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Y. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY’ DATE DUE GAYLORD Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924056997616 The Diseases of the Genital Organs of Domestic Animals BY W. L. WILLIAMS PROFESSOR OF OBSTETRICS AND RESEARCH PROFESSOR IN THE DISEASES OF BREEDING CATTLE IN THE NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY WITH THE COLLABORATION OF W. W. WILLIAMS, B.A., D.V.M. SPRINGFIELD, MASS. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR ITHACA, N. Y. 1921 NYS. asa3 COPYRIGHT BY W. L. WILLIAMS 1921 SF Z7! W 71 \9al Press of ANDRUS & CHURCH Ithaca, N. Y. PREFACE No attempt has been made heretofore to describe system- atically the genital diseases of domestic animals. The path- ologic processes acting within the genital organs and inter- fering with the ideal production of young are chiefly hidden from view. Only certain phenomena caused by them be- come apparent. Of these the most striking phenomenon is the observed expulsion of a fetal cadaver, which is desig- nated abortion. The observer is generally forewarned of impending death of a born animal because it is commonly preceded by visible injury or illness, but abortion produces a profound impression because the death of a potentially valuable unborn animal has occurred unseen and is re- vealed only when the cadaver is seen to be expelled. This tends to draw a veil of mystery about the event. If the spermatozoon, unfertilized or fertilized ovum, or the small embryo perishes, the dead cell or body is not observed and therefore excites little or no comment. In the early history of medicine, certain striking phe- nomena were regarded and described as diseases. When the science of pathology became established, a rearrangement of medical literature became necessary and the phenomena became grouped about their causes, so far as known. It followed that various phenomena which had been regarded as distinct diseases were in some cases due to a common cause. In other cases a phenomenon classed as a disease has been split up because the phenomenon was inconstant in its cause. In primitive veterinary literature glanders and farcy were described as distinct affections, but later it be- came known that the two supposed diseases were merely separate phenomena resulting from one cause. Nasal gleet occupied a prominent place in primitive veterinary litera- ture, but as veterinary science advanced the phenomenon of nasal discharge was split up, assigned in each case to the disease of which it constituted one symptom, and nasal gleet disappeared from the pages of veterinary literature. iv Preface The pathologic processes occurring in the genitalia of animals have been almost wholly described under the primi- tive method, each striking phenomenon being elevated to the dignity of a disease. Consequently a certain infection, by causing a wide variety of outstanding phenomena, in- jected into veterinary literature numerous alleged “dis- eases” each due to a single infection. It was unavoidable also that a given phenomenon, such as fetal death, which may be due to numerous different infecting agents, should be known as one disease. Thus abortion, metritis, retained fetal membranes, epididymitis, semino-vesiculitis, and dys- entery of the new-born, all of which in a given series of cases may be due to an identical infection, have been de- scribed as six distinct diseases and scattered from end to end of veterinary literature. The re-casting of the genital diseases of animals into a systematic treatise is a formidable task, the first effort at which must be very imperfect. In 1909 I published ‘VET- ERINARY OBSTETRICS; INCLUDING THE DISEASES OF BREED- ING ANIMALS AND OF THE NEW BorRN”, in which many of the diseases of the genital organs were included under the primitive plan. It was abandoned at the exhaustion of the first edition. In 1917 I published “VETERINARY OBSTET- RICS” and began the preparation of the present volume. The two treatises have been designated “companion volumes” because they are closely allied in subject matter and may be profitably studied together. The present treatise appears at a critical period in the history of the diseases of the genital organs of animals, when an old, firmly entrenched belief is slowly crumbling and a modern one is struggling for recognition. Abortion has long been regarded as a specific infectious disease, due in a given species of animals to one bacterium and to one only. If an exception arose and a given abortion or group of abortions