: aa , ul a ) i y ‘ "| { Nt i i : ue i ir Rseats tomy sh 1) tain Fa src Et Fiat by meaty if if sl a te pil a iit Gornell University Library Sthaca, New Work CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 " auv date shows when this volume was taken. To renew this book copy the call No. and give to the librarian. . HOME USE RULES All Books subject to recall All borrowers must regis- ter in the library to borrow books for home use. All books must be re- turned at end of college year for inspection and repairs. Limited books must be returned within the four week limit and not renewed. Students must return all books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Volumes of periodicals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special pur- poses they are given out for a limited time. Borrowers should not use their library privileges for the benefit of other persons. Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked to re- port all cases of books marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. Ml It 1924 9 — o== iN ‘ mT 203 Uri Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924073203071 yore ee eo. Ba4 [Extracted from the Linnean Sociery’s Jouryat—Botany, vol xli. October 1913. ] W. | ot An Account of the Plants collected by Mr. M. P. Price on the Carruthers- Miller-Price Expedition through North-West Mongolia and Chinese Dzungaria in 1910. By M. P. Price, M.A., and N. D. Simpson, B.A., F.R.M.S. (Communicated by Dr. O. Starr, F.R.S., Sec.L.8.) (With Map and Pratrs 21-23.) {Read 17th April, 1918.] I. OBSERVATIONS ON THE VEGETATION OF THE SiBeR1AN-MoncoLian Frontier, tHE Norta-West Moncoutan Piatean, AND Carnese Dzuncaria. By M. P. PRICE. THE expedition which yielded the material for the present paper was under- taken during the spring and summer of 1910 in company with Mr. Douglas Carruthers and Mr. J. H. Miller, the former of whom contributed a paper on the geographical results of the expedition to the Royal Geographical Society’s Journal in June 1912. Botanical observations and collections were made by the writer of this section of the paper throughout the journey from Minnusinsk to the Siberian- Mongolian frontier and through N.W. Mongolia and Chinese Dzungaria until Kuldja was reached. A map showing the route of the expedition and the localities mentioned in the paper will be found on Pl. 20. It bas been reprinted, with the addition of certain place-names, from the Journal of the Geographical Society, June 1912, with the permission of the Society. The plants collected by me have been worked out by Mr. N. D. Simpson, who has incorporated most of my field-notes in the part of the paper under his name. My thanks are due to the Royal Geographical Society for per- mission to reproduce the map, and to the Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, for permitting Mr. Simpson to use the material in the Kew Herbarium. A. THE BASIN OF THE UPPER YENISEL Itinerary and General Notes. The Upper Yenisei plateau comprises an area drained by two rivers, called by the natives the Bei Kem and the Khua Kem, and is the upland from which the Siberian Yenisei River rises on the border of Siberia and Mongolia. The area is roughly 64,000 square miles, and the whole drainage area unites in one large stream called the Ulu Kem, and bursts through the mountain wall of the Sayansk range about 150 miles south of t 380 MR. M. P. PRICE ON THE VEGETATION OF the Siberian town of Minnusinsk. The Sayansk mountains, which form the nominal frontier between Siberia and Mongolia, are not a true range in the strict sense of the word, but rather a series of disjointed uplifts, of which the highest peaks reach 8000 and 9000 feet in places, and are connected by numerous passes of from 4000 to 5000 feet in altitude. The trend of the range is indefinite, and many spurs jut out far into the Siberian forests on the north and into the plateau basin of the Bei Kem on the south. The average height of the floor of the basin is roughly between 2000 and 3000 feet, and it is thus everywhere surrounded, except at the point where the Ulu Kem bursts through the Sayansk mountains in a series of gorges and rapids, by a complete range of encircling mountains. To the south lie the Tannu-ola range, a complete barrier between the Yenisei basin and the North-West Mongolian plateau. The plains of the Siberian lowlands at Minnusinsk average about 900 feet in altitude, and going southwards from here the traveller rises on to the first step of the Central Asiatic plateau, which is formed by the northern spurs of the Sayansk mountain system. This first step of the plateau is clothed on its northern slopes with dense forests, which in their floral type show affinity to the sub-arctic forest of Siberia some 400 miles to the north. The latter lies between the latitudes of 56° and 72°, and nowhere rises above 600 feet above the level of the sea. Similar conditions, however, are found on the Sayansk mountains between latitudes 52° and 54° at heights varying from 3000 to 5000 feet. Thus the same vegetations are found in northern latitudes at low altitudes, as in southern latitudes at higher altitudes. In other wordsaltitude compensates for latitude. Between the sub-arctic forest belt of Central Siberia and the forests of the Sayansk mountains lie the steps of Minnusinsk and Abakansk in the Minnusinsk Government of Siberia. Here the dry steppe-like vegetation of Central Asia seems to have pushed its way in asa wedge between what may at one time have been a continuous zone of sub- arctic forest. As the glaciers retreated northwards a steppe-like vegetation crept evidently into the Siberian lowlands, which lie in southern latitudes, and have thus effectively isolated the floral system of the Sayansk. In the Upper Yenisei plateau, besides the sub-arctic forest and a flora characteristic of northern Siberia, there isalso the Siberian Larch forest with an accompanying floral association. The former prevails in a long strip along the north or Siberian side of the Sayansk system and in all the higher parts of the plateau where the winter is long and severe. The Larch forest, on the other hand, prevails in the lower altitudes and is indicative of a drier climatic condition. For in winter snow lies less deeply in the more southern latitudes and on the lower altitudes of the Upper Yenisei plateau, than on the northern slopes of the Sayansk. In the former places the summer rain- fall is only assured by numerous sharp thunder-storms. NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 387 Separating the Yenisei basin from the plateau of North-West Mongolia Hie the Tannu-ola mountains, in latitude 60-61°, They form the second step of the plateau, and after crossing them the traveller finds himself on the floor of the Mongolian desert plateau, which from this point southwards averages about 5000 feet in altitude. The first section of the journey was undertaken from the Siberian lowlands across the Sayansk mountains and the Upper Yenisei plateau to the northern slopes of the Tannu-ola mountains. Ascending the Amil River, a tributary which flows into the Yenisei near Minnusinsk, the party, consisting of a caravan of 24 horses, reached the watershed between that river and the tribu- taries of the Upper Bei Kem in June 1910. After plunging through dense forests of Siberian pine and spruce, we crossed the Sayansk mountains by a low pass and reached the Upper Yenisei plateau. Descending the Sisti Kem tributary, we explored several of the valleys which drain the right bank of the Bei Kem: Several side expeditions were undertaken in boats, which in this district are made by the Siberian fur-traders out of dug-out poplar logs, and eventually the whole party made a raft and floated down the Bei Kem River for 150 miles, shooting a series of rapids about 50 miles above the junction of the Bei Kem and Khua Kem. The party at last arrived at Dja Kul, a small frontier