs. Description.—The acarus is much smaller than the species producing scabies in the large animals. It is round in shape and its legs are short, giving it a stubby appearance. See Fig. 16. Condition Produced.—The condition produced by these parasites is called scaly leg. They live under the scales, especially on the anterior part of the tarsi. The irritation produced by its punctures results ina scabby or scaly condition of the legs by much the same process as in scabies of the large animals. The minute scabs accumulate under the scales, displacing them and producing a lumpy, scaly condition, the crust becoming porous and honey combed. The par- asites can be found in the serum between the scab and the leg, appearing as minute white specks. PARASITOLOGY. 55 Treatment.—After removal cf all scabs possible, with a nail brush and hot water serub thoroughly with kerosene or a kerosene emulsion made as follows: (7 Fig. 17. Pig: 17.—Photograph of scaly legs (scabies), natural size. This is due to the scab parasites, illustrated in Fig. 16. a, shows large scabby masses piled up; b, the scales of the legs which have been forced out of place by the gradually forming material, due to dried serum and accu- mulating dirt as a result of the irritation caused by the scab parasite—From Kaupp’s Diseases of Poultry. Kerosene, %4 gallon; common soap 2 ounces ; water 14 gallon. Dissolve the soap in boiling water ; add this 56 PARASITOLOGY. solution boiling hot to the kerosene, and stir with an egg beater. When ready to use, take one part of the emulsion and add to it nine parts of water. The lime and sulphur dip used warm and scrubbed thoroughly under the scales is very effective. The lime and sulphur dip is made as follows: Unslaked lime, 7/, pound; sulphur, 1 pound; water, 4 gallons. This mixture should be boiled for two hours. The lime acts as a solvent for the sulphur. Other antiseptics which are parasiticides may be used. Isolate diseased birds and avoid reinfestation by the introduction of new birds to the flock. PsoROPTES CoMMUNIS; variety Equi (Equus—horse). Synonyms.—Long-nosed Psoropt; Psoroptes Long- irostris. Description.— About the same size as the Sarcoptes. Its rostrum is more than twice as long as wide. Vitality.—It will live for thirty days off of the host, if in a moist atmosphere, and temnerature not too low. Animal Intested.—The cuticuiar surface of the horse. Condition Produced.—It produces scabies in the same manner as the Sarcoptes, the parasites living in colonies under the scab. The scab parasites usu- ally implant themselves on the animals where the hair is long, as the mane, back and rump. Its spread is slow, though it may later spread over the body. The maxillary space, and where the hair is thinnest, as the groin, and the axillary region, are favorite locations in later stages. The biting and rubbing, a result of the intense irritation produced by the par- ot Sy PARASITOLOGY. Fig. 18—Male PsoRorpTES COMMUNIS, variety Ovis. Photomicrograph 1x% inch. a, Head parts. b, Legs. c, Body. (Thorax and abdomen are not distinctly marked macroscop- ically.) asites, cause the hair to become matted and present a stairy appearance. Later the hair falls out and reveals scabby hairless patches. The mode of spread of the contagion, and the treatment, are the same as in scabies produced by other parasites. If the dis- ease is not treated the animal becomes thin in flesh, anemic, and finally dies. PsorRopTeEs CoMMuNIS, variety Bovis (Bovis—ox). History.—Widely distributed in the United States; found in the middle West and South. Animal Infested.—This is the common scab para- site of the ox. Condition Produced.—The back, loins and croup are the first parts to become infested. On account of the difficulty in scratching these parts the scabs pile up, often an inch in thickness. The animal rubs and licks himself as a result of the pruritus, gradu- Su PARASITOLOGY. Fig. 19—PsororTes CoMMUNIS, variety Bovis. Photomicrograph. 1 and 2, Females. a, Head parts. b, Legs. c, body. ally becoming thin in flesh, and later emaciated. PsoROPTES CoMMuNIS, variety Ovis (Ovis—sheep). ffistory.—Widely distributed. Found in western and southwestern parts of the United States; also in France, Germany, Asia, Australia and Mexico. Animal Infested.—This is the common scab para- site of the sheep. Condition Produced; Symptoms.—In watching a bunch of sheep that have recently become infested, it will be noted that they are restless; that they will bite themselves; that bunches of wool will become loosened; possibly some saliva will be noted at this point. If the skin be examined with the aid of a hand lens, or if a scraping be made with a knife (care must be taken to get close to the skin), the parasite will be found. Or, if the scraping be placed inaclear glass bottle and the bottle set in the sun- PARASITOLOGY. 59 a Vv is a “” vu : oa ee uv Sak o Sree a con Se be = ne oO ° (Roar eee = HOt we & AWB EE oes So ae of > @ 2 x AeSo bh & crc eet oo A meh a ee ; aod to & a 5 3 a 5 * eUn wo ofa bo Fey dee o ° rT) H Ofh 5 One ae poe Ain a ‘a 2a oR ESS xeolas. Oro Oe » a S ca ay Sa Se ree: Ss coo : aod wo E shine or a warm place, the parasites will soon be found crawling over the walls of the bottle. In the later stages the scabs will appear on the back and rump. The scabs continue to pile up and the wool falls out, revealing large scabby woolless patches. The animal becomes emaciated, and finally dies. This parasite causes great loss in the wool crop. Mode of Infestation.—By being placed in quarters 60 PARASITOLOGY. where infested sheep have recently been kept; by being shipped in cars not disinfected after using for transportation of infested sheep; through shipping centers, unless such centers are controlled by proper quarantine regulations; by the introduction of an infested sheep into a bunch not infested; or, by being driven over a trail recently followed by scabby sheep. _ Psoropres CoMMUNIS, variety Capre (Capra—a goat). Produces scabies in goats in the same manner as the Psoropt in sheep. SYMBIOTES COMMUNIS, variety Equi (Equus—horse). Synonym.—Foot-scab parasite. fistory.—Symbiotic scabies is not common. It has been found in some parts of the old world, and is more prevalent among coarse horses and those that are poorly cared for. Description.—This mite is a trifle smaller than the species of the two previous genera. The rostrum is nearly as wide as long. Animal Intested.—The horse. Condition Produced.—It produces scabies of the legs, usually in the region of the fetlock and pastern of the posterior extremity. In later stages the scabby condition extends up the leg, possibly as high as the body. The skin becomes thickened and rigid and the legs swollen. Cracks may be formed in the pastern region from which may be found a secre- tion of a fetid nature. The parasites live in colonies under the scab. Treatment.—Thoroughly scrub the affected parts PARASITOLOGY. 61 with soap and warm water. After thoroughly soak- ing the parts with water and soap the scabs may be easily removed. Then apply any of the dip prepa- rations. SYMBIOTES CoMMUNIS, variety Bovis. ffistory.—Not common. inimals Infested.—Cattle. Condition Produced.—Symbiotic scabies in the ox begins around the base of the tail and rump. It is slow to spread from this locality and has been known to affect the animal for years, with a slow tendency to spread toward the body. It is said that it does not cause such intense pruritus as the sarcoptic form. SYMBIOTES COMMUNIS, variety Ovis. Synonym.—Foot-scab parasite. Animals Intested.—Sheep. Condition Produced.—It produces scabies of the feet and legs. It is slow to spread, showing a ten- dency to recovery in summer, but spreading more from sheep to sheep in winter. Like other scabies it produces itching and the animal stamps and rubs the affected parts. Symbiotic scabies most often attacks the hind legs, but may spread to the fore limbs. ; SyYMBIOTES COMMUNIS, variety Caprae. Animal Infested.—The goat. Condition Produced.—Attacks by preference the neck and back. Yellowish, thick, hard crusts form. The skin underneath the scab becomes thickened and cracks are often observed. Tumefaction of the lymph glands that receive the lymph from these parts has been noted. The hair becomes matted and falls out, exposing the scabby area. 62 PARASITOLOGY. SyMBIOTES AURICULARUM, variety Canis (Auris—ear) (Canis—dog). Animal Infested.—The dog. Names of Disease.—Otacariasis, auricular scabies, parasitic otitis, epileptiform disease of dogs. Condition Produced; Symptoms.—The parasites produce an inflammation of the external ear, and in some cases ulcers are observed. In the scrapings from these ulcers the Acarican befound. Evidence of itching is manifested; the dog shakes his head from side to side and scratches his ears with his paw. The hunting dog, after vigorous exercise, shows symptoms like those of epilepsy. Later the dog is attacked more frequently with these fits, and becomes sullen, with a tendency to be cross. Treatment.—Disinfect kennels with five-percent kreso, or sediment from the lime and sulphur dip, etc. Thoroughly cleanse the ear and apply the follow- ing Naphthol_____.---222- ee 5V Btheries) oS coo ee se) OXV M. Sig.—Inject a small quantity of this mixture into external auditory canal once a day. A saturated solution of alcohol with boracic acid can be used. Cytopires Nupus (Cyto—cell; Nudus—nude). Synonym.—Air-sac mite. History—Found in Colorado, Wyoming, Iowa and New York. Description.—Scarcely visible macroscopically. The body is rounded in shape and whitish in color. The rostrum is conical. The legs are strong, con- PARASITOLOGY. 63 ical in shape and composed of five articles each. The free extremity of the last segment of each leg is provided with an ambulacrum. (An ambulacrum is a cup-shaped sucker attached to the extremity of the leg by a pedicle.) The adult is provided with four pair of legs; the two anterior pair are located on the anterior third, and point forward; the two posterior pair are located on the posterior half, and point backward. Animals Infested.—They infest the air-sacs of fowls and pheasants. They are white in color and can be seen macroscopically as small bodies, very mi- nute in size. They even reach the air cells of the bones. Condition Produced.—Their irritation causes inflam- mation and results in death of the host. TREATMENT OF SCABIES. Large bunches of cattle and sheep which become infested with scab parasites must of necessity be dipped. For this purpose the dip which has proved the most successful is the lime and sulphur dip. The lime acts as a solvent for the sulphur. The sulphur is a parasiticide. This dip is made in the following proportion: Unslaked lime____----____-___ 8 pounds. Sulphutuccccessse sees essce5, 24 pounds. Water so o..2co Uo See Sobek 100 gallons. Boil for two hours. Use at a temperature of 100 degrees to 110 degrees Fahr. Keep the animalin the dip two or three minutes by the watch. Clean the sheds or barns and yards. Disinfect the fences, stalls, racks, and feed troughs with the sediment of 64 PARASITOLOGY. the dip. Another dip is the arsenical dip, made as follows: Arsenious acid (white arsenic) __10 pounds. SSH a a a gh nh le 1 ounce. Sodaash ines ee ee 10 pounds. SOft. SOapsoouessesesseeseee es 2 pounds. Boiling water__--------------- 2 gallons. After cooling add enough water to make twenty- five gallons. It is estimated that this quantity of dip is sufficient for twenty-five sheep. The tobacco-sulphur dip is made as follows: Tobacco leaves__..__------------ 1 pound Sulphide eee 1 pound Watet euscee se nceeee ue eseeee eee 6 gallons. Place the tobacco in a vessel of warm water, cover and let steep for twenty-four hours. Bring toa boil, let cool and strain. Press all the juice out of the leaves. Mix enough water to the sulphur to makea paste, then mix with the tobacco infusion, thoroughly stir and heat to a temperature of 110 and sponge or dip the animal. Coal tar products are used to some extent. Some are reliable and some are not. The kreso dip put up by P. D. Co. is said to contain some dissolved sulphur, therefore has a double combined parasiticide effect. Scaby sheep should be clipped. After one week dip. At the end of ten days dip the second time and remove to non-infested quarters. In case of scabies in horses clip the animal. Thoroughly scrub with adip. Repeat inten days. For dipping devices for cattle there are used the plunge dip, the cage dip and the spray dip. PARASITOLOGY. 65 Sulphur is not essential when nicotine is used. The nicotine must be at least .07%. DEMODECIDAE. The sub-family Bemodecidae includes a group of parasites that live in the hair and sebaceous follicles of the skin and produce cuticular pustules. They are placed under one genus,—Demodex (worm-like) and one species,—Folliculorum (follicle). General Description.—Under a low-power micro- scope the parasite has a general outline similar in shape to an oat grain. The head part is broad and is provided with a stylet or lancet-piece arranged at the anterior extremity. The thorax is not distinctly separated fromthe abdomen. The larva is provided with three pair of legs, the adult with four. Each leg is made up of three short segments, the last one being very short and provided with two hooklets or claws. Lite History.—The life history is similar to that of the sub-family Sarcoptidae. The ova are laid in the pustule. The newly hatched larvae are asexual and are provided with three pair of legs which are mere tubercles. After moulting the larvae are observed 66 PARASITOLOGY. to have four pair of legs. Another moulting brings the larvae to the pupal stage, with legs fully devel- oped, and after still another moult they are sexually mature. - os tes wn = oo ea x es Gr fe} ee: ed sc a eof2s6 co gFus Hog gts S oa SG 4 2 Se oe ok Haag ve aYESia Om -Fig Zot y2 4 Agee os | > 2ES 2 seee Cy DUR i < roy = wo vo & So 3 Sy a 9 n ot 4 a 2 Pan ‘ Gad 2 een c sac : AU Ps ee obES 6 24coqg 2 §aae .a2o iy SEES a otOhar Nn — ae 7 <3) eoa0u - & Of the varieties of Demodex Folliculorum enumer- ated only two are common in the United States. DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM, variety Canis. Ffistory.—First studied in Europe. It is common in many localities of the United States. PARASITOLOGY. 67 Animal Intested.—The dog. Parts Infested; Symptoms.—The parasite burrows into the hair or sebaceous follicles, occluding the ducts and producing pustules. These pustules are prominent, and give the skin a rough appearance. The animal is usually first attacked by the parasite in the region of the breast, legs, axillary and facial regions. The skin becomes red, and hence it is called red mange. Considerable irritation accompa- nies the malady. The dog scratches and bites the parts, the hair falls out and the skin becomes thick- ened. In later stages the entire cuticular surface becomes affected. Treatment.—Successful treatment of this malady is difficult because of the difficulty of getting the solu- tion to the interior of the pustules. A mixture of gasoline, oil of tar and oil of cade has been used with more or less good results. Also Oleo-resin aspidii-.____-_---- 8 parts Creolnias 226 see ocssasioees 42 parts AICONOL 252220 est acco Sees 50 parts DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM, variety Suis. History.—Frequently found in America and in Europe. Animal Infested.—The pig. Condition Produced.—The parasites attack the cu- ticular surface in the axillary region and flanks; then the disease spreads over the entire surface of the body and legs. The skin becomes thickened and rough. The pustules push up, giving the skin a papillated appearance. Mode of Intestation.—The animal may be infested 68 PARASITOLOGY. through coming in contact with infested animals, by being placed in quarters in which infested animals Fig. 24—Two pups atfected with DEmonEcic SCABIES or Red Mange, (Photograph) have been kept, or shipped in cars or other vehicles in which infested animals have been transported. PARASITOLOGY. 69 THE TICKS. ARGASIDAE. The family Argasidae includes the ticks. They are provided with flat, oval bodies. The piercing man- dibles and hypostome are located beneath an over- reaching cephalo-thorax, or anterior part of the dorsal Fig. 25—ArGAs MINIATUS, LaRva. a, Mandibles and Palpi. b, Legs. c, Body. surface. The dorsal shield is absent. The life his- tory is similar to that of the common ticks. ARGAS MINIATUS. Synonyms.—Argas Americanus; Chicken tick. fTistory.—Found in Mexico and the Southern part of the United States. Description.—The parasite is flat like a bedbug, and ovoid in shape. It is provided with an over- reaching dorsal surface, the top of which is pitted. The head parts consist of two mandibles provided with teeth at the terminal end. Beneath these is a PARASITOLOGY. 70 spatula-shaped hypostome divided into two symmet- rical halves, and on each half there are arranged three “Apog ‘9 ‘sdaT ‘q ‘idjeg pue salqipue “SaYoUl FeXT ydeiso1s1wmojoug ‘V¥AUWT. SOLVIANNY ShdvuvouvW— Iv ‘e “2 “31d ‘mn{IA[ng ‘3a idle ‘p “kpog ‘9 “Apog ‘od ‘sdaq ‘q ‘sdaq ‘q ‘Idjeg pue sajqipueyy ‘e ‘sajqipueyy 'e “sayoul XT *sayoul €/EXT The mandibles ydeisoisiwmojyoyg ‘WAU ydeisois1wojoyg ‘VAUVT ININDA J] SOMOGOHLINUO—"L2 ‘3IY SNLOAIY YOLNAOVNAAGQ—'9Z “BT rows of irregular shaped denticles. are surrounded by palpi. PARASITOLOGY. 71 &¢ Addenda hehseen P: 236-231 FILARIDAE. The family Filaridae includes thread-like worms that infest various parts of the body, as the esopha- gus, stomach, vascular system aud abdominal cavity. They are not blood-suckers. (Scutem—shield) SPrROPTERA SCUTATUM (Speira—spiral) Cig. 30—SPIROPTERA SCUTATA a, Esophageal Mucous Membrane, b, Worm imbedded in spiral manner. (Pteron—wing). Synonym. — Gongylonema scuta- tum. Distribution—Common in Amer- ica and Europe. Description.