was apparently due to an infection other than that specified for the species of animal concerned, it was not infectious abortion but merely abortion due to infection. The belief in a specific infectious abortion has occupied Preface v the central position in the literature upon genital diseases in animals so long, that anyone attempting to write a sys- tematic treatise in this field must either make infectious abortion the cornerstone or reject it wholly. While in this treatise it is held that all abortions in animals (except those induced surgically) are due to infection, it is denied that such infection is specific, as that term is commonly under- stood in medicine. It is denied as a principle in pathology that conception, parturition, birth, or other physiologic act draws across the path of life an impenetrable barrier to dis- ease. It is held that any infection competent to invade a female may likewise invade a male; if able to invade a preg- nant animal, it may also invade the same animal when non- pregnant; if it can gain a habitat in the pregnant female, it may persist after parturition; if it can invade and imperil the life of an embryo or fetus, it may continue through birth and affect the new-born, or may attack the new-born. from external sources. Any infection which can invade and injure or kill a post-natal animal, may cause the same in- jury to it while intra-uterine, provided that contact is made. If tuberculosis or syphilis exists in the pregnant uterus, the infection may invade the embryo. There is no evidence to show, and no reason to believe, that any acute infection may not attack and destroy the embryo if the virus is brought into contact with it. It is true that acute infections, when attacking a pregnant female, rarely if ever pass the intact placental filter and-reach the embryo. It does not follow that the embryo is immune to the infection, but merely that it is in a hermetically sealed sac, so isolated that the virus fails to acquire contact. Although the placental isolation of the embryo is efficient against filterable viruses, the supporters of the “specific in- fectious abortion” theory hold that certain comparatively large bacteria defy this important law, invade the pregnant female, pass directly to the existing embryo, and cause its death and expulsion. But in invading the pregnant female, presumably through the mouth, the infection is alleged to reach the endometrium and embryo without leaving behind vi Preface any lesion in its path or causing any disease or sign of dis- ease. This treatise is built upon the belief that abortion is only an incident in the ravages of infections existing within the pregnant uterus at the date of conception, or deposited with the semen at coitus. The infection is not specific, is not limited to one species of bacterium, invades organs other than the uterus, and involves both sexes and all ages. This general infection causes a long list of phenomena or lesions. The basic conflict of view with the majority of investiga- tors will inevitably draw much unfavorable criticism. In order to justify the views stated, controversial matter has been included. This is regretted because it increases the size of the volume, and because some highly esteemed col- leagues may erroneously regard such statements as personal reflections. The conflicting views have served to delay publication. A belief so long and thoroughly entrenched as that of specific infectious abortion can not be overthrown quickly. Neither would the overthrow of what I believe an error be a gain unless a foundation were ready upon which a more valuable structure could be erected. I made the first open attack upon the specific infectious abortion theory in 1912, and that has been followed periodically from various angles. But external attack has not been as effective as internal disinte- grating forces. The champions of a specific infectious abor- tion have admitted that at least several different species of bacteria may and do cause abortion in a given species, of animal, and that the lesions caused by the several bacterial forms are not differentiable clinically or macroscopically. A most serious drawback to the theory has been its failure in practical application. It was announced twenty-five years ago that, since the cause of infectious abortion had been proven, it could be controlled. The twenty-five: years which have elapsed have seen no progress in the control of abortion based upon the specific theory. The prevalence of abortion is greater today than at any prior date in history. During