trading centre on the steppes of the Kemchik, where a fresh caravan was made up for the journey across the North-West Mongolian plateau. The observations on the floral and botanical conditions on this first part of the journey can be divided into two sections, one dealing with the northern slopes of the Sayansk mountains, and the other with the valley of the Bei Kem in the Upper Yenisei plateau. Taking the first section, I can tabulate the following observations while ascending the Amil River. After leaving the steppes south of the Minnusinsk district, a thin zone of Pinus sylvestris forest appears and forms an intermediate zone between the steppes and the dense sub-arctic forests further to the south. Pinus sylvestris attains its best development here, and the ground flora is accompanied by many species of the steppes to the north as well as several species of herbs, which I describe later in the Larch-forest association. South of this zone we reached that of the sub-arctic forest. The dominant species were Abies sibirica, Picea obovata, and Pinus sibirica*. The sub-arctic forest zone lay scattered along the northern side of the different uplifts, which compose the Sayansk system, and varied from 70 to 100 miles in width from north to south. Immense areas of swamp punctuated the dense jungle of Siberian * The specimens collected on the expedition are Pinus Cembra, Linn., var. sibirica, P. Mayr. The variety seems only to differ physiologically from the species.—N. D, Simpson, 388 MR. M. P. PRICE ON THE VEGETATION OF Spruce and Pine, and everywhere the sub-arctic flora of northern Siberia with Sphagnum and Vaccinium association was dominant. Progress in this forest from the traveller’s point of view was difficult and dangerous. On the slopes of the valleys with southern aspects the forests of Altes sibirica and Pinus sibirica appeared to be weaker in growth and were possibly diminishing in area, for considerable forest fires had taken place here in recent years. Where the fires had occurred I saw indications of dry steppe- like flora, containing many types of Graminez accompanied by Aspen, Poplar, and Birch, creeping in and competing with the Vaccinium association. In addition to this there were certain places where the swamps appeared to be in a state of partial desiccation with evidences of former mossy hummocks, now dry and covered with grasses and species from the steppes further to the north. The second series of observations were made after entering the Upper Yenisei plateau by a low neck between two disconnected ridges of the Sayansk system. We descended the valley to the Sisti Kem for some dis- tance, but before its junction with the Bei Kem, turned east through the Larch forests and followed up a side stream, called by the natives the “ Japsa,’” to its source in another isolated uplift called the Tashke] mountains. Crossing from here to the watershed of the Shabash River, we followed this down to its junction with the Kamsara River and finally reached the Upper Bei Kem. A further expedition was made towards the head-waters of the Bei Kem in the neighbourhood of Lake Todju Kul, after which a long journey was made in a raft down the Bei Kem, past a series of rapids into the steppes of the Ulu Kem and the Kemchik. In the upper regions of the Sisti Kem and Shabash Rivers, the valley bottoms of which average about 3000 feet in altitude, we found forests of Pinus sibirica accompanied by sub-arctic flora, indicating cold conditions in winter and a considerable rainfall in summer. This forest and association also covered the mountains of the Tashkel. In the lower reaches, averaging 2000 feet in altitude, the forest consisted of Larix sibirica scattered in park- like glades with natural meadows. The flora associated with this was of a distinct type and might be called the *‘ Siberian Larch-Forest Association.” In the Larch forest on the Japsa River I found Gentiana rerna var. angu- losa, Vaccinium Vitis-Idea, Spirea sp., Potentilla fruticosa, and Erythrouium Dens-canis. On approaching the Tashkel mountains, forests of Pinus sibirica and Abies sibirica began to appear on the valley bottoms and reached up to the sides of the mountains to 5000 feet. The ground flora here consisted of Betula nana, Vaccinium Vitis-I[dea, Rhodedendron chrysanthum, Viola biflora. In swampy areas there were large beds of Primula nivalis and of Trollius asiaticus and Euphorbia lutescens. There appeared to be a succession of floral types on these Alpine meadows which changed as the summer advanced. Thus NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 389 Primula and Trollius appeared as soon as the snow had gone, but in July the shady forest association began to creep in and apparently constituted a large portion of the vegetation during the autumn. On the Upper Shebash River forests vf Pinus sihiriea with a variety of Alnus Alnobetulu grew in dense jungles on the shady sides of the valley. ‘On the valley sides facing the sun, however, the mountain slopes were covered principally with serub of Birch, Aspen, and Poplar, accompanied hy a vigorous flora of Euphorbia lutescens, Prronia anomala, and slconitum septentrionale. Relics of old forests of Pinus sibivica and Abies sibirica were to be seen in places. Large logs of these trees littered the mountain-sides up to 4000 feet, and there was considerable evidence that the Pine forest had been replaced by a broad-leaved forest within comparatively recent times. On the Ulug Tag mountain, an isolated peak between the watershed of the Shubash and Japsa Rivers, I observed the following floral zones typical of the Sayansk system, beginning from the valley bottom upwards. Zone 1. In the valley bottoms at 3000 feet Larch-forest association pre- dominated, containing Potentilla fruticosu, Betula nana, Lurie sibiriva, and Evythvonium Dens-cunis. Lrythroninm Dens-cunis is of considerable interest, since its roots and tubers are used during the summer as food hy the nomad tribes of Urian Hai or Soiots, who wander with reindcer all over these forests. The root is dried in the sun, and eaten with reindeer’s milk. Zone 2, at 4000 feet, consisted of thick forests of Pinus sihirica and Picea -obovata accompanied by Vuecinium Vitis-Ldeu and Sphagnim. Zone 3 began at a height of £500 feet and consisted of Pinus sihirica and Albies stbirica in a creeping form. Zone 4, between $506 and 5500 feet, consisted of scrub-like Pinus sibirica and a widespread distribution of Rhododendron chrysanthim. Zone 5, from 5500 to 8000 feet (the mountain summit), containing only Betula nana in a creeping and very stunted form. Descending the Shabash River from its source, we traversed for a day forests of Pinus sibirica with its attending flora. Halfway between its source cand its junction with the Bei Kem River, Larch forest with its floral association began. In this typical forest of Lariw sihiricu the trees grew from 10 to 12 feet apart, running from 3 to 6 feet in girth, and averaging about 75 feet in height. The ground flora here was typical of the Larch- forest association throughout the Upper Yenisei plateau and consisted of Spiraea, Euphorbia lutescens, Polygonum polymorphum, Drucocephalum Ruyschiana, Veronica longifolia, Bupleurum longifolium var. avreum, Poten- tilla nivea, Myosotis palustris, Achillea impatiens, .\ster alpinus, Galium boreale, Valeriana sumbucifolia, Trifolium Lupinaster, Sangwisorba officinale, Oxytropis sp., Poa altaica, Phyllodove taxifolia, Rosa acicularis, Vaccinium uliginosum, Lonicera corulea, Pedicularis uncinata, Aconitum septentrionale. A few areas of Pinus sylvestris were to be seen growing on sandy banks by LINN. JOURN.