ALBERT R. MANN

<<

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 1924

GAYLORD

Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924073872909

oO Bs ee cA 4

- 7
:
q
5
a) S
me
d fl
oe
7 ;=
: _.
-
i
:
°
+
a 7

a

ae

-

Production Note

Cornell University Library produced this
volume to replace the irreparably
deteriorated original. It was scanned using
Xerox software and equipment at 600 dots per
inch resolution and compressed prior to
storage using CCITT Group 4 compression. The
digital data were used to create Cornell's
replacement volume on paper that meets the
ANSI Standard Z239.48-1984. The production of
this volume was supported by the National
Endowment for the Humanities. Digital file
copyright by Cornell University Library
UES) 2

Scanned asi part of “the A RR: Mann Library
project to preserve and enhance access to
the Core Historical Literature One the
Agricultural Sciences. Titles included in
this collection are listed in the volumes
published by the Cornell University Press in
the series THE LITERATURE OR THE
AGRICULTURAT, SCEENGES, U991-1995,. Waldace: ‘c.
Olsen, series editor.

7 y
aN \.
e 4, ait %
ot, »
= “0 s e
= f a:
ee 1 , od
a 7
9 Xe - of

BGb- 2.

DIAS <MHOL
vemai

A eS 4) OLY, Oy
} , 9

a)

eS IOS

Dy : a) ° a= nN 2 t a ; tar ‘ ;
) Y a 7 a 5 ae mira “ed a7 =t % Le f ds <a a a : -
P St Sia Te ee |
ra _ i
ae

jw @bae~ ee ee

OAR *
PL Tepes ve the Has as Bye.” 2 ag

-

THE

JOHN - CRAIG

LIBRARY

COLLEGE

OF

AGRICULTURE

Male

FRUITS OF ONTARIO

1906

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURF, TORONTO.)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO:
Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1907

(my

i
\

Needy aa ; 4 Ss

ees

WARWICK BRO’S & RUTTER, Limitep, Pristers,
TORONTO.

To the Honourable WILLIAM MORTIMER CLARK, K.C.,
\ Licutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.
May 17 PLease Your Honoor:

I have the pleasure to preseut herewith for the consideration of your
Honour the Report on the Fruits of Ontario for 1906.

Respectfully submitted,
NELSON MONTEITH,

Minister of Agriculture.

- TORONTO, 1907.

[3]

s sos
: ; aa 4s 2
Rea CEE PELILIG GAiacvell od ot
eat EL eee ee ae
7» : Ce Pes | e is beaten Fi is a

, 7 oo ;
re ee ee a a ee Os Ma
; ——. 2 ota > [> = amin Z oy ~ . 4d semi hy +o

>-Eetitw ee i

*
% 7
st 44 7 pee
Seo 4 : 7 a
ee 1 a aa a ,
oJ
“
- i A Be?)
t
‘
7 fae
EY e
@
-
- *
ee
°
fe
: °
a

ye

CONTENTS.

[5]

TINTDRO DUCTION rss tes ek aarp ect ae acer tora cue tects PeSaSees Rt A en a ae Mee Beret
Tree Fruits : JDP AI NO! IGNGIIANAYE Sow osoaased sues aeeosguguuTomeneecasou be ataoe
Apple— Geographical Distribution and Cultural Directions..................
Wanlehiesseconimend ederyycrse terete cath oisriele i-mate are eae ea
Description of Varieties with Illustrations ..............-.
Cherry— Geographical Distribution and Cultural Directions .................
NWianleties ecommendedirsscm an eerscier ate st-nett i) ree lace earl
Description of Varieties with Illustrations ................-----005.
Peach -— Geographical Distribution and Cultural Directions.......
WarietiestRecommended tee re secre eerie ae a7 eee eye
Description of Varieties with Illustrations..................
Pear— Geographical Distribution and Cultural Directions..............
WarietiesiRecommendediaamr mers ce. acre een eerie eo arene
Description of Varieties with Illustrations................
Plun— Geographical Distribution and Cultural Directions.................-
iViarietiessReconmendedh mes meer aera caries teenie eee
Description of Varieties with Illustrations........................--
Quince— Geographical Distribution and Cultural Directions. ................
Wanieties! Recommendeday. ets tse eos ie eee el
Description of Varieties with Illustrations..........................
GRAPE— Geographical Distribution and Cultural Directions........... .....
MarietiessRecomm end Cec raee cn cian ieee aes tn Pate
Description of Varieties with Illustrations......................
JC INI S Tete IUNOINHIAVG ons Saadabecood cenoageasoDuebsseooety oa SHaeSEsONS
Blackberny——CullturaleDineetl omsere erry yeti erence cre tents eee ee are reer
WarietiessRecommendedesaa-ncnccce nner ence ane eeeeee
Description of Varieties with Illustrations........................4.
Currant — se Culturale Directions sea-ice eee eee ieee eee ere
WanietiessRecommend eden eeesssse Piao eee ae eee
Description of Varieties with Illustrations..........................
Gooseberry— Cultural Directions...................... Baa ch Steere eI trees EO
WarietiessRecoummend edema ter reesei Paes atten ee
Description of Varieties with Illustrations..........................
Raspberry — i CulturalbeDinectiomssseenrecri sai ce meer meer erent a
Wanrietics*Recommended sacs remeron ee eee ee en eee
Description of Varieties with Illustrations..........................
SrrRAWBERRY— CulturaleDinectionss-ete14s cece ee ee eee eee
Description of Varieties with Illustrations..........................
SPRAYING WHO RM Ulipine sper y enc even tas cay toto Aiea mre Reset oti SVE mee ey eons and ce Cy Stacey Se
SPRAIN GH CATEN DIA To cs cea aentt ak cc reais er ames intense teres hs eee waye reseed) ECs se che Beh Gy
TINDEX@T OS VPARTETIBS ie aa pein sy ose ees oe NE cee eee es RE yea ore eA

G:C:
H.L.
Week.
G. A.
A.M.
Pew.

Linus

Fruit Experiment Stations.

BOARD OF CONTROL, 1907.

CrEeELMAN, B.S.A., President of Agricultural College, Chairman ........ Guelph.

Hurr BiS:A.. Professor:of Horticulturess:cw.c.ge es once ine toh Gee eet Guelph.
Macoun, Horticulturist at Central Experimental Farm................. - Ottawa.
Rosertson, Director of Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association.............. St. Catharines
Samira, Director of Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association...............06. Port Dalhousie.
Honpeetts, Secretary of the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association ......... Toronto.
WOOLVERTON, MisA. 5 “SCCrECAEY s,s, «0k dsscecccoisisicartite ai sreleyar eneecas a Mra enla raul ata eeu Grimsby.

[6]

Fruits of Ontario.

INTRODUCTION.

When the first fruit trees were planted in Ontario, probably about 150
years ago, the settlers had no reliable information to guide them in selecting
varieties or in caring for the trees after they were planted. But the experience
of these early settlers was taken advantage of by their descendants who, with
the additional knowledge possessed, were able to make some progress, al-
though scattered as they were in those early times without good means of inter-
course. The dissemination of information from one to another and to the new
settlers who were coming in was slow until the railways were built. Then fruit-
growing became much more general, as trees could be easily transported from
one part of the Province to another. In 1859 a few enthusiastic horticulturists
organized the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association. Meetings were held in dif-
ferent parts of the Province, and the people were urged to plant more fruit.
This organization has for the past 47 years by its meetings, annual reports, the
Canadian Horticulturist, and in many other ways, done very much to bring about
the present marvellous development in the fruit industry of Ontario. Realizing
that more definite information was needed to guide fruit-growers in the plantiny
of varieties and the culture of fruits, the Association in 1893 urged upon the
Government the importance of establishing Fruit Experiment Stations through-
out the Province. The idea received the approval of the Government, and in 1894
four stations were established, this number being increased to thirteen in the
course of a few years. To these were sent many varieties of fruits, which were
tested and reported upon each year by those in charge of the stations. As these
experimenters were all practical fruit growers, and in most cases had made a
specialty of some kind of fruit, much valuable information regarding varieties and
their culture was accumulated by the Department of Agriculture. After the sta-
tions were established, it was felt that in due time a hand-book should be pub-
lished that fruit growers generally might get the full benefit of the information
so obtained, and the secretary of the Board of Control, Mr. Linus Woolverton,
Grimsby, Ont., was entrusted with the preparation of descriptions and illustra-
tions of the fruits which had been tested. Mr. Woolverton was for ten vears
engaged in this work, and the results of his labors will be found in the excellent
illustrations and full descriptions which appear in this book.

Mr. Woolverton states that, ‘‘with a few exceptions, the descriptions have
been prepared directly from the fruits themselves, from samples grown in the
Province, and the notes of the tree, bush, and vine have been largely made from
records taken by the writer during these past ten years of experimental work.

“These descriptions have been verified by comparison with those given in the
works of the world’s greatest pomologists, such as the ‘Dictionnaire de Pom-
ologie,’ by Andre Leroy of France; ‘The Fruit Manual,’ by Thomas Hogg of
England; ‘The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America,’ by Charles Downing, of
Newburgh-on-the-Hudson; ‘The American Fruit Culturist,’ by J. J. Thomas, of
New York State; ‘Apples of New York,’ by S. A. Beach, of Geneva, N.Y.; ‘The
American Horticultural Manual,’ by Prof. J. L. Budd, late of the Iowa State
College of Agriculture; ‘Plum Culture,’ by Prof. F. A. Waugh, of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College; ‘Apple Culture’ and ‘Plum Culture,’ by W. T. Ma-
coun, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; ‘The Grape Manual,’ by Bush,
Son & Misener, of Missouri; the Reports of the Michigan Agricultural College,
of the American Pomological Society, of the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association,
etc., and many other works.

(7]

8 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

“These have again been modified by the reports of the experimenters in
charge of the fruit stations, when it was proved that certain varieties, otherwise
desirable, were not adapted to the districts in which they were tested.

“In the case of some cf the newer varieties of small fruits, especially straw-
berries and some of the raspberries, also in the case of some of the larger fruits
which are somewhat rare, the descriptions have been in part made from
the reports of the experimenters, or from the reports of reliable pomologists.
From Professor H. L. Hutt, of the Ontario Agricultural College, and others,
photographs and descriptions of some varieties were obtained.”’

The nomenclature adopted in these descriptions is based on that of the
American Pomological Society, but where names which have been commonly
adopted in Ontario would not be easily recognized under this nomenclature the
old names have been left unchanged.

These descriptions and illustrations were read and examined by the Board
of Control, after which they were submitted to other fruit growers before being
adopted, and for this work credit is due to Mr. W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines,
Ont.; Mr. Murray Pettit, Winona, Ont.; Mr. W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont. ;
Mr. C. W. Vanduzer, Grimsby, Ont., and to Mr. W. M. Orr, Fruitland, Ont.

In order that those varieties which are not recommended may not be given
too prominent a place and thus perhaps be misleading, the illustrations have been
confined to those which have been recommended on one or other of the lists of
‘Fruits Recommended for Planting in Ontario.’’

The fruits have been divided into four groups in this work, namely: (1) Tree
fruits comprising the Apple, Cherry, Peach, Pear, Plum, and Quince: (2) Grare;
(3) Bush fruits, comprising the Blackberry, Currant, Gooseberry, and Raspberry;
(4) Strawberry. Within these groups the varieties have been arranged alpha-
beticaily, as far as possible, for ease in reference.

As it is the object of the Board of Control to make this work of the Fruit
Experiment Stations as generally useful as possible to the fruit growers of On-
tario, it was felt that the ‘‘Fruits of Ontario’’ would be incomplete if published
without cultural directions, hence these are given. The information regarding
apple culture is taken largely from the Ontario Agricultural College Bulletin 144,
‘Apple Culture,’’ by Prof. H. L. Hutt. The lists of varieties recommended are
taken from ‘‘Fruits Recommended for Planting in Ontario,’’ Bulletin 147, as pre-
pared by the Board of Control. The Spray Calendar at the end of the volume is
largely taken from Bulletin 122, ‘‘Spray Calendar,’’ by Prof. Wm. Lochhead.
The other matter has been specially prepared for this work.

It is hoped that the objects for which ‘‘The Fruits of Ontario’’ was pre-
pared will be accomplished. These are to assist the fruit grower :—

1. In the selection of those varieties most desirable for planting in his par-
ticular locality either for home or for market.

2. By affording a convenient reference in the identification of varieties now
grown in the Province.

3. By furnishing a reliable description of the size, color, general appearance,
and real value of the varieties often incorrectly described in magazines and cata-
logues.

4. By giving sufficient cultural directions to enable him to make fruit-grow-
ing a success.

|. Tree Fruits.

Among what are commonly classed as the tree fruits are the apple, cherry,
peach, pear, plum, and quince.

So confident are the Ontario fruit growers of the future of the industry and
the continued profits which will be obtained from the culture of these large fruits,
that many acres of trees are being set out annually.

The great importance of the fruit interests may be fairly judged by the fol-
lowing figures for Ontario from the Dominion census of 1g01 :—

Not bearing.| Bearing. Total Trees. | Bushels, | Value. | Acres. | Capital Value.
Apple Trees....... 1,989, 983 7,551,638 9,511,619 | 13,631,264 | $3,407,815 | 228,013 | “$34,201,950
Peach Trees ...... 470,772 811,725 | 1,282,497 | 539.482 | 539,482
i} | |
Pear Trees........ 280,173 564,798 844,973 487,759 | 365,819 | | | }
‘| 38,002 | 11,400,600
Plum Trees....... 686,628 999,091 1,685,719 337,108 | 202,831 | ! |
Cherry Trees...... 237,792 446,556 | 681.348 | 132.177 | 297,398 | |
Motaly epee eee 3,665,350 | 10,373,006 | 14,039,156 | 15,127,790 | 4,863,345 | 266,015 | 45,602,550

There has been a marked increase in the number of acres planted since the
1901 census was taken, the total number of apple trees, according to the last
report of the Ontario Bureau of Industries, being 10,201,766.

THE APPLE.

There is no part of the world where better apples are grown than in the
Province of Ontario, and owing to the hardiness of this fruit it can be success-
fully cultivated over a very large part of the Province.

From the Ottawa River, which bounds the Province on the east, to the great
lakes on the west, a distance of about 500 miles, and from the St. Lawrence River
and great lakes on the south to latitude 45 degrees, and even 46 degrees, on the
north, a distance of about 280 miles, there are many flourishing commercial apple
orchards. These produce annually an average crop of about 35,000,000 bushels of
fruit. But apple-growing is not confined even to this area, for scattered here
and there over the newer parts of Ontario almost up to the Manitoba boundary
are trees which are bearing good apples and supplying the settler with fruit for
home consumption.

Owing to the material difference in climatic conditions between the extreme
southern and the northern parts of the Province, some varieties of apples are
more <dapted to certain sections than others, not only on account of their varying
degrees of hardiness, but because some kinds produce better fruit in certain sec-
tions than in others. Furthermore, as apples grown in the southern parts of the
Province do not keep as well as those grown in the northern sections, the fruit
matures earlier, and hence does not come into keen competition with, perhaps,
the same varieties from other sources. Each part of the Province, therefore,
where apples are grown can produce fruit which has a fair chance of commanding
the highest price on the market. As these climatic conditions cannot be changed,
it behoves fruit growers in the south-western peninsula to make a specialty ot
growing fruit for the early markets, for there is no other section which can com-
pete so favorably in the production and sale of early apples, especially for the
rapidly growing market in the North-west.

ey

10 REPORT ON THE No. 24

The fruit growers in the districts bordering on Lake Huron, Lake Ontario
and the St. Lawrence River, where the longest keeping apples of best quality
are grown, should make a specialty of winter fruit, and by doing so win for them-
selves a reputation for this class of apples.

In eastern Ontario, where the McIntosh, Fameuse, and other high class early
winter dessert apples are grown so successfully, the fruit grower, though at
present handicapped in the growing of late keeping varieties, can obtain for his
dessert apples the best prices and thus make his orchard as profitable as those in
any other part of Ontario.

For the north, there are a number of varieties, mostly of Russian origin, the
hardy survivors through many trying winters in the colder parts of Russia, and
these, with the hardy crab apples, are proving a nucleus from which it is believed
will be developed, by cross breeding with the best Canadian apples, good dessert
varieties which will be grown almost to the extreme northern limits of the Pro-
vince of Ontario.

SELECTION OF VARIETIES.

One of the most important things to be considered in planting an orchard ‘s
the selection of varieties. Some of the most serious mistakes in the past have
been made in this particular. In many cases worthless varieties have been
planted, which is hardly to be wondered at when planters had little more to rely
upon regarding varieties than the exaggerated descriptions given by travelling
tree agents. But in these days when we have reliable information about all classes
of fruits for all sections of the Province published annually and distributed free,
as is done in the report of the Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations, there is no
excuse for planting anything but the very best varieties suited to each section.

One mistake to be avoided is that of planting too many varieties, particularly
in commercial crchards. A half dozen good winter sorts have been found to be
sufficient. For home use, however, the list might be doubled, or at least lengthened,
to suit the preferences of all members of the family. There should, in any case,
be varieties enough to cover the season and give a bountiful supply from earliest
to the latest. One or two summer varieties, three or four autumn, and half a
dozen winter varieties would be about the right proportion of each to plant.

Another precaution which has to be taken in planning a commercial orchard,
is that of planting too large a block of any one variety. For convenience in har-
vesting it is no doubt best to plant trees of the same variety near together, but
on the other hand if these blocks of one variety are too large it may be the cause
of poor crops, for there are many varieties which are self-sterile, that is, the pollen
which they produce will not properly fertilize their own flowers, although it may
be quite potent on the blossom of some other variety. This question has not been
sufficiently studied to warrant us in saying definitely just which varieties are self-
sterile and which are self-fertile, although from experiments which have been
made, the following varieties appear to be more or less self-sterile: Yellow
Bellflower, Chenango, Gravenstein, King, Northern Spy, Primate, Rambo, Red
Astrachan, Roxbury Russet, Golden Russet, Spitzenburg, and Tolman Sweet.
None of these should be planted in blocks of more than three or four rows, with-
out some other variety intervening which blooms about the same time. In orch-
ards where such a mistake has been made, it can be rectified most readily by
grafting every third or fourth row with some variety which will insure cross-
fertilization.

Both tree and fruit must be considered in the selection of varieties. The
tree must have sufficient hardiness for the locality, and it is in this particular that
the Fruit Experiment Stations give valuable information to intending planters.

1905 © FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 11

Productiveness is also an important characteristic. Unfortunately some of the
varieties of most excellent quality, such as the Blenheim and King, are lacking
in this respect, and, while it may be desirable to plant these for home use, still
such a defect is a serious one in a commercial orchard. The age of bearing ts
another characteristic which varies greatly in different varieties. The Northern
Spy, for instance, often requires ten to fifteen years before it comes in bearing,
while Ontario, Wealthy, and many of the Russian varieties sometimes bear even
in the nursery rows, or at least in a year or two after they are transplanted into
the orchard. This is a difference which may well be taken advantage of in the
arrangement of varieties in the orchard, for, as a rule, those which are slow in
coming into bearing make larger trees and are longer lived, while those which
begin early and bear heavily are more or less dwarfed in their growth and the
trees are shorter lived. For this reason trees of the precocious varieties are often
planted as fillers between rows of the later bearing and larger growing kinds.
The most desirable qualities in the fruit itself depend largely upon whether
it is for the market or for home use. For home use, good quality is the first
consideration. Usually those having a spicy or characteristic flavor, such as the
Spy, King, or McIntosh, are most desirable. Apples with an acid or subacid
flavor are most in demand on the market; nevertheless a good sweet apple is
often much appreciated for home use. [or the market, good appearance is the
first consideration. No doubt in time buyers will be more discriminating and
demand good quality rather than fine appearance, but at present the most sale-
able apples are those that keep well, are of fair size and an attractive color. Well
colored red apples are those in the greatest demand in the Old Country market,
a point which should be remembered in selecting varieties intended for export.
Good shipping qualities have also to be considered in the selection of commercial
varieties, although no doubt the improvement in methods of packing and ship-
ping may render this of less importance in the future than it has been in the
past. The Ben Davis apple has long been recognized as one of the best shipping
varieties, on account of its firmness and good keeping qualities. On the other
hand, the McIntosh is not a long keeper, and is so easily bruised that it cannot
be shipped satisfactorily in barrels. But with improved methods of packing and
shipping, it may be shipped to any of the European markets and even placed on
sale with the Ben Davis, and it is a question how long the Ben Davis, with its
inferior quality, will be able in such competition to hold its place in the market.
Those who champion the Ben Davis may take exception to the comparison just
made because of the relative difference in season of the two varieties. Neverthe-
ress, we believe that it will be safer in the future for growers to look more to the
quality of the variety than has been done in the past, for in due time buyers will
no doubt become more discriminating and demand apples of the very best quality.

ORDERING AND OBTAINING TREES.

A complete list of the nurserymen of this Province is published each year in
the Report of the Inspector of Fumigation, and most of our leading nurserymen
advertise in the agricultural and horticultural papers. Upon application, any of
these men are glad to quote prices at which they can supply stock.

It is well, when ordering nursery stock, to order early. Too many leave such
a matter till planting time, when they might as well have had their order in sev-
eral months sooner. By ordering early they are more likely to obtain just what
is wanted, and if the nurseryman has not the desired varieties on hand, he can
obtain them elsewhere by the time they are needed.

When the trees arrive from the nursery, it is best to unpack them as soon as
possible, and, if it is not convenient to plant them at once, the roots should be

12 REPORT ON THE No. 24

spread out and buried in a deep trench till they can be permanently planted. The
‘onger the trees are to remain in this position the more carefully they should be
heeled in.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

General Lists. After testing a large number of varieties of fruit at the vari-
ous fruit stations, the Board of Control has decided upon the following as the
most desirable for general planting.

District Lists. The District Lists given by the various experimenters show
varieties especially adapted to the sections represented by their stations.

The term Commercial is intended to include the varieties most desirable for

market purposes, and the term Domestic those most desirable for home uses,
either cooking or dessert.

These lists are given, as far as possible, in the order of ripening.

It is realized that there are many varieties not included in these lists which
may do well under special conditions, yet which are generally not considered as
desirable as those mentioned.

GeNERAL List of THE Most VALUABLE VARIETIES FOR Market APPROVED BY THE
Boarp oF ContTrRoL.

Summer.

Astrachan: Adapted to all sections except the extreme north.
Duchess: Adapted to all sections.

Fail.

Gravenstein: Adapted to all sections except the St. Lawrence River and other
northerly portions of the Province.

Wealthy: Particularly valuable for northern sections.

Alerander: specially for northern districts.

McIntosh: Adapted especially to the St. Lawrence River district, but can be
grown over a much wider area.

Fameuse: Adapted especially to the St. Lawrence River district, but succeeds
well over a much wider area.

Bienheim: Adapted to all sections except the St. Lawrence Raver district and
northerly portions of the Province.

Winter.

King: Adapted only to the best apple sections, and succeeds best when top grafted
on hardy stocks.

Hubbardston: Adapted to the best apple sections.

Greening: Adapted to the best apple sections.

Baldwin: Succeeds best on clay land. and is adapted to the best apple districts.

Spy: Adapted to the best apple districts, but can be grown with svccess farther
north by top-grafting on hardy stocks. This is also a good method of bringing it into
early bearing.

Ontario: An early and abundant bearer, but short lived. Recommended as a filler
among long-lived trees. Adapted to same districts as Northern Spy, which it some-
what resembles.

Stark; Adapted to best apple districts.

Varieties Ispectanty ApAprepD to Home Usp.

Summer

Transparent: Adapted to all sections.
Primate: Adapted to best apple sections.
Sweet Bough: Adapted to best apple sections.
Duchess: Adapted to all sections.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 13

Fall.

Chenango: Adapted to best apple sections.
Gravenstein: Adapted to best apple sections.
Wealthy: Especially adapted to northern sections.
McIntosh: Especially adapted to northern sections.
Fameuse: Especially adapted to northern sections.
Blenheim: Adapted to best apple sections.
Winter
King: Adapted to best apple sections. Should be top grafted.
Wagener: Adapted to best apple sections.
Swayzie: Adapted to all sections except most northerly.
Greening: Adapted to best apple districts.
Tolman: Adapted to best apple districts.
Spy: Adapted to best apple districts, but will succeed farther north if top grafted.

Mann: Adapted to best apple districts, but will succeed farther north if top
grafted.

Harpy VARIETIES RECOMMENDED FoR Sections Norru or LatirupEe 46 DeGReEs.

Summer.
Yellow Transparent, Charlamoff.

Fall and Winter.

Duchess, Wealthy, Hibernal, Longfield. Patten, Whitney, Hyslop, Scott Winter.

Crabs SuiraBLE FoR THE WHOLE OF THE PROVINCE.

Whitney: A large crab of high quality, suitable for planting in the extreme north
where other apples will not succeed. May be used for dessert or cooking.

Martha: An early crab of fair quality.

Transcendent: Yellowish crab, season early antumn. ,

Hyslop: Dark, rich red crab, of late season, quality only fair.

Disrrict Lists RECOMMENDED BY THE IOXPERIMENTERS.

Nizgara District: By Linus Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont.

Commercial: Astrachan, Duchess, Gravenstein, Alexander, Blenheim, Cranberry
Pippin, Hubbardston, King, Greening, Baldwin, Spy.

Domestic: Early Harvest, Sweet Bough, Duchess, Chenango, Gravenstein, Shia-
wassee, Fall Pippin, Fameuse, Swayzie, Wagener, Yellow Bellflower, Spitzenburz, Tolman.

Bay of Quinte District: By W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont.
Commercial: Duchess, Gravenstein, Trenton, Alexander, Wealthy, Fameuse, MeIn-
tosh, King, Greening, Baldwin, Ontario, Seek-no-Further, Spy, Tolman, Ben Davis,

Stark.
Domestic: Benoni, Primate, Gravenstein, Fameuse, McIntosh, Grimes, Greening,

Ontario, Spy, Tolman, Swayzie.
Burlington District: By A. W. Peart, Burlington, Ont.

Commercial: Astrachan, Duchess, Wealthy, Ribston, Blenheim, King, Greening.

Baldwin, Spy. : 4
Domestic: Astrachan, Sweet Bough, Gravenstein, Wagener, Seek-no-Further,

Golden Russet.
Lake Simcoe District: By G. C. Caston, Craighurst, Ont.

Commercial: Duchess, Peerless, Alexander, Wolf River, Blenheim, Pewaukee, Stark,
and the following if top-worked on hardy stocks: Greening, King, Ontario, Baldwin,

Spy. no
Domestic: Astrachan, Primate, St. Lawrence, Fameuse, McIntosh, King, Spy.

+ REPORT ON THE No. 24

Lake Huron District: By A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton, Ont.

: Commercial: Astrachan, Duchess, Wealthy, Fameuse, McIntosh, Blenheim, Green-
ing, Baldwin, Spy, Golden Russet, Ben Davis.

Domestic: Transparent, Astrachan, Duchess, McIntosh, Grimes, Blenheim, King,
Spy, Golden Russet.

St. Lawrence District: By Harold Jones, Maitland, Ont.

Commercial: Duchess, Alexander, Wolf River, Scarlet Pippin, Fameuse, McIntosh,
Baxter, Milwaukee, Golden Russet.

Domestic: Transparent, Brockville Beauty, Scarlet Pippin, Fameuse, McIntosh,
Biue Pearmain, Golden Russet, Yellow Bellflower.

‘

Algoma District: By Charles Young, Richard’s Landing, Ont.

Commercial and Domestic: Astrachan, Transparent, Duchess, Charlamoff, Gideon,
Longfield, Wealthy, Scott Winter.

SITE OF THE ORCHARD.

The large inland lakes surrounding the southern portion of this Province
have a wonderfully ameliorating effect upon the climate for some distance from
their shores, and as a rule, our most extensive commercial orchards are in prox-
imity to these large bodies of water. There are, however, in the interior many
localities quite as favorable for fruit growing, but in such locations the question
of site and exposure has to be more carefully considered. The site usually
selected for the orchard is one near the buildings, which may be all right if these
are on the highest ground, for such grounds are not only best drained but are
least liable to untimely frosts. Good atmospheric drainage is often qu.te as im-
portant as good water drainage, and cold air, like cold water, runs down hill.
Only a few feet of elevation above a wide adjoining area may be sufficient to
enable trees in full bloom to escape a frost which destroys the crop on the lower
level. On level lands there is practically no atmospheric drainage and the orch-
ardist must take his chances and make the best of it.

Exposure.

Where the land is rolling, and there is a choice of exposure, the situation
should be carefully considered, for in many cases this may be the difference be-
tween success and failure. As to which is the best exposure, depends largely
upon the surroundings. In proximity to large bodies of water the best exposure
is toward the water. In localities subject to late spring frost the safest exposure
is towards the north, as this helps to retard the period of bloom till danger of frost
is past. On a northern exposure trees are less likely to suffer in times of severe
drouth, and there is also not so much injury from sun scald, a most serious
trouble in northern localities. For the reasons given a northern or eastern aspect
is, as a rule, preferable to a southern or western one, and also because there is
less exposure to our strongest prevailing winds, which come from the south-west.

WHINDBREAKS.

Protection from the prevailing winds is another matter that requires due con-
sideration. The shelter accorded by a high hill or natural belt of timber is per-
haps the ideal one, but when these do not exist, the planting of a windbreak is
necessary. The best trees for windbreaks are some of the evergreens, such as
Norway and White Spruce, the Austrian and Native White Pines. The Norway
Spruce is most used because it is a rapid grower, and the young trees may be

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 15

obtained very cheaply. The windbreak should be planted at the same time as
the orchard; it will then be effective by the time the trees come into bearing. A
single row may be sufficient, although in very exposed places, a double row, with
the trees set alternately, is preferable. The trees should be at least six or eight
feet apart, and even ten or twelve feet is better when the trees grow up. The
trees should not be planted nearer than forty feet from the first row of apple trees,
as if planted too near, drifts of snow may cause injury in winter, and insects are
more troublesome in summer where there is not a good circulation of air. The
trees in the windbreak should be well cultivated, the same as the trees in the
orchard, until they become well established. Neglect of this is the main cause
of failure in setting out windbreaks.

THE SOIL AND ITS PREPARATION.

The apple tree readily adapts itself to a great variety of soils, yet there are
certain kinds upon which it does much better than others. Light sandy soils are
usually deficient in plant food, and are not retentive of it when fertilizers are
applied to them. The trees upon such soils may do fairly well for a time, but as
a rule they are less productive and shorter lived than on heavier soils. On the
other hand, heavy clay soils may contain plenty of plant food, but they are difh-
cult. to work, and unless very carefully managed bake so hard that the tree will
not thrive upon them. The ideal soil is a happy mean between these extremes, a
friable loam. It may be called a sandy or a clay loam, as either sand or clay pre-
dominates in its composition, and is all the better if of a limestone formation upon
an open subsoil.

One of the first requisites in any orchard soil is good drainage. Fruit
trees will not thrive upon undrained soil. If the land is not naturally well drained,
it should be thoroughly underdrained.

Good preparation of the soil previous to planting is very essential. Trees
set on unprepared soil are seriously handicapped at an important stage of their
life and often they never overcome it. Land which has been exhausted by grain
production is in poor condition for the growing of trees, although it may be greatly
improved by growing and plowing down two or three crops, such as rye, clover,
or vetches, as a green manure. Probably no other crop leaves the ground in
better mechanical condition for the growth of trees than clover. Its roots pene-
trate the soil deeply and leave it well filled with vegetable matter or humus.

There has been much diversity of opinion regarding the value of subsoiling
in preparing the land for trees. But there is little room for doubt that it is of
much benefit on land where the subsoil is hard and impervious to water. The
subsoiler should follow in the furrow of the ordinary plow, loosening the subsoil
as deeply as possible. Where this is not done, clover roots are the next best
thing as subsoilers.

The preparation of the ground for planting should begin by a good deep
plowing in the fall, and it would be all the better if it could be ribbed up as is
now frequently done in preparing ground in the fall for spring seeding. This
insures good surface drainage and quick drying of the ground in the spring. All
that would then be required in the spring would be to harrow down the ridges and
loosen up the ground as deeply as possible with a spring tooth cultivator.

PLANTING.

_. Great care should be taken and good judgment shown in laying out the
orchard and in planting the trees.

The proper distance apart for planting depends altogether upon the ultimate

size which the trees may attain, which in turn depends upon the variety, the soil,

16 REPORT ON THE No. 24

and the locality. The varieties grown in our most northern orchards seldom
spread more than twenty or twenty-five feet, while the kinds grown in the more
favored apple sections of Southern Ontario often have a spread of forty feet.
The best guides to intending planters is to observe carefully the distances required
for full grown apple trees in the neighborhood. In southern Ontario this will be
found to be from thirty-five to forty feet, throughout central Ontario thirty to
thirty-five feet, while in the northern sections where only the hardiest kinds are
grown, twenty-five feet will be found quite sufficient. It is wise to allow plenty
of space, so that there will be no crowding when the trees have reached their full
size. Planting too close is a far more frequent and serious mistake than planting
too far apart.

A plan quite frequently adopted, particularly in some of the large American
orchards, is to use some of the small-growing early-bearing varieties, as fillers
between the large-growing varicties. The Duchess, Ontario, and Ben Davis, for
example, are planted alternately with large growing kinds, such as Baidwin,
Greening, and Spy.

In such cases, the large-growing kinds are set at the maximum distance apart,
and the smailer kinds between them. By the time the larger kinds begin crowd-
ing\the smaller ones will have paid for their keep and that of the others, and can
be cuX\out to make room for the larger trees. The greatest objection to this plan
is the danger that the fillers may be left so long before they are removed that the
value of the whole orchard may be impaired.

There is a diversity of opinion as to the best time for planting, although it
may be done successfully any time when the tree is dormant, either in the spring
or autumn. In favorable localities and with hardy varieties it may be done quite
as well one season as another, but for general planting the spring is the safest
time in our rigorous climate.

The trees should be planted in rows as straight as it is possible to make
them. Straight rows add not only to the appearance of the orchard, but to the
convenience of cultivation. One of the best means of getting the rows straight
is to stake out the position for each tree before beginning to plant.

Great care should be taken to prevent the roots of the trees drying while
they are out of the ground. If it happens to be hot and windy at the time of
transplanting, it is a good plan to puddle the roots in soft mud as soon as they
are taken from the packing box or trench, and in carrying the trees about the
orchard, it is well to keep the roots covered with a wet blanket or piece of old
carpet.

The hole for the tree should be wide enough to hold the roots without cramp-
ing or crowding, and should be deep enough to admit of a few inches of fine
mclicw surface so'l being filled in the bottom, -and still have the roots an inch or
two deeper than they were in the nursery row. The roots should be spread out
in their natural position and should be covered with moist mellow surface soil.
It is well, in digging the holes, to have the surface soil placed at one side and
the subsoil on the other, so that in refilling, the surface earth may be placed next
the roots and the subsoil left for the top. If the soil has been properly prepared
it is seldom necessary to water the roots at the time of transplanting, but care
must be taken to ensure the soil moisture from below coming up to the roots.
This may be done by tramping the earth firmly as soon as the roots are well cov-
cred, and leaving only the top soil untramped to act as a mulch and retain the
moisture below. The neglect of this firming of the soil around the roots is one of
the most common causes of failure in the transplanting of trees. If watering is
necessary, a small pailful poured in as soon as the roots are nearly covered, is of
more use than a half dozen en the surface alter the planting is finished.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 17

All torn, bruised, or injured roots should be cut back, with smooth cuts, to
sound wood. Smooth cuts callous over quickly and new roots are the more read-
ily sent out. Trees obtained from the nursery, no matter how carefully they may
have been taken up, have lost the greater part of their root system, and in order
that they may make a satisfactory growth when transplanted the top must also be
cut back to a similar extent to restore the balance. This cutting back, however,
can be most satisfactorily done after the trees are planted, when they are held
firmly by the soil, and more careful attention can be given to shaping the head of
the young tree. Closely associated with the heading back of the top at the initial
pruning of the tree, is the question of determining the height at which the head
should be formed. On this, as in many other points of orchard management, there
is a variety of opinions. Some prefer high heads, because of the greater con-
venience for cultivation and working underneath; while others prefer them low,
because of the greater convenience in pruning, spraying, and harvesting. There
are other reasons, however, why low headed trees are preferable; in exposed loca-
tions the trees and crop are less likely to suffer from violent winds, and in north-
ern localities the trees with short trunks and low spreading branches are much
less subject to injury from sun scald, the most serious tree trouble of the north.
At the Algoma Fruit Experiment Station it has been found advisable to start the
head not more than a couple of feet from the ground, while in the more favored
sections the custom is to have at least four feet of trunk. This is the height at
which the head is usually started on two or three year old trees as obtained from
the nursery, and for this reason it is better for the northern planter to get two
year old, rather than three or four year old trees, so that he can start the head
at whatever height he wishes. In this connection it may be stated that tree
trunks do not lengthen, except by pruning off the lower branches, so that at
whatever distance from the ground the lower branches are left, that will be the
permanent length of the trunk.

Three branches are enough to leave to form the main limbs or framework
of the tree top. These should be evenly spaced around the trunk to give a well
balanced and symmetrical top, and they should also be placed on the trunk so as
to distribute evenly the weight of the top and avoid bad crotches which are
liable to split down with weight of crop. It is particularly important at this stage
that great care should be taken to train the young tree in the way it should go,
and much can be done in training and directing growth by heading back to buds
pointing in the direction we wish the new branch to take.

CARE OF THE ORCHARD AFTER PLANTING.

In a newly-planted orchard the trees occupy but a small portion of the land,
and they cannot be expected to give any returns for at least five or six years.
It is advisable, therefore, that some other crop be grown in the orchard which
will pay for the labor spent upon it till the apple trees come into bearing and
require all the space. It is by injudicious cropping, however, that young orchards
are often most seriously injured. It should not be forgotten that the apple trees
are the first consideration, and that whatever cropping is done in the orchard
must not interfere with them in the least.

In some cases the spaces between the trees may be planted with small fruits,
such as raspberries, currants, or gooseberries, but these should not be planted
within nine or ten feet of the tree, nor should they occupy ground more than six
or seven years.

Hoe crops, such as corn, roots, potatoes, etc., have generally been recom-
mended as the best to grow in the orchard, because of the opportunity they
afford for cultivation. This may be all right as far as it goes, but these crops

2 F.0.

18 REPORT ON THE No. 24

draw heavily upon the plant food in the soil and return very little in the way of
roots or plant residue. If such crops are successively grown for several years,
they are almost sure to seriously deplete the soil of fertility, unless extra care is
taken to maintain it by the application of manure or fertilizers. Probably on the
whole the least objectionable cropping is a well arranged rotation of crops, in
which clover and hoed crops alternate frequently enough to keep the ground iu
good condition. Some of these crops harbor mice, and whenever such occur in
the rotation precautions must be taken at the approach of winter to protect the
trees from their ravages.

During all this intercropping a strip in which the trees are growing must
be left for regular cultivation, and this strip should be widened each year as
the trees increase in size. No cropping should be attempted under the head of
the trees, and intercropping should be discontinued as soon as the trees require
all the space.

CULTIVATION.

Cultivation improves the physical condition of the soil by breaking up the
soil particles and presenting a greater feeding surface to the roots. By warming
and deepening the soil, it permits of a greater depth of feeding area. Every
soil particle is surrounded by a thin film of moisture, consequently the finer the
soil particles the greater the surface area to hold moisture. A dry earth mulch
or dust blanket on top checks the evaporation of moisture from below. Cultiva-
tion renders plant food more readily available by promoting nitrification and the
decomposition of organic matter in the soil.

Knowing this to be the case, many growers have given thorough cultivation
a fair trial, and have satisfied themselves that for most sections of Ontario clean
cultivation with cover crops is more profitable than sod. There are indeed few
cases where sod is more desirable than cultivation; these are where the soil is
fertile and contains an abundant supply of moisture.

As soon as possible after the trees are set, a strip on each side should be
cultivated to loosen up the soil which has been tramped down during planting.
Each year this strip should be widened, so that no crop intended for harvesting
is grown beneath the branches of the trees. ;

Cultivation should begin as early as the ground is dry enough in the spring.
The first tool to be used in most cases is the plow. It is well to plow the land
about five inches deep during the first few years after setting to encourage deep
rooting. As the trees get older the depth of plowing should be gradually les-
sened, until by the time the orchard is in full bearing, three to four inches is suf-
ficient.

It is a good practice to roll each evening what has been plowed during the
day, particularly if the ground is inclined to be lumpy. The soil is much more
easily pulverized when freshly plowed than if allowed to lie exposed to the weather
for several days.

Cover CROPS.

The value of growing cover crops in the orchard is being more appreciated
every year by fruit growers, who in times past viewed with alarm the injury
which occurred from root killing where the soil was bare in winter. A cover crop
is a covering of vegetation in the orchard during the latter part of summer and
early winter, and is useful in many ways, of which the following are some of
the most important: (1) A cover crop, by adding a large amount of fibre to the
land, prevents hard soils from cementing or puddling. (2) On bare and rolling

JashO%

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 19

land, where the rains quickly run off and snows blow off the high portions, a
growing crop tends to hold these until they have time to soak into the soil. (3)
Land covered by a growing crop dries out more quickly in the spring, owing to
the transpiration of moisture through the leaves, and consequently may be
plowed under earlier in the season than land which is bare. This is a very im-
portant point, as it enables the orchardist to gain several days in the busy season
of spring. (4) Ground covered with vegetation will hold the snows in winter and
thus prevent deep freezing, thereby avoiding the liability of root killing.
(5) A cover crop affords the most economical means of furnishing a sup-
ply of humus in the soil. (6) The roots of a cover crop assist the tree
roots in rendering available certain mineral plant food in the soil.
(7) A large amount of plant food is liberated in the soil after the tree
growth has ceased. This is taken up by the growing crop and held in a
readily available form for the following season. (8) Leguminous crops, such as
clover, vetch, alfalfa, peas, and beans, by virtue of certain bacteria which form
nodules on the roots, are able to assimilate nitrogen from the air. As nitrogen
is one of the most expensive fertilizing elements, the value of this class of plants
cannot be too highly appreciated.

Cover crops should be sown about the middle of July so that they may make
a good growth the same season, and in the colder parts of the Province, the seed
may be sown during the first week of July, as the season is shorter than in the
more favored sections. It is also wise to check the growth of the trees about this
time, so that they may mature their wood before winter sets in. The thorough
tillage which should have been practised up to this season, leaves the ground in
the best possible condition to give the young plants a start. The crop should be
plowed under as early in the spring as possible, and cultivation should begin at
once. If the crop is large and the soil rather dry, this is imperative, as the
large amount of vegetable matter turned under seriously interferes with capillary
action and leaves the surface soil unduly dry.

That a cover crop may be of the greatest value, it should be capable of with-
standing the winter and continuing its growth next spring. This, however, is
not a necessity, as many of the ordinary crops which will not live through the
winter are valuable for this purpose.

Different soils require different kinds of crops. This has led to a division
of cover crops under several classes. The most important are the nitrogen
gatherers, which through the agency of the nodules on the roots can make use
of the nitrogen of the air. Such plants as clover, vetches, alfalfa, peas, and
beans, belong to this class, and should be used where the soil is deficient in
nitrogen. Another class is known as the potash liberators, such as turnips and
rape, which, although they do not add anything to the soil, as do the legumin-
ous plants, yet change the form of the mineral potash so that it may be more
readily acted upon by the roots of succeeding crops. Then there is a third class,
commonly grown, such as rye, oats, and buckwheat, which are valuable chiefly
on account of the humus formed by their development.

Hairy Vetch, sown at the rate of thirty-five pounds per acre, forms a very
close mat over the ground. This is a valuable crop owing to the fact that it
collects nitrogen, lies close to the ground so that it does not inconvenience the
pickers when gathering the fruit, and also withstands the cold winter and con-
tinues its growth early in the spring.

Red Clover and Mammoth Clover, sown at the rate of twenty pounds per
acre, are about equal in value, make a fair growth, are low growing, and winter
well on drained soil.

20 REPORT ON THE No. 24

Crimson Clover has not made quite as good growth as the red or the mam-
moth, nor will it stand the winter in the colder sections, which is a serious dis-

advantage.
Alfalfa, or lucerne, is one of the best leguminous crops for dry land. It
makes a good growth and winters well. There is a mistaken impression that

alfalfa will not make sufficient top the first season. Thirty pounds of seed per
acre, sown in July, will give a good stand the same season.

Rape has given good results in the colder sections. It makes a heavy growth
of stiff stems, which, although nearly all killed in winter, stand up well enough
te hold the snows. Rape can scarcely be recommended for fruiting apple orch-
ards, as it remains wet the greater part of the day, making the work of harvest-
ing very unpleasant. It may be used to good advantage in the rotation, especially
if few fruits are to be harvested.

Rye, the favorite crop of many growers, gives a fair amount of top and
winters well. One advantage of rye is that it may often be grown on lands not
in a physical condition for the growth of clover. In this way humus may be
added to the soil, and conditions made more favorable for the growth of clover.

MaINTAINING FERTILITY.

The maintainance of fertility is more frequently neglected in the orchard
than on any other part of the farm. Trees, even on poor land, will produce fruit,
but it is only on soils where fertility is maintained that paying crops are pro-
duced. Each year that fruit is harvested some plant food is removed. If profit-
able crops are to be expected the supply of plant food in the soil must be maif-
tained.

The most essential elements for the production of fruit are nitrogen, potash,
phosphoric acid, and lime. Nitrogen encourages leaf and wood growth, which
are essential to the development of the tree and to the production of the best
quality of fruit. Potash is an essential constituent in the growth of fruits. It
constitutes a large proportion of the ash of the wood and more than 50 per cent.
of the ash of the fruit, and is also associated with the development of flavor in the
fruit. Phosphoric acid is essential to the development of the tree and the proper
ripening of the fruit. Lime is not in itself an essential element, but assists in lib-
erating plant food. On a soil deficient in lime, growth often continues so late
that the wood does not mature nor the fruit ripen properly.

Barnyard manure supplies nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid, and im-
proves the physical condition of the soil. Cover crops may take the place of
barnyard manure to improve the physical condition of the soil, and the legumin-
ous ones may add all the nitrogen required. Concentrated fertilizers or commer-
cial plant foods may be used in conjunction with cover crops to supply all the
plant food necessary for the growth of trees. In the use of commercial fertilizers
it is well to proceed cautiously, and, by carefully conducted experiments, ascertain
what elements of plant food the soil may be deficient in, and what amounts it may
be necessary to apply to get the best results. Unleached wood ashes contain a
small quantity of phosphoric acid, seldom exceeding 14 per cent., a larger
amount of potash, varying from 5 to 7 per cent., and also a certain amount of
lime. Where pure wood ashes can be procured at a price not exceeding ten cents
per bushel, they afford an economical source of plant food. An application once
in two or three years will usually give excellent results, especially on light soils
which are most lacking in potash. Muriate of potash is another economical form
in which to obtain potash. Phosphoric acid may be purchased in the form of
superphosphate. Nitrogen may be procured in the form of sodium nitrate, but

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 21

leguminous cover crops furnish a much cheaper source of this essential but costly
element.

PRUNING.

The object of pruning is to form a vigorous and evenly balanced tree, which
will produce annually a paying crop of good-sized, well-colored fruit. Unpruned
trees produce many small-sized unsalable apples. Pruning lessens the number of
apples per tree, but at the same time increases the size and improves the quality
of those produced. A heavy crop of good-sized fruit is not so serious a drain on
the vitality of the tree, nor on the fertility of the soil, as the same weight of
smaller apples would be, for it is the production of the seed which makes the
greatest drain on the tree and soil.

Pruning should be practised every year without fail from the time the tree
is planted. In this way the operation is never a severe one, and the removal of
the large limbs becomes unnecessary. Limbs growing too strongly in any par-
ticular direction, which are liable to upset the balance of the tree, should be
headed back. Where two limbs cross, one of them should be removed. Branches
growing across, from one side to the other, should be cut out. Care should be
taken to leave sufficient twigs in the centre to protect from sun scald. Much
may be done in directing growth by heading back to a bud pointing in the de-
sired direction. It is while the trees are young that the greatest care in training
is required.

A properly pruned apple tree should be open enough to admit sunlight and
permit of free circulation of air. Its lower branches should be trained high enough
to admit of easy cultivation, yet the top should not be so high that spraying and
harvesting are rendered difficult. Varieties differ more or less in their habit of
growth, and, while it may be advisable to modify this to some extent, it is not well
to attempt to change it unduly. Long bare branches should be avoided, and the
formation of fruit spurs should be encouraged on all parts of the tree.

The best time for pruning is just before growth begins. Wounds made at
that season soon heal over. It is not well to prune when there is frost on the
wood. Pruning while the tree is dormant tends to increase the growth of wood.
Summer pruning encourages the formation of fruit buds, but it is not advisable
to do much of it, as the removal of any considerable amount of the leaf area tends
to check the vigor of the tree. Pruning by the removal of buds may be practised
at any season of the year.

The thumb and finger may be used for the removal of sprouts and buds dur-
ing the summer. A pair of small pruning shears will remove all twigs less than
half an inch in diameter. For larger limbs a sharp fine-tooth saw is needed.
Make all cuts as smooth as possible and close to the main stem. When a large
limb has to be removed, it may be advisable to cut twice, the first some inches out
to avoid splitting, and the second to shorten the stub. A common mistake is the
leaving of long stubs which cannot heal over before rot begins. Where it is
necessary to remove large limbs, the wounds should be covered with grafting
wax or thick lead paint to prevent the entrance of spores which cause decay.

GRAFTING.

Grafting is the operation of inserting a scion into a stock, usually for the
object of changing the variety of fruit produced. Trees bearing undesirable fruit
may be top-grafted with some valuable variety. Many choice half-hardy varieties
may be successfully grown by top-working on some hardy stock. Especially de-
sirable characteristics in any variety may be perpetuated by grafting. Individu-

in)
bo

REPORT ON THE No. 24

ality is quite as marked in plants as in animals. A certain tree may possess some
desirable quality, and this may be preserved and perhaps improved upon by selec-
tion. It is advisable when cutting scions to select from those trees which have
the desirable characteristics most strongly marked. Nurserymen, as a rule, do
not pay sufficient attention to the source from which they secure their scions.
The individual orchardist may greatly improve his plantation by top-grafting
with scions from a tree having the desired qualities most strongly marked.

*Grafting is usually performed in the spring. It is essential that the cambium
layer of the scion and stock be in contact on at least one side. From this mucil-
aginous layer, lying between the wood and the bark, the new cells are formed
which in time unite the parts and cover the wound. It is necessary to cover the
wounds made in outdoor grafting to prevent the entrance of rot-producing spores.
For this purpose wax is generally used.

A good grafting wax may be made by melting together four pounds resin,
two pounds beeswax, and one pound tallow. Cool by pouring into a tub of water.
- Then work up into bars or balls which may be kept in any cool place until re-
quired. To economize wax, cloth is sometimes dipped into the hot wax, making
wax-cloth. This is more difficult to use than pure wax. The wax may be melted
and carried in a glue pot and applied with a brush, or, as is more commonly done,
it may be kept in water warm enough to keep the wax pliable so it may be readily
applied by hand. It is well to keep the hands greased to prevent the wax from
adhering to the fingers.

There are two common methods of top-grafting : (1) Whip or tongue graft-
ing, which is practised upon small branches and young trees; (2) Cleft grafting,
which is usually performed on branches from one-half to two inches in diameter.

In whip grafting tie stock is cut with a bevel about one inch long, and the
scion cut to fit that bevel. Both bevels are cut into slightly and the tongue of
one fitted into the notch of the other. The cambium layers must be in contact on at
least one side. After the scion is set the wound should be covered with wax or
similar substance to exclude the air.

Large trees should not be entirely changed over in one year. The first year
select the main branches; the second year part of the remainder, and finish the
third year. In this way much of the annoyance caused by the growth of water
sprouts is avoided.

When cutting off large branches for cleft grafting it is wise to cut twice,
making the first cut a few inches above the position chosen for the scion. Then
cut off the stub at the desired point, and avoid the danger of tearing the bark.
With a chisel or grafting iron split the branch just far enough to admit the scions.
Too deep a split weakens the stock, and the scions will not be held sufficiently
firm. It is well to avoid grafting two horizontal limbs, one directly above the
other. The tendency of new growth is upward, and the growths from the lower
one will interfere with the upper. In branches, other than those growing perfectly
upright, the split should be made parallel to, rather than at right angles to the
ground.

The scion should be made wedge-shaped, with bevel about one inch long,
starting at each side just at the base of a bud. Make the scion three buds long,
cutting off just above the third bud. It should be cut a little thicker on the side
next to the bud, so that the stock may pinch tightly on that side to insure a close
contact of the cambium layers.

Open the cleft with the wedge end of the grafting chisel and insert one or
two scions, as may be thought necessary. Place the lower bud of the scion to
the outside. Do not force the scion down, but open the cleft by enough leverage

* For more detailed information send for Bulletin 144, ‘‘Apple Culture.”’

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 23

on the chisel to admit the scion freely. Setting the scion with the top pointing
slightly outward insures contact in at least one point. After setting the scions,
cover all wounds with wax.

It is sometimes necessary to remove part of the water-sprouts, which usually
start during the summer, to give the scions room for proper development. By
the following spring the scions should have made sufficient growth to require all
space in that part of the tree, and all other growth should be removed.

Sun ScALp.

Sun scald is an injury to trees which occurs most frequently in the northern
districts. It is most serious on young trees, but may also affect the upper side of
the large branches in older trees. It is caused by the action of the hot sun on the
trunk and branches in the early spring. The first indication is an unhealthy ap-
pearance of the bark on the south and south-west sides of trunk and upper side
of large branches, the affected parts soon turn brown, then black, and finally die.

In districts where sun scald is apt to occur, it is well to head the trees low
and incline the stem slightly to the south-west. In this way the branches afford
some shade to the trunk. Anything which will shade the trunk in early spring
will prevent the injury. For this purpose the most convenient of the following
materials may be used: cornstalks, birchbark, building paper, or a veneer of thin
wood, such as is used in basket making. The large branches of old trees should
receive natural protection from the small branches and twigs of the top. Tor
this reason severe pruning of the top is not advisable in northern districts.

When trees are badly affected they usually die, but where the injury is slight,
and is noticed soon after it occurs, treatment is practicable. Cut away the in-
jured parts, and cover the wound with grafting wax or some material which will
keep the wood from drying out. If the tree is healthy and vigorous, the annual
growth spreading in from the sound parts soon repairs the injury.

PROTECTION FROM MIcE.

