Scenes See rere craeey Ps arate ming frgnieta pee Sa sii pipstons et sbeeaqnemes tee ireetoreaacck ieee oe Pope Preaek Soo slay tions rahesesot teeaiylrioniapt bates rh Pace erence ae pate ieee eat Pewter re tobetlice EA od = Set esin en mn an epi Cerpastiete peovaticespticaers pt sired oe tara elo ese rh cere neil erat =) petites REST Types Glflnteldiat ial eee oe a= nab oe ea pnoamernne de, Epa tions: yes Dist osbs pedson ii datite Silliness tear et pools A of : % ~ ibe encore aie iB erste me - Paes oat teli na iet fen sc e : G yeesicon ct paaeaes : ave ine Sane Sie = entrees I ue Aas Beate een erty = ah Beaks Rite ‘: 3 G fnaspoasrepeee Me Usbeudouatnt caphenenie de oinek esanir adits vere Tansee is < ees spe enehaand=ioos iar ane te amt rises spaipas tong sesh e be Subnet i iar reel $ ociiae a aes os pdt ed Se chee : reataee ey Scere! pans peutic aster ese nin ede ort oe pay ee Peis eee iy a oan : pani Re ee ae ied rausbedetshetusneiniesene teers les nile here renieuneas tan tbele yey Ae Reet rate cre UST Doerner icing ered es pees cee tlahe Myre tere asane h omernet ie ter re ee ocr eee i - : Peeerares fontteeyeetg ya ech ig asim baraenarrageatisaapee eee pela Teoe pee tegerinsprrits ape a ose Pedigree eta soess bya Pe tiepeia ett ert peers jeter cereal nnn re eer pesaetetitet Tet eeeeeetels Spears eee aaatg i phe patepnaedtaeneno nes was im + “a rary visa seasrey _ = cay iptutsopsanonn tase ( seeucry sear ees Beene 2osiabensestes reel Sire seueaperungtotice aatee i ctectabeiras seat wemashersare espe be ies VR oh Sriae amigo ben pees tpoted priisetae epithe Oia ee Sistas ace ; eee ra eae eel gi A aeativ ON eon Bese ee i wie einem poise roeigaten rf Pier sieicetieoeesesacieney oe pets oa uae r eat) dautane Diets se eee Pails bata tore sate oe le Sieeabeimensel uditpeeeiriie Sptncie mis ydieeh ee elgg? ayo aay EG Piet cor aa pote tt ssi ope rake hawt eaelcetotetachana septate Tate pees eee : essgee tite penises Reed feneeee ate ANNU 24 LIBRARY ANNEX DATE DUE Production Note Comell University Library produced this volume to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. It was scanned at 600 dots per inch resolution and compressed prior to storage using CCITT/ITU Group 4 compression. The digital data were used to create Cornell's replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992. The production of this volume was supported by the United States Department of Education, Higher Education Act, Title H-C. Scanned as part of the A. R. Mann Library project to preserve and enhance.access to the Core Historical Literature of the Agricultural Sciences. Titles included in this collection are listed in the volumes published by the Cormell University Press in the series The Literature of the Agricultural Sciences, 1991-1996, Wallace C. Olsen, series editor. Sai Withee — ~ HANDBOOK OF FLOWER POLLINATION BASED UPON HERMANN MULLER’S WORK ‘THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS BY INSECTS’ BY DR. PAUL KNUTH FORMERLY PROFESSOR IN THE OBER-REALSCHULE IN KIEL, AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY DODONAEA IN GHENT TRANSLATED BY J. R. AINSWORTH DAVIS, M.A. TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE VOLUME III (II. BAND, II. TEIL OF THE GERMAN EDITION) OBSERVATIONS ON FLOWER POLLINATION MADE IN EUROPE AND THE ARCTIC REGIONS ON SPECIES BELONGING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS GOODENOVIEAE TO CYCADEAE WITH 208 FIGURES IN THE TEXT, AND A SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT VISITORS WITH THE NAMES OF THE PLANTS VISITED OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS © 1909 Co QK39S26 KT v.3 1FO6 x Aoa.lHoH4 HENR ROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK TORONTO AND MELBOURNE CONTENTS ANGIOSPERMAE Crass I. NaTuRAL ORDER LVII. LXXXIII, LXXXIV. LXXXV. LXXXVI. LXXXVIIL. LXXXVIIL. . Cytinaceae Brogn. . Aristolochiaceae Juss. . Laurineae Vent. . Proteaceae Juss. . Thymelaeaceae Juss. . . Elaeagnaceae &. Br. . . Loranthaceae Don . Santalaceae R. Br. . Euphorbiaceae Juss. Goodenovieae R. Br. . . Campanulaceae Juss. . . Vacciniaceae Lindl. . Ericaceae Zznd). . Epacrideae R.Br... . Diapensiaceae Lindl. . . Plumbagineae /uss. . Primulaceae Vent. . Oleaceae Lindl. . ‘ . Apocynaceae R. Br. . . Asclepiadeae R.Br. . . Gentianeae Juss. . Polemoniaceae Lznd. . Hydrophyllaceae DC, . Boragineae Desv. . Convolvulaceae Juss. . . Solanaceae Juss. : . Scrophularineae R. Br. . Orobanchaceae ich. . . Lentibulariaceae Rich, . Gesneriaceae Lindl. . Bignoniaceae R. Br. . . Acanthaceae R. Br. . Selagineae DC. . . Verbenaceae Juss. . Labiatae Juss. ; Plantaginaceae Juss. . Nyctagineae Juss. Illecebraceae R. Br. : Amarantaceae Juss. Chenopodiaceae Vent. Polygonaceae /uss. DICOTYLEDONES iv CONTENTS NaTuRAL ORDER PAGE XCVIII. Urticaceae Endl. ‘ : : ‘ : ; : . . 371 XCIX. Platanaceae Lest. . : ; 3 : : : : - 374 C. Juglandaceae DC... : : : ; : : : - 375 CI. Myricaceae Rich, : : , . : ‘ ’ : » 375 CII. Cupuliferae Rich. ‘ ‘ ; . : ‘ ; : - 376 CITI. Salicineae Rich. : : : : : : ; - 379 CIV. Empetraceae Vuit. . : : : ; : ; 3 . 389 CV. Ceratophyllaceae Gray ‘ 5 . . : ; 5 . 390 Crass II. MonocotTyLEDoNES CVI. Hydrocharideae DC. . ; ; : : ‘ : : - 392 CVII. Orchideae Juss. . F : : ; ; : i : - 393 CVIII. Scitamineae R.Br... : _ é : ‘ . 422 CIX. Haemodoraceae Benth. ef Hook, ; : : é é . 423 CX. Irideae Juss. : : : : : ‘ . + 423 CXI. Amaryllideae R.Br. . : : : ; : : : . 430 CXII. Taccaceae Benth. et Hook. . ; : : : : E - 436 CXIII. Dioscoreaceae R. Br. ; : : F 5 j : - 437 CXIV. Liliaceae DC. . : : 5 ; : : - 437 CXV. Pontederiaceae Benth. a Hook. : 4 ; : ; : - 475 CXVI. Commelinaceae Benth. et Hook. . : ; 5 : ; - 476 CXVII. Juncaceae Baril. ‘ j ; \ : ‘ : 2 . 476 CXVIII. Palmae Bart. . : F F ; : ; ; : . 486 CXIX. Typhaceae Juss. : ; : . : ‘ : : . 487 CXX. Aroideae Juss. . : : : ; ; ‘i ; : . 488 CXXI. Lemnaceae Link : : He og 3 F : : - 498 CXXII. Alismaceae Juss. : . : ‘ . . : - 9. 501 CXXIIT. Naiadaceae Link : : ; ; : ; ; , » 505 CXXIV. Cyperaceae Juss. : ; : ’ : : ; : - 509 CXXV. Gramineae /uss.. : ; é , 3 e ‘ ? - 515 GYMNOSPERMAE CXXVI. Gnetaceae End. : : ; : : ‘ F B - 535 CXXVII. Coniferae Juss. . : : : ; ; F : » 535 CXXVIII. Cycadeae C. Rich... : : : ° ‘ ‘ : . 541 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INSECT AND OTHER VISITORS mentioned in vols. ii and iii; arranged alphabetically, with the names of the plants visited I, Arachnida. 6 5 : : F 5 P ‘ F - 542 II. Coleoptera . 2 . cet é ; ‘ : ; - 542 Ill. Diptera. : ‘ : ; 2 ; ; : ; «853 IV. Hymenoptera . : : ; ‘ : : 5 : - 579 V. Lepidoptera ; ; F : ; : ; ; : . 633 VI. Hemiptera : ; : ; F : ‘ . 7d - 642 VII. Neuroptera R P ; ‘ : ; : : : - 643 VII. Orthoptera : , d : : : : : ; - 644 IX. Gastropoda : “ : 3 7 : : : : . 644 OBSERVATIONS ON FLOWER POLLINATION IN EUROPE AND THE ARCTIC REGIONS ANGIOSPERMAE CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONES LVI. ORDER GOODENOVIEAE RB. Br. LireraTurE.—Fritz Miiller, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvi, 1868, p. 115; Delpino, ‘Ult. Oss.,’ pp. 91-8; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, pp. 634-6 ; Bentham, J. Linn. Soc., Bot., x, 1869, pp. 203-6. The style terminates in a collecting-cup which takes up the pollen as it passes through the anther-cylinder. It is closed, except for a small opening usually covered by hairs, and therefore able to curve down in the entrance of the generally horizontal flower. Insect visitors strike against the hairs of the collecting-cup, thus causing some pollen to fall upon them. Later on the stigma grows out of the cup and takes up the position previously occupied by the pollen. 505. Leschenaultia R. Br. 1687. L. tubiflora R. Br.—Darwin states that this species is self-sterile. LVI. ORDER CAMPANULACEAE JUSS. 1. Tripe Lopeigae. 506. Lobelia Plum. Litzrature.—Hildebrand, ‘ D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ pp. 64-5. Flowers actinomorphous, and twisted round so as to bring the bifid lip to the upper and the trifid lip to the lower side: corolla-tube split longitudinally. Markedly protandrous. The pollen is dehisced into the anther-cylinder before the flower opens, and lies close to the capitate stigma, which pushes it out as the style elongates. It is either removed by insects or falls away. The few grains which adhere to the stigma are unable to effect automatic self-pollination, as during further development the edge of the stigma rolls back so as to keep them completely away from the receptive surface. Fertiliza- tion cannot therefore take place except by transfer of pollen from a younger flower to the stigma of an older one. (The above description is given by Hildebrand for DAVIS. III B ° 2 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES Siphocampylus, but Farrer says that Lobelia agrees with this in all essential respects.) (Cf Fig. 211.) Some of the species are described as self-sterile, e.g. L. fulgens (Gaertner), L. ramosa (Darwin), and L. cardinalis (Forke). 1688. L. Erinus L. (Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 102-11; Hildebrand, op. cit.; T. H. Farrer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, Ser. 4, ii, 1868, pp. 255-63; Knuth, ‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.’)—Hildebrand says that in this species the end of the style is often unable to break through the firmly closed anther-cylinder, inside which the stigmatic lobes then expand, and are self-pollinated. Normally, however, the pollen is swept out of the anther-cylinder during the first stage of anthesis by means of a stylar brush. During the second stage the end of the style emerges from the anther-cylinder and unfolds its two tolerably large stigmatic lobes, which are beset with papillae (cf Fig. 211). 1. 2. 3. Fic. 211. Lobelia Evinus, L. (from nature). (1) Flower in the first (male) stage, seen from the front : a, the pollen-covered anthers in the entrance of the flower. (2) Ditto, in the second (female) stage, after removal of the corolla: @, anther-cylinder, from which the receptive stigma (s) protrudes; 7, nectary. (3) Ditto, in the first stage, after removal of the corolla: 2, nectary; s, the still immature stigma, covered with sweeping-hairs. Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Knuth (in his garden at Kiel)—A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Syrphus corollae /. 9; 2. S.sp.; 3. Syritta pipiens Z. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 4. Andrena sp.; 5. Apis mellifica Z. %; 6. Bombus terrester Z. 9; 7. Halictus minutus Schr. 9. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 8. Vanessa urticae £.; 9g. Pieris sp. All skg. Delpino, small bees (sp. of Halictus). Ducke (Austrian Silesia), the beautiful para- sitic bee Crocisa scutellaris F’. 9. 1689. L. syphilitica L. (Urban, Jahrb. bot. Gart., Berlin, i. 1881, pp. 260-77 ; Delpino, ‘Altri appar. dicog. recent. oss.,’ p. 16.)—Urban says that the flower mechanism of this species agrees essentially with that of L. Erinus. Vistrors.—Delpino says that humble-bees are the most frequent (Bombus italicus Z.—and B. terrester Z.). 16g0. L. Dortmanna L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p- 442.)—This species bears few-flowered racemes. The corolla is whitish, and its CAMPANULACEAE 3 tube is 7-8 mm. long and 13-2 mm. broad. MacLeod states that the flower mechanism agrees essentially with that of L. Erinus. Visttors.—In spite of repeated watching by the Einfelder See (at Neumiinster) I failed to observe any. 1691. L. fulgens Willd.— Vistrors.—Delpino (loc. cit.) believes that pollination is effected by humming- birds. 1692. L. laxiflora H. B. et K. (=Siphocampylus bicolor G. Don). (Hilde- brand, ‘D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,’ p. 64.)—The flower mechanism of this species is as described under Lobelia. VisiTors.—Delpino believes that pollination is effected by humming-birds. 507. Isotoma Lindl. Some of the species have been described as self-sterile. 1693. I. axillaris Lindl. (Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxvii, 1869, p. 476.) —Hildebrand states that the flower mechanism resembles that of Lobelia, but the two lower anthers possess appendages against which visitors strike, causing the pollen to be scattered. 508. Heterotoma Zucc. The flower mechanism resembles that of Lobelia (Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, p. 639), but the lobes of the corolla are bent down and produced into a spur, and the filaments are only united together just below the anthers. 509. Monopsis Salisb. The species of this African genus are homogamous. Urban says that the flowers possess a saucer-shaped stylar brush, by which the pollen is swept out of the anther-cylinder (Jahrb. bot. Gart., Berlin, i, 1881). 2. Tripe CyYPHIEAE. In this tribe there is a brush on the dilated stigma, which extends to the anthers. These lie close together and shed their pollen to make up a large mass. Insect visitors force the anthers apart, and thus bring their ventral surface into contact with the stigma and the pollen (Delpino, ‘Ult. oss,’ pp. roo-2; Hildebrand, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870). 3. Tripe CamMPANULAE. LireraTure.—Knuth, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’ p. 68 ; S. Schénland, ‘ Cam- panulaceae’ in Engler and Prantl, ‘ D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 5, p. 44. The species so far examined are markedly protandrous. Those of the genus Campanula bear bee flowers (Hb), while the flowers of species belonging to the genera Phyteuma and Jasione are aggregated into capitulate inflorescences, and therefore belong to class S. The flower mechanism has been very thoroughly described by O. Kirchner, who ends his account with the following general considerations (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897, pp. 193-228).— B2 4 ANGIOSPERMA E— DICOTYLEDONES ‘It is very interesting to observe how the various kinds of adaptation which are associated in the largest order of flowering plants, the Compositae, making their blossoms “the most successful of all flowers,” are individually illustrated in the various genera of Campanulaceae. Like all of the latter the Compositae are markedly protandrous, and the two orders agree in the way in which the pollen is deposited on the outside of the style to be carried away by insects, as also in the bending back of the stigmatic branches to the pollen-bearing region of the style so as to make automatic self-pollination possible. The aggregation of numerous small flowers into a head surrounded by an involucre is exemplified by Phyteuma and Jasione, which also agree with the Cympositae in the general accessibility of their nectar, and the free projection of the reproductive organs from the flowers. The union of anthers into a tube surrounding the style is indicated in Jasione, and completely effected in Symphandra. The tubular character of the lower part of the corolla, which in so many Compositae facilitates the ascent of nectar is exemplified by Trachelium, and the annular nectary surrounding the base of the style is found in Adenophora.’ 510. Campanula L. As Sprengel emphasized long since (‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 1rog-12), species with flowers of the most various size agree in exhibiting marked protandry, and Hermann Miiller adds that bees are particularly common visitors (‘ Fertilisation,’ pp. 366-7). Fic. 212. Campanula pusilla, Haenke (after Herm. Miller). 4. Longitudinal section of a young bud. B. Reproductive organs of a bud ready to open. C. Ditto, of a flower in the first (male) stage. D. Ditto, of one in the second (female) stage. a, anthers; co, corolla; 77, filaments; gr, style; gd, stylar brush, gvé’, ditto, after the hairs have shrivelled; 2, nectary; ov, ovary; fo, pollen; S, sepals ; sd, expanded bases of filaments, fringed with hairs and serving as nectar-covers ; s¢, stigmas. The flowers are mostly blue in colour, and Herman Miiller states that the nectar is secreted by a yellow fleshy disk situated on the ovary and surrounding the style. It is covered by the triangular lower parts of the filaments, and further protection is afforded by interlocking hairs that close the spaces between these five valves. The three short stylar branches are at first apposed to form a cylinder thickly clothed with long erect hairs, and so closely surrounded by the anthers in the CAMPANULACEAE 5 bud that these make up a continuous tube. As the anthers dehisce introrsely, the whole of the pollen is taken up by the stylar brush, which is then carried out of the anther-cylinder by the elongation of the style. The flower now opens, and the shrivelled stamens become retracted into its base, so that bees creeping into the corolla must come into contact with the pollen and gradually brush it away with their hairy coats. In the second stage of anthesis the stylar branches diverge and display their stigmatic inner surfaces, which now take up the position previously occupied by the pollen. Crossing by means of insect visitors is ensured by this marked protandry, but in the absence of visitors automatic self-pollination is rendered possible by the bending back of the stylar branches. Kerner points out that the bell-shaped corolla serves as a refuge to not a few insects. Some of the exotic species bear cleistogamous flowers, e. g. the East Indian forms C. canescens Wal/. and C. colorata Wall. (H. von Mohl, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxi, 1863, p. 315); and C. dimorphanta Schweinf, native to Nubia and Upper Egypt. O. Kirchner demonstrates (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897, p. 200) that there is a large amount of variation within the limits of the genus, in spite of the marked agreement between the various species as regards the mechanism,’ size, colour, and shape, as well as position and the way of aggregation into inflorescences. He groups the species which have so far been investigated in the following way (op. cil., pp. 214-15).