—A thread-like worm, yellowish in color and two to four inches in length. The tail of the male is coiled, and is provided with two wings and two spiculae. The tal of the female is straight andthe head is nude. It is ovoviviparous. Alntmals Infested.—The horse, the ox, the sheep and the pig. Parts Intested.—They are found coiled in a zig-zag manner in the mucous membrane of the esopha- gus. Injury to Host.—No injury has been attributed to their presence. SPIROPTERA MEGASTOMA (Mega—large ; stoma—mouth). Distribution.—Common in America and in Europe. Description.—A thread-like worm, white in color Plate VII. in. 1—Spiroptera Strongylina a, Male. b, Female, Fig. 2—Spiroptern Strong yli- na. (Cephalic extremity show- ing mouth and oesopha- gus). Fig. 4—Spiroptera Strongyli- Fig. 3—Spiroptern = Strongyli- na. ae (Caudal extremity of fe- (Caudal extremity of male. male showing uterus filled with eggs, vulva and anus). Showing 2 spiculae and wings, also papillae). : ee sie Fig. 7—Oxyuris Mastigodes. Fig. 5—Ascaris Mystax. (Female). a, Cephalic extremity. a, Cephalic extremity, b, Caudal extremity. b, Caudal extremity, Fig. G—Cephalic extremity of Ascaris Suis, (Front view). a, Oral opening. b, Lips. e, Cuticular surface surround- ing mouth, d, Portion of body. PARASITOLOGY. 91 from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in length. The tail of the male is coiled in a spiral manner. This extremity is provided with 4, two unequal spiculae and five anal papillae. > The tail of the female is straight and ob- rig. 31--Ser- tuse; the vulva is situated near the ante- eo rior third of the body; the female is ovo- a,Male. viviparous. The head is provided with » Female. four thick lips. Animal Infested.—The horse. Parts Intested— Condition Produced.—The worms are found in the stomach of the horse, where they cause tumors; the larvae find their way into the ducts of the gastric glands, where by their presence they pro- duce sub-mucous tumors; these tumors develop until they are as large as pigeon’s eggs and round or oval in shape, and the cavity of the tumor may contain dozens of the worms; an opening communicates with.the interior of the stomach. The color of the mucous membrane over the tumor does not differ from that of the remainder of the mucous surface. Injury to Host.—When found usually only one or two tumors are present, and no serious disturbance _~ has been noted. _Sprroprer« Microstoma (Micro—small; stoma—mouth). Distribution.—Found frequently in the United States and in Europe. af 4 Description.—In shape and color this worm resembles the preceding one. The Fig. 32-Sri- male is about one-half inch long, the fe- MicRosToMa. male three-fourths. The tail of the male b eae ale. is coiled in a spiral manner; the tail of OF PARASITOLOGY. the female is straight; she is ovoviviparous. The caudal extremity of the male is provided with two spiculae of unequal length and two anal papillae. The head is provided with two lateral lips. Life History—Ransom has shown that the larva of horse flies breeding in manure, devour the ova in which parasite it develops to fully mature larva by the time the flies are mature. Horses taking these flies into the stomach become infested. Animals Intested.—The horse, the ass and the mule. Pait Infested.—The stomach, Injury to Host.—The worms may be found in myr- iads, free inthe stomach contents. Occasionally one will be found with its head lodged in the mouth of a duct of a gastric gland. They may produce ulcers and gastritis and interfere with the health of the animal. Treatment.—Benzine and gasoline, in doses of two to four drams, followed by physic. SPIROPTERA STRONGYLINA (Strongylos—round). Synonwi.—Arduenna strongylina. Distribution —Found in Europe; very common in the United States. Description—A small white worm, thread-like in cali- bre. The male is about one-half inch in length; the female three-fourths to four-fifths of aninch. The mouth is round, and is not provided with lips or papillae. The worm may be straight or curved in a half-moon shape; it has narrow lateral wings on each side, just posterior to the head. Tail of male is tightly coiled, one and one-half times and is provided with two broad unequal membraneous alae, six papillae and two spicule. Animal Intested.—The hog. Part Infested.—The stomach. Injury to Host—The worms are usually found free although they have been reported to have formed Plate VIllIa. Fig. 1—Spiroptera Microstoma, (Cephalic extremity). Oral cavity. Pharynx. Oesophagus. d, Cuticular surface. Fig. 3—Spiroptera Megastoma. (Cephalic tremity). a, Oral cavity. b, Pharvmx. -, Oesophagus. ex= Fig. 2—Spiroptera Microstoma. (Caudal extrem- ity of male). a, Anus. b, Spiculae. ce, Transverse markings. Fig. Cervina, . a, Cephalic extrem- 4—Filaria ity. b, Caudal extremity, Plate VIIIb. Fig. 5—Filaria Pap!llosa. (Cephalic extremity). a, Oral cavity. b, Two rings with four papil- Fig. 6—Filaria Papillosa. lae each, two in situ. (Caudal extremity of male). ec, Pharynx. a, Spiculae. d, Oesophagus, b, Anus. Fig. 7—Heterakis Papillosa. (Caudal extremity of male). a, Spiculae unequal length, b, Preanal sucker. ce, Papillae. ~ Fig. 8—Filaria Immitis. (Male), a, Cephalic extremity. b, Caudal extremity, PARASITOLOGY. 93 tumors in the wall of the stomach. Gastritis has been noted in severe infestations, in others there are ulcers in the mucous folds where worms are found, and still others no lesions. Sections from stomach wall has shown eosinophilia. Another worm, slightly smaller than this one, has been found in company with it, and has been called Physocephalus Sexalatus. SPIROPTERA SANGUINOLENTA (Sanguis—blood). Distribution.—North and South America, Asia and Europe. Description.—A thread-like worm, red in color. The male measures one to one and one-half inches in length; the female two to two and one-half inches. The tail ot the male is curved in a spiral manner and provided with two unequal spiculae; the tail of the female is straight or slightly curved. The vulva is situated about one-fourth of an inch poste- rior to the head. Lite Cycle.—The cockroach is the intermediate host. The roach finds the eggs of the worm in the feces of the dog. In the digestive tract of the cock- roach the embryo is liberated from the egg; the embryo burrows through the intestinal wall and becomes encysted in the abdominal cavity. The dog in turn eats the cockroach whose abdominal cavity contains these encysted larvae. Animal Intested.—The dog. Parts Intested.—The esophagus and stomach. Condition Produced.—The larva becomes lodged in the walls of the esophagus or stomach and causes a tumor which may reach the size of a pigeon’s egg. A cavity in the center of the tumor may contain as many as twenty worms. There is usually an open- 94 PARASITOLOGY. ing at the summit of this tumor. If the tumor is located in the wall of the stomach it may rupture on the peritoneal surface, and may cause a fatal peri- tonitis. When tumors are located in the wall of the stomach vomiting is sometimes noted; catarrh of the stomach and rapid loss of condition may follow. SIMONDSIA PAaRADOXA (Simonds). Distribution.—Found in Europe; have not been reported in the United States. History.—Discovered in 1852 by Mr. Simonds in a German pig in the London Zodlogical Garden. Description.—The body is thread-like in calibre and tapers toward the head; the cephalic extremity is provided with two lateral membranous wings; the mouth is supplied with two papillae; toward the posterior part of the body of the female there is developed a rosette-shaped organ which is formed by the everted uterus; the tail of the male is coiled in a spiral manner and is provided with two spiculae; the male is one-half inch long, the female three-fifths inch. Antmal Intfested.—The pig. Part Intesied.—The stomach. Condition Produced.—The males are found free in the stomach, while the females are found in small tu- mors. Large numbers of them may produce indi- gestion and inflammation. FILARIA PariLytosa (Filum—thread ; papilla). Synonyin.—Filaria equina ; Seta- ria equina. PARASITOLOGY. 95 Distribution.—Found in Amer- ica, Asia, Philippine Islands, etc. Description.—The body is long, thread-like, and white in color. It is attenuated at bothends. Sur- rounding the mouth are two rings, each provided with four papillae. The tail of the male is coiled in a Fig. 33.—Fitaria Par. SPiral manner; the tail of the fe- ESR male is straight or slightly curved. a, Male. | 2 : b, Female The male is two to three, inches c, Spiral Tail of Male. d, Cephalic Extremity. Jong; the female three to four inches; the female is ovoviviparous. Animals Intested.—The horse, the ass and the mule. Parts Intested.—Peritoneal cavity, and, by migra- tion, other parts of the body, as scrotum, pleura, between muscles, etc. Injury to Host.—The Filaria Papillosa are common in horses in the United States, but are found only in small numbers and do not produce serious results. If found in large numbers they may cause anemia, debility and death. This filaria while in the imma- ture state may find its way to the eye, and the worm can then be seen floating in the aqueous humor. By opening the anterior chamber the worm can be taken from the eye. The name, Filaria Oculi, or Filaria Oculi Equina, has been given to this worm when found in this locality. When the worm finds its way ‘ to the eye it may cause inflammation, swelling of the eye andclosure of the lid. The cornea may become opaque. 96 PARASITOLOGY. Fivaria Cervina (Filaria—a hair). Synonym.—Filaria Labiato-Papillosa; Setaria La- biato-Papillosa. Distribution.—Very common in the United States, India, etc. Description.—In size, shape and color this worm resembles the Filaria Papillosa except that the head is provided with four papillae, the four outer ones being absent. The female is furnished with two lateral caudal papillae. Like the preceding it is ovoviviparous. Parts Infested —Peritoneal cavity and by migration other parts of the body of cattle. The worms are found free; occasionally one is found imbedded in a roll of fat just under the serous membrane. Injury to Host.—In the United States it is not found in large numbers, and no serious results are noted. Deaths due to infestation with myriads of these worms are reported from India. They have been reported as finding their way to the chambers of the eye. Pave hoptlherma Fitaria Lawerrs (Im—in; mittere—to send). Synonym.—Dirofilaria immitis. Distribution.—America, Denmark, Italy, China, Japan, Brazil and other countries; especially preva- lent in low, marshy places. Description.—A long, thread-like worm, white in color and obtuse at both ends. The mouth is circu- lar and surrounded by six small papillae. The tail of the male is coiled in a spiral manner, making about three and one-half turns, and is provided with twenty- two papillae; the spiculae are of unequal length. PARASITOLOGY. Q7 The male is six to seven inches long; the female eight to ten; the tail of the female is straight; she is ovoviviparous. Life C yele-—The mosquito is known to be an intermediate host; in the intestinal tract of this insect the minute embryo finds its way up the Malpighian tubes and there passes through a non-motile stage into the larva. Later the larva becomes motile and migrates through the tissue to the head and enters the proboscis; thus the dog is inocu- lated with the larval form at the time the mosquito punctures the skin. Animal Infested—The dog. Parts Infested —Right side of the heart and the pul- monary artery. Injury to Host.—Perhaps the first symptom noticed will be dullness, followed by debility and dropsy ; the dog is seized with convulsions, which become more severe as the worms become more numerous ; vomiting has been noted: the patient usually dies in convulsions. Post Mortem Findings.—In some cases hundreds of worms may be found in the right side of the heart and in the pulmonary artery; in other instances a lesser number. Sometimes the worms are found wound in amass obstructing the passage of blood and causing an endocarditis and endarteritis. ASCARIDAE. The family Ascaridae are commonly called Lum- bricoids because they resemble the earth worms in shape and color. They include a group of worms the bodies of which are much larger in calibre than the preceding family. The head parts are provided with three lips, and in most species stand out promi- nently, being marked by a constriction posteriorly. Species of this family infest the intestines of all 98 PARASITOLOGY. animals, principally the young. Under the family Ascaridae is placed the genus Ascaris. They are not blood suckers. ASCARIS MEGALOCEPHALA (Megalo—large ; Cephale—head). Synonym.—Ascaris Equorum. Distribution.—Widely distributed; common in the United States. Description.—This is the largest species of the .family Ascaridae. The body is as large in calibre as a lead pencil; its color is a yellowish white and itis marked with transverse ridges; the head is distinct and is provided with three lips; the tail of the male is straight and it is provided with small lateral mem- branous wings and 80 to 100 papillae. In the female the vulva is located in the anterior one-fourth of the body. The male measures eight to ten inches; the female ten to twelve inches; the female is ovipa- rous Animals Intested.— The horse, the ass and the mule. Parts Infested. — The small intestines. Symptoms.—They are found free in the small intestines and consume food taken in by the host and digested ; thus they rob the host of its nutrients. By their “@ presence they may cause various troubles of di- Fig. 34.—ASCARIS MEGALOCEPHALA (a gestion : they may cause yamngiane a catarrhal condition of : a a Lips. the small intestines, and the irritation may be PARASITOLOGY. QU sufficient to produce diarrhoea, a rough coat and an unthrifty condition. Worms may be passed in the feces. Treatment.—An aloetic ball made of one ounce Barbadoes aloes, cne dram powdered nux vomica, with ¢ sufficient quantity of linseed meal and glycer- ine to make a bolus, followed by two drams tartar emetic twice a day; or, two-dram doses of iron sul- phate three times a day for three or four days, con- joined with the aloetic ball; or, oil of turpentine two to three ounces, and two to three pints of raw linseed oil. AscaRIs VITULI (Vitulus—a calf.) Synonyi.—Ascaris Bovis; Ascaris Vitulonim. Distribution. —Common in Southern Europe; rare in America. Description.—In this species the head is small and distinct; the lips are enlarged at the base and stand cut prominently: the posterior extremity terminates in a conical point which is reddish white in color; the male is six to eight inches long; the female is eight to ten inches long and oviparous. They have Fig. 35.—AscCARIS OVISs. a, Cephalic Extremity. b Caudal Extremity. 100 PARASITOLOGY. been known to ascend to the abomasum, Animal Intested.—Principally calves. Parts Intested.—Small intestines. Symptoms.— Large numbers cause unthriftiness and are said to produce colic and even inflammation of the mucous membrane of the intestine. Treatment.—Same as for horse; the dose should vary with the size and age of the animal; the physic should consist of from one-half to two pounds of Epsom salts. AscaRis Ovis (Ovis—sheep). Distribution.—Found in Europe; rare in America. Description.—The head is small and provided with three lips with denticulated borders. The upper lip is furnished with two small papillae; the remaining lips have only one papilla each. The parasite is yellowish white in color; is oviparous; is attenuated at both ends. The male is four to six inches long; the female six to eight inches. Animal Intested.—Sheep. Parts Infested.—Small Intestines. Symptoms.—Similar to those in calves. Treatn.ent.—Similar to that for calves. PARASITOLOGY. 101 Ascaris SuILia (Suis--hog). Synonynts.—Ascaris Suis; Ascaris Lum- bricoides; Ascaris Suum. Distribution.—Very common inthe United States; also found in other countries. Description.—The head is small; the superior lip is pro- vided with two papil- lae, which are located at the lower angles; the two remaining lips are provided with one papilla each, lo- cated at the middle Fig. 36.—Ascaris Suis (a young one). of the base; the cau- a, Cephalic Extremity, dal extremity of the mleestiel Eepheenais male is provided with sixty to seventy papillae; the male is seven to ten inches long; the female ten to twelve inches; it is oyiparous; pinkish white in color. Animal Intested.—The hog. Parts Intested.—The.small intestines. Symptoms.—Large numbers cause various intes- tinal disorders, as indigestion, colic, diarrhoea and obstruction, followed by emaciation. Large num- bers always cause an unthrifty condition. If the worms ascend to the stomach they cause nausea and vomiting; if they enter the pancreatic duct they cause obstruction and inflammation of that part, and 102 PARASITOLOGY. possibly jaundice. As much as two feet of the small intestines of the pig has been noted to be thoroughly filled with worms, which, upon being removed, were found in a tangled mass. Treatment.—The matter of medicating hogs is not so easy a task asin other animals; the medicine may be put in milk or other thin fluid which is readily relished by them, then pouring this into a trough where all can share in the food; it will be found that they can thus be satisfactorily medicated. San- tonin and powdered areca nut can be given together in the following proportions: Theareca nut should be given in from one-half grain to one grain per pound weight, with santonin one to four grains per pig, depending on the size. The powdered areca nut, being an irritant, acts as a purgative. «Reel enews Wear —ASCARIS-MARGINATA (Marginatus—marginal). Synonym.—Maw worm; Toxastrus limbatus. Distribution.—Common in the United States; also found in Europe and other countries. Description.