During the past two or three years, mice have become a serious menace to
young orchards. The rapid increase in numbers may be largely accounted for by
the indiscriminate destruction of the farmer’s best friends, the hawks, that feed
largely on mice by day, and the owls, which take up the work by night. By care-
fully protecting the hawks and owls for a few years, their numbers will again
increase, so that the equilibrium of nature may be restored. In the meantime
something must be done to protect the trees against the rodents.

Mice seldom harbor in a green crop, and on clean fields they find no protec-
tion. They are found chiefly along the fence lines and in old meadows. As there
is usually some shelter afforded the mice near orchards, it is advisable to guard
against their depredations. In localities where the snow falls early and remains
on the ground all winter, the simplest means of protecting the trees is to tramp the
snow firmly about the base of each tree early in the winter. Where the ground
is not continuously covered with snow during the winter, a mound of earth about
the tree is sometimes all that is required to divert the runways of the mice. Build-
ing paper cut into strips which will reach about one foot high when tied about
the trunk of the tree in autumn has been found to be both a cheap and an effect-
ive preventive.

Badly girdled trees usually die. When the part girdled is small and is cov-
ered before the wood dries out with grafting wax or other substance which will
protect the inner tissues, the tree may be saved. If the girdled part extends en-
tirely around the tree, it will be necessary to establish some connection between

24 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

the cambium above and below the injury. This may be done by bridge-grafting.
For this purpose use long scions cut to a bevel on each end. Insert one end
above and the other end below the girdle, making sure that the cut surfaces are
in contact with the cambium layer. A sufficient number of these scions should
be put in to convey the cambium from the top to the roots and all cut surfaces
exposed should be covered with wax.

PICKING.

Apples should be carefully picked by hand, without breaking the skin or
bruising the fruit in any way. Summer varieties for immediate home use or special
local trade should be allowed to ripen on the tree; but if intended for distant
markets or storage they should be picked when fully mature, but before they
have commenced to mellow. Winter varieties should hang on the tree until they
have reached full size and have taken on good color. Apples picked while still
immature as a rule keep longer than if allowed to fully ripen on the tree, but they
do not develop the full color nor the best quality. No sharp distinction can be
made between green and mature, or between fully mature and over ripe fruit; one
blends imperceptibly into the other. Experience teaches at what stage to harvest
the crop, in order to secure the highest quality and best keeping properties in the
fruit. Sometimes, with summer varieties, it is necessary to go over a tree twice,
picking the most mature specimens first and leaving the remainder for a week or
two in order that they may more perfectly develop. Round bottom baskets or pails
should be used for picking, and it is better to have them lined with cloth to pre-
vent bruising the fruit. Fruit should not be piled on the ground, but should be
placed at once on the sorting table or be placed in boxes or barrels for removal
to the packing house. The apple should be picked with the stem on but without
breaking off the fruit spur, as is likely to occur if the fruit is picked too green.
Spring waggons should be used to convey the fruit to and from the packing house.

When the trees have been properly pruned, the fruit may all be harvested
from ladders. A short step ladder is convenient for the underside and low
branches of the tree. For the upper branches light cedar ladders of suitable
length will be found very convenient. Extension ladders have been praised very
highly in the past, but as they are both awkward and cumbersome, practical
growers are abandoning them. The practice of climbing through the tree to
gather the fruit, and letting the baskets down to the ground by means of a rope,
is out of date, and is not practised in commercial orchards. Inexperienced pick-
ers often lose a great deal of time by not picking clean as they go, making it
necessary to carry the ladder back and forth. Each time the ladder is moved all
apples in reach should be picked.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

ALEXANDER. (Hmperor Alexander.)

ORIGIN: intro-
duced into Eng-
land from Rus-
sia in 1817.

Tree: hardy,
spreading, vig-
orous, produc-
tive; bearsearly.

Fruit: very
large size ; form
round, ovate,
conical; skin
greenish yellow,
russet dots,
streaked or
splashed with
red; stem } inch
long, set in a
deep cavity;
calyx large,
nearly closed,
set in a deep,
éven basin.

ALEXANDER.

FLesH: yel-
lowish w hite ;
crisp, not very
fine, moderately
juicy ;,, flavor
subacid, pleas-
ant. i

QuaLity: des-
sert, fair; cook-
ing, good.

VALUE : home
market, first
class; can be
successfully
shipped to Great
Britain in cold
storage.

Season: Sep-
tember to Nov-
ember.

ADAPTATION
quite general,
the tree being
hardy.

SECTION OF ALEXANDER.

[25]

26 REPORT ON THE No. 24

ASTRACHAN. (Red Astrachan. )

Or1GIN: imported from
Sweden to England in 1816,
and widely planted in South-
ern Ontario for a summer
market apple. Scarce another
apple of itsseason equals it in
beauty of appearance, for, in
addition to its rich crimson
color, it is often covered with
pale white bloom. Selected
fancy grades of this apple are
usually in good demand in
our home markets, but some-
times there is a surplus, and
prices even for Astrachans are
very low. Promising for ex-
port in cold storage.

ASTRACHAN

TrREE:, upright; very vig-,
orous ; begins bearing early ;
very productive.

Fruit: medium to large
round, narrowing towards
apex; skin, deep crimson
when exposed to sun, yellow-
ish green in shade, often
covered with a thin, whitish
bloom ; stem, stout, three-
quarter inch long, in a deep
cavity ; calyx closed in a ;
shallow, somewhat irregular i
basin.

Fiesn: white, crisp, juicy,
tender, becoming mealy
when over-ripe ; acid, almost
too tart to be counted very
good for either dessert or

MEE.

cooking. a,

VaLue: first-class where
an early summer apple is in Secrion or ASTRACHAN.
demand.

Sgason ; early to mid August.
Apapration ; In Niagara district perfectly hardy and productive. Not considered profit-
able in Lake Simcoe district by some growers.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 27

BALDWI

Oriain: The Baldwin originated in the State of Massachusetts and has been for many

years the most popular winter apple for either home or foreign markets. The average

BaLpwIn.

Fruit: large, roundish, ovate;
skin yellow, shaded and splash-
ed with crimson and red, spot-
ted with some russet dots ; stem
heavy, three-quarters of an inch
long, in a broad cavity ; calyx
closed, in a deep plaited basin.

FiesH: yellowish white;
tender, juicy ; flavor subacid,
sprightly, aromatic.

Quauity : dessert fair ; cook-
ing good.

Va ue: market first class, es-
pecially for export.

Season : November to March.

ApapraTion : adapted only to
the best apple districts, where
it is one of the most profitable
varieties.

yield from :'full grown} trees each
alternate vear is about eight barrels
per tree, and in some instances
much larger. Large orchards of
this variety have been planted in
the apple growing counties of mid-
dle and southern Ontario, where
for lack of other varieties to fertil-
ize the blossoms, and owing ,.to the
prevalence of apple scab, they have
proved unproductive.

Tree: not hardy outside the
best fruit districts; upright, spread -
ing, vigorous grower, usually very

productive.

SEecTION oF BAaLpwin.

28 REPORT ON THE No. 24

BAXTER (Larue.)

A fine large red
apple, which brings a
high price in the Brit-
ish market if grown
free from fungous
spots, to which, unfor-
tunately, it is some-
what subject.

OriGIn: with Mr.
Larue, near Brock-
ville, Leeds Co., On-
tario, but introduced
by Mr. Baxter.

TREE: healthy, :
vigorous, hardy, mod- \
erately productive. \

Fruit: size large, to
very large; form
roundish, slightly con-
ical; color red with
obscure stripings of
dark red, and numer-
ous prominent grey
dots ; stem half an inch
long, in a narrow,
funnel form cavity,
calyx nearly closed, in
a Jarge regular basin.

FiesH: white, often
streaked with red; tex-
ture moderately firm, not
~ very juicy ; flavor slightly
‘ acid.

\ QuALity : dessert med-
‘ium ; cooking good.

} VawuueE: home and

foreign market, first claes.

Season: October to
? January.

/ ADAPTATION : has proved
hardy and profitable in
Eastern Ontario and the
Lake Simcoe District.

SEcTION OF BAXTEk.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 29

BEN DAVIS.

One of the most popular market apples in the southwestern and western states hecause of
its great productiveness, hardiness, good color and its keeping and shipping qualities. Highly
valued by some growers in Canada, but condemned by others on account of its inferior quality.

Ben Davis.

OricIn : brought from North
Carolina to Kentucky with alot
of other seedling apples by Mr.
Ben Davis. Scions taken from
Kentucky to Southern Illinois
about 1820.

TREE: spreading, fairly vigor-
ous and very productive.

Fruir: medium to large
roundish, truncated conical, un-
equal ; color yellow, striped and
splashed with red, having scat-
tered aureole dots; stem slender,
one to one anda half inches long
in a deep cavity ; calyx erect,
partly closed in a deep, wide
basin.

Fiuso: dull, white, mild,
subacid.

Quauity : dessert, poor; cook-
ing, fairly good.

VaLvue : home market, second
class ; foreign market, first-class.
Season : January to May.

tages Se

Section oF Ben Davis.

30 REPORT ON THE No. 24

BLENHEIM.

(Blenheim Orange, Blenheim Pippin.)
. , Anapple that is
constantly gaining
in favor with both
grower and con-
sumer, because of
its size, its beauty,
its evenness of form
and general excel-
lence for cooking
and dessert pur-
poses. Itis grown
in the counties of
Prince Edward‘
Victoria, Lincoln
and elsewhere, and
is highly valued as
a commercial apple.
It certainly deserves
to be more gener-

ally planted.
ORIGIN: a garden
in Woodstock, Eng-
Jand, near the resid-
ence of the Duke of
Marlboro’; shown at
a meeting of the
London _ Horticul-

tural Society in 1819, and introduced into France into 1840.
TREE: very vigorous in habit and consequently a scant bearer while young, but aregular and
abundant bearer as it grows older;
dwarfed on the Paradise stack, th
tree becomesanearly bearer.
Fruit: large to very
large on favorable soil;
form roundish
oblate, shghtly
smaller at the
apex than at the
base, very regu-
lar; color
yellowish,
splashed with
dult red on }
sunny side and ,
streaked and
with deep red
dots small and
distinct ; stem
short, three-
quarters of an
inch long, stout
in a large russet-
ed cavity : calyx
large and very
open, with
short segements
placed ina large
green cavity.
- FiEsa: cream white
fine, crisp, moderately.
juicy, flavor sweet, spicy.
slightly acid.

Quatity : dessert good ; cook-
ing very good.

VaLuE: home and foreign markets, first class. BLENHAEIM.

Season : November to February.

ADAPTATION : best apple districts only.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 31

BENONI.

A summer apple little grown in Ontario, and not highly esteemed'for commercial purposes.
Oriein : Massachusetts.

TreEE: spreading, fairly vigorous ; hardy ; fairly productive.

Fruir: size scarcely medium; form oblate conical; skin rich yellow, blushed with red in

the sun with a few scattered bright dots: stem half an inch long in a deep cavity ; calyx erect,
partly closed in a deep basin.

Fiesx : color yellow ; texture tender and juicy; flavor rich subacid.
QuaLity : dessert very good ; cooking good.

VaLuE: market second class.

Srason : August to September.

BIETIGHEIMER.

A fall apple of magnificent appearance, attaining a very large size.

Origin: Germany.

Tree: habit vigorous, spreading ; an abundant biennial bearer ; hardy.

Fruit: size very large, sometimes immense ; form round, oblate; skin whitish yellow
almost covered with pale red, and having a few obscure stripes and splashes, and numerous
whitish dots; stem very short, in a wide, regular shallow cavity; calyx closed in a narrow
slightly corrugated basin.

F.esa : white ; texture firm, juicy ; flavor brisk, subacid.

QuALITY : poor for dessert ; fair for cooking.

VaLUE: home and foreign market second class.

Season : September.

a

BLUE PEARMAIN.

A variety found in many of the older orchards ; not productive enough to be profitable.
Tree: strong, vigorous, healthy ; a light bearer.

Fruir: size, very large ; roundish, regular, slightly conical; color, splashes and stripes of
dark purplish red over a dull yellow ground, solid red in sun, with heavy white bloom and
distinct white, russet dots ; stem three-quarters of an inch long, set in a wide, deep cavity ;
calyx open in 2 smooth, shallow basin.

Fiesu : color yellowish ; texture firm, moderately juicy ; flavor mild. acid, rich, aromatic.
Quauiry : first rate.

Vauue: not profitable on account of unproductiveness.

Season: November to February.

BOGDANOFF.

A promising apple for the north ; not recommended where Spy and Baldwin eucceed.

Origin: Russia.

Tree: growth vigorous; habit upright.

Fruir: size medium; form roundish, somewhat ribbed ; color green or yellowish green
often with faint bronze blush and numerous small white dots; etem short, set in a shallow
cavity ; calyx set in a broad, deep plaited basin.

Fiesu : color white ; texture tender and juicy ; flavor pleasant, subacid.

QuALITY : dessert fair; cooking good.

Va.vuE: market second class.

Szason: November to February.

32 REPORT ON THE No. 24

BOIKEN.

Tested at our Simcoe station since 1896 and esteemed worthy as a commercial apple.

OrieIN : tree imported from Russia by Prof. Budd; named after Dike-Warden Boike of
Germany.

TrEE: a fair grower; habit willowy, like Golden Russet; an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit: size medium: form oblate conical; skin smooth, yellow with red cheek and many
minute white dots ; stem long in a wide, deep cavity ; calyx in a wide, wrinkled basin of mod-
erate depth.

FuesH : color white; texture firm, juicy, fine grained ; flavor sprightly, refreshing, subacid.

Qua.ity : dessert fair; very good for cooking.

VaLue: thought well of at Lake Simcoe Station for market.

Season : November to February.

BOTTLE GREENING.

An apple grown in some parts of Ontario for home uses, for which its excellent quality
makes it very desirable ; it is not recommended for the commercial orchard, because the fruit
is rather tender for shipment to distant markets.

OriGINn : according to Chas. Downing this variety was found near the border line between
Vermont and New York State, and takes its name from a hollow in the original tree, where
workmen were accustomed to keeping their bottle.

TREE: vigorous, productive.

Fruit: medium to large; form oblate, slightly conical; color yellowish with bright red on
one side, a thin bloom and a few light dots; stem half an inch long in a deep, funnel-form
cavity ; calyx nearly closed, in a moderately deep, slightly plaited basin.

FLesH : greenish white; texture fine, tender, juicy, almost melting ; flavor subacid.

Qua.ity : dessert, very good.

Vautue: home market, first class ; foreign market, second class.

Season: November to February.

BROCKVILLE (Brockville Beauty).

A seeding of Fameuse which is as yet grown only to a limited extent in the eastern part of
the Province. This fruit isinclined to run small as the trees overload.

OriciIn; near Brockville, Ontario.

Tree: hardy, moderately vigorous ; hears heavily every alternate year.

Fruir: form conical ; size medium tosmall ; skin white, almost covered with bright red.

FiesH: color white; texture crisp, tender, breaking: flavor brisk acid.

Quauity: dessert and cooking good.

Season: late August to mid September.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 33

CABASHEA. (Twenty Ounce Pippin. )

Not worth planting in Ontario. Through confusing its name with that of Cayuga Red
Streak, often called Twenty Ounce, this apple has been widely planted in our Province. The
tree is unproductive and the fruit, although large and fine in appearance, drops early and is
poor in quality.

OriGIN : unknown.

Trre : vigorous, spreading, unproductive.

Fruit: large, rounlish oblate, slightly conical ; skin yellowish green, shaded dull red on
the sunny side; stem five-eighth of an inch long, stout, in a wide cavity of moderate depth ;
calyx open in a wide shallow basin; core medium.

Fuirsa : white, firm, coarse, subacid, only fair for cooking, useless for dessert.

VaLuE: tested twenty years at Maplehurst, Grimsby, and ‘found unprofitable on account
ofdunproductiveness.

SEason : October to December.

CANADA RED. (Red Canada of Beach.)

Oriern: unknown; Beach says it was brought from the neighborhood of Toronto, into
Western New York State.

Tree: a strong grower, productive in some places, while a shy bearer in others, and hence
is not recommended.

Fruir: medium to large, roundish conical ; skin yellow, well splashed and washed with
deep, rather dul red ; dots fairly numerous, large, yellow, prominent ; cavity deep, narrow ;
stem short, slender ; basin narrow, shallow, slightly wrinkled ; calyx small, partly open.

Fixsu : yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, mildly subacid with a pleasant but not high
flavor ; core of medium size.

QuaL.ity::1 good.

Season : mid to late! winter.

CAYUGA. (Gayuga Red Streak, Twenty Ounce.)

Aflarge, fine looking cooking apple for late autumn: a good market sort; grown in lim-
ited quantities in Ontario.

OriGIn : Connecticut.

TREE: vigorous; compact; productive; an annual bearer; on large trees, growth is
straggling.

Fruir: very large, roundish, uneven; skin greenish yellow to yellowish white, with
marblings and stripes of red and crimson, and a few large grey dots; stem three quarters of an
inch long, in a deep, slightly russeted cavity ; calyx small, half open in a smooth shallow
basin.

FiesH: yellowish white, texture coarse grained, tender, moderately juicy ; flavor brisk,
subacid, pleasant.

Quauity: dessert poor, cooking good.

VaLue: market first-class.

Season : late autumn to early winter.

COLVERT..

A fairly good fall market apple, being Jarge in size and rather attractive in apyearance, but
of fair quality only. It has been widely planted in Ontario for market. For kitchen use it is
much inferior to the Gravenstein.

ORIGIN : uncertain.

TREE: very vigorous and very productive.

Fruit: large, form oblate, slightly conical; skin greenish yellow, with cheek and faint
stripes of dull red ; stem stout, half an inch in length.

Fes : color greenish white; texture tender, moderately juicy; flavor subacid, ordinary.

QuaLity : dessert, fair; cooking, good.

VALUE: second-class for market.

Season: October to November.

ADAPTATION : succeeds at Georgian Bay and Bay of ‘Quinte stations, and is widely grown in
the older apple sections of Ontario.
3 F.D.

34

REPORT ON THE

No. 24

(Pointed Pipka, Arabka).

CHARLAMOFF.

CHARLAMOFF (after S. B. Green).

skin light yellow, covered
with dark crimson stripes and
splashes, with red cheek and
white, minute dots; stem me-
dium stout, in a deep, acute,
russeted cavity; calyx open,
sometimes closed, in a wide,
shallow, wrinkled basin.
Fiesn : color white, stained
with red under the skin; tex-
ture somewhat coarse, juicy ;
flavor subacid, pleasant.
Quauiry ; dessert good.
VALUE: market second class,
being very perishable.
SEASON :
Duchess.

August, just before

3a FO.

— . Ae

One of the best hardy varieties
of ‘its season which has been suc-
cessfully grown at our Algoma
station. It is classed by the Min-
nesota State Horticultural Society
as one of four varieties having the
first degree of hardiness.

Onicin: Russia ; imported by Budd
and Gibb.

Tree; very hardy ; habit spread-
ing; growth vigorous; very pro-
ductive.

Fruit: size above medium ; form
oblong, truncated, angular, ribbed ;

al

SECTION OF CHARLAMOFR,

1905

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

35

An apple worthy of
being. planted in south-

ern Ontario as a

variety for export; al-
though the quality is

ordinary and not

able for dessert, its extreme
beauty when opened in
mid-winter, its large and
éven size, and the pro-
ductiveness of the tree

every alternate

make it a_ desirable

variety.

Sometimes, however,
this variety is subject
to warts and knots which

mar its beauty.

OriciIn: accidental,
on afarm, near Hudson

N.Y.

TREE : very vigorous,
healthy, spreading, —

productive.

CRANBERRY PIPPIN.

fancy

suit-

year,

«

and

SECTION OF CRANBERRY PIPPIN.

CRANBERRY PIPPIN.

Fruir: medium to large,
roundish, oblate;skin
smooth, yellow shaded and
striped with two. shades of
red ; stem slender, one-
eighth of an inch long ina
deep cavity; calyx closed,
in a wide, wrinkled basin.

FLesH : color white ;
texture ‘firm, crisp, coarse,
moderately juicy ; flavor
subacid.

QuaLiry : dessert, poor,
cooking fair.

VaLUE : market second
class.

Season: November to
February.

ADAPTATION: southern
portions of the Province,
especially along the shores
of the lakes.

36 REPORT ON THE No. 24

DUCHESS.
(Oldenburg of Downing, Borovitsky of Royal Horticultural Society, 1824.)

In cold storage, this apple may be profitably exported to Great Britain. It succeeds in
every part of Ontario where the apple can be grown, and its beauty always brings for it the top
price in the market. ;

Oricin : Taurida Gardens, St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1824 ; introduced into England by
the Royal Horticultural Society in 1824.

Tree : very hardy, very vigorous and an early and abundant bearer. ;

Fruit : medium to large ; form regular, roundish oblate, one sided ; skin greenish yellow,

DucHEss

with ‘bright red stripes,
splashes and numerous
russety dots ; stalk slend-
er, three-quarters of an
inch long, set in a deep
funnel-shaped cavity ;
calyx long, closed, in a
deep broad plaited basin.

FLEsH : greeni-h, turn-
ing yellowish white at ma-
turity ; texture fine, firm
and juicy ; flavor brisk,
refreshing acid.

Quaity : dessert fair,
cooking good.

Vauur.: first class of
its season for home mar-
ket.

Season : August and
September.

ADAPTATION : general.
Succeeds fairly well
wherever apples are
grown in the Province,
se and does exceptionally
Srcriox or Ducuess well on the borders of
Lakes Ontario and Erie.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 37

EARLY HARVEST.

The best apple of its season for dessert, ¢ but
of late years rendered worthless ,in Ontario by
scab, which not only spoils its appearance, but el
lessens its size and injures its flavor. The Early
Harvest and Fall Pippin are the two apples
which seem to be least able to resist this terrible /
fungus, and which most favor itsspread. Un_
less, therefore, the fungus is checked by spray-
ing with the Bordeaux mixture, this apple must
be left out of the list of desirable varieties.

Orrarn : United States, in cultivation since 4
about 1700, A.D. x

TreE : only medium in vigor, never attain- %,
ing a large size, old trees averaging from one- nc
half to two-thirds the size of Greening trees of the same age ; upright and spreading ; produc-
tive, considering the size of the tree and the fruit ; yield of full grown trees averages about four
barrels every alternate year.

Fruir : medium round, oblate ; skin smooth, bright straw !color when ripe, with afew
faint dots ; stem short, one-half to three-quarters of an inch, ina medium cavity, often rus-
seted ; calyx closed in a shallow, sometimes slightly plaited basin.

Fixsx : white, fine grained, juicy, crisp, tender ; flavor rich, sprightly, pleasant subacid.
Season : late July to early August.

Quatity : dessert best; cooking good.

VALUE : bome market first class ; foreign market second class.

ADAPTATION : succeeds in the best apple districts, but is much subject to scab.

FILLBASKET. ( Kentish Fillbasket. )

An old English variety of great beauty of appearance and enormous size, often exceeding
four inches in diameter. It is not, however, much grown in the commercial orchards of
Ontario, being a fall apple, ill adapted to export, unless by cold storage, and of very ordinary
quality. ;

Ortain: England.

TREE: vigorous, fairly productive, semi-hardy.

Fruit: very large, globular, slightly ribbed; color smooth, shiny, light green or pale
yellow, sometimes almost white, and on sunny side splashed and striped with bright red; stem
stout, short, + inch long, set in a large cavity ; calyx closed, set in a large plaited basin.

FuiesH: fine grained, tender and juicy ; flayor mild, subacid.

Quauity : poor for dessert, good for cooking.

Vatur: home market second class ; foreign market third class.

Srason : October to December.

Apaptation : North shore Lakes Ontario and Erie, east shore Lake Huron.

38

REPORT ON THE

No. 24

form round, regu-
lar, smooth; color
pea green, shaded
on sunny side with
brownish red cheek,
dots sparse, large
light green; stem
half an inch long,
stout, set in a nar-
row, moderately
deep cavity; calyx
small, nearly closed,
set in a_ shallow
wrinkled basin.

FLresH: green-
ish white; texture
fine-grained, firm,
moderately juicy ;
flavor mild subacid,
fair.

Quauity: fair
for cooking.

VaLuE: home
and foreign market
first class.

Season: Janu-
ary to March.

FALLAWATER.

FALLAWATER

SECTION or Fa LLAWATER

A large apple,
of even size and fine
appearance, which
is grown for market
quite extensively in
Pennsylvania,
Ohio, and in some
of the Western
States, and to some
extent in Ontario.
Were it more uni-
formly productive,
we could recom.
mend it as a profit-
able commercial
variety.

OrietIn: Penn-
sylvania.

TREE: a vigor-
ous grower; fairly
productive.

Fruit : size
large to very large ;

ADAPTATION : successfully grown at our Bay of Quinte station and all parts of the Province
farther south; also in the Lake Huron district, but in same localities it is said to be short-lived.

1905

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

39

FALL PIPPIN.

cavity; calyx small,
open in asmall, moder-
ately deep basin.

FLESH : greenish
white ; texture tender,
mellow, and fairly
juicy ; flavor brisk,
pleasant, aromatic.

Quauity : dessert
fair; cooking best.

VALUE: home mar-
ket first class, foreign
market second class.

Sgason : November
and December.

ApapTation : hardy
in the best apple dis-
tricts, but very subject
to scab.

Fauu Pippin.

SEcrION oF Fauy Pippin.

A general favorite as
a fall cooking apple,
and possessing a fairly
good flavor as a dessert
apple. It was at one
time planted very
freely, but of late years
it has been discarded
because of its liability
to the apple scab.

Oriain: America,
probably from seed of
Holland Pippin.

TREE: habit stout,
vigorous, — spreading ;
head round; long lived,
some trees in Niagara
district are now over
100 years of age; fairly
productive.

Fruit: large; form
roundish, sometimes
obscurely ribbed ; skin
yellow, often with red
cheek and a few small
grey dots; stalk half
to three quarters of an
inch long, set in a
small, moderately deep

Go O00 8200p,

40 REPORT ON THE No. 24

FAMEUSE,

(Snow, Pomme de Neige).

The most highly valued of all table apples, and but for one fault the Fameuse would be the
most profitable of all, especially in Eastern Ontario, where it attains its highest perfection.
The fault is that it is quite subject to the apple scab, so that in some places the fruit is
entirely worthless.

Oricrn : Province of Quebec, pro-
bably from seeds brought from
France; it is often called Snow,
from the color of its flesh, and its
proper name signifies a famous
apple.

TREE : moderately vigorous ;
moderately productive ; hardy.

Fruit: medium size, roundish ;
skin, light green, striped and
shaded with two shades of red,
often nearly covered with deep
red; stalk slender, half an inch
long, in a small deep cavity , calyx
small, segments often recurved, set
in a shallow, slightly plaited basin.

FAMEUSE.

FiesH: snow white ; texture
tender, very fine grained, breaking,
juicy ; flavor, aromatic.

Quauiry : dessert first-class ;
cooking fair.

VaLue: first class for all mar-
kets, when perfect in form and free
from spots.

Season : October to December,

ADAPTATION : general, but spe-
cially adapted to eastern portion of
the Province.

SECTION OF FAMEUSE.

1905

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

41

A very pretty apple, but inclined

FursH: white, flaky,
tender, almost melting,
yet crisp, fine, juicy, and
of good flavor.

Quatiry : dessert, poor;
cooking, fair. :

VaLuE: home market
second class ; foreign
third class.

Season: September to
November ; October at
Ottawa.

ADAPTATION: only
valuable in the north.

to rot at the core:

is less highly colored than
Duchess. These faults will
prevent its being popular as
an export apple.

Oriein: by Peter M. Gid-
eon, Excelsior, Minn., U.S. ;
otsame parentage asWealthy.

TREE : vigorous, hardy,
holds fruit well, productive.

Fruir: large, round or
slightly conical ; skin white,
with bright red cheek shaded
with deeper red splashes ;
dots white, obscure ; cavity
broad, deep, regular or
slightly corrugated; stem
one inch long, slender); calyx
half closed, in a small, corru-
gated basin.

SEcTION OF GIDEON.

42 REPORT ON THE No. 24

GOLDEN RUSSET.

GoLpEN Russer.

Tree : fairly vigorous, shootsslender,
or willowy, speckled; habit irregular ;
only fairly productive.

Fruir : size medium ; form roundish,
slightly oblong, slightly flattened ; skin
covered with thick russet, occasionally
showing a patch of greenish yellow ; stem
slender, half an inch to one inch long;
not subject to scab.

FiesH < color yellowish, texture fine
grained, firm, crisp; flavor aromatic,
subacid.

Quauity : dessert fair; cooking good.

VALUE : export first class.

This is the Golden Russet of Western
New York. (It is scmetimes incorrectly
called American Golden Russet, which is a
tender fleshed apple only keeping until
January). This apple is very valuable in the
colder sections of the Ontario apple belt, the
tree being comparatively hardy, and the
fruit of high commercial value; in the
warmer sections it is considerably grown in
the older orchards, but not much planted of
late years, because it is only sf medium size,
tedious to harvest, and inclined to drop
early.

SrecrioN OF GOLDEN Russet.

Season : keeps till May in cold cellar, but is inclined to shrivel if the air is dry and

warm.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 43

GRAVENSTEIN.

A favorite commer-
cial apple in Nova
Scotia, but altogether
too little cultivated in
Ontario, considering
its many excellent
characteristics. It has
no competitor in its
season for either home
use or market.

OrrIGIN: according
to Hogg, the original
tree grew in the gar-
/ den of the Duke of
_ Augustenberg, at the
- Castle of Graufenstein
in Schleswig-Holstein
in Germany, and was
still standing about
the year 1850. Leroy
inclines to accept a
statement by Hirsch-
felt, a German pomo-
logist, who in 1788
wrotethe first descrip-
tion of the apple, and
stated that it was
brought to Germany
from Italy. The earli-
“ Saree : est trace of this apple
SECTION OF GRAVENSTEIN. we can find, dates

back to about 1760. It is now widely grown in Western Europe, and is a favorite everywhere.

TREE: much more vigerous in growth
than ordinary varieties, and when in
bloom remarkably beantiin!
with its extraordinary sized
pure whiteblossoms; hardy
and productive.

Fruit: large to very
large ; form oblate con-
cal, somewhat one-siil-
ed and more or
less pentagonal ;
skin greenish yel-
low to _ orange,
beautifully strip-
ed and splashed
with two shades
of red; stem stout,
about half an inch
in length, set in a
deep, narrow cav-
ity ; calyx par-
tially closed, wide
long segments set
in a wide irregu-
lar, slightly russet
basin.

FiesH: white ;
texture crisp and
very juicy ; flavor
rich, vinous and
aromatic.

Quauiry: des-
sert, very good;
cooking, good.

VaLtuE: home mar-
ket, first class ; foreign
market, first class.

Season: September and Octo-
ber.

ApaptTaTion: general in the best apple sections.

GRAVENSTEIN.

44 REPORT ON THE No. 24

GREENING. (Rhode Island Greening).

One of the staple varieties for profit in Ontario orchards. No one variety, except the Bald-
win, was more widely planted in our Province previous to 1875, but since that time it has been
liable to scab some _ seasons,
especially in cases where proper
spraying is neglected. Its color
is against it in foreign markets,
and yet, as it becomes known,
the demand for it increases. It
has a tendency to drop early,
especially south of Lake Ontario,
and, therefore, needs to be
gathered in good season, about
the first of October, as a rule.
Remarkable instances of pro-
ductiveness have been reported.
One large tree at Maplehurst,
Grimsby, nearly one hundred
years planted, vielded twenty
barrels one season, and fifteen
barrels another.

Oriain : Rhode Island.

TREE: very vigorous, spread-
ing, a crooked grower ; fairly
hardy ; very productive ; suc-
ceeds well on a great variety of
soils.

GREENING,

Fruir: large, roundish, sometimes a little flattened, regular, unless overgrown : color
green, becoming lighter las it
ripens, often showing a blush
when well exposed to the sun ;
dots light grey, aureole, numer-
ous toward the apex; stem
seven-eighths of an inch long in
asmooth, narrow cavity ; calyx
partly closed in a nearly smooth
shallow basin.

Fiesu: white, with agreenish
tint, yellowing as it matures ;
texture fine grained, crisp,
juicy ; flavor rich, slightly aro-
matic, pleasant, subacid.

Quauity: dessert, medium ;
cooking, best.

se
eet

Vatue: home and _ foreign
markets, first class.

Season: December to Febru-
ary.

ADAPTATION: succeeds in the
best apple districts.

SECTION OF GREENING.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 45

GRIMES. (Grimes Golden Pippin. )

GRIMEs.

Fruit: size medium; form
roundish oblong ; color rich golden
yellow with russet dots; stem
slender in a deep cavity; calyx
partly closed in a deep, wrinkled,
abrupt basin.

Fiesa : yellow; texture firm,
crisp, juicy ; flavor rich, aromatic,
spicy, subacid.

Quauity : dessert best; cook-
ing poor.

VALUE : market, second class.

Season ; December to Jan-
uary.

An apple that has a good re-
putation in some parts as a winter
dessert apple, on account of its
excellent quality and its rich
golden color; not planted exten-
sively in the commercial orchards
of Ontario.

OricIN : Virginia; on the

farm of Thomas Grimes.

TREE : vigorous, branches
with knobs at base ; not hardy very
far beyond north shore of Lake
Ontario ; a regular, annual bearer.

SECTION OF GRIMES.

46 REPORT ON THE No. 24

GRINDSTONE. (American Pippin.)
Valuable chiefly for its long keeping, and for cider.
Oriain: United States.

Tree: hardy, vigorous, productive.

Fruit: size medium ; form regular, roundish oblate; skin dull green with patches and
stripes of dall rel ani num2rous dots; stem short, stout in a deep, slightly russeted cavity ;
calyx large, open, in a deep, medium sized, slightly wrinkled basin.

Fes : color yellowish white ; texture firm, crisp, not very juicy, flavor brisk acid.

Quatiry : second rate for cooking ; third rate for dessert.

VaLueE : second class for market purposes.

Sgason : March to June.

HAAS. (Fall Queen.)

An old variety which was at one time popular in the colder parts of the Ontario apple belt
because oi the hardiness of the tree, but which has now given place to the Wealthy.

Oricin : St. Louis, Missouri.
Tree: vigorous; habit upright ; an early and an annual bearer, hardy.

Frorr: ‘size medium; form oblate conical; skin thick; color yellow, marbled, splashed
and striped with crimson, with a few obscure white dots; stem short set in a broad cavity
of moderate depth, slightly russeted ; calyx half closed in an irregular, wrinkled basin.

Fxesn : white, often stained with red next the skin; texture peculiar, quince like, juicy ;
flavor subacid, slightly astringent.

Quatity : dessert poor; cooking fair.
VaLue: market second class.

Season : late autumn.

1905

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

47

Hreernav. (After S. B. Green).

FiesH: color yellow-
ish; texture, tender,
crisp, juicy; flavor as-
tringent acid.

QUALITY : dessert
poor; cooking good.

VALUE: home market
in the north, first class.

Season: September
to November.

HIBERNAL.

An attractive looking
cooking apple, valuable also
for hardiness of tree; one of
the best of the Russian
apples for our colder dis-
tricts.

OrIGIN : Russia.

TREE : vigorous, of strong
spreading habit; healthy ;
productive.

Fruit : size large ; form
roundish oblate conical ;
skin yellowish, striped and
splashed with red, with
small white dots ; stem med-
ium length set in a moder-
ately deep regular cavity
with large patch of russet ;
calyx half open in a narrow
shallow wrinkled cavity.

SECTION OF HIBERNAL.

48

REPORT ON THE

rich yellow ground
nearly covered with
stripes and splashes of
light rich red; stem
hree-quarters of an
inch long, set in a
narrow deep russeted
cavity ; calyx open in
ribbed basin.

FLesH texture
tender and juicy ;
flavor subacid, rich,

sweet and excellent.

(QUALITY very
good.

VALUE market
first class.

Season: October
to February.

ADAPTATION : re-
ported successful in
the Counties of Simcoe,
Prince Edward and

Norfolk, but succeeds
in all the best apple
districts.

HUBBARDSTON.

HUuBBARDSTON.

Secrion of HuBBAE

(Hubbardston’s Nonsuch. )

Na a ee

RDSTON.

A first - class
commercial apple
for early winter.
It succeeds well in
the Province of On-
tario, and deserves
to be planted much
more freely.

ORIGIN
Hubbardston,
Mags.

TrEE: hardy,
vigorous, but some-
what subject to
apple canker and
therefore better top
worked on some
healthy grower ;
very productive ;
an early bearer.

Fruit : size,
medium . to large ;
form round ovate,
fairly regular ; skin,

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 49

HYSLOP.
A well known and widely cultivated variety of hybrid crab. Its dark, rich, red color and
its late season make it a valuable variety.
TREE: vigorous, of spreading habit.

Fruit: size medium; form roundish ovate, obscurely angular; color a dark rich red,
covered with heavy blue bloom, and having many obscure yellowish dots ; stem about one inch
and an eighth in length, set in an obtuse, regulaz cavity.

Fuesx : yellowish, acid.
VALUE: very good for culinary uses and for cider.

Srason : September and October.

Hyscor.

JONATHAN.
A first class winter dessert apple, of the Spitzenburg type, valuable for the home garden
but too small to be planted for market ; succeeds well in some locations.
Origin : Woodstock, New York State.

Tree: of moderate vigor ; shoots slender, drooping; should be top worked on a vigoroug
trunk ; inclined to be self sterile, and needs to be planted with other varieties for proper

pollination.

Fruit: size medium, in some localities small; form longish, truncated conical, regular ;
skin colored dark brilliant red in sun, and striped, splashed with lighter red, with numerous
small whitish dots ; stem long slender set in a deep acute cavity ; calyx small, closed, in a wide,
deep, abrupt basin.

Fiesu : color white; texture tender and juicy ; flavor subacid, spicy, aromatic, excellent.
Qua.ity : dessert best ; cooking good.
VaLuE : special markets first class ; export second class.

Srason: November to February.

4F. 0.

50 REPORT ON THE No. 24

KING. (King of Tompkins’ County. )

Said to have originated in New Jersey. On account of its excellent quality for cooking, its
peculiarly rich aromatic flavor, its beautiful appearance and large size, this apple is taking the
highest place in the great
apple markets of the world.
Uniortunately the tree is a
poor bearer,and consequently
unprofitable as an orchard
variety, unless under excep-
tional circumstances. Top-
grafted on Tolman Sweet, it
is said to be more productive.
For home use it is excelled
by no apple.

TREE: a vigorous grower,
of spreading habit, but not
long-lived.

Fruir : large, roundish,
uneven ; ‘skin yellowish,
shading off from red to dark
crimson ; stem [short and
stout, inserted in a _ wide,
deep, somewhat irregular
cavity; calyx closed in a
broad, shallow, slightly cor-
rugated basin.

FresH: yellowish white,
crisp and juicy, moderately
firm ; flavor rich, agreeable,
aromatic.

f, Quasury: Dessert and
Kine. cooking, very good.

Vaivue: home market first class; export first class.

Season : October to February in Southern Ontario ; reported at the Simcoe station October
to March for Northern Ontario.

Apapration : not hardy at Simcoe station unless top grafted on Tolman Sweet, or some

SEcTION oF KING.

other hardy stock, and, therefore, it is not recommended for general planting in northern
sections.
4a F. O

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 51

LADY.

A beautiful little apple for the amateur’s collection,
and very highly valued where known for a dessert apple,
having a pleasant flavor and great beauty. In Europe
the apple is known ag Api, but in America it has become
known as the Lady apple. Some say it was so called be-
cause from its small size and beautiful color, it seemed
just suited to a lady’s mouth.

OriGIn : France.

Tree: upright habit and bears fruit in clusters,
vigorous only fairly hardy and productive.

Lapy.

Fruir: very small, flat oblate. Color green, turning
to yellow, half covered with a rich red cheek, and many
tiny dots which are more numerous towards the apex.
Stem slender, half an inch long, set in a deep regular
cavity. Calyx closed in a small wrinkled basin.

Firs : greenish white ; texture fine grained, crisp
and juicy ; flavor pleasant.

Quarry : dessert, best ; cooking too small to be of
any value.

Srason :. December to May.

ADAPraTION: successfully grown as far north as the
Bay of Quinte station. Section oF Lapy.

LA VICTOIRE.

This variety has not, so far, proved very productive, but is a handsome apple, and on

account of its season and hardiness will probably prove useful in the north.

Oren : near Grenville, Que. Probably a seeding of Fameuse.

Tree : hardy and a strong moderately spreading grower.

Fruit : above medium size, oblate, regular ; skin greenish yellow, almost covered with
crimson ; dots fairly numerous, gray, distinct ; cavity of medium depth and width, slightly
russeted ; stem short and stout ; basin of medium depth and width, almost smooth ; calyx
open and medium in size.

FesH : white, tinged with red, rather coarse, moderately juicy, mildly subacid, with a
pleasant flavor; core small.

QUALITY : good.

Srason: Midwinter. (Macoun).

52 REPORT ON THE No. 24

LIVLAND RASPBERRY (Lowland Raspoerry).

A handsome hardy summer apple of very good dessert quality, one of the best summer

apples for home use, but drops rather badly and ripens unevenly.

Ori@in : Russia.

Tree: moderately upright, vigorous, moderately productive.

Fruir: medium to large, roundish to oblate, conic, angular, color pale yellow, more or
less marked, splashed and washed with bright red with a few pale yellow indistinct dots ; stem
short to medium, moderately stout in a narrow cavity of medium depth ; basin shallow, narrow,
slightly wrinkled.

Fiesu : white tinged with red, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid with a good flavor.

Quarry : dessert very good.

Skison : middle to last of August.

ADApraTIoN : quite hardy, having been fruited in Southern Manitoba. (Macown).

LOUISE. (Princess Louise, Woolverton. )

An apple of great value for the home garden as a choice dessert variety, but probably not

sufficiently productive to be profitable in the commercial orchard.

OricIn: at Mavlehurst, near Grimsby ; a chance seedling of the Snow and first known as
Woolverton. Samples were first exhibited by Mr. L. Woolverton at a meeting of the Ontario
Fruit Growers’ Association at Hamilton, where it was given the name Princess Louise, after
Her Royal Highness, wife of the then Governor-General, His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne.

Tree: of slender habit; fairly vigorous; hardy ; moderately productive.

Freit: roundish, size medium ; skin greenish yellow, of bright waxy lustre, with cheek
of clear bright carmine; stem stout, three quarters of an inch long, in a narrow, moderately
deep cavity; calyx half open, in a broad, shallow, slightly plaited basin.

FiesH: pure white ; texture tender, fine, somewhat crisp, jwcy with rich aromatic flavor.

Quaxity : dessert best ; cooking fair.
VaLue: home market, first class.

Season : November to February.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 53

Se

LONGFIELD.

A late fall variety, valued chiefly for its hardiness ; too small to be profitable where better
kinds will succeed,

Ortain ; Russia.

TREE: a poor straggling grower; very hardy; very productive, inclined to overbear and

requires thinning ; an early bearer.

Fruit: size small; form roundish conical; skin yellow, with bright red cheek, and a few
large yellowish dots ; smooth ; tender, showing bruises quickly ; stem short, set in a deep reg-

ular cavity ; calyx half open in an abrupt, wrinkled basin.

LONGFIELD. Section oF LONGFIELD.

FLesH: very white ; texture very tender, juicy ; flavor pleasant, subacid.
Quauity: dessert fair; cooking good.
VaLueE: market third class.

Season: October and November.

54 REPORT ON THE No. 24

McINTOSH. (McIntosh Red).

A very fine dessertfappleifor early
winter use. “[At Ottawa andfalong the
St. Lawrence and other places where
conditions are favorable, it is counted
one of the! best dessert apples of- its
season, adapted and profitable for
export, but inthe’ Niagara District tit
it not so much grown, owing to scab.

Oriatn: with John McIntosh, Dun-
dela, Ont., in whose orchard the
original tree is still standing (1904).

Tree: hardy, vigorous; fairly up-
right; fairly productive; an annual
bearer ; of Fameuse type ; inclined to
drop its fruit last of September in

Niagara District.

MclInrosH Rep.

Fruit: size medium to large ; form roundish ; color, deep crimson in sun, light crimson on
shady side, inclined to show broken stripes and yellow dots, often with a heavy blue bloom ;
stem one inch in length, stout, set in a vide, and often somewhat irregular cavity, which is
green at bottom ; calyx closed in a smooth, regular, rather shallow basin. Cuts given on this

page show fruit considerably reduced in size..

FizsH: snow white; tex-

EO ture crisp, tender, very juicy;
MOE Wie

=a
es flavor slightly subacid, aro-

matic, perfumed near the
skin.

Qua.iry: dessert first class.

VaLuE: home market first
class.

Season : November to Jan-

uary; quite ready for eating
by November first.

ApaPrTaTion : Northern ap-
ple districts; succeeds at
Trenton and St. Lawrence

hassle stations.
Section or McIntosu Rep.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 55

McMAHON. (McMahon White).

A good sized and rather attractive fall apple, valuable especially for the hardiness of the
tree ; succeeds well at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; too tender in flesh to ship
well.

Ortain: from seed of Alexander, planted about 1860 by A. L. Hatch, Ithaca, Wisconsin,
TrsE: very hardy ; very strong grower ; productive.

Fruit: size large, uniform ; form roundish oblate, slightly conical, obscurely ribbed : skin
light yellow, becoming white at full maturity, often with blush of red and large white dots ;
stem short, about half an inch long, stout, in an acute, deep, russeted cavity ; calyx half open

in a narrow, moderately deep, slightly wrinkled basin.
Fes : color white ; texture coarse grained, tender, juicy ; flavor subacid.
Quauity : dessert fair; cooking very good.
VaLuE: home market first class ; export third class.

Srason : October to December.

MAIDEN BLUSH.
A yaluable apple for the amateur because of its extreme beauty, but not considered a very
profitable market variety by Ontario fruit growers.
Ortcin : New Jersey.
TREE ; moderately vigorous grower, and fairly productive.

Fruit: size medium to large; form oblate, very regular, but slightly one-sided; color
lemon yellow with beautiful crimson blush; stem three quarters of an inch long, set in a

moderately deep, wide cavity ; calyx closed, in a shallow, slightly wrinkled basin.
FiEsu : color white ; texture fine, tender; flavor pleasant; subacid.
Qua.ity : dessert, fair ; cooking, good.

Srason : September and October.

56 REPORT ON THE No. 24

MARTHA
A hybrid crab.
Oricin: by Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota.

Fruir : Jarge, oblate, very regular ; surface smooth, yellow, almost entirely covered with a
beautiful bright red, with a bluish bloom, no stripes or splashes; dots white, conspicuous ;
cavity wide, regular; stem long ; basin very wide, nearly flat; segments often nearly obsolete

core closed.

SecTion oF Marvrna. Martua.

Friesx: yellowish white, acid ; good for culinary use.

Srason: early to mid September.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 57

MANN

The Mann apple is not very highly recommended for extended orchard planting in Ontario,
because of its rather unat-
tractive green color in,
shipping season. The tree
has the merit of being
a productive variety
and an early bearer, but
the fruit is inclined to drop
early, and to be small,
when not thinned.

Orictn : New York State,
a chance seedling intro-
duced by Dr.* Mann, after
whom it was named by the
Western New York Horti-
cultural Society.

Tree :; hardy, moderate-
ly vigorous, spreading, ‘with
slender,branches ; an early
and regular bearer, inclined
to overload.

Fruir: of large size
when thinned and well
cultivated, form roundish,
oblate, regular; skin dull
Mann. green, yellowing at matur-

ity, nearly covered with light green dots; stalk half an inch long in a large slightly russeted
cavity ; calyx closed in a large plaited basin.

a eae

SECTION oF Mann.

Fiesn : yellowish, moderately firm, juicy, agreeable, subacid.

Qua.ity : dessert poor; cooking good.

VawuvE: first class for home or foreign market, but the best prices are not always obtained
for the fruit, owing to its unattractive color.

Season : January to April.

58 REPORT ON THE No. 24

MILWAUKEE.

One of the best
hardy winter apples
for the commercial
orchards in the north-
ern belt of apple cul-
ture in Ontario; test-
ed several years at our
St. Lawrence station,
and reported as one of
the most promising
winter apples for profit
yet tested for that dis-
trict; afairly good
shipper.

MILWAUKEE.

Oricin: a seedling of Duchess, by Geo. Jeffrey, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Tree: growth moderately vigorous; habit spreading; very hardy; very productive; an
early bearer ; fobiage dark green, abundant ; shows characteristics of the Duchess.

Fruit: large, form oblate, flattened, slightly angular; skin yellowish green blushed and
streaked with bright red and crimson on the sunny side ; stem slender, one-half inch long in a
large deep, often russeted cavity ; calyx half closed in a wide deep wrinkled basin.

Fuesa : color yel-
lowish white ; texture
tender, crisp, juicy ;
flavor acid.

QuaLity : dessert
fair; cooking very
good.

Be,

VaLue: for near
markets first class.

Season: December
to March.

SEcTION OF MILWAUKEE.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 59

NEWTOWN PIPPIN.

(Green Newtown Pippin, Yellow Newton Pippin, Albermarle. )

The highest priced apple that reaches the English market, but not much grown in Ontario
because the fruit is subject to the apple scab.

Oricin : Newtown, Long Island.
TREE: aslow grower and only moderately hardy ; needs rich soil and good cultivation.

Frurr: medium to large; form, roundish oblique, with broad obscure ribs terminating in
five crowns at the apex ; color, dull green, becoming yellowish during the winter, with reddish
brown tinge on the sunny side, and dotted with small grey russety dots; stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, inserted all its length in a deep, wide, funnel-shaped cavity ; calyx small
closed in a small, moderately deep basin.

FiesH : greenish-white ; texture firm, crisp, juicy ; flavor, rich and highly aromatic.
Vature: home markets, first class ; foreign market, first class.

Qua.iry : cooking, first class; dessert, first-class.

Season : January to May, at its best in March.

ADAPTATION : only to certain favored sections.

NORTH STAR. (Dudley Winter.)

Originated in Maine. Fruit roundish: size above medium to large ; cavity, open,
deep, slighty: russeted ; stem medium length, slender ; basin deep, medium width, slight-
ly wrinkled ; calyx partly open; color pale yellow ; streaked and splashed with, deep
lively red ; dots few, small, pale yellow, indistinct ; skin moderately thick, tender ; flesh
yellow, rather coarse, tender, moderately juicy ; core small ; subacid, pleasant flavor ; quality
above medium, almost good ; season late September to early winter. Tree vigorous and pro-
ductive. A handsome apple, about the same season as Wealthy. This variety is succeeding
well in some of the colder parts of the country. (Macoun.) d

NORTHWESTERN GREENING.
One of the best winter commercial apples, especially for colder sections; attractive in
appearance.
Ortein: Wisconsin ; introduced in 1872 by E. W. Daniels.

TREE: productive, but long in coming into bearing ; hardy, in Minnesota reckoned to be
of the second degree of hardiness, or in the same class as the Wealthy.

Fruit: size large to ivery large; form roundish, slightly conical ; color green, becoming
yellowish, with small white dots; stem about half an inch long in a regular funnel-shaped
cavity of moderate depth ; calyx closed, in a regular, very slightly wrinkled basin.

Fries : color greenish .white ; texture fine-grained, firm, juicy ; flavor sprightly, subacid,
pleasant.

Quality : dessert, good ; cooking, good.
Vaug : home market first class.

SEASON : winter.

60 REPORT ON THE No. 24

ONTARIO.

This is a native of
Ontario, as its name in-
dicates. It was originated
by the late Charles Arn-
old of Paris, Ontario, by
crosssing Wagener and
Spy. Its early and
abundant bearing, the
good quality and even size
of the fruit, are points in
its favor as an export
variety. It has been
tested in a commercial
way for some years at our
Bay of Quinte station,
where it is counted pro-
fitable.

OricGIn: Paris, On-
tario.

Tree: fairly hardy,
moderately vigorous,
somewhat spreading; very
productive; an_ early
bearer.

ONTARIO.

Fruir: iarge, oblate,
slightly ribbed. sides un- y : : Sy
equal; skin yellowish, ) : ; ]
nearly covered with :
bright red, with a few f
scattered small whitedots ,
with blush bloom ; stem /
seven-eights of an inch
long, in a deep, russeted
uneven cavity; calyx
closed in a moderately
deep, corrugated basin.

Fiesa: white with \

eee

green tint, yellowing
slightly as it ripens;
texture fine grained,
tender, juicy: flavor mild,
subacid, sprightly, aro-
matic.

QUALITY: very good
for all purposes.

Re nse

Sgzason: November SecTION oF OnrTaRIo.
to April.

Apaptation : Southern Ontario to north shore of Lake Ontario and other good apple
districts.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 61

ORANGE.

A fairly good dessert variety of hybrid crab.
Ortarn : United States.
Tree: a slow grower, productive.

Fruir: size medium; form round, slightly flattened at the ends; color light orange,
with minute white dots and russet veins ; stem slender, one anda quarter inches in length set
in a deep open cavity ; calyx closed, in a furrowed basiu.

Firs : color yellowish, yellow veinings ; texture a little dry ; flavor mild, pleasant, acid

Sgason : September,

PATTEN. (Patten Greening. )
Oricin : Lowa.

Tree: hardy ; moderately vigorous ; very productive.

Fruit: large oblate; cavity deep, medium width, russeted ; stem short; basin deep,
medium width ; calyx open, large; skin pale yellow with traces of pale green, with a pink
blush ; dots moderately numerous, pale green, distinct ; bloom, slight ; skin, moderately thick.

FiesH : yellow, moderately juicy, tender, coarse : core, small; subacid; pleasant flavor

QuaLity : above medium.

Srason : October to mid-November. Hardier than Wealthy and useful where that variety
will not succeed. (AMacoun.)

PHOENIX.

A fairly profitable commercial apple in some parts. It is grown in Northumberland
county and in other apple sections in the Province, and by some growers is ranked equal
to the Baldwin for profit.

OriGin : Illinois.
Tree: healthy and productive.

Fruit: medium to large; roundish, sometimes quite one-sided; color greenish yellow
ground well covered with deep red, obscurely striped with a darker shade, and having a few
small grey dots ; russeted about the cavity and green about the basin; stem one half an inch
long in a funnel shaped cavity ; calyx half closed.

FLesH : creamy-white, coarse grained, somewhat juicy ; flavor mild, acid, pleasant.
Qua.ity : dessert, poor, cooking, good.
Vatue: first class for export, if shipped early.

Srason : December to February.

PORTER.