— A. Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed: entrance to the flower open. I. Entrance of the flower directed upwards. 1. Corolla wheel-shaped or basin-shaped, deeply incised. a. Flowers solitary: C. cenisia ZL. b. Flowers in racemes: C. garganica Zenore, C. Elatines Z., C. elatinoides Mforett?. 2. Corolla funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, or tubular. a. Style projecting from the corolla: flowers crowded. (a) Flowers blue: C. Cervicaria Z., C. glomerata LZ. (b) Flowers bright-yellow: C. thyrsoides Z., C. petraea Z. b. Style not projecting from the corolla. (a) One-flowered. Corolla bell-shaped: C. Morettiana Reichd., C. Allionii V2il., C. uniflora Z. Corolla funnel-shaped: C. Aucheri A. DC, C. ciliata Svev., C. spa- thulata Lhrend, (b) Few-flowered. Flowers solitary in the axils. Corolla funnel-shaped: C. libanotica 4. DC. Corolla bell-shaped: C. drabaefolia Szbth. ef Sm., C. cashmiriana Royle. Flowers in racemes. Flowers large: C. Rainerii Perpeni., C. carpatica Jacg. Flowers small: C. Waldsteiniana Roem. e¢ Schult., C. pauciflora Desf. 6 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES (c) Numerous flowers arranged in racemes. Corolla funnel-shaped: C. Rapunculus Z., C. patula Z., C. pyrami- dalis Z. Corolla bell-shaped: C. tomentosa Ven/., C. laciniata Z., C. Trache- lium Z., C. Grossekii Heuff., C. punctata Lam., C. latifolia Z., C. lactiflora Bred. Corolla tubular: C. Celsii A. DC. (d) Inflorescence a spike: C. spicata Z., C. multiflora Waldst. ef K7t. (e) Inflorescence a capitulum: C. lingulata Waddst. et Kivi. II. Entrance of the flower directed downwards. 1. Style straight. a. One-flowered: C. pulla Z., C. excisa Schleich. b. Flowers in racemes. (a) Corolla bell-shaped and three stylar branches, corolla medium-sized : C. rotundifolia Z., C. Scheuchzeri V2l/., C. pusilla Haenke, C. caes- pitosa Scop., C. carnica Schiede. Five stylar branches, corolla large: C. Medium Z. (b) Corolla infundibulo-campanulate: C. sibirica Z., C. bononiensis L.., C. rapunculoides Z. (c) Corolla narrow funnel-shaped : C. Jaubertiana Zzmd. 2. Style bent: C. americana Z. B. Corolla-lobes inclined together so as to close the entrance of the flower: C. Zoysii Wulf. 1694. C. rotundifolia L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 109-12 ; Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 368, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 403 ; MacLeod, ‘ Bevruchtung der Bloemen,’ p- 287; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 652; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nodfr. Ins.,’ pp. 100, 163, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Notizen.’\—The flowers of this species are mostly dull sky-blue in colour, though in some localities, e.g. the North Frisian Islands, they may vary from dark to whitish blue. They are pendulous and vary greatly in size. The white bases of the filaments act as nectar-guides. Autogamy can be effected by rolling back of the stylar branches should insect-visits fail. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as whitish in colour, spheroidal, closely beset with spinose tubercles, and about 31 pw in diameter. The arctic variety arc/ica Lange usually bears a few large flowers on a stem 10-22 cm. high. The corolla is 21 mm. long and 34 mm. broad, and bright-blue in colour, though this may be replaced by white (var. a/d:flora). Vistrors.—The most prominent of these is the bee Melitta haemorrhoidalis /. which visits the flowers of the species throughout its entire range. Other very constant bee-guests in many parts of Europe are Eriades campanularum A. and Halictoides dentiventris Vy/. Knuth observed the following.— In the North Frisian Islands and at Kiel (‘ Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins., p. 163, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 237).—A. Coleoptera. 1. Miarus campanulae Z., numerous in the bases of the flowers. B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae. 2. Anthomyia sp.; 3. Sarcophaga carnaria Z. (4) Syrphidae: 4. Eristalis arbus- torum Z., po-dvg. C. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 5. Andrena shawella A. 9; 6. CAMPANULACEAE 7 Apis mellifica Z.; 7. Bombus derhamellus A. ¥; 8. B. lapidarius Z. ¥; 9. B. sp.; 10. Halictus flavipes F. 9; 11. Melitta haemorrhoidalis F. $6. D. Lepidoptera. Sphingidae: 12. Zygaena filipendulae Z.; (Rtigen), the bee Melitta haemorrhoidalis F. 8 and 9; (Thuringia), 2 humble-bees—Bombus hypnorum Z. é, and B. soroénsis f,, var. proteus Gerst. ¥. Alfken observed the following bees at Bremen.— Apidae: 1. Andrena gwynana X. 9, 2nd gen.; 2. A. morawitzi Zs. 4, 2nd gen.; 3. A. propinqua Schenck 9, 2nd gen.; 4. Bombus agrorum F&. 6; 5. B. derhamellus K.8; 6. B. lapidarius Z. 9; 7. B. lucorum Z. ¥ and é; 8. A. proteus Gers/. 9 and ¥, skg. and po-cltg., $ skg.; 9. Dufourea vulgaris Schenck 9 skg. and po-cltg. 6 skg.; 10. Eriades campanularum &. 9 and 6; 11. E. nigricorius Wy/. 9 and; 12. Hali- ctoides dentiventris Vy/.; 13. H. inermis My/.8; 14. Megachile maritima X. 9; 15. M. willughbiella A. 9; 16. Melitta haemorrhoidalis /. 9 and 6; 17. Psithyrus rupestris /. 6, skg.; 18. Stelis phaeoptera X. 9, skg. Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Sauerland (S.), Thuringia (T.) and Westphalia (W.), and Buddeberg (Budd.) for Nassau, record the following (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisa- tion,’ p. 368, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ p. 77).— A. Coleoptera. (a) Curculionidae: 1. Gymnetron campanulae Z. (H. M.) ; 2. Otiorhynchus ovatus Z.(H. M.). (6) Staphylinidae: 3. Anthobium (H. M.). B. Diptera. (a) Bombylidae: 4. Systoechus sulphureus J/rkan, skg. (H.M., S.). (4) Emprdae: 5. Rhamphomyia plumipes Fallen, freq. (H. M.). (c) Syrphidae: 6. Melithreptus taeniatus J/g. (H. M., Bavarian Oberpfalz). C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 7. Andrena coitana K. é (H. M., W. and Bavarian Oberpfalz); 8. A. gwy- nana X.é(H. M., W., Budd.); 9. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. (H. M., W.); 10. Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥, in large numbers, po-cltg. and skg. (H. M., Bavarian Oberpfalz) ; 11. B. pratorum Z. ¥, skg. (H. M., W.); 12. Chelostoma campanularum Z., freq., skg. and po-cltg. (H. M., W.); 13. C. nigrocorne Wy. 9 and 6, do. (H. M., W.); 14. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #”. 9 and 3, skg. and po-clig. (H. M., W.); 15. Halictoides dentiventris Vy/. and 9 (H. M., W.); 16. Halictus albipes /. 9, skg. (Budd.); 17. H. smeathmanellus A. é (H.M., W.); 18. Nomada furva Pz. (=N. minuta 7. 8) (H.M., T.). D. Lepidoptera. 19. Ino statices Z. (H. M., S.). The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Wiistnei (Alsen), 2 bees—Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #., and Osmia claviventris Thoms. (=O. interrupta Schenck). Sickmann (Osnabriick), the fossorial wasp Ammo- phila viatica Z. Dah/b., not rare. Friese (Mecklenburg), 8 bees—1. Andrena gwy- nana &., 2nd gen.; 2. A. nigriceps K., very rare; 3. A. shawella #., not infrequent ; 4. Eriades campanularum ., do.; 5. E. nigricornis My/., freq.; 6. Halictoides dentiventris Vy/., do.; 7. H. inermis Vy/., do.; 8. Melitta haemorrhoidalis /, do. Schmiedeknecht and Friese (Thuringia), the bee Andrena curvungula Zhoms. Schenck (Nassau), 2 bees—Halictoides dentiventris MVy/., and Melitta haemorrhoidalis /. Loew (Riesengebirge) (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 52), 2 bees—Bombus pratorum Z. ¥, po-cltg., and Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #. 9, skg. MacLeod (Flanders), 2 humble-bees and a small Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 441, vi, 1894, Pp. 374): (Pyrenees), a humble-bee, 2 Muscids, and 2 Empids (op. cit., ili, 1891, pp. 371-2). Herm. Miiller (Alps), 9 bees (including Cilissa melanura /Vy/.) and 3 Lepidoptera (‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 403). Morawitz (Tyrol) the bee Andrena alpina JZor. (also recorded by Schletterer and von Dalla Torre). E. D. Marquard (Cornwall), the bee Andrena albicrus &. Saunders and Smith (England), 2 bees—Eriades campanularum ., and Melitta haemorrhoidalis /. Willis (in the neighbourhood of the south coast of Scotland) (‘ Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I)—A. Coleoptera. Mitetulidae : 1. Meligethes sp., freq., skg. B. Diptera. A/uscidae: 2. Anthomyia radicum Z., freq., sky. C. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 3. Bombus terrester Z., do. D. Lepi- 8 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES doptera. Rhopalocera: 4. Vanessa urticae Z., skg. E. Thysanoptera. 5. Thrips, freq.,skg. Scott-Elliott (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees, a short-tongued bee, 3 Muscids, several Dolichopodids, a Lepidopterid, and the beetle Meligethes (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 110), Lindman (Dovrefjeld), on the var. arcftca (with a corolla- tube up to 30 mm. long), a humble-bee, a beetle, a micro-Lepidopterid, and several flies. 1695. C. groenlandica Berl.—Kolderup and Rosenvinge consider that this reputed species is a variety of C. rotundifolia, belonging to the same series as arciica (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Gronlandsexped.,’ pp. 62-3). 1696. C. caespitosa Scop. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., lili, 1897, p. 210.)—The flowers of this species are arranged in racemes or panicles. The corolla is bell-shaped and elongated (14-16 mm. long), broadest in the middle, and somewhat contracted under the lobes. It is bright-violet in colour with a reddish tinge, and marked internally with a distinct network of veins. 1697. C. pulla L. (Kirchner, op. cit.}—The large terminal flowers of this species are pendulous on short peduncles. The tube of the dark-blue bell-shaped corolla is 16 mm. long, while the lobes are 6 mm. in length, spreading, and tolerably straight. The entrance of the flower is 12 mm. broad. The style is 12 mm. long, and its branches do not recurve to form more than a semicircle, so that they do not reach the region to which pollen adheres. 1698. C. excisa Schleich. (Kirchner, op. cit.)}—In this species the stem is erect, and the nodding flowers project horizontally from its end. The corolla is much smaller than that of C. pulla, and the curved shape of its incisions is characteristic. 1699. C. cenisia L. (Kirchner, op. cit., p. 201.)—Kirchner gives the following description of the flower mechanism of this species from the high Alps.—The flowers are solitary at the ends of short procumbent branches, and are directed vertically or obliquely upwards. The bright-blue corolla has a funnel-shaped tube 4 mm. long, and spreading apically reflexed lobes 10 mm. in length. The diameter of the flower above is 15-20 mm. The bright-blue style (10 mm. long) stands vertically in the middle of the flower, and projects somewhat beyond its entrance. At a later stage of anthesis its end divides into three (sometimes four) bright-yellow branches. The little drops of nectar secreted on the top of the ovary are completely covered by the broadened bluish-white bases of the filaments, which are fringed with woolly hairs. Automatic self-pollination does not take place, for though the stylar branches curve away from one another they do not become reflexed. 1700. C. pyramidalis L.—Kerner states that in the final stage of anthesis the stylar branches of this species curl back 1-14 turns, so as to render automatic self-pollination possible. 17o1. C, lingulata Waldst. et Kit. (=C. capitata Sims). (Kirchner, op. cit., p. 208.)—In this species the narrow funnel-shaped corolla is 35-40 mm. long, and the style does not project from it. The aid of particularly long-tongued insects appears to be necessary for pollination. 1702, C. Scheuchzeri Vill—The corolla of this species is 23-30 mm. long. Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— CAMPANULACEAE 9 Herm. Miiller (Alps), 7 humble-bees, 2 other bees, and 3 Lepidoptera (‘ Alpen- blumen,’ pp. 403-4). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), a Muscid (Pyrellia cadaverina L., resting on the outside of the corolla), and a bee (Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg.). 1703. C. pusilla Haenke. (Kirchner, op. cit., p. 210.)—Kirchner says that the diverging stylar branches never become recurved, so that automatic self-pollination can only take place by the fall of pollen upon the edges of the stigmas, and as the flowers are pendulous this may sometimes happen. VisiTors.—Herm. Miiller (Alps), 2 flies, 4 humble-bees, 4 other bees, and 2 Lepidoptera (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 403). 1704. C. bononiensis L. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896 ; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage.’)—-Warnstorf says that in this species the yellowish anthers generally shed their pollen on to the hairy style before the flower opens. Schulz states that the 3 (rarely 4) short stylar branches diverge early and, as they remain receptive and later on roll back spirally, often come into contact with the pollen that still clings to the outside of the style. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as whitish in colour, spheroidal, closely beset with low spinose tubercles, up to 44 » in diameter. Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Herm. Miller (Thuringia) (‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 368, ‘ Weit. Beob.’ III, p. 78).— A. Coleoptera. (a2) Curculionidae: 1. Gymnetron campanulae Z., numerous. (6) Nitidulidae: 2. Meligethes, numerous. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 3. Chelo- stoma campanularum K. 9 and 4, freq.; 4. C. florisomne Z, 9 and 4, in large numbers; 5. C. nigricorne Vy/. 9 and $; 6. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis /. 6; 7. Halictus flavipes /. 9. von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum /” 9 and ¥ (also recorded by Schletterer). 1705. C. rapunculoides L. (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 362 ; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxix, 1896.)—Kerner states that the stylar branches of the pendulous flowers of this species roll back into spirals of over two turns. I have not been able to verify this in plants growing on the island of Fohr. Warnstorf, on the other hand, says that the stylar branches hardly describe a single turn when they roll back, so that in most cases the stigmas do not come into contact with the pollen clinging to the hairs on the style, and autogamy is therefore usually excluded. The pollen-grains are white in colour, spheroidal, closely beset with spinose tubercles, on the average about 50 » in diameter. Visttors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Westphalia, and Buddeberg (Budd.) for Nassau give the following list (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 368, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ It, p. 77).— A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg., returning to the flowers with pollen on its back (H. M., Budd.). B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 2. Andrena aestiva Sm. 9 (Budd.); 3. A. gwynana K. é and 9 (H.M.); 4. Apis mellifica LZ. ¥, skg. (H. M.); 5. Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 6. Chelo- stoma campanularum KX. $ skg. (H. M., Budd.); 7. C. nigricorne My/. 8 and @, numerous (H. M., Budd. 8); 8. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #. 9 and &é (H. M.); 9. Halictus albipes /. 9 (H. M.); 10. H. leucozonius Schr. 9, skg. (H. M.); 11. H. maculatus Sm. (H. M.); 12. H. sexnotatus A’. 9, freq., skg. and po-cltg. (Budd.) ; 13. Prosopis communis WVy/. 9 (Budd.); 14. P. hyalinata Sm. é and 9, numerous (H. M.). 