—The body is pinkish white in color; the head is usually slightly curved and is provided with two lateral membranous wings which are broader G behind than in front and make he the head resemble an Indian ar- row; each lip is provided with a papilla; the male is one and one-half to two inches long ; the female two to three inches; the Pia. Wi Accais Fics female is oviparous; the vulva GINATA, is located on the anterior third Semin of the body, Animal Intested.—The dog. PARASITOLOGY. 10s Parts Intested.—The small intestines. Symptoms.—The puppy is most often infested, though we find them in older dogs. About forty percent of the dogs are infested. The parasites cause irregularity of digestion, as diarrhoea, colic, nervous- ness, irregular appetite and unthrifty appearing coat, and later emaciation. If the parasites ascend to the stomach, nausea and vomiting are noted. The bowel may be occupied by large masses of these worms; the passing of the worms is a diagnostic symptom. Treatment.—The dosage should vary with the age and size of the animal; puppies take one-half grain santonin with five to ten grains areca nut. As the dog grows the dose of santonin may be increased to three or four grains, according to age and size. The dosage of powdered areca nut is one to two grains for each pound weight; the areca nut is an intestinal irritant and acts as a purge. Santonin, 2 grains; Arecolin, 1/,, grain; Calomel, 1 grain; Chelidonin, 44 grain. This has worked excel- lently both in dogs and hogs, ridding the. intestinal. tract of round aay ce LAL. ystax—mustache). Synonym.—aAscaris felis. Distributtion.—Found common in America and other countries. Description.—In regard to its anatomical structure it is similar to the Ascaris Marginata of the dog, and by some is regarded as a smaller variety of the same species. Animal Intested.—The cat. Part Intested.—The small intestine. Symptoms.—lf the worms ascend to the stomach 104 PARASITOLOGY. nausea and vomiting are noted. Cats infested by large numbers of them show symptoms of nervous- ness and loss of appetite with various digestive dis- orders. The cat sits around and is dull and stupid. Treatment.—The same as in the dog, with corres- pondingly smaller doses. Fig. 38. Fig.39a, Fig. 39. Fig. 38—Ascaris inflexa, round worms from the first portion of the intestines of a hen. Natural size. a, female; b, male. Fig. 39a.—Heterakis papillosa, natural size; a, female; b, male—From Kaupp’s Diseases of Poultry. Fig. 39—Heterakis papillosa, round worm, head end only, from the caecum (blind gut) of a hen, magnified; a, mouth; b, oesophagus (gullet). AscARIS INFLEXA (Inflexis—to bend). Synonym.—Heterakis Inflexa. PARASITOLOGY. 105 Description.—The body is yellowish white in color; the male is one and one-half inches long; the female one and one-half to two inches. Common in U. S. Animals Intested.—Fowls. Parts Infested —Small intestines. Condition Produced.—Digestive disorders, as indi- gestion and diarrhoea, which may terminate in death. They have been found so numerous as to obstruct the lumen. Treatment.—For adult birds, powdered areca nut, twenty to thirty grains, made into pill form. Youn- ger birds should be given doses accordingly. Tur- pentine in doses of from one to two teaspoonfuls, given before feeding. HETERAKIS PAPILLOSA. History—Found common throughout the United States. Animal Infested —Chickens. Part Infested —Small intestines and caecum. Description—The male measures from one-third to one-half inch in length, the female from one-half to three-fourths inches. The body is white. The mouth is provided with three lips. The caudal ex- tremity of the male is provided with two spiculae of unequal length and a pre-anal sucker surrounded with a vesicular ring. It is provided with a row of papillae. The tail of the female is gradually attenuated to a sharp point. OXYURIDAE. The worms that belong to the family Oxyuridae are commonly called pin worms. They include a 106 PARASITOLOGY. group of worms whose heads are provided with three small lips. The body is rather heavy and in the female the tail is long and attenuated. The males are provided with spiculae and two pre-anal papillae, and a rudimentary caudal pouch. The Oxyuridae are not blood suckers. Under the family Oxyuridae is placed the genus Oxyuris. Fav, Oxyuris CuRVULA (Oxys—pointed; oura tail). Synonym.—Pin worm; maw worm; curved Oxyuris. Distribution.— Very common in the United States. Description.—The body is whit- ish in color and rather thick; the head is blunt and is provided with three lips; the tail of the female aoe is long and attenuated ; the vulva vuta (Female). 18 located in the anterior third of a, Cephalic extremity. the body. The male is provided b, Caudal extremity. P ‘i with a rudimentary caudal pouch and one spicula; the posterior extremity is blunt. The male is from one-half to three-fourths inch in length; the female is from one to one and one-half inches in length; the female is oviparous. Animals Intested.—'The horse, the ass and the mule. Parts Intested.—Throughout the length of the large intestine and the rectum. Condition Produced.—Their presence in large num- bers -auses considerable irritation, which results in - catarrhal state. After evacuation of the bowels there is noted a small quantity of thick, whitish fluid around the anus (the product of catarrh) which dries PARASITOLOGY. 107 in this region and appears as a white deposit. Pru- ritus may accompany this affection if the worms be lodged in the rectum. The animal rubs the root cf the tail; as a result the hair becomes rough, broken, and has a matted appearance. The animal is un- thrifty ; the coat is rough; worms are passed with the feces, which is a diagnostic symptom. Treatment.—An aloetic ball containing powdered aloes one ounce and powdered nux vomica two drams, followed by tartar emetic two drams twice a day for three days; or, iron sulphate, two- to three-dram doses twice daily for several days. Oxvuris MastTIGoDEs (Mastix—whip ; eidos—form). Synonym.—Long-tailed Oxyuris. Distribution.—Found throughout America and Eu- rope. Description.—Similar to the preceding species in size, shape andcolor; the tail of the female is atten- uated; the attenuated portion is three to four times the length of the body; the female measures from three to four inches in length; the male is similar to the male of the Oxyuris Curvula. Animals Intested.—The horse, the ass and the mule. Parts Intested.—The czecum, the colon and the rec- tum. Symptoms and Treatment.—Same as with the Oxy- uris Curvula. STRONGYLIDAE. The family Strongylidae includes a large group of blood-sucking worms. It includes six genera com- mon to the domesticated animals, viz.: Strongylus, Sclerostoma, Stephanurus, Syngamus, Oesophago- stoma and Uncinaria. 108 PARASITOLOGY. The condition produced by the genus Strongylus is called Strongylosis. The condition produced by the genus Sclerostoma is called Sclerostomiasis. The condition produced by the Stephanurus is called Stephaniasis. The condition produced by the genus Syngamus is called Syngamosis. The condition produced by the genus Oesophag- ostoma is called Oesophagostomiasis. The condition produced by the Uncinaria is called Uncinariosis. The heads of some are provided with papillae ; others are nude, while some have a buccal armature consisting of membranous teeth. Some infest the stomach and the small or large in- testines ; others are found in the fat around the kid- ney and in the lungs, etc. The male is provided with a caudal pouch which may be a single pouch or divided into two (bilobate). The caudal pouch is composed of finger-like projections or ribs; stretch- ing from rib to rib is a delicate membranous expan- sion which forms the pouch, the ribs acting as sup- ports. Two spiculae, usually of equal length, are observed. In some species they project beyond the pouch, others scarcely to its posterior border. The caudal pouch is used to clasp the female during th act of copulation. STRONGYLOSIS. Strongylosis is a condition in which the animal is infested by some of the strongle. There are five forms of strongylosis, viz.: PARASITOLOGY. 109 Bronchial or Pulmonic Strongylosis,—infestation of the bronchi or lungs. Gastric Strongylosis,—infestation of the stom- ach. Intestinal Strongylosis,—infestation of the intes- tines. Vascular Strongylosis,—infestation of the blood vessels. Renal Strongylosis,—intestation of the kidney or fat around the kidney with strongle. Wet seasons favor the development of the disease, as moisture insures the life of the embryo outside of the body of the animal. The disease is most preva- lent on low-lying and swampy lands. It may be spread by the ova or embryos being carried in the stream of water, or by infested animals being intro- duced into a herd; the animal becomes infested through contaminated food and water. It is probably necessary for these worms to pass out of the host in order to complete a portion of their life history. If the ova or embryos fall into water or moist places they may remain alive for several months, provided there is no putrefaction of organic matter. At the end of one week they have been noted to moult, After a second moulting they apparently become shriveled and remain in the skin. In this state they may resist desiccation, and possibly cold tempera- ture, for a long time. Upon being taken in by the host they become revivified and develop into adult worms. A weakened physical condition lessens the animal’s powers of resistance to the invasion of the parasites. 110 PARASITOLOGY. BRONCHIAL AND PULMONARY STRONGYLOSIS. This condition is also called Verminous Bronchi- tis, or Verminous Pneumonia. In Bronchial Strongylosis the worms are found coiled in small balls in the bronchial tubes; their presence causes bronchitis and may occlude the bronchial tube. In Pulmonary Strongylosis the worms find their way to the air saccules and produce a like condition. Broncho-pneumonia may develop as a result of in- festation of both bronchi and air saccules. The bronchial type of the disease is most often found in the young animals, while the pulmonary form is found in the old ones. All animals are infested by their respective species of the genus Strongylus. Symptoms.—At autopsy, a few worms have been found in the lungs of animals that showed no signs of disease during life. The symptoms are slight at the commencement of an attack; there is a loss of appetite and an unthrifty appearance of the animal, and finally emaciation. There is arise of tempera- ture; accelerated respiration due to the plugging of the bronchi with worms and mucus. It is accompanied by a cough which becomes more painful as the disease progresses. In later stages the fits of coughing are accompanied with convul- sions, and the animal finally dies of suffocation. The animal may expectorate ova or larvae. Upon aus- cultation mucus rales may be heard; dullness may be noted on percussion. Treatment.—The. problem of medicating large numbers of cattle, sheep or hogs infested by the lung worms is somewhat difficult. In horses and asses PARASITOLOGY. 11] the steaming with oil of eucalyptus and turpentine, of each one dram in one-half gallon of water, for one-half hour twice daily, will be effective treatment. The can is made cone shape, so that one end of a rubber hose can be attached to the top. The other end of the hose is attached to a hole in a disc-shaped board placed in the bottom of a grain sack; in the top of the sack is a hoop which holds the sack open for the reception of the nose. a, Anus. THE LONG WORMS. Srclz, bu STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI (Arnfield). Distribution.—Rare in the Unit- ed States. Description.—It is a thread-like worm, white in color; the mouth is orbicular and nude; the caudal pouch of the male is short; the spiculae do not project as far as the posterior border of the pouch; the tail of the femate ends obtuse- ly; the male is from one to one and one-half inches long, the fe- male from two to two and one- half inches; the female is ovipa- rous. Animals Infested. —The horse, the ass and the mule. Parts Infested.—The bronchi and lungs. Fig. 41-STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI. Caudal Extremity of Female, 112 PARASITOLOGY. Fig. 42—STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI; Caudal Extremity of Male a, Spiculae. b, Caudal Pouch showing special arrangement of ribs. PARASITOLOGY, 11 G2 Fig. 43-STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI, Ova. Process of Segmentation. Drawing made from Ovain Utere 1 Stained with eosin and methylin blue. foxt ‘fig. 44--STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI Wig. 45—STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDA Aduits about natural size, Cephalic Extremity. a, Male. @, Mouth. b, Oesophagus. b, Femals. ¢, Intestines. PARASITOL ae ce Dye tee ef SrRoNGvits MicrurRus (Micros—small ; oura—tail). Distribution.—Common in certain localities of the United States; found in Europe. Description.—The parasite resembles the preceding one in general appearance ; is white in color; the mouth is circular and nude; the spiculae of the male are short and strong, the caudal pouch small; the body of the female tapers to a short, sharp tail; the male is one and one-half to two inches long, the fe- male two to three inches; the female is ovovivipa- rous. Animal Infested.—The ox. Parts Infested. —Bronchi and air cells. STRONGYLUS PULMONALIS (Pulmo—a lung). Distrtbution.—Found in America and Europe. Description.—The mouth is circular and is sur- rounded by small papillae ; the caudal pouch of the male is bell-shaped and is provided with seven ribs; the tail of the female is attenuated, tapering to a sharp point; the male is one to one and one-quarter inches long, the female one and one-quarter to one and one-half inches. Animals Infested.—Principally young valves. Parts Infested.—Principally bronchi. Condition Produced.—The conditions and symptoms are the same as given in the general description of verminous bronchitis. The malady is cften called Hoose, Husk, or Paper Skin. a , \ . STRONGYLUS FiLartia (Strongvlos—cylindrical) ge eet, ae ae (filum—a thread). yt Distribution.—Found in the United Pentee and other countries. PARASITOLOGY. 115 Description.—This parasite is filiform, white in color and attenuated at both extremities; the mouth is circular and nude; the caudal pouch of the male is well developed; the spiculae do not reach to the outer border; the male is two to three inches long, the female three to four inches; the female is ovo- viviparous. Animals Infested.—The sheep, the goat and the camel. Parts Intested.—Bronchi and lungs. Disease Produced.—The disease is called Hoose, Husk, Paper Skin or Lamb Disease. Conditions and symptoms are the same as de- scribed under general symptoms. STRONGYLUS RUFESCENS (Rufescent—reddish). Synonym.—Strongylus Ovis Pulmonalis. Distribution.—Found in some localities in United States. Descriftion.—Thread-like and reddish brown in color; the mouth is provided with three papilliform lips; the caudal. pouch is small and has a shallow notch on each side; the tail of the female terminates in a blunt point ; the male is one to one and a quar- ter inches long, the female one and one-quarter to one and one-half inches. Animals Intested.—Sheep and goat. Parts Infested.—Bronchi and lungs. YW 4tasrroncvius PARADOxuS (Paradoxum:---beside). Synonym.—Strongylus Elongatus. Distribution.—Common in the United States. Description.—The body is thread-like and white or 116 PARASITOLOGY. brownish white in color; the mouth is surrounded by six papillae; the caudal pouch of the male is fairly well developed; the spiculae are very long; the tail of the female terminates in a blunt point; the male measures about one inch in length, Jeg - i a. male one to one and one-half inches. ee te en ee Animal Intested.—The hog. A na Se Oe peVvtegire / Farts Intested.—The bronchi and lungs. 7 A STRONGYLUS PusILLus (Pusillus—very little). Distribution.—Rare; has been reported in Europe. Description.—A hair-like worm ; the mouth is nude; the caudal pouch of the male is short; the spiculae are long and slender; the tail of the female termin- ates in a blunt point; the male is about one-sixth inch long, the female one-half inch; the female is oviparous. Animal Infested.—The cat. Parts Infested.—The bronchi and lungs. Condition Produced.—Small pneumonic areas are produced throughout the lung by the presence of embryo or adult. These granules are yellowish white, and vary in size from a pinhead to a millet seed. The nodules project from beneath the pleura or they may be imbedded in an area of gray hepati- zation. The symptoms are similar to those mani- fested inlarger animals. The frequent fits of cough- ing may be followed by vomiting. In later stages they lose condition,—stairy coat, emaciation and death. Treatment.—Steam inhalation of oil of ‘eucalyptus and turpentine. PARASITOLOGY. 117 Haemoncuus Contortus (Contortus—twisted), b Synonym.—Strongylus Contortus. LJ y) Distribution.—Common in many states, ' especially in the South and middle West. a. ae ae : : aeons Description.—Hair-like in appearance; Stroncyius body white or pinkish white in color; ooo the mouth is nude; two lateral papillae b, Female, are noted a short distance from the head; the cuticular surface has fine transverse striations ; the caudal pouch is bilobate, 7. ¢., the pouch is divided into two parts; the body of the female terminates in a pointed tail; the male meas- ures four-fifths of an inch in length, the female about one inch. Lite Cycle.