‘« Fruit above medium, oblong ovate, conical, regular, often ribbed at apex ; bright yellow,
sometimes a dull blush in the sun; stalk one inch long, slender, cavity rather small ; basin
narrow ; flesh tend er, rich, rather acid, of fine flavor. Fairand productive. Early autumn.
(American Fruit Culturist. )

62

REPORT ON THE

No. 24

PEWAUKEE.

PEWAUKEE.

stem short, half an inch,
sometimes fleshy at point of
insertion, set in small shallow
often flat cavity, sometimes
lipped ; calyx half open,
large, in a small shallow,
corrugated basin.

Fuiesn : color yellowish ;
white with yellow veinings ;
texture firm, rather coarse,
juicy ; flavor fair, subacid

Quatity : dessert fair;
cooking good.

Vatur: home or foreign
market first class.

Sgason : December to
March.

A good commercial ap-
ple for the northern limits
of the Ontario apple belt
where Spy and Baldwin are
tender ; but not as hardy as
was at first supposed. It is
not gaining in popularity.

OniciIn : seed of Olden-
burg crossed with Northern
Spy, raised by G. P. Peffer,
Pewaukee, Wisconsion.

Tree : hardy, but not
equal finj!this !respect to
Wealthy ; vigorous; habit-
round topped with upright
centre ; an annual bearer.

Fruit : size large ; form
roundish ,,oblate, irregular,
unequal ; color yellow strip-
ed and splashed with red ;
dots whitish ; bloom grayish;

Section oF PEWAUKER.

1905

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

Fruit: medium to
above medium ; form
oblate conical ; skin
light yellow, with
crimson blush on
sunny side; stem
about one inch long
inserted in a large
deep furrowed cavity ;
Calyx closed in an
abrupt, moderately
deep, somewhat corru-
gated basin.

FLESH : color
white ; texture tender,
Juicy, with a very
pleasant, subacid
flavor.

Quatiry : dessert
very good ; cooking
good.

VALUE: home
market first class ;
foreign market second
class.

Season : August
and September.

ADAPTATION: suc-
ceeds in best apple
districts.

PRIMATE.

SECTION OF PRIMATE.

PRIMATE.

63

A fine dessert
apple for the home
garden; too tender

for distant shipment.

ORIGIN: un-
certain probably
Western New York.

Tree: hardy,
very vigorous, sym-
metrical, very pro-
ductive.

64 REPORT ON THE No. 24

RIBSLON (Ribston Pippin).

A highly esteemed English apple, largely planted in Ontario previous to 1860, but of late
not so popular in commercial orchards.

Oricin : Ribston Hall, near Knaresborough, England.

TREE: moderately vigorous ; fairly healthy ; not hardy at the north ; very productive ;
an early bearer.

Fruit: size above medium ; form roundish, slightly conical; skin rough; color russety
yellow with stripes of red and often a red shade on sunny side ; stem short set in a wide often
somewhat russeted cavity ; calyx small, closed in a narrow angular, ribbed basin.

FiesH: yellow; texture crisp, flrm, granular, juicy ; flavor rich, aromatic, subacid.

Quauiry : dessert good ; cooking very good.

Vatue: home market first class.

Season : November and December ; keeps till January in a cool cellar.

ApapraTion : succeeds in best apple districts, although it is somewhat hardier than
Baldwin or Greening.

ROXBURY (Boston Russet, Roxbury Russet).

One of the staple export varieties in many parts of Southern Ontario, because of its long
keeping gualities. It resists scab
well, but is subject to the codling,
moth, unless well sprayed, and is
inclined to drop early from the trees,
resembling the Greening in this
respect.

Oricin: Massachusetts.

TreEE: fairly vigorous, spreading
like Greening, but flatter in form
of top.

Froir: medium to above medium,
roundish, oblate, sides not equal ;
skin tough, green, nearly covered
with russet, and having a brownish
red cheek when fully exposed to
the sun; stem half to three-quar-
ters of an inch long in a medium
sized, regular cavity ; calyx closed in
a round medium sized basin. Cuts
show fruit less than normal size.

Fresu : yellowish white ; texture
almost coarse grained, moderately
juicy; flavor mild, subacid
pleasant.

Roxpury Russ

Quatiry: dessert, fair; cook-
ing, good.

Vatue: home and_ foreign
markets good.

Season: January to June.

—

ApaptaTion: long tested in

the Niagara district and found
to be well adapted to it. As
hardy as the Greening, and
succeeds in the best apple dis-

tricts.

Section or Roxpury Russer.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 65

ST. LAWRENCE.

The St. Lawrence ap-
ple is not now planted in
the commercial orchards
of Ontario, bordering on
Lakes Ontario, Erie or Hu-
ron, being inferior to
other autumn varieties of
its season, but it is val-
ued in orchards along the
St. Lawrence river, and
in parts of the province
between latitudes 45 and
46. It is rather subject to
scab and codling moth.

Oricin : Montreal, Can-
ada.

TrEE: hardy, vigor-

ous and productive.

Sr. Lawrence. Fruir: large; form,
roundish oblate; color of skin yellowish, with distinct stripes and splashes of carmine ; dots
obscure ; stem five-eighths of an inch long, inserted in a large, deep, regular cavity ; calyx
closed in a small deep basin.

FiesH: color white,
slightly stained ; texture
crisp, tender, juicy; fla-
vor vinous, slightly acid:

Quatiry: dessert good;

cooking good.

VaLUE: home market,
first class; foreign mar-
ket, second class.

Season: September and
October.

ApapraTIon :7 hardy
generally joverjthe pro-
vince, except the extreme

north.

St. LAWRENCE.

5 F. O.

66 REPORT ON THE No. 24

SCARLET PIPPIN.

A fancy dessert apple
which is esteemed profitable
to grow for market along the
River St. Lawrence.

Oriain: near Brockville
in Leeds County. A chance
seedling.

TREE: upright in habit ;
hardy; vigorous and very
productive ; inclined to over-
bear.

Fruit: roundish oblate;
skin, waxy white, streaked ;
splashed or almost entirely
covered with bright scarlet
covering; stem stout, one-
half to three-quarters of an
inch long in a narrow, mod-
erately deep cavity; calyx
closed in a narrow, very
shallow basin.

Scaruet PIpprin.

FLesH : pure white; texture ten-
der, fine, crisp, breaking, juicy,
with a subacid flavor.

Quatiry : dessert, best; cooking,
good.

VaLUE: special market, first
class.

SEason : October to February ; at
its best in October and November.

SEcTION OF SCARLET PIPPIN.

SALOME.

A new Western apple which promises to be of some value in the Province of Ontario. The
hardiness of the tree, the clean bright color of the fruit and its long keeping quality seem to
combine in its favor as a commercial variety, especially in the colder sections.

Oricin: E. C. Hathaway, Ottawa, Illinois.

Tree: hardy, productive, a slow grower, an early and an annual bearer.

Fruit: size medium ; form roundish, conical, somewhat angular or lopsided ; color bright
red with stripes of darker red and numerous small grey dots on a yellowish ground ; when

5a F. 0;

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 67

harvested the skin is green, but during the winter it takes.on the coloring above described,
making it very attractive ; stem stout, three-quarters of an. inch long, set in a.deep, uneven
cavity: calyx half closed, segments erect, in a moderately deep, slightly plaited basin, having
five distinct prominences ; core large, open, sessile.

Fiesv: color yellowish}; texture tender, firm, becoming toward spring,;moderately !juicy ;
flavor pleasant, subacid.

Quatity : dessert or cooking, fair to good.

VALUE: promising for export.

Season: November to March,

ADAPTATION : succeeds remarkably well in the County of Simcoe and at other favored points
in the north.

SCOTT WINTER.

In the province of Quebec this is
considered the best late winter cook-
ing apple, the tree "being very hardy
and the fruit a long keeper ; useful for
tbe’northerly limits of apple culture.

OrtciIn : On the Scott farm, New-
port, ,Vermont. Introduced by Dr.
Hoskins, of Newport. ;

TREE : vigorous; habit upright ;
productive, an early bearer.

Fruir : size small to medium;
form roundish oblate, slightly conical;
skin yellow, {washed, striped and
splashed with red ; stem short set in a
regular, deep, russeted cavity; calyx
closed in.a'narrow abrupt, wavy basin.

Scotr WINTER.

Firsa : color yellow; texture
fine grained, crisp, juicy ; flavor
pleasant, sprightly acid.

Quaity : dessert fair; cooking
good.

VaLue: fruit rather small, for
market except under high cultivation.

Sgason : late winter.

Section or Scorr WInTER.

68 REPORT ON THE No. 24

SEEK-NO-FURTHER ( IVestfield. )

An old commercial variety,
at one time considerably
planted in some parts of
Ontario, and still highly val-
ued by some apple growers.
Not much planted in the
newer orchards.

OrteIn : near Westfield,
Connecticut, U.S.A., about
1796.

TreE : vigorous ; habit
spreading ; productive. Suc-
ceeds best on rich sandy
loam.

Fruir : size medium; form
roundish conical ; skin green-
ish yellow shaded with dull
red, striped with bright red,

with russet veinings and a

few large prominent yellow Gan NO UR THER

dots ; stem short in a deep,
slightly russeted cavity ;
calyx usually open in a nar-
row, shallow leather cracked
basin ; not subject to scab.

Firsu : yellowish white ;
fine grained, tender: flavor
spicy, pleasant, subacid.

QuaLity : dessert very
good ; cooking fair.

VALUE: market first to
second class.

Season : October to Feb-
ruary.

SEcTION OF SEEK-NO-FURTHER.

1905

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

69

SHIAWASSEE (Shiawassee Beauty. )

SHIAWASSEE Beauty.

A fine variety of the
Fameuse‘type ; much
less subject to scab
than Fameuse itself. A
fancy variety for des-
sert purposes.

OricGIn: in Shia-
wassee County, Michi-
gan, supposed to be a
seedling of Fameuse.

TrEE: hardy; vig-
orous ; upright; pro-
ductive alternate years.

Fruir: size medium
to large; form decid-
edly oblate ; color yel-
lowish ground, almost
entirely covered with
stripes, splashings and
mottlings of dark crim-
son, and a few large
prominent yellowish

dots ; stem slender, three-quarters of an inch long, set in a broad deep cavity; calyx usually

closed, in a large deep basin.

Fiesa: color very
white ; texture firm,
very crisp, juicy, fine
grained ; flavor excel-
lent.

QuaLity: cooking.
fair ; dessert very good.

VaLveE: home or
foreign market promis-
ing.

Srason: October to
January.

ADAPTATION : Can be
grown wherever Fam-
euse succeeds.

SEcTION OF SHIAWASSEB BEAUTY.

70 REPORT ON THE No. 24

SPITZENBURG (Lsopus Spitzenburg.)

One ot the finest dessert apples for late winter use, and widely planted by early settlers
throughout Southern Ontario. It has proved to be unprofitable as a commercial apple, because
the tree isa weak grower, and yields
small crops.

Ortein: Esopus, on the Hudson
river, previous to 1798.

Tren: lacking in vigor, often show-
ing dead or feeble wood; upright,
spreading, with drooping limbs when
in bearing; fairly hardy.

Fruir: size medium to large, ob-
long, slightly conical; skin straw
color in shade, but usually nearly
covered with bright red, and dark red
in sun, with a few stripes, and many
obscure gray dots ; stalk seven-eighths
ofan inch long in a narrow deep cavity ;
calyx nearly closed, set in a narrow
basin of medium depth, slightly corru-
gated.

FiesH: yellowish white; texture
crisp, juicy, breaking; flavor brisk,
rich, deliciour.

SPIrzENBURGH.

Quauity : first class for all purposes.
Season : November to February.

SECTION OF SPITZENBORG.

ADAPTATION : succeeds well on sandy loam in Southern Ontario.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 71

SPY (Northern Spy).

The Spy stands in the very first rank of Canadian apples, whether for home or foreign mar-
kets. Originating in New York State on the line with the southern portion of the Province of
‘ty Ontario, it succeeds hero
to perfection. Its beauty
of coloring, half shaded
by its delicate bloom, and
its great excellence of
quality for all purposes,
justly claim for it its wide
popularity. In Chicago,
Canadian Spys are more
sought for than any other
variety, but owing to
tenderness of skin, which
shows the slightest bruise,
it is less popular for ex-
port to Great Britain than
some other varieties. The
tree is late in coming into
bearing, often being fif-
teen yeare planted before
yielding a crop, and this
renders the variety som e-
what unpopular with
planters. Probably for
famcy packages, selected
Spys would be among the
best.

OrreIn: near Roches-
ter, N.Y., introduced
about 1850.

TREE: upright and
Spy. spreading in habit ; fruit

spurs on interior boughs ;
very vigorous, late in coming into bearing, but afterwards very productive in alternate years ;
blossoms late in spring and holds its fruit late in the a requires high cultivation and
good fertility. t y

Fruir: large to very
large; form roundish,
slightly conical; skin
thin, light green, or pale
yellow, sprinkled with
light pink, striped and
shaded with pinkish red,
and covered with j
thin whitish bloom; stalk
slender, three-quarters of
an inch long, in a wide,
deep, sometimes russeted
cavity; calyx simall,
closed, in a narrow,
moderately deep, abrupt,
irregular basin.

Fiesn : white; texture
fine grained, crisp,
tender, juicy ; flavor rich,
sprightly, subacid, fra-
grant.

Quauity : dessert and
cooking, best.

VaLue: home market
first class; skin a little
tender for distant ship-
ment unless handled with
care and wrapped with
paper.

Season : January to May.

ADAPrATION: sandy or clay loams in Southern and Middle Ontario; found tender at the

St Lawrence Experiment Station, and also at the Lake Simcoe Station, except where top grafted
to hardy stock.

c

a,

“SECTION OF SPY,

72 REPORT ON THE No. 24

STARK.

The Stark has been
tested in a commercial
way in Ontario by many
growers in the Bay of
Quinte District, and is
considered a good winter
apple for export, being
about as profitable as
Ben Davis, and some-
what better in quality
its dull red color is a
cerious fault.

OriaIn : Ohio.

TREE: a stout vig-
orous grower, very pro-
ductive each alternate
year ; foliage large, dark
green, ‘somewhat subject
to fungus. ©

Fruir: large form;
roundish, slightly one-
sided, somewhat oblong
conical ; skin covered
with shades and splashes
of light and dark red

STARK.

on a greenish yellow
ground, thickly sprinkled
with brown dots; stalk
one-half inch long, stout,
in a small cavity of med-
ium depth ; calyx large,
half-closed, in a_ large
shallow, plaited basin ;
flesh yellowish white;
texture a little coarse,
firm and _ moderately
juicy ; flavor mild, sub-
acid, good.

Quatity: dessert
poor ; cooking good.

VALUE: home mar-
ket second class; foreign
market first class.

Season: January to
May.

‘sms Sl

SECTION OF STARK.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 73

STUMP.

An attractive looking fall apple, sometimes shown at our Provincial Fair; considered a
fairly profitable variety.

Ortern : United States; Thomas says in Monroe County, N. Y., while Downing supposes
that it originated in the State of Delaware.

TREE : spreading, productive.

Fruit: size medium ; form oblate conical; color yellowish, splashed and blotched, with
bright red; stem stout, % of an inch long, in a narrow, moderately deep, funnel-shaped cavity ;
calyx half open, set in a deep wrinkled basin.

Fiesn: color white; texture crisp, juicy, firm ; flavor subacid.

Quarry : fair for dessert ; good for cooking.

VALUE: home market first class ; foreicn market second class.

Season : September and October.

SWAYZIE. (Swazie Pomme Grise, Pomme Crise @ Or.)

There is no choicer winter dessert apple for the months of December and January than the
Swazie Pomme Grise, especially when kept in a cool, dark cellar, so that its crisp texture and
excellent flavor may be preserved. Unfortunately, it is not very productive, and, consequently,
not profitable. One large tree at Maplehurst, seventy-five years planted, yielded only an aver-
age of four barrels each alternate year. It is well worthy of a place in the amateur collection.

Oricty : probably with Col. Swayzie, near Niagara.

TREE: upright, fairly vigorous and not very productive.

Fruir: small, round, oblate conical ; color deep yellow, well colored with cinnamon russet

SWAYZIE. SECTION oF SWAYZIE.

and many whitish dots; stem three-quarters of an inch long, set in a deep cavity ; calyx closed
in a moderately deep, slightly corrugated basin.

J'LesH : white, texture fine grained, tender, crisp, juicy; flavor aromatic, mild sub-acid
pleasant.

Qua.ity : dessert first class: cooking third class.

VaLuE : for home market second class ; for foreign market second-class.

Season : December to March.

ADAPTATION : succeeds in best apple districts.

74 REPORT ON THE No. 24

SWEET BOUGH.
(Large Yellow Bough of Downing.)

An excellent dessert apple,
ripening about the same sea-
son as the Harly Harvest ;
not subject to scab, and a
favorite with those who pre-
fer a sweet to a sour apple.
Not profitable to grow for
market, but it deserves a
place in every collection for
home use. Baked whole it
is delicious eaten with cream.

Oricin: United States.

TREE: of medium vigor,
never attaining a large size,
and, therefore, even with a
full crop, not very produc-
tive. Bears full every alter-
nate year; head compact.

Fruit: large, ovate, coni-

Sweet Boueu.

cal; skin*smooth,\igreenish
yellow.; stem one,inch long,
in, a!®narrow, deep, regular
cavity ; .calyx open, in a
shallow, irregular basin.

FLEsH : white, fine grained,
tender and juicy; flavor
moderately sweet, rich and
agreeable.

Quauity: dessert very
good ; cooking poor, except
for roasting.

VaLue: home market, : : . . ‘
second class; foreign mar- j :
ket useless.

Season: late July to mid-
dle of August. \

ADAPTATION: succeeds in
best apple districts.

TITOVKA (Titus Apple.)

A variety as yet little known or tested in Canada. In season it follows the Duchess. It is
a favorite market apple in middle Russia and is found to endure the severest winters. At

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 75

Grimsby, grown as a top graft, it is inclined to drop its fruit about the middle of August, and
almost before fully colored. Probably a fine variety for export in cold storage to succeed
Duchess.

Oriern : Russia.

TREE. very hardy and productive.

Frurr: large, oblong to roundish, often flattened at base and apex, somewhat irregular on
sides ; color yellowish green, almost covered with stripes and shadings of bright red, and light
green dots ; cavity narrow, deep and irregular ; stem about three quarters of an inch long,
stout ; basin large, plaited at bottom ; calyx nearly closed, segments recurved.

FLesH : white ; texture firm, moderately juicy ; flavor brisk, tart.

QuaLity : dessert poor; cooking good.

VaLuE: home market
first-class.

Season: August and
September.

ADAPTATION: worthy
of trial where Wealthy or
Duchess succeed.

TOLMAN.
(Tallman Sweet. )

The best winter sweet
apple ; valuable for baking
and by some people
esteemed a good dessert
apple ; useful also’as stock
feed, in place of roots ; not
of much value for export.

ORIGIN: a native of
Rhode Island.

TREE: a vigorous grower,
very productive and very
hardy ; valuable asa stock
upon which to top graft
other and more tender
varieties, as, for example,
the King, which is more
productive, and tke Spy,

ToLMAN.

which may be grown farther
north, when top grafted upon
the Tolman than when upon
common stock.

Fruit: size medium; form
roundish ; color light yellow,
sometimes with reddish
cheek, and a line from stem
to calyx ; stem half an inch
long, often inclined, inserted
in a wide shallow cavity ;
calyx closed in a small shal-
low basin.

=

LoS

ce ptt,

Firesp: color white; tex- \
ture firm, fine grained; .
flavor sweet, rich. ,

Quauiry: dessert good ; ©
cooking fair. \

VaLuE: second class, ex-
cept in special markets and
in limited quantities.

Season: November, to
April, SEctTion or ToLman.

76

REPORT ON THE

No. 24

Fieso : color yellow;
texture tender, crisp,
juicy ; flavor pleasant,

subacid.

Quarry : dessert good.

Value: first class,
though it has only been

tested to a limited extent.

SgeAson : September and

October.

TRENTON.

TRENTON.

4

Oricrn : seed of Golden
Russet by Spy, raised by
Mr. P. Dempsey, Albury,
Prince Edward County.

TREE: vigorous; spread-

ing,

Fruir: size medium ;
color red on yellow
ground, with numerous
splashes and _ stripes of
dark red and many white
dots; form round oblate ;
stem five-eighths of an
inch long ina deep cavity;

calyx partly open, in a

deep basin.

Section oF TRENTON.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 77

TRANSCENDENT.
An excellent early autumn variety of the hybrid crabs.
Oricin : United States.
Tree: of moderate slender growth, hardy, somewhat subject to twig blight.

Frurr: medium for its class; form roundish oblong, flattened at ends, ribbed ; color of
skin golden yellow, with crimson cheek and thin whitish bloom ; stem one and a quarter inches
long, set in an open deep cavity ; calyx closed, segments large, set in a hollow slightly cor-
rugated basin ; somewhat subject to scab.

Firsx : color yellowish ; texture crisp and moderately firm ; flavor acid, slightly astringent,
becoming pleasant when fully ripe.

Season: August and September.

TRANSCENDEN'.

VANDEVERE.
An old variety, originated at Wilmington, Delaware.
Fruit: medium, oblate; surface waxen yellow, striped with red ; dots numerous, green ;
cavity deep ; stem about one inch long; basin round, moderate ; calyx small, closed.

Fiesu : yellowish, compact, but tender, with a fine rich subacid flavor; good; valuable
for culinaryjuse. October to January. (Budd.)

WALBRIDGE. (Edgar Redstreak.)
A good winter variety for northern sections, on account of the hardiness of the tree, but
not commended for the apple orchards of the more favored districts.
Oricin : Edgar Co., Illinois, and first known as Edgar Redstreak.
TreE: vigorous ; habit spreading; a tardy and often a shy bearer.
Fruit: size medium; form round conic; skin pale yellow, shaded with pale red and hay-

ing stripes and splashes of bright red on the sunny side. and a few obscure whitish dots; stem
short in an acute regular cavity ; calyx closed in a narrow flat basin.

Fiesu: color white; texture tender, juicy : flavor mild subacid.
Qua.ity : dessert fair; cooking good, but rather small.

VauueE: market second class.

Srason: December to March.

78

REPORT ON THE

No. 24

deep, irregular cavity; calyx
closed, set in a funnel form,
somewhat corrugated basin.

FiesH: yellowish, texture
fine grained, very tender, juicy;
flavor subacid, very agreeable.

Qua.Liry : dessert very good,
cooking good.

VatuE: home market first
class, foreign market second
class.

Season: November to Febru-
ary.

ADAPTATION : succeeds in best
apple sections.

Vite, .
W AGENER. G.

WAGENER.

A> fine dessert apple when -
grown and highly colored, but
samples grown in the shade are
inferior both in appearance
and in flavor. The texture of
the fruit is too tender to be
planted in the commercial or-
chard.

OriGin: Abram Wagener,
Penn Yan, N. Y., in 1796.

Tree: a slow grower and an
early bearer ; not long lived.

Frurr : medium to large, form
oblate; color yellow, nearly
covered with crimson, obscurely
striped, with a few light dots;
stem about seven-eighths of an
inch long, inserted in a broad,

SECTION OF WAGENER.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO 79

WEALTILY.

This beautiful apple was distributed among the members of the Ontario Fruit Growers’
Association in 1882 for trial, and has won for itself a good reputation in every part of
Province as a dessert
apple of excellent qual-
ity, while in the northern
portions it is especialy
desirable on account of
its hardiness.

Oriain : St. Paul, Min-
nesota, by Peter Gideon.

TREE: vigorous, very
hardy, over productive.

Fruit: medium, round-
ish, oblate, regular ; skin,
smooth, greenish ground,
changing to pale yellow,
rich, red cheek, with
stripes and splashes of
red in the sun, sometimes
nearly covered with crim-
son; stem one-half to
three-quarters of an inch
long in a deep, regular
cavity; calyx nearly
closed in a deep, abrupt
basin.

Fiesa : white, texture | ”
fine grained, tender, Lo
juicy, sprightly, pleasant A

subacid. F

Qua.ity: dessert very
good ; cooking good.

VatuE: for home
market first class; for
foreign market first

class.

Season: September to
November.

ADAPTATION : succeeds
throughout the Province
generally.

SecTION oF WEALTHY.

WOLF RIVER.

The Wolf River is an apple that might be included in a list for export. It is a little
later in season than Alexander, and is supplanting that variety in some sections.

Oricin : aseedling of the Alexander, and originated in Wisconsin on the bank of Wolf River.

Tree : very hardy, vigorous and fairly productive ; an early bearer.

Fruir: very large, oblate, or roundish oblate, usually regular in size ; skin light yellow,
shaded with dark red or crimson in sun, with a few yellowish dots; stem three-quarters of an

80 REPORT ON THE No. 24

inch long, set in a narrow deep basin, of a green or Tusset color; calyx open, in a narrow,
deep, green wrinkled basin. 1

FirsH: yellowish white, moderately firm in texture, not fine-grained, juicy, with a
pleasant subacid flavor.

Season : October and November.

ADAPTATION : general throughout the Province, but specially successful in the north.

Wotr River.

Secrion oF Wor River.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 81

WHITNEY.
(Whitney No. 20).

A hybrid crab, which originated in Illinois, and has proved itself valuable in Nurthern
Illinois, in Minnesota, and in some parts of our Canadian North West. As long ago as 1824,
this apple was in bearing at Prince Albert in Alberta, and the Board of Control of our Ontario
Fruit Experiment stations is having it tested in several places in New Ontario.

‘The apple is large for its class; it is a good cooking apple and a fair dessert apple.

Tree: productive ; very hardy.

Whitney. Section of Whitney.

Fruit: medium size; form roundish conical, slightly angular; color dark red, splashed
with dark crimson on a yellow ground, with obscure small white dots; stem one inch loaz set
in a flat wrinkled basin ; calyx closed in a regular slightly russeted basin.

Fiesu: color yellowish ; texture tender, juicy ; flavor subacid.

Quauity: cooking very good; dessert good.

VaLue; special market first class.

Srason: August to September.

GRO,

82 REPORT ON THE No. 24

YELLOW BELLFLOWER. (Bishop's Pippin of Nova Scotia. )

At one time the Bell-
flower was planted to
some extent in Ontario
orchards, but the tree
has proved itself irregu-
lar in its bearing habits,
sometimes producing
magnificent samples,
and at other times small
and poorly colored fruit,
and the fruit is tender
and shows very slight
bruises, so that we can-
not recommend it as
worthy of a place among
the most profitable

varieties.

Oxiern: Burlington,
Ni J.

TREE: vigorous,
forming a roundish,

spreading and somewhat

MER ere drooping head ; produc-
YELLOW BreLLeLowen. :
tive alternate years.
Fruit: size large;
form apparently ob-
long, because tapering
towards calyx, some-
what angular and rib-
bed ; color pale yellow,
often witn a beautiful
blush on the sunny
side and numerous ob-
scure whitish dots ;
stem slender, one inch
long, in a narrow deep
cavity ; calyx closed in
a small corrugated
basin.

Fiesu: color yel-
low ; texture tender,
juicy and crisp ; flavor
sprightly subacid,
agreeable when eaten
in season.

QuatLity : cessert
good ; cooking good.

VaLur: home
market first class.

Season: December
to February.

ADAPYATION: gen-
eral, exceptin extreme
northern sections.

SECTION oF YELLOW BeLurLtower.

Ga F. 0.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 83

YELLOW TRANSPARENT.

An apple which may prove a
substitute for the{well-known Early
Harvest, ‘which is so subject to
apple scab. This variety seems to
be proof against fusicladium, both
in Jeaf and fruit.

Ortain : St. Petersburg, Russia.
Imported by the U. 8. Depariment
of Agriculture in 1870.

Tree: hardy, vigorous, up-
right, an early and an annual
bearer, productive.

YELLOW TRANSPARENT.

Fruit: above medium,
roundish, oblate, inclined to be
conical; skin clear white, yel-
lowish white when very mature ;
dots light green, obscure ; stalk
medium, in large cavity ; calyx
closed in medium, slightly cor-
ruzated basin ; fruit hangs well
on the tree; cuts show fruit
below normal size.

FLesH : white; texture firm
till very ripe, then tender ;
quality second class.

SEason: early August.

ADAPTATION: succeeds al-
most everywhere over the Pro-

vince.

SEcTION OF YELLOW TRANSPARENT.

YORK IMPERIAL.

A fine export market apple, highly valued in some of the American States, but not yet
much grown in Ontario. Ei

Oricin : York County, Pa.

Tree: a moderate grower, productive.

Fruit : medium in size ; angular, oblique; color of skin, bright red in shades, stripes and
splashes on a yellowish ground ; stem half an inch long in a deep funnel-shaped cavity ; calyx
nearly closed in an irregular deep, slightly plaited basin. J

Fissa : yellowish; texture firm and juicy ; flavor, subacid, good.

Qua.iry : dessert fair ; co king good.

Vauve : first class for market.

Season : January to March.

THE CHERRY.

The cherry, which for a time was a comparatively neglected fruit in Ontario,
is now being more largely planted_and better culture is being given it. As a
result, this delicious fruit is now Keing produced in fairly large quantities in cer-
tain sections, and as the crop is more uncertain than that of any of the other
large fruits, the prices obtained for cherries are good.

There are three well recognized groups into which the cultivated cherries
are divided, the Morello or Sour cherries, the Bigarreau, Heart, or Sweet cher-
ries, and the Duke cherries, which are intermediate between the other two groups,
the fruit being usually subacid. The hardiest varieties are found in the Morello
group, and for this reason these Sour cherries have succeeded over a much larger
part of Ontario than the others. The eastern limit of the commercial culture of
the Sour cherries is about the city of Kingston, but north-east of that district
along the St. Lawrence River, especially within twenty or thirty miles of the
water, they succeed admirably. They are not grown to any extent north of lati-
tude 45 degrees, as it has been found that the dry cold winters kill the fruit buds,
and it is only rarely that a crop is produced. Near the northern limit of the suc-
cessful culture of Sour cherries, it has been found that large bodies of water
have a very beneficial influence in lessening the winter injury.

The Sweet and Duke cherries have a much narrower range than the Sour
cherries. While they will succeed along Lake Ontario east of Toronto, where
the influence of the water moderates the climate, the crops are too uncertain for
their commercial culture, hence this is confined mainly to the south-western parts
of the Province.

More care is required in choosing a site for cherries than for apples. A
warm sandy loam or gravelly well-drained soil is to be preferred, and while the
trees may succeed for a time on poorly drained cold soil, they will not reach a
great age and are not likely to prove profitable. A site should if possible be
chosen where there is the least danger from spring and summer frosts, as cherry
blossoms are tender.

The preparation of the land for apple trees and directions for planting of the
same may be followed for the cherry, but even more care should be taken ir
planting, as cherries are much harder to transplant than apples. For this reason
one or two year old trees should be used, as the loss from planting older trees is
liable to be great.

As the trees of the Morello cherries do not reach a great size, they may be
planted closer than the others; from eighteen to twenty feet apart being suf-
ficient ; while for the Sweet cherries twenty-five feet is not too much. The Duke
cherries, which do not grow quite so large as the Sweet, may be planted about
twenty feet apart.

The pruning to shape the cherry tree is much the same as for the apple,
but after the tree becomes well shaped the less pruning done the better. Often
serious injury occurs when cherry trees are severely pruned. Gum oozing from
the tree is an indication of such injury.

Thorough cultivation is as necessary for cherries as for apples, and cover
crops are, if anything, more necessary.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE Boarp or ContTROL.
Hardy: Orel 25, Orel 24, Richmond, Montmorency, Russian 207.

[84]

1905 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 85

District Lists, RecoMMENDED BY THE ExrERIMENTERS.

Niagara District: By Linus Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont.

Commercial: Wood, Knight, Napol T 1
‘ , ; poleon, Tartarian, Dyehouse, Montmorency, Late
Duke, Elkhorn, Windsor, Morello. i ‘

Domestic: May Duke, Cleveland, Knight. Elton, Tartarian, Hortense. Choisy,
Eagle, Mezel, Royal Duke.

Lake Simcoe District: By G. C. Caston, Craighurst, Ont.

Commercial and Domestic: Orel 24, Ostheim, Litham, Russian 207, Bessarabian,
Dyehouse, Morello.

Algoma District: By Charles Young, Richard’s Landing, Ont.
Commercial and Domestic: Richmond, Montmorency, Morello.
Bay 0; Quinte District: By W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont.
Commercial and Domestic: Richmond, Montmorency.
St. Lawrence District: By Harold Jones, Maitland, Ont.
Commercial and Domestic: Richmond, Montmorency, Orel 24, Morello.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

CALIFORNIA ADVANCE,

A fine Duke cherry, so similar in both season and in character to the Late Duke, that we
are inclined to think the two identical. Introduced by the Stark Nurseries of Luuisiana, U.S.

CHOISY. (Belle de Choisy, Ambree grosse of LeRoy. )

The most delicious of all dessert cherries, and one that should be planted in every amateur’s
garden ; but of no value in the commercial cherry orchard, because not productive, and the tree

is oiten short lived.

Oriain : Choisy, near Paris, 1760.

Tree: upright; foliage dark; hardy; not very
productive; group, Duke. :

Freit: medium to large, $x $, obtuse heart-
shaped ; skin transparent, showing the structure
of the flesh and the cells of juice within; color
bright cornelian red in sun, pale red to amber in
shade ; stem slender, two inches long; suture marked
by a delicate line.

Fiesu: very pale red; texture soft, juicy;
flavor sweet, very delicious.

Quauiry : dessert very good.

VaLur: market second class.

Season: late June.

Cnoisy. ADAPYPATION : Southern Ontario.

86 REPORT ON THE No. 24

CLEVELAND.

One of the finest Bigarreau cherries for dessert purpvses, being of high quality and not too
firm in texture. A good variety for commercial orchards, because of its high color and earliness
of season, but not yet fully tested in
this Province.

Orietn: by Prof. Kirtland, Cleve-
land, Ohio.

TREE: vigorous ; of stout spreading
habit ; productive, fruited after three
years planting at Maplehurst ; group,
Heart.

Fruir: large, {x12 of an inch;
form heart-shaped, sides unequal ; color
bright red maroon,on yellowish ground,
dark rich red in the sun; stem stout,
1$ inches ‘long in a broad, uneven
cavity ; suture broad, half way round.

FiesH: light cream in color; tex-
ture almost tender, juicy ; flavor sweet,
rich and delicious.

Quauity : first-class for table.

Vatue: home market good ; distant
market good.

Stason: late June.

CLEVELAND.

COE. (Coe’s Transparent. )

A good variety for the home garden, but altogether too tender to be popular for the
commercial orchard.

Oriers ; in Connecticut, with Curtis
Coe, of Middleton.

Tree: healthy, fairly vigorous, with
round spreading head, third rate in pro-
ductiveness: group, Heart.

Fruir: medium to large ; round and
regular in form ; skin thin, hright shiny
amber, nearly covered with rich cornelian,
marked with peculiar mottled blotches ;
stalk one and a half to two inches long set
in a medium wide cavity ; suture obscure.

Fe fast ERR

Firsu: very pale yellowish tint ;
texture very soft and tender, juicy ; flavor
very good if not left hanging too long.

QUALITY ; good for dessert.

VALUE: second class for home market 5
fourth class for distant market.

Season ; early July.

ADAPTATION : south of Lake Ontario.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 87

DOWNER. (Downer’s Late)

A delicious dessert cherry.

Oricin : Massachusetts.

Tree : a vigorous, upright grower ; fairly productive; group, Heart.

Fruit: size large 3 x #; form heart-shaped; stem 14x14 inches long; apex a slight
depression ; color bright shiny red, marbled.

FiesaH : creamy white ; texture tender, melting ; flavor rich and sweet.

Quaity : very good for dussert.; fair for cooking.

VALUE; market second-class.

Season : mid July.

DYEHOUSE.

An early Morello cherry, ripening just in advance of Early Richmond, to which it
is quite similar.
Oricin: Central Kentucky; an accidental seedling in the orchard of Mr. Dyehouse.

TREE: an early and abundant bearer; habit round, spreading head, slender; fairly
vigorous; not as hardy as Richmond; class Kentish.

Fruit: medium size, 9-16 x 11-16 of an inch; roundish oblate; apex depressed:
stem half inch long, rather stout, set in a large cavity; color light red.

Fiesu: pale yellow; fairly firm; juicy; flavor acid.
Qvauity: dessert poor; cooking first class.
Season: early July.

DyYEHOUSE.

EARLY PURPLE. (Karly Purple Guigne.)

The earliest cherry is the Early Purple, a foreign variety known in France as the Early
Purple Guigne. The tree is a vigorous, upright grower, and lhecomes quite productive as it
acquires age. Frequently the birds destrov the fruit before it matures, and if gathered as
soon as colored red, it is little more than ‘‘skin and bones.’’? The last few days of growth, the
fruit fills out wonderfully, an-l| then becomes almost a so-called ‘‘black cherry.’’ Not usually
profitable. i

Tree: upright, vigorous, healthy ; productive when full grown.

Fruit: medium size; roundish heart-shaped ; skin dark red to purple; stem two inches
long in a shallow cavity : suture obscure.

Fiesx: red to purple; texture tender, juicy ; flavor sweet and pleasant.

Quaity : dessert good.

Vatue: market second class.

Seasox ; mid June.

ADAPTATION : grown at Maplehurst for thirty years and quite hardy ; recommended for
trial north of Lake Ontario.

88 REPORT ON THE No. 24

EAGLE. (Black agle.)

A very excellent dessert cherry, well deserving a place in the home garden, but not
sufficiently productive to be recommended for the commercial orchard. The average annual
yield of large trees at Maplehurst is from twenty-five to thirty quarts. The fruit is usually
in scattered clusters, and often berne singly,
making the gathering expensive. In England
this variety is more productive than in Canada.

Oniatx : England, 1810, by Miss I. Kuight,
of Downton Castle, from Bigarreau and May
Duke.

Tree : second rate in vigor, of a round
spreading habit; third rate in productiveness ;
group, Bigarreau.

Fruir : medium to large, averaging about
13 long by 42 of an inch wide ; form obtuse
heart-shaped, almost roundish oblate ; skin
dark red, becoming almost black ; stalk slender,
i3 to 14 inches long in a medium cavity ; suture
obsolete ; stone small.

Fursn : dark purple ; texture tender and
juicy ; flavor very sweet, rich and delicious.

QuaLiry : very good for dessert.

VaLuE: first class for near markets ; second
rate for distant markets because it soon decays.

: Buiack EaGie. (Reduced). Swason : mid July.

ELTON.

An excellent dessert cherry for the
garden, but too soft and too much in-
clined to rot, to be worthy of a place in
the commercial orchard.

Orrein: England.

TREE: a vigorous grower; upright in
habit; quite productive.

Fruit: medium to large; color pale
yellow with red blush; stein two inches
long set in a deep cavity.

“Wingy

Fuesu: light yellow; texture deli-
cate, tender, moderately juicy; flavor
sweet, vinous, delicious.

Quaity: dessert good; cooking fair.

Vatue: fair, but like most white
cherries, not popular in the market, be-
cause inclined to show the © slightest
bruises.

Season: early July.

Etron.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 89

GRENNIR GLAS.

Tree : upright ; fruit inclusters ; vigorous ; moderately productive.

Fruir ; large insize, 3x {; form oblate, one sided; color bright red ; cavity broad,
shallow ; stem 1} inches in length ; apex is a small depression ; guture traceable on one side.

Fiesn : color yellowish with colorless juice ; texture tender ; very juicy ; flavor tart.

Quatity : dessert poor ; cooking very good.

VALUE : market first class.

Season : mid July.

HORTENSE.

(Reine Hortense. )

One of the finest flavored of cooking cherries, and one which deserves the first place

in the home garden. It is not as productive as the May Duke, but from its habit of fruiting

HoRtrENsE.

singly is less subject to rot than that
excellent variety.

Origin : France, in 1832, by M.
Larose, Neuilly : first fruited in 183R.

Tree: of somewhat spreading habit,
a vigorous and handsome grower and
fairly productive ; group, Duke.

Fruit : very large ; roundish elong-
ated ; sides slightly compressed ; skin,
thin, ligbt shining red mottled with
darker red, becoming richer in color
the longer i hangs; stalk slender,
about two inches long.

FirsH : creamy yellow ; texture
netted, very tender, juicy ; flavor
slightly subacid, excellent.

Quatiry : very good for cooking ;
very good for dessert.

VaLve : first to second class for
market.

Spvson : mid July.

(an)
om

REPORT ON THI No. 24

KNIGHT. (Knight's Early Black.)

A delicious early, black cherry, ripening about a week in advance of Black Tartarian. It
is a regular and even bearer. The fruit
is borne singly, or, occasionally, in pairs,
and therefore ig not gathered as rapidly
as those varieties which grow in clusters.
It is one of the most valuable dessert
cherries, but not so productive as the
Tartarian.

Origin: England, by T. A. Knight, in
1810, from Bigarreau crossed with May
Duke.

Tree: healthy, fairly vigorous, with
spreading head; second rate in produc-
tiveness ; group, Heart.

Fruit: medium to large ; form obtuse,
heart-shaped, uneven; skin dark red or
purple, becoming almost black if allowed
to hang; stalk two inches long ina rather
large cavity.

IFuexsa : dark red to purple; texture
tender and juicy, but firmer than Tar-
tarian ; flavor sweet, rich and delicious ;
stone small.

Quarry : very good for all purposes.

Vatue: for market first class.

Season: late June.

KNIGHT.

KOSLOY. — ( Koslov Morello. )

A valuable dwarf growing cherry of the Morello class, which is extremely hardy, and
promises to be of the greatest value in the cold sections of Ontario.

Oricin: fifty trees of this variety were imported from Jaroslav Niemetz of Winnitza
Podolie, Russia, in 1889 by Mr. Linus Woolverton, then Secretary of the Ontario Fruit Growers’
Association, and by him distributed among the directors, and a few sent to Dr. Wim. Saunders
of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Tree: habit bush form, very slow of growth, might be planted six feet apart ina field and
cultivated two ways; very hardy, Niemetz says it has endured a temperature of 46 legrees
below zero in Russia; very productive.

Fruit: fairly large ; form roundish ; color dark red, turning black at maturity ; sialk one
and a half inches long, set in a slight depression ; suture traceable.

Fvrsa: red, turning dark red at maturity ; texture tender, juicy ; flavor mild aciil.
QuaLity : cooking good.
VaLuE: almost first class.

Srason : early August.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 91

LATE DUKE (Anglaise Tardive. )

A most desirable cooking cherry, because of its
mild agreeable acid; and one of the most profitable
of the Dukes, because (1) of its productiveness, and
(2) of its season, which is between the Early Rich-
mond and Montmorency. Thisand May Duke, which
precedes it about two weeks, cover the early part of
the season for cooking purposes; while Montmorency
(Kentish) and English Morello extend the season of
cooking cherries to the Ist of August.

Tree: habit upright; very vigorous and very
productive ; group, Duke.

Fruit : large of its class, $x? of an inch; form
roundish, slightly flattened ; color partly covered
with bright red, but rich, dark red when
fully ripe ; stalk 13 inches long, inserted
in a shallow cavity ; suture traceable ;
flesh creamy white, tender and juicy ;
flavor very mild, agreeable acid.

QUALITY :
good for
dessert;
best for
cooking.

SEASON:
mid July.

Late Duxe.

MAGNIFIQUE. (Belle Magnifique).

Chiefly valuable for its lateness of

ripening.
Ortein: France.

TrEE: upright round habit; vigor
moderate; not very productive; Duke.

Frvir: about 2 of an inch long by
2 broad; form heart shape, flattened,
obtuse; color bright red; stem about
two inches long, set in a large broad

cavity; suture traceable.

Frizsu: color light yellow; juice
uncolored; texture tender, juicy;
flavor sub-acid.

Quauiry: dessert poor; cooking

good.

Vatvue: market second class.

Season: late July.

MAGNIrFIQueE.

92 REPORT ON THE

No. 24

MAY

A fine cooking cherry.

DUKE.

BI ce
Xa

May Dvger.

(Early Duke, Royal Hative. )

The great productiveness, health and vigor of the tree, the mild

acid of the fruit ripening over a con-
siderable season, all tend to make this
a favorite variety. The fruit is rather
tender for distant shipments, and in-
clined to rot in wet seasons. These
Duke cherries have green and ripe
fruit at the same time, which makes
them undesirable for commercial
orcharding, as it necessitates several
pickings instead of one, increasing the
cost of harvest beyond the margin of
profit. ~

Orton : Medoc, a Province in
France, from whence the name is said
to be a corruption.

TrEE: upright, a habit especially
noticeable in voung trees ; vigorous,
hardy and productive ; group, Duke.

Fruit: size small to medium ; form
roundish, obtuse. heart-shaped, with
traceable suture and distinct indenta-
tion to apex; grows in clusters; skin
bright red, turning darker at full
maturity ; stalk 13 to 2 inches long ;
stone small.

FiesH: red; texture tender, very
juicy ; flavor subacid, and very good.

Quairy : good for dessert, first class
for cooking.

Season: late June.

MEZEL.—( Monstreuse de Mezl, Bigarreau of Mezel.)

One of the finest of the late black cherries, of large size and great productiveness.

Though

a Bigarreau it has not the fault of its class of being especially subject to rot; it is not so black

in color as the Elkhorn, but dark enough a red to be
classed with the black cherries.

OrtGcin: Mezel, France ; first introduced in 1846.

TreEE: upright. spreading, a very vigorous grower;
one tree at Maplehurst forty years planted was thirty
feet in height in 1897, and covered an area about the
same number of feet in diameter; first rate in hardi-
ness and in productiveness ; group, Bigarreau.

Fruit: very large, fifteen-sixteenths of an inch
long by one inchin width ; form obtuse, heart shaped,
slightly flattened, with a clearly-detined suture on one
side, ending in a slight nipple; skin dark red at first,
changing to dark purple at maturity ; stalk two inches
long, slender, set in good sized cavity.

Fuiesn: firm, juicy, breaking; flavor sweet, good.

Quauiry: for dessert very good.

Vatue: for market first class.

Season: mid July.

Mrzer.

1905 IRUITS OF ONTARIO. 93

MONTMORENCY.

Of all the Morello cherries this seems to us the most profitable. The tree is one of the
most vigorous in its class, the fruit being Jarge and abundant. This and the Early Richmond
= oes cover the season very well, and are the
; two leading Kentish varieties for market.
In France this cherry has many syno-
nyms, as, for example, Montmorency, a
Jongue queue, Petit-Gobet, ete.
Oricin : Montmorency valley in France
in middle of 17th century.
TrEE: hardy, healthy, fairly vigorous,
yery productive and an early bearer.
Fruir: attached in ones and twos; size
i long by ¢ inch broad; torm roundish,
almost flattened at apex; skin bright
shiny ved, becoming darker at maturity,
easily detached from the flesh ; stem 13
inches long, in a rather large cavity.
Fieso: pinkish yellow, tender, very
juicy, sprightly acid.
QuaLiry : very good for cooking.

VaLue: for market first class.

Season: mid July.
MontTMoreEnNcy. ADAPTATION : general overthe Province.

MORELLO.—( English Morello. )

An old reliable variety for cooking
purposes, known in England for nearly
three hundred years, and deserving of
wider cultivation in Ontario. Downing
thinks the name Morello is from Moris,
the Mulberry, frown the dark purple color
of its juice, which resembles that of the
mulberry ; a profitable market variety.

Tree: habit spreading, slender, hardy
and very productive; vigor medium ;
group, Morello.

Frerr: fairly Jarge, roundish, nearly
heart shaped, somewhat flattened on one
side, with a slightly traceable suture.

Skin: red, turning dark red or purple
towards maturity ; stalk about 1} inches
Jong, inserted in a shallow cavity ; stone
small, slightly cling.

FiesH : very dark red ; texture tender,
juicy ; flavor acid, becoming more sub-
acid and agreeable the more it matures.

Quaity: dessert very poor, cooking
first-class.

VALUE: home market second class.

SEason: early August. MoreELto.

94 REPORT ON THE No. 2+

NAPOLEON. (Napoleon Bigarreau, Royal Anne of California. )

A valuable variety of foreign origin.
Perhaps the most productive variety
known, yielding fruit of the very
largest size which is in good demand
and, therefore, one of the most desir-
able for the commercial orchard. It
has one serious fault, namely, it is
very subject to the rot, especially in
wet seasons, and sometimes the whole
crop of this variety is ruined by it.

Treb: upright. spreading, vigorous,
hardy on the south shore of Lake
Ontario ; very productive.

Frurr: very large, oblong heart
shajed ; skin yellow ground, light in
shade, rich red cheek in the sun,
sometimes mottled; stem 1} inches
long ; suture plainly traceable.

Fiesu : yellowish white, very firm,
meaty, fairly juicy; flavor good;
texture much esteemed for canning
because it looks well in the jars and
bears cooking well.

Qua ity: dessert medium.

VaLvue: market first class.

Season: early July. Napoleon.

OREL 25.

One of the hardiest of the Morello cherries; reported upon favorably by our
northern stations, and considered by Mr. Jones, of our St. Lawrence station, the best
all round cherry yet tested for cold sections.

Oricin: Russia; imported by Prof. Budd in 1883.

Tree: rather a slow grower; an early and abundant bearer; habit round spreading
head. i

Oren.

Fruir: medium size, ¢ x 4 of an inch; form roundish; color carmine; stem one and
a quarter to one and a half inches in a round cavity; apex a distinct depression; suture
partly traceable.

Fissu: color yellowish; texture tender, juicy; juice uncolored; flavor mild subacid.

Quarry: dessert poor; cooking good.

Vatue: market first class

Season: mid July.

ApaptatTion: one of the hardiest varieties.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 95

OLIVET.

From tests in the experimental orchard, we judge the Olivet to be a valuable variety for
the home garden. The tree is a fine grower, and the fruit large and attractive, with a mild
acid flavor, while in season it immediately succeeds the Reine Hortense.

Tree: of French origin, usually classed with the Dukes, fairly vigorous ; hardy ; product-
iveness second rate

Fruir: large, # by {, obtuse, heart-shaped, almost round ; color dark rich carmine ; stem 1
to 1} inches long in a broad cavity, often in pairs.

Fuesa: reddish ; texture soft, melting, very juicy; juice stains red; flavor very mild,
pleasant acid.

Quaxity: dessert fair, cooking very good to first-class.

VaLue: not yet determined in Ontario.

Season: early July.

OSTHEIM.—(Griotte @’ Ostheim. )

This Morello cherry was distributed throughout the Province by the Ontario Fruit Grow-.
ers’ Association. The fruit is of fair size, productive enough to be profitable, and good for all
purposes. Its hardiness should make it a special favorite in the colder sections to succeed the
Montmorency.

OsTHEIM.

Onxtcix : South of Spain, brought to Germany early in the 18th Century, and cultivated
near Ostheim, Saxe-Weimar, whence its name.

Tree: third rate in vigor, almost a dwarf; first in hardiness, and second rate in pro-
ductiveness ; group, Morello.

Fruir: medium, about ;', x +4 of an inch in length and breadth. The variety must vary,
since Dr. Hogg describes it as large, and LeRo describes the stalk two inches long, set in a
pronounced cavity ; form round, slightly depressed at the side; color very dark purple, al-
pee black when ripe; stalk one and three eighths inches; suture not traceable; pit small,
cling.

FLesH: color very dark purple, texture tender, juicy, almost sweet when ripe, agreeable.

Qua.iry : poor for dessert, fair for cooking.

VaLue: for market third clase.

Season: late July.

ADAPTATION: quite general ; found fruiting freely in St. Joseph’s Island, Algoma.

96 REPORT ON THE No. 2+

OHIO (Ohio Beauty).

A sweet cherry, succeeding Wood ; not subject to rot

Ortain : Ohio.

Tree: habit upright; vigorons producer; class Heart.

Furr: size large, 12 x 1%; fourm heartshaped; stalk one and a half inches Jong, slender in
a moderately deep, somewhat irregular cavity ; color light yellow, nearly overspread with light
and dark shades of bright red.

Frese: color yellowish white ; texture tender, meaty, somewhat juicy ; flavor sweet, very
pleasant.

Qua iry : dessert very good ; cooking fair.

VaLue: market second class compared with black oxhearts.

Season: early to mid July.

PURITY.

A remarkably fine Morello cherry, ripening slightly in advance of the Early Richmond,
and very productive. It closely resembles Dyehouse.

Tree: fairly vigorous, healthy and productive ; an early bearer.

Fruit: size fair, § x $ of an inch ; form roundish ; color very dark red ; stem long, 14 to 2
inches long, set ina deep cavity ; apex much depressed ; pit small.

Fiexa: color yellowish ; texture tender ; very juicy : flavor subacid ; pleasant.

Qvauiry : dessert fair ; cooking very good to best.

\aLue: market first class.

Season: late June to early July.

PLYMOUTH (Plymouth Rock).

A yaluable white Bigarreau because not subject to rot, and a fine shipper.

Oriain: Connecticut.

TreEE: vigorous ; very productive ; an early bearer.

Fruir: medium, } x } of an inch; heart shaped; color bright red in sun on yellowish
ground ; stem 12 inches Jong in a one-sided cavity.
- Fresu : yellow; texture tender, meaty, moderately juicy ; flavor sweet, rich, excellent.

Quatity: very good for dessert.

VaLur: market second class.

Srason: mid July.

RICHMOND (Early Richmond).
(Virginian May; Kentish Pie of Hogg ; Hative of LeRoy. )

This Morello cherry appears to be of French origin, and George Lindley supposed that it
had been brought into England from Flanders in the reign of Henry IIL.

Tree: slow grower, slender in branch; very hardy; very productive in proportion to its
s17e

Fruit: Below medium. free
from rot and not very subject
to cureulio ; form almost
round, though slightly flat-
tened ; skin uniformly of a
bright red becoming darker
as it matures; stem slender,
about one inch in length,
often carrying the calyx, in-
serted in a good sized cavity ;
apex set in a small indenta-
tion.

FLesH | very tender in
texture; yellowish with
abundant uncolored juice ;
RICHMOND. flavor quite acid ; pit small.

Quauiry ¢ poor for dessert, but first class for all culinary purposes.
Vatte ° very good for market.

SEason : carly to mid July.

Apaprarion ; succeeds wherever cherries are grown in the Proyince.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. if

ROCKPORT.

A Bigarreau originated by Prof. Kirkland, of Cleveland, Ohio. Its season of ripening is
about the same as Governor Wood, but it is a heavier bearer of fruit, about the same size
amd less highly colored. It would be profitable were it not so subject to rot, but nearly every
year we have lost a large portion of the crop of this variety at Maplehurst from this cause.
Like the other Bigarreaus, it is too firm a cherry to be 2 favorite with the birds.