—BOVANY, VOL. XLI. ie 390 MR. M. P. PRICE ON THE VEGETATION OF the river-side. Some of these sandy river-terraces also contained a new and’ much drier floral association, which began to appear here for the first time. It was represented by Dianthus versicolor, Caragana Bunyei and ('. arbor- escens, Sedum hybridum, Thymus Serpyllum, Potentilla bifurca, Agropyron cristatum, Veronica incana. Higher up the Bei Kem River this steppe-like- flora began to enlarge and covered some considerable areas edjoining the- river. These areas were largely used as grazing-grounds for the Urian-Hai. natives. The steppe-like association here was “sandwiched” in between the Siberian Larch-forest association of the hills and that surrounding the river-. banks. There was a large area of this type of steppe association in the neighbourhood of Lake Todju Kul. Descending the Bei Kem River we came- to a series of rapids about 50 miles above its junction with the Khua Kem. The plateau valley above the rapids stood at about 2500 feet in altitude and was clothed with dense jungle of Picea oborata, Luriv sibirica, and Populus suaveolens. The mountains surrounding the gorge of the Bei Kem at this point were ascended by Mr. Carruthers, who observed that the forest of Pinus sthirica and Picea obovate was not so dense as on the Sayansk mountains. He also. observed that the ground was covered with deep half-dry moss, as if it were a sponge which had just run dry. The forest-line here was 5800 feet, and. Pinus sibirica was the last tree on the forest-line. On the summit there was. a flat tableland on which there was very little reindeer-moss but much grass.. It seems probable that these mountains in the centre of the Upper Yenisei plateau are intermediate in climate between the Sayansk and the Tannu-ola mountains. The more southern latitude brings less snow in winter than on- the Sayansk and proportionately more heat in summer, while the altitudes in. both cases are the same. In the valley of Bei Kem below the gorge, which is also continued in the Ulu Kem further to the west, the valley-sides become gradually barer and the dry steppe-like flora begins to creep in, till at last the forest completely disappears. It is worth noticing that throughout the upper reaches of the Upper Bei- Kem Russian traders and settlers have attempted agriculture. Thus, near the junction of the Shabash and Bei Kem (about 3000 feet alt.), rye was grown in patches by the river. It was impossible to grow wheat on account of the short summer, and sometimes even rye failed to ripen. Ata point just above the Bei Kem rapids (2800 feet) both rye and wheat were sown, but rye was the only certain crop. Just below the Bei Kem rapids (2000 feet) we found a fur-trader on the steppe growing wheat to perfection. Here the climate was, if anything, too dry, and it was apparently necessary to irrigate during the summer. Water-melons, cucumbers, apples, and pears were also being grown successfully. NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CIUINESE DZUNGARIA. 391 B. NORTH-WEST MONGOLIAN PLATEAU. General Notes on the Floral Zones. The principal floral associations of North-West Mongolia can be divided into three groups consisting of the following :—1. Plateau-Desert Association ; 2. Larch-Forest Association; 3, Alpine Association. Although many species in these groups overlap, still, in general, each association cun be said to occur in definite zones, which vary according to the two principal factors, altitude and latitude. Generally speaking, at northern latitudes and at low altitudes the same flora is found as in more southern latitudes at higher altitudes, but the Larch-Forest Association tends to thin out in southern latitudes, leaving the other two converging. Altitude and latitude are the factors which cause temperature, rainfall, and snowfall, and the degree and intensity of these natural conditions vary in almost exact relationship to the altitude and latitude all over the North-West Mongolian Plateau. 1. The Plateau-Desert Association occurs in all the most low-lying parts of the valley-bottoms, plains, and evaporating basins and all districts where the distance from the mountains is great and consequently the rainfall small or non-existent. Round some of the desert lakes a very thin zone of marsh flora is to be found, growing where saline moisture has reached the surface. With the exception of this and a few straggliny patches of Larch forest, the whole of North-West Mongolia between the altitudes of 2000 and 7500 feet is covered with the Plateau-desert association. At the last-named altitude the colder climatic conditions and higher rainfall generally enable either the Larch-forest association or the Alpine association to ebtain the upper hand. The Platean-desert association, however, is broken in a few places between 3000 and 7500 feet, for where special sheltered valleys shade the vegetation from the fierce summer sun, there isolated and straggling patches of the Larch-forest association can be seen. Plateau-desert association is perhaps best studied in North-West Mongolia at an altitude of about 6000 feet. It can be said to be sub-divided into two subordinate associations. The first of these is found more on the shady side of the valleys and in parts of the plains less exposed to cold or drying winds, and is characterised by species of the genus Caragana. The second subdivision is found in the driest, hottest, and most exposed plateau desert, and is the most widely distributed. The most characteristic species of the latter are :—Potentilla sericea, -Arenaria capillaris, Chenopodium frutescens, var., Stipa capillata, alrtemisia argyrafolia, Ouytropis trayacanthoides. 2. The Larch-Forest Association is found scattered wherever conditions are suitable between certain altitudes. Thus in the Kemchik valley on the Upper Yenisei plateau, Larch forest is found on scattered areas between 3000 and 6000 feet. Some 80 miles to the south, in the Saklya valley on 2G2 392 MR. M. P. PRICE ON THE VEGETATION OF the westof Lake Ubsa, the Larch forest occurs between 6000 and 7000 feet. Some 40 miles to the south of this again, on the Kundelun mountains, the Larch forest occurs between 6300 and 7600 feet, while on the right bank of the Upper Kobdo River and round the Kobdo Lakes, the Larch-forest zone oceurs between 7000 and 8000 feet. Thus the zone gradually rises in altitude as the southern Jatitudes are reached. But in the case of the Larch-forest association, latitude and altitude are not the only factors which control its distribution, for it appears that shelter from insolation, and perhaps wind, is a third factor to be taken into consideration. This is suggested from the fact that the Larch-forest association all over the North- West Mongolian plateau is found only on that side of the valley which has a northern aspect, while it reaches its best development in the shady glens of the mountains. Moreover, the complete absence of any Larch forest in the country between Achit Nor and the Kobdo River seems to suggest that a large area of open down country, even though it may he at a favourable altitude and latitude, if too exposed to wind and snow, is unfavourable for the development of Larch-forest association. In this area, therefore, which is drained by the left tributaries of the Kobdo River, namely, the Suok, the Taharty, the Olonor, and the Tsagangol Rivers, the Plateau-desert association merges into the Alpine association without any intermediate Larch-forest association. The following are its most characteristic species :—Lurix sthiriea, Vaecininm Vitis-ldva, Aconitum sp., Potentilla lifurca, Pinus sibiriva also occurs in this association in the extreme north, and is found as a straggling specimen as far south as the western Tannu-ola mountains, where it reaches the summit. It appears that the excess of sun and light is responsible for its absence in latitudes further south of this. 3. The Alpine Association is distributed in North-West Mongolia in the following areas :~—In the Kemchik valley of the Upper Yenisei plateau it is found on several isolated mountain masses between 6000 and 6500 feet. On the Kundelun mountains it begins at an