—The female is oviparous. The ova are passed from the animal in the feces; the egg thus passed has been found to be undergoing seg- mentation, and has hatched in from two to three days. The embryo is very small and is provided with a fine-pointed tail. Inthe development from the embryonic to the fully developed larval stage, it moults at least twice; the embryo becomes shriv- eled in the last moult, and remains in the skin, in which state it is usually found upon blades of grass or other objects. In this state it can retain its vital- ity for several weeks, withstanding desiccation and freezing. When taken into the stomach the larva becomes revivified and developes into the adult stage, The worm is a bloodsucker and is often found attached to the mucous membrane, holding on by means of its buccal armature. Animals Intested.—The ox, the sheep and the goat. Parts Intested.—Abomasum and intestines. 118 PARASITOLOGY. Symptoms.—This is a serious form of intestinal strongylosis, often causing great loss among cattle and sheep. The first symptoms are those of diar- rhoea loss of appetite, followed by gradual loss of condition. The mucous membranes become pale, due to the loss of blood; the hair becomes rough; there is great thirst and languor; swellings may be noted about the head and chest; the skin becomes dry, hence the condition has been called paper skin. The animal may die. Treatment.—Kamala, thymol, benzine, turpentine and gasoline have been given with more or less good results. The best results are probably derived from the following treatment: Tocattle that have fasted over night give two to six ounces of gasoline once a day for four or five days. The first day give one to two pounds of Epsom salts. To lambs and sheep give two to eight drams of gasoline, after fasting, and drench with the proper amount ‘of salts, as in cattle. It is recommended to give gasoline in doses sufficient to make the animal show symptoms as though drunk. STRONGYLUS OSTERTAGI (Ostertag). Synonym.—Strongylus Convolutus; Ostertagia os- tertagi. Distribution.—Found in the middle West and in the southern states; also in Europe. Description.—The anatomical structure resembles that of the Strongylus Contortus. The color of the body is brownish yellow. The male measures one- third of an inch in length, the female one-half inch. Animals Infested.—The Ox, the sheep and the goat. Parts Infested —Abomasum and intestines. PARASITOLOGY. 119 Condition Produced.—It becomes lodged in the mu- cous membrane of the abomasum and intestines, more commonly in the former location. Upon ex- amination of the infested tissue small nodules, the size of a pinhead or millet seed, will be observed. These nodules may be slightly depressed in the cen- ter. If this membrane be placed in a compressor glass it will be found to contain the larva or adult worm. Symptoms.—The symptoms are the same as those produced by the Strongylus Contortus. Treatment.—The same as for the Strongylus Con- tortus. STRONGYLES OF THE HORSE, THE STRONGYLUS-ARMATUS GROUP. In the group of parasites commonly known under the name of Strongylus armatus will be discussed the following genera: Sclerostomum and _ Triodonto- phorus. GENUS SCLEROSTOMUM. The mouth-collar is formed by a continuation of the skin and at its upper part is split into a delicate fringe-like crown. See figure 1, 4 and 6, Plate 9, and 9 in Plate 9. The inner part of this mouth-collar rests on the anterior border of the mouth-capsule. The skin is thick. The head is pro- vided with papillae and the four sub-median are marked by a short point composed of the chitinous substance of the mouth-collar and projecting at the base of the anterior leaf-crown. The ‘fibers of the papillary nerves terminate immediately beneath them. The lateral papillae are not provided with these points 120 PARASITOLOGY. and do not project over the collar. See figures 1, 4 and 6, Plate 9, and 9 in Plate 9. The inner part of this mouth-collar rests on the anterior border of the mouth-capsule. The skin is thick. The head is provided with papillae and the four submedian are marked by a short point composed of the chitinous substance of the mouth-collar and projecting at the base of the anterior leaf-crown. The fibers of the papillary nerves terminate immediately beneath them. The lateral papillae are not provided with these points and do not project over the collar. See figures 1, 4 and 6 of Plate 9, and 9, Plate 9. The intestine is composed of two rows of epithe- lial cells, one dorsal and one ventral. These cells are very large and contain large oval nuclei. This is best seen on cross section of the worm. The digestive tract consists of the following structures: mouth, esophagus, intestine (chyle intes- tine) and rectum. The papillae are connected with the central nervous system four of the fibers going to the four lateral papillae and four to the submedian papillae. The bursa of the male is rather small. See figure 5, Plate 9, and figure 10, Plate 9, and figure 17, Plate 10. The genital opening is placed at the top of the genital cone on the ventral surface of the body. The two spicules are thin and slender. The vulva of the female is anterior to the anus and in the posterior third of the body. The male is provided with glands which secrete a gummy substance and is delivered in the region of the caudal pouch and literally cements the pouch to the female during the copulatory act. Plate IX. Description of Plate IX. Sclerostomum equinum (strongylus armatus). Figure. 1, mity. Lateral view. 2. Sclerostomum equinum, 3. Sclerostomum equinum. 4, Sclerostomum equinum. lateral view. —. Sclerostomum equinum. 6. Sclerostomum edentatum. 7, Selerostomum edentatum, & Seclerostomum edentatum. 9. Selerostomum edentatum. 10. Sclerostomum edentatum. 11. Gyalocephalus capitatus. view. 12, Gyalocephalus capitatus. 18. Gyalocephalus capitatus. Cephalic extre- Female. Female. Natural size. Male. Natural size. Cephalic extremity, Male. Dorso- Male. Diagonal front view. Caudal pouch. Lateral view. Head. Female. Female: Male. Natural size. Diagonal front view of mouth. Posterior view of caudal pouch. Male. Cephalic extremity of female. Dorsal Female. Natural size. Male. Natural size. cy setae Description of Plate X. Figure. 14, Sclerostomum vulgare. Cephalic extremity. Female. Ventra) view, 15. Sclerostomum vulgare. Female. Natural size. 16. Selerostomum vulgare. Male. Natural size. 17. Seclerostomum vulgare, Caudal pouch. Male. Lateral view. 18. Seclerostomum vulgare. Cephalic extremity. Male. Lateral view. 19. Selerostomum vulgare. Cephalic extremity. Female. Latero- ventral view. 20. Selerostomum vulgare. Caudal extremity. Female. 21. Triodontophorus serratus. Casting its last moult arriving at mature state. Male. From a thrombus of the anterior mesenteric artery. 22, Tyriodontophorus serratus. Cephalic extremity. Female. Lat- eral view. 28. Triodontophorus serratus. Maile. Natural size. 24. riodontophorus. serratus. Female. ‘Natural size. 24a, Triodontoplhorus minor. Cephalic extremity. Female. 25. Triodontophorus minor. Male. Natural size. 26. Triodontopkorus minor, Female. Natural size. 27. Cylichnostomum labiatum. Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal view. 28. Cylichnostomum labiatum. Male. Natural size. 29, Cylichnostomum labiatum. Female. Natural size. 30. Cylichnostomum labiatum. Caudal extremity. Male. Lateral view. PARASITOLOGY. 121 This genus has three species, viz: equinum, eden- tatum, and vulgare. They are usually found in the cecum and first portion of the large colon. Sclerostomum equinum.—(Strongylus armatus. Strongylus neglectus). This is the largest species of strongylus found in the intestines of the horse. The male measures up to 35 mm. (one and cne-half inches) long and an average thickness of 1.25 mm. while the female measures up to 47 mm. (nearly two inches) long and 2.25 mm. in thickness. See figures 2 and 3, Plate 9. Three teeth are found within the mouth ‘capsule. The teeth have rounded termina- tions. See figures 1 and 4, Plate 9. Sclerostomum edentatum.—Sclerostomum equin- um). This is the next largest species of strongylus under consideration. The male measures up to 26 mm. (one inch) long and 1.5 mm. thick. The female up to 36 mm. (one and one-half inches) long and 2 mm. in thickness. The head is distinctly divided from the body. The mouth is cup-like in shape and there are no teeth-like projections. See figure 6, Plate 9, and figure 9, Plate 9. Sclerostomum vulgare.—(Sclerostomum armatum). The male measures up to 16 mm. (two-thirds of an inch) long and diameter about .75 mm. while the fe- male measures up to 24 mm. (one inch) in length and 1 mm. in diameter. The mouth is slightly cup- shaped with the dorsal aspect more convex than the ventral. See figures 14 and 19, Plate 10. GENUS ‘TRIODONTOPHORUS. This genus is provided with three teeth located 11 the floor of the oral capsule. These teeth are direct- 122 PARASITOLOGY. ed toward the opening of the mouth. The genital opening in the female is found a short distance from the tip of the tail. The body is thick with rather abrupt narrowing at both ends. The skin is rather thick with deep transverse markings. Two uteri ex- tend forward from a short vagina. There are two species of this genus, viz: minor and serratus. The word triodontophorus comes from the fact that there are three teeth provided in the oral capsule. Triodontophorus minor—The male measures up to 13 mm. (one-half inch) long and about .7 mm. thick while the female measures up to 14 mm. (two-thirds of an inch) long and .8 mm, in thick- ness. The body of the female terminates short and blunt. The caudal pouch of the male is rather large. This worm is found principally in the last portion of the colon. See figures 24a, 25 and 26, Plate 10. Triodontophorus serratus——The male measures up to 18 mm. (three-fourths of an inch) long and about 1 mm. in thickness and the female 25 mm. (one inch) long and about 1 mm. thick. See figure 21, Plate 10, and figures 22, 23 and 24, Plate 10. The worm shown in figure 21 is taken from a throm- bus of the anterior mesenteric artery of an eleven- months-old colt. It is casting its last moult having just arrived at the fully developed state. It is a male worm. THE SCLEROSTOMUM-TETRACANTHUM GROUP, In the group of parasites commonly known under the name of Sclerostomum tetracanthum will be dis- PARASITOLOGY. 123 cussed the following genera: Cylichnostomum and Gyalocephalus. Synonyms for this group are: Sclerostomum tetracanthum and Strongylus tetracanthus. GENusS CYLICHNOSTOMUM, The cylichnostomum was so named from the re- semblance of its mouth parts to a small cup, which the word means. The general form of the body is stout. The tail of the female is slender and pointed. The body has transverse markings in the skin. The male is pro- vided with a caudal pouch which possesses two spicu- lae of equal size and shape. The intestine runs straight through the body and is usually visible to the naked eye especially after clarification of the speci- men. Looss has apparently proven that the function of the spiculae is one of copulation as he has observed, in at least one case, the spiculae introduced into the inner genitals of the female in a copulating pair. He has also observed that the food of the cylichnostomes is a colorless crumbly more or less coarsely granular substance including to a varying extent particles of all kinds of vegetable debris, pieces of straw, starch granules and often ova and infusoria. Thus it will be seen, that from a study of the intestinal contents there may be some doubt as to whether they are true blood suckers. The writer in his study of more than 300 specimens has noted in one case the ingestion of two ova. These worms pass through their larval stage in cysts in the mucous membrane of the large intes- 124 PARASITOLOGY. tines. In making a collection of the strongylus for study I find that while the majority of worms are found close to the mucous membrane or between the fecal matter and mucous membrane yet some are in- corporated in the mass of partially digested material. The following species of this genus cylichnosto~ mum have been studied in this laboratory: tetracan- thum, labratum, labiatum, bicoronatum, poculatum, calicatum, alveolatum, catinatum, nassatum, radiatum, and elongatum. Cylichnostomum tetracanthum.—Length of male 9 mm. (one-third of an inch), thickness .25 mm, fe- male up to 12 mm. (one-half inch) long, thickness .5 mm. Lateral head papillae not prominent, subme- dian head papilla moderately long. Esophagus short and stout. See figures 31, 32 and 33, Plate 11. Cylichnostomum labratum.—Body slender. Length of male up to 8 mm., female 9 mm. Maximum thick- ness of male, .25 mm., female 33 mm. Head separated from the body by a slight construction. Papillae same as in C. tetracanthum. See figures 45, 46 and 47, Plate 11. Cylichnostomum labiatum.—Length of male up to 9 mm., female 11 mm. Thickness of male up to .33 mm. and female 42 mm. See figures 27, 28, 29 and 30, Plate 10. Cylichnostomum Gein Rte stout and PARASITOLOGY. 125 slightly tapering towards the extremities. Length of male up to 12 mm., female up to 14. mm. Head con- tinuous with the body. Tail of female appears as though it was cut off obliquely. See figures 37, 38 and 39, Plate 11, and 43 and 44, Plate 11. Cylichnostomum poculatum—Body delicate and slender. Length of male up to 8 mm., female up to 10 mm. Head not separate from the body. Esopha- gus long. Lateral head papillae prominent. See fig- ures 51, 52 and 53, Plate 12. Cylichnostomum calicatum.—A very small worm. Body delicate and slender. Length of male up to 6 mm., female up to 8 mm. Head slightly narrowed, esophagus short. See figures 60, 61 and 62, Plate 12. Cylichnostomum alveatum—Length of male 10 mm., female 13 mm. Thickness of male, .43 mm., female, .6 mm. See figures 48, 49 and 50, Plate 12. Cylichnostomum catinatum.—Head slightly thick- ened, esophagus short and thick. Length of male up to 8 mm., female 9 mm. See figures 54, 55 and 56, Plate 12. Cylichnostomum nassatum.—Length of male up to 10 mm., female up to 14 mm. Thickness of male up to .3 mm., female up to .7 mm. Submedian papillae moderately long. See figures 34, 35 and 36, Plate 11. Cylichnostomum radiatum.—Length of the male up to 11 mm., female up to 14 mm. Submedian head 126 PARASITOLOGY. papillae longer than the nassatum. See figures 40, 41 and 42, Plate 11. Cylichnostomum elongatum.—Length of male up to 13 mm., female up to 17 mm. Lateral head papillae large. See figures 57, 58 and 59, Plate 12. Gyalocephalus capitatus—Length of male up to 7.5 mm., female up to 9.5 mm. Body rather slender. Head distinctly separated from the body. See figures 11, 12 and 13, Plate 9. A chemical study of the strongyles shows their bodies to be composed of the following substances: fats, fatty acids consisting chiefly of butyric acid, soaps, mucin, albumoses, purin bases and creatin. A ptomain, a crystalizable alkaloid, an amino-acid and an amorphous substance containing non-protein nitro- gen and phosphorus which gives precipitating reac- tions for an alkaloid. The cuticle contains a protein like substance which has no relation to chitin. An alcoholic extract of these parasites possesses strong hemolytic properties. The soaps, fatty acids, erystalizable alkaloids and ptomains are active in this hemolytic process. The: parasites secrete a lipase capable of digesting the fat contained in horse serum. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRONGYLES. The strongyles draw blood by aid of their chitinous mouth-capsule. This capsule is buried in the intes- tinal mucosa and in some cases offers quite a resist- ance to traction in an effort to remove them, These parasites are provided with neck glands and esophageal glands. The latter are composed of large irregular shaped cells and the body of the gland is imbedded in the esophageal muscles as illustrated in PARASITOLOGY, 127 the plates. These glands empty into the esophagus and the secretion in all probability is a digestive one. The neck glands appear as two large spindle-shaped cells located within the perivisceral cavity of the anterior half of the body, and united with the so- called bridge of the excretory system by two longer or shorter peduncles of varying calibre. These glands are provided with excretory ducts which empty on the margin of the buccal lips. It is believed that this secretion has something to do with the prevention of the ready coagulation of the blood ingested by the worm. It has been found by experimentation that these glands secrete a poisonous substance which may interfere with the general health of the infected horse, ass or mule causing an unthrifty condition as well as evidence of injury by a production of an eosinophilia. As a rule we may say of the larger species of strongylus, that the Sclerostomum vulgare are found principally in the cecum and at times the colon. The Sclerostomum edentatum and S. equinum are found Principally in the first portion of the colon. The Triodontophorus minor is found principally in the thickened end of the terminal portion of the large colon. The triodontophorus serratus and the Cy- lichnostomes are found scattered throughout the cecum and great colon. The loss of blood caused by myriads of the blood sucking kind amounts to considerable and yet while nearly every horse harbors a greater or less number of the various species here described but few ever show any inconvenience. Just to what extent the 128 PARASITOLOGY. Key to Letters A—Anus, B—Vulva. C—External leaf crown. lb—Internal leaf crown, E—Oesophageal gland. F—Orifice of dorsal gutter of mouth capsule. G—Submedian head papillae. H—Ova. I—Mouth. J—Mouth capsule. K—Mouth collar. L—Oesophageal funnel. M—Rays. N—Web, O—Moult. P—Dorsal tooth of mouth capsule. Q—Lateral papillary nerve. R—Dorsal gutter of mouth capsule. S—Lateral head papillae. T—Teeth. \J—Spiculae. Plate XI. Description of Plate XI. Figure. 