TreEE: upright, spreading; fairly vigorous; very productive.

Fruit: large, roundish, obtuse, heart-shaped ; skin ainber nearly covered with bright red.
Fiesu : pale yellow ; texture firm, juicy ; flavor sweet and good.

Quauity : dessert or cooking good.

VaLue: market second class.

Season: late June.

ROYAL DUKE.

A fina pie cherry, but it ripens unevenly, and is inferior to the Late Duke both
in quality and productiveness.

OricIn: France:

TrEE: very upright; vigorous; fairly productive; Duke.

Fruit: medium size, half by three-quarters of an inch in diameter; form roundish,
heart shape; color hght red, crimson on sunny side; stem one and a half inches long
set in a round regular cavity; apex a dimple.

Royat DuxKe.

Fiesu: flesh color; texture moderately firm, juicy; flavor subacid.
Quatity: cooking gocd.

Vatue: market first class.

Season: early July.

WaERO:

98 REPORT (ON? THE No. 24

RUSSIAN MORELLO. (Russian 207).

A good cooking cherry.

Oricin: Rusia.

TREE: vigorous; productive.

Fruit: small, } inch long by 3 wide; roundish in form; color dark red; stem two
inches long in a shallow cavity.

Russian Morexzo.

Fresu: color red with colored juice; texture tender, moderately juicy, semi-cling ;
flavor ordinary.

Quatiry: dessert useless; cooking good.

VaLUE: market second class.

Season: mid July.

SCHMIDTZ (Schmidtz’ Bigarrean).

A magnificent cherry, but so far not sufficiently productive.

Tree: upright; very vigorous; not very productive : group, Bigarreau.

Fruir: very large; form obtuse, heart-shaped; color dull red, mottled with rich red ;
stem 1} inch Jong in a large cavity ; suture slight.

Fuiesv: color reddish ; texture firm, moderately juicy, flavor sweet and rich.

Quauity: first-class for dessert.

VaLuE: market, first-class.

Season: late July.

SPANISH (Yellow Spanish).

Of the Bigarreau cherries this is one of the finest, both on account of its great size and
its delicious flavor. The tree grows to avery large size, surpassing in this respect any other
cultivated variety with which we are acquainted. It does not average very productive, because
the fruit often blasts and drops, or is destroyed by Monila. When, however, it does mature
a good crop, the yield is enormous.

The variety is of European origin, and was introduced into the United States in 1800.

Tree: very vigorous, of large growth; habit, spreading, fairly productive.

Fruir: very large and of a beautifully waxy lustre; form round, obtuse, heartshaped ;
skin clear amber, nearly covered with red when exposed to the sun; stem stout, 14 inches long
in a wide cavity ; suture traceable.

Fiesu: pale yellow; texture firm, juicy, breaking; flavor sweet, delicious when well
ripened.

Quatity : dessert very good ; cooking or canning, very good.

Season: early July.

VaLurE: market first class.

Talks 0:

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 99

SUDA (Suda Hardy).

A fine Morello cherry, but of about the same season as the Montmorency and hardly
as productive.

Orrarn : Missouri.

Tree: habits round head, Kentish ; fairly vigorous, very hardy ; productive.

Fruir : size § of an inch in diameter ; form roundish, slightly flattened ; color red ; stem
14 to 1} inches long set in a regular cavity : apex very slight ; suture barely traceable.

Fiesn : yellowish white ; texture soft, tender, juicy ; flavor tart.

QUaLity : dessert useless ; cooking very good.

VaLvuE: market almost first-class.

SEASON: maid July.

TARTARIAN. (Black Tartarian.)

Of black cherries this is one of the choicest, whether for market or for dessert on the home
table. Of large size and delicious flavor, it is relished by all cherry lovers, and, being some-
what soft fleshed, it is very subject to the ravages of birds; it is also subject to rot in wet
seasons. On this account it is often necessary to harvest and ship it a little on the green side.
It is not so productive as some others, but it makes up for this by bringing a higher price.

Onriaix : Russia and Western Asia, introduced into England in 1796, and thence to America.

Tree : erect, vigorous, attaining large size ; iairly productive ; group, Heart.

Fruit : very large, } x 1 inch, heart-shaped, of somewhat irregular outline ; stem 1} inches
long; skin bright purplish black.

Fiesu : dark purple. tender and juicy ; flavor rich and delicious.

Qvatity : dessert very good.

VaLue: market first class.

Season : early July.

ADAPTATION : south of Lake Ontario, and in sheltered places a little further north.

100 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

WINDSOR.

A valuable late cherry for either home use or market, its firm flesh making it a better
shipper than most dark colored cherries. Indeed, from the middle to the end of July, when
this cherry is at its best, there is no other to compete with it, the Elkhorn being just over
The tree is not an early bearer, and the ‘
fruit is very subject to the rot in some
locations and needs thorough spraying with
Bordeaux to prevent this fungus.

Ortetn: by James Dougall, Windsor,
Ontario.

TREE: a vigorous, upright, symmetrical
grower, healthy, very hardy and productive.

Fruir: large, +2 inch long by 1 inch
wide; form round, obtuse, heart-shaped ;
color dark red turning darker as it hangs ;
stem 14 inches long, set in a inoderately
deep cavity; in twos and threes; suture
obscure.

Fiesn: yellowish, with reddish tint ;
texture firm, moderately juicy ; flavor rich
and sweet.

Quarry: dessert very good ; cooking
poor.

Vatue. first class.
Srason: late July.
Apapration: farther north than most Bigarieau cherries.

WInxpsor.

WOOD. (Governor Wood.)

This variety has proved itself a most satisfactory cherry for both dessert and market pur-
poses. Itisa very productive variety, and,
though somewhat tender in flesh, is not
nearly so subject to ravages by birds as Early
Purple or Tartarian. Originated by Prof.
Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Tree: upright. spreading, healthy,
vigorous and hardy wherever the peach

succeeds.

Frit: medinm to large } to ¢ of an inch

in length and breadth respectively ; form

ACL 2, roundish -heartshaped ; skin light yellow,
shaded with light to deep red ; stem 13 tol}
inches long ina broad deep cavity ; suture

distinct on one side.

Fes: yellowish ; texture tender, juicy ;
flavor sweet, aromatic and delicious.
Quaity; dessert, very good.

Vature* market, first and second class.

Srason late June.

Woon.

THE PEACH.

The peach is the tenderest of the large fruits grown in Ontario, and the fact
that it can be grown so successfully in some parts of the Province has done much
to dissipate the idea which at one time prevailed in the United States and abroad
that the climate of Ontario was too severe for anything but the hardiest fruits.

The district in Ontario where the peach succeeds best is the Niagara Penin-
sula, where Lake Ontario and Lake Erie do much to ameliorate the climate and
prevent in a large measure the extremes in temperature which are fatal to peach
culture. In the Essex Peninsula, or the extreme south-western part of the
Province, the peach also succeeds well, but has in the past been more subject to
root killing in winter. This may probably be guarded against in the future by the
more general use of cover crops.

The peach also does fairly well where the soil is suitable all along the Lake Erie
shore, the most favorable locations, however, being within four or five miles of
the water. During recent years it has been found that the peach will thrive along
the shore of Nottawasaga Bay, which is known as the Georgian Bay district, but
up to the present time only a limited number of trees have been planted. It is
still doubtful if peaches will ever be grown there to any extent commercially.

Peaches are raised for home use all over the western part of the Province
with varying degrees of success, depending on the protection afforded and the soil,
but where the temperature falls much more than 10 degrees Fahr. below zero
success is very uncertain. Probably the extreme northern limit where peaches
have been produced in the open is at Orillia, though the trees lived but a few
years. They have been grown as far east as the city of Belleville, and perhaps
further.

The market for the best peaches is good, and the peach where it can be grown
successfully is one of the most profitable fruits.

As the peach is a tender fruit and the trees suffer when there are extremes
of temperature, and at certain seasons when there are light frosts, great judg-
ment should be shown in choosing a site for the orchard. Where possible,
a site should be chosen with an exposure facing the water. If a northern
exposure is available and the site is suitable in other ways it should be utilized, as
often great injury is done by spring frosts when the buds are swelling, and buds
will not expand as rapidly on a northern slope as on a southern. A site where
local frosts are known to occur should he avoided.

While the situation for the peach orchard is important, a site will avail little
if the soil is not suitable. The soil should be as near as possible a rich warm
sandy loam with an open gravelly subsoil affording perfect drainage. Orchards
are occasionally found thriving on heavier soils, but success is less certain on the
heavier lands. The soil should be thoroughly prepared as recommended for the
apple, and no fruit will respond better to thorough tillage than the peach.

Trees one year from the bud are the best kind to plant. They should be
thrifty and free from insects and disease. The best time to plant is early in the
spring, although fall planting is sometimes successful. Peach trees are planted
from fourteen to twenty feet apart, depending upon the system of pruning which
is followed. The former. distance is adopted only when severe heading back is
practised, otherwise the trees would soon become too crowded. For general cul-
ture the best distance is from eighteen to twenty feet apart each way. When
planting, some of the best growers remove all of the side branches, leaving a mere
whip, while others cut the side branches back to within one or two buds of the
main stem. The advantage gained by the latter method is the tree is stronger at
the crotches and not quite so liable to split down with weight of crop. Whatever
plan is adopted, the tree should be pruned back severely when set. Peaches are

[101]

102 REPORT ON THE No. 24

usually headed lower than other large fruits, from two to three feet from the
ground being the usual distance at which the head is started. lor the first two
or three years pruning should be carefully done in order to get a well balanced
top with four or five strong branches, avoiding bad crotches. In order to keep
the tree within bounds, severe heading back is necessary until the trees come
into full bearing, the usual practice being to head back from one-half to two-
thirds of the previous year’s growth every spring, at the same time removing
altogether branches which will make the top too crowded. The object is to have
a tree which will bear fruit all through the head instead of merely on the outside
or at the top of the tree.

The low heading of peach trees is rapidly gaining in popularity with peach
growers. By this system the tree has very little bare trunk, the lowest branches
starting from near the ground, while the highest is not more than eighteen inches.
The trees are kept severely headed back especially at the top, the result being
that much stockier trees are formed. The advantages of this system are that
the fruit is picked easier, that there is more bearing wood, that there is less injury
from wind, and that the trees can be sprayed to greater advantage.

The cultivation of peach orchards should be very thorough to produce vigoi-
ous growth. as the proportion of strong new growth which is made, regulates to
a large extent the size of the crop, for peaches, unlike most other large fruits,
are borne on the wooed made the previous year.

Cover crops are very desirable in peach orchards, as the peach soils are
usually deficient in humus which cover crops supply, and the latter protect the
roots of the trees in winter, thus lessening the danger from root killing. As
peach trees when in full bearing draw heavily on the potash in the soil, a good
application of unleached ashes every two or three years is beneficial, and muriate
of potash and bone meal applied at the rate of about 200 pounds per acre each,
annually should do much good, especially when barnyard manure cannot be ob-
tained.

Where it can be managed, it usually pays well to thin peaches on the tree.
This is done when they are about the size of small hickory nuts, the peaches be-
ing left from four to six and even eight inches apart on the branches.

It requires judgment to know just when to pick a peach, as much will depend
upon the distance it is to be shipped. When intended for immediate consump-
tion, no one is likely to pick a peach until it is ready to eat, but for a distan¢
market it must be still firm, though well colored. Fruit which is picked on the
green side never attains its full flavor and unfortunately much fruit of this class
reaches the market, and it undoubtedly lessens the consumption of this fine fruit.
Bruising of peaches should be avoided, hence great care should be taken in
handling them.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE Boarp oF CONTROL.

Commercial:
Sneed: Whitefleshed, clingstone, quality only fair, earliest of all.
Alexander: Whitefleshed, clingstone.
Hynes: Whitefleshed, semi-cling, quality good.
St. John: Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality good.
Mountain Rose: Whitefleshed, freestone, quality very good.
Early Crawford: Yellowfleshed. freestone, quality very good.
Champion: Whitefleshed, freestone, quality very good, for home use, or near markets.
Brigdon: Yellowfleshed. freestone, quality good.
Fitzgerald: Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality very good.
Reeves: Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality fair, large size.
Elberta: Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality fair, good for long distance shipments.

1965 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 103

Oldmizon: Whitefleshed, freestone, quality good.

Stevens: Whitefleshed, freestone, quality good.

Smock: Yellowfleshed, treestone, quality fair, very late, good shipper.
Domestic:

Hynes, St. John, Harly Crawford, Oldmixou, Longhurst, Stevens.

Listricr Liszs, RecomMENDED BY THE [XPERIMENTERS.
Niagara District: By Linus Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont.

Commercial: Sneed, Alexander, Greensboro, St. John, Early Crawford, New
Prolific, Champion, Elberta, Willett, Smock.

Domestic: Rivers, Hynes, St. John. Eariy Michigan, Lewis, Crosby, Champion,
teeves, Wonderful, Jacques Rareripe,Wheatland, Longhurst.

Essex District: By W. W. Hilborn, Leamington, Ont.

Commercial: Alexander, St. John, Brigdon, Early Crawford, Fitzgerald, New Pro-
lific, Engol, Elberta, Golden Drop. Kalamazoo, Banner, Smock.

Domestic (Whiteflesh): Alexander, Mountain Rose, Oldmixon, Stevens.

(Yellowflesh): St. John, Early Crawford, Fitzgerald, New Prolific, Engol, Crosby,
Golden Drop, Banner.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

ALEXANDER.

An early variety considerably grown in the Niagara district andin Essex County. Itisacung-
tone of poor quality for dessert purposes and poor also for cooking, so that, in competition with
better varieties coming in at the same time from southern orchards, it sells at a low price in
our markets.

aS eS

ALEXANDER.

Co Oriain : chance seedling, Mount Pulaski, Il., on farm of A. O. Alexander.

Tree: vigorous ; hardy ; productive. : :

Fruit: medium ; globular, sides unequal ; color greenish, suffused with dark and light red ;
suture broad ; apex slightly sunken. ve ;

Fiesa: color, greenish white; texture, firm, juicy, half melting, clings to stone; flavor,
sweet and fairly good. ;

Quatity : dessert poor ; cooking poor.

VatueE: market second class.

Season : early August.

164 REPORT ON THE No. 24

VICAR (Vicar of Winkfield of Hogg; Cure of Leroy.)

A French pear considerably grown in Ontario as a winter pear, but it does not reach its
best perfection in our climate and does not deserve a place in our orchards.

Oriain : found wild near Clion, France, by M. Leroy, curate of Villiers-en-Brenne, in the
year 1760; distributed in France under sixteen different names; introduced into England by
the Rev. W. L. Rham, vicar of Winkfield, in Berkshire, hence its English name.

TREE; vigorous, but somewhat susceptible to blight ; very productive.

Fruit: large; form long pyriform, one-sided ; skin green, seldom tinged with brown on
the sunny side, and marked with small brown dots; stem usually one and a half inches long,
fleshy at base, and inserted obliquely without a cavity ; calyx open, with large segments, set
in a shallow basin.

FLesn ; greenish white; texture firm, not very juicy as grown in Ontario; flavor fair, if
well ripened.

QuaLity ; dessert very poor; cooking fair.

VauLue; home and foreign market second class.

SEAson : early winter.

WILDER.

A valuable early market pear, being beautiful in appearance, of fair size and very good
flavor; probably the best of its season, but inclined to rot at the core if left hanging on the tree.

WILDER.

Oriarn ; chance seedling on south shore of Lake Erie.

TREE ; vigorous, very productive, and an early bearer when grafted on the quince.

Fruit: fair to large in size; form ovate, obtuse pyriform, sometimes shouldered at stem;
color greenish yellow, with deep red cheek and numerous gray dots ; stem stout, three quarters
to one inch in length ; calyx open.

V'LesH ; white; texture tender, fine grained ; flavor sweet, aromatic and very pleasant.

Qua.ity : dessert very good.

VaLvue; home market first class.

Season; August.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 165

WHITE DOYENNE (Virgalieu of New York State.)

An old variety with many French
synonyms, of which the proper one
according to LeRoy is La Doyenne.
Downing speaks of it as ‘‘ unquestionably
one of the most perfect of autumn pears,”’
and on account of its excellent quality
and the productiveness of the tree, it
was at one time widely planted in the
commercial orchards of Outario and the
United States. Latterly, however, like
the Flemish Beauty, it has become sub-
ject to black spot, for which reason it is
losing favor.

Origin: France.

Tree : healthy, not subject to blight ;
afairly vigorous grower, and an abun-
dant bearer ; usually grown as astandard.

Fruit: size medium to large,
form obovate, variable in length ; skin
green at first, changing to yellow as
it ripens, sometimes red in the sun,
sprinkled with numerous russet dots ;
stem $ of an inch long, set in ashallow
cavity ; calyx half closed in a shallow
slightly plaited basin.

Fiesn: white; texture fine
grained, buttery, fairly juicy; flavor
sugary, aromatic, perfumed.

Quatiry: dessert very good ;
cooking very good.

VALUE : market second class.

Season : September and October.

106 REPORT ON THE No. 24

CHILI (Hill's Chili).

Recommended for drying ; a good shipper.

Origin : New York State.

Tree: fairly vigorous ; productive.

Fruir : medium to large ; form roundish ovate : color pale yellow, with red check ; down
thick, whitish; cavity narrow, deep ; suture marked ; apex a point.

FiesH : light yellow tinted red at the pit; texture tender, moderately juicy ; flavor sub-
acid ; free.

Qua.ity : dessert poor; cooking good ; drying good.

VALUE : home market, second class.

Season : mid September.

CROSBY (Excelsior, Hale’s Hurdy. )

A peach of good quality, but scarecly large enough for the commercial orchard.

OrieIn: Massachusetts 1876, by Mr. Crosby, nurseryman ; named Excelsior by the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College ; Hale’s Hardy, because Mr. J. H. Hale was the first grower to
plant it extensively, and finally Crosby by the United States Division of Pomology.

TREE: vigorous; healthy; fairly hardy; very productive.

Crospy.

Frourr: medium size; form almost round, slightly one-sided; color yellow, with bright
red cheeks ; very pretty; cavity, deep, abrupt; apex small in a slight depression ; suture
traceable.

Fes: color, bright yellow, red at the stone; texture, fine, moderately juicy, tender;
flavor, sweet and very agreeable.

Qvatiry : very good for dessert, and good for cooking.

Vauue: first class for home market.

Season: late September to early October.

1805 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 107

EARLY CRAWFORD.

Karly Crawford has long held its place at the head of the list of peaches both for home
use and for market. Its beautiful golden color, ils large size, its free stone and rich flavor all
unite in giving ita just claim to this position. Its buds are a little more tender than those of
some other varieties, and, consequently, many growers hesitate to plant it, but where high
cultivation and plenty of fertilizer is given, fine crops of luscious fruit have resulted.

pad

Earty CRAWFORD.

Orniain: Middleton, N.J., by Wim. Crawford.

TREE: vigorous; productive under favorable conditions ; bloom not conspicuous.

Fruit: large to very large, oblong; suture shallow; apex prominent, swollen; color
golden yellow, with rich red cheek.

Fuesx : color, yellow ; flavor, sweet, rich ; free from stone, which often purts in middle
when nearly ripe.

Quaity : dessert and cooking, very good.

VALueE : first class for market.

Season : early September.

Section Earty CraAwForp.

108 REPORT ON THE No. 24

EARLY MICHIGAN.

A very good dessert peach.

OrieIn : Georgia.

Tree : healthy, vigorous and productive.

Fruit : medium size, wide, form round ;
color, cream or greenish white ground nearly
covered with crimson; cavity, large and
deep ; suture very distinct from cavity to
apex and beyond: pit a clingstone.

Earty MiIcHIGAN

Fes : greenish white, redat pit; texture
tender and juicy; flavor, subacid, very —
pleasant.

QvuatLiry : dessert very good.

\V'aLtug ; market second class.

Season : middle of August.

“Se
SEcTION oF EARLY MIcHIGAN.

EARLY PURPLE.

For home use, as a dessert peach, this is one of the best of its season. Between 1860 and
1870 this variety was grown as the earliest market peach in Southern Ontario, but its extreme
tenderness of flesh and rapid softening after maturity led to its giving place to other varieties.

Tree : thrifty ; vigorous; hardy ; fairly productive.

Fruir ; form, irregular, ovate, one-sided; skin, bright red, downy ; basin deep; stone
almost free.

Fiesa : greenish white in color; texture, very tender, very juicy melting ; flavor, sweet,
rich, agreeable.

Quanity : dessert very good ; cooking poor.

Vabce : near market third class ; distant market poor.

Spason : late August to early September.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 109

ELBERTA.

The best peach of its season
for all markets, and a variety
‘especially suited for export by
reason of its shipping qualities.

Oriary ; Georgia ; a cross be-
tween Chinese Cling and Early
Crawford.

Trer : vigorous, hardy, and
moderately productive. The
Jeaves are much subject to
curl leaf, but this may be largely

controlled by spraying.

ELBERTA

Fruit: medium to large,
roundish oval, one side some-
what Jarger than the other, su-

ture distinct; skin lemon yellow,
with a fine red cheek; stone
free, deeply corrugated, pointed.

Fiesu : yellow ; texture, mod-
erately juicy.

QuaLiry: dessert fair; cook-
ing, best.

Vatve: home market first
class ; foreign market first class.

SEason: late September, about
a week later than Early Craw-
ford.

SEcTION OF ELBERTA.

ENGOL (Mammeth).

A valuable variety for either home use or market.

Tree: strong upright grower; quite productive.

Fruit: medium to large ; form roundish ; cavity medium ; apex slight; suture a little over
half around; color yellow, with reddish cheek. ;

FuesH : color yellow, with tinge of red at pit; texture tender, juicy ; flavor pleasant.
nearly sweet ; free:

Quarry; dessert or cooking very good.

Vatur: market first class.

Season * first half of September.

110 REPORT ON THE No. 24

FITZGERALD

Since the Early Crawford has been such a
popular peach both for home ure and mar-
ket, every new introduction of a variety
which is of the same class, has keen wel-
comed by the public, especially where it may
be use to extend the season. The Fitzgerald
is not so large as the Early Crawford, but to
many the flavor is finer for dessert, and its
season isa trifle later. Like the latter, it is
too tender for very long shipments.

Oricin: in the garden of Mr. Fitzgerald,
Oakville, Ontario, about 1895.

Tree: hardy, healthy and productive.

FirzGERALp.

Fruit: size medium to large ; form round
ish ovate ; color bright vellow, covered with
deep red; down moderate in quality; cavity
broad and deep; apex a small point in a
slightly depressed basin; suture distinct ;
stone free.

Firsu: yellow, with red at pit; texture
tender and juicy ; flavor excellent.

Quavity | dessert goud.
VaLvue : home market first class.

Season: early to mid September in Ni-
agara District.

ApapraTion: one of the huardiest varie-
ties and successfully grown in Georgian Bay
District.

FOSTER.

A large yellow peach of the Early Crawford class, considered a little better in quality, but not
<o productive.

Ortain: J. T. Foster, Medford, Massachusetts.

Tree: vigorous; tender in fruit bud; not very productive.

Fruir: size large; form roundish, slightly flattened; with a slight suture; color, bright
yellow, shaded with orange red.

Fiesn: free; color bright yellow, tinged with red at pit; texture tender, juicy ; flavor rich.
vinous, pleasant, subacid.

Quatiry: dessert good ; cooking good.

VaLue: near market first class.

SEason: early to mid September.

1905 [FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 111

GOLDEN DROP.

“Medium, roundish ovate; color rich yellow, or, as it grows in the South, ‘a sort of trans-
parent golden yellow,’ often with a blushed cheek ; cavity broad, shallow ; suture obscure except
near apex. Flesh yellow, vinous, almost sweet, good; pit free. Season late September.

Attractive in market.’’— Budd.

GREENSBORO

The best dessert peach of its season,
but too tender in flesh to be a good
shipper ; worthy of a place in the home
garden.

Origin: North Carolina.

TREE: vigorous; very productive:
an early bearer.

Fruir: large; form flattened; color
a deep cream with bright red cheek ;
cavity narrow, deep; suture slight;
apex sunken ; not subject to rot.

GREENSBORO.

Fires : color cream; texture tender,
melting, very juicy ; flavor sweet and agree-

able; free stone.
Quatiry: dessert good.
VaLUE: market second class.

Srason: mid August.

SecriIoN OF GREENSBORO.

W2 REPORT ON THE No. 24

HALE (Hale's Early. )

Anearly peach of very beautiful appearance, but inclined to rot before it ripens. ‘The flesh
remains firm, even after the outside presents the appearance of being ripe, so that it is not a
favorite variety. Its comparative earliness at one time made it a very popular market variety,
bet its ewe is now preceded by that of Sneed, Greensboro, Early Rivers, Alexander and

riumph.

OrtGIN : Ohio.

Tree : vigorous, healthy and productive.

Frurr : medium to large, form roundish ; color of skin, dark red on sunny side, green with
splash of red on shady side; apex small, slightly pointed in dimpled depression ; cavity deep ;
suture extends to apex ; pit half free.

FLesn : greenish yellow to white; texture firm until very ripe, then melting and juicy ;
flavor sweet and agreeable.

QuaLity : dessert and cooking fair.
Vatue : home market second class.

Season : late August.

HYNES (Ayne’s Surprise.)

A very gond early dessert peach, but the fruit is incline | to rot in wet sensons.

Il yNes.

Oricty : introduced in 1895 by Mr. S. D. Willard of Geneva, N.Y.

Trek > vigorous; productive.

Frere: form roundish, slightly one-sided ; size medium, color grecnish white with bright
red cheek, sometimes deep red in the sun; cavity narrow and deep; suture distinct ; dots
numerous ; skin thin and tenacious ; stone, semi-cling.

Fries : color yellowish white; texture juicy ; flavor sweet and agreeable.

Quatity : dessert, good to very good.

Vabtcre: home market first class ; distant market third class.

Season : mid to late August.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

113

JACQUES RARERIPE.

A fine yellow peach, succeeding the
Early Crawford, but too tender in flesh
for distant shipment.

OriGIn ; Massachusetts.

TREE: vigorous, healthy and pro-
ductive.

Fruit: size large; form roundish
oblate ; color dark yellow, shaded
with red, especially on the sunny side ;
down heavy ; cavity large and deep ;
apex in a depression ; suture distinct ;
stone free.

SEcTION OF JACQUES RARERIPE.
8 F. 0.

JACQUES RARERIPE.

Fiesa: color deep yellow, red at the
pit: texture tender, juicy ; flavor good,
not very sweet.

QvaLiry: dessert good; cooking ve
g Ty
good.

VALUE: near market first class; dis-
tant market, second class.

Season : mid September.

114 REPORT ON THE No. 24

KALAMAZOO.

A popular market peach in Michigan ; inferior to Elberta.
Oriain : Michigan.
TREE : vigorous and very productive.

Fruit: medium in size, form roundish oval, sides unequal ; color yellow, with red cheek ;
cavity deep, narrow, irregular; apex a small point in a slight depression ; suture traceable be-
yond the apex ; free stone.

KALAMAZOO.

Fuesu : color yellow, red at pit ; texture moderately tender and juicy ; flavor fairly sweet.

Qua.ity : dessert poor ; cooking good.

Vaux: near market good ; rather too small to sell with Elberta, or even to follow that
large, showy variety.

Season : mid to late September.

LATE CRAWFORD.

A fine large yellow peach, not quite equal to Early Crawford in flavor. It has not been
very profitable because the tree is not very productive and the fruit is inclined to drop before
it reaches its best condition.

Oriain: New Jersey.

TREE: vigorous ; only fairly productive.

Fruit: large to very large ; color dull yellow or olive green, with dark ‘red cheek ; cavity
large and deep ; suture traceable ; free stone.

FLesH: deep yellow, red at thestone ; texture juicy and melting ; flavor rich, vinous.

Quality: dessert good ; cooking very good.

VaLuE: market, first class.

Season: late September.

8aF. 0.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 115

LONGHURST.

A very productive late variety, highly esteemed for canning. It is considered a profitable
variety by many peach growers, but unless given the best culture, the fruit is small and un-
attractive in appearance.

Tree: hardy; fairly vigorous; very productive. Budd eays the fruit buds of this variety
have proven exceptionally hardy in Michigan.

Fruit: medium in size; form oval, larger on side of suture, which is clearly traceable, end-
ing in a pointed apex; color dull yellow, with dark red cheek in sun; down thick; cavity deep,
abrupt, sbouldered; pit small, free. ;

LonGHurRstT.

FiesH: color yellow, red at pit; texture tender, almost buttery, moderately juicy; flavor
vinous, sweet, agreeable.

Quauiry: dessert, fair; cooking or preserving very good.

VaLuE: market second class, unless unusually well grown.

Srason: late September to early October.

LEMON CLING.
A large and showy peach, at one time planted freely in Ontario orchards, but of late
discarded because of its cling stone. *
Oren: South Carolina.
Tree: vigorous, hardy and productive.

Fruit: large, form roundish, narrowed towards apex, which is large and prominent, some-
what like that of the lemon; skin deep yellow, with a dark brownish-red cheek.

F.iesH: color yellow, tinged with red at the pit; texture firm, not very juicy; flavor
pleasant, sprightly, subacid.

Quatiry: dessert fair; cooking, fair.

Vaug: market second class.

Srason: late September.

116 REPORT ON THE No. 24

LEWIS.

A tine market peach to succeed St. John and to precede Early Crawford.
Oricin: Michigan.
Tree: healthy, vigorous, very productive.

Frurr; medium to large; form round; color yellowish white, largely overspread with

red; suture depressed.

FLEsH: yellowish white, red next the pit; texture tender, juicy; flavor very pleasant.
Quatiiy: dessert good; cooking good.

VaLuE: home market first class; distant market second class.

Season: mid September.

McCONNELL

A very attractive looking, late, white flesh peach.

OricIn : a seedling raised by Mr. McConnell, Essex County.

Tree : a good thrifty grower ; productive.

Fruit . above medium ; color white with beautirul crimson blush ; form round.
FLesH : cling ; color pure white ; texture firm, juicy ; flavor pleasant.

Quairy : dessert poor ; cooking poor ; good pickler.

VALUE : not tested.

Srason : mid October.

MATTHEW (Matthew's Beauty. )

A fine attractive appearing yellow peach, with beautiful cheek, resembling Elberta in

exterior, but nearly a week later, and of much better quality. From its appearance it might be
called ‘‘ late Elberta.”

Fruiv : form roundish ovate, slightly flattened ; size about 2} inches; color yellow with

dark red cheek ; suture half round ; apex depressed ; cavity narrow, deep.

Fiess : free; color yellow ; texture moderately firm ; flavor sweet, good.
Quauity : dessert or cooking, very good.

VALUE : market first class.

Srason : late September to early October.

MOUNTAIN ROSE.

Desirable in the home garden as a dessert peach.

Orictn : New Jersey.

Tree: vigorous; productive.

Frurr: size medium to largel; form roundish ; suture traceable ; apex a point; color of

skin white, with bright red cheek.

Fiesu : creamy white, with red tint at the pit; texture tender, melting, very juicy

flavor sweet, delicious ; free.

Qua.ity : first class for dessert.
VaLuge: market second class.
Srason : early to mid September.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 117

NEW PROLIFIC.

A peach of the Crawford type, a few days later, which is highly esteemed by many peach
growers. Like the Crawford it is too tender in flesh for distant shipment, unless picked from
the tree before it reaches full maturity.

Tree : healthy ; vigorous ; productive.

Fruir: size medium ‘to large, form round; color yellow, with bright red cheek ; cavity
narrow and deep ; suture, distinct, extending beyond the apex.

‘New Pro uiric.

Fiesu: yellow ; slightly tinted with red at the pit ; texture tender, flavor sweet, delicate,
very pleasant; free from pit.

Quauity: dessert first class ; cooking first class.
Vatue: home markets first class.

Season : mid to late September.

OLDMIXON FREE.

An old standard variety considerably planted in the older commercial peach orchards of
the Niagara Penisular to succeed the Early Crawford; a white flesh peach with a red cheek
presenting a good appearance in the basket; its fault as a market variety is its dropping almost
before it attained full color and its tender flesh ; valuable for dessert purposes.

OricGIn: a seedjing of Oldmixon Cling which was brought to America by Sir John
Oldmixon.

TREE: vigorous ; spreading ; moderately productive.

Fruit: medium to large; form roundish oval, one-sided, suture distinct toward the apex
which is not marked ; cavity narrow ; color creamy white, marbled with red and with a deep
red cheek ; bloom thin.

Fiesx : free from pit; color creamy white, red at pit; texture tender ; flavor sweet, rich,
vinous.

Quarry: dessert very good ; cooking or canning whole, very good.
VaLuE: market hardly first class compared with larger yellow varieties of the same season.

Srason : early September.

118 REPORT ON THE No. 24

RIVERS ( Early Rivers).

When first introduced, this peach was widely planted for market because of its fine size
and early season, coming in between Alexander and Hale. Its great fault is its delicate

RIvERs.

skin and tender flesh which show the slightest bruise, so that the most careful handling is
necessary. The fruit needs thinning for size and color, and then it can be sent only to the
nearest markets.

Oricix: by Thos. Rivers, of Saw-
bridgeworth, England.

TREE: very vigorous; fairly hardy;
very productive.

Fruit : medium to large, roundish,
often somewhat oblong and flattened
on the sides, and more or less one-
sided ; skin smooth, light green, almost
white, delicately shaded with red;
cavity small and deep ; apex small in
a narrow, deep depression; suture
deep and distinct; stone half cling,
inclined to split.

FLesH : color creamy white; tex-
ture melting, juicy.

Quatity : fair for dessert ; fair for
cooking.

VaLvE: second class for near
market.

Section oF Rivers.

Season: mid August

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 119

REEVES FAVORITE.

A profitable peach because of its large size and excellent color, but lacking in pro-
ductiveness. |

Oniain: in New Jersey, by Samuel Reeves.

Tree: thrifty; upright; moderately productive.

Fruit: large, form roundish; color yellow with red cheek; cavity deep and broad;
suture traceable; apex pointed, distinct.

ReEveEs Favorite.

Fries: color yellow. with red tint at the pit; texture tender, juicy; flavor sweet,
vinous, very pleasant; free.
Quatity: dessert good; canning or cooking good.
VaxLuE: market first class.
- Season: mid September; a few days later than Early Crawford.

REID.

A round yellow flesh peach, closely succeeding Elberta.

Tree: healthy, vigorous, productive.

Fruit: medium to large in size ; form roundish ovate, color yellow nearly covered with red ;
suture distinct ; apex depressed, prominent.

Fuss : free ; color yellow marked with red at pit; texture tender, juicy ; flavor moderately
Sweet.

QuaLity : cooking good ; dessert fair.

Vatue: market second class.

Srason : late September.

SALWAY.

A popular late market variety, which usually ripens in the peach sections of Ontario before
frost. Hilborn says that in Essex it reaches maturity four years out of five.

Orta1n: England.

TREE: vigorous ; productive ; fairly hardy.

Fruit: large; roundish, somewhat one-sided ; skin yellow with red cheeks on sunny side;
suture broad. .

Fuiesu : free ; color yellow, red at the pit ; texture tender, juicy ; flavor sweet, good.

QUALITY : good.

VaLueE: market first class if well ripened.

Season: mid October.

120 REPORT ON THE No. 24

Sif. JOHN.

(Yellow St. John.)

The ‘earliest really good peach
for ‘either home use or market. Its
season is the end of August, just be-
fore the Early Crawford ; and its fair
size, its yellow flesh, attractive skin
and good quality, make it one of the
most satisfactory peaches for all pur-
poses.

Oriain : North America.
TREE : vigorous and productive.

Fruir: form round; size large ;
skin yellow, with dark red cheek ;
suture traceable on one side, some-
times by a red line ; apex a tiny point
in a rather deep depression ; free-
stone.

FiesH : color yellow, tinted red
at the stone; texture tender and
juicy ; flavor sweet rich and agree-
able.

Quatity : dessert and cooking
very good.

VaLuE : market first-class, the
best of its season.

Season: Late August.

SMOCK.

A first class late market peach.

Ortain: New Jersey.

Tree: moderately vigorous; wood brittle; leaves not subject to curl; productive

Fruit: large; oval; color yellow with orange red cheek; bloom heavy ; cavity narrow
and deep; suture obscure; apex slightly extended.

Fissn: free; color yellow, with red at pit; texture dry, tender; flavor agreeable
not sweet, distinctive. ,

Quauity: cooking or drying good.

Vature: market first class for its season.

Season: early October.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 121

Smock.

SNEED.

A promising early variety for home use and near markets.

Oricin : Tennessee, by Judge Sneed of Memphis, about 1880, from a pit of the Chinese
Cling.

TREE : vigorous, but slender in young growth ; productive ; an early bearer.

Fruit: medium ; form roundish oval, slightly one-sided ; skin light greenish white,
with red cheek, and a short thick down ; cavity narrow and deep, with distinct suture, an
a small pointed apex, in a slight depression.

SNEED.

FLEsH : semi-cling ; color yellowish white at maturity ; texture tender, fine, very juicy :
flavor mild, vinous, pleasant.

QuaLity : dessert good.

VALUE: home market second class ; distant market useless.

Season : Late July to early August.

122 REPORT ON THE No. 24

STEVENS. (Stephens Rareripe).

A popular late white flesh peach, and a good shipper.
Orniein: New Jersey.

TREE: vigorous and productive. ; ,
Fruit: size above medium; form roundish ovate; color whitish ground with dark

red cheek; cavity narrow and deep; suture traceable.

STEVENS.

Fiesu: whitish with red at pit; free; texture tender, juicy; flavor sprightly and
agreeable. =

QuaLity: dessert good; cooking good.

VaLuE: market first class.

Srason: mid October.

THURBER.

A magnificent white flesh peach to fill in between Early Crawford and Elberta.

OricIn : seedling of Lee, raised by Dr. L. E. Berckmans of Augusta. Georgia.

TREE : very vigorous ; productive.

Fruir : size large; form roundish, enlarged at centre along suture ; color creamy white,
Bey red cheek ; cavity large, deep ; suture marked ; apex small, pointed; bloom white :
skin thin. g

F.iesH : white, red at pit, free ; texture tender, juicy ; flavor sweet, vinous, excellent.

Quauiry : dessert very good to best ; cooking or canning very good.

VALUE: home market first class.

Season : mid September.

TRIUMPH.

A valuable commercial variety, to follow the Alexander, but not very popular on account
of its heavy coat of down, its dull color, and its susceptibility to rot. ;

OriIGIN - Georgia, seed of Alexander.

TreE : vigorous, hardy, very productive, subject to twig blight and leaf curl.

Fruit : medium size ; form roundish, somewhat shouldered and flattened ; color yellow
ground nearly covered with red and markings of very dark red ; cavity deep ; apex small, in
a decided depression ; suture distinct ; pit semi-cling. j

Fiesa : yellow ; texture fine, juicy ; flavor sweet, rich and excellent.

Quauity : good.

Vauue : bome market second class except under special conditions.

Season : mid August

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 123

TYHURST.

A very attractive golden-yellow peach ; considered a profitable variety for the commercial
orchard. After fruiting it several years at our Maplehurst station, we think its value has been
somewhat over-estimated.

OrIGIN : a seedling raised by Mr. Tyhurst, of Leamington, Essex County. This gentle-
man was so pleased with the peach that he planted nearly his whole farm with trees grown
from its pits, and made considerable money out of his venture.

Tree : moderately vigorous ; quite productive ; fruit is inclined to drop as soon ag ripe.

Fruit : size medium ; form ovate ; suture distinct on one side, terminating in a small
black sharp point ; color deep yellow, with tinge of red in the sun ; skin separates easily from
the' flesh.

F esx : free ; color pale yellow ; texture very tender, fine grained, melting, juicy ; flavor
excellent.

Qua.ity : dessert very good to best ; cooking very good.
Vature : home market first class ; distant market second class because too tender.
Srason : mid September.

WHEATLAND.

A large and beautiful yellow flesh peach to follow Early Crawford; a valuable variety
for home use or market; not a long keeper.

Orterin: New York State.

TREE: vigorous.

Fruir: size large; form roundish, slightly enlarged along the line of suture; color
yellow, well overspread with red, usually prettily dappled with red about the small
pointed apex; cavity broad and deep.

WHEATLAND.

Frxsu: free; color pale yellow tinted with red at the pit; texture melting, tender,
juicy; flavor rich, sweet, delicious.

Quatity: very good for dessert or cooking.
VaLuE: market first class
Srason: mid to late September.

124 REPORT ON THE No. 24

WILLETT.

An attractive and profitable late market peach, to come in between Elberta and
Smock; later than Matthews’ Beauty.

TREE: vigorous; spreading; productive.

Fruir: medium to large in size; form nearly round, and enlarged along one side
of the suture; cavity abrupt, medium; apex distinct; color yellow with mottling of deep
red in the sun.

WILLETT.

Section or WILert.

Furesu: free; greenish yellow, with red tint at the pit; texture rather firm, moder-
ately juicy; flavor moderately sweet, good.

Quauity: dessert. good; cooking very good.

Varue: market first class

Season: early October.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 125

WONDERFUL.

A new variety of great size and beauty.

Oricin: United States.

TREE: a vigorous grower; but lacking in productiveness.

Fruit: large; form roundish; cavity narrow and deep; suture traceable; apex a
small point, sometimes depressed; color yellow with bright red on sunny side.

WoNDERFUL.

Section oF WONDERFUL.

Fiesu: light creamy yellow, red at pit; texture tender, melting, juicy; flavor sweet,
vinous, pleasant; free.

Quatity: dessert good; cooking good.

Vatue: market first class.

Season: mid September.

THE PEAR.

The pear succeeds all over the best apple districts of Ontario, but few good
hardy varieties have yet been found, hence the commerical culture of the pear
does not extend as far north as the apple. The principal pear orchards are found
in southern Ontario. There are many good orchards, however, along Lake On-
tario as far east as the Bay of Quinte and north to the Georgian Bay.

In eastern Ontario, only a few kinds succeed, and these are not planted on a
commercial scale. These hardy varieties are grown to a limited extent for home
use as far north as latitude 45 degrees and some of the Russian pears, though
inferior in quality and very subject to blight, may be grown still further north.

The pear stands distant shipment well if picked at the right time, and pro-
perly packed and handled in transit, and hence larger quantities are being sent
to distant markets every year, and as a rule good prices are obtained for the
fruit.

The general directions for the preparation of the land, soil and planting as
. given for the apple apply to the pear, with but slight alterations. While pears
succeed in the same kind of soils as the apple, clay loams, if well drained, suit
them best. Pear trees two years old are better than those three years old, as they
are easier to transplant, since pear trees have not so good a root system as the
apple. Standard trees should be set at least twenty feet apart each way. Pear trees
are shaped and pruned much like the apple, although trees with a central leader
are easier obtained and are preferred. They may be headed nearer the ground
than the apple, as they are of more upright habit. Many pears are now being
grown on dwarf or quince stock. These have the advantage of being earlier than
standard trees, and may be planted closer together, fourteen feet apart being a
good distance. They do not live as long as standard trees. The dwarf trees are
almost always grown without a central leader in Ontario, and branching near the
ground. They require more careful pruning than standards. The fruit of
some varieties is improved by growing on dwarf stocks, among those suceeding
particularly well on this stock being Duchess, Louise, Diel, and Easter Beurre.

Pear trees are very much subject to blight which as yet cannot be controlled
by any practical means. It has been observed, however, that trees usually blight
most when making strong succulent growth, hence it is best to not encourage a
strong growth. Some varieties are more subject to blight than others, and when
planting this should be taken into consideration. In planting a pear orchard, it is
also desirable to mix the varieties, avoiding large blocks of any one kind, as better
crops will thus be obtained, some varieties being almost sterile when planted by
themselves.

The picking of pears requires good judgment. If they are picked too early
the fruit will not get its best flavor, but if picked too ripe, it will spoil before
reaching the market. Pears, unlike most fruits, ripen well and develop a good
flavor when picked while still green and hard, but to obtain this flavor the fruit
should have reached its full size.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE Boarp oF ConTROL.

Commercial: Giffard, Clapp, Bartlett, Boussock, Flemish (hardy, subject to spot),
Howell, Louise, Duchess, Bosc, Clairgeau, Anjou, Kieffer.
Domestic: Summer Doyenne, Giffard, Bartlett, Flemish (for the north), Sheldon,
Seckel, Bosc, Anjou, Lawrence. Josephine, Winter Nelis.
[ 126 ]

1905 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 127

Districr Lists, RecomMeNDED BY THE EXPERIMENTERS.

Niagara District: By Linus Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont.

Commercial: Chambers, Wilder, Giffard, Clapp, Bartlett, Hardy, Bosc, Howell,
Louise, Duchess, Pitmaston, Clairgeau, Anjou, Easter Beurre.

Domestic: Doyenne, Manning, Giffard, Boussock, Rostiezer, Marguerite, Sheldon,
Seckel, Triumph, Ritson, Louise, Hardy, Diel, Anjou, Lawrence.

Bunrlington District: By A. W. Peart, Burlington, Ont.

Commercial: Wilder, Clapp, Bartlett, Boussock, Louise, Duchess (dwarf), Anjou,
Kieffer, Winter Nelis, Easter Beurre.

Domestic: Wilder, Bartlett, Louise, Anjou, Winter Nelis.
Bay of Quinte District: By W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont.

Commercial and Domestic: Giffard, Tyson, Clapp, Boussock, Hardy, White Doy-
enne, Dempsey, Bosc, Clairgeau, Goodale, Lawrence, Josephine.

St. Lawrence District: By Harold Jones, Maitland, Ont.

Domestic: Clapp, Flemish, Ritson.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

ANSAULT.

Claimed to be a good general purpose pear for home uses, but not as yet widely tested.

Oricin : France.
TREE : an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit: size medium ; roundish oblate pyriform ;{skin green, yellowing at maturity,
mostly covered with russet ; stem } inch to one inch long, in a small irregular, often oblique
cavity ; calyx small, open in an abrupt, deep basin.

FLEsH : color creamy white ; texture tender, fine grained, buttery, juicy ; flavor agree-
able, aromatic, very pleasant.

Quatiry : fair for all purposes.
VaLuE: Lome market second class.

Srason : September.

‘OLN W

“AOLNY AO NOLLOaS

28 J

[1

1905 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 129

ANJOU.

(Beurre d’ Anjou, Ne Plus Meuris of Le Roy.)

A fine market pear, succeeding admirably on quince roots, but on pear roots the tree is not so
productive, nor the fruit so large. Its fine size, and melting, buttery texture, make it a favorite
market pear for the month of December, and past experience proves it a desirable variety
to export to Great Britain.

Oriain ; Louvain, Belgium, about 1823 ; named Ne Plus Meuris, after Father Meuris.

TREE ; a vigorous, strong grower ; productiveness scarcely first rate even on the quince,
third rate on the pear.

Fruir : large ; form obovate, blunt pyriform, sides often uneven, and samples not very
uniform ; skin thick, yellow at maturity, with greenish patches and brown dots, brownish red
on sunny side ; stem scarcely half an inch long, stout and fleshy ; calyx open, set in a shallow
basin ; core small, seeds few if any.

FLEsH : white ; texture fine grained, buttery, melting ; flavor pleasant, perfumed, not

very sweet.
Quauity : table or cooking good.
VaLvuE : home market first class ; foreign market first class.
Srason : November.

ADAPTATION : succeeds best south of Toronto.

BAUDRY.
A promising new winter pear, which has been fruiting at our Maplehurst station aga
dwarf.
Fruit : size large ; form oblong, pyriform ; color yellowish green, with russet patches.
Fresx : color yellow ; texture tender, but gritty at the core ; flavor very good.
Qua.ity : very good for dessert and cooking.
VALUE : apparently first class for market.

Season : late winter.
UD F.O.

130 REPORT ON THE No. 24

BARTLETT ( Williams’
Boncretien).

No pear of the same season
equals in popularity the Bart-
lett, for either dessert or
canning. Indeed, while it is
in the market, no other pear
compares with it in price or
brings as much profit to the
grower, Of late large orch-
ards of this one variety have
been planted in Canada, and
there is a growing demand
for itin the Northwest Pro-
vinces. With trustworthy
cold storage it may be ex-
ported to Great Britain with
profit.

Barterrr.

““Orteain: Berkshire, England,
1770, propagated by Mr. Williams,
near London. Introduced into
America and disseminated by
Enoch Bartlett of Boston.

= TrEE: healthy, vigorous, half-
hardy, overcomes blight better
than most varieties, very produc-
tive.

Fruir: large, oblong, obtuse,

pyriform ; color yellow, with very
numerous minute brown dots, often /
russetted at the apex; stem J} /.
inches long, in a small irregular
cavity ; calyx, open in an irregular
basin.

FLesH : creamy white, fine grain-
ed, very buttery and juicy ; flavor |,
sweet, perfumed, vinous.

Quatity : dessert, very good ; \
market, best.

Season : early to mid September.
Adaptation : succeeds admirably

in southern Ontario, and as far
north as our Bay of Quinte station.

Section or BaArTLerr.

9a ¥.0.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 131

BOSC.
(Beurre Bosc, Downing.)

The Bose pear is not as widely
known among cultivators in Canada as
its merits deserve. Though a russet,
it yellows as it ripens; the pear is
large in size, and uniform on the tree
as if thinned purposely ; and the tex-
ture is such that it can be exported in
fine condition. In quality, a well
grown Bosc is first-class. On the
whole, we would place this pear among
the valuable kinds for planting for ex-
port to the foreign markets.

OrIcIN: a chance seedling found
in France, and dedicated to M. Bose,
the eminent director of the Jardin des
Plantes at Paris, about the year 1835.

TREE: a vigorous grower, and a
regular bearer, carrying its fruit singly

SEcTION OF Bosc.

and not in clusters as is the habit
of some varieties.

Fruit: large, elongated acute
pyriform, covered with slight in-
dentations ; color greenish, yellow
ground nearly covered with cinna-
mon russett ; stalk 14 to 2 inches
long, stout and usually curved, in-
serted without a cavity; calyx
open in a shallow basin.

FiesH: white; texture, fine,
breaking, juicy ; flavor, sweet, rich.
delicious.

Quausity : first-class for dessert.

VaLue: first-class for either home
or foreign markets.

Season : October.

ADAPTATION: southern Ontario,
and as far north as Bay of Quinte.

REPORT ON THE

Boussock.

Fruit: large ; form round-
ish, obovate ; skin yellow,
with dull red cheek, and
numerous rough dots ; stalk
fleshy, stout, 1 to 1} inches in
length, in a round cavity ;
calyx open, in a shallow
russeted depression.

FuesH: white ;; texture
tender, juicy, if gathered
at the right season ; flavor
sweet and agreeable.

Quatity : dessert very
good.

VALUE: near markets first

class.

Season : September.

No. 24

Described by Downing as
a profitable market sort, but
our experience in Canada
would lead us to give it a
second place when compared
with the Bartlett or the An-
jou. The tree is a good
grower and productive, and
the fruit is uniformly large,
but it is second class in quali-
ty unless eaten just at the
proper stage of ripeness, and
the tree is inclined to drop
its fruit too soon.

Ortain : Belgium.

Tree: succeeds best as a
standard ; vigorous, hardy
and very productive.

jie

Section Bovussocr.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 1338

BRANDYWINE.

A good general dessert pear, but not much grown for market in Ontario, being so nearly of
the same season as Bartlett.

Ortain : chance seedling found on the banks of the Brandywine river, Delaware County,
Pennsylvania. The original tree fruited for the first time in 1820.

Tree: vigorous ; upright ; fairly productive ; succeeds best on the quince.

Frurr : size medium ; form conic pyriform ; color of skin greenish-yellow, with blush on
the sunny side and dotted and sprinkled with russet ; stem { to 14 inches long, fleshy at in-
sertion, which is surrounded by folds ; calyx open in a smooth, shallow basin.

Fiesa : color white ; texture tender, melting, very juicy ; flavor sweet, vinous, aromatic.

Qua ity: dessert very good.

VALUE : market second class.

Season ; early September.

BUFFUM.

Formerly this pear was much in favor as a profitable orchard variety, because of its
productiveness and the wonderful hardiness and vitality of the tree, but of late years it is much
less in favor with pear growers on account of its small size and ordinary quality. Some trees
of this variety at Maplehburst, forty years planted, have never shown the slightest tendeucy to
blight, and have attained a great height, more resembling Lombardy poplars than pear trees.

Oricin : Rhode Island. |

Tree : remarkable for its vigorous, symmetrical, erect habit of growth ; it is regularly and
fairly productive, but, unless gathered early, the fruit drops badly ; not subject to blight.

Fruit: medium size, obovate, slight oblong ; skin rough, yellow at maturity, with bright
or dull red or russet on sunny side ; dots small, brown ; stalk } inch long in a small cavity;
segments of calyx small, in a small plaited basin.

Fes : color, yellowish white ; texture, crisp, not fine, not juicy; flavor, sweet and pleasant.

Quvuauiry : dessert fair ; cooking fair.

Va.vue : home and distant markets second class.

Season : September.

ADAPTATION: stated to be hardy in Bruce and Huron counties ; slightly tender in North
Ontario county.

CHAMBERS.

The Chambers pear has been grown at
Maplehurst for about ten years on dwarf stock
and commends itself as a fine market variety the
beginning of August, for it is of a good quality,
fairly large, and the tree is productive.

OriciIn : brought from Maryland to Ken-
tucky by Judge Wm. Chambers.

Tree: moderately vigorous, very hardy,
productive.

Fruit: of medium size; form obtuse, obo- y
vate, pyriform ; color pea green, turning yellow f

when iully mature, with numerous brown and
green dots, and reddish brown cheek on sunny
side ; stalk stout, 1 inch long, set on an augle
in a flat cavity, often one shoulder prominent ;
calyx small, half-open ; seeds few.

Fiesu : white ; texture tender, fairly juicy ;
flavor aromatic, sweet and pleasant. \

Quauity : good.
Vaxue: for near market:first class.

Season : early August,

CHAMBERS.

134 REPORT ON THE No. 24

CLAIRGEAU.

A

LO

As a commercial pear, es-
pecially for a distant market,
we know of no variety of the
same season that is superior
to this variety. Its large
size, and the beautiful cheek
which it takes on during the
month of October, its excel-
lent shipping and keeping
qualities, all these combine
to make it a profitable var-
iety, and one that. is easily
grown, either as dwarf or
standard. The quality is vari-
able according to the condi-
tions of growth ; in France
it is counted very good; in
England, poor; with us,
when well ripened, it is only
good.

Ortarn : Nantes, in France
with a gardener named Clair-
geau, about 1838.