altitude of 7000 feet, and further south still, on the right bank of the Kobdo River, it commences at 8000 feet. It reaches the snow-line at about 11,000 feet in the last two places, wherever there is sufficient soil. The best development of the Alpine association is found on the left tributaries of the Upper Kobdo River, namely, on the Suok, the Taharty, the Olonor, and Tsagangol Rivers. Here a large area of rolling down country between 8000 and 10,090 feet alt. is the geographical feature, and is peculiarly favourable for the development of this flora. It is interesting to know that it is just here that Ovis ammou, the great mountain sheep of the Altai, is found in considerable numbers, and its distribution seems to coincide with the widespread distribution of the Alpine association. The charac- teristic species of the Alpine meadows of North-West Mongolia are :— Gentiunau altaicu, Gentiana prostrata, Savifraga Hirculus, Primula nivalis, Trollius asiaticus, Papaver nudicaule, Betula nana, NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 393 Itinerary of the Evpedition on the NW. Mongolian Plateau. The Kemchik River is a left tributary of the Upper Yenisci, joining the Ulu Kem just above the gorge, through which it flows to the lowlands ot Siberia. The vailey of the Kemchik was visited by the expedition during July 1910. Starting from Dja Kul, a frontier trading post (1880 feet) on the Ulu Kem River, the route lay westwards along the Kemehik for 50 miles. Here the mountain mass of the Kizil Taiga was visited, after which the Kemcehik valley was crossed south-west to the Tannu-ola mountains. The plains of the valley bottom on the Kemchik were covered with Plateau- desert association. On alluvial soil were found Caraguna spinosa, Urtica dioica, Elymus dasystachys. On northern slopes and in sheltered hollows, patches of the Larch-forest association were to be seen, accompanied by Potentilla bifurca and Aconitum barbatum. The mountain mass of the Kizil Taiga, which lay in the centre of the drainage area of the Kemchik, was surrounded }y plateau-desert flora up to about 4000 feet. At this point Larch forest commenced in shady places and continued nearly up to the summit. Pinus sihérica was found in conjunction with Larix sibirica. The former slightly predominated on rocky ground, and the latter in those aspects more open and exposed to the sun. Natural regeneration of both these species was going on, but the Tarch appeared to be badly affected hy summer frosts. About the forest-line there was a con- siderable area covered with dead logs of Larch trees, larger than any growing at present below this line. It seemed that the forest at one time extended much higher up the mountain than at the present. The flora of the barren mountain tops (6500 feet) contains a mixture of both Alpine meadow and Larch-forest association apparently in competition with one another. The Larch-forest association was represented by Potentilla bifurca, Spiriwa Vaccinium uliginosum, Aconitum sp., and Veratram nigrum. The Alpine association was represented by Betula nanu, Gentiana prostrata, and Dryas octopetala, ‘There was a considerable amount also of Pou and Fescue grasses mixed in with these floras. In fact it seemed that two floral associations distinctly joined on the summit of the Kizil Taiga. Leaving the Yenisei basin by a right tributary of the Kemchik, the expedition crossed the Tannu-ola mountains into the plateau which drains into Lake Ubsa. The Tannu-ola mountains form a watershed between the inland drainage of North-West Mongolia and the Arctic drainage of Siberia. In its western end it presents a solid range of rolling downs and is crossed by several passes. The Bovashay Pass, crossed by the expedition at 6854 feet, was covered with forests of stunted Larch and Siberian Pine scattered about, in open order, with much dead timber. Pzins sibirieu was, in the main, dominant, with floral representatives from the Larch-forest association and a few Alpine meadow types. On a peak overlooking the Bovashay Pass, reindeer-moss, Sphagnum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Potentilla bijurea, and 394 MR. M. P. PRICE ON THE VEGETATION OF Aconitum sp. were found. This flora continued all the way to the summit. At 6500 feet Rosa spinosissima was seen. Both Larch and Siberian Pine reached the summit in a creeping form, and there were many places where dead logs of trees were lying. The southern slopes of the Tannu-ola mountains between the Mongol guard posts of “ Borgitaita”” and ~ Bogdhonholat”” were bare, and covered with plateau-desert flora. There were two distinct subdivisions of this association here, one of which was characterised by Curuguna arborescens and Cotoneaster melanocarpa. The other subdivision lay in those parts more exposed to the sun, and was represented by Potentilla serivea, Spirwa hyperivifolia, Arenaria caupillaris, Stipa capillata, Oxytropis trayacanthoides, Chenopodium frutescens, alnemone Bungeana. The North-West Mongolian plateau hetween the Tannu-ola mountains and the Great or Chinese Altai range presents a Jarge tableland stretching north and south some 300 miles and averaging some 5000 feet in altitude. Both of these ranges of mountains converge westwards into the complex Siberian Altai system. The level of the plateau is lowest round the evaporating basins, and at Lake Ubsa sinks to 2270 feet, while at Achit Nor it is about 4000 feet. There are many lofty ranges and disjointed mountain masses on this plateau running up to 13,000 teet. The first of these ranges, which the expedition came to after crossing the Tannu-ola mountains, ran from north- west to south-east, and joined the western extremity of the Tannu-ola near the point where it converged into the Siberian Altai system. The river draining from this range into Lake Ubsa was called by the natives the Saklya River, and hence the name of Saklya mountains was given to the range from which it sprang. It was found that the floral association of the plateau-desert in the valley of the Saklya River, between 4000 and 6500 feet, contained platcau-desert type represented by .[rtemisia uryyrefolia, Anemone Regelianu, Arenuriu cupillaris, and Curauyana spinosa. Between 6000 and 7500 fect there were patches of Larch forest with its accompanying association, represented by slvouitum sp. and Spirra. From 7300 to 9000 feet there was a large development of Alpine meadow with scattered peat-bogs. The characteristic flora here was represented hy £riophorum Scheuchzeri, Dracocephalum inberbe, Epilobium hirsutum, Saripraya melaleuca, Potentilla nivea, Lviyeron uniflorus, Cerastium lithospermifolium, Carea melanantha, Senecio aurantiacus, Alyosotis sylvatica, Pediculuris versicolor, Primula nivalis. Crossing from the Saklya River into the valley of the Kundelun, which js also a western tributary of Lake Ubsa, the expedition traversed stony desert- plateau lying between 5500 and 6500 feet. All the way there was almost a complete absence of vegetation, and the only species met with were Stipa cupillata and Agropyron cristatum. In some places only dry stems of Stipa capilluta were seen, showing that the herb had grown earlier in the NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 395 season, but in summer was shrivelled hy heat. There were evidences in the torrent beds of oceasional cloud-bursts, but the whole country was waterless and without springs. Ascending the Kundelun River, a great mountain mass was observed rising to 13,000 feet with many glaciers and snowficlds. This system, which the expedition named the Kundelun mountains, is probably the one mentioned by Potanin, who visited its eastern side and called them the Turgun mountains. At * Kunde Kureen,” the seat of a Mongol prince, altitude 5900 feet, the flora wax of the plateau-desert type containing sdrenarit capillaris var. nurdifolia and Stipa cupillata. At 6300 feet Larch forest commenced in