31. Cylichnostomum Dorsal view. 82. Cylichnostomum 38. Cylichnostomum 34. Cylichnostomum view. 85. Cylichnostomum 36. Cylichnostomum 37, Cylichnostomum 38. Cylichnostomum 39. Cylichnostomum 40. Cylichnostomum view. 41. Cylichnostomum 42, Cylichnostomum 43, Cylichnostomum Dorsal view. 44, Cylichnostomum 45, Cylichnostomum view. 46. Cylichnostomum 47, Cylichnostomum tetracanthum. Cephalic extremity of male. tetracanthum, Male. Female. Natural size. tetracanthum. Natural size. nassatum, Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal nassatum, Male. Natural size. nassatum. Female. Natural size. bicoronatum. Caudal extremity. Female. bicoronatum, Male. Natural size. bicoronatum, Female. Natural size. radiatum, Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsa) radiatum. Male. radiatum. bicoronatum, Natural size. Natural size. Cephalic Female. extremity. Female. bicoronatum, Anterior view. Mouth. Female. labratum. Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal labratum. labratum. Male. Female. Natural size. Natural size. Plate XII. Description Migure, 48. Cylichnostomum view. 49. Cylichnostomum 50. Cylichnostomum 51. Cylichnostomum sal view. 52. Cylichnostomum 538. Cylichnostomum 54, Cylichnostomum : sal view. 55. Cylichnostomum 56. Cylichnostomum 57. Cylichnostomum 58. Cylichnostomum 59. Cylichnostomum 60. Cylichnostomum 61. Cylichnostomum 62. Cylichnostomum alveatum. alveatum. alveatum, poculatum. poculatum. poculatum, catinatum, catinatum. catinatum. elongatum, elongatum, elongatum, calicatum. calicatum. ealicatum, of Plate XII. Cephalic extremity. Female. Dorsal Male. Natural size. Female. Natural size. Cephalic extremity. Female. Dor- Male. Natural size, Female. Natural size. Cephalic extremity. Female. Dor- Male. Natural size, Female. Natural size. Cephalic extremity. Female. Male. Female. Natural size. Natural size. Cephalic extremity. Female. Male. Natural size. Dorsal view Female. Natural size. PARASITOLOGY. 129 animal becomes immunized to the injurious substances thrown out, some of which is undoubtedly absorbed, is an important question to determine. 2 INTESTINAL STRONGYLOSIS. I have noted the great activity shown by the wrig- gling Triodontophorus and S. vulgare when the colon is opened shortly after death of the host. These worms often appear red to pink in color, are thus very active, no doubt the most active bloodsuckers of all the multitude of species of strongylus that may infest the large intestines of the horse. I have known in- festations with the smaller varieties in young horses where a fatal hemorrhagic enteritis resulted. The feces were blood stained and each discharge from the bowel was loaded with the small worms. Thus it will be seen that the intestinal strongylosis may result in diarrhea, emaciation, anemia, colic and death. The treatment of the intestinal infestation consists of two drams each of iron sulphate and tartar emetic given on an empty stomach in small amount of chop, once a day for a week. This is followed by a brisk aloetic purge. This treatment should be repeat- ed at the end of a week. The colon contents is so massive and the distance from the mouth so great that the desirable results are sometimes hard to attain. A's stated before thrombi and aneurisms of the abdominal blood vessels, and especially the great mesenteric artery, are common. I have found these thrombi in young horses, the youngest being eleven months old. In this case the thrombus had formed in one of the large branches of the great mesenteric artery about four inches from its origin. The vessel 130 PARASITOLOGY. was not distended and the coagulum, was slightly larger than a pea and contained three worms. One proved to be a Triodontophorus serratus, the posterior extremity of which is illustrated in figure 21, Plate 10. The large intestines of this young horse contained only two species, those of the Triodontophorus serra- tus and the Sclerostomum vulgare. All other worms examined up to this time for classification from throm- bi and aneurisms have proven to be the Sclerostomum equinum. (Strongylus armatus.) One investigator has ventured the opinion that this latter parasite prob- ably passes its larval stage in the abdominal blood vessels. THROMBOSIS AND EMBOLISM. In those vessels containing small thrombi and which must be regarded as rather recent invasions there is noted an endarteritis with possibly some destruction of the endothelium. Later stages show atheromatous changes and in old aneurisms even areas of calcifica- tion. The middle coat shows hypertrophy and inflam- matory processes. The outer coat shows connective tissue proliferation, A vessel wall thus diseased may give way to a more or less extent and sacculation occurs. The aneurism now developed may be saccular, fusiform or cylin- droid. On the inner side will be found a mass of coagulum adhering closely to the degenerating vessel wall. The larvae may be found in the coagulum with one end extending out into the blood stream or lodged in the walls between the coats or penetrating partially protruding on either side of the vessel wall. PARASITOLOGY. 131 From this coagulum there may break loose at differ- ent times, emboli which may produce more or less serious results depending on the size of the embolus and the location of the embolism. There will be ischemia of that portion of the intestine to which the vessel is disturbed, and paralysis of that portion of the digestive tube. The secretions are suspended and thrombi-embolic colic results. The ischemic portion, at first pale, now becomes dark red, due to the passive congestion. The mucous membrane appears swollen and hemorrhagic infarction occurs. A serous exudate may be present and the organ appears increased in size. This condition fa- vors infection from the bowel and more serious results may follow. THROMBO-EMBOLIC COLIC. Fermentation of the ingesta of this now paralyzed part of the digestive tube may take place. The horse shows colicky pains, lies down and gets up frequently, perspires first in spots later may be covered with per- spiration. If rupture of the aneurism takes place during the attack of colic the animal will be noted to sit up on his haunches, knuckles over in its fetlocks. There will be blanched or pale visible mucous mem- branes. The extremities are cold. The pulse is weak and thready. If the aneurism be located in the pos- terior aorta this vessel is more likely to rupture be- cause of the high blood pressure in it. Bollinger records fifteen ruptured aneurisms as hav- ing taken place into the peritoneal sac and three into the intestines. 132 PARASITOLOGY. Additional symptoms noted may be those of look- ing around at the side, pinched facial expression, pass- ing a few hard fecal pellets later a total suppression of passages. The animal trembles and moves its hind feet uneasily. Large verminous aneurisms may cause frequent at- tacks of. colic. These are usually brought about by embolism in the small branches of the diseased artery. If the collateral circulation takes care of the part the animal recovers. If slightly more severe the disease may run a chronic course, indigestion and possibly constipation alternated with diarrhea, light colicy at- tacks, some elevation of temperature, capricious appe- tite. This condition may finally terminate in recovery or if still more serious marasmus, cachexia and death. An embolism in one of the smaller vessels may not prove fatal on account of the free arterial anastomosis. It is where more than one vessel is in a state of em- bolism or larger vessels affected that fatal thrombo- embolic colic results. As an illustration, if an embolus should lodge at the trunk of the large faciculus of the great mesenteric artery it would shut off the blood supply to the cecum and death of that viscus results, Or if the embolus should lodge in the first branch of the great mesenteric artery which goes to the floating colon serious results would follow. The direct cause of death in these cases is probably due to intoxication by absorption of toxic substances from the intestines, from infection of the infarcted area, from cardiac syncope as a result of pain, from absorption of poisonous gases from the bowel, from nervous shock due to the pain, from alteration of PARASITOLOGY. 133 blood and disturbance to the circulation, from edema of the lungs brought about by continuous compres- sion on the diaphragm by the distended bowels or from cerebral or pulmonary apoplexy induced by in- creased arterial tension due to pressure of the dis- tended abdominal viscera on the larger arteries, Bollinger records a case in which recovery had taken place and later the animal came to autopsy. He records as high as five or six obliterated arterioles and venules in a square centimeter. There is a possibility that the larger aneurisms in- terfere to some extent with the normal blood supply to the bowel and account at least in some cases, for chronic digestive troubles so frequently found among horses of all ages and environments. At least a part of the larger sclerostomes pass their larval stage in small tumors in the wall of the large in- testines and possibly in small fecal pellets. These tu- mors vary in size according to the age of the larva and may attain a size up to that of a hazelnut. These are readily observed at autopsy as they push out the mu- cosa as well as the serous suface. Wher: examined closely especially microscopically it will be noted that they may contain blood coagulum and even pus. A local eosinophilia may be observed as well as hypere- mia. The larva merging into the adult stage leaves the tumor to be found free in the intestinal contents at which time a small opening may be observed at the summit of the tumor. There is no doubt but that these blood sucking worms in the intestinal tract wound the mucous mem- 134 PARASITOLOGY. brane so that this acts as a portal of entry of many harmful bacteria. fa The author has recorded three cases of Sclerosto- mum equinum in the spermatic arteries. Two of these cases were from cryptorchids one from a “straight” colt. From the adult intestinal form the ova or, embryos pass out to the external world with the feces where if not already hatched they do so in a short time if climatic conditions are favorable. Damp or even wet pastures favor this intermediate stage and parasitisms is more prevalent in horses, asses or mules pastured on such grounds. Thus contaminated food and water serves as carriers of the infection. see Addenda between eae 2 ble STRONGYLUs VasorumM (Vas—a vessel). Distribution—Reported in Europe. Description—The worm is thread-like in calibre and white or pink in color; the mouth’is nude; the male is provided with a short, bilobate caudal pouch and two long spiculae; the male is two-fifths of an inch in length, the female one-half inch. Animal Infested—The dog. Parts Infested—The adult infests the blood-vessels, especially of the right side of the heart, and the pulmon- ary artery; the larva infests the lungs. Condition Produced—The ovum or embryo becomes lodged in the small arteries of the lungs, and it produces thrombosis. Its presence also causes a small granule or tubercle to form in the lung tissue; in the center of the tubercle is found the ovum or embryo, surrounded by epithelial, embryonic and giant cells, as found in the tubercles caused by the bacillus of tuberculosis, Symptoms.—Sudden dyspnoea, anemia, emaciation and oftentimes cough. Ova or embryos may be expelled by the fits of coughing. hakertra mprsiorocy. 135 ScLERostoma HypostomuM (hypo—under, stoma—mouth) Synonyin.—Chabertia ovina. Distribution.—Found in the United States and Europe. Not very common. Description. — The body is thread-like, white in color and rigid; the head is slightly globular; the mouth parts are provided with a double row of mem- branous teeth; the head is surrounded by six papillae; the caudal pouch is short and gives the male a cut off appearance; the tail of the female terminates in a blunt point. The male is three fifths of an inch in length, the female about one inch. Lite History. Mode otf Intestation.— The female is oviparous, the ova pass out to the ground with the feces; the eMbryos after emerging from the ova go through certain changes and are then taken in by the host through the food and water. Upon reach- ing the intestinal tract they develop into the mature form. Animals Intested.—The sheep and goat. Parts Infested.—Small and large intestines. Condition Produced.—By means of the buccal arm- ature they hold on to the mucous membrane and suck the blood; punctiform hemorrhages have been noted in the intestinal mucosa; when in large numbers they cause disturbance in digestion, a general un- thrifty appearance, diarrhoea, emaciation, anemia and possibly death. These wounds often furnish channels through which infection may take place. Treatment.—Physic and gasoline are prescribed as in infestation with the Strongylus Contortus- (Dentos—toothed) STEPHANURUS Dentatus (Stephanos—a crown) a PARASITOLOGY. 199 nose may be observed; there may be a nasal discharge and swelling of the submaxillary lymph glands; ‘ISNVAG VINOSONVdAU TL, JIM paydaye asioy v yo ydess0j04g—pL ‘31 there is a loss of appetite, a stairy coat and the ani- mal gradually becomes emaciated; swellings appear in the region of the chest, abdomen, sheath, ete. 200 PARASITOLOGY. When these swellings are incised a serum escapes in which the protozoa can be found. TRYPANOSOMA Brucir (Bruce). Distributtion.—Found in Africa. Description.—The Trypanosoma Brucii are elon- gatedand more pointed at the flagellated end; the body is slightly curved; the nucleus is located in the center, close to the surface; the centrosome is in the blunt end and is clearly separated from the flagellum. The flagellum proceeds from this end, follows the entire length of the body, and projects a distance out from the extremity, forming a hair-like appendage as in the preceding species. The protozoon measures about twenty-eight microns in length by one-half to two microns wide; if a drop of blood be drawn they can be found actively moving about in it. Lite Cycle.—The protozoon divides by simple cell division; the centrosome becomes larger and elong- ated, then divides into two; the flagellum becomes thickened and divides likewise into two; this is ac- companied by a like division of the nucleus. The newly formed centrosome, nucleus and flagellum find their way to their respective sides; then comes the division of the protoplasm lengthwise. The two newly formed parasites now develop to full size and again divide. Intermediate Host.—The Glossina Morsitans or tsetse fly is the transmitter of the protozoon. Animals Infested.—The horse, ass, mule, ox and dog. Parts [ntested.—Found free in the blood. Disease Produced.—Nagana; tsetse fly disease. PARASITOLOGY. 201 Symptoms.—The period of incubation is about five days; the temperature may reach 106 degrees Fah. Swelling appears in various parts of the body, asthe chest, abdomen or head; there is a loss of appetite, anemia and gradual emaciation. TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM (Equus—horse). Distributton.—America and Europe. Description.—The general appearance and method of cell division does not differ from the description given in the two preceding species; the distinction between the species is largely by the symptoms and lesions produced. The protozoon measures about twenty microns long, one and one-half to two microns broad; it is atrifle shorter than the Trypanosoma Brucii. Life Cycle.—Its mode of multiplication is the same as in the preceding species ; the method of inocula- tion is by coition; the diseased genital organ con- veyes the protozoon; the Trypanosoma is found in the blood and also in the serum from the oedematous and ulcerous parts: Animals Infested —The horse, ass and dog. Parts Infested.—Primarily genital organs; later other parts. Name of Disease.—Maladie du coit; dourine; equine syphilis. Symptoms.—In the mare oedematus swellings ap- pear in the vulvar region, which develop in eight to ten days after coition; in the horse, in the sheath, scrotum and penis; the skin over these organs may show eruptions, in the form of vesicles; later, after the vesicles have ruptured, white spots appear. 202 PARASITOLOGY. The inguinal lymph glands which receive the lymph from these parts become swollen; later, fibrous de- generation may take place both in these glands and the testicles; the testicles may contain cavities of caseous pus; there may develop ulcerous patches on the penis, sheath and vulva. In later stages the nerve tissue, kidneys, lymph glands and other or- gans become infested. ‘TRYPANOSOMA EQUINUM. Distribucton.—Found in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentine Republic. Description.— This protozoon has the same general appearance as the trypanosoma Brucii, and multiplies in like manner. It measures from twenty-two to twenty-four microns long and about one and one-half microns broad. Life Cycle.—It passes through the same changes as the preceding species. The animals probably be- come inoculated by blood-sucking flies. Animals Infested.—The horse and, by experimental inoculation, ox, sheep, pig and dog. Part Infested.—The blood. Disease Produced.—Mal de caderas; disease of hind quarters; flagellosis of equidae. Symptoms.—High elevations of temperature; the animal becomes weak and sluggish. The weakness is greatest in the hind quarters. Later he sways from side to side; scarcely able to move; gradual emaciation; down, unable to rise; death. TRYPANOSOMA LEwIsI (Lewis) Distribution.—Found in Cuba and other countries. Description.—It somewhat resembles the other PARASITOLOGY. 203 trypanosomes and is about twenty-five microns long and one and one-half microns broad. Animals Infested —Rats. Part Infested —The blood. Condition Produced.