Tree : first-class in vigor,
hardiness and productive-
ness; wood, stout, and up-
right in habit of growth ;
branches, numerous, grown
as a dwarf can be trained to
make a fine pyramid, but
succeeds best as a standard ;
an early bearer.

Fruit : large, one-sided,
pyriform ; skin, green, turn-
ing pale yellow at maturity,
almost overspread with

splashings and dots of russet,
which completely cover it
about the stock and _ the
calyx ; orange red on sunny
side ; stalk, } inch long,
stout, fleshy at the base,
usually ‘set at an angle with
the axis; calyx, small, open,
in a shallow furrowed basin.

FLESH : white, coarse
grained, juicy, with sweet,
aromatic and vinous flavor.

VALUE: home
or foreign mar-
ket, first class.

QwAL Fry:
cooking !good ;
dessert good

Season: Oct-
ober to Novem-
ber.

ADAPTATION
succeeds admir-
ably as far north
as Thornbury ;
and east as far
as Prescott.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 135

CLAPP (Clapp’s Favorite).

The Clapp is a beautiful pear
where: well, grown and w ell
colored. It is also of good quality,
so that it is well fitted to be a pro-
fitable market pear ; with one fault,
that it soon passes out of prime
condition, and, if allowed to ripen
on the trees, it will rot at the core.
On this account the fruit must be
gathered as soon as full grown and
well colored, and shipped while
firm.

OriciIn: raised by Thaddeus
Clapp, of Dorchester, Mass., U.S.

Tree: upright, vigorous grower,
somewhat spreading, forming a
symmetrical top; bears fruit of

uniformly large size, pretty evenly

CLAPP.

Q distributed ; productive; succeeds
f uy well as a dwarf on rich soil; some-
what subject to blight.

4 g Fruit: very large, pyriform, obo-

os vate, usually symmetrical, sometimes
; ¢ with unequal sides; skin pale green,
‘2 changing to yellowish green, with dull
4c red on sunny side, which becomes

bright crimson at maturity, somewhat
resembling the coloring of the well-
known Louise; stalk stout and fleshy
obliquely inserted without cavity ;
calyx large, half open, in shallow
basin.

FLEsH : creamy white ; texture fine,
tender, juicy with very agreeable
flavor ; good to very good.

Quaniry: good for dessert and
cooking.

VaLveE: first class for home market.

Srason : August and September.

Apaprrarion: one of the hardiest
pears.

136 REPORT ON THE No. 24

COMICE (Doyenne de Comice) .

“Tree large, upright. Fruit large, roundish pyriform, or broad obtuse pyriform; cavity
shallow, often russeted ; stalk short, stout, inclined ; basin large, deep, uneven ; calyx small,
open; color greenish yellow, becoming clear yellow at maturity, often lightly shaded with
crimson and fawn in the sun, and with light nettings and patches of russet and numerous russet
dots ; flesh white, juicy, melting, a little buttery with a fine texture, and sweet, rich, sprightly
and aromatic flavor ; quality good; season October to November ; quite productive.’’ (Report
Mich. Exp. Sta.)

DEARBORN (Dearborn’s Seedling. ).

Previous to the introduction of such choice early varieties as Chambers, Wilder, Giffard
and Clapp, the Dearborn was highly commended. Downing calls it, ‘‘a very admirable
early pear of first quality, succeeding Bloodgood, and preceding Bartlett;’? but it is no
longer to be commended for planting in the commercial orchard because of its small size. It is

now considered only valuable in the garden of the amateur.
Ortcrn : at Boston, Mass., in 1818, by the Hon. H. G. S. Dearborn.
TREE: of moderate vigor ; not subject to blight ; very productive.

Fruit: size small, roundish obovate ; skin clear yellow with small grey dots, smooth;
stem 1 to 1} inches long, inserted with little or no cavity ; calyx open in shallow basin.

FLesH: creamy white; texture tender, buttery, juicy ; flavor agreeable.
(Qua.ity : dessert fair; cooking, good.
VaLuE: market third-class.

Season: mid to end of August.

DEMPSEY.

The Dempsey was originated near Trenton in Prince Edward County, by Mr. P. C. Demp-
sey, the late well-known Director of our Association for that district. it was produced from a
seed of a Bartlett, fertilized with Duchess d’Angouleme. The fruit is firm and consequently
would ship well.

Tree: vigorous and productive.

Fruit: large, oblong, obovate, pyriform ; skin smooth, yellowish-green, with brownish-red
cheek in sun; stem about 1 inch long, set in a fleshy base, and with almost no cavity; calyx
nearly closed in a moderately deep uneven basin, core small.

F.iesu: white, fine grained, tender, almost me!ting, with sweet, delicious flavor.

SEason : late October to November.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 137

DIEL. (Beurre Diel.)

A pear of ordinary appearance as grown in Southern Ontario, but of such size and excellent
quality that it deserves a place in every collection, whether tor home use or market.

Orteain: a chance s2edling near
Brussels, Belgium, named in honor
of Dr. Diel, a German pomologist.

TREE : very vigorous, hardy and
productive.

Fruit: large to very large; ob-
ovate; stem pale green, turning
yellow at maturity, with numerous
large brown dots and patches of
russet ; stem curved, stout, from
1 to 1} inches long, set in an ¥
open uneven cavity ; calyx open,
ina basin of moderate depth and
not very regular.

FLesH : cream color; tex-
ture moderately fine, except
at the core, juicy, buttery ;
flavor aromatic, sweet and
when well grown and well
ripened, very delicious.

Quality: dessert very
good.

VALUE: home market, sec-
ond class, because lacking in
color ; foreign market, pos-
sibly first class, because it
carries well and has fine
flavor, but not yet tested in
this respect.

Season: November jus.
preceding the Lawrence.

138 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

DROUARD (President Drouard. )

‘Large, roundish ovate, obtuse, rather irregular ; color yellow, with nettings and wash-
ings of russet; stalk quite stout, inserted in a deep, narrow, irregular cavity; flesh creamy
white, tender, buttery, sweet, perfumed ; good. An autumn variety much liked in Michigan
and east of the lakes. Europe.” (American Horticultural Manual. )

DUCHESS.

(Duchess @ Angouleme of LeRoy and Downing; <Angouleme of American Pomological Society ;
Duchesse, common name in France.)

For many years this pear has been counted among the best and most profitable varieties in
Ontario, especially when grown on quince stock, and, in consequence has been largely planted.
Prime samples are excellent stock for export, carried in cold storage. The fruit is often knotty
from curculio stings.

Oriain: Angers, France, in 1812, a chance seedling, In 1820 Andusson, the propagator,
sent a basket of the fruit to the Duchess d’Angouléme, who authorized him to bestow her title
upon the pear as its name.

TREE: a strong grower, succeeds best on the quince ; variable in productiveness ; not
subject to blight.

Fruit: exceedingly variable in size, sometimes weighing a pound and a quarter ; form
obovate, large at the base ; surface uneven, sometimes knobby ; skin light green, patched with
russet, and numerous grey dots ; stalk stout, curved, 1 inch long, often swollen at point of
attachment, deep set in an irregular cavity ; calyx small, closed, in an uneven, often russeted
basin.

Fiesa : white; texture fine when well grown, but often coarse grained, melting, juicy
and, when properly matured, of a sweet and very good flavor.

Qua.ity : dessert very good ; cooking good.
VALUE : first class for either home or foreign market.
Sgason : October and November.

ADAPTATION : hardy in southern Ontario, but only half hardy in Grey, Bruce and York.

[139]

Section or Deucress

DucHEss

140 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

EASTER BEURRE.

Among the desirable pears to grow for export we must not overlook the Easter Beurre,
which, though green and unattractive in appearance at time of harvesting, keeps well through
the winter, is an excellent shipper and is very good in quality. A warm climate and favorable
soil seems to be necessary to its best development, and accordingly we find it planted for com-
mercial purposes in the Californian pear orchards. On deep, rich sandy loam, in the southern

parts of our Province, it succeeds well, either as a dwarf, or as a standard tree.

Although some writers have claimed that this pear originated in France, because some old
trees were found near Laval, yet the majority agree that the variety originated in Belgium, at
the old University town of Louvain. Van Mons, in his Album de Pomologie in 1847, says,
‘“This variety was found in the ancient gardens of the Capucins, at Louvain, where the original
tree still stood in the year 1825, under the name of Pastorale de Louvain.’’

In the old countries much confusion has existed regarding the names of pears, and sub-
sequently much difficulty exists in the identification of varieties; this pear, for example, is
given no less than twenty-four different names in LeRoy’s Dictionnaire de Pomologie, as, for
example, Doyenne de Printemps, Canning, Beurre d’Hiver, etc., the last being adopted by
LeRoy ; while Hogg, of England, and Downing, df America, both adopt the name so well

known to us, Easter Beurre.

Tree: fairly vigorous, upright and productive, and may be grown either as a dwarf or as
a standard tree ; if as a standard, it needs good, rich soil and a warm climate for the best suc-
cess. In Great Britain it does not seem to succeed so well as in Canada, for Hogg says it fre-
quently happens that this delicious pear is of an indifferent and insipid flavor, which is caused by
the unfavorable soil; and Blackmore, of Teddington, says, ‘‘It cracks in spots and is seldom
very good.’’ Our experience with it, as grown on a dwart tree, is favorable.

Fruit: above the medium size, irregular obovate ; skin pale green at harvesting time, yel-
lowing somewhat toward maturity, with numerous russet dots, russet patches around the stem
and calyx, and often a brownish cheek; stem about 1 inch long, stout, swollen at the base,
set inanarrow, deep cavity; calyx small, closed, set ina much plaited basin of moderate

depth.
Fiesu: white, fine in texture, melting and juicy ; flavor sweet, rich and agreeable.
Qua.ity : dessert good.
VALUE: export first class.

Stason: mid to late winter.

[141]

si its

e

Easrer Beurre,

Section or Easrer Beurrn.

142

REPORT ON THE No. 24

FLEMISH BEAUTY ( Feodant des Bois. of LeRoy.)

Flemish Bratty.

almost first in productiveness ;
an early bearer.

Fruit: large, form obovate,
obtuse, pyriform; skin light
yellow when ripe, with frequent
patches of brownish red on
sunny side, with scattered
minute dots; stalk 1 to 13
inches long, set in a narrow,
deep cavity ; calyx open, seg-
ments short, in a small round
basin.

FLesH : creamy white, melt-
ing, buttery, juicy ; flavor rich,
sugary, delicions.

Quatiry : first class.

VaLveE: first class where well
grown, but counted second class
on account of its being subject
to scab.

Szason: mid to late Septem-
ber ; should be gathered before
quite ripe or it will drop and
waste.

ADAPTATION: quite general :
probably the hardiest good pear.

A variety that has been a
great favorite in Europe ever
since the beginning of the
eighteenth century, as is evi-
denced by the thirty-five
synonyms which have been giv-
en it as shown in ‘‘ Dictionnaire
de Pomologie’’ by Andre LeRoy.
This and the Bartlett were
among the first imported varie-
ties of pears planted in Ontario,
and it has been widely tested.
In the northern sections where
it succeeds, it is a most popular
variety, but in southern Ontario
it has been of late so subject to
scab and cracking of the fruit,
that it has lost favor with
growers, notwithstanding its
excellent quality.

Ortain: discovered by Van
Mons about the year 1810 in
Eastern Flanders, and distribut-
ed among his friends.

TREE : first class in hardiness ;

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 143

GIFFARD ( Beurre Giffard).

A very desirable commercial pear for the home market. (
Origin : a chance seedling about 1840, in the garden of M. Giffard, Angers, France.
Tree : fairly vigorous; a straggling grower ; healthy ; fairly productive.

Fruir: size, medium to large; form pyriform conical ; color light green, with red dots and

GIFFARD. SECTION OF GIFFARD.

marbling of red on the sunny side; stem 1 inch long, stout, swollen at the base, set obliquely ;
calyx half closed, in small, shallow basin.

Fuesx : color white ; texture melting, juicy ; flavor vinous, perfumed.,
Quatity : Dessert very good ; cooking best.

VALUE: first-class for home market.

Srason : early to mid August.

144 REPORT ON THE No. 24

GOODALE.

A very good late fall pear; promising as a market variety.
OriGcin: seedling raised by F. Good ale, Saco, Maine,
TREE: very vigorous and hardy and uniformly productive.

Fruit: large, obovate obtuse pyriform ; color green, yellowing at maturity, with crimson
cheek, some russet patches, and some small brown dots; stem about 5-8 of an inch long, set in
an inclined cavity ; calyx small, closed, in a small, rather deep basin.

Fiesu: color white; texture fine,
juicy, granular at core; flavor sweet,
pleasant, perfumed.

Quatiry : dessert fair.

VaLur: market first class.

SEAson : October.

ADAPTATION : succeeds as far east as
Bay of Quinte District.

SECTION OF GOODALE,

FRUITS Ol ONTARIO. 145

HARDY (Beurre Hardy. )

A good variety for the month of Octover, for both home use and market.
ORIGIN :

Boulogne, France, dedicated to M. Hardy, director of the gardens at Luxembourg.

Tree : fairly vigorous and productive, and forms a fine symmetrical tree, especially when
grown on the quince. The fruit is uniform in size and the skin is a bright clear russet.

Fruir: medium size, form obovate, obtuse pyriform, of smooth regular outline; skin
yellowish green, with numerous russet dots and covered with light brown russet, especially at

LT:

er
Soe er

ee

Harpy.

the ends ; stem ‘about 1 inch in length, stout, with fold at the base, and inserted obliquely in

a small depression : calyx large, open, in a shallow basin; flesh white, fine grained, buttery,
Juicy, with rich aromatic flavor.

Quauity : dessert very good ; cooking good.
Vatue: home market first class.

Season : October.

10 F. oO.

146 REPORT ON THE No. 24

HOWELL.

A good export pear for southern Ontario. Its vigor of tree, regularity of bearing, clear
skin, and good size and quality make it a desirable variety for the commercial orchard.

Origin: New Haven, Conn. Nam-
ed after the originator, Thomas
Howell.

Tree : upright, healthy and vigor-
ous, an early bearer, productive.

Fruir: large, obovate pyriform ;
skin yellowish green, waxen reddish
dots on sunny side, russet dots in
shade ; stem 1? inches long, set on an
acute base, without cavity, sometimes
lipped ; calyx partly open in ‘a deep
russeted basin ; core small; seeds few,
small.

Howe Lt.

FirsH : creamy white, juicy, melt-
ing, granular near the core; flavor
agreeable, vinous ; a little tart.

VaLue: first class for all markets.

Season: mid September to mid
October.

10a F.0. SEcTION oF HowELL.

1905 2 RUITS OF ONTARIO. 147

HOOSIC.

This promises to be an excellent commercial variety, with one fault, viz., its short season.
Oriain : seedling from Hacon’s Incomparable, by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, Mass.
TREE : on quince stock, healthy, vigorous and productive.

Fruit : size large to very large ; form obtuse pyriform, somewhat one-sided ; skin yellow,
with light red in sun, and with russet dots; stem'1} inches long, stout, curved, set in a emall
irregular cavity ; calyx small, open, set in a broad, uneven basin.

F esx : white ; texture tender, fine and moderately juicy ; flavor rich, perfumed.
Qua.iry : good for all purposes.

VaLueE: first class for near market.

Grown at Mapleburst, as a dwarf, this pear has given the greatest satisfaction ; and, only
that its season is rather short, it would be commended as an export variety.

Season: late September.

JOSEPHINE. (Josephine de Malines).

An excellent winter pear.
Oricin: Belgium.
Tree: succeeds twell on the quince stock; productive.

Fruit: size medium, oblate conical; color yellowish with small dots; stem often
two inches long in a slight cavity; basin large.

JOSEPHINE.

FuirsH: color yellowish white; texture buttery; flavor rich and peculiar.
Quatity: dessert very good.
VaLvE: market second class.

Season: midwinter.

145 REPORT ON THE No. 24

KIEFFER.

There is perhaps no pear about which a greater diversity of opinion exists ; some fruit men
condemning it because of its lack of quality, and others insisting that its beauty of
appearance, its enormous

eM ORI OL Lo

productiveness, and _ its
wonderful health and
vigor of tree make it a
profitable market variety,
and that when: properly
grown and ripened it is
qaite a desirable kind,
especially for cooking.
Certainly the tree sur-
passes every variety in
our collection for pro-
ductiveness and vigor of
growth ; while the fruit
is always uniformly per-
fect in form, free from
blemishes, and, when the
tree is cultivated and
manured, large in size.

KIEFFER.

Oricin: by Peter Kieffer, Roxbury,
Pa., a seedling of Chinese Sand pear.

TREE: wonderfully vigorous and
healthy ; an early and extraordinary
bearer, often being laden with fruit
after two years planting.

Fruit: medium to large; form
ovate, tapering at both ends, widest at
middle, and narrowest towards stem ;
skin light golden yellow, with bright
cheek, and yery numerous brown
russet dots; stalk one inch long,
fairly stout, in a one-sided cavity ;
calyx half open, in a medium sized
irregular basin.

Fursa: yellowish white; texture
half tender, half melting, not very |
fine, juicy ; flavor moderately sweet,
poor.

Quauity: dessert very poor; for
cooking good; valuable for canning.

VALUE: second class for all markets.
Season : October to January.

ADAPTATION : very general.

SECTION or KIEFFER.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 149

KOONCE

Ordinary in its appearance, and only medium in size, but on account of, the productiveness
of the tree it is considerably planted in Illinois for kitchen and market.

Orietn : Tlinois.
Tree: hardy, healthy and productive.

Frurr : medium in size ; form obovate pyriform ; color of skin greenish yellow with small
russet dots; stem stout, 1 inch long inserted in a medium sized, shallow cavity.

Fes : white ; texture granular ; flavor poor.
QvaLity : dessert poor; cooking fair.
VALUE: for market second clags.

Season : early October.

LAWSON ( Comcet. )

The most beautiful pear of its season, which is about the middle of August, but inclined
to rot at core and become mealy if left hanging too long. Its flavor is disappointing, so that in
spite of its beauty it is useless as a dessert pear. It has been widely advertised and too highly
praised. In some parts it is grown as a cooking pear for home markets. For distant markets
it is useless because too tender in flesh.

Orictn : on the farm of Mr. Lawson, in New York State, about the year 1800, judging from
the appearance of the original tree, which was still standing in the year 1900. Quite recently,
it was introduced to the public by Mr. Collins, under the name Comet, by reason of its bright

red color.
Tree: tender, vigorous; fairly productive ; succeeds on the quince.

Fruir: medium to large ; obovate, almost pyriform ; color yellow, shaded and obscurely
streaked with bright red on the sunny sides, with a few small brown dots; atem 13 inches
long, with fleshy protuberance at point of insertion, inclined ; calyx half open in a large

irregular basin.

Fes : color, creamy white, coarse-grained, mealy when ripe, inclined to rot at the core ;
flavor sweet, fairly good.

Qua.ity : dessert good ; cooking good.
VaLveE: market second class.

Szason : early to mid August.

150 REPORT ON THE No. 24

LAWRENCE.

Probably the best dessert pear for use in early winter.

Oriein: Flushing, Long Island, according to Downing; New York State, according
to Catalogue American Pom. Soc.

TrEeE: a moderate grower; an early bearer; moderately productive.

Fruit: size medium to large; form obovate, obtuse pyriform; color lemon yellow,
with numerous small dots; stem one inch long in a shallow cavity; calyx open in a
small, five humped basin.

LAWRENCE.

Firesu: color yellowish white; texture buttery and juicy; flavor sweet, rich, aro-
matic, very excellent.

Quaity: dessert best; cooking good.
VaLuE: market second rate.

Season: December.

ApAPTATION: one of the hardy pears.

LE CONTE.

An American pear grown for market in the Southern States. It is not considered profit-
able in Ontario.

Oriain : a Chinese seeding.

Tree: vigorous ; productive ; apparently not subject to blight.

Fruir: large ; form oblong, pyriform, turbinate ; color yellow, often with slight touch of
red on sunny side ; skin free from blemishes, and not subject to scab.

FLesu : white ; texture tender ; flavor sweet, perfumed, ordinary.
Quarry : dessert poor ; cooking fair.
Va vue: second class for market.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 151

LOUISE (Louise Bonne de Jersey).

An excellent export pear if well grown.
This and tbe Duchess have long held the
first place as market varieties with grow-
ers of dwarf pears in Ontario.

OrieIn : at Avranches, France, about
1780, by Mr. Longueval, and named after
Madam Louise de Longueval. About
1827, grafts were secured by Andre Leroy
of Angers. The original tree is said to be
still standing.

Tree : hardy in southern Ontario, suc-
ceeds better on quince than on pear stock ;
a vigorous, upright grower ; very p roduc-
tive, if well cultivated and set in deep,
rich sandy loam.

LotisE.

Fruit: large; form pyriform, sides
usually unequal ; skin smooth, yellow-
ish green with brownish red cheek,
with numerous red and brown dots;
stem one to one and a half inches long,
usually fleshy at insertion on one side,
somewhat swollen at each extremity,
set ina very slight, if any, depression;
calyx half closed, set in a wide, shal-
low, slightly plaited basin.

Fiesu : white ; texture fine grained,
juicy, buttery, melting ; flavor pleas-
ant, aromatic.

QuaLity | very good for dessert pur-
poses.

VaLuE : home market, fair ; foreign

arket, first class.

dEASON : September to October. SEction or Louise.

152 REPORT ON THE No. 24

MANNING (Manning's Elizabeth.).

A pretty little pear, desirable in the amateur’s garden, but too small for the commercial
orchard.

Ortain: in Louvain, in 1819, by Van Mons, whosent
scions to America in 1832, to the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society. Mr. Manning, having been asked by
Van Mons to give it a name, called it in 1840 Elizabeth
of Van Mons, but Downing in 1842 proposed that it be
called Manning’s Elizabeth, to honor the zeal of this

horticulturist in importing new fruit trees.

Tree: healthy, of medium vigor, shoots dull red;

very productive.

‘ in
4 se
. = x *
.. ¢ S,
, ‘ ‘

J aN

bey

‘

.
ae
e

MANNING.

Frorr: Size small; form regular, obovate, swollen towards the base; color bright yellow,
covered on the basal half with a deep brownish red, which often spreads over the sunny side ;
stem one inch in length, swollen at the top, often set in an oblique depression ; calyx open, set
na shallow basin.

Fresu : color creamy white; texture fine, buttery, moderately juicy; flavor sweet, rich,
aromatic.

Quaurry : very good for dessert or pickling.

Vaxue : second class for market purposes.

Season : August.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 153

MARGUERITE (Petite Marguerite. )

Among the desirable varieties of dessert pears for the home garden we would certainly
include the Petite Marguerite, a pear of the highest quality for table use. At Maplehurst the
tree has proved itself an abundant bearer and a good grower. The fruit is not large, but as size
is not an object in a dessert pear, this is not a fault. Its season is immediately after the Giffard
and just before the Clapp and the Tyson. As a market pear it is hardly to be commended,
because of its small size and color; and it will be a long time before we can convince the
average dealer that size and color are not the chief considerations in a fruit.

Orrein: Angers, France, in nurseries of Andre LeRoy.

TREE: second rate in vigor, and first rate in productiveness: succeeds as either standard
or dwarf, but more vigorous as a standard.

Fruir: small size to medium; form oblate, obtuse pyriform; skin light green, often
tinged and mottled with bright red on sunny aide, yellowing somewhat at maturity ; stalk 1}
inches to 13 inches in length, set in a narrow cavity, of which one side is often much higher

than the other; calyx partly open, in a shallow corrugated basin.

Fuesu: white, yellowish at core; texture fine, melting, juicy; flavor sweet, vinous
agreeable.

QuaLity: very good for dessert, good for cooking.
VaLuE: home market, second class.

Season: August.

OSBAND (Osband’s Summer.)

Widely grown in{North America. A good dessert pear for home garden, but the fruit
is small and the tree is too scant a bearer to be profitable.

Oriein: Wayne County, New York State.

TREE: a moderately upright grower, healthy, fairly productive, an early bearer.

Fruit: Zeize small; form obovate, slightly pyriform, regular; color yellowish green,
turning quite yellow at maturity, with a brownish red cheek and numerous small green
and brown dots; stem j of an inch long, set in a small, abrupt cavity; calyx half open,
in a broad, slightly depressed basin; core small; seeds small.

Fiesa: color white; texture fine-grained, juicy; flavor perfumed, sweet, rich and
pleasant.

Quavity: dessert very good; cooking fair.
VaLuE: home market second class; distant market fourth class.

Srason: August.

154 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

PITMASTON ( Pitmaston Duchess d’ Angouleme.)

A very promising variety, succeeding well asa dwarf; its large size, good shipping char-
acter, fine quality, and regular form, seem to make it very valuable for export. The fruit is too

large to be grown as a standard.

OriGIn : raised by John William, of Pitmaston, England; a cross between Duchess and

Glout Morceau.
TREE: a very vigorous grower, and quite productive.

Fruit: very large, oblong, obovate, obtuse, pyriform, ; skin pale yellow, with light russet
in cavity ; stem stout, 13 to 13 inches long, set in a small cavity ; calyx prominent, half open,

set in a very shallow, shouldered basin.

FiesH: color creamy white; texture very fine, melting and juicy; flavor very pleasant,

aromatic, sometimes slightly astringent.
Quatiry : Good, not quite equal to that of Duchess.

VaLuE: first class for market.

Season : September and October.

PRESIDENT MAS.

A large, handsome winter pear.

Orictn: France.

TrEE: a moderate grower; does best on quince stock.

| ruIT: size large; form obovate pyriform, irregular; skin yellow at maturity.
Fieso : white; texture melting, juicy; flavor vinous, very good.

Quatiry: dessert first rate.

Vatue: market apparently first class.

Season: December to January.

PITMASTON.

[ 155 J

156

Ritson.

REPORT ON THE No. 24

RITSON.

A delicious dessert pear, which is worthy of a
place in every fruit garden ; it is not surpassed for
canning or for pickling, having an aroma and
peculiarly agreeable flavor.

Origin : Oshawa, Ontario, with Mr. Wellington.
In response to our inquiry, Mr. W. E. Welling-
ton writes :—‘‘ It was my grandmother Mrs. John
Ritson, who planted the seeds from a pear which
had been sent her from Boston. The tree has
always stood on my grandfather’s homestead as
long as I can remember.”’

Tree: strong, healthy, upright grower. The
original tree is now of immense size, probably over
30 feet high, and about one hundred years old.
An annual bearer of nice, evenly formed fruit.

Fruit : size medium, form obovate pyriform,
usually one-sided; color of skin yellow, heavily
shaded with golden russet, and numerous minute
dots of a darker russet ; stem one-inch long, often
inserted in a fleshy protuberance, and at a slight
inclination ; calyx open wide in a very shallow,
regular basin.

Flesh: creamy white; texture fine, tender,
buttery, juicy; flavor, sweet, delicately perfumed.

Quality: dessert very good to best; cooking
very good.

Value: market promising for a special trade.

Season : October.

SEcTION orf RITSoON.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 157

ROSTIEZER.

A small unattractive looking pear, of very high quality. It is the best of its season in
quality for dessert purposes, and should have a place in the home garden. What the Seckel is
in October, this pear isin August. The pear sells far below its value on account of its ordinary
appearance.

Pi
>

RostiezER. SECTION OF ROSTIEZER.

Tree: healthy, vigorous, of sprawling habit ; shoots few, and need shortening in.

Feurr: gmall to medium, obovate, oblong pyriform; skin green, sometimes turning
yellowish, with reddish-brown cheek ;stem slender and nearly two inches in length; calyx
open ; basin small.

FiEsH: juicy, melting, sweet, very delicious, of very finest quality.

Vatue: market, third class.

Sgason: mid to late August.

158 REPORT ON THE No. 24

SECKEL.

The finest dessert pear in culti-
vation, and one that should never
be omitted from the garden, when
planting pears for home use. Down-
ing calls it ‘‘The richest and most
exquisitely flavored variety known.”
At Mapleburst it has been grown both
as a dwarf and as a standard; in the
former case with the most satisfactory
results, but in the latter, smaller, less
highly flavored and less attractive in
appearance.

Its small size rules it out of the
commercial orchard, unless one can
cultivate a very special demand among
a certain class or consumers who will
appreciate its high quality.

ORIGIN: on the ‘farm of (Mr.
Seckel, of Philadelphia, near the
Delaware river, where in 1884, the
original tree was still standing, aged
one hundred years and having reached
the height of thirty feet. The Seckel
was first introduced into England, into
the garden of the Royal Horticultural
Society in 1819.

Tree: healthy, hardy, and _ pro-
ductive ; forms a compact symmetrical
head; wood olive brown in color,
stout and short jointed ; succeeds best
as a dwarf.

Fruit: size small, form obovate,
regular and even ; color dull brownish
green, yellowing as it ripens with a
deep brownish red cheek; stem half
an inch in length, in a very small cayv-
ity ; calyx small, open, in a shallow
basin.

Fissn : white ; texture very fine grained, melting and juicy; flavor honey-sweet ; rich
spicy, with delicate aroma.

Quauity : dessert best ; cooking good.

VaLuE : first class for a special market ; but second class where not known, on account of
its smali size.
Season : September to October.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 159

SHELDON.

One of the most delicious of
dessert pears, if eaten just. at the
propertime. Worthy of a place
in every home garden, but not
productive enough to be planted

for market.

OricIn : accidental on farm of
Norman Sheldon of MHuron,
Wayne Co., N.J.

TREE: vigorous, ‘erect, not
very productive, late coming
into bearing.

Fruir: above medium in size,
roundish, obtuse obovate ; skin

yellowish-green, covered with

thin light russet, brownish crim_

son in sun, russet dots; stalk
short, stout, ina narrow cavity ;
calyx nearly open, ina broad
basin.

FirsH: color creamy; tex-
ture buttery, juicy ; flavor sweet,
aromatic.

Sgason: October.

160 REPORT ON THE No. 24

SAPIEGANKA.

A Russian pear of fine appearance, scions of which were sent out to Mr. L. Woolverton
in 1892, by M. Jaroslav Niemetz, of Winnitza, Podolie, Russia. Its fine appearance is in
its favor, but its quality is inferior to other varieties of its season, and, unless it should prove
desirable on account of its hardiness, would not be worthy of general cultivation. Mr. Niemetz
says, ‘‘ In its home in Lithuania, old and large trees are met with which have endured many
and severe winters in the Tamboff Government. It is the most hardy of all pears there grown,
and, therefore, is certainly a hardy variety. The flavor of the flesh depends upon local con-
ditions, for, though it is tasteful enough in the warmer districts, it is sometimes harsh ;
when grown in the north is juicy and buttery.”’

TREE: hardy, productive, but subject to blight.

Fruir: size medium, oblate, often somewhat flattened; color brownish yellew, with
brownish red in sun, with numerous small dots ; stem long in small cavity; calyx segments
large, partly open in a broad, wrinkled basin.

Fes : white ; texture coarse, somewhat firm and juicy.

Qua.irty : dessert poor ; cooking poor.

VaLvue: market third class.

Sgason : August.

ADAPTATION: succeeds well at Grimsby. Tested by the Dominion Experimental Farms

and found tender in Manitoba and the Northwest, but perfectly hardy at Ottawa and in
Muskoka.

SOUVENIR (Sourenir du Congres. )

A very large, showy pear, but coarse in flesh and of ordinary quality. Single trees are
found in many Ontario fruit gardens, but so far we know of no orchards of this variety planted
for profit. Hogg, the British pomologist, however, speaks of it more highly, as follows:—‘‘ A
very handsome and excellent pear ; ripe in the end of August and the beginning of September.
It has a great resemblance to the Williams (Bartlett), but is quite a distinct fruit.”’

Ortars : France, ny M. Morel, of Lyon-Vaise, and dedicated to the Pomological Congress
at France. :

TREE: vigorous and productive, pyramidal.
Fruit: very large, form oblong obovate, undulating in outline ; color clear yellow when ripe,
with a red cheek and many brown dots; stem } of an inch long, stout, much inclined, inserted

without a cavity ; calyx large, open, set in a deep basin.

Fiesn: color white; texture tender, but coarse, juicy, melting; flavor rich, vinous,
aromatic, somewhat resembling that of Bartlett.

Quatiry : dessert fair ; cooking not tested.
Va ue : home market first class.
Spason : late September and early October.

ApAPrAtion : not widely tested in Ontario,

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 161

SUMMER DOYENNE ({Doyeune a’ Ete of Hogg; Doyenne de Juillet of Le Roy.)

For the home garden this pear is most desirable, not only for its good quality for dessert
purposes, but because it has no competitor in the last half of July. It should be gathered
before it is mellow to preserve its juiciness, for, if ripened on the tree, it becomes mealy and
insipid. Its very small size makes it undesirable in the commercial orchard, especially now that
we must compete with larger varieties from California, which ripen earlier in that climate

than they do with us.

OrieaIxn : Dr. Van Mons, Professor at Louvain, Belgium, about 1823, at which time he had

on his grounds about 2,000 seedlings of merit.

TREE | vigorous young shoots, light yellowish brown, of upright slender habit; an early

and abundant bearer; succeeds as dwarf or standard.

Fruit : small, form roundish, obovate; color green to lemon yellow with brownish red
cheek on the sunny side, and numerous grey dots; stalk about an inch long, sometimes longer,
stout, attached in a very slight depression ; calyx emal], balf open, in a shallow plaited basin.

FiesH : white; texture fine, tender, juicy ; flavor sweet and pleasant with slight aroma.
Qua.ity: dessert very good ; teo small for cooking.

VaLtE: too small for a market pear, except in limited quantities.

Sgason: July.

ADAPTATION : hardy in Southern Ontario ; fairly hardy in Bruce and Huron.

11 F.O.

TRIUMPH.

A very fine, Jarge, showy pear, (Triomphe de Vienne).
a trifle later than Bartlett, larger in
size, but not equal to it in quality ;
promising as a commercial variety.

OriaIn: France.

Tree: a thrifty, upright
grower; productive.

Fruit: large; form obovate,
pyriform, somewhat uneven and f
irregular; skin greenish yellow, i
with patches of russet; stem one
and a quarter inches long, set in a / \
shallow, uneven, often one-sided \
cavity; calyx open, in a broad, ‘
irregular, russeted basin.

rail

SEecTION oF TRIUMPH.

FLESH: creamy white, very
juicy; flavor rich, sweet and ex-
cellent.

Quaity: dessert very good ;
cooking very good.

VaLtuge: market, home ‘ or
foreign, first class.

Season : September.

TRIUMPH. [ 162 ]

lla F,O.

1905 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 163

TYSON.

A fine pear yielding enormous crops of medium sized fruit, very good for dessert or cook-
ing ; but too near the season of the Bartlett to be profitable for market.

OricIn: a seedling found in a hedge on the farm of Jonathan Tyson, near Philadelphia.
TREE: vigorous; upright; very productive.

Fruir: size medium ; form acute pyriform ; color green, turning yellow when fully ripe,
russet about basin, cheek crimson, dots brown, numerous ; stem 1} inches long more or less,

fleshy at base.; calyx open.

Tyson.

Fiesu: color white; texture tender, buttery, fine grained, juicy ; flavor sweet, aromatic,
excellent.

Quaity : dessert very good ; cooking very good.
Vatue: home market second class.

Season: August.

164 REPORT ON THE No. 24

VICAR (Vicar of Winkfield of Hogg; Cure of Leroy.)

A French pear considerably grown in Ontario as a winter pear, but it does not reach its
best perfection in our climate and does not deserve a place in our orchards.

Oricin ; found wild near Clion, France, by M. Leroy, curate of Villiers-en-Brenne, in the
year 1760; distributed in France under sixteen different names; introduced into England by
the Rev. W. L. Rham, vicar of Winkfield, in Berkshire, hence its English name.

TREE; vigorous, but somewhat susceptible to blight ; very productive.

Fruit: large; form long pyriform, one-sided ; skin green, seldom tinged with brown on
the sunny side, and marked with small brown dots; stem usually one and a half inches long,
fleshy at base, and inserted obliquely without a cavity; calyx open, with large segments, set
in a shallow basin.

FLesH ; greenish white; texture firm, not very juicy as grown in Ontario; flavor fair, if
well ripened.

Qua.ity; dessert very poor; cooking fair.

Vatur; home and foreign market second class.

Season : early winter.

WILDER.

A valuable early market pear, being beautiful in appearance, of fair size and very good
flavor ; probably the best of its season, but inclined to rot at the core ii left hanging on the tree.

WILDER.

OriGIn ; chance seedling on south shore of Lake Erie.

TREE: vigorous, very productive, and an early bearer when grafted on the quince.

Fruit: fair to large in size; form ovate, obtuse pyriform, sometimes shouldered at stem ;
color greenish yellow, with deep red cheek and numerous gray dots ; stem stout, three quarters
to one inch in length ; calyx open.

KLEsH : white; texture tender, fine grained ; flavor sweet, aromatic and very pleasant.

Qua.iry : dessert very good.

VaLue: home market first class.

Season: August.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 165

WHITE DOYENNE ( Virgalieu of New York State.)

An old variety with many French
synonyms, of which the proper one
according to LeRoy is La MDoyenne.
Downing speaks of it as ‘‘ unquestionably
one of the most perfect of autumn pears,’’
and on account of its excellent quality
and the productiveness of the tree, it
was at one time widely planted in the
commercial orchards of Outario and the
United States. Latterly, however, like
the Flemish Beauty, it has become sub-
ject to black spot, for which reason it is
losing favor.

Origin: France.

Tree : healthy, not subject to blight ;
afairly vigorous grower, and an abun-
dant bearer ; usually grown as astandard.

Fruit: size medium to large,
form obovate, variable in length ; skin
green at first, changing to yellow as
it ripens, sometimes red in the sun,
sprinkled with numerous russet dots ;
stem 3 of aninch long, set inashallow
cavity ; calyx half closed in a shallow
slightly plaited basin.

FiesH: white; texture fine
grained, buttery, fairly juicy; flavor
sugary, aromatic, perfumed.

Quatity: dessert very good ;
cooking very good.

VaLuE : market second class.

Stason : September and October.

166 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

WINTER NELIS.

An old variety of excellent quality, which has long occupied a high place as a winter
dessert pear to succeed the Lawrence; scarcely large enough nor attractive enough to
be highly recommended for the commercial orchard.

OricIn: raised by Jean Charles Nelis, of Malines, in Belgium; introduced into
England in 1818.

TREE: a spreading, straggling, stocky grower; should be topworked; hardy; an
early bearer; very productive.

Winter NELs.

Fruit: size small to medium; form roundish obovate, short pyriform; color of skin
dull green, becoming yellowish green with dots and patches of brown russet; stalk about
one and a quarter inches long, curved, set in a narrow cavity ; calyx open, with erect
segments, in a shallow, somewhat plaited basin.

Fresu: color yellowish white; texture fine grained, buttery, juicy; flavor rich.
sugary, vinous, aromatic.

Quatity: dessert very good to best; cooking good.
VatuE: market second class.

Season: early to mid winter.

THE PLUM.

The plum has a wider range over the Province of Ontario than the pear or
peach, this fruit being a native of the Province and found as far north as Mani-
toba.

There are three large groups into which the plums may be divided here,
namely, the European, Japanese, and American. In the European or domestica
group are included most of the varieties which are grown in Ontario commer-
cially. These plums are not as hardy as the natives, hence their profitable culture
is limited to almost exactly the same districts as the pear, the commercial orchards
being mostly found in southern Ontario, the Georgian Bay District, and along
Lake Ontario west of the Bay of Quinte. A few of the hardiest produce crops
occasionally in eastern Ontario and up to about latitude 45 degrees in central
Ontario, but they are too uncertain to be grown for profit.

The Japanese plums are grown over practically the same area as the Euro-
pean, but the fruit buds average a little more tender.

In the American group are included the Americana and Nigra plums, the
former being derived from a hardy United States species and the latter from the
native Canadian plum. The varieties of this group are quite hardy and can be
grown commercially where the European and Japanese plums will not succeed,
and while not so good in quality as the others, good prices are at present obtained
for what are produced.

Plums are not being so extensively planted at present as other large fruits,
since during recent years the markets have several times been glutted, resulting in
low prices. The demand for plums is, however, always large, and the excellent
market which is opening up in the North-west will probably in the future prevent,
in a great measure, this over-supply.

The cultural directions for the apple will apply in most particulars to the
plum, which will succeed on almost all kinds of well drained soils, although it does
best on the heavier clay loams. Trees one or two years of age should he planted
about eighteen feet apart each way, the soil having been thoroughly prepared be-
forehand. The trees should be severely headed back when planted, and future
pruning will consist in forming a well shaped open head. As some varieties make
exceptionally strong growth it is a good practice when the trees are young to
prune the young growth back about one-half each spring to avoid splitting. When
the trees begin to bear little pruning is necessary, as they usually bear so heavily
that the trees do not make much growth annually.

Orchards should be kept thoroughly cultivated, and cover crops are recom-
mended as for the apple, cherry, peach and pear. The fruit should be picked when
it is well colored but still firm.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE Boarp oF CONTROL.
Commercial and Domestic:

American: These are extremely hardy and are. desirable where the European and
Japanese varieties cannot be grown: Aitkin, Cheney, Bixby, Mankato, Wolf, Hawkeye,
Stoddard.

European: Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Gueii, Shipper Pride. Lombard (liable to
over bear, requires thinning), Quackenboss, Yellow Egg, Grand Duke, Coe, Reine
Claude (one of the best for canning).

Japanese: These are apparently quite as hardy as the European varieties: Red
June, Abundance, Burbank, Chabot, Satsuma (red fleshed, desirable for canning).

[167 J

168 REPORT ON THE No. 24

District Lists, RECOMMENDED BY THE EXPERIMENTERS.
Lake Huron District: By A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton, Ont.

Commercial and Domestic: Red June, Ogon, Burbank, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage,
Gueii, Shipper Pride, Victoria, Quackenboss, Yellow Egg, Monarch, Grand Duke,

Satsuma.
Georgian Bay District: By John Mitchell, Clarksburg.

Commercial and Domestic: Red June, Burbank, Washington, Bradshaw, Imperial
Gage, Quackenboss, Arch Duke, Diamond, Monarch, Yellow Egg, Coe, Satsuma, Reine

Claude.
Burlington District: By A. W. Peart, Burlington, Ont.
Commercial:
European: Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Lombard, Yellow Egg, Glass, Reine Claude,
Japanese: Red June, Abundance, Burbank, Chabot, Satsuma.

Domestic: Abundance, Saunders, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Smith Orleans, Lombard,
Yellow Egg, Satsuma, Reine Claude.

Niagara District: By Linus Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont.

Commercial: Red June, Burbank, Bradshaw, Chabot, Gueii, Coe, Quackenboss,

Satsuma, Reine Claude.
Domestic: Abundance, Washington, Yellow Egg, Shropshire, Quackenboss, Sat-

suma, Reine Claude.
St. Lawrence District: By Harold Jones, Maitland, Ont.

Domestic: a
Note.—The European and Japanese varieties are only recommended for the home

garden in the St. Lawrence District, as they have not proved entirely hardy nor very
productive.

American: Milton, Whitaker, Hammer.

European: Gueii, Lombard, Shipper Pride, Glass.

Japanese: Red June, Burbank.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

AITKEN.

“Fruit large, oval; cavity narrow, medium depth; suture obscure; apex pointed;
color uniformly deep red all over; dots none; bloom none; skin thin; flesh deep yellow,
juicy, moderately sweet, not rich or high flavored; stone large, flat, oval, semi-cling,

AITKEN.

no astringency; quality medium to above; season last week of August. Tree only
fairly productive. Nigra group. The earliness of this plum is the principal point
for recommendation.’’? (Macown).

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 169

ABUNDANCE.

One of the best of the Japan plums for the home garden. It is early in season, being
ripe about the middle of August, but matures unevenly. To get its best flavor it should
be picked while still firm, and ripened indoors like a Bartlett pear ; it will color{ beautifully,
become very juicy, and the flavor will be sweet and rich.

Orrain : one of Luther Burbank’s importations from Japan in 1884. =

TREE : vigorous ; productive, a six year old tree, at our Lake Huron fruit station,” bear-
ing six 12-quart baskets of fruit in 1901; habit upright.

—=_=

ABUNDANCE.

Fruit : size medium to large ; form roundish, narrowing toward the apex ; color bright
red on a yellowish ground with numerous red dots; stalk strong, three-quarters of an inch long,
inserted in a narrow, deep cavity ; suture shallow, distinct ; apex pointed ;> pit oval ; a
partial cling.

Fiesx : color yellow ; texture tender, very juicy ; flavor sweet and delicious.

Quauity : dessert fair ; cooking poor.

VaLurE: market, second class.

SEason : mid August.

ARCH DUKE.

A good market variety.

Oricin: imported from England, by S. D. Willard, Seneca, N. Y.

TREE: Domestica.

Fruit: size large; form oval, necked; stem medium, stout; cavity deep, medium;
olay ark blue with many russet dots; bloom bluish, heavy; suture more than half
round.

Fiesu: yellowish; cling; texture meaty, juicy; flavor subacid, pleasant.

Quatity: cooking very good.

VaLvueE: first class in some localities.

Srason: late.

ARCTIC.

The tree is hardy and the fruit is of some value where the better varieties do not
succeed. It is very productive, but too small to bring the best prices in the market,
especially in view of its ordinary quality.

Ortcixn : Maine.

Tree : hardy ; fairly vigorous ; productive ; trees at our Lake Huron station, eight
years planted, yielded from six to eight baskets each.

Fruir : size small, form oval ; color very dark purple, with thin blue bloom ; suture
traceable ; stem slender, three quarters of an inch long, set in a small cavity.

Fiesa : color yellowish green; texture firm, moderately juicy ; flavor moderately
weet ; free stone. ‘

Quatiry : dessert useless ; cooking good.

VaLUE : market second to third class.

SEason : mid August to early September in southern parts of the Province, and early
September in more northerly plum districts. a

170 REPORT ON THE No. 24

BIXBY.

“Fruit above medium to large, roundish; cavity narrow, medium depth; suture
rather indistinct, slightly depressed; apex rounded; color yellow, more or less covered
with bright red; dots numerous, small, yellow; bloom fairly heavy; skin moderately
thick, rather tender; flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone medium size, oval in outline, con-
siderably flattened, cling; sweet but not rich in flavor, no astringency; quality good;
season late, August to early September. A very handsome early plum. Chief fault
is unevenness of ripening. Makes good preserves.’’? (Macoun).

Brxsy.

BRADSHAW (Niagara, Blue Imperial.)

Considered by many one of our most valuable European varieties whether for home use or
market, because of its fine quality, its large size and beautiful appearance.

, TREE: erect, vigorous, moderately productive with occasional heavy crops; late coming
into bearing ; class, Domestica.

BRADSHAW.

Frurr: size large; stalk one inch long, slightly curved; color reddish-purple, with blue
bloom ; apex round, slightly depressed ; suture on one side, broad and shallow.

f#Lesn : color yellowish ; texture juicy, tender; flavor rich and sweet; pit long, thin oval,
partial cling.

Quauiry : dessert very good ; cooking yery good.
Va.Lue : home market first class.
Season : mid to late August.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 171

BURBANK.

The Burbank is one of the best of the Japanese plums for the commercial orchard, on
account of its beauty, its great productiveness, and its excellent shipping quality.

Origin : It was in 1885 that Mr. Luther Burbank of Santa Rosa, California, imported
some plum trees irom Japan and, when they fruited, he selected this as one of the best and
most worthy of propagation. In 1891 he sent samples to the Department of Agriculture at
Washington and the Pomologist of the Department named it Burbank, after the introducer.

This plum has been before us for ten years and notwithstanding the great number of
Japanese varieties now sold by nurserymen, still holds the highest place.

Compared with the Domestica class, the Japanese are inferior in quality, but, when fully
ripened, are fairly good eating. Like the Kieffer pear, the Burbank plum is making its
reputation rather on quantity than on quality.

Tree: hardy; a very vigorous, wayward grower, making a very badly shaped tree, unless
severely headed back and kept within bounds; an early and most abundant bearer; the fruit
needs thinning to secure good size.

Burbank.

Fruir: medium to large; form when properly thinned, nearly round, but slightly
conical ; color orange yellow ground, shaded with red, and almost purple on the side exposed
to the sun ; skin very smooth, with a slight bloom, peels easily when ripe; suture traceable ;
apex a small point ; stem half to five-eighths of an inch long, stout; cavity deep abrupt, with
leather-crack marks.

FiesH : color amber ; texture juicy and tender when fully ripe; flavor sweet, fairly agree-
able ; stone medium, pointed, cling.

Qua.ity : good for cooking ; fair for dessert.
VauuE : first class for market.
SEason : late August.

ADAPTATION ; general; succeeds fairly well on St. Joseph Island.

CLIMAX.

A very large, fine looking Japan plum ; a fine market variety.

Oricin : Hybrid of P. Simoni and Botan, raised by Luther Burbank of Santa Rosa, -
California.

TREE : vigorous ; productive.

Fruir: size very large; form heart shaped, one sided ; color vermilion, with numerous
white specks.

Fvesa : cling; color yellow ; texture firm, juicy ; flavor rich, aromatic.
Quaurry : dessert good ; cooking not tested.

VaLue: market first class.

Season : mid August.

172 REPORT ON THE No. 24

CHABOT ( Yellow Jupan, Bailey. )

This is the best Japan plum of its season, which is about two weeks later than Burbank.

Oricin: imported from Japan by Mr. Chabot, of Berkeley, Cal., and introduced to the
trade by Mr. Luther Burbank in the vear 1896.

TREE: very vigorous, head fine, large, symmetrical ; productive ; an early bearer.

Fruit; medium to large for a Japan plum ; form oblong-conical, almost heart shaped ;
color red, with pinkish bloom and numerous minute yellowish specks; stem three-quarters
of an inch long, stout ; apex a pointin anarrow, deep depression ; suture traceable.

CHABOT.

FiesH : color yellowish; texture moderately firm and juicy ; flavor sweet, perfumed,
very pleasant; clings to stone.

Quauity : dessert good ; cooking and drying very good.

Srason : early to mid September.

CHENEY.

“Fruit large, round to somewhat oval, uneven; cavity narrow, medium depth;
suture merely an indistinct line; apex rounded; color uniformly deep red all over,
sometimes paler on one side; dots none; bloom none; skin moderately thick, tough, not
astringent; flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone medium size, flat, oval, cling; sweet, mod-
erately rich flavor; quality good. Season late August to early September. One of the
best. It soon gets soft, however, after ripening. Tree a strong grower, moderately
productive. Nigra group.” (Macoun).

CHENEY.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 173

COE. (Coe’s Golden Drop).

A popular canning plum for the home garden; scarcely productive enough to be
recommended for the commercial orchard.

Oricin: England.

TrEE: vigorous; fairly productive; class Domestica.

Fruit: large; form oval; suture distinct; neck short; sides unequal; color golden
vellow with dots of red next the sun; bloom yellow; stalk three-quarters of an inch long,
stout, in a shallow cavity.

Fiesu: cling; color yellowish; texture firm, not fine grained; flavor sweet and
pleasant.

Quatity: cooking very good; dessert fair.

Vatur: market first class.

Season: mid September.

Cog.

DIAMOND (Black Diamond. )

Considerably grown for cooking purposes.
Orten: Kent, England.
TREE : vigorous ; productive ; class Domestica.

Freit : size large ; form oval ; suture distinct, shaliow ; stem three quarters of an inch long
in a narrow, deep cavity ; dots snall ; color dark purple with pale blue bloom.

F ssa : cling ; color deep yellow ; texture coarse grained, dry ; flavor brisk acid.
Quatiry : dessert poor ; cooking good.
VaLueE : market first class.

Srason : September.

DUANE (Duane’s Purple.)

A good commercial plum, a profitable variety in the Western States.
Ortern : Duanesburgh, N. Y.
TREE: vigorous, productive.

Fruit: very large; form oblong, oval longer on side ; color reddish purple with lilac bloom,
turning dark blue ; stalk slender, three quarters of an inch long set in a narrow cavity.

Fiesu : color yellow ; texture tender, juicy ; flavor moderately sweet and good ; partial
clingstone. :

Season : late August to early September.

Qua.iry : cooking good.

VaLuE: market first class.

174 REPORT ON THE No. 24

GERMAN PRUNE.
Highly valued for shipping to distant markets because it keeps and carries well ; valued
also for drying and preserving.
OrteIn : Germany ; widely grown over Europe.
Tree : fairly vigorous; productive ; may be propagated from seed without much variation.

Fruit : size medium, sometimes below ; form long oval, sides unequal, elongated ; suture
distinct : stem three-quarters of an inch long, curved, inserted without cavity ; color purple,
with blue bloom.

Fuesa : free from pit ; color yellowish green ; texture firm ; flavor sweet, pleasant, not rich.
Qua.ity : dessert poor ; drying good.
VALUE : near market second class ; distant market second class.

SEason : September and October.

GLASS. (Glass’ Seedling).
A commercial variety resembling Quackenboss.
Origin: with Alexander Glass, at Guelph, Ontario.

Tree: hardy; vigorous; habit upright; foliage peculiar dark green; productive;
class Domestica.

Fruit: size large; form round oval, irregular at apex; suture distinct; apex
depressed ; stem three-quarters to one inch long; color dark purple with thin blue bloom
and white dots; skin thick, firm.

GLass.

Fresu: free from pit; color greenish yellow; texture juicy; flavor sweet and agree-
able. ,

Quauity: dessert fair; cooking good.
VaLvE: market good.

Season: September.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 175

GOLD.

A very attractive plum, because of its golden yellow color, but not recommended
for the commercial orchard.

Origin: a hybrid of Chickasaw and Japan, originated by H. A. Terry, of Crescent,
Towa.

TREE: a poor grower, but an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit: large roundish ; color golden yellow, with a blush of light red about the
stem; stem three-quarters of an inch in length; skin tough.

Fiesu: yellow; texture tender and juicy; flavor sweet, aromatic, and pleasant;
clingstone.

Qvatity: dessert, fair.

Vatur: market second class.

Season: late August.

GRAND DUKE.

A valuable market plum, on account of its large size and handsome appearance.

Oriein: Europe.

Tree: healthy; moderately vigorous; quite productive.

Fruir: size large; form obovate; color dark blue or black, with dark blue bloom ;
stem about one inch long, in a small cavity; suture deep.

Granp Duke.

FresH: color yellow; texture firm, flavor agreeable; cling.
VaLuE: one of the best late market plums.
Srason: late September.

176 REPORT ON THE No. 24

GUEIL. (Blue Magnum Bonwm).

A valuable plum for the commercial orchard; the fruit is very subject to rot; in
the southern parts of the Province.