10 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Herm. Miller (Alps), 2 humble-bee (‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 404). MacLeod (Pyrenees), 3 long-tongued bees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 371)- Schenck (Nassau), 2 bees—Halictoides dentiventris /Vy/., and Melitta haemorrhoi- dalis F. 1706. C. Trachelium L. (=C. urticifolia Schmédf)—Kerner states that the flowers of this species open at Innsbruck about 6-7 a.m., and close again about 6-7 p.m. He adds that the corolla is white in the neighbourhood of the Brenner, but blue in the eastern Limestone Alps. The stylar branches curve back in a crescentic manner, and effect autogamy by coming into contact with the pollen adhering to the hairs of the corolla if crossing has not already been brought about by insects. Warnstorf says that the branches roll back until they touch the pollen remaining on the style. The pollen-grains are yellow in colour, spheroidal, beset with spinose tubercles, about 47 » in diameter. Visirors.— Herm. Miiller (H. M.) (‘ Fertilisation, p. 368, ‘ Weit. Beob.’ III, p- 77) and Knuth (Kn.) (‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’) observed the following.— A. Coleoptera. (a) Cryptophagidae: 1. Antherophagus sp. (H.M.). (2) Cur- culiontdae: 2. Gymnetron campanulae Z. (H. M., Thuringia). (¢) Netdulidae: 3. Meligethes, in very large numbers (H. M.). B. Diptera. Syrphidae: 4. Chryso- chlamys ruficornis /, po-dvg. (H. M.); 5. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. (Kn.); 6. Syrphus balteatus Deg., po-dvg. (H. M.). C. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 7. Andrena coitana K. 9 and 8, the $ very common (H.M.); 8. A. fulvicrus A’. § (H. M.); 9. A. gwynana XK. 9 and 4, freq. (H.M.); 10. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. (Kn., H. M.); 11. Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥, po-cltg. (Kn., H. M.); 12. Chelostoma campanularum L. (H. M.); 13. C. nigricorne A¥y/. $, skg. (H. M.); 14. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis F. 9 and 4, skg. and po-cltg., 6 very common (Kn., H. M.); 15. Halictoides dentiventris Nyl. 9 and 4, é very common (H. M.); 16. Halictus cylindricus /. 9, po-cltg. (H. M.); 17. Prosopis halinata Sm. 9 and é, numerous (H. M.); 18. Xylocopa violacea L. 9, skg. (H. M., Wurzburg). The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. — Herm. Miiller (Alps), a humble-bee (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 404). Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the bee Halictus costulatus Archd. Wiistnei (Alsen), the bee Cilissa haemorrhoidalis /. Sickmann (Osnabriick), the fossorial wasp Crabro chrysostomus Zep. Krieger (Leipzig), 5 bees—1. Eriades nigricornis Vy/.; 2. Ha- lictus morio #.; 3. H. smeathmanellus A.; 4. Melitta haemorrhoidalis /.; 5. Trachusa serratulae Pz. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 3 bees—r1. Andrena alpina Mor.; 2. A. gwynana X., 2nd gen.; 3. A. shawella A. Schenck (Nassau), the bee Halictoides dentiventris Vy/. 1707. C. sibirica L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897, p. 211.)}—The numerous flowers of this species are arranged in panicles. The calyx- teeth are 7-8 mm. long, and perpendicular to the corolla, while the bracteoles which alternate with them are reflexed. The violet corolla is 28-30 mm. in length, of which 8-10 mm. are taken up by its lobes. The style is equal in length to the corolla-tube, and its branches ultimately roll back into spirals of two turns, so that automatic self-pollination can take place. Visirors.—Kirchner observed a bee, of which the species was not determined. 1708. C. Erinus L. (Kirchner, op. cit., p. 204.)—Kirchner investigated plants of this species in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, and gives the following description of the flower mechanism.— CAMPANULACEAE II The flowers are small and situated at the origins of the branches. The foliose calyx-teeth are as long as the corolla, which is cylindrical in shape with a widened base, 6—7 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. _Its colour is bluish-white with a bright-blue limb. The five (sometimes only four) corolla-lobes are 2 mm. in length and some- what spreading, so that the flower is about 5 mm. broad above. As the style is 4mm. long, its three branches spread out at the entrance of the flower. The dehiscence of the bright-yellow anthers, and the secretion and protection of nectar are effected as usual. In spite of the small size of the flowers automatic self-pollination does not appear to take place, Vistrors.—Kirchner observed the honey-bee. 170g. C. Rapunculus L. (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 653.)—The con- spicuous panicle of this species bears numerous flowers with blue funnel-shaped corollas 20-5 mm. long, and pointed lobes 7-9 mm. in length. Towards the end of anthesis the stylar branches roll back into spirals of 1-1} turns, so that automatic self-pollination can be effected should insect-visits fail. Visitors.—Knuth observed the honey-bee and the humble-bee Bombus lapi- darius Z. ¥, both creeping right into the flowers, skg. and po-cltg. Schenck (Nassau) saw the dasygastrid bee Eriades campanularum X. 1710. C. persicifolia L.—Kerner says that the stylar branches of this species roll back into spirals of 13-2 turns. Warnstorf, on the other hand, states that at a late stage they simply diverge, but do not become reflexed, so that autogamy is excluded. The pollen-grains are yellowish-white in colour, spheroidal, beset with small spinose tubercles, 31-5 in diameter. Visitors.—Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Westphalia and Thuringia, and Buddeberg (Budd.) for Nassau, give the following list (Herm. Miller, ‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 369, ‘Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 78).— A. Coleoptera. (a) Curculionidae: 1. Gymnetron campanulae Z., freq. (H. M., Thuringia). (4) Windulidae: 2. Meligethes sp., freq. (H. M., Thuringia). B. Hy- menoptera. Afidae: 3. Chelostoma campanularum Z., é and 9, po-cltg. and skg. (H.M., Thuringia); 4. C. nigricorne My. 6 and 9, skg. (H. M., Thuringia, Budd.) ; 5. Prosopis communis WVy/, 9 (Budd.); 6. P. confusa Wy/. § (Budd.); 7. P. hyalinata Sm. 6 and 9 (H. M., Westphalia). C. Orthoptera. 8. Forticula auricularia Z. (H. M., Westphalia). D. Thysanoptera. 9. Thripus, numerous (H. M., Thu- ringia). : The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated — Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), the bee Andrena gwynana X., 2nd gen. Alfken (Bremen), the bee Eriades nigricornis /Vy/. 9, skg. Knuth (Riigen), 2 bees (Andrena gwynana A. 9, summer gen., and Eriades nigricornis Vy/. 9). Loew (Silesia), 2 bees in the bases of the flowers—Dasytes niger Z., nect-lkg., and Halictoides dentiventris yl. (‘ Beitrage,’ pp. 34, 51). Schletterer (Tyrol), 2 bees—Colletes balteatus AVy/,, and Megachile (Chalicodoma) pyrenaica Zep. 9. The latter is also recorded by von Dalla Torre. 17u. C. thyrsoides L. (Herm. Miller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 405-6.)—In this species the corolla-lobes and style are covered with hairs 3-5 mm. long, apparently as a protection against small creeping insects. Automatic self-pollination is un- doubtedly excluded. Visttors.—Herm. Miiller observed 3 Hymenoptera, 3 Lepidoptera, and a fly. 12 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 1712. C. Cervicaria L—Kerner states that the flowers of this species remain in a vertical position. 1713. C. glomerata L.—The flowers of this species remain vertical, and Kerner says that they open periodically. Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Schenck (Weilburg), 5 bees (Herm. Miller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 78), 5 bees— 1. Andrena curvungula Zzoms., visiting this species only and collecting an enormous amount of pollen, loading itself more than any other Andrena; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥; 3. Ceratina coerulea X.; 4. Coelioxys quadridentata Z.; 5. Heriades campanularum £.: (Nassau), 2 bees—Andrena curvungula 7/s., and Osmia papaveris Ltr. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 3 bees—z. Halictus quadricinctus /’. 9; 2. H. sexnotatus K. 9; 3. Osmia adunca Z/r. 9, very common. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), a hover-fly (Pipiza bimaculata JZg., po-dvg.) and a bee (Chelostoma nigricorne JVy/. 6, skg., and creeping right into the flowers). 1714. C. barbata L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpenblumen,’ pp. 404—5.)—There are hairs 3-5 mm. long on the corolla-lobes of this species, which serve as a protection against creeping animals. Hermann Miiller says that automatic self-pollination is rendered possible by the bending back of the stylar branches, which become twisted into spirals of 1-13 turns. Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. — Herm. Miiller (Alps), a beetle, 2 flies, 11 Hymenoptera, and 4 Lepidoptera. Ricca (Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871) (Alps), humble-bees up to a height of 2600 m. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus soroénsis #. Loew (Altvatergebirge) (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 52), a Curculionid beetle (Gym- netron campanulae Z.) and 2 bees (Bombus lapidarius Z. 4, skg., and B. soroénsis F. g and ¥, skg.). 1715. C. Medium L. (Ludwig, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, xviii, 1884, p. 145.)— In this species Ludwig saw flies (especially Empis aestiva Loew) adhering to the style, and supposes that the sticky nature of this is a protection against unbidden guests of the kind. VisiTors.—Delpino observed beetles (Cetonia sp.) (‘ Ult. oss.,’ I, 2, p. 30). 1716. C. spicata L. (Kirchner, ‘Beitrage, p. 59.)—The flowers of this species are aggregated into long conspicuous spikes. Kirchner examined them at Zermatt and found their mechanism to be the same as in related forms. The corolla is bright-violet in colour, whitish at the base, and gradually widening into a funnel 30 mm. long, the direction of which is continued by its lobes (12 mm. in length). Towards the end of anthesis the three stylar branches roll back into spirals of 2 turns, so that, as Kerner pointed out, automatic self-pollination is possible should insect- visits fail. 1717. C. uniflora L. (Warming, ‘ Bestévningsmaade,’ pp. 52—-4.)—Warming describes the flowers of this northern species as dark-blue in colour, and either vertical or nodding. The style projects but little, and as the anthers dehisce and the stigmas become receptive in the bud, the latter are pseudo-cleistogamously self- CAMPANULACEAE 13 pollinated, and many of the pollen-grains germinate upon them. Later on the flowers open in a normal manner, passing from cleistogamy to chasmogamy, a unique occurrence so far as yet known. Vanhoffen collected ripe fruits in Greenland (27. 7.’93) (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 61-2). The species is very rare in Spitz- bergen and has only once been observed in flower there (10. 8.’68) (Andersson & Hesselman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren Fil. Karlvaxtflora,’ p. 16). 1718. C. latifolia L.—In this species the corolla-tube is 35 mm. long. Visirors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Knuth, the honey-bee, skg., creeping right into the flowers, and coming out again covered with pollen. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), 2 bees, creeping com- pletely into the flowers—Apis mellifica Z. §, skg. and po-cltg., and Bombus pratorum ZL. %: on the var. serotina, the bee Chelostoma nigricorne Vy/. 9, skg., and creeping right into the flowers. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee (‘ Flora of Dum- friesshire,’ p. 109). 1719. C. patula L—Kerner says that the stylar branches of this species roll into spirals of more than 2 turns, and that the flowers hang down during inclement weather. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, spheroidal, beset with numerous spinose tubercles, 25-31 y in diameter. VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— MacLeod (Belgium), a bee (Chelostoma sp.) and a butterfly (Pieris sp.) (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v. 1893, p. 441): (Pyrenees), 2 Muscids (op. cit., iii, 1891, p- 371). Herm. Miiller (Westphalia, Thuringia, and the Bavaraian Oberpfalz), 7 bees—1. Andrena coitana X. 9 (Oberpfalz); 2. A. gwynana X. 9 and 4, skg. and po-cltg.; 3. A. labialis A. 4, skg. (Jena); 4. Chelostoma nigricorne /Vy/. $ and 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 5. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis #. 6 and 9, do. (Oberpfalz); 6. Halictoides dentiventris A’y/. 6 and 9, skg. (Lower Franconia); 7. Rophites quin- quespinosus Sz. 3, do. (Oberpfalz). Alfken (Bremen), 2 bees—Eriades nigricornis Nyl. 9 and 6, and E. truncorum Z. 9, skg. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia) and Krieger (Leipzig), the bee Andrena curvungula Zhoms.; Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 2 bees—Hialictus levigatus A. 9 (=H. lugubris A.), and Osmia leucomelaena A. 9 and 6. 1720. C, carpatica Jacq. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) —The stylar branches of this species are extremely long. During the female stage of anthesis they either simply diverge or curve slightly back, but never roll up, so that autogamy is undoubtedly excluded. Darwin states that the species is self- sterile. The pollen-grains are greyish-green in colour, beset with spinose tubercles, on the average 37 » in diameter. VistTors.—Loew observed the following bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden.— 1. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg. and po-cltg.; 2. Chelostoma campanularum A. 9, creeping right into the flowers and skg.; 3. C. nigricorne Vy/. 9, do., also po-cltg. ; 4. Megachile lagopoda ZL. 9, creeping into the flowers, skg. and po-cltg.; 5. Prosopis communis /Vj/. 9. 14 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 1721. C. Zoysii Wulf. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897, pp. 213-14.)—Kirchner investigated this species in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, and says that the flowers are borne singly on the low upright stem or its branches. They are directed obliquely downwards. The bright-blue corolla is 16-18 mm. long, and its tube is of truncated conical shape, 12 mm. in length and 8-9 mm. broad at the base, gradually tapering to 44 mm. The five corolla-lobes are bent inwards so that their tips and edges touch, the opening of the flower being thus completely closed. Between each pair of lobes the corolla is thrown into a triangular external fold, so that the narrow part of the tube has a sort of five-sided pyramid surrounding it, of which the base is 6-7 mm. broad and the height about 6 mm. The corolla- lobes are beset with white hairs, which help to close the spaces between their edges, though they can be easily separated, e.g. by the head of an insect searching for nectar. The strong white style is 16 mm. long, and its base is surrounded by an orange-red nectary. When mature its end is sharply bent almost at right angles, so that it remains enclosed in the corolla. When the bud is some 10 mm. long the style is about 8 mm., and is closely surrounded by the five stamens, which are of the same length. The bright-yellow anthers dehisce introrsely, and their similarly-coloured pollen thickly covers the hairs which invest the capitate thickening formed by the apposition of the three short stylar branches. The. anthers then shrivel and are retracted into the base of the flower, while the style elongates, and its end becomes bent. Ultimately the stylar branches diverge, but automatic self-pollination does not seem to take place. Visrtors.—Kirchner only noticed Thrips. 1722. C. lactiflora Bieb.— Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bec Prosopis communis iNy7. creeping into the flowers. 1723. C. Hostii Baumg.— Visitors.—As No. 1722. 1724. C. rhomboidalis L.— Visirors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed the bee Chelostoma nigri- corne JVy/. 9, creeping right into the flowers, skg. and po-cltg. 51. Symphyandra A. DC. Kirchner says (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897, p. 215) that this genus only differs from Campanula in the lateral union of the anthers to form a tube through which the style grows, taking up pollen on its sweeping-hairs as it does so. 512. Specularia Heist. Flowers protandrous with concealed nectar. Corolla wheel-shaped. Mechanism as in Campanula. In the first stage of anthesis pollen is shed on the stylar hairs, and the stigmas unfold during the second. Cleistogamous flowers are sometimes present, and this is the case in all the American species. 1725. S. Speculum A. DC. (=Campanula Speculum Z.). (Kerner, ‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, Il, p. 116.)