—The mode of infection is sup- posed to be by means of lice and fleas. The rats suffer no inconvenience from this infestation, and therefore it must be considered non-pathogenic for this animal. SPOROZOA (Spore; zodn—animal). The class Sporozoa includes a group of single- celled microdrganisms provided with a protoplasmic cell body in which is found a nucleus. It is pro- vided with a limiting membrane. The method of re- production is by the formation of spore corpuscles, or the division of the nucleus and protoplasm into several parts. Three orders of this class interest us, viz., Coccidia, Sarcosporidia and Hemasporidia. Coccipi1um OvirorRME (Coccum—a kernel). Synonym.—Psorospermia oviforme. Eimeria stie- dae. Distribution—Found in the United States and Europe. Description—A _ single-celled animal organism, ovoid in shape, and forty to fifty microns long by twenty-two to twenty-eight microns thick. It is pro- vided with a double limiting membrane. The nu- cleus is three times as large as that of an epithelial cell; it readily stains with hematoxylin. Life Cycle—From the protoplasm of the adult Coccidium there is developed small, rounded, nucle- ated masses (the spores). At first the diameter measures from nine to ten microns; this pody grows 204: PARASITOLOGY. till it increases to twenty; later there is developed around this spherical mass a limiting membrane; as the development progresses the protoplasm sepa- rates from the cell wall; it then divides into two, then into four bodies called sporoblasts; each sporoblast divides into two corpuscles. Each of the corpuscles, under favorable conditions, becomes an amoeboid individual, capable of invading epithelial cells. Animals Infested—The ox, sheep, goat, pig, rabbit and man. Parts Infested —Epithelial cells of the intestinal mucous membrane and liver cells. Name of Disease —Coccidiosis. When the liver cells are invaded it causes coccidian hepatitis. When the intestinal. epithelial cells are invaded it causes intestinal coccidiosis. Condition Produced—When the intestinal mucosa is infested there is a fetid diarrhoea, an elevation of temperature, loss of appetite, weakness, followed by death. On autopsy there is found a thickened, red- dened mucous membrane with ulcerated patches; the mesenteric lymph glands are enlarged. If the liver is infested, small, round abscesses, varying in size to a hazel nut, are observed; these abscesses are filled with a thick, creamy or cheesy pus ; the wall is thick and:.the inner surface velvety in appearance; often the liver is several times its normal size, thoroughly studded with small abscesses. The carcass will be in an emaciated condition. Cocemvernr BIGEMINUM, Variety Canis (Bis—twice) (Canis—dog). ~- Synonyms.—Tetrasporous Coccidia ; Cystosperm- ium Villarum Intestinalium Canis. PARASITOLOGY. 205 Distribution —Found in America and Europe. Description These protozoa are elliptical micro- scopic bodies from twelve to fifteen microns long by seven to ten microns broad, and are found in pairs. In the center is a small granular nucleus. Life Cycle—The protoplasm of the parent cell di- vides into four elongated spores, which are capable of invading new tissues, and which develop into mature form. Arimals Infested—The ox, dog and rabbit. Parts Infested —Air passages and bowels. Condition Produced.—Catarrhal inflammation of testinal mucosa, lodged immediately beneath the epithelial cells; they are not attributed as causing serious disturbance. They have been found in the intestinal mucosa of healthy dogs. Coccipium PerRForANns (Per—through) (Forare—to bore). Distribution—Reported in European countries; first reported in cattle in 1877. Description.—Rather ovoid in shape, measuring twentv-five to thirty-five microns long and fourteen to twenty microns broad; the adult produces corpus- cles which invade the tissue and develop to full adult size. Animal Infested —The dog. Parts Infested.—Intestines. Condition Produced—tThey are found infesting the the upper air passage; thickening and inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach and the intestines; the mesenteric lymph glands, liver and spleen are also in a state of inflammation. The lesions all contain the coccidia. PARASITOLOGY. 206 Minus Drawing made with Camera Lucida. 1, Longitudinal section of sarcocyst showing it enclosed in heart Miescheri. (3) 3, Longitudinal section heart muscle cell. Fig. 75—Sarcocystis 2, Nucleus heart muscle cell. muscle cell. PARASITOLOGY. 207 Drawing made with Camera lucida. 76—Sarcocystis Miescheri. Cross section sarcocyst, muscle cell enclosing sarcocyst ruptured. Fig. 1, 2; Cross section of heart muscle cell. 3, Fibrous connective tissue. 208 PARASITOLOGY. Symptoms.—tLoss of appetite, elevation of temper- ature, 102° to 105°; sunken eyes; grinding of teeth; later, fetid diarrhoea; feces may be streaked with blood; may prove fatal in one or two days, or patient may live two or three weeks. Treatment.—Intestinal antiseptics, as eucamphol or kreso solutions. CoccipIUM TENELLUM. Distribution —Found throughout the United States. Description—tThe resting stage is a small micro- scopic oval cell containing a small nucleus. They have a double enveloping membrane and a granular con- tent. The size varies greatly, being from 15 to 28 microns long and 15 to 22 microns broad. Life Cycle—The oocyst divides into four sporob- lasts and these in turn into two sporozoits. When these sporozoits penetrate the epithelial cells they form first trophozoites then schizonts, which gives rise to several merozoites. Animals Infested —Chicks. Parts Infested—Caecum and small intestines. Conditions Produced—A local point of inflamma- tion where they invade the mucosa which is followed later by ulceration. It produces a condition in chicks known as white diarrhoea. SARCOSPORIDIA (Sporidum—a spore) (Sarx—flesh). This order, Sarcosporidia, belongs to the class Sporozoa, and includes single-celled parasites that infest the muscle structures. PARASITOLOGY. 209 Fig. 77. Fig. 78. Fig. 77.—The transverse section through the caecum of a chick that died of white diarrhoea; a, muscular layer which, at some points, is invaded by the protozoon, Coccidium tenellum. The glands of the mucous membrane have all disappeared except small remnants indicated by b; ¢, granular degenerated mass from dis- solution of the mucous membrane, magnified 100 times. Fig. 78.—The area in the circle indicated -by b in Fig. 21, magni- fied 900 times. The letters indicate the protozoon parasite in various stages of development; a, oocyst; b, first stage of sporo- blast; c, first stage of sporozoit; d, the schizont showing within the merozoits. These are surrounded by a disintegrating cell mass; e, shows white blood. cells (polymorphonuclear neutrophiles).— From Kaupp’s Diseases of Poultry, : Wan Se Sarcocystis MirescHert (Miescher). ‘Synonyms.—Utricles of Miescheri; Rainey’s cor- puscles. Distribution Common in the United’ States; ‘dis- covered in 1843 by Miescher. In sections of the oesophagus of the hog and sheep examined in the laboratory of the Kansas City Veterinary College these parasites have been found to be very common. 210 PARASITOLOGY. Description—The adult is elongated, tapering at both ends; it measures two to three millimeters in length and eighty to two hundred microns wide; it presents a granular appearance, due to spores, and is surrounded by a limiting membrane. Animals Infested—The ox, pig, sheep and horse. Parts Infested —Muscle structures. Conditions Produced—The sarcocyst is located under the sarcolemma, lying longitudinally of the muscle fibre. Pigs whose muscle structures become badly infested are noted to show symptoms of weak- ness, partial paralysis, loss of appetite, unthrifty appearance. In a cow which was badly infested there was noted restlessness; constant getting up and down; she presented an unthrifty appearance; skin dry and rough; severe diarrhoea; the fecal discharge had a putrid odor; temperature 105.5‘ Fahrenheit; pulse 108, soft and compressible; respi- ration shallow and hurried. She gradually grew weaker and died. Only the liver and heart were saved and studied by aid of the microscope; in these myriads of sarcocysts were found, as illustrated by Figs. 75 and 76, BALBIANIA GIGANTEA (Balbiana). Distribution—Found in Europe. As yet there is no record of their being found in the United States. Description —This sarcospore appears as a whitish spot and varies in size from a rye grain to a hazel nut It has a thin outer membrane; the interior is filled with cells. In the larger bodies there is located a capsule the size of a pin-head, which contains cres- cent-shaped non-nucleated bodies. PARASITOLOGY. 211 Animals Infested—The ox, sheep, pig and goat. Parts Infested—Most common in the oesophagus ; also found in the muscles of the trunk, head, and heart. Conditions Prodwced—They may cause an effusion into the tissues. If only a few are present no harm comes from the infestation; many may cause con- ditions similar to that produced by the Coccidia. Hemasporipia (Hemo—blood) (Sporidum—spore). The order Hemasporidia belongs to the class Sporozoa, and includes the genus Piroplasma. PrropLasmMa BiGEMINUM (Bis—twice) (Geminus—twin). Synonyms.—Pirosoma Bigeminum (soma—body), Piroplasma Bovis, Apisoma Bigeminum, Ambospor- idies, Portensis Virulentissimus, Babesia Bigeminum Bovis. Distribution—Found in the southern part of the United States; also in other warm countries. Description——They are pear-shaped protoplasmic bodies three to four microns long. Life Cycle—The adult protozoon inhabits the red blood cell. From this pear-shaped adult is formed corpuscles which are capable of invading other cells. The pear-shaped body becomes rounded, then divided into three to five corpuscles; these corpuscles have been noted to possess amoeboid movement, and are capable of invading new red blood cells. These divide into two parts, which develop to the full sized pear-shaped bodies; the pointed ends of these protozoa are usually close together, joined with a fine film. The tick, feasting upon an infested ox, 212 PARASITOLOGY. takes the infested blood cells into its intestinal tract; the piroplasma leaves the red blood cell, passes through a change in which new bodies are formed; these new corpuscles leave the intestines and migrate to the ovary; thus the egg becomes infested. These virulent protozoa are contained in the larva, and after it emerges from the egg it is capable of inocu- lating susceptible cattle. Parts Infested —The red blood cells; may be found free in the plasma. Name of Disease-—Texas fever; splenic fever; Spanish fever; tick fever; red water; black water; southern cattle fever; Australian tick fever. Condition Produced.—The liver is congested, bile thick and granular; fat is icteric (jaundice); the spleen is enormously enlarged and contents consist- ency of blackberry jam; kidneys congested; urine port-wine colored; cancellated portion of the bone is black. An animal so affected is unfit for food. Symptoms—The animal has a loss of appetite; unthrifty appearance; rise in temperature accom- panied by an accelerated respiration and pulse. The back is arched; animal stays off to itself; port-wine colored urine, hence the chronic form has been called red water, or bloody murrain. A condition produced by some species of the genus Piroplasma is called piroplasmosis. Treatment—lIn all forms of piroplasmosis of the blood stream the essential treatment would be quinine in full medicinal doses. PrRopLasMA Ovis (Ovis—sheep). Distribution —Found in Montana and other localt- ties in the United States, PARASITOLOGY. 213 Description—The protozoa is round or oval in shape and from one-tenth to one-sixth the diameter of a red blood cell. They show amoeboid movement. From one to four are found in a cell. They may also be found free in the serum. Animals Infested—The sheep. Parts Infested—tThe red blood cells. Name of Disease.—Ictero-hematuria. Fig. 79.—Piroplasma Ovis. Showing the protozoa some in the red blood celis, some free. 214 PARASITOLOGY. Condition Produced.—The disease usually runs a rapid and fatal course; the animal does not greatly lose in flesh in these acute attacks. The spleen is enlarged and contents like blackberry jam; the kid- neys dark and congested; the urine port-wine col- ored; the fat icteric; the liver congested. An animal so affected is unfit for food. Symptoms.—The sheep at first show dullness, loss of appetite; stay apart from balance of flock; arched back; weak; elevation of temperature, pule and respiration. Swellings may be noted in the head or neck. The duration of the disease is twenty-four hours to four days. PrropLasMA CANIs (Canis—dog). Distribution—Found in Europe and Africa. Description—The protozoon is larger than the Piroplasma Bovis, when only one is found in a single red blood cell; as many as ten or twelve have been counted; when many are found they are small, rounded and may be irregular in their outline. Their amoeboid movement has been noted in the blood cells of the fresh specimens. They are noted to elongate their bodies, then contract into spherical masses. The cells present a swollen appearance and are pale in color. After the acute stage of the disease has passed, the parasite apparently ceases its movements, remains stationary and has a round- ed contour. Life Cycle—The parasite multiplies in the red blood cell. The nucleus of the adult becomes elon- gated, then constricted in the center, finally dividing into two. The newly formed nuclei pass to the side PARASITOLOGY. 215 of the cell, opposite each other; now begins the con- striction of the protoplasm; finally only a film holds the two newly formed corpuscles together. These corpuscles are at first pear-shaped; later the nucleus passes to the center and the corpuscles become round. This process goes on till as many as sixteen corpuscles may be formed. The great distention of the cell caused by the corpuscles causes it to rupture. These newly formed corpuscles possess amoeboid movement and invade new cells, where they develop to full size. Animal Infested —The dog. Part Infested—The red blood cell. Name of Disease—Canine piroplasmosis; malig- nant malarial jaundice. Condition Produced—The spleen is two or three times its normal size, black and soft. The liver is congested; the bile thick and granular; the kidneys are congested and friable; the urine is port-wine col- ored; medulla of the bone is congested; the fat is yellow. Symptoms.—Loss of appetite; high elevation of temperature; icteric visible mucous membranes ; great prostration and finally death. PrropLasMA Egur (Equus—horse). Distribution —Africa, China, Russia, and Philip- pines. Description—The parasite is crescent-shaped and takes staining deeply in its center. It varies from one-half to two microns in length. Animal Infested—The horse. 216 PARASITOLOGY. Parts Infested—The red blood cells. Name of Disease -—Equine piroplasmosis; paludism in horse. How Transmitted—In Russia said to be trans- mitted by the Dermacenter electus. Condition Produced.—Fat is icteric; mucous and serous membranes may be marked with petechia; the liver is engorged with blood, and yellowish in color; the kidneys are congested and softened; the lungs may be congested. Dropsical swellings may appear in chronic cases. _ Symptoms.—Great depression, weakness, unsteady gait; loss of appetite; high elevation of temperature (103° to 105° Fahrenheit); accelerated respiration. The lungs may become congested and a foamy mucous discharge from the nostrils; in the latter case the respirations would be hurried and painful; in later stages port-wine colored urine. Death occurs in acute cases in from a few hours to five or six days. Chronic cases may last two to three months. AMOEBA (Amoebas—change). The class amoeba includes a single-celled group of parasites that are provided with a nucleus and pro- toplasm and possess amoeboid movement. They in- fest various parts of the body. Amoepa Parasirica (Amoebas—change) (Parasitus—eating beside). Synonym.—Amoeba Principes. Distribution —Found in Australia; not reported in the United States. Description—A single-celled protozoon apparently identical with the Amoeba Principes of fresh water. Animals Infested —Sheep. PARASITOLOGY. 217 Parts Infested —Feet, lips, gums and nostrils. Symptoms.—Manifests itself as ulcerous patches on lips, gums, nostrils, and involves the sensitive struc- tures of the foot. The granular masses found in the ulcers contain the amoeba. Treatment.—Copperas solution or any antiseptic as a one-percent solution of kreso or creolin. AMOEBA MELEAGRIDIS. Distribution Found in various parts of the United States. Description——They are microscopic granular proto- plasmic masses from ten to fifteen microns in diameter. Animal Infested —The turkey and occasionally the hen. Parts Infested—Caecum and liver. Symptoms.—Loss of appetite; droopy; head down; diarrhoea; feathers erect; emaciation and death. Most fatal in young birds from one to four months old. Condition Produced—Thickening of the walls of the caecum due to inflammation as a result of the in- vasion of the protozoon and ulceration. The liver is congested or inflamed, has brownish or yellowish areas of degeneration and necrosis and edema in region of heart. There is a blackish discoloration of the head. A systemic eosinophilia is noted. Cloudy swelling of focal necrosis has been noted in the kidney. Name of Disease —Entero-hepatitis, black head. Treatment.—Intestinal antiseptics, as teaspoonful doses of listerine, bi-chloride of mercury solution one to ten thousand, or carbolic acid one to five hundred. 218 PARASITOLOGY. Fig. 80. Fig. 80.—Liver from a case of Black-Head. En- tero hepatitis, ina turkey. Photograph. This liver weighed 452 grams (about one pound) ; a, indicates the yellowish-white necrotic areas, lesions of the disease.—From Kaupp’s Diseases of Poultry. PARASITOLOGY. 