shady places accompanied hy Aconitum sp. The forest continued up to 7600 feet on the shady side of the valleys only. At 7000 feet the Alpine association bevan to creep in with Gentéana prostrata. At this height good grazing-land was found in the bottoms of the valleys, and the Mongol population grazed their flocks here during the latter part of the summer. Between 7500 and 7600 feet there ix an area of dry peat-beds containing old tufts, upon which grass is now growing. Above this there was an area of bog and swamp. There were some indications that the swamps once extended lower down the valley, and that the drier floral association is extending over the area once covered ly Alpine meadow. At 8300 feet the expedition came upon the Kundelun glaciers, which descend from the snowfield between 11,000 and 13,000 fect. There were some evi- dences that these glaciers were retreating, for several recently evacuated moraines were to be seen, upon which vegetation of Sphaynum, Allardia glabra, and Sedum quadrifidum were beginning to appear. In the little glacial lakes Sphapacm and Ranunevlus nutans were obtained. Vegetation -continued up to 11,000 feet, which can be taken as the line of the summer snow. The specimens found at this altitude were -[llurdia glabra and Sedum quadrindum. After leaving the Kundelun mountains the expedition visited the basin of Lake Uriu Nor, and, crossing the Barmen mountains to the south, reached the watershed of the Upper Kobdo River. Round Lake Uriu Nor (height 4500 feet) there was a peculiar type of flora, which was found right on the edge of the lake, growing in the marshes and stagnant pools. It was represented by slrtemisia Sieversiana, Nepeta botryoides, Anabasis brevifolia, and Ranunculus Cymbalaria. There was evidence that the lake had once -been at a higher level, for strands of gravel lay at from ten to thirty feet above the present water-level. The lake had no outlet, and therefore indicates in its water-level any variation in the climatic conditions of this part of North-West Mongolia. On the Barmen mountains, 8200 feet, south of Lake Uriu Nor, Alpine meadows with Betula nanw were discovered. Larch forest was seen in shady places at about 7500 feet. This is also the height above which late summer 396 MR. M. P. PRICE ON THE VEGETATION o£" and early autumn snow falls. It is probable that the latter determined the- limit of the Larch forest, South of the Barmen mountains on the plains of Achit Nor (4500 feet), which drains into the Upper Kobdo River, concentric rings of vegetation were to be observed. In the marshes and shallow lagoons immediately: round the lake were to be seen Gluuw maritima, Chenopodium glaucum, Sueda maritima, Triglochin palustre, Juncus Gerardi, ant Agrostis vulgaris.. Beyond the marshes on moist, sandy loam, where vegetation was just above the water-table, the following flora was seen: Sulicornia herbacea, Carex. ceespitosa, Carex cupilluris, Hordeum pratense, and ris ensata. On the stony desert, out of reach of the water-table, were found representatives of the Plateau-desert association, particularly Supa capillata. Leaving the plain of Achit Nor and ascending the Kobdo River by its affluent tributary the Suok River, the expedition crossed the tableland,. averaging 5000 feet alt. and rising in rolling downs to 8000 feet. After crossing the Suok valley, thoxe of the Taharty, Olonor, and T-agangol were. each traversed in turn, till finally, the Kobdo Lakes were reached. Between 7000 and 8000 feet the rolling downs were covered with: vegetation of the Plateau-desert association, represented by Oaytroj’s tru- gacanthoides, Artemisia argyrwfolia, Stipa cupillata, Chenopodium frutescens, Lunacetum fruticulosum, Elymus dasystuchys, Allium jistulosum. At 8000 feet Alpine association began to take the place of Plateau-desert association, On that part of the valley with northern and shady aspects this type consisted largely of Polygowun Bistortu, P. viriparum, and Betula nana. In the- upper part of the Alpine meadows, between 8300 and 9000 feet, the Alpine: association was spread out over a large area of rolling downs in the Upper Olonor valley. The characteristic species here were Papaver nidicaule,. Saxifraga Hirculus, and Gentiana prostrata. On reaching the Kobdo Lakes, which lie just to the north of the Great Altai range, the Plateau-desert association was found between 6300 and 7500 feet, represented by Stipu capillatu, Ouytropis tragacanthoides, Cheno- podium frutescens. Round the Kobdo Lakes, at 7000 feet, Larch forest again was to be seen in shady places all over the northern slopes of the Great Altai. range. The Larch forest contained Betula nana, Potentilla biftarca, and reached to the height of 8500 feet. Between 8000 and 9000 feet there was. a large development of Alpine meadow which reached to 9500 feet. The expedition crossed the Great or Chinese Altai mountains by the Urkhogaitu Pass, 9500 feet, and following the valley of the Kran River on the south side of the range, reached the plains of the Upper or Black Irtish in Dzungaria. On the Kran River there was a considerable development of Siberian Larch forest between 3000 and 6700 feet in shady places, accompanied by Aconitwn sp., Spirra, Vaccinium Vitis-Idwu, Rosa acicularis, Rosa spinosissima, Sam- bucus racemosa, Thalictrum petaloideum, Lonicera cerulea, Cotoneaster melanocarpa, Berberis heteropoda, Althwa rosea, and Potentillu chrysantha, NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA ANI) CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 397 C. DZUNGARIA, Ltinerary and General Notes. South of the North-West Mongolian plateau lies an arca of comparative: lowland, bounded on the north hy the wall of the Great or Chinese Altai, and on the south hy the main range of Tian Shan. The average altitude of the plain is about 1500 feet, the highest point being 4000 feet and lowest. about 700 Feet above the level of the sea. The area is drained in the south by rivers which flow iuto small evaporating basins, while most of the north is drained by the Upper or Black Irtish and finds its way ultimately to the Arctic. Towards the north-west, therefore, these plains of Dzungaria merge without any perceptible break into the lowlands of Western Siberia. There are, however, three ranges, namely, the Ala Tau, Barlik, and Sair mountains, which cross the plain from north-east to south-west, but which are disjointed and severed by intervening pieces of lowland, so that they do not form an effective barrier to the drainage northward. Eastwards the steppes merge into the Gobi Desert of Central China. The Great Altai range, which bounds the Dzungarian plains on the north, runs south-eastwards towards the main range of the Tian Shan, which, in turn, runs east and west. A gap of over 100 miles separates the eastern extremities of these ranges, and thus the plains of Dzungaria pass into the plains of Central China without a break through this gap. Descending from the North-West Mongolian plateau and crossing the Great Altai range, the expedition reached the Chinese town of ‘ Sharasume,” or “Tulta,” in Sept. 1910, cn the southern foothills of the Great Altai mountains. The plains of the Black Irtish were then crossed, leaving Lake Ulun-gur to the east and reaching the valley of Kobuk. Here the southern offshoot of the Sair mountains was crossed, which is one of the disjointed ranges traversing the Dzungarian plain. Ultimately the Chinese town of “ Chuguchak,” or “Tarbagatai,” was reached on the plains of the Emil, whence the route lay direct south to Kuldja, through the Dzungarian gap and over the Tian Shan. The floral associations of Dzungaria do not differ widely from those of the North-West Mongolian plateau. During the journey a Jarge number of species were met with common to both districts, but it was found on pro- ceeding southwards that several new species began gradually to creep in. The more southern