--Kerner says that the violet flowers of this species CAMPANULACEAE 15 open about 7-8 a.m., and close again about 3-4 p.m. During closing the wheel- shaped corolla is thrown into longitudinal folds, which take up some of the pollen, transferring this to the open stigmas when closing next takes place. The anthers dehisce as soon as the bud opens. During this first stage of anthesis insect visitors use the pollen-covered style as an alighting-place, so that their ventral surfaces get dusted. Should they now visit a flower in the second stage they will transfer this pollen to the expanded stigmas on which they settle. Kerner says that before the blossoms wither the stylar branches become so strongly recurved that their inner papillose surfaces reach the end of the style and pollinate themselves automatically with the grains that remain clinging to this. Autogamy can therefore be effected in one of two ways, i.e. by the folded corolla when it shuts up, and by the reflexed stylar branches. Kirchner found that nectar was but sparsely secreted by flowers in the South Tyrol and the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, even when the weather was sunny (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897, p. 196). Cleistogamous flowers have been observed, as e.g. by Kirchner (op. cit.) in all the plants growing in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, which had been grown from seeds sent from the Paris Botanic Garden. They resemble the similar flowers of the next species. - Vistrors.—Schletterer (Pola) observed 3 bees—1. Halictus quadrinotatus X.; 2. H. variipes Mor.; 3. H. vestitus AZor. 1726. S. perfoliata A. DC.—This species bears cleistogamous flowers, which were known to Linnaeus, and were carefully described by H. von Mohl in 1863 (cf Vol. I, pp. 53-4). 1727. S. hybrida A. DC. (Kirchner, op. cit., pp. 196-7.)—Kirchner ex- amined plants of this species in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, and found the flower mechanism to be quite similar to that of S. Speculum, except that the flowers are much smaller. The corolla projects vertically between the five long calyx-teeth, and broadens into a funnel of which the base is 54 mm. in diameter. It is lilac in colour, passing into bright greenish-yellow at the base, and its lobes (2} mm. long) are marked with a darker median line. When the flower opens the five blue or bright-yellow anthers dehisce, and deposit their bright-yellow pollen on the style they surround closely. They now shrivel up to some extent and become retracted from the style, the three stigmatic branches of which quickly diverge and curve downwards. The flowers close in the evening in the same way as those of S. Speculum. Kirchner observed some tetramerous flowers, and also some in which the diameter of the corolla was only 3 mm., but the mechanism of these was the same as that of normal ones. 513. Adenophora Fisch. Kirchner (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lii, 1897, pp. 215-16) calls attention to the epigynous nectar-secreting disk, the margin of which is swollen into a ring, so that the base of the style is surrounded by a ‘nectar-collar ’ as in Compositae. 1728. A. communis Fisch. (=A. lilifolia Zeded.). (Kirchner, op. cit.)}—Kirchner has investigated plants of this species cultivated in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, where the flowers are bright-blue or bluish-white in colour, smell like narcissus, and 16 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES are arranged in a loose raceme, of which the individual blossoms are pendulous and borne on long pedicels directed obliquely upwards. The lobes of the calyx are reflexed, small, green, and possess a few glandular teeth. The corolla is bell- shaped, resembling that of Campanula rotundifolia, with a maximum diameter of about 12 mm.: its tube is 10 mm. and its five triangular recurved lobes 6 mm. in length. The filaments are white in colour and covered with woolly hairs: the edges of their broadened bases are close together and connected by the interlocking of their hairs. The anthers are bright-yellow. The base of the style is surrounded by a white ‘nectar-collar’ 2 mm. high and 13 mm. deep, the cavity of which is filled with nectar, droplets of this being also secreted by its outer surface. The style ultimately attains the length of 24 mm., and projects far out of the corolla. Its basal end is white and its terminal portion blue in colour, and there is a gradual increase in thickness from the former to the latter. The three white stigmatic branches curve away from one another. The protandrous mechanism agrees with that of Campanula. Shortly before the flower opens the anthers shed their pollen upon the stylar hairs, and the stamens then become retracted. The stylar branches ultimately bend back so far that their tips touch the style. 1729. A. verticillata Fisch.; 1730. A. stylosa Fisch.; 1731. A. peri- plocaefolia A.DC.; 1732. A. marsupiiflora Fisch. (=A. coronata A. DC.; and 1733- A. Lamarkii Fisch.—These species have not been investigated in detail, but Kirchner (op. cit.) states that their flower mechanism essentially agrees with that of A. communis. They present differences in the way of branching and number of flowers of the inflorescences, as well as in the size and shape of the corolla. This may be bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, while in the case of A. verticillata it is tubulo- campanulate and only 9 mm. long. In several species (e.g. A. verticillata, A. stylosa, A. periplocaefolia, and A. marsupiiflora) the style projects from the corolla as in A. communis, but in the rest it is of the same length as the corolla or sometimes shorter. The nectar-collar is particularly long in A. marsupiiflora, being a cylinder 7 mm. long with a toothed and hairy margin. In A. Lamarkii and A. stylosa it is of the same length as in A. communis, and in other species shorter. Visttors.—Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 2 hover-flies on A. stylosa (Melanostoma mellina Z., outside the flowers, and Platycheirus scutatus, po-dvg.). 514. Trachelium Tour. Protandrous Lepidopterid flowers. Delpino (‘ Ult. oss.,’ pp. 71-4) and Hilde- brand (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxviii, 1870, p. 624) describe the species of this genus as markedly protandrous. In the first stage of anthesis the pollen clings to the hairy thickened end of the style, which has grown up between the anthers in the bud and taken it up. As the hairs wither the pollen is easily removed by insect visitors. In the last stage of anthesis the papillose stigma is developed. 1734. T. caeruleum L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897, pp. 217-18; Delpino, ‘ Ult. oss.,’ I, 2, pp. 22 et seq.)—Kirchner and Delpino give the following account of the flower mechanism.— Although! the flowers are small compared to those of Campanula they are vertical and associated together in a flat-topped cyme of considerable size, the conspicuous- CAMPANULACEAE 17 ness of which is enhanced by their blue colour. The delicate narrow epigynous corolla (4-6 mm. long) has a funnel-shaped limb and a relatively long and very narrow tube. Before the flower opens the throat of the corolla is completely filled by the five anthers, which are borne on slender filaments. The end of the style is capitate, and beset with erect, mostly unicellular, hairs swollen at their bases. At this stage it is below the whorl of anthers. The style now quickly elongates, and presses strongly against the dehiscing anthers, the resistance of which being too great for it to overcome often causes it to be thrown into a curve. Still further elongation throws the style into a state of increased tension, which is finally relieved by the opening of the corolla. The end of the style now suddenly forces its way through the anthers, carrying off the pollen on its hairs, and protrudes for a considerable distance from the entrance of the flower. At first the pollen adheres so closely to the sweeping-hairs that it cannot be removed by stroking with the fingers, but very soon these hairs begin to contract at their bases so that the pollen can be easily detached. This is usually effected by insect visitors, and proliferation of the stigmatic tissue at the end of the style now begins, causing this to split and develop into an obscurely 3-lobed stigma, which ultimately develops into three very short white stigmatic branches. As by this time all the pollen of the flower has been removed, crossing by insect visitors is the only possible means of fertilization, for automatic self-pollination is out of the question. The individual flowers of an inflorescence are in different stages of anthesis, though the stage in which pollen is present lasts for a much shorter time than that during which the stigmas are receptive. The semi-transparent corolla-tube is half full of nectar, which is sucked by insect visitors. The interesting specializations in which Trachelium differs from Campanula and similar genera are the following.— Sweeping away of the pollen from the dehisced anthers by means of sweeping- hairs on the end of the style. Successive protrusion of pollen and stigma outside the flower. Reduction in size and narrowing of the corolla, with nectar concealed in a tube only accessible to butterflies, the proboscis of which is at the same time guided to it. Aggregation of very numerous small flowers into a flat-topped inflorescence, enabling many of them to be visited and pollinated in a short time. These adapta- tions obviously make crossing by insects so certain that the species can well afford to dispense with the possibility of automatic self-pollination. Visttors.—Delpino observed butterflies (various sp. of Pieris, skg.), and a small bee (Halictus sp., po-cltg.). 515. Wahlenbergia Schrad. This agrees with Campanula, but Schénland says that the pollen-grains on the style are held fast by the secretion of a sticky fluid. 1735- W. hederacea Reichb. (Willis and Burkill, ‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I, p. 263.)—Willis and Burkill have investigated this species in Central Wales, and describe the corolla of the erect tubulo-campanulate flower as about 1o mm. long, with an opening 3-4 mm. wide. It is odourless, and pale-blue in colour, traversed by darker veins. The stamens do not possess the broad base and slender distai region seen in the species of Campanula, but the filaments gradually DAVIS. HI Cc 18 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES broaden from apex to base, the latter being hairy. The flower mechanism is like that of Campanula, but only the anthers wither after the pollen has been shed on the style, the filaments persisting as nectar-covers. Crossing is secured by insect-visits, but automatic self-pollination is possible should these fail, for the stigmatic branches ultimately bend so far back that they touch the pollen clinging to their own style. VisiTors.—Willis and Burkill observed 2 Muscids, of which one was sufficiently large to remove pollen from the style: also Thrips, and a bug which crept into the flowers. 1736. W. tenuifolia A. DC. (=Hedraeanthus tenuifolius A.DC.). (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, liii, 1897, p. 217.)—Kirchner has examined plants of this species in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, and says that their protandrous mechanism agrees essentially with that of Campanula. The bright blue flowers are arranged in large terminal heads. The style is as long as the corolla, and its end divides into two stigmatic branches which become recurved, though not sufficiently to touch the style with their tips, so that automatic self-pollination is apparently excluded. - Visitors.—Kirchner observed the honey-bee. 516. Phyteuma L. LireraTure.—Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 113-15; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Alpen- blumen,’ pp. 406-9. Flowers protandrous, and belonging to class 8. In this genus (and Jasione, g.v.) the end of the style is at first covered with closely set erect hairs, as in Campanula, and these receive the pollen which is dehisced in the bud. As in Compositae this is swept out of a tube by the elongating style, but in this case the tube is not made up of the anthers but of the long strap- shaped corolla-lobes, which are at first closely apposed. After dehiscence the stamens contract into a crumpled mass. The lower free parts of the corolla-lobes bend somewhat outwards, so that their upper parts can be drawn down. As meanwhile the style elongates, the pollen is not merely pushed up by the stylar brush, but entirely swept out of the tube which surrounds it. When the growing tip of the style has reached the upper end of the tube made up by the ends of the corolla-lobes, the three until now closely apposed stylar branches begin to separate, and rupture the tube (already split below), so that this glides down the style. The branches then quickly diverge until their papillose inner surfaces occupy the place where the pollen masses were heaped up during the first stage of anthesis. As the insect visitors (bees and humble-bees) creep over the inflorescences from below upwards, they not only, like all other visitors, regularly cross the older flowers with the pollen of the younger, but also, owing to the fact that anthesis progresses from below upwards, constantly effect crossing between different stocks. Should insect-visits be prevented by unfavourable weather, Kerner says that the stylar branches roll back until they touch the pollen still clinging to the stylar hairs, thus effecting automatic self-pollination. CAMPANULACEAE 19 Conspicuousness is greatly enhanced by aggregation of the usually blue or violet flowers into rounded, ovoid; or elongated heads, and the frequency of insect-visits is generally proportional to the size of the heads. Kirchner (Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897, pp. 219-20) has empha- sized the fact that the above description, abstracted from Hermann Miiller, only applies to species belonging to the section Hedranthum G. Don, in which the flowers are sessile and the corolla-lobes gradually become separate from base to tip in the course of anthesis. The flowers of the section Synotoma G. Don are also social. FIG. 213. Phyteuma, L. (after Herm. Miiller). A. Young flower-bud of Phyteuma Micheli, after removal of the corolla and one stamen. B. Flower in the first (male) stage. C. Ditto, in the second (female) stage (x 7). a, anthers; ca, calyx; co, corolla; £4, stylar brush (sweeping-hairs) ; 77, filaments; P, corolla-lobes; o, pollen; s, teeth of calyx; sd, nectar-covers; s/, stigmas. In the sub-genera Podanthum Borzss., Petromarula Veni, and Cylindrocarpa Regel, the inflorescences are panicles or racemes, so that their flowers differ very essentially in form and mechanism from those which are more closely associated. This is the case, for instance, with the next species. 1737. P. canescens Waldst. et Kit. (Kirchner, op. cit, pp. 219-20.)—This species belongs to the section Podanthum. Kirchner has investigated it in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden. The flowers are arranged in a long loose raceme, and their mechanism is closely related to that of Campanula. The calyx-teeth are green in colour, subulate, and 5 mm. in length. The five (sometimes four) petals are 10-15 mm. long, and 2-24 mm. broad, and scarcely united at their bases. They diverge almost in the same plane to form a star about 20 mm. in diameter, and are violet in colour with a whitish base, and traversed by a darker median streak. The Ce2 20 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES five grey anthers are 6 mm. long and borne on bluish-white filaments, 3 mm. long and broadened at their bases. They dehisce when the bud is fully mature and deposit their grey pollen on the hairs covering the style. In the open flower the stamens have shrivelled, and the pollen-laden style (10-12 mm. long) projects, its branches being at first apposed. Later on, when most of the pollen has been removed, the three stylar branches diverge, and ultimately roll back until they touch the style, coming into contact with any grains that may be left, so that automatic self-pollination is possible. Nectar is secreted in the base of the flower round the insertion of the style. VistTors.—Delpino observed numerous Hymenoptera, and Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) saw a hover-fly (Syrphus balteatus Deg.) and Apis, skg. 1738. P. limoniifolium Sibth. et Sm., and 1739. P. campanuloides Bieb. (Kirchner, op. cit.}—These species resemble P. canescens in their inflorescences, flowers, and no doubt their mechanism, but the blossoms of P. limoniifolium are smaller. The following species belong to the sub-genus Hedranthum (flower class S). 1739. P. Michelii All. (=P. betonicaefolium V7i/.). Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, lili, 1897, p. 233.—In this species there are about 100 flowers in a head. Kirchner noticed (at Locarno) that at the end of anthesis the three stylar branches roll back into circles, but do not usually reach the style, upon which indeed no pollen as a rule remains. Automatic self-pollination can therefore only take place very rarely, and insect-visits are so numerous that it is almost always unnecessary. VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Herm. Miiller (Switzerland), a beetle, 8 flies, 17 bees, and 42 Lepidoptera (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 411). Loew (Switzerland), 2 bees (Bombus rajellus A. ¥, skg., and Megachile analis (Vy. 9, po-cltg.) and an undetermined Noctuid (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 59). MacLeod (Pyrenees), 2 humble-bees, a hover-fly, and a Muscid (‘Pyreneénbl.,’ P- 371): 1740. P. spicatum L.