219 Fig. 81. Fig. 81—A section of liver, Fig. 80, from the area marked by b, magnified 900 diameters; stained with hema- toxylin and eosin; a, liver cells showing cloudy swelling; b, liver cells undergoing disintegration; c, congested blood vessels, passive congestion; d, white blood cells (eosino- philes) so abundant in the blood and diseased tissues in this disease; e, the protozoon causing the disease—From Kaupp’s Diseases of Poultry, CHAPTER IV. TO PRESERVE INSECT PARASITES. In collecting specimens place them in a bottle containing a piece of gum camphor. After the in- sect is dead it can be mounted on a block of wood by means of a pin thrust through the thorax. Dark or black parasites should be mounted on a light back-ground. These can be placed in suitable bottles with moth ball or gum camphor, and will keep indefinitely. Another way is to fill the bottle with alcohol. This forms a good preservative and does not rust the pins. TO MOUNT ECTOZOA. 1. Wash in alcohol till all dirt is removed from the parasite. 2. Place specimen in xylol for five minutes. 3. Mount in Canada balsam. By this method lice, gnats, parts of flies, ticks, and scab parasites can be satisfactorily studied. Thus preserved the specimen will keep indefinitely. In mounting thick specimens the glass or rubber, cells may be used. Keep slide face up, as .in the stimmer the Canada balsam will become soft and the speci- men gravitate to one side if the slide be kept edge- wise. TO PRESERVE ENTOZOA. 1. The Keiserling method may be used. 2. A four percent solution of formalin. 3. Alcohol. 220 PARASITOLOGY. 221 If alcohol be used then the parasite should be placed in a 25% solution for one week. Then a 50% solution for one week. Then a 75% solution for one week. Then absolute. Alcohol has a tendency to shrivel the tissues of round worms. Formalin has a tendency to expand or swell the tissues, hence some worms, as the Stephanurus Dentatus, havea tendency torupture at the genital or anal openings, if too strong a solution be used. For museum purposes the smaller specimens can be placed between two glass slides held together with silk thread tied together at each end and placed in an upright position in the fluid. The back slide should be covered with black shellac and allowed to dry before being used. TO STAIN AND MOUNT ENTOZOA. When coilecting worms for laboratory study they should be immediately placed in the following solu- tion: 50 parts of 70% alcohol. 50 parts aqueous solution bichloride of mercury. A few drops acetic acid. The parasite thus killed and preserved should then be washed ina gentle stream of water for several hours. Then place in 25% alcohol for twenty-four hours; then absolute. The parasites stain with either alcoholic eosin or picric acid stains; hema- toxylin or methylene blue can be used for secondary stainif desired. After staining the desired shade (the time of which varies with the species of worm) the specimen should be clarified in xylol, oil cedar or 222 PARASITOLOGY. oil of cloves. The first clearing agent will perhaps give the best results, or as soon as the worms are col- lected and washed, dropped in an 80% alcohol at 80°. This causes the worms to straighten out and kills them at once. They are then placed in 80% alcohol to which 10% glycerin has been added then 20% glycerin grad- ually increasing to full strength till the bodies are clarified. The internal anatomy can now be studied. The parasites may be stained with alcoholic eosin and clarified in beechwood creosote and kept in small bot- tles in creosote or mounted in Canada balsam. Care must be exercised in placing them in the glycerine to not let them stay too long lest they become too trans- parent. PRESERVATION OF MUSEUM SPECIMENS. The Keiserling method gives the best results be- cause the tissues retain their normal color. This methodconsists of three steps as follows: 1. Place in the following solution and leave from one to seven days, depending upon the size of the specimen : Formalin.__-.-_-__----- 200cc Potassium Acetate_____ 30 grams Potassium Nitrate_____ 15 grams Water oot wean ccce 1000 cc 2. Pass the specimen through each of the follow: ing solutions, leaving it in each for twenty-four hours. This should restore the normal color: 40% Alcohol © 60% Alcohol 80% Alcohol 95% Alcohol PARASITOLOGY. 223 3. Place in the following solution permanently : Glycerine: en See 4 cc Potassium Acetate________ 4 grams Wate tie oc ocecee Se 2S ase 40 cc Mix PREPARING SPECIMENS TO BE SENT TO THE LABORATORY. 1. Obtain specimens as fresh as possible. 2. Wash clean in water. 3. The specimen should now be placed in a four percent formalin solution. The receptacle for the specimen should be large enough so that it will not be crushed in taking it out. TO STAIN ANY PROTOZOA IN THE BLOOD CELL. 1. Make smear by obtaining a drop of blood on a slide then with another slide scrape off the excess. This leaves a thin film. 2. Air dry. 3. Cover with Wright’s stain. Leave for one or two minutes. 4. Add distilled water drop by drop and agitate for two minutes. 5. Wash with water until you leave the color you desire. 6. Air dry. 7. Mount in Canada balsam. 224 PARASITOLOGY. TO STAIN THE TRYPANOSOMA. 1. Obtain blood smear as above. 2. Air dry. 3. Fix by dropping the slide in alcohol for two minutes. 4. Cover with methylene blue or gentian violet one to three minutes. 5. Wash in water. 6. Air dry. 7. Mount in Canada balsam. TO STAIN COCCIDIA, SARCOSPORIDIA OR AMOEBA MELEAGRIDIS IN TISSUES. THE PREPARATION OF TISSUE. 1. Secure block of tissue one-fourth inch square. 2. Place in four percent formalin solution twenty- four hours. 3. Place in alcohol and ether equal parts twenty- four hours. 4. Place in thin celloidin twenty-four hours. 5. Place in thick celloidin twenty-four hours. 6. Block on tile or wood. 7. Cut eight to ten microns thick. TO STAIN THE PROTOZOA AND TISSUES. 1. Cover section with Delafield’s hematoxylin one- half to two minutes. 2. Wash in water. 3. Stain two minutes in a one percent aqueous eosin solution, PARASITOLOGY. Ww ies) on 4. Wash. 5. Dehydrate with alcohol. 6. Clarify with olive oil, xylol or cedar oil. 7. Absorb clarifying fluid with blotting or filter paper. 8. Mount in Canada balsam. TO STAIN ENCYSTED TRICHINA. Prepare the block of tissue and section the same as for coccidia. The following staining method stains the nuclei of the cells violet or deep blue; the cell bodies and intercellular substance red: 1. Immerse the section in hematoxylin three toe five minutes. . Wash in water. Add a drop of weak hydrochloric acid 1 minute. . Wash in water. . Aqueous eosin 2 minute:. . Wash in water. Dehydrate in alcohol 3 minutes. 8. Clarify in clove oil. 9. Absorb clearing fluid. 10. Mount in Canada balsam. ADDENDA. THE CHEMISTRY OF ANIMAL PARASITES. Some parasites cause harm mechanically and pre- sumably in no other way. In most of them there is more or less evidence of the formation of a poison- ous substance. Little, is as yet, known of the chem- istry of animal parasites or their excretions. It is known that the cells, at least in part, differ in chemical composition from the cells of the higher animal organisms. Chitin is one substance that con- stitutes a large part of the outer coverings of en- cysted parasites as well as the outer portion of many of the worms. A chemical study of the bodies of the strongiles show their bodies to yield fats, fatty acids consisting principally of butyric acid, soaps, mucin, albumoses, purin bases and creatin. A ptomain, a crystalizable alkaloid, an amino acid and an amorphus substance containing non-protein nitrogen and phosphorus which gives precipitating reactions for an alkaloid. The cuti- cle ccutains a protein like substance which has no rela- tion to chitin. An alcoholic extract of these parasites possesses strong hemolytic properties. The soaps, fatty acids, crystalizable alkaloids and ptomains are active in this hemolytic process. The parasites secrete 226 PARASITOLOGY. 227 a lipase capable of digesting the fat contained in horse serum. Antibody Studies in Parasitism—Guiart found the guaiac blood test to be positive in thirteen cases where the ova of trichocephalus were found in stools and eggs were never found without the positive reaction. Weinberg found a clear sterile liquid obtained from the ascaris megalocephalus when dropped into the eyes and nostrils of horses not harboring this species of worm gave a marked reaction, while no reaction was noted in those which harbored this species indicating immunity in the latter case. Meyer found that aqueous and alcoholic tapeworm extracts gave complement binding reaction in infested individuals. The complement binding antibodies are genus specific rather than species specific. This anti- gen appears to be a lecethin like lipoid. Bondouy found an alcoholic extract of strongiles to possess strong hemolytic properties. They secrete a lipase which is capable of digesting fat in horse serum. Vallillo has shown that the toxin produced by the Strongylus bidentatum possesses a positive chemo- tropism for the polynuclear eosinoplile leucocyte. Yorke has proven a hemolytic complement in cases of tryposomiasis. Protozoa.—These are the single celled parasites and possess all the chemical characteristics of the cells of the higher animal bodies, These parasitic pro- tozoa, contain proteolytic enzymes. They secrete an acid which aids in the digestion. Spontaneous re- covery takes place in many of the protozoan infesta- 228 PARASITOLOGY. tions which indicates the formation of anti-bodies against these organisms. As an example :—the piro- plasmosis caused by the piroplasma bigeminum. Sarcosporida.—The body of this protozoon con- tains a toxic substance. A small quantity of the aqueous extract has proved fatal to rabbits. Its toxic property is impaired when heat at 56° C. is applied for two hours, and is destroyed when sub- jected to a temperature of 85° C. for 20 minutes. The fact that it has been found that somg, of the pro- tozoa are affected by changes in osmoticyptessure in- dicates that their outer covering is permedfte or semi- permeable. ~ Nematodes.—The intestinal parasites ' without a doubt give off an active antitrypsin which enables them to live in the intestinal tract. It is also be- lieved by some investigators that they give off a toxic substance which 1s absorbed from the intestinal tract and produces the constitutional disturbance noted, when in large numbers. The fluid from these worms have proven toxic for guinea pigs. The intoxication and febrile state noted in infestation with Trichina Spiralis indicates a toxic substance. Cestodes—The fluid in tape worm cysts as the Cysticercus Echinococcus, Cysticercus Tenuicollis, Cysticercus Pisiformis, Cysticercus Cerebralis and the Cysticercus Serialis have been found to be highly toxic. The symptoms this fluid produces are local irritation, inflammation and urticaria. No toxic symptoms are noted till the cyst wall is ruptured and the liberated fluid absorbed. These cysts contain a PARASITOLOGY, 229 colorless fluid which has a specific gravity of from 1005 to 1015, and contains from 1.5 to 2 per cent solids, of which, .25 to .5 per cent is sugar, about one per cent chloride of sodium, cholesterin, succinic acid, creatin and traces of lipase and proteids. As the cyst wall contains glycogen it is probable that the sugar comes from this source. The walls also con- tain chitin. Eosinophilia——The chemic substance of the animal parasites produce a positive chemotaxis. This affects particularly the eosinophile leucocytes. There is a local accumulation of the eosins in the tissues nearest the parasite. In some instances there is an increase in the blood. These conditions have, particularly, been noted in parasitism due to species of the follow- ing genera: Taenia, Filaria, Uncinaria, Ascaris, Strongylus, Trichina and certain protozoa. The de- gree of eosinophilia depends upon the degree of in- festation. PARTIAL LIST OF PARASITES BOTH ADULT AND LARVAL AND WHERE EACH IS FOUND. Adult Where Found Larva Where |_Found Mosquitoes ........ of horses, etc. ¥ .. Water Simullum pecuarum of horses, etc. - Water Tabanidae ........ of horses, etc. .Damp earth: Musca domestica .. of horses, etc. .Manure and filth Musca vomitoria.... S z . Wounds and decaying matter Lucilia macellaria . Wounds Sarcophaga carnaria “Wounds and fresh meat Hematobia serrata . . Fresh cow feces Stomoxys calcitrans . Filth Melophagus ovinus .heep a ..Wool of shcep Gastrophilus equi . »Pest of horses ..Stomach of horses Gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis .Pest of horses .. .Stomach of horses Oestrus ovis ...... -Pest of sheep ... ..Frontal sinuses of sheep Hypoderma lineata .Pest of cattle ... ..Oesophagus and subdermial ox Pest or cattle, etc. Pest of cattle, etc. Pulex serraticeps - .Pest of dogs and cats .. Filth Pulex avium ....... .Pest of chickens . i ..Filth Lice .. z .Species for each animal ate a ..On host ..Bird and in filtr Chiggers. re ‘Birds principally ...... he Seab parasites .Species for each host ... ea ..On host THOUS! — zeeng a ansae 6 as ermal w Bile se, brgea e 28 ac ereemneual soe oly eriege dg danse. cd’ sca eae, a ..On host and ground .Mud and water .Musca domestica ‘Nose and mouth of animals... .~Stomach of horse . spacwrmeare ace “Stomach and : esophagus of Haemopis sanguisuga .... Spiroptera microstoma ... Spiroptera sanguinolenta HOR aig qwemuin a emma aha aegis eX ..Cockroach Bilaria immitis ..............-Heart of dog ..............-- .. Mosquitoe Hemonchus contortus ... -,Stomach of cattle and sheep. ..Blades of grass and water Strongylus armatus group ..Large intestines of horse ..... ..Blood vessels and tumors in Sclerostomum—tetracanthum wall of bowel SOUP! exis ds eee « : .Large intestines of horse ...... ..Cysts in wall of bowel Synyamus_ trachealis Traachea of young birds ..... ..Barth worms Oesophagostomum inflatum . sowel Of ‘OX sinc sacusceaeane cs sce ..Cysts in mucosa of bowel of ox: Oesophagostomum = columibi- anum ..,.....- sas ....Bowel of sheep ......... tha dash ws Sxeun sifec SG daaneeegere Sas weeeeeeeesese intestinal nodules of sheep Trichina spiralis ..... ....intestines man, and meat eat- ing animals 0. weiss cece ae ecdcas: SHEE Oy Hees Fae ..Musculature of host Behinorhynchus gigas .......Bowel of hog .. by sree ee Geese epee SEES E ..Larva of May _bee ee .Livers ruminants + “Cysticercus cellulosae -On grass Taenia soli > Intestines man ..,. m .Cysticercus Bovis san ageulature of hog Taenia saginata .... -rintestines ce aie ele aaeep te aoa iie aunt ata ee ee Swacane ..Musculature’ of ox Taenia fimbriata .. Intestine ate are +t us weeeees- Sheep tick Taenia marginata ... Intestines : Multiceps echinococcus .......Peritoneum of sheep .- Intestines @stines dog .....Liver and lungs of hog Taenia echinococcus Brain of sheep Taenia coenurus .. iCysticercus “pisiformr Taenia serra ‘Intestines dog .Multiceps serialis s eames ea er avity of rabbit vegaadMtestines. GOS) is sito acing reese mp ei. ag eres “Musculature of rabb ......Intestines dog Cryptocystis Abdominal cavity of flea and trichodectis ..... ...__ louse Taenia ovis ..... geo & shearer: ....Intestines dog ......... .....Cysticercus ovis 3 ...Musculature of sheep Taenia crassicollis ...........Intestines cat ........ ..e...-Cysticercus fasciolaris .Liver of rat and mouse 230 seeeeeeee giteqias sdaoninyy tt 1*** ‘++ srurioyistd snoreotsap “*'** ‘++* sninusod sdaorinit’ ++ snoosos0ulyoe sdeonny* “11 sHfoomuez sno 190TSAD * ) £0) Sou, Seydl* ‘+ Sop seuijsezu]" ‘+ gop seulsoqul’ ‘+ Zop seuljsezur* Sop soursejuy* dasue sauT}seqUT’ ++ uUBUI saut}seqUl’ ‘fs SITBLIaS VIUIEL cos @]e11es Bluse ** sninus0o Bluse, sNooo00UuTYo9 Bluey, eeUuUlsIVU VIUSee ‘+ eyeyquy erusey, “'* eyeulges elueey, : ‘+ weul seuljsejut-* WNHI[OS Bluse, lene freceeeeeees SqUBUTUN SHOATT tht srt restores aap JeAyT puno,T e194 AA IMPpV :SMOT[OF Se pear pnoys ‘aarsnpout ‘ouo-Aj107 0} sasy}-AVIY “eayoeiy, peal j plnoys vaypeery ‘piom psryy ‘omy yYste- ~Aquam WNINUIS Por P[noys wnN[NUTS sUT puorsdS “ec eseg qqea jo aidt}ernosnyy'** JIQCCUVl APIABD [BIUO}LIId * daays jo uyerg* dooys pue ssoy jo ssunt ‘1OAYT" daays jo Apavo [eeu0zIed* yon deans eat}7e9 jo oinyefMosny * Soy jo aanze[nosnyy * 2 Rai staod elem punog e104 M ViIVIdta ADDENDA. ow) Page 22, Life Cycle, LuciL1a MACELLARIA. The life of the adult fly is short, varying from two to six weeks. The flies feed on various kinds of refuse and to some extent upon the nectar of flowers. When food is not at hand and the temperature is high they may die in one to two days. Eggs are laid in batches from one to four days apart and one female may lay as many as eight batches totalling over a thousand eggs. VY Page 90, Life History, SprropTERA SCUTATUM. The eggs of S. scutatum present in the feces of cattle infested with the adult parasite hatch out when swal- lowed by insects of various species. The larvae thus released from the eggs pass into the body cavity and reach the final larval stage in about a month. In this stage the larva is coiled into a spiral and is in- closed in a capsule about 0.5 in diameter. Cattle feed contaminated by insects containing these larvae transmit the disease. Spiroptera scutatum lar- vae have been found by Ransom and Hall in various species of dung beetles collected from manure. “Page 90, Nematoda. (insert at last of paragraph). Nematodes of the digestive tract live at the ex- pense of the walls of the digestive tract in all cases, and not on food in the lumen. According to Garin, some worms as the Heterakis papillosa live on mucous and intestinal juices; others as the Oxyuris, Ascaris suilla, A. megalocephala live on epithelial cells; others Habronema microstoma live on lymphatic cells and lymph; others as the Strongiles, Anchylostoma, and Trichuris live on blood. The attack on the mucosa may be mechanical as with teeth in the case of the hook worms, or chemically by digestive secretions, as in the case of the Trichocephalus. VPage 101, Life History, Ascaris SuILLA. The Ascaridae lay their eggs in the intestines, where the ripe eggs hatch. The larvae issuing from these eggs enter the body of the pig, migrate to the liver, spleen, lungs and other organs, and finally from the lungs to the alimentary tract by way of the air passages through the trachea and into the esophagus, during which migration they undergo structural changes and increase in size. Page 107, Treatment, Oxyuris CurvuLa and O. MASTIGODES. 