the past decade there has been developing gradu- Preface vii ally another view which appears more logical, is in harmony with the general principles of pathology, and is in full ac- cord with all data recorded by the believers in specific in- fectious abortion. That portion of the volume designated “The General Genital Infections” must be regarded as the cornerstone; if the principles it has been attempted to estab- lish there break down, it fails as a systematic treatise. The principles which it is attempted to establish place the com- mon and most destructive genital infections upon a plane analogous to wound infection. Various bacteria exist in the genitalia of both sexes of all ages and species. The virulence and variety vary at different times and in-different indi- viduals. They are modified by general health, coitus, preg- nancy, parturition and other critical incidents in life. The belief in a specific infectious abortion logically de- mands for the control of the disease the isolation of the pregnant female from all possible carriers of infections; in this treatise it is held that physiologic reproduction is based upon coitus between two sexually healthy animals. The first is a hypothesis of despair, confirmed by lamentable failure over a period of twenty-five years: the latter a doctrine of hope, supported by success. Before publishing this treatise it was regarded as essential that the principles should have been tried thoroughly and proven successful in the crucible of practical clinical application. This has been a difficult task requiring unbounded and infinite patience under great discouragements and against opposition. ' Thé treatise is inevitably very imperfect in every part, and those who are inclined to criticise will have excellent opportunity. -But the volume was not made to cause or to avoid criticism. It is a first effort in a new field which, it is hoped, may be helpful to some and which may serve to awaken a new interest in the diseases interfering with re- production in animals. The call-of the hour to veterinarian and breeder is for increased efficiency of each domestic ani- mal. The room for animal numbers is decreasing, while the demand for service in the production of milk, meat, labor or other products is inereasing. Most of the great animal viil Preface plagues which imperil the lives of adults have been brought under measurable control, but those infections involving the safety of the embryo are constantly gathering force. Yet it must be remembered that the sexual health of those animals desired for reproduction is the first basic need in animal husbandry. Reproductive efficiency in purebred cattle, swine, and horses, so far as can be estimated, has dropped below 60 per cent. of the ideal and continues to descend at a discouraging pace. The condition can be relieved only through conscientious and skillful work by veterinarians and breeders. The problem is difficult and the duration of the task infinite. It calls for the adoption of a permanent policy of guarding sexual health in animals—not of “cur- ing” established lesions. The advancement of reproductive efficiency in the best animals is at present the greatest eco- nomic problem in veterinary medicine. In a higher realm the study of genital diseases in domestic animals may be made of incalculable value in the elucidation of the basic principles of genital diseases in man. Aside from the specific venereal diseases of man, the genital infec- tions are probably analogous to, and possibly identical with, the general genital infections of animals. What is true of the intra-uterine infections of the embryo in domestic ani- mals is presumably equally true in principle of the human embryo. The veterinarian has opportunities for the study of the infections of the genital organs and embryos of ani- mals wholly denied to practitioners of human medicine. The veterinarian has freely available in the abattoir the genitalia in health and in disease of thousands and millions of freshly slaughtered cattle, sheep, and swine of all ages and of both sexes. The females are pregnant and non-pregnant and the embryos are of all ages, diseased and healthy. Clinically the veterinarian can palpate the genital organs of the cow and mare freely per rectum and read the anatomical lesions of ovaries, oviducts and uterus as the blind read braille. The fetus can be manipulated, its movements in response to me- chanical stimulation studied, and its physiologic function of swallowing its amniotic fluid recognized. Preface ix The new-born animal