Origin: with Mr. Hagaman, Lansingburgh, N. Y., about 1850. It was named
after John Goeway (pronounced Gueii), who was the first to cultivate the plum exten-
tensively, and it has of late been spelled after the pronunciation.

Tree: an upright, vigorous grower, becoming more spreading with age; hardy;
an early and abundant bearer.

GVEIL.

Fruit: size, medinm to large; form, roundish ovate, narrowing slightly toward
apex; color very dark purple, with blue bloom; stem one and a half inches long, s!ender,
set in a large, deep cavity; suture very slight; apex a small point.

Fiesa: color pale yellow; texture firm, juicy; flavor, moderately sweet, pleasant;
almost free of stone.

QuaLity: dessert, poor; cooking, very good.

Vatuge: home market first class.

Season: late August to early September.

HALE.

A yellow Japan plum, coming in between Abundance and Burbank.

Oricin: Japan; imported by Luther Burbank in 1885; named after the introducer,
Mr. J. H. Hale.

TREE: very vigorous; habit spreading; very productive in 1905.

Fruir: size rather above medium, fcrm globular; suture traceable on one side;
color of skin orange, with thin whitish bloom; stem slender, three-quarters of an inch
in length; drops easily.

Fiesu: color golden vellow; texture tender, juicy; flavor rich, pleasant; cling.

Quatity: dessert good; cooking very good.

Vatue: market second class.

Season: mid to late August.

HAND. (General Hand).

A very fine, large plum of the Gage group, which is worthy of a place in the
amateur’s garden as a dessert or preserving plum, but not profitable as a market
variety.

Oricin: on farm of General Hand, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

TREE: a very vigorous grower, but a shy bearer; class Domestica.

Fruit: round; size medium to large; skin deep golden yellow, marbled with
greenish yellow; stem slender, about an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity;
suture shallow. a

Fresn: color pale yellow; texture coarse, moderately juicy; flavor sweet and very
good; free from stone.

Quatiry: very good for either dessert or cooking.

Vatur: market. first class.

Szason: September.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 177

HAMMER.

“Fruit round oval; size medium to large; cavity very shallow; suture a line; color
crimson; dots many, minute, and a few larger yellow; bloom blue; skin thick; flesh
yellow; stone small, round, slightly flattened, nearly free; quality very good; season
after Wolf and Weaver. Originated with H. A. Terry, Iowa, who says it is a seedling
of Miner, but thinks it has an admixture of Americana blood. A fine variety.’”’ (Waugh),

HAWKEYE.

Fruit: large, roundish; cavity shallow, narrow; suture merely a distinct line;
apex rounded; color yellow, more or less covered with purplish red; dots small, indis-
tinct; bloom medium; skin thick, moderately tough.

FresH: deep yellow, juicy; stone large, broad, much flattened, cling; sweet, good
flavor

QuaLity: good.

Season: mid to late September. One of the best. (Macoun).

sont
Soe

HawkEYE.

ITALIAN PRUNE. (Fellenburg).

An old variety from Europe; a fine late shipping plum, and widely grown for

market.
Origin: Europe. :
Tree: of spreading habit; productive; class Domestica.
Fruit: size medium; form oval, narrowing at the ends, one sided; stem one inch
long in small cavity; suture shallow; skin thin; color dark purple with blue bloom.
Fiesu: free stone; color greenish yellow; texture fairly juicy; flavor sweet, good.
Quautity: dessert fair; cooking very good.
Vatue: market first class.
Srason: September.

12 F.0.

178 REPORT ON THE No. 24

IMPERIAL GAGE.

An excellent preserving or canning plum, but not very popular for the commercial
orchards.

Onsein: Flushing, Long Island.
TREE: vigorous; productive; hardy; class Domestica.

Fruir: size medium or below; form oval; color green tinged with yellow; dots
greenish ; bloom whitish ; stem three-quarters of an inch long; suture shallow ; skin tough.

IMPERIAL GAGE.

FiesH: mostly free; color greenish yellow; texture juicy, melting; flavor rich,
excellent.

Quatity: dessert good; cooking best.
VaLue: market first class.

Season: early September.

KINGSTON. -
A valuable market variety.

Origin: Province of Ontario.

TREE: vigorous and productive.

Fruit: size medium to large, form oval; color dark purple, with thin blue bloom:
stem slender, about five-eighths of an inch long, inserted in a small, deep cavity ; suture
shallow ; apex a small point. :

FresH: color yellowish green; flavor tart.

QuaLity: cooking, very good.

Season: early September.

LOMBARD.

One of the most prolific of the old varieties, and, until recently, considered th
l ; : cently, s the most
profitable. Of late, however, the price of Lombard plums has so far declined that other
varieties are being planted in its place.

Oriein: raised from seed by Judge Platt, Whitesboro. N. Y.: introduced t bli
by M. Lombard, of Springfield, Mass., after whom it was named. Brevi. gene
ealled Bleeker’s Scarlet.

TREE: very productive ; very vigorous; very hardy; inclined to overload. and the
fruit needs thinning. j

12a F. Oo.

1905 FRUITS Ol ONTARIO. 179

Lomparp.

fad

Fruit: medium size; form roundish, oval, slightly* flattened at the ends; color
purplish red, paler in shade; bloom heavy; suture traceable; stalk slender, about
three-quarters of an inch, set in a broad, funnel-shaped cavity; subject to rot when
overloaded.

Firsx: deep yellow; texture firm, juicy; flavor pleasant; cling stone.

Quatiry: dessert, good; cooking, very good.

VaLuE: second class for market.

Season: late August to early September.

McLAUGHLIN.

A fine plum for home uses; a little tender for distant shipment.

Origin: with James McLaughlin, Bangor, Maine.

TREE: vigorous; fairly productive; an early and an annual bearer: class Domestica.

Fruit: size medium to large; form roundish oval, flattened at the ends; stem
five-eighths of an inch long, in a small shallow cavity; apex small point in a slight
depression ; suture traceable; skin thin; cclor greenish yellow, mottled with red; bloom
delicate whitish.

Fiesu: semi-cling; pit small; color clear yellow; texture tender, very Juicy; flavor
cich, sweet and excellent.

QvaLity: dessert very good to best; cooking good.

VaLuE: market first class; rather tender for distant shipments.

Season: September.

MANKATO.

“Fruit above medium to large, roundish; cavity narrow, medium depth; suture
a distinct line; apex rounded; color deep, dull red with a moderately heavy bloom ;
dots numerous, small, yellow; bloom rather heavy; skin thick, tough; flesh deep yellow,
juicy, sweet, good flavor not astringent; stone large, flat, semi-cling; quality good.
Season late August to early September. Better in quality than Bixby. but not as
handsome. A good early plum. Promising.’ (Macoun).

Manrato.

180 REPORT ON THE No. 24

MARU.

Productive and early, but too small and poor in quality to be recommended.
Oxigin: imported by L. Burbank in 1885.
Tree: habit spreading; fairly vigorous; very productive.

Fruit: size small; form roundish; cavity narrow, abrupt; stem short and stout;
suture scarcely traceable; bright red, turning dark red; bloom thin.

Fuirsu: cling; color yellow; texture tender, juicy; flavor pleasant.
Quauity: dessert fair; cooking fair.
VatLugE: market second class.

Sgason: mid-August.

MILTON.

A seedling of Wild Goose; valuable for its hardiness.

Orie1n: Iowa.

Fruit: size medium; roundish oval, or oblong; color dark red, with numerous dots.
FiesH: texture melting, firm.

QuaLity: fair.

Vatue: market second class.

Season: a week earlier than Wild Goose.

MONARCH.

A profitable commercial variety; a good shipper.
Ortcin: England.

TREE: a vigorous grower; habit upright; an early, regular and abundant bearer;
class Domestica.

Monarcn.

Fruit: large; roundish ovate; color dark .purple with heavy bluish bloom ; stalk
about seven-eighths of an inch long, stout, in a moderately deep cavity; suture broad,

shallow.
Friese: color yellow; texture firm; flavor sweet, slightly acid.

Quauity: very good for all purposes.
Vauue: market first class.
Szason: late September.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 181

OGON.
Somewhat irregular in size, but its earliness, just following Red June and Willard,

make it of value to the plum grower.
Origin: imported from Japan by H. H. Berger & Co., of California.
Tree: class Japan; habit spreading; fairly vigorous; fairly productive.

Ocon.

Fruit: form roundish, irregular; size medium; color yellow; bloom slight, whitish ;
stem half an inch long in a deep narrow cavity; suture deep or shallow, half round;

‘apex blunt. ; F See
Fiesx: free; color yellow; texture firm, with a little juice; flavor flat.

Quatiry: poor for dessert; fair for cooking.
VaLuE: market first class.
Sgeason: mid August.

POND. (Pond’s Seedling).

A beautiful and showy plum, but not much planted in the commercial orchard;

somewhat subject to rot.

Oricin: England.

Tree: vigorous; moderately productive.

Fruit: size very large; form obovate, tapering toward the base; skin thick, purple,
with purplish bloom and numerous brown dots.

FirsH: color yellow; texture juicy; flavor pleasant.

Quatiry: very good.

Vatue: market first class only for its susceptibility to rot.

Season: mid September.

PRUNE D’AGEN.

“Medium in size, obovate, somewhat necked; color reddish purple with heavy blue
bloom and numerous small dots; stalk one inch long, curved, in small cavity. Flesh
greenish yellow, rich, very good to best; nearly free from pit. Grown largely on the
west coast for drying, but in States to the east and south to a less extent. Domes-
tica.’’ (Budd).

PURPLE EGG. (Hudson River Purple Egq).

A good commercial variety, especially for preserving.

Oriemn: on the banks of the Hudson River, New York State, exact locality not
known.

Tree: upright, vigorous grower, hardy and very productive.

Fruit: size large; form ovate, often necked; color of skin, dark, rich red to
purple; stem long in a deep cavity; suture shallow; bloom thin; clings to stone.

Fiesx: color, greenish yellow; texture firm; flavor brisk acid.

Qvauity: dessert poor; cooking, very good.

Srason: late September.

182 REPORT ON THE No. 24

QUACKENBOSS.

A good market plum; one of the best for distant shipment.
Origin: at Albany, N. Y.; introduced by Mr. Quackenboss, of Greenbush, N. Y.
TREE: very vigorous; habit upright; hardy; fairly productive.

(QU.\CKENBOSS.

Fruit: large; form roundish ova!; color dark purple, with blue bloom; stem of
medium length set in a very slight cavity; suture traceable.

Fuirsu: semi-cling; color greenish; texture rather firm; flavor sprightly.

Quatity: dessert fair; cooking good.

Vauttr: market first class.

Season: late September.

RED JUN

(Red Nagate of Thomas).

The earliest good plum grown, and one of the most profitable of the Japanese
varieties.

Rep June. ¥

Oriers: Japan; introduced to the public in 1893, by Stark Bros., Louisiana, Mo.,
who gave it the name of Red June. The Japanese name was ‘‘Shiro Smomo.”’

Tree: hardy and vigorous, forming a symmetrical top; an early and fairly abun-

dant bearer; should be planted with such varieties as Burbank, Abundance or Chabot,
to secure cross fertilization.

Frurr: form, roundish conical; apex pointed; size, medium; suture distinct;
skin thick, tenacious; color bright red, deepening to dark red when fully ripe, with
light bluish bloom; stem one-ha'f an inch long; cling.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 183

Fursx: color yellow; texture somewhat juicy, moderately firm; flavor agreeable.
Quauiry: dessert good; cooking, very good; an excellent substitute for the Damson.
Vatur: market first class.

Srason: late July to early August.

REINE CLAUDE. (Reine Claude de Bavay. Green Gage).

The Reine Claude and several varieties of the Green Gage type are of especial
value for culinary purposes. For pies, sauce or canning purposes, they seem to be
growing in demand year after year, and no collection of plums for the home garden
is, therefore, complete without a tree or more of this or some other variety of this
family. With Ontario fruit growers, the most popular Gage is the Reine Claude de
Bavay, commonly known among them as Reine Claude, which name is also an old
symonym of the Green Gage. In the catalogue of the American Pomological Society it
is called Bavay. The fruit of this later variety is in good demand among canners, and
brings a fair price in our markets.

Orrein: this type of plum was brought from Italy to France about the year 1500
by Queen Claudia, wife of Francis I., after whom it was named Reine Claudia. Later,
some trees were brought to England by a family named Gage, but the label on these
trees being lost, the gardener called them Green Gage. Hogg, the English pomologist,
however, tried to prove that this plum had been introduced into England before this

time under the name of Reine Claude, and hence arose considerable confusion of names.

é Uy, z
EOD

Rerne CLavupDe.

Tree: productive; hardy, a slow grower.

FRvItT: roundish ; size medium; skin greenish, yellowing towards maturity, with
a thin whitish bloom and a few red dots; stem three-quarters of an inch long, set in
a small, abrupt cavity; suture traceable.

Firsu: color pale green; texture melting and juicy; flavor rich, sweet and excel-
lent; pit mostly free. o

Quatity: cooking or canning, best; dessert very good.

VauusE: home market first class.

Srason: mid to late August.

184 REPORT ON THE No. 24

SATSUMA. . (Blood).

One of the most satisfactory of the Japan plums; commercially valuable in the

Niagara district. Highly esteemed for canning, and for jelly. |
OrtciIn: imported by Luther Burbank from Japan to America in 1886; called

“Blood’”’ from the blood red color of the flesh. : f
Tree: habit spreading; fairly vigorous; ordinarily very productive; self sterile,

and should be planted with other varieties.

SATSUMA.

Fruit: oblate, slightly conical; size large; stem about three-quarters of an inch
in length, stout, set in a deep cavity; suture traceable; skin thick; color dark red,

with whitish bloom and many dots.
FresH: cling; color dark red; texture firm; flavor pleasant when well ripened;

a little acid.
QuaLity: cooking very good.
VaLue: market first class.
Szason: late September.

SHIPPERS PRIDE. (Pride).

An excellent market plum; a good shipper and fine for canning.

Ortain: New York State.

TREE: very vigorous; very hardy; very productive.

Fruit: size large; form roundish oval; color dark purple.
FiLesH: firm, juicy; flavor sweet.

Quauity: dessert fair; cooking good; excellent for canning.
VatvugE: market first class, being a fine shipper.

Season: ‘early to mid September.

SuHrppers PRIDE.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 185

SHROPSHIRE DAMSON.

A small plum, very highly valued for jam and for preserves; much sought after
by those who know its value.

Oria1n: Shropshire, England.
TREE: upright, fairly vigorous, quite productive.

Fruit: small, oval; color dark purple, with blue bloom; stalk half an inch long,
no cavity; suture none.

FiesH: nearly free from stone; texture melting, juicy; flavor rich, acid.
Quatiry: dessert fair; cooking very good to best.
Vatue: market first class

Season: late.

SIMON. (Prunus Simoni, Simonsi of Thomas, Simon’s Plum).

A distinct species of stone fruit, having characteristics of both the peach and the
plum. It has been tested in Ontario since 1888, and has not realized the expectations
of planters who were led to expect in this fruit a substitute for the peach where the

latter fruit was uncertain. It has proven itself worthless in the commercial orchard,
and valuable only as a curiosity.

Orie1n: northeastern China, introduced to France by Eugene Simon and dissem-
inated by Simon Bros. of Metz, Alsace. Fruited at Cornell University in 1886, and
at St. Catharines, Ont., in 1887. It was placed in the plant distribution list by the
Fruit Growers’ Association in 1890.

Tree: upright, slender, lacking in vigor, not productive.

Fruit: large; form round transversely and flattened longitudinally ; color dark
maroon, with a perceptible bloom; stalk half an inch long, stout, set in a deep cavity;
suture distinct; stone smooth, clings tightly to the flesh.

F.LesH: orange color; texture, tough and juicy; flavor often bitter, sometimes fairly
agreeable.

QuaLITY AND VALUE: very poor.

Season: early August.

ApapTaTion: to the peach sections.

SMITH ORLEANS.

“Fruit large to very large, oval, rather widest toward the stalk, a little irregular,
with a strongly marked suture on the side; stalk quite small and slender, a little more
than half an inch long, inserted in a deep narrow cavity; skin reddish purple; covered
with a deep blue bloom; flesh deep yellow, a little firm, very juicy, with a brisk rich
yinous flavor, and adheres to the stone; good to very good; late August, growth very
vigorous.”’ (Downing).

186 REPORD ON] LEE No. 24

STODDARD.

_ “Fruit large to very large; roundish; cavity narrow, shallow; suture a distinct
line; apex rounded; color deep yellow, almost entirely covered with deep purplish red ;
dots fairly numerous, small yellow; bloom light, skin thick, tough, slightly astringent ;
flesh deep yellow, juicy; stone medium size, broad, flat, cling; sweet, good rich flavor;
quality very good. Season late September. One of the largest and best flavored Amer-
icana plums.”’ (Macoun).

SroppDarp.

VICTORIA. (Sharp; Sharp’s Emperor).

A fine dessert plum for the amateur’s garden. It has been long known as Victoria,
and indeed by no other name in Ontario.

Oricin: Sussex, England.

TreE: vigorous and productive.

Froir: size large, form oval; suture distinct; color of skin light reddish-purple ;
stem nearly one inch long in a moderately deep abrupt cavity; dots whitish and pink-
ish; clingstone.

FiesuH: yellow; flavor pleasant.

Season: early in September.

Quality: very good.

ADAPTATION: considered a success at our Lake Huron station, in Bruce County.

WASHINGTON.

Not productive enough, nor good enough a shipper to be popular in the commer-
cial plum orchard; but, on account of its large size, beauty and excellence of quality,
a universal favorite for the dessert table.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 187

Ortein: New York City, as a sucker from a grafted tree, which was purchased
from a market woman by a Mr. Balmer. He first fruited it in 1818, and the plum was
at first called Balmer after him.

Tree: a strong, vigorous grower; fairly productive; foliage remarkably large,
broad and glossy. <

Fruit: size large; form round oval; suture traceable, very distinct near the stem ;
color dull yellow, changing to deep yellow, marked with crimson dots and covered with
pale Diaiet grey bloom; stem three-quarters of an inch long, set in a wide, shallow
cavity.

WASHINGTON.

Fresu: yellow; texture firm; flavor rich, sweet and luscious.
Qvatity: dessert, very good; cooking, very good.

Vatur: home market, first class.

Season: late August.

WHITAKER.

The best of its class fruited at our St. Lawrence station.

Oxrein: a seedling of Wild Goose; raised by J. T. Whitaker, Texas; closely resem-
bling its parent.

TREE: vigorous; rapid grower; spreading habit; healthy; foliage bright green, free
from shot hole fungus; late bloomer; class Chickasaw.

Fruit: oval; size medium; cavity shallow; suture traceable; color bright red, with
many white dots and thin bluish bloom; skin thin.

Fiesu: color yellow; texture moderately firm, juicy; flavor sweet and good.

Qvauity: good.

VatuE: market second class.

Srason: September.

WICKSON.

Among the largest and finest of the Japan plums, but not productive enough to
be profitable as a market vatiety. Introduced with a great flourish and largely planted,
but in most cases it has proven a disappointment.

Origin: grown from seed of Kelsey by Luther Burbank, of Santa Rosa, Cal. ;
from its habit the tree appears to have scme relation to Prunus Simoni.

Tree: habit very upright, bearing fruit mostly on fruit spurs; hardy; blooms
early and abundantly, but sets very little. fruit; shonld be planted with such productive
sorts as Burbank for cross pollination; class Japanese.

Frurr: form oblong conical, apex a point; size large to very large; skin thick;
color yellow, mostly covered with rich brownish red; bloom thin; stem stout; cavity
large, deep, abrupt; suture very decided from base to apex.

FresH: semi-cling; color yellowish, translucent with yellow veins; texture firm
for shipment, but tender and juicy when fully ripe; flavor sweet, rich, aromatic.

Qtauity: very good for all purposes.

VatvE: market first class.

Season: mid September.

188 REPORT ON THE No. 24

WILD GOOSE.

“Fruit oval; size medium to large; cavity shallow; stem medium long; suture a
line; color bright, clear red; dots many, white, conspicuous; bloom thin, bright bluish ;
skin thin, but rather tough; stone small to medium, oval, pointed, cling; flavor sweet ;
quality fair to good; season early; origin Columbia, Tennessee.’’ (Waugh).

WILLARD.

A profitable market plum on account of the early season of ripening its fruit, but
too poor in quality to receive much commendation, and not very productive.

Origin: Japan.

TREE: vigorous; rather spreading in habit; fairly productive.

Fruit: size medium, sometimes above; form roundish oblong; color greenish,
partly overspread with dull red; suture clearly traceable; apex elevated not pointed ;
bloom thin, whitish.

Fiesu: yellowish; moderately firm; not very juicy; semi-cling; flavor poor.

QuaLity: dessert pcor; cooking fair.

Vatve: first class in its season for market.

Season: early August.

)

WOLF.

“Fruit large, roundish; cavity narrow, shallow; suture shallow, fairly distinct, not
depressed ; apex rounded; color deep red; dots fairly numerous, small, yellow, distinct ;

Wotrr.

bloom moderate; skin thick, tough; flesh deep yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, good flavor;
stone above medium size, outline oval, considerably flattened, cling; quality good;
season early to mid September. One of the best.”? (Macoun).

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 189

WYANT.

“Wruit large, oblong, flattened; cavity narrow, deep; suture a distinct line; apex
almost pointed; color deep red; dots numerous, small, purple; bloom medium; skin
rather thick, somewhat tough, astringent; flesh deep yellow, moderately juicy, fairly
sweet; stone large, much flattened, oval, semi-cling, almost free; quality medium.
Season mid September. Quality not good enough. This plum is highly recommended
in the Western States, but has not proven so good as some others here. (Ottawa).’’
(Macoun).

YELLOW EGG. (White Magnum Bonum).

A profitable commercia! variety, on account of its large size and fine appearance,
but susceptible to the plum rot and inclined to drop before maturity. Good for canning
purposes.

Orte1n: Europe.

TREE: vigorous, spreading, and very productive.

Yrettow Ege.

Fruit: size large to very large; form egg shaped with distinct suture on one side;
skin thick, adherent to flesh; color yellow with whitish bloom; stalk nearly an inch
long, inserted in a small cavity, with a fold about its base; pit long, pointed, cling.

FresH: yellow; texture firm, juicy, coarse; flavor subacid, becoming sweet when very
ripe, but ordinary.

Quauity: dessert poor; cooking good.
VaLuE: home market first class.

Srason: late August.

THE QUINCE.

As there is only a limited demand for quinces in Canada, this fruit is not
largely grown. It is somewhat tender, but can be grown commercially wherever
the peach succeeds. Some quinces are, however, produced for home consump-
tion as far east as the Bay of Quinte.

The culture of the quince is somewhat similar to that of dwarf pears. The
soil most suitable is a friable clay loam, well drained. Three year old trees are
planted from fourteen to fifteen feet apart each way. The trees are pruned with
a somewhat open top as the dwarf pear, the head starting from near the ground.
If the trees make rapid growth severe heading in should be practised to get
stockier trees and to have the fruit better distributed. Good cultivation is neces-
sary in the production of the quince as with other fruits.

The quince makes a handsome ornamental tree where it can be grown, the
abundant white bloom in the spring and the golden fruit in the autumn rendering
it a striking object wherever planted.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE BoArD OF CONTROL.

Fuller, Orange (the leading market variety in Ontario), Champion (for Southern
Ontario only as it ripens too late for other sections).

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

BENTLEY.

A variety grown largely for market in Maryland, and in Ontario it is gaining in

favor.
Tree: thrifty; productive.
Fruit: large; form roundish; skin yellow with heavy down.
Quauity: excellent.
Vatue: market first class.
Season: early October.

[ 190}

1905 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 191

CHAMPION.

An American quince of recent origin.
TREE: an upright grower, taller than the Orange.

Fruit: large, distinctly pear-form, furrowed about the top, generally remaining
greenish yellow upon the tree; conspicuously covered with a floccose wool or fuzz.

Season: mid winter.

ADAPTATION: Tipens we!l in Southern Ontario, but would be too late farther north.

FULLER

1905 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 193

FULLER.

OrteIn: named after Mr. A. S. Fuller, of Ridgewood, N. J., who noticed it fruit-
ing on a neighbor’s grounds in about the year 1870, took some cuttings and introduced
it to public notice.

Trre: a good grower and showy both in fruit and flower.

Fruit: large; distinctly pyriform in shape, sometimes with an elongated neck,
somewhat ribbed; color rich yellow; calyx set in a deep wide basin.

Fursu: tender in texture; flavor good.

Vautvue: market first class.

Srason: late September.

ORANGE. (Apple).

The leading market variety of quince in Canada. Previous to 1870, this and the
Angers were the only varieties of quinces known in Ontario, the former as a stock for
budding dwarf pears, and the latter as a standard market veriety. The Orange quince
succeeds admirably in the Niagara peninsula, ripening well, taking on a beautiful rich
golden color, and reaching a fine large size, either on clay or sandy loam. In old days
this variety brought $6 or $7 per barrel in Toronto market, but the prices are now much
lower.

Orre1n: Southern Europe. é

Tree: a slow grower, bushy, seldom attaining a height of more than twelve or
fifteen feet; hardy, will endure neglect but responds well to good cultivation and
manure; delights in moist land, without standing water; fairly productive.

Fruir: large and weighing from eight ounces to a pound; form somewhat like an
apple, but with protuberance about the stem instead of a depression; skin golden
yellow at maturity, with often a little greenish or russet color about the stem, which
is set in a narrow cavity; calyx large segment, which are leaf like, in a large deep,
corrugated basin.

FiesH: tender in texture and good in flavor.

Vatvur: limited demand in Canadian markets.

Srason: late September to early October.

13 FO.

THE GRAPE.

There is no more popular fruit than the grape, and, owing to the rapid in-
crease in population during recent years, the demand for grapes is constantly
growing. For this reason the planting of grapes, which was in a large measure
suspended for a few years, is steadily increasing, many vineyards now being es-
tablished annually.

The grape requires a comparatively dry hot season for the development of
good flavor and the perfect ripening of the fruit, and as most of the cultivated
varieties will not stand very low temperatures unless protected, the grape suc-
ceeds best in the most southern parts of the Province, the commercial vineyards
being confined almost entirely to the Niagara Peninsula, and to the district border-
ing Lake Erie. The grape can, however, be grown sucessfuclly over a much wider
area than this, and where the summer temperature is fairly high and spring and
early autumn frosts are rare, large quantities of grapes are grown for home con-
sumption. Hence the early varieties of this fruit may be ripened pretty generally
over the Province as far north as latitude 45 degrees and probably further.

A southern or south-eastern slope, if it can be procured, is preferable for the
grape, as this fruit will ripen quicker with this exposure, but the site is not so
important in the best grape districts as it is further north. A site should, how-
ever, be chosen which will not be subject to local frosts. In the north a sandy
loam is much to be preferred, as if well drained it will be the warmest, and all
the heat that can be obtained is needed. In the warmer portions of the Province
grapes succeed admirably on the clay loams, and if well drained these are consid-
ered the best. The soil should be thoroughly prepared as for other fruits. The
best vines for planting are two years old, but some strong growing varieties make
good plants in one year. Strong growing varieties require more space in a vine-
yard than those less vigorous, but an average distance of ten feet apart each way
is perhaps the most satisfactory. The plants should be set a little deeper than
they were in the nursery. With grapes it is better to err on the side of deep than
shallow planting. The young vine should be cut back to within one or two buds
when set. To encourage strong growth, cultivation should be thorough in the vine-
yard until the vine begins to bear well. At the close of the first season and before
the growth begins the following spring, the vine should be again pruned back to
one or two strong buds. During the second season, only two canes are permitted
to grow in order that these may become as strong as possible. Before growth
begins in the third year it will be necessary to put down the trellis. If the
Kniffen system is adopted two wires will be sufficient, but if other methods are
followed, three are usually necessary. The Kniffen system of training is more
general in the grape districts than any other, mainly for the reason that by this
method the least labor is involved. If two canes were left during the second sea-
son’s growth, the weaker is removed, the other is tied upright to the two wires,
the lower one being about 3 feet 6 inches from the ground, and the upper about
2 feet higher. Shoots will be thrown out along this main trunk, all of which
are allowed to grow throughout the season.

Before growth begins in the spring of the fourth season all the canes are
cut away except four. Two of these are extended one on each side of the main
trunk along the upper wire and tied to it, and two on each side of the main trunk
along the lower wire, at the sime time heading back the upper canes to eight or
nine buds and the lower to six or seven. No summer pruning is usually practised

[194]

13a F.O.

1905 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 195

with this system, the growing shoots falling over the wires and attaching them-
selves there, often making very rampant growth, so much so that the tips are
sometimes lopped off with a pruning hook.

The vine should bear a full crop this season, which is the fourth from plant-
ing. Before growth starts in the fifth season all canes are again removed “except
four, and as these could not very well be obtained in line with the wires if taken
from the main trunk, the canes are utilized which spring from the base of the
canes which were left the year before. This same system is adopted year after
year. In time such a large stub develops at the point where the new canes are
taken each year that it becomes necessary to remove these and take new canes
from the main trunk. A good supply of new wood is required each year in grape
growing, as fruit is produced only near the base of the previous season’s growth.
About forty strong buds or even less are sufficient to give a profitable crop of
most varieties.

For the north quite a different system is necessary, as the vines have to he
covered with soil in the winter to protect them. On this account the arms have
to be trained low so that they may be covered easily. The best system which has
been found where such conditions prevail in Ontario, is a modification of the
“High Renewal.’’ By the ‘‘High Renewal’’ system new wood is obtained from
near the ground every year and several canes trained in a somewhat fan shape.
This system is adopted in some parts of New York State, where vines do not have
to be covered. By a mcdification of this system two arms are left for two or three
years. Three wires are required, the lowest being about eighteen inches from the
ground, and the others about two feet apart. The two canes which have been
made during the second season’s growth, as previously described, are both saved.
They should start from the main stem as near the ground as possible, and are tied
to the wire in opposite directions. The shoots which are made the third season
are tied upright to the wires and spread as evenly.as possible. Lateral shoots
should be removed. Before winter all the canes made that season should be
headed back to within one or two buds of the two main arms, and just before
winter sets in they should be bent down and covered with a few inches of soil.
In fact, the vine should be covered each winter from the time it is set. Vines
should be kept covered in the north as long as possible to prevent injury from
spring frosts. At Ottawa, the vines are not uncovered until the end of the first
week or beginning of the second week of May.

In the fourth season after planting the shoots are again trained upright and
tied to the wires. Laterals are removed and any other shoots which make the
vine so crowded that the fruit will not obtain plenty of light and sunshine. The
mistake is often made of leaving too many shoots to grow, thus preventing the
perfect ripening of the fruit. Forty strong shoots are quite sufficient to produce
a good crop of fruit, although some varieties will stand a few more.

As arms get older they become more difficult to lay down, hence it is found
advisable to remove the arms every two or three years and replace them with
new ones. The arms may be renewed in alternate years, and this is often desir-
able, as the buds on one arm are sometimes destroyed by winter or by spring
frosts. The only important difference between this system and the horizontal
arm is that in this the arms are not permanent. It resembles the ‘‘High Renewal’
from the fact that new wood is obtained frequently from the main stem near the
ground.

Grapes require considerable potash, hence fertilizers containing a high
percentage of this should be used rather than nitrogenous manures. Cover
crops will usually supply all the nitrogen that is required.

Grapes should not be picked until they are quite ripe, as they do not ripen
after they leave the vine. It is believed that the consumption of grapes would

196 REPORT ON THE No. 24

be much greater in the cities and towns if fruit growers would not pick and
ship the fruit when it is green.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.
GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE BoarD oF CONTROL.

Commercial and Domestic:
Black: Moore, Campbell, Worden, Concord, Wilder.
Red: Delaware, Lindley, Agawam, Vergennes.
White: Niagara, Diamond.

For Northern Seations :
Black: Champion, Moore, Campbell, Worden, Wilder.
Red: Moyer, Brighton, Delaware, Lindley.
White: Winchell, Diamond.

District Lists, RECOMMENDED BY THE HXPERIMENTERS.
Wentworth District: By M. Pettit, Winona, Ont.
Commercial :
Black: Champion, Campbell, Worden, Concord.
Red: Delaware, Lindley, Agawam, Vergennes, Catawba.
White: Niagara, Diamond.
Niagara District: By Linus Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont.

Domestic: Moyer, Campbell, Worden, Delaware, Lindley, Brighton Wilder, Aga-
wam, Requa.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

ALICE.

A good grape but a little late to be very popular for market purposes.

Oricin: New York State.

VinE: very vigorous; productive.

Buncu: roundish; shouldered; compact.

BERRY: size small to medium; round; color dark wine with light bloom.

Fresu: tender pulp, juicy; color light green; flavor vinous, aromatic, pleasant.
Quauiry: dessert good.

Vatuge: second class for market.

Season: early October.

BACCHUS.
A good wine grape.
Oricin: seedling of Clinton, raised by J. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y.
Vine: vigorous; free from mildew; productive.
Buncu: size medium; compact; shouldered.
Berry: size small; round; black with blue bloom.
Fresu: texture juicy; flavor sprightly, superior to Clinton.
Quatity: dessert fair.
VaLuE: second rate for market.
Season: late; cannot be depended upon to ripen north of lake Ontario.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. OT,

AGAWAM. (Rogers’ 15).

One of the leading varieties for profit, but in some sections subject to mildew and
rot.

Oriain: “by E. S. Rogers, Salem, Mass.

Vine: a strong grower; very productive; self fertile; wood long jointed, stout,
should have long pruning.

Bunou: large, compact, shouldered.

Berry: large; skin thick; color brownish red.

Fiesu: tender; flavor sweet, sprightly, very good.

Quatity: dessert very good.

Vatue: Market, first class.

Srason: soon after that of Concord.

AGAWAM.

BARRY. (Rogers’ 43).

An excellent exhibition grape; one of the most attractive of Rogers’ hybrids; but
not equal to Wilder for the commercial vineyard.

Origin: a hybrid from Black Hamburgh and Mammoth Sage, raised by E. S.
Rogers, of Salem, Massachusetts.

VinE: vigorous; healthy; productive; self sterile and needs mixed planting; some-
times drops its leaves before maturity of the fruit.

Buncen: medium; form -short, compact, rather broad.

Berry: large; roundish; color black with blue bloom.

Fiesu: tender; flavor sweet, pleasant.

Quatity: dessert good

Vatuse: market first class; a good shipper.

Season: mid September to October.

198 REPORT ON THE No. 24

BRIGHTON.

The fine size of its bunches and the excellence of its flavor as a dessert grape gave
promise, in its first introduction, that the Brighton would be a popular commercial
grape in Ontario; but in this we have been disappointed, because of its susceptibility
to mildew, and its poor shipping quality. The latter point is of importance to our
Ontario fruit growers, who look forward to the great Northwest as one of the best
markets for the product of their
vineyards. Asa dessert grape the
Brighton is worthy of a place in
every fruit garden which is planted
for home uses.

Oriain: raised by Jacob Moore,
Brighton, N.Y.; a cross between
Concord (Labr) and Diana Ham-
purg (Vinifera).

VINE: vigorous ;
semi-hardy; pro-
ductive ; somewhat
subject to mildew ;
leaves large, thick,
dark green ; pollen
sometimes defec-
tive, and the vine
should have other
varieties which
are good pollen-
izers planted near
ate

Buncu: large, shouldered, fairly com-
pact.

Berry: medium in size; color lght
red, turning dark crimson oralmost black
at maturity, with purple bloom ; tenacity
to stem goo! skin tender.

FLESH: texture, tender and juicy; flavor
sprightly and very pleasant.

Quatiry : dessert, very good, at its best
when first ripe, but deteriorates if allowed
to hang on the vine.

VatuE: home market, very good ; dis-
tant market, poor.

BrIGHTON.

SEaAson-: medium; not a long keeper.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 19

CATAWBA.
One of the best of wine grapes, and highly esteemed for dessert.
Origin: a native of North Carolina, and takes its name from the Catawba river.

VinE: vigorous; productive; succeeds well in sandy loam; canes long, with few
laterals.

BuncH: medium sized; moderately compact; shouldered.

CATAWBA.

Berry: large; round; deep red with lilac bloom; skin moderately thick.
FiesuH: texture pulpy, juicy; flavor sweet, aromatic, musky.

Quatiry: dessert very good; wine best.

Vatur: market first class when well ripened.

Srason: late; does not always attain full maturity even in the southern parts of

the Province.

200 REPORT ON THE No. D4

CAMPBELL.
(Campbell’s Early.)

This grape is claimed
to be an improved Con-
cord, and is very promis-
ing as an early market

variety.

Oricin: Ohio, by G.
H. Campbell; the product
of different crosses from
Hartford, Concord, and
Moore’s Early, through
Muscat Hamburgh. In-
troduced in 1896.

Vine: vigorous, healthy

and productive.

Bunenu: large shoul-
dered.

Berry: large; skin
black, with thin blue
bloom, tough; flavor rich
and sweet without foxi-
ness; flesh meaty, sweet,
tender ; seeds small, separ-
ate easily from the pulp;
hangs well to vine.

Quauity: fine for des-

sert.

Vauue: first-class for
market.

Season: about the
same as that of Moore

Early.

CAMPBELL.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 201

CHAMPION.

Widely planted for market because of its early coloring and apparent early ripen-
ing, but so sour and so poor in quality, as usually sold on the market, that it has
seriously lessened the demand for Concord grapes, which follow it in season.

Oriein: New York State, about 1873; first sold as Talman’s Seedling.
Vine: vigorous; healthy, not subject to mildew; very productive.

BuncH: size medium; shouldered.

CHAMPION.

Berry: size medium; form round; color bluish black; pulpy; acid until very ripe;
skin thick.

Quauity: dessert very poor.

Vatue: Market fair, sells well on its outside appearance before better flavored _

kinds are on the market.

Season: a week or ten days earlier than the Concord, but often well colored two

weeks earlier.

202 REPORT ON THE No. 24

CONCORD.

The principal out-door grape grown for market in the Province of Ontario. Prob-
ably more than half the vines in the large commercial vineyards of the Niagara district,
as well as in Essex and other parts of southern Ontario are of this variety.

The reason of this is (1) its comparative freedom from mildew, (2) its vigor of vine,
(3) its productiveness. Four tons to the acre is not an uncommon yield, so that, even
when it sells as low as 14 cents per pound, there is yet a fair return for the investment.

Oricin: Concord, Mass., by E.
W. Bull; first exhibited by him in
1853.

Vine: hardy, healthy, strong, vig-
orous grower, very productive, resists
both insects and fungi well.

Buncu: large, shouldered, fairly
compact, five to six inches in length.

Berry: large, round, black, cov-
ered with heavy blue bloom; skin
medium thickness, tender, sometimes
cracks open; flesh pulpy, tender, mod-
erately juicy; flavor sweet when fully
mature, appetizing. Concorp.

Qvatiry: dessert fair.
Vatve: near market, first class; distant market, second class.
Season: mid September to October; not a good keeper.

ApAPTATION: general in grape districts.

1965 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 203

DELAWARE.

Universally acknowledged to stand at the head of all American grapes in point of
quality. For the home garden a few vines of this variety are indispensable, for it is
the most excellent of dessert varieties. It is also one of the highest priced grapes in
our markets, often bringing more than double the price of the Concord. It is however,
not very much grown in our commercial vineyards, because the foliage is badly subject
to thrip and the yield is only moderate. On rich deep soils, well drained, however,
with high cultivation, thinning and close pruning, it is productive and profitable.
It should be planted much closer than the Concord. Vines of the latter variety are
usually planted ten feet apart, while the Delaware may be set five or six feet apart.

Origin: unknown. Name from
Delaware, Ohio, where in 1855 it
was first brought into notice,
though not disseminated until ten
years later. It was first found in
a garden in Frenchtown, N. J.
The Bushberg Catalogue thinks it
a natural cross between Labrusca
and Vinifera, a native American

and a European variety.

Vine: moderate grower; foli-
age delicate, subject to thrip; wood

slender, hardy; a regular, some-
times an abundant bearer.

Buncu: small, compact, usual-
ly shouldered.

Berry: small; . round; skin
thin; color a beautiful light red,
with whitish bloom, translucent;
pulp, sweet, sprightly, aromatic;
juice abundant, sweet, vinous.

DELAWARE.

Quatity: dessert good.
Vature: market first class.
Szason: September

Apapration: general throughout the grape sections.

204 REPORT ON THE No. 24

DIAMOND. (Moore’s Diamond).

A grape that is growing in popularity, and which succeeds in sections farther north
than the Niagara.

Orietn: Brighton, N. Y., in 1873, by Mr. Jacob Moore, from seed of Concord, fer-
tilized with Iona; just one year after the Niagara was originated at Lockport.

Vine: vigorous and productive, though not equalling the Niagara; foliage much
like that of one of its parents, the Concord.

Drawonn.

Bunou: large, compact and shouldered.

Berry: adheres firmly to the stem; color greenish white, yellowing slightly at
maturity; pulp tender; flavor juicy, sweet and good. ; cs

QvaLity: dessert very good.

SEason: about one week in advance of the Concord.

ADAPTATION: worthy of trial generally.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 205

EARLY OHIO.

An early market grape.

OrieIn: a chance seedling raised by R. A. Hunt, Euclid, Ohio.

Vine: healthy; vigorous; productive.

Buncu: large, compact, often shouldered.

Berry: medium size; color black, with heavy bloom; tenacious of stem; flavor
spicy, pleasant.

Season: a few days in advance of Moore Early.

ADAPTATION: not proven.

EARLY VICTOR.

The Early Victor grape colors very early, fully two weeks ahead of Concord, and
is fit to gather about ten days before, along with Hartford and Moore Early.

Oricin: by John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1870. A seedling of the
Delaware.

VINE: very vigorous, very productive and healthy.
Buncu: shouldered and very compact.

Berry: medium, round, black, with thick blue bloom, adheres well; pulp tender,
juicy, sweet and agreeable; seeds two.

Quatity: very good for dessert, also very good for making claret wine.
Vatve: first class for home market.

SEason: early.

EMPIRE. (Empire State).

A beautiful white grape, with well formed bunches, which was introduced with
great eclat, but has not become very popular in the commercial] vineyards of Ontario.

Oriein: from seed of Hartford fertilized with Clinton, raised by James H. Ricketts.

VinE: vigorous, healthy, and moderately productive.

Buncu: size large; shouldered; compact.

Berry: medium; color white, with thick bloom; pulp tender, juicy, sweet, and
agreeable.

QuaLity: dessert, very good.

Vatue: market first class.

GAERTNER. (Rogers’ 14).

An excellent grape which is gaining in favor.

Oriein: hybrid between. White Chasselas and a wild Labrusca.
Vine: healthy; fairly vigorous and productive.

BuncH: medium in size; shouldered.

Berry: size large; round; color light reddish brown; skin thin.
Fiesu: texture moderately tender; flavor sweet, rich, aromatic.
Quatiry: dessert very good.

Szason: about with Concord.

206 REPORT ON THE No. 24

HARTFORD. (Hartford Prolific).

An old variety ripening in advance of Concord, but not popular as a market grape,
because it drops its fruit so soon after maturity.

Ortein: Raised at Hartford, Connecticut, from seed of Isabella, about 1850.
Vine: hardy; vigorous; very productive.

Buncw: large; shouldered; rather compact.

Berry: size medium; round; color black with thin blue bloom; skin thick.
FresH: whitish; texture pulpy, juicy; flavor foxy.

Quautity: dessert poor.

VaLuE: market second class, because of the fruit dropping from the stems; soon
shrivels.

Season: a week before Concord.

JANESVILLE.

Valuable only in the colder sections.

Oniein: Hartford x Clinton.

Vine: hardy; vigorous; productive.

BuncH: medium; short; compact; shouldered.

Berry: size medium; black; skin thick;. slight blue bloom.
FiesH: pulpy; color greenish; flavor vinous.

Quatity: dessert poor.

Vatue: market second class.

SEASON: early.

JESSICA.

An excellent dessert grape for the amateur’s garden.

Orrain: Canada; a seedling raised by W. H. Read of Port Dalhousie, introduced
oy Mr. D. W. Beadle of St. Catharines, and first described in the Canadian Horticul-
turist for February, 1884.

Vine: fairly vigorous, hardy and healthy.

Buncu: shouldered, compact.

Berry: medium; color yellowish green to white; skin thin; pulp tender, juicy:
flavor sprightly, aromatic, sweet and very agreeahle, free from foxiness.

Quality: very good for dessert.

VaLuE: market too small; home uses very good.

Season: early.

ADAPTATION: general.

LADY.

A fine early sweet grape for the home garden; not desirable for the commercial
vineyard.
“Origin: a pure Concord seedling, introduced by G. W. Campbell, of Ohio, in 1874.

Vine: fairly vigorous, slender; healthy; fairly productive.

Buncw: medium in size; oblong; slightly shouldered.

Brrry: medium to large; round; greenish yellow with white thin bloom

Fresu: pulp tender, juicy; flavor vinous, sweet, slightly aromatic.

QuaLity: dessert good.

Vatur: market second class.

Season: early to medium

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 207

LINDLEY.

(Rogers’ 9).

A favorite red grape for both domestic and commercial purposes. Of late, however,

the vine has been somewhat disappointing in productiveness.

LINDLEY.

Origin: Massachusetts, by E.
S Rogers; hybrid between Wild
Mammoth grape of United States
and Golden Chasselas.

Vine: vigorous; healthy, fair-
ly productive.

BuncH: medium in size; rather
long; shouldered; loose.

Berry: medium to large; color
almost brick red.

FLesuH: tender, separating
freely from seeds; flavor sweet,
rich, aromatic.

QuaLity: very good for domes-
tic or commercial purposes.

VaLvE: market first class.

SEason: a few days in advance
of Concord. Keeps easily until
January.

MASSASOIT.

(Rogers’ 8).

Commended for the home garden as a fine red table grape. Needs careful spraying

with Bordeaux to prevent black rot.

Ortern: seedling raised by E. S. Rogers, Salem, Mass.
Vine: vigorous; susceptible to attacks of black rot; self sterile.

BuncH: medium size; shouldered; loose, fruit does not always set.

BERRY: size medium; form round; color brownish red.

FiesH: texture tender, juicy; flavor sweet, vinous.

Quatity: dessert very good.

VanvE: not profitable for market.

Scason: just in advance of Concord.

208 REPORT ON THE No. 24

MERRIMAC. (Rogers’ 19).

Considered by some the finest and most reliable black Rogers grape; in Ontario
the Wilder is considered more profitable, having larger bunches.

Oricin: Mammoth Sage x Black Hamburg; raised by Mr. E. S. Rogers, of Salem,
Massachusetts.

Vine: vigorous; healthy; self sterile and needs mixed planting.

Bunco: medium in size; fairly compact; roundish.

Berry: size large; color black with blue bloom.

FiresH: color greenish; texture half tender, juicy; flavor sweet, vinous.

Quatity: dessert very good.

VaLue: market first class.

Season: early to medium.

Moyrr.

MOYER.

For the amateur’s garden this is a grape that should not be overlooked, for as a
dessert grape it has now been fairly well tested, and seems to be growing in favor.

Origin: Port Dalhousie, Ontario, by W. N. Read, from Delaware fertilized with
Miller’s Burgundy, about 1880.
3 Vine: fairly vigorous, healthy and not subject to mildew, hardy; not very pro-

uctive.

Bunew: small, cylindrical in form, shouldered, not very compact, not uniform in size.

Berry: small, round; color amber with grayish bloom; skin thin, tough; pulp
tender, juicy; flavor rich, sweet and excellent.

Quatity: dessert very good, but inferior to Delaware.

VaLuE: second class for market.

Season: very early.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 209

MOORE. (Moore’s Early).

A favorite with vineyardists in Ontario, because of its earliness and its good qual-
ity. As early as Champion and of very much better quality, it is superseding that
‘variety which has done so much to prejudice buyers abainst our black grapes.

Orte1In: by John B. Moore, at Concord, Mass., from Concord seed, in the year 1872.

Vine: hardy, healthy, fairly vigorous, but only moderately productive, if compared
with the Concord; needs good cultivation.

is sal
Moore.

Buncw: smaller than Concord, and rarely shouldered.
Berry: averaging a little larger than the Concord; round; black; thin bloom.

FiLesH: vinous, juicy, with slight foxiness.

QuaLiry: good. .
VatveE: first class of its season.

SEAsON: early.
14 F.O.

210 REPOR TION? RHE No. 24

NIAGARA,

The Niagara is the leading white grape in Ontario, for commercial purposes. In
health, vigor of vine and in productiveness it has no superior, and it has been planted
more widely than any other variety except the Concord. For dessert purposes it is
good in quality when well ripened. We do not recommend it for sections north of
Toronto, unless in favored locations.

Origin: raised by C. L. Hoag,

of Lockport from seed of Concord, sown
in 1868.

_ Vine: very vigorous; foliage
thick and healthy, like Concord, hardy,
not subject to mildew; very produc-
tive.

Buncw: very large; often shoul-
dered; very compact.

Berry: round, about the size of Concord; pale green turning to pale yellow at matur-
ity, and covered with a thin whitish bloom; skin tough and not inclined to crack:
pulp soft, Juicy and sweet, of good flavor when fully ripe, with a touch of muskiness

Quatity: dessert good; canning very good.
Vaxtue: home markets first class.
l4da F.0,

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 211

NORTHERN LIGHT.
A white grape ripening late in September; not recommended for profit.
Ortein: Introduced by P. E. Bucke, Ottawa, Ontario.
VINE: vigorous; healthy; moderately productive.
Buncu: compact; shouldered.
Berry: size medium; color white; bloom thin; flavor subacid.
QuaLity: dessert fair.
Vatue: market, hardly first class.

Srason: late.

PERKINS.
An early market grape, healthy in vine and fruit, and a sure cropper.
Origin: Massachusetts.
Vine: vigorous; hardy; productive and free from disease.
Bouncu: size medium; shouldered; compact.
Berry: size medium; form roundish oblong; color amber with whitish bloom.
Fiesu: texture pulpy, juicy, not melting; flavor sweet.
Quatiry: dessert poor; wine good.
Vatuge: market second class; a poor keeper.

Stason: early.

POCKLINGTON. (Golden Pocklington).

This grape was first shown at the New York State Fair, Rochester, in 1877, and
was at that time considered the largest and finest white grape of purely native origin.
and was largely planted for commercial purposes. However, since the introduction of
the famous Niagara, the Pocklington has been almost lost sight of, and is very little

planted.
Oriain : a seeding of Concord, raised by John Pocklington, Sandy Hill, N.Y.

Vine: of medium vigor; moderately productive; healthy, resisting mildew and
rot; of Labrusca (Concord) parentage.

Buncu: fairly compact, with small shoulder.

Berry: round; color pale green, turning golden yellow; flesh pulpy, but tender
and fairly juicy; flavor sweet, somewhat foxy; drops from stem after gathering.

QuaLity: dessert fair.

VaLuE: home market second class; distant market third class.

Srason: about a week later than Concord.

212 REPORT ON THE No. 24

REQUA. (Rogers’ 28).

A fine table grape, supposed to be too late for Canada, but ripening well in the
Niagara district, a sample of the kind of grape which should be grown for export,
out the vine is scarcely productive enough to be profitable.

ea

fe

Reova.

Ortein: EH. S. Rogers, Salem, Mass.; a hybrid between the Wild Labrusca, or
Mammoth Fox grape, of Massachusetts, and a Muropean variety. Mr. Rogers produced
his seedlings in 1856. and at first introduced them by their numbers only.

i Vine: fairly vigorous and moderately productive. .

Buncu: large, shouldered, moderately compact, but somewhat poor.

Berry: large, round; skin thin, wine color with thick bluish bloom ; pulp tender
juicy; flavor sweet, sprightly; seeds two or three, of medium size. :

Quauiry: dessert very good.

VaLuE: first class for home or foreign market.

Season: very late.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 213

SALEM.

One of the finest flavored of Rogers’ hybrids; worthy of a place in the home

garden

Origin: a hybrid between a native, the Wild Mammoth, fertilized by the Black
Hamburg; raised by E. S. Rogers, Salem, Mass.

VINE: vigorous; productive; subject to black rot; foliage large, strong.
Buncu: medium size; compact; shouldered.

Berry: size large; form round; color chestnut red, with blue bloom; skin thick;

seeds two, large.

Fuesa: texture fairly tender, free from hard pulp, juicy: flavor sweet, vinous,

sprightly, aromatic.
Quatity: dessert good.
VaLuE: not profitable for Ontario fruit growers

Season: about with the Delaware.

TRANSPARENT.

Valuable in Ontario only as a wine grape.

Ortcin: seedling of Taylor, by Jacob Rommell, of Missouri.
Vine: vigorous, productive, free from mildew and rot.
Buncu: compact, shouldered.

Berry: firm, round; color, pale greenish yellow, transparent. with thin grey

bloom; skin thin; pulp tender, juicy; flavor fine and sweet.
Season: medium.

ApAPTATION: southern sections of the Province.

21

REPORT ON THE

No. 24

VERGENNES.

The leading grape for winter use; may be kept in a cool cellar until spring.

VERGENNES.

WOODRUFF.

Origin: Vergennes, Vermont;
introduced about 1880.

Vine: vigorous; healthy; pro-

ductive.
BuncH: medium ; slightly
shouldered; rather compact.

Berry: large; oval, persistent;
color ight amber to red with grey-
ish bloom.

FiesuH: color greenish;

pulp

tender; fairly juicy; flavor rich,

pleasant, vinous.

Quatity: dessert fair; wine

good.

Vaiue: market, second class in
autumn, but more valuable in win-
ter and spring.

Season: late, keeping all win-

(Woodruff's Red).

An attractive red grape, which promises to be valuable.
Orterw: C. H. Woodruff, Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1874; a chance seedling thought to
a cross between Catawba and Concord.

VINE:
Buncu:

good size; shouldered ; compact.

vigorous, hardy, productive; somewhat subject to black rot.

Berry: large; round; red with thin bloom; does not crack.

Quanity: dessert good.
Vantur: market first class.
Stason: about the same as Concord.

WYOMING.

(Vyoming Red).

An attractive early market grape; vipens before Delaware.

ORIGIN :

Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania.

Vine: healthy; vigorous; hardy and fairly productive.

BuncH:
Berry:

small; compact; attractive.
size medium; color very bright red.

Inesu: texture tender, juicy; flavor sweet.

QUALITY :
VALUE:
SpAson:

dessert fair.

market first class.

medium.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 215

WILDER. (Rogers’ 4).

Considered in many parts of Ontario the best black grape; but it is not so produe-
tive as Concord, nor ag resistant of mildew.