18 cc. oil chenopodium followed in two hours by one quart of raw linseed oil. i tae 134 (insert in middle of page at end of discus- sion of thrombo-embolic colic). PROPHYLACTIC.—Sanitation must be looked after. The proper disposal of feces from infested animals is essential to the eradication of the parasites. Eggs or larvae of most parasitic invasions pass out to the outer world in the manure, hence the proper disposal of the manure is the first prophylactic attack. The fact that our animals eat off the ground, graze, drink surface water and in the case of hogs root constantly, exposes them to the possibility of danger of getting contaminated feed or water. Since the deposits of feces is wherever the animal may be, the prevention of this condition is for the most part impossible. The prevention of parasitic infestations as a result of this condition is a matter that calls for repeated treatment with suitable and adequate anthelmintics where the animals are known to be constantly exposed to dan- ger. While the deposits on pastures is not a thing that can be readily controlled, the manures from the barns and other buildings where animals are housed can be more or less controlled. If animals were kept in confinement and fed from racks and water from sources not contaminated, the tendency would be to loose its parasitic infestations in most cases. The pastures becoming contaminated can be rotated, using different kinds of animals each change. In the case of the manure from buildings in which animals are kept, this can be hauled directly to the field and spread out, when the eggs and larvae would perish. Treatment.—Hall has shown that strongiles may be removed from the intestines of the horse by giving each horse, after first fasting for 24 hours, 18 cc.oil chenopodium, followed in twenty-four hours with one quart of raw oil linseed. “Page 150 (under treatment for UNcrINARIA CANINA). Oil chenopodium in doses of 0.1 cc. to each two pounds dog. 15 drops to dogs weighing between 20 and 30 pounds, followed by a physic. W Page 168 (under ParaGoNIMUS WESTERMANII). Animals infested—Adult, man, hog, dog and cat. Larval form, fresh-water crabs. Parts infested —Adult in lungs. Index. Acanthocephala, 84, 157. Aeari, 47, Acariasis, 46. Acaridae, 10, 83, 97. Acarina, 10, 45. Acephalocyst, 185. Achorion Keratophagus, 81. Achorion Schoenleinii, 80. Actinomycosis Bovis, 81 Actinomycosis, 82. Adult Stage, 15. Air Sac Mite, 62. Amblyomma Americanum, 77. Amblyomma Unapuncta, 77. Ambosporidies, 211. American Liver Fluke, 165. Amoeba, 216. Amoeba Meleagridis, 217. Amoeba Parasitiea, 216. Amoeba Principes, 216. Amphistoma Cervi, 168. Amphistoma Conicum, 168. Anchylostoma Canis, 147. Anchylostoma Stenocephala, 150. Anchylostoma Trigonoce- phala, 147. Annelida, 83, 88. Aneurism, Verminous, 132. Anthrax, 25. Anopheles Punctipennis, 16. Antennae, 15. Apiosoma Bigeminum, 211. Anthropoda, 10. Arachnida, 10, 45. Arduanna Strongylina, 92. Argas Americanus, 69. Argas Miniatus, 69. Argasidae, 10, 46, 69. Armed Sclerostoma, 119. Armed Taenia, 170. Arsenical Dip, 64, 75. Ascaris Bovis, 99. Ascaris Inflexa, 104. Asearis Lumbricoides, 101. Ascaris Marginata, 102. Ascaris Equorum, 98. Ascaris Suum, 101. Ascaris Felis, 103. Asearis Megalocephala, 98. Ascaris Mystax, 103. Ascaris Ovis, 100. Ascaris Suilla, 101. Ascaris Suis, 101. Ascaris Vituli, 99. Ascaris Vitulonim, 99. Auricular Scabies, 62. Australian Fever Tick, 75. Australian Tick Fever, 75. Babesia Bigeminum Bovis, 211. Balbina Gigantea, 210. Beef Measles, 176. Bird Flea, 33. Big Jaw, 82. Black Head, 217. Black Gad Fly, 19. Black Water, 74. Blood Fluke, 169. Bloody Murrain, 74. Blow Fly, 21. Blue Bottle Fly, 21. Boophilus Annulatus, 73. Boophilus Australis, 75. Boophilus Bovis, . 73. Bot Fly of Horse, 27. Bot Fly of Ox, 30. Bot Fly of Sheep, 28. Bothriocephalidae, 194. Bothriocephalus Latus, 194. Breeze Fly, 19. Broad Nosed Ox Louse, 36. Bronchial Strongylosis, 109, 110. Broncho-Pneumonia, 110. Buffalo Gnat, 18. Calliphora Vomitoria, 21. Canine Piroplasmosis, 214. Carnivorous Sarcophagus, 22. Castor Bean Tick, 72. Cat Flea, 32. Cayor Fly, 21. Cephalemyia Ovis, 28. Cerearia, 163. Cestoda, 84, 170. Chaberta Ovina, 135. 231 232 Chemistry of Animal Para- sites, 226. Chicken Mite, 47. Chicken Tick, 69. Chigger, 48. Chrysops Vittatus, 25. Circinate Ringworm, 79. Coccidia, 203. Coccidia Staining, 224. Cocecidian Hepatitis, 204. Coccidiosis, 204. Coceidium Bigeminum Var- iety Canis, 204. Coecidium Oviforme, 203. Coccidium Perforans, 205. Coenurus Cerebralis, 188. Coenurus Serialis, 192. Colic, Thrombo-Embolic, 131. Compsomyia Macellaria, 21. Conical Stomach Fluke, 168. Coal Tar Dips, 64. Cryptocystis Pulecidae, 193. Cryptocystis Trichodectes, 40, 193. Cylichnostomum, 123. Cylichnostomum Alveatum, 125. Cylichnostomum _ Bicorona- tum, 124. Cylichnostomum, Calicatum, 125. Cylichnostomum Capitalus, 126. Cylichnostomum Catinatum, 125. Cylichnostomum Elongatum, 126. Cylichnostomum iLabiatum, 124, Cylichnostomum Labratum, "124, Cylichnostomum ‘Nassatum, 125. Cylichnostomum Poculatum, 125. Cylichnostomum Radiatum, 125. Cylichnostomum Tetracan- thum, 124. Ctenocephalus Canis, 32. INDEX Culex Pipiens, 16. Culex Pungens, 16. Culicidae, 10. Constant Parasitism, 9. Curved Oxyuris, 106. Cysticercus Bovis, 176. Cysticercus Cellulosae, 174. Cysticerus Coenurus, 188. Cysticercus Echinococcus, 186. Cysticercus Fasciolaris, 194. Cysticercus Pisiformis, 190. Cysticercus Tenuicollis, 183. Coccidium Tenellum, 208. Cystospermium Villarum, In- tastinelis Canis, 204. Cytodites Nudus, 62. Cysticercus Ovis, 182. Demodecidae, 11, 46, 65. Demodex, 65. Demodex Folliculcrum Var- iety Canis, 66. Demodex Folliculorum Var- iety Suis, 67. Dermacentor Americanus, 76. Dermacentor Electus, 76. Dermanyssus Gallinae, 47. Deer Fly, 25. Diptera, 10. Dermacentor Reticulatus, 77. Dipylidium Caninum, 192. Dirofilaria Immitis, 96. Discophori, 84. Disease of Hind \Quarters, 202. Distoma Americanus, 165. Distoma Hepaticum, 161. Distoma Lanceolatum, 167. Distoma Magna, 165. Distoma Pulmonale, 168. Distoma Ringeri, 168. Distoma Texicanum, 165. Distoma Westermanii, 168. Distomiasis, 163. Dochmius Cernua, 146. Dochmius Stenocephala, 150. Dochmius Trigonocephala, 147. Dog Flea, 32. Dog Louse, 38. INDEX 233 Dog Tick, 76, Dourine, 201. Ear Tick, 71. Echinococcosis, 186. ; Echinococcus Alveolaris, 186. Echinococcus Multilocularis, 186. Echinococcus Polymorphus, 186 Echinococcus Veterinorum, 186. Echinorhynechus Hirudinace- ous, 157. Echinorhynchus Gigas, 157. Echinorhynchus Canis, 159. Echinacoceus Granulosus, 186... Emulsion, 75. Embolism, £30. Ectozoa, 9. : Ectozoa, Classification, 12. Entero Hepatitis, 217. Entozoa, 9, 83. Epliptiform Disease of Dog, 62. : Equine Piroplasmosis, 215. Equine Syphilis, 201. Eimeria Stiedae, 203. Face Scab Parasite, 53. Fasciola Americanus, 165. Facultative Parasite, 9. Fasciola Hepaticum, 161. Fasciola Magna, 165. Fasciolidae, 84, 161. Fever Tick, 73. Filaria Cervina, 96. Filaria Equina, 94. Filaria Immitis, 96. Filaria Labiato-Papillosa, 96. Filaria Oeuli, 95. Filaria Oculi Equina, 95. Filaria Papillosa, 94. Filaridae, 83, 90. Flagellata, 197. . Flagellosis of Equidae, 202. Flesh Fly, 22. Flea, 31. Flies, 16. Flukes, 161. \ Foot Seab Parasite, 61. Fungi, 79. Gad Fly, 26. Gamasidae, 46. Gape Worm, 137. Gapes, 137. Gastric Distomiasis, 160. Gastric Strongylosis, 109. Gastrophilus Equi, 26. Gamasidae, 10. Gastrophilus Hemorrhoidalis, 27, Gid, 189, Glossina Morsitans, 22, 200. Glanders, 25. Gnathobdellidae, 84. Goat Louse, 38. Goniodes Stylifer, 41. Goniocotes Hologaster, 42. Gyalocephalus Capitatus, 126. Gongylonema Scutatum, 90. Gray Carnivorous Fly, 22. Green-Head Horse Fly, 20. Grub, 28. Grub Fly, 30. Grub in Head, 28. Haemonchus Contortus, 117. Haemopis Sanguisuga, 88. Harvest Bug, 48. Head Maggot, 28. Heel Fly, 30. Helminthology, 9. . Hemasporida, 203, 211. Hematobia Serrata, 24. Hematopinus, 33, 35. Hematopinus, Asini, 33. Hematopinus Eurysternue, 36. Hematopinus Irritans, 36. Hematopinus Macrocephalus, 35. Hematopinus Piliferus, 38. Hematopinus Stenopsis, 38. Hematopinus Suis, 36. Hematopinus Urius, 36. Hematopinus Tenuirostris, 36. Hematopinus Vituli, 36. Hemiptera, 10. Heterakis Papillosa, 105. 234 Hepatic Distomiasis, 160. Heterakis Inflexa, 104. Hippoboscidae, 10. Hog Louse, 36. Honey Comb Ringworm, 80. Hoose, 114. Hook Worm, 145. Horn Fly, 24. Horse Bot Fly, 26. Horse Fly, 19. Horse Leech, 88. Horse Louse, 35. House Fly, 20. Human Flea, 31, Husk, 114. Hypoderma Lineata, 30. Ictero-Hematuria, 213. Insecta, 10. Intermittent Parasite, 9. Intestinal Coccidiosis, 205. Intestinal Strongylosis, 109, 129. Intestinal Trichinosis, 155. Itch Mite, 51. Ixodes Bovis, 73. Ixodidae, 10, 46, 72. Ixodes Ricinus, 72. Kidney Worm, 136. Kerosene Emulsion, 75. Lamb Disease, 115. Lard Worm, 136. Large Black Horse Fly, 19. Larva in Head, 28. Larval Stage, 15. Leech, 88. Leptus Irritans, 48. Lice, 33. Lime and Sulphur Dip, 56. Lipeurus Baculus, 42. Lipeurus Infuseatus, 41. Linguatula Rhinaria, 77. Linguatula Taenoides, 77. Linguatulidae, 10, 11, 77. Liotheidae, 10, 33, 40. Liver Fluke, 161. Live Rot, 164. Lone Star Tick, 77. Long-Nosed Ox Louse, 36. Long-Nosed Psorpt, 56. INDEX Long-Tailed Oxyuris, 107. Louse Fly, 26. Lousiness, 33. Lueilia Macellaria, 21. Lumbricoides, 97. Lumbricoid of Horse, 98. Lumpy Jaw, 82. Lung Fluke, 168. Lung Worms, 111. Maggot, 21. Maladie Du Coit, 201. Mal de Cadares, 202. - Malignant Malarial Jaun- dice in Dog, 205. Mange, 51. Mange Mite, 51. Margarapus Annulatus, 73. Marginate Tapeworm, 182. Maw Worm, 102. Measles of Swine, 174. Measly Pork, 174. Measly Beef, 176. Melophagus Ovinus, 26. Menopon Biseriatum, 41. Menopon Pallidum, 41. Mite, 48. Monadidae, 197. Moniesia Alba, 180. Moniesia Expansa, 178. Moniesia Planissima, 178. Mosquitoe, 16. Mourning Horse Fly, 19. Musca Domestica, 20. Musca Vomitoria, 21. Multiceps Serialis, 192. Mucidae, 10. Muscular Trichinosis, 155. Mycotice Stomatitis, 83. Nagana, 22. Nemathelmintha, 83. Nematoda, 83, 89. Nodular Disease, 143. Non-Psoric Acariasis, 46. Obligatory Parasites, 9. Oesophagostoma Columbia- num, 142, Oesophagostoma Dentatum, 144, Oesophagostoma Inflatum, 139. INDEX Oesophagostoma Subulatum, Oesophagostoma of Colum- bia, 142. Oesophagostomiasis, 108. Oestridae, 10. Oestrus Bovis, 30. Oestrus Equi, 26. Oestrus Hemorrhoidalis, 27. Oestrus Lineata, 30. Oestrus Ovis, 28. Oidium Albieans, 81. Ornithodoros Megnini, 71. Ostertagi Ostertagi, 118. Otacariasis, 62. Oval Stage, 15. Ovovivi Parous, 15. Ox Gad Fly, 30. Ox Louse, 36. Oxyuris Curvula, 106. Oxyuridae, 83, 105. Oxyuris Mastigodes, 107. Oviparous, 15. Palisade Worm, 119. Paludism in Horse, 215. Paper Skin, 114. Paragonimus Westermanii, 168. Paramphistomidae, 84. Parasite, 9. Parasitic Otitis, 62. Parasitism, 9. Parasitology, 9. Pediculidae, 10. Pentastoma Taenoides, 77. Philopteridae, 10, 33. Phthiriasis, 33. Physocephalus Sexalatus, 93. Pin Worm, 105. Piroplasma Bigeminum, 211. Piroplasma Bovis, 211. Piroplasma Canis, 214. Piroplasma Equi, 215. Piroplasma Ovis, 212. Piroplasmosis, 211, 212. Pirosoma Bigeminum, 211. Pit Headed Worm, 194. Plathelmintha, 84. Plerocercoid, 195. - Pork, Measly, 174. 235 Portensis = Virulentissimus, 211. Protozoa, 74, 196. Psoric-Acariasis, 46. Psoroptes, 49. Psoroptes Communis Variety Bovis, 57. Psoroptes Communis Variety Caprae, 60. Psoroptes Communis Variety Equi, 56. Psoroptes Communis Variety Ovis, 58. Psoroptes Longirostris, 56. Psorospermia Oviforme, 203. Psorospermosis, 203. Pulex Avium, 33. Pulex IJrritans, 31. Pulex Serraticeps, 32. Pulicidae, 10, 33. Pulmonary Distomiasis, 160. Pulmonary Strongylosis, 109. 110. Pupal, Stage, 15. Raineys Corpuscles, 209. Ray Fungus, 81. Red Mite, 48. Red Mange, 66. Red Water, 73. Red-Tail Bot Fly, 27. Redia, 163. Renal Strongylosis, 109. Rhipicephalus Sanguircus, 72. Rhyncoprium Spinosum, 71 Ring Worm, 79. Rot, 164. Round Worms, 89. Saccharomyces Albicans, 81. Sarcocystis Miescheri, 209. Sarcophoga Carnaria, 22. Sarcoptes, 49. Sarcoptes Scabci Variety Canis, 52. Sarcoptes Seabei Variety Caprae, 54. Sareoptes Scabei Variety Equi, 51. Sarcoptes Secabei Variety Ovis, 53. 236 INDEX Sarcoptes Scabei Variety Spiroptera Strongylina, 92. ; Suis, 53. Spiroptera Scutata, 90. Sarcoptes Mutans Variety Sporocyst, 163. Gallinae, 54, Sarcoptidae, 11, 46. Sarcosporidae, 49, 203, 208. Saw Fly, 24. Scabies, 63. Scabies Treatment, 63. Seab Parasites, 51. Sealy Legs, 54. Schistosomum Bovis, 169. Schistosomidae, 84, 169. Sclerostomum, 119. Sclerostoma Equinum, 121. Sclerostomum Armatum, 121. Sclerostoma Hypostomum, 135. Sclerostoma Penguicola, 136. Selerostomum Tetracanthus, 123. Sclerostomum 121. Sclerostomum Vulgare, 121. Sclerostoma-Tetracanthum, Group, 122. Selerostoma Trachealis, 137. Sclerostomiasis, 108. Scolex, 170. Screw Worm, 21. Setaria Equina, 94. Setaria Labiato-papillosa, 96. Seedy Toe, 81. Sheep Bot, 28. Sheep Dip, 64. Sheep Gad Fly, 28. Sheep Louse, 38. Sheep Tick, 26. Simondsia Paradoxa, 94. Simuliidae, 10. Simulium Pecuarum, 18. Siphonaptera, 10. Southern Cattle Fever, 74. Spanish Fever, 74. Splenic Fever, 74. Spider Tick, 71. Spinose Tick, 71. Spiroptera Megastoma, 90. Spiroptera Microstoma, 91. Spiroptera Sanguinolenta, 93. Edentatum, Sporozoa, 203. Stable Fly, 25. Stegomia Fasciata, 16. Stigmen, 73. 5 Stephaniasis 108. Stephanurus Dentatus, 135. Stinging Fly, 25. Stomach Fluke, 168. Stomoxys Calcitrans, 205. Stomoxys Stabulans, 25. Striped Hypoderma, 30. Striped Ear Fly, 25. Strobilus, 171. Strongylidae, 83, 107. Strongylosis, 108. Strongylosis Bronchial, 110. Strongylosis Gastric, 109. Strongylosis, Intestinal, 129, 109. : Strongylosis, Renal, 109. Strongylosis, Vascular, 109, 134, Strongylus Armatus, 121. Strongylus Arnfieldi, 111. Strongylus Contortus, 117. Strongylus Convolutus, 118. Strongylus Elongatus, 115. Strongylus Filaria, 114. Strongylus Micrurus, 114. Strongylus Neglectus, 121. Strongylus Ostertagi, 118. Strongylus Ovis Pulmonalis, 115, ° Strongylosis Paradoxus, 115. Strongylus Pulmonalis, 114. Strongylus Pusiilus, 116. Strongylus Rufescens, 115, Strongylus Vasorum, 134. Strongylus-Armatus Group, 119. Strongylus Tetracanthus, 123, Surra, 198. Symbiotes, 49. Symbiotes Communis Variety Bovis, 61. vel, INDEX Symbiotes Auricularum Var- iety Canis, 62. Symbiotes Communis Variety Caprae, 61. Symbiotes Communis Variety Equi, 60. Symbiotes Communis Variety Ovis, 61. Syngamosis, 108, 138. Syngamus Bronchialis, 137. Syngamus Trachealis, 157. Tabanidae, 10. Tabanus Atratus, 19. Tabanus Lineola, 20. Tape Worms of Horses, 176. Taenia Alba, 180. Tapeworms of Cattle, 177. Taenia Armata, 172. Tapeworms of Sheep, 177. Taenia, Armed, 171. Taenia Unarmed, 171. Taenia Canina, 192. Tapeworms of Dogs, 182. Taenia Coenurus, 187. Tapeworms of Cats, 193. Taenia Crassicollis, 193. Taenia Cucumerina, 192. Taenia Echinoccoccus, 185. Taenia Expausa, 178. Taenia Fimbriata, 180. Taenia Hydatigena, 182. Taenia Mamillana, 177. Taenia Marginata, 182. Taenia Ovis, 182. Taenia Mediocanellata, 174. Taenia Perfoliata, 176. Taenia Plicata, 177. Taenia Serialis, 191. Taenia Saginata, 174. Taenia Serrata, 190. Taenia Solium, 172. Taenia Pisiformis, 190. Taeniasis, 171. Taenidae, 171. Tape Worm, 171. Tetrasporous Coccidia, 204. Texas Fever, 74. Texas Fever Tick, 74. Thrombosis, 130. Toxastrus Limbatus, 102. 237 Tobacco-Sulphur Dip, 64. Thrombo-Embolie Colic, 131. Thrush, 81. Thysanosoma 180. Ticks, 169. Tick Fever, 69, Tinea Favosa, 80. Tinea Tonsurans, 79. Transitory Parasite, 9. Trematoda, 84, 160. Trichina Spiralis, 153. Treatment of Scabies, 63. Trichina, Staining, 225. Trichinosis, 153. Trichocephalus, Affinis, 152. Actinioides, Trichocrephalus Crenatus, 153. Trichocephalus Depressiuseu- lus, 151. Trichodectes, 33, 38. Trichodectes Latus, 40. Trichodectes Pilosus, 38. Trichodectes Scalaris, 38. Trichodectes Spherocephalus, 39. Trichodectes Subrostratus, 40. Trichophyton Tonsurans, 79. Trichotrachelidae, 83, 151. Trombidiidae, 10, 46. Triodontophorus, 121. Triodontophorus Serratus, 122, Triodontophorus Minor, 122. Trichuris Affinis, 152. Trichonella Spiralis, 163. Trombidium Holosericeum, 47, Trypanosoma Bruceii, 22, 200 Trypanosoma Equinum, 202. Trypanosoma Equiperdum, 201. Trypanosoma Evansi, 197. Trypanosoma Lewisi, 202. Trypanosoma Staining, 224. Trypanosomidae, 197. Trypanosomiasis, 197. Tse Tse Fly, 22. 238 INDEX Tse Tse Fly Disease, 144. Vascular Strongylosis, 109. Turnsick, 189. Vermes, 83. Unarmed Taenia, 170. Verminous Bronchitis, 110. Uncinaria Canina, 147. Verminous Pneumonia, 110. Uncinaria Cernua, 146. Verminous Thrombosis, 131. Uncinaria Radiata, 145. Viviparous, 15. Uncinaria Stenocephala, 150. Warble Fly, 30. Uncinaria Trigonocephala, Water Brain, 188. 147. Whip Worm, 151. Uncinariosis, 108. White Comb, 80. Utricles of Miescheri, 209. Wire Worm, 117. Vascular Distomiasis, 160. Wood Tick, 76. ea it oh ae = ae ai Y ss Ps hie sauder stl Pee a es tae me ssh Ah te Nal eae oad ah -t aan arr SS + OS ieee fs wed a ipl Bees Be “Be pe les ee nie sec eee x 0 if ¥ L1.3 eek he a: ve oe Uy Bets poh arte diet bed Perera trnecl ieee af rey ey desea na be e- e ie se oe a oe ade ee hae. eck petal a See 68 Te ™ . 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