—In this species the head is made up of about roo flowers, yellowish-white in colour with a green tip, and smelling faintly of vanilla. Kerner says that automatic self-pollination ultimately becomes possible by rolling back of the stylar branches. Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Knuth (on the Inselsberge in Thuringia, 16. 7.’94), 4 bees, skg.—1. Apis mellifica £. %; 2. Bombus agrorum /. 9; 3. B. lapidarius Z. 9 and é; 4. B. pratorum Z. $ (‘ Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’). Herm. Miiller (Teutoburger Wald), an Elaterid beetle (Agriotes palliduus J//.?), a Nitidulid beetle (Meligethes aeneus /), a Staphylinid beetle (Anthobium sorbi Gy//., exceedingly numerous), and a bee (Apis mellifica Z. ¥, skg.) (‘ Weit. Beob.’ III, p. 78). Alfken (Bremen), 2 humble-bees—Bombus proteus Gerst., and B. agrorum /. 1741. P. nigrum F. W. Schmidt. (Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 651.) —The heads of this species contain about 4o flowers of dark-blue colour. Kirchner says the pollen is dark-red. CAMPANULACEAE 21 VisiTors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Knuth (Westphalia), the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius Z. 9, skg. (‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen’). Buddeberg (Nassau), a hover-fly (Rhingia rostrata Z., skg.) and 5 bees —1. Andrena convexiuscula K. 9, skg.; 2. A. hirtipes Schenck 9, skg.; 3. Halictus malachurus X. 9, in large numbers, skg. and po-cltg.; 4. H. tetrazonius A/g. (=H. quadricinctus KX.) 9, skg.; 5. H. longulus Sm. 9, skg. (Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 78-9). 1742. P. orbiculare L. (Kirchner, op. cit., Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, hii, 1897, p. 223.)—Kirchner states that the heads contain from 15 to 30 flowers, and that though insect-visits are very numerous, the stylar branches roll back into spirals of 1} turns, so as to render automatic self-pollination possible. VisiTors.—T he following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Loew (Switzerland), a bee (Halictus sp.), a butterfly (Polyommatus virgaureae L.), a Noctuid (Agrotis ocellina S.-V.), and 2 hawk-moths (Ino geryon Hé., var. chrysocephala (Wick., and Zygaena exulans Hehhw. et Rein.). MacLeod (Pyrenees), 4 humble-bees, a fossorial wasp, and a Muscid. 1743. P. hemisphaericum L.—Kirchner says that in this species the head contains 8-16 flowers, or sometimes a smaller number. Kerner states that automatic self-pollination is rendered possible by the rolling back of the stylar branches. Visttors.—Herm. Miiller (Alps), a fly, 9 bees, and 21 Lepidoptera (‘ Alpen- blumen,’ pp. 409-10). von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble,bee Bombus mastrucatus Gerst. 1744. P. humile Schleich.—Kerner says that in this species autogamy takes place in the usual way. Visirors.— Herm. Miiller saw 6 Lepidoptera in Switzerland (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 410). 1745. P. pauciflorum L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, iii, 1897, p. 224.)—Kirchner states that the heads of this species contain 5-6 (more rarely 8) small flowers. He also remarks that the three (sometimes four) stylar branches but rarely roll back at the end of anthesis sufficiently far to bring their tips into contact with the pollen on the style. It appears therefore that in spite of the small size of the flowers and the unfavourable habitat in which they grow, automatic self-pollination but rarely takes place. Visttors.—Ricca observed humble-bees even at a height of 2900 m. (Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiii, 1870). 1746. P. Scheuchzeri All.—Kirchner says that the heads of this species contain 15-30 flowers. Autogamy takes place, according to Kerner, in the same way as in P. hemisphaericum. Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Herm. Miiller (Switzerland), 3 Hymenoptera (including 2 humble-bees) and a Lepidopterid (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 411). Friese (Tyrol), 2 Alpine bees—Dufourea alpina Mor., freq.; and Halictoides paradoxus Mor., rare (also recorded by Morawitz, and Schletterer and von Dalla Torre). von Dalla Torre (Alps), the bee Bombus alpinus /., up to a height of 2500 m. 22 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 1747. P. Halleri All.—The heads of this species contain 40 flowers on an average. Autogamy may take place as in P. Michelii. Visirors.—Herm. Miiller observed 5 flies, 3 bees, and 4 Lepidoptera in the Alps (‘ Alpenblumen,’ p. 413). 1748. P. comosum L. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., lili, 1897, pp. 224-5.)—This species belongs to the sub-genus Synotoma G. Don, characterized by umbellate inflorescences and the permanent union of the tips of the corolla-lobes. Kirchner investigated the flower mechanism in the South Tyrol, and describes it as follows.— The corolla remains a closed tube throughout anthesis until the flowers wither. They are odourless, borne on pedicels 2 mm. long, and 8-20 of them are arranged in a hemispherical head-like umbel. The number, however, may vary from 3 to 25. The inferior ovary is 5 mm. long and the subulate epigynous calyx-teeth are 4 mm. in length. The corolla is 16 mm. long, ventricose, and 5 mm. broad below, tapering above, and ending in a cylindrical tube 8 mm. in length. The last part is produced into five small teeth, and is of a dark-violet colour, while the lower portion of the corolla is bright-blue. The dark-violet style projects for 16 mm. from the opening of the corolla, which it almost completely fills. It divides at the end into two (sometimes three) branches 5 mm. long, and it is covered with pollen for its entire length. At the beginning of anthesis the stylar branches are apposed; they then curve outwards, and finally roll up into spirals of 13 turns, so as to render automatic self-pollination possible. The five stamens possess bluish-white filaments 6 mm. long, and dark anthers of the same length which dehisce introrsely before the expansion of the corolla and deposit their pollen on the hairs covering the style. This elongates and makes the pollen available to insects, and the stylar branches diverge afterwards, After dehiscence the anthers maintain their erect position within the corolla. Nectar is secreted in the base of the flower by a dark-violet ring surrounding the base of the bluish-white style. It can only be reached from the mouth of the corolla by a very long and thin proboscis, such as that of butterflies, which Kirchner feels sure are the pollinating agents, though he did not succeed in observing their visits. Kirchner adduces the fact that two species such as P. comosum and P. canescens belong to the same genus, although they differ so markedly in form and mechanism, as a particularly striking example of the danger of concluding that two species are pollinated in the same way merely because they are closely related. 517. Jasione L. Flowers social and protandrous. Their mechanism agrees essentially with that of Phyteuma, but approaches more nearly that of Compositae in the fact that the investment of the pollen-covered style is made up of the basally united anthers and not of the cohering corolla-lobes. Beyer states that the smaller insects only dust the sides of their bodies with pollen. Larger ones simultaneously touch and pollinate several of the small crowded flowers. 1749. J. montana L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 115-18; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 369-73, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ IJ, p. 79; Verhoeff, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d, CAMPANULACEAE 23 Ins. Norderney’; de Vries, Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875; MacLeod, ‘Pyreneénbl.,’ p. 371; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ PP. 99, 100, 163, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 237, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Riigen’; Kirchner, ‘ Flora v. Stuttgart,’ p. 649, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., liii, 1897, pp. 226—7.)—Sprengel long ago described the flower mechanism of this species in a careful and accurate manner. A head contains 100-200 blue flowers, the corollas of which are divided almost to their bases into five narrow linear lobes, so that the nectar secreted on the top of the ovary is acces- sible to insects of the most various kind. In the second stage of anthesis the stylar hairs and the pollen attached to them have dis- appeared, while the style projecting beyond the corolla-lobes unfolds its bifid stigma. Automatic self- pollination is therefore excluded. Visirors.— Knuth — observed the following in Schleswig-Holstein (S.-H.) and Riigen (R.).— A. Coleoptera. Ceramby- cidae: 1. Strangalia melanura Z., po-dvg. (R.). B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 2. Aricia incana Weed. (S.-H.); 3. Nemoraea consobrina Ag. (S.-H.); 4. Onesia sepulcralis L. (S.-H.); 5. Scatophaga sterco- raria Z. (S.-H.); 6. Spilogaster carbonella Ze. (S.-H.); 7. 5S. communis &.-D. (S.-H.). (4) Syr- phidae: 8. Eristalis arbustorum Z. (S.-H.); 9. E. sp. (S8.-H.); 10. E. tenax ZL. (S.-H.); 11. Helo- philus pendulus Z. (S.-H.); 12. Syritta pipiens Z. (S.-H.); 13. FIG. 214. : (1) Reproductive organs of a young bud: the undehisced Jasione montana, L. (after Herm. Miiller). Syrphus sp. (S.-H.); 14. Volucella bombylans Z., var. plumata JZ. (S.-H. and R.). All skg. C. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 15. Apis mellifica Z. (S.-H.); 16. Bombus terrester Z. (S.-H.); 17. Halictus malachurus A. 9(R.). All anthers have been pressed apart to show the stylar brush which they surround. (2) Ditto of an older bud: the anthers have shed their pollen on the stylar brush, and contracted into narrow lobes which cohere at their bases into a ring sur- rounding the style. (3) Flower in the first (male) stage, (4) Ditto in the second (female) stage, after removal of the calyx and corolla. a, undehisced anthers; a’, dehisced ditto; 7, sweeping-hairs; /7, filaments; gv, style; ov, ovary; #, corolla; fo, pollen; s, calyx; s/, stigma. skg.and po-cltg. D. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: 18. Argynnis paphia Z. (R.); 19. Epinephele janira Z. (S.-H. and R.); 20. Lycaena semiargus Z. (S.-H.); 21. Pararge maera Z. (S.-H.); 22. Polyommatus phlaeas LZ. (S.-H.); 23. Vanessa urticae Z. (S.-H.). (4) Sphingidae : 24. Zygaena filipendula Z. (S.-H.); 25. Z. sp.(R.). All skg. Alfken observed the following. — In Bremen.—A. Diptera. Syrpiidae: 1. Chrysotoxum festivum Z. B. Hy- menoptera. (a) Apidae: 2. Anthidium strigatum Z/r. 6; 3. Andrena denticulata 24 ANGIOSPERMAE— DICOTYLEDONES KK. gand é; 4. A. flavipes Pz., 2nd gen.; 5. A.gwynana X. 9, do.; 6. A. marginata F.9; 7. A.nigriceps K. 9 and é; 8. A. propinqua Schenck 9; 9. A. shawella K. g and é; 10. A. tarsata My/. 9 and 8; 11. A. tibialis A. 9 and 4, 2nd gen.; 12. Bombus agrorum /. 6; 13. B. hortorum Z. ¥, skg.; 14. B. lapidarius Z. ¥; 15. B. lucorum Z.¥; 16. B. proteus Gers/. ¥; 17. Coelioxys acuminata (Vy/. g and 4, skg.; 18. C. mandibularis JVy/. 9, skg.; 19. Colletes marginatus LZ. 9; 20. Dasypoda argentata Pz.9; 21. D. plumipes Pz. 9 and 4, only skg.; 22. Dufourea halictula VWy2. 9; 23. D. vulgaris Schenck 9 and é; 24. Epeolus variegatus Z. 9 and 6; 25. Eriades campanularum A. 9; 26. E. nigricornis /Vy/. 9; 27. Halictoides inermis Nyl. 9 and $; 28. Halictus calceatus Scop. 9 and $; 29. H. flavipes F. 9; 30. H. leucozonius Schr. 9; 31. H. levis A. 8; 32. H. punctulatus A. 9 and 6; 33. H. rubicundus Chr. 9 and $; 34. H. tumulorum Z. 9; 35. H. zonulus Sm. 9; 36. Megachile centuncularis Z. 6; 37. Nomada brevicornis Adocs. 8; 38. N. flavoguttata A. 9, 2nd gen.; 39. N. fuscicornis Wy/.9; 40. N. jacobaeae Pz. 9 and $ ; 41. N. obtusifrons yl. 9 and é; 42. N. similis A/or. 9 and 6; 43. N. solidaginis Pz. g and 6, skg.; 44. N. roberjeotiana Pz. 9 and $; 45. Podalirius bimaculatus Pz. gandé; 46. P. furcatus Pz. 9; 47. P. vulpinus Pz. 9; 48. Prosopis communis /Vy/. gandé; 49. P.confusa Wy. 9 and$; 50. P. genalis Zs. 9 and; 51. P. pictipes yi. g and 6; 52. Psithyrus quadricolor Zep. d. (4) Sphegzdae: 53. Ammophila cam- pestris Zir. 8; 54. Crabro subterraneus /. 9 and 6. In Juist—A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1, Eristalis tenax Z., very common. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 2. Bombus Japidarius Z. § and 4, very common, skg.; 3. B. muscorum F.C. Lepi- doptera. (a) Lycaenidae: 4. Polyommatus phlaeas Z. (6) Satyridae: 5. Satyrus semele Z. (c) Nocturdae: 6. Plusia gamma L. Verhoeff records the following for Norderney.— A. Diptera. (a) Musczdae: 1. Echinomyia tessellata #. 9; 2. Lucilia latifrons Schin. 9 and 6, very common. (4) Syrphidae: 3. Helophilus trivittatus /. 9; 4. Melithreptus scriptus Z. 9; 5. M. strigatus Staeg. $; 6. Platycheirus sp.; 7. Syrphus corollae /. 4, freq.; 8. Syritta pipiens Z. 6 B. Hymenoptera. (2) Apidae: 9. Bombus lapidarius Z. ¥ and 6, very common; tro. Coelioxys sp.; 11. Prosopis communis /Vy/. 9. (4) Sphegidae: 12. Ammophila lutaria #. (=A. affinis K.) 9, skg. (Cf Verhoeff, Nova Acta Leop., Halle, Ixi, 1894, p. 160.) C. Lepidoptera. (a) Nymphalidae: 13. Argynnis latonia Z. (6) Salyridae: 14. Pararge megaera Z., one. Loew noticed the following in Silesia (‘ Beitrage,’ p. 32).— A. Coleoptera. Cerambycidae: 1. Leptura maculicornis Deg., nect-lkg. B. Diptera. Conopidae: 2. Physocephala nigra Deg. 9, skg. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 3. Polyommatus hipponoé E£sg., skg.; also (op. cit, p. 25),— A. Coleoptera. 1. Cryptocephalus sericeus Z., nect-lkg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 2. Megachile argentata /. 5, skg.; 3. Saropoda rotundata Panz. 9, skg. and po-cltg. (4) Spheg¢dae: 4. Ammophila sabulosa Z., skg.; 5. Bembex rostrata L., 9 and 4, skg. Burkill and Willis record the following for Central Wales (‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I).— A.Coleoptera. (Vitidulidae: 1. Meligethes viridescens /, po-dvg. B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 2. Anthomyia radicum Z., freq., po-dvg.; 3. A. sp., do.; 4. Lucilia cornicina #.; 5. Oscinis sp.; 6. Scatophaga stercoraria Z., skg. (6) Syrphidae: 7. Eristalis tenax Z., skg.; 8. Helophilus pendulus Z.; 9. Melanostoma scalare F., skg.; 10. Platycheirus manicatus JZg. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 11. Bombus agrorum /., skg.; 12. B. terrester Z., do. (6) Formicidae: 13. Formica fusca Z., skg. D. Lepidoptera. hopalocera: 14. Pieri rapae Z.; 15. Polyommatus phlaeas Z. CAMPANULACEAE 25 Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Westphalia (W.), Thuringia (T.), and the Bavarian Oberpfalz (O.), and Buddeberg (Budd.) for Nassau, give the following list— A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae: 1. Leptura livida Z., in large numbers, nect-lkg. (H. M.); 2. Strangalia melanura Z., freq., skg. (H. M., T.). (8) Chryso- melidae: 3. Cryptocephalus sericeus Z. (H. M.). (c) Ocdemertdac: 4. Oedemera virescens Z. (H. M.). B. Diptera. (a) Bombylitdae: 5. Exoprosopa capucina /., not infrequent, skg. (H. M.). (6) Conopidae: 6. Myopa fasciata AZg., skg. (H. M.); 7. Physocephala rufipes /., numerous, skg. (H. M.); 8. P. vittata /, skg. (H. M.); g. Sicus ferrugineus Z., do. (H. M.); 10. Zodion notatum JZe., do. (H. M.). (c) Empidae: 11. Empis livida Z., very common, skg. (H. M.). (d) AMuserdae: 12, Anthomyia sp., po-dvg. (H.M.); 13. Echinomyia ferox Pz., skg. (H. M.); 14. E. tessellata #, very common, skg. (H. M.); 15. Ocyptera brassicaria J”, do. (H. M.); 16. O. cylindrica ¥., do. (H. M.); 17. Oliviera lateralis Pz., do. (H. M.). (c) Syrphidae: 18. Eristalis aeneus Scop. skg. (H. M.); 19. E. arbustorum Z., do. (H. M.); 20. E. tenax Z., do. (H.M.); 21. Eumerus sabulonum /a//., do. (H. M.); 22. Helophilus pendulus Z., do. (H.M.); 23. Melanostoma mellina Z., do. (H. M.); 24. Melithreptus dispar Zw., po-dvg. (H. M.); 25. M. menthastri Z., skg. (H. M.); 26. M. scriptus Z., do. (H. M.); 27. Paragus tibialis Fad/., po-dvg. (H. M.); 28. Pipizella sp. (H. M.); 29. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. (H. M.); 30. Syritta pipiens L., do. (H. M.); 31. Syrphus pyrastri Z., do. (H. M.); 32. S. ribesii AZg., do. (Budd.); 33. Volucella bombylans Z., skg. (H. M.); these Syrphids partly po-dvg. (/) Yabanidae: 34. Tabanus rusticus /., skg. (H. M., O.). C. Hymenoptera. (2) Apidae: 35. Andrena argentata Sm. $ (H. M.); 36. A. coitana A. & and 9 (H. M.); 37. A. dorsata K. 9 and 4, freq.; 38. A. fulvago Chr. 9 (H. M.); 39. A. fulvicrus X. 9 (H. M.); 40. A. hattorfiana #. 