can be studied freely regarding the infections carried from the uterus, can be fed experimen- tally, and may be destroyed at will for examination. If the veterinary profession is fully to live up to its opportunities and discharge its obligations to the state, it must contribute its share to the advancement of the knowledge of disease. Nowhere else can it contribute more, nor as much, of value, as in the basic principles of the physiology, pathology and hygiene of reproduction. Purely a clinician, I have been dependent upon others for bacteriologic and histologic facts. In this field Drs. W. A. Hagan and C. M. Carpenter have rendered invaluable aid. Working first in my department and later in the de- partment of pathology and bacteriology, they have extended every possible assistance. Similar help has been given by Dr. Herbert L. Gilman, at present in my department. The reader should undertsand the difficulty of securing knowl- edge regarding genital infections in animals. In general bacteriologists have not studied the genitalia of animals for infections, but for one specific infection, and have left un- recorded and unstudied all others. If the bacillus thought by the investigator to be the cause of infectious abortion was recognized, that was deemed final proof of it, and no other, caused the disease. Drs. Hagan, Carpenter, and Gilman have so far as practicable studied all bacteria found in the genital organs and their significance in the problem of re- production. My collaborator, Dr. W. W. Williams, has contributed greatly to the value of the treatise. Having devoted his en- tire energy for a number of years to the handling of genital diseases and the advancement of reproductive efficiency in purebred cattle, he has demonstrated with unusual clearness the value of the scientific handling of this group of infec- tions. He has contributed especially the sections upon the surgery of the cervix and the genital infections of bulls. W. L. WILLIAMS. Cornell University Ithaca, N. Y. April, 1921 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I DISEASES AND DEFECTS NOT ATTRIBUTABLE TO INFECTION PAGE CHAPTER I THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GENITALIA THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE MALE ; . I The Testicles and Their Excretory Ducts a The Vesicula Seminalis, Prostate, and Cowper’s Glands 10 The Penis 14 The Sheath and Prepuce ' ‘ 15 THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE FEMALE . . . 18 The Ovaries A ROR o oe a 18 The Muellerian Ducts ; S38 ew ue, 22 The Oviducts ... a a aed Ral gh SDS The Uterus She Fens 26 The Cervix Sree A Sao Ga (BB The Vagina . é A 4 ee 4g: 536 Gartner’s Ducts ey en be ay te 2 fey BO) The Vulva... ‘ ede a yg OE THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GHRzAira. ae , ‘ 44 The Ripening of the Ovisacand Ovum . ... . 44 Estham- a's aeuge «a LES sO Bo : 47 Ovulation ..... ee eee ee 7» 49 Menstruation ... Gk Ae Pay tea he 51 The Corpus Luteum of fistrini eee et ae er ee ee 52 Copulation . wl oe Ghai an e ae 53 The Ejaculation of Semen .. ...... estas ee a 53 The Migration of Spermatozoa’. . e% ee ewe we 54 Fertilization « * «4 jj ws 8 e244 8% 55 The Migration and Fixshanition of the Ovum. . en ae 55 The Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy . ae & = os 56 The Fetal Membranes woe OS Oe ue atts 58 CHAPTER II THE CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE GENITALIA..... 7S THE CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MALE GENITALIA ... 73 : The Testicles . . i: & 6 Soe we we RS Ra 74 The Hpididymis. 62 <¢¢58¢e:s jj €3 * 8 &a 75 The Seminal Vesicles, Brostate, ana Coma sGlands.... 76 The Semen and Spermatozoa... .-. 0. ee ee ee 7 xii Contents THE CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FEMALE GENITALIA ... 79 The Examination of Vulva and Vagina... ..... ou a et 84 Réctal. Palpation.; . se ee eee we eH we 89 The Examination of the Cervical Canal and Douching of the ASTWS gw Ra Se RK ER fe et ee ek ~~. 99 THE DIAGNOSIS OF Reraun Be Guise ag boas she te Ge Lees ve TIT THE DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY .. 1... 0 eee eee 113 CHAPTER III ARTIFICIAL INTERFERENCES WITH REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS .... i Flees. a. or ae ee we 6 Se THE INDUCTION OF ESTRUM......... oa Sa & Hs 24O ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION . . 1 1 1 1 eee ee ee ee we ee 143 ARTIFICIAL ABORTION . Gas a ONean Maly, Ge ay aa Boeke as 146 CHAPTER 1V ARRESTS AND ABERRATIONS IN GENITAL DEVELOPMENT 151 ASEXUAL OR BISEXUAL ABERRATIONS .... 