latitudes, which are exposed to drought and fierce heat of the sun in summer, create conditions favourable for the driest desert floral association. After leaving the town of “Sharasume,” an area of rugged, stony hills was traversed, covered with desert floral association, which was in every way typical of those described in North-West Mongolia. Thus the following species were collected in considerable abundance :—Artemisia Lercheana, ) 398 MR. M. P. PRICE ON THE VEGETATION OF Atraphawxis lanceolata, Echinops Ritro, Potentilla Anserina, Leonurus lanatus. The following new types were seen for the first time in their apparently most northerly limit :—Setaria viridis, Cannabis sativa, Halimodendron argenteum, Haloaylon Ammodendron, and Astragalus Pallasii. Proceeding southwards, the hills, which lay between 1700 and 2300 feet, were replaced by a plain, which lay between 1500 and 1700 feet. The plain was largely alluvial, with some patches of blown sand near the Black irtish River. As the river meandered north-westwards it was covered with breaks of Poplar and Willow. On the alluvial desert there appeared Halimodendron argenteum, Sophora alopecuroides, Glycyrvhiza uralensis, Evrotia ceratoides, var., «Artemisia Lercheana, Elymus giganteus, and Tamariz sp. Leaving this low-lying plain and proceeding southwards the altitude rose to a plateau, which lay to the north-east of the Sair mountains. This range, which runs roughly east and west, joins on to the offshoots of the Tarbagatai and Barlik mountains and forins part of the disjointed range which runs across Dzungaria from south-west to north-east. The plateau to the south of the Sair mountains, which was drained hy the Kobuk River, lay between 2000 and 5000 feet. On it were found wJnemone Bungeana (the same as in North- West Mongolia), slnemone putens, Iris ensata, Artemisia Lercheanu, an:| Spirea hyperivitolia, On rising to 5500 feet on a pass connecting a southern offshoot of the Sair mountains with a northern offshoot of the Barlik, small patches of Larix sibirice were seen in places sheltered from the sun. With it were also the accompanying flora, characteristic of Southern Siberia and North-West Mongolia, namely, Aconitum sp., Potentilla bifurcu var. cuneseens, Rosa spinosissima, Anemone Bungeanu, and Juniperus psendo-sabiuc. Descending to the plain of the River Emil, which flows westwards into Lake Ala Kul, the altitude was found to lie between 1600 and 2500 feet and largely consisted of alluvium. In the highest and driest parts of the plain Artemisia Lercheanu, Stipa capillata, and .lnemone patens were predominant ; while in the lower parts nearer the water-table the following species predominated : Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Elymus dasystachys. South of the plain of the Emil and on the northern slopes of the Barlik mountains were found the most northerly specimens of Picea Srhrenkiana, accompanied by an association partly characteristic of the Larch forest of North-West Mongolia, but containing also many new species. Unfortunately the expedition reached this point too late in the year to obtain representative specimens of the flora, for the snow had already begun to cover the altitudes which lay between 5000 and 6000 feet. It was observed, however, that the most southerly limit of Larie sitiricw was on the southern slopes of the Sair mountains, while the most northerly limit of Picea Sehrenkiana lay on the northern side of the Buarlik mountains. Crossing the Ala Tau mountains on the way to Kuldja and the Ili, large forests of Picea Sehrenkiana were observed rising to an altitude of over 9000 feet, but the snow was too deep to enable any investigation of the ground flora to be made. NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 399 Il. ENUMERATION OF THE PLANTS. By N. D. SIMPSON. DICOTYLEDONES. RANUNCULACEA, CLEMATIS -ETHUSIFOLIA, Turez. No. 489. In sheltered gullies with northerly aspect, chiefly associated with stunted Larch forest, in the Northern foothills of the Tannu-ola Mts. between Dja Kul and Djardan. Distribution, Mongolia, N. China, and Manchuria. Clematis ALPINA, J/ill., var. siBIRIcA, Jtegel et Til. No. 291. Moist forest glades near rivers, climbing dead stumps or on basalt rocks, 8.E. of Kushabar on the Amil River. Distribution. Siberia and N. Russia. THALICTRUM PETALOIDEUM, Linn. No. 427. Driest parts of open steppe between the flood-line of the river and the Larch-forest zone, Upper Bei Kem and Dora Kem. Distribution. Siberia, Manchuria, and N. China, Lecoyer. THALICTRUM MINUS, Linn., var. ELATUM, Lecoyer. No. 372. Dry slopes up to 900 m., Kushabar Range of the Sayansk Mts. Distribution. Europe, Asia Minor eastwards through Siberia to Japan, Lecoyer. ANEMONE BUNGEANA, Pritz. No. 17. Dry mountain summits where not too rocky, Kizil Taiga, Lower Kemchik. No. 32. Dry desert hill-slopes and upland plateau valleys up to 2150 m., W. Tannu-ola Mts. Distribution. N. Mongolia and Altai. ANEMONE REGELIANA, J/uzim. No. 68. Plateau valleys up to 2150 m., Upper Saklya River, W. Tannu-ola Mts. Mistribution. Siberia, Turkestan, N. Mongolia, and China. 400 MR. N. D. SIMPSON ON THE PLANTS OF Anumone sp. -(§ Pulsatilla). No. 1. Hilly steppe 270 m. near Borodina. ANEMONE PATENS, Linn. No. 3. Steppe, Minnusinsk, Siberia. Mstribution, Central Europe, Mongolia, Turkestan, and N. America. ANEMONE PATENS, Linn., var, NUTTALLIANA, .1. Gray, flore ochroleuco. No. 267. Edges of cultivated land with Birch and grasses on dry banks, Kushabar. Distribution. N. Mongolian and N. America. ANEMONE ALTAICA, Fisch. No. 259a. Damp hollows in the “Taiga” or forest under the shade of Abies sibiriva and Populus sucveolens associated with grasses ; alt. above the sea 320 m., in forests round Kushabar, Amil River. No. 321a. 1000 m. in Spruce Taiga, growing under melting snow, Chukuok Ridge, Amil River. Distribution. Altai, N. China, and Japan. ANEMONE BAICALENSIS, Tures. No. 278. Shade of Birch, Pine, Spruce, and Poplar forest where not too. marshy ; very common and universal forest-shade plant, Kushabar. Distribution. N. and central China, Manchuria, and westwards to the Yenisei. ANEMONE CHRULEA, DC. No. 326. Moist places near rivers and streams and in moist glades of the Spruce forest, Upper Amil River. Distribution. Central Asia and Altai, N.E. Siberia and Japan. ANEMONE RANUNCULOIDES, Linn. Listribution. Europe and eastwards as far as the Baikal region. ANEMONE REFLEXA, Steph. No, 257a. Pine, Birch, Poplar, and Spruce Taiga, in shade, forests. round Kushabar, Amil River. Distribution. Siberia from the River Irtish eastwards to Kamtchatka. CALLIANTHEMUM RUT#&FOLIUM, C. A. Mey. No. 340. | Moist meadows near rivers, also in alpine meadows in the Upper Pine forest, Sistikem and Japsa Rivers. Distribution. Southern Europe eastwards through central Asia, Turk-. estan to Yunnan. NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 401 Ranunoutus arrinis, RP. Br, var. 8. rancuricus, Jfucim., forma DASYCARPUS, No. 65. Upland plateau valleys on dry slopes at about 2150 m. on the W = Tannu-ola Mts. at the head of the Saklya River. Instribution (of var.). Kansu and N. Thibet, M/aaim. RANUNCULUS ALTAICUS, Liem, No. 379. Mountain-summits on dry patches and among rocky boulders, alt. 1800 m., Ulug Taiga, Sayansk Mts., Upper Japsa Mts. Distribution. Turkestan eastwards to the Behring Straits, and in China. Raneuncubts CymMBALarrA, Pursh. No. 91. Marshes and lagoons on the dry side of desert lakes and on lake shores where submerged in spring, Uriu Nor and Achit Nor. Distribution. Altai, Tian Shan, and Arctic Siberia. RANUNCULUS PROPINQUUS, C. 4. Mey. No. 328. Sandy gravel of the dry rivers near the Upper Amil River. Distribution. Southern Siberia and Altai. RANUNCULUS NATANS, Cy cd. Vey., spec. sterilia. No. 80. Small shallow lakes at the foot of Kundelun glaciers with Sphayram and Eriophorun. Pistribution. N.W. Mongolia, Baikal region, and North America. RaNUNCULUS RADICANS, C. A. Mey. No. 407. Sandy banks on edges of rivers, Lower Kamsara River, Thstribution. Southern Siberia, Altai, and N. China. RANUNCULV'S SCELERATUS, Linn, No. 438. Swamps at the margin of Lake Todju Kul. Distribution. Europe eastwards to the Loo Choo Islands, southwards to Annam and in N. Africa. RANUNCULUS SPHEROSPERMUS, Boiss. et Blanch. No. 105. In marshes and lagoons by the sides of desert lakes, Achit Nor, and mountain lakes on the Yamartu Plateau. Distribution. Moroceo, Mesopotamia, and Persia, TROLLIUS ASIATICUS, Linn. No. 265a. On the edges of cultivated land and Pine forest shade, Kushabar. . Distribution. The Altai and Ala Tau Mts. eastwards to Manchuria. 