3, once (H. M.); 41. A. helvola Z. 9 (H. M.); 42. A. pilipes # 6 (H. M.); 43. A. fulvescens X. 4, skg. (H. M.); 44. Anthidium strigatum Zér. 6 (H. M.); 45. Bombus hortorum Z. 9 and ¥, skg. (H. M.); 46. B. sylvarum Z. ¥, do. (H. M.); 47. Ceratina cucurbitina feosst F. 8, do. (Budd.); 48. C. cyanea A. 9 and 4, in large numbers, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 49. Chelostoma campanularum X. 9 (H. M.); 50. Cilissa leporina Pz. 9 (H. M.); 51. Coelioxys conoidea Z//. (=C. punctata Zep.) 9(H.M.); 52. C. quadridentata Z. 9 and é, skg. (H. M.); 53. C. simplex MVy/. 9 and 4, do. (H. M.); 54. Colletes marginatus Z. § (H.M.); 55. Dasypoda hirtipes /. 6, in large numbers (H. M.); 56. Diphysis serratulae Pz. 9 (H. M.); 57. Epeolus variegatus Z. 9 and 4, in large numbers (H. M.); 58. Halictus albipes /. 9 (H. M.); 59. H. cylindricus £ g and 6 (H.M.); 60. H. fasciatus Vy/. 9 (H. M.); 61. H. flavipes #. 8 (H. M.); 62. H. leucozonius Schr. 9 (H. M.); 63. H. lucidulus Schenck 9 (H. M.); 64. H. maculatus Sm. 9, skg. (Budd.); 65. H. malachurus X. 9, do. (Budd.), 66. H. villosulus X. 9 (H. M.); 67. Megachile argentata #3 and 9, freq., po-cltg. and skg. (H.M.); 68. M. maritima X. (H.M.); 69. Nomada fabriciana Z.(H. M.); 70. N. fuscicornis WVy/. 9, skg. (H.M.); 71. N. jacobaeae Pz. (H.M.); 72. N. lineola Pz. (H.M.); 73. N. nigrita Schenck 6 (H.M.); 74. N. roberjeotiana Pz. 9 and é (H. M.); 75. N. ruficornis Z. 9 and 6 (H. M.); 76. N. rhenana Afor., skg. (H. M.); 77. N. varia Pz. 9 and 6 (H.M.); 78. Prosopis communis My/. 9 and , freq. (H. M.); 79. P. dilatata A. é (H.M.); 80. P. hyalinata Sm. 9, freq. (H. M.); 81. P. pictipes Wyl. 9, rare (H. M.); 82. P. variegata F. 9 and 4, very common (H. M., O. and W.); 83. Psithyrus rupestris Z. 9, skg. (H. M.); 84. Rhophites halictula WVy/. 9, skg. (H. M.); 85. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9 and é, very numerous, ' skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 86. Sphecodes gibbus Z. 9 (=S. rufescens Mourcr.), skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 8. Stelis aterrima Pz. 8 (H. M.). (6) Chryszdidae: 88. Hedychrum lucidulum /, skg. (H. M.). (c) Zvamdae: 89. Foenus sp., skg. (H.M.). (d@) Sphegidae: all skg.: 90. Ammophila sabulosa Z. 4, in large numbers (H. M.); g1. Cerceris arenaria Z., 9 and 4, freq. (H. M.); 92. C. labiata / 9, skg. (H. M., O. and W.); 93. C. nasuta AV. 4, skg. (H. M.); 94. Ceropales maculatus /”, 26 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES in large numbers (H. M.); 95. Crabro alatus Pz. 9 and 6, very common (H. M.); g6. C. patellatus Pz. 9, not infrequent (H.M.); 97. C. pterotus Pz. 9 and 4, do. (H. M.); 98. C. vexillatus Pz. 9 (Budd.); 99. Lindenius albilabris #. (H. M.); 100. Mellinus sabulosus /., in large numbers (H. M.); 101. Miscus campestris Z/r. 9 (H. M.); 102. Oxybelus bellicosus O72. (H. M.); 103. O. mandibularis Dahid. (H. M.); 104. O. uniglumis Z., freq. (H. M.); 105. Philanthus triangulum /. (H. M.); 106. Pompilus rufipes Z. 8 (H. M.); 107. P. viaticus Z. & (H. M.}; 108. Psammophila affinis A. 6 and 9, very numerous (H. M.); 109. Tachytes pectinipes Z. (H. M.). D. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera: all skg.: 110. Coeno- nympha pamphilus Z. (H.M.); 311. Epinephele janira Z., freq. (H.M.); rr. Hesperia thaumas W/m. (H. M.); 113. Lycaena aegon W. V. 8 (H. M.); 114. Pieris napi Z. (H. M.); 115. Polyommatus dorilis AH/., repeatedly (H. M.); 116. P. phlaeas Z., freq. (H. M.). (6) Sphingidae: 117. Ino statices Z., skg. (H. M.); 118. Zygaena lonicerae Lsf., do. (H. M.). Herm. Miiller adds the following remarks to his list (‘ Fertilisation,’ p. 373).— ‘ Jastone montana stands in the front rank of our native plants in regard to the number and variety of its insect-visitors; it is only matched by some Umbelliferae and Compositae, which share with it the advantages of fully-exposed honey, and the union of numerous flowers with freely-projecting reproductive stigmas and anthers in a conspicuous inflorescence. In all such plants cross-fertilization is completely ensured, and accordingly the possibility of self-fertilization has been lost.’ The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Friese (Mecklenburg), the primitive bee Prosopis dilatata K., occasional; (Baden), the parasitic bee Nomada obtusifrons /Vy/. 4. Sickmann (Osnabriick), 3 Sphegids— 1. Crabro subterraneus /., fairly freq.; 2. Oxybelus bipunctatus O/v., occasional ; 3. Salius minutus v. d. £. Gerstacker (Berlin), the leaf-cutting bee Megachile argentata /., together with its parasite the small bee Coelioxys brevis Ev. (=C. erythropyga Foers/.). Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), the parasitic bee Nomada similis Aor. 9. Krieger (Leipzig), the fossorial wasp Cerceris labiata #. Schenck (Nassau), the delicate bee Halictus (Nomioides) pulchellus Schenck. Kohl (Tyrol), the fossorial wasp Crabro peltarius Schr. 9 and 6. MacLeod (Flanders), Apis, 3 hover-flies, and a Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 374); and also 2 humble-bees, 8 other Hymenoptera, 8 hover-flies, 4 other Diptera, a beetle, and 7 Lepidoptera (op. cit., v, 1893, pp. 438-9); (Pyrenees), a species of Halictus, a Lepidopterid, a beetle, and a hover-fly (op. cit., ili, 1891, p. 370). H. de Vries (Netherlands), 2 humble-bees—Bombus pratorum Z. 4, and B. terrester Z. ¥ (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). E. D. Marquard (Cornwall), 2 bees—Andrena nigriceps A., and Nomada obtusifrons Vy/. Willis (neighbourhood of the south coast of Scotland), the butterfly Pieris napi Z., skg. (‘ Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a humble-bee, a short-tongued bee, 2 Muscids, and 3 hover-flies (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 109). 1750. J. perennis Lam. (Kirchner, Jahreshefte Ver. Natk., Stuttgart, p. 227; MacLeod, ‘ Pyreneénbl.,’ p. 370.) Kirchner investigated this species in the Hohenheim Botanic Garden, and describes its mechanism as very similar to that of J. montana, though the bright-blue heads are much larger, being about 30 mm. in diameter. When the flower opens, the end of the style, laden with the reddish pollen, projects as a club-shaped swelling, much as in J. montana. The style itself may be of the same length as the erect corolla-lobes, or rather shorter. The latter diverge somewhat irregularly from one another, so that the shrivelled whitish anthers can be seen in the base of the flower. The blue style, at first about 6 mm. long, CAMPANULACEAE 27 elongates to some 12 mm., and when all the pollen adhering to it has been removed the whitish stigma expands. Automatic self-pollination is therefore excluded. VisiTors.—Kirchner observed butterflies (Vanessa urticae Z., and Epinephele janira Z.). MacLeod (Pyrenees) noticed a bee, a Lepidopterid, 2 flies, and a beetle. LIX. ORDER VACCINIACEAE LINDL. 518. Vaccinium L. Feebly protandrous bee flowers, or flowers with concealed nectar, which Sprengel says is secreted by a swelling on the ovary. There are appendages to the anthers, projecting laterally or vertically, and when insect visitors strike against these the pollen is shaken out. Hermann Miiller (‘ Fertilisation, p. 373) was at first inclined to doubt Sprengel’s view as to the position of the nectary, for he did not find the swelling on the ovary moist with nectar. He suggested that the swollen bases of the filaments were secretory in function. The latter view was adopted by Kerner (‘ Nat. Hist. Pl.” Eng. Ed. 1, II). Later on, however, Hermann Miiller admitted the correctness of Sprengel’s statement (‘Alpen- blumen,’ p. 381), and Ricca has convinced him- self that the swelling at the base of the style really does secrete nectar (Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871). Kerner says that in the species of Vaccinium automatic self-pollination is ultimately possible, for the flowers, though erect at first, become pendulous, so that pollen can fall on the stigma. 1751 Me Myrtillus I (Sprengel, Entd. Fic. 215. Vaccentum, L. (after Herm. Geh.,’ p. 230; Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ Matter). (1) Flower of V. Myrtillus Z., PP- 373-5, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 381; Lindmann, ()°52 Sf'valiginosum Z., soon from the ‘Bidrag till Kanned. om Fjellvaxt. Blomn. 0. _ side after removal of half the corolla (x 7). Befrukt.’; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, ii, 1891, p. 374, Vv, 1893, pp. 447-8; Loew, ‘Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 395 ; Knuth, ‘Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen..}—This species bears feebly protandrous bee flowers. These are bright-green in colour, with a reddish tinge, and odourless ; but in spite of their inconspicuousness they are very rich in nectar. Sprengel says that this is secreted by a white annular swelling on the ovary, surrounding the base of the style. The pendulous corolla is strongly ventricose, and its mouth is so contracted that only bees with a proboscis sufficiently long to reach the base of the flower are able to act as pollinating agents. The capitate stigma projects a little from the opening of the flower, and the head of an insect visitor therefore touches it before the anthers, which are hidden within the bell. The latter lie above the stigma and surround the style. They dehisce apically, and each of them possesses two long 28 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES diverging processes stretching as far as the corolla. When the proboscis of a bee is inserted into the bell it strikes against one of these processes, causing the dry powdery pollen to fall out of the opening of the corolla on to the visitor’s head. Should insect-visits fail, the pollen ultimately falls of its own accord on the edge of the stigma, effecting automatic self-pollination. Visirors.—Herm. Miiller saw the following bees in Westphalia.— 1. Andrena nigroaenea K. 6 (proboscis 34 mm. long), vainly trying to suck; 2. Apis mellifica Z. ¥, very freq. skg.; 3. Bombus agrorum /. 9, freq., skg., persistently visiting and holding on to the under-sides of the bells; 4. B. lapidarius LZ. 9, do., but not so freq.; 5. B. scrimshiranus X. 9, do.; 6. B. terrester LZ. 9, do. Alfken and Héppner (H.) observed the following at Bremen,— A. Diptera. (a) Aszidae: 1. Laphria flava Z. 4, skg. (H.). (4) Conopidae : 2. Conops vesicularis Z. 9 and 4, freq., skg. (H.); 3. Physocephala nigra Deg. 6, skg. (H.); 4. P.rufipes #. (c) Syrphidae: 5. Eristalis alpinus Pz. 9, skg.(H.). (@) Muscidae: 6. Sarcophaga carnaria Z. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: 7. Andrena albicans AZi2?. 9 (H.); 8. A. convexiuscula A. 8; 9. A. gwynana A. 9; 10. A. lapponica Zeét. 9 skg. and po-cltg. 6 skg.; 11. A. nigroaenea XK. (H.); 12. A. parvula A. 9; 13. A. varians A. 9 and é; 14. Apis mellifica Z.¥; 15. Bombus agrorum /. 9 and $; 16. B. der- hamellus A. 9 and é; 17. B. hortorum Z. 9; 18. B. jonellus X. ¥ very common, skg. and po-cltg. 8; 19. B. lapidarius Z.9 and ¥; 20. B. muscorum /.9; 21. B. pratorum L. 9 and ¥, skg.; 22. B. proteus Gers’. 9; 23. B. terrester Z. 9 and ¥, skg. and po- cltg.; 24. Halictus calceatus Scop. 9; 25. H. flavipes #. 9 (H.); 26. Nomada bifida Ths. 9; 27. N. borealis Ze/#. 9 (H.), skg.; 28. N. lineola Pz. (H.), skg.; 29. N. ruficornis Z. (=N. flava Pz. 9); 30. N. succincta Pz. 9 (H.), skg.; 31. Osmia rufa Z. ; 32. O. uncinata Gers¢ 3, skg.; 33. Psithyrus campestris Pz. 9, skg.; 34. P. vestalis Fourcr. 9, skg. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Knuth (Sachsenwalde), the honey-bee, and 3 humble-bees—r. Bombus agrorum F.9; 2.B.lapidarius Z.9 ; 3. B. terrester Z. 9, freq.,skg. Loew (Silesia) (‘ Beitrage,’ P- 54), 3 bees—1. Bombus latreillellus A. 3, skg.; 2. B. pratorum Z. ¥, skg.; 3. B. variabilis Schmzedekn. $, skg. | Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 4 bees—1. Andrena lapponica Ze//.; 2. Bombus jonellus A. 9; 3. B. mastrucatus Gers/.9; 4. Osmia corticalis Gers‘. Réssler (Wiesbaden), the Geometrid moth Halia brunneata Thundg. Friese in Alsace (A.), Baden (B.), and Thuringia (T.), 4 bees—1. Andrena lapponica Zett, not infreq. (B.); 2. Bombus mastrucatus Gers/. ¥ occasional (B.), 9 do. (A.); 3. Osmia corticalis Gers/.(T.); 4. O.vulpecula Gers/.(T.). Frey-Gessner (Switzerland), the bee Osmia nigriventris Ze//. (=O. corticalis Gers/.). Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), and Hoffer (Steiermark), the humble-bee Bombus mastrucatus Gers/. Morawitz (St. Petersburg), the bee Andrena fucata Sm. McLeod (Flanders), the humble- bee Bombus agrorum /”. 9 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 448); (Pyrenees), 3 humble-bees (op. cit., iii, 1891, p. 374). Willis and Burkill (Central Wales), 2 humble-bees—Bombus agrorum /,, freq., skg., and B. terrester Z., do. (‘Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part I). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 110). Schneider (Arctic Norway), 3 humble-bees—r1. Bombus lapponicus /.; 2. B. pratorum Z.; 3. B. scrimshiranus A. (Tromso Mus. Aarsh., 1894). Lindmann (Dovrefjeld), a humble-bee. 1752. V. uliginosum L. (Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 373-5, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 67, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 381 ; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 100, 113; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.) Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 107, 526; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 399..—Hermann Miiller says that the flower mechanism of this species agrees with that of the last, except as regards the following points.— VACCINIACEAE 29 The flowers are borne on taller bushes, are more numerous, and coloured red on the side next the sun, so that they are much more conspicuous than those of V. Myrtillus. As the opening of the flower is 3 mm. broad, small insects can push their heads and the front part of their bodies into the corolla. The stigma does not project from the flower as in V. myrtillus, but is situated a little way inside the corolla, so that the smaller bees (sp. of Andrena, Halictus, and Nomada) are obliged to touch it before their heads are dusted with pollen. (Cf Fig. 215.) V. Myrtillus, therefore, is adapted to the visits of a select number of the more industrious long-tongued bees, and V. uliginosum to those of a much larger set of insects, some with a long and others with a short proboscis. This has been confirmed by direct observation, as Hermann Miller emphasizes. Warming describes the flowers of the Arctic variety microphyllum Lange (Fig. 216) as first feebly protandrous and then homogamous: they are rather smaller than in the type form (Bot. Tids., Kjében- havn, 1895, pp. 47-9). Both cross- and self-pollination are possible, and it is probable that the latter may even take place pseudo-cleistogamously in the bud. Numerous fruits are set, even when insect- visits fail. Lindman says that the flowers of plants growing on the Dovrefjeld possess a strong aromatic odour, re- i Fic. 216. Vaccinium uligtnosum, L., var. microphyllum, Lange sembling that of pepper. The (after E. Warming). 4. Flower seen from the side. B. Do. from 5 ‘ below. C. Do. with part of corolla removed. D. Do. from below. corolla varies in length from £. Do. in longitudinal section. and G. Stamens. 7. End of style 5 to 7 mm. Although the withstigma. (4-£ x4}; F, G, AH x12.) anthers develop rather before the stigma, their pollen is not ripe until the latter has become receptive. The stigma and nectary are larger in the small flowers than in those of greater size. Ekstam says that the flowers are feebly protandrous, indeed almost homogamous, in the Swedish Highlands. In Greenland this variety is a low small-leaved shrub in habit, often with its branches running close to the ground, and with flowers usually only 3 mm. (rarely 6 mm.) long. Wormskjold says that it smells like woodruff, but Warming and Vanhoffen were unable to confirm this. The latter botanist collected ripe fruits on Stor6 as early as the beginning of July (Abromeit, ‘Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ pp. 59-62). VisiTors.—Verhoeff observed the following in Norderney.— A. Diptera. Afuscidae: 1. Lucilia caesar Z., a 9, skg. B. Hymenoptera. (2) Apidae: 2. Bombus hortorum Z., a 9, skg.; 3. B. lapidarius Z., 2 9, skg.; 4. B. proteus Gersz., a 9, skg.; 5. B. terrester Z., a 9, skg.; 6. Psithyrus rupestris /”, a 9, skg.; 7. P. vestalis Pourcr. 9, freq., skg. (6) Formicidae: 8. Formica fusca L. (= Rasse fusca Forel) ¥, skg. 30 ANGOISPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES Herm. Miiller saw 3 humble-bees in the Alps, and gives the following list for Westphalia.— A. Diptera. (a) Emprdae: 1. Empis opaca F., skg., extraordinarily numerous. (6) Aluscidae: 2. Echinomyia fera Z., repeatedly, skg. (c) Syrphidae: 3. Eristalis arbustorum Z., in very great numbers, skg.; 4. E. horticola Deg., one, skg.; 5. E. intricarius Z., do.; 6. Rhingia rostrata Z., freq., skg. B. Hymenoptera. Aprdae: 7. Andrena atriceps A’. 6, skg.; 8. A. fulva Schr. 9, skg.; 9. A. gwynana A. 9, skg.; 10. A. nigroaenea KX. 9 and 6, skg.; 11. A. pilipes /”. , skg.; 12. Apis mellifica Z. 8, freq., skg.; 13. Bombus agrorum /. 