Origin: a seedling raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Massachusetts, and named in
TORO of Marshall P. Wilder, the late president of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society.

VINE: vigorous; somewhat inclined to mildew in unfavorable seasons; but otherwise
healthy; canes heavy and long, should have long pruning.

WILDER.

Benen: self sterile; medium size; compact, with a small shoulder.

Berry: large; round; dark purple with slight bloom.

Fresu: texture fairly tender, juicy, somewhat pulpy; flavor rich, sweet, pleasant.
Quanity: dessert very good.

Vatvue: market first class.

Season: medium.

216 REPORT ON THE No. 24

WINCHELL. (Green Mountain).

The best white grape of its season for the dessert: table. Not much planted for
market.

Oricin: Green Mountains of Vermont, by a Mr. Winchell, after whom it has been
very properly named; but among fruit growers the name Green Mountain has the
preference.

Vine: hardy, healthy, only fairly vigorous and fairly productive.

BuncH: compact; well shouldered.

WINCHELL.

Berry: color greenish white; size medium; skin thin; pulp tender; flavor sweet
and excellent; seeds few and small.

Quauity: dessert, good.

Vauvue: market second class.

Season: early.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 217

WORDEN.

The vines of the Worden are almost identical in character and appearance with its
parent, the Concord.

When first introduced it was thought to be superior to that variety for the main
crop, but it has proved to be so only in its earliness, ripening 2 few days in advance.

Oric1n: S. Worden, Minnettoo, N. Y., from Concord seed.

Vine: strong, vigorous grower, with coarse stout foliage, dark green above, rusty
underneath; very hardy, healthy and very productive

WorRDEN.

Buncu: large, compact, shouldered.

Berry: large, black; skin tender. thin, with heavy bloom, cracks easily; flesh sweet
when well ripened ; pulp tender, and loses flavor soon after ripening; a poor keeper.

Quauity: fair for dessert purposes.

VaLvE: near market first class; berries too loose on stem for long shipments.

Season: early.

ApapTaTIon: well suited to the northern sections because of its early ripening.

3. Bush Fruits.

In Bush Fruits are included the Blackberry, Currant, Gooseberry, and
Raspberry. These fruits, while not being of quite so much importance from a
commercial standpoint as the tree fruits, are grown and consumed in very
large quantities in Ontario, and as they are used in many ways by house-
keepers there will always be a demand for them. They can be grown between
the tree fruits to advantage while the latter are young and hence often aug-
ment the revenue of the fruit grower materially before the tree fruits come into
full bearing.

Some idea of the large quantities of bush fruits which are grown will be
obtained from the Dominion census statistics for 1901, where it is stated that
there were at that time 8,116 acres devoted to small fruits in Ontario, on which
were produced about 16,000,000 quarts valued at $811,000.00. The strawberry
is included in the above estimate. The present area devoted to small fruits
is estimated at 10,000 acres.

THE BLACKBERRY.

The blackberry is not grown so largely in Ontario as it might be. It is
one of the most profitable fruits to grow where it succeeds well, but as the
crop is rather uncertain except in southern Ontario and in localities farther
north where it is protected by a deep snow fall, its range of successful culture
is somewhat limited. Where there is not danger of winter killing, a well
drained clay loam is probably the best for the blackberry, as it is cooler and
more retentive of moisture than lighter soils. The blackberry must have plenty
of soil moisture when the fruit is ripening, otherwise but little of the crop will
develop. Further north, where hardiness is of greater consideration than con-
servation of moisture, the poorer and warmer soils are preferred, as the black-
berry on these soils does not make as rampant a growth and hence ripens its
wood better.

The blackberry may be planted in late fall or early in the spring. If
planted too early in the fall young growth may start which is likely to be
winter killed. The soil should be well prepared and the plants set a little
deeper than they were in the nursery, in rows about eight feet apart and three
feet apart in the rows. Some growers prefer planting them in hills seven or
eight feet apart each way, thus finding them easier to control. Larger fruit is
so produced as they can be kept cultivated both ways. Summer pruning is
important with the blackberry, as the lower the canes can be kept the better
they are likely to come through the winter, and the easier they are to handle.
Summer pruning consists in merely pinching back the young growth to within
about eighteen inches of the ground, after which side shoots will be thrown
out. It is better to err on the side of low pinching than to let the canes get
too tall. This summer pruning may, if delayed, cause late growth which will
not ripen; hence it should be done in time or not at all. In the spring the
laterals should be headed back to within eighteen inches or two feet of the
main canes. Old canes and the weakest of the new ones should be cut out in the
fall or early in the spring each year. There will be a light crop of fruit the second
vear and a full crop the third year. Four or five full crops are about as much
as should be taken from one plantation.

2183)

1905 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 219

; Blackberries should not be picked until they are ripe. This fruit will never
increase in popularity if fruit growers persist in marketing green blackberries, as
they are quite unpalatable, whereas the ripe fruit has a fine flavor.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE BoarpD oF CONTROL.

Agawam, Snyder, Eldorado, and for southern sections, Kittatinny.

District Lists, RECOMMENDED BY THE HXPERIMENTERS.
Buwlington District: By A. W. Peart, Burlington, Ont.
Commercial and Domestic: Snyder, Briton, Triumph, Agawam, Taylor.
Lake Simcoe District: By G. C. Caston, Craighurst, Ont.

Commercial and Domestic: Agawam, Eldorado.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

AGAWAM.

A profitable variety, and a favorite for the table.

Or1ein: found growing wild by John Perkins, Ipswich, Mass., about 1870.

Pranr: hardy, vigorous and productive, resistive of drouth.

Berry: oblong, medium size, black, sweet, tender and of good flavor.

SEason: early. :

ADAPTATION: succeeds in nearly all fruit sections; one of the hardiest varieties.
and therefore planted in Northern sections in preference to Wittatinny.

AGAWAM.

220 REPORT ON THE No. 24

BRITON. (Ancient Briton).

Counted one of the best varieties where it succeeds; it is a special favorite with
fruit growers in Wisconsin, in which State it originated.

Orntain: a Wisconsin seedling found by A. H. Briton; first mentioned in the
Report of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society, 1869.

Prant: hardy, vigorous and fairly productive. Budd in his ‘‘Systematic Pomology,’”
speaks of it as one of the hardiest varieties yet tested.

Briton.

Perry: medium to large; form oblong, conical; texture, melting; flavor very

pleasant.

Season: medium.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 221

ELDORADO.

*A hardy and productive variety.
OriciIn: accidental seedling near Preble, Ohio, about 1882.
Busu: a strong, vigorous grower; healthy; hardy; moderately productive.

Exporapo.

Berry: medium to large; oblong, conical, irregular; drupes large; seeds and core
small; flavor sprightly, pleasant.

Quauity: table very good.
VatuEe: market first class.
Szason: early.

ERIE.

A variety much like the old Lawton; has not become popular in the commercial
plantations of Ontario.

Origin: Ohio, on the farm of L. B. Pierce, who thinks it is a cross between
Lawton and Kittatinny; introduced by J. T. Lovett in 1886.

Busu: fairly vigorous; fairly hardy; productive.

Berry : form roundish, oblong; size, medium; color black ; flavor fairly good.
Quvatity: cooking good.

VaLvuE: market second class.

Season: medium.

222 REPORTCON! di Elk No. 24

KITTATINNY.

This has been the favorite blackberry in Ontario for both home use and market.
Unfortunately, it is subject to Orange Rust, for which as yet there is no certain remedy,
and in some places fruit growers have given up this variety on account of it.

Oricin: Kittatinny Mountains, N. “J.; found growing wild by a Mr. Woolverton
in 1874, but not much disseminated until many years later.

Puant: very vigorous, but tender outside of the peach belt; productive; propagated
by suckers and by root cuttings.

Berry: large, oblong, slightly conical; shiny black when ripe, becoming gradually
duller after gathering; flesh moderately firm, sweet, rich and excellent.

Qvuatity: good for dessert; very good for cooking.

Vatue: first class for home market.

Season: medium to late.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 223

LAWTON.

A variety that has done much to popularize the blackberry as a market fruit, but
now supplanted by other and better kinds. In some markets all varieties of black-
berries go under the name of Lawton.

Origin: introduced by Wm. Lawton, of New Rochelle, N. Y., in 1848.

BusuH: vigorous; hardy; productive; canes very spiny.

Berry: large; oblong; color jet black when fully ripe, but if gathered sooner it
is reddish; texture soft and juicy at full maturity, otherwise it has a hard core, and
is sour and insipid; flavor sweet and excellent when quite ripe, but in this condition
rather soft for shipment.

Quauity: cooking good.

VALUE: market second class.

Season: medium.

MINNEWASKT.

Introduced with great flourish, but it has proved disappointing, except in the
place of origin, because tender and unproductive.

Origin: by A. J. Caywood, of Marlboro, N. Y.

Pranr: a stout, vigorous, upright grower, but unproductive and tender.

Berry: large, oblong, dull in color, and of fair quality.

Season: medium.

OHMER.

An excellent late blackberry, for home use and for market.

Oricin: a chance seedling found by N. Ohmer, of Ohio.

BusuH: vigorous; spreading; very productive.

Froir: roundish; black; large; firm without core; juicy; flavor mild, pleasant-
QuaLiry: second rate.

VaLuge: market first class.

SrEason: medium.

SNYDER.

A popular variety in the commer-
cial fruit garden, because of its pro-
ductiveness; very reliable in the
colder sections, but not desirable for
the table because of its inferior qual-
ity.

Origin: on farm of Henry Snv-
der, near Laporte, Indiana, about

the year 1851.

Pant: a vigorous, stout, upright

grower, hardy and very productive.

Berry: medium = size, roundish.

firm and carries well.

Srason: medinm.

SNYDER.

224 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

TAYLOR. (Taylor's Prolific).

A valuable commercial berry for colder sections, its season being later than Snyder.
OrteIn: introduced by Mr. Taylor, of Spiceland, Indiana, about the year 1867.
Busy: hardy, vigorous and productive.

TAYLOR.

Berry: large; roundish oblong; texture soft, juicy; flavor rich, moderately sweet.
Srason: medium to late.

TRIUMPH. (Western Triumph).

A good market berry, if grown on favorable soil.

Origin: a chance seedling, found in Illinois, on the prairie, in 1858.

BusH: moderately vigorous; very productive, inclined to overbear; requires moist
bottom and close pruning for best results; semi-hardy.

Berry: size medium; form roundish oblong; drupelets coarse; flavor sprightly
rich and sweet, without core. = :

Qvuauity: fair.

Vatue: market first class

Srason: medium to late.

WACHUSETT.

This blackberry was first introduced as Wachusett’s Thornless, on account of its
comparative freedom from spines. This, however, is the chief point in its favor, as
the plant is not productive enough to be of value to the Ontario fruit grower.

Onicgin: a wild plant on Monadnock Mountain, Massachusetts.

Busy: a slow grower, at first upright, afterward drooping; healthy, not very pro-
ductive; spines few; fruit clusters few. ; ‘

Berry: size medium; form roundish, moderately firm, of good quality.
of good quality. i

Vatur: market second class.

Srason: early to medium.

THE CURRANT.

The currant is a very hardy fruit and for this reason can be grown with suc-
cess all over the Province of Ontario, and as fair results are obtained without high
culture, almost everyone who has a garden grows currants. Like all other fruits,
however, the currant becomes most profitable when it is given good care.

The currant is a moisture loving fruit, hence for profit it should be planted in
a cool, moist, but well drained soil. It also requires rich soil, hence as a rule the
best is a good clay loam which is retentive of moisture and cooler than sandy
loam. The soil should be thoroughly prepared for currants before planting. One
year old plants from cuttings if strong will give good satisfaction, although two
year old plants are not too old. They should be planted in rows about six feet
apart, and from four to five feet apart in the rows, the wide distance being more
satisfactory for the strong growing varieties and especially black currants. Fall
planting is best for currants, as the buds start very early in the spring and
should these develop before they can be planted, their future growth will
be checked. Then can, however, be planted in the spring with success. The
plants should be set a little deeper than they were in the nursery, and the soil
well pressed against the roots. Thorough cultivation should follow to promote
as much growth as possible, but it should be shallow, as the currant roots are
near the surface. The following spring the currants will need some pruning to
give them a shapely open head, the bush when well shaped having from five to
seven main branches well distributed to avoid crowding. The fruit of red cur-
rants is formed from spurs on wood two years old, while the fruit of black cur-
rants is borne on wood of the previous year. Currants should be pruned annually
to get the best results.

After the bushes are in full bearing, the pruning should be done with the
object of removing some of the young and some of the older wood from the ground
each year. There should be no wood more than three years old left on black
currant bushes, as the object is to keep up a strong growth of young wood. It
is also not well to let the wood of red currants get very old, as the finest fruit
is produced on the two and three year old wood.

The currant plantation will begin to give some fruit the third season, but a
full crop will not be obtained until the fourth.

As the currant is a great feeder, drawing heavily on the fertility of the soil,
the plantation should receive an annual dressing of barnyard manure or some
other fertilizer. Rotten manure applied in the autumn and cultivated in the next
spring gives very good results. Applications of wood ashes or muriate of potash
and ground bones are also beneficial.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.
GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE Boarp oF ContTROL.

Black: Black Victoria, Champion, Lee, Naples, Saunders.
Red: Cherry, Fay, Pomona, Red Cross, Victoria, Wilder.
White: White Grape.

Districr Lists, RECOMMENDED BY THE HWXPERIMENTERS.
Burlington District: By A. W. Peart, Burlington, Ont.

Commercial: Black: Lee, Naples, Saunders.
Red: Cherry, Fay, North Star, Prince Albert, Victoria, Wilder.
White: White Grape.

Lake Huron District: By A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton, Ont.
Black: Champion, Naples, Saunders.
Red: Pomona, Red Cross.
[ 225 J
15 F.O.

226 REPORT ON THE No. 24

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

BLACK VICTORIA.

BusH: upright, of medium
vigor, healthy, hardy and produc-

tive.

>

Berry: large, black, firm,

sweet.
Quanity: fine.

Srason: medium.

Buack Vicroria.

BRAYLEY.

Busu: upright, spreading, vigorous, healthy, hardy; not very productive.
Buncu: long, straggling, loose.

Berry: dark red in color; size medium; flavor acid, sprightly.

Season: medium.

CHERRY. (Red Imperial, Fertile d@ Angers of LeRoy).

The principal red currant grown
in Southern Ontario for commercial
purposes. Its large size, fine color and
earliness, combine to make it the most
satisfactory of all varieties for market.
and many acres have been set out
for this purpose. When well culti-
vated and well pruned back, a planta-
tion of Cherry currants will continue
very productive for at least twelve or
fifteen years.

Ortcin: Italy; introduced into
the United States in 1846.

Puant: vigorous, a stout stocky
grower; very productive; begins bear-
ing the second year after planting;
foliage thick, dark green.

Boncu: usually short, but some-
times long and tapering, compact.

Berry: very large, globular;
bright red in color; flavor subacid;
texture firm.

Quauity: fair

Vatue: first class for market and
for jellies.

CHERRY.

Srason: medium to late.
Apapration: general, but succeeds better on clay loam than upon light sand.
[5a F.O.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 227

CHATAUQUA.

Oriein: New York State.

Puant: vigorous; very productive.

Bunouw: long; compact.

Fruit: deep, bright red; about size of the Cherry currant; flavor acid.
Quatity: good.

Vatur: market first class.

Season: medium.

CRANDALL.

This interesting currant is of very doubtful value for the currant plantation, for
canning. It is of the Ribes aureum type, or flowering currant, and was produced
from seed of that variety by Mr. Crandall.

Oriein: Kansas.

Busu: upright, spreading, hardy, healthy, vigorous, rampant and moderately pro-
ductive.

Buncu: short, compact.

Berry: variable in size; bluish black; skin thick; flavor sprightly, sub-acid.

Season: medium to late; ripens unevenly, some of the later berries hanging until
frost.

FAY. (Pays Prolific).

A variety that has been much ad-
rertised as superior to the Cherry,
but, as a matter of fact, is very sim-
ilar in fruit and in productiveness.

Origin: New York State.

BusH: vigorous, but sprawling,
and somewhat subject to the borer
where the shoots are not frequently
renewed; productive.

BuncH: moderately close, loose
toward the base.

Berry: very large, globular;
bright red; firm; flavor subacid.

QuaLity: good.

Vatue: first class for market.

Stason: medium to late.

Fay.

228 REPORT ON

No. 24

HOLLAND. (White Holland, Long Bunched Holland).

The best bunched and the most showy of the white currants.

BusH: vigorous, healthy and quite productive.
Buncu: loose at base of racemes, close toward apex.

Berry: globular; skin thick, white; flavor mild acid.

Season: medium.

Lee.

LONDON. (London Market).

A good commercial

variety.
OrieiIn: England.

Busu: moderately vig-
orous, healthy, hardy and
moderately productive.

Berry: black, very
large; flavor sub-acid;

quality, very good.

SEason: medium.

One of the most promising of the new varieties for all purposes.

Oricin: England.

Busu: very vigorous, healthy, very productive.

BuncH: comparatively compact.
Berry: color red; quality fair.

VaLvuE: very good for both kitchen and market.

Season: medium.

MIDDLESEX. (Saunders’ 12).

Origin: with Dr. Saunders, Ottawa, Canada.

Busu: very vigorous, healthy, very productive.

BuncH: compact.

Berry: round; skin jet black, thick; flavor good.

Vatue: first class for cooking and market.

SEAsonN: medium.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 229

NAPLES.

One of the best market varieties of
black currants.

Oriqin: Europe.

BusH: upright, strong, vigorous,
hardy, healthy and very productive.

Berry: large, black, sub-acid.
QuaLity: good.

SrEAson: medium to late.

Naples.

NORTH STAR.

Origin: Minnesota.

BusH: vigorous, healthy, moderately

productive.
Buncw: compact.

Berry: round; skin thin, bright red;

sub-acid.
Quatity: cooking very good.

VaLUE: second class on account of size,
but, season and productiveness considered,

it might be rated first class.

Season: medium to late.

Norta Star.

230 REPORT ON THE

PRINCE ALBERT.

One of the most profitable red currants; excellent for canning.

Prince ALBERT.

RED CROSS.

Very much resembles Cherry, but

somewhat poorer in bunch.

Orrein: New York State, probably
a cross between the Cherry and the
White Grape.

Busu: upright; vigorous; hardy;

fairly productive.
BuncH: compact.

Berry: round; color bright red;

flavor fairly good, agreeably acid.

Srason: medium.

BusH: a poor grower
while young, but as it grows
older quite vigorous and pro-
ductive. Beach, of Geneva,
N. Y., in a three years’ test
found this the most produc-
tive currant in his collection,
yielding, during that period,
an average of about nine
pounds per bush; leaves large
and deeply cut.

Buncu: short to medium
length.

Berry: size medium;
color light red; flavor very
acid.

Quatity: first class for
cooking or jelly.

VaLuE: narket first class.

Season: late.

Rep Cross.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 231

RED DUTCH.

Too small for the commercial plantation; fine flavor for dessert.
Oriein: Europe.

Busu: dwarfish, slender; hardy; very productive.

BuncH: medium; loose.

Berry: small, oblate, sprightly, sub-acid, pleasant.

VatuE: second class for market.

SrEAson: medium.

ST. GILES. (Belle de St. Giles).

This is a large berry of fine quality, but not productive enough for the commercial
clantation.

Orrtein: Europe.

BusH: upright, spreading; vigor medium; hardy, not very productive.

Buncw: large and compact.

Berry: red, large, subacid.

QuaLity: excellent.

Season: medium.

SAUNDERS.

A very promising black currant.
Orite1n: London, Ontario, by Dn. Wm. Saunders.
BusH: vigorous; hardy; healthy; productive.

SAUNDERS.

Berry: large; black; flavor sweetish or subacid.
Quauity: very good.

Vatuse: market first class

Season: medium.

: 282 REPORT ON THE No. 24

VICTORIA.

A good commercial variety.

Origin: England.

BusH: very vigorous; hardy; very

productive.

Buncu: long, loose.

Berry: medium; color red; firm:

flavor acid.

Vauue: market first class.

Season: medium.

Vicrorta.
VERSAILLAISE.
This variety closely resembles Cherry.
Gaae France.

Busw: healthy, hardy, fairly vigorous and
fairly productive.

Buncu: medium and mederately compact.

Perry: round; bright red; flavor milder than
that of the Cherry.

VaLvuE: market first class.

VERSAILLAISE. Season: medium to late.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 233

WHITE GRAPE. (White Antwerp; White Transparent).
This is esteemed the finest of all the white currants, when its many good points

are taken into consideration, viz., quality, beauty and productiveness. For market,

its white color is against it, but for the home garden it is one of the best.

Origin: Europe.

BusH: moderately vigorous; hardy; very productive.

Wuite Grace.

Buncu: somewhat straggling.

Berry: skin white, transparent; flavor mild acid, sprightly, agreeable.
Quatity: best for dessert.

Vatue: first class for market.

SEason: medium.

234 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

No. 24

WHITE IMPERIAL.

Busu: vigorous, hardy, healthy and fairly productive
Buncu: loose, with half an inch of stem.
Berry: white; flavor mild; quality fine.

QuaLity: dessert very good.

Season: medium.

has given an

cord at our

recommended

ORIGIN :

der.

Buncu:

uneven; mild

good quality.

market.

SEASON:

WILDER

WILDER.

This is one of the best
of the red currants and

excellent re-

Burlington

station. It is highly,

in 2 ‘fe-

cent report of the Amer-

ican Pomological Society.

New York

State, named in honor of
the late Marshall P. Wil-

Busn: healthy, hardy

and very productve.

compact.

Berry: dull red; form

in flavor; of

Vatue: first class for

medium.

THE GOOSEBERRY.

The gooseberry and the currant are the two hardiest bush fruits which are
cultivated, and the gooseberry, like the currant, succeeds in all parts of the Pro-
vince, although the hardy gooseberries are confined to the varieties derived from
the native species and to crosses between the native and the European. The
European varieties are only grown successfully in favored locations as in most
places they are very subject to mildew.

The gooseberry, like the currant, requires a cool, moist, though well drained
soil to give the best results, and suffers more than almost any other fruit in a
dry time. These cool, moist conditions are best obtained as a rule by planting
in a well drained friable clay loam. The soil should be thoroughly prepared, as
although the gooseberry will give a fine crop of fruit, even if not well cared for,
the size will be small. Gooseberries may be planted with success either in spring
or fall, but fall planting is preferable, as growth begins early and plants usually
receive a severe check if planted in the spring.

A good distance for planting is six by four or five feet. As gooseberries and
currants are usually planted together, it is best to give them both the same dis-
tance so that cultivation will be easier. The soil should be well cultivated every
year to retain moisture. As the gooseberry makes much more wood each year
than is needed, annual pruning is necessary.

The pruning should be begun before growth starts the second year, and
with the object of obtaining an open bush having four or five main fruiting
branches well distributed. The annual pruning should consist of removing most
of the young branches, leaving a few of the best to take the place of some of the
older ones later on and removing enough of the laterals to open up the head.

The gooseberry produces its fruit on spurs on wood two or more years old,
hence there should always be a fair amount of this wood. Wood more than three
years old should be removed to give place to that which is younger and which
will bear better fruit.

The soil should be well fertilized and treated in this respect much like the
currant.

The bushes will bear some fruit in the third season and should have a full
crop in the fourth.

Although in England and Europe ripe gooseberries are highly esteemed, few
of them are eaten raw in Ontario, hence this fruit is usually picked green and
used for sauce, canning and pies. Being firm, it ships well and is usually a pro-
fitable crop.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE BoARD or CoNnTROL.

Pearl, Downing. Red Jacket. Whitesmith is one of the best English varieties,
but is almost valueless on some soils and in some localities owing to mildew.

[ 235 J

236 REPORT ON THE No. 24

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

CHAMPION.

A valuable variety for market in green condition.

Ortein: at Salem, Oregon.

PLanT: very vigorous; of easy cultivation; fairly productive.

Berry: size about equal to that of Downing; form round oval; skin greenish
yellow, thin, tender; flavor fair.

Quatity: fair.

VaLuE: market second class.

SEAson: early.

CROWN BOB.

A profitable gooseberry.

Busu: inclined to overbear, and thus exhaust its vitality; drooping in habit.

Berry: oblong, very large, especially if thinned before it is full grown; skin thin,
hairy; color red; of very good flavor, but being an English variety is subject to mil-
dew.

Season: early.

DOWNING.

This has been the most popular gooseberry of American origin for some years,
unless we except the Pearl, a variety of Canadian origin, very similar in size and
appearance. It is very widely known
and planted all over the continent of
North Amercia. It is not subject to
mildew, and succeeds splendidly every-
where.

Origin: by Chas. Downing, New-
burgh, N. Y.; a seedling of Houghton.

Puant: first rate in health and vigor
and productiveness; an upright grower.

Fruit: size medium; form round,
often somewhat narrowed toward apex;
skin smooth, transparent green with dis-
tinct light green ribs, and a thin whitish
bloom.

Firsu: light green; tender; sweet
and good.

VaLueE: for market first class.

Srason: medium.

Downine. (slightly reduced).

KEEPSAKE.

A very good commercial gooseberry, which succeeds in many parts of Ontario.

Ornicin: England.

BusH: vigorous; productive; very litle subject to mildew.

Berry: medium to large; form nearly round; color greenish white; skin smooth;
flavur sweetish.

QuaLity: very good.

Vatur: market first class.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 237

PEARL.

The Pearl gooseberry has been widely planted in the commercial gardens of Can-
uda and the United States. It is certainly a magnificent cropper, but it is very
difficult indeed to distinguish the berry from the Downing, except that it averages

a trifle larger.

Origin: London, Ont-
ario, by Mr. Saunders; a
cross between Houghton

and Red Warrington.

Puant: healthy, not
subject to mildew; up-
right, spreading; first rate
in vigor and in produc-

tiveness.

Fruit: medium,
round, often narrowing
-toward apex; skin smooth,
transparent green, with
thin whitish bloom and

light green ribs.

Fresu: light green,

tender, sweet and good.

Vatve: market very
much the same as Down-

ing.

Srason: medium.

238 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

RED JACKET. (Josselyn).

One of the best gooseberries for the Ontario fruit grower, either for home use or
for market.

=

Oricin: at London, Ont., by

Dr. Wm. Saunders.

Prant: an excellent grower;
free from mildew; almost equal to

Pearl in productiveness.

Berry: form round oval; color
reddish green, shading into red;
skin smooth and transparent, rather

tender; texture juicy; flavor rich.
Quatity: cocking very good.
VatuEe: market first class.

Szason: medium.

Rep Jacket.

WHITESMITH.

One of the best of the English varieties for cultivation in Ontario; succeeds on
clay land, with northern aspect. On the sandy soil of the Niagara district it is
much affected by mildew.

Origin: England.

Puant: upright, fairly productive, fairly vigorous.

Fruit: large, oval, downy, with distinct regular veins: green, and when ripe
sweet and agreeable.

Quatity: very good for home uses.

Vatur: first class for market.

Season: early.

THE RASPBERRY.

Next to the strawberry, the raspberry is the most popular bush fruit grown
in Ontario, and as it follows the former in season the consumer is well supplied
with these two fruits most of the summer. The raspberry being a native of On-
tario, is hardy in almost all parts of the Province, hence it is cultivated over a
very wide area.

Like the other bush fruits, the raspberry does best when grown in a cool,
moist, but well drained soil. While this soil should be of good quality, if it is
very rich in nitrogen the growth may be too rank and in some localities the canes
on this account are more liable to winter injury. The best success is usually
obtained with a good clay loam, although the raspberry will do fairly well in
most kinds of soil. The preparation of the land should be the same as for other
bush fruits. The plants may be set either in fall or spring, although if young
growing suckers are used they may be planted successfully any time in the early
part of the summer where the soil is moist. Red raspberries are usually planted
in rows six feet apart with the plants three feet apart in the rows, although they
may be cultivated longer and better if grown in hills about five feet each way,
and for the amateur this is the best way to grow them. The cultivation of the
raspberry should be thorough to retain moisture, as in the fruiting season a good
supply of moisture is very important. Some growers prefer pinching back the
canes in summer when they are from eighteen inches to two feet in height, be-
lieving that they get a better crop by so doing, but this system is not recommended
as it has been found by experiments that red raspberries succeed better when the
growth is not headed back in summer. Sometimes, also, the pinching is delayed
and the laterals which are made do not ripen thoroughly and the canes are in-
jured by winter. It is best to let the canes make full growth in summer and if
they are very tall they may be headed back to three or four feet in height before
growth begins in the spring. Black raspberries are planted most successfully in the
spring. They should be set rather shallow, as if planted deep they will not grow.
Stockier plants will be obtained if the plants are set in a furrow and lightly cov-
ered with soil, applying more soil as the plants grow until the field is level.
Pinching back in summer is a good practice with black raspberries, as it makes
the plants stockier and better able to withstand storms. The thinning out of
the canes may be done in fall or spring. Seven or eight of the strong canes of
red raspberries to a hill and three or four of black raspberries are sufficient to
leave. If the raspberries are grown in a hedge row the weakest canes should be
removed, leaving those which are to fruit about six inches apart. The rasp-
berry plantation should be kept well supplied with plant food, but a too liberal
use of nitrogenous fertilizers, as previously stated, should be avoided.

In the colder parts of the country it is a very good practice to bend the canes
down in the fall for better protection in winter, the canes being held in place by
covering the tips with soil. By adopting this plan serious winter injury rarely
occurs. .

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

GENERAL List, APPROVED BY THE BoarpD oF CONTROL.

Black: Hilborn, Older, Gregg, Smith Giant.

Purple: Columbian, Shaffer.

Red: Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert.

White: Golden Queen.

District Lists, RECOMMENDED BY THE EXPERIMENTERS.
Lake Huron District: By A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton, Ont.

Commercial and Domestic:

Black: Hilborn, Conrath, Older.

Purple: Columbian, Shaffer.

Red: Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert.

[ 239 ]

240 REPORT ON THE * No. 24

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

CAROLINE.
A very productive variety, but of little use for market because too soft for ship-

ping, and not in favor for home use because of its ordinary quality.
. Oriein: at New Rochelle, N. Y., by S. P. Carpenter; supposed seedling of Brinckle’s
range. 7

Fruit: medium size; form round; color pinkish yellow; seeds small, close, easily
parted from each other and from stalk; flesh juicy, sweet, lacking in flavor.

Quauity: only fair for all purposes.

VatueE: second class for market.

Season: early.

CONRATH.
One of the best blackcaps for profit.

Orie1n: Michigan, in 1886; a chance
seedling near Ann Arbor; introduced by

Conrath Bros.

’ BusH: vigorous, healthy, productive,

resistant to drouth.
Berry: large; firm; black.

Quatiry: good for either cooking or

dessert.
Vauue: for market very good.
Season: early.

ADAPTATION: succeeds well at our
Lake Huron station. Highly recommend-
ed in Catalogue of American Pomological
Society for Ontario. Michigan and New

York.

Conratu (slightly reduced).

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 241

COLUMBIAN.

' Valuable for cooking, canning and table use; but not popular in color as a market
erry.

Origin: a supposed seedling of Cuthbert, crossed with Gregg, at Oneida, N. Y.

Puant: a strong, vigorous grower; very productive.

Berry: size large; color purple; texture fairly firm, moderately juicy; flavor
nearly sweet.

Quauity: very good for cooking; fair for dessert.

VatuE: market second class.

Season: medium.

CUTHBERT. (Queen of the Market).

Previous to the introduction of the Cuthbert, many varieties of raspberries were
grown for profit, such as Turner, Philadelphia, Highland Hardy, etc., but these have
given place entirely and are heard of no longer. So prolific has this variety proved
itself that acres have been planted by fruit growers throughout Ontario, and immense
quantities of its fine fruit sent into our best markets. A favorite for canning factories.

CurHBERT.

Origin: chance seedling in the garden of Thomas Cuthbert, Riverdale, N. Y.

Puant: vigorous, canes strong, often six feet high or more on rich sandy loam
not too dry; sometimes branching; very productive; spines short, stout, numerous;
suckers almost too freely and young growth needs to be kept within bounds.

Fruir: large; color bright crimson; form conical, obtuse at apex; seeds small,
compact, part easily from stalk when very ripe; flesh firm, fairly juicy, sweet, agree-
able.

Season: medium. :

Quatiry: very good for cooking; good for dessert.

Vauve: first class for market.

16 F. 0.

242

REPORT ON THE No. 24

A promising black cap.

CUMBERLAND.

Origin: by David Miller, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, in 1896.

PuantT: vigorous; productive.

Berry: size very large; form oval; color black; texture firm; flavor very pleasant.

Quatity: dessert or cooking very good.

VALUE:

market first class.

SEason: early.

GOLDEN QUEEN.

A good yellow variety; not grown for market, the red colored varieties being more

in demand.

16a F.0.

GoLDEN QUEEN.

Ortein: New Jersey; a sport

of the Cuthbert; 1883.

Bush: vigorous; very pro-

ductive; hardy.

Berry: medium to large ;
roundish conical; color rich golden

yellow; similar to Cuthbert except

in color.
Fussy: tender; juicy; sweet.

QuaLity: dessert good; cook-

ing good,
Vatup: market second class.

Srason: medium.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 948

GREGG.
One of the best late blackcaps for market purposes; an excellent shipper and also
much valued for evaporating.
OricIn: on the Gregg farm, Ohio County, In-

diana, in 1866.

PuLant: vigorous; fairly hardy; canes upright,
clean and smooth, rather difficult of propagation;

very productive.

Berry: size large; color black with grey bloom;
texture firm, moderately juicy; flavor sweet.

Season: late.

HERBERT.

A valuable red raspberry for the commercial
plantation ; combining the good qualities,
hardiness, productiveness and earliness.

Origin: a chance seedling in the garden of
Mr. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, about the year 1890;
introduced by the Renfrew Nursery Company.

Brsn: hardy, enduring the cold winters at
Ottawa with a temperature of 30 below zero ;
vigorous ; about equal to Cuthbert ; productive.

Berry: large; color bright red ; form, some-
what oblong; texture a little tender, juicy ;
flavor sweet and excellent.

Quauity : very good for all purposes.

Vatue: market, first class.

Season : earlier than Cuthbert. HERBERT.

244 REPORT ON THE No. 24

HILBORN.

A favorite blackcap for market in some localities.

Origin: a chance seedling, intro-
duced by W. W. Hilborn, of Leaming-
ton, Ontario, in 1886.

Busu: hardy; vigorous; productive.

Fruit: medium to large, about the
size of Gregg; color black; texture firm,

juicy; flavor rich and good.

Quauity: first class for dessert or

cooking.
Vatur: market first class.

Season: early.

HILBORN.

KANSAS.

One of the newer blackcaps.

Ortern: chance seedling in Kansas, U. S., about 1884.

Bus: vigorous; very thorny ; propagation easy; tender in Lake Huron District.
Berry: large; roundish; color shining black.

Fiesu: firm; moderately juicy; flavor mild, pleasant.

Quatity: very good for canning, pies, etc.

Vaxue: market first class.

Srason: medium. a

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 245

LOUDON.

_ A good market variety, the berries being a little larger than Cuthbert, but not
quite equal to it in quality.

OriciIn: raised by F. W. Loudon, of Wisconsin, from seed of Turner crossed with
Cuthbert.

Puant: hardy; very productive; but not very vigorous; canes very slightly
branched, and have strong buds which produce the fruiting branches; pinching back
the tips is therefore not wise.

Berry: size large; form conical; color red, attractive; grains large, inclined to
crumble; texture firm; flavor fair.

Quatity: dessert or cooking fair.

Vauve: first class for market.

Srason: medium.

MARLBORO.

This raspberry has been coming gradually to the front ever since its introduction
about the year 1880. The old Highland Hardy for a while disputed its place as an
early market berry, but the superior size and beauty of tne tormer soon caused the
latter to give place entirely, until Marlboro and Cuthbert have been for many years
the two leading varieties of red ruspberries to cover the season.

Marwzoro.

Puant: fairly vigorous; canes short, stout, upright, without branches; propagated
by suckers; fairly productive.

Berry: round; color light. red; seeds close and firm; flavor mild, pleasant; texture
rather seedy.

Quatity: fairly good.

Vature: market first class.

SEason: early.

MILLER.

A promising berry for near markets.

Oricin: found near Wilmington, Delaware.

Pruant: strong; vigorus; hardy; productive.

Berry: medium; color bright red; texture tender; flavor sweet, pleasant.
QuaLity: very good.

Season: early.

246 REPORT ON THE No. 24

OLDER.

A popular blackcap in Iowa; counted a failure in Michigan; reported upon favor-
ably at our Lake Huron station.

Orrern: a chance seedling in the garden

of Mr. Older, of Independence, Iowa, in 1872.

Puanr: vigorous; hardy at Ottawa, Guelph
and Walkerton; canes of a trailing nature and
need cutting back; endures drouth well; very

productive.

Berry: large; color jet black without
bloom; texture juicy and moderately firm;

flavor pleasant.
Quauity: good.

Season: early to medium.

OLDER.

PHCENIX.

Considered a profitable market variety for some growers, but by others reported
as only moderately, productive.

Ortern: United States.

Busu: fairly vigorous; hardy; not very productive.
Berry: large; red.

QuaLiTty: very good.

Season: medium.

RELIANCE.

A fairly good early table berry; rather soft for shipment; resembles Turner.
Oricin: New Jersey; a seedling of the Philadelphia raspberry.
Busu: healthy; canes strong and vigorous; very productive.

Berry: size medium; color dark red; texture inclined to be soft and juicy ; flavor
sweetish, ordinary.

Quatity: dessert and cooking fair.
Vauue: first class for near market; second class for shipping
Season: early.

1965 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 247

SHAFFER.

On its first introduction the Shaffer created much enthusiasm by reason of its
thrift, productiveness and good quality. It is still considerably grown for canning

purposes, but its color is not a favorite one in the market.

SHAFFER.

Origin: on farm of Mr. Shaffer, Wheatland, N. Y., in 1869; introduced by Chas.
Green, Rochester, in 1881.

Pant: very vigorous; canes grow six or seven feet high, if not pinched back; very
productive; propagates from tips.

Fruir: large; color purple; form roundish; grains large, loose, easily separated

from stalk; flesh very juicy and tender; flavor sweet, rich and very agreeable.
Quatity: very good for cooking; good for dessert.
Vatue: second class for market.

Season: medium.

248 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

SMITH GIANT.

A very promising black raspberry for the commercial plantation.
Origin: with A. M. Smith, St. Catharines, Ont.

Puant: vigorous, fairly hardy and quite productive.

Fruit: very large; black, with heavy bloom.

SmitH GIANT.

Quauity: dessert or cooking very good.
VaLuE: market one of the best.
Season: late. : -

TURNER.
A fine table berry, and valuable for the home garden; a good market berry, but

rather soft for distant shipment.
Ortein: by J. B. Turner, Jacksonville, Illinois.
Puant: very hardy; fairly vigorous, making a good strong cane; productive.
Berry: form roundish conical; size medium; color dark red; texture soft; flavor

sweet, excellent.
QuaLity: dessert or cooking very good.
Vatup: home market first class; distant market second class.

Season: medium.

STRAWBERRY-RASPBERRY.

Considered somewhat valuable for canning, presenting an attractive appearance in
the jar; interesting as a curiosity, but of no commercial value; may become a trouble-

some weed.
Puaxt: easily propagated by suckers and rootstocks ;
scantily productive; stalks grow eighteen inches high and die
down in the fall; fruits on growth of the current season.
Berry: large; color a beautiful bright red; quality poor,
but somewhat improved by cooking.
Vatur: market third class.

Stason: July to September.

STRA WBERRY-RASPBERRY.

4. The Strawberry.

The strawberry is the most popular fruit cultivated in Ontario. This is
doubtless due in part to the intrinsic value of the strawberry itself, which is one
of the most delicious of fruits, but it is believed that the popularity of the straw-
berry comes largely from the fact that it can be grown by almost every one, as,
unlike most fruits, very little land is required to produce sufficient for home con-
sumption.

Strawberries can be grown in all parts of Ontario where the soil is suitable,
hence large quantities are produced and consumed annually, and owing to the
difference in the time of ripening between the southern and northern parts of the
Province, the season is lengthened very much, and furthermore, the strawberries
of one district do not come in such close competition with those from another as
they would do if all ripened at the same time.

Strawberries will succeed on almost any rich well drained soil, but the largest
crops are, it is believed, produced on a friable clay loam which is retentive of
moisture. It is important, however, to avoid planting strawberries where water
is likely to lie at any time, as surface water is very injurious to strawberries,
and if water freezes over strawberries in winter they are almost sure to be killed.

In preparing soil for this fruit, it should be made very rich. There are no
records known where land was made too rich for strawberries. There is nothing
so good as well rotted manure for this purpose. Fresh manure is not so good,
as it usually contains many weed seeds which will germinate after the manure is
applied. The manure should be thoroughly worked into the surface soil early in
the spring, for if this is not well done the soil will dry out, the conservation of
moisture being important in growing strawberries. Strawberries also do well
after clover, which in part takes the place of manure. The best time to set out
the plants is early in the spring. Fall planting is not recommended, as although
there is fair success in wet seasons, in a dry year the plants usually suffer.

When the ground has been marked off into rows about 34 feet apart with
cross rows about 18 to 20 inches apart, the plants are set at the intersections of
the rows. The usual practice with large growers is for one person to open a hole
with a spade’, and another, preferably a boy, to place the plant, the soil being
then pressed against the plant with the foot. In smaller plantations, planting with
a trowel will be found very satisfactory. The chief essentials in planting are first
to have the crown of the plant a little below the surface of the soil when it is
pressed down. If the crown comes above the surface of the soil the plant is
almost sure to die from drying out, and if set too deep the plant is liable to rot.
The second important point is to make the soil firm about the plant, thus causing
the moisture to rise to the roots. Strawberry plants are almost sure to die,
especially in a dry time, if this precaution is not taken. A third essential, is to
spread the roots in the cleft made by the spade, as although the plants will live
even if this is not done, they will start quicker and thrive better if the roots are
properly spread. After the plants are set cultivation should be thorough to con-
serve moisture and encourage the production of young plants early in the season,
as the earlier these young plants are produced and become rooted, the larger
crop they are likely to bear the next season.

All flowers should be pinched off the first season, as they exhaust the strength
of the plant and delay the production of runners. The most common method of
growing strawberries is in the matted row. Grown in this way there should be
a row of plants about two feet in width by autumn. During the summer, as

[249]

250 REPORT ON THE No. 24

runners are made, they should be placed about six inches apart and held with a
little soil so as to give the plants the best chance to develop. After a row of the
required width has been formed, later plants should, if possible, be cut out by
land and with the cultivator, so that the rows will not become too crowded nor
too wide. A full crop should be obtained the second season. Hill culture and
narrow rows are recommended in some quarters, but while finer fruit is obtained
than by the matted row system, more labor is involved.

It is advisable to cover the strawberries lightly with straw after the ground
freezes, to prevent the alternate thawing and freezing of the ground in winter
and early spring. This covering should be removed in the spring before growth
begins.

To get the best results only one crop should be taken from a strawberry
plantation. If the land is very clean and the varieties used do not run much,
two crops can be removed with profit. As a rule, however, the labor involved in
destroying weeds, and the deterioration in size of fruit, makes it more profitable
to plough up the plantation after the first crop.

It should be thoroughly understood by those intending to plant strawberries
that some varieties have imperfect flowers and will not produce fruit unless a
perfect flowering sort is planted near to pollenize the imperfect flowers. One
row of the perfect variety to three of an imperfect is usually sufficient. There
are many new varieties of strawberries introduced every year, but few of these
are better or even as good as those already on the market. However, the old
kinds are constantly giving place to the new, and it is wise for the fruit grower
to learn which new varieties are giving the best results. Many varieties are
described in this report, but it will be found that but few are recommended.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED.

Commercial: Splendid (Perfect), Bederwood (P.), Warfield (Imperfect), not suited
to light, sandy soil, Greenville (Imp.), Williams (P.), Saunders (P.), Sample (Imp.).
Irene (Imp.), Buster (Imp.).

Domestic: Van Deman (P.), Splendid (P.), Excelsior (P.), Dunlap (P.), Ruby
(P.), Bubach (Imp.), Irene (Imp.), Belt (P.), Lovett (P.).

Notge.—In selecting varieties for planting, perfect-flowered varieties should be
included to fertilize those having imperfect flowers.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES

ANNIE LAURIE.

This is a very late variety, also one of the best quality. It may be taken as a
standard for quality and flavor.
Origin: a seedling grown by John F. Beaver, of Ohio, in 1889.

Puant: very healthy and a good grower, making plenty of runners for a fruiting
row. No rust; perfect blossom; moderately productive.

Fruit: berries are large and round, like the Jersey Queen, with gold seeds prom-
anent. A very bright glossy scarlet, making a fine appearance.

Fresu: pinkish white, of the very finest quality; a fine table variety.
Season: late.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 251

BEDERWOOD.

One of the most productive of the early varieties.
Origin: with Bederwood, of Illinois.

Puant: vigorous; inclined to rust; very productive. Stevenson ranks it ‘‘as the
standard of productiveness for early varieties,’’? blossom perfect, an excellent pollenizer.

Berry: size small; form roundish; color light vermilion.
Firsu: texture soft; flavor sweet, ordinary.

Quatiry: dessert poor; canning fair.

VaLvuE: near market first class; distant second class.
SEASON: early.

BELT.

Orrein: this berry comes from Ohio, having been originated by Wm. Belt, of
that State. It is being grown largely as a fancy berry.

Puant: large and strong, but rusts sometimes very badly; perfect blossom ; quite
productive.

BELT.

Fruit: large to very large, conical; bright scarlet in color; firm.
Fiesu: pink slashed with white; nice mild flavor; best quality.
Srason: medium to late.

BRANDYWINE.

Highly valued in some sections.

Ortein: seedling of Glendale x Cumberland, raised by E. Ingram of Pennsylvania;
introduced in 1894.

Puant: very vigorous; propogates almost too freely; perfect flowered; productive.

Berry: large; form oblate conical; color crimson.

Fiesux: texture firm; flavor agreeable acid.

Quatity: dessert very good.

Vatue: market first class.

Srason: medium to late.

252 REPORT ON THE No. 24

BISMARCK.

A good mid-season market berry; in some respects an improvement on its parent.

OriciIn: grown from seed of Bubach fertilized by Bubach, by I. C. Bauer, of
Arkansas.

Puant: vigorous; healthy; easily propagated’; perfect flower; very productive.

Berry: large; roundish conical; color crimson; seeds yellow.

Fries: color pinkish; texture firm; flavor sweet.

QuaLity: dessert very good.

Vatue: market first class.

Season: mid-season to late.

BOYNTON.

This variety so closely resembles the old Crescent in its best days that it has been
affirmed by some that it is the Crescent under a new name.

Oriern: said to be a cross between the Crescent and Sharpless; from Albany, N. Y.

Piant: strong, vigorous, and healthy grower, making a wild, matted row; im-
perfect blossom; very productive.

Fruit: medium in size; light scarlet in color; medium in firmness.

Fiesu: pink; acid, but fair quality.

Season: early, medium.

BUSTER.

A valuable late variety, which seems to adapt itself well to varied conditions.
In the extensive variety tests both at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, and
at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, it has for years ranked among the most
productive sorts.

OricIN: supposed to be seedling of Bubach, raised by Mr. Stone, of Illinois.

Puant: extra large, with very long stout leaf stalks and healthy foliage, remark-
ably free of rust; propagates readily and usually makes a good wide row of plants.
Blooms late and flowers are imperfect, requiring a late blooming perfect flowered
variety, such as Williams, to insure fertilization. Very productive.

Buster.

Fruit: very large and well formed, quite regular in shape. Like Clyde, it is
rather pale in color for a first-class berry. This is its most objectionable feature.
Seeds deeply pitted. Moderately firm for so large a berry; fair quality, somewhat acid.

Season: among the latest.

ADAPTATION: seems to adapt itself well to varied conditions and is favorably re-
ported upon from many sources. (Hutt).

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 258

BUBACH.

A standard market berry, of the largest size.
Onicgin: a seedling raised by J. G. Bubach of
Illinois.

Pruant: healthy; vigorous; does not make many
runners; imperfect blossom; only fairly productive.

Berry: very large; conical; irregular; color
scarlet; showy.

FuiresH: red; agreeable and acid.
Quatiry: dessert good.

VaLvuE: near market first class; one of the best.

Season: medium.
Bupacu.

CARRIE.

The Carrie would appear to have a bright future before it. It is one of the late
sorts bidding for public favor.

CARRIE.

Oriein: seedling of Haverland, by Mr. Thompson, of Virginia.

Puant: large, vigorous and healthy, making long and strong runners and plenty
of them; it somewhat resembles Haverland; not so productive; imperfect blossom. ©

Fruit: the fruit is not so long as Haverland; very firm; color bright scarlet, with
gold seeds. :

FiesH: white and solid; good flavor.

SEason: medium.

CLYDE.

At one time a universal favorite as a commercial berry, but has not held up its
early records. -

Ortein: seedling of Cyclone about 1890, by Dr. Stayman of Kansas; the Cyclone
itself being a seedling of Crescent. e

Punt very healthy, but wilts down under a hot sun; easy of propagation; perfect
flowered.

Berry: very large; form roundish conical; color light scarlet.

FiesH: moderately firm; color pinkish white; flavor very pleasant.

Quatity: dessert very good; canning poor. ;

VaLuE: second class for near market.

Sxason: early tc medium.

254 REPORT ON THE No. 24

DUNLAP. (Senator Dunlap).

A fine mid-season market berry, said to be hetter in quality and a better shipper
than its parent.

SOR:

Origin: Ohio; a seedling of Warfield.

'
,
5

y

Puant: small; vigorous, resistant of drouth; very pro-

ductive; blossoms perfect.

Berry: size medium to large; form Jong conical with

short neck; color dark crimson.
Fuesu: color red; texture firm.
QUALITY: very good.

Vatvue: market first class.

ELEANOR.

The Eleanor is one of the extra early kind; a good healthy vigorous grower: fruit
good size, fine shape; in wet seasons it has a kind of mildew like on the Michel’s.

Origin: New Jersey, a chance seedling found by Mr. Coombe.

Pranr: very healthy, vigorous grower, small and slender, dark in color, making
many runners; perfect blossom; quite productive.

Fruit: color dark scarlet or crimson; medium in firmness.

FriesH: red, white centre; acid, but good flavor.

Season: one of the earliest.

EMPEROR

Oxtein: by John Little, Granton, Ont.

Puanr: large, vigorous, healthy; quite productive; perfect flowered.
Berry: very large; conical, sometimes ribbed; color dark red.

Fiesn: reddish pink almost to the centre; texture firm.

QuaLity: good.

Season: medium to late.

EMPRESS.

Very like the Emperor and from the same source, originated by the late John
Little; both resemble the Woolverton in fruit. The plant is very healthy. strong.
vroductive and a vigorous grower. The fruit is dark red and attractive, and of good
quality ; season, medium to late; blossom perfect.

EXCELSIOR.

Popular in some sections because very early.

Oricin: Arkansas.

PLANT: vigorous; propagates easily; sometimes inclined to leaf rust; fairly pro-
ductive; blossom perfect. ;

Berry: medium; form roundish, somewhat conical; color bright red.

Friesn: texture firm; flavor very pleasant.

QuaLiry: very good.

Vatue: market second class.

Season: very early.

1905 FRUITS Ol ONTARIO. 255

GEISLER.

Origin: a chance seedling found in Michigan, somewhat resembling the Seaford
in shape and size.

Puant: a very strong plant, making plenty of runners; very healthy, no sign of
rust and quite productive; perfect blossom; a very early bloomer, one of the first.

Fruit: large, bright dark scarlet, round to oblong in shape; solid.

FiesxH: light pink in color, medium in firmness and of good quality.

Szason: early to medium.

GANDY.

One of the best very late varieties.

Ortcin: New Jersey; seedling of Jersey Queen x Glendale

Puant: healthy; blossoms perfect; a shy bearer.

Berry: large; form conical, regular; color glossy crimson.

FirsH: color pink; texture firm.

Quality: dessert very good; canning excellent.

VaLuE: market near or distant first class; an excellent shipping berry.
Season: very late.

GLEN MARY.

Considerably planted for market purposes on account of its size and productiveness.

OriteIn: a chance seedling found by J. A. Ingram, of Pennsylvania.

Puant: vigorous; healthy; foliage dark green; propagates readily ; blossoms perfect ;
fruit stem stout; productive.

Berry: large to very large; form round conical, ribbed, with green tip; color dark
crimson.

Fires: pink and white; texture firm; flavor slightly acid.

Quatity: dessert fair; canning good.

Vatue: market first class; a good shipper.

Season: medium to late.

GREENVILLE.
A good commercial berry, which seems to succeed everywhere.

Origin: a chance seedling of Bubach found in
Ohio.

Puant: vigorous; healthy; propagation easy;
blossoms imperfect; very productive.

Berry: large but not quite as large as Bubach;
form obtuse conical, approaching heart shape; color
scarlet.

FiesH: pink to white; somewhat hollow; tex-
ture moderately firm; flavor pleasant.

QuaLity: very good.
VaLuE: first class, especially for near market.

SrEAson: medium.

(GREENVILLE.

HALES 11.59 P. M. (Midnight).

Ortcin: seed from Haverland crossed with Parker-Earle; introduced by J. H.
Hale, of Connecticut.

Puant: strong and healthy, does not resemble either parent; makes plants only
sparingly, but makes a good fruiting row; the runners are strong, fairly productive,
and very late; blossom, perfect.

Fruit: the berry is medium in size, flat and conical; color, light, almost white
on under side; texture firm; flavor fine.

FiesH: pinkish, meaty, good eating.

256 REPORT ON THE No. 24

HAVERLAND.

A good market variety, which succeeds everywhere; widely grown; the berries are
a little soft for shipment.

OricIn: with a Mr. Haverland, of Ohio.

Pianr: very vigorous; very healthy; foliage light in color; fruit stalk long and
not always able to support the load of fruit; blossoms imperfect; very productive.

Berry: size large; form long, conical; color bright scarlet.

FuresH: pinkish; texture soft; flavor sweet.

Quatity: dessert fair; canning fair.

VaLuE: near market first class; distant market second class.

SEason: early.

HOWARD’S No. 4. *

A seedling originated by Mr. A. B. Howard, of Massachusetts.

Puant: a strong, healthy good grower, very productive.

Berry: large, conical, very regular; bright dark scarlet; large, and of great
beauty.

Quality: very good.

Season: medium to late.

IRENE.