402 MR. N. D. SIMPSON ON THE PLANTS OF TROLLIUS CHINENSIS, Bunge ? No. 2624. Moist places where not water-logged, Kushabar and up the Amil River. This plant according to the keys should be 7. chinensis, Bunge, but it differs from that plant, however, in having its style passing gradually into the carpel and not abruptly springing from it. This specimen agrees in detail with a cultivated specimen from the garden of M. Vilmorin in Herb. Gay. AQUILEGIA VULGARIS, Linn. No. 334. On rocky mountain slopes at 1600 m. in the crevices of boulders, also on the upper valley steppe, Sayansk Mts., White Mt., and Upper Japsa Valley. Tt is identical with Wilson's specimen no. 1331, Herb. Kew. Distribution. Through Europe eastwards to China. Detpaisium Maacxianum, Legel. No. 25. Dry parts of valley bottoms and often with Lariz shade association, Kindergay Valley and Tulu in the N. Tannu-ola Mts. Distribution. Manchuria. AcoxitumM AMBIGUUM, Reichb, ? No. 500. High upland meadows where the soil is dry peat, at 1500 m., Lower Kemchik, Kizil Taiga, and shores of Sul Kul. This plant is Aconitum Napellvs, Linn., var. 8. alpinum, lusus a. ambiguum, Regel, from Siberia altaica Jeg. Mardovkin, in the Kew Herbarium. It is near A. ambiguum, Reichb., but the hood is more curyed. It is an undescribed species, but the material is insufficient for description. ACONITUM SEPTENTRIONALE, K6ll. No. 371. Dry slopes of mountains up to 900 m., in the Kandart Range, Sayansk Mts. Distribution. Hurope: Norway, Sweden and Russia. Asia: China and Japan. ACONITUM BARBATUM, Patrin. No. 485. Shade of Larch forests in shaded valley bottoms and on northern slopes, Northern foothills of Tannu-ola Mts. between Dja Kul and Djardan River. Distribution. Irkutsk district, Manchuria, and China. AcT&A spicata, Lenn. No. 304. Shade of Spruce forest, Amil River. Distribution. Europe, Siberia, Baikal region, Ussuri, China, and Japan NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 403 Ponta ANOMALA, Linn., forma eapsulis elabris. No. 293. Poplar and Spruce forests in open ‘glades up to 600 m., Amil River. Distribution. Caucasus Mts., Baikal region, and Turkestan. BERBERIDE. BERBERIS HETEROPODA, Schrenk. No. 139. Southern aspects, 900 m. to 1500 m., Southern Great Altai,. Upper Kran River in the basin of Black Irtish. Distribution. Mongolia and Eastern Turkestan. BERBERIS SIBIRICA, Pull. No. 335. Crevices of rocks at 1600 m., White Mountain in the Sayansk Mountains. Distribution. Dzungaria eastwards to Manchuria. NYMPHASACE AG. NYMPHEA TETRAGONA, (Georgi. No. 439. Todju Kul lake, near the margin in about 1 m. of water. Distribution. Hastern Europe, Asia, and N. America, Conard. PAPAVERACE A. PAPAVER NUDICAULE, Linn., subsp. MIcROCARPUM, Fedde. No. 380«. On the summit of the Ulug Taiga on dry patches amongst rocky boulders at altitudes over 2300 m. Distribution (of subsp.). Arctic and sub-arctie Asia, Fedde. Subsp. XANTHOPETALUM, Fedde. No. 3804. The same habitat and locality. Distribution (of subsp.). Central Asia, throughout Siberia and in N. China, Fedde. CHELIDONIUM MAgUs, Linn. No. 316. Moist open places in forests or Taiga on the Amil River, Distribution. Europe, Axia, N. America, and N. Africa southwards to Teneritte. CoRYDALIS BRACTEATA, Pe7's. No. 255. Moist peaty loam near the bank of the Amil River under shade of Salix Capri bushes. About 100 miles S.E. of Minnusinsk near the village of Kushabar. Distribution. Yenisci and Altai Mts. 404 MR. N. D. SIMPSON ON THE PLANTS OF ('ORYDALIS SOLIDA, Sw. Kushabar, Minnusinsk Division. : Distribution, Central Europe, Asia Minor, throughout Turkestan and Mongolia, Manchuria, Korea, Northern China, and in Japan. ORUCIFER. Nasturtium pauustre, DC. No. 435. Swamps at the edge of Todju Kul. No. 446. On dry sandy banks by the River Bei Kem, under the flood- mark, so only growing in midsummer. Distribution. Europe, Asia, N. Africa, N. and 8. America. ARABIS INCARNATA, Pail. No. 484. Dry steppe near the Upper Bei Kem. Distribution. Asia Minor, Southern Siberia, and the Altai. Atyssum Fiscuertanum, J)C. ex descript. No. 480, On very dry rocky slopes in an almost dexert flora, Ulu Kem, Dja Kul. Distribution, Daburia. This specimen ix the same plant ax the specimen in Herb. Kew. “ul. lenense, Adams, No. 411. Plantee Dahurier, leg. Karo.” DrRABA NEMORALIS, Linn., var. «. BREVIPES, DC. No. 342.u. Dry banks in the Sistikem Valley, in the moist Larix association, Vrianhai country. Var. NEMORALIS, Ehrh. (pro specie). No. 842 0. Distritition, Europe, N. America, Turkestan, and the Altai eastwards to Manchuria. CARDAMINE PRATENSIS, Linn., forma C. PARVIFOLIA, HWimm. et Grab. No. 273. Edges of swamps associated with scrub Birch and Cultha, Kushabar. Distribution. Western Siberia, O. Schultz. HESPERIS MATRONALIS, Linn, var. y. siprntcA, DC. Found near Kriloff. Distribution. Altai. SMELOWSEIA CALYCINA, C. 1. dey. No. 1184. Stony desert on hill-sides and in plateau valleys up to 2450 m. NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 405 under the driest vegetative conditions ; southern Tannu-ola Mts., Achit Nor basin, Suok Valley, and on the N. side of the Altai Mts. Distribution. N. Mongolia, Altai, and the Rocky Mts. of N. America. Erysimum aLtaicum, C. it. Jey., var. y. HUMILLIMUM, Ledeb. No. 33. Dry desert hill-slopes and upland valley plateaus up to 2150 m., Bodhon Valley, W. Tannu-ola Mts. Distribution (of variety). North and West Mongolia and Dahuria. ERysIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDES, Linn. Distribution. Europe, N. Asia, and N. America. LEpPIDIUM LATIFOLIUM, Linn., var. AFFINE, (. A. Jey. No. 494. Driest hill-slopes and valley-bottoms, sandy and gravelly places, Dja Kul and Djardan valleys. Distaibution. N. and E. Mongolia, and China. RapHANus sativus, Linn. No. 42. Cultivated in Chinese gardens, the root is eaten, Bogdo-ola. Distribution. Wherever there is cultivation. VIOLACEZ. Viota auraica, Pall. No. 337. Rocky places on the White Mountain, Sayansk Mts., 1800 m. ; also in meadows near rivers on well-drained land, Arguiak River. No. 365, flore albo. Marshy meadows up to 1200 m, (mid-season growth), Upper Japsa, Shabash, and Kandart systems. Distribution. Asia Minor, Turkestan, southern Siberia, and the Altai. VIoLA BIFLORA, Linn. No. 360. Dry mountain summits, Sayansk Mts., Upper Kandart and Japsa systems. Distribution. Europe, Turkestan, N.W. Mongolia, Kamtchatka, China and Japan, extending southwards into northern Thibet. Vioia canina, Linn. No. 266. Edges of cultivated land and shade of forests, Kushabar Distribution. Northern temperate regions, extending southwards to Kashmir and N. India. VIOLA UNIFLORA, Linn. No. 2626. Sayansk Mts. in Upper Kandart and Japsa systems. This is the typical plant as figured in Gmnelin’s ‘Flora Sibirica,’ tab. 48. fig. 5. Distribution. Western and southern Siberia and northern Mongolia. LINN. JOURN. — BOTANY, VOL. XLI. Qu 406 MR. N. D. SIMPSON ON THE PLANTS OF POLYGALACE A, PoLYGALA VULGARIS, Linn. No. 288. Dry banks under shade of Pine and Birch, in forests round Kushabar ; and barren and dry hill-slopes, Kemchik basin, Tannu-ola Mts. Distribution. Europe, Asia Minor, southern Siberia, and Altai, Chodat. CARYOPHYLLACEA. DiantHus supERBUS, Linn. No. 451. Larch association type, Sabieff, Lower Bei Kem. Distribution. Europe, south and east; Asia, in Mongolia, China, and Thibet, F. N. Williams. DIANTHUS VERSICOLOR, Fisch. No. 413. River-terraces and desert parts of open steppe between flood- line of rivers and the Larch-forest zone, Kamsara and Bei Kem Rivers. No. 447. On dry sandy banks by the River Bei Kem, under flood-mark, so only growing in midsummer. Distribution. Mongolia and Dahuria, F. VW. Williams. GYPSOPHILA DESERTORUM, Fenzl. No. 481. Very dry rocky hill-slopes, almost desert flora, Dja Kul, Ulu Kem. Distribution. N. and N.W. Mongolia. SILENE REPENS, Patrin. No. 443. On dry sandy banks ‘by the River Bei Kem, under flood-mark, so only growing in summer. Distribution. Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, China and Japan, Rohrbach. Lycuyis SIBIRICA, Linn. No. 405. Driest floral type of open steppe in valley-bottoms or on a dry river terrace, Upper Bei Kem. Distribution. Baikal region, Dahuria, and Amur province. STELLARIA DICHOTOMA, Linn., var. 8. HETEROPHYLLA, Ledeb. No. 450. Larch association type, Sabieff, Lower Bei Kem. Distribution. Turkestan, N. Mongolia, and Baikal region. NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. 407 STELLARIA NEMORUM, Linn. No. 300. Shade of Spruce, Birch and Poplar forests, very common and universal, Amil River. Instribution. Europe. This appears to be the true European species. Crrastium DAvUntioum, isch. No. 124. Southern aspects of the Great Altai, Upper Kran River, in the ‘basin of Black Irtish, 900 to 1700 m. Ihstribution, Turkestan and Mongolia ; Siberia from the Caucasus to the leeves ; spicule elliptice, 3-7-flore, 0-7 cm. long ; pedicelli 0-1 cm, longi. Glumu ovate, acute, leves, inferior sub-2-nervis, superior piullo Jongior 3-nervis, inferne ciliata. Valve oblonyw, acute, rigide, 5-nerves, basin versus in dorso et ad margines lanato-pilose. breviores, carinis seabris. No. 74. In oasis meadows in the desert-plateau valley of the Saklya River, Mongolia. Palew quam valvas paullo DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, Linn. No. 130. Southern aspects from 900 to 1700 m.in South Great Altai Mts. Upper Kran River. Distribution. World-wide. Fesruca ovina, Linn. No. 210. Desert hills above 900 m. and downs at 2750 m., Borotella Pass, Tian Shan. Distribution. Arctic and temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. Bromvs INERMIS, Leyss. No. 492. Common desert plant on driest hill-slopes and valley-hottous, sandy or gravelly, Dja Kul and Djardan Valleys. Distribution. Continental Europe, N. Asia, and as far south as NW. India. AGROPYRON crisratum, Roem. & Schult. No. 77. Barren desert hills where driest floral conditions prevail, from valley-bottoms at 1500 m., N.W. Mongolia. No. 419. River terraces and driest parts of open steppe between flood-line of Kamsara and Upper Bei Kem Rivers and the Larch-forest zone. Distribution, S.&. Europe, Asia Minor, Persia, Afyhanistan, the Altai, and Turkestan. TRITICUM VULGARE, Linn. No. 4974. Grown on irrigated land in the Djardan Valley. HorDEUM PRATENSE, Linn. No. 104. Medium moist, well-drained alluvial silt not far from str ams and lakes Achit Nor. No. 426. Driest parts of the open steppe between the flood-line «the river and the Larch-forest zone, Upper Bei Kem and Dora Kem. Distribution, Europe, N. Asia, N. America, and the Cape of Good I] pe. HorpEuM VULGARE, Linn. No. 497. Grown on irrigated land in the Djardan Valley. LINN, JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XLI. 2b 454 MR. N. D. SIMPSON ON THE PLANTS OF Ex.ymus Dasysracuys, Trin. No. 116. Stony deserts on hill-sides and in plateau valleys up to 2050 m. under the driest vegetative conditions. In the Suok Valley and on the N. side of the Great Altai Range. No. £53. Dry valley steppe, alluvial soil often where flooded and where there is a little moisture, on the banks of the Ulu Kem. No. 453 agrees in structure with /°. dasystachys, but the plant is remarkable for its slender form and its one-flowered spikelets. Distribution, Siberia, Mongolia, Turkestan, China, Japan, Pamir, and N.W. India. ELymts GicantTevs, Vohl. No. 176. Medium dry conditions, sand dunes and sandy silt deposits just above the water-table ; sandy plains of the Upper Irtish basin. Distribution. Russia and the Altai region. PTERIDOPHYTA. FILICINE ZA. NepHropitM spinuLosem, Desv. ? No. 3084. Picea and Pinus forests under the wettest conditions, belonging to the typical Amil River flora. This specimen and the following are too young for certain identification. NEPHRODIUM SPINULOSUM, Desv., var. DILATATUM, Hook. ? No. 308d. Distribution (of species). Europe, Asia, Hastern Himalayas, and N. America, Christensen. CysTcrrERIS FRAGILIS, Linn. No. 312. On a basalt cliff, Amil River, Petrapolowsk. Used by the Russians for medicinal purposes. Distribution. Arctic, antarctic, and temperate regions and alpine tropical regions, Christensen. Potypopium Dryopreris, Linn. No. 308 ¢. Distribution, Europe, Asia, W. America, arctic and temperate revions Christensen, oped NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CUINESE DZUNGARIA. 455 LYCOPODIACHZE. Lycopopium Annotinum, Linn. No. 308 d. Jnistribution. Arctic zones and mountains of the N. temperate zone in both hemispheres, Baker. SELAGINELLACEA, SELAGINELLA SANCGUINOLENTA, Spring. No. 482. Very dry rocky hill-slopes. in an almost desert flora, Dja Kal. Distribution, HE. Siberia, Baker. BRYOPHYTA. MUSCINEA. SPHAGNUM ACUTIFOLIUM, JArh, No. 2864. In Heath-association in half-dried swamps under Birch and Pine, Kushabar. Distribution, Arctic, subaretic, and temperate Europe, subarctic America and Atlantic N. America, Siberia, Japan, and Sikkim Himalayas, Warmestog. LICGHENES. PLATYSMA JUNIPERARUM, Vyl, No. 70. Alpine meadows above 2100 m. and rocky slopes and serees up to 3000 m., W. Tannu-ola Mts. south of the Saklya River. Distribution. Northern parts of the Northern hemisphere. Srrora PULMONARIA, slch. No. 2860. In Heath-association in half-dried swamps under Birch and Pine, Kushabar. Distribution. Very widespread, Usnea Lonaissima, Ach. No. 270b. Moist sunless hollows or in shade under Pines in forests near Kushabar. Pistribution. Widespread in the Northern hemisphere. 456 PLANTS OF NORTH-WEST MONGOLIA AND CHINESE DZUNGARIA. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE 20. Sketch-Map showing the route taken by Mr. Price through N.W. Mongolia and Daungaria and the localities mentioned in the payer ; based upon the map in the Geographical Journal, vol. xxxix. (June 1912), by permission of the Royal Geographical Society. PuateE 21, Figs. 1-7. Saussurea Prices, N. D. Simpson. 1. Plant (nat. size). 2. Floret, x 4. 8. Anthers, x 5. 4. Stigma, x 15. 5 and 6. Ex- ternal and interual involucral scales, x 2. 7. Seta from the receptacle, x 6. Figs, 8-14. Larnyrus Frotown, N. D, Simpson. 8. Plant (nat. size). 9. Vexillum, x 3. 10. Ala, x 3. 11. Carina, x 3. 12. Stamens and ovary, x 8. 18. Calyx, x 8. 14. Leaf-margin, highly magnified, PLATE 22, Figs. 1-7. Saussurra pseupo-aLpina, N. D, Simpson. 1. Plant (nat. size). 2. Floret, x 3. 38, Anthers, x 5. 4. Stigma, x 5. 5and6. Internal and external involucral scales, x 3. 7. Seta from the receptacle, x 3. Figs. 8-12. Senecio Pricer, N. D. Simpson. 8. Piunt (nat. size). 9. Dise floret, x 4, 10. Ray floret, x 2. 11. -nthers, x 10. 12. Stigma, x 25. PuatE 23, Figs. 1-3. Peverpanum Pricxt, N. D. Simpson. 1. Plant (nat. size). 2. Fruit, x 5. 3, Transverse sections of mericarp, Xx 6. " Figs. 4-12. Poa Pricer, N. 1. Simpson. 4, Plant (nat. size). 5, Spikelet, x 7. 6 and 7. Glumes. 8 Valve and palea, x 5. 9. Halfa valve. 10. Palea, 11. Caryopsin, 12. Ovary with stigmas. Journ. LINN. Soc., Bot. VoL. XLI. PL. 20. 90 95 unr on La fi ry’ Me es a CPR et > SS eS ann ‘ “ie A ob ‘: 1S ok ell Cs a ir yy, . ae : oe OA Nath en AG ile a hae Aig dia 69 an ae is] se on aus 5 OQ) AES ae wh, wen Z mat (Py ul Hig yes ws E eS Nn S 6 Q iS ical Q = =] ies iO} = fad Ay Z