9, skg.; 14. B. confusus Schenck 9, skg.; 15. B. horiorum Z. ¥, skg.; 16. B. sylvarum Z. 9, skg.; 17. B. pratorum Z. 9, skg.; 18. B. terrester Z. 9, in large numbers, skg.; 19. Colletes cunicularius Z. 9, skg. ; 20. Halictus cylindricus /. 9, skg.; 21. H. flavipes F. 9, skg.; 22. H. rubicundus Chr. 9, skg.; 23. H. sexnotatus KX. 9, skg.; 24. H. sexstrigatus Schenck 9, skg.; 25. H. zonulus Sm. 9, one, skg.; 26. Nomada ferruginata A. 9, skg.; 27. N. ruficornis L. 9, skg.; 28. N. sexcincta K. 6, skg.; 29. N. succincta Pz. 9, one, skg.; 30. Osmia rufa Z. 9, skg.; 31. Psithyrus campestris Pz. 9, skg.; 32. P. vestalis Fourcr. 9, do. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 33. Lycaena argiolus Z., skg.; 34. Thecla rubi Z., do. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated — Knuth (North Frisian Islands), Apis, a humble-bee, and a hover-fly. Loew (on the Albula, in the Alps), 2 humble-bees (Bombus alpinus Z. 9, and B. alticola Arché. ¥) and a hover-fly (Sericomyia lappona Z.). Frey (canton Graubiinden), the Tortricid moth Phoxopteryx myrtillana Zr. Schneider (Arctic Norway), 3 humble-bees— 1. Bombus lapponicus #.; 2. B. pratorum Z.; 3. B. scrimshiranus A. (Tromse Mus. Aarsh., 1894). Lindman (Dovrefjeld), a humble-bee. 1753. V. Vitis-Idaea L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 380-1; Warming, ‘Bestévningsmaade,’ p. 7; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; Ricca, Atti Soc. ital, sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 3, 1871.)—This species is homogamous. The flowers are white in colour, often with a reddish tinge, widely open, and oblique. Nectar is secreted as in the last species, and the passage to it is covered by the stamens, of which the filaments are clothed with hairs externally and laterally. The anthers closely surround the style, are produced into tubes, and dehisce apically, allowing some pollen to escape when insect visitors strike against them. The stigma matures at the same time as Fic. 217. Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, L. (after Herm. the anthers, and are first touched by Miller). 4. Flower in longitudinal section (x 5). ee P B. Stamen seen from the inner side (« 7). C Do. Visitors, which then press the latter apart from theouter side. a, anther ; m,nectary ; 0v,ovary; and get dusted with pollen. Crossing ~, corolla; s, calyx: s#, stigma. is therefore ensured by insect-visits. Warnstorf describes the flowers as protogynous, with a style which may be only as long as the stamens, equal in length to the corolla, or exserted. The flowers are not infrequently male by suppression of the pistil. The white filaments are covered with hairs externally as well as marginally, and such of these hairs as are situated in the base of the flower serve as nectar-covers. The pollen-grains are white in colour, VACCINIACEAE 31 irregularly tetrahedral or of indeterminate shape, tuberculate, up to 44 m in diameter. Visitors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Knuth (Usedom, where the plant covers large tracts), Apis and 3 humble-bees (1. Bombus hortorum Z. 9; 2. B. lapidarius Z. ¥; 3. B. terrester Z. ¥), all freq., skg. A. Rése (Thuringia), two humble-bees—Bombus hortorum Z., and B. terrester Z. Alfken (Bremen), 4 humble-bees—1. Bombus jonellus A. 9; 2. B. muscorum fF. 9; 3. B. proteus Gers/.9; 4. B.terrester £.9. Friese (Thuringia), the bee Osmia nigriventris Ze‘, Herm. Miiller (Alps), Apis and 3 humble-bees. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), an Empid and a Muscid (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 111). The arctic variety pu- milum Hornem. (Green- land, Labrador) has been investigated by Warming, who describes it as follows (Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, 1895; Pp. 44-6).— The flowers vary in size, sometimes being only half as large as those of the type form, though re- latively broader. In these small flowers the style only bh h g h Fic. 218. Vaccintune Vitis-Idaea, L. (after E. Warming). A-G. reaches to the mouth of Var. pumilum, from Greenland. A, B. Larger flowers. C.D: cor where Smaller flowers. &£, 7. Astamenfrom 4. G. Nectary. H. Type- the ° olla, bbs the form, from Stockholm. (4-D, A x 4.) anthers are situated, so that self-pollination can easily take place. But in the larger ones the style projects from the corolla, as in the type form (Fig. 218). Fruits are only set in warm years. Ekstam describes the flowers as feebly protandrous, odourless, and 4-8 mm. in diameter. 1754. V. Oxycoccos L. (=Oxycoccos palustris Pers.). (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. 228-9; Herm. Miiller, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, pp. 67-9; Warming, ‘ Best6vnings- maade’; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl. Eng. Ed. 1, I, p. 107; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—Although Kerner gives an admirable account of the flower mechanism of this species, he failed to observe that the visits of bees inevitably effect crossing. The red wheel-shaped corolla is reflexed, and Sprengel says that the anthesis of individual flowers lasts for eighteen days. As in other species, the nectar is sheltered from rain by the pendulous position of the flower, and Kerner says it is protected against unbidden guests by the stamens, which closely surround the style. Hermann Miiller points out that the stamens are also the means by which bees of suitable size are forced to effect crossing. They are so greatly broadened as to form a tube round the style, their outer surface is rough with short hairs, and their closely apposed edges are beset with longer curly hairs, so closely interwoven that a nectar-seeking insect is unable to succeed in penetrating between them. The anthers are borne on the inner sides of the filaments, and each 32 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES of them is produced into a pair of tubes as long as itself, open at the tip, and closely embracing the style. In order to get at the nectar, bees must climb on to the flowers from below, and thrust their proboscis between the tubular prolongation of the anthers, from which pollen falls upon their heads. Since the stigma is the part projecting furthest from the corolla, it is first touched by the pollen-covered heads of bee visitors, so that crossing must necessarily take place. Lindman says that automatic self- pollination is not assured in the var. pusz//a Rupr., owing to the great distance between stigma and anthers, but Warming is of opinion that in Greenland it may take place in the bud, for very numerous fruits are set there. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white in colour, and up to 50 » in diameter. VisiTors.—In spite of long and careful watching I have never been able to observe any, nor was Herm. Miiller more successful. The latter adds that though honey-bees quench their thirst with the water which permeates the masses of Sphagnum in the immediate neighbourhood of the flowers, they do not trouble about these. He also correlates the very long time for which anthesis lasts with the sparsity of insect-visits. Scott-Elliot observed 2 Muscids, which were obviously useless guests (‘Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 111). - LX. ORDER ERICACEAE LINDL, (including Rhodoraceae A7o/sch, and Pyrolaceae Lzndl.). LitzratTurE.—Knuth, ‘Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,’ p. 70; Drude, in Engler u. Prantl., ‘D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,’ IV, 1, p. 25. Flowers usually in racemes, rarely (Andromeda) in umbels: nectar concealed in the base of the corolla. The anthers generally possess two processes which reach the corolla, are struck by insect visitors, and serve as levers for scattering the pollen, which consists in many species of loosely connected tetrads. 1. Tripe ARBUTEAE. 519. Arctostaphylos Adans. Homogamous or feebly protogynous humble-bee flowers, with nectar secreted by a fleshy ring surrounding the ovary. Kerner states that automatic self-pollination can ultimately take place as in Vaccinium. 1755. A. Uva-ursi Spreng. (=A. officinalis Wmm. e¢ Grad., and Arbutus Uva-ursi Z.). (Herm. Miiller, ‘Alpenblumen,’ pp. 385-8.)—The pendulous flowers of this species are arranged in short terminal racemes, and the corollas are almost conical bells. ‘The nectar does not remain adhering to the nectary, but is sheltered in ten pits which surround it at the base of the corolla. It is prevented from running away by the dense hairy covering of the filaments and inner surface of the corolla. It is also protected against unbidden guests by long erect hairs at the opening of the corolla. The ten filaments are narrow at their bases, and then enlarge very quickly to form a ring surrounding the ovary, afterwards narrowing again, but continuing to remain apposed to the ovary for some distance. Their ends project beyond ERICACEAE 33 the ovary, running parallel to the style, and each of them bears two inwardly directed anther-lobes, which open by pores below, and are produced into tail-like appendages extending to the corolla. Only the most skilful insects, humble-bees and bees, are able to get at the nectar quickly and easily, by hanging on to the flower from below and probing for it through the small opening of the corolla. In doing this the proboscis is almost certain to touch, and if previously dusted with pollen to pollinate the stigma, which lies a little distance within the opening of the corolla and is covered with a thick sticky fluid. It next strikes against one or more of the 20 tail-like anther-appendages, causing some of the smooth pollen-grains (loosely aggregated into te- trads) to fall upon it. Cross- ing is thus ensured by insect- visits. Kerner states that the flowers are very feebly pro- togynous. Towards the end of anthesis, should insect- visits fail, pollen falls upon the stigma, which is at a lower level than the anthers, so that automatic self-pollina- tion is possible as a last resort. In plants observed by Lindman on the Dovrefjeld the flowers were strongly fragrant. The appendages of the anthers are much shorter in this locality than in the Alps, but the edge of the stigma is produced into a rim, so that automatic Fic. 219. Arctostaphylos Uva-urst, Spreng. (after Herm. Miiller). e ‘ ‘ A. Flower seen from the side (x 3). 8. Do. from below. C. Sketch self- pollination can more of interior of bud shortly before opening (x 7). _D. Stamen (x 15). : s £. Flower cut through transversely under the anthers, seen from o ig easily be effected. Werming below (x 7). ¥. Calyx, ovary, and nectary, seen from ‘below (* 7). states (‘ Arkt. Vaxt. Biol., G. Ovary and nectary turned up, and seen from the side (x 7). ALA _ flower perforated by Bombus mastrucatus. a, anthers; yg», style; Pp. 18-21) that autogamy 1S x, nectary; ov, ovary; #, petals; s, sepals; sé, stigma. also easily possible in Green- land, and is effective. In that country the flowers are homogamous, while the anthers dehisce and the stigma becomes receptive in the bud. Vistrors.—The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Herm. Miiller (Alps), 3 humble-bees skg. legitimately and one perforating the flowers, a Lepidopterid (as an unbidden guest), and Thrips (do.). Lindman, 2 humble-bees. MacLeod (Pyrenees), a humble-bee (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 374). H®6ppner (Bremen), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. 9, skg. DAVIS, HY D 34 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 1756. A. alpina Spreng. (=Arbutus alpina Z.). (Warming, ‘Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,’ pp- 13-18.)—This species has so far been investigated in northern habitats, but not in alpine ones. The pendulous ovoid flowers are 5-6 mm. long, and arranged in short terminal racemes. Warming says that in Greenland they are either homogamous or feebly protogynous. In that country the plant blossoms very early in the neigh- bourhood of snow- and ice-fields, and sets fruit abundantly. There is a strong autogamous tendency, for the pollen falls very easily on the large sticky stigma which lies below the anthers, and this is found to be dusted with it soon after the flower opens. The fall of pollen is checked, how- ever, by the narrow opening of the corolla and the hairs which line it. The appen- dages of the anthers are less well developed than in A. Uva-ursi, and in specimens from Greenland may be en- lirely absent. (Cf Fig. 220.) 520. Arbutus L. 1757. A. Unedo L. (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ pp. Fic. 220. Arctostaphylos alpina, Spreng. (after E. Warming). A, 8. External view and longitudinal section of a flower; though 240-1.)— only just opened, the pollen has fallen from the anthers(x 4). C. An anther from the same flower; there are no appendages. 2. Longi- Visirors. — Schletterer tudinal section through a flower with a tolerably short style (x 8). £, F, G. Anthers and filaments in various positions and of different observed at Pola—r. The ages(x 20). #7, /. Anthers from a bud (x 20). | A. Longitudinal beautiful humble-bee Bombus section through a flower with a long style. |Z. Limb and opening of a corolla, from below; the stigma can be seen within the latter argillaceus Scop., on fine (limb about 24 mm. and aperture 1 mm. in diameter). ™M. Tetrad of : N b d pollen-grains. days in ovember an December; 2. Bombus ter- rester Z., freq., in September, October, and November.— ‘Qn sunny days when there was no wind it was also occasionally seen in January. I noticed it frequently during the Christmas season up to the end of January on the late blossoms of the strawberry-tree.’ 1758. A. Andrachne L. (Entleutner, Ost. bot. Zs., Wien, xxxix, 1889.)— VisiTors.—In some of the flowers of this species at Meran, Entleutner noticed smal] Muscids held fast by the tangled hairs, suffering the penalty of death for their greediness. He also mentions that some insects had ‘bitten through the flower-urn close to the calyx.’ ERICACEAE 35 2. Trine ANDROMEDEAE. 521. Andromeda L. Flowers usually homogamous, with concealed nectar secreted at the base of the ovary. 1759. A. Polifolia L. (Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik, p. 270; Warming, * Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.” pp. 19-21.)—In this species five or more delicate pendent flowers are arranged in an almost umbellate inflorescence at the end of the stem. The bright- red peduncles are about three times as long as the flowers, which are 3 mm. in length and of about the same breadth. The bell-shaped corolla-tube is red in colour, while the teeth are white with five reddish longitudinal streaks. Loew describes the bell as pos- sessing a pentagonal opening about 14 mm. broad, formed entirely by the short reflexed corolla-lobes. The inside of the corolla is clothed with hairs, and the filaments are also hairy. In this way the nectar secreted by ten swell- ings at the base of the ovary # \ is protected, and pollen is @ Na) prevented from falling out of a. the flower. FIG. 221. Andromeda Poltfolia, L.(after E.Warming). 4. Dia- The stigma is receptive gram of a flower with its bract and bracteoles. B. The end of 2 a flowering branch; below are two foliage-leaves with small leaf-buds when the flower opens, in their axils; above these a third foliage-leaf has been removed to Sa: les iy ‘ show the further developed leaf-bud in its axil. Above this again are is situated in the Opening two bracts respectively subtending a flower-bud (/) and a fully of the corolla, and pro- developed flower; between these are closely apposed bracteoles (x 3). : C. Longitudinal section through a mature flower. D. A flower seen jects beyond the dark-brown from above (x 4). &. An anther (* 20). F. Pollen. G. Ovary anthers, which Loew says with nectary and 2 stamens (x 8). H, I. End of the style, and 3 , stigma. mature simultaneously in the March of Brandenburg. In normal flowers the anther-pores are directed inwards, and the appendages outwards. The nectar can be reached by a proboscis of 4-44 mm. long. Warming states that in the arctic plants he examined automatic self-pollination could be effected, should insect-visits fail, by fall of pollen on to the stigma, which completely fills the narrow opening of the corolla. Lindman, whose observations were made on the Dovrefjeld, says that the stigma becomes Teceptive in the bud, and he sometimes found pollen-grains on its edge, which is beset with five small rounded projections. In other cases he noticed pollen on the under-side of the stigma, suggesting insect-visits. Visirors.—Alfken (Bremen) noticed 2 humble-bees (Bombus lapidarius Z. 9, not freq., skg., and B. muscorum /. 9, freq., skg., persistently visiting this species, but avoiding other nectar-yielding plants, e.g. Ajuga, growing close by) and a butter- fly (Thecla rubi Z., very freq., skg.). 36 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 522. Cassiope D. Don. Bell-shaped pendulous flowers, with nectar secreted by yellow nectaries at the base of the ovary. 1760. C, tetragona D. Don. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjébenhavn, xv, 1885, pp. 25-9-)}—Warming thinks this arctic species possibly belongs to flower class Lm. The yellowish-white flowers exhale an odour of hawthorn, especially towards evening. The pollen is scattered by the impact of the proboscis of insect visitors against the diverging appendages of the anthers. Crossing by insects is possible, but in Greenland automatic _ self- pollination generally takes place while the flowers are Fic. 222. Casstope tetragona, D. Don (after E. Warming). closed. A. Diagram of a flower seen from the side (x 4). 8. A stamen. The species is abundant C. Diagrammatic plan of the same. D. Longitudinal section of 5 2 a flower (x 4). £&. Stamens and stigma seen fri m below (» 10). on heaths In Spitzbergen, and Ekstam says _ that its pendulous flowers erect themselves when anthesis is over (‘Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. Spitzbergen,’ p. 9). It blossoms in that island from the end of June to the middle of September, and sets abundant fruits (Andersson and Hesselman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens 0. Beeren Eil. Karlvixtflora,’ p. 18). Vanhoffen was unable to perceive the odour of hawthorn described by Warming (Abromeit, ‘ Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski’s Grénlandsexped.,’ p. 49). Visttors.—Ekstam observed numerous small insects in Spitzbergen. 1761. C. hypnoides D. Don (=Andromeda hypnoides Z.). (Warming, op. cit., pp. 29-31.)—Warming describes the flowers of this species as white with purple-red corolla-lobes. They are more widely open than those of the last species, and Lindman says that they possess a tolerably strong odour. Warming found the species to be homogamous in Greenland, but on the Dovre- fjeld Lindman observed that the flowers were at first pro- Fic. 223. Casstope hypnoides, D. Don (after E. Warming). togynous, afterwards becoming A. Flower in longitudinal section, seen from the side (x 4). &. Do., o s 3 seen from below ( 4). C.Style(x 5). 2. A stamen, seen from homogamous. Autogamy result the side. &.Ananthcer. &. A stamen, seen from the inner side. ing in the setting of numerous fruits apparently takes place before the flowers open, by fall of pollen upon the clearly defined stigma, which is covered with a sticky resinous fluid. (C/ Fig. 223.) Vanhoffen compares the species to a Polytrichum in habit, and he found it in Greenland with numerous (? last year’s) fruits, collected together under the delicate ERICACEAE 37 white flowers, the corolla-lobes of which are of a purple-red colour (op. cit., p. 49). Nathorst found it in full bloom in Spitzbergen (1. 8.’68) (Andersson and Hesselman, op. cit., p. 12). 3. Tripe ErRicEar. 523. Calluna Salisb. Feebly protandrous, pinkish-red, rarely white flowers, aggregated into racemes ; with concealed nectar, secreted in the base of the flower by eight little swellings alternating with the filaments. 1762. C. vulgaris Salisb. (=Erica vulgaris Z.). (Sprengel, ‘Entd. Geh.,’ p. 230; Herm. Miller, ‘Fertilisation, pp. 377-80, ‘Alpenblumen,’ p. 382, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ III, p. 67; Lindman, ‘ Bidrag till Kanned. om Skandin. Fjellvaxt. Blomn. o. Befrukt.’; Verhoeff, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. Ins. Norderney’; de Vries, Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, v, 1893; Knuth, ‘BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 101, 163, ‘ Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a.d. nordfr. Ins.,’ pp. 227, 238; Kerner, ‘Nat. Hist. Pl.,’ Eng. Ed. 1, Il, p. 139; Loew, ‘ Bliitenbiol. Floristik,’ p. 390; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.)—The attraction of insects effecting cross-pollination is brought about by the enlarged red, rarely white calyx, the aggregation of the flowers into dense unilateral racemes, and last, but not least, by the asso- Eero Fic. 224. Calluna vulgarts, Saltsb. (after Herm. Miller). ciation together of vast numbers (1) Older flower, seen almost directly from below. (2) Younger of plants do., after removal of half the calyx and corolla, seen from the side. Pp : (3) Astamen. a, sepals; 4, petals; c, appendages of the anthers; Hermann Miiller describes 4, nectary; ¢, openings of the anthers; /, filaments; g, style. the flowers as feebly protan- drous, with small bells 2-3 mm. in length. The stamens and pistil are so bent up in the almost horizontal blossoms that the nectar is conveniently accessible from below. The larger insects (bees and humble-bees) hang on to the flowers, pulling them down by their weight, and suck from below; the smaller ones, on the contrary, push their head or proboscis into the flowers from the front in order to secure nectar, and in doing so get dusted with pollen from above. The anthers dehisce in the bud, and their rough appendages, beset with stiff erect hairs, so block the outer part of the flower that a proboscis probing for nectar is obliged to strike against them, when pollen is showered down. The four-lobed stigma projects considerably beyond the tips of the anthers, and does not usually become receptive until all the pollen is shed, though some of this may previously adhere to it. Crossing is therefore ensured by insect-visits, and automatic self- pollination is excluded. Kerner states that the flowers are only at first adapted to insect-pollination, becoming anemophilous later on. The secretion of nectar then ceases, the filaments 38 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES elongate, so that the anthers become exserted, and the pollen is carried by the wind to the stigmas of younger flowers. (Cf Vol. I, p. 71.) Warnstorf describes the pollen-masses as containing 3 or 4 grains of whitish colour, irregular, beset with rows of tubercles, and 37-44 mw in diameter. VisiTors.—Knuth observed the following in Schleswig-Holstein.— A. Diptera. All skg. or po-dvg.: Syrphidae: 1. Eristalis tenax Z.; 2. Sy- ritta pipiens Z.; 3. Syrphus balteatus Der.; 4. S. sp. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: all skg. 5. Apis mellifica Z.; 6. Bombus cognatus Sveph. ¥; 7. B. terrester L. ¥ ; 8. Psithyrus rupestris #3. C. Lepidoptera. Allskg. (a) Moctuddae: g. Plusia gamma ZL. (6) Rhopalocera: 10. Coenonympha pamphilus Z.; 11. Polyommatus phlaeas Z. Herm. Miiller gives the following list— A. Diptera, (a) A/usctdae: 1. Sarcophaga carnaria Z., skg. (4) Syrphidae : 2. Cheilosia longula Zeé/.; 3. C. scutellata Fal/., skg.; 4. Chrysotoxum octoma- culatum Cur/, do.; 5. Melithreptus scriptus Z., do.; 6. Sericomyia borealis Fadl, do. (Thuringia); 7. Syritta pipiens Z., do.; 8. Syrphus sps., do. B. Hymeno- ptera. (a) Apidae: 9. Andrena dorsata K. 9, skg. and po-cltg.; ro. A. fulvicrus A. 9, skg.; 11. A. fuscipes A. 9 and 6, do.; 12. A. lapidarius Z. ¥, do.; 13. A. parvula A’ 9, skg. and po-cltg.; 14. A. simillima Sv. 9 and 6, do.; 15. Apis mellifica L. %, extremely numerous, skg.; 16. Bombus terrester Z. 9, ¥ and 4, skg. (also in the Alps); 17. Diphysis serratulae Pz. 9, skg.; 18. Halictus cylindricus F. 4, do. ; 1g. Saropoda bimaculata Pz. 9, do., with heather-pollen among its collecting-hairs ; 20. Sphecodes gibbus Z. 9, skg. (4) Tespidae: 21. Vespa holsatica #. ¥, skg. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 22. Vesperia thaumas A/n. (=V. linea IV. V.), skg. D. Thysanoptera. 23. Thrips, freq. Alfken and Héppner (H.) observed the following at Bremen.— A. Diptera. (a) Bombylidac: 1. Systoechus sulphureus ALzk. (6) sVuserdae : 2. Echinomyia grossa Z.; 3. E. tessellata . (c) Syrphidae: 4. Arctophila mussi- tans #.; 5. Chrysotoxum festivum Z.; 6. Syrphus pyrastri Z.; 7. Volucella bom- bylans Z. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 8. Andrena argentata Sm. 9; 9. A. fuscipes A. 9 and 4; ro. A. nigriceps A. gand 6; 11. A. thoracica F. 9, skg., 2nd gen.; 12. Apis mellifica Z., very common; 13. Bombus agrorum /. 4, 9 and ¥; 14. B. arenicola Zs. ¥ and 4 (H.); 15. B. confusus Schenck §; 16. B. derhamellus A. 6 ; 17. B. distinguendus A/or. 9, skg.(H.); 18. B. hortorum LZ. (=B. nigricans Schmzedekn.) small §, skg.; rg. B. jonellus A. , in great numbers, up to end of September, skg., g and ¥: 20. B. lapidarius Z. ¥ and 6; 21. B. lucorum Z. ¥; 22. B. muscorum Ff. 9, ¥ and 4; 23. B. proteus Gers/. 6; 24. B. terrester ZL. 6; 25. B. variabilis Schmiedekn. 9, 9 and & (H.); 26. Colletes succinctus Z. 9 skg. and po-cltg., é skg.; 27. Dufourea vulgaris Schenck 9 skg. and po-cltg., 4 skg.; 28. Halictoides inermis Ay/. 8; 29. Halictus calceatus Scop. 9 and 4; 30. H. leucozonius Schr. 6 ; 31. H. punctulatus A. 6; 32. H. rubicundus Cfr. 6; 33. H. sexnotatulus Wy/. $; 34. Nomada brevicornis Afocs. 5, skg.; 35. N. jacobaeae Pz. 9, skg.; 36. N. obtusi- frons /Vj7. 9, skg.; 37. N. roberjeotiana Pz. 9, skg.; 38. N. solidaginis Pz. 9 and 4, skg.; 39. Prosopis pictipes Wy/.&; 40. Psithyrus campestris Pz. 9 and é (H.); 41. P. rupestris #. 3. (0) Sphegidae: 42. Cerceris arenaria Z. 9 and 6 skg.; 43. Mellinus arvensis Z. 9 and 4. do. (c) Yenthredinidae: 44. Athalia lugens Ths. ; 45. A. rosae LZ. Willis and Burkill record the following for Central Wales (‘ Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part 1).— A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Calliphora erythrocephala Afg,; 2. Onesia cognata AZe.; 3. O. sepulcralis Mg.; 4. Lucilia cornicina #, freq.; 5. Pollenia tudis #. (d) Syrphidae: 6. Eristalis tenax Z., freq., skg.; 7. Melanostoma scalare ERICACEAE 39 f, skg.; 8. Platycheirus manicatus J/g.; 9. Sericomyia borealis Flor. B. Hy- menoptera. (a) Afzdac: 10. Bombus agrorum F., skg.; 11. B. hortorum Z., do.; 12. B. lapidarius Z., do. ; 13. B. lapponicus #, do. ; 14. B. scrimshiranus X., do.; 15. B. terrester Z., freq., skg. (6) Formicidae: 16. Formica fusca Z., skg. (c) Vespidae: 14. Vespa vulgaris Z., skg. C. Lepidoptera. All skg.: (a) Rho- palocera: 18. Coenonympha pamphilus Z.; 19. Lycaena icarus Rof/.; 20. Polyom- matus phlaeas Z.; 21. Vanessa urticae L. (4) Aficrolepidoptera: 22. Undetermined species. Willis saw the following in the neighbourhood of the south coast of Scotland (‘ Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,’ Part 1).— A. Diptera. (a) A/uscrdae: 1. Anthomyia radicum Z., skg.; 2. A. sp., po- dvg.; 3. Limnophora sp., do.; 4. Scatophaga stercoraria Z., freq., po-dvg.; 5. Themira minor /al., freq., skg. (5) Syrphidae: 6. Platycheirus albimanus /”, freq., skg. and po-dvg.; 7. P. manicatus JZg., freq., skg.; 8. Sericomyia borealis //or., freq., po-dvg. B. Hymenoptera. Apzdae: g. Apis mellifica Z., very common, skg.; 10. Bombus agrorum #, freq., skg.; 11. B. pratorum Z., skg.; 12. B. scrim- shiranus A., do.; 13. B. terrester Z., freq., skg. C. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopa- locera: 14. Polyommatus phlaeas Z., skg. (6) Zortrictdae: 15. Teras aspersana Flub., skg. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated.— Sickmann (Osnabriick), the fossorial wasp Mellinus arvensis Z. (Hollingsholt- hausen), the fossorial wasp M. sabulosus Z. Verhoeff (Norderney).—A. Diptera. (a) Bibionidae: 1. Dilophus vulgaris AZg., freq. (4) Afuscrdae: 2. Calliphora erythro- cephala Jfg., freq.; 3. Lucilia latifrons Schz., do. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 4. Bombus lapidarius Z. 9, ¥ and 9, freq., skg.; 5. B. terrester Z. ¥, not infrequent, skg.; 6. Psithyrus rupestris #. 6, skg. Loew (Brandenburg), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F/”. ¥, skg. (‘Beitrage, p. 41). Krieger (Leipzig), 7 bees—r1. Andrena fuscipes A. 9 and é; 2. Bombus hypnorum Z. ¥; 3. B. soroénsis & ¥ and $; 4. B. terrester £. Y¥ and é; 5. B. variabilis Schmzedehn.d; 6. Nomada solidaginis Pz.; 7. Psithyrus vestalis Pourcr. 9 and 6. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 4 bees—r. Andrena argentata Sm.; 2. A. pubescens A. (=A. fuscipes X.); 3. Bombus terrester Z.&: 4. Nomada solidaginis Pz. Réssler (Wiesbaden), the moth Agrotis castanea L£sp.. and remarks, ‘This moth confirms the often quoted axiom that Lepidoptera appear to pay attention to their food-plant mostly at the time when it comes into bloom.’ Friese, in Baden (B.), Hungary (H.), Fiume (F.), and Mecklenburg (M.), 4 bees—1. Andrena fuscipes A. (B., not infreq.; M., freq.); 2. Colletes succinctus L.(F. and M., freq.; H., occasional); 3. Epeolus variegatus Z. (B. and M., occa- sional); 4. Nomada jacobaeae Pz. (B., one 9), Schiner (Austria), the Muscid Siphona geniculata M/g. Frey (Switzerland), 4 moths—1. Grapholitha mendiculana 7r.; 2. Pholopteryx unguicella Z.; 3. Gelechia ericetella Hd.; 4. Plemota bicostella C/. Schletterer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), 7 bees—1. Bombus alticola A7vchd.; 2. B. confusus Schenck; 3. B. mastrucatus Gerst.; 4. B. sylvarum Z.; 5. B. variabilis Schmiedekn.; 6. Colletes succinctus Z.; 7. Sphecodes ephippius Z. Ducke (Austrian Silesia), the bee Andrena simillima Sm. Hoffer (Steiermark), the bee Andrena argentata Sm., po-cltg. Gerstacker (Upper Bavaria), the alpine humble-bee Bombus alticola Archd.$ and ¥. MacLeod (Flanders), Apis, 3 humble-bees, 3 other Hymeno- ptera, g hover-flies, 5 other flies, and 7 Lepidoptera (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 449-50); (Pyrenees), only a hover-fly (Syritta sp.) (op. cit., iii, 1891, p- 373). H. de Vries (Netherlands), 3 bees—r. Apis mellifica Z. ¥; 2. Bombus subterraneus ZL. ¥; 3. B. terrester Z., 6 and ¥ (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). Lindman (Dovrefjeld), a humble-bee. Morawitz (St. Petersburg), 2 bees—1. Andrena argentata Sm.; 2. A. nigriceps A. Smith (England), the bee Colletes succinctus Z. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), Apis, 4 humble-bees, several flies and Lepidoptera (‘ Flora of Dumfriesshire,’ p. 112). 40 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 524. Erica L. The species of this genus belong to flower classes H, L, LH, C, and An. 1763. E. Tetralix L. (Herm. Miiller, ‘Fertilisation,’ pp. 376-7, ‘ Weit. Beob.,’ Ill, p. 67; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 450-1; Schulz, ‘ Beitrage’; Knuth, ‘Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ p. 161, ‘ Weit. Beob. ti. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,’ 238.}—This species belongs to the class of bee flowers. The pendulous red flower bells, aggregated into capitulo-umbellate inflorescences, make the plant very conspicuous. Hermann Miiller says that their mechanism agrees with those of Vaccinium Myrtillus and V. uliginosum. The flower bell is 7 mm. long, and its central part 4 mm. broad. 3 yi The ovary is sessile in the bottom of the flower, “ Wen and its base is surrounded by a blackish annular nectary, the secretion of which accumulates where | ip itis formed. The blackish sticky stigma occupies ta li ; \\ the narrow (only 2 mm.) opening of the corolla, y or even projects from it, so that an insect visitor hanging on to the blossom and probing for nectar must first touch this, effecting cross-pollination if another flower has previously been visited. At the same time the insect’s proboscis is moistened with the sticky stigmatic fluid, and made ready to receive a fresh supply of pollen. The down- wardly directed anther-pores are situated some- what above the stigma, and the pairs of long pointed thorn-like anther-processes stretch as far oe as the wall of the bell. Immediately after the proboscis of a nectar-seeking insect has touched Fic. 225. Erica Tetralix, L. (after ‘ , . - Herm. Miller). A flower from'which the the stigma, it strikes against some of these pro- Dy eet eee cesses, and some of the dry powdery pollen falls same; d, stamens (partly displaced); ¢,the from the anther-pores upon the front part of its downwardly directed openings of the an- : : . thers; / appendages of the anthers, which head, adhering to the part previously made sticky arejstruck against by the proboscis of in- = with stigmatic fluid. When the next flower is sects probing the flower; g, nectary; 4, ovary; 7, style; &, stigma. visited crossing must take place, the head of the insect being at the same time sprinkled with more pollen. Failing insect-visits, automatic self-pollination is effected by fall of pollen on the edge of the stigma. I have not myself determined whether the flowers become anemophilous towards the end of anthesis. A proboscis 7 mm. long is required to obtain the nectar, and as that of the honey-bee is only 6 mm. in length, this zealous visitor is unable to suck legitimately. It therefore perforates the bell somewhere about the middle, and steals the nectar through the aperture. Hermann Miiller, however, observed it sucking autumn flowers in the normal fashion, and he thinks that these are perhaps a little smaller than those developed in the warmer part of the year, so that the proboscis of the honey-bee may be long enough to get at the nectar legitimately (cf my remark below). ERICACEAE 4I Visirors.—Herm, Miiller gives the following list for Westphalia — A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Rhingia rostrata Z., very common, skg.; 2. Volu- cella bombylans Z., freq., skg.; 3. V. haemorrhoidalis Ze//., one, skg.; 4. V. plumata L., repeatedly, skg. B. Hymenoptera.