1.0. ee ee 5D Neuters or Freemartins ....... 0... eee ee ee 151 Hermaphroditism . ...... . . 157 ARRESTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALE GENITALIA oo @ “160 Arrests and Aberrations in the Development of the Testes . . 160 Gry ptorehidiy’ <.cmie ge sae A Se Due S WdS e eeaice . . . 160 Aberration in Position of Seroral Testes... 161 Arrest in Functional Development of Scrotal Testes, Fetal Mestesa . © go Se gle lk ocean ds lati etre EOE Aberrations in the Devclocuent ee the Penis... .... . 163 CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE FEMALE GENITALIA. ...... 163 Uterus Unicornis ... 1... . 2. ee eee Se es oe ae ee SOS Double Uterus, Double Cervix .......... Sb ree 165 Persistence of Median Walls of Muellerian Ducts in Vaginal Area, Double Vagina. .... 2.2... op BE Ee @ S167 Imperforate Hymen, Persistent Hymen. ........ . . 169 CHAPTER V MISCELLANEOUS DEFECTS AND DISEASES INTERFERING WITH: BIRDIE DY o> eos) sey Ge ae eae, ae eee eS a 1972 Umble Henitas = sce eee ok Se aS ee ee E Wee wR eS 5, ZZ “Ventral. Herta ss: 3 20 ea Se RR A we Bi iatin a SAGA Horizontal Vulva ......0 0. ...2.0. a oe 174 Stricture of Vagina and Vulua 24-8 ee Ree sae a © 95 Diseases of the Feet and TANI ree Rte ah EL ee Re a Ss ee 197 Paralysis, Plumbism .... . Bh Tia ap gente cincita hn Vg ava ws AGS: Torsion of the Testicle. ...... eae) cgay. .4 4180 Traumatic Orchitis ........., ots pig SOD Tubal Pregnancy ........... ie Ore. er ede) saw 185 Vabinal Hettias.: gc ge Sao ha Oe ea ww as . 185 Torsion of the Uterus. .... Gage. Bee ww ee “. . 189 Pelvic Tumors and Calluses ......... As, Ree GA eh 190 Contents xiii CHAPTER VI SYSTEMIC DISEASES AND DERANGEMENTS INTERFERING WITH REPRODUCTION... . igi Coes, 9/12 Physical Overwork .. 2.07. .OUe a 192 DCAFVAUION af ae wa eR eS be ee ch) Oa mg tee NOS ODESIEY ss atx de dig he Ee ea ee coe epee es Se ee 194 Idleness and Overfeeding ........... renee 196 Sexual Excess. 5.5.4 ee Ge = SS ER wR RS . . 200 Onanism or Masturbation Bo. Bu taeoaee! Sar Ge? ee De BP cal ose 203 CHAPTER VII COITAL INJURIES . Be GB ome ran twee Rade Sd Bh he 5 205 Kicks and Fractures... ee Se ere ee ae nae 206 False Copulation, Rectal iapaeies., a ee . 210 Laceration and Rupture of the Vagina . . iO 214 Coital Rupture of the UtertiS i: 6 ke ee as on: a QTG Coital Rupture of the Urinary Bladder ibehua iebrlsc ch estas ee _+ 217 Vaginal Hemorrhage following Coitus .......... *, 218 Urethral Hemorrhage in Stallion. . 2... 2.2... 0.44. 218 Contusions of Neck and Withers... . . a eRe eg 4 BEG: Penial Injuries ......... 28.4 ws “ag de ay 219 Rupture of Prepuce .... 2.2... 2. eee : ~ 223 Strangulated Hernia. . i ss ea ee ee eRe HE HS . 225 CHAPTER Vill PARTURIENT INJURIES ... 2... 2. eee eee ee eee 228 Lacerations of Perineum . . . 1.6. ee eee eee eee 228 Recto-Vaginal Fistula... ...... Ss hee a dig ah Gs 8229 Lacerations of Cervix ........... Meg des BG a es 229 CHAPTER IX , SODOMY AND SADISM ... 2... eee ee eee ee j 2 231 PART II ‘ TUMORS OF THE GENITALIA’ CHAPTER X MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS ... 2... ee eee ee ee ee 239 Malignant Tumors of the Male Genitalia Osis cre ee wes . 239 Amputation of the Penis. ... ..... eb ek ae a @ 245 Malignant New-Growths of the Female Genitalia. ... . 250 CHAPTER XI BENIGN TUMORS OF THE GENITALIA, . 00... 2. 0 et es 253 Benign Tumors of the Male Genitalia... ... a8 . 253 Benign Tumors of the Female Genitalia... .... 6 257 Ovariotomy... Kang ts Sie Shea hfe Bea ss 263 XIV Contents PART III’ a INFECTIONS OF THE GENITAL ORGANS SECTION I. THE GENITAL INFECTIONS OF CATTLE CHAPTER NII THE SPECIFIC VENEREAL DISEASES Dh aigy Hel ser, wk iat Masts Say Ge a 278 The Vesicular Venereal Disease of Cattle ..........- 278 The Nodular Venereal Disease ...... CHAPTER XII NON-VENEREAL INFECTIONS WHICH INVADE THE GENITAL ORIGINS iy. ooh Ss Faia, ee 8 oa ak, Ses “Sete eee ee les) Ga rer ee B17 Genital Actinomycosis. .... 0... 2 ee eee te 317 Genital Tuberewlosis...4.. 0. 206 sR Me ee eee we 319 CHAPTER XIV : THE GENERAL INFECTIONS OF THE GENITAL ORGANS... 356 I. INFECTIONS OF THE GENITAL ORGANS OF BULLS. . 358 ORIGH ERIS <6, Seats, Sl AP ep rae, toa ie da ak a 375 Degenerative Orchitis. " Destruction of Spemmatoganstic Epi- thelium in Calves . 375 Orchitis in Adult Bulls. Mbccadentigns ana Nectadis iS: . stiles 379 EPIDIDYMITIS. ..... a, eel ates bee MBS Degenerative Eplaldiganitis of Cites ‘ Rhee GG ww & 385 Arrest in Development . « © ¢ 385 Chronic Indurated Epididymal Abaruises of ‘Calges Be fe ae GO Epididymitis of Adult Bulls : Pra