A good late variety, well worthy of a place in any collection for home use or
market. Has been under test at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, for eight
years, and ranks among the first half dozen for productiveness, and general market

value. An excellent canning variety because of its rich, dark color. i
Puant: not large but very vigorous

and healthy; makes plenty of runners;
blooms late, and is imperfect flowered,
requiring a late blooming pollenizer to
insure good fertilization; very produc-
tive.

Fruit: medium size; good shape;
very smooth and regular; rich, dark
crimson in color, with bright yellow
seeds and varnished appearance; very
attractive; firm, and good shipper; brisk
acid; fairly good quality.

Srason: medium to late, has a long
season of fruiting.

ADAPTATION: adapts itself well to
varied soils, and has been reported upon
favorably by experimenters all over the
Province to whom it has been sent for co-
IRENE. operative testing. Has not done so well

at Ottawa as at Guelph. (Hutt).

KLONDIKE. .

A good late variety.

Oriein: Massachusetts.

Puant: vigorous; somewhat subject to rust; easily propagated; quite productive.

Berry: size large; form roundish conical, somewhat irregular; color scarlet; large
yellow seeds.

Firesn: pink; moderately firm.

Quarry: fair.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 257

LOVETT.

A popular main crop strawberry; by some growers preferred to either Williams or
Saunders.

Oriein: Crescent x Wilson, by J. H. Norris of Kentucky.

Puant: vigorous; foliage somewhat subject to rust; fruit stalks short and droop-
ing; perfect flowered; productive.

Lovett.

Berry: large; form round, conical; color dark red.

Fiesn: color reddish; texture firm; flavor pleasant subacid.
Quatity: dessert good; canning very good.

VaLvuE: near or distant market first class.

fEason: medium.

LUTHER. (August Luther).

One of the extra early varieties; endures drouth well; succeeds generally.

Puant: small; good grower; healthy; perfect in flower; fairly productive.

Berry: medium; roundish conical, sometimes necked; color scarlet, with yellow
seeds; texture moderately firm.

Quauity: good.

Vatvue: first class for early market.

Szason: early; ripens with Michel.

MARGARET.

Oriain: Ohio, from the seed of the Crawford, by Mr. Beaver.
Puant: large and strong, sending out the largest runners of any sort; very healthy;

perfect blossom; quite productive. — ,
Fruir: large, very regular, crimson in color; seeds golden, solid and firm.

FiesuH: red; inclined to tartness, but of good quality.
Season: medium.

17 F.0.

258 REPORT ON THE No. 24

MARSHALL.

This variety has perhaps received more favorable notice than most others of recent
introduction. It is vigorous in growth, leaves very large and produces very large, beautiful,
dark crimson berries of fine quality.

OriaGIn : a chance seedling found growing on a stone
heap by Mr. Ewell, of Massachusetts.

PLanr: a vigorous grower, large leaves, somewhat
tender both in foliage and blossom and subject to rust ;
medium in color, first growth being yellow ; perfect
blossom ; fruit stem strong and able to bear up the

immense berries ; medium in productiveness.

Frurr: of the largest size; dark crimson, firm and
fine looking, quite regular in shape, i. e., each berry is of
same shape, but ribbed and tough ; seed imbedded.

Fueso : red, with a dash of white in centre, solid,

fine quality ; one of the best for dessert.
Season: early to medium.

ADAPTATION : does its best only on good soils and
under highest cultivation ; a fine one for amateurs.

MaRrsHALL.

MASTODON.

This is very like Bubach both in plant and in fruit, and quite as good.

Oricin : introduced by James Lippincott, Jr., Mount
Holly, N.J.

Puant: strong, large dark foliage ; very healthy ; makes
plants freely enough for a good fruiting row; imperfect
blossom ; fruit stalk is short, thick and strong.

Fruir: very large ; bright crimson and very showy.
Fiesx : pink; medium as to firmness and good quality.

Sgason : medium.

Mastopon.

17a F.O.

1905 . FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 259

MICHEL.
__A favorite very early berry with some growers; a comparative failure with others ;
widely planted in Ontario.
Oriern : chance seedling of Crescent found by J. 8S. Michel, Judsonia, Arkansas.
Puant: vigorous; propagation rapid; fairly productive on some soils, on others not
productive ; foliage light colored; perfect flowered.
Berry: size small to medium; form round conical; color dull red, withered appear-
ance.
Fiesa: pinkish; texture tough ; carries well.
QuaLiry: good.
Season: extra early.

MONITOR.

The Monitor originated from a chance seed in the orchard of L. T. Russell, Missouri,
on ground where formerly Crescent and Capt. Jack grew. It has some of the qualities of
both parents, the productiveness of the Crescent and the vigorous foliage of Capt. Jack.

PLanr: vigorous and healthy; foliage very dark green, glossy. The plant is small and
makes almost too many runners ; stands dry weather well and is very productive ; blossom perfect.

Fruir: the berry is large, roundish in form, and bright scarlet. The vigor of the plant
seems to be such that it is able to mature and ripen its immense crop, there being no small
berries

Fiesu: firm and good flavor; pinkish inside.

Season: early to late.

NETTIE.

OriaIn: one of Black’s pedigree seedlings; it is a strong competitor of Hunn for extreme
lateness.

Pianr: of medium size; quite healthy and a good runner, making plants freely ; fairly
productive ; blossom imperfect.

Fruit: large, ribbed, rough, of quite light color; seeds dark; flavor sour, but good ;
texture fairly firm.

Fries: light colored, almost white.

NICK OHMER.

A good medium to late variety of excellent quality.

OricIN: seedling raised by John F. Beaver, of Ohio.

Pant: vigorous, stocky ; propagation easy; healthy ; foliage dark; perfect flowered.

Berry: large, with same small ones; form roundish conical, smooth and regular; color
glossy red with yellow seeds.

FiesH: pinkish toward outside and white at centre; texture very firm; flavor very
pleasant.

QUALITY: very good.

VaLuE: first to second class.

Season: medium to late.

ROBBIE.

Origin: One of J. H. Black’s pedigree seedlings, from New Jersey.

Piant: good grower, perhaps not as large as the Nettie or Joe, but healthy and free
from digease; fairly productive; blossom perfect.

Fruit: good size; conical in shape; light red; good flavor: quite pleasant, though
peculiar to the taste.

FirsH: salmon colored.

Season: late.

260 REPORT ON THE No. 24

RIDGEWAY.

The Ridgeway is a good medium to late berry. It somewhat resembles the old
Cumberland, but is darker.

Origin: a seedling of Jersey Queen and Parker Earle, by Mr. Ridgeway, of
Indiana.

Piant: strong and healthy, stools out, would be a good one for hills or narrrow
rows; foliage free from rust; blossom perfect and large; quite productive.

Berry: medium to large; highest scarlet color; prominent golden seeds, fine look-
ing; medium in firmness.

FrzsH: red, solid and very good quality; fine flavored.

Srason: medium to late.

RUBY.

A good standard variety, which adapts itself well to various soils and localities.
Has been under test at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, for nine years and
ranks first among nearly three hundred varieties tested for that number of years.

Orrern: a chance seedling with Mr. Riehl, of Illinois.

Puant: a strong, vigorous grower, makes plenty of
runners; blooms about midseason; is perfect flowered and
a good pollenizer; very productive.

Berry: large, regular in shape; a good dark crim-
son color; firm, and of good quality.
SEASON: midseason.

ApaptTation: does well at Guelph, and is favorably

reported upon from other sections. (Hutt).
Rosy.

SAMPLE.
A profitable late market berry.

Oriein: Massachusetts.

Prant: vigorous; healthy; productive; flowers imper-
fect.

Berry: size large; form roundish conical; color crimson.

Fires: tinted; texture fairly firm, juicy.

Quauity: fair.

VaLuE: market first class.

SEAson: very late.

SAMPLE.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 261

SAUNDERS.
A first class sort for medium to late market.

a ?
a / Orie1n: a seedling raised by John Little, Granton, Ont.,
a and named by him in honor of Dr. Wm. Saunders, of Ottawa.

Puant: healthy, very little rust; very vigorous; very
productive; blossom perfect; blooms late and so escapes the
spring frosts; propagates easily.

Berry: size large; form roundish conical; color glossy
crimson.

Fiesu: red; texture firm; flavor very pleasant.
Quatity: dessert or cooking very good.
VaLvE: near or distant market first class.

SEason: medium to late.

SauNDERS.

SEAFORD.

The Seaford is a good, medium season berry.
Origin: a chance seedling, introduced by Slaymaker & Son, of Dover, Del.

Puiant: a strong, vigorous grower and healthy, producing large clusters of fine
fruit; makes many plants; perfect blossom; very productive.

Berry: large and fine looking; bright crimson with gold seeds imbedded; very
solid and firm. ;

FiesH: scarlet in color; very firm and of very good quality.
Season: early to medium.

SHARPLESS.

The Sharpless has been before the public for a long time. In some parts it is still
said to be one of the best, but in other places it is not productive enough to make it
profitable for market.

Origin: Pennsylvania.

Puant: a strong, vigorous grower, large and healthy; no rust; perfect blossom;
guite productive on some soils.

Fruit: very large; light scarlet in color; glossy, gold seeds prominent, does not
color well.

Fiesu: white to pink; firm and very best quality; fine for the table.

Srason: medium.

SMITH.

Very popular for canning, having the agreeable acid and firm flesh of its parent.

ORIGIN: a seedling of that old favorite, the Wilson’s Albany, raised by L. Smith,
of Wisconsin.

Prant: healthy; most vigorous; blossom perfect; very productive.

Berry: medium to large; roundish conical; irregular; color scarlet.

Fiesu: texture firm; quite acid; agreeable.

Quauiry: canning or preserving, best.

Vatug: market first class.

Season: early.

262 REPORT ON THE No. 24

SPLENDID.
A first-class early to mid-season market berry.

Ortein: by C. H. Sumner, Illinois.

Pianr: very healthy; a good strong grower; productive ;
blossom perfect; a good pollenizer.

Berry: medium to large; form roundish; color dark
crimson.

Fuesn: firm; flavor good.

Quaity: dessert very good.

VaLuE: market first class.

Season: early to medium.

SPLENDID.

STAPLES.

Oricin: from seed of the Warfield by the late Mr. Staples of Ohio.
PLANT: quite healthy, making plenty of runners for a wide row, if needed; quite
vigorous in growth; perfect blossom ; a good early bloomer to fertilize early pistillates with.

Berry: dark crimson in color, firm and good flavor: color very like Warfield; size
medium to large for so early a berry.

FiesH: pink and solid; good flavor, somewhat acid, yet spicy.

Season: extra early.

TENNESEE. (Tennessee Prolific).

A very fine market berry, which has become popular wherever grown.

Oricin: Crescent x Sharpless, raised by Captain Hodges, of East Tennessee.

Puant: healthy; vigorous; very productive ; easily propagated; blossom perfect :
blooms early.

Berry: large; form round conical, sometimes double at the point; color bright
crimson.

Fvesn: color red; texture firm ; flavor agreeable.

Quatiry : good.

Vatve: first class for near or distant market.

SrAson : medium.

TIMBRELL.

A fairly good late variety.

Oriain : chance seedling found by H. 8. Timbrell of New York State.

Puant: healthy ; vigorous ; blossoms perfect ; not very productive.

Berry: size medium to large; form roundish conical; color crimson, but does not
color well.

Fiesm : texture very firm ; flavor agreeable.

Quatiry : dessert best.

Vatue: market second class.

Srason : late.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 263

VAN DEMAN.
One oi the earliest ; a favorite with some growers, but not a success everywhere.

OriciIn: Crescent x Captain Jack; raised by J. C. Bauer, of
Judsonia, Arkansas.

Puant : vigorous ; productive; rusting slightly on some soils ;
foliage dark ; truit stalk strong enough to support the fruit ; bloss-
oms perfect.

Berry: medium; form round conical; color dark crimson;
seeds yellow, with a varnished appearance ; ripens and colors all
over at the same time.

F.esu : color pink ; texture firm, a good shipper ; flavor good.

Van DEMAN.
Quatiry : dessert very good.
Va vue: first class for market because of its season.

SEAsoN : very early.

WARFIELD

This variety holds first place for productiveness among 340 varieties which have been under
test at the Ontario Agriculture College for the past ten years. With the housekeeper it isa
favorite canning variety because of its dark rich color. It is one of the most desirable varieties
for general cultivation, where the soil is not too light and dry for its growth.

OriGIn: a chance seedling, supposed to be a cross between
Crescent and Wilson, found by B. C. Warfield of Southern
Illinois.

PiantT: small, but a rampant grower and often makes too many
runners, filling the rows too thickly. Succeeds best on moist soils,
and in showery seasons; often proves a failure on very dry soils,
or intimes of drouth. Blossoms early and requires an early bloom-
ing bisexual variety, such as Splendid or Van Demay, to fertilize
its blossoms ; very productive.

Berry : medium size, very regular in shape, dark rich crim-
son color; firm, good shipper, and excellent for canning ; some-
what acid, but good quality.

W ARFIELD.

Srason : early to midseason, holds out well if season is favorable.

Apapratios : does well wherever the soil is not too light and dry. ( Hutt).

264 REPORT ON THE FRUITS OF ONTARIO. No. 24

WILLIAMS.

Widely grown in Ontario in place of the old favorite Wilson; preferred by some
growers to all others.

Origin: a seedling of Sharpless, raised by Mr. Williams
of Burford, Ontario.

PLant: vigorous; somewhat inclined to rust, runners

abundant, short; blossom perfect; very productive.

Berry: large, form roundish conical; seeds sunken ; color

_ crimson, usually with a white tip.
FiesH: red; often hollow; texture firm.

Quatity: fair.
Vatue: market first class.

— Season: medium to late.

WILLIAMS.

WOOLVERTON.

Origin: a seedling raised by John Little, of Granton, near London, Ontario, and
named by him in honor of Linus Woolverton, Grimsby.

Puant: a strong, healthy grower; withstands drouth well; deep rooted; foliage dark
colored; runners numerous; blossoms perfect; moderately productive.

Berry: very large; form broad conical, often wedge shaped; color crimson with
crimson seeds; showy.

Furesu: red; texture firm; flavor mild acid.

Quauity: good.

Vauve: first class for home use or market.

Szason: late.

SPRAYING.

Spraying is absolutely necessary nowadays to ensure good fruit every year.
There are so many injurious insects and fungous diseases which attack the trees
and fruit that it is very rarely a tree, if unsprayed, will escape being affected by
something which will lessen the crop of No. 1 fruit.

Spraying is not sprinkling, and in order to get good results it is necessary
to apply the mixtures and solutions in as fine a spray as possible. A mist-like
spray that will float through the air and envelop the tree and fruit is what is
required. A coarse spray will run off the foliage and often will accumulate at the
tips of the leaves and cause injury rather than benefit the tree. Thoroughness is
just as essential in spraying as in anything else. In spraying for most fungous
diseases the object is, to cover all of the surface of the leaf and fruit with the
mixture so that when a spore comes in contact with it, it will be destroyed. The
more of the surface that is lett uncovered the more spores will germinate, and as
they are usually present in millions the necessity of thorough spraying should be
apparent. In spraying to control biting insects, thoroughness is just as essen-
tial, for unless the poison is well distributed many of the insects will not be de-
stroyed and much injury will be done. In fighting insects, such as the San José
Scale, the Aphis, and the Oyster Shell Bark Louse, which are killed by contact
poisons, thoroughness is even more necessary, as these multiply so rapidly that
a few insects which escape may soon reinfest the whole tree.

Spraying should be timely. Very often through ignorance of the habits of
the insect or disease, spraying is delayed until after the season is passed when it
could be controlled; hence time and money are often thrown away and the lack
of success in spraying is blamed on the ineffectiveness of the mixture rather than
the lack of knowledge of the man who sprayed. It is true that every man cannot
learn the life history of all injurious insects and diseases, nor is this really neces-
sary, but the average orchardist should know more about them than he does.

Every fruit grower should have a spray pump of some kind. The amateur
may be content with a small hand pump which will suit his purposes quite well,
but the commercial grower should have a barrel pump or one of the power spray-
ers which are now on the market, and which permit of obtaining that mistlike
spray already referred to. Labor is expensive and hard to get on the average
farm, hence a sprayer should be purchased which will economize time and labor
as much as possible.

The following spray calendar will, it is believed, give nearly all the informa-
tion which the average fruit grower requires. Descriptions of insects and fung-
ous diseases are not given in this work, as they are dealt with at length in special
publications.

[265 J

266 REPORT ON THE No. 24

DIRECTIONS FOR TREATMENT OF INSECT PESTS AND PLANT
DISEASES.

FORMUL-&.

1. BorpEaux Mixture (For Fungous Diseases).

Copper sulphatex(Bluestone)i ac cssecaos aie ersccscvs 4 pounds.
Owiekolimen(freshi)\s2ccsreccareeusiee,. ase seers esr 4.6 ‘
WVilaite rie eens ner aceon s an Saphete caeerecs Siero tee 40 gallons.

In making this mixture, observe the following precautions and directions :

1. Use nothing but fresh quick-lime. Owing to variability in the qualities of
lime as found in different parts of the Province, it is safer for the average fruit
grower to use the larger quantity named above, viz., 6 pounds. The lime should
be slowly slaked by the gradual addition of water.

For convenience, stock solutions of milk of lime and bluestone should be
prepared and kept in different barrels in readiness for spraying operations. In
barrel No. 1, 25 pounds of fresh lime are gradually slaked, and barrel made up
to 25 gallons of water; in barrel No. 2, 25 pounds of copper sulphate, or blue-
stone, are dissolved in 25 gallons of water. For rapid dissolving use warm water.
These are stock solutions. Each gallon of milk of lime contains one pound of
lime, and each gallon of bluestone solution contains one pound of bluestone.
When we wish to make up a barrel of Bordeaux mixture, we take out 4 gallons
of milk of lime, if using the 4-pound formula, or 6 pounds if using the 6-pound
formula, and 4 gallons of bluestone solution, and either dilute each in separate
barrels in about 20 gallons of water before mixing in the barrel attached to the
spray-pump, or else pour each separately into the barrel in which are already 30
to 32 gallons of water, according to formula used. The first method is the pre-
ferable one.

2. Never mix the concentrated stock solutions together. If the milk of lime
and bluestone are mixed in the concentrated form, just as they are taken from
the stock solution, a precipitate of a flakey nature will soon settle out, and either
fall to the bottom or clog the nozzle.

3 Test the Bordeaux to find out whether sufficient milk of lime has been
added. This is most easily done by means of the ferrocyanide test. A saturated
solution of this substance can be purchased at any druggist’s for a few cents. In
testing, place some of the Bordeaux, which has been thoroughly stirred, into a
saucer, and add a few drops of the ferryocyanide. If sufficient lime has been
used, no discoloration will appear, but if insufficient. a deep dark brown color
will be produced.

j)

4, Always strain the milk of lime to prevent gritty particles from clogging
the nozzles.

5. Usea fine nozzle ; do not soak or drench the tree.

6. The stock solutions will keep, but the Bordeaux mixtures becomes useless
after standing for a day or two.

2. THE COMBINATION BoRDEAUX AND PARIS GREEN MIXTURE.
(For Fungous Diseases and Leaf-eating Insects.)

This mixture is prepared like the Bordeaux, but 4 to 6 ounces of Paris green
are added and thoroughly stirred before spraying.

Copper sulphate (Bluestone)........... EAtanerea) Se pOuUndss
Ouiekolinmen(hre sh) ct sescencte: tarckencents an lara auenee ee 4-6 BO
PAIS ROIE Clade nis priadey Pas iecnend chomeraanag ia ean erate 4-6 ounces.

Water (is barrell)\. ststeicceas.t ma lesen ore Res reueaen aes 40 gallons.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 267

In small quantities it may be made as follows:

BIUeStOneg ast eee ee ee 4 level tablespoonfuls
Ouickalsmiety met era ee ee Wee 4-6 ut

PAUSE CT usu nresa a eles Sees ey suse asec aoueroveu I ie

WWidibenired minus cee acnteoni ee cause cuueas eternal 1 pail (2 gallons).

3. AMMONIACAL COPPER CARBONATE SOLUTION.

Coppers Caybonate war acura el eieas emcee. eee 1 ounce.
Strong ammonia sufficient to dissolve the copper car-

bonate) usually snore thank. 1m atte + 1-0e ee > VY pint.
Wit ete rarer ore aitaecenetenst sebocs are eusea ba vatere pageant yr eeenetiets 10 gallons

This solution is not much used, and is recommended only in cases where
the fruit is so far advanced that it would be disfigured by using the Bordeaux
mixture.

4. Porassium SULPHIDE (Liver of Sulphur).
(Used to control Gooseberry Mildew).

Dissolve 4 ounces in 8 gallons of water.

5. Paris GREEN Mixture. (Liquid). For Leaf-eating Insects.)

PRPS ARON g-4-o4-d.9a con Sod ao eicniiin Neem oa ROSS 1 pound.

WIA LOM en aca tecesvetenesreusteies ccc tavessy sme ayenstiens Snuenaye soit ae 150 gallons.

@uicks@lime teers meee ... 2 pounds freshly slaked.
Or,

alnISUO nee Mint ae perscherrenaeiaiea sepa pean dee ane 1 teaspoonful (level).

NVIACS fy eersueseusser asda cat ences catiun eih ores wale aa eaena seve star yes 1 pail (2 gallons).

Ouickalinnie stesso ceroua conser stete arom ae ee 1 teaspoonful (level).

Paris Green Mixture. (Dry.)
PATIS 1O17@ Cris, Seas iesrau adel otsyodaa nat .uaparer ss. sede hotaneseuret sis abana ate 1 pound.
MOF Or GWGooocneadniosse Gunaagescemesougadhe 100 pounds.
7. HELLEBORE.
Wihiteshellebores(iresh) tempus eiea erectile icra eric 1 ounce
WGC cccac basin ocd cimaano a kee aie om oes aoe ae es 2 gallons.
8. PyRETHRUM, or Insect Powder.

Ryrethirumepowder (fresh) yaaa mes ea aac ee ae 1 ounce.

NAHE bel esis, Ct oom ord acai Haacvow 6 asi Goat rar macubtaien dss pre 3 gallons.
Or,

Rynetlagumbyp Owe tere eren iene maaan tei ese 1 ounce.

TBikoKuie (CSRs Ge Pou owsse's So cGa-qooacddoansoudunes 5 ounces.

Mix thoroughly, allow to stand over night in a closed box, then dust on
plants through cheese-cloth.

268 REPORT ON THE No. 24

g. KEROSENE Emutsion (for Bark-lice and Plant Lice).

Hard“soapy ices. ssn. -sasceectens 4 pound, or soft soap 1 quart.
Boiling) water “(soft)tessssseeeea eee eee sea eee 1 gallon.
Coal rail heeesccs sce tos eee ice iek Antero oe omaen reins 2 gallons.

After dissolving the soap in water, add the coal oil and stir well for 5 or
10 minutes. When properly mixed, it will adhere to glass without oiliness. A
syringe or pump will aid much in this work. In using, dilute with from g to 15
parts of water. Kerosene emulsion may be prepared with sour milk (1 gallon)
and coal oil (2 gallons), no soap being required. This will not keep long.

10. TosBacco DEcOcTION.

REUSE LODACCO caisce secs reswuet oy ees san eee aunt eset eaten 2 pounds.
WIEN eid 2a nannies cer oe bee Ae EaA tone Conn ana aR np merone tenance 5 gallons.

Boil the mixture for 30 minutes or more, until a dark brown tea-colored solu-
tion is obtained. Keep it covered until cool. It may then be used undiluted for
spraying infested plants.

11. WHALE Ort Soap.

For Plant Lice. 1 pound in 7 gallons hot water.

For San José Scale in winter. 2 pounds in 1 gallon hot water applied as the
buds are swelling.

12. Lime SULPHUR MIXTURE.

@urcke climes ceces.ciccuo: ete sscens seen ase ese ee reer 20 pounds.
Blowers cot Sulphur sigea.catsis ct geeaneetinacoscecseas 15-20 SY
SV iait erin arto aretote satan rane asec nactate nce Gnremneinvenamerns sate ee 1 barrel.

To prepare, have 12-14 gallons of boiling water in the barrel or kettle, throw
in the lime and add the sulphur, which should preferably have been mixed pre-
viously into a paste with hot water. The whole mixture should then be boiled
until the characteristic green color is obtained. The time required varies with
the kind of lime used and may take from ? to 14 or 2 hours. Dilute with hot
water to fill up the barrel and spray while warm.

13. WASH FOR BORERS.

First, add soft soap to a saturated solution of washing soda to make a thick
paint, then add 1 pint crude carbolic acid, and 4 pound Paris green to 10 gallons
of wash.

To be applied to the trunks of apple trees in early June.
14. Lime Wasu.

(For Oyster-shell Bark Lice, etc.)

Slake 14 pounds fresh lime in 1 gallon of water. Strain the wash before
spraying. To be applied during winter to trees infested with oyster-shell bark
lice.

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIO. 269

TREATMENT.

APPLE AND PEAR.

A. Against Leaf-eating Insects and Fungous Diseases.

iirentrment: When to spray. | Insect pests and diseases

controlled.
|
|
1. Paris Green in water. Just as leaf-buds are ex-|Bud-moth, case-bearers.
(Formula 5. ) panding. |
(Important. )
|
2. Bordeaux mixture and|About a week later......... |Bud-moth, case-bearers, canker-
Paris green. a | worms, tent-caterpillars.
(Formula 2. ) \Scab, leaf-spot and mildew.

3. Bordeaux and Paris green.|Just before blossoms open. ..|Canker-worms, tent-caterpillars, etc.
(Formula 2.) Scab and leaf-spot, etc.
(Important. )

4. Bordeaux and Paris green.|Just after blossoms fall ..... Codling-moth, canker-worms, tent-
Formula 2.) caterpillars, pear-slug.
Important. ) |Scab and leaf-spot.

5. Bordeaux and Paris green./Ten days or two weeks later|Codling-moth, Palmer worm, apple
(Formula 2. ) | Bucculatrix.
|Scab and leaf-spot, etc.

Codling-moths cannot always be controlled by spraying, especially in the
south-western section of Ontario, where a second brood appears later in the sea-
son.

In addition to spraying, in this district, use bandages around the trees. Make
them from four to six inches wide, three or four inches thick, of any kind of
cloth. Old bags, sacks, carpets, coarse material of any kind will do. Bands of
straw and tow have been used with some success. During the first week in June
bind one around each tree three or four feet from the ground; secure it either
with cord or small nails; take it off every twelve days, and carefully examine for
codling cocoons. These may be readily destroyed by crushing. Replace the
bands as before. :

Tent-caterpillars are controlled by burning the webs or nests in May; by col-
lecting and destroying the clusters of eggs in fall and winter; by banding the
trees; and by spraying the young caterpillars with Paris green.

Canker-worms may be largely controlled by banding the trees in autumn and
early spring; and by spraying with Paris green when the worms appear.

270 REPORT ON THE No. 24

B. Against Sucking Insects, such as Plant-lice and Scale Insects, and against

Pear Leaf Blister-mites.

Treatment. When to Spray. Insects controlled.

1. Kerosene emulsion (For-|Before buds start in spring. . poe blister-mite.
mula 9), (1 part in 10
parts water).

2. Kerosene emulsion solu-)As leaves are unfolding..... Pear psylla and aphids.
tion (1 part emulsion |
to 10 parts water).

Or whale-oil soap solution
(Formula 11), (1 Ib.
to 7 gals. water). |

3. Kerosene emulsion (For-)Ten days later.............. [Psylla and aphids.
mula 9), whale-oil ;
soap as before.

4. Kerosene emulsion (For-|About end of May or first of/Oyster-shell bark-lice.
mula 9), or whale-oil| June. |
soap as before. |

Or lime wash (No. 14). |During winter.............. |

|
|

C. Treatment for destroying Borers ;

(a) Dig out the borers whenever possible.
(5) Apply the soap-soda wash (Formula 13) in early June.

PLUM AND CHERRY.

A. Against Curculio, Brown Rot, Shot-hole Fungus, and Leaf-eating Insects.

Treatment. When to spray. Insects and diseases controlled.

1. Bordeaux and paris green.| When leaf-buds are opening.|Brown rot, shot-hole fungus.
(Formula 2. )

2. Bordeaux and paris green.|When fruit is formed.......|Curculio, green fruit worms, brown
(Formula 2. ) rot, etc.
3. Bordeaux and paris green.|Two weeks later............ Brown rot, curculio, ete.
(Formula 2. )
4. Ammonia-copper-carbon-| When fruit is large......... Brown rot, ete.
ate solution. (For-)
mula 3.) |

The Curculios are most readily controlled by jarring the trees in early morn-
ing, and collecting them on a sheet spread under the tree. The jarring should be
begun when the fruit has set, and continued for three weeks. Thrice a week is

often enough to jar.

1905

FRUITS OF ONTARIO.

271

&. Against Plant-lice and Scale Insects.

Treatment.

When to spray.

Insects controlled.

1. (Kerosene emulsion Formula
9), (1 part to 4 parts
water. )

Or whale-oil soap, (2 lbs. to
1 gal. hot water. )

2. Kerosene emulsion (Formula
9), (1 part to 10 parts
Water. )

Or whale-oil soap solution
(Formula 11), 1 lb. to7
gals. water. )

Or tobacco solution (Formula
10.)

In winter
spring.

or early

As soon as lice appear
on young leaves.

Plum scale, San José Scale, etc.

Plant-lice.

PEACH.

A. Against Peach-leaf Curl, Brown Rot, Curculio, Bud-moth.

Treatment.

When to spray.

Insects and diseases controlled.

1. Bordeaux and Paris green. | Before flower buds open

(Formula 2.)

2. Bordeaux and Paris green.
(Formula 2.)

. Bordeaux and Paris green.

(Formula 2. )
4. Ammonia-copper carbonate
(Formula 3. )

)

After blossoms fall

Two weeks later

When fruit is well-
formed.

Bud-moth and peach leaf curl,
brown rot.

.| Peach-leaf curl, brown rot, bud-

moth and curculio.

.| Brown rot, etc.

Brown rot, etc.

B. Against Aphids, and Scale Insects.

|
1. Kerosene emulsion (For-|Whenever young lice appear.

mula 9), (1 part in 10)
parts. )

Or whale-oil soap (For-
mula 11), (1 lb. in 7
gals, water.

2. Whale-oil soap, (2 lbs. in|In early spring before buds
| open.

1 gal. hot water.

Aphids.

San José scale.

C. Against Peach Tree Borer.

We

Prof. Slingerland recommends gas ¢ary as a trunk wash.

A trial experi--

ment should be made first on a few trees to find out if it injures the trees, for gas.

tar varies in composition.

272 REPORT ON THE No. 24

2. Dig out or probe the borers every fall and spring; and mound up a new
base with earth for six inches; remove and examine in September.
3. Apply Formula in early June.

GRAPE.

A. Against Black Rot, Mildews and Leaf-eating Insects.

Treatment. When to spray. Insects and diseages controlled.
1. Bordeaux and Paris green.|As buds begin to swell. Flea-beetle, black rot, mildews.
Formula 2. )

(Im portant. )

(Formula 2. ) :
. Ammonia-copper carbon-| When fruit is well formed. |Black rot and mildews.
ate. (Formula 3.) |

2. Bordeaux and Paris grcen.|Ten days or two weeks later,|Black rot, mildews and flea-beetles.
(Formula 2. ) before blossoms open.

3. Bordeaux and Paris green. |Just after blossoming. Black rot and mildews.
(Formula 2. ) | |

4. Bordeaux and Paris green.!Two weeks later............ Flea-beetle and black rot.

5

B. Against Grape Thrip.

|
1. Kerosene emulsion, 1 part/Soon after leaves are formed.|Thrip or leaf-hopper.
in 9 parts water. |

INDEX ‘TO VARIETIES.

APPLE. PAGE
AVIV MT Arcoan cane eoubon 59
WMlexandemnnnececte 2 sar 25
American Pippin........ 46
ARMOR x06 6.o0 ox oonb eas 3
Astrachaiy saci a. ee. 26
Balldiwinmeeeececsce ee. 2
Barter ai. cos osetia 23
BenvDavis)e...54s05 8 29
Benoni eens os ce 31
Bietigheimen. «2... 5.14. 31
Bishops Pippin......... 2
Bleribeitmae see erases 30
Blenheim Oravge........ 30
Blenheim Pippin........ 3
Blue Pearmain......... 31
Boodanofiy ecu ws ce 31
IBoilkentegearce eos 32
TEXO ROONEY) oo oc doe.s core ore 36
Wostoweiissetianecanecca. 64
Bottle Greening........ 32
Brockwilles os e2ec2 5 +e 32
Brockville Beauly ....... 32
@ahach€akesyc-secenae 6o!
Canada Rett. ....2..5..- 33
CONUCH ce ooudanoesoseor 33
Cayuga Red Streak. ..... 33
Charlamoff 3..----.....- 34
Colvertiag ene coe OS
Cranberry Pippin . . 35
Duchessise traces 36
Dudley Winter.......... 59
Early Harvest........ 1OY/
Kdgar Redstreak........ 77
Emperor Alexander...... 25
Fsopus Spitzenburg. ..... 70
Fallawater.......2....- 38
Hall Pippinis2 22.2.3. 39
MUU ONZAs so eoso cae 46
HMameuc@ncccs cscs 2 40
Hillbasket: 2255... o-c--- 37
(Gideonticcero cee teres 41
Golden Russet ......... 42
Gravenstein............ 43
Greenings -ee snes 44
Green Newtown Pippin.. 59
Giahisicaoqagee abe 26086 45
Grimes Golden Pippin... 48
Grindstone.......-..... 46
aaSMe ieee 46
Ihibennaliss2-cecracr 47
Hubbardston........... 48
Hubbardston’s Nonsuch.. 48
Hyslop......-------.-- 49
Jonathan... .2.- 5... . 49
Kentish Fillbasket....... 57
Win gee wosde den 50
King of Tompkins County 50
ILE paeene scnmaddeouns 51
Large Yellow Bough..... 74
TEGIFUG Bo damaoaee 8 e4 obs 28
La Victoire ..........-. 51
Livland Raspberry ..... 52
Longfield. ........----- 53
Wowisesee ence caters 52
Lowland Raspberry...... 52
McImtoshtset itr 54

18 F.O.

PacE
WCW UONS IRC Scad au oes b+
McMahon rere eeeia citer 55
McMahon White ........ 55
Maiden Blush. ... 55
WIGVAD OR, 6 iacg adaeeeoess 56
IMfaAMIneseeeee oe nee 57
Milwaukee. .. .. ..... 58
Newtown Pippin....... 59
Northern Spi....2..-+.- 71
INogtheStatee nsec sae 59
Northwestern Greening. 59
Olderiburgie = ete 36
OMMNHO, booesteaccanoen 60
ONBNEG sone s6+050 66x 61
BAG COM cs ans cenavest nec ueers 61
Putten Greening......... 61
Pewaulkeey. sas 2.6: 62
PINCH ac ocn coma ewe cs 61
Rointedeipkan s.r 34
Pomme de Neige......... 40
Pomme Grise @ Or ...... 73
Porters 202 sce eineiienetnes 61
IBrimaterncact ote sce 63
Princess Louise «2.25.65: 52
Red Astrachan.......... 26
Med Canada iicsavsa see 33
Rhode Island Greening.. 44
TRAOSOMscncc code tose oe 64
Rivston Pippin: a1.) > cee: 64
ROXDURYsee ese er ere 4
FROWOUTI UUSSEl ena ree 64
Si Wawrenceserce. ssa. 65
Salomew yee arene 66
Scarlet Pippin.......... 66
Scott"Wanters y=. - cme 67
Seek-no-Further........ 68
Shiawassee............. 69
Shiawassee Beauty....... 69
NiCWccsswiadus oene-coan 40
Spitzenbure:. 2... 70
Si evGerodomagenaee be 71
Star kaer nee rcerren Laon ae)
SUDO) icon. ocean Moca 73
SWAYZIC me oarr rae ae 73
Swayzie Pomme Grise.... 73
Sweet Bough........... 74
Tallman Sweet.......... 75
AON eocoawessaeaude Ue
DONE AV enone ceca oat 74
JNO sseooneoesou ees 75
Transcendent .......... 17
AVVO Gogo oseen Saas 6 76
ThventyOUncen sins. se 33
Twenty Ounce Pippin... 33
Wandeveres jee. 77
Wrallbrid oevreerasciac ant. 77
Wiageneraems eens: 73
\Wenlltiny sossoueses caen 79
WAGddhiwm cadesosoasi 68
Wolf Riviersgcs- a. eae: 79
Wooluentonicrey vat ore 52
Yellow Newton Pippin... 59
AWhitneysasyctcryee cee 81
Whatney NO. 20). 2.5... 81
Yellow Bellflower...... 82
Yellow Transparent.... 83

[ 273 ]

Pace

York Imperials- 2.2... 83
Citurry.

BIUUMNCERONOSSE onc restate 85
Anglaise Tauidive. ...... 91
Belle de Choisy ......... 85
Belle Magnifique ........ 91
Bigarreau of Mezel...... 92
BICCKSCGLE ayaa eee 88
Black Mon ania ane at ere 99
California Advance..... 85
QMO cnateacananunsne 85
Clevelandi ee oO
(COC Rae cpp. eee aie 86
Coe’s Transparent....... 86
IDOWAN Ni akenoocesoeee 6 87
Downer’s Late........-. 87
Dyehoucei. sy oe 87
IE Vid (oe a cere ere sreeeercrc : 88
EDCUN UA LUO raseop Bate etsy , Be
Marly Bunples. saci 87
arly Purple Guigne.... 87
Early Richmond......-. 96
IE GONE pest eens eee eee 88
English Morello......... 93
Governor Wood......... 100
GrennerniGlasy oss 89
Griotte @ Ostheim. .....- 95
DETOUR C eee ens Bee eee 96
Hortenses 2. a. sseeee 89
TGTNNID ANO so 08 2 sn 500 96
INGEN goceseeoscceso ae 90
Knights Karly Black... 90
ISOS OW Arietta eucretes 90
Koslov Morello.......... 90
Mates ukek ea. <1 ear 91
Magnifique... cea. 91
Mav Dulkererra-n se soo 8
IMIGZ el ictvecna ceucnrenn aetna 92
Monstreuse de Mezel...... 92
Montmorency.......-... 93
Morellosene seme eee 93
Napoleontee secs .s 6: 94
Napoleon Biqarreau..... 94
(ob Koymesere we oomneee acre 96
OiowBeantiey ce. 96
Olivet ren asercnt is ere 95
Oia Hisongnoceaoanncd: 94
@stheimey yaa. ee 95
liv O Ube eerie ot 96
Plymouth Rock ......... 96
IPMDBINY Soocdsnsaddonacee 96
Reine Hortense.......... 89
Richmond). 4-sssee- 96
Rockportiec--. ses seer 97
Royal Anne of California 94
Royaluluke ec. sere 97
RovyalHauuenin esa. 0 92
Russian Morello........ 98
PRUSSUUTE D0 ata citer 98
Schmitzereee cece 98
Schmitz Bigarreau.....- 98
SPanisheren sss 98
SUA enter 99
Sudantlandieccss see ss: cers)
wan tani aneeieet ores err 99
Virginian May........ 96

274 REPORT ON THE No. 24
Cuerry ~ Continued. PAGE Pace Puum. Paar
Wairdsore: 2 ye 6Sanpaes 100 = Beurre Hardy.......... 145 Abundance ............ 169
IWiG Caeser enters, oe HOOD EBOscHas tits yet see sate 1ST” EAiGkenganeies. eecsas ee 168
Yellow ISpanishw ccc. 98 <Boussock oss oecances 182° “Arch, Dulker.. 3a 25 ce ie
Brandywine ........... TBO AT CLIC Hacer scstre annie 16

Fee aes jo3~«« Buffum................ 133 Bailey ...-......-.4--- 172
Aen ee eee jo, Chambers.... . ....... 133 Bixby..............+55 170
aT SVOR, om en OR Clapp. 2.34.4 Manvownoop 135 Black Diamond......... 173
PER iin 105 Clapy’ s DVORILE cronies saver 135 Bloods... teghrae toe 184
Briodons 104 Glainceauia. crates: 124 Blue Imperial........... 170
Champion Trani ees oat 103 COMEL 0 eee eee 149 Blue Magnuin Bonn... 176
Ciiiae een ee 108 ComiGec: setae aes 1s Bradshaws ccc sence" 170
Ges eieee a TOG Cli eso f eTOif a secscase wn 1646 eBunbanlkeyy ee tscert cos 171
Hark Grawh <(ee 107 Dearborn...... RoeeoeT 136 ‘Chabot. 22 s.3 safes 172
[Shida Mae ee 108 Dearbori’s Seedling ..... 1360 (Cheney coe ae 172
Early Purple. pean \S Dempsey o2i.ceace cen se 136) aGlinm asc eee cess 17]
Early Rivers............ 1i8 Diel yess: Sater tae 137 COGN Seka eee 1738
bere 109 Doyenne Boussock....... 132 Coes Golden Drop.... . 173
Engol 109 Deyerme de Comice...... 13 IDiaMMVOMGl cys ciceny eto 173
le eee 193 Doyenne d? Ele. ......... AGI “WDuanesn sects sty eee 173
Fitzgerald wae ye 310 Doyenne de Juillet ...... 161 Duane’s Purple........- 173
Ta ice eee io. - Prouard............... 138 kellenburg:. 22 652s. s 177
Canfield sea ee se 104 DUCHESS: awe hee eee ons oc 138 General Hand .........- 176
Golden Drop ST Pee aay 1 Duchess @ Angouleme.... 1388 German Prune......... 174
Greensboro atte eee ene TAG Easter Buerre.......... 140 Glass...... a ipensresst erases 174
eo deen Le eee yi Leodant des Bois........ 142 Glass’ Seedling... .....-- 174
TRIPRSIRT ion eae. 11° Flemish Beauty........ 142% AG Olde hearers terete 175
Wales Hava ee ar ee 106 Gitar dois esac sare 143 Grand Duke .....2...:: 175
Tiss Claes. ous ew jon «HOO ale. eee eee 144 Green Gage. ........-.+- 183
Hy tess oo ee wei Hardy.....-.....-.+05- 145 GUC eS sees eects 176
Hynes Surprise... 0.0.0. 112 aaae Soe dee sa eareeens erepeie tone 5 ae ne AC eee mote ae
Jacques Rareripe....... 113 Ose enc stane ca aiaycts ammer...... eee 77
TalawAcOG lid Josephine...... Saieirtaioe VAR amd cweceeyscice ope 176
Late Crawford epee ja ee lid Josephine de Malines ..:. JA7 Hawkeye els divlesh tee was a77
enon Cline. cae 115 ISCO TS ete ew omats st ees 148 = Hudson River Purple Egg 181
FT bag teal meee lig Koonce..---...+++++- . 149 Imperial Gage.......... 178
Longhurst Gia Aan meee lA a wren Ce ic.cs arocsctne aos 150 Italian Prune .......... V7.
NICCONHCLLN ca 116 Tea WSOM sees crsccusee se 149 | Kanestomy esas ccctms es 178
TERT ee ee ae 109 TeConten 2. c.accscaaien 150 Lombard.............. 178
NACE Oar on ee 116 WOWISC ee tereecece ee 151 McLaughlin............ 179
LV CTT eee 116 Louise Bonne de Jersey... 151 Mankato...........---. 179
Mountain ees ees 116 Manning... . Dich apa 15200 Maru.......-- 00.00.05. 180
INGUEP TO lihcae eee 117. Manning’s Elizabeth..... N52 eS Maltoms oat sisasasiesuetss 180
Olden F tae i aes 117 Marguerite. ............ 153 Monarch LESS head nernla ater 180
Res ea RA OTe ee jig Ne Plus IMCUTIS Orne se N20 NAG ara one mee 170
Rat emcee ae 119 Osbandiacs oie eeneeaas NOS GOPONR een teen snares: 181
Poe So ce 118 Oshand’s Suramer....... 153 PPO COR a srecne cee eee 184
Suey Rin ee 120 Petite Marguerite........ DSi MEONG se icin crccinesecemi 181
Salva Saad saa 119 Pitmaston .........-... 154 Pond’s Seedling......... 181
Cae pccocla Soe ky 7s 120 Pitmaston Duchess @ An- Prune d’ Aven VETS ELS. 181
Ry ae teen tee one 121 QOULENUC rere cate teat 154 Prunus Simoni-......... 185
Stevang A SSS Sea age 122 President Drouard ..... 138 Burple Bee ao..ases sccm: 181
Sieens Papeine reese 109 President Mas.......... 154 = Quackenboss........... 182
mM acber irene ae 129 RiSOMY isan eysttasle eee 156 Red June.............. 182
Triumph. Aaa ieeerens + alia) Rostiezer Fete eee eee 157 Red INGGOtG 3... gate asa 182
ioe eet ee 123 Sapieganka............ 160 Reine Claude: ..0.2.2. cis 183
Wiicatlandan. eee 123 Seckel 5 OES us ayer 158 ~— Reine Claude de Bavay.. 183
Willett. py eee 124 Sheldon Mare Ase pene 159" “Satsuma. 225 oeacenas 184
WI SAdeHRI eee “yo, Souvenir. ... vette e tenes UG Oe Se SROND itectre mentee 186
Yellow Sl Tone Bs 120 Souvenir du Congres. .... 160 = Sharp’s Emmperor........ 186
acetic ig SS aS ay Summer Dovenne...... 161 Shippers Pride .... .... 184
PEAR. Triomphe de Vienne..... 162 Shropshire Damson..... 185
Angouleme .....+++++-++ 1380 —e0riumip hi at aces tances 1626 MSintoneacha eee 185
UNsch{O\ieee are Aaa hoe 129 EDVBODN secrcrsiaus aapaunentn 163 ISUTLONSI eats roan ener 185
ONiatse hol htaepecess oie were 2M. 2” NICARS cnoes aie loser 164 Simon's Plum.......-... 185
Bartlett ccsecadessccee 13) Vicar of Winkfield ...... 164 Smith Orleans......... 185
Bary i202 6 psc alee eres 129 Wir alesis cs cesses slater e 165 Sloddardace:sewerce er 186
Beurre @ Anjou... ... 05. 129 White Doyenne........ 165 WACEONIAN wah nce scoie eee 186,
Beurre Bosc............ 181 WONG oor pak nae ea 164 Washington. ....5.. 0052.2 186
Beurre Diehs o.o.0is: sis sveiae os 137 William’s Boneretien .... 130 White Magnum Bonum .. 189
Beurre Gifford. ........- 143 Winter Nelis........... 166 Wihitakertcicss.sc ete 187

1905 FRUITS OF ONTARIGC. 275
Prium —Continued. Pacr Pace : PAGE
WVAGSGE. << soo ee eoncnes 187 Wyoming Red .......... 214 Hie. Se AGN tiie! = 948
Wild Goose............ 188 Biackserry. Hilbern Peete erates a
WaillenCl seceoabdusdonses WE Neen. clon tea necee 219 SSUES Geran cx ici cc 4
NUON Sehr ona eaenen: 18S) Mapai inen oo EN et eancies asrnae
\NGI coop bancsanobane 18h pa es 290 Marlboro Pe ute oinore oer ee 245
Wellow Beg. 2... 0.0. 189) Feldorado.....02.-00-.- 2211 Miller ................, 245
Mellowr Japan. sess WO Fate... aa WEE eseccoussaaccaons 246
(ats Gretna SoD) PHOTIC ee ane teee 246
(QUINCE. ri oe eee Bn Queen of the Market...... 241
DOWD ceed ge anes Oo 193 WE eee ee Bony InclGhiGon on anbeoaees 2416
Bentley......... eee 190 Ohime Ran SHOE? po aa aneanenotes 247
Champions. 6. sc 1 Coa i eo, Smith Giatite 2 cease 248
IWF ne vacesanon modec 193 Tay! Pigtail aia d04 Strawberry Raspberry.. 248
Orangerrneccen sree 193 Taylor in fein Gide ee ee 204 ANDW ADV rene pau aoe eae 248
GRAPE. STuritinap ees yaetens ea . 224 STRAWBERRY.
JAP AVN sco Ge cuoOe 197 Wachusett............. 224 Annie Laurie........... 250
PATI Ceuveas wiemen mare 196 ‘Western Triumph ....... 224 August Luther .......... 257
IBEX s arene od ow hb one 196 Currant. Bederwood ssa... akon 261
IEMA o criabonedodedasoae 197 Belle de St. Giles........ oat dblliicesosnaseaapocay oa: 251
ASP NOING ca one bono pus 198 Black Victoria......... Tai devo Baa angoopacee 262
Campbellieeeer tea 200M eB ravilevae ieee OG se DOYMtOM prea: ase: 252
Campbell's Early. ....... 200 Chatauqua............. 997 +Brandywine............ 251
Catalwibalnre yn ence WOR) “OMGBAy cudedsosoeouane: age | ebbubachiterr ccm sera ser 283
Champion ........-.... 20 er Crandall eee eee ee 997 Buster... ae. 252
Concordia eee aces 2028 “Eas entra a ate. boy (Chitd@ectedsaacusosseas 253
DEEN BIR aovcse asaavoar AWS JBM Meson ck. ons Poy OlWielsconcennsscecssnue 253
Diamond sca een 204 Fertile d’ Angers. ....... GR WWW sacacossssesocus BK!
Harly (Ohio. 35-4570: 200) SHolland ol. 993 ~+=‘|Eleanor............ ... 254
Barly Vileton: se.22022 205m BL cca tetas Ctaee aioe 993 ‘-Emperor........... 254
Idea Mi Saenanbacassesc 205) ondon) es aek nee 99g) mipressise 7. 4-see eee 254
Empire State... 2.0.22... 205 = London Murket.......... 228 Excelsior.............. 254
Gaertner............... 205 = Long Bunched Holland... 228 Gandy................, 255
Golden Reckiingtons.-- 44 Olle \tiddlesexts tik se oogy Gels] Cluerrncr ats sae 255
Green Mountain......... ONG INEWNs ochuscas ceousecc p99) | GleniMary esses ee 255
JRO cob oe banoosoon 206 North Star............. 22 Greenville............. 255
ifartford’ Prolific....... 206 Prince Albert.......... 930 Halesil1.59 PM... .. 255
Janesville; ss) 4ss5ce oe: 206 Red Cross.............. O30 a elaverlandmeae rae een. 256
JESSICA Nene ecco teen 206 Red Dutch............. 931 Howard’s No. 4........ 256
ION oom sees tecaaons ont 206 = Red Imperial........... 226 «Irene ..............., 256
lGhiGUCheccondoangoppese AY Sh, Chlssnescqeuoanoane 231 \4londike.......... . 256
Massasoit <2. ).5-<-.2- - 207 +=Saunders............... 23] IOV Ett Rae rene 257
Merrimac............;. 208 = Saunders No. 12........ 909 = slnther ese ere col
WOO nsecacs esosEse .. 209° Versaillaise............ 232 Margaret.......... .--. 267
Moores Early........... 209 -‘Victoria...........6-.. 9398) Marshall nes seen 258
Moore’s Diamond........ 204 White Antwerp.......... 955 Mastod onern ener pene 248
MICK eleoccp cnaesasancos 208 White Grape........... See MMOL cosoos cugcadunee 259
INTRYETER Bode ooonch ocogc 210 White Holland.......... Ca Wchiitsdoec geal senses 255
Northern Light......... 211 White Imperial........ Opn WIG)? ceabencoassuose 259
REMI osasaoosedesae 211 White Transparant...... 233 Nettie....... 259
Pocklington. ........... ZI eNVaildcneee ae eee 934 Nick Ohmer........... 259
Requarcsascncice tessse 212 FRG geen aerate ae 260
rogers Fa rate ne oh AeAES 207 GoosEBERRY. Pe INGO. pomonecoseuedas 259
JNUWGHIZ aceb hans coveoes g15 Champion..........--- 236 9 Ruby...........00..... 260
Rogen emer cer eee 207 Crown Bob............ 230 Se Samples een: 260
YG When sosvsoaranes 905 Downin eee sscessteere ck: 236 Saumidersee on en ann: 261
ISOGS WB soacsan0sanao 197 Josselyn.. +. 2222s sees ZoewiBealordy enters tia 261
MOG WD earancacsegone 208 Keepsake.............. 236 senator Dial... «2.02 254
UROGENSIGS ree ets 212 Pearl.................. 237 Sharpless serene 261
IROGEnSIAS ae eis eae os = 197. Red Jacket............. 233 Sail oncoecwacwad aeons 261
Salemntaters sce eee 213. Whitesmith............ 235 ee Gnlendidunamee an 262
Transparent............ 213 RaAspBEeRRY. Staplesisrcmes cic setae 262
Vergennes............. 24s e@arolinesnersrsny wets 240 ee enmessee se eee 262
\Waldere cence 215 Columbian. 5-0 econ. 241 Tennessve Prolific........ 262
Wanchelll2. 2 asses ZG) sConrathisee re see PHO Obi oral; seocecosusdoas 262
Woodrutfis..52c065-5 6. 214 Cumberland........... 242 Van Deman............ 263
Woodruff’s Red....... 21d @uthertaca yan at ol Weta essacenodaades 263
Wordene eee eee 217 Golden Queen.......... 242 Vall amisheees eee 264
Why Omni errerrrcecicry =e 214 GTeG Oia aseros cases 243 Wroolvertom. i... .. 0s... 264

Nore—Names printed in Italics are synonyms of varieties otherwise named.

a4

Diet =~ 5G = ae Hee
a eee ie ease ss GG. Kier
i rie > owe ty p wr
ee vee Heuer __ ee, eee
ea au Se eo), Pe - ee
A ee ae er eo (NO=Ks leo
oav 04 CS) a dae eee me
ve, sore ee = Oh -E aie Oa ey
Fianna nies ee aes ees
Oe er ee an? ajiaivie hap”
Orvene’ Bowe a or oe >a,
ee kd oes =
= «* > a ote Le o
. efi Ss ele Shvwnia
a + mine cos a ss as
.
aa ao Sl ee a
- a) os! _ .
4 ¥ SS s osy% "
ies , rae oll iy i ee
(enti ale ved aa re ae
werreenr AS 7 > oe
a] ~~ 7 7
. - a le
‘~ ‘ : ae :
7 ww Le _—
is - o Ue cides aye
7 22 vi 8s
> a “* 7 eo Sasi
od 7
- ee
os iopetl < . a 7 - nes
® Sadia’ ° i
Saar ‘ yS Pi edics i ee es
Wyte > Cia wee eo 7
re” ee ve eee
- 2s
coe
orig
* J

aay

-
*° Ns
%

Fo

Hn

Nh

i
Hy
saa
Aaa
Aiea
iH s)he